LIBRAR THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SANTA BARBARA From the collection of ELSPETH HUXLEY ui<'isKANv Monument. Oneid.i Historical Scjcicty OUTLINE HISTORY OF Utica and Vicinity PREPARED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE NEW CENTURY CLUB UTICA, NEW YORK L. C. CHILDS AND SON 1900 COPYRIGHT 1900, KY THE NKW CENTURY CLUB OF UTICA. AI.I, RIGHTS RESERVED. PREFACE. THIS sketch of our city and its neighborhood has bee* prepared with the object of bringing together, in brief and inexpensive form, the most important facts of local history, with a slight mention of noteworthy citizens and of natural surroundings. Sincere thanks are due to the many friends who have given valuable aid : especially to Dr. M. M. Bagg, whose works have been a main source of information ; Professor North of Hamilton College ; Mr. Egbert Bagg ; Miss Blandina D. Miller ; Mr. Quentin McAdam and Mr. William C. McAdam ; and to Mr. Charles D. Walcott of Washington; Dr. F. J. H. Merrill of Albany; Dr. Joseph B. Haberer ; Mr. Benjamin D. Gilbert ; and Mr. George C. Hodges. The Editors take pleasure also in acknowledging their indebtedness to The Saturday Globe for the use of several plates for illustrations, and to the Oneida Historical So- ciety, and the Rev. John R. Harding of Trinity Church, for similar favors. The photograph of Sherman Fall is printed by the courtesy of the U. S. Geological Survey. The plate was lent through the kindness of Dr. F. J. H. Merrill, State Geologist. The work is but an outline history. For the many de- tails which give life to the subject, readers are asked to IV. PREFACE. consult the writings to which full marginal references are given. It is hoped that the book now issued will interest a larger number of our citizens in the life of the past, and especially that it may stimulate the young to reach for- ward to the highest type of citizenship in the opening cen- tury. If this shall be the result, the wish of its originators will be fully answered. The Editors. New Century Club, Utica, N. Y. January, 1900. CONTENTS. PAGE I. Earliest History i II. The Village of Utica— 1 798-1832 9 III. The City of Utica from its Incorporation to the Civil War — 1832-1861 16 IV. Utica during the Civil War — 1861-1865 22 V. Industrial Growth of Utica and Vicinity ^^ VI. The Spanish War ,2 ■ VII. Centennial Celebrations 48 VIII. History of Transportation; Routes of Travel 51 IX. Names of Streets en X. Old Buildings 62 XL Noteworthy Citizens of Oneida County 69 XII. Education 07 XIII. Library; Oneida Historical Society; etc 106 XIV. The Government of Utica 112 XV. Geography 129 XVI. Geology 138 X VII. Botany i c 2 XVIII. Birds 163 Bibliography 181 Index jgj ILLUSTRATIONS. „ . , Facing Page Oriskany Monument Frontispiece Oneida Stone Trinity Church ^ Utica Free Academy Munson-Williams Memorial jog ■' Old Saratoga " ^ Sherman Fall, Trenton Falls , . j Wilson Elm 159 ABBREVIATIONS. Pioneers, Dr. Bagg's Pioneers of Utica. M. H., Dr. Bagg"s Memorial History of Utica. O. H. S., Oneida Historical Society. E. and F., Everts and Fariss' History of Oneida County. (Other abbreviations will be noticed as they are used.) "The Times, as we say — or the present aspects of our social state, .... are the receptacle in which the Past leaves its history, the quarry out of which the genius of to-day is building up the Future." EMERSON, T EARLIEST HISTORY. FORT STANWIX AND OLD FORT SCHUYLER. HE territory embraced within the present limits of Oneida County was not settled until the close of the Morgan's Revolution, when the tide of immigration began pour- League of the Iroquois. ing into Central and Western New York from New Eng- land. Its soil was originally a part of the vast domain over which the Iroquois Confederacy held sway. The territory of the Five Nations, as they were called by the English — and the Iroquois by the French — extend- ed from the Hudson to Niagara. The Nations, or tribes, were known severally as Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, ]^^'^' ^^- ^• Cayugas and Senecas. Later the Tuscaroras of South Carolma were adopted into the Confederacy, and hence- forth the Iroquois were styled by the English, "The League of the Six Nations." Becoming allied with England in the war which the Colonists waged for Independence, the Iroquois forfeited their lands by the victory of the Americans and the laws of war. Henceforth ownership was vested in the Unitedpp. 24,37.23,25. States government. The action of the Oneidas, however, in refusing to take up arms against the Americans, prevent- ibid- p- 2°- ed the Iroquois from declaring their allegiance, as a unit. Hist. Empire to the British Crown. It is to the honor and credit of the '^*^*^'^' P' ^^'*' State of New York that only by treaty or purchase, were the lands once in possession of the Indians appropriated by the State. An Act passed by the First General Assembly of the Province of New York in 1683, provided for the division of the Province into twelve counties. (Dukes and Corn- wall were later surrendered to Massachusetts.) 2 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. Albany County, one of the original twelve counties, ex- Ibid. pp. g6-7. Hendrick's tended westward to the bounds of the Province until Brief Hist 1772, whcn Tryou Couuty was erected from its territory, Empire State, . •' pp. 44-5- taking its name from the last English Governor of New Ibid. pp. 989. York, William Tryon. This was changed by the Legisla- Jones's Annals a -i o ■» <■ r^ • 1 r of Oneida Co.. ture, April 2, 1784, to Montgomery Couuty, in honor of pp. 2, 3- ^^ General Richard Montgomery, who fell at Quebec in 1775. Hist. Empire The Couuty of Herkimer was erected from the territory tate, p. 584. ^£ Montgomery County in 1791. March i";, 1798, an Act Jones's Annals ° ... . j^ i ^ ^ p. 8. Judge was passed dividing Herkimer County, and the counties dress^cent ' ^^ Oucida and Chenango were formed from its territory. Oneida Co., ^\^q domain covered by the former took its name from the March 15, iSqS. original occupants of the soil, the Oneida tribe of Indians. One of a chain of forts built by the English during the French and Indian war was located on the site of the present city of Utica and was known as "Old Fort Schuy- Ded. Site oidlcr." It was designed to guard the fording place in the Ft. Schuyler j.j.^gj. abovc it, and stood near the intersection of Second in Trans. O.H. ' s., 1881 4. street and the New York Central Railroad. The Indian Jones's Annals ^^j^ from Oucida Castle crossed the one leading to the pp. 490 1. ^ _ '^ Pioneers, p. 5. Oneida Carrying Place, (Fort Stanwix), at the ford, near M. H., p. 17. the place where the bridge now spans the Mohawk at the Pioneers, p. 6. ^^^^ ^^ Gcnesee street. The fort was called ' ' Old Fort ivi . r\,y p . r o . Schuyler " to distinguish it from a more important forti Jones's Annals fication on the site of the present city of Rome, N. Y. , properly called Fort Stanwix. During the Revolution an M. H. p. 18. effort was made to change the name of Fort Stanwix to Fort Schuyler. The statement is often made that Old Fort Schuyler was com^y374.''* "^"^ed in honor of Col. Peter Schuyler of Albany, the be- jones's Annals jQyed "Brother Quider " of the Indians and uncle of Gen- M.'^H. pp. 17-18. eral Philip Schuyler of the Revolution. Others claim that it was named for his nephew and namesake. Col. Peter p. 323, (note,) p. 4qi EARLIEST HISTORY. 3 Schuyler of New Jersey, an officer in the active service of his country at the time this fort was built. When the . . Hist. Colls. N. foundations of the defense were laid, Col. Peter Schuyler of Y.(Gen.schuy- Albany, (its first mayor), had been dead over a quarter of a^^g^^j^^j^ century. It seems reasonable to believe that the custom i^^ Trans, o. then prevalent, of naming fortifications in honor of officers in active service, was followed in this instance, and that "Old Fort Schuyler" was called for Col. Peter Schuyler of New Jersey, then in command of the Jersey Blues at Oswego. The fort, probably built in 1758, was allowed to go to decay at the close of the French war. Indeed, it had jones'sAnnais never been an important fortification, having been rudely ^' ''^'' constructed in the form of an earthen embankment, sur- rounded by pickets. Fort Stanwix, built by the English in 1758, and named in Barber's Hist. honor of General John Stanwix, stood at the head of nav- S.°"'-p?-3^^-^ -* D. E. Wager igation on the Mohawk, (now Rome, N. Y. ), and was an in Trans. o.h. expensive and elaborate fortification, costing the Crown jones-sAnnais $266,400. The need of defense at this point was impera- pp- 325-4. ... ^ ^ Doc. Hist. N. tive from its situation on the great water-route from thev. Hudson to the western lakes. Here, in early times, boats vL^^"^5^*°' ' ' ' vol. 4, p. 323. were transferred from the Mohawk to Wood Creek across the portage known as the "Oneida Carrying Place." Fort Stanwix played an important part in the Revolu- tion when, in Burgoyne's Campaign of 1777, under the gallant Col. Peter Gansevoort, it withstood the siege of the p^^i*"^ ^^ °°^ * English, commanded by Col. Barry St. Leger. It was the^^''^' pp- 2^^' 60. news of the attack upon the fort which led the militia of Barber's Hist. Tryon County, under Gen. Nicholas Herkimer, to march to g,''"^"^^' ^^^' its relief. Intercepted at Oriskany on the morning of the campbeii-s ^ 1 r A 1 1 T- 1 ■ 1 Annals of Try- 6th of August, 1777, by the English and their Indian allies on co., ch. 4. under Brandt and Butler, a battle followed which has been called the most obstinate and murderous of the Revolution, 4 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. T'^the %°\I ^°^ ^^^ ^°^^ °^ ^^^^' ^^^ relatively greater here than in any tines. other engagement. The battle of Oriskany, although a Roberts' Hist. gggj^jj^ defeat, was in effect a victory. Washington said: Empire State, ?-> > ./ o Vol. 2, pp. 413- «' Here Herkimer first reversed the gloomy scene of the Ded. Oriskany campaign." By their heroic action the farmers of the Mon. in Trans. j^Q]^a.wk Valley, largely the German Palatines, drove back 0. H. S., 1881 4. Gov. sey- ^^c invadcr. The plans of Burgoyne were frustrated, and niour's Ad jj^ ^]-jg following Octobcr his army surrendered upon the dress of Wel- . ° 1 r come, Cent. Heights of Saratoga. Trliis o'hT According to the best authority, the Stars and Stripes 1877- in the form adopted by the Continental Congress, June 14, Flag of u. s.! ^777^ were first unfurled on land from the ramparts of Fort p. 276 m Har- g|-g^j-^^jjj Hastily improvised for the occasion, the flag par's Mag., _ . . ' h July, 1877. was displayed during the siege of the fort. It was made Fieid'^Book of ^^ ^ white shirt, a blue camlet cloak, and bits of red cloth the Rev., Vol. from the petticoat of a soldier's wife. 1, p. 242 Rev. Samuel Kirkland, who later founded the Ham- ilton Oneida Academy, of which Hamilton College is the outgrowth, served as Chaplain at Fort Stanwix during the Revolution. To the influence of this eminent missionary to Fiske's Am. ^^^ Indians of Western New York, and to the efforts of the Rev. Vol.1, pp 285-92. pioneer settler of Westmoreland, Judge James Dean, is Colls,, pp. 362- due the action of the Oneidas in remaining neutral during 4,376 the War for Independence. Through the labors of Mr. Jones'sAnnals . . . 203-20, 744, 853- Kirkland, the Oneidas and their celebrated chief, Skenan- 't' ,. , - ., doah, embraced the Christian religion. They were known as Lothrop's Life ' *^ -' of Kirkland. "the tribe of the Upright Stone." This sacred stone was their national altar, and they gathered around it from year to year to celebrate solemn religious rites and to worship the Schoolcraft's ^^^^^ Spirit. The moral qualities of the Oneidas led Pas- Notes on the tor Kirkland to pronounce them the noblest of the Six Iroquois, p. 46. , . Nations. The sacred stone of the Oneidas now stands in Forest Saturda> Globe. ONEIDA STONE, EARLIEST HISTORY, 5 Hill Cemetery, near the entrance. This valuable histori- ^/Jf'^^'*^'**^' •' ' of Town of cal relic was brought from Stockbridge, Madison County, Kirkiand, p. 7- o 20. m 1849. Fort Stanwix was the scene of important treaties and conferences between the Colonies and the Six Nations. Notable among them is the Convention of November 5, 1768, which established " the line of property," or bound- ary line between the Six Nations and the Colonies of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia — Jones's Annais p. 123. long the source of hostilities and the subject of continued dispute and controversy. Near the foot of College Hill, Clinton, the Class of '87 of Hamilton College has erected a stone to mark the "line of property" as fixed by the treaty of Fort Stanwix, signed for the Crown by General Indian Agent Sir William Johnson. In 17S4 a treaty was signed at Fort Stanwix in which peace was established between the United States and the Six Nations. Samuel Kirkiand acted as interpreter. He ' ^" ^'° was largely influential in brmging the Indians to terms of peace, "Red Jacket," the Seneca Chief, being present and opposing the treaty stipulations. The Great Indian Treaty of 1788, held at Fort Stanwix, was all important in its relations to the future of Oneida Lossing-s County, for the land now included within its limits was!^^^''" ^^p^^® there ceded to the State by its original owners and occu- pants. By the Act creating Oneida County, it was provided that there should be held a Court of Common Pleas and General Sessions of the Peace in May, September and De- cember. The court was to be held in the school house at Fort Stanwix, which stood on the site of the present City Hall in Rome. Jedediah Sanger, of New Hartford, was elected first judge, and the side judges were Hugh White of 6 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. Whitesboro, David Ostrom of Utica, George Huntington of Rome, and James Dean of Westmoreland. William Colbraith of Rome was the first sheriff, Jonas Piatt of Whitesboro the first county clerk, and Arthur Breese of Whitesboro the first surrogate. The first term of the Court of Common Pleas was held in May, 1798, Judge Sanger presiding. The first Circuit jones'sAnnais Court was held in September, 1798, Hon. John Lansing, ^' '*' Chief Justice ; the first Court of Oyer and Terminer was held at the same place (the school house at Fort Stanwix), June 5, 1798, presided over by Hon. James Kent, Justice of the Supreme Court. The site of Utica, called in the Oneida tongue, " Yah- nun-da-da-sis," meaning "around the hill," is a part of a ^^s'lq^X * tract of 22,000 acres which George Second, King of Great Pioneers, p. Britain, granted in royal letters patent in 1734 to a num- 645 • Jones'sAnnais ber of individuals, but in reality to the Governor of the p- 490. Province, William Cosby. The pronunciation of the Indian name varies, and it has been written "U-nun-da-da- ges." The quit-rents reserved in the patent having been left unpaid, Daniel Horsmanden, Chief Justice of the Colony of New York, directed the land to be sold in 1772, at pub- lic sale. It was bid in by Colonel, afterwards General, Ibid, p, 53:. pj^jijp Schuyler, for the benefit of himself. Gen. John Bradstreet, Rutger Bleecker and John M. Scott. In 1786 the survey of Cosby's Manor was completed by Pioneers, pp. Johu R. Blcecker, son of one of its proprietors. At this ^?„ time three dwellings were located near the ford, one on M. H., pp. 20-1. '^ the west and two on the east side of the present Genesee street. By the Act of 1784 which changed Tryon to Montgom- ery County, its territory was divided into five districts, one EARLIEST HISTORY. 7 of which was German Flats. The latter, which formed a part of Cosby's Manor, was divided March 7, 1788, and Jones'sAnnals Whitestown was set apart as a separate town which, west p. 2. of the dividing line, then included the whole of New York p^^^^^'^- pp- " III2. State. The eastern boundary line of Whitestown crossed ^i- h., p. 20. the Mohawk at the ford, leaving part of the settlement of "Old Fort Schuyler" in Whitestown and part in Ger- man Flats. "Upon the formation of Oneida County in 1798, the east line was thrown eastwardly to the present line of the city and county." At this period Rome and Whitesboro bade fair to becom.e the centres of trade and population in Oneida County. The natural adA-antages offered the early settler in the vicinity of Old Fort Schuyler were not such as would prove attractive to the pioneer. Yet, the excellent facil- Jones'sAnnals ities afforded at this point for the transportation of supplies, m. h , pp. is- early marked it as an imoortant trading-post. Gradually ^'^■ * ° ^ Jones'sAnnals the fording place took upon itself the character of a village, p. 495- as the early traders and mechanics began to locate in the vicinity of "Old Fort Schuyler." For some years the settlement was confined to the two streets which ran paral- lel with the river, (Water and Main), with a few scattering houses on the Whitestown road. A real imipetus was given to the growth of the settlement in the years 1794, '95 and '97 by expenditures laid out upon the road to the "Genesee country" through appropriations Barber's Hist, from the legislature. Particularly was this true of the c°"^- p- 374- •' Pioneers, pp. year 1 800, when the great highway to the west was con- 6, 7. structed by the Seneca Turnpike Company, which, taking in "Old Fort Schuyler," passed much to the south of Rome and Whitesboro. (See VIII.) In 1792 the settlers petitioned the legislature for aid in the construction of a bridge across the Mohawk. TheM.^H.,V29. bridge raised in 1791 was now completed and, by doing 8 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. away with the inconvenience hitherto experienced in ford- ing the river, added materially to the growth of the hamlet. Barber's Hist. xhe first Church within its limits was organized April i, Colls., p. 374. Pioneers, p. go 1793, Under the style of "The United Society of Whites- jones's Annals ^Q^j^ and Old Fort Schuyler." August 21, 1794, Rev. Bethuel Dodd was installed pastor. Up to the year 1798 the history of the place is mainly the chronicle of a list of pioneers whose integrity and thrift laid the foundations of the future city's growth. II. THE VILLAGE OF UTICA. 1798 — 1832. THE men of Old Fort Schuyler now felt the need of more formal organization and applied to the legislature for an act of incorporation, which was passed April 3, 1798. The village took the name of Utica. It is said that this name was chosen by lot. According to the story, some of pioneers p s the inhabitants of the village, discussing the matter at Bagg's Tavern, decided to settle it by allowing each to write the name of his choice and put it in a hat ; the first name ^\^^!_'® . ^"*': ^ ' cal Period of drawn out to be adopted. This proved to be Utica, "the Am. Hist., pp. choice of that eminent classical scholar, Erastus Clark." '^ '^' There was a second charter in 1805, and a third in 18 17. (See XIV.) By the third charter Utica was made a town, ibid, p. 7,. separate from Whitestown. The records of the first seven years of the village were destroyed by fire in 1848, and we have little knowledge of the official acts of that time. The Directory of 1832 says : "The gentleman who wasTT.- ■^ -> J o utica Direc- the first President of the Village (i 798), Talcott Camp, Esq. , tory, 1832, p. is still resident in the city." '^^ The first tax list which we have is that of 1800, when the taxes amounted to $40. , and the highest sum was Pioneers, pp. $2., paid by John Post, the pioneer merchant and tavern '^^3. 97- keeper. The first newspaper in Utica was the W/ntesioivn Gazette and Catos Patrol, published in 1798 by William McLean, ibid., p. 83. He had first published it at New Hartford in 1794 under the name of the Whitestozvn Gazette. lO OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. Mrs. whitch- We are told that the first paper printed in the county er's stray r r r / , Leaves in the which was also the first west of Albany, was the Western ^il^:^^^ Sentinel, established by Oliver P. Easton, at Whitesboro, Whitesboro, ' -' ' ' P-4I. in January, 1794, and continued six years. Water for the village use was obtained in 1802, when the " Utica Aqueduct Company" brought water in a log T. Hopper in aqueduct from springs at the foot of the sand bank (now Trans. O. H. ^ r b », s., 1885-6, Spring street), through the pasture lots to the corner of Genesee and Liberty streets, and down Genesee. In 1824, the Erie canal caused the severing of the aque- duct, but a new company, the Utica Aqueduct Association, was formed in 1832, and erected works in the same re- gion two years later. The deed of the property on which some of these springs are situated contains a clause reserv- ing to the Association the right to obtain water from this source. It actually did so until 1850. The Utica Water Works Company was incorporated March 31, 1848. In 1805 three wells were dug, which were in use for joneers, p. g^j^g time. That in the centre of Bagg's square was Trans, o. H. long kept opcu, and was a gathering place for the inhabi- S., 1885 6. . r 1 -n 1 • r tants during a great part of the village life. In 1793 the Presbyterians had organized a religious socie- ty, (See I.) and church-going people of every denomination Pioneers, pp. j^gt for worship in the school house, the Presbyterian min- ister conducting the services and giving part of his time to Utica and part to Whitesboro. A church building was erected in 1806-7, on the corner of Washington and Liberty streets, on a lot given by Major John Bellinger with the sole condition that he should have bid., p. 213. ^ g^ jj^ ^j_^g church. Ibia., p. 33g, r^ The Presbyterian Church of Utica was separated from THE VILLAGE OF UTICA I79S-1832. II that of Whitesboro in 1S13, while as early as iSo; the . Ibid., p. 215. Utica society had organized separately for the transaction of business. Trinity Church was organized in 179S. by Rev. Philander Chase. In a few N-ears it was reorganized, the certificate o-'^-Perkias, 01 incorporation bearing date Aug. 14, i;^C4. ihe present server. Sept. lot was obtained in accordance with a promise from the ^°' ^^''■ ^ Pioneers, pp. Bleecker family to give a lot to the first church that should ti-i^-^ be erected. The present building was used in 1806. and completed in iSio. In the earlv part of this period manv Welsh families set- ^ ., • ^ ^ - Io:d.. pp. 134- tled in Utica. and in iSoi a Welsh Baptist Church was 130. formed — the first Church, exclusively of Utica, whose or--^°^*sg.. ' ganization has been continuous and services unbroken to "^^°"*^=^'-'^^ Co. ia Trans. the present time. In 1S04. a small church was built by o. h. s. issg- the Welsh Congregationalists. '''' Ser\-ice5 of the Roman Catholic Church were first held in Utica in 1S19. in the building on John street, which served as Court House and Academ\'. St. John's Church was soon organized ; the present lot. on the corner of John and Bleecker streets, was given bv ^1^ ^" ^ Judge Morris S. Miller, and a building consecrated in 1S21. A large number of charitable and missionarj- societies were organized in this period, some of which are still in existence. Among them was The "Female Charitable So- '-'^'^•p- ^30. ciety of Whitestown," organized in 1806, which was 'the first benevolent association of the county of which we have any knowledge." For many years the children of all denominations gath- ered in one Sundav School, organized in 18 16. The firsts., "- iDid., pp. 414- book of Scripture questions compiled for Sunday Schools 4^^,012 613. in this country was prepared in 1S24 by the Superintend- ent of this school. Truman Parmelee. 12 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. In 1811 there was a military company in the village — the Independent Infantry Company. In the war of 181 2 some of its members, as well as others, about sixty in all, M. H., pp. 107, ^sre enrolled as volunteers, (February, 181 3), and, as a 112,113. new company, commanded by Captain William Williams, were attached to the 134th Regiment. They were not called into battle, but a few other volunteers from Utica were in active service in different organizations, and some were drafted. (For Uticans in the navy, see XI.) Pioneers, pp. Soldicrs also often passed through the village on their 309-313. y^^y ^Q Qj- fj-om some military post. Commodore Perry visited Utica soon after his victory on Lake Erie, and received a public dinner from the citi- zens, (Nov. 3, 1813.) The first directory was issued in 1817. It contained a Lzsl of tJic American Navy, with the statement, "The ships in italics denote vessels captured from the British." The second directory was issued in 1828, and the third in 1829. In 1817 all business was prosecuted below Catharine street. Residences were scattered above this point. The roadways were unpaved, but sidewalks were made of flag- M.H.,p. 129. ging, cobble, gravel or tan bark, to suit the convenience of the householders. Forests skirted the village on the south side, above South street and east of Third street. Clearings were more frequent in the direction of Whitesboro, but the forest reached to La Fayette street. Between 18 17 and 1825 the Erie canal was construct- ed. (See VIII.) THE VILLAGE OF UTICA I798-I832. 13 In 1824 the first State Nominating Convention ever held in New York met in Utica. It was held by the „ •^ Hendnck's "People's Party," which advocated the nomination of Brief Hist, of party candidates by such convention of delegates, not by ^^^^^^.^^^ ^ members of the Legislature, and the choosing of Presi- dential Electors by vote of the people as is now done, not by the Legislature. The Convention nominated DeWitt Clinton for Gov-,, , Columbian ernor. He was elected by the people, who thus endorsed Gazettcutica. his policy in favor of the canal. ^^ ''*'' ''^' June 10, 1825, Gen. La Fayette visited Utica, entering the village by the street that now bears his name, and re- Pioneers, pp. ■ • ... , . , . . 627-630. ceivmg an enthusiastic welcome from the citizens. It is interesting to notice the early efforts of the citizens in behalf of the needy and oppressed. In 1824, and again it>i<3I. H , p. 569. established in 1809, and continued till 181 8. The first purely local bank was the Bank of Utica. It was incorporated June i, 1812, began business in Decern- 31^°"^^"'^' ber of that year, and became the First National Bank of ^^- h., p. 570. Utica, September i, 1865. Besides this, and passing over others which had only a temporary existence, we name the following which have been permanent : Oneida Bank, incorporated May 13, 1836; began busi- ^ J J' J ' o M. H., p. 581 ness Nov., 1836 ; became Oneida National Bank, July i, 1865. Utica City Bank, incorporated April 8, 1838, but not opened till Sept. 1, 1848 ; became National Bank, May, 1865. Ibid, p. 5go. Pioneers, p.4gi 40 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. Oneida County Bank, organized 1853. Ibid p 583 Second National Bank, incorporated December 10, 1863 ; began business February, 1864. A. D. Mather and Company's Bank, established March, 1866 ; organized as a State Bank, November, 1890. Utica Savings Bank, incorporated 1820, but not in op- ibid, p. 5S5. eration till 1839, when a new charter was procured (July 26). The banks of Utica are liberal to the merchants, and thus have greatly helped in their prosperity. Although the business of the city has had periods of dif- ficulty, notably during the crisis of 1837 (see III.), when M. H.,p. 57S. some of its banks failed and the rest suspended specie pay- ment for seven or eight months, its advance for the last thirty, and especially the last fifteen, years, if not rapid, has been steady, and unusually free from drawbacks; and the closing years of the century disclose a prospect full of promise. For the full record of Utica's able business men, includ- ing, in addition to those already named, Abraham Varick, John C. and Nicholas Devereux, Alfred Munson, Montgom- ery Hunt, Henry Huntington of Rome, and many others, down to our own day, the reader is referred to the inter- esting accounts in Dr. Bagg's Pioneers of Utica and Me- morial History, and to D. E. Wager's pamphlet, Men of Early Rome. CHEESE PRODUCTION. New York is the greatest cheese producing State in the Union, and Oneida stands at the head of its counties in tryof N. Y., t^jg respcct, taking the place which Herkimer County for- PP. 14. 54, 57. 1 u 1 1 merly held. Ibid, p. 36. Here the first cheese factory was started by Jesse Wil- juneTiSgV Hams, in the town of Rome, in 185 1. The Utica Dairy Gilbert's Cheese Indus INDUSTRIAL GROWTH OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 4 1 Board of Trade was organized in May, 1871, closely follow- ing that at Little Falls, which was the first of such boards, cheese indus- try, p. 34. For the last ten years, until the present season, the ibid, pp. 33, 21. amount of cheese marketed here has shrunk, following the general decline in the trade throughout the country, but Utica continues to be, as it has been from the start, the greatest cheese market in the interior of the country. Its heaviest transactions were in 1889 (number of boxes, i^id. pp. 34,35. 441,386), while the sales brought in the largest amount of money in 1887 ($2,415,581.). During the season of 1899, the amount of cheese marketed in Utica has probably been heavier than for any season during the five years pre- ceding. VI. THE SPANISH WAR. O ,UR latest history brings us once more to a period of u. Herald, V^ war. While men and women were collecting funds Mar. 31, ig and supplies for suffering Cubans, more efficient re- lief was at hand. April 25, 1898, Congress declared a state of war to ex- Daiiy Papers, ist between the United States and Spain, dating the be- ginning from April 23, when Spain dismissed the United States Minister. April 22, the President had approved the Volunteer Army bill passed by Congress, and on the 23d, he issued a call for 125,000 men for two years. The quota for New York Ibid. was about 12,000,-12 regiments of infantry and two troops of cavalry, the infantry to be chosen from the National Guard. COMPANY E. April 26, the members of the two Utica companies, the 28th and the 44th Separate Companies, N. G. S. N. Y., were given opportunity to volunteer, and a large majority of each company responded. The 44th was chosen, re- ceiving its orders April 27. This company represented the Utica Citizens' Corps. (See III. and IV.) It left the city May 2, amid the enthusiastic demonstra- tions of the citizens, its destination being Camp Black, Hempstead Plains, Long Island. Additional men followed u. Herald, j^^y j^ ^^id Tune 22. May 20, the Company was muster- May 21, iSgS. -^ ^ -^ , , ^. ^^ \^ , ^ . ed into service as Co. E., of the First New York Provis- ional Regiment, Colonel Thomas N. Barber, commanding. The company was commanded by Captain Lewis E. Ibid. THE SPANISH WAR. 43 Goodier ; and after he had accepted the appointment oi Ibid, July q, Major in the 203d Regiment, by Captam Arthur W. Pick- iSgs. ard. An officer of this company was appointed Aide on the staff of Gen. King, and sailed with him for Manila early i^'^'^'^^PJ/^' o' -' Nov. 7, 1898. in November. From Camp Black, the regiment was transferred in June to the Forts in New York Harbor, Co. E. going to Fort ^^^'^' J^"^ '°> Hamilton, and thence to San Francisco, July 7. Reach- ing San Francisco July 14 and 15, the regiment was placed in the Department of the West, and assigned to garriso n ^'^^'^' I^^y ^2. duty at Honolulu; the Hawaiian Islands having been placed in this military department by order of the War au i 2 28 Department, July 11. The regiment sailed for Honolulu 1898. August II, arriving August ly. While in San Francisco, the men received great kindness ^^ ^^ '^ U. Observer, from Lieut. Col. Oscar F. Long, (Capt. U. S. A.), Depot Aug. 27, 1898. Quartermaster ; a native of Utica and once a member of ^^^ ^^ ^g^^^ the Utica Citizens' Corps. His efficiency and his thought- ful care for the Utica men received high praise and heart}' gratitude. COMPANY G. Under the second call for troops (75,000 for two years), u h m the quota for New York was about 8,000, — three regi- June is, 21, ments of infantry and three batteries of artillery. The i^^^^ j^jy g_ 20ist, 2o2d and 203d Regiments were raised under this '^''^• call. The enlistment was open to all, and thus the 28th Com- pany, which had volunteered ninety-two per cent, of its ^^^^ j^j^ ^^ members in April, could not enter active service as an or- iSgs. , , , I- . , , , Ibid, Apr. 28, ganization ; but a large number of its members volunteered 1898. in the company recruited from Oneida County under Cap- tain Charles Shaver Horsburgh. This became Co. G., 44 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 203d New York Regiment, Colonel Walter S. Schuyler Daily Papers. . • r^ commanding. It was mustered mto service at Syracuse, July 19, 1898, and left for Camp Black the same day. Sept. II, the regiment was moved to Camp Meade, Ibid, Sept. 22, i^ear Harrisburg, Pa., and thence, Oct. 2, to Camp Cone- capt. Hors- wago in the Conewago Valley. At Camp Meade it be- HeraM^A^r ^amc part of the 2d Army Corps. Nov. 1 1 it was moved 25, 189^ to Camp Wetherill, Greenville, S. C. U. Herald, Sept. 24, i8g8 Mar. 28, 1899. COMPANY K. July 25, Major Joseph H. Remmer began to recruit a company for the 202d Regiment in Utica. July 30, fifty men under his command left the city for Buffalo, the Daii Pa er Tcndezvous of the regiment. The company became Co. u. Herald, K., and August 2, followed Co. G., of the 203d, to Camp captfRemmer Black, and Sept. 12 to Camp Meade. Nov. 30 the regi- in u. Herald, jnent left for Savannah, Ga., and Dec. 6, sailed for Apr. 18. iSgg. .... Havana, landing Dec. 10. It was the first body of United States troops to enter the city. It was commanded by Colonel Stephen Y. Seyburn, (Captain U. S. A.). WAR RELIEF ASSOCIATIONS. Meantime, with the first note of war, organizations were formed to care for the welfare of the soldiers and their families. The Oneida County War Committee was organized in Apr. 26, 189S. the rooms of the Chamber of Commerce, April 26, 1898, Rept u. Her- ^j^(^ (J^J-i^-,„ ^j-^g ^^^j- expended more than $2,000. for Oneida aid. Apr. 26, ^ . '^ 1899. county men in the field. The Women's War Relief Association of Oneida County was formed in the Auditorium of the New Century Club, U. Herald. . , • i- 1 j j -i. May 2, 1898 April 30. At its annual meeting, when it disbanded, its Ibid., May 2, ^Qj-i^ completed, the treasurer reported disbursements amounting to more than $i,ioo. The association also THE SPANISH WAR. 45 sent to different camps eleven boxes of supplies, averaging in value $ioo each. The Oneida Chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution joined in the hospital work undertaken by the national organization at Washington, and sent one nurse for service. The Chapter also contributed largely in money and supplies, the estimated total amount being about $1,200. In June a third women's society was formed, auxiliary ibid., June 25, to the Women's National War Relief Association. '^^^' The Board of Managers of St. Luke's Hospital offered the War Department, through Congressman Sherman, ac- ibid., Aug. 30, commodations for 75 sick soldiers, but this help was not '^5^' considered necessary. St. Elizabeth's Hospital gave gratuitous care to four soldiers, and received a fifth at reduced rates. NURSES. Utica sent ten women as nurses to the army hospitals. They were Mrs. Emma Keith Booth, Miss Justine Clemens- j^^^^j gept son, Mrs. A. Hannahs and Miss Mary E. Hannahs, Miss d^<=- 2°- ^^-'S. Josephine Shue, Miss Florence Wright, three Sisters of iSgg.' Charity from St. John's Orphan Asylum, and one from St. Joseph's Infant Home. Three or four other women, for- merly of Utica or vicinity, did similar service. Dr. J. M. Sweeney, a practising physician of Utica, vol- unteered as an immune from 5'ellow fever, and served sev- iSgs. ' eral months at Santiago, Cuba. Charles C. Bangs, a native of Oneida County, who when young had served under the Christian Commission in the . . Ibid., Aug. 26, Civil War, became a nurse of the Red Cross Society in iSgs. April, 189S, and died in the work at Santiago early in August. Thirteen men of Co. G, 203d Regiment, volunteered as 46 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. capt. Hors- Hurscs while at Camp Black, and were sent to Montauk burgh, in U. Point. Herald, Apr. 25, iSCQ. RETURN OF THE TROOPS. Ibid., Dec. 26, Ordeis for the return of Co. E. reached Honolulu iSqS. J. s. Cole 13 at Thanksgiving^ time. The men left for home Dec. 8, and u. Heraxa, reached Utica on Christmas Day, after 238 davs of service. Jan. 16, i3gg. -^ J . About twenty men, delayed by sickness, arrived later. A month afterwards, Jan. 25, 1899, a banquet was given the company by the citizens of Utica, at the Armory. Gen. Dai.y P^?«"- Joseph Wheeler, U. S. A., was a distinguished guest. The company was mustered out at theiVrmory, Feb. 23. 1899. u. Herald, Co. G. was mustered out of service at Greenville, S.C., iiar. 23, isoo ^jgjrch 2;, iSqq. and reached Utica, March 27. Co. K. left Cuba about the middle of March, was Ibid.. Apr. i2, iSgi}. mustered out at Savannah, Ga. , and reached home April 17. The return of these companies was celebrated April 24, Daily Papers, by a parade, a banquet in the Masonic building, and a ball in the Armor}*. U. Herald. Besides those in the three Utica companies, about 105 Oneida County men served during the war. Twenty-one Apr. 29, iSgQ. of these belonged to the 9th U. S. Infantry, and nine were in the Navy. Four men of the Utica Companies died in the service. u Herald J" Harry Read of Co. E., at San Francisco, August 9, Ang. io,iaqs. 1 898 ; C. Harry Thompson, who left Utica with Co. E., isga.' ^ * but was transferred to Co. H., at Honolulu, Oct. 15, 1898 ; l^^ ^°''- '^' Corporal O. Ross Wheeler of Co. E., at Honolulu, Nov. ibid^ Sept. 29, J, 1898 ; Nicholas Schug of Co. G., at Philadelphia, Sept. '"^^ 28, 1898. THE SPANISH WAR. 47 Six Oneida County men belonging to other organizations have also died in the Spanish and Philippine wars, includ- ing one who perished in the destruction of the Maine. Ma}" 24. 1899, medals were presented by the Oneida County War Committee to the m.en of Oneida County who had served in the Spanish war. The ceremon)- took place ^"^ aper^. in the Armory, and each soldier received a bronze medal bearing his name. About 350 medals were given. They were distributed by the President of the Women's War Rtlief Association, other ladies assisting. The guest of honor on this occasion was Capt. Charles S. Sigsbee. U. S. N., of the battleship Texas, the former commander of the Maine, and the audience heard from his own lips the story of the destruction of the ship. Mr. T. R. Proctor, President of the Oneida County War Committee, gave the young men an address of welcome, closing with the words; "Be good citizens, and do what you can to improve the town in which you live. Let it be said of you when you are gone that the town is better for your having lived in it." q^] VII. CENTENNIAL CELEBRATIONS. *HE followinj^' Centennial Celebrations have been held in the towns of Oneida County : Mr. E. J. Bar- Augusta. Presb3'terian Churcli ; organized as a Con- thoiomew, gregational Church, September 7, 1797. Became Presby- terian 1866. Celebration, October 26, 27, 1897. B-ookfieid Brid s^eivatc7\ Congregational Church ; organized Courier, July ^ fe fi » ^. 6, i8g8. March 8, 1798. Celebration, June 29, 1898. One Hundred Caj/idcii. Congregational Church ; organized February Years ist jq 1798, at Paris Hill, consisting of eight persons who Cong. VAi. ^11^1 r> or Camden, pp. were " about to move to Fish Creek, in the township of '' '^' Mexico," now Camden. Celebration, Februar}/ 22, 1898. Kirkland. Settlement of Clinton by Moses Foote and Gridley's "^ Hist., Town of others, March, 1787. Celebration, July 13, 1887. Pres- utica^Daiiy^^ idcut Cleveland, whose . boyhood was in part spent in the Papers village, was the guest of honor. First Church of Clinton ; organized as a Congregational Church by Dr. Jonathan Edwards the younger, August, Hist^Tp^ 1 79 1, the same month in which he organized the churches Cent. Anniv'y at New Hartford and Paris. Became Presbyterian 1864. Install. Rev. »,ir^-i.T i- i i- nii- A. s. Norton. Rcv. Asahcl S. Norton ordamed and mstailed hrst pastor, September 18, 1793. Celebration of this latter event, September 27, 1893. N H rt Cent Neiv Havtford. Settlement by Jedediah Sanger, March, Trans. O.H.S., 1788. Celebration, Juno 27, 1888. ^^' Presbyterian Church ; organized as Congregational Cent. Day, Church by Dr. Jonathan Edwards the younger, August 27, Pres. Ch. N. Society had organized June 6, under the name " First Re- 179 1. Services held in Tedediah Sanger's barn. The Hart., p. 19. ' -^ -' " CENTENNIAL CELEBRATIONS. 49 ligious Society in Whitestown." Rev. Dan Bradley or- dained first pastor, January ii, I7Q2. As there were no ^^i"^- p- 'S- ... J ' I :^ Ibid., pp. 32, 23. churches in the vicinity which could be called as a Council for his ordination, the services took place in Connecticut, a committee of the Church taking the long winter journey . ., to be present at the occasion. Church became Presby- terian, 1 801. Celebration, August 27, 1891, including service in the old barn. Paris. Congregational Church ; organized by Jonathan Edwards as "the second Church of Christ in Whites- ^^^^ j,'^"*" town/' August 29, 1 79 1. Celebration, August 29, 1891. St. Paul's Church (Episcopal) ; organized February 13, u. Daily Press 1797. Celebration, June 16, 1897. Already, October i, 1880, the Paris re-interment had Trans, o. h. taken place in this village. 82.' Colonel Isaac Paris (i 761 -1790) is remembered as the large-hearted ..lerchant of Fort Plain who, in 1789, sent prompt and generous help to the almost starving settlers of Clinton. Three years later (1792) a new township in- cluding Clinton was formed from Whitestown, and the people gave it the name of their benefactor. In our own day, the old cemetery at Fort Plain having been aban- doned, the suggestion was made and accepted of removing ^^ ^^^, j^.^, the remains of Colonel Paris to that part of the old town Town of Paris, of Paris which still bears his name. The plan was carried out under the auspices of a committee from Kirkland, Marshall, and Paris, the towns once included in that of Paris, and the dust of this early friend was laid to rest in the burial ground of St. Paul's Church, with religious serv- ices and commemorative addresses. Tiyr 1 T ^1 -1 Jones's Annals Rome, rirst Methodist Church ; class organized 1799- p-sqs Celebration, February 3-5, 1899. Feb^nsgg. Sans:erficld. Baptist Church of Waterville. Council , -^ ^ . U. Herald, to give Church Fellowship December 15, 1798. Church Dec. 20, 1898. 4 50 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. took the name "First Baptist Church of Sangerfield." Celebration, December 19, 1898. Jones' Annals Trent Oil. Town Organized from Schuyler, Herkimer u. Herald, Couutv, March24, 1797. Celebration in village, Decem- Dec. g-ii, 13, isq?. ber 9, 10, II, 1897. Jones' Annals ^ . . ,.,, ^ ■ \ c- t i • p. 469- The first Unitarian Church m the State was formed in Pioneers, p. Q2. ^ i ,o^- one Hundred Trenton about 1805. J^r^^yilt' Utica. Trinity Church ; organized by Rev. Philander ^u^ie^s-^r'sps Chase, 1798 (see II.). Celebration, June 15, 16, 1898. Cent. Anniv. Wcstniorclaud. Congregational Church ; organized we^tmfre- " September 20, 1792. Celebration, September 20, 1892. j^'ones' Annals Mcthodist Episcopal Church ; class organized probably Rev^RB. between 1795 and 1798. Celebration, October i, 2, Cauidwell, ,0,^- Westmore 1*^95- ^^"^- VVhitestown. Settlement by Hugh White, June, 1784. Whitestown ./ o j Cent.inTrans, Celebration, JuUC 5, I884. ?88i"4.^' Presbyterian Church; organized April i, 1793, as the United Society of Whitestown and Old Fort Schuyler, U Herald Apr. 3, 189?. " whose name is still perpetuated." Rev. Bethuel Dodd installed first pastor, August 21, 1794. (Seel, and II.). Ibid., June •o-^.gig^^^^.^^^ ^pj.-l j^ J893. Baptist Church; organized June 18, 1796. Celebra- tion, June 18, 1896. Oneida County. Formed from part of Herkimer ^ones nna;, ^^^^^^^^ March 1 5, 1798. Celebration by Oneida His- pioneers,p.79-^Qj.i^.al Socicty in Muuson-Williams Memorial Building, Daily Papers. ^ Utica, March 15, 1898. VIII. / HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION. ROUTES OF TRAVEL. INDIAN TRAILS. THE Indians made their journeys entirely over trails and natural water ways, and these the white settlers also were at first obliged to use. The trails of this locality were as follows : one from Oneida Castle and another from the Oneida carrying place, both of which led east and crossed each other at the foot of what is now Genesee Street. Continuing, one trail kept to the south of the river down the valley ; the other branch- ed on the north side of the ford, one branch leading down through Schuyler to the east, while the other extended north through the Black River country. RIVER NAVIGATION. Between the Atlantic seaboard and the great lakes, there was a direct route by way of the Hudson and Mohawk Riv- ers to the present site of Rome, and from that point by a Pager's Hist. ^ ' f J Oneida Co., p. short portage of about a mile to Wood Creek, whence the 20. route lay down the stream to Oneida Lake, to the Oswego River, to Lake Ontario and the West. In the last century the Mohawk was a stream of much greater volume than at present. It was an important factor in commerce even after the roads in the vicinity of its upper course claimed the name of highways, and was nav-M. H.,p. 361. igable for vessels of light tonnage from Schenectady to Fort Stanwix. In ascending, the river was not dangerous, but the descent, over the rocky bed with its numerous 52 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. shallows, was attended with much danger of staving the boat. In 1796, navigation was greatly facilitated by an incor- porated company known as the Western Inland Lock Navi- gation Company, the purpose of which was to construct a canal and locks around the Little Falls on the Mohawk, and a canal across the carrying place at Rome, and to clear of obstructions Wood Creek and the waters beyond. PASSENGER BOATS. Previous to 1807, a line of boats was established to carry produce, and three stage boats were added for passengers. A weekly line plied between Schenectady and Cayuga. In M. H., p. 362. 181 2, stage boats were traversing the waters twice each week between Utica and Schenectady. The time allowed for a trip was twenty-four hours. STATE OR TURNPIKE ROADS. The first state road from Albany to Utica was con- Pioneeis. p. _ -^ 104. structed in 1794, though as late as 1800 it was almost impassable. GENESEE TURNPIKE. The section of road from Utica west to the Genesee River was completed in 1794. It was known as the Gen M.H.,p. 367. esee Turnpike, and led through White's Town, Oriskany, Fort Stanwix, etc. It was built by the inhabitants living along the line of the road. The same year legislative action was taken to con- struct a road from Albany to Utica. The Mohawk Turnpike and Bridge Company was awarded the contract Burton's Hist, to build a scction of ten miles of road on the north side of Herk. co.,p. ^j^g rivcr. It was built in an expeditious but unsubstantial 214. manner, of the materials found along the hne, and the work proved unsatisfactory. HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION ROUTES OF TRAVEL. 53 SENECA TURNPIKE. In 1800, a charter was granted the Seneca Turnpike Company to construct a road from Utica to the western part of the State, by way of New Hartford, Kirkland, Ver- non, Oneida Castle, etc. It followed the line of the Indian trail, but was less cir- m. h., p. 368. cuitous. The road leading across the Mohawk between Utica and Deerfield was also straightened and otherwise improved at this time by the Seneca Turnpike Company. The building of these great thoroughfares gave Utica much importance as a commercial center. MAIL AND STAGE SERVICE. In 1 792, Congress gave much attention to extending post roads, and a mail route was established between Albany and Whitesboro, though at this time it was conducted as a private enterprise which employed Jason Parker to de- liver the mail along the entire route regularly, as often asMunson-s An- twice each month. The roads were rough, and the jour-°f\^°*^"'*"y " ■" Vol. I, p. 248. ney was made sometimes on horseback, sometimes on foot. If^ ^793. a stage line was established, and passengers were carried from Albany to Old Fort Schuyler for $2.50 ; to Whitesboro for $3. In 1802, this mail and passenger route was extended from Old Fort Schuyler to Onondaga. Through the enterprise of Jason Parker, an act of the Legislature was passed giving to him and Levi Stephens the exclusive right for seven years (1803 to 18 10), to run a line of stages twice each v/eek over the route mentioned, m. h.. p. 370. the fare not to exceed five cents per mile. In 18 10, three trips were made each week between Albany and Utica. A year later, the western section, from Utica to Buffalo and Niagara Falls, was completed, and excellent service was given. Mr. Parker associated with him in the transporta- 54 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. tion business Theodore S. Faxton, Silas D. Childs and John Butterfield, who became prominent in many business enterprises and who did much for the upbuilding of Utica. ERIE CANAL. Previous to the war of 1812, the subject of connecting the Hudson river with Lake Erie by a public waterway had received much attention, and three surveys were made. Indeed, this subject had been in the minds of far Wager's Hist seeing men from a much earlier time. In 1792, the learned Hollander, Dr. Van der Kemp, described the great results he expected from the improvements to navigation in this State, then just begun. This is a part of his quaintly expressed prophecy : " See here ... an early communication by water carriage opened between the most distant parts of this ex- tensive commonwealth. . . . Fort Stanwix must be- come a staple place for the commodities of the West ITvanZr • • ^"^ O^^ ^o^^ Schuyler . . . nearly the cen- Kemp,in tral spot of intercourse between the north and west, trans- j. s. May. formed into an opulent mercantile city . . . when Copy loaned ^jjg tomahawk and scalping knife shall be replaced by the by Mr. An- _ . . . drew, of sickle and the pencil of the artist, and the wigwam by marble palaces. Go there and dig canals through the J. F. vSey- western country. Dare only to undertake the enterprise, mour'scent. g^j-^^j J warrant success. Give me the disposal of 50 New Address, Tren- '^ _ _ ton, 1876, pp. York purses, and I will do what others promise in florid ^^' ""^ speeches. ... I will go to the watery nymph Erie, and trace a beautiful curve through which her Ladyship shall be compelled to pay of her tribute to the ocean through the Genesee Country." Finally, after much bitter opposition, the work was un- ^jj*^^^^'^^^^*'^'^" dertaken, largely through the able advocacy of Gov. De- Witt Clinton. July 4, 18 17, excavation was begun in HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION ROUTES OF TRAVEL. 55 Rome, and Oct. 22, 18 19, the section between Rome and Jones's Annais Utica having been filled by the Oriskany creek, the first ^^^^' boat cleared a passage amid great rejoicings. 143- The canal was finished Oct. 20th, 1825, and the event was celebrated with appropriate ceremonies, during which Gov. Clinton arrived in Utica on his journey through the pioneers, pp. canal from Buffalo to New York, and was received here ^30, 631. with great enthusiasm, and with a formal welcome in the Court House. CHENANGO CANAL. In 1834 work was begun on the Chenango Canal. This waterway led through the Chenango valley, and was com- pleted in 1836. Its entire length was 97 miles, and it was of special importance to Utica and the country north of Utica in transporting coal from the mines of Pennsylvania. After the opening of the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western R. R., and the Utica, Clinton and Binghamton R. R., the Chenango canal was abandoned. The canals are the property of the State. PLANK ROADS. About the year 1847, Companies were incorporated to build plank roads over marshy and rough highways. One extending from Deerfield to Remsen was the first completed in this vicinity, and it proved to be a great boon to the country through which it passed. Subsequently, other plank roads were built from Utica to Rome on the west ; to Schuyler and Frankfort on the east ; and on the south to New Hartford and Clinton, Waterville and Burlington. /-\' ii*i- 1 • -rii Ibid. Owmg to the high price and growing scarcity 01 lumber, the roads were kept up at an enormoub expense and finally fell into disuse. The Directory for 1849-50 says, "The city is rendered 56 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. accessible at all times to the surrounding country by means of plank roads in every direction." RAILROADS. In 1833, the Utica and Schenectady Railroad Company was incorporated. The road was to be built on the north . ", \\, side of the Erie canal with its terminus in Utica. The Annals of Al- bany, Vol. IX., year before, a railroad had been opened between Albany and Schenectady, in accordance with a charter granted to the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad Co. in 1826. j^j jj gjj In 1 836, a road was built connecting Utica with Syracuse. During the first week, cars were run free over this section. In 1853, a bill passed the Legislature consolidating the Annals of Ai- yarious lines of railroads between Albany and Buffalo. bany. Vol. V., ,_, _ 111 p. 324. I he first coaches used on the eastern sections were the old stage coaches, which were strapped on platform cars. In 1853, the Utica and Black River R. R. Co. was or- ganized under the name " Black River and Utica R. R. Co.," and the work of constructing a road to the north country by way of Trenton, was at once commenced. In December, 1854, the road was formally opened as far as Trenton, and a year later, as far as Boonville. The present name was assumed May, 1861, when a reorganiza- <^o- tion took place. The road was afterwards leased to the Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg R. R. , and this again, with all its holdings, to the New York Central R. R. Co. The Utica, Chenango and Susquehanna Valley R. R. was well under way in 1870, and at that time, extended south from Utica through New Hartford and Cassville to Sherburne Four Corners, with a branch from Cassville to M.H.,p.3g3. Richfield. The same year (1870), it was leased to the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Corporation, which made the desired connection with the coal fields of Penn- sylvania. M. H.,p. Records Bl'k R.andU. R.K HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION — ROUTES OF TRAVEL. 5/ In 1862, the Utica, Clinton and Binghamton R. R. Co. became incorporated, to construct a horse or steam rail- road to connect Clinton with New Hartford, Utica and Whitesboro. The following year (1863) rails were laid and a horse car line was established from Utica to New Hartford, and from there to Clinton a " dummy " was op- m. h., pp. 303, erated. In 1867 the company reorganized, and extended^'''" the track south from Clinton till it connected with the Midland R. R. at Smith's Valley. In 1870, a steam rail- road from Utica to New Hartford was built, and thus the line was completed. Soon after its completion, it passed into the hands of a receiver, and in 1875 i^ became the possession of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company. The New York, West Shore and Buffalo R. R. was completed in 1884, and as its name implies, extends from New York, along the west shore of the Hudson, and west- erly to Buffalo, passing through Utica on its way. This road is now leased and operated by the New York Central Company. In 1893. the New York Central Co. leased the Mohawk and Malone Railway, (Herkimer to Malone ; incorporated 1891), and by making it apart of its system, and running^*"- J- ^^- ^*'"''- daily trains from New York to Montreal by way of Utica, has connected this city with the Adirondack region. STREET RAILWAY SYSTEM. In 1886 the Utica Belt Line Co. was organized, and leased from the Utica, Clinton and Binghamton Co. its lines to New Hartford and Whitesboro, and later on a branch was built to New York Mills. The horse car service was „ „ M. H., p. 356. discontinued, and electric power introduced in 1889. Sev- eral lines are now in operation extending to the west, south and east portions of the city. In 1897, the Utica and Whitesboro line was extended as far as Oriskany. and Summit Park opened at the end of the line. 58 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. The Utica and Mohawk R. R. Co. built a road connecting Genesee St. at Bleecker St. with the Utica Park, which is Ibid. the eastern terminus. At first the cars were drawn by horses, but in 1889 electricity was substituted. IX. NAMES OF STREETS. COSBY'S Manor extended three miles on either side of the Mohawk, and from the Sauquoit Creek, eleven miles east. (See I.). The Bleecker property reached from about the line of Mohawk street nearly to what is now Charlotte, and ran Pioneers, p. s. back from the river beyond Steele's Hill. The Bradstreet property lay both east and west of the Bleecker land. The part on the west reached as far as the corner of Varick and LaFayette Streets, and included land on both sides of Genesee Street, the east and west bound- ary lines running three miles back from the river. The Schuyler property extended from the Bradstreet land on the east, to the western line of the State Hospital, and, like the other divisions, stretched back from the river three miles. The early settlement lay wholly south of the river, chiefly upon one street, called Main, running parallel with the river. The western end of this street was known as the Whitesboro Road. The Genesee Road, meeting Main Street, formed a square T~, Ibid., pp. 7, g3. now known as Bagg's Square. About 1800, Hotel Street was laid out as an avenue to the Genesee Road, from Utica's first hotel, the York House. (See X.). 1 808-1 8 10, Broad. First, Second, Third and Bridge ^*'^'^' pp- ^57, 271. Streets were laid out. The latter, now Park Avenue, was l. m. Taylor, named from a bridge over the river, which it crossed. ^ s ^"sss-e Some of the family names found on the Bleecker prop- erty are Rutger, Dudley, Brinckerhoff, Miller, and Blandina. 6o OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. It is said that it was at one time the intention of four members of the Bleecker family to build on Rutger Street. The whole scheme, however, was abandoned, because the location of the Erie Canal, with its high bridges across the plain sloping from Rutger to Broad Streets, had so mar- red the beauty of the place. Names that recall owners of portions of the Bradstreet Ibid. p. 37. ^j^ J Schuyler lands are Potter, Plant, Francis, Tewett, Pioneers, pp. -' . ' ' ' J » 23,50,45,126. Cooper, Cornelia, Hopper, Henry, and Huntington. Hamilton and South Hamilton Streets lie on the Schuy- ^ , ler property, and are named for Alexander Hamilton, who L. M. Taylor, f f J 1 » inTrans.o.H. married General Schuyler's daughter. " These are both "' ^ '^^^" small streets, but they carry a great name." Philip and Schuyler Streets take their names from Gen- eral Philip J. Schuyler. Other streets named for great men of our earlier time are Washington, Herkimer, Jefferson, Clinton, Jay, named for the statesman and judge. Governor John Jay (1745- 1829); Lansing for Chancellor Lansing (1754-1829), also Chancellor Square and Kent Street for the eminent jurist, "^^^^' ^^' Chancellor Ivent (1763-1847). The lots on each end of Chancellor Square originally fronted upon the square itself, and could be approached only through it. This was rem- edied by the laying out of Academy Street across the west end and Kent Street across the east. Besides these, are the streets named for illustrious for- ibid. p. 3g. eigners : Steuben, LaFayette ( once called Rome Street), Pione-:rs, pp. , , • i • r i tt and Ivossuth Avenue, named just alter the Hungarian pat- riot had visited the city. Spring Street takes its name from a spring of pure water which once existed in or near it. (See H.). Garden Street was named for the old Horticultural Gar- den on its boundary. Bank Street was so called because the region was known 554-95- NAMES OF STREETS. 6 1 as the "sand-bank." There were deep gulHes and high sand hills which were graded at great expense. St. George's jnTrans.o. h. Church stands across a sort of ravine which could then s- pp- 37^ 38. have taken in half the church. Carnahan Street, as the west end of Blandina was once pjouggj-g „„ called, Aiken, and Mandeville Streets take their names 2" 6, 458-64. ^ . ^ ,. . M. H.,p. 415. from emment divmes. Noyes and Tracy Streets are named for distinguished ibid, pp.535, lawyers once resident here. ( See XI. j. "''^' Jason, Parker, Varick, Breese, Devereux, Kirkland, and pioj,eg,.g p^ Faxton Streets recall the names of prominent men, some ♦'• '", 376, 343, of them pioneers. More recent streets are named for public men or well- known families; as Scott, Grant, Bacon, Seymour, Johnson. Johnson Park (1849), James Watson Williams Park (1897), and the extensive Proctor Park (1899), bear the names of the families who presented them to the city. X. OLD BUILDINGS. FEW of the earliest buildings of Utica are now standing. One or two of real interest have but lately disap- peared. The First School House and place of worship, which stood on Broad street (Seel, and XII.), was torn down in the spring of 1898, after having been used for some time as a mere shed. The Johnson House on Genesee Street, which has re- cently given way to the new Savings Bank, was built by John H. Lothrop in 1809. Mrs. Clinton, afterwards Mrs. 158,629. ' Abram Varick, lived in it a few years. It was then Miss Miller's bought by Alexander B. Johnson and was owned by his Sketch of Old (^ J J J^ Utica. family until 1897. Here John Quincy Adams, President of the United States, was entertained for three or four days, Mrs. Johnson being his niece. Here too LaFay- ette was received June 9, 1825. Among the most interesting of the houses still standing, is that built by Peter Smith on Broad Street beyond the Pioneers, p. 15. gulf, where in 1797, his son Gerrit was born. This is now occupied by the Ellison family, and stands a little east of Mohawk Street. A little later Colonel Benjamin Walker built, also on Broad street, the house afterwards occupied by the Culver Ibid., p. 68. -J Sketch of Old family. This has been occupied by Madame Despard, ^^"^*' who used it as a school building, and by the Seward and Wager families. It stands far back from the street a lit- tle west of Kossuth Avenue. In 1792, William Inman came to this country from Eng- land. He built an English cottage on the north side of OLD BUILDINGS. 63 the Whitesboro road, which, with its neighboring elms, still makes a picturesque spot just beyond the "Halfway Bridge." The road ran nearer the house than at present, nji^. and Mr. Inman, disturbed by the " Yankee dust," moved ^^^"^'"'P'*^- to a more substantial house, which he built far back from the road on the south side. This stands a little within the present city limits, and is now known as the Champlin house. The old house which stands on the north side of Whitesboro Street, nearly opposite Cherry, known as the Clark House, has in late years awakened much interest and inquiry, but no important facts concerning it have been ob- tained. In 1800, Judge Nathan Williams built the house on the corner of Whitesboro and Seneca Streets, now known aSgj^^^^^j^ ^^ qi^ the Wager or Goodwin house. Here five generations of utica. the Williams family have lived. The Seymour House on Whitesboro Street, corner of Ho- tel, was built by Daniel Childs about 1810 or 1812. In 1820, it was purchased by Henry Seymour and was long ibid. occupied by his son, Hon. Horatio Seymour. During the p^o^^®'^^' p- closing years of Governor Seymour's life, he lived in Deer- field, but scarcely a day passed in which he did not visit his old home, then occupied by his brother, John F. Sey- mour. In 1824, Moses Bagg built the house on Broad Street, ibid. p. 220. corner of Second, long occupied by his daughter, Mrs. ^^^^^'^ °^ ^^^ Charles A. Mann. About 1825, Samuel Stocking built on the corner of Broad and First Streets, the house afterwards owned by it>id. Judge Hiram Denio, and later by his daughter, Mrs. Louis jy,. A. Tourtellot. Coming to Genesee Street, we find that the house occu- 64 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. Ibid., pp. 48, 5o. Utica. Pioneers, p 265. Sketch of Old Utica. pied by T^r. Willis E. Ford since 1882, was built by Watts Sherir.an, who came to Utica before 1795. It has had a succession of honorable owners, having been pur- sketch of Old chased by General Joseph Kirkland, the first Mayor of Utica, then by Charles Tracy, and later by Judge Philo Gridley. The house on upper Genesee Street, now owned by Mr. Egbert Bagg, was built, or re-built in 1806, by Israel Decker. Some of the floor rafters are of red beech logs with the bark on, and over a foot in diameter. Early in the century it was occupied by Mr. and Mrs. Samuel B . Malcolm. Mrs. Malcolm was the daughter of Gen. Philip Schuyler, and later became the wife of Capt. James Coch- ran, son ot the Revolutionary Surgeon. (See XL). The Miller Ho7ise on Rutger Place, occupied by Hon. Roscoe Conkling for more than twenty-five years, was planned and the foundation laid by Judge Morris S. Miller in 1820. His son, Rutger B. Miller, completed it about 1830. It was called at the time " Miller's Folly," so re- mote was it from all neighbors. A carriage seen crossing John Street Bridge was known to be coming to "The Hill," as there was no other house to which to go. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Walker lived here for many years. Sen- ator Conkling entertained here many eminent guests, among them Generals Grant, Sherman, and Hooker, in 1875. Among the once famous mansions which have lost their early dignity is that of Jeremiah Van Rensselaer, built about 1800. It stood on the east side of Genesee Street amid beautiful grounds, which included nearly the whole space now bounded by Devereux, Genesee, Blandina, and Charlotte streets. The house is still standing on the south side of Devereux Street, about midway between Genesee and Charlotte. It has been turned around and now faces Devereux Street. Ibid. Pioneers, p 237- Ibid., p. 114. f- OLD BUILDINGS. 6$ In I7Q4, Indent' Apollos Cooper Came to Utica and built ' ^^' J ^ ^ /- • , ■ , 1 Pioneers, p. 45. a house on Whitesboro Street, near Liberty, in which he sketch of oid lived until his death, in 1839. The house and grounds ^*''^*' are now used as a summer garden. Miss Miller's " Sketch of Old Utica " gives many inter- esting details of the architecture and decorations of these dwellings, as well as of the gardens around them and the life within. Of the early church buildings, that of Trinity (com- pleted 1 8 10. See II.), retains its beauty and its sacred character ; others, however, have been turned to inferior uses. The WclsJi Baptist Church (See II.), a wooden structure built in 1806 near the place where the Hotel Street bridge now stands, was moved when the canal was opened to the '°°^^''^' p- ' ^ 134. site of the present church on Broadwa}^ a little north of Thomas' His- tory of Welsh Liberty Street. In 1840, when the new church was erect- of America,(m ed, the old building was again moved to the rear of the ^^'^^^^^• lot, and is believed to be still standing on Charles Street. The First Presbyterian Chnrch, on the corner of Wash- ington and Liberty Streets, completed in 1807 (See II.) gave way in 1826 to a new edifice, itself destroyed by fire in 185 I. The old building was, in 1826, cut into two pieces, ■^ ° 1- ' Pioneers, p. one of which is now the Mansion House, corner of Wash- 461. ington and LaFayette Streets, and the other a large tene- ment house on Whitesboro Street, nearly opposite Charles. We must not omit mention of Utica's famous hotels. Bagg's Hotel is older than the name of Utica, which was _ Pioneers, pp. bestowed in 1798. The hotel was founded in 1794 by4o, 2i8-g. Moses Bagg. In August of that year, he purchased land 5 66 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. and began to practice his trade, that of a blacksmith, on Main Street, a little east of the Square. He built a log house on the corner of Main Street, whicli he opened f^rthe accommodation of travelers ; shortly after, he put a two story frame building on the same site. He continued to Theo. p. Cook, keep this tavern until his death in 1805. His son, Moses NoTr^fsT'"' ^^^S^ became proprietor of the hotel in 1808. When the first Canal Commissioners visited Utica in 18 10, two of them, Stephen Van Rensselaer and Gouverneur Morris, with their servants, occupied the whole of the hotel, from which its dimensions may be judged. In 1 812-15, ^^'^• Bagg erected the central portion of the bricl. hotel, and to this he subsequently added on either side. In 1797, Samuel Hooker erected for the Holland Land Company the building still standing on the corner of Whites- boro and Hotel Streets, now called the Atlantic Hotel. This was known as the York House. It was a large brick building, the first brick house in the village, and its like Pioneers, pp. vv^as iiot to be sccu between the Hudson and the Pacific. Sketch of Old The land was so marshy, that according to one story, the utica. corner stone, which had been laid with due ceremony in the morning, had disappeared in the afternoon. Hemlock logs were used for the foundations for the stone and brick. This building has been many times remodeled, but no amount of paint has been able to cover up the word " Hotel," which was chiseled over its door in 1798. As matters of interest, we mention that the 0/d Roiind Bnildin<: on Whitesboro Street, near Hoyt, was built by John C. Hoyt. "^ ;^ , . , David Hoyt, father of John C. Hoyt, and used to grmd the bark in his tannery. The power used was not elec- tricity, or steam, or even water, but was obtained by sails on the top of the building which were moved by the wind. Mechanics' Hall, corner of Hotel and Liberty Streets, M. H., p. 228. ., . „ ^ Tx • 1 . 1 was built in 1836-37. Here were given lectures, plays. OLD BUILDINGS. 6/ and other entertainments, and here pubhc meetings of all kinds were held until the Utica Opera House was built in 1871-72. A few of the noteworthy buildings in the vicinity of Utica should be mentioned. WHITESBORO. Address on Mr. William Tracy, writing in 1838, says that I^n^/^lneii^ctpp. White built in 1789 " the house still standing on the south- 34-5- f 1 -n TTTi • 1 >, t r A Few stray €ast corner or the village green at Whitesboro. It for- Leaves in the merly had a gambrel roof. Mrs. Whitcher savs ' ' the ?,?!^" °1 ■' " -^ Whitesboro, p. house was moved about half its length westward and mod- is. ernized in 1861." The present Town Hail in Whitesboro was erected for a Court House in 1807, on land given by Hugh White, ibid., p. 48. The land was to revert to the heirs when no longer usedj^'^^J^J'^'^' for the purpose designated. In i860, Hon. Philo White, h.s. ,1881-4, a grandson of the pioneer, bought from the heirs their re- versionary claim, and presented the building and green to the village. The building is " probably the oldest one in the State yet standing erected for a Court House." NEW HARTFORD. ^ . t. Cent. Pres. Ch. The Presbyterian Church at Nezv Hart ford v^-a.^ besfun ^' ^^'^^■' ^^' -' o 24, 25. in 1792, and was dedicated November 29, 1797. " As the^^'^^ey'sHist. ,,..„.,. . . Town of Kirk- oldest church edihce m this county, it is worthy of dis- und, p. ge. tinguished consideration." CLINTON. Dr. Kirkland moved from Oneida to his lands near Clin- ibid , pp. 78-80. ton in 1792. The small frame dwelling built by him nrob- '^'^'^""'^ " ./I Hist'l Sketch ably the year previous has been presented to Hamilton Ham. coii., p. College and, removed from its original location, is pre- ''" served in the Campus on College Hill. 68 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. A few years later, probably in 1795, Dr. Kirkland built Prof. E.North. the house on the road " under the hill " long known as the Hist. Oneida Kirkland mansion, and now occupied by Mr. Harding. Co., p. 6. Here he lived until his death in 1808, and it remained the home of his widow through her life. Jones'sAnnals TRENTON. John F. sey- The fine stone mansion in Trenton known as the Mappa mour'scent. fjQ^se was built by Colonel Adam G. Mappa, agent for the Ad., July 4, •' rr ' C5 1876. p. 32. Holland Land Company, and was occupied at least as possess. Tren-^^^^y ^^ ^ 8o9> ^^d possibly Several years earlier. ton Hist. Soc. XL NOTEWORTHY CITIZENS OF ONEIDA COUNTY No other department of this small outline book has given the editors so little satisfaction as this of Eminent Citizens. The limited space prohibited anything beyond the merest skeleton of biographical notice. The criteria of admission came of necessity to be: books pub- lished ; official position ; or high professional honors. In many cases, this has seemed to set up a false stand- ard; to imply failure to recognize the worth of personal character and scholarly attainment when these had not been crowned by academic or political honors: — necessity deeply regretted by those responsible for the selection. Works of authors, wherever mentioned, include only the mo?t important. Groups : a. Pioneers ; b. Soldiers of the Revolution ; c. Army Officers, Second Period ; d. Naval Officers ; e. Lawyers ; /. Archaeologists and Philologists ; g: Men of Science ; h. Men of Letters ; /. Women Writers ; J. Artists ; /'. Actors ; /. Government Officials ; m. Visitors. PIONEERS. Among the Pioneers of Oneida County four stand pre- eminent. Rev. Samuel Kirkland, (1741-1808), Princeton, 176;. For more than forty years a devoted mission- Lothrop's Life ' •' -^ ■' _ _ of Kirkland. ary to the Six Nations, especially to the Oneidas. During Allison's Hist, the Revolution, a Chaplain in the army, and employed byj^jj^'^ ^"' the government to secure the neutrality of the Indians ; Duyckinick's '^ Cyc. Am. Lit., his efforts, joined with those of James Dean, were success- voi. tl, p. 738. ful in the case of the Oneidas. By untiring exertions he 70 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. secured the means to establish Hamilton Oneida Academy, which, four years after his death, became Hamilton Col- lege. (See I., X., Xn.). James Dean, (1748-1823), Dartmouth, 1773. Dedi- cated in childhood as a missionary to the Indians, and sent to live among them for several years under the care of a missionary; adopted by a squaw as her son; licensed to preach, but never ordained. 1775, appointed Indian Agent with rank of Major, and rendered invaluable Tracy's Early services. Stationed chiefly at Oneida Castle and Fort Hist. Oneida • i r t t /-^ ■ -i -i ■ e Co. Stanwix. Alter the war the Oneidas gave him a tract of jones'sAnnais ia,nd in Westmoreland fconfirmed to him later by the pp. 744-59- -1 • State), where he lived until his death. Judge of County courts by successive appointments 1791-1813, and twice member of legislature. Wrote a journal of one of his expeditions, and an essay on Indian Mythology, both now lost. Hugh White, (1733-18 12). Made the first permanent ^*'°^^'^^°°*^'' settlement in the State west of the Dutch settlements, pp. 23, 27, 28. ' 1784. Appointed Judge, 1798 ; re-appointed, 1801. Peter Smith, (176S-1837). A trader who came about 1789 to Old Fort Schuyler and was trusted equally by hlm^'moR Indians and whites ; the latter made him Sheriff and Judge. Gerrit Smith. From the Indians he acquired by purchase nearly one Pioneers, pp. , . 14-18. million acres, and thus became the largest landholder in the State. Two picturesque figures of this period are the Hollanders, Col. Adam Gerard Mappa, (i 752-1 829), Agent of the Jones's Annals Holland Land Company at Trenton, then Olden-Banne- pp. 452 3, 475-85 veldt, and Francis Adrian Van der Kemp (1752-1829), J. F. Sey- \ > ^ ^ / mour'scent. who joincd Col. Mappa at Trenton about 1797. He had Ad^, Trenton, ^g^j^gj^ j-gfuge in this couutry ten years earlier from political troubles in Holland. He was received with honor by Washington, and gained the friendship of John Adams, NOTEWORTHY CITIZENS OF ONEIDA COUNTY. J I DeWitt Clinton, and Thomas Jefferson. Harvard College made him LL. D. In the northwest part of the County, now the town of,. „ ,, '^ -J U. Herald, Camden, another Dutch pioneer, George F. W. A. Scriba Apr. 14, 26, (1752-1836), purchased a half million acres of land. In '/ones's Annals the southern part, Tedediah Sanger ('17^1-1829), founder pp- ^72. ^yg-s^. , , N.Hart. Cent. of New Hartford, had a great estate, and has left his name in Trans, o. in Sangerfield. "• ^^ '^^^■^• SOLDIERS OF THE REVOLUTION. Benjamin Walker, (1753-18 18). Came to Old Fort Schuyler in 1797. He was of English birth and a " Blue Coat Boy." He came as agent of the great landed estate of the Earl of Bath. In war and in peace he served his adopted country diligently and brilliantly. He was the right hand of the Baron-General von Steuben, and Wash- Pioneers, p 67. ington's aide-de-camp and trusted friend. After the close of the Revolutionary War, he declined political honors and became an untitled, public-spirited citizen of Old Fort Schuyler. In June, 1875, a plot in Forest Hill Cemetery was con- secrated to the Revolutionary Fathers, at v/hich time the bodies of Benjamin and Mrs. Walker, and of Dr. John Cochran, Director-General of the Military Hospitals of the u Heraw, United States in the Revolutionary War, and of his wife. J""^ ''''«"■ Gertrude "^ '....yler, were removed from the old village burying ground on Water Street, and solemnly reinterred in the new cemetery. Frederick William Augustus, Baron Steuben, (1730- 1794). Commissioned Major-General by Washington, 1778 ; " rendered memorable services which can scarcely^""®*'"'^""'"'^ -^ pp. 4.33-4 5- be over-rated in drilling the officers and men of the Con- Johnson's cyc. tinental Army into efficiency ; rewarded by Congress with 160,000 acres in Oneida County; lived after the revolution 72 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. on the edge of our northern wilderness, and is there buried. (See XIII). General William Floyd, (1734-1821). A native of Sanderson's Long Island ; member of Continental Congress about eight Bioff. ofsign years ; signer of the Declaration of Independence ; in 1803 ersoftheDee. ' ' » r » ^ of ind.. Vol. removed to Western, near Rome. The town of Floyd, in IV., p. 131. which he owned large tracts of land, perpetuates his name. Among revolutionary soldiers who made Utica their home, were: Captain Stephen Potter, (i739-i8io),of the regiment called " Congress' Own," of which Nathan Hale Pieneers, pp. was a brothcr-offtcer of the same rank ;-Talcott Camp, (1762-1832), who became the first President of the Village of Utica ; — Col. John Bellinger, (died in 181 5), who had stood by the side of Herkimer at the battle of Oriskany ; N.E. Hist'i& — Thomas Williams, (1754-1817), who took part in the 1880, p. 70.' Boston "Tea Party," a resident of New Hartford from 1790 to 1812 ; died in Utica. Daniel Eels, who had Pres. ch. New helped to build the earthworks on Bunker Hill, settled in Hart.,p. 42. New Hartford in 1797 and lived there for 54 years; and many other names of interest are remembered in neighbor- ing towns. ARMY officers — SECOND PERIOD. [Florida (1836-S), Mexican (1846-7), and Civil (1861-5), Wars.] Henry Wager Halleck, (18 15-1872); b. Western ville. Lippincou's ^^\ Qgj^ U. S. A.; West Point, '34 ; served in the Semi- Biog. Diet. -' ' ' Jt > Appieton's nolc (Florida) and Mexican wars ; General-in-Chief of the yc. m. »o8^- ^j-j-QJes of the U. S., Headquarters Washington, 1862-4. Morris S. Miller, (1814-1870) ; b. Utica, buried at Mem'iby U.S. Forest Hill. Brev. Brig. Gen., and Dept. Quar. M.Gen., %?^^' U. S. A.; West Point, '34 ; served in Florida, Mexico, and Pioneers, p. > .j-r ? > 237- the War for the Union. NOTEWORTHY CITIZENS OF ONEILA COUNTY. 73 Col. Daniel Butterfield, Fifth Infantry, U. S. k., b. Phistercr's Utica about 1831. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols., 1862 ; Brev. stat. Rec. Mai. Gen. U. S. A., 1865. Residence, near New York City, f-.^^o- •* ■' Lippincott's Biog. Uict. ( For Field Officers of Oneida County regiments, many of whom became Generals, see IV). During the Civil War, several of the physicians of our County made a record as army surgeons. Dr. Alonzo Churchill, (1811-1899), was Surgeon 14th ^ ^^^ ^ ^ Contemp. N. Y. Vols., with the rank of Major ; at Gaines Mills was Biog., voi. i., taken prisoner with 500 wounded men, and placed in Libby ^' ^''^' prison ; created Colonel for meritorious services. Dr. Samuel G. Wolcott, (i 820-1 883), gave his serv- ices as Examining Surgeon to the Government without m. h., p. 375. charge. Dr. Thomas Macomb Flandrau, of Rome, (i 826-1 898), was Surgeon of the 146th N. Y. Vols., with the rank of Major ; was made Division Surgeon-in-Chief ; served three Y' ^^^*''^' years; Brev. Lieut. Col. "for meritorious services in the field." His father's home was in Whitesboro ; his own, later, at Rome. naval officers. Melancthon Taylor Woolsey, (1782- 183 8), Commo- dore U. S. N. In 1808 was sent to the Lakes to superin- tend the construction of our armaments on those inland „ 111 11 iiT-..^., Drake's Diet. seas. Commanded the only large vessel, the Brig ' 'Oneida. Am. Biog.. pp. After his retirement he lived in Utica, and died there, and his '°°^"^;.,, Miss Miller in remains now rest in Forest Hill. Three of his sons served utica Press, in the War for the Union. Two of these rest in Forest * " "' '^^'' Hill ; Commodore M. B. Woolsey, U. S. N., (18 18- 1874), J. T. Woolsey, (182 i -1894), b. Whitesboro. William Mervine, (1790-1868), Rear Admiral U. S. N. M. H.,p. 74 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. At the beginning of the Civil War, although seventy years of age, he reported promptly for duty and did good service Appieton's during the first year of the war. Ill health compelled his yc. m. *°^- j-g|-jj-gjjjgj^^ 2j^ November, 1861. His home was in Utica. His son, Catharinus B. Mervine, died in the volunteer military service in 1864. Samuel Livingston Breese, (i 794-1 870), Rear Admi- ral U. S. N. Served in the War of 181 2 and the Mexican War. He was elder brother of Judge Sidney Breese. ^oneers, p. Tj-jeij- early lives were spent in Whitesboro and Utica, and the Admiral's body rests in Forest Hill Cemetery. Commodore William Inman, (1797-1874); b. Utica. Nat. cyc. Am. Q^j-j^j-j-^Q^Qj-g ^ g ]vj_ Saw coustaut servicc on the Great Biog. M. H., p 37. Lakes during the War of 1 812, and afterward on the African Am. Autho'^rs coast, whcre, in 1859-61, he re-captured and landed 3,600 p- •♦73- slaves. In early youth he was a student of law at Whites- boro. Rear Admiral Montgomery Hunt Sicard, Annapolis, '56, was President of the Naval Board of Direction during the recent war between the United States and Spain, (1898). Residence, Westernville. Bi-NCH and bar. Jonas Plat r, (1 769-1 834). Was successively, from 1796- 1823, Member of Assembly, and of the State Senate, can- M. H., pp. 5i7-(lidate for Governor, and Judge of the Supreme Court of 20. jones'sAnnais Ncw York State ; in 1 79 1 appointed Clerk of Herkimer Bacon°s^ Early County and held this of^ce until 1798, when the new county Bar. (Oneida), was constructed and he became its first Clerk. Among those who made the earliest Bar of Oneida County remarkably brilliant were : Thomas Ruggles Gold, Jones'sAnnais (17 ); HeNRY RANDOLPH StORRS, ( I 787- I 837) ; SaM- PP.7Q5-6. UEL A. Talcott, C1789-1836); William H. Maynard, Bacon's Early Bar. (about 1786-1832); Greene C. Bronson, (1789-1863), in NOTEWORTHY CITIZENS OF ONEIDA COUNTY. 75 1853 Collector of the Port of New York, but removed on account of refusal to dismiss officials for political reasons m. h., pp. 4,9- (M. H., p. 524). These five men all served in Congress, ^°''' '^^ as well as on the Bench of the Supreme and Appellate Courts of the State. To their number must be added the names of William Curtis Noyes, (i 804-1 864), who came to Oneida County as a young man. and the brothers, William Tracy, (1805- 1881), and Charles Tracy, (1810-1885), who were natives of Whitesboro. These were all lawyers of high reputation whose early professional years were largely spent in Utica. ' ^;' ^^' ^^*' Mr. Noyes bequeathed his fine law library to Hamilton College. Both William and Charles Tracy were zealous students of early local history, and pioneers in its intro- duction. Hiram Denio, (i 799-1 871). Justice of the Court of Appeals, 1853-1866. His decisions are accepted as mod- jj ^ els. In politics he was a Democrat. During the Civile- War he voted for Lincoln and steadily supported his admin- istration. Joshua Austin Spencer, (i 790-1 857). United States District Attorney for the Northern District of New York, then including nearly the whole State, (1841-45); State Senator; resident of Utica for thirty years. Of him Judge Denio said : " No other man within my knowledge has ac- quitted himself for a lifetime with such universally distin- ' ''^^' ^^^' guished ability." The case which secured him widest Baton's Early fame was "The People vs. Alexander McLeod, " (1841). ^*''- (See HI.). His second wife was the daughter of Judge James Dean. Samuel Beardsley,(i 790-1 860). State Senator; United States District Attorney for the Northern District of New**, h., p. 516. York ; Member of Congress during four terms ; Attorney- ^6 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. General of New York, and the last Chief justice of the old Bacon's Early -' Bar. Supreme Court of the State, (1847). Philo Gridley (1796-1864). b. Paris. Hamilton, '16. Judge of the Supreme Court of New York ; Justice of the 555.6.' Court of Appeals, (1852). As Circuit Judge of the Fifth Judicial District he presided at the trial of Alexander Mc- Leod, (1841). (See III.). John Savage, (i 799-1 863). Union, 1799. Dist. Att'y for Northern N. Y. Member of Assembly from Washing- M. H., pp., ^Q^ Qq . ^jgiyji-,gj. qI Congress for two terms ; Comptroller 553 5- of the State ; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of N. Y., 1823-36. Resident of Utica continuously from 1851. William Johnson Bacon, (1803-1889^. Hamilton, '22. Member of Assembly ; Judge of the Supreme Court of the 32. State 16 years ; Member of Congress. As a citizen, ident- ified with most of the public enterprises and charitable in- stitutions of Utica. Charles Mason, (18 10-1879). Judge of the Supreme Court of the State for 22 years ; Judge of the Court of Appeals, (by appointment of Gov. Fenton, to fill vacancy), 1868-71. Resident of Utica from 1870. Ward Hunt, (i 810-1886). Union, '28. Judge of the Ibid., pp. 547, Qq^j-^- Qf Appeals, 1866-73 ; Justice of the Supreme Court of U. S. 1873-83. Horatio Seymouu, "the Sage of Deerfield", (1810- 1886}. Identified with a great variety of philanthropic, civic and rural interests ; Member of Assembly ; twice Governor of N. Y., (1853, 1863); Democratic candidate for the Presidency in i 868, defeated by General Grant. A bronze memorial bust of Gov. Seymour, presented by Dr. George L. Miller, of Omaha, Neb. , was unveiled on the grounds of the Oneida Historical Society, Sept. 22, 1899. Ibid , p. 566. M. H., Pt. II PP- 3-7- Daily Papers. NOTEWORTHY CITIZENS OF ONEIDA COUNTY. 7/ Alexander Smith Johnson, (i 8 17-1878). /'. Utica; Yale, '35. Justice of the Court of Appeals, 1851-60, and ^^ h.. pp. 556, again to fill vacancy, 1874. U. S. Circuit Judge from 557- 1875. Regent of the University from 1864. Resident of Utica from i860. Montgomery Hunt Throop, (i 827-1 892). Resident of Utica 1851-64. " The Future: a Political Fssay;^^^^^,^^^^ Validity of Verbal Agreements ; Armotated Code of^^- Authors. Contemp.Biog Civil Procedure ; The N. V. Justices' Manual; Digest of Mass. Supreme Jud'l Court Decisions ; Revised Stat- utes of the State of Nezu York." Francis Kernan, (1816-1892). Member of Assembly ; Member of Congress ; U. S. Senator, 1875-81 ; nominated m. h.. pt. 11., for Governor 1872 ; defeated by General John A. Dix. A ^ ^^" Democrat in politics. During the Civil War he strongly supported the Government. Regent of the University from 1870. RoscoE Conkling, (1 829-1 888). Member of Congress, 1859-67 ; U. S. Senator, 1867-81. His ambitions were forensic and political rather than legal; he declined the ^- ^•' p 547, . . 548. Chief Justiceship of the Supreme Court of the United States tendered by President Grant, and the Associate Jus- ticeship, by President Arthur. From 1881, a prominent lawyer of New York City. Henry Alien Foster, (i 800-1 889). State Senator representing six counties, 1830-4; 1840-4; President of '^°°'^*™p-^'°- the Senate, also of the Court for the Correction of Errors, p. 250. U. S. Senator for a few months, (1845), appointed to fill „f^ariyRo^. vacancy ; Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, 1863- 71. Lived a few years at Utica, but chiefiy at Rome. Theodore W. Dwight, (1822-92). Hamilton, 40. Prof. Law and Pol. Econ. at Ham. Coll., 1846-58; Warden Columbia Col. LawSch., 1858-91 ; Member State Const! cat., 1892-3. Convention, 1867 ; Judge N. Y. State Commission of Ap- yS OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. peals ; State Commissioner Charities ; Prison Labor Com- missioner. Sidney Breese, (i 800-1 878), d. Whitesboro ; Union, '18 ; lived at Utica in his youth ; attained distinction in an- Johnson's Cyc. ' -^ Pioneers, p. other State ; U. S. Senator from Illinois, 1843-9; Speaker 203 of 111. Legislature ; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of that State. Charles Andrews, /;. New Hartford, 1827. Judge N. Who's Who in Y. Court of Appeals, 1870-97. Chief Justice from 1881 ; Ameiica. . ■, ^ residence, Syracuse. Judges Gaynor and Truax, Edmund Wetmore and John D. Kernan, are prominent members of the New York City Bench and Bar. Mr. Kernan served with credit as Railway Commissioner. All are natives of Oneida County. ARCHiEOLOGISTS AND PHILOLOGISTS. Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, (1793- 1864). Chemist, philologist and traveller ; was in his youth a resident of Utica. For a time the family home was at Verona. Dict!^of"Auth Spent many years among the Indians of the North West ^'"^ Territor}', and discovered the source of the Mississippi River, in Lake Itasca. In 1823 he married Miss Johnston, the grand-daughter of a noted Ojibway chief, an accomplished vv'oman who had received her education in Europe, Mr. Schoolcraft's ethnological writings, says R. G. Gris- wold, " are among the most important contributions that Griswold's i i • r i • Prose Writers, havc been made to the literature of this country. Archives ^ew Am. Cyc. ^y J^jjorigijial Kiioivledge ; Notes on the Iroquois ; Algic Biog. Researches ; Thirty Years with the Indians ; The Myth of Hiawatha. Edward Robinson, (1794-1863), Hamilton, '16, Phil- ologist and Archseologist ; Tutor of Greek and Mathemat- ics, Ham. Coll., 181 7-18 ; m. Eliza, daughter Dr. Samuel Kirkland, and sister Pres. Kirkland of Harvard ; Instructor NOTEWORTHY CITIZENS OF ONEIDA COUNTY. 79 Andover Theol. Sem., 1821 ; studied at Halle and Berlin 1826-30 ; m. the distinguished author, Therese von Jacob, ("Talvi,") 1828 ; Prof. Bib. Lit. Union Theol. Sem. from 1837; Member Geog'l, Oriental and Ethnol. Socs. ; his ^^jj^^^^jj^ library of 1200 books and maps was purchased for Ham. Duycuinck Coll. in 1863; his great work. Biblical Researches /« Diets, of au- Palestine, Mt. Sinai and Arabia Petraea, received the*^'*'^®' gold medal of the Royal Geog'l Soc. of London as the most learned production of the century, and still possesses great interest ; published also an edition of Six Books of the Iliad \ a Harmony of the Gospels in Greek; a Greek and English Lexicon ; Greek and Chaldee Grammars of the Old and Netv Testaments. Samuel Wells Williams, (18 12-1884) ; b. Utica. Went to China as missionary printer, 1833 ; when the U. S. Gov't, sent an expedition to negotiate for the opening of Japan to free commercial intercourse, i8i;2, the Com- ^!^?^^^' ^'°^" -' -^ Diet. mander, Commodore Perry, secured his services as inter- t. w. seward . iUHi-TToo r 1 ,• -T inTratis. O.H. preter ; was the first U. S. Sec. of Legation m Japan, s.isss-e, (1854), and the first at the Capital of China, (1862) ; re- turning to the U. S. finally in 1875, was appointed Lecturer on Chinese at Yale Coll. Easy Lessons in Chinese ; Tonic Diet, of the Chinese Language, fthe great work of his life) ; The Middle Ki^igdom. MEN OF SCIENCE. Asa Gray, (18 10-1888), /;. Paris. Taught the natural sciences in Utica Gymnasium, 1832-4 ; for 30 years Prof, of Botany at Harvard University, to which he presented his herbarium of 200,000 specimens, and a library of over 2,200 Botanical Works ; Pres. A. A. A. S. , '72 ; Pres. Am. chambers' Acad. Arts and Sciences, 1863-73. His researches and fggo.^''" ^'*' publications embraced the liora of North America, which he, with Dr. John Torrey, first arranged upon the basis of 80 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. affinity ; he had " equal abihty in communicating ele- mentary knowledge, and in elucidating recondite theories." Flora of N. A.; Structural and Systeinatic Botaiiy ; Man- ual of Botany ; Field, Forest and Gardeti Botany ; also A Free Examination ot Da' main's Treatise; Natural Science and Religion ; and Govt Repts. and separate monographs under 200 titles. James Dwight Dana, (18 13- 1895), b. Utica ; Yale, '33. Ed. Am. Jour, of Science ; Pres. A. A. A. S., '54 ; Hon- onary Ph. D., Munich, '72 ; his service at Yale College covered more than 40 years ; his books are standard Chambers' /^ i i /^ i^ Encyc, Ed. treatises on Zoopnytes, Corals and Crustacea. Manual of '^" Geology ; System of Mineralogy ; Refts of Wilkes' Ex- ploring Expedition ; Manual of Mineralogy ; and text books frequently revised and enlarged. Samuel FiNLEY Breese Morse, (1791-1872). Yale, '10. Made frequent and prolonged visits in Utica while pursuing his early profession of artist ; as Director of the Telegraph M. H., p, 2:2. Company that was formed here to put in practice his newly invented magnetic telegraph, (see V.), he is mentioned in the directories of 1848-9 and 1849-50 ; he had many rela- tives here, and his second wife was a Utican. We may mention, in passing, that the first telegraph instruments ever made were manufactured in Utica by Samuel W. Chubbuck, (1799-1875). Amariah Brigham, M. D., (1798-1849). Came to Utica from Massachusetts in 1842 to become the first Su- , rr i.perintendent of the State Lunatic Asylum ; founded in Blnmer's Half r ^ -^ Cent. Med.- 1 844 at his private expense, the Journal of Insani'y, the App^ieton^J*' first joumal in the English language devoted to mental cyc.Ain. Biog. j^gfjicine ; it soon became the organ of the alienists of the whole'country, reported the papers of the American Medico- Psychological Association, and gave purpose and consist- NOTEWORTHY CITIZENS OF ONEIDA COUNTY. 8 I ency to the scientific spirit of investigation, at that time almost elementary. Mental Ciiltivatioi and Excitement ; Influence of Mental Cultivation 07i the Health ; Influence of Religion on the Health and Physical Welfare of Man- kind ; and Asyhtm Souvenir, a small volume of maxims for the use of those who had been under his care, (Utica, '49). Dr. John Purdue Gray, (1825-1886). Dickinson Coll. ; Utica, 1850. as Third Ass't physician at the State Hospital i^' I 1 ' Who's Who iu Iowa. Residence, since 1888, New York. menca. Melancthon Woolsey Stryker, d. Vemon, 1851 ; Nat. cyc. Am, Hamilton, '72 ; grandson of Com. Woolsey ; Pres. Ham. Adams's Diet Coll. since 1892. Miriam and Other Verse \ Hamilton, Am. Biog. Lincoln, and otJier Addresses ; The Letter of James the Just ; LattermatJi. Charles Frederick Goss, [b. 1852). Hamilton, '73 ; Who's Who in America. Pastor Bethany Ch., Utica, 188 1-5. The Optimist \ Hits and Misses ; The PJiilopalist. Residence, Cincinnati. George Hodges, {p. Rome, 1856). Hamilton, Jj ; Dean Epis. Theol. Sch., Cambridge, Mass., since 1894. Christianity bet%ueen Sundays ; In the Present World ; The Battles of Peace. Moses Mears Bagg, M. D. {b. Utica 1816) ; Yale, '37; Med. Coll., Geneva, N. Y., '41 ; studied afterward in Paris ; established at Utica since 1846; Pioneers of Utica, 1877; Memorial History of Utica, N. Y., 1892. Other Historians of Oneida County are : Pomroy Jones, (1789-1884), Annals and Recollections of Oneida County, 185 1. Daniel E. Wager of Rome, (1823-96), Our County and its People ; a de script l ve zvork oji Oneida County, 1896 ; and various historical addresses. Rev. A. D. Gridley, of Clinton, (18 19-1876), History of the Toivn of Kirkland, 1874. Henry C. Rogers, (1832-1880); His- tory of the To%v7i of Paris and the Valley of the Sauquoit, 1881. Marc Cook, (i 854-1882), andCnANNiNG M. Huntington, ( 1 861-1894), were known as writers of verses, the former under the name of Vandyke Brown ; he also wrote The Wilderness Ciire. Harold Frederic, (1856-1898), b. Utica, d. London, England. Proof reader on the Utica Herald ; chief edi- NOTEWORTHY CITIZENS OF ONEIDA COUNTY. 89 torial writer for the Utica Observer, 1880 ; editor Albany Evening Journal, 1882 ; on N. Y. Times, 1884 ; then went to England ; m. a granddaughter of Beriah Green. His stories were written in England ; their scenes laid in Amer- Daily Papers. ica, and usually in N. Y. State. Set /is Brother's Wife ; The Lawton Girl ; hi the Valley ; The Copperhead ; The Damnation of Theron Ware (English title, Illumination) ; left completed MSS. of two novels, Gloria Miindi and The Market Place. Clinton Scollard, [b. Clinton, i860). Hamilton, '81 ; Prof. Eng. Lit., Ham. Coll. , 1891-6. Residence, Clinton, Pictures in Song ; WitJi Reed and Lyre ; Old and Neiv Adams's Diet. World Lyrics ; Songs of Sunrise Lands ; Skenandoa ; ^^' •^"'^^°^^- Hills of Song ; also descriptive prose and prose romance ; A Man at Arms. women writers. Mrs. Caroline Stansbury Kirkland, (1808- 1864). A resident of Clinton in her youth, and wife of Prof. William Griswoid-s Prose A?Vritcrs Kirkland of Hamilton College ; wrote stories and descrip- of America, tions of pioneer life ; also other works. A Nezv Home, Nat. cyc. Am. Biog., Vol. v.. Who II Follow?; Western Clearings \ Essay on the Life -g^^^i,, aiid Writings of Spenser ; Personal Memoirs of Washing- ton ; Garden Walks with the Poets. Mrs. Frances Miriam Berry Whitcher, (18 12- 1852) ; b. Whitesboro. A still popular humorist ; wife of an Alllbone's Episcopal clergyman settled at Elmira and later at Diet. Am. Whitesboro. Widow Bedott Papers ; Widow Spriggins ; Adams's Diet and an unfinished story, Mary Elmer, edited and com- Am. Authors, pleted, with biographical sketch of the author, by Mrs. Martha L. Whitcher, author of Stray Leaves in the History of Whitesboro. Aiiibone's Mrs. Emily Chubbuck Judson, ("Fanny Forester "), Author™" (1817-1854). While a teacher at Miss Sheldon's Utica uSnd'Let- Female Academy, wxoie Alderbrook and other tales and e. c°judson. go OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY, verses ; ;;/. Rev. Adoniram Judson, and went with him as missionary to Burmah. The sisters, Frances and Metta Fuller. Lived at Rome and afterwards in Whitestown ; their earHest work a poem written in conjunction ; both wrote novels and Adams's Diet, verscs, and Frances became a lar^e contributor to Ban- Aiubone.^""" croft's History of the Pacific States. Born in the thirties, Metta died in '85, Frances in '98. They married brothers, Victor. A// Over Oregon ; TJie New Penelope ; Tzvo Mormon Wives ; TJie Senator s Son. Griswoid's Mrs. Elizabeth Jesup Fames. Lived in New Hartford pp. 246-0. ' from 1837. Poems: The Crowning of Petrarch \ Cleo- patra ; Sonnets to Milton, Addison, Dry den, and Tasso. stedmr^and' Mrs. Mary Clemmer Ames, ( 1 839- 1 884) ; b. Utica. Hutchinson. Poevis of Life andNatiire ; Ten Years in Washington ; Adams's Diet. . . .. when the future Utica was Old Fort Schuyler. It was ^^^^ kept by one Joseph Dana. The plain, severeh' rough schoolhouse was used on Sundays, until the year 1S06. as a place of worship and for occasional town meetings. Day-schools for little children, including one entitled "The Pattern Infant School,'' Seminaries for young ladies. Gymnasiums, and Lyceums for boj's, etc. , are chronicled in surprising numbers. Mrs. Whittlesee, of missionary fame, established in 1805. or thereabouts, a giris' school of the first rank. Nature-teaching was specifically inculcated when, in 1826. the Utica L\-ceum was incorporated with the stated purpose of promoting the stud}- of Natural Histor}' and other useful sciences. The foregoing were private schools. In the first Directorj- issued after Uticas incorporation as a citj-, namelj', in 1832, we find the names of fift}--six teachers. A detailed enu- meration of many of the earl\- schools will be found in the Volume of School Reports, 1877-79, and in Dr. Bagg's Memorial Histor}'. In the Utica Director)- for 1849-50, Whitestown Semi- nary advertises two departments, each with its Faculty, EDUCATION. 105 the first a Biblical School, with chairs of Criticism and In- terpretation, Christian Theology, Greek, Hebrew, etc. ; the second, Academic. This Seminary and the Academies at Clinton furnished an inexhaustible supply of good teach- ers, as well as a powerful influence in favor of local literary activity. In 1788, when George Clinton was Governor, the State of New York united with the Oneida Indians in making a grant of valuable land in Oneida County to the Rev. Sam- uel Kirkland, in recognition of his faithful services. Upon ^^.''f°^,^ , ^ ' o ^ Hist 1 Sketch this tract Hamilton Oneida Academy was built. It was Ham. cou., chartered by the Regents in 1793, and received the name of Alexander Hamilton, then Secretary of the United States Treasury, who was one of the trustees named in the peti- tion of incorporation. The Academy was designed to ed- ibid.pp. i«, » ucate Indians and whites together. Baron Steuben laid its corner stone ; the Indian Chief, Skenandoa, was one of the honored guests and assistants. The school was opened in 1797. In 18 12, with increased endowment, en- ^ Ibid., p. 25. larged buildings, and a new charter, it became Hamilton College. T XIII. LIBRARY; HISTORICAL SOCIETY ; ETC. UTICA PUBLIC LIBRARY. HE plan of the Public Library as it now exists was the product of the brain of Benjamin Franklin, (1706-90). In 1732, ten years after Franklin had organized the first Library Association, and chiefly through his efforts, the Public Library of Philadelphia was founded. In 1833, General John A. Dix, then Secretary of State of New York, and ex-officio Superintendent of Common Schools, recommended the establishment of School Dis- N Y Even's *^^^^ Libraries. This step, thus inaugurated in New York Post, Aug. 20, State, met with considerable success, but its limitation to the school district prevented the largest usefulness. It had, however, served to call the attention of educators to the need of providing free reading for the whole com- munity. In 1835, an Act of Legislature was passed authorizing school districts to raise by taxation a fund of not more than twenty dollars for the first, and ten dollars for each Com. schs., succeeding, year, for the purchase of books for such libraries, pp. 81,84, 65. Later, one-fifth of the State school fund was appropriated to the libraries, and the remaining four-fifths to the pay- ment of duly qualified teachers. A public library had been incorporated in Utica in 1825. It was owned by stockholders, and besides about one thousand standard books, included the best English and M. H., p. 473. American periodicals. It was open to the public at first once a week. Nothing is known of this library after 1837, LIBRARY ; HISTORICAL SOCIETY ; ETC. TO/ but it was probably merged in the School District Li- brary. In 1862, a new arrangement was effected by which the library was open for the accommodation of all every even- ing, except Saturday and Sunday, from seven to nine o'clock. On Saturday morning from ten to twelve, girls u. Herald, under fifteen were waited on, and ladies on Saturday af- ^^^•^' '^^^' ternoons from two to five. The library was located over the Central New York Bank on Franklin Square. In m. h., pp. 473, 1856, it was moved to the new City Hall. '•'"■• In June, 1877, the School Commissioners resolved to erect a new building, agreeably to an Act authorizing one to cost not more than $20,000., the sum to be raised on City bonds, of which $5,000. should be redeemed annually ibid., p. 34g. for four years. A lot had been purchased on Elizabeth Street, and the present building was completed in 1878. The library thus provided was a School District Library, and continued as such under the control and management of the Commissioners of Common Schools until 1893, when, under the University Law, (Laws of 1893, Chap. 378), a charter was granted by the Regents of the Univer- sity to a new corporation known as the " Utica Public Li- brary." The property of the district library was turned over to this new corporation, which has ever since had exclusive charge of public library matters in the city. The main support of the library is from appropriation of public money included in the annual city tax levy. Through the public spirit of some of our citizens, we ^ now look forward to the larger building and better con- veniences which the intelligence and growth of Utica de- Apr. 22, May mand, and which will provide external conditions corres- ^^' '^^^" ponding with the exceptionally high skill and intelligence with which the Library is conducted. I08 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. ONEIDA HISTORICAL SOCIETY. The Oneida Historical Society was formed in December, 1876, for the collection and preservation of relics, memen- tos and traditions of the past. At the first meeting Ho- ratio Seymour was chosen president. He held office for ten years. The Society was but six months old when it was asked to take suitable action to commemorate the ap- Trans o 'h proaching centennial anniversary of the Battle of Oriskany, s., 1881-4. August 5, 1877. This was done by a worthy and most impressive ceremony. A granite shaft now marks the bat- tlefield. This was dedicated August 6, 1884. In 1 88 1, relatives of Baron Steuben, "guests of the nation," who had crossed the ocean by invitation to be present at the centennial celebration of the Surrender of Yorktown, (1781), came to visit the grave of the Baron in Remsen, Oneida County. A committee appointed by the Historical Society received and entertained them. It is fitting here to speak of the grave of Steuben. This was first made according to his wish in a secluded spot on his own grounds in the township of Steuben. "When the opening of a new road made a removal necessary. Col. Jones'sAnna's, . i i • pp. 439-4q, 445, Benjamm Walkcr made the re-mterment and placed an ■***■ iron railing around the grave. He also leased fifty acres of land to the First Baptist Society of Steuben on condi- tion that five acres, including the grave, should be pro- E. and F., p. tected and kept in a state of nature. ^^^' In the Coluvibiari Gazette of May 3. 1825, preserved in the Historical Society Library, is a notice of a meeting " attended by a very respectable number," to consider the propriety of erecting a monument over the remains of Baron Steuben. It was held at " Shepard's Tavern," (Bagg's Hotel, kept for the time by Abraham Shepard),and William Clarke, Esq., President of the Village, was called to the chair. Resolutions were passed, one of which read : MUNSON-WlLLIAMS MEMORIAL. Oneida Historical Society. LIBRARY ; HISTORICAL SOCIETY ; ETC. lOQ " Resolved, That subscription papers be circulated, and that no one pay more than two dollars." A committee was appointed which agreed to accept no subscription un- less accompanied by the money. This doubtless indicates the part which Utica took in jongg-g^nnais raising funds for the monument to Steuben "erected byP'W^- subscription when LaFayette visited this country." Judge Jones says, ' ' The tablet is about seven feet by four, and nearly a foot in thickness, of the purest limestone," and j^,j^p^^^ he appeals to the honor of the town and the county to give it the needed repairs. This stone was inscribed, "Major- General Frederick William Augustus, Baron de Steuben." Some years before the Civil War, the State Legislature appropriated a sum of public money for the erection of a monument, and this was afterward turned over to an asso- ciation which completed the work, large credit being due ^ ' b b E.and F.,p.637. to Governor Seymour. The corner stone of the new monument was laid June i, 1870, and Governor Seymour delivered an address. The only inscription is the word " Steuben." Recently other appeals have been made for better care of the burial ground, and efforts made to obtain an appro- j^j^^^g^^g' priation from the Legislature for the purpose. March 2, 1882, the Historical Society celebrated the "Semi-cent'i Semi-Centennial of the City, by appropriate exercises in (Trans o. h. the City Opera House. ^•' On July 4, 1883, the Society determined and dedicated ^rans. o. h. the site of Old Fort Schuyler, at the junction of Main and ^^ '^^'■•♦• Third streets. The State gave three mounted Parrott guns, which have been placed on their carriages at the corners of the trian- , gular plot. A large square base stone in the centre indi- cates the monument to come. no OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. The Society also took the initial steps for the Centen- Trans. o H. j-^jg^] Celebration of the settlement of Whitestown, which S., 1881-4. occurred June 5, 1884; and for a similar celebration in Ibid., 1887-9. New Hartford, June 27, 1888. In 1895, the Society left the crowded quarters in the City Library and took possession of its new home in the Munson-Williams Memorial Building, near' Chancellor Square. Here it has received the Battle Flags of the Oneida Daily Papers. Couuty Regiments as already mentioned, (see IV.), and on March 15, 1898. celebrated the hundredth anniversary of the erection of Oneida County. UTICA STATE HOSPITAL. More than a half-century ago, in 1843, the State Lunatic Asylum was founded. Before the building was fully fin- ished, the necessity of enlarging it was reported to the Legislature. The Managers in their first report call it the " noblest of public charities." At the date of the report there were two hundred and ten patients. There are now more than eleven hundred. July 14, 1857, the main building was burned, entailing a loss of $200,000. The cottage plan is now under trial to a small extent. By this arrangement a colony of about thirty convales- cent male patients are freed from some of the irksome features of a large institution. The present name of the institution is the Utica State Hospital. MASONIC HOME. The Masonic Home for destitute Masons, and widows and orphan children of Masons, was dedicated October 5, , -«--»«»4 i Saturday Globe " OLD Saratoga." library; historical society ; etc. hi i8q2. On April! I, 1899, i it sheltered one hundred ^ ^ ^ -^-^ Rep't Trustees ninety-six'-adults and forty-eight children. Its one hun- Masonic Haii dred and seventy acres comprise woods and farm, flower p^j^^^^^^J^™ gardens and lawns, overlooking the valley of the Mohawk, p- 37. They lie upon the border line that divides Oneida from Herkimer^ County. CHURCHES, hospitals, AND HOMES. The Churches of Utica number fifty, including two Syn- agogues. There are seventeen Hospitals and Homes. The Utica Orphan Asylum, -incorporated April 19, 1830, is said to be the first established in the State outside of New York City. "OLD SARATOGA." One Revolutionary relic deserves mention, — the old cannon, popularly believed to be one of the guns surren- dered'by Burgoyne at Saratoga. In earlier times this often did duty when a public demonstration was demanded, and again' it has lain neglected in back alleys and rubbish heaps. At different times it has stood in the yard of the City Hall, Dec. 12, i8q6. the Public Library, and the State Hospital. At last, in nkr. I'^tsos. December, 1 896, through the public spirit of a few, it was placed at the^entrance of the State Armory, where it now stands, a silent and dignified reminder of the early history of our nation. state Consti- XIV. THE GOVERNMENT OF UTICA. UTICA is one of the shire towns of Oneida County, shire being the old Enghsh name for the division of land generally known as a county. A shire town is one in which the county business is transacted. Utica constitutes the First Assembly District of the county, and is in the Thirty-fourth State Senatorial District, Oneida County forming the district. It is in the Twenty- tution, Art. fifth Congressional District, which includes the counties of XII.. Sec 2 Oneida and Herkimer, and the Fifth Judicial District, com- prising Oneida, Onondaga, Herkimer, Oswego, Lewis and Jefferson Counties. According to the last census it rates as'a third class city. The population of a city determines its rating as first, second, or third class. The government of the city is based upon a charter grant- ed by the State Legislature. The charter has often been changed as the growth of the city demanded. The charter st^tulfonai""' of an American city is defined by Seth Low as the legal Limitations,! instrument which gives the community authority to act as p. »83. a corporation, and defines the duties of its officers. The State is the authority behind the charter. The Legislature haS'power to compel municipal bodies to perform their functions as local governments. Besides this authority of the State, which touches the city government at every point through the charter and State laws, the city feels also the contact of the National government through the postoffice, the United States courts and mar-shal, the collection of internal revenue, and through certain general election laws. THE GOVERNMENT OF UTICA. I 13 FIRST VILLAGE CHARTER. Chapter 79 of the Laws of New York for 1798 is enti- tled, "An Act to Vest certain Powers in the Freeholders and Inhabitants of the Village commonly known as Old Fort Schuyler." A freeholder is a person possessed of real estate, houses and lands. This Act, passed on April 3 of that year, was the first charter of our village. It defines the boundaries of the village and gives it the name of Utica, provides that free- holders and inhabitants qualified to vote shall elect at their annual town meeting five of their number as trustees, "empowered to make, ordain, constitute and establish such prudential rules, orders and regulations as a majority of said freeholders and inhabitants shall judge necessary and convenient for the improving of their common lands, keeping streets in repair." etc., and further, that "it shall be lawful for said owners of houses and lands at their an- nual meeting to determine what sum shall be raised for such purposes, provided always that such sum shall not exceed in any one year the sum of three hundred dollars." This was government by town-meeting. SECOND CHARTER. A second charter was granted in 1805 in response to a petition of freeholders and inhabitants asking for more power in the management of village affairs. It extended the boundaries of the village, declared the freeholders aL^wsofNY body corporate, and gave them power to raise among them- ^805, ch. 92, selves a sum not exceeding $1,000. annually for ex-m. penses of the corporation. Town meeting was held the first Tuesday in May, at which time five trustees and other town officers were elected. One of the duties of the trus- tees was to "enact, regulate and publish on the first Mon- 114 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. day of every month an assize of bread." The trustees at Jones'sAnnals, , . ^ . , , ^ r ,^ -n t^^ p. 560. their first meeting adopted a seal for the village. It was Pioneers. p.207 heart-shaped, with the letter F in the center. THIRD CHARTER. Twelve years later, in 1817, a third charter was grant- ed. The village was again enlarged, separated from the town of Whitestown, and made a town by itself, and divided into three wards. The freeholders now elected ^„ „ six trustees, a supervisor, three assessors, a collector, and Laws of N. v., » r ' ' 1817, ch. 192, two constables. The trustees appointed a clerk, treasurer, one or more overseers of the poor, one or more pound- masters, fence-viewers, common criers, porters, carriers, carters, truckmen, scavengers, measurers, surveyors, and gaugers. This charter provided that a president of the Ibid., Sec. IV. village should be appointed annually by governor and council. The council of appointment was a body of four senators chosen by the assembly to act with the governor in making appointments. The president could also be re- jj jj ^ moved by State authority. In January, 1824, the board of trustees learned "with deep regret that Ezra S. Cozier, president of the village, had been superseded in office by act of the governor and senate of the state." Elections were held by wards. The trustees were given power to raise by tax a sum not exceeding $1,500. for an- nual expenses of the corporation. The matters which had come before the electors at town meetings were now delegated to officers chosen for that purpose Government ceased to be by town-meeting and became representative. Laws of N. Y.. The following oath, taken by voters if required, shows what seTv? ''''' '^^^^ the qualifications for voting: " I do solemnly swear I am a citizen of the United States of the age of twenty- one years, have resided in this village six months, and that I am possessed of a freehold in said village, or : I have THE GOVERNMENT OF UTICA. 1 1 5 rented a tenement of the yearly value of five dollars for one year." In 1830 an amendment to the charter was enacted pro- Laws of n.y., vidmg for the election of the president of the corporation. se°'i ' ^' CITY CHARTER. Utica received its charter of incorporation as a city by act of Legislature, Feb. 13, 1832. The city was divided into four wards. The city officers were a mayor, four jus- tices of the peace, a supervisor, and three constables. Each ward elected three aldermen, one assessor, and three inspectors of election. The aldermen formed the common council and appointed the mayor, clerk, city attorney, treasurer, etc. The first mayor was Joseph P, Kirkland. *^' ^■'''■'°°' (See III.) The common council was given power to Laws of n. v.. raise by tax a sum not exceeding $8,000. annually for the '^'*°' ^^- ^'• expenses of the city. In 1840 the charter was amended to provide for the election of the mayor. John C. Dev- ereux was the first mayor elected by the people. He had^i. H.,pp. 236, been mayor by appointment of the common council the ='*°- previous year, 1839. Under a State law municipal elections are now held in November on the same day as State and other elections. Laws of n.y.. The officers then chosen enter upon office on the first of '^"3' ch. 13. January following. FUNCTIONS OF CITY GOVERNMENT. These are described by Wilcox as primarily the main- tenance of public safety, the protection of public health, and the administration of justice ; and secondarily the raising of money for the maintenance of government. The practical ^u^^^of cit accomplishment of these objects is entrusted to officers Gov't, ch. 11., chosen for that purpose. The governing force provided ^^' '''*' ^^' "' by our charter comprises the common council, the chief executive, certain administrative officers and boards, and the city judiciary. Il6 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. THE COMMON COUNCIL. THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH OF THE GOVERNMENT. (Mayor and Aldermen). Each ward of the city is represented by one alderman- The aldermen are elected for two years, the odd numbered wards electing one year, the even numbered wards the fol- lowing year. These aldermen and the mayor constitute the body known as the common council. This body is the representative of the city, its legal guardian and trus- tee. It appoints a president from its members, and deter- mines its own rules of action. It works through various committees which it appoints, as claims and audits, finance, public improvement, etc. The common council has control of the city's finances, and is responsible for the general good order and for im- provements. THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE. (The Mayor.) At the head of the government is the mayor, who is elected for two years. In his annual message to the com- mon council the mayor makes a statement of the finances of the city and its general condition and needs, with such recommendations as seem to him proper. The ordinances and resolutions of the common council are subject to his veto, but that body may within twenty days after such veto override it by a two-thirds vote of all its members. The mayor has a vote in the common council only in case of a tie vote in the election or appointment of officers or committees. All deeds and contracts made by the city are signed by the mayor and city clerk. The mayor appoints the following officials : The city surveyor, who has charge of public works and improve- ments ; the board of police and fire commissioners, whic}^ THE GOVERNMENT OF UTICA. 11/ attends to the protection of the city; the town auditors; and nominates the board of health, which controls the san- itation of the city. Being thus the head of those depart- ments of work which most closely touch the lives of the citizens, he is in large measure directly responsible for the welfare of the city. This concentration of power is the advantage of giving the mayor the appointment of minor officers. ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENT. City Clerk, appointed by the common council for three years. Treasurer, elected for a term of two years. The treas-Lawsof n. v., urer may appoint an assistant treasurer. '^'^' ^^' "^' CORPORATION COUNSEL. A lawyer appointed by the common council who holds office at its pleasure. CITY SURVEYOR. Appointed annually by the mayor ; makes plans, specifi- cations, and estimates for proposed improvements, and superintends improvements ordered by the common coun- cil. BOARDS. A Board of Assessors, which consists of three members who must be electors and freeholders in the City. The term of office is three years, one assessor being elected an- jg^^^h s ' nually. They determine and assess value of all property, real and personal, in the city, and make assessments for lo- cal improvements. A Board of HealtJi, appointed by the common council ' ^^ ^ LawsofN. Y. on nomination of the mayor, under a law of the State, isss, ch. 270. There are six members, two being appointed annually ; ^,jj'g"'^'g^^'^ term of office, three years. The mayor is ex-officio a mem- I l8 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. ber of the board and its president. This board appoints a health officer, and milk and meat inspectors. It also acts as registrar of vital statistics. A Board of Charities, which is composed of six com- missioners, one being elected each year and a second one appointed by the board of town auditors, the candidate receiving the second highest number of votes being the ap- pointee. This results in a bi-partisan commission. This commission fills the office of overseer of the poor. It has charge of the city hospital, appointing its physician and keeper. A Board of Town Auditors, appointed by the Mayor, comprising four members, one being appointed each year, and the four selected in equal numbers from each of the Charter Sees ^^° leading political parties. Term of office, four years. 125, 126, 136, It audits all claims against the town of Utica, such as the payment of election officers and poor expenses. For all purposes except those provided for in the charter, the city of Utica is regarded as one of the towns of Oneida County. A Board of Police and Fire Commissioners. This board, four in number, is appointed by the mayor. Two members are appointed from each of the two principal po- charter, Ap. Jitical parties of the State, one member annually. It has LawBof N. v., the oversight of the police and fire departments ; as, the I 74. • 3M. organizing of fire companies, appointing a chief engineer, chief of police, and policemen. Laws of N. v., k. Police Matron IS appointed by the Mayor, pursuant ,888, ch. 420. ^Q State law. She holds office until removed. The Commissioners of Common Schools, or Board of Rdiication, consists of six members, two being elected an- nually. Term of office, three years. This board has the power to establish common schools as the need arises, and has the supervision and control of the schools and school property. It determines, subject to statutory limitation. THE GOVERNMENT OF UTICA. I 1 9 what sums are necessary for defraying the expenses of the schools. By custom, not however unbroken, the Commis- sioners are chosen in equal numbers from each of the two leading political parties. Thus these last four Commissions are bi-partisan, by law or practice. Commissioners of Deeds, nine in number, appointed by ^^^^^ ^^ ^^ y the common council for two years. They take acknowl- ^sg*, ch. 88. edgments and administer oaths. An Examining and Supervising Board of Plumbers and , ° r o Laws of N. Y., Plumbing, appointed by the Mayor, pursuant to statute. 1892, ch. 6o«. A Board of Civil Service Examiners, appointed by the Laws of n. y., Mayor, pursuant to statute. 1884, ch. 410. A Sealer and Examiner of Weights and Measures. A Keeper of the City Clock. A City Scavenger and a City Sexton, appointed by the Common Council. The Common Council may also appoint fence viewers, pound masters, messengers, and janitors. WARD OFFICERS. Aldermen, (see Common Council), Supervisors, Consta- bles and Collectors. The Supervisors represent the city in the Board of Su- pervisors. They are the legislators of the county, fixing the amount of the yearly tax, and in general administering county affairs. CITY JUDICIARY. The City Court, a court of record of civil and criminal jurisdiction. It has cognizance of minor offenses. Its officers are a City Judge, elected for four years, a charter, pp. Special City Judge, elected for three years, and a Clerk, '^^''^^" appointed by the City Judge, to hold office during his pleasure. I20 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. Justices of the Peace, two, elected for four years. They try civil cases in the city. The following officials are required to give bonds : Treasurer, Corporation Counsel, Clerk, City Surveyor, Collectors, and Policemen, the amount being determined by the Common Council. TAXES AND INCOME. " Taxes are portions of private property which a gov- Fiske'sCiyil ^ . ^ ,, Gov't, p. 3. ernment takes for its public purposes." Taxpayers in the city are subject to state, county and city taxes. Of these the city tax is by far the largest. In addition to the general city tax, property owners are also assessed for local improvements. These assessments are called special taxes. Churches and other property ex- empted by law from general taxation are subject to spe- cial tax on the principle that all property benefited should bear its share of the cost. The paving fund is both a gen- eral and a special tax; one-third of the cost of paving being a tax on the city, while two-thirds is assessed on the prop- erty fronting the pavement. The city spends money for administering the government, for schools, paving, police and fire expenses, water, public improvements, lighting streets, interest, etc. It derives its income from direct taxes, licenses, fines, and excise moneys. PRIVILEGE TO BORROW. ^ , ^ The city may borrow to an amount which, including ex- state consti ... ttttion,Art. isting indebtedness, shall not exceed ten percent, of the assessed valuation of the real estate subject to taxation. CITY BONDS. When it becomes necessary, by reason of the vote of electors or in the discretion of the Common Council, to VIII., Sec. THE GOVERNMENT OF UTICA. 121 make local improvements in the city for which no pro- vision is made in the charter, the city may, with the con- sent of the State legislature, borrow the necessary amount by the issue and sale of the corporate bonds of the city. These bonds are executed by the Mayor and Clerk, under the corporate seal of the city, and specify the improvement for which they are issued. FRANCHISES. A municipal franchise is a privilege granted by the Com- mon Council to a person, firm, or corporation, by which such person, firm, or corporation is permitted to make use of the streets, subways, or other parts or divisions of the city, to his or their benefit. The franchises commonly granted are the privilege of running street railways, water-mains, electric light and telephone wires on, through, or under the streets of a city. The city does not operate any of these properties or plants. It is not uncommon, however, for cities to do so. In 1896 New York city received $7,000,000. from its water- works, ferries, docks and other franchises. Paris .„■. ' Wilcox's received in 1894 from gas and transportation street fran- study of city 1 • rt> x->i •! 1 1 1 • ■ r Gov't, pp. 55, cnises q)4,ooo,ooo. rhiladelphia receives from street cargo. franchises $180,000. annually, and the city owns its gas supply. The city of Glasgow owns tramways, water and gas works. Utica does own and control a subway for electric wires, reaching from Bagg's Square to the City Hall. In this it may require the wires to be placed. 122 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. CITY OFFICERS. Spaces to be filled in by the Reader. Mayor. Name, How Chosen, Term of Office, City Clerk. Name, How Chosen, Term of Office Treasurer. Name, How Chosen, , Term of Office, Corporation Counsel. Name. How Chosen, Term of Office, THE GOVERNMENT OF UTICA. 1 23 City Surveyor. Name, How Chosen, Term of Office, Board of Assessors. Names, How Chosen. Term of Office, Board of Health. Names, How Chosen, Term of Office, 124 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. Board of Charities. Names, How Chosen, Term of Office, Police and Fire Commissioners. Names, How Chosen, Term of Office, Police Matron. Name, How Chosen, Term of Office, THE GOVERNMENT OF UTICA. I 25 Commissioners of Coniniofi Schools. Names, How Chosen, Term of Office, Town Auditors. Names, How Chosen, Term of Office, City Judge. Name, How Chosen, Term of Office, 126 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. Special City Judge. Name, How Chosen, Term of Office WARD OFFICERS. Aldermen. NameSy First Ward, Second Ward, Third Ward Fourth Ward, Fifth Ward, Sixth Ward, Seventh Ward Eighth Ward, Ninth Ward, Tenth Ward Eleventh Ward Twelfth Ward, Thirteenth Ward, THE GOVERNMENT OF UTICA. 127 Fourteenth Ward, Fifteenth Ward, How Chosen, Term of Office, Supervisors. Names, First Ward, Second Ward, Third Ward, Fourth Ward, Fifth Ward. Sixth Ward, Seventh Ward, Eighth Ward, Ninth Ward, Tenth Ward, Eleventh Ward, Twelfth Ward Thirteenth Ward, 128 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. Fourteenth Ward, Fifteenth Ward How Chosen, Term of Office, , u XV. GEOGRAPHY. " Man is, where he lives. "—^. P. Brigham. TICA is situated on the Mohawk River, in the south- eastern part of Oneida County, very near the geo- graphical center of the State of New York. '^^^ Yx^r^^oi '^' latitude is approximately 43° 06' N., and the longitude u. s. weather , Bureau, 1894. 75° 13 W. of Greenwich, and i°49 E. of Washington, thcNauticai ai- latitude of the Litchfield Observatory at Clinton being ™^°'^''- 43° 03 170 N. and the longitude from Greenwich + 5 hrs. I min. 37.34 sec. (=7?° 24' 20". 1 1 W., and from Wash- ^^^^p^"^^^^^-^^ ington -o hrs. 6 min. 34.65 sec. (= 1° 38' 39". 75 E.). The Bureau, 1896. average elevation of the city above sea-level is 500 feet. 4iOu. s. Geoi. feet is the altitude of the Utica station on the N. Y. Cen- survey. tral Railroad. In general, Utica is bounded on the north by Marcy and Deerfield, separated from them by the Mohawk River, though at North Genesee Street the line now runs 2,000 feet north of the river ; on the east by Frankfort, Herkimer county ; on the south by New Hartford, Pleasant Street, formerly called Slayton's Bush Road^ Atiasof Oneida Co. markmg the boundary line at Genesee Street ; and on the west by New Hartford and Whitestown, the short bound- ary line (a single line for both towns) crossing the Belt Line Street Railway at Champlin Street. Two stones marking the county line will be found on the River Road, just east of Turner Street. The arrow on the upper sur- face of that at the right of the road indicates the direction of the boundary, and points to one of the natural land- marks of this boundary, namely, the large, well-shaped 9 130 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. maple standing on the grounds of the Masonic Home. This tree throws its shadow in the morning in Oneida County, and in the afternoon in Herkimer County. Revised Char- The details of the boundaries of the city will be found at^amended by in the municipal charter. They may be understood by Laws of 7875. reference to the maps in the Atlas of Utica and in the Atlas andCh. Qz, , ^ ■ i ^ , Law8ofi8gi. 01 Oneida County. The city is set aslant to the points of the compass. Atlas of Utica. ,^, .. , ... , r t ■». r Atlas of ^"^^ ^^ partly because of the irregular course of the Mo- oneida hawk, which was of great importance to Utica in early County. , days. The many irregularities in the ground-plan of the city are due to the fact that the ideas of individual owners, rather than any general central plan, were followed in lay- ing it out. Greater regularity prevails in the more recent L M Taylor Streets. The city would have been more convenient and In Trans, o. bcautiful if all the cross streets had led into the main thor- H. S., 1885-6, r , . ., pp.39, 40.41,44. oughfare directly. A glance at the map of the city will show that there are in many cases bends or elbows just before streets enter Genesee Street. By this device, good corner lots on Genesee Street were secured, to the detri ment of the city as a whole. Only one street, Alban}^ runs at all nearly north and south ; and only one, Park Avenue, runs nearly east and Maps in Atlas wcst. Thcse are probably the two streets which are com- of utica. 1 /• , , • • , 1 • monly thought 01 as most eccentric in their course. Genesee Street, the main artery of the city, has a direc- tion northeast by southwest. It crosses, at an angle, the Erie Canal, which traverses the city from southeast to northwest on a line generally parallel with the tracks of the Central Railroad; and, after crossing, also at an angle, the West Shore tracks a little beyond the limits of the city, it is continued through the village of New Hartford. Park Avenue, State Street and Washington Street join Genesee GEOGRAPHY. I3I Street at acute angles, giving beautiful vistas and forming with it pleasant "squares." The city is traversed by four creeks, all tributary to the Mohawk, and by a stream which marks a part of the „ . ^.^ ■' " Maps in City course of the old Chenango Canal, and which flows into Directory. Nail Creek near the power house of the Belt Line Com- pany. Reel's Creek, entering the Mohawk from the north, is the stream which has formed the beautiful Deerfield ravine, about 60 feet deep at the highest part, a little be- low the waterfall. The three creeks which traverse the larger part of Utica and flow into the Mohawk from the south, were once prominent in the topography of the town, but now are often concealed, running in sewer-pipes and under cul- verts and buildings. In the outskirts of the city, and in the country near by, these and the small streams tributary to them have made attractive ravines, usually shaly. Such is Cascade Glen, a little southeast of Utica, with Butter- inTrans.a^H! milk Fall at its head, and Horseshoe Fall in the lateral ^■•'®^7'''P'**5- ravine. This has been made by a tributary of Starch Factory Creek. Halleck's Ravine, in New Hartford, is another spot of marked natural beauty. Through it flows a stream tributary to the old Chenango Canal. Other examples are "Sulphur Spring Glen" (which is the valley of the Starch Factory Creek at about the east end of Blandina Street, and now known as "Beech Grove"), and "The Gulf, " formed by Ballou's Creek, which was, within the memory of some now living, as beautiful as any of these. Of the three creeks above mentioned, the most eastern is Yahnunsaga, or Starch Factory Creek, so named from a starch factory which was built upon its banks in „ ^ Map in City 1807. It has its origin above the Graefenberg reservoir. Directory.ig^s. It flows under the canal, the River Road, and the Central's 255°°^^"' ^' tracks, and into the Mohawk in the eastern part of the city, about opposite the northern end of Ontario street. 132 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. Ballou's creek, named from one of the early settlers, rises above the old reservoir at Pleasant Street, and forms on parts of its course a deep gulf, which crosses all the streets leading eastward from Genesee Street, and is bridged on Rutger Street by a wide viaduct. In the man- ufacturing portion of the city, this gulf was formerly "lost in the sluggish waters of the Big Basin. " The Basin was con- structed on the Erie Canal in 1828 and 1829, as an expected aid to the business prosperity of Utica. The mouth of Bal- M. H., p. i8q. lou's Creek, where was once the lagoon that defended Fort Pioneers, p. 5. ° M. H., p. 17. Schuyler, was dug out and docked up, the culvert by which it had formerly flowed under the canal was stopped, the Basin bridged at Broad Street, and water let into it from the Erie Canal. It extended nearly up to Rutger Street. But it was not a success, and after the original connection with the canal was stopped, was gradually filled up. The waters of the creek flow through the narrowed Basin into the Erie Canal just east of Third Street, and are now rep- resented between the canal and the river by an overflow weir from the lower bank of the canal, which enters the river a little west of the foot of Third Street. Nail Creek was so called in the early days of the settle- ment. A doubtful tradition accounts for the name as due to a "dog nail factory " once situated on its bank. The proprietor of this factory had taught his two dogs to move the wheel which blew the bellows. But nails had been Jones'sAnnals, p. 493. previously manufactured on the edge of the creek, and pioneers, p. ^j^gj-g jg g^jgQ ^ story that a wagon loaded with nails was overturned in it during the War of the Revolution. This creek is artificially fed with springs in the town of New Hartford, and flows through the western part of the city parallel with the disused Chenango Canal. It is deepened and widened for manufacturing purposes on the property of the Globe Woolen Company, which owns the water- GEOGRAPHY. 133 right. Soon after crossing Court Street it disappears from the surface into a newly constructed sewer, flows in pipes beneath St. Luke's Hospital, and does not re-appear until it has been carried under the Erie Canal, when it continues its course to the Mohawk, which it enters opposite Haak Street. The Erie Canal is twice fed in this county ; first at Rome, with the waters of the Mohawk, and also through the Black River Canal, with waters from the Forestport res- ervoir, which in turn are obtained in part from the Black River, but principally from several Adirondack lakes ; and second, at Oriskany, with the waters of the Oriskany Creek, which, after turning many wheels in manufactur- ing towns to the south, and after traversing Pleasant Val- ley at Summit Park, flows here into the Mohawk. Another tributary of the Mohawk from the south is the Sauquoit Creek, which enters the river between Yorkville and Whitesboro, after having fallen 1,014 feet in seven- a. p. Brigham teen miles and having been used for manufacturing pur- ^ g'^* ,33 . ' poses at 141 factories. It is a tributary of this creek p- "'■ which has formed the picturesque Rogers's Glen at Wil- lowvale. Utica was built upon a side hill. The upper parts of the city were reasonably dry, except in the vicinity of fre- quent springs. On the western side were gullies and sand l. m. Taylor hills. (See IX.). The lower parts of the city stand upon h. s.. isssa land originally swampy. There was a narrow gravelly ridge ^ ^J: running parallel with the river, and a second slighter ridge at right angles to it extending a short distance up the hill. With this exception, all was marsh. The Mohawk is here a slow-moving river, laden with soil, and winding, willow-bordered, through broad grassy meadows, dotted here and there with spreading American elms. These meadows, " the Flats," are subject to overflow in spring, 134 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. A. P. Brigham in Trans. O. H. S., 1887-9, pp. 114, 115. Map of F. K. Baxter, C. E., Directory, i«93- State Museum Bulletin, Vol. 4, No. ig, p.134. A. Guyot, quoted in Rep't. N. Y. State Weather Bureau, 1896, P- 417- especially when the ice is breaking up. Hence the fertility of the alluvial fields. But as these floods are a serious inconvenience, the city gave much consideration during the years 1 887-1 891, to plans for straightening the course of the Mohawk at a line about that of the present northern limit of the city at North Genesee Street. It was believed by many that such straightening would enable the river to clear so rapidly of blocks of ice as to avoid floods, and would reclaim land for manufacturing purposes. The cost would be excessive for the removal of one bend, "the Ox-bow." Less attention has been given recently to this plan because of the surveys made by the national and state governments working together towards the con- struction of a possible ship canal from the Atlantic to the Great Lakes, over the route marked out by nature through the Mohawk valley and Lake Oneida. Viewed from the Deerfield Hills, to the north of the city, Utica appears " a city set upon a hill;" and from this fact of its topography came the Indian name U-nun-da-da-ges, "Around the Hill," which has place upon the seal of the municipality. The rising grade of the New York Central road as it approaches the city from the east is very marked, and the streets running toward the south seem to slant continuously upward. If, however, one mount the hill east of Forest Hill Cemetery, the city seems to nestle in a long and well wooded valley, rimmed about by a distant bowl of blue hills. The State of New York, in the main an elevated region, has yet many physical diversities. A very re- markable feature is the deep transverse cut which forms the valley of the Mohawk River and of Oneida Lake, open- ing a channel from the low country of the Lake region to the Hudson Valley, and thus dividing the Southern or Ap- palachian from the Adirondack upland. Oneida County, the GEOGRAPHY. 135 central county of the State, is traversed from east to west by this broad valley, and contains the watershed between its two divisions, the " carry " of the early boatmen, which separates the Mohawk system from Wood Creek and is the e. and f., p. 9. summit between the Hudson and the Great Lakes. The ^^^'^^ '°J^ state Gazet- county contains 1,215 square miles. It is irregularly teer ) heart-shaped in outline, the right lobe lying on the foot- andE. Bag^, hills of the Adirondacks, the left on Oneida Lake, and the '" '^'■^"®- ' . ' O.H. S., 188S-6, apex far down upon the Appalachian plateau, toward the p. loi. head waters of the Susquehanna. Therefore the streams of the county flow to all points of the compass, those of the Black River system to the north, those of the Oneida system to the west, those of the Mohawk system to the east, and the Chenango and Unadilla to the south. The fording place on the Mohawk which determined the location of the settlement of Old Fort Schuyler, (see I), is due to the trend of the hills away from the river at this pioneers, p. 6. point on both sides. Thus, through the gateway of Utica, e. andP., p. the fertile valleys of the river and of its tributary creeks, with the background of highlands which includes some of the most productive land in the State, were made accessi- ble to the pioneers of the region. That the character of the soil and climate is not wholly unlike that of the Adirondacks is shown by the character of the fauna and flora. (See XVII. and XVIII.). The average temperature of the upper Mohawk vallev is 45°, very nearly the average temperature of the State for the year. Utica is on the eastern border of the Lower Rei.Humidity, T 1 -n • J • 1 11 P- 22. Table Lake Region, and in the summer has the same tempera- vn. ture. In winter, the temperature is considerably below ^z^J'Jtii^ ^ that of the Lake Region, partly because Utica is exposed Bureau, iSqe, to northerly winds that have not passed over Lake Ontario, pp- *3^' ^^°""5- and partly because, being in a deep valley, it is subject I 36 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. to local cooling by a nocturnal downflow of cold air from the hills on all sides. The mean cloudiness of Utica is excessive, 6.4 on the scale of 10., as great as that of Oswego, on Lake Ontario, Rei. Humidity, and greater than that of towns on the New England coast. p.23, Table IX. Yj^g cloud envelope serves as a blanket to the earth, so Ibid., p. 12. T 1 • 1 • w. L. Ralph that the temperature is more uniform than it otherwise rrxfan!^^^' would be, and the humidity less. And yet the tempera- o.H. s., 1885-6, ture is extremely variable, especially in winter, changes of 11^.'°' 60° F. often occurring within 24 hours ; and the humidity is very great, the air being always more nearly saturated than that of Oswego. Rainfall and -pj^g probability of rain any day in the year is greater p. as. in this region than elsewhere in the United States, though w^eather ^^^ amouut of rain in any one day is not usually great. Octo- Bureau, 1896. bej- ig the most humid month. In the State of New York Ibid., p. 4SQ as a whole, precipitation is roughly proportioned to alti- Rainfaii and ^^^q Yet whilc the mean annual precipitation of the State is Snow in U. S., ^ ^ _ p. 56. 36. 5 inches, that of Utica, in spite of low deviation, appears p.*23, T^'ie ^ to be 43.09 inches. To these frequent rains the beautiful ^^"- verdure of the region is due. Utica lies in a belt of land including Oneida and Lewis Counties and a part of Madison County, which has, in gen- Rep'tN. Y. eral, the greatest snowfall east of the Rocky Mountains. Weather YoT the vcars i88q-i8q2, the average annual snowfall at Bureau, i3q6, -^ ^ ^ > o p. 490 Utica was 133.9 inches. The average is still greater a little north of Utica. Prevailing winds are easterly and westerly. These are Rei Humidit,' ^^^^ ^^ night, and relatively moist. Thunderstorms often p- '2 come up from the countrv south of the central lakes and Report N.Y. , , 1 f T^ ' 1 • T-1 11 Weather near the borders of Pennsylvania. They move usually ^"78*"'^^* eastward over the valley, at an average rate of 30 miles an hour. GEOGRAPHY. 137 The area of the city of Utica is about 8| square miles, p j^ g t It is divided poHtically into 15 wards, numbered in the ^-^pV^j ^..^ order of their organization as the city has grown. There c/rcuiar^of are (1899) 42 miles of paved streets. merce, is^. The population of Utica was, in 1890, according to the United States census, 44,007 ; in 1892, by the New York ^j^^^'^JfJj.^J^- °^ State enumeration of that year, 46,608 ; and in 1899, itis'^gg. estimated at 60, 340. Being on the eastern boundary of the first "westward extension of New England," Utica has fewer people of Dutch and Palatine German, and more of English ancestry piskes civii than have the towns immediately east and " Down the ^°^'*^*°^' ^•' . pp. 81, 89, 14s. Valley." The idiom of the people is that of New Eng- land rather than that of the Mohawk valley or the Hud- son valley, and the pronunciation differs but little from that of New England. After i8or, there was a considerable immigration of Welsh settlers, some of whom made their homes in Utica, and more of whom took lands in the county to the north, especially in Trenton, Steuben, and Remsen. There are Pioneers, p. 68. also many Irish-American, and German-American citizens, the latter not descended from the German Palatines down the Mohawk, but from later immigrants. XVI. GEOLOGY, " The vicinity of Utica is one of the best localities in the United States for a young student to begin the study of stratigraphic geology and palaeontology. To this fact I am largely indebted for such suc- cess as I have had in dealing with problems to the elucidation of which a knowledge of stratigraphy and paleontology is necessary." — C. D. Walcott, Director U. S. Geol. Survey. T HE fact that Utica may claim able geologists among its noteworthy citizens is not a chance. New York, state Museum ^]-jg mother State in geologic nomenclature, has exposed Bunetin,Vol.4, ... , i • • r No. ig, p. 137. within its borders a more complete and extensive series of the formations below the Carboniferous and above the Cambrian than any other State in the Union. Of the fif- teen central counties embraced in the Third Geological ▼e^y Third District of the State, Oneida County has the greatest num- Geoi. District, ]3gj- Qf different kinds of rock. It ranks with Eastern New p. >5Q. York in the completeness of its Lower Silurian rocks, and with Western New York in the completeness of its Upper Silurian rocks. The formations of the county begin with i^Tranl^ *"' the Archaean and pass on well into the Devonian. Ex- o.H. s.. 1887-Q, elusive of the Quaternary, sixteen fairly distinct geo- logical horizons have representation within the county. Of these sixteen, five, namely, the Trenton, the Utica, the Oriskany, the Clinton, and the Oneida, have their typical development here, and take their names from our local geography. The region offers few intricate problems, the strata of organic and sedimentary deposits being for the most part unmodified save by ordinary geological forces. An Ibid 118 hour's journey from Utica will place one upon almost any important rock of the county. A walk of three or four GEOLOGY. I 39 miles often covers as many geological epochs. For in- stance, if one start in the •' Gulf" in East Utica, go up Third Street, through Sylvan Glen, and cross two fields at its head, he has walked upon Utica slate, Hudson River shales, Oneida conglomerate and several rocks of the Clinton group. The facihties about Utica for the collection of organic remains are great, as at Trenton Falls for the Trenton, at Holland Patent for the Utica, at Rome for the Hudson f^ T^rnl^a"" River, at New Hartford and Kirkland for the Clinton, and h. s., 1887-9, at Waterville and Oriskany Falls for the Lower and Upper Helderberg. Directions for collecting and preparing speci- mens will be found in the respective parts of a bulletin issued by the Smithsonian Institution. (In the Public Library, Bulletin U. S. National Museum, No. 39 ; Part B., 1891, Plants; Part K., 1895, Fossils; Parti., 1895, Rocks; Part H., 1895, Minerals.) In prehistoric times, several tens of millions of years asfo according- to the lowest probable calculation, the nu- Sana's Re- " ° '■ _ . vised Text- cleus of the North American continent lay in the ocean in Book, pp. 444, the form of a great V, the point being north of the present'*'*^' region of the Great Lakes, the longer arm extending up into Alaska, and the shorter arm into Labrador. South- ibid., p. 237. east of the point lay a small island, which was the nucleus of the State of New York, the present region of the Adi- rondacks. The rocks of this region are crystalline, in- Buiietin,voi.4. eluding gneiss, granite, diorite, and norite. These rocks ^o- '«. pp- 138, were originally sedimentary, probably deposited from the broken-up material of the cooled world-crust ; but they were afterwards subjected to metamorphism. Though a simple life may have existed at the time when they were Data's Re- deposited, they probably contain no fossils. Thrust up ^ook, p. 241. through them are solid masses of Plutonic rocks, perhaps plastic when forced to the surface. I40 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. Rock of this period appears also at Little Falls, where state Museum ^^e red and gray Laurentian granite has been forced, Buiietin,Voi.4, dome-Hke, through the Trenton limestone and Utica and No. iQ, p. 138. . 1 • 1 Hudson River shales which once lay above it. A. p. Brigham Archaeau rocks cover the north-eastern portion of H s^iTs ° Oneida county, the Black River forming in general the p- 1°3- boundary line. To the south of the Adirondack island was the Appal- achian region ; its highest part a long, slight ridge rising above the surface of the sea ; its lower portions somewhat Dana'BR Submerged, a sea-border receiving sediment from the land, vised Text- Betwccn island and ridge was a clear, if not very deep, '^"*^^' sea, in which marine life abounded. In this sea lay the greater part of New York State, receiving the stratified deposits that mark the beginning of Palaeozoic time. Oneida County is situated at the southwestern base of the Adirondacks, and therefore all the stratified fossil- i^ Tra^^^cT'" bearing rocks run across it in southeast and northwest s. ,1887-9, bands, gradually assuming a more nearly east and west direction. The strata slope gently southward. About the slowly-sinking shores of the Adirondack island, in the shallow, sandy water, the Cambrian rocks, including the Potsdam sandstone, were deposited. Nothing in modern geologic research is more interesting than the study of the Cambrian rocks, by C. D. Walcott, W. B. Dwight, and S. W. Ford, who have shown that state Museum ,. rir^.j 11 i^ i Buiietin,voi.4, many limestones of the State, as well as sandstones, be- No. iq, p 145. long to this period. It is believed, however, that this formation is wanting in Oneida County, where the waters were becoming deep enough to favor the formation of the Trenton beds. The opening of the Lower Silurian age is marked in this region by the deposition of an impure, sandy or gritty limestone, the calciferous sand-rock. This appears, in SHERMAN Fall, Trenton falls. l'hotot;ra|)li of N. II. I artoii GEOLOGY. I 4 I Oneida County, only in the bed of the West Canada creek, on the boundary Hne of Herkimer County. It ovedies the ^ p Brigham up-thrust Archaean rock at Little Falls, and in its inter- i^ Trans, o.h. stices are found there and at Middleville the quartz crystals called "Little Falls diamonds." It is known by its brownish color, and the rough, knotty appearance due to the weathering off of particles of lime, leaving the sandy portions. The purer limestones of the Trenton group were next deposited. These were formed by organic life, just as limestone is being formed in coral seas to-day. (See Dana's "Corals and Coral Islands.") The average depth ec^Text-bork" of the sea-bottom must have been at least lOO feet, and itP-^s9. is probable that the climate of the region was warm. The thickness of the deposit favors the belief that the reefs ^^ , ,. , ^ Dana's L orals were sinking at about the same slow rate as that at which and corai they were built up, perhaps five feet in a thousand years. 258,350,360. Of the four stages of the Trenton, two are found in the county, the Black River limestone sparingly, and the Trenton limestone in great abundance. The former ap- pears along the Black River in the town of Boonville. y^^^^^^j^ The latter enters Oneida County from Lewis County, 260. where it is about three miles wide, and extends to the West Canada Creek. At Trenton village it is about seven miles wide. It is well seen at Trenton Falls, at Holland Patent, at the bottom of Lansing's Kill, and along the ,,, ,_^. . A in 1 rans. U. along the notched margms.one for each notch, from which h. s.,i887-q, the little animals protruded themselves. They belonged D^na-s Re- to the hydroids. The carbonaceous matter and dark color ^'^edText- of the slate are probably due to these fossils. The trilo- a. p.' Brigham bite Triarthrus Becki is also characteristic, but is rare in'°'^'"^°^- °- H. S., 1887-g. localities where graptolites abound. Heads of this trilobite p. 104. in great numbers may be found in the gulf east of Third (See Tis^o Plate Street. They are marked with transverse furrows. ^^-^ ,..,.. . , Utica Slate, p. This trilobite is never found in the Trenton limestone be- 10. low the upper shaly beds that mark the transition to the Utica slate. The slate has within the county two saline springs of commercial importance, the Boonville Mineral Spring and the Oneita Spring at Utica. Two sets of vertical joints may be seen in the creek east vanuxem, p of Utica, one N. 30° E. and the other N. 55° E. sg- 144 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. Next ab()\-3 the Utica slate, come the shale and sand- stone of the Hudson River group. The Frankfort shale at the base has thin layers of sandstone. This group enters the county on the eastern border of New Hartford. Only the lower mass, (the Frankfort shale), is here present. It A p Brigham ^^ ^ l^g^t browuish, saudy shale, with few fossils. It ap- in Trans, o. pears at Sylvan Glen, east of Third Street, is the mass at p. 105'. ' Forest Hill Cemetery, and shows a thickness of 40 feet in Halleck's Ravine. It passes north of Rome, into Lewis County. Isolated patches on the Deerfield hills and the higher parts of Steuben show that it once covered a wider area. The upper division, (consisting of the Lorraine and Pulaski shales), begins near Rome and extends north- ward into Lewis County. Sandstone begins to appear south of Rome, and increases until, as in quarries in ibid.,p. T15. Westmoreland, it wholly replaces the shale. It is light grey in color, and a good building stone. Hudson River rocks extend from New Hartford to Annsville. A saline spring, Halleck's spring in Westmoreland village, is found in this formation, and there is a sulphur spring in Halleck's Ravine. The springs at Saratoga and Ballston originate in rock of the same stage and general character. It had always been supposed that cephalopods and sea- weeds were the highest forms of life existing in the Lower Silurian. But recently Mr. Walcott has announced the State Museum r i^ -i i i i i i i Buiietin,Voi.4, presence of fishes ; a land-plant, an acrogen, has been No iq, p. 150. discovered in Great Britain ; and insects have been report- ed from Europe. To the Hudson River rocks, succeed those of the Me- dina epoch, with the Oneida conglomerate at the base. This is a pudding-stone of quartz pebbles cemented to- gether more or less firmly. Sometimes the upper layers become a coarse blue or grey sandstone, the former com- pact and durable in its best layers. The weathered blocks GEOLOGY. 145 from this formation have usually a rusty color, due to the presence of iron pyrites. The conglomerate is the stone commonly used for foun- . „ „ . ^ " -^ A. p. Bngham dations in the city of Utica. It is quarried on the Frank- in Trans, o. fort and Graefenberg hills, and at the head of Sylvan Glen. ^ '^^g ' ' '' In the first-mentioned place, layers of soft, dark shale are seen. The common fossils are fucoids only. In the vi- Dana's Man- • • r TT • ■ /• r • 1 • 1 ual,p. 218. cmity of Utica, the mass is from i 5 to 40 feet m thickness, though elsew^here in the county it is 120 feet thick. It extends from New Hartford to Florence. These rocks mark the beginning of Upper Silurian time, when New England and eastern New York were elevated, •''■ ^- Brigham ° . in Trans. O. and the Green Mountains were made. We do not find h. s., 1887-9, Upper Silurian rocks in eastern New York. But Oneida ^■'°^' County was still in part submerged. The coarse sediments .state Museum found in the lower layers of the conglomerate furnish 3,'^^^'®'^'^'^°^'*' •' O Mo. ig, p. 152. record of upheaval and agitated waters. The source of the fragments and the method of deposition form one of the obscure problems of geology. The upper rocks of the Medina epoch show in the north- A- ^^^^g'^^*™ western portion of Oneida County only a small beginning ^",06.''^^^'^' of the development which becomes marked in western l^unetln^voT™ New York. no.iq-p'is^. The rocks of the Clinton group rest on this sandstone from east to west throughout the county. They consist a. p. Brigham of bluish-green shales, red, blue and grayish calcareous ^^^^^8*87° sandstones, and two thin beds of red oolitic iron ore. This p- '°7- ore looks like an aggregate of small shot, and has many fossils of small size. It is extensively mined in the vicin- ^ •' state Museum ity of Clinton, where it has been studied by Prof. A. H. Buiietin.voi.^, Chester, formerly of Hamilton College. (See his address be- * V b^ h^^ fore the Utica Mercantile and Mfg. Assn. ,1881). The Clinton in Trans, o. rocks are variable in character, and among the most valu- ' " ' ^"'' p- able we have. Verona Springs rise through the shale. 146 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. Rogers's Glen at Willowvale shows it to great advantage. In general, the presence of the iron-bearing beds is indi- cated by the reddening of the roads as one drives southwest from Utica. The formation may be examined in Kirkland, A. p. Brigham Qinton and Westmoreland, and near Verona. There are in Trans. O. . ,,,.,,. H.S., 1887-9, numerous quarries, and the buildmg-stones of the group ^' 't?t, • 1. may be seen in the Stone Church at Clinton, and in Grace A. p. Brigham -^ ' in Trans, o. and Calvary Churches, the Church of the Reconciliation, p.107'. ' ^"^ and the Memorial Presbyterian Church at Utica. The red-brown sandstone of which the Tabernacle Baptist Church was built comes from rocks of this group near Frankfort. The fossils found are numerous marine plants, brachiopodSj corals, and tracks of crustaceans. The Niagara group is not important in this county, but state Museum it appears in a thin band of shale and limestone. The Bulletin, voi.4,|^gg|- development is in the town of Vernon, along Sconon- No. iQ, p. 154. _ _ A. p Brighamdoa Creek. The blue shale in the southern part of Kirk- H s'^^Ts -8 land belongs to this period and contains the concretions p. 107. peculiar to it. These are often two feet in diameter, and A. p. Brigham ^ ..,..,, . ^, in Trans, o. the coats crack off like the layers of an onion. The H.S., 1887-9, concretions are of limestone, and largely compose a layer a foot or more thick in the shale. In many of the ravines of Paris, and over an irregular area in New Hartford, Kirkland and Marshall, in the Oris- kany Valley, on College Hill, Clinton, and in the towns of W^estmoreland and Vernon, may be seen the red shale of A. p. Brigham , „ ,. --i •- • i 1 ju • In Trans, o. the Saliua group, With its occasional green layers and hemi- H. s., 1887-9, spherical green spots. It is quarried for the walks of the A. p. Brigham Hamilton College campus in the ravines at either side. It H. s!^^8V9, contains no fossils. It appears on hill-tops and passes pp. 108, log, down hill sides, southward. The upper members of the 116, 118. 1 1 ■ /-\ group, which are so rich in gypsum and salt in Onondaga County, are but little developed in Oneida County. The Lower Helderberg rocks indicate a change to deep GEOLOGY. 147 seas with advancing forms of life. The waterlime group is well shown in Kirkland, Marshall and Augusta. It is used in this county as a source of quicklime. In this for- mation, near Waterville, Mr. A. O. Osborn discovered in 1882 a fosbil scorpion which has been named in his honor. It is possibly the earliest air-breather yet found in America. An interesting crustacean, Eurypterus Remipes, marks this group. The upper members of the Lower Helderberg appear at Oriskany Falls. They are hard blue limestones with great ^**,^® Museum ■'J o Bulletin,Vol.4, abundance of Upper Silurian brachiopods, corals, and No. 19, p, 158. crinoids. Life at this period was still largely marine, A few land plants, similar to the equiseta, occur. The Oriskany sandstone marks the close of the Upper Silurian, and the beginning of the Devonian age. It is found in Augusta and Marshall, especially in the vicinity ibid., p. isg. of Oriskany Falls, where it is 20 feet thick, coarse in tex- ture, and of light yellowish color, turning brown by expo- sure. Large brachiopod shells are found in this rock. The Cauda Galli and the Schoharie grits do not appear west of Herkimer County. But the Corniferous rocks are well developed. The Onondaga below is thin and light in a. p. Brigham color. The Corniferous above has extensive layers of horn- 1° ^^^^^- ^• •' H. S., 1887-9, stone or chert, the nodules of which may be seen in every p- 109- field and stone wall in the southern part of the county. Organic forms are profuse, including corals, crinoids, shells, and a peculiar species of trilobite. Rocks of the Hamilton period are the latest found in i^id p no this county. The Marcellus shales at the base are dark in color, and similar to the Utica slate, or the shales of the coal formation. They cover diagonally half the town of o rill 1 11 r 1 State Museum Sangerfield, along the valley of Chenango Creek. In Buiietin,voi.4, Bridgewater, coal has been found in this shale; and true ^''' '^' ^" '^'' 148 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. cannel coal, in small quantity, has been found at Water- ville. These deposits have no commercial importance. ^ . The Hamilton shales, liehter in color, rest upon the Guide to St. ' '^ . . Museum,p. 163 Marcellus shales. They have soft sediments, limestone in Trans^o^™ bands, and abundant remains of life. These shales cover H.S., 1887-0, the highest land in the southern part of the county, and extend north to Paris, where they cap Tassel Hill. All the rocks in the southern part of the county have been more or less scored away by the streams running north and south from the limestone watershed. BuUetinlvoL^ '^^^ characteristic fishes of the Devonian are not report- No. iQ.p. 158. ed within the county. To the Hamilton group belongs the North River blue- stone, which is used largely for sidewalks in Utica. It is a durable variety of sandstone which, because of its even Ibid p I 2 texture, can be sawed into any required shape. It has been received from Seneca Falls, but now comes more often from quarries in Ulster County. Years ago, Trenton limestone was used for sidewalks in Utica, as on Whites- boro Street and lower Genesee Street ; but it disintegrated so rapidly as to be very uneven on the surface. Many of the stone structures in Utica illustrate the rich- ness of the county in building stone. Any building stone A. p. Brig- should have in a wall the precise attitude nature gave it ham's Phys. • , , GeoR. insec m the quarry. Schools, The clays of the Mohawk flats are utilized in Deerfield, School Re- view, Oct., Rome, and Whitesboro for making bricks. Good sand for 1897, p. 531. _ _ _ glass is found at Durhamville. Mineral paint is made in Kirkland from the Clinton iron ore. The search for coal and mineral oil years ago had no A. p. Brigham result, nor is it probable that they can be found in the in Trans. O. ,,^ ^ , y^ ^ x -r-. , • i H.s.,1887-9, county. (See Geol. O. C, p. 117.) Peat m large quan- P- "'• tities exists in the swamp near Rome. There are large GEOLOGY. 149 deposits of calcareous tufa in the southern part of the county. The cobblestones formerly used for paving were a part of the Glacial drift. Probably the time taken in the depositing of the rocks of Oneida county was several millions of years longer than all the time that has since elapsed. But very great surface changes have been made since the Devonian age. (See Shaler's "Aspects of the Earth.") The strikes in the Palaeozoic beds probably represent an old shore-line that was gradually receding southward. Before the end of Palaeozoic time, the streams which rose in the Adirondack region, growing longer as the shore re- ceded southward, crossed the whole of Oneida County, and ^^y^^j^y *_ " flowed into the interior sea then covering the coal-areas ofp-s^s- Pennsylvania. Even in Tertiary time, they still flowed to the south, reaching the sea by an ancient Susquehanna River. Meantime the region, which had been reduced in Cre- taceous time almost to base-level, had been elevated, with ibid, the entire warping Appalachian belt, to a plateau level. The St. Lawrence River had been formed earlier, and the Hudson valley was being excavated. As this valley grew, it was inevitable that a tributary valley should be cut west- ' ' . Ibid., p. 516. ward along the strike of the soft Utica-Hudson shales, di- verting toward the east the headwaters of some Adiron- dack streams. At Little Falls this process was stopped by the barrier of gneisses which had been faulted up in ^*'^'^- very ancient times. A similar valley was cut from the St. Lawrence eastward, diverting toward the west the head- waters of other Adirondack streams. Then came the Glacial period, and the ice-cap covered the region. Shore lines of three glacial lakes are found in Western New York, of which the lowest, Lake Iroquois, is believed to have discharged through the Mohawk Valley. I 50 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. The deltas and delta terraces of lateral streams, from Rome to Little Falls, were probably made at this time. While Lake Ontario was being excavated, the glacier broke up. The St. Lawrence valley being still frozen, an enormous discharge of water came through the Mohawk valley from the Great Lakes, reduced the barrier at Little Falls, and so aggraded the region as to transfer the divide to Rome. Thus by changes of level, by constant erosion, by the ham's^cf'o- grinding of the ice-sheet, and above all by post-glacial graphyand action of Water, the physical features of the county have Glacial De- . ,^. . r 1 ■» «■ 1 1 posits of Mo- been sculptured. The importance of the Mohawk as a hawk Valley, topographic feature is best appreciated if one stand upon Starr Hill in Steuben, 1,793 feet above the sea, or Tassel Hill in Paris, 1,948 feet in altitude; he then sees a valley from 12 to 20 miles wide and 1,500 feet deep, with great alluvial deposit. This makes clear how enormous is the B^uneto^VoT'^ mass of land that has been carried down to the sea. The No. ig, p. 180. higher hills about Utica are the remains of the ancient strata that have been cut into to form the valley. All the vanuxem,p. Way from Little Falls to Rome, an old higher bank of the "^' river can be seen, at places 80 feet above the present bed. The debris of the retreating glacier so filled up the Hud- A. p. Brigham SOU basiii that the St. Lawrence was deflected to its pres- in Trans. O. . . . ... , , . .... . H.S., 1887-9, ^^^ position, the outlet being changed from the vicinity of p. 112. Rome to the Thousand Islands ; and so the Mohawk be- came -a local drainage stream. Abundant evidence of glaciation exists in the vicinity of Utica. The great bowlders both north and south of the Mohawk, each consisting of such rock as outcrops farther north than its present station ; such kettle holes as Bear Pond ; the Whitestown-Oriskany sand-plain, of which the main mass is called "the Oriskany bluffs"; the Frankfort-Ilion drift-benches ; the belt of kames extending GEOLOGY. I 5 I a mile or more eastward from the Ilion station ; the finger lakes to the southwest, of which Oneida borders upon this county: all have a story to tell. When excavations were made for the Rutger Street via- duct, a true glacial till was thrown out, containing many scratched pebbles. A fine bowlder of red Laurentian a. p. Brighan granite may be seen in Utica on the northeast corner of '" ^'"^*?„ °" <^ J H. S., i88g-g2, South Street and Kossuth Avenue. Its top has been planed p- r^. off by the glacier. A drive over South Street in New Hart- ford to the reservoirs will reveal enough bowlders to afford considerable evidence of glaciation. A good example of a river terrace is afforded by the Mohawk in Western. The mouth of Deerfield ravine offers another example. Three distinct levels are here visible. The gorge at Trenton, over one hundred feet deep, and the ravines of Utica and its vicinity, display to advantage the post-glacial action of water. Wonderful examples of erosion are seen at Little Falls. The good qualities of the soil about Utica are due to three main causes : (i) the decomposition of the shale, so full of carbon, making the best dairy land of the State ; (2) the abundant glacial drift ; (3) the rich deposits of the Mohawk, which carries sediments from all the higher lands of the region. XVII. BOTANY. [Many facts taken by permission from Dr. J. V. Haberer's pub- lished List of Plants in the Vicinity of Utica.] A RICH flora was to be expected from the varieties of soil and location near Utica. The alluvial soil along the Mohawk, the occasional unreclaimed marshes and shrubby copses, the sphagnous swamps and forested hill- sides, afford homes to most varieties of phaenogamous plants suited to the climate. September i, 1897, the writer found 100 species of plants, wild or fully naturalized, in bloom in the fields and along the roadsides, just beyond the southern line of the city. The space covered was not much more than a mile. Within a radius of ten miles from Utica there are about 970 species of flowering plants. Of these about 60 are Forest Trees and about 80 Shrubs and Undershrubs, in- digenous, or naturalized and growing wild. Of Equiseta we have 7, of native Ferns 40, and of Club-Mosses 6. The Mosses, Hepaticae, and Fungi of this locality have not been numbered and classified. A botanical garden of our native plants seems much to be desired in the interest of our school children. It might be an annex to one of our city parks. A list of the orders of which we have representatives con- cludes this paper. We give a few notes as to the season and habitat of the best known of our flowers, although in doing so we al- most wrong the many which we cannot name. These the BOTANY. 153 student must find for himself with the aid of botany and teacher. In earliest spring, the Skunk Cabbage {^Symplocarpus foetidiis) blooms in bogs and marshes. This very mal- Gray's Manual odorous flower belongs to the Arum Family. The blossom °^^^°^*°^' ^"^^ appears before the large coarse leaves arrive, and the Gibson's spathe is so gorgeously striped with gold and purple that pp*^^. ^*^' artists and florists are beginning to appreciate its beauty. The Slippery Elm, {Uhniis fiilva), blooms almost as early, (March and April), and the White Elm, {U. Ameri- cana), and Red and Sugar Maples, {Acer riLbriim and sac- cJiarimini), quickly follow. The "pussies" of the Willows are here also, and these downy catkins soon open to show the golden anthers of the staminate blossoms, and the gray green of the pistillate. Soon after the snow leaves the ground in spring, the Hepatica, {Hepatlca acutilobd), appears in the woods. One was found in woods near the city, March 18, 1898. This was exceptionally early. Records from 1872 to 1885 j. v. Haberer give as the earliest date on which it was first found, April g° ^*°^"^i^' I, 1878, and as the latest. May 4, 1872. The lingering snows of 1899 made it possible to bring home rich bunches of this flower, resting on beds of snow near which it had blossomed. Closely following the Hepatica in early spring, are the Spring Beauty, {Claytonia Caroliniana), and the Blood- root, {Sanguinaria Ca?iade?isis). Quite as early, in waste places, appears the Shepherd's Purse, Capsella Bitrsa-Pastoris), whose small white flowers do not desert us until the autumn. As the season advances, the flower and fruit are seen on the same stem, and the triangular seed-pods are gathered by the children. Several Mustards and Cresses appear with the Shep- herd's Purse, all belonging to the order Cruciferae. 154 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. One beautiful spring flower must not be omitted, the Trailing Arbutus, — the May-Flower of New England, — {Epigaea repc7is.) It grows in Oneida County, north and west of the city, but in spite of careful efforts to cultivate it, in Deerfield and Clinton, it refuses to make a home very near us. May brings the fruit blossoms, and in the woods and fields, the Trilliums and Violets of many varieties. The Marsh Marigold, {Caltha palustris), is a golden flower of May, belonging to the Crowfoot Family, to which the Hepatica and many other spring flowers be- long. Toward the end of the month, the flowers of the buck- bean, {Meiiyanthes trifoliata), of the Gentian Family, are found in bogs. They form large white spikes, beautifully fringed and delightfully fragrant, with a large clover-like leaf on a long stem, and with a thick rootstock, which Bayard Taylor tells us is ground into flour and made into bread in Norway. It is a highly representative flower of bog and stream. In early June, the banks of the Sauquoit Creek and other moist places, will be found carpeted with Forget-me- not, {Myosotis paliistris), of the Borage Family. At the same time, the Pitcher Plant, {Sarracenia pur- purea), is found in sphagnous bogs, with its pitchers filled with water and drowned insects. In the same place, — some bog upon the Frankfort hills, — and at the same time, look for Blueberries and Cranberries, {Vacciniiivi), Lab- rador Tea, [Ledum lati/oliuvi), Sheep Laurel, {Kalniia angustifolia), and the beautiful Azalea, {Rhododendron nudifloruni), all members of the Heath Family. In bogs also, grows our small wild Calla or Water Arum, [Calla palustris), a beautiful little plant, whose pointed spathe is green without and pure white within. BOTANY. I 5 5 In June, too, we begin to see the Orchids, of which we have about 30 species, which open in succession through the summer, some even as late as September and Octo- ber. Some of these are far from abundant, and we should gather them carefully, leaving the root unharmed, that new flowers may appear in succeeding summers. In July and August, the Wintergreen or Checkerberry, {Gaultheria proctimbens), shows its white bells side by side with the bright red berries of the preceding year. The flowers of the woods almost disappear as summer progresses and are succeeded by rushes, sedges and grasses, all having blossoms ; the roadside indulges in a great variety of weeds, mostly composite or umbelliferous ; the ponds have white Water-Lilies, and various aquatic plants; and the Asters begin to star the edges of the woodland and the banks of streams. Summer, besides being the time to study the Ferns, is the time also to notice the fruit of the spring wild-flowers. The winged fruit of the Striped Maple, {Acer Pennsylva- nicum), growing in drooping clusters, becomes at last a deep red as beautiful as a flower. The low straggling branches of the American Yew, {Taxiis Canadensis), looking like Hemlock, and so easily neglected, bear now and then underneath, the bright red, berry-like fruit, with a single large black seed. The splendid Cardinal Flower, (^Lobelia Cardinalis , blooms in July and August, and Golden-Rod {Solidago), a little later. Of Golden-Rod, there are 50 American va- rieties, and even more of its companion, the Aster. In September the Witch-Hazel, {Hamarnelis Virginica), comes out with short gold fringe along its gray boughs. Its leaves wither and fall, but the gold petals glint in the paler gold of November's sun and it does not fruit till spring and the new year of flowers comes again. 156 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. Reference has already been made to the catalogues of Dr. Knieskern and Mr. Paine, .and the herbaria of Dr. Sartwell and Mr. Hunt. (See XI.) PLANTS USED BY MAN. Ginseng, {Aralia quinquefolia), was an article of trade from the earliest history of the region. The Indians gath- T. w. Dwight (^ j|. f J ^ English traders, and they, in turn, sold in Trans. O. !-.'./' H. S., 1881, p 76. Johnson's Cyc. G. A. Clark. it to the Chinese, who made many preparations from the root. The settlers of Clinton paid in Ginseng for the timely help of Isaac Paris. (See VII.). It has much de- creased in quantity, but being worth from three to four dollars a pound, is still gathered with profit. About i 50 J. H. sheehan. pounds are annually sent from Utica to New York, for shipment to China. Basket-making from varieties of Willow, and from Ash splints, was once largely carried on in the homes of French, German, and Italian families, and plantations of Willow were to be found along the Mohawk, but though such baskets and hampers are still sold, the regular man- ufacture of them has ceased. The osiers were formerly gathered, fagoted, and sent to New York for manufacture, but this is no longer done. The Bleecker Plum was introduced here from Albany by Judge Morris S. Miller, (resident of Utica 1806-24). He gave this choice fruit freely to the gardens of his neigh- bors, and the descendants of these trees are still found in the city. He was equally liberal in giving young trees from his fine apple orchard, which lay between the pres- ent West, Rutger, Steuben and South Streets. About the middle of the century, Rev. Chauncey E. Goodrich conducted at Utica a series of interesting and Pioneers, p. ill. BOTANY. 157 valuable experiments on the Potato. The recent occur- rence of the Irish famine, the immediate cause of which was the potato disease, gave special interest to his labors. Procuring potatoes from Chili, the home of the plant, he po^jgj.,g carried on his work for sixteen years, during which time he Pres'm. in made more than 130 communications to agricultural jour- pp ^jg.,' nals and scientific magazines. He perfected several vari- eties, by one of which, as was estimated, he saved to the farmers of the country $2,000,000. His generous spirit made him indifferent to the wealth he might have gained, (Potato.) and a careful examination of his accounts showed that his own pecuniary profit amounted to $50. The twigs of Hamamelis distilled with water yield the well known Pond's extract, also known as extract of Witch Hazel. The industry is extensively carried on at Trenton and other places in Oneida County. The extract was sold first in Utica.by Theron T. Pond, about 1844 or 1845. At present wines are made for domestic use of dandelion blossoms, ( Taraxaciini officinale) ; Sweet Elder blossoms or fruit, {Sanibttcics Canadensis) ; the wild Black Cherry, {Pi'iinus serotina), and the wild Grape, ( J^itis cordifolia), growing abundantly along the river bank. The Dandelion, Milkweed, [Asclepias cornnti), and in early spring, the Marsh Marigold, {C alt ha palustris), the common weed Purslane {Porttclaca oleracea), and many other plants, are used as pot-herbs. There are few wild fruits in common use. The Blue- berry, ( Vaccinium Pemtsylvanicum and Canadense), grows sparsely, also the common Black Huckleberry, {Gayhissacia resinosd). The Red and Black Raspberries, {Rubus strigosus and occidentalis) ; the High Blackberry, {Rubiis villosus), and wild Strawberry, {Fragaria Virginiana), are abundant. On account of its nearness to the southwestern borders 158 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. of the Adirondacks, this region has rather Canadian than Alleghanian flora. The trees are principally beech, maple, hemlock, and spruce ; the chestnut and the tulip tree, which W.L.Ralph are common on the same parallel not far to the west, and E. Bagg, being absent. Peaches, which can be grown on the Finger in Trans. O. H. s., 1887-9, p. Lakes, will not usually ripen here. There are many or- "*■ chards of fine apples in the vicinity of the city. Hops are much cultivated, and of late the beet sugar industry has become important. Indian corn grows well. Other grains grow fairly well ; but, where the underlying rock is A. p. Bngham gjg^^y ^^le tcuacious, claycy soil is much better suited to in Trans. O. -^ ^ J J H. s., 1887.9, grass, and forms the finest pasture land of the State, so p. 114- ^|-^g^^ ^l^g characteristics of the county are grazing and dairying rather than the raising of fruits or cereals. It is an interesting fact that the Osage Orange, (Ma- cliira aurantiaca), native in the southern and southwest- ern part of the United States, and used in the north for hedges, has, on a farm in Deerfield, grown to the height of a tree and has borne fruit. PLANTS OF LOCAL INTEREST. The people of Utica are tree-lovers, and the variety as well as number of trees in the city is very great. Many of the Elms are of remarkable size and beauty, and this is true as well of those in the surrounding country, noticeably those atChadwicks. The Lombardy Fop\a.r, [Pc/^ulus nigra, var. Italica), was at one time extensively planted, but has almost disappeared. Not graceful, but striking in appear- ance, a few specimens are still standing, as those in front of Mr. Egbert Bagg's house, planted in 1806, and the row on College Hill, Clinton. The city is even too well shaded for sanitation, and might add to its officers a Forester whose business it should be to let in sunlight by judicious tree-trimming. At the same time, when New York and Saturday (Ilobe WlI.SON ELM. BOTANY. 159 other large cities have recognized the fact that our trees are agents of health, and when their citizens are busy plant- ing trees in their most arid streets, we should congratu- late ourselves that, with us, wise planting is no longer so much needed as wise pruning. The fathers of Utica were all tree-planters. The English Elm, the Black Walnut, and other species were introduced and fostered by them. The mathematician, Mr. George R. Perkins, gave much time and thought to tree-planting. On the street which he laid out, Sunset Avenue, formerly called from him, Perkins Avenue, he personally persuaded the city to pre- serve the great Elm near Faxton Hospital. On the grounds of his home, where his widow still resides, are several fine Elms. One of these is 22 feet in circumference above the parting of the roots, 20 feet in circumference six feet above the ground, and probably nearly 100 feet high. The Wilson Elm, believed by many to be a tree of the original forest, though not more beautiful than many others, is of large size and unusual form. It is " 90 feet in height ; about 18 feet in circumference one foot from the ground, and 14 feet in circumference at the height of six ?,^!- ^1°^!' '~^ J line lis, log feet." The bole rises 50 feet unbranched, and the u. Herald, branches spread in a picturesquely gnarled manner. This "°®'°'^ ^ Elm stands a little south of the new Savings Bank. One of our citizens bought the ground on which it stands that the tree might thus be sure of preservation. Another local plant celebrity, now, we fear, no longer living, is the Mountain Ash tree on the tower of the Church of the Reconciliation, near the corner of Seneca and Columbia streets. How planted, how nourished, one hardly knows, but it has become a goodly tree, and for many years bore flowers and fruit in its eyrie far above the barren street. l6o OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. ORDERS OF PLANTS FOUND IN OR NEAR UTICA. Of the 136 orders of plants of the Northern United States given by Gray, (excluding Cellular Acrogens), Utica has representatives of 95, as follows : Family. 1. Ranunculaceae, Crowfoot 2. Magnoliaceae, Magnolia 3. Berberidaceae Barberry 4. Nymphaceae, Water-Lily 5. Sarraceniaceae, Pitcher-Plants 6. Papaveraceae, Poppy 7. Fumariaceae, Fumitory 8. Cruciferae, Mustard 9. Resedaceae, Mignonette 10. Violaceae, Violet I r. Caryophyllaceae, Pink 12. Portulacaceae, Purslane 13. Hypericaceae, St. John's-wort 14. Malvaceae, Mallow I 5. Tilliaceae, Linden 16. Geraniaceae, Geranium 17. Rutaceae, Rue 1 8. Ilicineae, Holly 19. Celastraceae, Staff Tree 20. Rhamnaceae Buckthorn 2 1 . Vitaceae Grape 22. Sapindaceae, Soapberry 23. Anacardiaceae, Cashew 24. Polygalaceae, Milkwort 25. Leguminosae, Pulse 26. Rosaceae, Rose 27. Saxifragaceae, Saxifrage 28. Crassulaceae, Orpine BOTANY. l6l Family, 29. Droseraceae, Sundew 30. Hamamelideae, Witch-Hazel 3 1 . Ly thraceae, Loosestrife 32. Onograceae, Evening- Primrose 33. Cucurbitaceae Gourd 34. Umbelliferae, Parsley 35. Araliaceae Ginseng 36. Cornaceae, Dogwood 37. Caprifoliaceae, Honeysuckle 38. Rubiaceae, Madder 39. Valerianaceae, Valerian 40. Dipsaceae, Teasel 4 1 . Compositae, Composite 42. Lobeliaceae, Lobelia 43. Campanulaceae, Campanula 44. Ericaceae Heath 45 . Primulaceae, Primrose 46. Oleaceae Olive 47. Apocynaceae, Dogbane 48. Asclepiadaceae, Milkweed 49. Gentianaceae, Gentian 50. Polemoniaceae, Polemonium 5 1 . Hydrophyllaceae, Waterleaf 52. Borraginaceae Borage 53. Convolvulaceae, Convovulus 54. Scrophulariaceae, Figwort 55. Lentibulariaceae, Bladderwort 56. Verbenaceae, Vervain 57. Labiatae, Mint 58. Plantaginaceae, Plantain 59. Illecebraceae, Knotwort 60. Amarantaceae Amaranth 61. Chenopodiaceae, Goosefoot l62 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. Family. 62. Phytolaccaceae, Pokeweed 63. Polygonaceae, Buckwheat 64. Aristolochiaceae, Birthwort 65. Piperaceae, Pepper 66. Lauraceae, Laurel 6^. Thymelaeaceae, Mezereum 68. Elaeagnaceae Oleaster 69. Loranthaceae, Mistletoe 70. Euphorbiaceae, Spurge 71. Urticaceae, Nettle 72. Platanaceae, Plane-Tree 73. Juglandaceae, Walnut 74. Myricaceae, Sweet-Gale 75. Cupuliferae, Oak ']6. Salicaceae, Willow ']'j. Coniferae, Pine ']Z. Orchidaceae, Orchis 79. Iridaceae, Iris 80. Liliaceae, Lily 81. Pondeteriaceae, Pickerel- Weed 82. Commelinaceae, Spiderwort 83. Juncaceae, Rush 84. Typhaceae, Cat-Tail 85. Araceae, Arum 86. Lemnaceae, Duckweed 87. Alismaceae, Water-Plantain 88. Naiadaceae, Pondweed 89. Cyperaceae, Sedge 90. Gramineae, Grass 9 1 . Equisetaceae, Horsetail 92. Filices, , Ferns 93. Ophioglossaceae, Adder's-Tongue 94. Lycopodiaceae, Club-Moss 95. Selaginellaceae, A Family allied to the Club Mosses XVIII. BIRDS. [Data kindly furnished by Mr. Egbert Bagg.] THE geographical location of the city, on the confines of the Adirondack wilderness, and the climatic conditions which result from this location, naturally lead us to look for a bird fauna largely Canadian, and such we find ours to be, many of our summer residents being of species which breed far north of the St. Lawrence. The area of the city proper is so small, and so generally occupied for business and residence purposes, that the " Birds of Utica " must include the birds of the immediate vicinity. There are about 175 species which occur within such limits. These may be divided into: "Residents" (those which remain with us the year around, not always the same individuals, but the same species), 9 ; " Summer Residents " (those which spend the summer with us, but not the winter, and breed with us), 76; " Winter Visit- ors," (which come down from the colder north, where they live and breed during the summer), 8 ; "Migrants" (those which pass through, going north to breed in the spring, and passing south to warmer climates in the fall), 64 ; and ' ' Stragglers " (those which have occasionally been seen, but are far out of their usual habitat), 18. Of these 175, there are at least 98 species which every boy and girl should know, including a few which, although comparatively rare, are of sufficient interest to be named in our list. They are divided into: " Residents," 9 ; "Winter Visitors," 3; "Summer Residents," 65; and " Migrants," 21. 164 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. Omitting the " Stragglers," the Orders and Families are represented by famihar birds according to the following list. The common names used are those generally ac- cepted in this locality. The scientific names are taken from the Check-list of the American Ornithologists' Union, 2d Edition. LIST. Abbreviations : R., Resident. S. R., Summer Resident. W. V., Winter Visitor. M., Migrant. C. indicates that the bird is often found in the settled parts of the city. Many others are occasionally seen in streets and gardens. The figures following indicate the average length of the bird in inches, taken as follows : A dead specimen is laid upon its back with its neck extended, but not stretched, and the distance measured from the tip of its bill to'the end of its tail. ORDER I. PYGOPODES, (Divers). Family Podicipidae, (Grebes). I. Pied-billed Grebe or Dab-chick, [Podilyinbus podi- ceps). S. R., I3i. Eminently aquatic, rarely venturing upon land ; de- pends for safety on its skill as a diver. ORDER II. LONGIPENNES, (Long-winged Swim- mers). Family Laridae, (Gulls). I. American Herring Gull, {Larus argentatus smith- sonianus). M., 24. Large white Gull, with light blue mantle and black wing- tips. ORDER V. ANSERES, (Swimmers). Family Anatidae, (Ducks, Geese and Swans). Sub-family Anatinae, (Dabblers, River and Pond Ducks). I. Mallard, [Anas bos c has). M., 23. BIRDS. 165 Drake has green head. Duck is brown. Feet red. Ancestor of domestic duck. 2. Dusky Duck, (Anas obscura). M., 22. Like duck of No. I, but darker. 3. Green-winged Teal, {Anas carolinensis). M. 14^. Small. Drake has chestnut head with green stripe on each side. Duck is brownish. 4. Blue-winged Teal, (y^;m.y ^/5c^r.y). M., 16. Small, Distinguished by large light blue wing-patch. 5. Wood Duck, {Aix s pons a). M., 18^. Drake has wonderful combination of gorgeous colors ; head dark green, purple and white, with long crest ; breast maroon with white spots. Duck, grayish with white throat. Nests in hollow trees. Sub-family Fuligulinae. (Bay and Sea Ducks). 1. Greater Scaup Duck, {Ay thy a marila nearticd). M., 20. Large. Black head and breast ; broad, blue bill ; "canvas" back. 2. Lesser Scaup Duck, {Ay thy a affinis). M., 17. Similar, but smaller. The Scaup Ducks are more commonly called "Black Heads," or " Blue Bills." 3. Golden Eye or Whistler, {Glaiuionctta clangula americana). M., 20. Drake, black and white. Duck has snuff-colored head. 4. Buffle Head or Butter Ball, {Charito7ietta albeold). M., I4i Drake very small ; black and white. Duck dusky. Sub-family Anserinae, (Geese). I. Wild Goose, {Branta canade7isis). M., 40. Black neck and brown body. Migrates in V-shaped flocks, "honking" as it flies. 1 66 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. ORDER VII. HERODIONES, (Herons, Storks, etc.). Family Ardeidae, (Herons and Bitterns). 1. Bittern, {Botaurus lejitiginosus^. S. R., 28. Solitary, in grassy marshes. Streaked yellowish brown. 2. Great Blue Heron, {A fdea /lerodias). S. R., 48. Incorrectly called "crane." Breeds in colonies, but feeds alone ; wades cautiously in rivers, etc. ; flies flap- ping over the water with legs trailing behind. 3. Green Heron, (Ardea virescens). S. R. , 17. Much smaller. Dark greenish. Solitary, (never in flocks). Along wooded shores. ORDER VIII. PALUDICOLAE, (Cranes, Rails, etc.,). Family Rallidae, (Rails, etc.,). I. Sora Rail, (Porzana caroli?ia). S. R. , 8^. Fresh water marshes. Keeps well hidden ; makes very short flights to cover. ORDER IX. LIMICOLAE, (Shorebirds, etc.). Family Scolopacidae, (Snipes, Sandpipers, etc.). 1. American Woodcock, {Philokela minor). S. R., 11. Wooded lands or cornfields with soft, moist earth in which it may probe for worms. Nocturnal. 2. Wilson's Snipe, {Gallijiago delicata.). M., iij. Long neck and long bill. Tan-color. Water-soaked, fresh water meadows, where hillocks or grasses make con- cealment possible. 3. Gre^iexYeWov^legs, {Tot anns inela7iole2ic7is). M., 14. Gray, black and white streaked. Very long yellow legs. 4. Summer Yellowlegs, {Totanus flavipcs). M., lof. Similar but much smaller. Commoner and less wary. 5. Spotted Sandpiper or Tip-up, {Actitis macularid). S. R., 7\. Gray. Running and flying along streams and tipping up and down. BIRDS. 167 Family Charadriidae, f Plovers). I. Killdeer Plover, {Aegialitis vocifera). S. R., 7^. Named from its cry. Black rin^ around neck, orange rump. ORDER X. GALLINAE, (Gallinaceous Birds). Family Tetraonidae, (Grouse). I. Ruffed Grouse, {Bonasa umbellus). R. , 17. Incorrectly called ' ' partridge. " Reddish brown and gray ; black ruffs on each side of neck. Fan-like tail gray, with broad, black band. Drumming caused by rapid beating of wings. Only male bird drums. ORDER XI. COLUMBAE, (Pigeons and Doves). Family Columbidae, (Pigeons and Doves). 1. Passenger Pigeon, {Ectopistes migratorius). M., 16I. Now almost extinct, but once very common. Borders of woodland, often on ground. 2. Mourning Dove, {Zenaidura macroura). Locally very rare, but S. R. a short distance west. ii|. ORDER XII. RAPTORES, (Birds of Prey). Family Falconidae, (Falcons). All our diurnal birds of prey belong to this family. 1. Marsh Hawk, {Circus hudsonius). S. R. , 20. Male, li^ht bluish gray ; female, rusty brown streaked. Beneficial to man. Flies low over ground in places not wooded. 2. Sharp-shinned Hawk, {Accipiter vclox). S. R., 11, i3i Similar to No. i. but smaller. 3. Cooper's Hawk, {Accipiter cooperii). S. R., 15, 19. Bluish gray above, barred with rufous below. Swift of flight. Dangerous to birds and small poultry. l68 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 2. and 3. are lon^ tailed species. Male much smaller than female. 4. Red-tailed Hawk, {Buteo borealis). S. R. , 2i|. Blackish brown ; upper side of tail bright rufous. Bird of the woods. Harmless to man. 5. Red-shouldered Hawk, [Buteo ItJieatns). S.R., 19. Reddish brown and cinnamon ; tail black, crossed by 6 white bands. Habitat same as that of No. 4. 4. and 5. are far the commonest of our Hawks. They are large, and are known as "Hen Hawks." Yet it is 2 . and 3. that do the harm. 6. Broad-winged Hawk, {Buteo latissinnis). S. R. ,16. Dusky brownish ; tail crossed by broad bands of blackish and white. 7. Sparrow Hawk, {Falco sparverius). S. R. , 10. Small. Short-tailed. Frequents dead trees in open fields. Family Bubonidae, (Horned Owls, Hoot Owls, etc.). 1. Long-eared Owl, [Asio zvilsonianus). R. , 15. Dusky to tawny. Conspicuous " horns " or "ears" of feathers. Nocturnal ; by day in thick woods. Destroys rodents. 2. Short-eared Owl, {Asio acctpitrinus). M., 15^-. Bright tawny to buffy. Ear-tufts inconspicuous. Not so nocturnal as No. i. Grassy marshes. Flies low. Deserves protection as destroyer of rodents and insects. 3. Barred Owl, [Syrtiiiim nebitlosuvi). R., 20. Large. No ear-tufts. Brown and white barred. 4. Screech Owl, {Megascops asio). R., 9^. Small. Ear-tufts conspicuous. Two totally distinct plumages, having no relation to age, sex or season ; one grayish, the other reddish. Perhaps our most common owl. 5. Great Horned Owl, {Bubo virginianus). R., 23. BIRDS. 169 Ear-tufts conspicuous. Varied, buffy and tawny. The only owl that destroys poultry and birds in any num- ber. Largest and fiercest of our Raptores. Heavy forests. ORDER XIV. COCCYGES, (Cuckoos and Kingfish- ers^. Family Cuculidae, (Cuckoos). I. Black-billed Cuckoo, {Coccysus erythrophthalnius). S. R., 12. Long, slender, dove-like. Mostly in low trees. Eats tent caterpillars. Our cuckoos differ from their European cousins in that they do not usually lay eggs in other birds' nests, (though they 'have been known to do so). Family Alcedinidae, (Kingfishers). I. Belted Kingfisher, {Ceryle alcyon). S. R., 13. Blue above, white below. Broad band across breast ; large head and bill. Shores of streams or ponds. ORDER XV. PICI, (Woodpeckers). Family Picidae, (Woodpeckers). 1. Downy Woodpecker, {Dryobates piibescens.) R., c, 6|. Small. Black and white spotted. Sociable. On tree trunks. 2. Red-headed Woodpecker, {Melanerpes erythro- cephalus). S. R., 9|. Black and white, with bright red head. 3. Flicker or Highhole, {Colaptes aiiratus). S. R., 12. Scarlet band on back of neck ; shafts and undersides of wing feathers yellow. Somewhat terrestrial. Drumming of woodpeckers made with bills on resonant dead limbs. I70 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. ORDER XVI. MACROCHIRES, (Goatsuckers, Swifts and Hummingbirds). Family Caprimulgidae, (Goatsuckers). So called from an ancient notion that these birds obtained goat's milk for food. I. Nighthawk, {Chordeiles virginianus). S. R., c, lO. Black and white ; white patch on wing. Often seen sky-coasting over the city on cloudy days or in the even- ing. Sometimes nests on the gravel roofs of houses in the city. Loud, nasal call. Family Micropodidae, (Swifts). I. Chimney Swift, {Chaetura pelagicd). S. R. , c, 5^- Not a "Swallow." Bow-and-arrow-like form against the sky, whenever the sun is not too strong. Builds mostly in chimneys, where it attaches its nest to the brickwork by a glue which it produces in its own salivary glands. Family Trochilidae, (Hummingbirds). Found in the New World only. I. Ruby-throated Hummingbird, i^Trochilus colubris). S. R., c, 3|. Changeable green above with ruby-red, metallic throat. The only one of the 400 species of Hummingbirds which is found in the U. S. east of the Mississippi. Tiny, beau- tiful, and fearless. Near honeysuckle or trumpet-vine, or in flower gardens, but not in evening. Should not be con- founded with spinx moth. Feeds largely on insects, but to some extent also on honey and juices of flowers. Perches in trees, high above the ground. ORDER XVH. PASSERES. (Perching Birds). Family Tyrannidae, (Flycatchers). I. King Bird or Bee Bird, {Tyrannus tyrannus). S. R., 8.^. BIRDS. 171 Gray, with white breast and broad white band across fan-Hke tail. 2. Great Crested Flycatcher, {Myiarchus crinitus). S. R., 9- Crested. Slate breast ; sulphur yellow below. A wood bird, but often nests in orchards. Has the singular habit of placing the cast off skin of a snake in its nest. 3. Phoebe, (Sayor?its phoebe). S. R., c, 7. Grayish brown with olive cast. Friendly to man ; perches often near houses, on gates, etc. ; builds nest in porches, on rafters in barns, etc. ; also on rocks under bridges. Eats many insects injurious to vegetation. 4. Wood Pewee, {Contopus virens). S. R., 6^. Similar, but darker and smaller. Lives in forest and shade trees. Sweet notes all day, even in mid-summer. 5. Least Flycatcher, {Enipido7iax minimus). S. R. , Si- Similar in color, but even smaller. Distinguished by strong, short note. Frequents orchards and gardens. Family Alaudidae, (Larks). I. Prairie Horned Lark, {Otocoris alpestris praticold). s. R., ^\. Walks instead of hopping. Black markings about head, and black crescent under throat. Two little feather horns. The first of our summer residents to arrive in the spring, often building its nest before the snow has left us. In flocks, or running singly, on ground in open places. Family Corvidae, (Crows and Jays). 1. Blue Jay, [Cyanocitta cristatd). R., ii|. Crested. Bright gray blue ; forehead, back of neck, and breast, black. Is, without doubt, a bird's nester of the worst kind, being very fond of eggs and young birds. So- ciable and very intelligent. 2. Crow, {Corvus americamis), R., c, \\\. 1/2 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. Black. Domestic, droll and very cunning. Does farmers more good than harm. Family Icteridae, (Blackbirds, Orioles, etc.). 1. Bobolink, {Doliconix orysivorus). S. R., ']\. Male in spring, black, white and buff ; male later, fe- male and young, olive buff, streaked with dark brown. Fields and meadows in May and June. On quivering wing, sings to his mate on her nest in the grass ; perches in tops of orchard trees. 2. Cowbird, {Molothrns ater). S. R., 8. Male, shiny black with brown head ; j female, dark brownish streaked. American representative of European Cuckoo in the curious habit of laying its eggs in the nests of other birds and leaving foster parents to rear its young. 3. Red-winged Blackbird, {^Agtlaiiis phoeniceus). S. R., 91. Male, black with red, buff-bordered epaulettes ; female, blackish and buffy streaked. 4. Meadowlark, {Sttirnella magna). S. R. , io|. Breast bright yellow, with large black crescent ; outer tail feathers white, showing when he flies. Frequents pastures and meadows. Clear whistle. 5. Baltimore Oriole, [Icterus galbula). S. R. , c, ']\. Male, orange and black, the colors of Lord Baltimore ; female, yellowish and brownish. Builds pendulous nest, usually at extreme end of drooping branch of elm. 6. Bronzed Crackle or Crow Blackbird, {Qiiiscahis quiscula aeneiis). S. R., c, 13. Blackish ; head of male purple and green, metallic and changeable. Arrives in small flocks ; sometimes nests in colonies. Family Fringillidae, (Sparrows, Finches, Grosbeaks, etc.). A great family. I. Pine Grosbeak, {Pinicola emicleator). W. V., 9. BIRDS. 173 Lar^e. Male, rosy red ; female, slaty gray. Sum- mer home in coniferous forests of the north ; visits us oc- casionally in mid-winter, when he is particularly attracted by Mountain Ash berries. 2. V\ir^\e¥mch, [Carpodactis purpureus). S. R.,c.,6;^. Male, rose red on head, rump and breast ; color fading away to brown : female, brownish. Often in evergreens of the city. Eats fruit buds. 3. House Sparrow or English Sparrow, [Passer donies- ticus). R. c, 6\. Male, breast black, shoulders chestnut ; female, grayish brown. Imported from Europe. Lives with us in flocks all winter, but has doubtless driven away our own birds. 4. Goldfinch, or Yellowbird, {Spiiius tristis). S. R. , c, 5. Yellow, with black cap, wings and tail. A rising and falling flight. 5. Snowflake or White Snowbird, {Plectrophenax niva- lis). W. v., 6|. Rusty brown, black and white, white predominating. Visits us in flocks, usually during prolonged snowstorms. A bird of the ground. 6. Vesper Sparrow, {Poocaetes gramincus). S. R., 6. Brown streaked ; two white feathers in tail. Pastures and along roads. 7. Tree Sparrow, {Spizella monticola). M., c, 6\. Red cap ; two white chevrons on each wing ; breast grayish. 8. Chipping Sparrow, [Spizella socialis). S. R. , c. , 5i- Known by his little red skull-cap. Loves human soci- ety ; prefers to nest near dwellings of men. 9. Field Sparrow, {Spizella pusilla). S. R., 51. 174 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. Bright rufous plain breast and pink bill. Fields and pastures. Pleasing song. 10. Slate-colored Junco or Black Snowbird, [Junco hyevialis). M., c, 6 J. Back, throat and breast, slate color ; white below. Seen in flocks migrating. 11. Song Sparrow, {Melospisa fasciatd). S. R., c, Brown with spotted breast, the spots uniting in centre to form a breast-pin. Often the first spring arrival. Sweet and varied song. Fearless and friendly. 12. Rose-breasted Grosbeak, [Habia liidoviciand). S. R., 8. Male, black and white with rose breast ; has a beau- tiful carol : female, grayish brown. Loves second growths. 13. Indigo-bird, {Passerina cyanca). S. R. , 5^^. Male, bright dark blue ; female, grayish brown and rufous. Clumps of bushes in clearings or old pastures. Family Tanagridae, (Tanagers). 1. ^Q.'Ax\Q.\.T2C[i-A.gQ.x:, [Piranga erythroniclas\ S. R. , 7j. Most brilliant of all our birds. Male, scarlet with black wings and tail ; female, olive green. Dense woods. Family Hirundinidae, (Swallows). 1. Purple Martin, {P rogue siibis). S. R., 8. Formerly common, now rare. Shining blue-black ; wings and tail duller. Builds in boxes and holes in houses. 2. Cliff Swallow, {PetrocJiclidon lunifrons). S. R. , 6. Whitish crescent on forehead ; rufous rump and short, square tail. Builds mud nest under eaves of barns. Eats enormous quantities of insects. 3. Barn Swallow, {CJielidon erytJirogastj-d). S. R., 7. Builds inside barns. Insect eater of first rank. 4. Tree Swallow, {Tachycineta bicolor). S. R. , c, 6. BIRDS. 175 Steel blue above, white below. Builds in holes in trees or sometimes in houses. 5. Bank Swallow, [Clivicola i-iparia). S. R., 5^. Brownish gray above, white beneath. Builds in holes which it excavates in sand banks. In colonies, generally near water. Family Ampelidae, (Waxwings). I. Cedar Bird or Cherry Bird, {Ampelis cedroruni). S. R., c, I4i. Crested ; fawn colored ; red sealing-wax-like append- ages to wing feathers. Builds in the Cedar and dines in the Cherry tree. Seen often during winter feeding on Mountain Ash berries in yards of the city. Family Laniidae, (Shrikes). 1. Great Northern Shrike or Butcher Bird, {Lanius bore alls). W. V., \o\. Gray, wings and tail black with some white. Feeds on mice and small birds which he impales on a thorn or fence barb, or hangs in a crotch. On very top of our shade trees in mid-winter, watching for English Sparrows. 2. White-rumped Migrant Shrike. {Lanius hidovi- cianus exciibitorides). S. R. , 9. Smaller ; blue gray ; wings and tail black, with some white feathers. In habits similar to No. i. Family Vireonidae, (Vireos). 1. Red-eyed Vireo, {Vireo olivaceus). S. R., 6\. Light olive green ; white stripe over red eye. Pensile nest in outer fork of horizontal limb ; not high. 2. Warbling Vireo, {Vireo gilvus'). S. R., c, 5|. Small. Ashy olive green ; below, yellowish white. Upper branches of shade trees. More often heard than seen. Family Mniotiltidae, (Wood Warblers). Represented by a number of the most beautiful of our 176 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. birds, mostly of small size and retiring nature, so that they are overlooked by many, though perhaps the most attrac- tive birds we have. 1. Yellow Warbler, {Dcndroica acstivd). S. R. ,c., 5. Bright yellow, streaked with darker. Sociable and friendly. Builds beautiful soft nest in fork of bush. 2. Myrtle or Yellow-rumped Warbler, {^Dendroica cor- onata). M., 5|. Bluish gray streaked with black, a yellow patch on rump, crown, and each side of breast. 3. Chestnut-sided Warbler, {Dendroica pennsylv an- ted). S. R. , 5. Crown, yellow ; body, olive green, black and white ; sides, chestnut. Second growths, scrubby clearings, or borders of woodlands. 4. Oven Bird, {Seijirus aurocapilius). S. R., 6. Brownish olive green ; golden crown. On ground in thick woods. Builds a covered nest on ground, very diffi - cult to find. 5. Maryland Yellow-throat, {Geothlypis trie has). S. R., Si- Back, olive ; breast and throat, yellow ; a black mask on forehead and sides of head. Low, damp thickets. Retiring and shy. 6. Redstart, {Setophaga ruticilla). S. R. , 5^. Male, black and salmon red ; female, black and yel- low. Woodlands. Easily recognized. Family Troglodytidae, (Thrashers, Wrens, etc.). 1. Catbird, {Galeoscoptes carolincnsis). S. R,, c, 9. Slaty gray ; crown black ; rump chestnut. A trim Quakerish bird. Intelligent and friendly. Has a charm- ing song besides its harsh, cat-like note. 2. House Wren, {Troglodytes aedon). S. R. , 5. A small, saucy, cinnamon brown bird, with his tail up BIRDS. 177 in the ail". Sociable. Builds in boxes and crevices, as hol- lows in trees. Family Certhiidae, (Creepers). I. Brown Creeper, [Certhia familiaris americand). M., 51- Small ; pepper and salt color ; runs up and down trunks of trees, head up or down, as is most convenient. Family Paridae, (Nuthatches and Titmice). 1 . White-breasted Nuthatch, {Sitta carolinensis). R., c. 6. Bluish gray back ; black crown ; white below. In summer in forests ; in winter comes into the city, where it runs up and down tree trunks, searching for insects and their eggs in crevices of bark. 2, Chickadee, {Partis atricapillus). R. , c, 5^. Very small ; ashy blue ; head black ; lower parts white. In summer in woods, where he raises a large family in a hole in a tree ; in winter very sociable, running about shade trees, head up or down, and continually repeating his own name. Family Turdidae, (Thrushes, Bluebird, etc ) 1. Wilson's Thrush or Veery, {Turdus fuscescens). S. R.. 7i Cinnamon brown ; breast white with wedge-shaped, brown spots on sides. Our common thrush of the woods. Low, thick, marshy woods. 2. Hermit Thrush, {Tardus aojtalaschkac pallasii). M., 7i. Olive brown above ; breast yellowish white with round black spots ; tail rufous. Home farther north. Pure, sweet song. 3. Robin, {Merula viigratorid). S. R. ,c., 10. Our best known and most universally popular bird. Ar- 178 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. rives among the first, and is the most sociable and famihar of all. 4. Bluebird, (^Sialia sia/ts). S. R. , c. , 7. Carries our national colors. Back, bright blue ; breast, cinnamon red ; below, white. One of our early birds. Fond of orchards and gardens. Builds in holes and boxes. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. Pa^e 47. — January, 1900. The deaths of two more Oneida County soldiers in the Philippines have recently been reported in the papers. Page 50. — Trento7i. Presbyterian Church of Holland u. Herald. Patent; organized December 16, 1799. Centennial, De- °®'^- '5> '^sw- cember 14, 1899. Page '6']. — After Isaac S. Hartley insert — Albert Barnes, (i 798-1 870) ; b. Rome ; Hamilton, '20. Commentator on the Scriptures ; well known on both '■ Johnson'sCyc. sides of the Atlantic. Notes on tJie New Testament, 11 vols., said to have reached a circulation of over a million. Commentaries on Isaiah, Job, Daniel, Psalms; The Church and Slavery ; The Atonement in its Relations to Law and Moral Government ; Life at Three Score and Ten. Samuel KiRKLAND Lothrop, (1804-1886); b. Whites- boro ; Harvard, '25. Grandson of Samuel Kirkland ; for Pioneers, forty-two years pastor Brattle Square Ch., Boston. The Life of Samuel Kirkland, Missionary to the Indians, in Memoi/Rev, Sparks's Am. Biog. The History of the Church in Brattle^- ^- Lothrop. Square. After Edward Bright insert — James Eells, (1822-1886) ; b. Westmoreland; Hamil- ton, '44. Memoir of Sanniel Eells. Page 89. — After Mrs. Martha L. Whitcher insert — Gmwoid'* Mrs. Caroline M. Fisher Sawyer, (18 12-1864). Wife ^^™- P°«t«. of Thomas Jefferson Sawyer ; lived seven years at Clinton ; Lippincott's author of translations of Hebrew poetry and German g''^*^' ^^' philosophy ; in 1861 Ed. Rose of Sharon, a monthly mag- l8o OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. azine in the French language ; and Ladies' Repository. Poetry of Hebrczv Tradition. Page 92. — After Anson Judd Upson insert — Francis Marion Burdick, {b. 1845) ; Hamilton, '69. Practiced law in Utica, 1872-83 ; Mayor, 1882-3 ; Prof. Who's Who in • / J ' j > J ' America. Law and History, Ham. Coll., 1882-7; Prof. Law, Cor- nell Univ. School of Law, 1887-91. Prof. Law, Colum- bia Univ. since 1891. Biirdick's Cases on Torts; Cases on Sales ; The Laiu of Sales ; Cases on Partnership ; The Law of PartnersJiip ; Assoc. Ed. (Dept. of Law) John- son's Cyc. Page 93. — After Mrs. Eleanor Ecob Morse, insert — Mrs. Charlotte BuellComan, ib. Waterville). Painter Who's Who in > \ / America. of landscapes ; is one of the artists whose works have been selected for the Paris Exposition of 1900. sch Re 't Page 103. — The Utica Free Academy has a reference 189Q, p. as. library of over two thousand volumes for the use of pupils. Page 3. — In line 33 read — Brant. Page 9. — First marginal reference to read — Pioneers, pp. 78, 62-5. Third marginal reference to read — Pioneers, pp. 206, 432. After third reference, insert — Ibid, p, 79. Pages 23, 25. — On margin read — A. F. B. Chace. Page 39. — In line 2 read — Philo C. Curtis. Page 63. — In line 19 read— David W. Childs. Page 70. — Under Mappa read — Olden Barneveldt. Page 82. — Read — Henry P. Sartwell. Page 87. — William Thomas Gibson. Read — Rector of St. George's, 1863-83 ; also of other churches in the County. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Abbrcinations — C. H., Court House. L., City Library. O. H. S.' Oneida Historical Society ; Munson Williams Memorial. Where found. Academy, Historical Address at the Dedication of. 1868. (Pamphlet, and in School Reports of 1868, 1869.) /. W. Williams, L. Albany, Annals of. 10 Vols. 1850-59. J. Munsell, O. H. S. , L. Anti-Slaverj' Convention, Proceedings of New York, held at Utica, Oct. 21 ; and New York Anti-Slavery State Society, held at Peterboro, Oct. 22, 1835. (Pamphlet.) O. H. S. Anti-Slavery Society, First Annual Meeting New York State. 1836. (Pamphlet.) O. H. S. Army of the Cumberland, Report of the Ninth Annual Reunion of the Society of. 1875 O. H. S. Artists, Book of American. 1867. H. T. Tuck- ernian, Birds. Auk, The. (Magazine published for the American Ornithologists' Union.) Annotated List of the Birds of Oneida County, N. Y. (The only local work. Pamphlet.and in Trans. O. H. S., 1885-6.) W. L. Ralph and E. Bagg, O. H. S., L. Birds of Village and Field. 1898. Florence A. Merriani L. Code of Nomenclature and Check-List of North American Birds, 2d. Ed. 1895. (Is- sued by American Ornithologists' Union.) L. 1 82 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. Where found. Birds, (Continued.) Handbook of Birds of Eastern North Amer- ica. 1895. F. M. Chapnia7i, L. History of North American Birds. 1874. Baird, Brewer and Ridgeway, L. Key to North American Birds, 4th Ed. 1894. (For identification.) E. Cones, L. Life Histories of North American Birds. (On Breeding Habits and Eggs. Com- pleted only from the Grouse to the Crack- les. In Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, Vols. 28 and 32. 1892, 1895.) C. Be?idire, L. Manual of North American Birds. 1887. R. Ridgeway, L. Botany. Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States, 6th Ed. 1899. (Revised by S. Watson.) A. Gray, L. Plants, A List of in the Vicinity of Utica for April, May and a portion of June. 1888. (Pamphlet. ) /. V. Haberer, O. H. S. Camden, N. Y. , One Hundred Years, First Con- gregational Church. 1898. (Pamphlet.) Charter of the City of Utica L. Cheese Industry of the State of New York. (Bul- letin No. 15, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, 1896. Pamphlet.) B. D. Gilbert, L. City Government, A Study of. 1897. -^- -^• Wilcox, Civil Government in the United States. 1890. J. Fiske, L. BIBLIOGRAPHY. I83 Where found. Clinton, N. Y., Centennial Anniversary of the In- stallation of Rev. A. S. Norton, D. D., as Pastor of what is now the Presbyterian Church. 1893. (Pamphlet.) O. H. S. Constitution of the State of New York O. H. S., L. Constitutional Limitations, Treatise on. 6th Ed. 1890. T. M. Cooley, C. H. Critical Period of American "History. 1888. J. Fiske L. Directories of Utica. Village, 1817, 1828, 1829; City, 1832, 1833, 1834, 1837-8, 1839-40, 1840-1, 1842-3, and from that time to date. O.H.S., L. except 1817. Enemies of the Constitution Discovered. By Defensor. 1835. (Pamphlet.) O. H. S., L. Flag of the United States, History of the, 3d. Ed. 1882. G. H. Preble L. Forest Hill Cemetery, Utica. 1895. M.M.Bagg, L. Free Discussion in Utica in January, 1861. (Pamphlet.) Geography and Geology. Atlas of the State of New York. J. R. Bien, New York L. Atlas of Oneida County, N. Y. D. G. Beers a7id Co., Philadelphia Atlas of the City of Utica, N. Y. D. L. Miller, Philadelphia L. Aspects of the Earth. 1890. N. S. Skaler, . . L. 184 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. Where found. Geography and Geology, (Continued.) Brookline (Mass.) Education Society, Year Book of, 1896-7. (Containing Report of Lecture by Prof. Shaler. Pamphlet.) ... L, Chapter in Glacial History, with Illustrative Notes from Central New York. (Pamphlet and in Trans. O. H. S. 1889-92.) A. P. Brigham, O. H. S., L. Composite Origin of Topographic Forms. (Bulletin Am. Geog. Soc, Vol. XXVII. , No. 2. Pamphlet.) A. P. Brigham, . . L. Corals and Coral Islands, 1879. J.D.Dana, L. Drift Bowlders between the Mohawk and Susquehanna Rivers. (Am. Journal of Science. Vol. XLIX., March, 1895.) ^• P. Brighajii, L. Eastern Gateway of the United States. (In Geog. Journal, London, May, 1899.) A. P. Brigham O. H. S. Geology, Manual of. 1880. J. D. Dana... L. Geology, Revised Textbook of. (Ed. byW. N. Rice), 1897. /. D. Dana, Geology of New York. (In Nat. Hist, of the State of N. Y. Geol., Part III., 1842. L. Vannxcvi), L. Geology of Oneida County. (Pamphlet and in Trans. O. H. S., 1887-9), A. P. Brigham, O. H . S. , L. Glacial Flood Deposits in Chenango Valley, 1897. (Pamphlet). A. P. Brigham, .... Guide to the Study of the Geological Collec- tions of New York State Museum, 1898. (Bulletin N. Y. State Museum. Vol. 4, No. 19). F. J. H. Merrill, L. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1 85 Where found. Geography and Geology, (Continued.) Ice Age in North America, 1891. G. F. Wright, L. Nautical Almanac, L. Rainfall and Snow in the United States, (U. S. Weather Bureau, 1894. Pamphlet). M. W. Harrington, L. Relative Humidity of Southern New England and Other Localities. (U. S. Weather Bureau, 1896. Pamphlet). A. J. Henry, L. Rivers and the Evolution of Geographic Forms. (Bulletin Am.Geog. Soc, March, 1892). A. P. Brigham L. Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs, C. Darzvin, with appendix by 7". G. Bonney. 1 889, L. Topography and Glacial Deposits of the Mohawk Valley. 1898. (Bulletin Geol. Soc. of Am., Vol. 9, pp. 183-210, PL 15). A . P. Brigham, L. Trilobite, The : New and Old Evidence Re- lating to its Formation. (Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll., Vol. VIII.. No. 10. i88l Pamphlet). C. D.Walcott, . . L. U. S. Geol. Survey, Bulletin No. 5, O. H. S. Weather Bureau, New York State. 8th Annual Report, 1896, L. Half-Century of Medico-Pyschological Literature. (Pamphlet, also in Am. Journal of Insanity, and in Trans. Am. Medico-Psychological Ass., 1894.) G. A. Blunter Hamilton College, Historical Sketch of. 1889. C. E. Allison, 1 86 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. Where found. "Hanes Cymry America, "(History of the Welsh in America). 1872. R. D. Thomas, Historical Collections. 1841. J, W.Barber,... L, Iroquois, League of the. 185 1. L. H. Morgan, L. Iroquois, Notes on the. 1846. H. R. School- craft, L- Judson, Life of Mrs. Emily C. i860. A. C. Kendrick, L. Kirkland, Life of Samuel. (Sparks's American Biography, 2d Series). 1847. 5. K. Lothrop, Kirkland, History of the Town of. 1874. A. D. Gridley, O. H. S. Laws of New York, C. H. Men of Early Rome. 1879. (Pamphlet.) D. E. Wager O. H. S. , L. New England Historical and Genealogical Regis- ter, 1880 L. New Hartford, Centennial Day of Presbyterian Church. 1 891. (Pamphlet.) O. H. S. New York, Centennial Celebrations of. 1879. {VnhWshedhy A. C. Beach), L. New York, Histories of, Brief History of the Empire State. 1895. W. Hendrick, L. Documentary History of New York. 1 5 Vols. 1846-48. E. B. GCallaghan, . . . L. History of the Empire State. 1888. B. J. Lossing, L. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1 87 Where found. New York, Histories of (Continued. ) New York, (American Commonwealth Series.) 2 Vols. 1887. E.H.Roberts, L. New York, Reports of Adjutant General. 1866, 1868 O. H. S. , L. Newspapers. Many of the early newspapers of Utica are in the possession of the Oneida Historical Society. For partial list, see Catalogue of Library, O. H. S Later Newspapers are in the Public Library. Albany Atlas, July, 1848 Brookfield Courier, July 6, 1898 Oneida, Early Bar of, 1876. (Pamphlet). W. J. Baco7i, O. H. S. Oneida County, Histories of, Oneida County, Annals and Recollections of. 1851. P. Jones, O. H. S.. L. Oneida County, N.Y. 1896. D.E.Wager,0. H. S., L. Oneida County, History of. 1878. Publish- ed by Everts and Eariss, Philadelphia.. L. Oneida County, Notices of Men and Events Connected with the Early History of. 1838. W. Tracy. (Pamphlet.) O. H. S. Oneida County Regiments in Civil War, History of the 97th Regiment, N. Y. V. 1890. /. Hall, O. H. S- History of the 117th Regiment, N. Y. V. 1866. /. A. Mowris, O. H. S., L. Presentation of the Battle Flags of the Oneida County Regiments to the Oneida Historical Society. 1898. (Pamphlet). O. H. S., L. 150 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. Where found. Oneida Historical Society, Transactions of the O. H. S., L. Oriskany, Centennial Celebration of the Battle of. 1878 O. H. S. (Also in Cent. Celebrations of the State of N. Y. 1879. A. C. Beach) L. Palatines, Story of the. 1897. -S^- H. Cobb, .... L. Paris, Centennial of the Congregational Church. 1891. (Pamphlet.) Paris, History of the Town of, and the Valley of the Sauquoit. H. C. Rogers, O. H. S. Presbyterianism in Central New York. 1877. P. H. Fozv/er, O. H. S. , L. Reports of Cases ui the Supreme Court, etc.. State of New York, 1828-1841. J. L. Wen- dell C. H. Revolution, American. 2 Vols. 1895. J- Fiske, L. Revolution, Field Book of the. 185 1. B. J. Lossing, L. Schools. History of the Common School System of the State of New York. 5. S. Randall, . Reports of the Public Schools of Utica, ... L. Seward, Works of WiUiam H. 1887 L. Signers to the Declaration of Independence, Biog- raphies of the. 9 Vols. 1823-27. J.Sanderson, L. Slave Power in the United States, Rise and Fall of. 3 Vols. 8th Ed. c. 1872-77. H. Wilson, L. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1 89 Where found. Smith, Gerrit, a Biography. 1878. O. B. Froth- ingham, L. Travels in New England and New York. 4 Vols. in 2. 1821-22. T. Dzvight O. H. S..L. Trenton, N. Y. , Centennial Address. (July 4, 1876. Pamphlet.) /. F. Seymour, O. H. S., L. Trinity Church, Utica, N. Y. , One Hundred Years of. 1898. Ed. by J. R. Harding, Tryon County, Annals of. 1831. W. W. Camp- bell, O. H. S. United States, Constitutional History of. 1 88 1 . H. von Hoist, L. United States, Statistical Record of the Armies of. 1 893. F. Phistcrer L. Utica, Memorial History of, 1892. M. M. Bagg, O. H. S.. L. Utica, Pioneers of, 1877. M. M. Bagg, .. .O. H. S., L. Utica, Semi-Centennial of the City of. 1862.. O. H. S. Utica, Sketch of Old. 1895. Blandina D. Mil- ler. (Pamphlet.) L. Utica Citizens' Corps, Semi-Centennial of. 1887 O. H. S., L. Van Buren, Martin, (American Statesman Series.) 6th Ed. 1897. E. M. Shepard, L. Van der Kemp, Letter of Francis Adrian. 1792. (In Centennial Address, Trenton. N. Y., 1876, J. F. Seymour), L. Webster, Daniel, (American Statesman Series.) 1 897. H. C. Lodge, L. 190 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. Where found. Webster, Life of Daniel. 1870. G. T. Curtis, . L. Webster, Works of Daniel. 17th Ed. 1877 L. Westmoreland, Exercises in Commemoration of the Centennial Anniversary of the First Con- gregational Church. i8q2. (Pamphlet.)... . Whitesboro, A Few Stray Leaves in the His- tory of. By a Villager. 1884. (Pamphlet.) Martha L. Whitcher, O. H. S., L. Many Cyclopaedias, Dictionaries of Biography, Personal Memorials, etc. INDEX. PAGE. Abolitionists, 85 Academy, Charter granted, 1814, 98 Academy and Court House, 1818, II, 19, 99 Academy, (Building,). 1868, 102 Academy, (New,) 1899, 102 Actors 93 Adams, John Quincy 62 Alden, Isabella M. ("Pansy"),... 93 Ames, Mary C, 90 Andrews, Charles, 78 Andrews, Edward Gayer, 87 Apples, 158 Aqueduct Association. Utica, 10 Aqueduct Company, Utica, 10 Archaeologists 78 Armstrong, Jesse J., 31 Artists 92 Augusta, Centennial of Presbyte- rian Church, 48 Bacon, William J., 28, 76 Bacon, William K 28 Bagg, Egbert, (Colonel) 31 Bagg, Egbert, 83. Houseof 64 Bagg, Moses, 65. Houseof, 63 Bagg, Moses, Jr 66 Bagg, Moses M 88 Bagg's Hotel, 9, 65 Ballou's Creek 132 Bangs, Charles C 45 Banks, 39 Barber, Thomas N 42 Barnes. Albert 104, 179 Bartlett, Charles, 104 Barton, Clara 96 Basket-making, 156 Beardsley, Samuel 75 Beebee, A. M 87 Beech Grove 131 Beet Sugar 158 Bellinger, John 10, 72 Bennett, Dolphus. 87 Bethune, George W., 86 Big Basin, T 132 Birds. Bird Fauna, General Charac- ter of. Number of Species, How divided, etc 163 PAGE. Birds. — (Continued . ) Bittern, 166 Bee Bird, or King Bird, 170 Blackbirds, 172 Bluebird, 178 Bobolink, 172 Buffle Head, or Butter Ball... 165 Butcher Bird, or Great North- ern Shrike, 175 Catbird 176 Cedar Bird,or Cherry Bird, ... 175 Chickadee, 177 Cowbird, 172 Creeper, 177 Crow, 171 Crow Blackbird, or Bronzed Grackle, 172 Cuckoo, 169 Dab-chick, or Pied-billed Grebe, 164 Dove, 167 Ducks, 165 Finch 173 Flicker, or Highhole, i6g Flycatchers, 171 Golden Eye, or Whistler 165 Goldfinch, or Yellowbird 173 Goose, 165 Grackle (Bronzed), or Crow Blackbird, 172 Grebe, (Pied-billed), or Dab- chick, 164 Grosbeak, (Pine) 172 Grosbeak, (Rose breasted),.., 174 Grouse, 167 Gull 164 Hawks, 167 Herons 166 Highhole, or Flicker, 169 Hummingbird 170 Indigo Bird, 174 Jay 171 Junco (Slate-coloredj.or Black Snowbird, 174 King Bird, or Bee Bird 170 192 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. FAGE Birds. — Continued. Kingfisher, i6q Lark 171 Mallard, 164 Martin 174 Meadowlark, 172 Nighthawk, 170 Nuthatch 177 Oriole 172 Oven Bird 176 Owls 16S Phoebe 171 Pigeon 167 Plover, 167 Rail 166 Redstart, 176 Robin, 177 Sandpiper, (Spotted), or Tip- up 166 Shrikfcs 175 Snipe 166 Snowbird, (Black), or Slate Coloi-ed Junco 174 Snowflake, or White Snow- bird, 173 Sparrows 173, 174 Swallows, 174 Swift 170 Tanager, 174 Teals 165 Thrushes, 177 Tip-up,or Spotted Sandpiper, 166 Vireos, 175 Whistler, or Golden Eye, . . . 165 Woodcock, 166 Woodpeckers 169 Wood Pewee 171 Wood Warblers, 176 Wren 176 Yellowlegs 166 Yellowthroat 176 Yellowbird or Goldfinch, .... 173 Bissell, Wilson S., 94 Bleecker, John R., 6 Bleecker Property, 6, 59 Bleecker, Rutger, 6 Bonaparte, Joseph 96 Booth, Emma Keith 45 PAGE. Botany. Catalogues of Plants, 82, 83, 156 Club Mosses, Number of 158 Equiseta, Number of, 158 Ferns, Number of, 152 Flora, General Character of, 152, 158 Flowersof Early Spring, 153 ; of May, 154; June, 154; July and August, 155 ; Sep- tember, 155. Flowering Plants, Number of, 152 Forest Trees, Number of , . . . 152 Herbaria 82, 156 Orders of Plants, (List), 160 Plants of Local Interest, 158 Plants used by Man, 156 Shrubs and Under-shrubs, Number of, 152 Bradley, Dan 49 Bradstreet, John 6 Bradstreet Property, 6, 59 Brant, (Indian), 3 Brandt, H. C. G., 92 Breese, Arthur 6 Breese, Samuel Livingston, 74 Breese, Sidney, 74, 78 Bridgewater, Centennial of Con- gregational Church, 48 Brigham, Albert P 84 Brigham. Amariah, 80 Bright, Edward, 87 Bronson, Greene C, 74 Brown, M. E. D 93 Brown, Samuel G. , 86 Buildings, (Old). Bagg's Hotel, 65 Churches — P resbyterian (First), 65 ; Presbyterian, New Hartford, 67 ; Trinity, 65 ; Welsh Baptist, 65. Clark House 63 Cooper House, 65 Denio House, 63 Gridley House, 64 Inman Houses, 62 Johnson House, 62 INDEX. 193 PAGE. Buildings, (Old) — Continued. Kirkland Houses, (.Clinton), 67 Malcolm House, 64 Mann House 63 Mappa House, (Trenton) 68 Mechanics' Hall ig, 66 Miller or Conkling House,... 64 Round Building, 66 School House, First, 62, 104 Seymour House, 63 Smith House 62 Town Hall, (Whitesboro), ... 67 Van Rensselaer House 64 Wager House, 63 Walker House 62 White House, (Whitesboro), . 67 York House, (Hotel), sg, 66 Burdick, Francis M 180 Butler, (Indian Leader) 3 Butterfield, Daniel, 73 Butterfield, John, 3g, 54 Buttermilk Fall, 131 Camden, Centennial of Congre- gational Church, 48 Camp, Talcott, g, 72 Campbell, S '35 Canals. Chenango 55, 131 Erie, 10, 12, 54 ; First Bridges over, 13 ; Early Travel on, 52 ; Feeding of, 133 Capron, Seth 33 Carpenter, William H., gi Cascade Glen, 131 Cass, General 18, ig Catalogues of Plants 82, 83, 156 Centennial Celebrations held in Oneida County 48, 108, no Chamber of Commerce 38 Champhn House 63 Charities of Utica, (Homes, Asylums, etc.) in Charter, Definition of, 112 Charters of Utica, (Village), g, 113, 114; City, Act of Incorpo- ration, 16, 115 Chase, Philander, 11 Cheese, 40 Chester, Albert H., 84, 145 PAGE. Childs, House of David W., 63 Childs, Silas D., 3g, 54 Cholera 16 Christian Commission 25 Christian, William H 23, 2g Chubbuck. Samuel W 80 Churches. Baptist, Welsh of Utica, .11, 65 Baptist, of Waterville, Cen- tennial, 4g Baptist, of Whitestown, Cen- tennial, 50 Bleecker St. (Building), 16, ig, 20 Congregational, of Bridge- water, Centennial 48 Congregational, of Camden, Centennial 48 Congregational, of Paris, Centennial,. 49 Congregational, Welsh, of Utica II Cong regational, of West- moreland, Centennial, 50 Methodist, of Rome 4g Methodist, of Westmoreland, 50 Number of in Utica m Presbyterian, of Augusta, Centennial, 48 Presbyterian, of Clinton, Cen- tennial 48 Presbyterian, of Holland Pat- ent, Centennial, 179 Presbyterian, of New Hart- ford, Centennial, 48 Building 67 Presbyterian, First, of Utica. 10 Building 10, 65 Presbyterian, United Socie- ty of Whitestown and Old Fort Schuyler 8, 10 Presbyterian, of Whitestown! Centennial co St. John's, of Utica, n St. Paul's, of Paris, Centen- nial, 4g Trinity, of Utica u, 50 Building, nj 55 Unitarian, of Trenton, 50 Churchill, Alonzo, 73 Citizens' Corps, Utica, ... .22, 23, 42 194 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. PAGE City Government, Functions of, 115 Civil War. Public Meeting, Feb. 1861, 22 ; Call for Troops, 22 ; Pub- lic Meeting, April, 1861, 22; Departure of Troops, 22 ; Women's Work, 23 ; Schools raise Flags, 23 ; Recruiting in 1861, 23 ; Additional Regi- ments, 23, 24 ; Return of First Regiments, 25 ; New- England Regiments in Utica, 25 ; Draft, 25 ; Life at Home, 25 ; Return of Remaining Regiments, 26 ; Regiments partly from Oneida Co., 27 ; Number of Calls for Troops, and Men furnished, 27 ; Field Officers of Regiments, 29-32. (See also Regiments of Onei- da Co. in Civil War.) Claesgens, Peter, 31 Clark, Ei-astus 9 Clarke, William 108 Clemensson, Justine, 45 Clergymen who are Authors,. ... 86 Cleveland, Grover, 48, 94 Cleveland, Rose E 90 Clinton, Academies of 105 Chnton, Centennials held in 48 Clinton, DeWitt 13, 54, 55, 98, 100 Clinton, George 95, 97, 98, 105 Clinton, House of Mrs. GeorgeW., 62 Cochran, James, 64 Cochran, John 71 Cogswell, Milton, 32 Coibraith, William 6 Coman, Charlotte B., 180 Conkling, Roscoe, 77 ; House of, 64 Conventions in Utica. Anti-Slavery, 1835, 16; i86i, 21 County Superintendents of Schools, 1842, loi Free Soil, 1848, 19 Liberty Party, 1848, 19 People's Party, 1824, 13 Cook, Marc 88 Cook, Mathias, 83 Cooper. House of ApoUos, 65 Cooper, B. F., 35 PAGE. Copeman, A. R 82 Corning, William S 31 Cosby, William 6 Cosby's Manor, 6, 7, 59 Counties of New York. Original, I ; Changes in 2 Court House and Academy, . . 11, 19 Cozier, Ezra S 114 Crane, William H 94 Culver Family, House of, 62 Curran, Edward 38 Curran, Henry H 31 Curtis, Philo C, 38, 39 Daggett, Ruf us 30, 31 Dairy Board of Trade, Utica,. . . 40 Dana, James D., 80, 104 Dana, Joseph 104 Davies, Arthur B 93 Davies. Thomas M 29 Dean, James 4, 6, 69, 70 Decker, House of Israel, 64 Deerfield Ravine 131, 142 Denio, Hiram, 75 ; House of , . . . . 63 Despard, House of Madame 62 Devereux, John C, 40, 1 1 5 Devereux, Nicholas, 40 Dickens, Charles, 96 Directories, Village, (1817, 182S, 1829), 12 Dix, John A 100, 106 Dodd, Bethuel 8, 50 Douel. Alexander 32 Dwight, Pres. Description of Utica in 179S 15 Dwight, Theodore W 77 Dwight, W. B., 140 Fames, Elizabeth J 90 Easton, Oliver P. , 10 Edgerton, Fay, 104 Edwards, Jonathan the Younger, 48. 49 Educators, 91 Eells, Daniel 72 E ells, James 179 Egelston, Rouse S., 30 Ellison Family, House of 62 Ellsler. Effie, 93 EUsler, Fanny, 93 Ellsler, John A 93 Emerson, George B., loi Faxton, Theodore S 39, 54 Female Academy, Utica,. .. .99, 100 INDEX. 195 PAGE. Female Charitable Society of Whitestown 11 Fires, 1837, 17 ; 1851 19 Fish, Mayor 102 Fisher. Samuel W 86 Flags of Oneida Co. Regiments, 28, no Flag of U. S. First used on Land 4 Flats, The 133 Flandrau, Thomas M. 73 Floyd, William 72 Foote, Moses, 48 Ford, House of W. E 64 Ford, S. W 140 Forester, Fanny 89 Fort Schuyler, (Old). Ford at, 2 ; Whom named for, 2 ; When built, 3 ; Dedi- cation of Site of. 109 ; Village of, 7 ; Divided, 7 ; Early Condition of, 7. Fort Stanwix, 2, 3, 4. Treaties at 5, 95 Foster, Henry A 77 Foster, Theodosia, ("Faye Hunt- ington") 90 Fowler, Philemon H., 86 Franchises, Definition of Munici- pal 121 Franklin Benjamin, 106 Frederic, Harold 88 Freedman's Relief Association, . . 25 Freeholder, 113 Fruits, Wild, 157 Fuller, Frances and Metta 90 Fugitive Slave 17 Gale, George W 91 Gallaudet, William 101 Gansevoort, Peter, 3 Garrard, Kenner, 25, 31 Gaynor, Judge 78 Geography of Utica. Altitude, 129 Area 137 Boundaries, 129 Latitude and Longitude, 129 Original Character of Soil,... 133 Plan 130 Political Divisions, 137 Population 137 PAGE. Geography of Utica. — Continued. Situation, 129, 133, 134 Temperature, Weather, etc., 135, 136 Geology. Adirondacks, 139 Appalachians 140 Archaean Rocks, 139, 140 At Little Falls, 140, 149 Black River Limestone 141 Brick Clays, 148 Building Stone 141, 146, 148 Calcareous Tufa , 149 Calciferous Sand-rock, 140 Cambrian Rocks 140 Clinton Group 145 Fossils of, 146 Coal 147, 148 Corniferous Rocks 147 Fossils of, 147 Glacial Period 149 Glaciation, Evidences of, 151 Hamilton Shales, 148 Fossils of 148 Hudson River Group, 144 Lower Helderberg Rocks, 146, 147 Fossils of 147 Lower Silurian Rocks 140 Fossils of 144 Marcellus Shales, 147 Medina Epoch 144, 145 Mineral Paint 148 Mineral Springs, 143, 144 Niagara Group 146 Concretions of, 146 Oneida Conglomerate, 144 Fossils of, 145 Oneida Co., General Geolog- ical Character, 138, 140 Oriskany Sandstone, 147 Fossils of, 147 Paving Stones 148, 149 Peat 148 River Deltas and Terraces, 150, 151 Salina Group, 146 Sand 148 196 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. Geology. — Continued. Surface Changes since Devo- nian Age, 149 Trenton Limestone, 141 Fossils of, 142 Upper Silurian Rocks, 145 Utica, Geology of, 139 Soil of Vicinity, 151 Utica Slate 142 Fossils of 142. 143 Water, Post-Glacial Action of 151 German Flats, 7 Gibson, William T 87, 180 Gilbert, Benjamin D., S3 Ginseng, 156 Gold, Thomas R 74 Goodier, Lewis E., 42 Goodrich, Chauncev E 156 Go.ss, Charles F.,..'. 88 Government. Aldermen, 116, iiq Assessors, Board of, 117 Auditors, Board of Town, 117, 118 Charities, Board of, 118 City, Class of determined by Population 112 City, Relations of to State and Nation 112 Civil Service Examiners, Board of 119 Clerk, City, 116, 117, 120, 121 Collectors, 119, 120 Commissioners of Common Schools 118 Commissioners of Deeds, 119 Commissions, Bi-partisan,.... 119 Common Council 115, 116 Constables, iig Corporation Counsel 117, 120 Court, City, 119 Clerk of, 119 Education, Board of 118 Elections, present date of Mu- nicipal, 115 Fence Viewers 119 Finances 116, 120 Fire Department, 118 F ran ch i ses 121 PAOE. Government — Continued. Government Officials, 94 Health, Board of 117 Health Officer 118 Janitors 119 Judge, City 115. 119 Judge, Special City 119 Justices of the Peace, 120 Keeper of the City Clock 116 Mayor, 115, 116, 117, 121 Messengers, 119 Plum bers and Plumbing, Examining and Supervis- ing Board of, 119 Police and Fire Commission- ers, Board of, , 116, 118 Police Matron, 118 Police Department 118, 120 Pound Masters, 119 Scavenger, City 119 Sealer and Examiner of Weights and Mea.sui-es, 119 Sexton, City, 119 S upervisors 119 Surveyor, City, 116, 117, 120 Taxes 120 Treasurer , 115, 117, 120 Graham, Edmund A 38 Grand Army of the Republic, Posts of, 27 Grant, Ulysses S., 28 Gray, Asa, 79 Gray. John P 81 Greeks, Aid sent to, 13 Green, Beriah, 85 Gridley, A. D 88 Gridley, Philo, iS, 76; House of, 64 Grimke, Angelina, 86 Grindlav, James G., 31 Gulf. The 131, 132 Haberer, Joseph V., 83 Hackett, James H. , 93 Hall, Delos E 30 Halleck. Henry W., 72 Halleck's Ravine, 131, 144 Hamilton, Alexander, 97, 105 Hamilton College, 70, 105 Hamilton Oneida Academy, 4, 70, 105 Hannahs, Mrs. A., 45 Hannahs, Mary E., 45 INDEX. 197 PAGE. Harrer, Frederick, 28 Hartley, Isaac S., 87 Hastings, Thomas, 91 Hawley, Gideon, 98 Herbaria, 82, 156 Herkimer, Nicholas 3 Historians, 88 Hodges, George, 88 Hodges, George C, 83 Hogeboom, Henry, 92 Holland Land Company, 66, 68, 70 Holland Patent, Centennial Pres- byterian Chuixh 179 Homestead Aid Association, .... 38 Hooker, Samuel 66 Hooker, General, 28 Hops 158 Horsburgh, Charles S., 43 Horseshoe Fall, 131 Horsmanden, Daniel, 6 Hospital, City, Officers of 118 Hoxie, John C 38 Hoyt, Building erected by David, 66 Humphrey, Correl 38 Hunt, Edwin, 82 Hunt, Montgomery 40 Hunt, Ward, 76 Huntington, Channing M 88 Huntington, Faye, go Huntington, George, 6 Huntington, Henry, 40 Independent Infantry Co., 12 Indian Corn 158 Indian name of Utica, 6, 134 Indian Trails 51 Indians. Brothertown 14 Iroquois, List of Tribes com- posing, (See also Oneidas), i Lands of, acquired by State of N. Y I. 5 New Stockbridge, 14 Oneidas, i, 4, 14, 105 Sacred Stone of, 4 Stockbridge, 14 Treaties with 5, 95 Inman, Henry, 92 Inman, William, Houses of, 62 Inman, William, (Commodore), ... 74 Irish Famine, 19, 157 PAGE. Irving, Washington 96 Jacob, Therese von, ("Talvi"), . 79 James, Thomas L., 94 Jenkins, David T., 31 Jennings, Gilbert S 29 Johnson, Alexander B., 84 Johnson, Alexander S., 77 Johnson, House of A. B. and A. S. 62 Johnson, Sir William, 5 Johnson, William C 82 Jones, Pomroy, 88 Judson, Emily C. ("Fanny Fores- ter"), 8y Kelly, The Misses 100 Kent, James, 6 Kernan, Francis . 77 Kernan, John D 38, 78 King, General 43 King, George W. , 93 Kingsley, Florence M., 90 Kirkland, Caroline S., 89 Kirkland,JosephP.,i6,ii5; House of 64 Kirkland, Samuel, 4, 5, 69, 105 ; Houses of 67 Knieskern, Peter D 82 Knox, John J . , 94 Kossuth, Louis 20, 95 La Fayette, 1 3. 62, 95 Lamps, (Street), First lighted in Utica, 13 Lansing, John 6 Lancasterian System in Schools, 98, 100 Lawyers, 74 Lewis, Governor 9S Libraries. Academy 180 Public [06, 107 School District loi, 106 Teachers' 103 Lincoln. Abraham 22, 26 Lind, Jenny 20 Line of Property, 5 Lintner, Joseph A., 81 Literature Lotteries 98 Long, Oscar F. , 43 Lothrop, House of John H., 62 Lothrop, Samuel K 179 Lyceum, Utica, 104 198 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY PAGE. McKay, William A. , 32 McLean, William, 9 McLeod, Trial of Alexander, 17 McMillan, Andrew, 102 McQuade, James 23, 29 McQuade, John F 28 Malcolm, House of Samuel B.,.. 64 Malcolm, Mrs. Samuel B., 64 Mann, House of Mrs. Charles A., 63 Mann, Horace loi Mann, James F., 38 Mandeville, Henry, 86 Mansion House 65 Manual Labor Institute, Whites- boro, founded, gi Manufactures. Cotton and Woolen Indus- tries, History of, 33 Clothing 36 Foundries, etc., 37 Furnaces, 36 Knit Goods 37 Lumber 37 New York Mills, (See Cotton Industry, History of.) Pottery (Early) 38 Steam Engines, (First), 39 Manufacturing and Mercantile Association, Utica 38 Mappa, Adam, 70. House of, (Trenton) 68 Marshall, Benjamin, 35 Mason, Charles, 76 Masonic Home, no Maynard, William H., 74 Men of Letters, 84 Men of Science 79 Mervine, William, 73 Mervine, Catharinus B., 74 Mexican War ig Meyers, Francis X 30, 31 Michaels, Lewis 2g Miller, Addison C 38 Miller, George L., 76 Miller, Morris S., (Judge), 11, 156; House of, 64 Miller, Morris S , (General), 72 Mitchell, Maggie, 93 PAGE- Mohawk River. Bridge over, 7 Early Navigation of, 51 Ford,. 2, 6, 135 Straightening of, 134 (See also Geology, Surface Changes.) Montgomery, Richard, 2 Moore, Thomas, 95 Morris, Gouverneur 66 Morse, Eleanor E. , 93 Morse, John B., 93 Morse, "Samuel F. B., 80 Mountain Ash Tree on Church Tower, 1 59 Munsou, Alfred 40 Munson-Williams Memorial no Museum, Utica 20 Nail Creek 132 Naval Officers, 73 New Hartford, Centennials held in 48, no Newspapers, (Early; g 10 North, Edward, 91 North, S. N. D 95 Northrup, Charles 30 Norton, Asahel S., 48 Noyes, William C 75 Occum, Samson 14 "Old Saratoga, " in Oneida Carrying Place, 2, 3. 51. 52, 135 Oneida Chapter, D. A R., 45 Oneida County. Settlement by Whites, i ; Organization of, 2, 5, 7 ; First Courts of, 5 ; Centennial of, 50, no ; Topography of, 134, 135 ; Area of, 135 ; Soil and Climate of, 135, 158; Geology of, 138, 140. Oneida Historical Society, loS Oriskany, Battle of, 3 ; Centen- nial, 108 ; Monument loS Oriskany Creek 133 Osage Orange 158 Ostrom, David 6 Paine, John A 82 Palatines, 4 INDEX. 199 PAGE. Palmer, Erastus D., 92 Palmer, Jeremiah, 32 ' 'Pansy" 90 Paris, Centennials, held in, 49 Paris, Isaac, 49, 156; Re-inter- ment, 49 Parker, Jascn, 39, 53 Parmelee, Truman, 11 Pease, William R 24, 30 Perkins, George R gi, loi, 159 Perry, Commodore, 12 Peters, C. H. F Si Philologists 78 Photographs of Streets (First), . . 26 Piatt, Mrs., 100 Pickard, Arthur W 43 Pioneers 69 Plank Roads, 55 Piatt, Jonas 6, 74 Plum, Bleecker 156 Poles, Aid sent to, 13 Pond. Theron T 157 Pond's Extract 157 Pot Herbs 157 Potato, Experiments on, 157 Post, John 9 Post Roads 53 Potter, Alonzo, 101 Potter, Stephen 72 Powell, Edward P., 84 Powell, Isaac P. , 31 Proctor, Thomas R., 47, 95 Public School System of the State of N. Y., 97, 100, loi Railways. Between CJtica and Syracuse, 56 Mohawk and H;;d.-30U 56 Mohawk and Malone, 57 N.Y.,West Shore and Buffalo, 57 Utica and Black River 56 Utica, Chenango and Susque- hanna Valley, 56 Utica, Clinton and Bingham- ton 57 Utica and Schenectady, 56 Railways, Street, 26, 57 Ralph, William, S3 Read, J. Harry, 46 " Red Jacket," 5 Reel's Creek, 131 Regents of the University, 97. 100, 105, 107 PAGE. Regiments of Oneida County in Civil War. Whole Number, 27, 28 ; ist (14th N. v.), 23, 25 ; 2nd (26th N. v.), 23, 25 ; 3rd (97th N. Y.), 23, 26; 4th (117th N. Y.), 24, 26; 5th (146th N.Y.). 24,26 ; 2d Heavy Artillery, 28; Field Officers, 29, 32 Remmer, Joseph H., 44 Reynolds, William H., 28 Richardson, Richard H 29 Roach, Henry P., 32 Roberts, Ellis H 94 Robinson, Edward 78 Rogers, Henry C , 88 Rogers, Oliver G 35 Rogers' Glen 133, 146 Rome, 2, 3, 5, 7, 51. 52; Centen- nial of First Methodist Church, 49 Root, Elihu, 95 St. Leger, Barry, 3 Sandbank, 61 Sanger, Jedediah 5, 6, 48, 71 Sanitary Commission, 25 Sartwell, Henry P 82 Savage. John 76 Sauquoit Creek 133 Sawyer, Caroline M. F., 179 Sawyer, George C 102 Sawyer, Leicester A., 87 Sawyer, Thomas J 87 Schoolcraft, Henry R., 78 Schools, Normal, loi vScHOOLs OF Utica. Private, 99. 104 Public 98, 99, loi, 103 Prizes for Pupils in, 103 Prizes for Teachers in, 103 Training, 103 Schug. Nicholas, 46 Schuyler, Peter, of Albany, 2, 3 Schuyler, Peter, of New Jersey, . 3 Schuyler, Philip, 2,6, 64 Schuyler Property 6, 59 Schayler, Walter S., 44 ScoUard, Clinton, 89 Scriba, G. F. W. A 71 Scott. John M., 6 Seal of Village 114 Seneca Turnpike Co 7 Seward Family. House of 62 200 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. PAGE. Seymour, House of Henry, Hora- tio and John F 63 Seymour, Horatio, 76, 108, 109 Seyburn, Stephen Y 44 Sheldon, Miss, 99 Shepard, Abraham, 108 Shepard's Tavern 108 Sherman, General, 28 Sherman, House of Watts, 64 Shire Towns 112 Shue, Josephine 45 Sicard, Montg'omery H 74 Sigsbee, Charles S., 47 Skenandoa, 4, 105 Skillen, Charles H 29 Slavery in Utica, 15 Smith, Gerrit, 17.62, 85 Smith, Peter, 70; House of 62 Soldiers, Revolutionary, 71 ; 2nd Period 72 (See also War of 1812, Civil War, and Spanish War.) Soldiers' Monuments, Utica, 28 ; Waterville, 28 Spanish War. Beginning of, 42; Co. E., 42; Co. G., 43; Co. K., 44; War Relief Associations, 44 ; Hos- pitals, 45 ; Nurses, 45 ; Re- turn of Troops, 46 ; Number of Oneida Co. Men in service, 46 ; Men who died in service, 46, 179; Medals presented, 47. Spencer, John C, 100 Spencer, Joshua A 18, 75 SpoflEord, John P., 30 Stage Lines, 53 Starch Factory Creek 131 State Hospital, Utica, no Stephens, Levi, 53 Stereopticon first shown, 26 Steuben, Baron, 71, 105 ; Grave and Monument, 108 Storrs, Henry R., 74 Stocking, House of Samuel, 63 Streets. Albany, Direction of, 130 Early Village Streets, 7, 59 Early Ordinances Concern- ing Streets, 13 Genesee, 59, 130 PAGE. Names of Streets and Parks, 59 Park Avenue, Direction of, . . 130 Paved Streets, Length of,... 137 Paving, First, 13 Stryker, Melancthon W 88 Sulphur Spring Glen 131 Sunday School, Utica, 11 Sweeney, J. M 45 Surgeons, Army, 73 Talcott, Samuel A., 74 " Talvi," 79 Taylor, Zachary, 19 Taxes, Definition of, 120 Tax-list, First in Utica, 9 Telegraph Co., (First) 39, 80 Terry, M. 95 Thompson, C. Han-y, 46 Throop, Montgomery H., 77 Tompkins, Governor, 98 Tourtellot, House of Mrs. L. A., 63 Tracy, Charles, 75 ; House of, . . . 64 Tracy, William 75 Trees of Utica and Vicinity, (Elms and Poplars;, 158 Trenton Centennial, 50 Trenton Falls 141, 151 Truax, Judge, 78 Tryon, William 2 Turnpikes, 52 Underground Railroad 17 " U-nun-da da-ges," 6, 134 Upson, Anson J., 92 Utica. Incorporated as a Village, 9 ; Named, g, 113; Separated from the Town of Whites- town, 9, 114; Appearance in 1817, 12 ; Early Officers of, 14, 113, 114; Population m 1 83 1. 15 ; Incorporated as a City, 16, 115 ; Extent in 1S32, 16 ; Financial Condition in 1834, 1837. 17 ; 1S55-57. 20; Semi-Centennial of the City, 109. (See also Civil War, Geography, Government.) Utica, Centennials held in, 50 Van der Kemp, Francis Adrian, 70; Letter of, 54 INDEX. 20I PAGE. Van Rensselaer, House of Jere- miah, 64 Van Rensselaer, Stephen 66 Varick, Abraham 40 Vasey, George, 82 Victor Brothers 90 Visitors 12, 13, 20, 28, 55, 95, 108 Wager Family, Houses of, ... . 62, 63 Wager, Daniel E., 88 Wagner, Gustave . 32 Walcott, Benjamins., 34, 35 Walcott, Benjamin S., Jr., 34 Walcott, Charles D., 84. 140, 142, 143, 144 Walcott, W. D., 35 Walker, Benjamin, 71, loS; House of 62 Walker, House of Thomas 64 Walker, William C 83 War of 1812, 12 Washington, George, 95 Washingtonian Movement, 18 Water Works Company, Utica,. . 10 Waterville, Centennial Baptist Church 49 Watson, William H 94 Webster, Daniel, 96 Weld, Theodore D 85 Wells, (Village), 10 Western Inland Lock Navigation Company, 52 Westmoreland, Centennials held in, • 50 Wetmore, Ezra F 29 Wetmore, E. A., 99 Wetmore, Edmund 78 Wheeler, Joseph 46 PAGE. Wheeler, O. Ross, 46 Wheelock. Charles, 24, 30 Whistler. J. V. G., 32 Whitcher, Frances M. B., 89 Whitcher, Martha L., 89 White. Alvin, 30 White, Hugh, 5, 70; House of, . 67 White, Nicholas A., 38 White, Noah 38 White, Philo, 67 Whitesboro 7 Whitestown, Centennials held in, 50, no; Eastern boundary of, 7 Whitestown Seminary, 104 Whitfield, John W 83 Whitfield, Robert P., 83 Whittlesee, Mrs., 104 Witch Hazel, Extract of,. 157 Wiles, Irving R 93 Wiles, Lemuel M., 93 Williams, George H., 82 Williams, Jesse, 40 Williams, House of Nathan, 63 Williams, S. Wells, 79, 104 Williams, Thomas, 72 Williams, William, 12 Wilson Elm 159 Wines from Native Plants, 157 Wolcott, Samuel G 73 Women Writers, 89 Wood Creek 3, 51, 135 Woolsey, J. T., 73 Woolsey. M. B.. 73 Woolsey, Melancthon T., 73 Wright, Florence, 45 '• Ya-nun-da-da-sis," 6 York House, 59, 66 Young, Charles B., 29 ■J.-» 1^^ 71^ By THE LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW. Series 9482 UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY AA 000 874 302 3 {:ih^t • «'* ■ •v* .?-•.'» :^-v^A^ ^ .%»«.' ^4l^^ «(; ?* i^A A A--' -fiv /;■?■ »> (*. Vi 'fi