LIBRAR 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 SANTA BARBARA 
 
 From the collection of 
 ELSPETH HUXLEY
 
 ui<'isKANv Monument. 
 
 Oneid.i Historical Scjcicty
 
 OUTLINE HISTORY 
 
 OF 
 
 Utica and Vicinity 
 
 PREPARED BY A COMMITTEE 
 
 OF THE 
 
 NEW CENTURY CLUB 
 
 UTICA, NEW YORK 
 L. C. CHILDS AND SON 
 
 1900
 
 COPYRIGHT 1900, 
 KY THE NKW CENTURY CLUB OF UTICA. 
 AI.I, RIGHTS RESERVED.
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 THIS sketch of our city and its neighborhood has bee* 
 prepared with the object of bringing together, in 
 brief and inexpensive form, the most important facts of 
 local history, with a slight mention of noteworthy citizens 
 and of natural surroundings. 
 
 Sincere thanks are due to the many friends who have 
 given valuable aid : especially to Dr. M. M. Bagg, whose 
 works have been a main source of information ; Professor 
 North of Hamilton College ; Mr. Egbert Bagg ; Miss 
 Blandina D. Miller ; Mr. Quentin McAdam and Mr. 
 William C. McAdam ; and to Mr. Charles D. Walcott of 
 Washington; Dr. F. J. H. Merrill of Albany; Dr. Joseph B. 
 Haberer ; Mr. Benjamin D. Gilbert ; and Mr. George C. 
 Hodges. 
 
 The Editors take pleasure also in acknowledging their 
 indebtedness to The Saturday Globe for the use of several 
 plates for illustrations, and to the Oneida Historical So- 
 ciety, and the Rev. John R. Harding of Trinity Church, 
 for similar favors. The photograph of Sherman Fall is 
 printed by the courtesy of the U. S. Geological Survey. 
 The plate was lent through the kindness of Dr. F. J. H. 
 Merrill, State Geologist. 
 
 The work is but an outline history. For the many de- 
 tails which give life to the subject, readers are asked to
 
 IV. PREFACE. 
 
 consult the writings to which full marginal references are 
 given. 
 
 It is hoped that the book now issued will interest a 
 larger number of our citizens in the life of the past, and 
 especially that it may stimulate the young to reach for- 
 ward to the highest type of citizenship in the opening cen- 
 tury. If this shall be the result, the wish of its originators 
 will be fully answered. 
 
 The Editors. 
 
 New Century Club, Utica, N. Y. 
 January, 1900.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 I. Earliest History i 
 
 II. The Village of Utica— 1 798-1832 9 
 
 III. The City of Utica from its Incorporation to the 
 
 Civil War — 1832-1861 16 
 
 IV. Utica during the Civil War — 1861-1865 22 
 
 V. Industrial Growth of Utica and Vicinity ^^ 
 
 VI. The Spanish War ,2 
 
 ■ VII. Centennial Celebrations 48 
 
 VIII. History of Transportation; Routes of Travel 51 
 
 IX. Names of Streets en 
 
 X. Old Buildings 62 
 
 XL Noteworthy Citizens of Oneida County 69 
 
 XII. Education 07 
 
 XIII. Library; Oneida Historical Society; etc 106 
 
 XIV. The Government of Utica 112 
 
 XV. Geography 129 
 
 XVI. Geology 138 
 
 X VII. Botany i c 2 
 
 XVIII. Birds 163 
 
 Bibliography 181 
 
 Index jgj
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 „ . , Facing Page 
 
 Oriskany Monument Frontispiece 
 
 Oneida Stone 
 
 Trinity Church ^ 
 
 Utica Free Academy 
 
 Munson-Williams Memorial jog 
 
 ■' Old Saratoga " ^ 
 
 Sherman Fall, Trenton Falls , . j 
 
 Wilson Elm 
 
 159 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS. 
 Pioneers, Dr. Bagg's Pioneers of Utica. 
 M. H., Dr. Bagg"s Memorial History of Utica. 
 O. H. S., Oneida Historical Society. 
 E. and F., Everts and Fariss' History of Oneida County. 
 (Other abbreviations will be noticed as they are used.)
 
 "The Times, as we say — or the present aspects of our 
 social state, .... are the receptacle in which the 
 Past leaves its history, the quarry out of which the genius 
 of to-day is building up the Future." 
 
 EMERSON,
 
 T 
 
 EARLIEST HISTORY. 
 
 FORT STANWIX AND OLD FORT SCHUYLER. 
 
 HE territory embraced within the present limits of 
 Oneida County was not settled until the close of the Morgan's 
 
 Revolution, when the tide of immigration began pour- League of the 
 
 Iroquois. 
 
 ing into Central and Western New York from New Eng- 
 land. Its soil was originally a part of the vast domain 
 over which the Iroquois Confederacy held sway. 
 
 The territory of the Five Nations, as they were called 
 by the English — and the Iroquois by the French — extend- 
 ed from the Hudson to Niagara. The Nations, or tribes, 
 were known severally as Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, ]^^'^' ^^- ^• 
 Cayugas and Senecas. Later the Tuscaroras of South 
 Carolma were adopted into the Confederacy, and hence- 
 forth the Iroquois were styled by the English, "The 
 League of the Six Nations." 
 
 Becoming allied with England in the war which the 
 Colonists waged for Independence, the Iroquois forfeited 
 their lands by the victory of the Americans and the laws 
 of war. Henceforth ownership was vested in the Unitedpp. 24,37.23,25. 
 States government. The action of the Oneidas, however, 
 in refusing to take up arms against the Americans, prevent- ibid- p- 2°- 
 ed the Iroquois from declaring their allegiance, as a unit. Hist. Empire 
 to the British Crown. It is to the honor and credit of the '^*^*^'^' P' ^^'*' 
 State of New York that only by treaty or purchase, were 
 the lands once in possession of the Indians appropriated 
 by the State. 
 
 An Act passed by the First General Assembly of the 
 Province of New York in 1683, provided for the division 
 of the Province into twelve counties. (Dukes and Corn- 
 wall were later surrendered to Massachusetts.)
 
 2 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 Albany County, one of the original twelve counties, ex- 
 
 Ibid. pp. g6-7. 
 
 Hendrick's tended westward to the bounds of the Province until 
 Brief Hist 1772, whcn Tryou Couuty was erected from its territory, 
 
 Empire State, . •' 
 
 pp. 44-5- taking its name from the last English Governor of New 
 
 Ibid. pp. 989. York, William Tryon. This was changed by the Legisla- 
 
 Jones's Annals a -i o ■» <■ r^ • 1 r 
 
 of Oneida Co.. ture, April 2, 1784, to Montgomery Couuty, in honor of 
 
 pp. 2, 3- ^^ General Richard Montgomery, who fell at Quebec in 1775. 
 
 Hist. Empire The Couuty of Herkimer was erected from the territory 
 
 tate, p. 584. ^£ Montgomery County in 1791. March i";, 1798, an Act 
 
 Jones's Annals ° ... . j^ i ^ ^ 
 
 p. 8. Judge was passed dividing Herkimer County, and the counties 
 dress^cent ' ^^ Oucida and Chenango were formed from its territory. 
 Oneida Co., ^\^q domain covered by the former took its name from the 
 
 March 15, iSqS. 
 
 original occupants of the soil, the Oneida tribe of Indians. 
 
 One of a chain of forts built by the English during the 
 
 French and Indian war was located on the site of the 
 
 present city of Utica and was known as "Old Fort Schuy- 
 
 Ded. Site oidlcr." It was designed to guard the fording place in the 
 
 Ft. Schuyler j.j.^gj. abovc it, and stood near the intersection of Second 
 
 in Trans. O.H. ' 
 
 s., 1881 4. street and the New York Central Railroad. The Indian 
 
 Jones's Annals ^^j^ from Oucida Castle crossed the one leading to the 
 pp. 490 1. ^ _ '^ 
 
 Pioneers, p. 5. Oneida Carrying Place, (Fort Stanwix), at the ford, near 
 
 M. H., p. 17. the place where the bridge now spans the Mohawk at the 
 
 Pioneers, p. 6. ^^^^ ^^ Gcnesee street. The fort was called ' ' Old Fort 
 
 ivi . r\,y p . r o . 
 
 Schuyler " to distinguish it from a more important forti 
 Jones's Annals fication on the site of the present city of Rome, N. Y. , 
 
 properly called Fort Stanwix. During the Revolution an 
 M. H. p. 18. effort was made to change the name of Fort Stanwix to 
 
 Fort Schuyler. 
 
 The statement is often made that Old Fort Schuyler was 
 com^y374.''* "^"^ed in honor of Col. Peter Schuyler of Albany, the be- 
 jones's Annals jQyed "Brother Quider " of the Indians and uncle of Gen- 
 M.'^H. pp. 17-18. eral Philip Schuyler of the Revolution. Others claim that 
 
 it was named for his nephew and namesake. Col. Peter 
 
 p. 323, (note,) 
 p. 4qi
 
 EARLIEST HISTORY. 3 
 
 Schuyler of New Jersey, an officer in the active service of 
 his country at the time this fort was built. When the 
 
 . . Hist. Colls. N. 
 
 foundations of the defense were laid, Col. Peter Schuyler of Y.(Gen.schuy- 
 Albany, (its first mayor), had been dead over a quarter of a^^g^^j^^j^ 
 century. It seems reasonable to believe that the custom i^^ Trans, o. 
 then prevalent, of naming fortifications in honor of officers 
 in active service, was followed in this instance, and that 
 "Old Fort Schuyler" was called for Col. Peter Schuyler 
 of New Jersey, then in command of the Jersey Blues at 
 Oswego. 
 
 The fort, probably built in 1758, was allowed to go to 
 decay at the close of the French war. Indeed, it had jones'sAnnais 
 never been an important fortification, having been rudely ^' ''^'' 
 constructed in the form of an earthen embankment, sur- 
 rounded by pickets. 
 
 Fort Stanwix, built by the English in 1758, and named in Barber's Hist. 
 honor of General John Stanwix, stood at the head of nav- S.°"'-p?-3^^-^ 
 
 -* D. E. Wager 
 
 igation on the Mohawk, (now Rome, N. Y. ), and was an in Trans. o.h. 
 expensive and elaborate fortification, costing the Crown jones-sAnnais 
 $266,400. The need of defense at this point was impera- pp- 325-4. 
 
 ... ^ ^ Doc. Hist. N. 
 
 tive from its situation on the great water-route from thev. 
 Hudson to the western lakes. Here, in early times, boats vL^^"^5^*°' 
 
 ' ' ' vol. 4, p. 323. 
 
 were transferred from the Mohawk to Wood Creek across 
 the portage known as the "Oneida Carrying Place." 
 
 Fort Stanwix played an important part in the Revolu- 
 tion when, in Burgoyne's Campaign of 1777, under the 
 gallant Col. Peter Gansevoort, it withstood the siege of the p^^i*"^ ^^ °°^ * 
 
 English, commanded by Col. Barry St. Leger. It was the^^''^' pp- 2^^' 
 
 60. 
 
 news of the attack upon the fort which led the militia of Barber's Hist. 
 Tryon County, under Gen. Nicholas Herkimer, to march to g,''"^"^^' ^^^' 
 its relief. Intercepted at Oriskany on the morning of the campbeii-s 
 
 ^ 1 r A 1 1 T- 1 ■ 1 Annals of Try- 
 
 6th of August, 1777, by the English and their Indian allies on co., ch. 4. 
 under Brandt and Butler, a battle followed which has been 
 called the most obstinate and murderous of the Revolution,
 
 4 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 T'^the %°\I ^°^ ^^^ ^°^^ °^ ^^^^' ^^^ relatively greater here than in any 
 tines. other engagement. The battle of Oriskany, although a 
 
 Roberts' Hist. gggj^jj^ defeat, was in effect a victory. Washington said: 
 
 Empire State, ?-> > ./ o 
 
 Vol. 2, pp. 413- «' Here Herkimer first reversed the gloomy scene of the 
 Ded. Oriskany campaign." By their heroic action the farmers of the 
 Mon. in Trans. j^Q]^a.wk Valley, largely the German Palatines, drove back 
 
 0. H. S., 1881 4. 
 
 Gov. sey- ^^c invadcr. The plans of Burgoyne were frustrated, and 
 niour's Ad jj^ ^]-jg following Octobcr his army surrendered upon the 
 
 dress of Wel- . ° 1 r 
 
 come, Cent. Heights of Saratoga. 
 
 Trliis o'hT According to the best authority, the Stars and Stripes 
 1877- in the form adopted by the Continental Congress, June 14, 
 
 Flag of u. s.! ^777^ were first unfurled on land from the ramparts of Fort 
 p. 276 m Har- g|-g^j-^^jjj Hastily improvised for the occasion, the flag 
 
 par's Mag., _ . . ' h 
 
 July, 1877. was displayed during the siege of the fort. It was made 
 Fieid'^Book of ^^ ^ white shirt, a blue camlet cloak, and bits of red cloth 
 
 the Rev., Vol. from the petticoat of a soldier's wife. 
 
 1, p. 242 
 
 Rev. Samuel Kirkland, who later founded the Ham- 
 ilton Oneida Academy, of which Hamilton College is the 
 outgrowth, served as Chaplain at Fort Stanwix during the 
 Revolution. To the influence of this eminent missionary to 
 Fiske's Am. ^^^ Indians of Western New York, and to the efforts of the 
 
 Rev. Vol.1, pp 
 
 285-92. pioneer settler of Westmoreland, Judge James Dean, is 
 
 Colls,, pp. 362- due the action of the Oneidas in remaining neutral during 
 4,376 the War for Independence. Through the labors of Mr. 
 
 Jones'sAnnals . . . 
 
 203-20, 744, 853- Kirkland, the Oneidas and their celebrated chief, Skenan- 
 't' ,. , - ., doah, embraced the Christian religion. They were known as 
 
 Lothrop's Life ' *^ -' 
 
 of Kirkland. "the tribe of the Upright Stone." This sacred stone was 
 their national altar, and they gathered around it from year to 
 year to celebrate solemn religious rites and to worship the 
 Schoolcraft's ^^^^^ Spirit. The moral qualities of the Oneidas led Pas- 
 Notes on the tor Kirkland to pronounce them the noblest of the Six 
 
 Iroquois, p. 46. , . 
 
 Nations. 
 
 The sacred stone of the Oneidas now stands in Forest
 
 Saturda> Globe. 
 
 ONEIDA STONE,
 
 EARLIEST HISTORY, 5 
 
 Hill Cemetery, near the entrance. This valuable histori- ^/Jf'^^'*^'**^' 
 
 •' ' of Town of 
 
 cal relic was brought from Stockbridge, Madison County, Kirkiand, p. 7- 
 
 o 20. 
 
 m 1849. 
 
 Fort Stanwix was the scene of important treaties and 
 conferences between the Colonies and the Six Nations. 
 Notable among them is the Convention of November 5, 
 1768, which established " the line of property," or bound- 
 ary line between the Six Nations and the Colonies of New 
 
 York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia — Jones's Annais 
 
 p. 123. 
 long the source of hostilities and the subject of continued 
 
 dispute and controversy. Near the foot of College Hill, 
 
 Clinton, the Class of '87 of Hamilton College has erected 
 
 a stone to mark the "line of property" as fixed by the 
 
 treaty of Fort Stanwix, signed for the Crown by General 
 
 Indian Agent Sir William Johnson. 
 
 In 17S4 a treaty was signed at Fort Stanwix in which 
 peace was established between the United States and the 
 Six Nations. Samuel Kirkiand acted as interpreter. He ' ^" ^'° 
 was largely influential in brmging the Indians to terms of 
 peace, "Red Jacket," the Seneca Chief, being present and 
 opposing the treaty stipulations. 
 
 The Great Indian Treaty of 1788, held at Fort Stanwix, 
 was all important in its relations to the future of Oneida Lossing-s 
 County, for the land now included within its limits was!^^^''" ^^p^^® 
 there ceded to the State by its original owners and occu- 
 pants. 
 
 By the Act creating Oneida County, it was provided 
 that there should be held a Court of Common Pleas and 
 General Sessions of the Peace in May, September and De- 
 cember. The court was to be held in the school house at 
 Fort Stanwix, which stood on the site of the present City Hall 
 in Rome. Jedediah Sanger, of New Hartford, was elected 
 first judge, and the side judges were Hugh White of
 
 6 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 Whitesboro, David Ostrom of Utica, George Huntington 
 of Rome, and James Dean of Westmoreland. William 
 Colbraith of Rome was the first sheriff, Jonas Piatt of 
 Whitesboro the first county clerk, and Arthur Breese of 
 Whitesboro the first surrogate. 
 
 The first term of the Court of Common Pleas was held 
 in May, 1798, Judge Sanger presiding. The first Circuit 
 jones'sAnnais Court was held in September, 1798, Hon. John Lansing, 
 ^' '*' Chief Justice ; the first Court of Oyer and Terminer was 
 
 held at the same place (the school house at Fort Stanwix), 
 June 5, 1798, presided over by Hon. James Kent, Justice 
 of the Supreme Court. 
 
 The site of Utica, called in the Oneida tongue, " Yah- 
 
 nun-da-da-sis," meaning "around the hill," is a part of a 
 
 ^^s'lq^X * tract of 22,000 acres which George Second, King of Great 
 
 Pioneers, p. Britain, granted in royal letters patent in 1734 to a num- 
 
 645 • 
 
 Jones'sAnnais ber of individuals, but in reality to the Governor of the 
 
 p- 490. Province, William Cosby. The pronunciation of the 
 
 Indian name varies, and it has been written "U-nun-da-da- 
 ges." 
 
 The quit-rents reserved in the patent having been left 
 unpaid, Daniel Horsmanden, Chief Justice of the Colony 
 of New York, directed the land to be sold in 1772, at pub- 
 lic sale. It was bid in by Colonel, afterwards General, 
 
 Ibid, p, 53:. pj^jijp Schuyler, for the benefit of himself. Gen. John 
 Bradstreet, Rutger Bleecker and John M. Scott. 
 
 In 1786 the survey of Cosby's Manor was completed by 
 
 Pioneers, pp. Johu R. Blcecker, son of one of its proprietors. At this 
 
 ^?„ time three dwellings were located near the ford, one on 
 
 M. H., pp. 20-1. '^ 
 
 the west and two on the east side of the present Genesee 
 street. 
 
 By the Act of 1784 which changed Tryon to Montgom- 
 ery County, its territory was divided into five districts, one
 
 EARLIEST HISTORY. 7 
 
 of which was German Flats. The latter, which formed a 
 part of Cosby's Manor, was divided March 7, 1788, and 
 
 Jones'sAnnals 
 
 Whitestown was set apart as a separate town which, west p. 2. 
 
 of the dividing line, then included the whole of New York p^^^^^'^- pp- 
 
 " III2. 
 
 State. The eastern boundary line of Whitestown crossed ^i- h., p. 20. 
 the Mohawk at the ford, leaving part of the settlement 
 of "Old Fort Schuyler" in Whitestown and part in Ger- 
 man Flats. "Upon the formation of Oneida County in 
 1798, the east line was thrown eastwardly to the present 
 line of the city and county." 
 
 At this period Rome and Whitesboro bade fair to becom.e 
 the centres of trade and population in Oneida County. 
 The natural adA-antages offered the early settler in the 
 vicinity of Old Fort Schuyler were not such as would 
 prove attractive to the pioneer. Yet, the excellent facil- Jones'sAnnals 
 ities afforded at this point for the transportation of supplies, m. h , pp. is- 
 early marked it as an imoortant trading-post. Gradually ^'^■ 
 
 * ° ^ Jones'sAnnals 
 
 the fording place took upon itself the character of a village, p. 495- 
 as the early traders and mechanics began to locate in the 
 vicinity of "Old Fort Schuyler." For some years the 
 settlement was confined to the two streets which ran paral- 
 lel with the river, (Water and Main), with a few scattering 
 houses on the Whitestown road. 
 
 A real imipetus was given to the growth of the settlement 
 in the years 1794, '95 and '97 by expenditures laid out upon 
 the road to the "Genesee country" through appropriations Barber's Hist, 
 from the legislature. Particularly was this true of the c°"^- p- 374- 
 
 •' Pioneers, pp. 
 
 year 1 800, when the great highway to the west was con- 6, 7. 
 structed by the Seneca Turnpike Company, which, taking 
 in "Old Fort Schuyler," passed much to the south of Rome 
 and Whitesboro. (See VIII.) 
 
 In 1792 the settlers petitioned the legislature for aid in 
 the construction of a bridge across the Mohawk. TheM.^H.,V29. 
 bridge raised in 1791 was now completed and, by doing
 
 8 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 away with the inconvenience hitherto experienced in ford- 
 ing the river, added materially to the growth of the hamlet. 
 Barber's Hist. xhe first Church within its limits was organized April i, 
 
 Colls., p. 374. 
 
 Pioneers, p. go 1793, Under the style of "The United Society of Whites- 
 jones's Annals ^Q^j^ and Old Fort Schuyler." August 21, 1794, Rev. 
 Bethuel Dodd was installed pastor. 
 
 Up to the year 1798 the history of the place is mainly 
 the chronicle of a list of pioneers whose integrity and thrift 
 laid the foundations of the future city's growth.
 
 II. 
 
 THE VILLAGE OF UTICA. 
 
 1798 — 1832. 
 
 THE men of Old Fort Schuyler now felt the need of more 
 formal organization and applied to the legislature for 
 an act of incorporation, which was passed April 3, 
 1798. 
 
 The village took the name of Utica. It is said that this 
 name was chosen by lot. According to the story, some of pioneers p s 
 the inhabitants of the village, discussing the matter at 
 Bagg's Tavern, decided to settle it by allowing each to write 
 the name of his choice and put it in a hat ; the first name ^\^^!_'® . ^"*': 
 
 ^ ' cal Period of 
 
 drawn out to be adopted. This proved to be Utica, "the Am. Hist., pp. 
 choice of that eminent classical scholar, Erastus Clark." '^ '^' 
 
 There was a second charter in 1805, and a third in 18 17. 
 (See XIV.) By the third charter Utica was made a town, ibid, p. 7,. 
 separate from Whitestown. The records of the first seven 
 years of the village were destroyed by fire in 1848, and 
 we have little knowledge of the official acts of that time. 
 
 The Directory of 1832 says : "The gentleman who wasTT.- 
 
 ■^ -> J o utica Direc- 
 
 the first President of the Village (i 798), Talcott Camp, Esq. , tory, 1832, p. 
 is still resident in the city." '^^ 
 
 The first tax list which we have is that of 1800, when 
 the taxes amounted to $40. , and the highest sum was Pioneers, pp. 
 $2., paid by John Post, the pioneer merchant and tavern '^^3. 97- 
 keeper. 
 
 The first newspaper in Utica was the W/ntesioivn Gazette 
 and Catos Patrol, published in 1798 by William McLean, ibid., p. 83. 
 He had first published it at New Hartford in 1794 under 
 the name of the Whitestozvn Gazette.
 
 lO OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 Mrs. whitch- We are told that the first paper printed in the county 
 
 er's stray r r r / , 
 
 Leaves in the which was also the first west of Albany, was the Western 
 ^il^:^^^ Sentinel, established by Oliver P. Easton, at Whitesboro, 
 
 Whitesboro, ' -' ' ' 
 
 P-4I. in January, 1794, and continued six years. 
 
 Water for the village use was obtained in 1802, when 
 
 the " Utica Aqueduct Company" brought water in a log 
 
 T. Hopper in aqueduct from springs at the foot of the sand bank (now 
 
 Trans. O. H. ^ r b », 
 
 s., 1885-6, Spring street), through the pasture lots to the corner of 
 Genesee and Liberty streets, and down Genesee. 
 
 In 1824, the Erie canal caused the severing of the aque- 
 duct, but a new company, the Utica Aqueduct Association, 
 was formed in 1832, and erected works in the same re- 
 gion two years later. The deed of the property on which 
 some of these springs are situated contains a clause reserv- 
 ing to the Association the right to obtain water from this 
 source. It actually did so until 1850. 
 
 The Utica Water Works Company was incorporated 
 March 31, 1848. 
 
 In 1805 three wells were dug, which were in use for 
 joneers, p. g^j^g time. That in the centre of Bagg's square was 
 Trans, o. H. long kept opcu, and was a gathering place for the inhabi- 
 
 S., 1885 6. . r 1 -n 1 • r 
 
 tants during a great part of the village life. 
 
 In 1793 the Presbyterians had organized a religious socie- 
 ty, (See I.) and church-going people of every denomination 
 Pioneers, pp. j^gt for worship in the school house, the Presbyterian min- 
 ister conducting the services and giving part of his time to 
 Utica and part to Whitesboro. 
 
 A church building was erected in 1806-7, on the corner 
 of Washington and Liberty streets, on a lot given by Major 
 John Bellinger with the sole condition that he should have 
 bid., p. 213. ^ g^ jj^ ^j_^g church. 
 
 Ibia., p. 33g, r^ 
 
 The Presbyterian Church of Utica was separated from
 
 THE VILLAGE OF UTICA I79S-1832. II 
 
 that of Whitesboro in 1S13, while as early as iSo; the 
 
 . Ibid., p. 215. 
 
 Utica society had organized separately for the transaction 
 of business. 
 
 Trinity Church was organized in 179S. by Rev. Philander 
 Chase. In a few N-ears it was reorganized, the certificate o-'^-Perkias, 
 01 incorporation bearing date Aug. 14, i;^C4. ihe present server. Sept. 
 lot was obtained in accordance with a promise from the ^°' ^^''■ 
 
 ^ Pioneers, pp. 
 
 Bleecker family to give a lot to the first church that should ti-i^-^ 
 be erected. The present building was used in 1806. and 
 completed in iSio. 
 
 In the earlv part of this period manv Welsh families set- ^ ., 
 
 • ^ ^ - Io:d.. pp. 134- 
 
 tled in Utica. and in iSoi a Welsh Baptist Church was 130. 
 formed — the first Church, exclusively of Utica, whose or--^°^*sg.. ' 
 ganization has been continuous and services unbroken to "^^°"*^=^'-'^^ 
 
 Co. ia Trans. 
 
 the present time. In 1S04. a small church was built by o. h. s. issg- 
 the Welsh Congregationalists. '''' 
 
 Ser\-ice5 of the Roman Catholic Church were first held 
 in Utica in 1S19. in the building on John street, which 
 served as Court House and Academ\'. 
 
 St. John's Church was soon organized ; the present lot. 
 on the corner of John and Bleecker streets, was given bv ^1^ ^" ^ 
 Judge Morris S. Miller, and a building consecrated in 1S21. 
 
 A large number of charitable and missionarj- societies 
 were organized in this period, some of which are still in 
 existence. Among them was The "Female Charitable So- '-'^'^•p- ^30. 
 ciety of Whitestown," organized in 1806, which was 'the 
 first benevolent association of the county of which we 
 have any knowledge." 
 
 For many years the children of all denominations gath- 
 ered in one Sundav School, organized in 18 16. The firsts., 
 
 "- iDid., pp. 414- 
 
 book of Scripture questions compiled for Sunday Schools 4^^,012 613. 
 in this country was prepared in 1S24 by the Superintend- 
 ent of this school. Truman Parmelee.
 
 12 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 In 1811 there was a military company in the village — 
 the Independent Infantry Company. In the war of 181 2 
 some of its members, as well as others, about sixty in all, 
 
 M. H., pp. 107, ^sre enrolled as volunteers, (February, 181 3), and, as a 
 
 112,113. new company, commanded by Captain William Williams, 
 
 were attached to the 134th Regiment. They were not 
 called into battle, but a few other volunteers from Utica 
 were in active service in different organizations, and some 
 were drafted. 
 
 (For Uticans in the navy, see XI.) 
 
 Pioneers, pp. Soldicrs also often passed through the village on their 
 
 309-313. y^^y ^Q Qj- fj-om some military post. 
 
 Commodore Perry visited Utica soon after his victory 
 on Lake Erie, and received a public dinner from the citi- 
 zens, (Nov. 3, 1813.) 
 
 The first directory was issued in 1817. It contained a 
 Lzsl of tJic American Navy, with the statement, "The 
 ships in italics denote vessels captured from the British." 
 The second directory was issued in 1828, and the third in 
 1829. 
 
 In 1817 all business was prosecuted below Catharine 
 
 street. Residences were scattered above this point. The 
 
 roadways were unpaved, but sidewalks were made of flag- 
 
 M.H.,p. 129. ging, cobble, gravel or tan bark, to suit the convenience of 
 
 the householders. 
 
 Forests skirted the village on the south side, above 
 South street and east of Third street. Clearings were 
 more frequent in the direction of Whitesboro, but the 
 forest reached to La Fayette street. 
 
 Between 18 17 and 1825 the Erie canal was construct- 
 ed. (See VIII.)
 
 THE VILLAGE OF UTICA I798-I832. 13 
 
 In 1824 the first State Nominating Convention ever 
 held in New York met in Utica. It was held by the „ 
 
 •^ Hendnck's 
 
 "People's Party," which advocated the nomination of Brief Hist, of 
 party candidates by such convention of delegates, not by ^^^^^^.^^^ ^ 
 members of the Legislature, and the choosing of Presi- 
 dential Electors by vote of the people as is now done, not 
 by the Legislature. 
 
 The Convention nominated DeWitt Clinton for Gov-,, , 
 
 Columbian 
 
 ernor. He was elected by the people, who thus endorsed Gazettcutica. 
 his policy in favor of the canal. ^^ ''*'' ''^' 
 
 June 10, 1825, Gen. La Fayette visited Utica, entering 
 
 the village by the street that now bears his name, and re- Pioneers, pp. 
 
 ■ • ... , . , . . 627-630. 
 
 ceivmg an enthusiastic welcome from the citizens. 
 
 It is interesting to notice the early efforts of the citizens 
 in behalf of the needy and oppressed. In 1824, and again it>i<3<p- 557 
 
 M. H., p. 177. 
 
 in 1827, they sent aid to the Greeks suffering from Turkish Columbian 
 
 tyranny, and in 1831 to the Poles, then in their last strug- ^^^'^^"pg^, °' 
 
 gle with Russia. La Fayette, in a letter dated Nov. 29, ^827. 
 
 1 83 1, acknowledged the receipt of nearly $1,000. which ^^^^xy^cik^or'^'' 
 
 had promised to transmit for Uticans to the Polish suf- Sept. 27, 1831. 
 
 ferers. 
 
 As early as 18 16 ordinances had been passed to number 
 the buildings on Genesee street, and affix the names of the 
 
 ^ _ M. H., p. i2«. 
 
 streets to the corners. In 1829 other ordinances gave the 
 business portion of the village clean streets each week,'' ■'P"'°- 
 while other streets were cleaned once a month. 
 
 The directory of this year tells us: "The first bridges 
 across the canal in this town were erected in 1820; the 
 first street paved in 1822, viz. — Genesee from the corner of 
 Whitesboro street to the Erie canal. 
 
 "Public lamps were first lighted December 29, 1827,
 
 14 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 viz. — 55 extending from the foot of Genesee street to the 
 intersection of Court, and at the corners in other streets." 
 In the hst of officers of the Town and Village we find 
 Bell-ringers, Fence-viewers, Measurers of wood and coal, 
 and Pound-masters. 
 
 We may mention here that a little later, in some of the 
 city directories, we find Superintendents of the Brother- 
 town Indians, also Peace-makers for the Brothertown 
 ircctones Indians, as well as an Attorney for the Brothertown and 
 
 1832, 1833, i°34- 
 
 jones'sAnnais New Stockbridge Indians, and one for the Oneidas. The 
 pp. 265-267. Peace-makers were Indians, appointed probably by the 
 
 Governor and Senate, and the office answered in most 
 
 respects to that of Justice of the Peace. 
 
 The Brothertown Indians were remnants of tribes from 
 
 New Jersey, New England and Long Island, who were 
 
 invited by the Oneidas to occupy part of their territory. 
 ibid.,p. 8go. They began to come before the Revolution, and in 1786 
 Dwight's'^' Rev. Samson Occum, an educated Mohegan, brought to 
 Travels, Vol. ^j^g viciuity IQ2 members of various tribes, including Mon- 
 
 TII, p. 130. ^ ^ . 
 
 tauks, Mohegans, and Narragansetts. Their settlements 
 lay in the present limits of Oneida County, partly in the 
 town of Kirkland, but chiefly in Marshall. 
 
 The Stockbridge Indians were also invited by the Oneidas 
 to come from Massachusetts, and arrived at about the same 
 
 Jones'sAnnais . i ■ • y^ • i- /-. 
 
 p. 247. time, settling in Oneida and Madison Counties, and calling 
 
 ibM., pp. 887-^j^gjj. j^g^ j^Qj^g j^g^ Stockbridge. 
 
 About 1822 the Indians of this region began a migra- 
 tion westward which went on for many years. The Bro- 
 thertown and New Stockbridge Indians and the main body 
 Jones'sAnnais of the Oucidas fomicd settlements at Green Bay, Wiscon- 
 Gridiey's Hist, sin, whcrc they have prospered. A few Oneidas are all 
 Town of Kirk- ^j^^l^ now remain in our neighborhood. 
 
 land. '^
 
 THE VILLAGE OF UTICA I798-I832. I5 
 
 Slavery existed in Utica in early times, and slave sales 
 were once common, the last announcement of such sales gg, 120, 6.33-635. 
 being probably in 1817. In 1820, when there were 10,000^°^'''"'^^'*^°°^ 
 
 o t^ -^ ' ... monwealth of 
 
 slaves in the State, there were only nine in Oneida County, n. v., voi. 11, 
 Slavery ceased in the State July 4, 1827. ^'^^^' 
 
 In 1798 President Dwight, of Yale College, had traveled Dwight's 
 through this part of the State, and says in his Travels : ^^-^y.^wox. 
 " Utica was a pretty village, containing fifty houses." iii, p. 130. 
 
 In 1 83 1 the population was about 10,000, and in Novem- pjojjegj.s p g^ 
 ber of that year a meetmg of citizens was called to consider Directory, 
 
 1832. 
 
 the subject of asking the legislature for city privileges. m. H.,p. ig?.
 
 III. 
 THE CITY OF UTICA 
 
 FROM ITS INCORPORATION TO THE CIVIL WAR. 
 
 1832-1861. 
 
 UTICA was incorporated as a city by Act of Legislature 
 ^. .^^ passed February 13, 1832, in accordance with the 
 
 petition of the people. 
 The city extended north of the canal, from Third street 
 to the grounds now occupied by the State Hospital. South 
 of the canal the streets were laid out very much as at 
 present, as far as Rebecca (now South) street, on the east 
 of Genesee street, and as far as Plant on the west. 
 
 In the summer of 1832, the cholera epidemic, which 
 utica Sentinel ^^^ then raging all over the country, broke out in Utica. A 
 and Gazette, general pauic prevailed, so that business was almost sus- 
 
 Aug. 14, Sept. 
 
 11,25,1832. pended ; the churches and schools were closed, and it is 
 M. H., p. 408. estimated that fully one-third of the population fled from 
 the city. The Mayor, however. General Joseph Kirkland 
 (the first Mayor of the new city), remained at his post, 
 taking all possible measures to check the spread of the 
 pestilence, and to mitigate its horrors, establishing hospi- 
 tals for the sick and ministering to the dying. 
 
 THE SLAVERY QUESTION. 
 
 Much interest and excitement was aroused in Utica by 
 the Anti-slavery movement. During the years 1 834-5 pub- 
 lic meetings were held at which resolutions were passed 
 Ibid ^2 .g denouncing the agitation of the subject, and on the 21st 
 of October, 1835, ^ ii^ob gathered around the Bleecker 
 Street (Second Presbyterian) Church, where an Anti-
 
 THE CITY OF UTICA 1 S 32-6 I. \^ 
 
 Slavery Convention was organizing, and by threats and^ ^ 
 violence, forced the Convention to adjourn without trans-inXrans. o. h. 
 acting any business. Gerrit Smith, then a young man, ^jj.^^ 7 g. p • 
 was present as a spectator, and his indignation was so great Frothmg- 
 
 ^ r ' ^1 & ham's Life of 
 
 at the intolerance shown, that he invited the delegates to oernt smith, 
 hold their convention at his home in Peterboro, which they ^'^ ' *^' 
 did. 
 
 A year later (winter of 1836-7) great excitement was 
 caused by the arrest of a fugitive slave, and his trial in 
 Utica, during which a mob — this time on the side of the 
 'oppressed — broke into the court room, during the recess of 
 the Court and carried off the prisoner. He was, it is said, ^- ^'P-^^q- 
 sent into Canada by the "underground railroad;" that is, 
 by a secret understanding between those whose sympathies 
 were with the slave, he was sent on by night from one post 
 to another until he reached the border. 
 
 FINANCIAL CONDITION. 
 
 Utica early had a bonded debt, and in October, 1834, it 
 
 , , . , , . M, H., p. 223. 
 
 was obliged to borrow money to meet its current expenses. 
 
 In 1837, there was widespread depression in business j^^j^j^p^^^^j 
 and financial distress of which Utica had her full share. 
 
 A very destructive fire added to the calamities of that 
 year. Starting from Broad Street, it consumed almost all 
 the buildings between Genesee and John Streets, as far as 
 Bagg's Square; also many buildings on the west side of 
 Genesee Street. 
 
 TRIAL OF MC LEOD. 
 
 In 1 841 occurred the trial of Alexander McLeod, a sol- 
 dier in a Canadian regiment, for the murder of an American 
 citizen. The case was important, for the trial of a British 
 subject by an American court might bring about trouble 
 with England. These were the facts : 
 
 In 1837 a rebellion took place in Canada, the conflict
 
 15 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 w.H. Sew- beine: called the Patriot War. A party of insursfents and 
 
 ard's Wks.,Ed. ° _ _ r j o 
 
 1887, Vol. II. American sympathizers seized Navy Island on the Canadian 
 DatHeVweb- ^^^^ *^^ ^^^ Niagara River, and kept up communication with 
 
 ster'swks., ^hc American shore by the steamboat Caroline. On the 
 
 Ed. 1887, Vol. . , . ^ 1 . , 
 
 VI., pp. 247-6q. night of December 29, 1837, this boat was destroyed by a 
 
 Roberts' New gj-jj-jgh forcc from Canada, and an American was killed. 
 
 York, Vol. II., 
 
 pp. 5qoi. In February, 1841, McLeod was arrested in Buffalo and 
 
 of Daniel Web- indicted for the murder of an American on this occasion. 
 ster(i87oi,Voi. f jjg (.a.se was finally tried in Utica, October, 1841, before 
 
 II., pp. 53, sS. 
 
 M. H,pp. Judge Philo Gridley, with Joshua A. Spencer counsel 
 
 5424. for McLeod. 
 
 An alibi was proved, and the prisoner acquitted, and 
 international complications which might have proved seri- 
 ous were thus avoided. 
 
 Wendell '.s 
 Repts , Vol. 
 
 M. H., p. 244. 
 
 WASHINGTONIAN MOVEMENT. 
 
 In 1841-43 there was a great interest in the cause of 
 temperance, awakened by the "Washingtonian Movement," 
 so called because it was supposed to be in line with the 
 opinions of Martha Washington, whom it adopted as its 
 patron saint. Its motto was "moral suasion," and a 
 great change in social customs was effected. 
 
 POLITICAL CONVENTIONS. 
 
 In 1848 several State Conventions were held in Utica, 
 three of which were important. The Democracy of the 
 State had split into two parties on the subject of slavery 
 extension, one party siding with the South and the other, 
 the "Free Soilers," opposing the extension of slavery into 
 the territories. These took as their motto, "Free trade, 
 free labor, free soil, free speech, and free men." 
 
 The National Democratic Convention met at Baltimore 
 utica Daily jj^ M^v and nominated Lewis Cass for President. Two 
 
 Gazette, May 
 
 26, 27, 2g, 30, sets of delegates appeared from New York and both were 
 '^*^' admitted, which pleased neither.
 
 THE CITY OF UTICA — -1832-61. I9 
 
 The first of the three conventions mentioned above was ^^.^ ^ 
 
 Ibid., June 21, 
 
 that of the Free Soilers, which, on June 22, met in Utica 23, ^4, Aug. n, 
 in the Methodist church on Bleecker Street, and nominated "'''*' ' * ' 
 Martin Van Buren for President. 
 
 One of the resolutions adopted set forth "the duty to 
 
 • • f XT T ■ IT Albany Atlas, 
 
 preserve the extensive territories of New Mexico and Can- juiy, 1848. 
 fornia for a home for the free laborers of the world." 
 
 The outgrowth of this was a larger Free Soil Convention, 
 having delegates from various States, which met in Buffalo 
 in August and made the same nomination. 
 
 September 13, the other two conventions mentioned 
 
 . r . \ Utica Daily 
 
 met in Utica at the same hour : a second one held by the Gazette, Sept. 
 Free Soilers to nominate Presidential Electors and State " '^' '^*^' 
 officers; and that of the Liberty Party in Mechanics' Hall. 
 The Liberty Party was formed to oppose slavery, and, 
 at this meeting, after adopting the resolutions and candi- gj^gp^j.^-, 
 dates of the Buffalo Convention, the meeting adiourned, ^'*'^*^°^^° 
 
 Buren, Ed. 
 
 and the delegates marched to the Court House, where the iSq?, pp. 35469. 
 Free Soilers were assembled, and were received as honorary 
 members by that Convention. 
 
 •^ Wilson s Rise 
 
 Thus we see that in Utica were taken some of the steps and Fail of the 
 
 by which the opponents of slavery were drawing together, in^Ameri^!^ 
 
 and which ultimately led to the formation of the Republi-^*^^ ^^■■' v°^- 
 
 II., pp. 125-60, 
 can party. 167. 
 
 This movement in New York State resulted in the defeat Von Hoidt's 
 
 of General Cass, and the election of General Zachary Tay- u°s.\ vok iil, 
 
 lor, the Whig candidate, as President. pp- 359-400. 
 
 MEXICAN WAR, ETC. 
 
 The Mexican War (18/1.5-1848) affected the city but 
 slightly, although some Uticans were in the field. (See XL) 
 
 The Irish famine occurred during this period, and large 
 contributions were made for the sufferers. 
 
 A series of fires, destroying much property, occurred in
 
 20 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 185 I. They were believed to be the work of incendiaries, 
 and the volunteer fire department was implicated. Several 
 
 Utic* Daily 1 • 1 n • 
 
 Gazette, Nov.,young men were obliged to flee the city to escape arrest, 
 22. 1851. ^^^ ^j^g ^g^g brought to trial, convicted of arson in the 
 
 M H p 20 ^^^^ degree (then a capital offence), and executed. In 
 consequence of this, the fire department was entirely re- 
 organized. 
 
 In this year, (1851), the great singer, Jenny Lind, visited 
 Ibid., p. 267. Utica and gave a concert in the Bleecker Street Baptist 
 
 Daily Gazette. ° ^ 
 
 July 15, 1851. Church. 
 
 The following year, Louis Kossuth, the illustrious Hun- 
 garian patriot, was received by a committee of citizens 
 
 Ibid., June 2, . 1 i 1 • 1 
 
 1852. (June I, 1852), and a public meeting was held in the Mu- 
 
 M. H., pp. 271-2 ggyj^^ which stood on Genesee Street between Elizabeth 
 and Bleecker. 
 
 There yet remain in Utica a few of the notes, "good 
 for one dollar each, if presented one year after the attain- 
 ment of Independence by Hungary", mementos of the 
 patriot fund raised during this American visit. 
 
 FINANCIAL DIFFICULTIES. 
 
 The year 1855 was a stormy one, financially considered. 
 The city was deeply in debt, and there was no money in 
 the treasury to expend on improvements. 
 
 The citizens demanded greater economy, while the Com- 
 mon Council proposed to apply to the Legislature to amend 
 the charter to enable them to increase the taxes. 
 
 The amendments were secured, but little was done in 
 the direction of economy, and in 1857 a crisis was reached. 
 The new Common Council found means to bring about a 
 repeal of a section of the amendments which made a re- 
 duction in expenditures. This was done so hastily as to 
 be practically secret. 
 
 When the citizens learned this, there was great indigna-
 
 THE CITY OF UTICA — 1832-61. 21 
 
 tion. Public meetings were held, and resolutions passed, 
 
 , ,. , . r , . ,T^, . J M. H., pp. 284, 
 
 demanding the restoration of the section. Ihis was done ,87.3. 
 by the Legislature of 1858. 
 
 The continued difficulty in securing efficient and econom- 
 ical administration led to an amendment in the charter in 
 1 86 1, making the Aldermen personally liable for all ex-^^"*' ^^- ^'^^' 
 penditures exceeding the amount prescribed by law. 
 
 This provision has never been repealed. 
 
 ANTI-SLAVERV CONVENTION. 
 
 Once more an attempt was made to hold an Anti-Slavery 
 Convention in the city, twenty-five years after the disgrace- 1. pree discus- 
 ful tumult which made Gerrit Smith an Abolitionist. It^^°° ^"^ utica 
 
 in Jan. 1861,'' 
 
 was advertised to be held in Mechanics' Hall, January 14 [pamphlet]. 
 and 15, but after the hall had been engaged, the Direc- 
 tors of the Mechanics' Association refused to allow it to 
 be used for this purpose. 
 
 The Common Council also passed a resolution disapprov- 
 
 ^ Daily Papers 
 
 ing the meeting. 
 
 A crowd gathered before the hall on the afternoon of the 
 14th, and lawless acts were feared. 
 
 It was impossible to hold the meeting in a public place, 
 but the delegates and their friends met in a private house 
 and transacted business. 
 
 As the city was nearing the end of its third decade, its 
 condition was one of great apparent prosperity. It was 
 growing rapidly, having more than doubled its population 
 since it became a city ; manufacturing interests were large, 
 and all looked promising for the future. Immersed in 
 business cares or other interests,, men seemed to have no 
 thought of the clouds that were gathering, or looked upon 
 them as temporary shadows that soon would pass away.
 
 IV. 
 
 UTICA DURING THE CIVIL WAR. 
 
 O 
 
 1861-1865. 
 
 |N account of the troubled state of the country, a meet- 
 ing was held in the City Hall, February i, 1861. 
 u Heraw ^'^° ^^ general, compromise measures were advocated, 
 
 Feb. 2,1861. for men still thought that by such means the Union could 
 
 be saved. 
 M. H., p. 300. President Lincoln passed through the City on his way to 
 Daily Papers. Washington, February 18, and spoke very briefly from the 
 rear platform of the train. 
 
 FIRST AND SECOND ONEIDA COUNTY REGIMENTS. 
 
 Fort Sumter fell April 14. 
 
 April 15, President Lincoln called for 75,000 men for 
 three months, and on that day the Utica Citizens' Corps 
 "resolved that the Corps will be ready to march at forty- 
 eight hours' notice, fully armed and equipped." 
 
 On the same day measures were taken in the City to 
 organize a "Volunteer Battalion for Central New York." 
 April 20, a public meeting was held to give support to 
 the government, and provide means for the destitute fam- 
 ilies of volunteers. Over $8,000 was subscribed. There 
 was "unbounded enthusiasm and devotion," and a Com- 
 mittee on Subscriptions was formed which continued the 
 semicenten- work with energy. 
 
 niai u. c. c, The Corps left Wednesday, April 24, and was the first 
 u. Herald, company to report for duty at Albany. 
 
 Apr. 25. 1861. j^ ^^^ quickly followed by other companies from the 
 city and neighboring country, and at Albany, these were 
 
 U. Herald, 
 Apr. 16, 1861 
 
 U. Herald, 
 Apr. 16, i8( 
 
 U. Herald, 
 Apr. 21, 186
 
 UTICA DURING THE CIVIL WAR — 1861-65. 23 
 
 united to form the Fouyttenth New York Volunteer Regi- 
 vient. It was at first called the Corps Regiment. The 
 Utica Citizens' Corps became Company A., and its captain, 
 James McQuade, was made Colonel of the Regiment. 
 
 Five of its ten companies came from Utica. 
 
 June 17, it started southward, and was the first regiment Address of a. 
 to pass through Baltimore a.fter the attack on the Massa- ^'^^j^p^^^^j.'^ 
 chusetts Sixth, on April 19. Mayiy, iSgs. 
 
 The companies of the Volunteer Battalion left Utica in u. Herald, 
 the first days of May. They met at Elmira and formed the ^^^^' ^' '^^'• 
 Twenty-Sixth Regiment, Nezv York Volunteers. 
 
 It was recruited and commanded by Col. William H. 
 Christian. 
 
 A ladies' meeting to aid the volunteers was held in the 
 chapel of the First Presbyterian Church, Friday, May 3, u. Herald, 
 and a committee of ladies representing fifteen churches ^^y-*' '^^'■ 
 was formed. 
 
 This organization w^orked steadily throughout the war, u. Herald, 
 meeting regularly in the Common Council Chamber in the ^^'^^ ^^'^^ '^^^• 
 
 r^., TT 11 J 1 • , . • JunescJulyz, 
 
 City Hall, and on several occasions entertainments were Dec. 15-17, 1864, 
 given to raise funds. ^*°' 
 
 Throughout May and June, flags were raised on the 
 school buildings, with speeches and music. 
 
 June 25, a great celebration of all the schools was held u. Herald, 
 in Chancellor Square. About 3,000 pupils were present, •^^"^^^' '^^'' 
 and every school was represented. 
 
 Recruiting went on constantly in the summer and fall 
 of 1861. 
 
 In October there were twenty-three recruiting officers in u. Herald, 
 Utica, and Oneida County volunteers in fifteen different '"'■"' ^ 
 organizations. 
 
 THIRD ONEIDA COUNTY REGIMENT. 
 
 The organization of the third Oneida County Regiment
 
 24 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 was begun in September, 1861. It was mustered into 
 service at Boonville as the Ninety -Seventh Nezv York Vol- 
 unteer Regiment, February 15, 1862, and passed through 
 Utica on its way to the front, March 12. 
 
 It was called the Conkling Rifles, and was commanded 
 Address A. B. by Col. Charles Wheelock, of Boonville. It was made up 
 Paprrs'^Feb ^ ^^"^^^^ wholly of men from towns bordering on the Adiron- 
 19, 1898. dack Wilderness. 
 
 FOURTH ONEIDA COUNTY REGIMENT. 
 
 In July, 1862, in response to the third general call for 
 troops, a committee of gentlemen was appointed to aid 
 enlistments, and a patriotic meeting was held in the City 
 Hall. 
 
 For the week beginning August 25, business places were 
 
 closed at 4 p. m., each day, that every man might work 
 
 to secure enlistments ; and meetings were held almost 
 
 every night. 
 
 M. H.,pp. 311, Liberal bounties were offered by the State and County, 
 312. 
 
 and advance pay by the national government. 
 
 Under these circumstances, the Fourth Oneida v/as raised 
 
 and mustered in at Rome, August 20, 1862, as the One 
 Address R. Huitdred and SeventeentJi New York Volunteer Regiment, 
 Dany*^pip"rs, Col. William R. Pease, commanding. It numbered 1,100 
 Mar. 23, i8q8. men, and so numerous were the enlistments that it Vv^as 
 
 necessary to refuse to receive more. 
 
 Each company had the maximum number, and every 
 
 town in the county was represented. There were Utica 
 Ibid. men in five of the companies, and they composed the 
 
 whole of one of these, Co. H. They passed through the 
 
 city August 22. 
 
 FIFTH ONEIDA COUNTY REGIMENT. 
 
 A surplus of nearly two hundred volunteers remained,
 
 THE CITY OF UTICA 1861-65. 25 
 
 when the Fourth Oneida was formed, and the organization 
 
 of a new regiment was at once begun. ^^^ ^ ,^ 
 
 " ° Address T. M. 
 
 Col. Kenner Garrard of the regular army was given com- Fiandrau, in 
 mand, and October ii, it was mustered in at Rome, as the Apr. 13, iSgs. 
 One Himdrcd and Fcrty-Sixth Nezu York Regiment. 
 
 RETURNING REGIMENTS. 
 
 Although the President's first call was for three months' 
 men, and the quota of the State was less than 13,000, the p^J^f'^^y"^'^ 
 Legislature, on April 16, 1861, authorized a call for 30, 000 Herald, Apr. 
 for two years, to be turned over to the service of the 
 United States when required. 
 
 The first two Oneida regiments, therefore, enlisted for 
 two years, and May 20, 1863, returned to Utica, where 
 they were welcomed with a reception. School children, u. Herald, 
 ranged on arches of triumph, sang patriotic songs. Ad- ^.^b. f' chace 
 dresses were made, and a banquet was served to the men ^° ^^'^"^ 
 
 • /-u 11 o Papers, May 
 
 m Chancellor Square. 17,1898. 
 
 These regiments belonged to the Army of the Potomac ^^^'^ ^- 
 
 " " ■' Jones, m Dally 
 
 and were in many battles; among them, Antietam, Fred- Papers, Dec. 
 ericksburg, andChancellorsville. The list of engagements E.'F.wetmore 
 in which these and the other Oneida County regiments ^° °^'^^ 
 
 ■' '^ Pap-rs, Dec. 
 
 took part may be read upon their battle flags. 15,18-7. 
 
 In August, 1863, eight New England regiments passed ^fBluL^Frags 
 through Utica on their way home from Louisiana and (Pamphlet). 
 
 ... -^ U Herald, 
 
 Mississippi, and were hospitably entertained at the depot. Aug. ,7, 18,20, 
 
 22, 2'?, 1863. 
 
 A draft was ordered in this year, and carried out in Utica, 3^^. oaiiy ^^°' 
 
 August 25-29. Papers. 
 
 LIFE AT HOME. 
 
 Besides the supplies sent through the Ladies' Aid Society ^- herald, 
 ^^^ ... y'^pt- 19. Oct. 
 
 to the Sanitary Commission, liberal contributions were 10, 1S63 May 3, 
 
 given in the city to the Christian Commission. There was ^gg^/^^' '^' 
 
 also a Utica Freedman's Relief Association. Money was
 
 U. Herald, 
 Apr. 20, 27, 
 
 26 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 also sent to the suffering laborers in England and in Ire- 
 
 U. Herald, 
 
 Dec. I, 15, 16, land. 
 
 A^r 18 186 ^^^ were the thoughts of the citizens wholly taken up 
 
 u. Herald, with such serious matters. They listened to lectures, 
 etc., Dec, '27, humorous and instructive, and enjoyed photographs of 
 1861, etc. streets and buildings, then first exhibited. In 186"? the 
 
 U. Herald, . 
 
 Mar. 10, 1863. stereopticon was first shown. The same year the first 
 •.p. 3ig street railroad was put in operation. 
 
 CLOSE OF THE WAR. 
 
 Here as elsewhere, the preparations for celebrating the 
 victorious close of the war were mterrupted by the news 
 1865. of the murder of President Lincoln. The funeral train 
 
 M. H., p. 324. 
 
 passed through the city April 26, 1865. Already, on the 
 19th, memorial services had been held here. 
 Hist. 117th Tune 18, the i I7th Regiment passed through the city on 
 
 Reg't. pp. 223- J . 
 
 229. its return, and was formally received at the depot, where 
 
 Daggett in tables wcre spread for the refreshment of the men. June 
 Daily Papers. 28, they Were mustered out at Syracuse. 
 
 March 23, i8q8. . . . tt i j • 
 
 The regiment saw service in Charleston Harbor and in 
 Virginia in 1863 and 1864. It took part in the two expe- 
 ibid. ditions against Fort Fisher, near Wilmington, N. C, in 
 
 the second of which the Fort was captured, (January 15, 
 1865, ) and was the first regiment to plant its colors on the 
 parapet. 
 
 July 22, the 146th was welcomed home, and August i, 
 
 the 97th came from Syracuse for a similar reception. 
 
 Hist.97th Reg. The same honors were paid these regiments as had been 
 
 Daily Papers. ^.^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^j^ ^^^ 26th two years before. Tables were 
 
 spread in Chancellor Square, and addresses of welcome 
 made. 
 
 When the 97th — the last one to return — arrived, the old 
 M. H.,p. 375. j-eginients acted as its escort. 
 
 The 146th was in twenty-two battles, and was three
 
 THE CITY OF UTICA 1861-65. 2/ 
 
 times complimented for distinguished gallantry. These 
 regiments were in the great battles of Fredericksburg, 
 Chancellorsville, Gettysburg and The Wilderness, and were 
 present at the surrender at Appomattox. The 97th was 
 also at the second Bull Run and Antietam, and took part in Address, t. m. 
 the great review of the Army of the Potomac at Washing- o^^y p'ape'J-s 
 ton, at the close of the war. The men of the Q7th had ^p^- 13. iSgs. 
 
 1 • T- 1 ^1 -Address, A. B. 
 
 enlisted for two years, but m February, 1864, nearly all snow, in Daily 
 re-enlisted for three years, receiving a thirty days' fur- P^pers.Feb.ig. 
 lough and $400. bounty. It served in every year of the 
 war, and was in battle under every commander of the 
 Army of the Potomac. "In length of service, list of bat- ibid, 
 ties, and roll of dead, it stands at the head of Oneida 
 County regiments." 
 
 Besides the five regiments already mentioned, the Sec- 
 ond Artillery, N. Y. Volunteers, was partially recruited in Gen. McQuade 
 Utica; as were Bates' Battery and companies of the 14th ^" ^®"'^f°" 
 
 ' J tr T tennial City of 
 
 Artillery, 24th Cavalry, 57th Infantry, and others. Al- utica,pp.22, 47- 
 together, as many as thirty-seven regiments contained oneidaco. 
 Oneida County men. Nine or ten of the officers attained 
 the rank of General. 
 
 In the course of the war there were twelve calls f or Pfaisterer's 
 troops, for longer or shorter periods, the number of men ^.,^ ' '^^' 
 required being about 2,500,000. Of these, about 500,000 ^- *^-'P- ^•♦g- 
 
 ^ . '=' ' J ' ^ ' _ U. Herald, 
 
 were furnished by New York, and about 10,000 by Oneida juiy 22, 1865. 
 County. 
 
 The necessity for more men ceased to exist before most 
 of the states had completed their quotas. In Oneida 
 County the last two calls were not filled. 
 
 AFTER THE WAR. 
 
 October 21, 1867, a Post of the Grand Army of the Re- 
 public was established in Utica, and named Post Bacon. 
 For some time it was the only Post. The name commemo-
 
 M. H., p. 307. 
 
 28 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 rates Adjutant Wlliam K. Bacon, only son of Hon. W. J. 
 Bacon. He enlisted in the 14th Regiment and was soon 
 transferred to the 26th, of which he became Adjutant. 
 He was mortally wounded at Fredericksburg, and died 
 three days later, December 16, 1862, aged twenty. 
 
 There are now three other Posts, named respectively for 
 Major W. H. Reynolds of the 14th N. Y. Heavy Artillery ; 
 Capt. John F. McOuade, of the 14th N. Y. Infantry; and 
 
 U. Herald, t^ J ^ ^ t J ' 
 
 Oct. 13, i8gi. Capt. Frederick Harrer, also of the 14th, who was wounded 
 and taken prisoner at Gaines Mills, and died in a few days, 
 July 13, 1862. 
 
 Daily Papers. 
 
 General Grant visited Utica several times. One of these 
 occasions was the meeting of the Army of the Cumberland, 
 September 15, 1875, when Gen. Sherman and Gen. Hooker 
 were also present. 
 
 Daily Papers. 
 
 October 13, 1891, a Soldiers' Monument was unveiled 
 in Oneida Square. 
 
 At Waterville, June 10, 1899, a monument to the Sol- 
 Daiiy Papers, dicrs and Sailors of Sangerfield and Marshall, was dedicated 
 with appropriate ceremonies. 
 
 The battle-flags of the Oneida County Regiments have 
 
 been given for safe keeping to the Oneida Historical So- 
 
 Daiiy Papers, cicty. Several of these flags had been presented to the 
 
 Presentation . ,,,. .. , ..i ^ii_ 
 
 of Battle FiaRs regiments by the ladies of Utica, and one to the 97th by 
 (Pamphlet), the ladies of Boonville. Those of the 14th, 26th, 117th, 
 146th Infantry, and of the 2d Heavy Artillery, as well as 
 the colors of the 5th Corps Headquarters and of the 2d 
 Brigade, were received with appropriate ceremonies at the 
 Munson-Williams Memorial Building, December 14, 1897 ; 
 and those of the 97th Infantrv, similarly. May 10, 1898. 
 
 D. C. Stod- - 
 
 dard'sAd- The 2d Flcavy Artillery "was not strictly an Oneida 
 
 Pa^iTrs'^De^c^^ Couuty regiment, and yet we believe that more men served 
 15,1897. in it from this county and vicinity than in any regiment
 
 THE CITY OF UTICA 1861-65. 
 
 29 
 
 which was organized within it and called by its name. Presentation 
 
 ° .of Battle 
 
 More than four thousand names were borne upon its Flags, .pam- 
 
 rolls." Pblet), pp. 33. 
 
 Field Officers of Oneida County Regiments. 
 
 {Authorities, Reports of Adjutants General, State of New York, 
 1866,1868. Muster Rolls, N. Y. S. Vols. Phisterer's Statist. Record. 
 Hists. 97th and 117th Reg'ts.) 
 
 I4TH N. Y. VOL. INFANTRY. 
 
 (iSt Oneida.) Date of commission. 
 
 May 17, 1861 — May 24, 1863. 
 
 Colonel. James McQuade, June20, 1861. 
 
 Brevet Maj. Gen. U. S. V., March 13, 1865. 
 
 Lieut. Colonels. (i) Charles H. Skillen, June 24, 1861. 
 Killed at Gaines Mills, Va. , June 27, 1862. 
 
 (2) Thomas M. Davies, July 21, 1862. 
 
 Majors. 
 
 (i) Charles B. Young, June 24, 1861. 
 
 (2) Thomas M. Davies, Jan. 3, 1862. 
 
 (3) Lewis Michaels, July 21, 1862. 
 
 Colonels. 
 
 26TH N. Y. VOL. INFANTRY. 
 
 (2d Oneida.) 
 
 May 21, 1861 — May 28, 1863. 
 
 (i) William H. Christian, June 20, 1861. 
 (2) Rich'd H. Richardson, Nov. 24,1862. 
 
 Lieut. Colonels. 
 
 Majors. 
 
 (i) Rich'd H. Richardson, June 20, 1861 . 
 (2) Gilbert S. Jennings, Nov. 29, 1862. 
 
 (i) Gilbert S. Jennings, June 20, 1861. 
 (2) Ezra F. Wetmore, Nov. 29, 1862.
 
 30 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 97TH N. Y. VOL. INFANTRY. 
 
 ( 3d Oneida.) 
 February 7, 1862 — July 18, 1865. 
 
 Date of Commission. 
 
 Coionds. (i) Charles Wheelock, Mar. 10, 1862. 
 
 Brevet Brig. Gen. U. S. V. for distinguished 
 service on the field of Weldon R. R. (Aug. 19, 
 1864). Died Jan. 15, 1865. 
 
 (2) John P. Spofford, Jan. 31, 1865. 
 
 Brevet Brig. Gen. U. S. V., Mar. 13, 1865. 
 
 Lieut. Colonels. (i) John P. Spofford, Mar. 10, 1862. 
 
 (2) Rouse S. Egelston, Jan. 31, 1865. 
 
 Majors. (i) Charles Northrup, Mar. 10, 1862. 
 
 Disabled at The Wilderness, May 6, 1864. 
 
 (2) Rouse S. Egelston, Jan. 31, 1865. 
 
 (3) Delos E. Hall, Jan. 31, 1865. 
 
 II7TH N. Y. VOL. INFANTRY. 
 
 ( 4th Oneida.) 
 
 August 20, 1862 — June 28, 1865. 
 
 Colonels. (i) William R. Pease, Aug. 22, 1862. 
 
 Brevet Brig. Gen. U. S. V., Mar. 13, 1865. 
 
 (2) Alvin White, Sept. 5, 1863', 
 
 (3) Rufus Daggett, Aug. 12, 1864. 
 For signal service at Chapin's Farm (Sept. 29, 
 
 1864), Brevet Brig. Gen. U. S. V., Jan. 15, 
 1865. 
 
 Lieut. Colonels. (i) Alvin White, Aug. 22, 1862. 
 
 (2) Rufus Daggett, Sept. 5, 1863. 
 
 (3) Francis X. Meyers, Aug. 12, 1864. 
 Brevet Colonel for gallant and meritorious ser- 
 vices at Fort Fisher (Jan. 15, 1865).
 
 THE CITY OF UTICA 1 86 I -6 5 3 I 
 
 Date of Commission. 
 
 Majors. (i) Rufus Daggett, Aug. 22, 1862. 
 
 (2) Francis X. Meyers, Sept. 5, 1863. 
 
 (3) Egbert Bagg, Aug. 12, 1864. 
 Brevet Lieut. Colonel for gallant and meritori- 
 ous services at Fort Fisher (Jan. 15, 1865). 
 
 I46TH N. Y. VOL, INFANTRY. 
 
 (5th Oneida.) 
 
 October 10, 1862 — July 16, 1865. 
 
 Colonels. (i) Kenner Garrard, Sept. 23, 1862. 
 
 Capt. 5th U. S.Cav. 
 
 Brig. Gen. U. S. V., July 23, 1863. 
 
 Maj. Gen. U. S. V., Dec. 15, 1864. 
 
 Maj. 3d U. S. Cav. 
 
 Brevet Maj. Gen., U. S. A., Mar. 13, 1865. 
 
 (2) David T. Jenkins, Aug. 3, 1863. 
 Killed at The Wilderness, May 5, 1864. 
 
 (3) James G. Grindlay, Feb. 15, 1865. 
 Brevet Brig. Gen., U. S. V., Mar. 13, 1865. 
 
 Lieut. Colonels. (i) David T. Jenkins, Oct. 11, 1862. 
 
 (2) Jesse J. Armstrong, Oct. 7, 1863. 
 
 (3) Henry H. Curran, May 18, 1864. 
 Killed at The Wilderness, May 5, 1864. He 
 
 was acting Lieut. Col., and his commission as 
 such reached his family after his death. 
 
 (4) James G. Grindlay, Feb. i, 1865. 
 
 (5) Peter Claesgens, Mar. 30, 1865. 
 
 Majors. (i) David T. Jenkins, Oct. 2, 1862. 
 
 (2) William S. Corning, Oct. 18, 1862. 
 
 (3; Henry H. Curran, Oct. 7, 1863. 
 
 (4) James G. Grindlay, May 18, 1864. 
 
 (5) Peter Claesgens, Dec. 7, 1864. 
 
 (6) Isaac P. Powell, Mar. 30, 1865.
 
 32 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 2D N. Y. HEAVY ARTILLERY. 
 
 Colonels. (i) Jeremiah Palmer, of Oriskany. 
 
 (2) Gustave Wagner, 
 
 (3) Milton Cogswell, U. S. A. 
 
 (4) J. V. G. Whistler, U. S. A. 
 
 Lieut. Colonel. Henry P. Roach. 
 Majors. Alexander Douel. 
 
 William A. McKay.
 
 V. 
 
 INDUSTRIAL GROVv/TH OF UTICA AND 
 VICINITY. 
 
 [Data, unless otherwise indicated, obtained through the kindness of 
 Mr. Quentin McAdam, of the Chamber of Commerce.] 
 
 THE importance of the manufacturing enterprises of the 
 city and its environs may be appreciated by keeping 
 in mind the fact that the various Cotton and Woolen 
 Mills, Clothing manufactories, Furnaces, Foundries, 
 Knitting mills, Lumber yards, Boiler and Machine shops, 
 and other industries, including Agricultural Implements, 
 Electrical Supplies and Automobiles, have a capital of more 
 than $12,000,000. , and annual sales of $15,250,000., and 
 give imployment to 13,523 operatives (7,958 men, 5,565 
 women,) with a yearly pay-roll of $4,000,000. 
 
 COTTON AND WOOLEN. 
 
 The Cotton and Woolen industries alone have a capital 
 invested of $ 5 , 000, 000. , and furnish constant employment to 
 5,000 operatives, paying them $2,000,000. annually; 
 and the yearly sales of the manutactured product amount 
 to $6, 500,000. These are the most important industries 
 of Utica. 
 
 The first Cotton mills in the State, as well as the first 
 
 . . H. Hurlburt, 
 
 Woolen mills, were, so far as known, established in the in Trans, o.h. 
 town of W^hitestown,in the present limits of Oneida County. ^•'^^^7^' pp- 
 The earliest was the Cotton factory which stood nearly Dr. Bagg, in 
 
 1 • r I 1 -n -KT 17 , Ti'Mi e Trans. O. H.S. 
 
 on the site 01 the lower mill at New York Mills, "a few jj 
 rods south of the canal above Yorkville." 
 
 The prime mov^er in this, as in the other early factories of 
 the county, was Dr. Seth Capron, who, with others, bought 
 3 
 
 31, pp. 112-24
 
 34 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 land and water privilege for the mill February 2, 1808. Ben- 
 jamin S. Walcott, of Rhode Island, was one of the early 
 co-partners who assumed the name "Walcott and Co." They 
 began the spinning of cotton yarn November, 1809, the 
 first public advertisement dating November 13. Mr. Wal- 
 cott soon returned to the East, and Benjamin S. Walcott, 
 Jr., who was also one of the stockholders, became Super- 
 intendent or Agent. The company was incorporated as 
 the "Oneida Manufacturing Society," March 10, 1810. 
 
 The power loom for weaving cotton was introduced into 
 this country in 18 12, and first used at Waltham, Mass., 
 the process being kept secret as long as possible. It 
 Vv'as discovered, and put in operation in Whitestown in 1817, 
 The Oriskany Manufacturing Society was incorporated 
 February 16, 1 8 1 1 , and within a year began making woolen 
 goods on Oriskany Creek, obtaining the finer kinds of wool 
 from the Mt. Merino Association, which maintained nu- 
 merous flocks of costly sheep on Dr. Capron's farms at 
 Decrfield. The wool industry was very profitable during 
 the war with England ; but when importations were re- 
 sumed on the return of peace, prices fell, and great losses 
 were suffered. 
 
 The New Hartford Manufacturing Society was incorpo- 
 rated by special act, March 30, 18 10, to make cotton and 
 H.Huribuit, in woolen cloths ; but apparently only cotton goods were 
 1887-9, pp. 55, made. The property was ultimately purchased by the New 
 ^*- Hartford Cotton Manufacturing Company, organized 1870. 
 
 Ibid, p. 56. The Capron Cotton Manufacturing Company was incor- 
 
 Dr. BaKg.in^ poratcd April 5, 1 8 14. The present name is the Utica 
 i88i,pp.i2o, 121. Cotton Manufacturing Company. Its capital is $100,000. 
 The "Whitestown Cotton and Woolen Manufacturing 
 Ibid p iiq Society" was organized January 13, 1813. It was known 
 J. Harris, in ^Iso as Walcott's Factory; and as the Buhr-stone Factory, 
 
 Trans. O. H.S. , ^ , , -r^ i i-, i -n ■ i 
 
 1887-0. p. 57. from the fact that the French Buhr mill-stones were used 
 
 Ibid, p. iig.
 
 INDUSTRIAL GROWTH OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 35 
 
 in it. It was the outgrowth of a grinding or grist mill 
 
 .... ^ , . , , 11-1 T ^'- Herald, 
 
 built in 1796, which stood near the line between New Apr. i, 1890. 
 Hartford and New York Mills, above all the present struc- (^f pf'^t^d ^n 
 
 ^ Walcott Ma- 
 
 tures of New York Mills. Benjamin S. Walcott was the moriai.) 
 
 superintendent of the change from a grist mill to a cotton 
 factory. 
 
 In 1824, Mr. Walcott, as agent of Benjamin Marshall of 
 New York, erected a large five-story mill in what is now 
 New York Mills, for the manufacture of fine shirtings, "the 
 first attempt made in the country at producing yarns of 
 the finer grades." The name New York Mills was assumed 
 in 184c. In 1856 the firm Walcott and Campbell was 
 established (W. D. Walcott and S. Campbell), and in 
 1884 the change was made from a co-partnership to the 
 corporate form. The capital stock is now $1,000,000., the 
 three large cotton mills employing more than 3,000 opera- 
 tives ; and 120,000 spindles and 27,000 looms are actually 
 working. 
 
 The first builder of cotton and woolen machinery in this 
 State, west of the Hudson, was Oliver G. Rogers, who 
 came from Rhode Island early in the century, and estab- ^'■- ^^'^'* 
 
 •' Rogers. 
 
 lished a factory at Willowvale about 1817. For the next 
 ten years he supplied the factories of the vicinity with their 
 machinery. 
 
 Coming now to the City of Utica, we learn that about 
 the year 1846, Mr. B. F. Cooper published a series of let- 
 ters in the Uiica Daily Gazette, setting forth the value of 
 the city as a site for manufactories, and boldly proclaiming 
 the idea of the superior value of steam for manufacturing 
 purposes over water-power. In a short time capital was 
 secured and a company formed. This was the beginning 
 of the Utica Steam Cotton Mills. The company was 
 incorporated February 17, 1847, and the actual manufact-
 
 M. H., p. 603. 
 
 36 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 ure of cotton began in 1850. The capital has increased 
 from $120,000. to $690,000., with a surplus of $400,000. 
 
 In this industry we may mention also the Mohawk Val- 
 ley Cotton Mills (organized 1880, capital $1,000,000.), the 
 Skenandoa Cotton Company (1881), which manufactures 
 yarns for fine hosiery and for knit goods, (capital $600,000. , 
 surplus $400,000.). and the Utica-Willowvale Bleaching 
 Company, whose works are at Chadwicks (capital $250,- 
 000.). 
 
 The Utica Steam Woolen Mills, incorporated 1846, man- 
 ufactured broadcloth, etc., up to 1877. 
 
 The Utica Globe Mills Company was formed in 1847, 
 and was succeeded, in 1855, by the Utica Woolen Mills, 
 which name was afterwards changed to the Globe Woolen 
 Mills. Its capital is $300,000., with a very large surplus. 
 
 CLOTHING. 
 
 Second in importance ranks the manufacture of Cloth- 
 ing. In this industry Utica stands third among the cities 
 of the State, New York being first and Rochester second. 
 The industry dates back to" 1836, and thirteen different 
 establishments have made Utica a centre in this branch of 
 industry. Their total capital is $2,500,000., and 4,500 
 operatives are employed, with a yearly pay-roll of $640,000. 
 and a yearly sale of $3,500,000. 
 
 FURNACES. 
 
 The third industry of importance is that of Furnaces, 
 which dates from 1832. In the fall of 1898, all but two of 
 the companies in this business were consolidated, and com- 
 bined with two companies of Syracuse, with the name of 
 the International Heater Company. It is understood that 
 the allied capital is $1,800,000. They give employment 
 in Utica to 700 men, with a yearly pay-roll of $450,- 
 000., and a yearly sale of furnaces, stoves, and heating 
 apparatus of $1,200,000.
 
 INDUSTRIAL GROWTH OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 37 
 
 KNIT GOODS. 
 
 The fourth place may be assigned to the Knit Goods 
 manufacture, originated in 1863 for the manufacture of 
 stockings for the army during the Civil War. There are 
 eight or more important companies, including one at 
 Whitesboro. The total invested capital of the companies 
 approximates $1,000,000., furnishing employment to 1,700 
 hands, with a yearly pay-roll of $538,000., and sales of 
 $2, 160,000. 
 
 Incidental to this manufacture may be mentioned the 
 Scotch Cap Industry. 
 
 LUMBER. 
 
 In the business of Lumber, nine firms and corporations 
 are engaged, the Charles C. Kellogg and Sons Company 
 being the most important. Of these, two do a large 
 wholesale trade, and one is extensivel}' engaged in the 
 manufacture of sash, doors, blinds and boxes. It has 
 been estimated that 18,000,000 feet of lumber are hand- 
 led. The amount of capital* invested is $300,000. The 
 hands employed number 290, with a yearly pay roll of 
 $150,000., and sales of $1,000,000. 
 
 FOUNDRIES. 
 
 Another greatly diversified industry is that of the foun- 
 dry interests. In this line we may mention the following : 
 
 The Utica Pipe Foundry Company, with a capital of 
 $120,000. The capacity of the works is 75 tons of fin- 
 ished product per day, requiring the services of i 50 work- 
 men. The annual sales amount to $300,000. 
 
 The J. H. Williams Company, which manufactures all 
 kinds of mill supplies, and has a capital of $125,000. 
 
 The Savage Repeating Arms Company, which has a 
 capital limited to $250,000.
 
 38 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 MERCANTILE ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 In July, 1879, a meeting of citizens to encourage manu- 
 factures was held at the Butterfield House. At this meet- 
 ing it was stated that cotton goods from this city were sent 
 to Constantinople, and locomotive lamps to Australia, 
 New Zealand, and South America. An association was 
 formed, under the title of the Utica Manufacturing and 
 Mercantile Association, to encourage the manufacturing and 
 other business interests in and about the city of Utica. 
 The first officers were Addison C. Miller, President ; John 
 D. Kernan, Philo S. Curtis, Edmund A. Graham, Vice 
 Presidents ; Edward Curran, Treasurer ; James F. Mann, 
 Secretary. 
 
 May 15, 1896, the Utica Chamber of Commerce was or- 
 ganized, and incorporated September 2, of the same year. 
 The present President (Nov. 1899) is John C. Hoxie; 
 Secretary, Correl Humphrey. Its object is to foster the 
 business institutions of the city, to induce new enterprises 
 to locate in or near it, and to promote the general welfare 
 of Utica. The Chamber has twice sent delegates to the 
 Indianapolis Monetary Convention, and is a member of 
 the National Board of Trade. It has a membership of 
 over four hundred. 
 
 The Homestead Aid Association, incorporated 1884, has 
 been of great value in helping working men and women to 
 secure their own homes. 
 
 The following industries, established in earlier days, are 
 still important : 
 
 White's Pottery, established about 1828, by Noah White 
 and his son Nicholas A. White, on the site of one still ear- 
 
 M. H., pp. 277, ]jgj-^ ^^g Qj^g Qf ^]^Q f^j-gi; j jj ^\^[q rcgiou. Thc manufacture 
 278. 
 
 of fire brick was peculiar to it.
 
 INDUSTRIAL GROWTH OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 39 
 
 From the same time date the first steam enjrines made 
 
 ... Ibici, Pt. 11., 
 
 in Utica, which were manufactured by Philo S. Curtis. p. 19. 
 
 In especial we must mention the early use of the Tele- 
 graph in the Mohawk Valley. This was due to the fore- 
 sight of Theodore S. Faxton (1793-1881). His name is 
 associated with those of Silas D. Childs (1794- 1866), and g^^Jg^^^g^^^^' 
 Tohn Butterfield ("1801-1869), and earlier with that of4i-4- 
 
 •' . . . M. H., Pt. II. 
 
 Jason Parker (d. 1830) in the transportation business, pp. g.13, 156-8, 
 ("see VIII.), and he was afterwards prominent in the man-i^.^' 
 
 ^ ' r Pioneers, p. 
 
 agement of railroads, manufactories and banks. In 1845-6503- 
 
 AIHPtll 
 
 he, with John Butterfield and others, formed the " NeWp '„. 
 
 York, Albany and Buffalo Telegraph Company," and laid 
 
 down the first telegraph line that passed through this val- ^■^•^'"^'?^"^' 
 
 ° ^ '^ o in Geog. Jour- 
 
 ley. This was also the first line of commercial import- nai, (London) 
 
 1 11111 1 May, i8qg. 
 
 ance, and was preceded only by a short route between 
 Baltimore and Washington two years earlier. (See XL, 
 Morse and Chubbuck.) 
 
 BANKS. 
 
 The first Bank established in Utica was the Manhattan, pioneers, p. 
 a branch of the Manhattan Bank of New York. It was !"' , 
 
 >I. H , p. 569. 
 
 established in 1809, and continued till 181 8. 
 
 The first purely local bank was the Bank of Utica. It 
 was incorporated June i, 1812, began business in Decern- 31^°"^^"'^' 
 ber of that year, and became the First National Bank of ^^- h., p. 570. 
 Utica, September i, 1865. 
 
 Besides this, and passing over others which had only a 
 temporary existence, we name the following which have 
 been permanent : 
 
 Oneida Bank, incorporated May 13, 1836; began busi- 
 
 ^ J J' J ' o M. H., p. 581 
 
 ness Nov., 1836 ; became Oneida National Bank, July i, 
 1865. 
 
 Utica City Bank, incorporated April 8, 1838, but not 
 opened till Sept. 1, 1848 ; became National Bank, May, 
 1865.
 
 Ibid, p. 5go. 
 Pioneers, p.4gi 
 
 40 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 Oneida County Bank, organized 1853. 
 Ibid p 583 Second National Bank, incorporated December 10, 
 
 1863 ; began business February, 1864. 
 
 A. D. Mather and Company's Bank, established March, 
 1866 ; organized as a State Bank, November, 1890. 
 
 Utica Savings Bank, incorporated 1820, but not in op- 
 ibid, p. 5S5. eration till 1839, when a new charter was procured (July 
 26). 
 
 The banks of Utica are liberal to the merchants, and 
 thus have greatly helped in their prosperity. 
 
 Although the business of the city has had periods of dif- 
 ficulty, notably during the crisis of 1837 (see III.), when 
 M. H.,p. 57S. some of its banks failed and the rest suspended specie pay- 
 ment for seven or eight months, its advance for the last 
 thirty, and especially the last fifteen, years, if not rapid, 
 has been steady, and unusually free from drawbacks; and 
 the closing years of the century disclose a prospect full of 
 promise. 
 
 For the full record of Utica's able business men, includ- 
 ing, in addition to those already named, Abraham Varick, 
 John C. and Nicholas Devereux, Alfred Munson, Montgom- 
 ery Hunt, Henry Huntington of Rome, and many others, 
 down to our own day, the reader is referred to the inter- 
 esting accounts in Dr. Bagg's Pioneers of Utica and Me- 
 morial History, and to D. E. Wager's pamphlet, Men of 
 Early Rome. 
 
 CHEESE PRODUCTION. 
 
 New York is the greatest cheese producing State in the 
 Union, and Oneida stands at the head of its counties in 
 tryof N. Y., t^jg respcct, taking the place which Herkimer County for- 
 
 PP. 14. 54, 57. 1 u 1 1 
 
 merly held. 
 Ibid, p. 36. Here the first cheese factory was started by Jesse Wil- 
 
 juneTiSgV Hams, in the town of Rome, in 185 1. The Utica Dairy 
 
 Gilbert's 
 Cheese Indus
 
 INDUSTRIAL GROWTH OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 4 1 
 
 Board of Trade was organized in May, 1871, closely follow- 
 ing that at Little Falls, which was the first of such boards, cheese indus- 
 
 try, p. 34. 
 
 For the last ten years, until the present season, the ibid, pp. 33, 21. 
 amount of cheese marketed here has shrunk, following the 
 general decline in the trade throughout the country, but 
 Utica continues to be, as it has been from the start, the 
 greatest cheese market in the interior of the country. Its 
 heaviest transactions were in 1889 (number of boxes, i^id. pp. 34,35. 
 441,386), while the sales brought in the largest amount of 
 money in 1887 ($2,415,581.). During the season of 1899, 
 the amount of cheese marketed in Utica has probably been 
 heavier than for any season during the five years pre- 
 ceding.
 
 VI. 
 THE SPANISH WAR. 
 
 O 
 
 ,UR latest history brings us once more to a period of 
 u. Herald, V^ war. While men and women were collecting funds 
 
 Mar. 31, ig 
 
 and supplies for suffering Cubans, more efficient re- 
 lief was at hand. 
 
 April 25, 1898, Congress declared a state of war to ex- 
 Daiiy Papers, ist between the United States and Spain, dating the be- 
 ginning from April 23, when Spain dismissed the United 
 States Minister. 
 
 April 22, the President had approved the Volunteer Army 
 bill passed by Congress, and on the 23d, he issued a call 
 for 125,000 men for two years. The quota for New York 
 Ibid. was about 12,000,-12 regiments of infantry and two troops 
 
 of cavalry, the infantry to be chosen from the National 
 Guard. 
 
 COMPANY E. 
 
 April 26, the members of the two Utica companies, the 
 28th and the 44th Separate Companies, N. G. S. N. Y., 
 were given opportunity to volunteer, and a large majority 
 of each company responded. The 44th was chosen, re- 
 ceiving its orders April 27. This company represented the 
 Utica Citizens' Corps. (See III. and IV.) 
 
 It left the city May 2, amid the enthusiastic demonstra- 
 tions of the citizens, its destination being Camp Black, 
 Hempstead Plains, Long Island. Additional men followed 
 
 u. Herald, j^^y j^ ^^id Tune 22. May 20, the Company was muster- 
 May 21, iSgS. -^ ^ -^ , , ^. ^^ \^ , ^ . 
 ed into service as Co. E., of the First New York Provis- 
 ional Regiment, Colonel Thomas N. Barber, commanding. 
 The company was commanded by Captain Lewis E. 
 
 Ibid.
 
 THE SPANISH WAR. 43 
 
 Goodier ; and after he had accepted the appointment oi 
 
 Ibid, July q, 
 
 Major in the 203d Regiment, by Captam Arthur W. Pick- iSgs. 
 ard. 
 
 An officer of this company was appointed Aide on the 
 staff of Gen. King, and sailed with him for Manila early i^'^'^'^^PJ/^' 
 
 o' -' Nov. 7, 1898. 
 
 in November. 
 
 From Camp Black, the regiment was transferred in June 
 to the Forts in New York Harbor, Co. E. going to Fort ^^^'^' J^"^ '°> 
 Hamilton, and thence to San Francisco, July 7. Reach- 
 ing San Francisco July 14 and 15, the regiment was placed 
 in the Department of the West, and assigned to garriso n ^'^^'^' I^^y ^2. 
 duty at Honolulu; the Hawaiian Islands having been 
 placed in this military department by order of the War au i 2 28 
 Department, July 11. The regiment sailed for Honolulu 1898. 
 August II, arriving August ly. 
 
 While in San Francisco, the men received great kindness ^^ ^^ 
 
 '^ U. Observer, 
 
 from Lieut. Col. Oscar F. Long, (Capt. U. S. A.), Depot Aug. 27, 1898. 
 Quartermaster ; a native of Utica and once a member of ^^^ ^^ ^g^^^ 
 the Utica Citizens' Corps. His efficiency and his thought- 
 ful care for the Utica men received high praise and heart}' 
 gratitude. 
 
 COMPANY G. 
 
 Under the second call for troops (75,000 for two years), u h m 
 the quota for New York was about 8,000, — three regi- June is, 21, 
 ments of infantry and three batteries of artillery. The i^^^^ j^jy g_ 
 20ist, 2o2d and 203d Regiments were raised under this '^''^• 
 call. 
 
 The enlistment was open to all, and thus the 28th Com- 
 pany, which had volunteered ninety-two per cent, of its ^^^^ j^j^ ^^ 
 members in April, could not enter active service as an or- iSgs. 
 
 , , , I- . , , , Ibid, Apr. 28, 
 
 ganization ; but a large number of its members volunteered 1898. 
 in the company recruited from Oneida County under Cap- 
 tain Charles Shaver Horsburgh. This became Co. G.,
 
 44 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 203d New York Regiment, Colonel Walter S. Schuyler 
 
 Daily Papers. . • r^ 
 
 commanding. It was mustered mto service at Syracuse, 
 July 19, 1898, and left for Camp Black the same day. 
 Sept. II, the regiment was moved to Camp Meade, 
 Ibid, Sept. 22, i^ear Harrisburg, Pa., and thence, Oct. 2, to Camp Cone- 
 capt. Hors- wago in the Conewago Valley. At Camp Meade it be- 
 HeraM^A^r ^amc part of the 2d Army Corps. Nov. 1 1 it was moved 
 25, 189^ to Camp Wetherill, Greenville, S. C. 
 
 U. Herald, 
 
 Sept. 24, i8g8 
 
 Mar. 28, 1899. COMPANY K. 
 
 July 25, Major Joseph H. Remmer began to recruit a 
 company for the 202d Regiment in Utica. July 30, fifty 
 men under his command left the city for Buffalo, the 
 Daii Pa er Tcndezvous of the regiment. The company became Co. 
 u. Herald, K., and August 2, followed Co. G., of the 203d, to Camp 
 captfRemmer Black, and Sept. 12 to Camp Meade. Nov. 30 the regi- 
 in u. Herald, jnent left for Savannah, Ga., and Dec. 6, sailed for 
 
 Apr. 18. iSgg. .... 
 
 Havana, landing Dec. 10. It was the first body of United 
 States troops to enter the city. It was commanded by 
 Colonel Stephen Y. Seyburn, (Captain U. S. A.). 
 
 WAR RELIEF ASSOCIATIONS. 
 
 Meantime, with the first note of war, organizations were 
 formed to care for the welfare of the soldiers and their 
 families. 
 
 The Oneida County War Committee was organized in 
 Apr. 26, 189S. the rooms of the Chamber of Commerce, April 26, 1898, 
 Rept u. Her- ^j^(^ (J^J-i^-,„ ^j-^g ^^^j- expended more than $2,000. for Oneida 
 
 aid. Apr. 26, ^ . '^ 
 
 1899. county men in the field. 
 
 The Women's War Relief Association of Oneida County 
 was formed in the Auditorium of the New Century Club, 
 
 U. Herald. . , • i- 1 j j -i. 
 
 May 2, 1898 April 30. At its annual meeting, when it disbanded, its 
 
 Ibid., May 2, ^Qj-i^ completed, the treasurer reported disbursements 
 
 amounting to more than $i,ioo. The association also
 
 THE SPANISH WAR. 45 
 
 sent to different camps eleven boxes of supplies, averaging 
 in value $ioo each. 
 
 The Oneida Chapter of the Daughters of the American 
 Revolution joined in the hospital work undertaken by the 
 national organization at Washington, and sent one nurse 
 for service. The Chapter also contributed largely in 
 money and supplies, the estimated total amount being 
 about $1,200. 
 
 In June a third women's society was formed, auxiliary ibid., June 25, 
 to the Women's National War Relief Association. '^^^' 
 
 The Board of Managers of St. Luke's Hospital offered 
 the War Department, through Congressman Sherman, ac- ibid., Aug. 30, 
 commodations for 75 sick soldiers, but this help was not '^5^' 
 considered necessary. 
 
 St. Elizabeth's Hospital gave gratuitous care to four 
 soldiers, and received a fifth at reduced rates. 
 
 NURSES. 
 
 Utica sent ten women as nurses to the army hospitals. 
 They were Mrs. Emma Keith Booth, Miss Justine Clemens- j^^^^j gept 
 son, Mrs. A. Hannahs and Miss Mary E. Hannahs, Miss d^<=- 2°- ^^-'S. 
 Josephine Shue, Miss Florence Wright, three Sisters of iSgg.' 
 Charity from St. John's Orphan Asylum, and one from St. 
 Joseph's Infant Home. Three or four other women, for- 
 merly of Utica or vicinity, did similar service. 
 
 Dr. J. M. Sweeney, a practising physician of Utica, vol- 
 unteered as an immune from 5'ellow fever, and served sev- iSgs. ' 
 eral months at Santiago, Cuba. 
 
 Charles C. Bangs, a native of Oneida County, who when 
 young had served under the Christian Commission in the 
 
 . . Ibid., Aug. 26, 
 
 Civil War, became a nurse of the Red Cross Society in iSgs. 
 April, 189S, and died in the work at Santiago early in 
 August. 
 
 Thirteen men of Co. G, 203d Regiment, volunteered as
 
 46 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 capt. Hors- Hurscs while at Camp Black, and were sent to Montauk 
 
 burgh, in U. Point. 
 Herald, Apr. 
 
 25, iSCQ. 
 
 RETURN OF THE TROOPS. 
 
 Ibid., Dec. 26, Ordeis for the return of Co. E. reached Honolulu 
 
 iSqS. 
 
 J. s. Cole 13 at Thanksgiving^ time. The men left for home Dec. 8, and 
 u. Heraxa, reached Utica on Christmas Day, after 238 davs of service. 
 
 Jan. 16, i3gg. -^ J . 
 
 About twenty men, delayed by sickness, arrived later. 
 
 A month afterwards, Jan. 25, 1899, a banquet was given 
 the company by the citizens of Utica, at the Armory. Gen. 
 Dai.y P^?«"- Joseph Wheeler, U. S. A., was a distinguished guest. 
 
 The company was mustered out at theiVrmory, Feb. 23. 
 1899. 
 
 u. Herald, Co. G. was mustered out of service at Greenville, S.C., 
 
 iiar. 23, isoo ^jgjrch 2;, iSqq. and reached Utica, March 27. 
 
 Co. K. left Cuba about the middle of March, was 
 
 Ibid.. Apr. i2, 
 
 iSgi}. mustered out at Savannah, Ga. , and reached home 
 
 April 17. 
 
 The return of these companies was celebrated April 24, 
 Daily Papers, by a parade, a banquet in the Masonic building, and a ball 
 
 in the Armor}*. 
 
 U. Herald. 
 
 Besides those in the three Utica companies, about 105 
 Oneida County men served during the war. Twenty-one 
 
 Apr. 29, iSgQ. of these belonged to the 9th U. S. Infantry, and nine were 
 in the Navy. 
 
 Four men of the Utica Companies died in the service. 
 
 u Herald J" Harry Read of Co. E., at San Francisco, August 9, 
 
 Ang. io,iaqs. 1 898 ; C. Harry Thompson, who left Utica with Co. E., 
 
 isga.' ^ * but was transferred to Co. H., at Honolulu, Oct. 15, 1898 ; 
 
 l^^ ^°''- '^' Corporal O. Ross Wheeler of Co. E., at Honolulu, Nov. 
 
 ibid^ Sept. 29, J, 1898 ; Nicholas Schug of Co. G., at Philadelphia, Sept. 
 
 '"^^ 28, 1898.
 
 THE SPANISH WAR. 47 
 
 Six Oneida County men belonging to other organizations 
 have also died in the Spanish and Philippine wars, includ- 
 ing one who perished in the destruction of the Maine. 
 
 Ma}" 24. 1899, medals were presented by the Oneida 
 County War Committee to the m.en of Oneida County who 
 had served in the Spanish war. The ceremon)- took place ^"^ aper^. 
 in the Armory, and each soldier received a bronze medal 
 bearing his name. About 350 medals were given. They 
 were distributed by the President of the Women's War 
 Rtlief Association, other ladies assisting. 
 
 The guest of honor on this occasion was Capt. Charles 
 S. Sigsbee. U. S. N., of the battleship Texas, the former 
 commander of the Maine, and the audience heard from his 
 own lips the story of the destruction of the ship. 
 
 Mr. T. R. Proctor, President of the Oneida County War 
 Committee, gave the young men an address of welcome, 
 closing with the words; "Be good citizens, and do what 
 you can to improve the town in which you live. Let it be 
 said of you when you are gone that the town is better for 
 your having lived in it."
 
 q^] 
 
 VII. 
 
 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATIONS. 
 
 *HE followinj^' Centennial Celebrations have been held 
 in the towns of Oneida County : 
 Mr. E. J. Bar- Augusta. Presb3'terian Churcli ; organized as a Con- 
 thoiomew, gregational Church, September 7, 1797. Became Presby- 
 terian 1866. Celebration, October 26, 27, 1897. 
 B-ookfieid Brid s^eivatc7\ Congregational Church ; organized 
 
 Courier, July ^ fe fi » ^. 
 
 6, i8g8. March 8, 1798. Celebration, June 29, 1898. 
 
 One Hundred Caj/idcii. Congregational Church ; organized February 
 
 Years ist jq 1798, at Paris Hill, consisting of eight persons who 
 
 Cong. VAi. ^11^1 r> or 
 
 Camden, pp. were " about to move to Fish Creek, in the township of 
 
 '' '^' Mexico," now Camden. Celebration, Februar}/ 22, 1898. 
 
 Kirkland. Settlement of Clinton by Moses Foote and 
 
 Gridley's "^ 
 
 Hist., Town of others, March, 1787. Celebration, July 13, 1887. Pres- 
 utica^Daiiy^^ idcut Cleveland, whose . boyhood was in part spent in the 
 Papers village, was the guest of honor. 
 
 First Church of Clinton ; organized as a Congregational 
 
 Church by Dr. Jonathan Edwards the younger, August, 
 
 Hist^Tp^ 1 79 1, the same month in which he organized the churches 
 
 Cent. Anniv'y at New Hartford and Paris. Became Presbyterian 1864. 
 
 Install. Rev. »,ir^-i.T i- i i- nii- 
 
 A. s. Norton. Rcv. Asahcl S. Norton ordamed and mstailed hrst pastor, 
 September 18, 1793. Celebration of this latter event, 
 September 27, 1893. 
 
 N H rt Cent Neiv Havtford. Settlement by Jedediah Sanger, March, 
 
 Trans. O.H.S., 1788. Celebration, Juno 27, 1888. 
 ^^' Presbyterian Church ; organized as Congregational 
 
 Cent. Day, Church by Dr. Jonathan Edwards the younger, August 27, 
 
 Pres. Ch. N. 
 
 Society had organized June 6, under the name " First Re- 
 
 179 1. Services held in Tedediah Sanger's barn. The 
 
 Hart., p. 19. ' -^ -' "
 
 CENTENNIAL CELEBRATIONS. 49 
 
 ligious Society in Whitestown." Rev. Dan Bradley or- 
 dained first pastor, January ii, I7Q2. As there were no ^^i"^- p- 'S- 
 
 ... J ' I :^ Ibid., pp. 32, 23. 
 
 churches in the vicinity which could be called as a Council 
 for his ordination, the services took place in Connecticut, 
 a committee of the Church taking the long winter journey . ., 
 to be present at the occasion. Church became Presby- 
 terian, 1 801. Celebration, August 27, 1891, including 
 service in the old barn. 
 
 Paris. Congregational Church ; organized by Jonathan 
 Edwards as "the second Church of Christ in Whites- ^^^^ j,'^"*" 
 town/' August 29, 1 79 1. Celebration, August 29, 1891. 
 
 St. Paul's Church (Episcopal) ; organized February 13, u. Daily Press 
 1797. Celebration, June 16, 1897. 
 
 Already, October i, 1880, the Paris re-interment had Trans, o. h. 
 taken place in this village. 82.' 
 
 Colonel Isaac Paris (i 761 -1790) is remembered as the 
 large-hearted ..lerchant of Fort Plain who, in 1789, sent 
 prompt and generous help to the almost starving settlers of 
 Clinton. Three years later (1792) a new township in- 
 cluding Clinton was formed from Whitestown, and the 
 people gave it the name of their benefactor. In our own 
 day, the old cemetery at Fort Plain having been aban- 
 doned, the suggestion was made and accepted of removing ^^ ^^^, j^.^, 
 the remains of Colonel Paris to that part of the old town Town of Paris, 
 of Paris which still bears his name. The plan was carried 
 out under the auspices of a committee from Kirkland, 
 Marshall, and Paris, the towns once included in that of 
 Paris, and the dust of this early friend was laid to rest in 
 the burial ground of St. Paul's Church, with religious serv- 
 ices and commemorative addresses. 
 
 Tiyr 1 T ^1 -1 Jones's Annals 
 
 Rome, rirst Methodist Church ; class organized 1799- p-sqs 
 Celebration, February 3-5, 1899. Feb^nsgg. 
 
 Sans:erficld. Baptist Church of Waterville. Council 
 
 , -^ ^ . U. Herald, 
 
 to give Church Fellowship December 15, 1798. Church Dec. 20, 1898. 
 4
 
 50 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 took the name "First Baptist Church of Sangerfield." 
 
 Celebration, December 19, 1898. 
 Jones' Annals Trent Oil. Town Organized from Schuyler, Herkimer 
 u. Herald, Couutv, March24, 1797. Celebration in village, Decem- 
 
 Dec. g-ii, 13, 
 
 isq?. ber 9, 10, II, 1897. 
 
 Jones' Annals ^ . . ,.,, ^ ■ \ c- t i • 
 
 p. 469- The first Unitarian Church m the State was formed in 
 
 Pioneers, p. Q2. ^ i ,o^- 
 
 one Hundred Trenton about 1805. 
 
 J^r^^yilt' Utica. Trinity Church ; organized by Rev. Philander 
 ^u^ie^s-^r'sps Chase, 1798 (see II.). Celebration, June 15, 16, 1898. 
 Cent. Anniv. Wcstniorclaud. Congregational Church ; organized 
 we^tmfre- " September 20, 1792. Celebration, September 20, 1892. 
 j^'ones' Annals Mcthodist Episcopal Church ; class organized probably 
 Rev^RB. between 1795 and 1798. Celebration, October i, 2, 
 
 Cauidwell, ,0,^- 
 
 Westmore 1*^95- 
 
 ^^"^- VVhitestown. Settlement by Hugh White, June, 1784. 
 
 Whitestown ./ o j 
 
 Cent.inTrans, Celebration, JuUC 5, I884. 
 
 ?88i"4.^' Presbyterian Church; organized April i, 1793, as the 
 
 United Society of Whitestown and Old Fort Schuyler, 
 
 U Herald 
 
 Apr. 3, 189?. " whose name is still perpetuated." Rev. Bethuel Dodd 
 installed first pastor, August 21, 1794. (Seel, and II.). 
 Ibid., June •o-^.gig^^^^.^^^ ^pj.-l j^ J893. 
 
 Baptist Church; organized June 18, 1796. Celebra- 
 tion, June 18, 1896. 
 
 Oneida County. Formed from part of Herkimer 
 ^ones nna;, ^^^^^^^^ March 1 5, 1798. Celebration by Oneida His- 
 pioneers,p.79-^Qj.i^.al Socicty in Muuson-Williams Memorial Building, 
 
 Daily Papers. ^ 
 
 Utica, March 15, 1898.
 
 VIII. / 
 
 HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION. ROUTES OF 
 
 TRAVEL. 
 
 INDIAN TRAILS. 
 
 THE Indians made their journeys entirely over trails and 
 natural water ways, and these the white settlers also 
 were at first obliged to use. 
 The trails of this locality were as follows : one from 
 Oneida Castle and another from the Oneida carrying place, 
 both of which led east and crossed each other at the foot 
 of what is now Genesee Street. Continuing, one trail kept 
 to the south of the river down the valley ; the other branch- 
 ed on the north side of the ford, one branch leading down 
 through Schuyler to the east, while the other extended 
 north through the Black River country. 
 
 RIVER NAVIGATION. 
 
 Between the Atlantic seaboard and the great lakes, there 
 was a direct route by way of the Hudson and Mohawk Riv- 
 ers to the present site of Rome, and from that point by a Pager's Hist. 
 
 ^ ' f J Oneida Co., p. 
 
 short portage of about a mile to Wood Creek, whence the 20. 
 route lay down the stream to Oneida Lake, to the Oswego 
 River, to Lake Ontario and the West. 
 
 In the last century the Mohawk was a stream of much 
 greater volume than at present. It was an important factor 
 in commerce even after the roads in the vicinity of its 
 upper course claimed the name of highways, and was nav-M. H.,p. 361. 
 igable for vessels of light tonnage from Schenectady to 
 Fort Stanwix. In ascending, the river was not dangerous, 
 but the descent, over the rocky bed with its numerous
 
 52 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 shallows, was attended with much danger of staving the 
 boat. 
 
 In 1796, navigation was greatly facilitated by an incor- 
 porated company known as the Western Inland Lock Navi- 
 gation Company, the purpose of which was to construct a 
 canal and locks around the Little Falls on the Mohawk, 
 and a canal across the carrying place at Rome, and to clear 
 of obstructions Wood Creek and the waters beyond. 
 
 PASSENGER BOATS. 
 
 Previous to 1807, a line of boats was established to carry 
 produce, and three stage boats were added for passengers. 
 A weekly line plied between Schenectady and Cayuga. In 
 M. H., p. 362. 181 2, stage boats were traversing the waters twice each 
 week between Utica and Schenectady. The time allowed 
 for a trip was twenty-four hours. 
 
 STATE OR TURNPIKE ROADS. 
 
 The first state road from Albany to Utica was con- 
 
 Pioneeis. p. _ -^ 
 
 104. structed in 1794, though as late as 1800 it was almost 
 
 impassable. 
 
 GENESEE TURNPIKE. 
 
 The section of road from Utica west to the Genesee 
 River was completed in 1794. It was known as the Gen 
 M.H.,p. 367. esee Turnpike, and led through White's Town, Oriskany, 
 Fort Stanwix, etc. It was built by the inhabitants living 
 along the line of the road. 
 
 The same year legislative action was taken to con- 
 struct a road from Albany to Utica. The Mohawk 
 Turnpike and Bridge Company was awarded the contract 
 Burton's Hist, to build a scction of ten miles of road on the north side of 
 
 Herk. co.,p. ^j^g rivcr. It was built in an expeditious but unsubstantial 
 214. 
 
 manner, of the materials found along the hne, and the 
 
 work proved unsatisfactory.
 
 HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION ROUTES OF TRAVEL. 53 
 
 SENECA TURNPIKE. 
 
 In 1800, a charter was granted the Seneca Turnpike 
 Company to construct a road from Utica to the western 
 part of the State, by way of New Hartford, Kirkland, Ver- 
 non, Oneida Castle, etc. 
 
 It followed the line of the Indian trail, but was less cir- m. h., p. 368. 
 cuitous. The road leading across the Mohawk between 
 Utica and Deerfield was also straightened and otherwise 
 improved at this time by the Seneca Turnpike Company. 
 
 The building of these great thoroughfares gave Utica 
 much importance as a commercial center. 
 
 MAIL AND STAGE SERVICE. 
 
 In 1 792, Congress gave much attention to extending post 
 roads, and a mail route was established between Albany 
 and Whitesboro, though at this time it was conducted as 
 a private enterprise which employed Jason Parker to de- 
 liver the mail along the entire route regularly, as often asMunson-s An- 
 twice each month. The roads were rough, and the jour-°f\^°*^"'*"y 
 
 " ■" Vol. I, p. 248. 
 
 ney was made sometimes on horseback, sometimes on 
 foot. 
 
 If^ ^793. a stage line was established, and passengers were 
 carried from Albany to Old Fort Schuyler for $2.50 ; to 
 Whitesboro for $3. In 1802, this mail and passenger 
 route was extended from Old Fort Schuyler to Onondaga. 
 Through the enterprise of Jason Parker, an act of the 
 Legislature was passed giving to him and Levi Stephens 
 the exclusive right for seven years (1803 to 18 10), to run 
 a line of stages twice each v/eek over the route mentioned, m. h.. p. 370. 
 the fare not to exceed five cents per mile. In 18 10, three 
 trips were made each week between Albany and Utica. A 
 year later, the western section, from Utica to Buffalo and 
 Niagara Falls, was completed, and excellent service was 
 given. Mr. Parker associated with him in the transporta-
 
 54 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 tion business Theodore S. Faxton, Silas D. Childs and 
 John Butterfield, who became prominent in many business 
 enterprises and who did much for the upbuilding of Utica. 
 
 ERIE CANAL. 
 
 Previous to the war of 1812, the subject of connecting 
 the Hudson river with Lake Erie by a public waterway 
 had received much attention, and three surveys were 
 made. Indeed, this subject had been in the minds of far 
 Wager's Hist seeing men from a much earlier time. In 1792, the 
 learned Hollander, Dr. Van der Kemp, described the great 
 results he expected from the improvements to navigation in 
 this State, then just begun. This is a part of his quaintly 
 expressed prophecy : 
 
 " See here ... an early communication by water 
 carriage opened between the most distant parts of this ex- 
 tensive commonwealth. . . . Fort Stanwix must be- 
 come a staple place for the commodities of the West 
 ITvanZr • • ^"^ O^^ ^o^^ Schuyler . . . nearly the cen- 
 Kemp,in tral spot of intercourse between the north and west, trans- 
 j. s. May. formed into an opulent mercantile city . . . when 
 Copy loaned ^jjg tomahawk and scalping knife shall be replaced by the 
 
 by Mr. An- _ . . . 
 
 drew, of sickle and the pencil of the artist, and the wigwam by 
 
 marble palaces. Go there and dig canals through the 
 
 J. F. vSey- western country. Dare only to undertake the enterprise, 
 
 mour'scent. g^j-^^j J warrant success. Give me the disposal of 50 New 
 
 Address, Tren- '^ _ _ 
 
 ton, 1876, pp. York purses, and I will do what others promise in florid 
 
 ^^' ""^ speeches. ... I will go to the watery nymph Erie, 
 
 and trace a beautiful curve through which her Ladyship 
 
 shall be compelled to pay of her tribute to the ocean through 
 
 the Genesee Country." 
 
 Finally, after much bitter opposition, the work was un- 
 ^jj*^^^^'^^^^*'^'^" dertaken, largely through the able advocacy of Gov. De- 
 Witt Clinton. July 4, 18 17, excavation was begun in
 
 HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION ROUTES OF TRAVEL. 55 
 
 Rome, and Oct. 22, 18 19, the section between Rome and Jones's Annais 
 Utica having been filled by the Oriskany creek, the first ^^^^' 
 boat cleared a passage amid great rejoicings. 143- 
 
 The canal was finished Oct. 20th, 1825, and the event 
 was celebrated with appropriate ceremonies, during which 
 Gov. Clinton arrived in Utica on his journey through the pioneers, pp. 
 canal from Buffalo to New York, and was received here ^30, 631. 
 with great enthusiasm, and with a formal welcome in the 
 Court House. 
 
 CHENANGO CANAL. 
 
 In 1834 work was begun on the Chenango Canal. This 
 waterway led through the Chenango valley, and was com- 
 pleted in 1836. Its entire length was 97 miles, and it was 
 of special importance to Utica and the country north of 
 Utica in transporting coal from the mines of Pennsylvania. 
 
 After the opening of the Delaware, Lackawanna and 
 Western R. R., and the Utica, Clinton and Binghamton R. 
 R., the Chenango canal was abandoned. 
 
 The canals are the property of the State. 
 
 PLANK ROADS. 
 
 About the year 1847, Companies were incorporated to 
 build plank roads over marshy and rough highways. One 
 extending from Deerfield to Remsen was the first completed 
 in this vicinity, and it proved to be a great boon to the 
 country through which it passed. Subsequently, other 
 plank roads were built from Utica to Rome on the west ; 
 to Schuyler and Frankfort on the east ; and on the south 
 to New Hartford and Clinton, Waterville and Burlington. 
 
 /-\' ii*i- 1 • -rii Ibid. 
 
 Owmg to the high price and growing scarcity 01 lumber, 
 the roads were kept up at an enormoub expense and finally 
 fell into disuse. 
 
 The Directory for 1849-50 says, "The city is rendered
 
 56 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 accessible at all times to the surrounding country by means 
 of plank roads in every direction." 
 
 RAILROADS. 
 
 In 1833, the Utica and Schenectady Railroad Company 
 
 was incorporated. The road was to be built on the north 
 
 . ", \\, side of the Erie canal with its terminus in Utica. The 
 
 Annals of Al- 
 bany, Vol. IX., year before, a railroad had been opened between Albany 
 
 and Schenectady, in accordance with a charter granted to 
 
 the Mohawk and Hudson Railroad Co. in 1826. 
 
 j^j jj gjj In 1 836, a road was built connecting Utica with Syracuse. 
 
 During the first week, cars were run free over this section. 
 
 In 1853, a bill passed the Legislature consolidating the 
 
 Annals of Ai- yarious lines of railroads between Albany and Buffalo. 
 
 bany. Vol. V., ,_, _ 111 
 
 p. 324. I he first coaches used on the eastern sections were the old 
 
 stage coaches, which were strapped on platform cars. 
 
 In 1853, the Utica and Black River R. R. Co. was or- 
 ganized under the name " Black River and Utica R. R. 
 Co.," and the work of constructing a road to the north 
 country by way of Trenton, was at once commenced. 
 
 In December, 1854, the road was formally opened as far 
 as Trenton, and a year later, as far as Boonville. The 
 present name was assumed May, 1861, when a reorganiza- 
 
 <^o- tion took place. The road was afterwards leased to the 
 
 Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg R. R. , and this again, 
 with all its holdings, to the New York Central R. R. Co. 
 
 The Utica, Chenango and Susquehanna Valley R. R. 
 was well under way in 1870, and at that time, extended 
 south from Utica through New Hartford and Cassville to 
 Sherburne Four Corners, with a branch from Cassville to 
 
 M.H.,p.3g3. Richfield. The same year (1870), it was leased to the 
 Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Corporation, which 
 made the desired connection with the coal fields of Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 M. H.,p. 
 
 Records Bl'k 
 R.andU. R.K
 
 HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION — ROUTES OF TRAVEL. 5/ 
 
 In 1862, the Utica, Clinton and Binghamton R. R. Co. 
 became incorporated, to construct a horse or steam rail- 
 road to connect Clinton with New Hartford, Utica and 
 Whitesboro. The following year (1863) rails were laid 
 and a horse car line was established from Utica to New 
 Hartford, and from there to Clinton a " dummy " was op- m. h., pp. 303, 
 erated. In 1867 the company reorganized, and extended^'''" 
 the track south from Clinton till it connected with the 
 Midland R. R. at Smith's Valley. In 1870, a steam rail- 
 road from Utica to New Hartford was built, and thus the 
 line was completed. Soon after its completion, it passed 
 into the hands of a receiver, and in 1875 i^ became the 
 possession of the Delaware and Hudson Canal Company. 
 
 The New York, West Shore and Buffalo R. R. was 
 completed in 1884, and as its name implies, extends from 
 New York, along the west shore of the Hudson, and west- 
 erly to Buffalo, passing through Utica on its way. This 
 road is now leased and operated by the New York Central 
 Company. 
 
 In 1893. the New York Central Co. leased the Mohawk 
 and Malone Railway, (Herkimer to Malone ; incorporated 
 1891), and by making it apart of its system, and running^*"- J- ^^- ^*'"''- 
 daily trains from New York to Montreal by way of Utica, 
 has connected this city with the Adirondack region. 
 
 STREET RAILWAY SYSTEM. 
 
 In 1886 the Utica Belt Line Co. was organized, and 
 leased from the Utica, Clinton and Binghamton Co. its lines 
 to New Hartford and Whitesboro, and later on a branch 
 was built to New York Mills. The horse car service was „ „ 
 
 M. H., p. 356. 
 
 discontinued, and electric power introduced in 1889. Sev- 
 eral lines are now in operation extending to the west, south 
 and east portions of the city. In 1897, the Utica and 
 Whitesboro line was extended as far as Oriskany. and 
 Summit Park opened at the end of the line.
 
 58 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 The Utica and Mohawk R. R. Co. built a road connecting 
 Genesee St. at Bleecker St. with the Utica Park, which is 
 
 Ibid. 
 
 the eastern terminus. At first the cars were drawn by 
 horses, but in 1889 electricity was substituted.
 
 IX. 
 NAMES OF STREETS. 
 
 COSBY'S Manor extended three miles on either side of 
 the Mohawk, and from the Sauquoit Creek, eleven 
 miles east. (See I.). 
 
 The Bleecker property reached from about the line of 
 Mohawk street nearly to what is now Charlotte, and ran Pioneers, p. s. 
 back from the river beyond Steele's Hill. 
 
 The Bradstreet property lay both east and west of the 
 Bleecker land. The part on the west reached as far as the 
 corner of Varick and LaFayette Streets, and included land 
 on both sides of Genesee Street, the east and west bound- 
 ary lines running three miles back from the river. 
 
 The Schuyler property extended from the Bradstreet 
 land on the east, to the western line of the State Hospital, 
 and, like the other divisions, stretched back from the river 
 three miles. 
 
 The early settlement lay wholly south of the river, chiefly 
 upon one street, called Main, running parallel with the 
 river. The western end of this street was known as the 
 Whitesboro Road. 
 
 The Genesee Road, meeting Main Street, formed a square 
 
 T~, Ibid., pp. 7, g3. 
 
 now known as Bagg's Square. 
 
 About 1800, Hotel Street was laid out as an avenue to 
 
 the Genesee Road, from Utica's first hotel, the York House. 
 
 (See X.). 
 
 1 808-1 8 10, Broad. First, Second, Third and Bridge ^*'^'^' pp- ^57, 
 
 271. 
 Streets were laid out. The latter, now Park Avenue, was l. m. Taylor, 
 
 named from a bridge over the river, which it crossed. ^ s ^"sss-e 
 
 Some of the family names found on the Bleecker prop- 
 erty are Rutger, Dudley, Brinckerhoff, Miller, and Blandina.
 
 6o OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 It is said that it was at one time the intention of four 
 members of the Bleecker family to build on Rutger Street. 
 The whole scheme, however, was abandoned, because the 
 location of the Erie Canal, with its high bridges across the 
 plain sloping from Rutger to Broad Streets, had so mar- 
 red the beauty of the place. 
 
 Names that recall owners of portions of the Bradstreet 
 Ibid. p. 37. ^j^ J Schuyler lands are Potter, Plant, Francis, Tewett, 
 
 Pioneers, pp. -' . ' ' ' J » 
 
 23,50,45,126. Cooper, Cornelia, Hopper, Henry, and Huntington. 
 
 Hamilton and South Hamilton Streets lie on the Schuy- 
 ^ , ler property, and are named for Alexander Hamilton, who 
 
 L. M. Taylor, f f J 1 » 
 
 inTrans.o.H. married General Schuyler's daughter. " These are both 
 "' ^ '^^^" small streets, but they carry a great name." 
 
 Philip and Schuyler Streets take their names from Gen- 
 eral Philip J. Schuyler. 
 
 Other streets named for great men of our earlier time 
 are Washington, Herkimer, Jefferson, Clinton, Jay, named 
 for the statesman and judge. Governor John Jay (1745- 
 1829); Lansing for Chancellor Lansing (1754-1829), also 
 Chancellor Square and Kent Street for the eminent jurist, 
 "^^^^' ^^' Chancellor Ivent (1763-1847). The lots on each end of 
 Chancellor Square originally fronted upon the square itself, 
 and could be approached only through it. This was rem- 
 edied by the laying out of Academy Street across the west 
 end and Kent Street across the east. 
 
 Besides these, are the streets named for illustrious for- 
 ibid. p. 3g. eigners : Steuben, LaFayette ( once called Rome Street), 
 
 Pione-:rs, pp. , , • i • r i tt 
 
 and Ivossuth Avenue, named just alter the Hungarian pat- 
 riot had visited the city. 
 
 Spring Street takes its name from a spring of pure water 
 which once existed in or near it. (See H.). 
 
 Garden Street was named for the old Horticultural Gar- 
 den on its boundary. 
 
 Bank Street was so called because the region was known 
 
 554-95-
 
 NAMES OF STREETS. 6 1 
 
 as the "sand-bank." There were deep gulHes and high 
 sand hills which were graded at great expense. St. George's jnTrans.o. h. 
 Church stands across a sort of ravine which could then s- pp- 37^ 38. 
 have taken in half the church. 
 
 Carnahan Street, as the west end of Blandina was once pjouggj-g „„ 
 called, Aiken, and Mandeville Streets take their names 2" 6, 458-64. 
 
 ^ . ^ ,. . M. H.,p. 415. 
 
 from emment divmes. 
 
 Noyes and Tracy Streets are named for distinguished ibid, pp.535, 
 lawyers once resident here. ( See XI. j. "''^' 
 
 Jason, Parker, Varick, Breese, Devereux, Kirkland, and pioj,eg,.g p^ 
 Faxton Streets recall the names of prominent men, some ♦'• '", 376, 343, 
 of them pioneers. 
 
 More recent streets are named for public men or well- 
 known families; as Scott, Grant, Bacon, Seymour, Johnson. 
 
 Johnson Park (1849), James Watson Williams Park 
 (1897), and the extensive Proctor Park (1899), bear the 
 names of the families who presented them to the city.
 
 X. 
 
 OLD BUILDINGS. 
 
 FEW of the earliest buildings of Utica are now standing. 
 One or two of real interest have but lately disap- 
 peared. 
 
 The First School House and place of worship, which 
 stood on Broad street (Seel, and XII.), was torn down in 
 the spring of 1898, after having been used for some time 
 as a mere shed. 
 
 The Johnson House on Genesee Street, which has re- 
 cently given way to the new Savings Bank, was built by 
 John H. Lothrop in 1809. Mrs. Clinton, afterwards Mrs. 
 158,629. ' Abram Varick, lived in it a few years. It was then 
 Miss Miller's bought by Alexander B. Johnson and was owned by his 
 
 Sketch of Old (^ J J J^ 
 
 Utica. family until 1897. Here John Quincy Adams, President 
 
 of the United States, was entertained for three or four 
 
 days, Mrs. Johnson being his niece. Here too LaFay- 
 
 ette was received June 9, 1825. 
 
 Among the most interesting of the houses still standing, 
 
 is that built by Peter Smith on Broad Street beyond the 
 Pioneers, p. 15. gulf, where in 1797, his son Gerrit was born. This is now 
 
 occupied by the Ellison family, and stands a little east of 
 
 Mohawk Street. 
 
 A little later Colonel Benjamin Walker built, also on 
 
 Broad street, the house afterwards occupied by the Culver 
 
 Ibid., p. 68. -J 
 
 Sketch of Old family. This has been occupied by Madame Despard, 
 ^^"^*' who used it as a school building, and by the Seward and 
 
 Wager families. It stands far back from the street a lit- 
 tle west of Kossuth Avenue. 
 
 In 1792, William Inman came to this country from Eng- 
 land. He built an English cottage on the north side of
 
 OLD BUILDINGS. 63 
 
 the Whitesboro road, which, with its neighboring elms, 
 
 still makes a picturesque spot just beyond the "Halfway 
 
 Bridge." The road ran nearer the house than at present, nji^. 
 
 and Mr. Inman, disturbed by the " Yankee dust," moved ^^^"^'"'P'*^- 
 
 to a more substantial house, which he built far back from 
 
 the road on the south side. This stands a little within 
 
 the present city limits, and is now known as the Champlin 
 
 house. 
 
 The old house which stands on the north side of 
 Whitesboro Street, nearly opposite Cherry, known as the 
 Clark House, has in late years awakened much interest and 
 inquiry, but no important facts concerning it have been ob- 
 tained. 
 
 In 1800, Judge Nathan Williams built the house on the 
 corner of Whitesboro and Seneca Streets, now known aSgj^^^^^j^ ^^ qi^ 
 the Wager or Goodwin house. Here five generations of utica. 
 the Williams family have lived. 
 
 The Seymour House on Whitesboro Street, corner of Ho- 
 tel, was built by Daniel Childs about 1810 or 1812. In 
 1820, it was purchased by Henry Seymour and was long ibid. 
 occupied by his son, Hon. Horatio Seymour. During the p^o^^®'^^' p- 
 closing years of Governor Seymour's life, he lived in Deer- 
 field, but scarcely a day passed in which he did not visit 
 his old home, then occupied by his brother, John F. Sey- 
 mour. 
 
 In 1824, Moses Bagg built the house on Broad Street, ibid. p. 220. 
 corner of Second, long occupied by his daughter, Mrs. ^^^^^'^ °^ ^^^ 
 Charles A. Mann. 
 
 About 1825, Samuel Stocking built on the corner of 
 Broad and First Streets, the house afterwards owned by it>id. 
 Judge Hiram Denio, and later by his daughter, Mrs. Louis jy,. 
 A. Tourtellot. 
 
 Coming to Genesee Street, we find that the house occu-
 
 64 
 
 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 Ibid., pp. 48, 
 5o. 
 
 Utica. 
 
 Pioneers, p 
 265. 
 
 Sketch of 
 Old Utica. 
 
 pied by T^r. Willis E. Ford since 1882, was built by 
 Watts Sherir.an, who came to Utica before 1795. It has 
 had a succession of honorable owners, having been pur- 
 sketch of Old chased by General Joseph Kirkland, the first Mayor of 
 Utica, then by Charles Tracy, and later by Judge Philo 
 Gridley. 
 
 The house on upper Genesee Street, now owned by Mr. 
 Egbert Bagg, was built, or re-built in 1806, by Israel 
 Decker. Some of the floor rafters are of red beech logs 
 with the bark on, and over a foot in diameter. Early in 
 the century it was occupied by Mr. and Mrs. Samuel B . 
 Malcolm. Mrs. Malcolm was the daughter of Gen. Philip 
 Schuyler, and later became the wife of Capt. James Coch- 
 ran, son ot the Revolutionary Surgeon. (See XL). 
 
 The Miller Ho7ise on Rutger Place, occupied by Hon. 
 Roscoe Conkling for more than twenty-five years, was 
 planned and the foundation laid by Judge Morris S. Miller 
 in 1820. His son, Rutger B. Miller, completed it about 
 1830. It was called at the time " Miller's Folly," so re- 
 mote was it from all neighbors. A carriage seen crossing 
 John Street Bridge was known to be coming to "The 
 Hill," as there was no other house to which to go. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Thomas Walker lived here for many years. Sen- 
 ator Conkling entertained here many eminent guests, 
 among them Generals Grant, Sherman, and Hooker, in 
 1875. 
 
 Among the once famous mansions which have lost their 
 early dignity is that of Jeremiah Van Rensselaer, built 
 about 1800. It stood on the east side of Genesee Street 
 amid beautiful grounds, which included nearly the whole 
 space now bounded by Devereux, Genesee, Blandina, and 
 Charlotte streets. The house is still standing on the south 
 side of Devereux Street, about midway between Genesee 
 and Charlotte. It has been turned around and now faces 
 Devereux Street. 
 
 Ibid. 
 
 Pioneers, p 
 237- 
 
 Ibid., p. 114.
 
 
 f-
 
 OLD BUILDINGS. 6$ 
 
 In I7Q4, Indent' Apollos Cooper Came to Utica and built 
 
 ' ^^' J ^ ^ /- • , ■ , 1 Pioneers, p. 45. 
 
 a house on Whitesboro Street, near Liberty, in which he sketch of oid 
 lived until his death, in 1839. The house and grounds ^*''^*' 
 are now used as a summer garden. 
 
 Miss Miller's " Sketch of Old Utica " gives many inter- 
 esting details of the architecture and decorations of these 
 dwellings, as well as of the gardens around them and the 
 life within. 
 
 Of the early church buildings, that of Trinity (com- 
 pleted 1 8 10. See II.), retains its beauty and its sacred 
 character ; others, however, have been turned to inferior 
 uses. 
 
 The WclsJi Baptist Church (See II.), a wooden structure 
 
 built in 1806 near the place where the Hotel Street bridge 
 
 now stands, was moved when the canal was opened to the '°°^^''^' p- 
 ' ^ 134. 
 
 site of the present church on Broadwa}^ a little north of Thomas' His- 
 
 tory of Welsh 
 
 Liberty Street. In 1840, when the new church was erect- of America,(m 
 ed, the old building was again moved to the rear of the ^^'^^^^^• 
 lot, and is believed to be still standing on Charles Street. 
 The First Presbyterian Chnrch, on the corner of Wash- 
 ington and Liberty Streets, completed in 1807 (See II.) gave 
 way in 1826 to a new edifice, itself destroyed by fire in 
 185 I. The old building was, in 1826, cut into two pieces, 
 
 ■^ ° 1- ' Pioneers, p. 
 
 one of which is now the Mansion House, corner of Wash- 461. 
 ington and LaFayette Streets, and the other a large tene- 
 ment house on Whitesboro Street, nearly opposite Charles. 
 
 We must not omit mention of Utica's famous hotels. 
 Bagg's Hotel is older than the name of Utica, which was 
 
 _ Pioneers, pp. 
 
 bestowed in 1798. The hotel was founded in 1794 by4o, 2i8-g. 
 Moses Bagg. In August of that year, he purchased land 
 
 5
 
 66 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 and began to practice his trade, that of a blacksmith, on 
 Main Street, a little east of the Square. He built a log 
 house on the corner of Main Street, whicli he opened f^rthe 
 accommodation of travelers ; shortly after, he put a two 
 story frame building on the same site. He continued to 
 Theo. p. Cook, keep this tavern until his death in 1805. His son, Moses 
 NoTr^fsT'"' ^^^S^ became proprietor of the hotel in 1808. When the 
 first Canal Commissioners visited Utica in 18 10, two of 
 them, Stephen Van Rensselaer and Gouverneur Morris, 
 with their servants, occupied the whole of the hotel, from 
 which its dimensions may be judged. In 1 812-15, ^^'^• 
 Bagg erected the central portion of the bricl. hotel, and to 
 this he subsequently added on either side. 
 
 In 1797, Samuel Hooker erected for the Holland Land 
 
 Company the building still standing on the corner of Whites- 
 
 boro and Hotel Streets, now called the Atlantic Hotel. 
 
 This was known as the York House. It was a large brick 
 
 building, the first brick house in the village, and its like 
 
 Pioneers, pp. vv^as iiot to be sccu between the Hudson and the Pacific. 
 
 Sketch of Old The land was so marshy, that according to one story, the 
 
 utica. corner stone, which had been laid with due ceremony in 
 
 the morning, had disappeared in the afternoon. Hemlock 
 
 logs were used for the foundations for the stone and brick. 
 
 This building has been many times remodeled, but no 
 
 amount of paint has been able to cover up the word 
 
 " Hotel," which was chiseled over its door in 1798. 
 
 As matters of interest, we mention that the 0/d Roiind 
 Bnildin<: on Whitesboro Street, near Hoyt, was built by 
 
 John C. Hoyt. "^ ;^ , . , 
 
 David Hoyt, father of John C. Hoyt, and used to grmd 
 the bark in his tannery. The power used was not elec- 
 tricity, or steam, or even water, but was obtained by sails 
 on the top of the building which were moved by the wind. 
 Mechanics' Hall, corner of Hotel and Liberty Streets, 
 
 M. H., p. 228. ., . „ ^ Tx • 1 . 1 
 
 was built in 1836-37. Here were given lectures, plays.
 
 OLD BUILDINGS. 6/ 
 
 and other entertainments, and here pubhc meetings of all 
 kinds were held until the Utica Opera House was built in 
 1871-72. 
 
 A few of the noteworthy buildings in the vicinity of 
 Utica should be mentioned. 
 
 WHITESBORO. Address on 
 
 Mr. William Tracy, writing in 1838, says that I^n^/^lneii^ctpp. 
 White built in 1789 " the house still standing on the south- 34-5- 
 
 f 1 -n TTTi • 1 >, t r A Few stray 
 
 €ast corner or the village green at Whitesboro. It for- Leaves in the 
 merly had a gambrel roof. Mrs. Whitcher savs ' ' the ?,?!^" °1 
 
 ■' " -^ Whitesboro, p. 
 
 house was moved about half its length westward and mod- is. 
 ernized in 1861." 
 
 The present Town Hail in Whitesboro was erected for 
 a Court House in 1807, on land given by Hugh White, ibid., p. 48. 
 The land was to revert to the heirs when no longer usedj^'^^J^J'^'^' 
 for the purpose designated. In i860, Hon. Philo White, h.s. ,1881-4, 
 a grandson of the pioneer, bought from the heirs their re- 
 versionary claim, and presented the building and green to 
 the village. 
 
 The building is " probably the oldest one in the State 
 yet standing erected for a Court House." 
 
 NEW HARTFORD. ^ . t. 
 
 Cent. Pres. Ch. 
 
 The Presbyterian Church at Nezv Hart ford v^-a.^ besfun ^' ^^'^^■' ^^' 
 
 -' o 24, 25. 
 
 in 1792, and was dedicated November 29, 1797. " As the^^'^^ey'sHist. 
 
 ,,..„.,. . . Town of Kirk- 
 
 oldest church edihce m this county, it is worthy of dis- und, p. ge. 
 
 tinguished consideration." 
 
 CLINTON. 
 
 Dr. Kirkland moved from Oneida to his lands near Clin- ibid , pp. 78-80. 
 ton in 1792. The small frame dwelling built by him nrob- '^'^'^""'^ 
 
 " ./I Hist'l Sketch 
 
 ably the year previous has been presented to Hamilton Ham. coii., p. 
 College and, removed from its original location, is pre- ''" 
 served in the Campus on College Hill.
 
 68 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 A few years later, probably in 1795, Dr. Kirkland built 
 
 Prof. E.North. the house on the road " under the hill " long known as the 
 
 Hist. Oneida Kirkland mansion, and now occupied by Mr. Harding. 
 
 Co., p. 6. Here he lived until his death in 1808, and it remained the 
 
 home of his widow through her life. 
 
 Jones'sAnnals TRENTON. 
 
 John F. sey- The fine stone mansion in Trenton known as the Mappa 
 mour'scent. fjQ^se was built by Colonel Adam G. Mappa, agent for the 
 
 Ad., July 4, •' rr ' C5 
 
 1876. p. 32. Holland Land Company, and was occupied at least as 
 possess. Tren-^^^^y ^^ ^ 8o9> ^^d possibly Several years earlier. 
 
 ton Hist. Soc.
 
 XL 
 
 NOTEWORTHY CITIZENS OF ONEIDA COUNTY 
 
 No other department of this small outline book has 
 given the editors so little satisfaction as this of 
 Eminent Citizens. The limited space prohibited anything 
 beyond the merest skeleton of biographical notice. The 
 criteria of admission came of necessity to be: books pub- 
 lished ; official position ; or high professional honors. 
 
 In many cases, this has seemed to set up a false stand- 
 ard; to imply failure to recognize the worth of personal 
 character and scholarly attainment when these had not 
 been crowned by academic or political honors: — necessity 
 deeply regretted by those responsible for the selection. 
 
 Works of authors, wherever mentioned, include only the 
 mo?t important. 
 
 Groups : a. Pioneers ; b. Soldiers of the Revolution ; 
 c. Army Officers, Second Period ; d. Naval Officers ; e. 
 Lawyers ; /. Archaeologists and Philologists ; g: Men of 
 Science ; h. Men of Letters ; /. Women Writers ; J. 
 Artists ; /'. Actors ; /. Government Officials ; m. Visitors. 
 
 PIONEERS. 
 
 Among the Pioneers of Oneida County four stand pre- 
 eminent. 
 
 Rev. Samuel Kirkland, (1741-1808), Princeton, 
 176;. For more than forty years a devoted mission- Lothrop's Life 
 
 ' •' -^ ■' _ _ of Kirkland. 
 
 ary to the Six Nations, especially to the Oneidas. During Allison's Hist, 
 the Revolution, a Chaplain in the army, and employed byj^jj^'^ ^"' 
 the government to secure the neutrality of the Indians ; Duyckinick's 
 
 '^ Cyc. Am. Lit., 
 
 his efforts, joined with those of James Dean, were success- voi. tl, p. 738. 
 ful in the case of the Oneidas. By untiring exertions he
 
 70 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 secured the means to establish Hamilton Oneida Academy, 
 which, four years after his death, became Hamilton Col- 
 lege. (See I., X., Xn.). 
 
 James Dean, (1748-1823), Dartmouth, 1773. Dedi- 
 cated in childhood as a missionary to the Indians, 
 and sent to live among them for several years under the 
 care of a missionary; adopted by a squaw as her son; 
 licensed to preach, but never ordained. 1775, appointed 
 Indian Agent with rank of Major, and rendered invaluable 
 Tracy's Early services. Stationed chiefly at Oneida Castle and Fort 
 
 Hist. Oneida • i r t t /-^ ■ -i -i ■ e 
 
 Co. Stanwix. Alter the war the Oneidas gave him a tract of 
 
 jones'sAnnais ia,nd in Westmoreland fconfirmed to him later by the 
 
 pp. 744-59- -1 • 
 
 State), where he lived until his death. Judge of County 
 
 courts by successive appointments 1791-1813, and twice 
 
 member of legislature. Wrote a journal of one of his 
 
 expeditions, and an essay on Indian Mythology, both now 
 
 lost. 
 
 Hugh White, (1733-18 12). Made the first permanent 
 
 ^*'°^^'^^°°*^'' settlement in the State west of the Dutch settlements, 
 pp. 23, 27, 28. ' 
 
 1784. Appointed Judge, 1798 ; re-appointed, 1801. 
 Peter Smith, (176S-1837). A trader who came about 
 
 1789 to Old Fort Schuyler and was trusted equally by 
 hlm^'moR Indians and whites ; the latter made him Sheriff and Judge. 
 Gerrit Smith. From the Indians he acquired by purchase nearly one 
 
 Pioneers, pp. , . 
 
 14-18. million acres, and thus became the largest landholder in 
 
 the State. 
 
 Two picturesque figures of this period are the Hollanders, 
 
 Col. Adam Gerard Mappa, (i 752-1 829), Agent of the 
 Jones's Annals Holland Land Company at Trenton, then Olden-Banne- 
 pp. 452 3, 475-85 veldt, and Francis Adrian Van der Kemp (1752-1829), 
 
 J. F. Sey- \ > ^ ^ / 
 
 mour'scent. who joincd Col. Mappa at Trenton about 1797. He had 
 
 Ad^, Trenton, ^g^j^gj^ j-gfuge in this couutry ten years earlier from political 
 
 troubles in Holland. He was received with honor by 
 
 Washington, and gained the friendship of John Adams,
 
 NOTEWORTHY CITIZENS OF ONEIDA COUNTY. J I 
 
 DeWitt Clinton, and Thomas Jefferson. Harvard College 
 made him LL. D. 
 
 In the northwest part of the County, now the town of,. „ ,, 
 
 '^ -J U. Herald, 
 
 Camden, another Dutch pioneer, George F. W. A. Scriba Apr. 14, 26, 
 (1752-1836), purchased a half million acres of land. In '/ones's Annals 
 the southern part, Tedediah Sanger ('17^1-1829), founder pp- ^72. ^yg-s^. 
 
 , , N.Hart. Cent. 
 
 of New Hartford, had a great estate, and has left his name in Trans, o. 
 in Sangerfield. "• ^^ '^^^■^• 
 
 SOLDIERS OF THE REVOLUTION. 
 
 Benjamin Walker, (1753-18 18). Came to Old Fort 
 Schuyler in 1797. He was of English birth and a " Blue 
 Coat Boy." He came as agent of the great landed estate 
 of the Earl of Bath. In war and in peace he served his 
 adopted country diligently and brilliantly. He was the 
 right hand of the Baron-General von Steuben, and Wash- Pioneers, p 67. 
 ington's aide-de-camp and trusted friend. After the close 
 of the Revolutionary War, he declined political honors and 
 became an untitled, public-spirited citizen of Old Fort 
 Schuyler. 
 
 In June, 1875, a plot in Forest Hill Cemetery was con- 
 secrated to the Revolutionary Fathers, at v/hich time the 
 bodies of Benjamin and Mrs. Walker, and of Dr. John 
 Cochran, Director-General of the Military Hospitals of the u Heraw, 
 United States in the Revolutionary War, and of his wife. J""^ ''''«"■ 
 Gertrude "^ '....yler, were removed from the old village 
 burying ground on Water Street, and solemnly reinterred 
 in the new cemetery. 
 
 Frederick William Augustus, Baron Steuben, (1730- 
 1794). Commissioned Major-General by Washington, 
 1778 ; " rendered memorable services which can scarcely^""®*'"'^""'"'^ 
 
 -^ pp. 4.33-4 5- 
 
 be over-rated in drilling the officers and men of the Con- Johnson's cyc. 
 tinental Army into efficiency ; rewarded by Congress with 
 160,000 acres in Oneida County; lived after the revolution
 
 72 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 on the edge of our northern wilderness, and is there 
 
 buried. (See XIII). 
 
 General William Floyd, (1734-1821). A native of 
 Sanderson's Long Island ; member of Continental Congress about eight 
 Bioff. ofsign years ; signer of the Declaration of Independence ; in 1803 
 
 ersoftheDee. ' ' » r » ^ 
 
 of ind.. Vol. removed to Western, near Rome. The town of Floyd, in 
 IV., p. 131. which he owned large tracts of land, perpetuates his 
 name. 
 
 Among revolutionary soldiers who made Utica their 
 home, were: Captain Stephen Potter, (i739-i8io),of the 
 regiment called " Congress' Own," of which Nathan Hale 
 Pieneers, pp. was a brothcr-offtcer of the same rank ;-Talcott Camp, 
 (1762-1832), who became the first President of the Village 
 of Utica ; — Col. John Bellinger, (died in 181 5), who had 
 stood by the side of Herkimer at the battle of Oriskany ; 
 N.E. Hist'i& — Thomas Williams, (1754-1817), who took part in the 
 1880, p. 70.' Boston "Tea Party," a resident of New Hartford from 
 1790 to 1812 ; died in Utica. Daniel Eels, who had 
 Pres. ch. New helped to build the earthworks on Bunker Hill, settled in 
 Hart.,p. 42. New Hartford in 1797 and lived there for 54 years; and 
 many other names of interest are remembered in neighbor- 
 ing towns. 
 
 ARMY officers — SECOND PERIOD. 
 
 [Florida (1836-S), Mexican (1846-7), and Civil (1861-5), 
 Wars.] 
 
 Henry Wager Halleck, (18 15-1872); b. Western ville. 
 Lippincou's ^^\ Qgj^ U. S. A.; West Point, '34 ; served in the Semi- 
 
 Biog. Diet. -' ' ' Jt > 
 
 Appieton's nolc (Florida) and Mexican wars ; General-in-Chief of the 
 yc. m. »o8^- ^j-j-QJes of the U. S., Headquarters Washington, 1862-4. 
 
 Morris S. Miller, (1814-1870) ; b. Utica, buried at 
 Mem'iby U.S. Forest Hill. Brev. Brig. Gen., and Dept. Quar. M.Gen., 
 %?^^' U. S. A.; West Point, '34 ; served in Florida, Mexico, and 
 
 Pioneers, p. > .j-r ? > 
 
 237- the War for the Union.
 
 NOTEWORTHY CITIZENS OF ONEILA COUNTY. 73 
 
 Col. Daniel Butterfield, Fifth Infantry, U. S. k., b. 
 
 Phistercr's 
 
 Utica about 1831. Maj. Gen. U. S. Vols., 1862 ; Brev. stat. Rec. 
 Mai. Gen. U. S. A., 1865. Residence, near New York City, f-.^^o- 
 
 •* ■' Lippincott's 
 
 Biog. Uict. 
 
 ( For Field Officers of Oneida County regiments, many 
 of whom became Generals, see IV). 
 
 During the Civil War, several of the physicians of our 
 County made a record as army surgeons. 
 
 Dr. Alonzo Churchill, (1811-1899), was Surgeon 14th 
 
 ^ ^^^ ^ ^ Contemp. 
 
 N. Y. Vols., with the rank of Major ; at Gaines Mills was Biog., voi. i., 
 taken prisoner with 500 wounded men, and placed in Libby ^' ^''^' 
 prison ; created Colonel for meritorious services. 
 
 Dr. Samuel G. Wolcott, (i 820-1 883), gave his serv- 
 ices as Examining Surgeon to the Government without m. h., p. 375. 
 charge. 
 
 Dr. Thomas Macomb Flandrau, of Rome, (i 826-1 898), 
 was Surgeon of the 146th N. Y. Vols., with the rank of 
 Major ; was made Division Surgeon-in-Chief ; served three Y' ^^^*''^' 
 years; Brev. Lieut. Col. "for meritorious services in the 
 field." His father's home was in Whitesboro ; his own, 
 later, at Rome. 
 
 naval officers. 
 
 Melancthon Taylor Woolsey, (1782- 183 8), Commo- 
 dore U. S. N. In 1808 was sent to the Lakes to superin- 
 tend the construction of our armaments on those inland 
 
 „ 111 11 iiT-..^., Drake's Diet. 
 
 seas. Commanded the only large vessel, the Brig ' 'Oneida. Am. Biog.. pp. 
 After his retirement he lived in Utica, and died there, and his '°°^"^;.,, 
 
 Miss Miller in 
 
 remains now rest in Forest Hill. Three of his sons served utica Press, 
 in the War for the Union. Two of these rest in Forest * " "' '^^'' 
 Hill ; Commodore M. B. Woolsey, U. S. N., (18 18- 1874), 
 J. T. Woolsey, (182 i -1894), b. Whitesboro. 
 
 William Mervine, (1790-1868), Rear Admiral U. S. N.
 
 M. H.,p. 
 
 74 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 At the beginning of the Civil War, although seventy years 
 of age, he reported promptly for duty and did good service 
 Appieton's during the first year of the war. Ill health compelled his 
 yc. m. *°^- j-g|-jj-gjjjgj^^ 2j^ November, 1861. His home was in Utica. 
 His son, Catharinus B. Mervine, died in the volunteer 
 military service in 1864. 
 
 Samuel Livingston Breese, (i 794-1 870), Rear Admi- 
 ral U. S. N. Served in the War of 181 2 and the Mexican 
 War. He was elder brother of Judge Sidney Breese. 
 ^oneers, p. Tj-jeij- early lives were spent in Whitesboro and Utica, and 
 the Admiral's body rests in Forest Hill Cemetery. 
 
 Commodore William Inman, (1797-1874); b. Utica. 
 Nat. cyc. Am. Q^j-j^j-j-^Q^Qj-g ^ g ]vj_ Saw coustaut servicc on the Great 
 
 Biog. 
 
 M. H., p 37. Lakes during the War of 1 812, and afterward on the African 
 Am. Autho'^rs coast, whcre, in 1859-61, he re-captured and landed 3,600 
 p- •♦73- slaves. In early youth he was a student of law at Whites- 
 
 boro. 
 
 Rear Admiral Montgomery Hunt Sicard, Annapolis, 
 '56, was President of the Naval Board of Direction during 
 the recent war between the United States and Spain, (1898). 
 Residence, Westernville. 
 
 Bi-NCH and bar. 
 
 Jonas Plat r, (1 769-1 834). Was successively, from 1796- 
 
 1823, Member of Assembly, and of the State Senate, can- 
 
 M. H., pp. 5i7-(lidate for Governor, and Judge of the Supreme Court of 
 
 20. 
 
 jones'sAnnais Ncw York State ; in 1 79 1 appointed Clerk of Herkimer 
 Bacon°s^ Early County and held this of^ce until 1798, when the new county 
 Bar. (Oneida), was constructed and he became its first Clerk. 
 
 Among those who made the earliest Bar of Oneida 
 County remarkably brilliant were : Thomas Ruggles Gold, 
 
 Jones'sAnnais (17 ); HeNRY RANDOLPH StORRS, ( I 787- I 837) ; SaM- 
 
 PP.7Q5-6. UEL A. Talcott, C1789-1836); William H. Maynard, 
 
 Bacon's Early 
 
 Bar. (about 1786-1832); Greene C. Bronson, (1789-1863), in
 
 NOTEWORTHY CITIZENS OF ONEIDA COUNTY. 75 
 
 1853 Collector of the Port of New York, but removed on 
 account of refusal to dismiss officials for political reasons m. h., pp. 4,9- 
 (M. H., p. 524). These five men all served in Congress, ^°''' '^^ 
 as well as on the Bench of the Supreme and Appellate 
 Courts of the State. 
 
 To their number must be added the names of William 
 Curtis Noyes, (i 804-1 864), who came to Oneida County 
 as a young man. and the brothers, William Tracy, (1805- 
 1881), and Charles Tracy, (1810-1885), who were natives 
 of Whitesboro. These were all lawyers of high reputation 
 whose early professional years were largely spent in Utica. ' ^;' ^^' ^^*' 
 Mr. Noyes bequeathed his fine law library to Hamilton 
 College. Both William and Charles Tracy were zealous 
 students of early local history, and pioneers in its intro- 
 duction. 
 
 Hiram Denio, (i 799-1 871). Justice of the Court of 
 Appeals, 1853-1866. His decisions are accepted as mod- jj ^ 
 els. In politics he was a Democrat. During the Civile- 
 War he voted for Lincoln and steadily supported his admin- 
 istration. 
 
 Joshua Austin Spencer, (i 790-1 857). United States 
 District Attorney for the Northern District of New York, 
 then including nearly the whole State, (1841-45); State 
 Senator; resident of Utica for thirty years. Of him Judge 
 Denio said : " No other man within my knowledge has ac- 
 quitted himself for a lifetime with such universally distin- ' ''^^' ^^^' 
 guished ability." The case which secured him widest Baton's Early 
 fame was "The People vs. Alexander McLeod, " (1841). ^*''- 
 (See HI.). His second wife was the daughter of Judge 
 James Dean. 
 
 Samuel Beardsley,(i 790-1 860). State Senator; United 
 States District Attorney for the Northern District of New**, h., p. 516. 
 York ; Member of Congress during four terms ; Attorney-
 
 ^6 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 General of New York, and the last Chief justice of the old 
 
 Bacon's Early -' 
 
 Bar. Supreme Court of the State, (1847). 
 
 Philo Gridley (1796-1864). b. Paris. Hamilton, '16. 
 
 Judge of the Supreme Court of New York ; Justice of the 
 
 555.6.' Court of Appeals, (1852). As Circuit Judge of the Fifth 
 
 Judicial District he presided at the trial of Alexander Mc- 
 
 Leod, (1841). (See III.). 
 
 John Savage, (i 799-1 863). Union, 1799. Dist. Att'y 
 
 for Northern N. Y. Member of Assembly from Washing- 
 
 M. H., pp., ^Q^ Qq . ^jgiyji-,gj. qI Congress for two terms ; Comptroller 
 
 553 5- 
 
 of the State ; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of N. 
 Y., 1823-36. Resident of Utica continuously from 1851. 
 William Johnson Bacon, (1803-1889^. Hamilton, '22. 
 Member of Assembly ; Judge of the Supreme Court of the 
 32. State 16 years ; Member of Congress. As a citizen, ident- 
 
 ified with most of the public enterprises and charitable in- 
 stitutions of Utica. 
 
 Charles Mason, (18 10-1879). Judge of the Supreme 
 Court of the State for 22 years ; Judge of the Court of 
 Appeals, (by appointment of Gov. Fenton, to fill vacancy), 
 1868-71. Resident of Utica from 1870. 
 
 Ward Hunt, (i 810-1886). Union, '28. Judge of the 
 Ibid., pp. 547, Qq^j-^- Qf Appeals, 1866-73 ; Justice of the Supreme Court 
 of U. S. 1873-83. 
 
 Horatio Seymouu, "the Sage of Deerfield", (1810- 
 1886}. Identified with a great variety of philanthropic, 
 civic and rural interests ; Member of Assembly ; twice 
 Governor of N. Y., (1853, 1863); Democratic candidate for 
 the Presidency in i 868, defeated by General Grant. 
 
 A bronze memorial bust of Gov. Seymour, presented by 
 Dr. George L. Miller, of Omaha, Neb. , was unveiled on 
 the grounds of the Oneida Historical Society, Sept. 22, 
 1899. 
 
 Ibid , p. 566. 
 
 M. H., Pt. II 
 PP- 3-7- 
 
 Daily Papers.
 
 NOTEWORTHY CITIZENS OF ONEIDA COUNTY. 7/ 
 
 Alexander Smith Johnson, (i 8 17-1878). /'. Utica; 
 Yale, '35. Justice of the Court of Appeals, 1851-60, and ^^ h.. pp. 556, 
 again to fill vacancy, 1874. U. S. Circuit Judge from 557- 
 1875. Regent of the University from 1864. Resident 
 of Utica from i860. 
 
 Montgomery Hunt Throop, (i 827-1 892). Resident 
 of Utica 1851-64. " The Future: a Political Fssay;^^^^^,^^^^ 
 Validity of Verbal Agreements ; Armotated Code of^^- Authors. 
 
 Contemp.Biog 
 
 Civil Procedure ; The N. V. Justices' Manual; Digest 
 of Mass. Supreme Jud'l Court Decisions ; Revised Stat- 
 utes of the State of Nezu York." 
 
 Francis Kernan, (1816-1892). Member of Assembly ; 
 Member of Congress ; U. S. Senator, 1875-81 ; nominated m. h.. pt. 11., 
 for Governor 1872 ; defeated by General John A. Dix. A ^ ^^" 
 Democrat in politics. During the Civil War he strongly 
 supported the Government. Regent of the University 
 from 1870. 
 
 RoscoE Conkling, (1 829-1 888). Member of Congress, 
 
 1859-67 ; U. S. Senator, 1867-81. His ambitions were 
 
 forensic and political rather than legal; he declined the ^- ^•' p 547, 
 
 . . 548. 
 
 Chief Justiceship of the Supreme Court of the United 
 
 States tendered by President Grant, and the Associate Jus- 
 ticeship, by President Arthur. From 1881, a prominent 
 lawyer of New York City. 
 
 Henry Alien Foster, (i 800-1 889). State Senator 
 representing six counties, 1830-4; 1840-4; President of '^°°'^*™p-^'°- 
 the Senate, also of the Court for the Correction of Errors, p. 250. 
 U. S. Senator for a few months, (1845), appointed to fill „f^ariyRo^. 
 vacancy ; Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, 1863- 
 71. Lived a few years at Utica, but chiefiy at Rome. 
 
 Theodore W. Dwight, (1822-92). Hamilton, 40. 
 Prof. Law and Pol. Econ. at Ham. Coll., 1846-58; Warden 
 Columbia Col. LawSch., 1858-91 ; Member State Const! cat., 1892-3. 
 Convention, 1867 ; Judge N. Y. State Commission of Ap-
 
 yS OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 peals ; State Commissioner Charities ; Prison Labor Com- 
 missioner. 
 
 Sidney Breese, (i 800-1 878), d. Whitesboro ; Union, 
 '18 ; lived at Utica in his youth ; attained distinction in an- 
 
 Johnson's Cyc. ' -^ 
 
 Pioneers, p. other State ; U. S. Senator from Illinois, 1843-9; Speaker 
 
 203 
 
 of 111. Legislature ; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of 
 that State. 
 
 Charles Andrews, /;. New Hartford, 1827. Judge N. 
 Who's Who in Y. Court of Appeals, 1870-97. Chief Justice from 1881 ; 
 
 Ameiica. . ■, ^ 
 
 residence, Syracuse. 
 
 Judges Gaynor and Truax, Edmund Wetmore and 
 John D. Kernan, are prominent members of the New York 
 City Bench and Bar. Mr. Kernan served with credit as 
 Railway Commissioner. All are natives of Oneida County. 
 
 ARCHiEOLOGISTS AND PHILOLOGISTS. 
 
 Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, (1793- 1864). Chemist, 
 philologist and traveller ; was in his youth a resident of 
 Utica. For a time the family home was at Verona. 
 Dict!^of"Auth Spent many years among the Indians of the North West 
 ^'"^ Territor}', and discovered the source of the Mississippi River, 
 
 in Lake Itasca. In 1823 he married Miss Johnston, the 
 grand-daughter of a noted Ojibway chief, an accomplished 
 vv'oman who had received her education in Europe, 
 
 Mr. Schoolcraft's ethnological writings, says R. G. Gris- 
 wold, " are among the most important contributions that 
 
 Griswold's i i • r i • 
 
 Prose Writers, havc been made to the literature of this country. Archives 
 ^ew Am. Cyc. ^y J^jjorigijial Kiioivledge ; Notes on the Iroquois ; Algic 
 Biog. Researches ; Thirty Years with the Indians ; The Myth 
 
 of Hiawatha. 
 
 Edward Robinson, (1794-1863), Hamilton, '16, Phil- 
 ologist and Archseologist ; Tutor of Greek and Mathemat- 
 ics, Ham. Coll., 181 7-18 ; m. Eliza, daughter Dr. Samuel 
 Kirkland, and sister Pres. Kirkland of Harvard ; Instructor
 
 NOTEWORTHY CITIZENS OF ONEIDA COUNTY. 79 
 
 Andover Theol. Sem., 1821 ; studied at Halle and Berlin 
 1826-30 ; m. the distinguished author, Therese von Jacob, 
 ("Talvi,") 1828 ; Prof. Bib. Lit. Union Theol. Sem. from 
 1837; Member Geog'l, Oriental and Ethnol. Socs. ; his ^^jj^^^^jj^ 
 library of 1200 books and maps was purchased for Ham. Duycuinck 
 Coll. in 1863; his great work. Biblical Researches /« Diets, of au- 
 Palestine, Mt. Sinai and Arabia Petraea, received the*^'*'^®' 
 gold medal of the Royal Geog'l Soc. of London as the 
 most learned production of the century, and still possesses 
 great interest ; published also an edition of Six Books of 
 the Iliad \ a Harmony of the Gospels in Greek; a Greek 
 and English Lexicon ; Greek and Chaldee Grammars of 
 the Old and Netv Testaments. 
 
 Samuel Wells Williams, (18 12-1884) ; b. Utica. 
 Went to China as missionary printer, 1833 ; when the U. 
 S. Gov't, sent an expedition to negotiate for the opening 
 of Japan to free commercial intercourse, i8i;2, the Com- ^!^?^^^' ^'°^" 
 
 -' -^ Diet. 
 
 mander, Commodore Perry, secured his services as inter- t. w. seward 
 
 . iUHi-TToo r 1 ,• -T inTratis. O.H. 
 
 preter ; was the first U. S. Sec. of Legation m Japan, s.isss-e, 
 (1854), and the first at the Capital of China, (1862) ; re- 
 turning to the U. S. finally in 1875, was appointed Lecturer 
 on Chinese at Yale Coll. Easy Lessons in Chinese ; Tonic 
 Diet, of the Chinese Language, fthe great work of his 
 life) ; The Middle Ki^igdom. 
 
 MEN OF SCIENCE. 
 
 Asa Gray, (18 10-1888), /;. Paris. Taught the natural 
 sciences in Utica Gymnasium, 1832-4 ; for 30 years Prof, 
 of Botany at Harvard University, to which he presented 
 his herbarium of 200,000 specimens, and a library of over 
 2,200 Botanical Works ; Pres. A. A. A. S. , '72 ; Pres. Am. chambers' 
 Acad. Arts and Sciences, 1863-73. His researches and fggo.^''" ^'*' 
 publications embraced the liora of North America, which 
 he, with Dr. John Torrey, first arranged upon the basis of
 
 80 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 affinity ; he had " equal abihty in communicating ele- 
 mentary knowledge, and in elucidating recondite theories." 
 Flora of N. A.; Structural and Systeinatic Botaiiy ; Man- 
 ual of Botany ; Field, Forest and Gardeti Botany ; also 
 A Free Examination ot Da' main's Treatise; Natural 
 Science and Religion ; and Govt Repts. and separate 
 monographs under 200 titles. 
 
 James Dwight Dana, (18 13- 1895), b. Utica ; Yale, '33. 
 Ed. Am. Jour, of Science ; Pres. A. A. A. S., '54 ; Hon- 
 onary Ph. D., Munich, '72 ; his service at Yale College 
 covered more than 40 years ; his books are standard 
 
 Chambers' /^ i i /^ i^ 
 
 Encyc, Ed. treatises on Zoopnytes, Corals and Crustacea. Manual of 
 '^" Geology ; System of Mineralogy ; Refts of Wilkes' Ex- 
 
 ploring Expedition ; Manual of Mineralogy ; and text 
 books frequently revised and enlarged. 
 
 Samuel FiNLEY Breese Morse, (1791-1872). Yale, '10. 
 Made frequent and prolonged visits in Utica while pursuing 
 his early profession of artist ; as Director of the Telegraph 
 M. H., p, 2:2. Company that was formed here to put in practice his newly 
 invented magnetic telegraph, (see V.), he is mentioned in 
 the directories of 1848-9 and 1849-50 ; he had many rela- 
 tives here, and his second wife was a Utican. 
 
 We may mention, in passing, that the first telegraph 
 instruments ever made were manufactured in Utica by 
 Samuel W. Chubbuck, (1799-1875). 
 
 Amariah Brigham, M. D., (1798-1849). Came to 
 
 Utica from Massachusetts in 1842 to become the first Su- 
 
 , rr i.perintendent of the State Lunatic Asylum ; founded in 
 
 Blnmer's Half r ^ -^ 
 
 Cent. Med.- 1 844 at his private expense, the Journal of Insani'y, the 
 App^ieton^J*' first joumal in the English language devoted to mental 
 cyc.Ain. Biog. j^gfjicine ; it soon became the organ of the alienists of the 
 whole'country, reported the papers of the American Medico- 
 Psychological Association, and gave purpose and consist-
 
 NOTEWORTHY CITIZENS OF ONEIDA COUNTY. 8 I 
 
 ency to the scientific spirit of investigation, at that time 
 almost elementary. Mental Ciiltivatioi and Excitement ; 
 Influence of Mental Cultivation 07i the Health ; Influence 
 of Religion on the Health and Physical Welfare of Man- 
 kind ; and Asyhtm Souvenir, a small volume of maxims 
 for the use of those who had been under his care, 
 (Utica, '49). 
 
 Dr. John Purdue Gray, (1825-1886). Dickinson Coll. ; 
 Utica, 1850. as Third Ass't physician at the State Hospital i^'<i- 
 under Dr. Brigham ; started "The Opal", a monthly de- , 
 
 ^ ' _ . . Nat. Cyc. Am. 
 
 signed to be edited and printed by the patients, which con- Biog. 
 tinned for nine or ten years; in 1854 became Superintendent; Bi'og^'of^N. v. 
 was one of the earliest advocates of minute pathological 
 study of insanity, and was influential in securing the re- 
 moval of insane paupers from almshouses to State Asylums. 
 Editor Journal of Insanity. 
 
 Christian Henry Frederick Peters, (181 3-1890). 
 Univ. Berlin, '36. Engaged on geodetic survey of Mount 
 Etna, 1838-43 ; artillery offtcer under Garibaldi, 1849- 
 50; came to America, 1852; Director of Ham. Coll. Ob- 
 servatory, 1858 ; Litchfield Prof. Astronomy, 1867 ; under Ham. Lit. 
 the Regents of the Univ., he determined the exact longi ^on., Nov. 
 tude of various cities of N. Y. , and the western boundary Aiuson's Hist. 
 of the State ; discovered forty-seven asteroids; published qJi'^p ^^' 
 two celestial charts in 1882. The King of Sweden con- L'.PPi"'=o"'s 
 ferred upon him a gold medal for his discoveries connected 
 with the Sun ; the French Government, in similar recog- 
 nition, bestowed the Cross of the Legion of Honor, (1887). 
 He was buried in the College Cemetery, July 21, 1890. 
 
 Joseph Albert Lixtner, (1822-98). Manufacturer at 
 Utica, 1860-7 ; Ass't Zoologist in the N. Y. Stats Museum contemp.Biog 
 at Albany, 1868 ; served twelve years ; devoted himself to ?,^ ^^^7°'"'' 
 
 •^ Vol. IV., p, 
 
 research into the relations of entomology to Agriculture 169. 
 and Horticulture; appointed State Entomologist, 1880; 
 6
 
 G. H. Wil- 
 
 82 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 his publications are embodied in many Annual Re- 
 ports. 
 
 George Huntington Williams, (1856-94). b. Utica. 
 Amherst, '78 ; Heidelberg Univ , '82 ; Prof. Inorganic 
 Geology at Johns Hopkins, 1892 ; contributed 68 articles, 
 liams Mem'i. (1884-90), to German Am. Rev. of Mineralogy, Geol. and 
 Am. Authors. Palcou., and several monographs in the J. H. series ; Mod- 
 ern Petrography ; and Elements of Crystallography ; 
 member of many scientific societies. 
 
 Among early microscopists, William C. ■ Johnson and 
 Dr. A. R. Copeman, both then residents of Utica, did 
 original and valuable work (1860-70), the results of which 
 
 Mr. W. C. . . 
 
 Walker. Were uoted in the London and Edinburgh Microscopical 
 
 Journals ; Mr. Johnson's mounts and drawings of the 
 Greville-Barbadoes deposits aroused great scientific in- 
 terest. 
 
 Henry P. Startwell, M. D., (about 1 791 -1867), who 
 
 J. V. Haberer ^ 
 
 in Trans, o. lived at Ncw Hartford in his youth, and later distinguished 
 . ' 1887-9, [^ij^-^ggif ag a botanist, left an herbarium of 8,000 specimens, 
 
 pp. 188-9. ' X^ ' 
 
 Cat. Ham. now owncd by Hamilton College. 
 
 Peter D. Knieskern, M. D., (i 798-1 871), while living 
 
 J. v. Haberer . ' V / :^ / /' !5 
 
 in Trans, o. at Oriskany, compiled a catalogue of the plants of Oneida 
 H.s 1887-9. County, published 1842. 
 
 pp. 187, igi. ./ ' r ^ 
 
 George Vasey, M. D., (1822-.?). Spent portions of 
 Ibid. his life at Oriskany and Verona, and was intimately asso- 
 
 j. V. Haberer. ^.j^^g J with Dr. Knieskcm; Botanist of the Dept. of Agri- 
 culture, Washington, from 1872. 
 
 Edwin Hunt, (1837- 1880). Amherst. '58. Professor 
 
 J. V. Haberer ir-- -itt- * i r 
 
 in Trans, o. of Natural Sciences in the Utica Academy tor many years 
 from 1865; collected an herbarium of about 4,000 plants, 
 which was bought by the Asa Gray Botanical Club, 1887. 
 Rev. John A. Paine, Jr., compiled a catalogue of 
 plants found in Oneida County and vicinity which was 
 published in the Report of the Regents of the University 
 
 H.s. 
 
 , 1887. q 
 
 pp. i: 
 
 89-qi. 
 
 Ibid. 
 
 , p. IQT
 
 NOTEWORTHY CITIZENS OF ONEIDA COUNTY. 83 
 
 for 1865. It embraces the whole of the central part of 
 the State. 
 
 In the living generation a dozen men having present or 
 past connection v^ith Oneida County are doing recognized 
 field-work near or far, or devoting a scanty leisure to study 
 and experiment. 
 
 William C. Walker, b. 1847. Since early boyhood 
 a resident of Utica ; microscopist ; specialty, Diatoms ; dis- 
 coverer of nearly twenty species ; member of the London 
 Micros. Soc, (F. R. M. S)., honorary and corresponding 
 member of many Continental Scientific Soc's. Catalogue 
 of Diatoms of Central N. Y., and papers for Microscopical 
 Journals. 
 
 George C. Hodges has done original work in Chemical 
 Analysis ; Dr. William Ralph is quoted by Bendire in 
 Life Histories of N. A. Birds, as authority in ornitho- 
 logy and oology ; his gift to the Smithsonian Institution of 
 a collection of Eggs and Nests, the work of over twenty 
 years, is important and valuable. In collaboration with 
 Egbert Bagg he has published an Annotated List of 
 Birds of Oneida Comity. 
 
 In Butterflies, Dr. Mathias Cook is an expert ; on 
 Ferns, both native and foreign, Benjamin D. Gilbert, of 
 Utica and Clayville, is an authority ; and Dr. Joseph V. Ha- 
 BERER, of Utica, is a specialist in Cryptogams, and author 
 of a pamphlet on Flora of Utica and Vicinity for May 
 and June. 
 
 Rev. J. W. Whitfield, known in local circles for his 
 interest in microscopy, photography, and electricity, is also 
 a skilled maker of lenses and of shell cameos. 
 
 Robert Parr Whitfield, {b. New Hartford, 1828). 
 In employ of Samuel Chubbuck, (see above), 1848-56; Ass't who's who in 
 inPalgeon., and N. Y. State Nat. Hist., 1856-76; U. s. '^°'^"*'*" 
 Geol. Survey; Curator Geol. Dept. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
 
 84 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 Central Park, N. Y. , since 1877; original Fellow A. A. A. 
 
 S. ; Fellow Geol. Soc. of America ; Writer on Geology. 
 Rev. Edward Payson Powell, (/;. 1833), Hamilton, 
 
 '53. A scientific agriculturist, and writer and lecturer 
 Adams's Diet ^P^n cconomic and educational subjects ; long resident in 
 Am. Authors. Clinton ; Our Heredity from God ; Liberty atid Life ; 
 
 historical and political pamphlets and addresses ; Nulli- 
 fication and Secession in the U. S. 
 
 Albert Huntington Chester, {b. 1843). Columbia 
 
 School of Mines, '68 ; Prof. Chemistry, Mineralogy and 
 
 Metallurgy, Ham. Coll., 1870-91 ; Prof. Chem. and 
 Appieton's Mineral., Rutgers Coll. since 1892; since '82 connected 
 cycAm.Biog.^-^j^ the N. Y. State Board of Health. Deposits of the 
 
 Vermilion District, Minn. ; Catalogue of Minerals, with 
 
 Che^nical Cotnposition and Synonyms. 
 
 Charles Doolittle Walcott, {b. New York Mills, 
 
 1850). Assistant Geologist U. S. Geol. Survey, '79 ; now 
 Appieton's Dircctor U. S. Geol. Survey, a bureau of the Department 
 Cyc. Am. of the Interior. The Trilobite ; Palceontoloscy of the Eitreka 
 
 Authors. . . . . 
 
 District ; Cam.brian Fauna of North America ] Utica 
 Slate and Related Formations. 
 
 Albert P. Brigham, {b. 1855), Colgate, '79- Geolo- 
 gist of the Mohawk and Sauquoit Valleys and Finger Lakes ; 
 Pastor Tabernacle Church, Utica, 1885-91. Now Prof. 
 Geol., Colgate Univer. ; Fellow Geol. Soc. of America. 
 America. ° ' Many articlcs in scientific periodicals on the geology and 
 physical geography of N. Y. , especially in connection with 
 the glacial period. 
 
 Men of Letters. 
 Alexander Bryan Johnson, (1786-1867). Hamilton, 
 
 Pioneers, pp. ^ 
 
 321-31. '32. Admitted to the Bar, never practised. Philosophy 
 
 Am Biog^'^'^ ^f Human Knowledge, a treatise on Language ; Physiol-
 
 NOTEWORTHY CITIZENS OF ONEIDA COUNTY. 85 
 
 ogy of the Senses ; Religion in its Relations to the Present 
 Life ; Treatise on Bankiiig : Guide to the Right Under- 
 standing of otir American Union. 
 
 The following, while known as authors, were especially 
 noted as Abolitionists : 
 
 Gerrit Smith, (1797- 1874), b. Utica ; son of the 
 Pioneer, Peter Smith ; Hamilton, '18. About 1803 his 
 father removed to Whitesboro and in 1806 to Peterboro, 
 Madison Co., giving the new home his own name. 
 
 Probably no more disinterested philanthropist than Ger- 
 rit Smith ever lived. Refined, intellectual and fastidious, 
 he received into the intimacy of family life and welcomed 
 to his table, despised Abolitionist and runaway black Am. Biog. 
 slave. He exposed his health in hiding slaves from their f'^''\^*^^' 
 
 ^ " ham's Biog. 
 
 pursuers, and braved the sneers of his class for consorting Gernt smith, 
 with "fanatics." Of lands inherited from his father he 
 distributed 200,000 acres to poor settlers, black and white. 
 He served a term in Congress in 1852. The Religion 
 of Reason ; The Theologies ; Nature the Basis of a Free 
 Theology ; Sermons and Speeches ; Speeches in Con- 
 gress. 
 
 Beriah Green, (1795-1874) ; Middlebury, '19. Prof. 
 Sacred Lit., Western Res. Coll.; Anti-Slavery and Tem- j^^^^j^.g ^^^^ 
 
 perance Agitator; Pres. Oneida Inst., a Manual Labor Biog. Notes, p. 
 
 175. 
 School ; Pastor at Whitesboro, 1833-74. A History of 
 
 the Quakers ; Sermons and Discourses^ with a few Essays 
 
 and Addresses. 
 
 Theodore D wight Weld, (1803-18 — ) ; studied at 
 
 Hamilton ; also at Oberlin and Lane Sem. ; left the latter 
 
 institution on the suppression of the Anti-Slavery Soc. of 
 
 the Sem., by the Trustees. A resident of Oneida Co. for^m. Biog. 
 
 a few years before 1830 ; licentiate of Oneida Presbytery ; 
 
 a strong anti-slavery agitator ; ni. the South Carolinian
 
 86 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 Angelina Grimke, also an ardent anti-slavery public 
 speaker, who had emancipated a large number of slaves 
 inherited from her father ; in 1830 became agent of the 
 Soc. to promote Manual Labor in Schools and Colleges. 
 The Bible against Slavery ; American Slavery as it is; 
 Slavery and the Internal Slave Trade. 
 
 Several of our Clergymen are known also as authors. 
 
 George Washington Bethune, (1805- 1862), Columbia 
 G.w.Bethune and Dickinson, '22; Princeton Theol. Sem. ; Pastor Dutch 
 ^T^^-, ^. , Ref. Ch., Utica, 1830-34. The Fruit of the Spirit ; Hist. 
 Am. Authors, of a Penitent ; Early Lost, Early Saved ; Memoirs of 
 Mrs. Joanna Bethune ; Lays of Love and Faith. 
 
 Henry Mandeville, (1804-1858), Union, '26 ; Pastor 
 M.H.,p.4i5. Dutch Ref. Ch., Utica, 1834-41 ; Prof. Moral Phil, and 
 Appieton's Rhet. , Ham. Coll. , 1841-9 ; author of a series of Readers 
 
 Cyc.Am. Biog. .... 
 
 Trien. Cat. and of Elements of Reading and Oratory, which is still 
 
 Ham. Coll. ^^^^ ^^ ^ ^^^^ ^^^^ -^^ CollcgCS. 
 
 Samlel Ware Fisher, (1814-1874), Yale, '35 ; Union 
 
 Nat. cyc. Am. Theol. Scm. ; Pres. Ham. Coll., 1858-66; Pastor West- 
 
 Biog. minster Ch., Utica, 1867-71. Three Great Temptations ; 
 
 Mem'i. Sermons on the Life of Christ ; Occasional Sermons and 
 
 Addresses. 
 
 Philemon Halstead Fowler, (18 14- 1879) ; Hobart, 
 '32; Princeton Theol. Sem.; Pastor First Pres. Ch., 
 
 Gen. Cat. 
 
 Auburn Theol. Utica, 1 85 1 -65 ; Presbyteriauism in Central N. Y.\ Rela- 
 sem., 1883, p. fi^j^^ lyjr Labor and Capital ; Memoir of Major William 
 
 Fowler. 
 
 Samuel Oilman Brown, (i 8 13-1885) ; Dartmouth, '31 ; 
 
 Andover Theol. Sem. ; Prof. Oratory and Belles Letters, 
 Duyckinck's jj^^^j pj^-j^ and PoHt. Econ., Dart. Coll., 1840-67; Pres. 
 
 Cyc. Am. Lit. 
 
 (Supp't)Art. Ham. Coll. 1867-81. Life of Rnfns Choate ; Biography 
 p i(^™ ° " ^f Self- Taught Men, and many addresses and magazine 
 s. G. Brown, articles on Literature, Art and History. Resident of 
 
 Mem'l. , . , , 
 
 Utica for a few years before his death.
 
 NOTEWORTHY CITIZENS OF ONEIDA COUNTY. 8/ 
 
 William Thomas Gibson, (1822- 1896) ; Hobart, '42. 
 A man of varied learning ; Ass't Rector of Grace Ch., 
 Utica, 1858-62, and, except for brief intervals, of St. jj^^^h. Eclectic 
 George's, 1863-83 ; also of other churches in the county -May, 1895. 
 Chaplain State Hospital ; Ed. Gospel Messenger, 1860-72 ; 
 Ed. and Prop'r Church Eclectic, 1873-95. 
 
 Isaac S. Hartley, ( 183 i- 1899) ; Univ. of N. Y. , '52 ; 
 Pastor Dutch Ref. Ch., Utica, 1 870-1 890 ; of the Epis.Ch., 
 Great Harrington, Mass., 1892. Prayer and its Relation /(? n. y. Times, 
 Modern TJioiight and Criticism \ Hist, of the Refonned^^^ ^'''^'^'^' 
 Church ; Memorial of Rev. P . H. Fourier ; Old Fort 
 Schuyler in History ; The Tivelve Gates ; Verses from 
 Various Authors. 
 
 Leicester Ambrose Sawyer, (1807- 1898) ; Hamilton, 
 '28 ; Princeton Theol. Sem. ; Pres. Central Coll., O., (since 
 absorbed by Wooster Univ.) ; 30 years resident in Whites-^- herald, 
 
 •^ . . Dec. 30, i8g8, 
 
 boro ; Elements of Biblical Interpretation ; Or^rt;^/V Appieton's 
 Christianity \ The American Bible ; A New Translation ^^^^^'^°^ 
 of the Nezv Testament and Vol. I. of the Old Testament \ 
 Reconstruction of Bible Theories. 
 
 Thomas Jefferson Sawyer, (1804- 1899) ; Middlebury, 
 '29 ; Prin. Clinton Liberal Institute, 1845-52 ; one of the 
 founders of Tufts College, Mass.; from 1869 Prof. Theol. Am. Biog. 
 and Dean of the College. Doctrine of Eternal Salvation ; Appieton's 
 
 ^ -^ Cyc.Am. Biog. 
 
 Who is God, the Son or the Father ? ; Endless Punish- 
 ment. 
 
 Edward Bright, (i 808-1 894). For many years Ed. 
 N. Y. Examiner and Chronicle, the organ of the Baptist pioj,ggjgp 
 Church ; lived in Utica in his youth, and until about 1841 ; 528. 
 
 Directory, 1834 
 
 from 1833 or -4, with Dolphus Bennett, printed and pub- jones'sAnnais 
 lished in Utica the N. Y. Baptist Register, (founded i824;P-^^-^- 
 A. M. Beebee, Ed). Pastor Bleecker St. Baptist Church, 
 1 840- 1 84 1. 
 
 Edward Gayer Andrews, b. New Hartford, 1825.
 
 Ibid. 
 
 88 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 Lippincott's Consecrated Bishop Meth. Epis. Ch., 1872 ; Diocese, 
 
 Biog. Diet. \ ^ ■> I 1 ' 
 
 Who's Who iu Iowa. Residence, since 1888, New York. 
 
 menca. Melancthon Woolsey Stryker, d. Vemon, 1851 ; 
 
 Nat. cyc. Am, Hamilton, '72 ; grandson of Com. Woolsey ; Pres. Ham. 
 
 Adams's Diet Coll. since 1892. Miriam and Other Verse \ Hamilton, 
 
 Am. Biog. Lincoln, and otJier Addresses ; The Letter of James the 
 
 Just ; LattermatJi. 
 
 Charles Frederick Goss, [b. 1852). Hamilton, '73 ; 
 
 Who's Who in 
 
 America. Pastor Bethany Ch., Utica, 188 1-5. The Optimist \ Hits 
 and Misses ; The PJiilopalist. Residence, Cincinnati. 
 
 George Hodges, {p. Rome, 1856). Hamilton, Jj ; 
 Dean Epis. Theol. Sch., Cambridge, Mass., since 1894. 
 Christianity bet%ueen Sundays ; In the Present World ; 
 The Battles of Peace. 
 
 Moses Mears Bagg, M. D. {b. Utica 1816) ; Yale, '37; 
 Med. Coll., Geneva, N. Y., '41 ; studied afterward in Paris ; 
 established at Utica since 1846; Pioneers of Utica, 1877; 
 Memorial History of Utica, N. Y., 1892. 
 
 Other Historians of Oneida County are : Pomroy Jones, 
 (1789-1884), Annals and Recollections of Oneida County, 
 185 1. Daniel E. Wager of Rome, (1823-96), Our 
 County and its People ; a de script l ve zvork oji Oneida 
 County, 1896 ; and various historical addresses. Rev. A. 
 D. Gridley, of Clinton, (18 19-1876), History of the Toivn 
 of Kirkland, 1874. Henry C. Rogers, (1832-1880); His- 
 tory of the To%v7i of Paris and the Valley of the Sauquoit, 
 1881. 
 
 Marc Cook, (i 854-1882), andCnANNiNG M. Huntington, 
 ( 1 861-1894), were known as writers of verses, the former 
 under the name of Vandyke Brown ; he also wrote The 
 Wilderness Ciire. 
 
 Harold Frederic, (1856-1898), b. Utica, d. London, 
 England. Proof reader on the Utica Herald ; chief edi-
 
 NOTEWORTHY CITIZENS OF ONEIDA COUNTY. 89 
 
 torial writer for the Utica Observer, 1880 ; editor Albany 
 
 Evening Journal, 1882 ; on N. Y. Times, 1884 ; then went 
 
 to England ; m. a granddaughter of Beriah Green. His 
 
 stories were written in England ; their scenes laid in Amer- Daily Papers. 
 
 ica, and usually in N. Y. State. Set /is Brother's Wife ; 
 
 The Lawton Girl ; hi the Valley ; The Copperhead ; The 
 
 Damnation of Theron Ware (English title, Illumination) ; 
 
 left completed MSS. of two novels, Gloria Miindi and 
 
 The Market Place. 
 
 Clinton Scollard, [b. Clinton, i860). Hamilton, '81 ; 
 Prof. Eng. Lit., Ham. Coll. , 1891-6. Residence, Clinton, 
 Pictures in Song ; WitJi Reed and Lyre ; Old and Neiv Adams's Diet. 
 World Lyrics ; Songs of Sunrise Lands ; Skenandoa ; ^^' •^"'^^°^^- 
 Hills of Song ; also descriptive prose and prose romance ; 
 A Man at Arms. 
 
 women writers. 
 
 Mrs. Caroline Stansbury Kirkland, (1808- 1864). A 
 resident of Clinton in her youth, and wife of Prof. William Griswoid-s 
 
 Prose A?Vritcrs 
 
 Kirkland of Hamilton College ; wrote stories and descrip- of America, 
 tions of pioneer life ; also other works. A Nezv Home, Nat. cyc. Am. 
 
 Biog., Vol. v.. 
 
 Who II Follow?; Western Clearings \ Essay on the Life -g^^^i,, 
 aiid Writings of Spenser ; Personal Memoirs of Washing- 
 ton ; Garden Walks with the Poets. 
 
 Mrs. Frances Miriam Berry Whitcher, (18 12- 1852) ; 
 b. Whitesboro. A still popular humorist ; wife of an 
 
 Alllbone's 
 
 Episcopal clergyman settled at Elmira and later at Diet. Am. 
 Whitesboro. Widow Bedott Papers ; Widow Spriggins ; Adams's Diet 
 and an unfinished story, Mary Elmer, edited and com- Am. Authors, 
 pleted, with biographical sketch of the author, by Mrs. 
 Martha L. Whitcher, author of Stray Leaves in the 
 History of Whitesboro. Aiiibone's 
 
 Mrs. Emily Chubbuck Judson, ("Fanny Forester "), Author™" 
 (1817-1854). While a teacher at Miss Sheldon's Utica uSnd'Let- 
 Female Academy, wxoie Alderbrook and other tales and e. c°judson.
 
 go OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY, 
 
 verses ; ;;/. Rev. Adoniram Judson, and went with him as 
 missionary to Burmah. 
 
 The sisters, Frances and Metta Fuller. Lived at 
 Rome and afterwards in Whitestown ; their earHest work 
 a poem written in conjunction ; both wrote novels and 
 Adams's Diet, verscs, and Frances became a lar^e contributor to Ban- 
 Aiubone.^""" croft's History of the Pacific States. Born in the thirties, 
 Metta died in '85, Frances in '98. They married brothers, 
 Victor. A// Over Oregon ; TJie New Penelope ; Tzvo 
 Mormon Wives ; TJie Senator s Son. 
 Griswoid's Mrs. Elizabeth Jesup Fames. Lived in New Hartford 
 
 pp. 246-0. ' from 1837. Poems: The Crowning of Petrarch \ Cleo- 
 patra ; Sonnets to Milton, Addison, Dry den, and Tasso. 
 stedmr^and' Mrs. Mary Clemmer Ames, ( 1 839- 1 884) ; b. Utica. 
 Hutchinson. Poevis of Life andNatiire ; Ten Years in Washington ; 
 
 Adams's Diet. . . <s ' 
 
 Am. Authors. Memorials of Alice and Phoebe Cary. 
 
 Mrs. Theodosia Foster, (" Faye Huntington"), {b. 
 1838). An educator of Verona, N. Y. ; has written ex- 
 tensively for young people. /;/ Earnest ; A Baker s Dozen ; 
 A Modern Exodus. 
 
 Mrs. Isabella Macdoxald Alden, ("Pansy"; {b. 1841). 
 Lived in New Hartford, where her husband was Pastor 
 Who's Who in Pres. Ch. , 1873-6 ; began there the series of ''Pansy Sto- 
 ries," embracing about 75 titles, and edited S. S. Maga- 
 zine ; Lesson Helps, for primary S. S. work. Esther 
 Reid ; A King's DatigJiter ; Four Girls at Chantauqua, 
 etc. Residence, Philadelphia. 
 
 Rose Elizabeth Cleveland, {b. 1846). Lives at Hoi- 
 Adams's Diet, land Patent ; George Eliofs Poetry and OtJier Studies ; 
 
 Am. Authors. 
 
 The Lo7ig Run, a Novel. 
 
 Mrs. Florence Morse Kingsley, {b. 1859). Daugh- 
 ter of the artists J. B. and Eleanor Ecob Morse; lived 
 during girlhood at Utica ; m. Rev. Charles R. Kingsley. 
 Who's Who in Xittis, a Soldier of the Cross : Stephen ; TJie Cross Tri- 
 
 America. 
 
 iivipJiant. Residence, Staten Is., N. Y. 
 
 Ibid.
 
 NOTEWORTHY CITIZENS OF ONEIDA COUNTY. 9 1 
 
 EDUCATORS. 
 
 To the Educators already named we add the follow- 
 ing : 
 
 Thomas Hastings, (1784- 1872). Father of Thomas S. 
 Hastings of Union Theol. Sem. ; began in 1805, at Utica, 
 a work original and of great value. This was the estab- Pioneers, pp. 
 
 444-6. 
 
 lishment of a high standard of church hymns and music. 
 He held that religion has the same claim upon song as 
 upon speech ; composed, published, and taught music 
 continuously from 1823-32. 
 
 George Washington Gale, (1789- 1862) ; Union, '14 ; 
 founded Manual Labor School at Whitesboro, 1835 ; atpresb'min 
 the head of a colonizing party of his old neighbors, ^ent. n. v., 
 
 PP- 552-4- 
 
 founded the town and college of Galesburg, 111. 
 
 George Robert Perkins, (1812-1876) ; Hamilton, '52 ; 
 Teacher in Liberal Institute, Clinton ; Prin. Utica Acad- 
 emy, 1838-44; Prof, and Prin. State Normal Sch. , Al- 
 bany ; Director Dudley Observatory, 1852 ; Regent of the 
 Univ., 1862 ; resident of Utica continuously for more than 
 twenty years before his death ; author of a series of 
 mathematical text books. 
 
 William Henry Carpenter, {b. Utica, 1853). Cornell, 
 Leipzig and Freiburg ; Lecturer on N. European Lit., 
 Cornell, 1883 ; Lecturer and Ass't Prof., Columbia, 
 
 ' ^ ' ' Nat. Cyc. Am. 
 
 1881-90 ; succeeded Prof. H. H. Boyesen as head of the Biog., voi. 
 Dept. German Languages, 1875 ; Griindriss dcr Neiiis- 'P- " • 
 landischen Gravunatik ; Translatio7i of an Icelandic poem, 
 date, A. D 14.00 ; and many reviews and contributions to 
 Cyclopaedias and the Standard Dictionary. 
 
 Edward North, {b. 1820) ; Hamilton, '41 ; Prof. Greek 
 and Latin at Hamilton, 1843-62 ; of Greek Lang, and Biog., voi. ivi 
 Lit., from 1862 ; in constant service of fifty years has in-P-^'^- 
 
 ' ' ■' •' Trien. Cat. 
 
 structed 2.000 students ; Necrologist since 1855. Ham. cou.
 
 92 OUTLINE H J STORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 Anson Judd Upson, {b. 1823) ; Hamilton, '43 ; active 
 
 as educator ; held chairs of Logic, Rhetoric and Elocution 
 
 j^.j at Hamilton, 1849-70 ; Sacred Rhetoric and Pastoral 
 
 Who's Who in Theol. at Auburn Theol. Sem., 1 880-7 ! Regent of the 
 
 America. tt • r o r^t t t-. • i 
 
 Univ., from 1874; Chancellor, from 1892 ; Residence, 
 Glens Falls, N. Y. 
 
 Hermann Carl George Brandt, {b. 1850) ; Hamilton, 
 
 '72 ; Assoc. Prof. German, Johns-Hopkins, 1876-82 ; 
 
 Trien.cat. p^of. Mod. Langs. and Philol., Ham. Coll., since 1882. 
 
 Ham. Coll. '^ ' ' 
 
 Who's Who in Gemian Grammar for Schools and Colleges ; German 
 menca. Reader ; also, (with Prof. H. C. G. Jagemann), German- 
 English and English-German Dictiofiary. 
 
 ARTISTS. 
 
 Henry Inman, (i 801-1846) ; b. Utica. Brother of 
 
 Commodore Inman ; student under the artist Jarvis ; ex- 
 
 Tuckerman's ccllcd in portraits, but was also distinguished for landscapes 
 
 Bk.of Am. ^^^ miniatures. Most of his works are in England ; por- 
 
 Artists. '=' ' ^ 
 
 Drake's Am. traits of Wordszvortli, Dr. Chalmers ^nd Mac an lay; others 
 '°^' are in this country. In the Capitol at Washington is his 
 
 portrait of Chief Justice Marshall. 
 
 Erastus Dow Palmer, {b. 18 17). Came to Utica a 
 lad in 1826, and is mentioned as a resident in the direc- 
 tories for 1844-50 ; at first carpenter and pattern maker; 
 Tuckerman's afterward executed portrait busts and bas-reliefs, and later 
 
 Bk.of Am. ^ . 
 
 Artists. ideal pieces. The Indian Girl \ The White Captive ; The 
 
 ^'xtr'"^^"^" ^^''^P^^^S P^'J'i^ etc. The great gilded sheep that for thirty 
 Who's Who m years adorned the Utica Steam Woolen Mill was one of 
 
 America. -r^i, ,/-i • • ri-r i 
 
 Palmers youthful creations ; specimens of his nner work 
 are also to be found in Utica. His home has for many 
 years been in Albany. 
 
 Dr. Henry Hogeboom worked in clay and marble in 
 Utica between 1850 and 1870 ; excelled in portraiture in 
 intaglio.
 
 NOTEWORTHY CITIZENS OF ONEIDA COUNTY. 93 
 
 M. E. D. Brown, (prob. 1 8 10-1896). Painted portraits 
 and landscapes for many years from 1850. George W. 
 King, J. B. Morse and Mrs. Eleanor Ecob Morse have 
 more than a local reputation. 
 
 Lemuel Maynard Wiles, {b. 1826). Taught drawing 
 in Utica public schools for a number of years before 1864. school Rep't., 
 Director College of Fine Arts, Ingham Univ., Leroy, N. who's who in 
 Y. ; Director Art Dept. Univ. of Tenn., Nashville. Resi- ^"''"^^• 
 dence, New York. 
 
 Irving Ramsey Wiles, {b. Utica, 1861). Son of L. M. 
 Wiles. Studied at Art Students' League in New York, 
 and in Paris with Boulanger, Lefebre and Carolus Duran ; ibid, 
 portrait and figure painter, and illustrator for leading mag- 
 azines. Residence, New York. 
 
 Arthur B. Davies, ib. Utica, 1862), of Welsh parent- 
 
 . . N. Y. Eve. 
 
 age. His earliest work was illustrating for The Century Post, Apr. 24, 
 and St. Nicholas magazines. In his works landscape ^'^y cHtic, 
 broadly treated is subsidary to the human and poetical ^p^- '^97- 
 conception. Residence, New York. 
 
 actors. 
 
 James Henry Hackett, (i 800-1 871). Comedian and 
 Manager ; merchant in Utica 1820-25 ; made his first es- p^®"*^", p. 
 say as actor in the part of " Dromio " in New York, 1826. Nat. cyc. Am. 
 Later made a great success in London and New York as ^'°^' 
 "Falstaff, " a part in which he was said to be without a 
 rival. 
 
 John A. Ellsler, {b. 1822). Actor and Manager. For 
 two seasons from 1852 or 1853, associated in the manage- 
 ment of the Utica Museum, (where is now the store of 
 Buckingham and Moak. ) Maggie Mitchell was in his com- g. e. cooper, 
 pany. His wife, Fanny, took the principal woman's parts, who's who in 
 His daughter, Effie, has won a reputation in "Hazel 
 Kirke."
 
 94 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY, 
 
 William H. Crane, a native of Mass. Came to Utica 
 about 1864 ; was engaged bytheHolman Opera Co., com- 
 posed chiefly of the young members of the Holman fam- 
 ily, with headquarters at Utica, — their programmes opera 
 bouffe ; remained with them for two seasons ; married in 
 Utica ; has been an actor for the past ten or twelve years. 
 
 government officials. 
 
 Of Oneida County men who have filled high civil or po- 
 litical positions, we note : 
 Nat. cyc. Am. JoHN Jay Knox, of Kuoxboro, (1828-1864). Hamilton, 
 ^'°^' ^ '49. For seventeen years Deputy Comptroller and Comp- 
 Ham. Coll. trollcr of the National Currency. 
 
 Ellis H. Roberts, (/;. Utica, 1827). Yale, '50; for 
 many years editor of the Utica Herald ; Member of Con- 
 Adams' Diet, gress, 1871-5 ; Ass't U. S. Treas., in charge of Sub-Treas- 
 
 Am. Author.s. n r, ,^ 
 
 ury at N. Y ,1889-1893 ; U. S. Treas., 1898. Government 
 Rcveujie ; TJic Planting and G: owth of the Empire State. 
 Thomas L. James, {b. Utica, 1831). Postmaster of New 
 York, 1873-81 ; Postmaster General of the U. S. 1881-2, 
 Bio^!^k;". ^ under Presidents Garfield and Arthur. Residence, New 
 York. 
 
 Grover Cleveland, (b. 1837). Governor of New York, 
 
 1882. President of the United States 1885-9, 1893-7. 
 
 Appieton's Spent several years of his youth in Clinton. Residence, 
 
 Cyc. Am. Biog f J J » 
 
 Princeton, N. J. 
 
 Wilson S. Bissell, {b. New London, Oneida Co.) Post- 
 master General 1893-5, under President Cleveland. Resi- 
 dence, Buffalo. 
 
 William H. Watson, M.D., {b. 1829). Brown Univ., 
 Nat. Cyc. Am. '52. Hahnemann Med. Coll., Pa., '54. Surgeon Gen. of 
 the State of New York, 1880 ; Regent of the University, 
 1881.
 
 NOTEWORTHY CITIZENS OF ONEIDA COUNTY. 95 
 
 Elihu Root, (/;. Clinton, 1845). Hamilton, '64. Ap- D^^^y p^p^"- 
 
 ^ . July 22, 24, 
 
 pointed Secretary of War by President McKinley, July, 1899. 
 1899. 
 
 Dr. M. O. Terry was appointed Surgeon General of the 
 State by Governer Morton, and re-appointed by Governor 
 
 •^ _ _ t^r J U. Herald, 
 
 Black. The new military code abolished the office at the Aug. 26, 1898. 
 end of Governor Black's administration, 1898. 
 
 S. N. D. North, {b. Clinton, 1848). Hamilton, '69. 
 
 Ibid., Sept. 7, 
 
 Son of Edward North ; was a member of the National Dec. 16. iSgs. 
 Industrial Commission by appointment of President McKin- 
 ley, 1898 ; Assistant Director of the U. S. Census, 1899. 
 Thomas R. Proctor is one of the Honorary Commis- 
 
 XT 17-1 -r. • T^ • • . Ibid., Dec. 26, 
 
 sioners to represent New York at the Pans Exposition of ,898. 
 1900 ; appointed by Governor Black, 1898. 
 
 visitors. 
 There is a vague tradition that Washington once visit- 
 
 Jones's Annals 
 
 ed Old Fort Schuyler, and it is on record that, in con- p. 167. 
 junction with Governor George Clinton, he owned land in ^*^^'^'^„"^^^' 
 
 J ° ' Oneida Co., p. 
 
 Oneida County. 52- 
 
 La Fayette made an earlier visit to the County than 
 that of 1825. In October, 1784, four months after Hugh 
 
 TTT1 -11 -1 TTT1 • T T^ • PioDeers, p. 
 
 White had arrived at Whitestown, La rayette, coming to 628. 
 
 Fort Stanwix to assist at a treaty between the U. S. Gov- ^""^ ^^^i^'^^- 
 
 ■^ er s pamphlet, 
 
 ernment and the Chiefs of the Six Nations, was a guest of •' a Few stray 
 the White family in their first log house. Forty years p.^^J'^^' ' "*' 
 later he recalled their hospitality, and visited the widow of 
 the honored pioneer. 
 
 Thomas Moore lingered long in our valley in the early 
 
 ° . ° •' •' "Lines Writ- 
 
 years of the century. His reference "to the mighty Mo- ten at the 
 hawk" recalls the time when the volume of water in the *^°^°^'"^°*'''^- 
 river was much greater than at present. 
 
 The visit of the Magyar Patriot, Louis Kossuth, in the 
 interest of his country's freedom, is vividly remembered,
 
 96 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY, 
 
 (See II.), and the presence of other public men is recorded 
 under the appropriate dates. 
 
 We are glad also to recall that Clara Barton was once 
 a student at Clinton. 
 
 Daniel Webster, Washington Irving, Joseph Bona- 
 parte, and Charles Dickens, are to be numbered among 
 the distinguished visitors by whose presence our history is 
 enriched and endeared.
 
 UTICA FREE ACADEMY. 
 
 Saiiirflay (ilube
 
 XII. 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 IN a summary of the schools of Oneida County, the point 
 chiefly to be dwelt upon will be the gradual adoption 
 and development of the Public School system. The sys- 
 tem enjoys the sanction of the State of New York, and 
 partial financial support from the State Treasury. 
 
 At the first meeting of the State Legislature, after the 
 adoption of the Constitution of 1787, (George Clinton being 
 Governor), an act was passed incorporating the Regents 
 of the University in accordance with the scheme devised 
 by Alexander Hamilton, and placing them in general 
 charge of the colleges and academies of the State. The 
 Regents, in their annual report for 1793, called the atten- 
 tion of the Legislature to advantages which would accrue 
 by the establishment, in various parts of the State, of schools 
 for the instruction of children in the lower branches of 
 education. 
 
 At the opening of the session of 1795, Governor Clinton 
 initiated the great movement for a Common School sys- 
 tem. A committee of the Assembly was almost im- 
 mediately formed, and soon reported a bill entitled, " An 
 Act for the Encouragement of Schools." Without delay 
 this bill passed both Houses, and received the sanction of 
 the Governor on April 9th, 1795. It appropriated $50,- 
 000. annually for five years, and county boards and super- 
 visors were required to raise by tax a sum equal to one- 
 half that allotted by the State, to be applied to teaching 
 the "branches most useful to a good English educa- 
 tion." 
 7
 
 98 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 During the five years for which funds were provided, 
 about fourteen hundred schools were successfully main- 
 tained. Then followed a period of twelve years of strug- 
 gle in the Legislature by the friends of Common School 
 education to revive, and make permanent provision for, a 
 school fund. In 1801 the Legislature directed the rais- 
 ing by lotteries, known as Literature Lotteries, of moneys 
 to be disbursed by the Regents for academies and schools, 
 and this method was practiced until 1821, when a new 
 State Constitution was adopted by which all lotteries were 
 prohibited. 
 
 In the meantime the lottery funds had been invested in 
 
 real estate, but many schools remained closed for want of 
 
 Randall's support. Annually Governor Clinton renewed his ener- 
 
 Com.sch.sys. getic plea for their reorganization ; his successors, Gover- 
 
 StateofN. Y., _.,„,. ,, , 
 
 pp. 5-17. nors Lewis and lompkins, were equally urgent, and at 
 
 last, in 181 1, Gov. Tompkins was authorized to appoint 
 five commissioners to report a system for the establish- 
 ment of Common Schools. 
 
 Gideon Hawley, a young lawyer of Albany, was the first 
 New York State Superintendent of Common Schools. 
 He received his appointment from the Governor and the 
 Council, in January, 1813. The famous Lancasterian 
 system, recommended by Gov. Tompkins's committee and 
 strongly urged by DeWitt Clinton, was, after thorough in- 
 vestigation, ably enforced by the Superintendent. Gen- 
 eral unity was secured, and the efficiency of the system 
 was considered marvelous. Its most striking feature was 
 that of mutual instruction by the pupils, who were by 
 turns students and monitors under the larger supervision 
 and instruction of the master. 
 
 In the year 18 14, on petition of a number of citizens, 
 the Regents of the University granted a charter for an 
 
 31868, p. 5. Academy for boys in Utica. "The first Common School 
 
 Ibid., p. 24.
 
 EDUCATION. 99 
 
 of the city was established in the year 1816, Utica then 
 
 1 • 11 -n • 1 r TT71 • Ibid., 1875-6, p, 
 
 being a small village m the town ol Whitestown, one yearxs. 
 before it was constituted a town." 
 
 In 1 817, the first Act of the Legislature in relation to 
 the schools of Utica was passed. Section 28 declares : 
 " All the property of the 12th district of Whitestown is 
 
 . 1 . Sch. Rep't., 
 
 vested in the Trustees of the village of Utica for said free ises, p. 5. 
 schools." By Section 29, the village was authorized "to 
 raise not exceeding $100. per year for the support of such 
 poor children as were entitled to a gratuitous education." 
 In 181 8, the first Academy building was finished and 
 served as Academy, Town House and Court House, In 
 1828, its pupils numbered one hundred and fifty. The 
 Directory of this year says that the public appropriation of six 
 hundred dollars a year for the Common School is not Pioneers, p. 
 enough to make it free. That of 1829 states that erratu- ^^' , 
 
 -^ o Directory, 
 
 itous instruction is furnished to as many students as possi- '828. 
 ble ; others pay from fifty cents to one dollar and a quar- 
 ter per quarter. More than two hundred are in attendance, 
 and many rejected for want of room. Tuition fees were 
 paid until 1853. After this date the Academy was free, Address, j. w. 
 and open to girls as well as boys. "Female pupils had ^''^^^"^^* 
 
 Opening New 
 
 from time to time been taught in the Academy, as well in Academy, 
 the languages as in other branches of instruction." The Jgg' p^g^^^'*"" 
 matter of free schools for all was so urgently pushed 
 by E. A. Wetmore, one of the first six commissioners, that 
 he has been called " mainly the author " of the free schools 
 of Utica. 
 
 In the meantime, however, in 1837, the need of a char- 
 tered day and boarding-academy for girls induced a second 
 petition to the Regents. This was granted. The school 
 has flourished to this day and is still under the sreneral di- 
 
 " M. H., p. 464. 
 
 rection of a board of citizen trustees. The first Prin- 
 cipal was Miss Sheldon, who afterwards became the wife
 
 lOO OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 of Dr. Nott, the father of Union College. Later, Miss 
 Kelly and her sisters had a long and successful adminis- 
 tration. The school has been thoroughly adopted as a 
 highly creditable local institution. The formal title under 
 which it was incorporated, the Utica Female Academy, 
 has been modernized, and the school is well and widely 
 known as Mrs. Piatt's School. 
 
 In 1826, Gov. DeWitt Clinton and the able chairman of 
 the literary committee of the Senate, John C. Spencer, 
 concurred in strongly recommending measures for securing 
 a higher standard of qualifications for teachers. Among 
 these were : i. A seminary for the education of teach- 
 ers. 2. Bestowing state bounty to academies, not as be- 
 fore, in proportion to the number of classical students in 
 each, but of their graduates who shall have been licensed 
 as teachers of common schools. 3. Seminaries for the 
 education of females in the higher branches of knowledge. 
 
 In the year 1827, the same Governor recommended pro- 
 viding for the common schools " small and suitable collec- 
 tions of books and maps, and periodical examinations to 
 test the proficiency of the scholars and merits of the teach- 
 ers," and the Superintendent of Schools declared that 
 " Instruction should be co-extensive with Universal Suf- 
 frage." Gov. Clinton's last message, written in 1828, the 
 month before his death, urges a generous school policy 
 which should "double the powers of our artisans by giving 
 them a scientific education." The system of Joseph Lan- 
 caster was retained until about 1827. It was found to be 
 unsatisfactory for small rural schools, and not adapted to 
 the higher branches of education. The better instruction 
 of teachers became the pivot of the movement for improv- 
 ing the school system. 
 
 In 1835, Gen. John A. Dix, Chairman, and a committee 
 of the Board of Regents, in a report upon this subject,
 
 EDUCATION. lOI 
 
 advised the establishment of a teachers' department to be 
 connected with the academy in each of the senatorial dis- 
 tricts of the State. Following this a bill was brought be- 
 fore the Assembly for the establishment of a separate 
 Department of Public Instruction, whose secretary should 
 be Superintendent of Common Schools, and ex-oificio 
 Chancellor of the University. The same year saw the 
 founding of the School District Library. 
 
 In May, 1842, a notable convention of County Superin- 
 tendents was held in Utica. Among delegates present 
 were Horace Mann, Dr. Wm. Gallaudet, and Dr. Alonzo 
 Potter. George B. Emerson, of Boston, made an earnest 
 plea for Normal Schools for the training of teachers ; Hor- 
 ace Mann supported him, while his own addresses turned 
 chiefly on the need of making education universal. In 
 December, 1844, the first Normal School, that at Albany, 
 was formally opened with twenty-nine pupils. George R. 
 Perkins, of Utica, was. a member of its Faculty as Professor 
 of Mathematics. 
 
 The Utica Directory of 1837-8 mentions two public J^''"*^'^*^'^^- 
 schools ; that of 1839-40, four public schools. ibid., 1839-40. 
 
 In 1 844, what is rightly termed the Free School campaign 
 was opened. A committee appointed by the Onondaga 
 County Teachers' Institute presented a report, the opening 
 words of which were : "We maintain that every human 
 being has a right to intellectual and moral education ; and 
 that it is the duty of government to provide the means of 
 such education to every child under its jurisdiction." 
 
 [For entire text of Horace Mann's eloquent plea for 
 Free Schools, see Randall's Hist. Com. Sch. Sys. State 
 of N. Y., pp. 219-226.] 
 
 A few cities of the State, among them Utica, had during 
 the previous five years made some of the common schools 
 free. The result of their experiment was so satisfactory
 
 I02 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 that the Legislature, in 1846, recommended the adoption 
 into the Constitution of a State System of Free Schools. 
 
 At a meeting of taxpayers of Utica, called by Mayor 
 Fish in November, 1855, a committee of five was appoint- 
 ed to investigate the city's debt, taxes, schools, and the 
 .,pp.2 ^■4- g^^jgqy^^y Qf ^Yie existing charter. " The city was then in 
 one great school district, and therefore drew no more of 
 the State fund than would a district of thirty scholars." 
 
 The committee reported January 16, 1856, and in ac- 
 cordance with its recommendations, at an adjourned meet- 
 ing, (January 2), it was voted to divide the city into school 
 districts of 100 scholars each, and this change was soon 
 embodied in a charter amendment. 
 
 In 1856, Andrew McMillan became Principal of the 
 Advanced School, (b. Augusta, 1820, d. 1893.) He 
 continued to serve the schools of the city thirty-six years: 
 as Principal, 1856-67; as Superintendent of Schools, 
 1867-92. 
 
 In 1858, George C. Sawyer became Principal of the 
 Academy, (b. 1735 ; Harvard '55.) His service lasted 
 thirty-eight years, (1858-96.) 
 
 In May, 1865, the Free Academy was destroyed by in- 
 cendiary fire. A new building was dedicated January 31, 
 1868. At this time the number of pupils was 143, and 
 seven teachers were employed. 
 
 In the next quarter of a century, this building in turn 
 became inadequate to the needs of the city, and on Sep- 
 tember II, 1899, the commodious new Academy on Kem- 
 ble Street was opened for use. It is believed that in many 
 respects this is superior to any other High School building 
 in the State. 
 
 There are now, including the Academy, twenty-five free 
 public schools in Utica, employing upwards of 225 teach- 
 ers. The average daily attendance is nearly 7,000. This
 
 EDUCATION. 103 
 
 includes twelve kindergartens, of which nine form depart- 
 ments of ward schools, one evening school, and a school 
 of pedagogy for graduates. A training school for kinder- 
 gartners, established several years since, has this year, 
 1899, been made part of the public school system. This 
 and the school of pedagogy are under the Department of 
 Public Instruction, and bestow diplomas which are recog- 
 nized by the State as certificates of fitness. 
 
 Since September, 1896, manual training and domestic 
 science have been made part of the school course, obliga- 
 tory in the middle grades, and optional in the Academy. 
 
 In the office of the Superintendent is a library consist- 
 ing of about one thousand volumes of the best professional 
 books, with all the current educational magazines. These 
 are for the use of the teachers and the training class of 
 the city, and may be drawn by them for home reading 
 under the same regulations as those that govern the Utica 
 Public Library. 
 
 As an incentive to pride in our local history, and the 
 development of patriotism, the Oneida Chapter. Daughters 
 of the American Revolution, has instituted money prizes 
 for approved essays upon historical subjects. These prizes 
 have been offered and awarded to pupils of the Utica Free 
 Academy, the Advanced School, and advanced grades of 
 the ward schools. 
 
 The Oneida Historical Society has offered similar prizes sch. Rept. 
 to the pupils of the Free Academy. ^ 9 , p- 24- 
 
 It is hoped that prizes consisting of books on animals 
 will soon be offered in all grades of our schools for the best 
 essays on the prevention of cruelty to animals. 
 
 Prizes upon educational subjects are also offered to 
 teachers, the funds coming from a private citizen. 
 
 From the earliest settlement of Old Fort Schuyler to the
 
 M. H..r. 
 
 39.9*- 
 
 104 OCTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 present time, the list of our private schools has been a long 
 one. Among noteworthy schools was one established in 
 1827 by Charles Bartlett. Its course of studv embraced 
 exercises for ph3sical culture, as swimming, riding, gar- 
 dening, and g\-mnastics. The principle of object-teaching, 
 that which we modems call the " Laboratory- Method," 
 was emplo\'ed. The teacher of science. Mr. Fa}^ Edger- 
 ton. took his classes on excursions for geological and 
 botanical research, for trilobite and flower. Among his 
 pupils were James S. Dana. S. Wells Williams, and Albert 
 Barnes. 
 
 The earliest recorded school was gathered about 1789, 
 Sfji, Rep>.. when the future Utica was Old Fort Schuyler. It was 
 ^^^^ kept by one Joseph Dana. The plain, severeh' rough 
 schoolhouse was used on Sundays, until the year 1S06. as 
 a place of worship and for occasional town meetings. 
 
 Day-schools for little children, including one entitled 
 "The Pattern Infant School,'' Seminaries for young ladies. 
 Gymnasiums, and Lyceums for boj's, etc. , are chronicled 
 in surprising numbers. Mrs. Whittlesee, of missionary 
 fame, established in 1805. or thereabouts, a giris' school 
 of the first rank. 
 
 Nature-teaching was specifically inculcated when, in 
 1826. the Utica L\-ceum was incorporated with the stated 
 purpose of promoting the stud}- of Natural Histor}' and 
 other useful sciences. 
 
 The foregoing were private schools. In the first Directorj- 
 issued after Uticas incorporation as a citj-, namelj', in 1832, 
 we find the names of fift}--six teachers. A detailed enu- 
 meration of many of the earl\- schools will be found in the 
 Volume of School Reports, 1877-79, and in Dr. Bagg's 
 Memorial Histor}'. 
 
 In the Utica Director)- for 1849-50, Whitestown Semi- 
 nary advertises two departments, each with its Faculty,
 
 EDUCATION. 105 
 
 the first a Biblical School, with chairs of Criticism and In- 
 terpretation, Christian Theology, Greek, Hebrew, etc. ; 
 the second, Academic. This Seminary and the Academies 
 at Clinton furnished an inexhaustible supply of good teach- 
 ers, as well as a powerful influence in favor of local literary 
 activity. 
 
 In 1788, when George Clinton was Governor, the State 
 of New York united with the Oneida Indians in making a 
 grant of valuable land in Oneida County to the Rev. Sam- 
 uel Kirkland, in recognition of his faithful services. Upon ^^.''f°^,^ , ^ 
 
 ' o ^ Hist 1 Sketch 
 
 this tract Hamilton Oneida Academy was built. It was Ham. cou., 
 chartered by the Regents in 1793, and received the name 
 of Alexander Hamilton, then Secretary of the United States 
 Treasury, who was one of the trustees named in the peti- 
 tion of incorporation. The Academy was designed to ed- ibid.pp. i«, » 
 ucate Indians and whites together. Baron Steuben laid 
 its corner stone ; the Indian Chief, Skenandoa, was one 
 of the honored guests and assistants. The school was 
 opened in 1797. In 18 12, with increased endowment, en- 
 
 ^ Ibid., p. 25. 
 
 larged buildings, and a new charter, it became Hamilton 
 College.
 
 T 
 
 XIII. 
 LIBRARY; HISTORICAL SOCIETY ; ETC. 
 
 UTICA PUBLIC LIBRARY. 
 
 HE plan of the Public Library as it now exists was the 
 
 product of the brain of Benjamin Franklin, 
 
 (1706-90). 
 
 In 1732, ten years after Franklin had organized the first 
 
 Library Association, and chiefly through his efforts, the 
 
 Public Library of Philadelphia was founded. 
 
 In 1833, General John A. Dix, then Secretary of State 
 of New York, and ex-officio Superintendent of Common 
 Schools, recommended the establishment of School Dis- 
 N Y Even's *^^^^ Libraries. This step, thus inaugurated in New York 
 Post, Aug. 20, State, met with considerable success, but its limitation to 
 the school district prevented the largest usefulness. It 
 had, however, served to call the attention of educators to 
 the need of providing free reading for the whole com- 
 munity. 
 
 In 1835, an Act of Legislature was passed authorizing 
 school districts to raise by taxation a fund of not more 
 than twenty dollars for the first, and ten dollars for each 
 Com. schs., succeeding, year, for the purchase of books for such libraries, 
 pp. 81,84, 65. Later, one-fifth of the State school fund was appropriated 
 to the libraries, and the remaining four-fifths to the pay- 
 ment of duly qualified teachers. 
 
 A public library had been incorporated in Utica in 1825. 
 
 It was owned by stockholders, and besides about one 
 
 thousand standard books, included the best English and 
 
 M. H., p. 473. American periodicals. It was open to the public at first 
 
 once a week. Nothing is known of this library after 1837,
 
 LIBRARY ; HISTORICAL SOCIETY ; ETC. TO/ 
 
 but it was probably merged in the School District Li- 
 brary. 
 
 In 1862, a new arrangement was effected by which the 
 library was open for the accommodation of all every even- 
 ing, except Saturday and Sunday, from seven to nine 
 o'clock. On Saturday morning from ten to twelve, girls u. Herald, 
 under fifteen were waited on, and ladies on Saturday af- ^^^•^' '^^^' 
 ternoons from two to five. The library was located over 
 the Central New York Bank on Franklin Square. In m. h., pp. 473, 
 1856, it was moved to the new City Hall. '•'"■• 
 
 In June, 1877, the School Commissioners resolved to 
 erect a new building, agreeably to an Act authorizing one 
 to cost not more than $20,000., the sum to be raised on 
 City bonds, of which $5,000. should be redeemed annually ibid., p. 34g. 
 for four years. A lot had been purchased on Elizabeth 
 Street, and the present building was completed in 1878. 
 
 The library thus provided was a School District Library, 
 and continued as such under the control and management 
 of the Commissioners of Common Schools until 1893, 
 when, under the University Law, (Laws of 1893, Chap. 
 378), a charter was granted by the Regents of the Univer- 
 sity to a new corporation known as the " Utica Public Li- 
 brary." The property of the district library was turned 
 over to this new corporation, which has ever since had 
 exclusive charge of public library matters in the city. 
 
 The main support of the library is from appropriation 
 of public money included in the annual city tax levy. 
 
 Through the public spirit of some of our citizens, we ^ 
 now look forward to the larger building and better con- 
 veniences which the intelligence and growth of Utica de- Apr. 22, May 
 mand, and which will provide external conditions corres- ^^' '^^^" 
 ponding with the exceptionally high skill and intelligence 
 with which the Library is conducted.
 
 I08 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 ONEIDA HISTORICAL SOCIETY. 
 
 The Oneida Historical Society was formed in December, 
 1876, for the collection and preservation of relics, memen- 
 tos and traditions of the past. At the first meeting Ho- 
 ratio Seymour was chosen president. He held office for 
 ten years. The Society was but six months old when it 
 was asked to take suitable action to commemorate the ap- 
 Trans o 'h proaching centennial anniversary of the Battle of Oriskany, 
 s., 1881-4. August 5, 1877. This was done by a worthy and most 
 impressive ceremony. A granite shaft now marks the bat- 
 tlefield. This was dedicated August 6, 1884. 
 
 In 1 88 1, relatives of Baron Steuben, "guests of the 
 nation," who had crossed the ocean by invitation to be 
 present at the centennial celebration of the Surrender of 
 Yorktown, (1781), came to visit the grave of the Baron in 
 Remsen, Oneida County. A committee appointed by the 
 Historical Society received and entertained them. 
 
 It is fitting here to speak of the grave of Steuben. This 
 was first made according to his wish in a secluded spot on 
 his own grounds in the township of Steuben. "When the 
 opening of a new road made a removal necessary. Col. 
 
 Jones'sAnna's, . i i • 
 
 pp. 439-4q, 445, Benjamm Walkcr made the re-mterment and placed an 
 
 ■***■ iron railing around the grave. He also leased fifty acres 
 
 of land to the First Baptist Society of Steuben on condi- 
 tion that five acres, including the grave, should be pro- 
 
 E. and F., p. tected and kept in a state of nature. 
 
 ^^^' In the Coluvibiari Gazette of May 3. 1825, preserved in 
 
 the Historical Society Library, is a notice of a meeting 
 " attended by a very respectable number," to consider the 
 propriety of erecting a monument over the remains of 
 Baron Steuben. It was held at " Shepard's Tavern," 
 (Bagg's Hotel, kept for the time by Abraham Shepard),and 
 William Clarke, Esq., President of the Village, was called 
 to the chair. Resolutions were passed, one of which read :
 
 MUNSON-WlLLIAMS MEMORIAL. 
 
 Oneida Historical Society.
 
 LIBRARY ; HISTORICAL SOCIETY ; ETC. lOQ 
 
 " Resolved, That subscription papers be circulated, and 
 that no one pay more than two dollars." A committee 
 was appointed which agreed to accept no subscription un- 
 less accompanied by the money. 
 
 This doubtless indicates the part which Utica took in jongg-g^nnais 
 raising funds for the monument to Steuben "erected byP'W^- 
 subscription when LaFayette visited this country." Judge 
 Jones says, ' ' The tablet is about seven feet by four, and 
 nearly a foot in thickness, of the purest limestone," and j^,j^p^^^ 
 he appeals to the honor of the town and the county to give it 
 the needed repairs. This stone was inscribed, "Major- 
 General Frederick William Augustus, Baron de Steuben." 
 
 Some years before the Civil War, the State Legislature 
 appropriated a sum of public money for the erection of a 
 monument, and this was afterward turned over to an asso- 
 ciation which completed the work, large credit being due 
 
 ^ ' b b E.and F.,p.637. 
 
 to Governor Seymour. The corner stone of the new 
 monument was laid June i, 1870, and Governor Seymour 
 delivered an address. The only inscription is the word 
 " Steuben." 
 
 Recently other appeals have been made for better care 
 of the burial ground, and efforts made to obtain an appro- j^j^^^g^^g' 
 priation from the Legislature for the purpose. 
 
 March 2, 1882, the Historical Society celebrated the "Semi-cent'i 
 Semi-Centennial of the City, by appropriate exercises in (Trans o. h. 
 the City Opera House. ^•' 
 
 On July 4, 1883, the Society determined and dedicated ^rans. o. h. 
 the site of Old Fort Schuyler, at the junction of Main and ^^ '^^'■•♦• 
 Third streets. 
 
 The State gave three mounted Parrott guns, which have 
 been placed on their carriages at the corners of the trian- , 
 
 gular plot. A large square base stone in the centre indi- 
 cates the monument to come.
 
 no OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 The Society also took the initial steps for the Centen- 
 Trans. o H. j-^jg^] Celebration of the settlement of Whitestown, which 
 
 S., 1881-4. 
 
 occurred June 5, 1884; and for a similar celebration in 
 
 Ibid., 1887-9. New Hartford, June 27, 1888. 
 
 In 1895, the Society left the crowded quarters in the 
 City Library and took possession of its new home in the 
 Munson-Williams Memorial Building, near' Chancellor 
 Square. 
 
 Here it has received the Battle Flags of the Oneida 
 Daily Papers. Couuty Regiments as already mentioned, (see IV.), and on 
 March 15, 1898. celebrated the hundredth anniversary of 
 the erection of Oneida County. 
 
 UTICA STATE HOSPITAL. 
 
 More than a half-century ago, in 1843, the State Lunatic 
 Asylum was founded. Before the building was fully fin- 
 ished, the necessity of enlarging it was reported to the 
 Legislature. The Managers in their first report call it the 
 " noblest of public charities." At the date of the report 
 there were two hundred and ten patients. There are 
 now more than eleven hundred. 
 
 July 14, 1857, the main building was burned, entailing 
 a loss of $200,000. 
 
 The cottage plan is now under trial to a small extent. 
 By this arrangement a colony of about thirty convales- 
 cent male patients are freed from some of the irksome 
 features of a large institution. 
 
 The present name of the institution is the Utica State 
 Hospital. 
 
 MASONIC HOME. 
 
 The Masonic Home for destitute Masons, and widows 
 and orphan children of Masons, was dedicated October 5,
 
 , -«--»«»4 
 
 i 
 
 Saturday Globe 
 
 " OLD Saratoga."
 
 library; historical society ; etc. hi 
 
 i8q2. On April! I, 1899, i it sheltered one hundred 
 
 ^ ^ ^ -^-^ Rep't Trustees 
 
 ninety-six'-adults and forty-eight children. Its one hun- Masonic Haii 
 dred and seventy acres comprise woods and farm, flower p^j^^^^^^J^™ 
 gardens and lawns, overlooking the valley of the Mohawk, p- 37. 
 They lie upon the border line that divides Oneida from 
 Herkimer^ County. 
 
 CHURCHES, hospitals, AND HOMES. 
 
 The Churches of Utica number fifty, including two Syn- 
 agogues. 
 
 There are seventeen Hospitals and Homes. The Utica 
 Orphan Asylum, -incorporated April 19, 1830, is said to be 
 the first established in the State outside of New York City. 
 
 "OLD SARATOGA." 
 
 One Revolutionary relic deserves mention, — the old 
 cannon, popularly believed to be one of the guns surren- 
 dered'by Burgoyne at Saratoga. In earlier times this often 
 did duty when a public demonstration was demanded, and 
 again' it has lain neglected in back alleys and rubbish heaps. 
 At different times it has stood in the yard of the City Hall, Dec. 12, i8q6. 
 the Public Library, and the State Hospital. At last, in nkr. I'^tsos. 
 December, 1 896, through the public spirit of a few, it was 
 placed at the^entrance of the State Armory, where it now 
 stands, a silent and dignified reminder of the early history 
 of our nation.
 
 state Consti- 
 
 XIV. 
 THE GOVERNMENT OF UTICA. 
 
 UTICA is one of the shire towns of Oneida County, 
 shire being the old Enghsh name for the division of 
 land generally known as a county. A shire town is 
 one in which the county business is transacted. 
 
 Utica constitutes the First Assembly District of the 
 county, and is in the Thirty-fourth State Senatorial District, 
 Oneida County forming the district. It is in the Twenty- 
 tution, Art. fifth Congressional District, which includes the counties of 
 
 XII.. Sec 2 
 
 Oneida and Herkimer, and the Fifth Judicial District, com- 
 prising Oneida, Onondaga, Herkimer, Oswego, Lewis and 
 Jefferson Counties. According to the last census it rates 
 as'a third class city. The population of a city determines 
 its rating as first, second, or third class. 
 
 The government of the city is based upon a charter grant- 
 ed by the State Legislature. The charter has often been 
 changed as the growth of the city demanded. The charter 
 st^tulfonai""' of an American city is defined by Seth Low as the legal 
 Limitations,! instrument which gives the community authority to act as 
 
 p. »83. 
 
 a corporation, and defines the duties of its officers. The 
 State is the authority behind the charter. The Legislature 
 haS'power to compel municipal bodies to perform their 
 functions as local governments. 
 
 Besides this authority of the State, which touches the 
 city government at every point through the charter and 
 State laws, the city feels also the contact of the National 
 government through the postoffice, the United States 
 courts and mar-shal, the collection of internal revenue, 
 and through certain general election laws.
 
 THE GOVERNMENT OF UTICA. I 13 
 
 FIRST VILLAGE CHARTER. 
 
 Chapter 79 of the Laws of New York for 1798 is enti- 
 tled, "An Act to Vest certain Powers in the Freeholders 
 and Inhabitants of the Village commonly known as Old 
 Fort Schuyler." 
 
 A freeholder is a person possessed of real estate, houses 
 and lands. 
 
 This Act, passed on April 3 of that year, was the first 
 charter of our village. It defines the boundaries of the 
 village and gives it the name of Utica, provides that free- 
 holders and inhabitants qualified to vote shall elect at 
 their annual town meeting five of their number as trustees, 
 "empowered to make, ordain, constitute and establish 
 such prudential rules, orders and regulations as a majority 
 of said freeholders and inhabitants shall judge necessary 
 and convenient for the improving of their common lands, 
 keeping streets in repair." etc., and further, that "it shall 
 be lawful for said owners of houses and lands at their an- 
 nual meeting to determine what sum shall be raised for 
 such purposes, provided always that such sum shall not 
 exceed in any one year the sum of three hundred dollars." 
 This was government by town-meeting. 
 
 SECOND CHARTER. 
 
 A second charter was granted in 1805 in response to a 
 petition of freeholders and inhabitants asking for more 
 power in the management of village affairs. It extended 
 the boundaries of the village, declared the freeholders aL^wsofNY 
 body corporate, and gave them power to raise among them- ^805, ch. 92, 
 selves a sum not exceeding $1,000. annually for ex-m. 
 penses of the corporation. Town meeting was held the 
 first Tuesday in May, at which time five trustees and other 
 town officers were elected. One of the duties of the trus- 
 tees was to "enact, regulate and publish on the first Mon-
 
 114 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 day of every month an assize of bread." The trustees at 
 
 Jones'sAnnals, , . ^ . , , ^ r ,^ -n t^^ 
 
 p. 560. their first meeting adopted a seal for the village. It was 
 
 Pioneers. p.207 heart-shaped, with the letter F in the center. 
 
 THIRD CHARTER. 
 
 Twelve years later, in 1817, a third charter was grant- 
 ed. The village was again enlarged, separated from the 
 town of Whitestown, and made a town by itself, and 
 divided into three wards. The freeholders now elected 
 ^„ „ six trustees, a supervisor, three assessors, a collector, and 
 
 Laws of N. v., » r ' ' 
 
 1817, ch. 192, two constables. The trustees appointed a clerk, treasurer, 
 one or more overseers of the poor, one or more pound- 
 masters, fence-viewers, common criers, porters, carriers, 
 carters, truckmen, scavengers, measurers, surveyors, and 
 gaugers. This charter provided that a president of the 
 
 Ibid., Sec. IV. village should be appointed annually by governor and 
 council. The council of appointment was a body of four 
 senators chosen by the assembly to act with the governor 
 in making appointments. The president could also be re- 
 
 jj jj ^ moved by State authority. In January, 1824, the board 
 of trustees learned "with deep regret that Ezra S. Cozier, 
 president of the village, had been superseded in office by 
 act of the governor and senate of the state." 
 
 Elections were held by wards. The trustees were given 
 power to raise by tax a sum not exceeding $1,500. for an- 
 nual expenses of the corporation. The matters which 
 had come before the electors at town meetings were now 
 delegated to officers chosen for that purpose Government 
 ceased to be by town-meeting and became representative. 
 
 Laws of N. Y.. The following oath, taken by voters if required, shows what 
 
 seTv? ''''' '^^^^ the qualifications for voting: " I do solemnly swear 
 I am a citizen of the United States of the age of twenty- 
 one years, have resided in this village six months, and that 
 I am possessed of a freehold in said village, or : I have
 
 THE GOVERNMENT OF UTICA. 1 1 5 
 
 rented a tenement of the yearly value of five dollars for 
 one year." 
 
 In 1830 an amendment to the charter was enacted pro- Laws of n.y., 
 vidmg for the election of the president of the corporation. se°'i ' ^' 
 
 CITY CHARTER. 
 
 Utica received its charter of incorporation as a city by 
 act of Legislature, Feb. 13, 1832. The city was divided 
 into four wards. The city officers were a mayor, four jus- 
 tices of the peace, a supervisor, and three constables. 
 Each ward elected three aldermen, one assessor, and three 
 inspectors of election. The aldermen formed the common 
 council and appointed the mayor, clerk, city attorney, 
 treasurer, etc. The first mayor was Joseph P, Kirkland. *^' ^■'''■'°°' 
 (See III.) The common council was given power to Laws of n. v.. 
 raise by tax a sum not exceeding $8,000. annually for the '^'*°' ^^- ^'• 
 expenses of the city. In 1840 the charter was amended 
 to provide for the election of the mayor. John C. Dev- 
 ereux was the first mayor elected by the people. He had^i. H.,pp. 236, 
 been mayor by appointment of the common council the ='*°- 
 previous year, 1839. 
 
 Under a State law municipal elections are now held in 
 November on the same day as State and other elections. Laws of n.y.. 
 The officers then chosen enter upon office on the first of '^"3' ch. 13. 
 January following. 
 
 FUNCTIONS OF CITY GOVERNMENT. 
 
 These are described by Wilcox as primarily the main- 
 tenance of public safety, the protection of public health, and 
 the administration of justice ; and secondarily the raising of 
 money for the maintenance of government. The practical ^u^^^of cit 
 accomplishment of these objects is entrusted to officers Gov't, ch. 11., 
 chosen for that purpose. The governing force provided ^^' '''*' ^^' "' 
 by our charter comprises the common council, the chief 
 executive, certain administrative officers and boards, and 
 the city judiciary.
 
 Il6 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 THE COMMON COUNCIL. 
 THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH OF THE GOVERNMENT. 
 
 (Mayor and Aldermen). 
 
 Each ward of the city is represented by one alderman- 
 The aldermen are elected for two years, the odd numbered 
 wards electing one year, the even numbered wards the fol- 
 lowing year. These aldermen and the mayor constitute 
 the body known as the common council. This body is 
 the representative of the city, its legal guardian and trus- 
 tee. It appoints a president from its members, and deter- 
 mines its own rules of action. It works through various 
 committees which it appoints, as claims and audits, finance, 
 public improvement, etc. 
 
 The common council has control of the city's finances, 
 and is responsible for the general good order and for im- 
 provements. 
 
 THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE. 
 
 (The Mayor.) 
 
 At the head of the government is the mayor, who is 
 elected for two years. In his annual message to the com- 
 mon council the mayor makes a statement of the finances 
 of the city and its general condition and needs, with such 
 recommendations as seem to him proper. The ordinances 
 and resolutions of the common council are subject to his 
 veto, but that body may within twenty days after such 
 veto override it by a two-thirds vote of all its members. 
 The mayor has a vote in the common council only in case 
 of a tie vote in the election or appointment of officers or 
 committees. All deeds and contracts made by the city 
 are signed by the mayor and city clerk. 
 
 The mayor appoints the following officials : The city 
 surveyor, who has charge of public works and improve- 
 ments ; the board of police and fire commissioners, whic}^
 
 THE GOVERNMENT OF UTICA. 11/ 
 
 attends to the protection of the city; the town auditors; 
 and nominates the board of health, which controls the san- 
 itation of the city. Being thus the head of those depart- 
 ments of work which most closely touch the lives of the 
 citizens, he is in large measure directly responsible for the 
 welfare of the city. This concentration of power is the 
 advantage of giving the mayor the appointment of minor 
 officers. 
 
 ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 City Clerk, appointed by the common council for three 
 years. 
 
 Treasurer, elected for a term of two years. The treas-Lawsof n. v., 
 urer may appoint an assistant treasurer. '^'^' ^^' "^' 
 
 CORPORATION COUNSEL. 
 
 A lawyer appointed by the common council who holds 
 office at its pleasure. 
 
 CITY SURVEYOR. 
 
 Appointed annually by the mayor ; makes plans, specifi- 
 cations, and estimates for proposed improvements, and 
 superintends improvements ordered by the common coun- 
 cil. 
 
 BOARDS. 
 
 A Board of Assessors, which consists of three members 
 who must be electors and freeholders in the City. The 
 term of office is three years, one assessor being elected an- jg^^^h s ' 
 nually. They determine and assess value of all property, 
 real and personal, in the city, and make assessments for lo- 
 cal improvements. 
 
 A Board of HealtJi, appointed by the common council 
 
 ' ^^ ^ LawsofN. Y. 
 
 on nomination of the mayor, under a law of the State, isss, ch. 270. 
 There are six members, two being appointed annually ; ^,jj'g"'^'g^^'^ 
 term of office, three years. The mayor is ex-officio a mem-
 
 I l8 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 ber of the board and its president. This board appoints 
 a health officer, and milk and meat inspectors. It also 
 acts as registrar of vital statistics. 
 
 A Board of Charities, which is composed of six com- 
 missioners, one being elected each year and a second one 
 appointed by the board of town auditors, the candidate 
 receiving the second highest number of votes being the ap- 
 pointee. This results in a bi-partisan commission. This 
 commission fills the office of overseer of the poor. It has 
 charge of the city hospital, appointing its physician and 
 keeper. 
 
 A Board of Town Auditors, appointed by the Mayor, 
 
 comprising four members, one being appointed each year, 
 
 and the four selected in equal numbers from each of the 
 
 Charter Sees ^^° leading political parties. Term of office, four years. 
 
 125, 126, 136, It audits all claims against the town of Utica, such as the 
 
 payment of election officers and poor expenses. For all 
 
 purposes except those provided for in the charter, the city 
 
 of Utica is regarded as one of the towns of Oneida County. 
 
 A Board of Police and Fire Commissioners. This 
 
 board, four in number, is appointed by the mayor. Two 
 
 members are appointed from each of the two principal po- 
 
 charter, Ap. Jitical parties of the State, one member annually. It has 
 
 LawBof N. v., the oversight of the police and fire departments ; as, the 
 
 I 74. • 3M. organizing of fire companies, appointing a chief engineer, 
 
 chief of police, and policemen. 
 Laws of N. v., k. Police Matron IS appointed by the Mayor, pursuant 
 ,888, ch. 420. ^Q State law. She holds office until removed. 
 
 The Commissioners of Common Schools, or Board of 
 Rdiication, consists of six members, two being elected an- 
 nually. Term of office, three years. This board has the 
 power to establish common schools as the need arises, and 
 has the supervision and control of the schools and school 
 property. It determines, subject to statutory limitation.
 
 THE GOVERNMENT OF UTICA. I 1 9 
 
 what sums are necessary for defraying the expenses of the 
 schools. By custom, not however unbroken, the Commis- 
 sioners are chosen in equal numbers from each of the two 
 leading political parties. 
 
 Thus these last four Commissions are bi-partisan, by 
 law or practice. 
 
 Commissioners of Deeds, nine in number, appointed by ^^^^^ ^^ ^^ y 
 the common council for two years. They take acknowl- ^sg*, ch. 88. 
 edgments and administer oaths. 
 
 An Examining and Supervising Board of Plumbers and , 
 
 ° r o Laws of N. Y., 
 
 Plumbing, appointed by the Mayor, pursuant to statute. 1892, ch. 6o«. 
 
 A Board of Civil Service Examiners, appointed by the Laws of n. y., 
 Mayor, pursuant to statute. 1884, ch. 410. 
 
 A Sealer and Examiner of Weights and Measures. 
 
 A Keeper of the City Clock. 
 
 A City Scavenger and a City Sexton, appointed by the 
 Common Council. 
 
 The Common Council may also appoint fence viewers, 
 pound masters, messengers, and janitors. 
 
 WARD OFFICERS. 
 
 Aldermen, (see Common Council), Supervisors, Consta- 
 bles and Collectors. 
 
 The Supervisors represent the city in the Board of Su- 
 pervisors. They are the legislators of the county, fixing 
 the amount of the yearly tax, and in general administering 
 county affairs. 
 
 CITY JUDICIARY. 
 
 The City Court, a court of record of civil and criminal 
 jurisdiction. It has cognizance of minor offenses. 
 
 Its officers are a City Judge, elected for four years, a charter, pp. 
 Special City Judge, elected for three years, and a Clerk, '^^''^^" 
 appointed by the City Judge, to hold office during his 
 pleasure.
 
 I20 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 Justices of the Peace, two, elected for four years. They 
 try civil cases in the city. 
 
 The following officials are required to give bonds : 
 Treasurer, Corporation Counsel, Clerk, City Surveyor, 
 Collectors, and Policemen, the amount being determined 
 by the Common Council. 
 
 TAXES AND INCOME. 
 
 " Taxes are portions of private property which a gov- 
 
 Fiske'sCiyil ^ . ^ ,, 
 
 Gov't, p. 3. ernment takes for its public purposes." 
 
 Taxpayers in the city are subject to state, county and 
 city taxes. Of these the city tax is by far the largest. In 
 addition to the general city tax, property owners are also 
 assessed for local improvements. These assessments are 
 called special taxes. Churches and other property ex- 
 empted by law from general taxation are subject to spe- 
 cial tax on the principle that all property benefited should 
 bear its share of the cost. The paving fund is both a gen- 
 eral and a special tax; one-third of the cost of paving being 
 a tax on the city, while two-thirds is assessed on the prop- 
 erty fronting the pavement. The city spends money for 
 administering the government, for schools, paving, police 
 and fire expenses, water, public improvements, lighting 
 streets, interest, etc. It derives its income from direct 
 taxes, licenses, fines, and excise moneys. 
 
 PRIVILEGE TO BORROW. 
 
 ^ , ^ The city may borrow to an amount which, including ex- 
 
 state consti ... 
 
 ttttion,Art. isting indebtedness, shall not exceed ten percent, of the 
 assessed valuation of the real estate subject to taxation. 
 
 CITY BONDS. 
 
 When it becomes necessary, by reason of the vote of 
 electors or in the discretion of the Common Council, to 
 
 VIII., Sec.
 
 THE GOVERNMENT OF UTICA. 121 
 
 make local improvements in the city for which no pro- 
 vision is made in the charter, the city may, with the con- 
 sent of the State legislature, borrow the necessary amount 
 by the issue and sale of the corporate bonds of the city. 
 These bonds are executed by the Mayor and Clerk, under the 
 corporate seal of the city, and specify the improvement for 
 which they are issued. 
 
 FRANCHISES. 
 
 A municipal franchise is a privilege granted by the Com- 
 mon Council to a person, firm, or corporation, by which 
 such person, firm, or corporation is permitted to make use 
 of the streets, subways, or other parts or divisions of the 
 city, to his or their benefit. The franchises commonly 
 granted are the privilege of running street railways, 
 water-mains, electric light and telephone wires on, through, 
 or under the streets of a city. 
 
 The city does not operate any of these properties 
 or plants. It is not uncommon, however, for cities to do 
 so. In 1896 New York city received $7,000,000. from its 
 water- works, ferries, docks and other franchises. Paris .„■. 
 
 ' Wilcox's 
 
 received in 1894 from gas and transportation street fran- study of city 
 
 1 • rt> x->i •! 1 1 1 • ■ r Gov't, pp. 55, 
 
 cnises q)4,ooo,ooo. rhiladelphia receives from street cargo. 
 franchises $180,000. annually, and the city owns its gas 
 supply. The city of Glasgow owns tramways, water and 
 gas works. 
 
 Utica does own and control a subway for electric wires, 
 reaching from Bagg's Square to the City Hall. In this it 
 may require the wires to be placed.
 
 122 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 CITY OFFICERS. 
 
 Spaces to be filled in by the Reader. 
 Mayor. 
 
 Name, 
 
 How Chosen, 
 
 Term of Office, 
 
 City Clerk. 
 
 Name, 
 
 How Chosen, 
 
 Term of Office 
 
 Treasurer. 
 
 Name, 
 
 How Chosen, , 
 
 Term of Office, 
 
 Corporation Counsel. 
 
 Name. 
 
 How Chosen, 
 
 Term of Office,
 
 THE GOVERNMENT OF UTICA. 1 23 
 
 City Surveyor. 
 
 Name, 
 
 How Chosen, 
 
 Term of Office, 
 
 Board of Assessors. 
 Names, 
 
 How Chosen. 
 
 Term of Office, 
 
 Board of Health. 
 Names, 
 
 How Chosen, 
 
 Term of Office,
 
 124 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 Board of Charities. 
 Names, 
 
 How Chosen, 
 
 Term of Office, 
 
 Police and Fire Commissioners. 
 Names, 
 
 How Chosen, 
 
 Term of Office, 
 
 Police Matron. 
 Name, 
 
 How Chosen, 
 
 Term of Office,
 
 THE GOVERNMENT OF UTICA. I 25 
 
 Commissioners of Coniniofi Schools. 
 Names, 
 
 How Chosen, 
 
 Term of Office, 
 
 Town Auditors. 
 Names, 
 
 How Chosen, 
 
 Term of Office, 
 
 City Judge. 
 
 Name, 
 
 How Chosen, 
 
 Term of Office,
 
 126 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 Special City Judge. 
 
 Name, 
 
 How Chosen, 
 
 Term of Office 
 
 WARD OFFICERS. 
 
 Aldermen. 
 
 NameSy 
 
 First Ward, 
 
 Second Ward, 
 
 Third Ward 
 
 Fourth Ward, 
 
 Fifth Ward, 
 
 Sixth Ward, 
 
 Seventh Ward 
 
 Eighth Ward, 
 
 Ninth Ward, 
 
 Tenth Ward 
 
 Eleventh Ward 
 
 Twelfth Ward, 
 
 Thirteenth Ward,
 
 THE GOVERNMENT OF UTICA. 127 
 
 Fourteenth Ward, 
 
 Fifteenth Ward, 
 
 How Chosen, 
 
 Term of Office, 
 
 Supervisors. 
 
 Names, 
 
 First Ward, 
 
 Second Ward, 
 
 Third Ward, 
 
 Fourth Ward, 
 
 Fifth Ward. 
 
 Sixth Ward, 
 
 Seventh Ward, 
 
 Eighth Ward, 
 
 Ninth Ward, 
 
 Tenth Ward, 
 
 Eleventh Ward, 
 
 Twelfth Ward 
 
 Thirteenth Ward,
 
 128 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 Fourteenth Ward, 
 
 Fifteenth Ward 
 
 How Chosen, 
 
 Term of Office, ,
 
 u 
 
 XV. 
 
 GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 " Man is, where he lives. "—^. P. Brigham. 
 
 TICA is situated on the Mohawk River, in the south- 
 eastern part of Oneida County, very near the geo- 
 graphical center of the State of New York. '^^^ Yx^r^^oi '^' 
 latitude is approximately 43° 06' N., and the longitude u. s. weather 
 
 , Bureau, 1894. 
 
 75° 13 W. of Greenwich, and i°49 E. of Washington, thcNauticai ai- 
 latitude of the Litchfield Observatory at Clinton being ™^°'^''- 
 43° 03 170 N. and the longitude from Greenwich + 5 hrs. 
 I min. 37.34 sec. (=7?° 24' 20". 1 1 W., and from Wash- ^^^^p^"^^^^^-^^ 
 ington -o hrs. 6 min. 34.65 sec. (= 1° 38' 39". 75 E.). The Bureau, 1896. 
 average elevation of the city above sea-level is 500 feet. 4iOu. s. Geoi. 
 feet is the altitude of the Utica station on the N. Y. Cen- survey. 
 tral Railroad. 
 
 In general, Utica is bounded on the north by Marcy and 
 Deerfield, separated from them by the Mohawk River, 
 though at North Genesee Street the line now runs 2,000 
 feet north of the river ; on the east by Frankfort, 
 Herkimer county ; on the south by New Hartford, 
 Pleasant Street, formerly called Slayton's Bush Road^ Atiasof 
 
 Oneida Co. 
 
 markmg the boundary line at Genesee Street ; and on the 
 west by New Hartford and Whitestown, the short bound- 
 ary line (a single line for both towns) crossing the Belt 
 Line Street Railway at Champlin Street. Two stones 
 marking the county line will be found on the River Road, 
 just east of Turner Street. The arrow on the upper sur- 
 face of that at the right of the road indicates the direction 
 of the boundary, and points to one of the natural land- 
 marks of this boundary, namely, the large, well-shaped 
 9
 
 130 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 maple standing on the grounds of the Masonic Home. 
 
 This tree throws its shadow in the morning in Oneida 
 
 County, and in the afternoon in Herkimer County. 
 
 Revised Char- The details of the boundaries of the city will be found 
 
 at^amended by in the municipal charter. They may be understood by 
 
 Laws of 7875. reference to the maps in the Atlas of Utica and in the Atlas 
 
 andCh. Qz, , ^ ■ i ^ , 
 
 Law8ofi8gi. 01 Oneida County. 
 
 The city is set aslant to the points of the compass. 
 
 Atlas of Utica. ,^, .. , ... , r t ■». r 
 
 Atlas of ^"^^ ^^ partly because of the irregular course of the Mo- 
 
 oneida hawk, which was of great importance to Utica in early 
 
 County. , 
 
 days. 
 
 The many irregularities in the ground-plan of the city 
 are due to the fact that the ideas of individual owners, 
 rather than any general central plan, were followed in lay- 
 ing it out. Greater regularity prevails in the more recent 
 L M Taylor Streets. The city would have been more convenient and 
 
 In Trans, o. bcautiful if all the cross streets had led into the main thor- 
 H. S., 1885-6, r , . ., 
 
 pp.39, 40.41,44. oughfare directly. A glance at the map of the city will 
 
 show that there are in many cases bends or elbows just 
 
 before streets enter Genesee Street. By this device, good 
 
 corner lots on Genesee Street were secured, to the detri 
 
 ment of the city as a whole. 
 
 Only one street, Alban}^ runs at all nearly north and 
 
 south ; and only one, Park Avenue, runs nearly east and 
 
 Maps in Atlas wcst. Thcse are probably the two streets which are com- 
 
 of utica. 1 /• , , • • , 1 • 
 
 monly thought 01 as most eccentric in their course. 
 
 Genesee Street, the main artery of the city, has a direc- 
 tion northeast by southwest. It crosses, at an angle, the 
 Erie Canal, which traverses the city from southeast to 
 northwest on a line generally parallel with the tracks of the 
 Central Railroad; and, after crossing, also at an angle, the 
 West Shore tracks a little beyond the limits of the city, it 
 is continued through the village of New Hartford. Park 
 Avenue, State Street and Washington Street join Genesee
 
 GEOGRAPHY. I3I 
 
 Street at acute angles, giving beautiful vistas and forming 
 with it pleasant "squares." 
 
 The city is traversed by four creeks, all tributary to the 
 Mohawk, and by a stream which marks a part of the „ . ^.^ 
 
 ■' " Maps in City 
 
 course of the old Chenango Canal, and which flows into Directory. 
 Nail Creek near the power house of the Belt Line Com- 
 pany. Reel's Creek, entering the Mohawk from the north, 
 is the stream which has formed the beautiful Deerfield 
 ravine, about 60 feet deep at the highest part, a little be- 
 low the waterfall. The three creeks which traverse the larger 
 part of Utica and flow into the Mohawk from the south, were 
 once prominent in the topography of the town, but now 
 are often concealed, running in sewer-pipes and under cul- 
 verts and buildings. In the outskirts of the city, and in 
 the country near by, these and the small streams tributary 
 to them have made attractive ravines, usually shaly. Such 
 is Cascade Glen, a little southeast of Utica, with Butter- inTrans.a^H! 
 milk Fall at its head, and Horseshoe Fall in the lateral ^■•'®^7'''P'**5- 
 ravine. This has been made by a tributary of Starch Factory 
 Creek. Halleck's Ravine, in New Hartford, is another 
 spot of marked natural beauty. Through it flows a stream 
 tributary to the old Chenango Canal. Other examples are 
 "Sulphur Spring Glen" (which is the valley of the Starch 
 Factory Creek at about the east end of Blandina Street, 
 and now known as "Beech Grove"), and "The Gulf, " formed 
 by Ballou's Creek, which was, within the memory of some 
 now living, as beautiful as any of these. 
 
 Of the three creeks above mentioned, the most eastern 
 is Yahnunsaga, or Starch Factory Creek, so named 
 from a starch factory which was built upon its banks in „ 
 
 ^ Map in City 
 
 1807. It has its origin above the Graefenberg reservoir. Directory.ig^s. 
 It flows under the canal, the River Road, and the Central's 255°°^^"' ^' 
 tracks, and into the Mohawk in the eastern part of the 
 city, about opposite the northern end of Ontario street.
 
 132 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 Ballou's creek, named from one of the early settlers, 
 rises above the old reservoir at Pleasant Street, and forms 
 on parts of its course a deep gulf, which crosses all the 
 streets leading eastward from Genesee Street, and is 
 bridged on Rutger Street by a wide viaduct. In the man- 
 ufacturing portion of the city, this gulf was formerly "lost 
 in the sluggish waters of the Big Basin. " The Basin was con- 
 structed on the Erie Canal in 1828 and 1829, as an expected 
 aid to the business prosperity of Utica. The mouth of Bal- 
 M. H., p. i8q. lou's Creek, where was once the lagoon that defended Fort 
 
 Pioneers, p. 5. ° 
 
 M. H., p. 17. Schuyler, was dug out and docked up, the culvert by which 
 it had formerly flowed under the canal was stopped, the 
 Basin bridged at Broad Street, and water let into it from 
 the Erie Canal. It extended nearly up to Rutger Street. 
 But it was not a success, and after the original connection 
 with the canal was stopped, was gradually filled up. The 
 waters of the creek flow through the narrowed Basin into 
 the Erie Canal just east of Third Street, and are now rep- 
 resented between the canal and the river by an overflow 
 weir from the lower bank of the canal, which enters the 
 river a little west of the foot of Third Street. 
 
 Nail Creek was so called in the early days of the settle- 
 ment. A doubtful tradition accounts for the name as due 
 to a "dog nail factory " once situated on its bank. The 
 proprietor of this factory had taught his two dogs to move 
 the wheel which blew the bellows. But nails had been 
 
 Jones'sAnnals, 
 
 p. 493. previously manufactured on the edge of the creek, and 
 
 pioneers, p. ^j^gj-g jg g^jgQ ^ story that a wagon loaded with nails was 
 overturned in it during the War of the Revolution. This 
 creek is artificially fed with springs in the town of New 
 Hartford, and flows through the western part of the city 
 parallel with the disused Chenango Canal. It is deepened 
 and widened for manufacturing purposes on the property 
 of the Globe Woolen Company, which owns the water-
 
 GEOGRAPHY. 133 
 
 right. Soon after crossing Court Street it disappears from 
 the surface into a newly constructed sewer, flows in pipes 
 beneath St. Luke's Hospital, and does not re-appear until it 
 has been carried under the Erie Canal, when it continues 
 its course to the Mohawk, which it enters opposite Haak 
 Street. 
 
 The Erie Canal is twice fed in this county ; first at 
 Rome, with the waters of the Mohawk, and also through 
 the Black River Canal, with waters from the Forestport res- 
 ervoir, which in turn are obtained in part from the Black 
 River, but principally from several Adirondack lakes ; and 
 second, at Oriskany, with the waters of the Oriskany 
 Creek, which, after turning many wheels in manufactur- 
 ing towns to the south, and after traversing Pleasant Val- 
 ley at Summit Park, flows here into the Mohawk. 
 
 Another tributary of the Mohawk from the south is the 
 Sauquoit Creek, which enters the river between Yorkville 
 and Whitesboro, after having fallen 1,014 feet in seven- a. p. Brigham 
 teen miles and having been used for manufacturing pur- ^ g'^* ,33 . ' 
 poses at 141 factories. It is a tributary of this creek p- "'■ 
 which has formed the picturesque Rogers's Glen at Wil- 
 lowvale. 
 
 Utica was built upon a side hill. The upper parts of 
 the city were reasonably dry, except in the vicinity of fre- 
 quent springs. On the western side were gullies and sand l. m. Taylor 
 hills. (See IX.). The lower parts of the city stand upon h. s.. isssa 
 land originally swampy. There was a narrow gravelly ridge ^ ^J: 
 running parallel with the river, and a second slighter 
 ridge at right angles to it extending a short distance up the 
 hill. With this exception, all was marsh. The Mohawk 
 is here a slow-moving river, laden with soil, and winding, 
 willow-bordered, through broad grassy meadows, dotted 
 here and there with spreading American elms. These 
 meadows, " the Flats," are subject to overflow in spring,
 
 134 
 
 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 A. P. Brigham 
 in Trans. O. 
 H. S., 1887-9, 
 pp. 114, 115. 
 
 Map of F. K. 
 Baxter, C. E., 
 Directory, 
 i«93- 
 
 State Museum 
 Bulletin, Vol. 
 4, No. ig, p.134. 
 A. Guyot, 
 quoted in 
 Rep't. N. Y. 
 State Weather 
 Bureau, 1896, 
 P- 417- 
 
 especially when the ice is breaking up. Hence the fertility 
 of the alluvial fields. But as these floods are a serious 
 inconvenience, the city gave much consideration during 
 the years 1 887-1 891, to plans for straightening the course 
 of the Mohawk at a line about that of the present northern 
 limit of the city at North Genesee Street. It was believed 
 by many that such straightening would enable the river to 
 clear so rapidly of blocks of ice as to avoid floods, and 
 would reclaim land for manufacturing purposes. The 
 cost would be excessive for the removal of one bend, 
 "the Ox-bow." Less attention has been given recently 
 to this plan because of the surveys made by the national 
 and state governments working together towards the con- 
 struction of a possible ship canal from the Atlantic to the 
 Great Lakes, over the route marked out by nature through 
 the Mohawk valley and Lake Oneida. 
 
 Viewed from the Deerfield Hills, to the north of the city, 
 Utica appears " a city set upon a hill;" and from this fact 
 of its topography came the Indian name U-nun-da-da-ges, 
 "Around the Hill," which has place upon the seal of the 
 municipality. The rising grade of the New York Central 
 road as it approaches the city from the east is very marked, 
 and the streets running toward the south seem to slant 
 continuously upward. If, however, one mount the hill 
 east of Forest Hill Cemetery, the city seems to nestle in a 
 long and well wooded valley, rimmed about by a distant 
 bowl of blue hills. 
 
 The State of New York, in the main an elevated 
 region, has yet many physical diversities. A very re- 
 markable feature is the deep transverse cut which forms the 
 valley of the Mohawk River and of Oneida Lake, open- 
 ing a channel from the low country of the Lake region to 
 the Hudson Valley, and thus dividing the Southern or Ap- 
 palachian from the Adirondack upland. Oneida County, the
 
 GEOGRAPHY. 135 
 
 central county of the State, is traversed from east to west 
 by this broad valley, and contains the watershed between 
 its two divisions, the " carry " of the early boatmen, which 
 separates the Mohawk system from Wood Creek and is the e. and f., p. 9. 
 summit between the Hudson and the Great Lakes. The ^^^'^^ '°J^ 
 
 state Gazet- 
 
 county contains 1,215 square miles. It is irregularly teer ) 
 heart-shaped in outline, the right lobe lying on the foot- andE. Bag^, 
 hills of the Adirondacks, the left on Oneida Lake, and the '" '^'■^"®- 
 
 ' . ' O.H. S., 188S-6, 
 
 apex far down upon the Appalachian plateau, toward the p. loi. 
 head waters of the Susquehanna. Therefore the streams 
 of the county flow to all points of the compass, those of 
 the Black River system to the north, those of the Oneida 
 system to the west, those of the Mohawk system to the east, 
 and the Chenango and Unadilla to the south. 
 
 The fording place on the Mohawk which determined the 
 location of the settlement of Old Fort Schuyler, (see I), 
 is due to the trend of the hills away from the river at this pioneers, p. 6. 
 point on both sides. Thus, through the gateway of Utica, e. andP., p. 
 the fertile valleys of the river and of its tributary creeks, 
 with the background of highlands which includes some of 
 the most productive land in the State, were made accessi- 
 ble to the pioneers of the region. 
 
 That the character of the soil and climate is not wholly 
 unlike that of the Adirondacks is shown by the character 
 of the fauna and flora. (See XVII. and XVIII.). 
 
 The average temperature of the upper Mohawk vallev 
 is 45°, very nearly the average temperature of the State for 
 the year. Utica is on the eastern border of the Lower Rei.Humidity, 
 
 T 1 -n • J • 1 11 P- 22. Table 
 
 Lake Region, and in the summer has the same tempera- vn. 
 ture. In winter, the temperature is considerably below ^z^J'Jtii^ ^ 
 that of the Lake Region, partly because Utica is exposed Bureau, iSqe, 
 to northerly winds that have not passed over Lake Ontario, pp- *3^' ^^°""5- 
 and partly because, being in a deep valley, it is subject
 
 I 36 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 to local cooling by a nocturnal downflow of cold air from 
 
 the hills on all sides. 
 
 The mean cloudiness of Utica is excessive, 6.4 on the 
 
 scale of 10., as great as that of Oswego, on Lake Ontario, 
 Rei. Humidity, and greater than that of towns on the New England coast. 
 p.23, Table IX. Yj^g cloud envelope serves as a blanket to the earth, so 
 
 Ibid., p. 12. T 1 • 1 • 
 
 w. L. Ralph that the temperature is more uniform than it otherwise 
 rrxfan!^^^' would be, and the humidity less. And yet the tempera- 
 o.H. s., 1885-6, ture is extremely variable, especially in winter, changes of 
 11^.'°' 60° F. often occurring within 24 hours ; and the humidity 
 
 is very great, the air being always more nearly saturated 
 
 than that of Oswego. 
 Rainfall and -pj^g probability of rain any day in the year is greater 
 p. as. in this region than elsewhere in the United States, though 
 
 w^eather ^^^ amouut of rain in any one day is not usually great. Octo- 
 Bureau, 1896. bej- ig the most humid month. In the State of New York 
 Ibid., p. 4SQ as a whole, precipitation is roughly proportioned to alti- 
 Rainfaii and ^^^q Yet whilc the mean annual precipitation of the State is 
 
 Snow in U. S., ^ ^ _ 
 
 p. 56. 36. 5 inches, that of Utica, in spite of low deviation, appears 
 
 p.*23, T^'ie ^ to be 43.09 inches. To these frequent rains the beautiful 
 ^^"- verdure of the region is due. 
 
 Utica lies in a belt of land including Oneida and Lewis 
 
 Counties and a part of Madison County, which has, in gen- 
 
 Rep'tN. Y. eral, the greatest snowfall east of the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 Weather YoT the vcars i88q-i8q2, the average annual snowfall at 
 
 Bureau, i3q6, -^ ^ ^ > o 
 
 p. 490 Utica was 133.9 inches. The average is still greater a 
 
 little north of Utica. 
 
 Prevailing winds are easterly and westerly. These are 
 Rei Humidit,' ^^^^ ^^ night, and relatively moist. Thunderstorms often 
 p- '2 come up from the countrv south of the central lakes and 
 
 Report N.Y. , , 1 f T^ ' 1 • T-1 11 
 
 Weather near the borders of Pennsylvania. They move usually 
 ^"78*"'^^* eastward over the valley, at an average rate of 30 miles 
 an hour.
 
 GEOGRAPHY. 137 
 
 The area of the city of Utica is about 8| square miles, p j^ g t 
 It is divided poHtically into 15 wards, numbered in the ^-^pV^j ^..^ 
 order of their organization as the city has grown. There c/rcuiar^of 
 are (1899) 42 miles of paved streets. merce, is^. 
 
 The population of Utica was, in 1890, according to the 
 United States census, 44,007 ; in 1892, by the New York ^j^^^'^JfJj.^J^- °^ 
 State enumeration of that year, 46,608 ; and in 1899, itis'^gg. 
 estimated at 60, 340. 
 
 Being on the eastern boundary of the first "westward 
 
 extension of New England," Utica has fewer people of 
 
 Dutch and Palatine German, and more of English ancestry piskes civii 
 
 than have the towns immediately east and " Down the ^°^'*^*°^' ^•' 
 
 . pp. 81, 89, 14s. 
 
 Valley." The idiom of the people is that of New Eng- 
 land rather than that of the Mohawk valley or the Hud- 
 son valley, and the pronunciation differs but little from 
 that of New England. 
 
 After i8or, there was a considerable immigration of 
 Welsh settlers, some of whom made their homes in Utica, 
 and more of whom took lands in the county to the north, 
 especially in Trenton, Steuben, and Remsen. There are 
 
 Pioneers, p. 68. 
 
 also many Irish-American, and German-American citizens, 
 the latter not descended from the German Palatines down 
 the Mohawk, but from later immigrants.
 
 XVI. 
 
 GEOLOGY, 
 
 " The vicinity of Utica is one of the best localities in the United 
 States for a young student to begin the study of stratigraphic geology 
 and palaeontology. To this fact I am largely indebted for such suc- 
 cess as I have had in dealing with problems to the elucidation of which 
 a knowledge of stratigraphy and paleontology is necessary." — C. D. 
 Walcott, Director U. S. Geol. Survey. 
 
 T 
 
 HE fact that Utica may claim able geologists among 
 its noteworthy citizens is not a chance. New York, 
 state Museum ^]-jg mother State in geologic nomenclature, has exposed 
 
 Bunetin,Vol.4, ... , i • • r 
 
 No. ig, p. 137. within its borders a more complete and extensive series of 
 the formations below the Carboniferous and above the 
 Cambrian than any other State in the Union. Of the fif- 
 teen central counties embraced in the Third Geological 
 ▼e^y Third District of the State, Oneida County has the greatest num- 
 Geoi. District, ]3gj- Qf different kinds of rock. It ranks with Eastern New 
 
 p. >5Q. 
 
 York in the completeness of its Lower Silurian rocks, and 
 with Western New York in the completeness of its Upper 
 Silurian rocks. The formations of the county begin with 
 i^Tranl^ *"' the Archaean and pass on well into the Devonian. Ex- 
 o.H. s.. 1887-Q, elusive of the Quaternary, sixteen fairly distinct geo- 
 logical horizons have representation within the county. 
 Of these sixteen, five, namely, the Trenton, the Utica, the 
 Oriskany, the Clinton, and the Oneida, have their typical 
 development here, and take their names from our local 
 geography. The region offers few intricate problems, the 
 strata of organic and sedimentary deposits being for the most 
 part unmodified save by ordinary geological forces. An 
 Ibid 118 hour's journey from Utica will place one upon almost any 
 important rock of the county. A walk of three or four
 
 GEOLOGY. I 39 
 
 miles often covers as many geological epochs. For in- 
 stance, if one start in the •' Gulf" in East Utica, go up 
 Third Street, through Sylvan Glen, and cross two fields 
 at its head, he has walked upon Utica slate, Hudson 
 River shales, Oneida conglomerate and several rocks of 
 the Clinton group. 
 
 The facihties about Utica for the collection of organic 
 remains are great, as at Trenton Falls for the Trenton, at 
 Holland Patent for the Utica, at Rome for the Hudson f^ T^rnl^a"" 
 River, at New Hartford and Kirkland for the Clinton, and h. s., 1887-9, 
 at Waterville and Oriskany Falls for the Lower and Upper 
 Helderberg. Directions for collecting and preparing speci- 
 mens will be found in the respective parts of a bulletin 
 issued by the Smithsonian Institution. (In the Public 
 Library, Bulletin U. S. National Museum, No. 39 ; Part 
 B., 1891, Plants; Part K., 1895, Fossils; Parti., 1895, 
 Rocks; Part H., 1895, Minerals.) 
 
 In prehistoric times, several tens of millions of years 
 asfo according- to the lowest probable calculation, the nu- Sana's Re- 
 
 " ° '■ _ . vised Text- 
 
 cleus of the North American continent lay in the ocean in Book, pp. 444, 
 the form of a great V, the point being north of the present'*'*^' 
 region of the Great Lakes, the longer arm extending up 
 into Alaska, and the shorter arm into Labrador. South- ibid., p. 237. 
 east of the point lay a small island, which was the nucleus 
 of the State of New York, the present region of the Adi- 
 rondacks. The rocks of this region are crystalline, in- Buiietin,voi.4. 
 eluding gneiss, granite, diorite, and norite. These rocks ^o- '«. pp- 138, 
 were originally sedimentary, probably deposited from the 
 broken-up material of the cooled world-crust ; but they 
 were afterwards subjected to metamorphism. Though a 
 simple life may have existed at the time when they were Data's Re- 
 deposited, they probably contain no fossils. Thrust up ^ook, p. 241. 
 through them are solid masses of Plutonic rocks, perhaps 
 plastic when forced to the surface.
 
 I40 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 Rock of this period appears also at Little Falls, where 
 state Museum ^^e red and gray Laurentian granite has been forced, 
 Buiietin,Voi.4, dome-Hke, through the Trenton limestone and Utica and 
 
 No. iQ, p. 138. . 1 • 1 
 
 Hudson River shales which once lay above it. 
 A. p. Brigham Archaeau rocks cover the north-eastern portion of 
 H s^iTs ° Oneida county, the Black River forming in general the 
 p- 1°3- boundary line. 
 
 To the south of the Adirondack island was the Appal- 
 achian region ; its highest part a long, slight ridge rising 
 above the surface of the sea ; its lower portions somewhat 
 Dana'BR Submerged, a sea-border receiving sediment from the land, 
 vised Text- Betwccn island and ridge was a clear, if not very deep, 
 '^"*^^' sea, in which marine life abounded. In this sea lay the 
 greater part of New York State, receiving the stratified 
 deposits that mark the beginning of Palaeozoic time. 
 
 Oneida County is situated at the southwestern base of 
 
 the Adirondacks, and therefore all the stratified fossil- 
 
 i^ Tra^^^cT'" bearing rocks run across it in southeast and northwest 
 
 s. ,1887-9, bands, gradually assuming a more nearly east and west 
 
 direction. The strata slope gently southward. 
 
 About the slowly-sinking shores of the Adirondack 
 island, in the shallow, sandy water, the Cambrian rocks, 
 including the Potsdam sandstone, were deposited. 
 Nothing in modern geologic research is more interesting 
 than the study of the Cambrian rocks, by C. D. Walcott, 
 W. B. Dwight, and S. W. Ford, who have shown that 
 
 state Museum ,. rir^.j 11 i^ i 
 
 Buiietin,voi.4, many limestones of the State, as well as sandstones, be- 
 
 No. iq, p 145. long to this period. It is believed, however, that this 
 
 formation is wanting in Oneida County, where the waters 
 
 were becoming deep enough to favor the formation of 
 
 the Trenton beds. 
 
 The opening of the Lower Silurian age is marked in this 
 region by the deposition of an impure, sandy or gritty 
 limestone, the calciferous sand-rock. This appears, in
 
 SHERMAN Fall, Trenton falls. 
 
 l'hotot;ra|)li of N. II. I artoii
 
 GEOLOGY. I 4 I 
 
 Oneida County, only in the bed of the West Canada creek, 
 
 on the boundary Hne of Herkimer County. It ovedies the ^ p Brigham 
 
 up-thrust Archaean rock at Little Falls, and in its inter- i^ Trans, o.h. 
 
 stices are found there and at Middleville the quartz crystals 
 
 called "Little Falls diamonds." It is known by its 
 
 brownish color, and the rough, knotty appearance due to 
 
 the weathering off of particles of lime, leaving the sandy 
 
 portions. 
 
 The purer limestones of the Trenton group were next 
 deposited. These were formed by organic life, just as 
 limestone is being formed in coral seas to-day. (See 
 Dana's "Corals and Coral Islands.") The average depth ec^Text-bork" 
 of the sea-bottom must have been at least lOO feet, and itP-^s9. 
 is probable that the climate of the region was warm. The 
 thickness of the deposit favors the belief that the reefs ^^ , ,. , 
 
 ^ Dana's L orals 
 
 were sinking at about the same slow rate as that at which and corai 
 they were built up, perhaps five feet in a thousand years. 258,350,360. 
 
 Of the four stages of the Trenton, two are found in the 
 county, the Black River limestone sparingly, and the 
 Trenton limestone in great abundance. The former ap- 
 pears along the Black River in the town of Boonville. y^^^^^^j^ 
 The latter enters Oneida County from Lewis County, 260. 
 where it is about three miles wide, and extends to the 
 West Canada Creek. At Trenton village it is about seven 
 miles wide. It is well seen at Trenton Falls, at Holland 
 Patent, at the bottom of Lansing's Kill, and along the 
 
 ,,, ,_^. . A<T- T^ii Dana's Corals 
 
 iVlohawk Kiver m Western. At Trenton Falls the twoandcorai 
 varieties of the limestone are marked, the upper hard. ^®'^^'^^' P" ^'''' 
 
 ^ '^ ' A. p. Bngham 
 
 grey, crystalline, massive, thick-bedded, a good building in Trans, o. 
 stone, of which the State Hospital Buildings at Utica are p^^j'/^^^"^' 
 constructed ; also, for example, the foundation of the Park 
 Church. The lower variety is nearly black, thin-bedded, 
 soft, and composed almost wholly of organic forms. 
 Fossils abound, especially of sponges, corals, crinoids.
 
 142 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 * D D ■ u crustaceans, and various classes of mollusks, which last 
 
 A. P Brig-ham ' ' 
 
 in Trans, o.i are characteristic. The vicinity of the Falls has afforded 
 
 p. 104!' ^^ a rich field for research. 
 
 Half a mile east of the gorge at Trenton Falls a thin 
 bed of limestone outcrops in a ravine. This bed Mr. Wal- 
 cott found especially rich in trilobites, and from it he made 
 thin rock sections for study, with transmitted light, o^ 
 the appendages of Calyinenc Senaria, Cerauriis Pleiirex- 
 
 waicott'.s anthemus, and to a limited extent, of AsapJiiis Platyceph- 
 
 The Trilobite, -ii- 111 \ c 
 
 p. 212. alus. He thus proved that trilobites had legs before 
 
 any specimens with evident legs were discovered. This 
 work was done in 1876 and 1877. Since then, the char- 
 vised Text- acteristic trilobite of the Utica slate, Triarthrus Becki, 
 Book, p. 258. jjg^g been found with legs in the slate near Rome. 
 
 Many of the corals of the Trenton are cup-shaped, and 
 Dana's Re- ^^^^ °^ radiating plates. Hemispherical and branching 
 vised Text- corals are also found. Brachiopod shells are characteristic. 
 
 book,^p. 254. 
 
 Cephalopods are especially common and those of the Or- 
 ibid., pp. 255, thoceras family were the largest living creatures in the 
 256,257. seas. Some Orthoceras shells are from 12 to 15 feet long. 
 
 ^„ , ^, The entire thickness of the Trenton formation is 300 
 
 state Museum ^ 
 
 BuUetin,voi.4, feet. It has a double system of vertical joints. 
 
 . 149. ^]^Q Utica slate marks the passage from clear oceanic 
 waters to shallow coast waters turbid with silt, and a cor- 
 responding change of living forms. It covers a much 
 ij^'^r^jj'g^Q^'" larger surface west and south of the Trenton in all its 
 H. s., 1887-9, range. It passes northwest through the county, in a band 
 
 p. 104. 
 
 from six to eight miles wide extending from Utica and 
 Deerfield to Ava. 
 
 Its thickness at the typical locality in the vicinity of 
 i,r 1 ..., Utica is 600 feet. It is seen in the "Gulf " in East Utica, in 
 
 Walcott's ' 
 
 uticasiate and the caual, in the flats for some distance along Reel's and 
 
 mations, p. i. Ballou's Creeks, and in the ravines in Deerfield. These 
 
 and Holland Patent are the best localities for fossils. The
 
 GEOLOGY. 143 
 
 slate shows no change of character throughout, whether Vanuxem. p. 
 mineral or fossil. It is nearly black in color, fine grained, a. p. Brigham 
 and breaks up rapidly under exposure. It was classed by ^^ '^^^°®- °- 
 Dana as marking the Utica epoch of the Trenton period, p. 104. 
 but is placed at the State Museum with the Hudson River Bynetjn^vo"™ 
 group. Mr. Walcott argues that both lithological charac- ^*'- '«' p« '^s- 
 ter and organic remains entitle it to represent a separate 
 epoch, in which he includes also some lead-bearing lime- 
 stones and some sandstones, as well as shales, of Central 
 and Southern States. " Of one hundred species . 
 occurring" in the Utica slate, "fifty-four are peculiar to it. 
 In the town of Deerfield, N. Y., the Trenton and 
 Utica formations are as intimately connected, litholosfi- ^*^**^^ ®'^'^^' 
 
 ° pp. 4, II. 12. 14- 
 
 cally, as the Utica formation is with the succeeding Hudson 
 River formation." 
 
 In the fauna of the Utica slate, graptolites predominate. 
 The plume-like impressions of these cover the upturned 
 surface of the slate. In the living state there were cells ^"^'^"^^^'^ 
 
 '-> in 1 rans. U. 
 
 along the notched margms.one for each notch, from which h. s.,i887-q, 
 the little animals protruded themselves. They belonged D^na-s Re- 
 to the hydroids. The carbonaceous matter and dark color ^'^edText- 
 of the slate are probably due to these fossils. The trilo- a. p.' Brigham 
 bite Triarthrus Becki is also characteristic, but is rare in'°'^'"^°^- °- 
 
 H. S., 1887-g. 
 
 localities where graptolites abound. Heads of this trilobite p. 104. 
 
 in great numbers may be found in the gulf east of Third (See Tis^o Plate 
 
 Street. They are marked with transverse furrows. ^^-^ 
 
 ,..,.. . , Utica Slate, p. 
 
 This trilobite is never found in the Trenton limestone be- 10. 
 low the upper shaly beds that mark the transition to the 
 Utica slate. 
 
 The slate has within the county two saline springs of 
 commercial importance, the Boonville Mineral Spring and 
 the Oneita Spring at Utica. 
 
 Two sets of vertical joints may be seen in the creek east vanuxem, p 
 of Utica, one N. 30° E. and the other N. 55° E. sg-
 
 144 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 Next ab()\-3 the Utica slate, come the shale and sand- 
 stone of the Hudson River group. The Frankfort shale at 
 the base has thin layers of sandstone. This group enters 
 the county on the eastern border of New Hartford. Only 
 the lower mass, (the Frankfort shale), is here present. It 
 A p Brigham ^^ ^ l^g^t browuish, saudy shale, with few fossils. It ap- 
 in Trans, o. pears at Sylvan Glen, east of Third Street, is the mass at 
 p. 105'. ' Forest Hill Cemetery, and shows a thickness of 40 feet in 
 Halleck's Ravine. It passes north of Rome, into Lewis 
 County. Isolated patches on the Deerfield hills and the 
 higher parts of Steuben show that it once covered a wider 
 area. The upper division, (consisting of the Lorraine 
 and Pulaski shales), begins near Rome and extends north- 
 ward into Lewis County. Sandstone begins to appear 
 south of Rome, and increases until, as in quarries in 
 ibid.,p. T15. Westmoreland, it wholly replaces the shale. It is light 
 grey in color, and a good building stone. Hudson River 
 rocks extend from New Hartford to Annsville. A saline 
 spring, Halleck's spring in Westmoreland village, is found 
 in this formation, and there is a sulphur spring in Halleck's 
 Ravine. The springs at Saratoga and Ballston originate 
 in rock of the same stage and general character. 
 
 It had always been supposed that cephalopods and sea- 
 weeds were the highest forms of life existing in the Lower 
 Silurian. But recently Mr. Walcott has announced the 
 
 State Museum r i^ -i i i i i i i 
 
 Buiietin,Voi.4, presence of fishes ; a land-plant, an acrogen, has been 
 No iq, p. 150. discovered in Great Britain ; and insects have been report- 
 ed from Europe. 
 
 To the Hudson River rocks, succeed those of the Me- 
 dina epoch, with the Oneida conglomerate at the base. 
 This is a pudding-stone of quartz pebbles cemented to- 
 gether more or less firmly. Sometimes the upper layers 
 become a coarse blue or grey sandstone, the former com- 
 pact and durable in its best layers. The weathered blocks
 
 GEOLOGY. 145 
 
 from this formation have usually a rusty color, due to the 
 presence of iron pyrites. 
 
 The conglomerate is the stone commonly used for foun- . „ „ . ^ 
 
 " -^ A. p. Bngham 
 
 dations in the city of Utica. It is quarried on the Frank- in Trans, o. 
 fort and Graefenberg hills, and at the head of Sylvan Glen. ^ '^^g ' ' '' 
 In the first-mentioned place, layers of soft, dark shale are 
 seen. The common fossils are fucoids only. In the vi- Dana's Man- 
 
 • • r TT • ■ /• r • 1 • 1 ual,p. 218. 
 
 cmity of Utica, the mass is from i 5 to 40 feet m thickness, 
 though elsew^here in the county it is 120 feet thick. It 
 extends from New Hartford to Florence. 
 
 These rocks mark the beginning of Upper Silurian time, 
 when New England and eastern New York were elevated, •''■ ^- Brigham 
 
 ° . in Trans. O. 
 
 and the Green Mountains were made. We do not find h. s., 1887-9, 
 Upper Silurian rocks in eastern New York. But Oneida ^■'°^' 
 County was still in part submerged. The coarse sediments .state Museum 
 found in the lower layers of the conglomerate furnish 3,'^^^'®'^'^'^°^'*' 
 
 •' O Mo. ig, p. 152. 
 
 record of upheaval and agitated waters. The source of 
 the fragments and the method of deposition form one of 
 the obscure problems of geology. 
 
 The upper rocks of the Medina epoch show in the north- A- ^^^^g'^^*™ 
 western portion of Oneida County only a small beginning ^",06.''^^^'^' 
 of the development which becomes marked in western l^unetln^voT™ 
 New York. no.iq-p'is^. 
 
 The rocks of the Clinton group rest on this sandstone 
 from east to west throughout the county. They consist a. p. Brigham 
 of bluish-green shales, red, blue and grayish calcareous ^^^^^8*87° 
 sandstones, and two thin beds of red oolitic iron ore. This p- '°7- 
 ore looks like an aggregate of small shot, and has many 
 fossils of small size. It is extensively mined in the vicin- ^ 
 
 •' state Museum 
 
 ity of Clinton, where it has been studied by Prof. A. H. Buiietin.voi.^, 
 Chester, formerly of Hamilton College. (See his address be- * V b^ h^^ 
 fore the Utica Mercantile and Mfg. Assn. ,1881). The Clinton in Trans, o. 
 rocks are variable in character, and among the most valu- ' " ' ^"'' 
 
 p- 
 
 able we have. Verona Springs rise through the shale.
 
 146 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 Rogers's Glen at Willowvale shows it to great advantage. 
 In general, the presence of the iron-bearing beds is indi- 
 cated by the reddening of the roads as one drives southwest 
 from Utica. The formation may be examined in Kirkland, 
 A. p. Brigham Qinton and Westmoreland, and near Verona. There are 
 
 in Trans. O. . ,,,.,,. 
 
 H.S., 1887-9, numerous quarries, and the buildmg-stones of the group 
 ^' 't?t, • 1. may be seen in the Stone Church at Clinton, and in Grace 
 
 A. p. Brigham -^ ' 
 
 in Trans, o. and Calvary Churches, the Church of the Reconciliation, 
 p.107'. ' ^"^ and the Memorial Presbyterian Church at Utica. The 
 red-brown sandstone of which the Tabernacle Baptist 
 Church was built comes from rocks of this group near 
 Frankfort. The fossils found are numerous marine plants, 
 brachiopodSj corals, and tracks of crustaceans. 
 
 The Niagara group is not important in this county, but 
 state Museum it appears in a thin band of shale and limestone. The 
 Bulletin, voi.4,|^gg|- development is in the town of Vernon, along Sconon- 
 
 No. iQ, p. 154. _ _ 
 
 A. p Brighamdoa Creek. The blue shale in the southern part of Kirk- 
 H s'^^Ts -8 land belongs to this period and contains the concretions 
 p. 107. peculiar to it. These are often two feet in diameter, and 
 
 A. p. Brigham ^ ..,..,, . ^, 
 
 in Trans, o. the coats crack off like the layers of an onion. The 
 H.S., 1887-9, concretions are of limestone, and largely compose a layer 
 a foot or more thick in the shale. 
 
 In many of the ravines of Paris, and over an irregular 
 area in New Hartford, Kirkland and Marshall, in the Oris- 
 kany Valley, on College Hill, Clinton, and in the towns of 
 W^estmoreland and Vernon, may be seen the red shale of 
 
 A. p. Brigham , „ ,. --i •- • i 1 ju • 
 
 In Trans, o. the Saliua group, With its occasional green layers and hemi- 
 
 H. s., 1887-9, spherical green spots. It is quarried for the walks of the 
 
 A. p. Brigham Hamilton College campus in the ravines at either side. It 
 
 H. s!^^8V9, contains no fossils. It appears on hill-tops and passes 
 
 pp. 108, log, down hill sides, southward. The upper members of the 
 116, 118. 1 1 ■ /-\ 
 
 group, which are so rich in gypsum and salt in Onondaga 
 
 County, are but little developed in Oneida County. 
 
 The Lower Helderberg rocks indicate a change to deep
 
 GEOLOGY. 147 
 
 seas with advancing forms of life. The waterlime group 
 is well shown in Kirkland, Marshall and Augusta. It is 
 used in this county as a source of quicklime. In this for- 
 mation, near Waterville, Mr. A. O. Osborn discovered in 
 1882 a fosbil scorpion which has been named in his honor. 
 It is possibly the earliest air-breather yet found in America. 
 An interesting crustacean, Eurypterus Remipes, marks this 
 group. 
 
 The upper members of the Lower Helderberg appear at 
 Oriskany Falls. They are hard blue limestones with great ^**,^® Museum 
 
 ■'J o Bulletin,Vol.4, 
 
 abundance of Upper Silurian brachiopods, corals, and No. 19, p, 158. 
 crinoids. Life at this period was still largely marine, A 
 few land plants, similar to the equiseta, occur. 
 
 The Oriskany sandstone marks the close of the Upper 
 Silurian, and the beginning of the Devonian age. It is 
 found in Augusta and Marshall, especially in the vicinity ibid., p. isg. 
 of Oriskany Falls, where it is 20 feet thick, coarse in tex- 
 ture, and of light yellowish color, turning brown by expo- 
 sure. Large brachiopod shells are found in this rock. 
 
 The Cauda Galli and the Schoharie grits do not appear 
 west of Herkimer County. But the Corniferous rocks are 
 well developed. The Onondaga below is thin and light in a. p. Brigham 
 color. The Corniferous above has extensive layers of horn- 1° ^^^^^- ^• 
 
 •' H. S., 1887-9, 
 
 stone or chert, the nodules of which may be seen in every p- 109- 
 field and stone wall in the southern part of the county. 
 Organic forms are profuse, including corals, crinoids, shells, 
 and a peculiar species of trilobite. 
 
 Rocks of the Hamilton period are the latest found in i^id p no 
 this county. The Marcellus shales at the base are dark 
 in color, and similar to the Utica slate, or the shales of the 
 coal formation. They cover diagonally half the town of 
 
 o rill 1 11 r 1 State Museum 
 
 Sangerfield, along the valley of Chenango Creek. In Buiietin,voi.4, 
 Bridgewater, coal has been found in this shale; and true ^''' '^' ^" '^''
 
 148 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 cannel coal, in small quantity, has been found at Water- 
 ville. These deposits have no commercial importance. 
 ^ . The Hamilton shales, liehter in color, rest upon the 
 
 Guide to St. ' '^ . . 
 
 Museum,p. 163 Marcellus shales. They have soft sediments, limestone 
 in Trans^o^™ bands, and abundant remains of life. These shales cover 
 H.S., 1887-0, the highest land in the southern part of the county, and 
 extend north to Paris, where they cap Tassel Hill. 
 
 All the rocks in the southern part of the county have 
 been more or less scored away by the streams running 
 north and south from the limestone watershed. 
 BuUetinlvoL^ '^^^ characteristic fishes of the Devonian are not report- 
 No. iQ.p. 158. ed within the county. 
 
 To the Hamilton group belongs the North River blue- 
 stone, which is used largely for sidewalks in Utica. It is 
 a durable variety of sandstone which, because of its even 
 Ibid p I 2 texture, can be sawed into any required shape. It has 
 been received from Seneca Falls, but now comes more 
 often from quarries in Ulster County. Years ago, Trenton 
 limestone was used for sidewalks in Utica, as on Whites- 
 boro Street and lower Genesee Street ; but it disintegrated 
 so rapidly as to be very uneven on the surface. 
 
 Many of the stone structures in Utica illustrate the rich- 
 ness of the county in building stone. Any building stone 
 A. p. Brig- should have in a wall the precise attitude nature gave it 
 
 ham's Phys. • , , 
 
 GeoR. insec m the quarry. 
 
 Schools, The clays of the Mohawk flats are utilized in Deerfield, 
 
 School Re- 
 view, Oct., Rome, and Whitesboro for making bricks. Good sand for 
 1897, p. 531. _ _ _ 
 
 glass is found at Durhamville. Mineral paint is made in 
 Kirkland from the Clinton iron ore. 
 
 The search for coal and mineral oil years ago had no 
 A. p. Brigham result, nor is it probable that they can be found in the 
 
 in Trans. O. ,,^ ^ , y^ ^ x -r-. , • i 
 
 H.s.,1887-9, county. (See Geol. O. C, p. 117.) Peat m large quan- 
 P- "'• tities exists in the swamp near Rome. There are large
 
 GEOLOGY. 149 
 
 deposits of calcareous tufa in the southern part of the 
 county. The cobblestones formerly used for paving were 
 a part of the Glacial drift. 
 
 Probably the time taken in the depositing of the rocks 
 of Oneida county was several millions of years longer than 
 all the time that has since elapsed. But very great surface 
 changes have been made since the Devonian age. (See 
 Shaler's "Aspects of the Earth.") 
 
 The strikes in the Palaeozoic beds probably represent 
 an old shore-line that was gradually receding southward. 
 Before the end of Palaeozoic time, the streams which rose 
 in the Adirondack region, growing longer as the shore re- 
 ceded southward, crossed the whole of Oneida County, and ^^y^^j^y *_ " 
 flowed into the interior sea then covering the coal-areas ofp-s^s- 
 Pennsylvania. Even in Tertiary time, they still flowed to 
 the south, reaching the sea by an ancient Susquehanna 
 River. Meantime the region, which had been reduced in Cre- 
 taceous time almost to base-level, had been elevated, with ibid, 
 the entire warping Appalachian belt, to a plateau level. 
 The St. Lawrence River had been formed earlier, and the 
 Hudson valley was being excavated. As this valley grew, 
 it was inevitable that a tributary valley should be cut west- 
 
 ' ' . Ibid., p. 516. 
 
 ward along the strike of the soft Utica-Hudson shales, di- 
 verting toward the east the headwaters of some Adiron- 
 dack streams. At Little Falls this process was stopped 
 by the barrier of gneisses which had been faulted up in ^*'^'^- 
 very ancient times. A similar valley was cut from the St. 
 Lawrence eastward, diverting toward the west the head- 
 waters of other Adirondack streams. 
 
 Then came the Glacial period, and the ice-cap covered 
 the region. Shore lines of three glacial lakes are found in 
 Western New York, of which the lowest, Lake Iroquois, 
 is believed to have discharged through the Mohawk Valley.
 
 I 50 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 The deltas and delta terraces of lateral streams, from 
 Rome to Little Falls, were probably made at this time. 
 While Lake Ontario was being excavated, the glacier 
 broke up. The St. Lawrence valley being still frozen, an 
 enormous discharge of water came through the Mohawk 
 valley from the Great Lakes, reduced the barrier at Little 
 Falls, and so aggraded the region as to transfer the divide 
 to Rome. 
 
 Thus by changes of level, by constant erosion, by the 
 ham's^cf'o- grinding of the ice-sheet, and above all by post-glacial 
 graphyand action of Water, the physical features of the county have 
 
 Glacial De- . ,^. . r 1 ■» «■ 1 1 
 
 posits of Mo- been sculptured. The importance of the Mohawk as a 
 
 hawk Valley, topographic feature is best appreciated if one stand upon 
 
 Starr Hill in Steuben, 1,793 feet above the sea, or Tassel 
 
 Hill in Paris, 1,948 feet in altitude; he then sees a valley 
 
 from 12 to 20 miles wide and 1,500 feet deep, with great 
 
 alluvial deposit. This makes clear how enormous is the 
 
 B^uneto^VoT'^ mass of land that has been carried down to the sea. The 
 
 No. ig, p. 180. higher hills about Utica are the remains of the ancient 
 
 strata that have been cut into to form the valley. All the 
 
 vanuxem,p. Way from Little Falls to Rome, an old higher bank of the 
 
 "^' river can be seen, at places 80 feet above the present bed. 
 
 The debris of the retreating glacier so filled up the Hud- 
 
 A. p. Brigham SOU basiii that the St. Lawrence was deflected to its pres- 
 
 in Trans. O. . . . ... , , . .... . 
 
 H.S., 1887-9, ^^^ position, the outlet being changed from the vicinity of 
 p. 112. Rome to the Thousand Islands ; and so the Mohawk be- 
 
 came -a local drainage stream. 
 
 Abundant evidence of glaciation exists in the vicinity of 
 Utica. The great bowlders both north and south of the 
 Mohawk, each consisting of such rock as outcrops farther 
 north than its present station ; such kettle holes as Bear 
 Pond ; the Whitestown-Oriskany sand-plain, of which 
 the main mass is called "the Oriskany bluffs"; the 
 Frankfort-Ilion drift-benches ; the belt of kames extending
 
 GEOLOGY. I 5 I 
 
 a mile or more eastward from the Ilion station ; the finger 
 lakes to the southwest, of which Oneida borders upon this 
 county: all have a story to tell. 
 
 When excavations were made for the Rutger Street via- 
 duct, a true glacial till was thrown out, containing many 
 scratched pebbles. A fine bowlder of red Laurentian a. p. Brighan 
 granite may be seen in Utica on the northeast corner of '" ^'"^*?„ °" 
 
 <^ J H. S., i88g-g2, 
 
 South Street and Kossuth Avenue. Its top has been planed p- r^. 
 off by the glacier. A drive over South Street in New Hart- 
 ford to the reservoirs will reveal enough bowlders to afford 
 considerable evidence of glaciation. 
 
 A good example of a river terrace is afforded by the 
 Mohawk in Western. The mouth of Deerfield ravine 
 offers another example. Three distinct levels are here 
 visible. 
 
 The gorge at Trenton, over one hundred feet deep, and 
 the ravines of Utica and its vicinity, display to advantage 
 the post-glacial action of water. Wonderful examples of 
 erosion are seen at Little Falls. 
 
 The good qualities of the soil about Utica are due to 
 three main causes : (i) the decomposition of the shale, so 
 full of carbon, making the best dairy land of the State ; 
 (2) the abundant glacial drift ; (3) the rich deposits of the 
 Mohawk, which carries sediments from all the higher lands 
 of the region.
 
 XVII. 
 BOTANY. 
 
 [Many facts taken by permission from Dr. J. V. Haberer's pub- 
 lished List of Plants in the Vicinity of Utica.] 
 
 A RICH flora was to be expected from the varieties of 
 soil and location near Utica. The alluvial soil along 
 the Mohawk, the occasional unreclaimed marshes and 
 shrubby copses, the sphagnous swamps and forested hill- 
 sides, afford homes to most varieties of phaenogamous 
 plants suited to the climate. 
 
 September i, 1897, the writer found 100 species of 
 plants, wild or fully naturalized, in bloom in the fields and 
 along the roadsides, just beyond the southern line of the 
 city. The space covered was not much more than a mile. 
 
 Within a radius of ten miles from Utica there are about 
 970 species of flowering plants. Of these about 60 are 
 Forest Trees and about 80 Shrubs and Undershrubs, in- 
 digenous, or naturalized and growing wild. Of Equiseta 
 we have 7, of native Ferns 40, and of Club-Mosses 6. 
 The Mosses, Hepaticae, and Fungi of this locality have not 
 been numbered and classified. 
 
 A botanical garden of our native plants seems much to 
 be desired in the interest of our school children. It might 
 be an annex to one of our city parks. 
 
 A list of the orders of which we have representatives con- 
 cludes this paper. 
 
 We give a few notes as to the season and habitat of 
 the best known of our flowers, although in doing so we al- 
 most wrong the many which we cannot name. These the
 
 BOTANY. 153 
 
 student must find for himself with the aid of botany and 
 teacher. 
 
 In earliest spring, the Skunk Cabbage {^Symplocarpus 
 foetidiis) blooms in bogs and marshes. This very mal- Gray's Manual 
 odorous flower belongs to the Arum Family. The blossom °^^^°^*°^' ^"^^ 
 appears before the large coarse leaves arrive, and the Gibson's 
 spathe is so gorgeously striped with gold and purple that pp*^^. ^*^' 
 artists and florists are beginning to appreciate its beauty. 
 
 The Slippery Elm, {Uhniis fiilva), blooms almost as 
 early, (March and April), and the White Elm, {U. Ameri- 
 cana), and Red and Sugar Maples, {Acer riLbriim and sac- 
 cJiarimini), quickly follow. 
 
 The "pussies" of the Willows are here also, and these 
 downy catkins soon open to show the golden anthers of the 
 staminate blossoms, and the gray green of the pistillate. 
 
 Soon after the snow leaves the ground in spring, the 
 Hepatica, {Hepatlca acutilobd), appears in the woods. 
 One was found in woods near the city, March 18, 1898. 
 This was exceptionally early. Records from 1872 to 1885 j. v. Haberer 
 give as the earliest date on which it was first found, April g° ^*°^"^i^' 
 I, 1878, and as the latest. May 4, 1872. The lingering 
 snows of 1899 made it possible to bring home rich bunches 
 of this flower, resting on beds of snow near which it had 
 blossomed. 
 
 Closely following the Hepatica in early spring, are the 
 Spring Beauty, {Claytonia Caroliniana), and the Blood- 
 root, {Sanguinaria Ca?iade?isis). 
 
 Quite as early, in waste places, appears the Shepherd's 
 Purse, Capsella Bitrsa-Pastoris), whose small white 
 flowers do not desert us until the autumn. As the season 
 advances, the flower and fruit are seen on the same stem, 
 and the triangular seed-pods are gathered by the children. 
 
 Several Mustards and Cresses appear with the Shep- 
 herd's Purse, all belonging to the order Cruciferae.
 
 154 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 One beautiful spring flower must not be omitted, the 
 Trailing Arbutus, — the May-Flower of New England, — 
 {Epigaea repc7is.) It grows in Oneida County, north and 
 west of the city, but in spite of careful efforts to cultivate 
 it, in Deerfield and Clinton, it refuses to make a home 
 very near us. 
 
 May brings the fruit blossoms, and in the woods and 
 fields, the Trilliums and Violets of many varieties. 
 
 The Marsh Marigold, {Caltha palustris), is a golden 
 flower of May, belonging to the Crowfoot Family, to 
 which the Hepatica and many other spring flowers be- 
 long. 
 
 Toward the end of the month, the flowers of the buck- 
 bean, {Meiiyanthes trifoliata), of the Gentian Family, are 
 found in bogs. They form large white spikes, beautifully 
 fringed and delightfully fragrant, with a large clover-like 
 leaf on a long stem, and with a thick rootstock, which 
 Bayard Taylor tells us is ground into flour and made into 
 bread in Norway. It is a highly representative flower of 
 bog and stream. 
 
 In early June, the banks of the Sauquoit Creek and 
 other moist places, will be found carpeted with Forget-me- 
 not, {Myosotis paliistris), of the Borage Family. 
 
 At the same time, the Pitcher Plant, {Sarracenia pur- 
 purea), is found in sphagnous bogs, with its pitchers filled 
 with water and drowned insects. In the same place, — 
 some bog upon the Frankfort hills, — and at the same time, 
 look for Blueberries and Cranberries, {Vacciniiivi), Lab- 
 rador Tea, [Ledum lati/oliuvi), Sheep Laurel, {Kalniia 
 angustifolia), and the beautiful Azalea, {Rhododendron 
 nudifloruni), all members of the Heath Family. In bogs 
 also, grows our small wild Calla or Water Arum, [Calla 
 palustris), a beautiful little plant, whose pointed spathe is 
 green without and pure white within.
 
 BOTANY. I 5 5 
 
 In June, too, we begin to see the Orchids, of which we 
 have about 30 species, which open in succession through 
 the summer, some even as late as September and Octo- 
 ber. Some of these are far from abundant, and we should 
 gather them carefully, leaving the root unharmed, that 
 new flowers may appear in succeeding summers. 
 
 In July and August, the Wintergreen or Checkerberry, 
 {Gaultheria proctimbens), shows its white bells side by side 
 with the bright red berries of the preceding year. 
 
 The flowers of the woods almost disappear as summer 
 progresses and are succeeded by rushes, sedges and grasses, 
 all having blossoms ; the roadside indulges in a great 
 variety of weeds, mostly composite or umbelliferous ; the 
 ponds have white Water-Lilies, and various aquatic plants; 
 and the Asters begin to star the edges of the woodland 
 and the banks of streams. 
 
 Summer, besides being the time to study the Ferns, is the 
 time also to notice the fruit of the spring wild-flowers. 
 The winged fruit of the Striped Maple, {Acer Pennsylva- 
 nicum), growing in drooping clusters, becomes at last a 
 deep red as beautiful as a flower. 
 
 The low straggling branches of the American Yew, 
 {Taxiis Canadensis), looking like Hemlock, and so easily 
 neglected, bear now and then underneath, the bright red, 
 berry-like fruit, with a single large black seed. 
 
 The splendid Cardinal Flower, (^Lobelia Cardinalis , 
 blooms in July and August, and Golden-Rod {Solidago), a 
 little later. Of Golden-Rod, there are 50 American va- 
 rieties, and even more of its companion, the Aster. 
 
 In September the Witch-Hazel, {Hamarnelis Virginica), 
 comes out with short gold fringe along its gray boughs. 
 Its leaves wither and fall, but the gold petals glint in the 
 paler gold of November's sun and it does not fruit till 
 spring and the new year of flowers comes again.
 
 156 
 
 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 Reference has already been made to the catalogues of 
 Dr. Knieskern and Mr. Paine, .and the herbaria of Dr. 
 Sartwell and Mr. Hunt. (See XI.) 
 
 PLANTS USED BY MAN. 
 
 Ginseng, {Aralia quinquefolia), was an article of trade 
 
 from the earliest history of the region. The Indians gath- 
 
 T. w. Dwight (^ j|. f J ^ English traders, and they, in turn, sold 
 
 in Trans. O. !-.'./' 
 
 H. S., 1881, p 
 
 76. 
 
 Johnson's 
 Cyc. 
 
 G. A. Clark. 
 
 it to the Chinese, who made many preparations from the 
 root. The settlers of Clinton paid in Ginseng for the 
 timely help of Isaac Paris. (See VII.). It has much de- 
 creased in quantity, but being worth from three to four 
 dollars a pound, is still gathered with profit. About i 50 
 J. H. sheehan. pounds are annually sent from Utica to New York, for 
 shipment to China. 
 
 Basket-making from varieties of Willow, and from Ash 
 splints, was once largely carried on in the homes of 
 French, German, and Italian families, and plantations of 
 Willow were to be found along the Mohawk, but though 
 such baskets and hampers are still sold, the regular man- 
 ufacture of them has ceased. 
 
 The osiers were formerly gathered, fagoted, and sent to 
 New York for manufacture, but this is no longer done. 
 
 The Bleecker Plum was introduced here from Albany 
 by Judge Morris S. Miller, (resident of Utica 1806-24). 
 He gave this choice fruit freely to the gardens of his neigh- 
 bors, and the descendants of these trees are still found in 
 the city. He was equally liberal in giving young trees 
 from his fine apple orchard, which lay between the pres- 
 ent West, Rutger, Steuben and South Streets. 
 
 About the middle of the century, Rev. Chauncey E. 
 Goodrich conducted at Utica a series of interesting and 
 
 Pioneers, p. 
 ill.
 
 BOTANY. 157 
 
 valuable experiments on the Potato. The recent occur- 
 rence of the Irish famine, the immediate cause of which 
 was the potato disease, gave special interest to his labors. 
 Procuring potatoes from Chili, the home of the plant, he po^jgj.,g 
 carried on his work for sixteen years, during which time he Pres'm. in 
 made more than 130 communications to agricultural jour- pp ^jg.,' 
 nals and scientific magazines. He perfected several vari- 
 eties, by one of which, as was estimated, he saved to the 
 farmers of the country $2,000,000. His generous spirit 
 made him indifferent to the wealth he might have gained, (Potato.) 
 and a careful examination of his accounts showed that his 
 own pecuniary profit amounted to $50. 
 
 The twigs of Hamamelis distilled with water yield the 
 well known Pond's extract, also known as extract of Witch 
 Hazel. The industry is extensively carried on at Trenton 
 and other places in Oneida County. The extract was sold 
 first in Utica.by Theron T. Pond, about 1844 or 1845. 
 
 At present wines are made for domestic use of dandelion 
 blossoms, ( Taraxaciini officinale) ; Sweet Elder blossoms 
 or fruit, {Sanibttcics Canadensis) ; the wild Black Cherry, 
 {Pi'iinus serotina), and the wild Grape, ( J^itis cordifolia), 
 growing abundantly along the river bank. The Dandelion, 
 Milkweed, [Asclepias cornnti), and in early spring, the 
 Marsh Marigold, {C alt ha palustris), the common weed 
 Purslane {Porttclaca oleracea), and many other plants, are 
 used as pot-herbs. 
 
 There are few wild fruits in common use. The Blue- 
 berry, ( Vaccinium Pemtsylvanicum and Canadense), grows 
 sparsely, also the common Black Huckleberry, {Gayhissacia 
 resinosd). 
 
 The Red and Black Raspberries, {Rubus strigosus and 
 occidentalis) ; the High Blackberry, {Rubiis villosus), and 
 wild Strawberry, {Fragaria Virginiana), are abundant. 
 
 On account of its nearness to the southwestern borders
 
 158 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 of the Adirondacks, this region has rather Canadian than 
 
 Alleghanian flora. The trees are principally beech, maple, 
 
 hemlock, and spruce ; the chestnut and the tulip tree, which 
 
 W.L.Ralph are common on the same parallel not far to the west, 
 
 and E. Bagg, being absent. Peaches, which can be grown on the Finger 
 
 in Trans. O. 
 
 H. s., 1887-9, p. Lakes, will not usually ripen here. There are many or- 
 
 "*■ chards of fine apples in the vicinity of the city. Hops are 
 
 much cultivated, and of late the beet sugar industry has 
 
 become important. Indian corn grows well. Other 
 
 grains grow fairly well ; but, where the underlying rock is 
 
 A. p. Bngham gjg^^y ^^le tcuacious, claycy soil is much better suited to 
 
 in Trans. O. -^ ^ J J 
 
 H. s., 1887.9, grass, and forms the finest pasture land of the State, so 
 p. 114- ^|-^g^^ ^l^g characteristics of the county are grazing and 
 
 dairying rather than the raising of fruits or cereals. 
 
 It is an interesting fact that the Osage Orange, (Ma- 
 cliira aurantiaca), native in the southern and southwest- 
 ern part of the United States, and used in the north for 
 hedges, has, on a farm in Deerfield, grown to the height 
 of a tree and has borne fruit. 
 
 PLANTS OF LOCAL INTEREST. 
 
 The people of Utica are tree-lovers, and the variety as 
 well as number of trees in the city is very great. Many 
 of the Elms are of remarkable size and beauty, and this is 
 true as well of those in the surrounding country, noticeably 
 those atChadwicks. The Lombardy Fop\a.r, [Pc/^ulus nigra, 
 var. Italica), was at one time extensively planted, but has 
 almost disappeared. Not graceful, but striking in appear- 
 ance, a few specimens are still standing, as those in front 
 of Mr. Egbert Bagg's house, planted in 1806, and the row 
 on College Hill, Clinton. The city is even too well shaded 
 for sanitation, and might add to its officers a Forester 
 whose business it should be to let in sunlight by judicious 
 tree-trimming. At the same time, when New York and
 
 Saturday (Ilobe 
 
 WlI.SON ELM.
 
 BOTANY. 159 
 
 other large cities have recognized the fact that our trees 
 are agents of health, and when their citizens are busy plant- 
 ing trees in their most arid streets, we should congratu- 
 late ourselves that, with us, wise planting is no longer so 
 much needed as wise pruning. The fathers of Utica were 
 all tree-planters. The English Elm, the Black Walnut, 
 and other species were introduced and fostered by them. 
 
 The mathematician, Mr. George R. Perkins, gave much 
 time and thought to tree-planting. On the street which 
 he laid out, Sunset Avenue, formerly called from him, 
 Perkins Avenue, he personally persuaded the city to pre- 
 serve the great Elm near Faxton Hospital. On the grounds 
 of his home, where his widow still resides, are several fine 
 Elms. One of these is 22 feet in circumference above the 
 parting of the roots, 20 feet in circumference six feet above 
 the ground, and probably nearly 100 feet high. 
 
 The Wilson Elm, believed by many to be a tree of the 
 original forest, though not more beautiful than many 
 others, is of large size and unusual form. It is " 90 feet in 
 height ; about 18 feet in circumference one foot from the 
 ground, and 14 feet in circumference at the height of six ?,^!- ^1°^!' 
 
 '~^ J line lis, log 
 
 feet." The bole rises 50 feet unbranched, and the u. Herald, 
 branches spread in a picturesquely gnarled manner. This "°®'°'^ ^ 
 Elm stands a little south of the new Savings Bank. One 
 of our citizens bought the ground on which it stands that 
 the tree might thus be sure of preservation. 
 
 Another local plant celebrity, now, we fear, no longer 
 living, is the Mountain Ash tree on the tower of the 
 Church of the Reconciliation, near the corner of Seneca 
 and Columbia streets. How planted, how nourished, one 
 hardly knows, but it has become a goodly tree, and for 
 many years bore flowers and fruit in its eyrie far above the 
 barren street.
 
 l6o OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 ORDERS OF PLANTS FOUND IN OR NEAR UTICA. 
 
 Of the 136 orders of plants of the Northern United 
 States given by Gray, (excluding Cellular Acrogens), Utica 
 has representatives of 95, as follows : 
 
 Family. 
 
 1. Ranunculaceae, Crowfoot 
 
 2. Magnoliaceae, Magnolia 
 
 3. Berberidaceae Barberry 
 
 4. Nymphaceae, Water-Lily 
 
 5. Sarraceniaceae, Pitcher-Plants 
 
 6. Papaveraceae, Poppy 
 
 7. Fumariaceae, Fumitory 
 
 8. Cruciferae, Mustard 
 
 9. Resedaceae, Mignonette 
 
 10. Violaceae, Violet 
 
 I r. Caryophyllaceae, Pink 
 
 12. Portulacaceae, Purslane 
 
 13. Hypericaceae, St. John's-wort 
 
 14. Malvaceae, Mallow 
 
 I 5. Tilliaceae, Linden 
 
 16. Geraniaceae, Geranium 
 
 17. Rutaceae, Rue 
 
 1 8. Ilicineae, Holly 
 
 19. Celastraceae, Staff Tree 
 
 20. Rhamnaceae Buckthorn 
 
 2 1 . Vitaceae Grape 
 
 22. Sapindaceae, Soapberry 
 
 23. Anacardiaceae, Cashew 
 
 24. Polygalaceae, Milkwort 
 
 25. Leguminosae, Pulse 
 
 26. Rosaceae, Rose 
 
 27. Saxifragaceae, Saxifrage 
 
 28. Crassulaceae, Orpine
 
 BOTANY. l6l 
 
 Family, 
 
 29. Droseraceae, Sundew 
 
 30. Hamamelideae, Witch-Hazel 
 
 3 1 . Ly thraceae, Loosestrife 
 
 32. Onograceae, Evening- Primrose 
 
 33. Cucurbitaceae Gourd 
 
 34. Umbelliferae, Parsley 
 
 35. Araliaceae Ginseng 
 
 36. Cornaceae, Dogwood 
 
 37. Caprifoliaceae, Honeysuckle 
 
 38. Rubiaceae, Madder 
 
 39. Valerianaceae, Valerian 
 
 40. Dipsaceae, Teasel 
 
 4 1 . Compositae, Composite 
 
 42. Lobeliaceae, Lobelia 
 
 43. Campanulaceae, Campanula 
 
 44. Ericaceae Heath 
 
 45 . Primulaceae, Primrose 
 
 46. Oleaceae Olive 
 
 47. Apocynaceae, Dogbane 
 
 48. Asclepiadaceae, Milkweed 
 
 49. Gentianaceae, Gentian 
 
 50. Polemoniaceae, Polemonium 
 
 5 1 . Hydrophyllaceae, Waterleaf 
 
 52. Borraginaceae Borage 
 
 53. Convolvulaceae, Convovulus 
 
 54. Scrophulariaceae, Figwort 
 
 55. Lentibulariaceae, Bladderwort 
 
 56. Verbenaceae, Vervain 
 
 57. Labiatae, Mint 
 
 58. Plantaginaceae, Plantain 
 
 59. Illecebraceae, Knotwort 
 
 60. Amarantaceae Amaranth 
 
 61. Chenopodiaceae, Goosefoot
 
 l62 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 Family. 
 
 62. Phytolaccaceae, Pokeweed 
 
 63. Polygonaceae, Buckwheat 
 
 64. Aristolochiaceae, Birthwort 
 
 65. Piperaceae, Pepper 
 
 66. Lauraceae, Laurel 
 
 6^. Thymelaeaceae, Mezereum 
 
 68. Elaeagnaceae Oleaster 
 
 69. Loranthaceae, Mistletoe 
 
 70. Euphorbiaceae, Spurge 
 
 71. Urticaceae, Nettle 
 
 72. Platanaceae, Plane-Tree 
 
 73. Juglandaceae, Walnut 
 
 74. Myricaceae, Sweet-Gale 
 
 75. Cupuliferae, Oak 
 
 ']6. Salicaceae, Willow 
 
 ']'j. Coniferae, Pine 
 
 ']Z. Orchidaceae, Orchis 
 
 79. Iridaceae, Iris 
 
 80. Liliaceae, Lily 
 
 81. Pondeteriaceae, Pickerel- Weed 
 
 82. Commelinaceae, Spiderwort 
 
 83. Juncaceae, Rush 
 
 84. Typhaceae, Cat-Tail 
 
 85. Araceae, Arum 
 
 86. Lemnaceae, Duckweed 
 
 87. Alismaceae, Water-Plantain 
 
 88. Naiadaceae, Pondweed 
 
 89. Cyperaceae, Sedge 
 
 90. Gramineae, Grass 
 
 9 1 . Equisetaceae, Horsetail 
 
 92. Filices, , Ferns 
 
 93. Ophioglossaceae, Adder's-Tongue 
 
 94. Lycopodiaceae, Club-Moss 
 
 95. Selaginellaceae, A Family allied to the Club Mosses
 
 XVIII. 
 BIRDS. 
 
 [Data kindly furnished by Mr. Egbert Bagg.] 
 
 THE geographical location of the city, on the confines of 
 the Adirondack wilderness, and the climatic conditions 
 which result from this location, naturally lead us to look 
 for a bird fauna largely Canadian, and such we find ours to 
 be, many of our summer residents being of species which 
 breed far north of the St. Lawrence. 
 
 The area of the city proper is so small, and so generally 
 occupied for business and residence purposes, that the 
 " Birds of Utica " must include the birds of the immediate 
 vicinity. There are about 175 species which occur within 
 such limits. These may be divided into: "Residents" 
 (those which remain with us the year around, not always 
 the same individuals, but the same species), 9 ; " Summer 
 Residents " (those which spend the summer with us, but 
 not the winter, and breed with us), 76; " Winter Visit- 
 ors," (which come down from the colder north, where 
 they live and breed during the summer), 8 ; "Migrants" 
 (those which pass through, going north to breed in the 
 spring, and passing south to warmer climates in the fall), 
 64 ; and ' ' Stragglers " (those which have occasionally been 
 seen, but are far out of their usual habitat), 18. 
 
 Of these 175, there are at least 98 species which every 
 boy and girl should know, including a few which, although 
 comparatively rare, are of sufficient interest to be named 
 in our list. They are divided into: " Residents," 9 ; 
 "Winter Visitors," 3; "Summer Residents," 65; and 
 " Migrants," 21.
 
 164 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 Omitting the " Stragglers," the Orders and Families are 
 represented by famihar birds according to the following 
 list. The common names used are those generally ac- 
 cepted in this locality. The scientific names are taken 
 from the Check-list of the American Ornithologists' Union, 
 2d Edition. 
 
 LIST. 
 
 Abbreviations : R., Resident. S. R., Summer Resident. W. V., 
 Winter Visitor. M., Migrant. C. indicates that the bird is often found 
 in the settled parts of the city. Many others are occasionally seen in 
 streets and gardens. 
 
 The figures following indicate the average length of the bird in 
 inches, taken as follows : A dead specimen is laid upon its back with 
 its neck extended, but not stretched, and the distance measured from 
 the tip of its bill to'the end of its tail. 
 
 ORDER I. PYGOPODES, (Divers). 
 
 Family Podicipidae, (Grebes). 
 
 I. Pied-billed Grebe or Dab-chick, [Podilyinbus podi- 
 ceps). S. R., I3i. 
 
 Eminently aquatic, rarely venturing upon land ; de- 
 pends for safety on its skill as a diver. 
 
 ORDER II. LONGIPENNES, (Long-winged Swim- 
 mers). 
 
 Family Laridae, (Gulls). 
 
 I. American Herring Gull, {Larus argentatus smith- 
 sonianus). M., 24. 
 
 Large white Gull, with light blue mantle and black wing- 
 tips. 
 
 ORDER V. ANSERES, (Swimmers). 
 Family Anatidae, (Ducks, Geese and Swans). 
 Sub-family Anatinae, (Dabblers, River and Pond Ducks). 
 I. Mallard, [Anas bos c has). M., 23.
 
 BIRDS. 165 
 
 Drake has green head. Duck is brown. Feet red. 
 Ancestor of domestic duck. 
 
 2. Dusky Duck, (Anas obscura). M., 22. Like duck 
 of No. I, but darker. 
 
 3. Green-winged Teal, {Anas carolinensis). M. 14^. 
 Small. Drake has chestnut head with green stripe on 
 each side. Duck is brownish. 
 
 4. Blue-winged Teal, (y^;m.y ^/5c^r.y). M., 16. Small, 
 Distinguished by large light blue wing-patch. 
 
 5. Wood Duck, {Aix s pons a). M., 18^. 
 
 Drake has wonderful combination of gorgeous colors ; 
 head dark green, purple and white, with long crest ; breast 
 maroon with white spots. Duck, grayish with white 
 throat. Nests in hollow trees. 
 
 Sub-family Fuligulinae. (Bay and Sea Ducks). 
 
 1. Greater Scaup Duck, {Ay thy a marila nearticd). 
 M., 20. Large. Black head and breast ; broad, blue bill ; 
 "canvas" back. 
 
 2. Lesser Scaup Duck, {Ay thy a affinis). M., 17. 
 Similar, but smaller. 
 
 The Scaup Ducks are more commonly called "Black 
 Heads," or " Blue Bills." 
 
 3. Golden Eye or Whistler, {Glaiuionctta clangula 
 americana). M., 20. 
 
 Drake, black and white. Duck has snuff-colored head. 
 
 4. Buffle Head or Butter Ball, {Charito7ietta albeold). 
 M., I4i 
 
 Drake very small ; black and white. Duck dusky. 
 Sub-family Anserinae, (Geese). 
 I. Wild Goose, {Branta canade7isis). M., 40. 
 Black neck and brown body. Migrates in V-shaped 
 flocks, "honking" as it flies.
 
 1 66 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 ORDER VII. HERODIONES, (Herons, Storks, etc.). 
 Family Ardeidae, (Herons and Bitterns). 
 
 1. Bittern, {Botaurus lejitiginosus^. S. R., 28. 
 Solitary, in grassy marshes. Streaked yellowish brown. 
 
 2. Great Blue Heron, {A fdea /lerodias). S. R., 48. 
 Incorrectly called "crane." Breeds in colonies, but 
 
 feeds alone ; wades cautiously in rivers, etc. ; flies flap- 
 ping over the water with legs trailing behind. 
 
 3. Green Heron, (Ardea virescens). S. R. , 17. 
 Much smaller. Dark greenish. Solitary, (never in 
 
 flocks). Along wooded shores. 
 
 ORDER VIII. PALUDICOLAE, (Cranes, Rails, etc.,). 
 Family Rallidae, (Rails, etc.,). 
 I. Sora Rail, (Porzana caroli?ia). S. R. , 8^. 
 Fresh water marshes. Keeps well hidden ; makes very 
 short flights to cover. 
 
 ORDER IX. LIMICOLAE, (Shorebirds, etc.). 
 Family Scolopacidae, (Snipes, Sandpipers, etc.). 
 
 1. American Woodcock, {Philokela minor). S. R., 11. 
 Wooded lands or cornfields with soft, moist earth in 
 
 which it may probe for worms. Nocturnal. 
 
 2. Wilson's Snipe, {Gallijiago delicata.). M., iij. 
 Long neck and long bill. Tan-color. Water-soaked, 
 
 fresh water meadows, where hillocks or grasses make con- 
 cealment possible. 
 
 3. Gre^iexYeWov^legs, {Tot anns inela7iole2ic7is). M., 14. 
 Gray, black and white streaked. Very long yellow legs. 
 
 4. Summer Yellowlegs, {Totanus flavipcs). M., lof. 
 Similar but much smaller. Commoner and less wary. 
 
 5. Spotted Sandpiper or Tip-up, {Actitis macularid). 
 S. R., 7\. 
 
 Gray. Running and flying along streams and tipping 
 up and down.
 
 BIRDS. 167 
 
 Family Charadriidae, f Plovers). 
 I. Killdeer Plover, {Aegialitis vocifera). S. R., 7^. 
 Named from its cry. Black rin^ around neck, orange 
 rump. 
 
 ORDER X. GALLINAE, (Gallinaceous Birds). 
 
 Family Tetraonidae, (Grouse). 
 
 I. Ruffed Grouse, {Bonasa umbellus). R. , 17. 
 
 Incorrectly called ' ' partridge. " Reddish brown and gray ; 
 black ruffs on each side of neck. Fan-like tail gray, with 
 broad, black band. Drumming caused by rapid beating 
 of wings. Only male bird drums. 
 
 ORDER XI. COLUMBAE, (Pigeons and Doves). 
 Family Columbidae, (Pigeons and Doves). 
 
 1. Passenger Pigeon, {Ectopistes migratorius). M., 
 16I. 
 
 Now almost extinct, but once very common. Borders 
 of woodland, often on ground. 
 
 2. Mourning Dove, {Zenaidura macroura). Locally 
 very rare, but S. R. a short distance west. ii|. 
 
 ORDER XII. RAPTORES, (Birds of Prey). 
 
 Family Falconidae, (Falcons). 
 
 All our diurnal birds of prey belong to this family. 
 
 1. Marsh Hawk, {Circus hudsonius). S. R. , 20. 
 Male, li^ht bluish gray ; female, rusty brown streaked. 
 
 Beneficial to man. Flies low over ground in places not 
 wooded. 
 
 2. Sharp-shinned Hawk, {Accipiter vclox). S. R., 11, 
 
 i3i 
 
 Similar to No. i. but smaller. 
 
 3. Cooper's Hawk, {Accipiter cooperii). S. R., 15, 19. 
 Bluish gray above, barred with rufous below. Swift of 
 
 flight. Dangerous to birds and small poultry.
 
 l68 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 2. and 3. are lon^ tailed species. Male much smaller 
 than female. 
 
 4. Red-tailed Hawk, {Buteo borealis). S. R. , 2i|. 
 Blackish brown ; upper side of tail bright rufous. Bird 
 
 of the woods. Harmless to man. 
 
 5. Red-shouldered Hawk, [Buteo ItJieatns). S.R., 19. 
 Reddish brown and cinnamon ; tail black, crossed by 6 
 
 white bands. Habitat same as that of No. 4. 
 
 4. and 5. are far the commonest of our Hawks. They 
 are large, and are known as "Hen Hawks." Yet it is 2 . 
 and 3. that do the harm. 
 
 6. Broad-winged Hawk, {Buteo latissinnis). S. R. ,16. 
 Dusky brownish ; tail crossed by broad bands of blackish 
 
 and white. 
 
 7. Sparrow Hawk, {Falco sparverius). S. R. , 10. 
 Small. Short-tailed. Frequents dead trees in open 
 
 fields. 
 
 Family Bubonidae, (Horned Owls, Hoot Owls, etc.). 
 
 1. Long-eared Owl, [Asio zvilsonianus). R. , 15. 
 Dusky to tawny. Conspicuous " horns " or "ears" of 
 
 feathers. Nocturnal ; by day in thick woods. Destroys 
 rodents. 
 
 2. Short-eared Owl, {Asio acctpitrinus). M., 15^-. 
 Bright tawny to buffy. Ear-tufts inconspicuous. Not 
 
 so nocturnal as No. i. Grassy marshes. Flies low. 
 Deserves protection as destroyer of rodents and insects. 
 
 3. Barred Owl, [Syrtiiiim nebitlosuvi). R., 20. 
 Large. No ear-tufts. Brown and white barred. 
 
 4. Screech Owl, {Megascops asio). R., 9^. 
 
 Small. Ear-tufts conspicuous. Two totally distinct 
 plumages, having no relation to age, sex or season ; one 
 grayish, the other reddish. Perhaps our most common 
 owl. 
 
 5. Great Horned Owl, {Bubo virginianus). R., 23.
 
 BIRDS. 169 
 
 Ear-tufts conspicuous. Varied, buffy and tawny. The 
 only owl that destroys poultry and birds in any num- 
 ber. Largest and fiercest of our Raptores. Heavy 
 forests. 
 
 ORDER XIV. COCCYGES, (Cuckoos and Kingfish- 
 ers^. 
 
 Family Cuculidae, (Cuckoos). 
 
 I. Black-billed Cuckoo, {Coccysus erythrophthalnius). 
 S. R., 12. 
 
 Long, slender, dove-like. Mostly in low trees. Eats 
 tent caterpillars. 
 
 Our cuckoos differ from their European cousins in that 
 they do not usually lay eggs in other birds' nests, (though 
 they 'have been known to do so). 
 
 Family Alcedinidae, (Kingfishers). 
 
 I. Belted Kingfisher, {Ceryle alcyon). S. R., 13. 
 
 Blue above, white below. Broad band across breast ; 
 large head and bill. Shores of streams or ponds. 
 
 ORDER XV. PICI, (Woodpeckers). 
 Family Picidae, (Woodpeckers). 
 
 1. Downy Woodpecker, {Dryobates piibescens.) R., 
 c, 6|. 
 
 Small. Black and white spotted. Sociable. On tree 
 trunks. 
 
 2. Red-headed Woodpecker, {Melanerpes erythro- 
 cephalus). S. R., 9|. 
 
 Black and white, with bright red head. 
 
 3. Flicker or Highhole, {Colaptes aiiratus). S. R., 12. 
 Scarlet band on back of neck ; shafts and undersides of 
 
 wing feathers yellow. Somewhat terrestrial. 
 
 Drumming of woodpeckers made with bills on resonant 
 dead limbs.
 
 I70 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 ORDER XVI. MACROCHIRES, (Goatsuckers, Swifts 
 and Hummingbirds). 
 
 Family Caprimulgidae, (Goatsuckers). So called from 
 an ancient notion that these birds obtained goat's milk for 
 food. 
 
 I. Nighthawk, {Chordeiles virginianus). S. R., c, lO. 
 Black and white ; white patch on wing. Often seen 
 sky-coasting over the city on cloudy days or in the even- 
 ing. Sometimes nests on the gravel roofs of houses in the 
 city. Loud, nasal call. 
 
 Family Micropodidae, (Swifts). 
 
 I. Chimney Swift, {Chaetura pelagicd). S. R. , c, 5^- 
 
 Not a "Swallow." Bow-and-arrow-like form against 
 
 the sky, whenever the sun is not too strong. Builds mostly 
 
 in chimneys, where it attaches its nest to the brickwork 
 
 by a glue which it produces in its own salivary glands. 
 
 Family Trochilidae, (Hummingbirds). Found in the 
 New World only. 
 
 I. Ruby-throated Hummingbird, i^Trochilus colubris). 
 S. R., c, 3|. 
 
 Changeable green above with ruby-red, metallic throat. 
 The only one of the 400 species of Hummingbirds which 
 is found in the U. S. east of the Mississippi. Tiny, beau- 
 tiful, and fearless. Near honeysuckle or trumpet-vine, or 
 in flower gardens, but not in evening. Should not be con- 
 founded with spinx moth. Feeds largely on insects, but to 
 some extent also on honey and juices of flowers. Perches 
 in trees, high above the ground. 
 
 ORDER XVH. PASSERES. (Perching Birds). 
 Family Tyrannidae, (Flycatchers). 
 
 I. King Bird or Bee Bird, {Tyrannus tyrannus). S. 
 R., 8.^.
 
 BIRDS. 171 
 
 Gray, with white breast and broad white band across 
 fan-Hke tail. 
 
 2. Great Crested Flycatcher, {Myiarchus crinitus). 
 S. R., 9- 
 
 Crested. Slate breast ; sulphur yellow below. A wood 
 bird, but often nests in orchards. Has the singular habit 
 of placing the cast off skin of a snake in its nest. 
 
 3. Phoebe, (Sayor?its phoebe). S. R., c, 7. 
 Grayish brown with olive cast. Friendly to man ; 
 
 perches often near houses, on gates, etc. ; builds nest in 
 porches, on rafters in barns, etc. ; also on rocks under 
 bridges. Eats many insects injurious to vegetation. 
 
 4. Wood Pewee, {Contopus virens). S. R., 6^. 
 Similar, but darker and smaller. Lives in forest and 
 
 shade trees. Sweet notes all day, even in mid-summer. 
 
 5. Least Flycatcher, {Enipido7iax minimus). S. R. , 
 
 Si- 
 
 Similar in color, but even smaller. Distinguished by 
 
 strong, short note. Frequents orchards and gardens. 
 
 Family Alaudidae, (Larks). 
 
 I. Prairie Horned Lark, {Otocoris alpestris praticold). 
 
 s. R., ^\. 
 
 Walks instead of hopping. Black markings about head, 
 and black crescent under throat. Two little feather horns. 
 The first of our summer residents to arrive in the spring, 
 often building its nest before the snow has left us. In 
 flocks, or running singly, on ground in open places. 
 
 Family Corvidae, (Crows and Jays). 
 
 1. Blue Jay, [Cyanocitta cristatd). R., ii|. 
 Crested. Bright gray blue ; forehead, back of neck, and 
 
 breast, black. Is, without doubt, a bird's nester of the 
 worst kind, being very fond of eggs and young birds. So- 
 ciable and very intelligent. 
 
 2. Crow, {Corvus americamis), R., c, \\\.
 
 1/2 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 Black. Domestic, droll and very cunning. Does farmers 
 more good than harm. 
 
 Family Icteridae, (Blackbirds, Orioles, etc.). 
 
 1. Bobolink, {Doliconix orysivorus). S. R., ']\. 
 
 Male in spring, black, white and buff ; male later, fe- 
 male and young, olive buff, streaked with dark brown. 
 Fields and meadows in May and June. On quivering wing, 
 sings to his mate on her nest in the grass ; perches in tops 
 of orchard trees. 
 
 2. Cowbird, {Molothrns ater). S. R., 8. 
 
 Male, shiny black with brown head ; j female, dark 
 brownish streaked. American representative of European 
 Cuckoo in the curious habit of laying its eggs in the nests 
 of other birds and leaving foster parents to rear its young. 
 
 3. Red-winged Blackbird, {^Agtlaiiis phoeniceus). S. 
 R., 91. 
 
 Male, black with red, buff-bordered epaulettes ; female, 
 blackish and buffy streaked. 
 
 4. Meadowlark, {Sttirnella magna). S. R. , io|. 
 Breast bright yellow, with large black crescent ; outer 
 
 tail feathers white, showing when he flies. Frequents 
 pastures and meadows. Clear whistle. 
 
 5. Baltimore Oriole, [Icterus galbula). S. R. , c, ']\. 
 Male, orange and black, the colors of Lord Baltimore ; 
 
 female, yellowish and brownish. Builds pendulous nest, 
 usually at extreme end of drooping branch of elm. 
 
 6. Bronzed Crackle or Crow Blackbird, {Qiiiscahis 
 quiscula aeneiis). S. R., c, 13. 
 
 Blackish ; head of male purple and green, metallic and 
 changeable. Arrives in small flocks ; sometimes nests in 
 colonies. 
 
 Family Fringillidae, (Sparrows, Finches, Grosbeaks, 
 etc.). A great family. 
 
 I. Pine Grosbeak, {Pinicola emicleator). W. V., 9.
 
 BIRDS. 173 
 
 Lar^e. Male, rosy red ; female, slaty gray. Sum- 
 mer home in coniferous forests of the north ; visits us oc- 
 casionally in mid-winter, when he is particularly attracted 
 by Mountain Ash berries. 
 
 2. V\ir^\e¥mch, [Carpodactis purpureus). S. R.,c.,6;^. 
 Male, rose red on head, rump and breast ; color fading 
 
 away to brown : female, brownish. Often in evergreens 
 of the city. Eats fruit buds. 
 
 3. House Sparrow or English Sparrow, [Passer donies- 
 ticus). R. c, 6\. 
 
 Male, breast black, shoulders chestnut ; female, grayish 
 brown. Imported from Europe. Lives with us in flocks 
 all winter, but has doubtless driven away our own birds. 
 
 4. Goldfinch, or Yellowbird, {Spiiius tristis). S. R. , 
 c, 5. 
 
 Yellow, with black cap, wings and tail. A rising and 
 falling flight. 
 
 5. Snowflake or White Snowbird, {Plectrophenax niva- 
 lis). W. v., 6|. 
 
 Rusty brown, black and white, white predominating. 
 Visits us in flocks, usually during prolonged snowstorms. 
 A bird of the ground. 
 
 6. Vesper Sparrow, {Poocaetes gramincus). S. R., 6. 
 Brown streaked ; two white feathers in tail. Pastures 
 
 and along roads. 
 
 7. Tree Sparrow, {Spizella monticola). M., c, 6\. 
 
 Red cap ; two white chevrons on each wing ; breast 
 grayish. 
 
 8. Chipping Sparrow, [Spizella socialis). S. R. , c. , 
 5i- 
 
 Known by his little red skull-cap. Loves human soci- 
 ety ; prefers to nest near dwellings of men. 
 
 9. Field Sparrow, {Spizella pusilla). S. R., 51.
 
 174 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 Bright rufous plain breast and pink bill. Fields and 
 pastures. Pleasing song. 
 
 10. Slate-colored Junco or Black Snowbird, [Junco 
 hyevialis). M., c, 6 J. 
 
 Back, throat and breast, slate color ; white below. 
 Seen in flocks migrating. 
 
 11. Song Sparrow, {Melospisa fasciatd). S. R., c, 
 
 Brown with spotted breast, the spots uniting in centre to 
 form a breast-pin. Often the first spring arrival. Sweet 
 and varied song. Fearless and friendly. 
 
 12. Rose-breasted Grosbeak, [Habia liidoviciand). 
 S. R., 8. 
 
 Male, black and white with rose breast ; has a beau- 
 tiful carol : female, grayish brown. Loves second 
 growths. 
 
 13. Indigo-bird, {Passerina cyanca). S. R. , 5^^. 
 Male, bright dark blue ; female, grayish brown and 
 
 rufous. Clumps of bushes in clearings or old pastures. 
 
 Family Tanagridae, (Tanagers). 
 
 1. ^Q.'Ax\Q.\.T2C[i-A.gQ.x:, [Piranga erythroniclas\ S. R. , 7j. 
 
 Most brilliant of all our birds. Male, scarlet with black 
 wings and tail ; female, olive green. Dense woods. 
 
 Family Hirundinidae, (Swallows). 
 
 1. Purple Martin, {P rogue siibis). S. R., 8. 
 Formerly common, now rare. Shining blue-black ; 
 
 wings and tail duller. Builds in boxes and holes in houses. 
 
 2. Cliff Swallow, {PetrocJiclidon lunifrons). S. R. , 6. 
 Whitish crescent on forehead ; rufous rump and short, 
 
 square tail. Builds mud nest under eaves of barns. Eats 
 enormous quantities of insects. 
 
 3. Barn Swallow, {CJielidon erytJirogastj-d). S. R., 7. 
 Builds inside barns. Insect eater of first rank. 
 
 4. Tree Swallow, {Tachycineta bicolor). S. R. , c, 6.
 
 BIRDS. 175 
 
 Steel blue above, white below. Builds in holes in trees 
 or sometimes in houses. 
 
 5. Bank Swallow, [Clivicola i-iparia). S. R., 5^. 
 
 Brownish gray above, white beneath. Builds in holes 
 which it excavates in sand banks. In colonies, generally 
 near water. 
 
 Family Ampelidae, (Waxwings). 
 
 I. Cedar Bird or Cherry Bird, {Ampelis cedroruni). 
 S. R., c, I4i. 
 
 Crested ; fawn colored ; red sealing-wax-like append- 
 ages to wing feathers. Builds in the Cedar and dines in 
 the Cherry tree. Seen often during winter feeding on 
 Mountain Ash berries in yards of the city. 
 
 Family Laniidae, (Shrikes). 
 
 1. Great Northern Shrike or Butcher Bird, {Lanius 
 bore alls). W. V., \o\. 
 
 Gray, wings and tail black with some white. Feeds on 
 mice and small birds which he impales on a thorn or fence 
 barb, or hangs in a crotch. On very top of our shade trees 
 in mid-winter, watching for English Sparrows. 
 
 2. White-rumped Migrant Shrike. {Lanius hidovi- 
 cianus exciibitorides). S. R. , 9. 
 
 Smaller ; blue gray ; wings and tail black, with some 
 white feathers. In habits similar to No. i. 
 Family Vireonidae, (Vireos). 
 
 1. Red-eyed Vireo, {Vireo olivaceus). S. R., 6\. 
 Light olive green ; white stripe over red eye. Pensile 
 
 nest in outer fork of horizontal limb ; not high. 
 
 2. Warbling Vireo, {Vireo gilvus'). S. R., c, 5|. 
 Small. Ashy olive green ; below, yellowish white. 
 
 Upper branches of shade trees. More often heard than 
 seen. 
 
 Family Mniotiltidae, (Wood Warblers). 
 
 Represented by a number of the most beautiful of our
 
 176 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 birds, mostly of small size and retiring nature, so that they 
 are overlooked by many, though perhaps the most attrac- 
 tive birds we have. 
 
 1. Yellow Warbler, {Dcndroica acstivd). S. R. ,c., 5. 
 Bright yellow, streaked with darker. Sociable and 
 
 friendly. Builds beautiful soft nest in fork of bush. 
 
 2. Myrtle or Yellow-rumped Warbler, {^Dendroica cor- 
 onata). M., 5|. 
 
 Bluish gray streaked with black, a yellow patch on 
 rump, crown, and each side of breast. 
 
 3. Chestnut-sided Warbler, {Dendroica pennsylv an- 
 ted). S. R. , 5. 
 
 Crown, yellow ; body, olive green, black and white ; 
 sides, chestnut. Second growths, scrubby clearings, or 
 borders of woodlands. 
 
 4. Oven Bird, {Seijirus aurocapilius). S. R., 6. 
 Brownish olive green ; golden crown. On ground in 
 
 thick woods. Builds a covered nest on ground, very diffi - 
 cult to find. 
 
 5. Maryland Yellow-throat, {Geothlypis trie has). S. 
 
 R., Si- 
 
 Back, olive ; breast and throat, yellow ; a black mask 
 on forehead and sides of head. Low, damp thickets. 
 Retiring and shy. 
 
 6. Redstart, {Setophaga ruticilla). S. R. , 5^. 
 Male, black and salmon red ; female, black and yel- 
 low. Woodlands. Easily recognized. 
 
 Family Troglodytidae, (Thrashers, Wrens, etc.). 
 
 1. Catbird, {Galeoscoptes carolincnsis). S. R,, c, 9. 
 Slaty gray ; crown black ; rump chestnut. A trim 
 
 Quakerish bird. Intelligent and friendly. Has a charm- 
 ing song besides its harsh, cat-like note. 
 
 2. House Wren, {Troglodytes aedon). S. R. , 5. 
 
 A small, saucy, cinnamon brown bird, with his tail up
 
 BIRDS. 177 
 
 in the ail". Sociable. Builds in boxes and crevices, as hol- 
 lows in trees. 
 
 Family Certhiidae, (Creepers). 
 
 I. Brown Creeper, [Certhia familiaris americand). 
 M., 51- 
 
 Small ; pepper and salt color ; runs up and down trunks 
 of trees, head up or down, as is most convenient. 
 
 Family Paridae, (Nuthatches and Titmice). 
 
 1 . White-breasted Nuthatch, {Sitta carolinensis). 
 R., c. 6. 
 
 Bluish gray back ; black crown ; white below. In 
 summer in forests ; in winter comes into the city, where 
 it runs up and down tree trunks, searching for insects and 
 their eggs in crevices of bark. 
 
 2, Chickadee, {Partis atricapillus). R. , c, 5^. 
 Very small ; ashy blue ; head black ; lower parts white. 
 
 In summer in woods, where he raises a large family in a 
 hole in a tree ; in winter very sociable, running about 
 shade trees, head up or down, and continually repeating 
 his own name. 
 
 Family Turdidae, (Thrushes, Bluebird, etc ) 
 
 1. Wilson's Thrush or Veery, {Turdus fuscescens). S. 
 R.. 7i 
 
 Cinnamon brown ; breast white with wedge-shaped, 
 brown spots on sides. Our common thrush of the woods. 
 Low, thick, marshy woods. 
 
 2. Hermit Thrush, {Tardus aojtalaschkac pallasii). 
 M., 7i. 
 
 Olive brown above ; breast yellowish white with round 
 black spots ; tail rufous. Home farther north. Pure, 
 sweet song. 
 
 3. Robin, {Merula viigratorid). S. R. ,c., 10. 
 
 Our best known and most universally popular bird. Ar-
 
 178 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 rives among the first, and is the most sociable and famihar 
 of all. 
 
 4. Bluebird, (^Sialia sia/ts). S. R. , c. , 7. 
 
 Carries our national colors. Back, bright blue ; breast, 
 cinnamon red ; below, white. One of our early birds. 
 Fond of orchards and gardens. Builds in holes and 
 boxes.
 
 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 
 
 Pa^e 47. — January, 1900. The deaths of two more 
 Oneida County soldiers in the Philippines have recently 
 been reported in the papers. 
 
 Page 50. — Trento7i. Presbyterian Church of Holland u. Herald. 
 Patent; organized December 16, 1799. Centennial, De- °®'^- '5> '^sw- 
 cember 14, 1899. 
 
 Page '6']. — After Isaac S. Hartley insert — 
 
 Albert Barnes, (i 798-1 870) ; b. Rome ; Hamilton, 
 '20. Commentator on the Scriptures ; well known on both 
 
 '■ Johnson'sCyc. 
 
 sides of the Atlantic. Notes on tJie New Testament, 11 
 vols., said to have reached a circulation of over a million. 
 Commentaries on Isaiah, Job, Daniel, Psalms; The 
 Church and Slavery ; The Atonement in its Relations to 
 Law and Moral Government ; Life at Three Score and 
 Ten. 
 
 Samuel KiRKLAND Lothrop, (1804-1886); b. Whites- 
 boro ; Harvard, '25. Grandson of Samuel Kirkland ; for Pioneers, 
 forty-two years pastor Brattle Square Ch., Boston. The 
 Life of Samuel Kirkland, Missionary to the Indians, in Memoi/Rev, 
 Sparks's Am. Biog. The History of the Church in Brattle^- ^- Lothrop. 
 Square. 
 
 After Edward Bright insert — 
 
 James Eells, (1822-1886) ; b. Westmoreland; Hamil- 
 ton, '44. Memoir of Sanniel Eells. 
 
 Page 89. — After Mrs. Martha L. Whitcher insert — Gmwoid'* 
 
 Mrs. Caroline M. Fisher Sawyer, (18 12-1864). Wife ^^™- P°«t«. 
 of Thomas Jefferson Sawyer ; lived seven years at Clinton ; Lippincott's 
 author of translations of Hebrew poetry and German g''^*^' ^^' 
 philosophy ; in 1861 Ed. Rose of Sharon, a monthly mag-
 
 l8o OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 azine in the French language ; and Ladies' Repository. 
 
 Poetry of Hebrczv Tradition. 
 
 Page 92. — After Anson Judd Upson insert — 
 
 Francis Marion Burdick, {b. 1845) ; Hamilton, '69. 
 
 Practiced law in Utica, 1872-83 ; Mayor, 1882-3 ; Prof. 
 
 Who's Who in • / J ' j > J ' 
 
 America. Law and History, Ham. Coll., 1882-7; Prof. Law, Cor- 
 nell Univ. School of Law, 1887-91. Prof. Law, Colum- 
 bia Univ. since 1891. Biirdick's Cases on Torts; Cases 
 on Sales ; The Laiu of Sales ; Cases on Partnership ; The 
 Law of PartnersJiip ; Assoc. Ed. (Dept. of Law) John- 
 son's Cyc. 
 
 Page 93. — After Mrs. Eleanor Ecob Morse, insert — 
 Mrs. Charlotte BuellComan, ib. Waterville). Painter 
 
 Who's Who in > \ / 
 
 America. of landscapes ; is one of the artists whose works have been 
 
 selected for the Paris Exposition of 1900. 
 sch Re 't Page 103. — The Utica Free Academy has a reference 
 
 189Q, p. as. library of over two thousand volumes for the use of pupils. 
 
 Page 3. — In line 33 read — Brant. 
 
 Page 9. — First marginal reference to read — Pioneers, 
 pp. 78, 62-5. 
 
 Third marginal reference to read — Pioneers, pp. 206, 432. 
 
 After third reference, insert — Ibid, p, 79. 
 
 Pages 23, 25. — On margin read — A. F. B. Chace. 
 
 Page 39. — In line 2 read — Philo C. Curtis. 
 
 Page 63. — In line 19 read— David W. Childs. 
 
 Page 70. — Under Mappa read — Olden Barneveldt. 
 
 Page 82. — Read — Henry P. Sartwell. 
 
 Page 87. — William Thomas Gibson. Read — Rector 
 of St. George's, 1863-83 ; also of other churches in the 
 County.
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
 
 Abbrcinations — C. H., Court House. L., City Library. O. H. S.' 
 Oneida Historical Society ; Munson Williams Memorial. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Academy, Historical Address at the Dedication of. 
 1868. (Pamphlet, and in School Reports of 
 1868, 1869.) /. W. Williams, L. 
 
 Albany, Annals of. 10 Vols. 1850-59. J. 
 
 Munsell, O. H. S. , L. 
 
 Anti-Slaverj' Convention, Proceedings of New 
 York, held at Utica, Oct. 21 ; and New York 
 Anti-Slavery State Society, held at Peterboro, 
 Oct. 22, 1835. (Pamphlet.) O. H. S. 
 
 Anti-Slavery Society, First Annual Meeting New 
 
 York State. 1836. (Pamphlet.) O. H. S. 
 
 Army of the Cumberland, Report of the Ninth 
 
 Annual Reunion of the Society of. 1875 O. H. S. 
 
 Artists, Book of American. 1867. H. T. Tuck- 
 ernian, 
 
 Birds. 
 
 Auk, The. (Magazine published for the 
 American Ornithologists' Union.) 
 
 Annotated List of the Birds of Oneida 
 County, N. Y. (The only local work. 
 Pamphlet.and in Trans. O. H. S., 1885-6.) 
 W. L. Ralph and E. Bagg, O. H. S., L. 
 
 Birds of Village and Field. 1898. Florence 
 
 A. Merriani L. 
 
 Code of Nomenclature and Check-List of 
 North American Birds, 2d. Ed. 1895. (Is- 
 sued by American Ornithologists' Union.) L.
 
 1 82 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 Where found. 
 Birds, (Continued.) 
 
 Handbook of Birds of Eastern North Amer- 
 ica. 1895. F. M. Chapnia7i, L. 
 
 History of North American Birds. 1874. 
 
 Baird, Brewer and Ridgeway, L. 
 
 Key to North American Birds, 4th Ed. 1894. 
 
 (For identification.) E. Cones, L. 
 
 Life Histories of North American Birds. 
 (On Breeding Habits and Eggs. Com- 
 pleted only from the Grouse to the Crack- 
 les. In Smithsonian Contributions to 
 Knowledge, Vols. 28 and 32. 1892, 1895.) 
 
 C. Be?idire, L. 
 
 Manual of North American Birds. 1887. 
 
 R. Ridgeway, L. 
 
 Botany. 
 
 Manual of the Botany of the Northern 
 United States, 6th Ed. 1899. (Revised 
 by S. Watson.) A. Gray, L. 
 
 Plants, A List of in the Vicinity of Utica for 
 April, May and a portion of June. 1888. 
 (Pamphlet. ) /. V. Haberer, O. H. S. 
 
 Camden, N. Y. , One Hundred Years, First Con- 
 gregational Church. 1898. (Pamphlet.) 
 
 Charter of the City of Utica L. 
 
 Cheese Industry of the State of New York. (Bul- 
 letin No. 15, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, 
 Bureau of Animal Industry, 1896. Pamphlet.) 
 B. D. Gilbert, L. 
 
 City Government, A Study of. 1897. -^- -^• 
 Wilcox, 
 
 Civil Government in the United States. 1890. 
 
 J. Fiske, L.
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY. I83 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Clinton, N. Y., Centennial Anniversary of the In- 
 stallation of Rev. A. S. Norton, D. D., as 
 Pastor of what is now the Presbyterian Church. 
 1893. (Pamphlet.) O. H. S. 
 
 Constitution of the State of New York O. H. S., L. 
 
 Constitutional Limitations, Treatise on. 6th 
 
 Ed. 1890. T. M. Cooley, C. H. 
 
 Critical Period of American "History. 1888. 
 
 J. Fiske L. 
 
 Directories of Utica. 
 
 Village, 1817, 1828, 1829; City, 1832, 1833, 
 1834, 1837-8, 1839-40, 1840-1, 1842-3, 
 and from that time to date. O.H.S., L. except 1817. 
 
 Enemies of the Constitution Discovered. By 
 
 Defensor. 1835. (Pamphlet.) O. H. S., L. 
 
 Flag of the United States, History of the, 3d. 
 
 Ed. 1882. G. H. Preble L. 
 
 Forest Hill Cemetery, Utica. 1895. M.M.Bagg, L. 
 
 Free Discussion in Utica in January, 1861. 
 
 (Pamphlet.) 
 
 Geography and Geology. 
 
 Atlas of the State of New York. J. R. Bien, 
 
 New York L. 
 
 Atlas of Oneida County, N. Y. D. G. Beers 
 
 a7id Co., Philadelphia 
 
 Atlas of the City of Utica, N. Y. D. L. 
 
 Miller, Philadelphia L. 
 
 Aspects of the Earth. 1890. N. S. Skaler, . . L.
 
 184 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Geography and Geology, (Continued.) 
 
 Brookline (Mass.) Education Society, Year 
 Book of, 1896-7. (Containing Report of 
 Lecture by Prof. Shaler. Pamphlet.) ... L, 
 
 Chapter in Glacial History, with Illustrative 
 Notes from Central New York. (Pamphlet 
 and in Trans. O. H. S. 1889-92.) A. 
 P. Brigham, O. H. S., L. 
 
 Composite Origin of Topographic Forms. 
 (Bulletin Am. Geog. Soc, Vol. XXVII. , 
 No. 2. Pamphlet.) A. P. Brigham, . . L. 
 
 Corals and Coral Islands, 1879. J.D.Dana, L. 
 
 Drift Bowlders between the Mohawk and 
 Susquehanna Rivers. (Am. Journal of 
 Science. Vol. XLIX., March, 1895.) ^• 
 P. Brighajii, L. 
 
 Eastern Gateway of the United States. (In 
 Geog. Journal, London, May, 1899.) A. 
 P. Brigham O. H. S. 
 
 Geology, Manual of. 1880. J. D. Dana... L. 
 
 Geology, Revised Textbook of. (Ed. byW. 
 N. Rice), 1897. /. D. Dana, 
 
 Geology of New York. (In Nat. Hist, of 
 the State of N. Y. Geol., Part III., 1842. 
 L. Vannxcvi), L. 
 
 Geology of Oneida County. (Pamphlet and 
 in Trans. O. H. S., 1887-9), A. P. 
 Brigham, O. H . S. , L. 
 
 Glacial Flood Deposits in Chenango Valley, 
 1897. (Pamphlet). A. P. Brigham, .... 
 
 Guide to the Study of the Geological Collec- 
 tions of New York State Museum, 1898. 
 (Bulletin N. Y. State Museum. Vol. 4, 
 No. 19). F. J. H. Merrill, L.
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1 85 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Geography and Geology, (Continued.) 
 
 Ice Age in North America, 1891. G. F. 
 
 Wright, L. 
 
 Nautical Almanac, L. 
 
 Rainfall and Snow in the United States, (U. 
 
 S. Weather Bureau, 1894. Pamphlet). 
 
 M. W. Harrington, L. 
 
 Relative Humidity of Southern New England 
 
 and Other Localities. (U. S. Weather 
 
 Bureau, 1896. Pamphlet). A. J. Henry, L. 
 
 Rivers and the Evolution of Geographic 
 
 Forms. (Bulletin Am.Geog. Soc, March, 
 
 1892). A. P. Brigham L. 
 
 Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs, 
 
 C. Darzvin, with appendix by 7". G. 
 
 Bonney. 1 889, L. 
 
 Topography and Glacial Deposits of the 
 
 Mohawk Valley. 1898. (Bulletin Geol. 
 
 Soc. of Am., Vol. 9, pp. 183-210, PL 15). 
 
 A . P. Brigham, L. 
 
 Trilobite, The : New and Old Evidence Re- 
 lating to its Formation. (Bulletin Mus. 
 
 Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll., Vol. VIII.. No. 
 
 10. i88l Pamphlet). C. D.Walcott, . . L. 
 
 U. S. Geol. Survey, Bulletin No. 5, O. H. S. 
 
 Weather Bureau, New York State. 8th 
 
 Annual Report, 1896, L. 
 
 Half-Century of Medico-Pyschological Literature. 
 (Pamphlet, also in Am. Journal of Insanity, 
 and in Trans. Am. Medico-Psychological Ass., 
 1894.) G. A. Blunter 
 
 Hamilton College, Historical Sketch of. 1889. 
 C. E. Allison,
 
 1 86 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 Where found. 
 "Hanes Cymry America, "(History of the Welsh in 
 
 America). 1872. R. D. Thomas, 
 
 Historical Collections. 1841. J, W.Barber,... L, 
 
 Iroquois, League of the. 185 1. L. H. Morgan, L. 
 Iroquois, Notes on the. 1846. H. R. School- 
 craft, L- 
 
 Judson, Life of Mrs. Emily C. i860. A. C. 
 
 Kendrick, L. 
 
 Kirkland, Life of Samuel. (Sparks's American 
 Biography, 2d Series). 1847. 5. K. Lothrop, 
 
 Kirkland, History of the Town of. 1874. A. D. 
 
 Gridley, O. H. S. 
 
 Laws of New York, C. H. 
 
 Men of Early Rome. 1879. (Pamphlet.) D. E. 
 
 Wager O. H. S. , L. 
 
 New England Historical and Genealogical Regis- 
 ter, 1880 L. 
 
 New Hartford, Centennial Day of Presbyterian 
 
 Church. 1 891. (Pamphlet.) O. H. S. 
 
 New York, Centennial Celebrations of. 1879. 
 
 {VnhWshedhy A. C. Beach), L. 
 
 New York, Histories of, 
 
 Brief History of the Empire State. 1895. 
 
 W. Hendrick, L. 
 
 Documentary History of New York. 1 5 
 
 Vols. 1846-48. E. B. GCallaghan, . . . L. 
 
 History of the Empire State. 1888. B. J. 
 
 Lossing, L.
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1 87 
 
 Where found. 
 
 New York, Histories of (Continued. ) 
 
 New York, (American Commonwealth Series.) 
 
 2 Vols. 1887. E.H.Roberts, L. 
 
 New York, Reports of Adjutant General. 1866, 
 
 1868 O. H. S. , L. 
 
 Newspapers. 
 
 Many of the early newspapers of Utica are 
 in the possession of the Oneida Historical 
 Society. For partial list, see Catalogue 
 
 of Library, O. H. S 
 
 Later Newspapers are in the Public Library. 
 
 Albany Atlas, July, 1848 
 
 Brookfield Courier, July 6, 1898 
 
 Oneida, Early Bar of, 1876. (Pamphlet). W. 
 
 J. Baco7i, O. H. S. 
 
 Oneida County, Histories of, 
 
 Oneida County, Annals and Recollections of. 
 
 1851. P. Jones, O. H. S.. L. 
 
 Oneida County, N.Y. 1896. D.E.Wager,0. H. S., L. 
 Oneida County, History of. 1878. Publish- 
 ed by Everts and Eariss, Philadelphia.. L. 
 Oneida County, Notices of Men and Events 
 Connected with the Early History of. 
 
 1838. W. Tracy. (Pamphlet.) O. H. S. 
 
 Oneida County Regiments in Civil War, 
 
 History of the 97th Regiment, N. Y. V. 
 
 1890. /. Hall, O. H. S- 
 
 History of the 117th Regiment, N. Y. V. 
 
 1866. /. A. Mowris, O. H. S., L. 
 
 Presentation of the Battle Flags of the 
 Oneida County Regiments to the Oneida 
 Historical Society. 1898. (Pamphlet). O. H. S., L.
 
 150 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 Where found. 
 Oneida Historical Society, Transactions of 
 
 the O. H. S., L. 
 
 Oriskany, Centennial Celebration of the Battle 
 
 of. 1878 O. H. S. 
 
 (Also in Cent. Celebrations of the State of N. Y. 
 
 1879. A. C. Beach) L. 
 
 Palatines, Story of the. 1897. -S^- H. Cobb, .... L. 
 
 Paris, Centennial of the Congregational Church. 
 
 1891. (Pamphlet.) 
 
 Paris, History of the Town of, and the Valley of 
 
 the Sauquoit. H. C. Rogers, O. H. S. 
 
 Presbyterianism in Central New York. 1877. P. 
 
 H. Fozv/er, O. H. S. , L. 
 
 Reports of Cases ui the Supreme Court, etc.. 
 State of New York, 1828-1841. J. L. Wen- 
 dell C. H. 
 
 Revolution, American. 2 Vols. 1895. J- Fiske, L. 
 
 Revolution, Field Book of the. 185 1. B. J. 
 
 Lossing, L. 
 
 Schools. 
 
 History of the Common School System of 
 the State of New York. 5. S. Randall, . 
 Reports of the Public Schools of Utica, ... L. 
 
 Seward, Works of WiUiam H. 1887 L. 
 
 Signers to the Declaration of Independence, Biog- 
 raphies of the. 9 Vols. 1823-27. J.Sanderson, L. 
 Slave Power in the United States, Rise and Fall 
 of. 3 Vols. 8th Ed. c. 1872-77. H. 
 Wilson, L.
 
 BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1 89 
 
 Where found. 
 Smith, Gerrit, a Biography. 1878. O. B. Froth- 
 
 ingham, L. 
 
 Travels in New England and New York. 4 Vols. 
 
 in 2. 1821-22. T. Dzvight O. H. S..L. 
 
 Trenton, N. Y. , Centennial Address. (July 4, 
 
 1876. Pamphlet.) /. F. Seymour, O. H. S., L. 
 
 Trinity Church, Utica, N. Y. , One Hundred Years 
 of. 1898. Ed. by J. R. Harding, 
 
 Tryon County, Annals of. 1831. W. W. Camp- 
 bell, O. H. S. 
 
 United States, Constitutional History of. 
 
 1 88 1 . H. von Hoist, L. 
 
 United States, Statistical Record of the Armies 
 
 of. 1 893. F. Phistcrer L. 
 
 Utica, Memorial History of, 1892. M. M. 
 
 Bagg, O. H. S.. L. 
 
 Utica, Pioneers of, 1877. M. M. Bagg, .. .O. H. S., L. 
 
 Utica, Semi-Centennial of the City of. 1862.. O. H. S. 
 
 Utica, Sketch of Old. 1895. Blandina D. Mil- 
 ler. (Pamphlet.) L. 
 
 Utica Citizens' Corps, Semi-Centennial of. 
 
 1887 O. H. S., L. 
 
 Van Buren, Martin, (American Statesman Series.) 
 
 6th Ed. 1897. E. M. Shepard, L. 
 
 Van der Kemp, Letter of Francis Adrian. 1792. 
 (In Centennial Address, Trenton. N. Y., 1876, 
 J. F. Seymour), L. 
 
 Webster, Daniel, (American Statesman Series.) 
 
 1 897. H. C. Lodge, L.
 
 190 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 Where found. 
 
 Webster, Life of Daniel. 1870. G. T. Curtis, . L. 
 
 Webster, Works of Daniel. 17th Ed. 1877 L. 
 
 Westmoreland, Exercises in Commemoration of 
 the Centennial Anniversary of the First Con- 
 gregational Church. i8q2. (Pamphlet.)... . 
 
 Whitesboro, A Few Stray Leaves in the His- 
 tory of. By a Villager. 1884. (Pamphlet.) 
 Martha L. Whitcher, O. H. S., L. 
 
 Many Cyclopaedias, Dictionaries of Biography, Personal 
 Memorials, etc.
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Abolitionists, 85 
 
 Academy, Charter granted, 1814, 98 
 Academy and Court House, 1818, 
 
 II, 19, 99 
 
 Academy, (Building,). 1868, 102 
 
 Academy, (New,) 1899, 102 
 
 Actors 93 
 
 Adams, John Quincy 62 
 
 Alden, Isabella M. ("Pansy"),... 93 
 
 Ames, Mary C, 90 
 
 Andrews, Charles, 78 
 
 Andrews, Edward Gayer, 87 
 
 Apples, 158 
 
 Aqueduct Association. Utica, 10 
 
 Aqueduct Company, Utica, 10 
 
 Archaeologists 78 
 
 Armstrong, Jesse J., 31 
 
 Artists 92 
 
 Augusta, Centennial of Presbyte- 
 rian Church, 48 
 
 Bacon, William J., 28, 76 
 
 Bacon, William K 28 
 
 Bagg, Egbert, (Colonel) 31 
 
 Bagg, Egbert, 83. Houseof 64 
 
 Bagg, Moses, 65. Houseof, 63 
 
 Bagg, Moses, Jr 66 
 
 Bagg, Moses M 88 
 
 Bagg's Hotel, 9, 65 
 
 Ballou's Creek 132 
 
 Bangs, Charles C 45 
 
 Banks, 39 
 
 Barber, Thomas N 42 
 
 Barnes. Albert 104, 179 
 
 Bartlett, Charles, 104 
 
 Barton, Clara 96 
 
 Basket-making, 156 
 
 Beardsley, Samuel 75 
 
 Beebee, A. M 87 
 
 Beech Grove 131 
 
 Beet Sugar 158 
 
 Bellinger, John 10, 72 
 
 Bennett, Dolphus. 87 
 
 Bethune, George W., 86 
 
 Big Basin, T 132 
 
 Birds. 
 
 Bird Fauna, General Charac- 
 ter of. Number of Species, 
 
 How divided, etc 163 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Birds. — (Continued . ) 
 
 Bittern, 166 
 
 Bee Bird, or King Bird, 170 
 
 Blackbirds, 172 
 
 Bluebird, 178 
 
 Bobolink, 172 
 
 Buffle Head, or Butter Ball... 165 
 Butcher Bird, or Great North- 
 ern Shrike, 175 
 
 Catbird 176 
 
 Cedar Bird,or Cherry Bird, ... 175 
 
 Chickadee, 177 
 
 Cowbird, 172 
 
 Creeper, 177 
 
 Crow, 171 
 
 Crow Blackbird, or Bronzed 
 
 Grackle, 172 
 
 Cuckoo, 169 
 
 Dab-chick, or Pied-billed 
 
 Grebe, 164 
 
 Dove, 167 
 
 Ducks, 165 
 
 Finch 173 
 
 Flicker, or Highhole, i6g 
 
 Flycatchers, 171 
 
 Golden Eye, or Whistler 165 
 
 Goldfinch, or Yellowbird 173 
 
 Goose, 165 
 
 Grackle (Bronzed), or Crow 
 
 Blackbird, 172 
 
 Grebe, (Pied-billed), or Dab- 
 chick, 164 
 
 Grosbeak, (Pine) 172 
 
 Grosbeak, (Rose breasted),.., 174 
 
 Grouse, 167 
 
 Gull 164 
 
 Hawks, 167 
 
 Herons 166 
 
 Highhole, or Flicker, 169 
 
 Hummingbird 170 
 
 Indigo Bird, 174 
 
 Jay 171 
 
 Junco (Slate-coloredj.or Black 
 Snowbird, 174 
 
 King Bird, or Bee Bird 170
 
 192 
 
 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 FAGE 
 
 Birds. — Continued. 
 
 Kingfisher, i6q 
 
 Lark 171 
 
 Mallard, 164 
 
 Martin 174 
 
 Meadowlark, 172 
 
 Nighthawk, 170 
 
 Nuthatch 177 
 
 Oriole 172 
 
 Oven Bird 176 
 
 Owls 16S 
 
 Phoebe 171 
 
 Pigeon 167 
 
 Plover, 167 
 
 Rail 166 
 
 Redstart, 176 
 
 Robin, 177 
 
 Sandpiper, (Spotted), or Tip- 
 up 166 
 
 Shrikfcs 175 
 
 Snipe 166 
 
 Snowbird, (Black), or Slate 
 
 Coloi-ed Junco 174 
 
 Snowflake, or White Snow- 
 bird, 173 
 
 Sparrows 173, 174 
 
 Swallows, 174 
 
 Swift 170 
 
 Tanager, 174 
 
 Teals 165 
 
 Thrushes, 177 
 
 Tip-up,or Spotted Sandpiper, 166 
 
 Vireos, 175 
 
 Whistler, or Golden Eye, . . . 165 
 
 Woodcock, 166 
 
 Woodpeckers 169 
 
 Wood Pewee 171 
 
 Wood Warblers, 176 
 
 Wren 176 
 
 Yellowlegs 166 
 
 Yellowthroat 176 
 
 Yellowbird or Goldfinch, .... 173 
 
 Bissell, Wilson S., 94 
 
 Bleecker, John R., 6 
 
 Bleecker Property, 6, 59 
 
 Bleecker, Rutger, 6 
 
 Bonaparte, Joseph 96 
 
 Booth, Emma Keith 45 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Botany. 
 
 Catalogues of Plants, 82, 83, 156 
 Club Mosses, Number of 158 
 
 Equiseta, Number of, 158 
 
 Ferns, Number of, 152 
 
 Flora, General Character of, 
 
 152, 158 
 Flowersof Early Spring, 153 ; 
 of May, 154; June, 154; 
 July and August, 155 ; Sep- 
 tember, 155. 
 Flowering Plants, Number of, 152 
 Forest Trees, Number of , . . . 152 
 
 Herbaria 82, 156 
 
 Orders of Plants, (List), 160 
 
 Plants of Local Interest, 158 
 
 Plants used by Man, 156 
 
 Shrubs and Under-shrubs, 
 Number of, 152 
 
 Bradley, Dan 49 
 
 Bradstreet, John 6 
 
 Bradstreet Property, 6, 59 
 
 Brant, (Indian), 3 
 
 Brandt, H. C. G., 92 
 
 Breese, Arthur 6 
 
 Breese, Samuel Livingston, 74 
 
 Breese, Sidney, 74, 78 
 
 Bridgewater, Centennial of Con- 
 gregational Church, 48 
 
 Brigham, Albert P 84 
 
 Brigham. Amariah, 80 
 
 Bright, Edward, 87 
 
 Bronson, Greene C, 74 
 
 Brown, M. E. D 93 
 
 Brown, Samuel G. , 86 
 
 Buildings, (Old). 
 
 Bagg's Hotel, 65 
 
 Churches — P resbyterian 
 (First), 65 ; Presbyterian, 
 New Hartford, 67 ; Trinity, 
 65 ; Welsh Baptist, 65. 
 
 Clark House 63 
 
 Cooper House, 65 
 
 Denio House, 63 
 
 Gridley House, 64 
 
 Inman Houses, 62 
 
 Johnson House, 62
 
 INDEX. 
 
 193 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Buildings, (Old) — Continued. 
 
 Kirkland Houses, (.Clinton), 67 
 
 Malcolm House, 64 
 
 Mann House 63 
 
 Mappa House, (Trenton) 68 
 
 Mechanics' Hall ig, 66 
 
 Miller or Conkling House,... 64 
 
 Round Building, 66 
 
 School House, First, 62, 104 
 
 Seymour House, 63 
 
 Smith House 62 
 
 Town Hall, (Whitesboro), ... 67 
 
 Van Rensselaer House 64 
 
 Wager House, 63 
 
 Walker House 62 
 
 White House, (Whitesboro), . 67 
 
 York House, (Hotel), sg, 66 
 
 Burdick, Francis M 180 
 
 Butler, (Indian Leader) 3 
 
 Butterfield, Daniel, 73 
 
 Butterfield, John, 3g, 54 
 
 Buttermilk Fall, 131 
 
 Camden, Centennial of Congre- 
 gational Church, 48 
 
 Camp, Talcott, g, 72 
 
 Campbell, S '35 
 
 Canals. 
 
 Chenango 55, 131 
 
 Erie, 10, 12, 54 ; First 
 Bridges over, 13 ; Early 
 Travel on, 52 ; Feeding of, 133 
 
 Capron, Seth 33 
 
 Carpenter, William H., gi 
 
 Cascade Glen, 131 
 
 Cass, General 18, ig 
 
 Catalogues of Plants 82, 83, 156 
 
 Centennial Celebrations held in 
 
 Oneida County 48, 108, no 
 
 Chamber of Commerce 38 
 
 Champhn House 63 
 
 Charities of Utica, (Homes, 
 
 Asylums, etc.) in 
 
 Charter, Definition of, 112 
 
 Charters of Utica, (Village), g, 
 113, 114; City, Act of Incorpo- 
 ration, 16, 115 
 
 Chase, Philander, 11 
 
 Cheese, 40 
 
 Chester, Albert H., 84, 145 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Childs, House of David W., 63 
 
 Childs, Silas D., 3g, 54 
 
 Cholera 16 
 
 Christian Commission 25 
 
 Christian, William H 23, 2g 
 
 Chubbuck. Samuel W 80 
 
 Churches. 
 
 Baptist, Welsh of Utica, .11, 65 
 
 Baptist, of Waterville, Cen- 
 tennial, 4g 
 
 Baptist, of Whitestown, Cen- 
 tennial, 50 
 
 Bleecker St. (Building), 16, ig, 20 
 
 Congregational, of Bridge- 
 water, Centennial 48 
 
 Congregational, of Camden, 
 
 Centennial 48 
 
 Congregational, of Paris, 
 
 Centennial,. 49 
 
 Congregational, Welsh, of 
 
 Utica II 
 
 Cong regational, of West- 
 moreland, Centennial, 50 
 
 Methodist, of Rome 4g 
 
 Methodist, of Westmoreland, 50 
 
 Number of in Utica m 
 
 Presbyterian, of Augusta, 
 
 Centennial, 48 
 
 Presbyterian, of Clinton, Cen- 
 tennial 48 
 
 Presbyterian, of Holland Pat- 
 ent, Centennial, 179 
 
 Presbyterian, of New Hart- 
 ford, Centennial, 48 
 
 Building 67 
 
 Presbyterian, First, of Utica. 10 
 
 Building 10, 65 
 
 Presbyterian, United Socie- 
 ty of Whitestown and Old 
 
 Fort Schuyler 8, 10 
 
 Presbyterian, of Whitestown! 
 
 Centennial co 
 
 St. John's, of Utica, n 
 
 St. Paul's, of Paris, Centen- 
 nial, 4g 
 
 Trinity, of Utica u, 50 
 
 Building, nj 55 
 
 Unitarian, of Trenton, 50 
 
 Churchill, Alonzo, 73 
 
 Citizens' Corps, Utica, ... .22, 23, 42
 
 194 
 
 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 City Government, Functions of, 115 
 
 Civil War. 
 
 Public Meeting, Feb. 1861, 
 22 ; Call for Troops, 22 ; Pub- 
 lic Meeting, April, 1861, 22; 
 Departure of Troops, 22 ; 
 Women's Work, 23 ; Schools 
 raise Flags, 23 ; Recruiting 
 in 1861, 23 ; Additional Regi- 
 ments, 23, 24 ; Return of 
 First Regiments, 25 ; New- 
 England Regiments in Utica, 
 25 ; Draft, 25 ; Life at Home, 
 25 ; Return of Remaining 
 Regiments, 26 ; Regiments 
 partly from Oneida Co., 27 ; 
 Number of Calls for Troops, 
 and Men furnished, 27 ; Field 
 Officers of Regiments, 29-32. 
 (See also Regiments of Onei- 
 da Co. in Civil War.) 
 
 Claesgens, Peter, 31 
 
 Clark, Ei-astus 9 
 
 Clarke, William 108 
 
 Clemensson, Justine, 45 
 
 Clergymen who are Authors,. ... 86 
 
 Cleveland, Grover, 48, 94 
 
 Cleveland, Rose E 90 
 
 Clinton, Academies of 105 
 
 Chnton, Centennials held in 48 
 
 Clinton, DeWitt 13, 54, 55, 98, 100 
 
 Clinton, George 95, 97, 98, 105 
 
 Clinton, House of Mrs. GeorgeW., 62 
 
 Cochran, James, 64 
 
 Cochran, John 71 
 
 Cogswell, Milton, 32 
 
 Coibraith, William 6 
 
 Coman, Charlotte B., 180 
 
 Conkling, Roscoe, 77 ; House of, 64 
 
 Conventions in Utica. 
 
 Anti-Slavery, 1835, 16; i86i, 21 
 
 County Superintendents of 
 Schools, 1842, loi 
 
 Free Soil, 1848, 19 
 
 Liberty Party, 1848, 19 
 
 People's Party, 1824, 13 
 
 Cook, Marc 88 
 
 Cook, Mathias, 83 
 
 Cooper. House of ApoUos, 65 
 
 Cooper, B. F., 35 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Copeman, A. R 82 
 
 Corning, William S 31 
 
 Cosby, William 6 
 
 Cosby's Manor, 6, 7, 59 
 
 Counties of New York. Original, 
 
 I ; Changes in 2 
 
 Court House and Academy, . . 11, 19 
 
 Cozier, Ezra S 114 
 
 Crane, William H 94 
 
 Culver Family, House of, 62 
 
 Curran, Edward 38 
 
 Curran, Henry H 31 
 
 Curtis, Philo C, 38, 39 
 
 Daggett, Ruf us 30, 31 
 
 Dairy Board of Trade, Utica,. . . 40 
 
 Dana, James D., 80, 104 
 
 Dana, Joseph 104 
 
 Davies, Arthur B 93 
 
 Davies. Thomas M 29 
 
 Dean, James 4, 6, 69, 70 
 
 Decker, House of Israel, 64 
 
 Deerfield Ravine 131, 142 
 
 Denio, Hiram, 75 ; House of , . . . . 63 
 
 Despard, House of Madame 62 
 
 Devereux, John C, 40, 1 1 5 
 
 Devereux, Nicholas, 40 
 
 Dickens, Charles, 96 
 
 Directories, Village, (1817, 182S, 
 
 1829), 12 
 
 Dix, John A 100, 106 
 
 Dodd, Bethuel 8, 50 
 
 Douel. Alexander 32 
 
 Dwight, Pres. Description of 
 
 Utica in 179S 15 
 
 Dwight, Theodore W 77 
 
 Dwight, W. B., 140 
 
 Fames, Elizabeth J 90 
 
 Easton, Oliver P. , 10 
 
 Edgerton, Fay, 104 
 
 Edwards, Jonathan the Younger, 
 
 48. 49 
 
 Educators, 91 
 
 Eells, Daniel 72 
 
 E ells, James 179 
 
 Egelston, Rouse S., 30 
 
 Ellison Family, House of 62 
 
 Ellsler. Effie, 93 
 
 EUsler, Fanny, 93 
 
 Ellsler, John A 93 
 
 Emerson, George B., loi 
 
 Faxton, Theodore S 39, 54 
 
 Female Academy, Utica,. .. .99, 100
 
 INDEX. 
 
 195 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Female Charitable Society of 
 
 Whitestown 11 
 
 Fires, 1837, 17 ; 1851 19 
 
 Fish, Mayor 102 
 
 Fisher. Samuel W 86 
 
 Flags of Oneida Co. Regiments, 
 
 28, no 
 Flag of U. S. First used on 
 
 Land 4 
 
 Flats, The 133 
 
 Flandrau, Thomas M. 73 
 
 Floyd, William 72 
 
 Foote, Moses, 48 
 
 Ford, House of W. E 64 
 
 Ford, S. W 140 
 
 Forester, Fanny 89 
 
 Fort Schuyler, (Old). 
 
 Ford at, 2 ; Whom named 
 for, 2 ; When built, 3 ; Dedi- 
 cation of Site of. 109 ; Village 
 of, 7 ; Divided, 7 ; Early 
 Condition of, 7. 
 Fort Stanwix, 2, 3, 4. Treaties 
 
 at 5, 95 
 
 Foster, Henry A 77 
 
 Foster, Theodosia, ("Faye Hunt- 
 ington") 90 
 
 Fowler, Philemon H., 86 
 
 Franchises, Definition of Munici- 
 pal 121 
 
 Franklin Benjamin, 106 
 
 Frederic, Harold 88 
 
 Freedman's Relief Association, . . 25 
 
 Freeholder, 113 
 
 Fruits, Wild, 157 
 
 Fuller, Frances and Metta 90 
 
 Fugitive Slave 17 
 
 Gale, George W 91 
 
 Gallaudet, William 101 
 
 Gansevoort, Peter, 3 
 
 Garrard, Kenner, 25, 31 
 
 Gaynor, Judge 78 
 
 Geography of Utica. 
 
 Altitude, 129 
 
 Area 137 
 
 Boundaries, 129 
 
 Latitude and Longitude, 129 
 
 Original Character of Soil,... 133 
 
 Plan 130 
 
 Political Divisions, 137 
 
 Population 137 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Geography of Utica. — Continued. 
 Situation, 129, 133, 134 
 
 Temperature, Weather, etc., 
 
 135, 136 
 Geology. 
 
 Adirondacks, 139 
 
 Appalachians 140 
 
 Archaean Rocks, 139, 140 
 
 At Little Falls, 140, 149 
 
 Black River Limestone 141 
 
 Brick Clays, 148 
 
 Building Stone 141, 146, 148 
 
 Calcareous Tufa , 149 
 
 Calciferous Sand-rock, 140 
 
 Cambrian Rocks 140 
 
 Clinton Group 145 
 
 Fossils of, 146 
 
 Coal 147, 148 
 
 Corniferous Rocks 147 
 
 Fossils of, 147 
 
 Glacial Period 149 
 
 Glaciation, Evidences of, 151 
 
 Hamilton Shales, 148 
 
 Fossils of 148 
 
 Hudson River Group, 144 
 
 Lower Helderberg Rocks, 
 
 146, 147 
 
 Fossils of 147 
 
 Lower Silurian Rocks 140 
 
 Fossils of 144 
 
 Marcellus Shales, 147 
 
 Medina Epoch 144, 145 
 
 Mineral Paint 148 
 
 Mineral Springs, 143, 144 
 
 Niagara Group 146 
 
 Concretions of, 146 
 
 Oneida Conglomerate, 144 
 
 Fossils of, 145 
 
 Oneida Co., General Geolog- 
 ical Character, 138, 140 
 
 Oriskany Sandstone, 147 
 
 Fossils of, 147 
 
 Paving Stones 148, 149 
 
 Peat 148 
 
 River Deltas and Terraces, 
 
 150, 151 
 
 Salina Group, 146 
 
 Sand 148
 
 196 
 
 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 Geology. — Continued. 
 
 Surface Changes since Devo- 
 nian Age, 149 
 
 Trenton Limestone, 141 
 
 Fossils of, 142 
 
 Upper Silurian Rocks, 145 
 
 Utica, Geology of, 139 
 
 Soil of Vicinity, 151 
 
 Utica Slate 142 
 
 Fossils of 142. 143 
 
 Water, Post-Glacial Action 
 of 151 
 
 German Flats, 7 
 
 Gibson, William T 87, 180 
 
 Gilbert, Benjamin D., S3 
 
 Ginseng, 156 
 
 Gold, Thomas R 74 
 
 Goodier, Lewis E., 42 
 
 Goodrich, Chauncev E 156 
 
 Go.ss, Charles F.,..'. 88 
 
 Government. 
 
 Aldermen, 116, iiq 
 
 Assessors, Board of, 117 
 
 Auditors, Board of Town, 
 
 117, 118 
 
 Charities, Board of, 118 
 
 City, Class of determined by 
 
 Population 112 
 
 City, Relations of to State and 
 
 Nation 112 
 
 Civil Service Examiners, 
 
 Board of 119 
 
 Clerk, City, 116, 117, 120, 121 
 
 Collectors, 119, 120 
 
 Commissioners of Common 
 
 Schools 118 
 
 Commissioners of Deeds, 119 
 
 Commissions, Bi-partisan,.... 119 
 
 Common Council 115, 116 
 
 Constables, iig 
 
 Corporation Counsel 117, 120 
 
 Court, City, 119 
 
 Clerk of, 119 
 
 Education, Board of 118 
 
 Elections, present date of Mu- 
 nicipal, 115 
 
 Fence Viewers 119 
 
 Finances 116, 120 
 
 Fire Department, 118 
 
 F ran ch i ses 121 
 
 PAOE. 
 
 Government — Continued. 
 
 Government Officials, 94 
 
 Health, Board of 117 
 
 Health Officer 118 
 
 Janitors 119 
 
 Judge, City 115. 119 
 
 Judge, Special City 119 
 
 Justices of the Peace, 120 
 
 Keeper of the City Clock 116 
 
 Mayor, 115, 116, 117, 121 
 
 Messengers, 119 
 
 Plum bers and Plumbing, 
 Examining and Supervis- 
 ing Board of, 119 
 
 Police and Fire Commission- 
 ers, Board of, , 116, 118 
 
 Police Matron, 118 
 
 Police Department 118, 120 
 
 Pound Masters, 119 
 
 Scavenger, City 119 
 
 Sealer and Examiner of 
 
 Weights and Mea.sui-es, 119 
 
 Sexton, City, 119 
 
 S upervisors 119 
 
 Surveyor, City, 116, 117, 120 
 
 Taxes 120 
 
 Treasurer , 115, 117, 120 
 
 Graham, Edmund A 38 
 
 Grand Army of the Republic, 
 
 Posts of, 27 
 
 Grant, Ulysses S., 28 
 
 Gray, Asa, 79 
 
 Gray. John P 81 
 
 Greeks, Aid sent to, 13 
 
 Green, Beriah, 85 
 
 Gridley, A. D 88 
 
 Gridley, Philo, iS, 76; House of, 64 
 
 Grimke, Angelina, 86 
 
 Grindlav, James G., 31 
 
 Gulf. The 131, 132 
 
 Haberer, Joseph V., 83 
 
 Hackett, James H. , 93 
 
 Hall, Delos E 30 
 
 Halleck. Henry W., 72 
 
 Halleck's Ravine, 131, 144 
 
 Hamilton, Alexander, 97, 105 
 
 Hamilton College, 70, 105 
 
 Hamilton Oneida Academy, 4, 70, 105 
 
 Hannahs, Mrs. A., 45 
 
 Hannahs, Mary E., 45
 
 INDEX. 
 
 197 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Harrer, Frederick, 28 
 
 Hartley, Isaac S., 87 
 
 Hastings, Thomas, 91 
 
 Hawley, Gideon, 98 
 
 Herbaria, 82, 156 
 
 Herkimer, Nicholas 3 
 
 Historians, 88 
 
 Hodges, George, 88 
 
 Hodges, George C, 83 
 
 Hogeboom, Henry, 92 
 
 Holland Land Company, 66, 68, 70 
 Holland Patent, Centennial Pres- 
 byterian Chuixh 179 
 
 Homestead Aid Association, .... 38 
 
 Hooker, Samuel 66 
 
 Hooker, General, 28 
 
 Hops 158 
 
 Horsburgh, Charles S., 43 
 
 Horseshoe Fall, 131 
 
 Horsmanden, Daniel, 6 
 
 Hospital, City, Officers of 118 
 
 Hoxie, John C 38 
 
 Hoyt, Building erected by David, 66 
 
 Humphrey, Correl 38 
 
 Hunt, Edwin, 82 
 
 Hunt, Montgomery 40 
 
 Hunt, Ward, 76 
 
 Huntington, Channing M 88 
 
 Huntington, Faye, go 
 
 Huntington, George, 6 
 
 Huntington, Henry, 40 
 
 Independent Infantry Co., 12 
 
 Indian Corn 158 
 
 Indian name of Utica, 6, 134 
 
 Indian Trails 51 
 
 Indians. 
 
 Brothertown 14 
 
 Iroquois, List of Tribes com- 
 posing, (See also Oneidas), i 
 
 Lands of, acquired by State 
 of N. Y I. 5 
 
 New Stockbridge, 14 
 
 Oneidas, i, 4, 14, 105 
 
 Sacred Stone of, 4 
 
 Stockbridge, 14 
 
 Treaties with 5, 95 
 
 Inman, Henry, 92 
 
 Inman, William, Houses of, 62 
 
 Inman, William, (Commodore), ... 74 
 Irish Famine, 19, 157 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Irving, Washington 96 
 
 Jacob, Therese von, ("Talvi"), . 79 
 
 James, Thomas L., 94 
 
 Jenkins, David T., 31 
 
 Jennings, Gilbert S 29 
 
 Johnson, Alexander B., 84 
 
 Johnson, Alexander S., 77 
 
 Johnson, House of A. B. and A. S. 62 
 
 Johnson, Sir William, 5 
 
 Johnson, William C 82 
 
 Jones, Pomroy, 88 
 
 Judson, Emily C. ("Fanny Fores- 
 ter"), 8y 
 
 Kelly, The Misses 100 
 
 Kent, James, 6 
 
 Kernan, Francis . 77 
 
 Kernan, John D 38, 78 
 
 King, General 43 
 
 King, George W. , 93 
 
 Kingsley, Florence M., 90 
 
 Kirkland, Caroline S., 89 
 
 Kirkland,JosephP.,i6,ii5; House 
 
 of 64 
 
 Kirkland, Samuel, 4, 5, 69, 105 ; 
 
 Houses of 67 
 
 Knieskern, Peter D 82 
 
 Knox, John J . , 94 
 
 Kossuth, Louis 20, 95 
 
 La Fayette, 1 3. 62, 95 
 
 Lamps, (Street), First lighted in 
 
 Utica, 13 
 
 Lansing, John 6 
 
 Lancasterian System in Schools, 
 
 98, 100 
 
 Lawyers, 74 
 
 Lewis, Governor 9S 
 
 Libraries. 
 
 Academy 180 
 
 Public [06, 107 
 
 School District loi, 106 
 
 Teachers' 103 
 
 Lincoln. Abraham 22, 26 
 
 Lind, Jenny 20 
 
 Line of Property, 5 
 
 Lintner, Joseph A., 81 
 
 Literature Lotteries 98 
 
 Long, Oscar F. , 43 
 
 Lothrop, House of John H., 62 
 
 Lothrop, Samuel K 179 
 
 Lyceum, Utica, 104
 
 198 
 
 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 McKay, William A. , 32 
 
 McLean, William, 9 
 
 McLeod, Trial of Alexander, 17 
 
 McMillan, Andrew, 102 
 
 McQuade, James 23, 29 
 
 McQuade, John F 28 
 
 Malcolm, House of Samuel B.,.. 64 
 
 Malcolm, Mrs. Samuel B., 64 
 
 Mann, House of Mrs. Charles A., 63 
 
 Mann, Horace loi 
 
 Mann, James F., 38 
 
 Mandeville, Henry, 86 
 
 Mansion House 65 
 
 Manual Labor Institute, Whites- 
 
 boro, founded, gi 
 
 Manufactures. 
 
 Cotton and Woolen Indus- 
 tries, History of, 33 
 
 Clothing 36 
 
 Foundries, etc., 37 
 
 Furnaces, 36 
 
 Knit Goods 37 
 
 Lumber 37 
 
 New York Mills, (See Cotton 
 Industry, History of.) 
 
 Pottery (Early) 38 
 
 Steam Engines, (First), 39 
 
 Manufacturing and Mercantile 
 
 Association, Utica 38 
 
 Mappa, Adam, 70. House of, 
 
 (Trenton) 68 
 
 Marshall, Benjamin, 35 
 
 Mason, Charles, 76 
 
 Masonic Home, no 
 
 Maynard, William H., 74 
 
 Men of Letters, 84 
 
 Men of Science 79 
 
 Mervine, William, 73 
 
 Mervine, Catharinus B., 74 
 
 Mexican War ig 
 
 Meyers, Francis X 30, 31 
 
 Michaels, Lewis 2g 
 
 Miller, Addison C 38 
 
 Miller, George L., 76 
 
 Miller, Morris S., (Judge), 11, 156; 
 
 House of, 64 
 
 Miller, Morris S , (General), 72 
 
 Mitchell, Maggie, 93 
 
 PAGE- 
 
 Mohawk River. 
 
 Bridge over, 7 
 
 Early Navigation of, 51 
 
 Ford,. 2, 6, 135 
 
 Straightening of, 134 
 
 (See also Geology, Surface 
 Changes.) 
 
 Montgomery, Richard, 2 
 
 Moore, Thomas, 95 
 
 Morris, Gouverneur 66 
 
 Morse, Eleanor E. , 93 
 
 Morse, John B., 93 
 
 Morse, "Samuel F. B., 80 
 
 Mountain Ash Tree on Church 
 
 Tower, 1 59 
 
 Munsou, Alfred 40 
 
 Munson-Williams Memorial no 
 
 Museum, Utica 20 
 
 Nail Creek 132 
 
 Naval Officers, 73 
 
 New Hartford, Centennials held 
 
 in 48, no 
 
 Newspapers, (Early; g 10 
 
 North, Edward, 91 
 
 North, S. N. D 95 
 
 Northrup, Charles 30 
 
 Norton, Asahel S., 48 
 
 Noyes, William C 75 
 
 Occum, Samson 14 
 
 "Old Saratoga, " in 
 
 Oneida Carrying Place, 
 
 2, 3. 51. 52, 135 
 
 Oneida Chapter, D. A R., 45 
 
 Oneida County. 
 
 Settlement by Whites, i ; 
 Organization of, 2, 5, 7 ; First 
 Courts of, 5 ; Centennial of, 
 50, no ; Topography of, 134, 
 135 ; Area of, 135 ; Soil and 
 Climate of, 135, 158; Geology 
 of, 138, 140. 
 
 Oneida Historical Society, loS 
 
 Oriskany, Battle of, 3 ; Centen- 
 nial, 108 ; Monument loS 
 
 Oriskany Creek 133 
 
 Osage Orange 158 
 
 Ostrom, David 6 
 
 Paine, John A 82 
 
 Palatines, 4
 
 INDEX. 
 
 199 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Palmer, Erastus D., 92 
 
 Palmer, Jeremiah, 32 
 
 ' 'Pansy" 90 
 
 Paris, Centennials, held in, 49 
 
 Paris, Isaac, 49, 156; Re-inter- 
 ment, 49 
 
 Parker, Jascn, 39, 53 
 
 Parmelee, Truman, 11 
 
 Pease, William R 24, 30 
 
 Perkins, George R gi, loi, 159 
 
 Perry, Commodore, 12 
 
 Peters, C. H. F Si 
 
 Philologists 78 
 
 Photographs of Streets (First), . . 26 
 
 Piatt, Mrs., 100 
 
 Pickard, Arthur W 43 
 
 Pioneers 69 
 
 Plank Roads, 55 
 
 Piatt, Jonas 6, 74 
 
 Plum, Bleecker 156 
 
 Poles, Aid sent to, 13 
 
 Pond. Theron T 157 
 
 Pond's Extract 157 
 
 Pot Herbs 157 
 
 Potato, Experiments on, 157 
 
 Post, John 9 
 
 Post Roads 53 
 
 Potter, Alonzo, 101 
 
 Potter, Stephen 72 
 
 Powell, Edward P., 84 
 
 Powell, Isaac P. , 31 
 
 Proctor, Thomas R., 47, 95 
 
 Public School System of the State 
 
 of N. Y., 97, 100, loi 
 
 Railways. 
 
 Between CJtica and Syracuse, 56 
 
 Mohawk and H;;d.-30U 56 
 
 Mohawk and Malone, 57 
 
 N.Y.,West Shore and Buffalo, 57 
 
 Utica and Black River 56 
 
 Utica, Chenango and Susque- 
 hanna Valley, 56 
 
 Utica, Clinton and Bingham- 
 
 ton 57 
 
 Utica and Schenectady, 56 
 
 Railways, Street, 26, 57 
 
 Ralph, William, S3 
 
 Read, J. Harry, 46 
 
 " Red Jacket," 5 
 
 Reel's Creek, 131 
 
 Regents of the University, 
 
 97. 100, 105, 107 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Regiments of Oneida County in 
 Civil War. 
 Whole Number, 27, 28 ; ist 
 (14th N. v.), 23, 25 ; 2nd 
 (26th N. v.), 23, 25 ; 3rd (97th 
 N. Y.), 23, 26; 4th (117th N. 
 Y.), 24, 26; 5th (146th N.Y.). 
 24,26 ; 2d Heavy Artillery, 28; 
 Field Officers, 29, 32 
 
 Remmer, Joseph H., 44 
 
 Reynolds, William H., 28 
 
 Richardson, Richard H 29 
 
 Roach, Henry P., 32 
 
 Roberts, Ellis H 94 
 
 Robinson, Edward 78 
 
 Rogers, Henry C , 88 
 
 Rogers, Oliver G 35 
 
 Rogers' Glen 133, 146 
 
 Rome, 2, 3, 5, 7, 51. 52; Centen- 
 nial of First Methodist Church, 49 
 Root, Elihu, 95 
 
 St. Leger, Barry, 3 
 
 Sandbank, 61 
 
 Sanger, Jedediah 5, 6, 48, 71 
 
 Sanitary Commission, 25 
 
 Sartwell, Henry P 82 
 
 Savage. John 76 
 
 Sauquoit Creek 133 
 
 Sawyer, Caroline M. F., 179 
 
 Sawyer, George C 102 
 
 Sawyer, Leicester A., 87 
 
 Sawyer, Thomas J 87 
 
 Schoolcraft, Henry R., 78 
 
 Schools, Normal, loi 
 
 vScHOOLs OF Utica. 
 
 Private, 99. 104 
 
 Public 98, 99, loi, 103 
 
 Prizes for Pupils in, 103 
 
 Prizes for Teachers in, 103 
 
 Training, 103 
 
 Schug. Nicholas, 46 
 
 Schuyler, Peter, of Albany, 2, 3 
 
 Schuyler, Peter, of New Jersey, . 3 
 
 Schuyler, Philip, 2,6, 64 
 
 Schuyler Property 6, 59 
 
 Schayler, Walter S., 44 
 
 ScoUard, Clinton, 89 
 
 Scriba, G. F. W. A 71 
 
 Scott. John M., 6 
 
 Seal of Village 114 
 
 Seneca Turnpike Co 7 
 
 Seward Family. House of 62
 
 200 
 
 OUTLINE HISTORY OF UTICA AND VICINITY. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Seymour, House of Henry, Hora- 
 tio and John F 63 
 
 Seymour, Horatio, 76, 108, 109 
 
 Seyburn, Stephen Y 44 
 
 Sheldon, Miss, 99 
 
 Shepard, Abraham, 108 
 
 Shepard's Tavern 108 
 
 Sherman, General, 28 
 
 Sherman, House of Watts, 64 
 
 Shire Towns 112 
 
 Shue, Josephine 45 
 
 Sicard, Montg'omery H 74 
 
 Sigsbee, Charles S., 47 
 
 Skenandoa, 4, 105 
 
 Skillen, Charles H 29 
 
 Slavery in Utica, 15 
 
 Smith, Gerrit, 17.62, 85 
 
 Smith, Peter, 70; House of 62 
 
 Soldiers, Revolutionary, 71 ; 2nd 
 
 Period 72 
 
 (See also War of 1812, Civil 
 War, and Spanish War.) 
 Soldiers' Monuments, Utica, 28 ; 
 Waterville, 28 
 
 Spanish War. 
 
 Beginning of, 42; Co. E., 42; 
 Co. G., 43; Co. K., 44; War 
 Relief Associations, 44 ; Hos- 
 pitals, 45 ; Nurses, 45 ; Re- 
 turn of Troops, 46 ; Number 
 of Oneida Co. Men in service, 
 46 ; Men who died in service, 
 46, 179; Medals presented, 47. 
 
 Spencer, John C, 100 
 
 Spencer, Joshua A 18, 75 
 
 SpoflEord, John P., 30 
 
 Stage Lines, 53 
 
 Starch Factory Creek 131 
 
 State Hospital, Utica, no 
 
 Stephens, Levi, 53 
 
 Stereopticon first shown, 26 
 
 Steuben, Baron, 71, 105 ; Grave 
 
 and Monument, 108 
 
 Storrs, Henry R., 74 
 
 Stocking, House of Samuel, 63 
 
 Streets. 
 
 Albany, Direction of, 130 
 
 Early Village Streets, 7, 59 
 
 Early Ordinances Concern- 
 ing Streets, 13 
 
 Genesee, 59, 130 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Names of Streets and Parks, 59 
 
 Park Avenue, Direction of, . . 130 
 
 Paved Streets, Length of,... 137 
 
 Paving, First, 13 
 
 Stryker, Melancthon W 88 
 
 Sulphur Spring Glen 131 
 
 Sunday School, Utica, 11 
 
 Sweeney, J. M 45 
 
 Surgeons, Army, 73 
 
 Talcott, Samuel A., 74 
 
 " Talvi," 79 
 
 Taylor, Zachary, 19 
 
 Taxes, Definition of, 120 
 
 Tax-list, First in Utica, 9 
 
 Telegraph Co., (First) 39, 80 
 
 Terry, M. 95 
 
 Thompson, C. Han-y, 46 
 
 Throop, Montgomery H., 77 
 
 Tompkins, Governor, 98 
 
 Tourtellot, House of Mrs. L. A., 63 
 
 Tracy, Charles, 75 ; House of, . . . 64 
 
 Tracy, William 75 
 
 Trees of Utica and Vicinity, 
 
 (Elms and Poplars;, 158 
 
 Trenton Centennial, 50 
 
 Trenton Falls 141, 151 
 
 Truax, Judge, 78 
 
 Tryon, William 2 
 
 Turnpikes, 52 
 
 Underground Railroad 17 
 
 " U-nun-da da-ges," 6, 134 
 
 Upson, Anson J., 92 
 
 Utica. 
 
 Incorporated as a Village, 9 ; 
 Named, g, 113; Separated 
 from the Town of Whites- 
 town, 9, 114; Appearance in 
 1817, 12 ; Early Officers of, 
 14, 113, 114; Population m 
 1 83 1. 15 ; Incorporated as a 
 City, 16, 115 ; Extent in 1S32, 
 16 ; Financial Condition in 
 1834, 1837. 17 ; 1S55-57. 20; 
 Semi-Centennial of the City, 
 109. (See also Civil War, 
 Geography, Government.) 
 
 Utica, Centennials held in, 50 
 
 Van der Kemp, Francis Adrian, 
 
 70; Letter of, 54
 
 INDEX. 
 
 20I 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Van Rensselaer, House of Jere- 
 miah, 64 
 
 Van Rensselaer, Stephen 66 
 
 Varick, Abraham 40 
 
 Vasey, George, 82 
 
 Victor Brothers 90 
 
 Visitors 12, 13, 20, 28, 55, 95, 108 
 
 Wager Family, Houses of, ... . 62, 63 
 
 Wager, Daniel E., 88 
 
 Wagner, Gustave . 32 
 
 Walcott, Benjamins., 34, 35 
 
 Walcott, Benjamin S., Jr., 34 
 
 Walcott, Charles D., 
 
 84. 140, 142, 143, 144 
 
 Walcott, W. D., 35 
 
 Walker, Benjamin, 71, loS; 
 
 House of 62 
 
 Walker, House of Thomas 64 
 
 Walker, William C 83 
 
 War of 1812, 12 
 
 Washington, George, 95 
 
 Washingtonian Movement, 18 
 
 Water Works Company, Utica,. . 10 
 Waterville, Centennial Baptist 
 
 Church 49 
 
 Watson, William H 94 
 
 Webster, Daniel, 96 
 
 Weld, Theodore D 85 
 
 Wells, (Village), 10 
 
 Western Inland Lock Navigation 
 
 Company, 52 
 
 Westmoreland, Centennials held 
 
 in, • 50 
 
 Wetmore, Ezra F 29 
 
 Wetmore, E. A., 99 
 
 Wetmore, Edmund 78 
 
 Wheeler, Joseph 46 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Wheeler, O. Ross, 46 
 
 Wheelock. Charles, 24, 30 
 
 Whistler. J. V. G., 32 
 
 Whitcher, Frances M. B., 89 
 
 Whitcher, Martha L., 89 
 
 White. Alvin, 30 
 
 White, Hugh, 5, 70; House of, . 67 
 
 White, Nicholas A., 38 
 
 White, Noah 38 
 
 White, Philo, 67 
 
 Whitesboro 7 
 
 Whitestown, Centennials held in, 
 
 50, no; Eastern boundary of, 7 
 
 Whitestown Seminary, 104 
 
 Whitfield, John W 83 
 
 Whitfield, Robert P., 83 
 
 Whittlesee, Mrs., 104 
 
 Witch Hazel, Extract of,. 157 
 
 Wiles, Irving R 93 
 
 Wiles, Lemuel M., 93 
 
 Williams, George H., 82 
 
 Williams, Jesse, 40 
 
 Williams, House of Nathan, 63 
 
 Williams, S. Wells, 79, 104 
 
 Williams, Thomas, 72 
 
 Williams, William, 12 
 
 Wilson Elm 159 
 
 Wines from Native Plants, 157 
 
 Wolcott, Samuel G 73 
 
 Women Writers, 89 
 
 Wood Creek 3, 51, 135 
 
 Woolsey, J. T., 73 
 
 Woolsey. M. B.. 73 
 
 Woolsey, Melancthon T., 73 
 
 Wright, Florence, 45 
 
 '• Ya-nun-da-da-sis," 6 
 
 York House, 59, 66 
 
 Young, Charles B., 29
 
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