A COMPENDIOUS GRAMMAR OF THE EGYPTIAN LANGUAGE. Ouicquid praecipies cslo brcvis: ut cilo dicta Pcrcipiant animi doeiles, teneanlque fidclcs. DC Art. Poet. III. 55. A COMPENDIOUS GRAMMAR OF THE EGYPTIAN LANGUAGE AS CONTAINED IN THE COPTIC, SAHIDIC, AND BASHMTJEIC DIALECTS; TOGETHER WITH ALPHABETS AND NUMERALS IN THE HIEROGLYPHIC AND ENCHORIAL CHARACTERS. BY THE REV. HENRY TATTAM. LL. D., D. D., F. R. S. Bettor of $ tonforfc Starrs. SECOND EDITION REVISED AND IMPROVED WILLIAMS & NORGATE: 14, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON, AND 20, SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH. 1863. PRINTED BY FR. NIES (CARL B. LORCK) IN LEIPZIG. TO JOHN LEE LL. D., F. R. S., P. A. S., &. &. IN GRATEFUL REMEMBRANCE OF THE MANY FACILITIES AFFORDED IN THE PROSECUTION OF HIS EGYPTIAN STUDIES THIS VOLUME IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED BY THE AUTHOR. 2047513 PREFACE. Egyptian Literature has of late years attracted particular attention. All that has come down to us of the Language and Literature of ancient Egypt is con- tained in the Coptic, Sahidic, and Bashmuric Dialects; and in the Enchorial, Hieratic, and Hieroglyphic Inscrip- tions, and Manuscripts. Without attempting to trace the origin of the Egyp- tian Language, we may just remark that the learned v Rossius in his "Etymologise J^gyptiacre," has shown the affinity of a number of Coptic and Sahidic words to the Oriental Languages; which affinity to a certain extent, it must be admitted, does exist,*) *) In Rawlinson's Herodotus are jfche following observations. "The Egyptian Language might, from its grammar, appear to claim a Semitic origin, but it is not really one of that family, like the Arabic, Hebrew, VIII PREFACE. Nor need we be surprised at this, when we con- sider the intercourse of the Jews, Syrians, Persians, Chaldeans, and Arabians with the Egyptians: but whe- ther these words were originally Egyptian, or whether they were adopted from other languages, it is impossible for us to determine. M. Klaproth, a Gentleman well acquainted with Asiatic Languages, has also pointed out the resemblance of a considerable number of Egyptian and others; nor is it one of the Sanscrit family, though it shows a primitive affinity to the Sanscrit in certain points; and this has been accounted for by the Egyptians being an offset from the early "undi- vided Asiatic stock;" a conclusion consistent with the fact of their language being " much less developed than the Semitic and Sanscrit, and yet admitting the principle of those inflictions and radical forma- tions which we find developed, sometimes in one, sometimes in the other* of those great families. " Besides certain affinities with the Sanscrit, it has others with the Celtic, and the languages of Africa; and Dr. Ch. Meyer thinks that Celtic "in all its non-Semitic features most strikingly corresponds with the old Egyptian." It is also the opinion of M. Miiller that the Egyptian bears an affinity both to the Arian and Semitic dialects , from its having been an offset of the original Asiatic tongue, which was their common parent before this was broken up into the Turanian, Arian and Semitic. In its grammatical construction, Egyptian has the greatest re- semblance to the Semitic ; and if it has less of this character than the Hebrew, and other purely Semitic dialects, this is explained by the latter having been developed after the separation of the original tongue into the Arian and Semitic, and by the Egyptian having retained a portion of both elements. There is, however, a possibility that the Egyptian may have been a compound language , formed from two or more after the first migration of the race , and foreign elements may have been then added to it, as in the case of some other languages. Rawlinson's Herodotus vol. II. p. 279. PEEFACE. IX words to some of the dialects of the north of Asia, and the north of Europe: this discovery appears to have raised a doubt in his mind of the African origin of the Egyptians. The fact is, the remains we possess of the Egyptian Language, when separated from the Greek, with which it is in some measure mixed up, have no near resemblance to any one of the ancient or modern lan- guages.* The importance of the Ancient Egyptian Language to the Antiquary , will at once appear, when we consider that the knowledge of it is necessary before the inscriptions on the Monuments of Egypt can be properly understood, and the Enchorial and Hieratic Manuscripts can be fully deciphered. Nor is it of less importance to the Biblical Stu- dent, The Egyptian Versions are supposed to have been made about the second century;** and if they were not * Dr. Murray says, "The Coptic is an original tongue, for it de- rives all its indeclinable words and particles from radicals pertaining to itself. Its verbs are derived from its own resources. There is no mixture of any foreign language in its composition, except Greek." Bruce 's Travels, vol. II. p. 473. ** Zosimus , as quoted by Fabricius, says, that the old Testament was translated into Egyptian, when the Septuagint Translation was made. "Biblia tune non in Graecam tantum, sed etiam Aegyptiis in vernaculam linguam fuisse translata." p. 196. The Talmudists say , " It is lawful for the Copts to read the Law in Coptic." Tychsensiiis. See also Buxtorf's Talmudic Lex. p. 1571. Also. "It is permitted to write the Law in Egyptian." Pabyl. Talmud, X PREFACE. the first, they certainly were among the most early Translations of the Scriptures into the Languages of the East: and perhaps the Egyptian New Testament is of equal or even of greater authority than any of the an- cient Versions. The Coptic or Memphitic, and the Sa- hidic or Thebaic, are distinct versions. The Translations of the old Testament, as will be readily supposed, were made from the Septuagint, and not from the Hebrew Scriptures. These versions will be found of great use in assisting to determine the reading of many passages of the Septuagint, and in fixing the meaning of many expressions. We may also observe that the quotation from Jeremy the Prophet, Matthew XXVII, 9. is found in fragments of Jeremiah in these versions: it is differ- ent from the parallel passage in Zachariah XI, 12, 13. and agrees with the quotation in St. Matthew. The Sahidic New Testament contains many important readings, and merits the closest attention of the Scholar and Divine. The terms Coptic and Sahidic were adopted in the first edition of the grammar, instead of Memphitic and Thebaic, lest confusion should be created; as the Seder Mcd. SchuL f. 115. These expressions seem to imply the exis- tence of the Law in Coptic. For the arguments in support of the Translation of the New Tes- tament into Egyptian in the second century, see Wilkinson 's Introduction to the Coptic New Testament, and The Introduction to the Sahidic Frag- ments. PREFACE. XI former terms are used in those Egyptian Publications which have issued from the Oxford University Press. The defects and mistakes of the former edition the Author trusts have been corrected in this, and he has endeavoured to render this edition worthy of the con- fidence and patronage of the Students of Egyptian Li- terature. Stanford Rivers Rectory. I, 1862. Observations on the Hieroglyphic and Enchorial Alphabets, with a few remarks relative to their use. The glory of Egypt has long since passed away, but enough of its learning remains in the Sculptured Monuments of Ancient Egypt, and in existing Papyri to excite the most intense interest. These stores had long engaged the attention of the Learned who had in vain endeavoured to decipher them till our indefatigable and learned countryman Dr. Young, and a little later in point of time M. Champollion, turned their energies to the subject with considerable success. And since their day the subject has not been permitted to slumber, for other learned men have entered the field, and put be- fore the world all that these monuments have preserved, which had been hid from the researches of the wise for so many ages. XIV Observations on the Hieroglyphic and Enchorial Alphabets. In the year 1814 Dr. Young commenced a labor- ious examination of the triple Inscription on the Ro- setta Stone. This stone, which is much mutilated, was discovered by the French at Rosetta, and was shortly afterwards brought to this country. The Inscription is written in Greek, in Hieroglyphic, and in the Enchorial (ey/wp/a)* or native character. Dr. Young entered upon the investigation after the Baron De Sacy and Mr. Aker- blad had given up the attempt. By writing the Greek above the Enchorial, which reads from right to left, and comparing one part with another, Dr. Young succeeded in deciphering it, being aided by the words King, Coun- try, and, &c. which had been discovered. Dr. Young next turned his attention to the Hieroglyphic Inscription, which was much mutilated: this he also deciphered by the aid of the two other Inscriptions. Having satis- factorily ascertained the name of Ptolemy, which was enclosed in a ring or oval, he justly conceived that the characters composing the name might be used otherwise than symbolically; he therefore proceeded to apply these characters Phonetically, or Alphabetically, as well as those contained in the name of Berenice, which he had ascer- tained, which was found with that of Ptolemy at Karnak: and by the aid of these characters he succeeded in de- This word is used in the Rosetta inscription and elsewhere. .Observations on the Hieroglyphic and Enchorial Alphabets. XV ciphering other groups. Mr. Banks, who had received a communication from Dr. Young while he was in Egypt, discovered the names of Ptolemy and Cleopatra on a Temple and Obelisk at Philse, which corresponded with the Greek dedicatory Inscriptions found upon the build- ings, thus confirming Dr. Young's discoveries. The letters in these names being thus ascertained and established, the system was taken up and extended by M. Champollion, and afterwards by Mr. Salt, our then consul general in Egypt. Since then, many emi- nent individuals, too numerous to name, have success- fully pursued this branch of the Literature of Ancient Egypt, and the world is in possession of their labours. From the researches of Dr. Young, M. Champollion, and others, the accompanying Alphabets are constructed. The names of Kings, and of other distinguished in- dividuals, are generally enclosed in ovals. The characters are sometimes read from right to left, and at others from left to right, or from the top downwards; nor is the order in placing the characters always strictly observed, for in many instances it could not conveniently be done. We however state as a rule that the characters are always read from the side to- wards which the animals look. The gender of nouns is expressed by Articles as in Coptic ; the Hieroglyph or [""), corresponding with XVI Observations on the Hieroglyphic and Enchorial Alphabets. TT or , masculine singular, and ~. with T, or ^ sing, fern, in Coptic, as in the names of Cleopatra, Arsinoe, and Berenice. The character ._ _/" has the power of q in the Rosetta Inscription. If we may be allowed to reason from analogy I should be induced to say that the plural is formed by A~W\ or ^ agreeing with w Coptic, or by these characters doubled ; as , or Jf , NFN, or NI, Coptic. The plural is also formed by III, and the dual by II, in the Rosetta Inscription. I am also inclined to think that the genitive is formed by A/WW, and the Prefixes, Pronouns, &c. by the grouping of se- ^X\AAA veral of the Phonetic characters: as m* NK, or NAK, ~~>, Nq, or NAq ; . NC, or NAC &c. The Alphabetic or Phonetic,* was one of the * Clemens Alexandrinus , who flourished about the second century is supposed to mention with correctness the kinds of writing used by the Egyptians. His words are these : u4vTixa oi TIV.Q ^4tyv7inoig nKidevoftevoi, nptnrov fiev nav- TCOV TG)V dtyVTtTHOV y()CffjifjLCCTCi)V /Uf&ofiov fXjUUVli'CtVOVffl, T1]V 671 1- OTol.oyQKcpmrjv xcf^ovfjLevrjv dtVTEQCtv Se, ryv lepctTixyv, i] zg rcft ol isQoyQafifiUTeiq' VGTKTIJV de xai refavTctiKv ri]v txiiv, ^g i/ [iev tan Siu TCOV TtpooTCov aTOi^eicov XVQIO)*O- /) e ffVpftoJUxi] ' Ti]$ Se ffVfifioliaciJs ?} fiev xvptokoyeirat xcfTC( fjiifirjaiv y S' coaneo TQomxojq yQctcperai, i] Se avrixpvc; xara rtvceg aivtyfiovq- yhov yow yQUifjai jjov^o- xvxkov noiovffi oeh]vi]v Se ff/fjfia fjirjvoeiSeq , XV.TK TO xvQio).oyovfievov eidog' Toonixcag SE XKT O , ra 8' e^ctMctTTOVTeg, TU de %V.QUTTOVGIV. Strom. 1. 4. c. 4. ,,Jam A*ero qui docenturabAegyptiis, primum quidem discunt Aegy- Observations on the Hieroglyphic and Enchorial Alphabets. XVII modes of Hieroglyphic writing; but besides this the Egyptians had another called Symbolic, which is sub- divided into various kinds. One kind of Symbolic writ- ing was by direct imitation, or pictorial representations of the things intended to be expressed; as a bullock or a ram was represented by a figure of the animal; and a bow and arrow by a graphic imitation of them. Another kind of Symbolic writing was the Tropical or Figurative ; that is by metaphors and similitudes. The third kind of Symbolic writing was called Enigmatical. For instance, ptiarum litterarum viam ac rationem quae vocaturEpistolographica: se- cundo autem hieraticam, qua utuntur Hierogrammates : ultimam autem Hieroglyphicam : cujus una quidem species est per prima elementa, Cyriologica dicta: altera vero Symbolica. Symbolicae autem una qui- dem proprie loquitur per imitationem: alia vero scribitur velut Tropice: alia vero fere significat per quaedam Aenigmata. Qui solem itaque volunt scribere, faciunt circulum: lunam autem figuram lunae, cor- nuum formam prae se ferentem, convenienter ei formae quae proprie loquitur. Tropice autem per convenientiam traducentes et transferentes, et alia quidem immutantes, alia vero multis figuris imprimunt." Porphyry has communicated much the same information on the subject. Ev AiyunTM fifv rotq isQevat avvriv 6 iruftceyopctg, xai rqv xat rrjv AryvjiTKov (pcovqv yoaju/uctTOv <5 TOJV [iev xotvohoyov/Lifvcav XCCTU (jti/uijffiv, TWV 3s XKTU nvaq aivr/fiovq. De Vit. Pythag. Oil, 12. ,,In Aegypto cum sacerdotibus vixit Pythagoras, et sapientiam didicit, ac linguam Aegyptiorum : literarum autem tria genera, Episto- lographicas, Hieroglyphic as , et Symbolicas, quarum illae (Hierogly- phicae) quidem res exponunt imitatione. Hae (Symbolicae) vero sub Aenigmatis quibusdam latenter ostendunt." XVIII Observations on the Hieroglyphic and Enchorial Alphabets. to express the sun they formed a circle, and for the moon they traced the figure of a crescent. At what period Hieroglyphic writing was first used in Egypt it is impossible to say; but the inscriptions on the monuments carry us back to a very ancient date. The name of Tirhakah king of Ethiopia, (2. Kings XIX, 9.) who flourished about 700 years before Christ, was dis- covered by Mr. Salt at Medinet Haboo, and at Birkel in Ethiopia in Phonetic Characters. M. Champollion also found at Karnak the name of Shishak king of Egypt, (1. Kings XIV, 25, 26.) Phonetically written, who lived about 970 years before Christ. "He is represented as dragging the chiefs of thirty conquered Nations to the feet of the Theban Trinity." Among these he found written in letters at full length, Joudaha Melek, "The king of the Jews." This may be considered as a commentary on the above named chapter. We may probably conclude in the words of the Poet: ,,Nondum flumineas Memphis contexere biblos Noverat: et saxis tantum volucresque feraeque Sculptaque servabant magicas animalia linguas." Lucan. Phars. lib. III. 221. The Hieratic or Sacerdotal characters are im- mediately derived from the Hieroglyphic, which will at once appear evident on comparing them. "These cha- racters appear to have been intended for simple imita- Observations on the Hieroglyphic and Enchorial Alphabets. XIX tions of the Hieroglyphics: and from these the Encho- rial or Popular characters seem to have been derived." "The manuscripts, which belong to the time of Psammetichus , appear to be decidedly Hieratic, and to follow closely the traces of the distinct characters, while those, of Darius approach in some degree to the Encho- rial form, which probably came into common use as the "epistolographic" character, while the Hieratic was so called as being more employed by the Priests for the purposes of their religion." I am indebted to the kindness of C. W. Goodwin Esqr. for the Hieroglyphic and Enchorial Alphabets, and for the following observations on those Alphabets. "The Hieroglyphic writing comprises between 60 and 70 signs which are alphabetic, that is, which re- present simple vowel and consonantial sounds. There are also nearly 200 more which are syllabic, that is they represent combinations of simple sounds. Some of these latter signs are appropriated to particular words, others are in common use, and occur in the spelling of words "of all kinds. As an example of the Alphabetic signs we may take 5^ the owl, which represents the letter m. It often how- ever stands alone, like M in Coptic, in which case we must suppose that a vowel sound a or e was either pre- fixed or postfixed in pronunciation. An example of the XX Observations on the Hieroglyphic and Enchorial Alphab ets. syllabic signs is -- which represents the combination am. Signs of this kind are often com ined with one or more of the alphabetic signs. Thus for the simple -fl- we have sometimes -J- p^, sometimes \ u^ both of which combinations are sounded simply am. Many characters which are really syllabic were inserted in the earlier lists which were formed, as alphabetic. It is probable that all the Hieroglyphic characters were originally syl- labic, and that those which subsequently became pure consonants, had at first a complementary vowel. The Hieroglyphic list includes only those characters which are purely alphabetic. Those which are found in late inscriptions are marked with an asterisk. * A few of which the sound may be considered still open to doubt are marked with a query ?" "The Hieratic writing was formed from the Hiero- glyphic, by a gradual modification of the original forms, many of which became so altered as to be capable of identification only by comparison of identical texts written in both kinds of characters, of which the Rituals furnish abundant examples. Many varieties of Hieratic exist, just as there are many kinds of handwriting amongst our- selves, all reducible to the old square Roman character. About 600 B. C. the Demotic or Enchorial was ormed , being only an abbreviated or degenerated form of the Hieratic, trough which its letters may be traced Observations on the Hieroglyphic and Enchorial Alphabets. XXI up to the original Hieroglyphics. The Demotic or En- chorial writing comprises, like the Hieroglyphic and Hie- ratic, a limited number of purely alphabetical characters, and also a good many syllabic ones. The list here given is taken from the Demotic Grammar of Dr. Brugsch, and comprises only those characters which may be considered as purely alphabetic. The reading is from right to left." Enchorial or Demotic Alphabet, A JL (II) V X ^- K a 3< /Vl 1- R x> >o> O M D 2) N f - ^ P 1 2_ *- \> S -i. ^ +. < SH A 3 2> T 3 J J ^ K, * J^ 60 ^ =. o u 4 70 5 3 b b U) 80 X 4 \J7 v 7 \* p uij ? - 90 w l 5 1 1 100 ^> A alpha a B B BHTA beta b r r TAMMA gamma 9 A 2v kE^TA delta d 6 E El ei e short I HTA zeta 2 H H ou^r A c_/ " * ^* beta e long e e 6HTA theta 1 th i i IflDTA iota i K K KAnnA kappa k A A AAY^A lauda I M M Ml mi m n N NI ni fl 1 xi X O oy ou o short n n ni Pi P Chap. I. The Coptic, or Egyptian Alphabet. Egypt. Alphabet. Names of Letters. English sounds. P P po ro r C c CIMA sima .s T T TAY tau t T Y 2Y hu K 4> (j)i phi ph X X XI chi ch \\f * Xj/l psi 1*. (JD 0) COY on o long 0) < CpFl shei *h q q qpi fei f b b bpi khei kh Z e gopi liori h X X S AM XI A gangia yi (> 6 <5lMA shima 9n t t TFl dei ti Numb. 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 90 It will be seen from the foregoing Alphabet that the Egyptians adopted the Greek Letters with the addition of seven other characters. Anciently the Hieroglyphic'. Hieratic, and Demotic characters were only used in Egypt : but when Christianity prevailed in that country those characters were discontinued, and the Alphabet here given was generally, if not altogether adopted in their stead. It may be here observed that the five following letters, viz. r, &, , j and v|/ were not used by the Egyptians in their own language, but only in words adopted from the Greek. Chap. II. The pronunciation of the Letters. 3 CHAP. II. The pronunciation of the Letters. The followiug is the pronunciation of the letters \\hich now prevails among the Copts of Egypt. A. is pronounced as a in man with us, and is often used in Bash, instead of E, o and u>: as ANg for onb, NABF for NOBF, ANFg for FNF^, and pFqbATFB for B. is sounded as b in BAByAu>N, and as v in IU>BAN. It is also used instead of q and , as Bt for qi, and o^BHp for is only used in words of foreign origin. It is some- times written for c, as in Coptic, as ITAU) Sah. for AO) Coptic. It is sometimes used for B, as ATTA for ABBA. Chap. II. The pronunciation of the Letters. 5 p. is pronounced as r in ApAM. It is changed in Bash- muric for A, as AFN for pAN Coptic. c. is enunciated as s in 6cpu>M. T. is pronounced as &; and it is occasionally used for k, as TANIFA for &AWFA. y. is sounded like u. It occurs in words of Greek ori- gin instead of i, wand FI; as KyBorroc, for cyMFNiN, for orjfiawuv ; and 2vyNA f or <]). is pronounced as /; and in the beginning of words as b; as (J)A1 bai. In Sahidic and Bashmuric n is always used instead of 4>- X. has the sound of x, or % of the Greeks. It is ex- changed with (y, and , as Ftu)ip for HFXip; and Xom go>n. In Sahidic K is used instead of x. \J/. is pronounced as pn in Greek. It is rarely used in Coptic, but sometimes it is found for nc in the ex- pedition of writing, as \|AT for TJCIT; x|/oAcFA for TTCOACFA. O). is sounded like w of the Greeks. It is frequently exchanged with o; and in Sahidic oo is often used for OD ; and A in Bashmuric instead of 0), as AIK for (JDIK. (y. possesses the same power as w in Hebrew. It is changed with c, x, x, Fp; and ba)K, bcuK It never 6 Chap. II. The pronunciation of the Letters. occurs in Sahidic, being always used in its stead. . is pronounced as h or n, and is used for the sharp breathing of the Greeks, as gonAoN onkov, gY ca)TIOC voownog. x. Sir Gardner Wilkinson says: "This letter is pronoun- ced hard as g in go, and not as dj" It appears to answer to the Arabic _. It changes with r, X, u}, and 6\ as MApXApiTHC, fiaQya^tTrjg, rFNF(|)a)p for XFNFcjxop, xpo)M for xpo)M , u)oyNg, and cycuA for d"o>A. But it is chiefly exchanged with x in Sahidic and Bashmuric, as <)IN for XIN: It occurs in some words of Greek origin instead of /. 't. The Copts of the present day pronounce this double letter as di; but there are some words in which we should evidently pronounce it as ti, as B ATTACH A, rrAA'tA etc. In Sahidic it is exchanged for TF, as a)OM r f-, Sah. OJOMTF. The following are examples of pronunciation as given by Sir G. Wilkinson while in Egypt. EGBF, pro- nounced as dtwa ; CCDTFM, sodam , (JbM, skim; XOM. gbm; NlO)'f, itishdee; nANOyt, banoodc ; nioycoiNl. beeoodynee; FBoAbFN. dwelkhdn; F0BHTq, fit waff; rnF, edbc ; HF6MHI. inetmdi. Chap. III. Of Points and Abbreviations. 7 ig CHAP. III. Of Points and Abbreviations. 1. When the line in Coptic (*) or the horizontal line in Sah. ( - ) occurs over consonants, it generally expresses the vowel F, as M or R, FM: N or IT, FN. The vowel is sometimes written, arid at other times it is expressed by the line above the consonant, as FMKA or MKAg, a/- /Hction: Sah. MN for MFN, NM for NFM, O)MMO for UJFMMO. It appears from some words derived from the Greek, that the line f) has been used in Coptic to express the vowels A, F and o; as NAecoe, \-(vad(60\ Noyqi. ovoixpt; and FCTiN for f^orr]v. It is equally evident from the Sahidic, that the line (-) is used for A, F and o; as ANK for ANOK. /; for HTOK, thou : oyHTC] for oyONTAq. tic halh; for o)OMTF. three f. ; NH for NEM and: gH for 3. When the line (^) occurs above a vowel in words derived from the Greek, we rind it expresses the soft or hard breathing of the Greeks; as HCAy- 'Haav; (OCANNA. Moavvct; ABIA, *J{3ia: or it denotes that the letter should be pronounced separately, and agrees with the diaeresis of the Greeks, as CTOIXOC, -Srwftcog. 4. The line (*) is put over a letter in some words to distinguish them from others; as TTFNF^, ever, from rrFNFg, thy oil f. 5. A line above MM. or N H, distinguishes it from M or N radical, and from N, the definite article plural 8 Chap. III. Of Points and Abbreviations. before the infix ; (see clef, art, plnr.) as wcooy is glory; but NO>oy, without the point above the N. is to them. 6. Two points in Sahidic () are sometimes put over the letter i. as a contraction of FI. as oyoiN for oyoFiN, light; nxotc for TTXOEIC, Lord. 7. Two points are also put over the t. when joined with another vowel in Sahidic, in the prefixes and suf- fixes to verbs , and in nouns and pronouns, thus : TAXpoi, Fpoi, MAI, &TW, F^pAii, TTAI, TAI, NAI, MEI, NOI, HI &c. 8. The further use of the line ( v ) and of the points () will be pointed out as we proceed; but it may be here observed, that hardly two Manuscripts of the same work, agree in the lines above the letters; and we are still ignorant of a portion of them. The Circumflex, 9. The circumflex (") is found in Sahidic Manu- scripts over the vowels A> E, H 5 1, 6 and oG; and also .1 ^ j ^ ~ - ^ over the FI and oy; as oyA, one; NA, mercy; rmoyF, the heavens; NH, they; u)TFKO, a prison : (fo5, to remain; "^\ f~*\ oyFt. one; oy, what? In some cases the circumflex ap- pears to be used instead of doubling the vowels, as A, (tf, for AA and coo). The circumflex is not always found in Sahidic Manuscripts. The Apostrophe. 10. The apostrophe (') is generally found over the last letter of a word in Sahidic, but not always. Its use does not appear to be very apparent. I will not there- fore add to the conjectures which have been put forth Chap. III. Of Points and Abbreviations. concerning it. It is found thus: nopNiA', MA', NoyB 3 , AAYFIA', O^AXF', C^IMF', FIFXI', BCDK', XODK' ? F^FKiwA', MAprypoc, xp, xpowoc. .p, npoc, XC, XpC, XplCTOC, (TC, (TOPIC. &JUI, ,VAO, in the name of God: or with cyN icxypoc, CD in the name of the powerful God. 14. The stops used in Manuscripts, are one or two points, as XP N&H AqMoY- oyog &c. Mark XV, 44. or as EAo)i: eAflDi: pAFMA CABAXeANi: Mark XV, 24. Part H. Etymology. The Articles. 1. The Egyptian Language has the definite and in- definite articles, and also the possessive. The Definite Article. Coptic. Masc. Sing. Fcm. Sing-. Plur. Coin. HI. TT. . T. 6. +. Nl. NFN. Part II. Etymology. 1 1 S a h i d i c. TTF. 17. TF. T. NF. R NR Bashmuric. HI. TTF. 17. +. TF. T. Nl. NF. R 2. The Coptic uses the article ni and TT promiscu- ously,' either before double consonants or vowels, as m- KAgi and n-KAgi', m-m and n-w, m-oypo andrr-oypo: "f"-CMn and T-CMH. The Coptic has m and "t also be- fore vowels, even before i. as niiAg, r f/iOY^ FA - But in the plural NI is generally used, but sometimes NFN, ex- cept before FT who, and the prefix, as we shall here- after show. The articles ()) and 6, are used instead of TT and T. before the letters B, i, H, N, oy, p, as cj)BAA. (1)MU)IT, (j)OyAl, GBAKl, GMHCl, GNO^Nl: but W6 SOme- times find these words w r ritten niBAA ntncaiT. 3. The Sahidic has TTF and TF singular, and NF plural before nouns, beginning with two consonants, as TMAFIO, xpo, xmo, ^AOOTF, npo) &c. The Articles TT and T singular, and N plural, are used not only be- fore vowels, or before one consonant, as before oycott), CHtf, NoyTF. and MA; but even before consonants, when marked with the line or vowel above, as prrF, TBBO, FiNTpp etc. But either TTF, TF. NF are used before z, as TFgin, NFgiooyp; or n^ is contracted into ()>? and Tginto e, as (|)Hy, from ngwy. (|)An, from n^An: (|)HKF from rrgHKF: (|)OOY from ngooy: and 9F froniTgF, GH from TH. GIMP from T^IMF. GAIBEC from T^AIBFC, GBCCD from 12 Part II. Etymology. T^BCU), eAAcu from TgAAo). Sometimes rrg is found with- out the contraction, as ngHT. ngip. The vowel F is admitted before oy, and poy is contracted into Fy, as nFyoFiu) for neoyoFiu), TFyo)H for TFoyu^w, and TFy- Noy for TEOyNoy. Often N is prefixed to vowels, as NACFBHC. H is changed into Fi, before the letters M and n, as MMAFIN. the signs; Rrmye, the heavens; \\\\ sometimes occurs, as HHd'Ao^, the beds. The N plur. is very rarely changed into B, A, p, before the same letters, as BBppF, for NBppF, plur. ne?v; AAAOC for NAaoc, the peoples; ppflDMF for NpODMF, the men. The Sahidic very rarely has the Coptic articles ni. *f and NI. but they are sometimes met with; and occasionally TFI and NFI are used instead of the articles. The Indefinite Articles. 4. The indefinite article has no distinction of gender. Coptic. Sing-. Plur. oy. Sahidic. oy. B a s h m u r i c. Oy. gAN. FN. gff. 5. Thus the indefinite article is used, as oycAxi. a word; gANCAXl, W0 rds; oyBAKl . a city; gANBAKi. cities. When oy the indefinite article precedes the pre- position F, as Foy, it is contracted into py, as F Part II. Etymology. 13 to a desert for Eoyo)AqF. The Sahidic uses #FN and gR in the plural, and the Bashmuric the Coptic and Sa- hidic plurals. The Possessive Articles. Coptic. ". Sing. m. Sing-, f. Plur. com. (|>A. 6A. NA. Sahidic. TTA. TA. NA. 6. These articles point out persons or things which belong to any one, as niAMAgi (|)A ^ OF, the power is of God. Ps. LXI, 11. 9A WM TP TAl glKO)N, of whom is this image. Mark XII, 16. NA TKoyi THCTic, of little faith. Luke XII, 28. TTA neqiarr. of his father. Luke IX, 26. -When used with the name of a person, (|)A signifies the son of, as <|)A wAl ; the son of Eli. Luke III, 23. CHAP. IV. Of Nouns. 1. An Egyptian noun generally takes an article be- fore it, or other particle, as oypumi, a man-, gANMoyMi, lions; nip AN, the name; Nt<)HTTt, the clouds; but when the article is prefixed to the adjective or the substantive, the other takes the prefix N, as oyNiaj-f Ngo'f, Copt. 14 Chap. IV. Of Nouns. HgOTF, Sah. a great, /'car. Act. V, 2. oyKAgl NU)FMMO, a strange land, Copt. TO)OpTT fJNTO^H. /^^ first command- ment. Sah.- OYNiU)t NNFTTi TTF(|)Ai, this in a yr eat lamen- tation. Copt. The N is also prefixed to the noun substan- tive or adjective after the verbs 01, and o)cone. as pqoi NOyoHNl, it is light ; AKU)0>riF N80H90C, thou, hast been a helper. 2. Adjectives sometimes take the articles, as niNiu^-f, great, m.; 'i'Niayi', great, f. ; but when they are united with the particles FT, Fq, FC and ey, they do not take the article. Adjectives are also distinguished by their prefixes and suffixes. Of the Gender of Nouns. 3. Every noun of the three Dialects is either of the masculine or feminine gender, and is known by the mas- culine or feminine article being prefixed, or by the prefix or suffix, or it is known by its agreeing with the verb, or some other word in the sentence which has the sign of the gender; as ^BAKI, the city, f. ; niFXCopg, the night, m.; EqOtt), much, m. ; FCOcy. much, f. ; FONANFq. Copt. NANoyq- ffood, m.; Sah. FGNANFC Copt. NAMoyc, Sah. good, f. The Plural has no distinction of gender, nor is there any neuter in the language, but instead of it the feminine is used. Nouns composed with the par- ticle MET Copt, or MNT Sah. are all feminine. Those composed with (UN, Sah. are also feminine, but those compounded with XIN, Coptic, are for the most part masculine. Chap. IV. Of Nouns. 15 4. There are some masculine nouns which become feminine by adding i to them in the Coptic and Bash- muric, and F in the Sahidic ; as BCDK, a servant, m. ; BCDKI. a servant, f. Copt. CON, a brother ; CCDNI, a sister, Copt. u)OM, a father in law. O)0)Ml. Copt. o)0)MF. Sah. a mother in law. tt)(|)Hp, a friend, m. O)<|)npl, a friend, L Copt. (yBFFp, a friend, m. o^BFFpF, a friend, f. Sah. 6~AMAyA, a camel, m. (fAMAyAp, a camel, f. Sah. glHB, a lamb, m. gtHBl, a lamb, f. Copt. IF1B, a lamb, m. glFtBF, a lamb, f. Sahidic. 5. Others form the feminine by changing the last short vowel of the masculine into a long one, as BFAAp, blind, m. BFAAw, Copt. BAAvi, Sah. blind, f. Moyi, a lion, m. MOyvi, a lioness, Copt, oypo, a king, oypo)., a queen, Copt, ppo, a king, ppo), a queen, Sah. bpAAo. an old man. bpAAo). an old woman, Copt. gAAo, an old man. gAAo), <7^ old woman, Sah. (yMMO, ^ stranger, m. O)MMO), stranger, f. Sah. CABF. 'i>^. m. CABH, wise, f. Copt. j^AF, the end, m. t>AH, //(q, much. NAO)0)oy, much, plur. 9. There are a considerable number of Nouns in each dialect, which form their plural differently, which we shall here endeavour to class according to their ter- mination. 10. Coptic Plurals which end in t. ABU>K, a crow. ABCDKI, crows. A(j)0)4> ? a giant. A(j)0)(|)i; giants. MA, a place. MAt, places. MNOT a breast. MNot, breasts. pAMAO, rich. pAMAOl, rich, plur. u^Fp, a companion. u)<])Fpi, com- panions. t>FAAo, old. bpMoi, old, plur. 11. Coptic Plurals which end in y and their sing, in F- (TAAs, lame. (TAApy. lame, plur. BFAAp, blind. BFAAFy, blind, plur. 9FO)F, neighbour. 0FO)Fy, a neighbours. MFepF, a witness. MFepFy, witnesses. pFM^F. free. pFMFy,/ra', > plur. CABF; prudent. CABFy, prudent f plur. t>AF, last, , last, plur. XANF, humble. XANFy, humble, plur. Chap. IV. Of Nouns. 17 12. Coptic Plurals which end in oy, and their sing, in E and o; but which change them into woy and 0)oy in the plural. FBO, mute. EBO)Oy, mute, plur. EgF, an ox. FgHoy and Fgcooy. oxen. tApo, # rw. lApcooy, rivers. oypo, a king, oypcooy. kings. pAMAO, rich. pAMAcuoy, rich, plur. po. a door. po)oy, doors. CAiF, fair. CAUDoy, /air, pi. O)FMMO, a stranger. a}FMMO)oy, strangers. (t)NF, #<"/. o^NHOy, nets. U)TEKO, prison. O)TEK(JDOy, prisons. UJXE, /OCM.V/. cyXHOy, locusts. To these may be added Arm, />. Aq, flesh. Aqoyi, flesh, plur. AXO), magician. AXcooyt, magicians. ET(j)0), a burden. ETcfxwoyi, burdens. pEqXCO, a singer. pEqxcooyi, singers. CBO), a doctrine. CBODOyi, doctrines. C(|)tp, a side. C())lpa)oyi, sides. 14. Of Coptic Plurals which end in oyi, and their singulars in E. EI, H or oy. which are changed into woyi or cooyi in the plural: as A(()F, a head. A(|)Hoyi ? heads. AAoy. a boy. AAcooyi. boys. BEXF, wages. BFXHOyi, wages, plur. FpMH, a tear. FpMcooyi, tears. pp(j)Fl, a temple, pp^noyi temples. oyNOy, an hour. oyNO)oyi, hours. TFBNH . a labouring beast. TFBNtooyi, beasts. (|)E, heaven. c|)Hoyi, heavens. hpF, food. bpHoyi, food, plur. 15. Sahidic Plurals which end in F. ABODK, a crow. ABflDKF; crom. Aooy, an ornament. AooyF, ornaments. 18 Chap. IV. Of Nouns. 16. Sahidic Plurals which end in ey, and wy, and their singulars in E. as BAAE, blind. BAAEy. blind, pi. cms. prudent. CABEEy, prudent, plur. u)AqE ; # desert. cyAqEEy, deserts. XIXF, tf# enemy. xiXEEy, enemies. 'f'MF, tf village. fMFFy. w7- %^. gAF, / f ooa> > P lur - 21. Coptic and Sahidic Plurals of a more irregula character. Coptic. Sing. Ago, a treasure. ABOT, a month. ANAU), an oath. BHT, a palmwood. BO)K, a servant. F60U), an Ethiopian. FMKAg, FO), i a merchant. M, home. lOM, ^/^ ^. lu>T^ father. MFNpiT, beloved. MCDIT, oypiT, a keeper. pFMHT, a tenth. CAb, a scribe. COBT, a wall. CONI, a robber. CON, a brother. CglMl, woman. Plur. ., treasures., ABHT,, months. ANAyu), oaths: BA't'} palmwoods. FBlAK, servants. FGAyu), Ethiopians. FFy, asses. ", merchants. HOy, houses. AMAioy, *tfA-. 10^ fathers. , beloved. , plains. Mircooyi, ways. oypA'i", keepers. pHMA'f, tenths. cboyij, scribes. CFBGAloy, watts. ClNODOyi, robbers. CNHOy, brothers. lOMi, women. 3* 20 , a father in law. a rod. a viper. a horse. T a bird. Chap. IV. Of Nouns. U)MO)Oy, fathers in law. o)Bot? rods. Boyt, vipers. 60)p, horses. gCOB, XAMOyA? xoi, a ship. Sing. Ago, treasure. Bip, basket. FBOTj, month. ElODT^ *. gA^AATE, birds. gBOyij vipers. C Ta) P? Ta)a) P? horses. gBny. gBHye, works. XEicooyE, Lords. Chap. IV. Of Nouns. 2 1 Of Cases of Nouns. 22. Strictly speaking the three Dialects of Egypt have no cases of nouns. But these are indicated by cer- tain particles which precede, or are prefixed to the nouns, or bv prepositions, as, Coptic. Sahidic and Bashmuric. Norn. NXF R6~i. Gen. NTF, M, N. NTF, R, FT. Dat. F, M, N. F, R, FT. ACC. F, M. N. F ? R, FT. Voc. cb, nt. a), TTF. Abl. F, M, N, or a preposition. F, R> R, or a preposition. 23. It will be seen that what are called cases in Greek and Latin are here denoted by particles which precede the noun, as in the nominative and genitive, or by particles prefixed. The Nominative Case. 24. The sign of the nominative case is NXF in Cop- tic, and FHp, my friend! Copt. TTFO^BFFp, friend! Sah. Mat. XX, 13. Fyxa> MMOC XF nxoFic NA NAN no^wpp R^AyFlA. saying, Lord thou son of David, have mercy on us, Sah. Mat. XX, 30. Ttt)Fpt NCICON, Copt. TpjFFpF HClO)N. daughter of Sion ! John XII, 15. Sah. The Ablative Case. 29. This case sometimes takes the prefix M, N or F, as FNOBF NlM, from all sin. Sah. FTTNOyTF. from God. 24 Chap. V. Of Adjectives. FT MMOKMEK. from the thoughts. Sah. But the ablative is generally represented by some preposition. The Bashniuric takes the same particles as the Sa- hidic to all the cases, except the Ablative. CHAP. V. Of Adjectives. 1. There are some adjectives, the number and gen- der of which are known by the suffixes, or the articles, as niNigyh great, m. tNiO)^, great, f. and PGNANEq, good, m. E6NANEC, good, f. NAAq or EGNAAq, great, m. Sah. NAAC, great, f. Sah. EGNAAy, ffw*> pl ur - Sah. E, ET, or ue united to verbs forms adjectives, as oyAB to be clean, holy. EGOyAB, clean, holy. NAO)E or ENAO)E, Sah. much. NAU)tt)q or ENAcyo)q, Sah. much, m. NA(yu)C or ENAOJOUC, Sah. much, f. NAOJ- O)oy or ENAO)0)Oy, Sah. much, plur. NANE and NANoy, ENANoy, Sah. good. NANEq, NANoyq, ENANoyq, Sah. good, m. NANEC ; and NANoyc, ENANoyc, Sah. good, f. EGNANEy, ETNANoyoy, Sah. good, plur. NAEIAT or NAi'AT, Sail, blessed. NAi'ATK, blessed thou, m. N AtATq ; blessed he. N Al ATC, blessed she. N AlATHyTH, blessed ye. NAtATOy, blessed they. NECE or ENECSj, fair, beautiful NEC(JDI, fair 1. NECflDq, EGNECcoq or ENECcoq, fair he. NECGDC, EGNECCDC or ENECCDC, fair she. ENECO)oy or ENECOOy, fair they. Chap. V. Of Adjectives. 25 CMApcooyT, and CMAMAAT, Sah. Messed. KCMA- poDoyT, Messed thou. qcMApcooyT, qcMAMAAT, Sahidic. Messed lie. NHFTCMApoooy, NFTCMAMAAT, Sah. blessed they. oyAA. Sah. alone. oyAAK, alone thou. oyAAq, alone he. oyAATOy, alone they. MM Ay AT, and MAY A AT, Sail, alone. MMAYATK, MAYAAK, Sah. alone thou. m. MMAyA'f', alone thou i. MMAyATq. MAyAAq, Sail, alone he. MMAyATC, MAy- AAC, Sah. alone she. M Ay A AN, Sah. MMAyATFN, alone we. MMAyAToy. MAyAAy, Sah. alone they. rwp, all. rupK, the whole thou, m. Tupq, Twppq, Sah. all he. THpC, THpFC, Sah. all she. THpFN, THpR, all we. THpTR, Sah. all ye. THpoy, all they. Of the Comparison of Adjectives. 2. Comparatives are formed by goyo, Copt, goyo, goyp, Sah. #OYA, goys, Bash, more, as goyo TAIO FgOTF MCDyCHC, more (greater) honour than Moses. oygoyb TAIO F^OTF niHl, more (greater) honour than the house. Heb. Ill, 3. MNTAN goyo F-foy FTOEIK. Sah. we have not more than five breads loaves. Luc. IX, 13. FgOTF is also a sign of the comparative, as F poi, more than me, Mat, X, 37. and with F, as NTF (jrf" FCOl NCABF FgOTF FNlpODMl, the foolishness of God is wise more (wiser) than men. 1. Cor. I, 25. 3. The comparative is also expressed by adding Ngoyo to the positive; as ^MFTMFepF NTF (J)^ oy- NlO)'|' TE fl2Y> the witness of God is greater. 1. John 26 Chap. V. Of Adjectives. V, 9. It is also expressed by adding r, or N to the positive, as MM TTTOK FKNAAK FTTNIODT IAKCOB, art thou greater than our father Jacob? John IV, 12. Sah. oyNotf NNOBF, greater sin. John XIX, 11. Sah. RNOO" FTTFNgHT, greater than our heart. I.John III, 20. Sah. MH FNXOOp Fpoq, are we stronger than he? 1. Cor. X, 22. Sah. 4. Sometimes there is no word to express the com- parative, and it can only he collected from the sense of the passage; as NIM rap TTF rriNuyf-. for which is great (greater) Luke XXII, 27. TMFTTMNTpF FiTTNoyTF NAAAC, the witness of God is great (greater) 1. John V, 9. Sah. 5. The positive is sometimes used for the superla- tive as NIM TTF TTlNUyt >FN ^MFTOypO NTF NKj)HOyi, NIM TTF TTNO(f N TMNTFpo NMnwyF, Sah. who is the great (greatest) in the kingdom of heaven? Mat. XVIII, 1. Sah. 6. The superlative is formed by adding F, FBoA, FBoAoyTF, or some such word to the positive, as ANOK rAp TTF nmoyxi FBoAoyrF NiXnocroAoc Twpoy, and Bash. ANOK rAp TTF TTKoyi oyTF NiAnocToAoc THpoy, /or I am the least of all the Apostles. 1. Cor. XV, 9. 7. The superlative is more often formed by adding FMAO)0), Copt. FMATF, Sah. EMAojA, Bash, greatly, very much, to the positive, as ATAv|/yXH o)eopTFp FMAO^U), my soul is exceedingly troubled. Ps. VI, 3. FMAU)0), FMATF and FMAOJA are also repeated; as AqFp pAMAO NXF nipooMl FMAo^O) FMAO)(0, the man was exceeding rich. Gen. XXX, 43. XFKIC FpF TFTHArAnw peoyo FMATF FMATF. that your love may abound exceedingly. Sahidic. Chap. VI. Of Personal Pronouns. 27 Phil. I, 9. and in Bash. XEKFC ppe TereNArArm Fi\- goyA FMAUJA. The superlative is also formed by Ngoyo repeated, as oyog Ngoyo Ngoyo NAyppu^wpi, and they were exceedingly astonished. Mark VII, 37. Coptic. AMOK N00K N90 N90C ANON N00DTFN N9(JDOy CHAP. VI. Of Personal Pronouns. Sin g u 1 a r. Sahidic. Bash. ANOK ANOK SNP ANAK I. ANK RTOK NTAK thou, m. HTK RTO NTA thoil, f. FTTOq NTAq he. RTOC NTAC she. Plural. ANON ANAN ANH HTCOTN we. NTATPN NTETEN NTATN ye. NTHTN NTOOY NT Ay they. 28 Chap. VI. Of Personal Pronouns. Personal Pronouns. 2. Of the Genitive Case. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. Bash. NTHt RTAl ENTHl met, of me. NTAK NTAK NTHK of thee, m. NTE NTE NTE of thee, f. NTAq NTAq NTq V of him. NTEq NTAC NTAC NTHC I HTC > of her. Plur al. NTAN NTAN NTHN) I of us. NTN \ N0COTEN NTETR HTHTEN NT(DTEN NTETHyTT 1 HTETEN of you NTE9HNOY NTETHNOy NTO)Oy NTAy NTHOy, of them. Of the Dative Case. S in gul a r. Coptic. Sahidic. Bash. NHl NAl NHl mihi, to me. NAK NAK NHK to thee, m. NE NB to thee, f. NAq NAq V to him NAC NAC NHC to her. Chap. VI. Of Personal Pronouns. 29 Plural. NAN NAN NUN to US. NCDTEN NHTFT NHTEN to you. ewNoy THNOV THNOY with an accus. NCOOY NAY NHOY, NHY to them. 3. The dative is also formed by the word po Copt, and AA Bash, by prefixing E to them: and by TOT, Copt. TOOT, Sah. TAAT, Bash, by prefixing E or N to them. Coptic. Epoi EpOK Epoq EpOC EpON EpCOTEN Singular. Sahidic. EpOl, EpAl FpOK, EpAK EpO, EpA epoq, EpAq EpOC, EpAC Plural. EpON, EpAN EpODTN Bash. to me. EAAK to thee, m. EAA to thee, f. EAAq to him. EAAC to her. E^AN to us. EpODTEN 0HNOY HpAT THyTN EAATTHNOy ( Bpa)OY Epooy EAAY to them. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. Bash. E or RTOOT EorHTAAT to me. RTOOTK HTAATK to thee, m. TTTOOTE to thee, f. NTOTq NTOOTq NTAATq to him. NTOTC NTOOTC HTAATC to her. to you. E Or NTOT NTOTK 30 Chap. VI. Of Personal Pronouns. Plural. E or NTOTEN E 01' NTOOTFI E or fiTAATEN to US. ETENOHNOy ETOOT THyTH to 1JOU. ETOTOy NTAToy TTTOOTOy HTAATOy to them. 4. The accusative Pronoun is formed by MMO Copt, and Sah., MMA and MA Bash. S i n g u 1 a r. Coptic. Sahidic. MMOl MMOl, MMOEl MMOK MMOK MMO MMO MMoq MMOq MMOC MMOC Bash. MMAl me. MMOK tltee, m. thee, f. MMAq him. MMAC her. Plural. MMON MMCDTEN MMO)Oy MMON MMOOTH MMOOy MMAN US. MMATEN you. MMAy them. MMO with other words sometimes expresses the various cases of the personal pronoun, as NIM MMO)oy some of them. 1. Cor. X, 10. EBoA MMoq, from him. 5. Another form of the accusative is bw, Copt. %\\, Sah., which take T with the suffixes. t>HT Chap. VI. Of Possessive Pronouns. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. gHT my face, me. gviTK thee, m. t>Ht gHTF Mi (j)0)K (J)0) (j)0)C Sahidic. TTO)l mine. TTGDK thine, m. eO)K no) thine, f. no)q /MA*. TTCQC her. T70)N 0wr. ?, f. Sing. Fern. Coptic. Sahidic. eo)i ran eo)K TGDK 90) TO) eojq T0)q eo)c TG)C ecoN TO)N eO)TFN TCDTR Noyq Noyc her NCDTFN Noyoy NCDOy their. Demonstrative Pronouns. Singular. Masc. Coptic. Sahidic.- Bash. (|)Al FTAl TTFl F e m. Coptic. Sahidic. Bash. 9AI TAt TUI this. Chap. VI. Of Demonstrative Pronouns. 33 Plural. Coptic and Sahidic. Bashmuric. NAl NEl these. Another form of the demonstrative pronoun is as follows. M a s c. F e m. Coptic. Sahidic. Coptic. Sahidic. (j)H TTH he. 0H TH she. Plural.. NH they. 8. The demonstrative pronoun is often joined with the relative pronoun ET ; as Singular. M a s c. F e m. Coptic. Sahidic. Coptic. Sahidic. who? oywp, how many? Of Prepositions. 11. There are some substantives which are used as prepositions, as p AT Copt. AFT, Bash, afoot, po, a mouth. TOT, u hand. bwT, a neck. HT, a heart, gpa, a face. xo>, a head. These, being united with some particles become prepositions, as ty&Ttome. Mat. VI, 18. hap AT, Copt. gapAT, Sah. under me. Mat. VIII, 9. Fpo, l^Apo, under thee. Ezech. XXVII, 30. t>Apoq, against him. Ex. XVI, 8. ^TOTq from him. Dent. XV, 3. NbnToy, in them. Psalm V, 10. F!2 HTK ? Sah. in thee. Ezech. XXVIII, 15. FpAl, against me. Ps. CI, 8. Fpm FXO)l, against me. Ps. Ill, 1. &c. Prepositions. F, acc., dat., ad, in &c. , Copt, from, ex. FBoAwbHTq, FBoAwbHToy &c. ^ an - from, ex. FBoArJgHTq, FBoAiTgHTR &C. from, ab, ex. Chap. VI. The Pronoun Infixes and Suffixes. 35 FBoA^Apo, a, ab. FBoA^Apoq, FBoA^Apcw &c. FBoAglTH, Sail, a, ab. FBoAgiTR, Sail, a, ab. FBOA^lTOT, per, a, ab. FBoAglTOTK, FBoAglTOTq, &C. FBoAglTOOT, S. per, a, ab. FBOAglTOOTK, FBoAglTOOTq. FgOTFpO, supra, plus quam. FOTFpOK, FOTFpOq, &C. N, acc., dat., ad, ab, from, &c. NTFN, NTH, Sail. from. 0)A, ad, usque ad, U)ApOl. cyApOK, tt)AAAK, Bash. &c. t>A, Copt, sub, contra, hATOTK. apudte, t>ATOTq, apud eum. &, Sah. sub, ad, pro. gATOTK, etc. g ATM, Sail, apud, ad, &c. gATH^ Sah. apud, &c. gi, ?, 6-^^, ITOT, 2 ITOOT ? Sah. gtTooTC, Sah. &c. To these may be added ATffNF, F9BF, FTBF. Sah. oyBF; oyTF and others. The Pronoun Infixes and Suffixes. 12. The pronoun infixes and suffixes are added to words , instead of the possessive and personal pro- nouns. 13. The pronoun infixes are inserted between the article and the noun, and used instead of the possessive pronouns. They are the following: A, my. FK, thy. F or oy, thy, f. Fq, his. FC, her. FN or R, our. FTFN or FTFT your, oy or Fy, their. An example of the infixes with the articles is here given. 36 Chap. VI. The Pronoun Infixes and Suffixes. The Infixes. Singular, with artic. masc. with artic. fern. Plural. N-A, my. N-EK, thy, in. N-E, thy, f. N oy, thy, f. Sah. N-Eq, Ins. N-EC, /te-r. N-EN, our. N-R, 0#r, Sah. N-ETEN, your. N-ETFI, your. N-oy, /^zV-. N-Ey. /!fo/r, Sail. oy is sometimes used for the infix of the second person feminine, instead of E in Coptic, but it seldom occurs. 14. The suffixes are used with words instead of the infixes, and are these which follow. TT-A, T-A, TT-EK. T-EK, TT-E, T-E. noy, Toy, n-Eq, T-Eq, TT-EC, T-EC, TT-EN, T-EN, TT-H, T-R. n-ETEN. T-FTFN. n-ETN, T-ETR, n-oy, T-oy ? n-Ey, T-EY, The Suffixes. Singular. Plural. i or T, me, or my. N or EN, us, or our. K. thee, or thy, m. TEN, you, or your. E or i,*) thee, or thy, f. TN ? you, or your, Sah. *) The I following T is changed into Chap. VI. The Pronoun Infixes and Suffixes. 37 Singular. Plural. F, thee, or thy, f. oy. Ay, &<*!/> or (fieir - q, him, or &s. Foy or wy, //*#/, or/fo?/r,Sah. c, /*Nl, thy sisters, f. Toy-CGDNF, thy sister, f. Sail. Noy-co)NF, thy sisters, i. Sah. TFq-Ctt)W, his sister. NFq-ccuNi, his sisters. TFC-CO)Nl, her sister. NFC-CO)Nl, her sisters. TFNCCONl, our sister. NFN-co>W ? our sisters. TN-CGONF, our sister, Sah. NN-CCDNF, our sisters, Sah. TFTFN-CODW, your sister. NFTFN-CCJDNI, your sisters. TETN-CGDNF, your sister, Sah. NFTN-CODNF, your sister ^,Sah. Toy-CCONi. their sister. NOy-ca)Ni ; their sisters. TFy-CODNF, their sister,* Sah. NFy-CO)NF. their sisters, Sah. 16. It will be seen from the foregoing examples, that the infixes are the same to a masculine and femi- nine noun, singular and plural. The Suffixes. 17. The following examples will show the position of the suffixes. Adjectives with the Suffixes. FNFCF or NFCE, fair. THp. all FNFCCOl. fairy I. THpn, all, (hou, in. FNFCCDK. fair, thoit, m. THpR, all, thou, m. Sah. FNFCCDq, fair, he. THpq, all, he. ENFCtt>C, /air, she. Twpc, all, she. ^ fair, we. THpFN, all, we. Chap. VI. The Pronoun Infixes and Suffixes. 39 FNFCODoy, fair, they. THpH, all, we, Sah. FNFCOoy, fair, they, Sah. TwpTEN, f all, ye. THpTR. all, ye, Sah. Tupoy, all, they. NAA or FNAA, great. NANE or NANoy, good. NAAI, great, 1. NANOyi, good, I. NAAK, great, thou, m. NANFq. good, he. NAAq, great, he. NAN EC, good, she. NAAC, great, she. NANEy, good, they. NAAy, great, they. MAy AT, a l ne - MAyATK, alone, thou, m. alone, thou, f. MAyATq, alone, he. MAyATC ; alone, she. MAyATFN, alone, we. MAyATFN0HNoy, alone, ye. MAy- ATOy, alone, they. Prepositions with the Suffixes. Coptic and Sahidic. Bash. FpAT, FAET. to me. FpATK, FAATK. to thee, 111. FpA^, FAETt, to thee, f. EpATE, to thee, f. Sah. FpATq, FAETq. to him. EpATC, FAFTC, to her. FpATFN, FAETEN, to US. FpATH, to us, Sah. FpATFN9HNOy, FAFTTHNOy, to you. FpATTHyTFT. to you, Sah. FpATOy, EAFToy, to them. 40 Chap. VI. The Pronoun Infixes and Suffixes. Coptic. F9BF, F9BHT, F9BHTK, F0BHTCJ, F9BHTC, F9BHTFN, F9BE9HNOY? F9BHTOY? Coptic. NFM, Sahidic. NMMAl, MOl, NHMAK, NMHF, NMMAq, Oq, NMMAC, NMMAN, ON, Sahidic. FTBF, fie, ob. FTBHHT. of me. FTBHHTK, of thee, in. FTBHHTE; of thee, f. FTBHHTq, of him. ETBHHTC, of her. FTBHHTIT, of US. FTBFTHY T ^? f y u - FTBHHTOY? of them. Sahidic. NM, with. Bashmnric. NFMm, with me. with thee, m. with thee, f. NFMHq, with him. NFMHC, with her. with us. NEMHTFN, With you. them. Coptic. NFMHl, NFMAK, NFMF, NFMAq, NFMAC, NFMAN, NFMODTEN, NFMODOY? NMMAYj NCA, after. NCCOl, after me. NCtt)K, after thee, m. NCO), after thee, f. NCO)q, after him. NCCDC, after her. NCGDN, after us. NCCJD- TFN, TTCO)TH, after you, S. NCCDOY; after them. Of Numbers. 18. The Coptic Numbers are generally expressed by the letters of the Alphabet with a line above them, Chap. VI. The Cardinal Numbers. 41 as f NFgooy, three days. Matt. XII, 40. & NABOT. four months. John IV, 35; sometimes they are expressed by words, as qToy-MHNl. MFT, MAH, xoycor, Sahidie. Masc. Fein. oyA. oyFi. oycoT CNAy, CFNTF. CNTF, U)OMFrr, U)MN qrooy, qroF, qro, toy, +F, cooy, coo, COF. X|/IT, nciTF. MHT, MHTF, MAAB. MAB ; MAABF, TAIO, CF. 42 Chap. VI. The Cardinal Numbers. Coptic. Masc. Fern. O U)BF TT t>AMNF, Sahidic. Masc. Fein. U)qF, gMFNF, q mcTAy. mcTFoyi. TTCTAIOY, nFCTAioy, P &e- U CNAyNiyF. CNAyujF T tt)OMTN(yF, y x \J/ O) cooycyp. 0)0. 0}OCNAy, 01JA. TBA. 20. Tlie following numbers are prefixes to nouns, viz. O)MT, cyoHT, ///r^, Sah. a}HTO)0, Mr^' thousand. qTF, Copt, qroy, qrey, Sah. /FN ^MAg NOyr NpONtm, in anno secundo, Dan. II, 1. Coptic. TMFg CHTF, the second, f. Luke XII, 38. Sahidic. . coy is used instead of MAg and MFg with the cardinal* numbers when the days of the month are spo- ken of, as coyKF NA60)p, the twenty fifth day of Athor. Exod. XII, 3. Copt, NCOyK^ MTTIABOT, the twenty seventh day of the month. Gen. VIII, 4. coyxoyr \}/ic HgAeo>p. the twenty ninth day of the month Athor. Zoeg. Sah. Axn Copt, and :xn, Sah. occur with the cardinal numbers when hours are spoken of, as NAXR e MrriF- ^0 oy, the ninth hour of the day. Acts X, 3. MFTNAy Nxrr COF, about the sixth hour. Sah. Matt. XX. 5. pp. Copt, and Sah. part, is used with numbers, as nipE F, the fifth part. Gen. XLI, 34. oyog G* 44 Chap. VI. The Ordinal Numbers. NXE (j)pF r NNIU)O)HN, and (lie third part of the trees was burnt up. Rev. VIII, 7. TTpFO)OMNT, the third part, Numb. XXVIII, 5. Sah. The Copt, has also TFpp, or TFp, and the Sah. rpp. part. oyo)N, more often oyR, and sometimes oyFN, and oyNF, Sah. a part, is put before numbers, as oyu)H AyAAq Nqrooy Hoyow, oyoycow FmoyA rioyA, they made four parts, a part to each one, John XIX, 23. Sah. noyH Rqrooy, fourth part, Ezech. V, 2. Sah. noyFN Frh>Y, the fifth part, Zoeg. Sah. noyNF a)OMiTT, the third part, Tukius. npq Copt, and Sah. is prefixed to numbers signify- ing days, as rjFqqTOoy rAp TTF. for it is four days. John XI, 39. FTTFqqrooy TTF Fy gR TITAC))OC, it is four days he is in the sepulchre, v. 17. Sah. A, et NA about. Copt, and Sah. as Aqroy o)FNpo)MF, about four hundred men, Acts V, 36. Sah, NA qroy OIF TAlOy FIpOMTTF, about four hundred and fifty years. Acts XIII, 20. Sah. The plural of number is occasionally expressed by repeating the number, as, KATA pp NFM KATA NN ? by hundreds, and by fifties. Mark VI, 40. Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 45 CHAP. VII. Of Verbs. 23. Egyptian verbs have no passive voice differing from the active, but the passive may be known thus, AC-0AMIO NXF t-cocfiA FBoAbFN NFC-^BHoyi , wisdom is justified of her works, Matt. XI, 19. oyO Ayoyo>N NXF NFq-CO)TFM, and his ears were opened, Mark VII, 35. 24. The passive is more commonly expressed by the verb in the third person plural of the verb active, as TlFN-pa>Mt NATTAC AyAttjq NFMAq , our old man was crucified with him. Rom. VI, 6. FyNATTGDNg FBoA MTlFC- NOq RTF CTF(|)ANOC, the blood of Stephen was shed. Acts XXII, 20. Sah. oyog oyMtntu NNoyrmq, and no sign shall he given. Matt. XII, 39. Ay-KOCFN NFMAq, we are buried with him. Rom. VI, 4. 25. But sometimes the passive voice can only be discovered by the sense of the passage read. But see further on verbs passive. The Prefixes and Suffixes to Verbs. The Prefixes. The Suffixes. Person. Coptic. Sahidic. L t t i 2. m. K, X K K 2. f. TF TF F 46 Chap. VII. Of Verbs. The Prefixes. The Affixes. Person. Coptic. Sahidic. q q c c 3. m. q 3. f. c 1. plur. TFN 2. TETEN 3. CF TN, TFN N TFTT7, TFTFN TFN CF Indicative Mood. The 1st Present Tense. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. j- ^, I do, or am doiny. K, X K, thou a?*t, ni. re TF, thou art, f q q, he is. TFN TFTFN CF Plural. TR, TFN, W< TFTN, TFTl?N, ye. arc. CF, they tire. The 2nd Present Tense. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. Bash. Fl Fi El, / am, ('.'>i'. FK FK FK. thou art, m. Coptic. FpF Eqi FC( FpE Chap. VII. Of Verbs. Sahidic. Bash. FpF Fqi FC^ Plural. N, EN ETETN 47 FpF ; thou art, f. Fq) he is ' /ftf and . FN FTETFN FY? oy, FpF The Imperfect Tense. EN, > FTFTEN, ye are. , they are. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. NAl TTE NFl HE NAK HE NEK TTE NApF TTF NFpE HE Bash. NAl HF, / was. NAK HF, M^W, m. HE. Ihou, f. its) NAC HE! TTF NAN TIE NApFTFN T7F NFC TTF^ TTE NAC TTFJ TTF. ^ Plural. NFN TTF NAN HE, we were. NETFTN TIE NApETEN TTF, ye. NAYTTF,NApETTF NFYTTFjNEpFTTF NAYTTF, NApF TTF, they. The 1st Perfect Tense. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. Bash. Al Al Al. / have. AK AH AK, thou hast, in. ApF ApF "H > A(| * A ApF, thou hasl, f. he hatk ' /^ NP ojAAP np, d and *^. NP o)AC nP, J ,^ Plural. . NP O>AN np, w^. NP cyATPTPN np, ye. NP NP np, they. Coptic. XNA, TPNA, qNA, CNA, TPNNA, TPTPNNA, CPNA, The 1st Future Tense. Sahidic. Bash. 1~NA, 'J-NP, vel A, / shall KNA, KNP, fA0K, m. TPNA, thou, f. qNA, qNP, he. CNA, CNP, /<*?. Plural. TPNNA, TPNA, TPNNP, vel A, We. TPTNNA,TPTNA, ye. CPNA, CPNP, they. Chap. VH. Of Verbs. 51 The 2nd Future Tense. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. Bash. EINA, FINA, AINA Vel NF, / shall. FKNA, FKNA, AKNA, tllOU, m. FpENA, FpENA, ApFNA, thou, f. FqNA,) FqNA,) AONA *** > FDF..NA, VEDF..NA, ,( FCNA, CNA s he. Plural. FNNA, HNA, FNNA, ANNA, Vel NF, we. FpFTFNNA, FTFTHNA, FTFTNA, ApFTFNNA, ye. FYNA, OYNA, FYNA, oyNA, AYNA, they. The Prefixes Copt, are sometimes written AINA, AKNA, ApFNA, etc. The 3rd Future Tense. Singular. Coptic. FIF, FKF, Sahidic. Bash. FIF, F1F, / shall FKF, FKF, thou, m. FpF, FpF, thou f. FCF,( v EpF, ECF,( Plural. , EOF, >EPF, he and she. ' ' FNF, FNF, FNF, We. FpETENF, ETETNF, FTFTHF, ye. F, FpF, FyE, EpF, EYE, FpF, they. 7* 52 Chap. VII. Of Verbs. The 4th Future Tense. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. Bash. TA, TA, TApl, TA, / shall. TApEK, thou, m. TEpA, TEpA, TEpA, thou, f. TApEq, he. TApEC, she. Plural. TApfil, we. TApETtT, TAAETEN, ye. TApoy, they. The Imperfect Tense. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. NAINA, NEINA, / should. NAKNA, NEKNA, thou, m. NApENA, NEpENA, thou, f. NAOE..NA, NACNA,^ NECNA, Bash. NAlNE.vel NA, I should. NAKNE, thou, m. NApENE, thou, f. Chap. VH. Of Verbs. 53 Plural. Coptic. Sahidic. NANNA TTF, NFNNA TTF, We. NApFTFNNA TTF, NETFTNA TTF, ye. , NApF..NA TTF, NEyNA, NFpF..NA HF, they. Bash. NANNF HF, W^. NApETFNNF TTF, ye. , NApFNF HF, they. Coptic. NTA, NTFK, NTF, NTF, NTFN, NTFTFN, NTOy, NTF, The Subjunctive Mood. Singular. Sahidic. Bash. HTA, NTA, that I. NT, Nr, thou, m. NTF, thou, f. PC, , J NFC, NC, \ Plural. NTH, HTETf^, RCF, RTF, he. NTN, we. NTFTN, ye. NCF, NTF, they. 54 Chap. VII. Of Verbs. The Optative Mood. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. Bash. MApl, MApt, MAAl, / may, MApFK, MApFK, MAAFK, thou, m. MApF, MApF, MAAF, thou, f. L I, \ MADFO, ) MAAFq, 1 \ MApF, ' \ MApF, ), \ MApFC, ] MAAFC, MApFC, she. Plural. MApFN, MApFT, MAAFN, we. MApFTFN, MApFTfl, MAAFTFN, ye. MApoy, MApF, MApoy, MApF, MAAoy, MA^F, they. The Imperative Mood. Singular and Plural. A, Api.or MA, or the root itself. The Infinitive Mood. F or N or the root itself. Participles. , TTFKXIN,TTFqXN &C. OrTTXtNTA, TTXINTFK, HXlNTq &C The verb TAKO, to destroy, is given with the aug- ments, to convey a more clear idea of their position. Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 55" Coptic. f-TAKO, Indicative Mood. The 1st Present Tense. Singular. Coptic. TEN-TAKO, TETEN-TAKO, CETAKO, Sahidic. 'f'-TAKO, I am destroying. K-T AKO, thou art destroying, m. TE-TAKO, thou art destroying, f. q-TAKO, he is destroying: C-TAKO, she is destroying. Plural. Sahidic. TH, or TFN-TAKO , we are destroying. TETN, or TETEN-T AKO,ytf are destroy ing. CE-TAKO, they are destroying. The 2nd Present Tense. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. Bashmuric. El-TAKO, El-TAKO, El-TAKO, I am destroying, OH EK-TAKO, EK-TAKO, EK-TAKO, thou, m. EpE-TAKO, EpE-TAKO, E^E-TAKO, thou, f. V f 1 \j t\ 1 I w * \t f\ Eq- TAKO, > TAKO, TAKO, EC i FC- 1 TAKO, EC- TAKO, he. TAKO, she. Plural. EN-TAKO, R,or EN-TAKO, EN-TAKO, n)C. ETETEN-TAKO,ETETN-TAKO, ETETEN-TAKO, ye. Ey- oy- EpE- TAKO, oy- EpE- TAKO, Oy- } TAKO, they. 56 Chap. VII. Of Verbs. The Imperfect Tense. S i n g u 1 a r. Coptic. Sahidic. Bashmuric. NAl-TAKO TTF, NFl-TAKO TTF, NAl-TAKO TTF. / was. NAK-TAKO HP, NFK-TAKO HF, NAK-TAKO TTF, thou, m. NApP-TAKO TTF, NFpF-TAKO TTF, NApF-TAKO TTF, thou, f. NAq- ) Npq- I NAq- ) XTAKOTTF, I-*. TAKO HF, TAKO nF, he. NAC- ) > NFC- } NAC- ) TAKO TTF, V TAKO HF, she. TAKO Plural. NAN-TAKO TTF, NFN-TAKO HF, NAN-TAKO HP, we. NApFTFN-TAKOnF,NPTFTN-TAKO n NAY- ) NFY- ) NAY- ) TAKO HF, J^ TAKO TTF, } TAKO HP, they. The 1st Perfect Tense. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. Bashmuric. Al-TAKO, Al-TAKO, At-TAKO, / have. AK-TAKO, AK-TAKO, AK-TAKO, thou, m. ApP-TAKO, ApF-TAKO, ApF-TAKO, thou, f. Aq-j /^ \ TAKO, Aq) 1 > TAKO, Aq-) 1 > TAKO, he. A- \ A- \ A- ( AC ) AC ) ' AC i > TAKO, V TAKO, > TAKO. she. A- A- A- \ Chap. VII. . Of Verbs. Plural. 57 Coptic. Sahidic. AN-TAKO, AN-TAKO, ApETEN TAKO, ATETN-TAKO, AY-J A-y v > TAKO, A- ( A- TAKO, Bashmuric. AN-TAKO, We. ATETH-TAKO, ye. AY-J A- ( TAKO, they. The 2nd Perfect Tense. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. Bashmuric. FT Al-TAKO, NTAl-TAKO, ETAl-TAKO, 1 have. FTAK-TAKO, NT AK-TAKO, FTAK-TAKO, thou, m. FTApE-TAKO, RTAp-TAKO, ETApE-TAKO, thou, f. FTAq-i v . T > TAKO, ITTAq-) 1 > TAKO, ETAq-) 1 > TAKO. he. ETA- J HTA ^ FTA- j FTAC-j HTAC-) FTAC-) v , > TAKO, > TAKO, > TAKO, she. FTA- i NTA- \ FTA- \ Plural. FTAN-TAKO, NTAN-TAKO, FTAN-TAKO, we. FTApETFN-TAKO, NTATFTH-TAKO, FTApFTFN-TAKO, ye. FTAY-) HTAY-) FTAY-) > TAKO, \ TAKO, } TAKO, they. FTA- \ NTA- \ FTA- \ The Pluperfect Tense. Singular. Sahidie: NF Al-TAKO TTF, / had. NE AK-TAKO HE, thou, m. NE ApF-TAKO HE, thou, f. Coptic. NE Al-TAKO HE, NE AK-TAKO TTF, NF ApF-TAKO HE, 58 Coptic. Chap. VII. Of Verbs. Sahidic. NE Aq-/ NE Aq-/ 1 > TAKO TTE, ' > ' WE A- J NE A- } NE AC- NE AC- V NE A- TAKO HE, NE A- NE ApE- NE ApE- Plural. Coptic. NE AN-TAKO TTE, NE ApETEN-TAKO HE, NE AY-TAKO HE, TAKO HE, TAKO HE, she. Sahidic. NE AN-TAKO TTE, we. NE ATETN-TAKO TTE, y NE Ay-TAKO HE, they. Coptic. U)Al-TAKO, U)AK-TAKO, U)ApE-TAKO, The Present Tense Indefinite. Singular. Sahidic. Bashmuric. U)Al-TAKO, 0)Al-TAKO, / am. 0)AK-TAKO, UJAK-TAKO, /AtfW, m. U^ApE-TAKO, (^AAE-TAKO, Mow, f. 0)Aq- TAKO, TAKO 0)AN-TAKO, 0)ApETEN-TAKO, TAKO, TAKO, J > TAKO, A^. 0)AAE- J 0)AC- / 0)AC- ) > TAKO, _ > TAKO, she. 0)ApE- \ (^AAE- ^ Plural. 0) AN-TAKO, O) AN-TAKO, Wtf. C^ATETN-TAKO, O^ATETEN-TAKO, TAKO, . > TAKO, 0)AAE- i Chap. VII. Of Verbs. . 59 The Imperfect Tense Indefinite. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. NE 0)Al-TAKO TTF, NF U)Al-TAKO TTF, / WttS. NF 0}AK-TAKO TTF, NE O^AK-TAKO TTF, M0W, m. NE 0)ApF-TAKO HE, NE CyApF-TAKO HE, thou, f. NF (WAq- / ME 0)Aq- > TAKO TTF, NF 0)ApF-J NF NE 0)AC- NF 0)AC- V TAKO HE, NE (^ApE-^ NE 0)ApE-J Plural. NE 0)AN-TAKO HE, NF tt)AN-TAKO HE, W^. NF 0)ApFTFN TAKO HE, NE CpATFTiT-TAKO HE, ye NF TAKO TTF, > TAKO HE, NE 0AE- NF Singular. Bashmuric. NE 0)Al-TAKO HE, / was. NE OJAK-TAKO HE, ^ TAKO HE. they. NE 8* 60 Chap. VII. Of Verbs. The 1st Future Tense. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. Bashmuric. ^NA-TAKO, 'fNA-TAKO, ^NA, ^NE-TAKO, I shall. XNA-TAKO, KNA-TAKO, KNE-TAKO, thou, m. TENA-TAKO/ TENA-TAKO, thou, f. qNA-TAKO, qNA-TAKO, qNE-TAKO, he. CNATAKO, CNA-TAKO, CNE-TAKO, she. Plural. TENNA- ) TENNA-) TENNA-TAKO, > TAKO, or > TAKO, we. TENA- ) TENNE-) TETNN A- \ TETENNATAKO, > TAKO, ye. TETHA- \ CENA-TAKO, CENA-TAKO, CENE-TAKO, they. The 2nd Future Tense. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. Bashmuric. AtNA- / EINA-TAKO, EINA-TAKO, or \ TAKO, / shall. AINE- ) EKNA-TAKO, EKNA-TAKO, AKNA-TAKO, thou, m. EpENA-TAKO, EpENA-TAKO, ApENA-TAKO, thou, f. EGNA- ) EHNA- ) v. T a i/n AONA- \ L T\\tc\ h/> EpENA- V EpENA- ECNA- ECNA- ACNA- . TAKO, > TAKO, > TAKO, she. EpENA ) EpENA- \ ApENA- Chap. VH. Of Verbs. Plural. Coptic. Sahidic. Bashmuric. ENNA-) ANNA- ) ENNA-TAKO, > TAKO, or V TAKO, WC. NNA- \ ANNE- ) ETETNNA-) EDETENNA-TAKO, VTAKO, ADETENNA-TAKO, ye. ETETNA- } 61 ETETNN2 EDETENNA-TAKO, ETETHA- PVNA-) EYNA-) TAKO, EYN A-TAKO, they. EYNA-i > TAKO, OYNA-J Coptic. ElE-TAKO, EKE-TAKO, EpE-TAKO, TAKO, *pM ECE-i EpE-J TAKO, The 3rd Future Tense. Singular. Sahidic. Bashmuric. ElE-TAKO, / shall. ElE-TAKO, EKF-TAKO, EpE-TAKO, EGE-j EKE-TAKO, thou, m. EpE-TAKO, thou, f. EOF-) TAKO, \ TAKO, he. ECE- TAKO, Plural. ECF-) > EpE TAKO, she. ENE-TAKO, ENE-TAKO, ENE-TAKO, we. EpETENE-TAKO, ETETNE-TAKO, ETETNE-TAKO, ye. EYE- EpE- TAKO, EpE TAKO, TAKO, they. 62 Chap. VII. Of Verbs. Coptic. TA-TAKO, TFpATAKO, The 4th Future Tense. Singular. Sahidic. TA- TApl- TApFK-TAKO, TFpA-TAKO, TApEq-TAKO, TApEC-TAKO, Plural. Bashmuric. TAKO, TA-TAKO, / shall thou, m. TFpA-TAKO, thou, f. he. she. TApH-TAKO, we. TApFTN-TAKO, TAAFTFN-TAKO, ye. TApoy-TAKO, they. The Imperfect Future. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. Bashmuric. NAINA'TAKO, NFINA-TAKO, MAINE- or VTAKO, 1 should. NAINA- NAKNA-TAKO, NEKNA-TAKO, NAKNF-TAKO, /fl0W, m. NApFNA-TAKO, NFpFNA-TAKO, HApFNE-TAKO, thou, f. NAONA- / NEQNA- / NAqNE- / > TAKO, > TAKO, > TAKO, he. NApFNA-\ NEpFNA- J NApENF- \ NACNA- ) NFCNA- ) NACNF- ) > TAKO, > TAKO. > TAKO, she. NApENA j NEpENA- ( NApENE, ( Coptic. Chap. VII. Of Verbs. Plural. Sahidic. Bashmuric. 63 NANNA-TAKO, NENNA-TAKO, NANNE-TAKO, we. NApETENNA-TAKO, NETETNA-TAKO, NApETENNE-TAKO,y TAKO, VTAKO, }TAKO, thei/. I- \ NEpENA- \ NApENE- ] NApENA- The Subjunctive Mood. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. Bashmuric. NTA-TAKO, NTA-TAKO, NTA-TAKO, that I. NTEKTAKO, NP-TAKO, NP-TAKO, thou, m. NTE-TAKO, NTE-TAKO, NTE-TAKO, thou, f. NTEq-) 1 V TAKO, HEO, NC1-) 1 >TAKO, NEq, NCI- i > TAKO, he, NTE- \ RTE- j NTE- J NTEC-i RC- i NEC- NC i \ TAKO, > TAKO, > TAKO, she NTE- \ NTE-i NTE- ( Plural. NTEN-TAKO, NTN-TAKO, NTN-TAKO, We. NTETEN-TAKO, NTETN-TAKO, NTETR-TAKO, ye. NTOy ) NCE-) NCE-) > TAKO, > TAKO, > TAKO, they. NTE- ( NTE-( ' 64 Chap. VH. Of Verbs. The Optative Mood. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. Bashmuric. MApl-TAKO, MApl-TAKO, MAAl-TAKO, / may. MApEK-TAKO, MApBK-TAKO, MAAEK TAKO, thou, MApB-TAKO, MApE-TAKO, MAAE-TAKO, thou, f. MApEq- MApEq- 1 } TAKO, 1 } TAKO, 1 } TAKO, he. - J MApB- \ MAAF- ^ MAOEC-) MApEC-i MAAFC ) > TAKO, [ TAKO, > TAKO, she. MApE- ^ MApE- } MAAE- ( Plural. MApEN-TAKO, MApH-TAKO, MAAEN-TAKO, we. MApETEN-TAKO, MApETN-TAKO, MAAETEN-TAKO, ye. MApov-j MApoy-) MAAoy-) > TAKO, \ TAKO, > TAKO. they. , , MApE- \ MApE- ) MAAE- The Imperative Mood. Singular and Plural. A-TAKO, Apt-TAKO, destroy. MA-TAKO, TAKO, ^ The Infinitive Mood. E-TAKO, N-TAKO, TAKO, to destroy. Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 65 Participles. Coptic. Sahidic. Bashmuric. XIN, FTADF, > NTFDF, FTAC^ RTFpFC, \ 66 Chap. VII. Of Verbs. Plural. Coptic. Sahidic. Bashmuric. STAN, NTFpFN, FTAN, FTApFTFN, NTFpFTN, FTATFTFN, FTApF, HTFpOy, NTF?Voy, NTF?VEy. Verbs with the particles U)ATF, Copt. O)ANTF, Sah. until. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. Bashmuric. O^ATFK, UJANTK, U)ATF, OJANTF, (OATF, 0)ATFC,j ' Plural. U)ATFN, 0)ANTN, 0)ATFTFN, CyANTFTH, , (9ATF, (J)ANTOy, U)ANTF, Verbs with the particle FNF or FN, if. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. FNA1, FNFAl HF, FNFl FFF, FNAK, FNFAK HF, FNFK TTF, FNApF HF, FNFpF HF, FNAO, FNApF HF, FMFq,) 1 V FNFpF HF, FNAC, FNF. A TTF, FNFC, J Plural. FNAN TTF, FNFN HF, FNApFTFW TTF, ENFTFTN HF, FNAy, FNApF TTF, ENFy, FNEpF HF. Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 67 Verbs with the particle U)AN, if, when. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. Bashmuric. EIU)AN, AKO)AN, EKU)AN, EDO) AN, Plural. ANO)AN, ETETNCyAN, ApEO)AM, Verbs with the particle NUTATE, before. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. MTTATEK, MHATK, MHATF, RnATF, MHATF, 1 V MRATE, Plural. MTTATFN, RHATN, AnATETEN, MHATETH, HTTATOY, MHATE, RnATOy, RHATE. 68 Chap. VII. Of Verbs. The Tenses. The 1st Present Tense. 27. The 1st Present Tense is formed by adding the fol- lowing prefixes to the root, ^ I am, K, or xCopt, before A, M, N, oy, or p, thou art, m.: TF thou art, f. : q, he is; c, she is; TEN, C. TEN, TK, S. we are; TFTEN, C. TFTFN, or TFTN, S. ye are; CF, they are. Thus, 't'CCDOYN MTTEKgOX^FX, I know thy tribulation, Rev. II, 9. qo HNOFlK, is an adulterer, Luke XVI, 18. Sah. XF q MM Ay that he is there. John XII, 9. Sah. The 2nd Present Tense. 28. The 2nd Present Tense has the following prefixes, as, Ei, / am; FK, thou art, m. FpF, thou art, f.; pq or FpF, he is: FC or FpF, she is; FN, Copt. FN or ?T, Sah. we are; FTFTFN, FTFTN, ye are; Fy, oy or FpF, they are. 29. The second person f. is FpF, (Bash. pAp,) but be- fore vowels it is written pp, and occasionally, FpA, as pppipp, thou doest; S. Ming. 258. Fpoypu}, thou wilt ; S. Zoeg. p. 509. Sometimes it is written p pAoBF, thou art ?nad; S. Acts XII, 15. The Bash, corresponds as pAcooyN, thou knowest, Zoeg. 151. pppthe prefix of the third persons sing, and plur. is always separated from the verb, by the noun or some other word, as ppp noygwr MOK#, their heart was a/fl. ctcd, Matt.XXVI.22. ppp oyNia^'f rap N^OX- gFX (yo)TTl, for great tribulation shall be. Matt, XXIV, 21. 30. The Prefix ppp appears to be almost indefinite as to time. Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 69 31. The third person plural is Fy, but after T it is written oy, as (J)HFT oyMoyt Fpoq, when they call. Matt. XXVII, 22. F is the sign of the participle present as FCO> F XNOK oycgiMi NCAMAprrwc, to drink, I being (OVOK) a woman of Samaria, John IV, 9. F ANON gFNpa)MF NgptoMAlOC. F MN NOBF EpON, we being men Romans, not being a fault in us. Sah. Acts XVI, 37. 32. The following examples will serve to show the prefixes of the 2nd present tense, as, ANOK &F FI #N TFTMMHTF, but I am among you, Luke XXII, 27. Sah. FK g l TFglH NRMAq, thou art in the way with him. Matt. V, 25. Sah. Fq gN" TTTF, is in heaven. Matt. VI, 10. Sahidic. 33. The prefixes of this tense also express the pre- sent participle, as, AqNAy FoypCDMi FqgFMCt, he saw a man sitting, Matt. IX, 9. Niit> 2vE NAy^S tpoq ne FyxcoMMOC, and the devils besought him saying, Matt. VIII, 31.' Imperfect Tense. 34. The Imperfect Tense is formed by prefixing the following particles to the root, NAI. 1 was; NAK, thou wast, m. NApF, thou wast, f. NAq.or NApF, he was; NAC or NApF, she was. Plur. NAN, we were; NApFTFN, ye were-, NAy or NApF ? they were. The Sahidic is NFl, NFK, NFpF, NFq or NFpF, NFC Or NFpF. PllU'. NFN, NFTFTN, NFy or NFpp. Sometimes the Sahidic is writ- ten without the F, as, Nq, NC, NN, etc. 70 Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 35. The Imperfect Tense has FIE frequently follow- ing the verb, -as, oyog NAq^CBO) TIE, and taught, John VII, 14. NFqcyooTT FIE F Aqpi, that Ellas hath now come. Matt. XVII, 12. Sah. The 2nd Perfect Tense. 39. The 2nd Perfect Tense is distinguished by FT Copt, and NT Sah. being added to the first perfect, in all the persons, except that the 2 pers. fern, is NTAp, instead of HTApF. 40. The NTA, is found in the same position in com- position as the A in the first perfect, thus; NT A ic &F xooc FTBF, hut Jesus spoke concerning, John XI, 13. Sah. FNFMl XF TTXU ETAqTO)Nq FBOA^FN NHFTMtDOyT, we know that Christ hath risen from the dead. Rom. VI, 9. 41. The Prefixes are often found after the particle XF, that, and sometimes after FNF. if; and AAAA. hut. But the NT must not be confounded with NT, who, which. The Pluperfect Tense. 42. The Pluperfect Tense is formed by adding the auxiliary verb NF TTF to the prefixes of the perfect, as NF Al TTF, // NF AK TTF. thou, m.; NF ApF TTF, thou, f.; NF Aq or A TTF, he; NF AC or A TTF, she; Plur. NF AN TTF, we; NF ApFTFN or ATFTN, TTF, ye. S. NF Ay or A nF, they; as, NF AqppgHTC NplKi np, had begun to de- cline, Luke IX, 12. HioykAi NF Aypv TTE O^A MApeA, the Jews had come to Martha, John XI, 19 Sah. NF Ay- NAy TAp Fpoq Twpoy HF, for all had seen him, Mark 72 Chap. VII. Of Verbs. VI, 50. This Tense is also found without the TTF, as, VHC kF Aqi FBoA, Jesus had gone out, John V, 13. TAI &F NE ACOyAgc NCA TTAY^oc, ##Mi NOycoT MOy. that one man should die, John XI, 50. The 4th Future Tense. 49. The Prefixes to this Tense are very seldom met with, but we may note a few examples, as, TAOyAgT Pco)K. Master, 1 will 'follow thee. Matt. VIII, 19. Sah. oy03 gwnnF TFpAFpBOKl, and behold thou shalt conceive, Luke I, 31. TFpANAy Fncooy M^t, thou shalt see the glory of God. John XI, 40. TApnpNOBF XF HT- HOJOOTT AN gA TTNOMOC. shall we sin because we are not under the law? Rom. VI, 15. Sah. OJINF TApFTFKfiNF. TO)gH TApoyoycoN NHTN, seek, ye shall find; knock, they shall open to you. Luke XI, 9. Sah. The Imperfect Future Tense. 50. This Tense contains the Prefixes to the imper- fect, and NA the characteristic of the future, as, NAINA, NFINA. /; NAKNA, NFKNA, Sah. thou, m.; NApFNA, NFpFNA; Sah. thou, f.; etc. often with TIE. oyog eAi NAC- NAMOy np, and she was about to die, Luke VIII, 42. NApF TTIXOI TAp NAglOyi MOFqAOyiN FMMAy, for Chap. VH. Of Verbs. 75 the ship was to cast out her burden there. Acts XXI, 3, NApFTFNNATHiTOY NHi TTF, ye would have given them to me. Galat. IV, 15. NFYNAMIO^F TTF NOT CFNT, this cup pass from me. Matt. XXVI, 39. MApFqNAgMFq MA- ppqToyxoq, let him deliver him, lei him save him, Psalm XXII, 8. The Bashmuric has MAApq, MAAFN, etc. The Imperative Mood. 53. The Imperative Mood is expressed by the root itself without any Prefix, as, COTTFM, hear thou, hear ye; CMOy, praise thou, praise ye; or it takes A, Api, or MA before the root, as, AN Ay oyo# ApFg FpCDTFN, see, and keep you, Luke XII, 15. NHFTO)0)Ni Apuj>Abpi Fpouoy, heel the sick, Matt. X, 8. ApiMHrpE A TTATTFeooy, bear witness of the evil, John XVIII, 23. Sah. Api(J)MFyi M^pwt FTAqcAXi NFMCDTFN, remember, as he spoke with you, Luke XXIV, 6. (])Ai &F XpiFMi, and know this, Luke XII, 39. AXOC, Copt. AXIC, Sah. say, say ye; AMOy, come; AAi, take, from pA; AAoK, Zoeg. p. 520. AAo)TH, suffer ye her, John XII, 7. Sah. from Ao. ANt, bring, from FN etc. The Infinitive Mood. 54. The Infinitive Mood is sometimes expressed by the root itself, but more frequently it has F or N pre- fixed, as, EyKcotflCA CAXI NFMAq, seeking to speak Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 77 with him, Luke XII, 46. thus, AqTAoyoq FCMoy FpcuTFN, he sent him to bless you, Acts III, 26. oyog All FfTFCHT FNAgMOy, and I have come down to deliver them, Acts VII, 34. AqppgHTC Ngioyi FBcA, he began to cast out, Luke XIX, 45. oyog MHF z\\ U)*:FMXOM NFpoyo), find no one could answer, Matt. XXII, 46. Ayo) AyApXEl NcyAXF, and began to speak., Acts II, 4. Sahidic. The Coptic takes n before the verb as a sign of the Infinitive, as F TTKOCT, nyog TO twatptdaai fie, to my burial, Sah. Matt. XXVI, 12. TTCoyo>Nr, TO hifaraaOal N, 7T(>6g TO neiOeoOai avTovg, Copt. ETpEyccDTH NAN, to obey us, or that they may obey us, James III, 3. bFN TTXiNTOyTACGO, aV TUJ vnooT()(psir> avTovg, in their re- turning, Luke II, 43. 78 Chap. Vn. Of Yerbs. The Participles. 55. The Participles of the Present Tense are ex- pressed by the Prefixes of the 2nd Present Tense, as, Fqxo)MMOC, he prayed, saying, Matt. XXVI, 39. NToyA(j)F Fyxo)MMOC, Wa 99^ n 9 their heads, say- ing, Matt. XXVII, 39. FqMOocyp Ayo> Fqxiqoo"c Fqcnoy ETTNOyTF, walking and kaping, praising God, Acts III, 8. S. Participles are also expressed by the Prefixes of the Perfect and the Future with the relative pronoun prefixed, as, Necuoy AF FTAycouTFM Ayt&oy M(J>t, cl de axuaavreg, doerbi> TOV xvqiov, and they hearing, or (when they heard) glorified God, Acts XXI, 20. FTAqqAl &F NNFqBAA Fna))l, and lifting up his eyes, John VI, 5. oyog NHF9NACO)TFM F>FO)Nb, and those hearing (oi dxouottvrtg) shall live, John V, 25. F9NATAKO, perituram, John VI, 27. Participles are also formed by prefixing F to the signs of the Perfect Tense, as, FAqgONgFN, nayayysikag, Matt. X, 5. FAyfeATT, xywavTeg, Acts XIII, 27. FATFTFNFp^HTC ICXFN T^HH, d()%d{iwoi, beginning from Jerusalem, Luke XXIV, 47. The Potential Mood. 56. The Letter a), (FO) Sahitic.) is often met with between the Prefixes and verbs, being the sign of the Potential Mood. It is found connected with the pre- formants of the Indicative Mood, and the Negative Pre- fixes, but is most frequently united with those of the Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 79 Future Tenses, thus: NAycoo~Ni XE Apwoy CENAOJNO- EM MTTIXOI EMAy, they took counsel whether they could save the vessel there, Acts XXVII, 39. TEqrENEA NlM nETNAEO^TAyoc , who can declare his generation, Acts VIII, 33. Sah. NNAEtt)oyxAt N^HTq, del afodfjvai, by which we can be saved, Acts IV, 12. Sah. EyxcDMMOC NAq XE HIM E0NAU)NOgEM, saying to him, who can be saved? Mark X, 26. Of the Prefix O)0y. 5-7. M. Quatremere says that cyoy, when placed be- fore verbs serves to indicate that a thing ought to be done, that it merits to be done; as "AqToyTcoN rsq- xix FBoA NcyoycoAnc, It efendit sa main, qui eut merite detre coupee." In composition it appears to express di- gnus, as, gcuc ^ANcyoyMFNpiToy NE NFKMANcyconi, how worthy to be loved (lovely} are thy tabernacles, Psalm LXXXIII, 1. kAyik nioypo fricyoyTAioq, David the king, very worthy to be honoured. Prec. Copt. MS. p. 277, 284 etc. gOJB f3fa)OYpa)TTHpe HMOq, things worthy to be admired, Zoeg. 619. Sahidic. The Negative Prefixes. The Negative Prefix N. 58. The negative Prefixes to verbs are AN, N, with AN, N, M, MITE, NUTATE, TM, o^TEM, which are thus used. 80 Chap. VH. Of Verbs. The 1st Present Tense Negative. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. AN, N+ AN, NK AN, NT AN, NTF AN, RTF AN, Nq AN, Nq AN, NC AN, NC AN, Plural. NTFN AN, NTN AN, NTFTFN AN, NTFTN AN, NCF AN, NCF AN, FNCF FN, Bashmuric. FN or N't" HN, / thou, m. /^ K thou, f. NFq AN, > NADF AN, > NAC AN, J NFT AN, j Plural. NAN AN, NFN AN, we. NApFTFN AN, NFTETN AN, ye. NAyAN AN, NApF AN, MFy AN, they. he. t he( she. Chap. VH. Of Verbs. 81 The Perfect Tense Negative. Singular. > Coptic. NETAl AN, /. NETAK AN, thou, m. NETApE AN, t/lOU, f. NETAq AN, he. NETAC AN, she. Plural. NETAN AN, we. NETApETEN AN, ye. NETAY AN, NETA AN, they. The 1st Future Tense Negative. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. Bashmuric. N^NA AN, N^NA, NEINA AN, N^NE EN, /. NXNA AN, RPNA AN, thou, m. NTENA AN, NTENA AN, thou, f. NqNA AN, NCNA AN, NONA NADENA AN, NCNA AN, AN, NqNA EN, lie. she. Plur al. NTENNA AN, NTNNA AN, we. NTETENNA AN, NTETNNA AN, ye. NCENA AN, NCENA AN, they. 11 82 Chap. VII. Of Verbs. The 2 a nd Future Tense Negative. Singular. Sahidic. NNA, /. NNFK, thou, m. HNE, thou, f. "> NNF, /^ and she. * NE Mi NETAqi AN, for the son of man hath not come, Mark X, 45. The 1st Future Tense Negative. 62. The following are specimens of the first Future Tense negative, NqNAXA GHNoy AN, he will not leave you, 1 Cor. X, 13. EpE npo>ME NA(i)Ng AN E OEIK HMATF, man shall not live by bread alone, Mat. Ill, 4. Sah. NApE ^METoypo NTE \ NAI AN, the kingdom of God will not come. Luke XVII, 20. NCENABoAq EBoA AN, which shall not be thrown down. Mat. XXIV, 2. The 2nd Future Tense Negative. 63. This future occurs without the AN, as TTANAI kE NNAoAq EBoA Apoq, my mercy I will not take from him. Ps. LXXX1X, 33. oyAi EBoA NbnToy NNEqAoqAEq, one of them shall not be broken, Ps. XXXIV, 20. NNETEN- (])02 EMEU^T NiBAKi NTE mcA, ye shall not have gone over 11* 84 Chap. VII. Of Verbs. the cities of Israel, Mat. X, 23. When these Prefixes follow the Particles XF, XEKAC, goncoc, &c., they ex- press the Subjunctive. It may perhaps be hardly necessary to observe that the Prefix is sometimes written EN instead of N. The Negative Prefix M. 64. The following form of this Prefix is only found in the Sahidic and Bashmuric Dialects, viz. The Present Tense. Singular. Sahidic. ME1, /. MEK, thou, m. MEpE, thou, f. K>4f?f1 i '^^ \ MEpE, he and she. ME M she. Plural. MEy, MEpE, they. The Imperfect Tense. NEMEq, he. The Perfect Tense. MAK, thou, m. MAq, he. E is found prefixed to this form as the sign of the Participle, as EMBC], EMBC, EHEY, &c. Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 85 The Negative Prefix MTTE. The Present Tense. Singular. Plural. Coptic. Coptic. An At, /. MTTAN, we. MTTAK, thou, m. MTTATETEN, yc. MTTApE, thou, f. MTTAY? MTTApE, they. , v 1 } MnApF, he and she. HTTA( M she. Coptic. MTU, MTTF, The Perfect Tense. Singular. Sahidic. , Rnt, Bashmuric. EMFIEK, thou, m. RTTE, thou, f. RTTEq, JRnE, he. EMTTEq, he. RHEC, ^ an d she. EMTTEC, she. Plural. MTTEN, MnfT, RnEN, we. MnETEN, MTTtTlT, ye. nnoy, Rnoy, nnE, EMrjoy, they. E before the M is a sign of the Participle. 86 Chap. VII. Of Verbs, The Subjunctive. The Imperfect and Perfect Tenses. Singular. Coptic. ETEMTU, /. ETFMTTFK, thou, m. ETFMTTF, thou, f. ETEMTTEq,) s jf? 1 > ETEMTTE, he and she. Plural. ETEMHEN, we. ETEMTTETEN, ye. ETEMnoy, they. These Prefixes in Coptic correspond with RTFpiTR in Sahidic. The Negative Prefix MI7ATE. The Indicative and Subjunctive. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. MTTAt, RTTAt, /. MHATEK, FinATK, thou, m. j thou, f. , , } MHATF. 1 VMnATF, he & she. , MOATC, / Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 87 Plural. Coptic. Sahidic. MTTATEN, RTTATN, We. MTTATETEN, RTTAT^TN, ye. MTTATOy, MTTATE, RTTATOy, RTIATE, they. The Imperfect and Pluperfect Tenses. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. NE MnA^ TIE, NE RTTA+ HE, /. NE MTTATEK HE, NE RnATK HE, tflOU, m. ME MnATE HE, NE HTTATE HE, thou, f. NE MTTATEq HE, NE RnATq TIE, ^ RTETH. he & she. NTECOJTEM, j HCTM,) ^^ Plural. NTENU^TEM, RTNTR, We. NTETEN(^TEM, NTETHTM, ye. , NCEOJTEM, NCETH, 88 Chap. VII. Of Verbs. The Subjunctive. The Imperfect and Pluperfect Tenses. Singular. Sahidic. NTFpElTM, /. HTFpEKTM, thou, m. NTFpETM, thou, f. HTFpEqTM, he. HTEpFCTM, she. Plural. FTTEpoyTM, they. Conditional. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. Bashmuric. AU^TFM, EITM, / AKU^TEM, FKTH, thou, m. ApFU)TEM, EpFTM, thou, f. he aqujTEM, EqTM, >ApFO)TFM, _ > EDFTM, AAEO^TEM, he & she. ACO)TEM Plural. AN(^TFM, FNTM, we. ApETENO)TEM, ETETNTM, ye. they. Another particle with this Prefix in the Sahidic is U)AN, if, as FUyANTM, FKO)ANTM, etc. Chap. VH. Of Verbs. 89 The Imperative. Coptic. Sahidic. Bashmuric. MTTEp, Fmp, MTTENepE, RnprpE, These take the Pronoun Suffixes, as MTTENepi, for which see the auxiliary verb epE, Coptic, rpu, Sahidic which are below. The Infinitive. Coptic. Sahidic. Bashmuric. EU)TEM, ETM, Ett)TM, and and EOJTEMGpE, ETMTpE, EO)TEMEepE, ETMETpE. These like the above take the Pronoun Suffixes to the verb epE, Coptic and rpE, Sahidic. The Auxiliary verb 6pE, TpE, Sah. to be, to do. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. Bashmuric. epi, rpa, /. epEK, TPEK, thou, m. epE, TPE, thou, f. 7i*> epEq, epE, epEC, J rpEq, j > TOE. TpEC, j fie. he and she. she. Plural. epEN, rpEN, we. OpETETEN, epETEN, TpETETN, TpETH, ye. epoy, epE, TpEy, rpE, rpoy, they. 12 90 Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 65. The Auxiliary is thus used NH kE ETAyepi- XO)NT, and have made me angry , or have provoked me. Num. XV, 23. Aqepo MMOC EXC|)E NOUK, causeth her to commit adultery. Matt. XIX, 9. AyrpF TTXOI ACAi, they made the vessel that it should be lightened, or they ligh- tened the vessel Acts XXVII, 38. Sahidic. +NATpETETN- pTTMEEyE NNECjgBviyE, I will cause that you remember his works, I will remind you of his works, 1 John 10. Sah. MHHCA TpABCDK, after my departure. Acts XX, 29. Sahidic. no~C <|)viETepo NNAI, the Lord who doeth these things, Acts XV, 17. EGpoyNAy Epcuoy NXE wpomi, that men may see them, Matt. XXIII, 5. E0pETENO)(y ETAl EmcToAn, that ye read this epistle, 1 Thes. V, 26. 66. epE and rpE are signs of the Subjunctive with E, or some sign of the Subjunctive before them, as EGpEKAlTOy, that thou mayest do them, or to do them. Acts XXII, 10. EepEqu)o>m fuuyr NoyMHO) NEO- NOC, that he might be the father of many nations, Rom. IV, 18. EGpoycAXl NApA.K, that they might speak be- fore thee, Acts XXIII, 30. ATTC ON ETpANAy ETKEg- pcoMH, it is necessary also that I should see Rome. Acts XIX, 21. Sah. NANOYC NAN ETpEN(fo) MTTAI MA, it is good for us that we should remain here, or to remain here. Mark IX, 5. Sah. EepE NIEGNOC CCUTEM FTTICAXI, that the gentiles should hear the word, Acts XV, 7. ETMTpEq- BO)K E^oyN, that he would not go in, Acts XIX, 31. Sah. RNNCA TpE nEcyroprp Ao, after the tumult ceased, Acts XX, 1. Sah. ETpEygApEg Epoq, to keep him, or that they should keep him. Acts XII, 4. Sah. Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 91 It will be seen that pepp and FTpp with the suf- fixes express also the infinitive. "We may also observe that these auxiliaries, taking the Pronoun suffixes, often lose their distinctive signi- fication, which is absorbed by the following verb. The Auxiliary Verb Fp, p, Sah. FA. Bash, to be, to do. 67. When the verb pp. p or pA, is joined to a noun, it is a verb, as oyo)iNi, light; ppoyouNi, to enlighten or to make light; Mpepp, a witness; Fpnpepp, to bear witness. Fp is prefixed to verbs, and nouns used verbally, derived from the Greek, as NAyppACTTA^Fcep MMoq, they saluted him, Mark IX, 15. pypp^pAmc FTTFqpAN, they shall hope in his name, Mat. XII, 21. But p in Sah. is very seldom prefixed to words derived from the Greek. \, to give, is also an auxiliary, and is joined to o)oy, Copt. pooy, Sah. FAy, Bash, glory, 'j-cooy, ^pooy, Sah. to give glory, to glorify. TOT, Copt. TOOT, Sahidic. TAAT, Bash., the hand, 'f'TOT, -fTOOT, to give the hand, to help. MKAg, sorrow, grief, -fMKAg, to give sorrow, to afflict. Of Irregular and defective Verbs. 68. Of the verb TTF, to he, which is generally ac- companied with a personal Pronoun, as ANOK TTF, I am. Psalm XLIX, 7. HTOK TTF, thou art, Ezech. XXXVIII, 17. weoq nu, he is, John XIII, 26. ANON TTF, we are, 1. John III. 1. Sah. NTCOTN TTF, ye are, Matt. V, 14. Sahidic. 12* 92 Chap. VII. Of Verbs. TTE, few are, Mat. XXII, 14. NAl TTF, these are, John XX, 18. TE is construed with feminine nouns in the same way, as TAcapj TF, John VI, 55. The Present Tense. Singular. Masc. Fern. Tie, / am, m. TE, / am, f. TTF,, thou art, f. TF, *$0& art, f. TTF, ^ or it is: TF, ^^ or it is. NE, HE, Plural. we ye are. they The Imperfect Tense. Sing, and Plural. NF TTFj, was or were, m. NE TE, was or were, f. The Irregular Verb XF, XO, X(D, or XOO, Sah. XA, Bash, to say. The Present Tense. Singular. Coptic. fxO) MMOC,) txoc, I 7 ^' KXO) MMOC, thou sayest, m. Fqxo) MHOC, ) > EOEXO) MMOC, he or she says. XO) MMOC. FCXCJD MMOC Qhap. VII. Of Verbs. 93 Singular. Sahidic. , / say. , thou sayest, m. MMOC, ) he sa y s - MMOC, he or she says. qxu> MMOC, FCXOD MMOC, Plural. Coptic and Sahidic. TFNXO) MMOC, we say. & TFTRXOD MMOC, ye say. MMOC, they say. CEXO) MMOC, The Imperfect Tense. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. NAVXO) MMOC, NBIXO) MMOC, / did say. MMOC, NFq2s:a) MMPC. he did say. Plural. MMOC, NBy^> MMOC, they did say. The Perfect Tense. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. Aixo)TOy> TTEXAI, / have said. AKXOC, AIXOTOV, ) \ thou, m. Aqxoc, AKXOOC, \ , he. Aqxoc, \ AqxAC^ he. ACXOC, Aqxooc, ( AXOOC, he or she. ACXOOC, he and she. 94 Chap. VII. Of Verbs. Plural. Coptic. Sahidic. ApFTENXO) MMOC, ye. TTEJKDOy MMOC, they. AyxoOC, they. Ayxoc. The Future Tense. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. EKEXOC, EKFXOOC, thou shalt, etc. qNAXooc, ) EGNAXOC, \ he. Plural. TPNNAXE, we. TUNAXOC^. we. , they. CFNAXOoy^ they. The Imperative Mood. Coptic. Sahidic. AXOC, AXtc, say. The Infinitive. Coptic. Sahidic. Axoq, AXIC, to say. The Perfect Tense. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. Bashmuric. nexm, nexAi, npxHi, / said. TTPXAK, HEXAK, tllOU, m. nEXAq, ) nEXAq, | HEXF, nExeq, he. HEXAC, ( HEXAC, \he*x&she. nE^EC, she. Chap. VII. Of Verbs. 95 Plural. Coptic. Sahidic. Bashmuric. TTBXAN, We. TTEXCDTEN, ye. TTEXAY. TTEXF, nEXAy, TTEXF, nsxpy, they. 69. oyON. and oyFT, Sah. oyAN, Bash, are used for the verb to have or to be, and MMON, Mlrf% Sah. not to have, or to be. But when they take the Personal Suffixes after them, they always represent the verb to have, with MMAy, which is very often added. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. oycwnn, oyoN'h oyRTAi, oyirf, / OyoNTAK, OyONTFK. OyHTAK, OyRTK. thou, m. oyoNTF ? oyRTF, thou, f. oyoNTAq, oyowTpq, oyfrTAq ; oyHrq, he. OyONTAC, OyANTFC, OyflTAC. OyNTC. she. Plural. OyONTAN, OyONTFN, OyHTAN, We. OyONTETPN, OyONTO)TEN, OyHTETN, OyHTHTN, ye. oyoNToy, oyoNToooy, oyHTAy, oyFrrey, they. Singular. Bashmuric. OyANTHl,, /. oyANTwq, oyANTEq, he. oyANTHC, she. Plural. oyANTHN, we. oyANTHOy, they. 96 Chap. VII. Of Verbs. The Participle is formed by adding F, as FoyoNTFK, thou having. The above are also written oyoNNTm, oyoNNTAK, oyoNNTAq, etc. The Negative not to have, is thus expressed, and generally with MMAy. The Present Tense. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. Bashmuric. MMONTHl, MMON^. MMH'}-, MfTt, MFNTHl, / MMONTFK, MMNTK. MNTK, tllOU, m. MMONTE, MfTTF, thou, f. MMONTFq, MMONTAq, MMNTAq, MNTq, MFHTHiq, he. MMONTFC, MMONTAC^ MHHTAC, MHTC, she, Plural. MMONTFN, MMONTAN, MNTAN, MFNTHN, We. MMONTETFN^ MMONTO)TFN, MNTHTN, ye. MMONTOY?HHONTO)OY, MHTAy? MNTOy, MFNTFy, they. The Imperfect Tense. Coptic. Sahidic. NF MMONTFq HE, he. NF MNTK. tllOU, m. NF MMONTOy TTF, they. NF MNTCJ, he. NF MHTC, she. These are sometimes written MMON N^ or NTHI, MMONNTAN, MMONNTCQTFN^ etc. Chap. VII. Of Verbs. . 97 Of Verbs Passive. 70. To what has been said of verbs Passive under Chap. V, we may add the following. Verbs active are made passive by changing the vowels of the root, as KCD, to put, KH, to be put, Sah. Moyp, to bind, MHp, to be bound, CA.& to write, CHg,, to be written, Sah. TO) 3, to mix, THg, to be mixed, Sah. O)0)q, to lay waste, tt)H(j, to be laid ?vastc, Sah. Verbs active ending in o and in the passive in woyT, Copt, and in wy in Sah. as TAAo, to put on, TAAwoyT, Copt. raAwy, Sah. to be put on, etc. 71. The Participles are formed by adding FT, as FTTAKwoyT, from TAKO, and FTTAKTHOYT. from TAKTO ; and sometimes by suffixing T also to the end as FT- cgoyopr, from cgoyp, Sah. Of Suffixes to Verbs. The following are the Pronoun Suffixes to Verbs. Singular. Coptic. Sahidic. I or T, l or r, me. K, K or r, thce, m. f, i, TS or e. thce, f. q, q, him. c, c, her. Plural. N, TFN, N, TFT, US. TUN, TN, 1JOU. oy, oy. them. 13 98 Chap. VII. Of Verbs. The first Person singular. 72., The i is suffixed to verbs ending in o, as MA- TOyxoi, deliver me, Ps. CXXXIX, 1. gA (J)HFTAqTAoyot, to him that sent me, John VII, 33. The T is suffixed to other verbs as, oyog TETENNAXFMT AN, and ye shall not find me, John VII, 36. FKENAgMET, thou shall save me, Ps. XLII, 1. The second Person singular. 73. nFXE THC NAq TCDNK, Jesus said unto hini rise, John V, 8. HKAAK EBoAj to release thee, John XIX, 10. Sah. To>oyNr TTFTpE, rise Peter, Acts X, 13. Sah. Eq- xo)RMOC XETOJoyNr, saying arise, Acts X, 26. Sahidic. oyog CFNAqif FBoA, Copt. Ayco CFNAqiTF FBoA, Sah. and shall carry thee out, f. Acts V, 9. TTFKNAg'f FTFTAqNAgMi, thy faith hath saved thee, f. Mat. IX, 22. ^A-Acy TO)oyNi, maid arise, f. Luke VIII, 54. The first Person plural. 74. AAAA NAgMFN FBoA#A TTinFT0)Oy., but deliver us from evil, Mat. VI, 13. qNATAMON FgouBWM, he will show us all things, John IV, 25. Sah. AK<}>ACTFN M^pHt thou hast tried us as silver, Psalm LXVI, 10. A TTNOyTE MENpETFT, if God hath loved us, 1. John IV, 11. Sahidic. Chap. VII. Adverbs. Conjunctions. U'J The second Person plural. 75. FqFTAMflDTFN, he shall make known unto you, John XVI, 13*. AqMEpiTN, hath loved us, Rom VIII. 37. Sahidic. The third Person plural. 76. AqTAMO)oy FNEqxix, he showed them his hands, John XX, 20. FJsoeBoy, Copt. FgOTBoy, Sahidic. to kill them, Deut. IX, 28. XFKAC FqExiroy FyMHp, that he might lead them bound, Acts IX, 21. Sah. Of Adverbs. 77. A few adverbs are formed from nouns by pre- fixing the letter F to them, with the article, as Fgooy, a day, Sah. Fngooy, daily, F(fAHoy, in vain. ,But most often adverbs are formed thus t>FN oy- couoyTFN, oyOwq, rightly, Luke XX, 21. t>FN oyMFOMHi, truly, Luke XX, 21. The other adverbs will be easily discovered in the course of reading. Of the Conjunction XF. 78. The conjunction XF frequently answers to the word quod, and generally follows the verbs of seeing, hearing, saying, and declaring; as oyog AqNAy Fnoy- oriw XF NANEq, and he saw the light that it was good. Gen. I, 4. XF ecooy TE ^MFToypo NTF Nt(J)Noy^ for theirs is the kingdom of heave i, Mit. V, 3. 13* 100 Chap. VII. Prepositions. It is often united with prepositions, as EGBF XF, FBHA XF, F(j)MA XF. etc. Of Prepositions. 79. 1) Prepositions abound in the Egyptian Lan- guage, two or more of them being frequently united in composition ; as Fboyn F, FgoyN F, Sah. in; pbpm FXFN, above; FBoAbFN, FBoA grT, Sah. 0#/ of; fcbpm bFN, f/ CA TTFCHT, gi TIFCHT, and F TTFCHT, beneath, under. The Preposition F is frequently 'found united with others : as FboyN F,, in, info; gpm F, to, towards; OJA Fgpm F, to etc. 2) Prepositions are sometimes prefixed to Substan- tives, which ^then have the force of Prepositions only, as has been already shown, as gApo, to; gApoi, to me; from gA, to and po., the mouth; FpA. to, before; from F to, and gpA, the face; etc. 3) The Prepositions are also used in composition with verbs, to express the idea conveyed by the verb and preposition when separated; as OIF Fmyun, to ascend; from cyp, to go, and Fnu^un, above; IFTIFCHT, to descend; from i to go, and FFIFCHT, beneath; OJF FboyN, to enter; from o)F, to go, and FboyN, in. 4) The preposition FBoA, very often occurs in con- nection with verbs; as qiFBO\. to bear, to carry out; XA FBoA, to remit; ccop FBoA, to disperse; (XJDpn FBoA, to reveal, &c. 5) The Preposition FBoA is used with nouns in the same way, as O)HVFBoA, a paralytic; xoyojT FBoA. ex- pectation; xo>p FBoA, a dispersion; BU)A FBoA, a dissolu- Chap. VII. Prepositions. 101 tlon; &c. It is also used with the same words when used verbally. 6) A considerable number of Prepositions take the Pronoun suffixes, as AT^NF, Copt, without, AT from. FHHp, beyond, over. FnECHT, beneath, under. FCKFN, by, near. Fy, in, to. , in, within. Sahidic. N, without. FBoA, from, out of. v from, out of. FBoAglTH, of, from. , from. , \ \ of, from. N, } Ey, in, to. , in, within. l, in, to. l FXH, to. i M, of, from. 102 Coptic. Fbpw, in, to. Fbpm, V I, in, above, upon. A, upon. , upon, above. >, above. , from. MFNFNCA, after. MTTFM00, before. NApA, before. NFM, with. NoyFU)FN, without. NCA, ff/2!er. NTFN, Chap. VII. Prepositions. Sahidic. HNNCA, after. FlTTFlTO, i FinFlTO FBO\ ( FinKflQTF, H to. > within. before. , within. oyBF, against. oyTF, between. , behind. , towards. tApO, of, from. bATFN, nigh to. J3ATOT, nigh to, to. NM, , n. nAgoy, behind. , o/, from. before. ATN, \ e^9H, CATCH, en,) . V Z/Z. e^4 tprT, before. to. Chap. VII. Prepositions. Conjunctions. Interjections. Coptic. ' > before. 103 t>AXO>, t>FN, VI. t>FNT, near to. gA, to. gl, upon, in. glNtup, beyond. gipFN, before. , of. glXFN, Of Conjunctions. 80. 8) The conjunction oyog, #< is frequently omitted in composition, as oyog AYoycoM THpoy Ayct, and they all ate (and) were satisfied. Mat. XV, 37. Copt. oyog ic gANArruAoc Ayt Ayo)FMO)i MMoq, w, the lead; hpF, food; &c. 84. Compound words are formed by uniting two or more words, as qTF())AT, a quadruped, from qTF, four and O)T, a refuge, a place to flee to-, from MA, and <])a>T, a flight. MANUJODTTt, a habitation; from MA, and tt)0)TTi, to dwell. MAfct*gATI, a tribunal', from MA, and -f, to give, and gAff, judgment. Some words are composed of ME or MAI, loving, united with other words, as MAigAT, covetous-, from MAI, and AT. silver, MAlTAlO, ambitious; from MAt, and TAto, honour. Chap. VIII. Of the Formation of words. 105 MET or MF9, Copt, and MNT. Sah. are often pre- fixed to nouns and also to words derived from the Greek; as MFToypo, a kingdom; from MET and oypo, a king; MFTMATOI, an army; from MET and MATOI, a soldier; MHTMFrrpF, a testimony; from MNT and MHTpF, a wit- ness; Sah. &c. The word pEM, Copt, and pR, Sah. AEM. Bash, a native, an inhabitant, or belonging to, and the sign of the genitive prefixed to nouns; as pEMNHi, a domestic; from pEM and HI, a house; pEMM(j)E, heavenly; from pFM and (J)E, heaven; pEMNXHMl, an Egyptian; pFMTApCOC, a native of Tarsus. pEq , Copt, and Sah. Apq , Bash, added to verbs form compound nouns, as pFqNAy, an inspector, from MAY) * sec - pPC|S)Rj0F* Sah. a minister, from cyRu)F, to minister, AFq'tcETT, Bash, a judge; from t6 ATT > to judge. CA, Copt, and Sah. an artificer, is used in the form- ation of some words, as CANtfvixi, a maker or seller of purple ; from dilXl , purple. CANCOIK, a baker; from CD IK, bread. CAHgOMRT, Sah. an artificer in brass; from gOMRT, brass. XIN. Copt, and Bash. (TiN, Sah. prefixed to verbs often denote the presence of the action, so that they then correspond with the infinite of the Greek, with the article; as xiNMOu)i, Copt. (MNMOOO^F, Sah. the action of going, TO go. With these prefixes verbs are frequently used as nouns; as XINX<]>O, possession, from x(|)0, to possess. *. a preparation, from c gANcyoyMUNpiToy NF NFKMANOjomi, How worthy to be loved are thy tabernacles. Ps. LXXXIII, 1. from MFNpiT, beloved. gA, Copt., Sah. and Bash, appears to express a person, master or chief "; as gANU)F, Sah. a centurion, or chief of a hundred men, from tt)F, a hundred. gAMO)F, Sah. a carpenter, an artificer in wood. &c. AT or A9, Copt., Sah. and Bash, which is a nega- tive prefix to nouns. AA, Copt, much, greatly, as AAXAA, very shady. Some nouns are formed from verbs by adding a Letter at the end, as cgoyopr, a curse, from cgoyop, to curse. pAbr, a fuller; from pAb, to wash; XApoq, silence;. from XApu>, to silence. Part IV. Of the Dialects. 1. We know very little of the ancient Language of Egypt, and nearly all the remains of it we now possess, have been transmitted to us through the medium of the Coptic, Sahidic and Bashmuric Dialects. The Coptic Dialect was spoken in Lower Egypt, of which Memphis was the capital, hence it has been called with great propriety the Memphitic Dialect, The Sahidic derived its name from the Arabic word EN, prepos. TApXH, noun f. with T the defin. art. f. prefixed NE TTE, verb, irreg. imper. 3 pers. sing. TTCAXI, noun m. with rr the defin. art. m. prefixed, oyog conjunct. NAqXH verb indie, imper. 3. pers. sing, from XH. k>ATEN, prepos. Al ENAqXH ICXEN g H tATEN \. This was from the beginning with God. (j)Ai, pron. demonstr. sing. m. ENAqXH, verb, imperf. (see above) with E pron. rel. ICXEN, prepos. &\, noun sing. 3. gcoBNiBEN Ayajoom EBoAgiTorq oyog ATo'Noq MHE gAi (ycjom BEN ^>HET Aqcyoini. All things were made by him , and without him was not anything made, among that which was made. ^(WBNIBEN. compound adject, from ni. verb. perf. 3. pers. sing, see above. Chap. VIII. Praxis. Ill 4. NF ncowb TTF FTP N^HTq oyog TTCDNb TTF (J)oy- (JDINI NNlp(DMl TTF. 7w //rc 7##s life, and the life was the light of men. , TTO)Nt>, noun sing, with n, the defin. artic. m. pref. FTF, pron. relat. sing. wburq, prep, with q suff. NF... TTF, verb, irreg. imperf. 3. pers. sing. (j)oyanNi, noun sing, with (j) def. art. m. pref. NNipcoMi, noun pi. with N sign of gen. and NI def. art. plur. m. prefixed. 5. oyog TTioycmw AqFpoytDiw t>FN mxAKt oyog MHF mxAKt cyrAgoq. And the light shined in the darkness, and the dark- ness did not comprehend it. AqFpoycDiw, verb. perf. 3. pers. sing, from ayo)iw with Fp prefixed. ntXAKi, noun sing, with m def. art. m. sing. pref. (yTA^oq, verb perf. 3. pers. sing, with MTTF, (see above) and a) intensive prefixed, and q suif. from TAgo. 6. AqcycDm NXF oypo)Mi FAyoyopnq FBoAgiTFN ty\ FnFqpAN np KDANNHC. There was a man who was sent by God, whose name was John. NXF, a sign of the nominative. oypooMt, noun sing, m. with oy indef. art. sing, prefixed. F, pron. relat. sing. Ayoyopnq. verb. perf. 3. pers. plur. for the pass. sing, (see pass, v.) and q 3. pers. sing. suff. EBoAgiTFN, prep. FfTFqpAN, F rel. pron. npq, his m. pAN, noun sing. m. TTF, verb irreg. imperf. 7. <|>Al Aqi FyMFTMF0pF glNA NTFqFpMF9pF glNA NTF OyONNlBFN NAg'f 112 Chap. VIII. Praxis. This (man) came for a jvitness, that he might witness to the light, that every one might believe through him. Aqi, verb perf. 3. pers. sing, from i FyMFTMFepF, noun sing, with Ey f r PO Y> F prepos. oy, indef. art. contract, into ey. gtNA, conjunct, NTFqppMFepF. verb, subjunct, 3. pers. sing, from Meepe with Fp prefixed. bA, prepos. oyoNNiBEN, adj. NTF NAgt, verb subjunct. 3. pers. sing. 8. NF N0oq AN TTF moyoMNi AMA INA NTFqFp- HF0pF bA niOyODlNl. He was not the light, but that he might witness to the light. N0oq, pron. 3. pers. m. AN, adv. AAi\A ; conj. 9. NAqO)OTT NXF moyCDlNl NTA(|)MHl oy, Dat. proh. plur. 12. NH AF FT Ayojonq Fpcooy Aqt Fpu)io)i Noooy FFp cpwpi NNoyf- NHF0 NAgt FnFqpAN. But those who received him to them, he gave them power to become sons of God, (to] those who believe in his name. NH, pron. demon, plur &F, conj. FT, pron. rel. pi. Ayjyorrq, verb. perf. 3. pers. pi. Aq'f, verb. perf. 3. pers. sing, from ^. Fpo)t(^i, noun sing. masc. NGDoy, pron. dat. FFp, verb, infin. with F pref. the sign of the infin. i, noun plur. 13. NHFTF FBOA^EN CNO(j AN NF Oy^F FBO^FN CAp? AN NF OyAF FBOAt>FN (foyflOO) NpO)Ml AN NH AAAA FT AyMACOy FBOA^EN (j)'}'. Those who were not of blood, neither of the will of flesh, nor of the will of man, but who were born of God. CNoq, noun sing. m. AN, adv. negat. oy&F, conj. NCAp, noun sing. m. with N sign of gen. AyMACoy, verb perf. 3. pers. plur. with oy, plur. suff. from MAC. 14. oyoe TTICAXI Aqpp oycApj oyoe Aqcycom Nbpm NhwTFN oyog AN NAY PTTFqcDoy M^pwf Mno)oy NOyojHpl MMAyATq NTOTq MTTFqiO)T FqMFg N^MOT NFM MF0MHI. 15 114 Chap. VIII. Praxis. And the word was made flesh, and dwelt among us, and we saw his glory, as the glory of the only son of his Father, full of grace and truth. Aqpp, verb perf. 3. pers. sing, from pp. fcbpm NbHTEN, 2 prepos. the last FN suff. ANN Ay, verb perf. 1. pers. plur. from NAy. ETTEqcboy. noun sing. m. with F sign of ace. and npq, pref. M^pn^-, adv. Noycynpi, noun m. sing, with N sign of gen. and oy indef. art. prefixed. MMAyATq, adj. sing. NTorq, pron. partic. gen. from TOT, see pronouns. MTTFqicDT, noun sing, with M sign of gen. and rrpq prefixed. FqMFg, verb present or part. 3. pers. sing. NgMOT, noun sing. m. with N sign of gen. NFM, conj. MEOMHI, noun sing. f. 15. UDANNHC FqFpMFGpF F6BHTq OyO EqODU) FqXO)MMOC, XF <|)Al nF 4>HPT AlXOq XE (j)HF9 MFNFNcan AqFpojopn Fpoi XF NF oyo)opn Fpoi pa) nF. John witnesseth concerning him, and crieth out, say- ing, that this is he of whom I spake, he who cometh after me hath been before me, for he was before me. FGBHTq, prepos. with q suff. Fqo)O) EBoA, verb pres. 3. pers. sing, with EBoA, prepos. joined. FqxcoHMOC, particip. from xco, and MMOC particle postfixed. XF, conjunct, but often expletive. Aixoq, verb perfect. 1. pers. sing, with q suffixed. MFNENCOUI, prepos. with 1. pers. sing, suffixed. AqFpujopn, verb perf. 3. pers. sing, from Fp and ojopn, Epoi, particle used for pronoun. 1. pers. sing, po, he, the same. Chap. VIII. Praxis. 115 16. XF ANON THpFN AN(Tl FBOAbFN ITFqMOfc* NFM NTttjEBlU) NOygMOT. Because we all have received out of his fulness, and grace for grace. ANON, pron. plur. 1. pers. rupFN, adject, with FN, 1. pers. plur. suffixed. ANEN KENq MrrEqicuT weoq HET Not any one hath ever seen, God; the only begotten of God, he who is in the bosom of his Father, he hath de- clared him. HTTE.,NAY, verb 3. pers. sing, negat. prefixed. FNE> adv. KFNq. noun sing, with q suffixed. Neoq, pron. 3. pers. sing. OFT, pron. relat. AqcAxi, verb perf. 3. pers. sing. 19. OyO 9AI TE ^MFTME9pE NTE IODANNHC OTE FT Ayoyu)pn e^poq NXE Niioy&Ai FBoAt>EN 15* 116 Chap. VIII. Praxis. lAHM NANOyHB NFM gANAFytTHC gtNA NTOyU)FNq XF N80K NIM. And this is the testimony of John, when the Jews, who sent to him from Jerusalem Priests and Levites that they might ask him, who art thou? 8Ai, pron.def. fern. sing. TF, verb, irreg. pres. 3. pers. sing. fern. NTF, sign of gen. gore, adv. Apoq, prep, joined with poq, a particle representing the pronoun. NiioyfcAt, noun with w defin. art. plur. prefixed. NgAN- oyviB, noun plur. with N gen. and AN, indef. art. pi. prefixed. NToycgFNq, verb subjunct. 3. pers. plur. with q suffixed. NGOK, pron. 2. pers. sing. NIM, pron. sing. 20. oyog Aqoyo)N MnpqxcoA FBoA oyog AqoycoNg XF ANOK AN HF TTXC. And he confessed and denied not; and confessed that I am not the Christ. AqoycoNg, verb perf. 3. pers. sing. MTTFqxcoA FBoA, verb, negat. perf, 3. pers. sing, from xo)A FBoA. AMOK, pron. 1. pers. sing. From the Hymns for the Principal Feasts. TIAAlN ON AqMOO)l Again he walked U)A O^MOyN CNAY*) To Shmoun the second ; AqXCOp FBOA NNIXAXI He dispersed the enemies t>FN TTIMA FTFMMAy- In that place. *) The name of a city of ancient Egypt. TT1XGOK. Index of Ihe Prefixes, Suffixes, &c. A, Prefix Imperative, p. 54. A, Pref. 1st Perf. 3. p. sing. m. and f. 47. 3. p. plur. 48. A, about, p. 44. A8, Prefix negat. p. 106. At, Pref. 1st Perf. 1st p. sing. p. 47. AINA, Pief. 2. Ful. 1. p. sing. p. 51. AINE, Pref. 2. Fut. 1. p. sing. p. 51. AK, Pref. 1. Perf. 2. p. sing. m. p. 47. AKNA, Pref. 2. Fut. 2. p. sing. m. p. 51. AN, Pref. 1. Perf. 1. p. plur. p. 48. AN, Pref. negat. p. 79. ANNA, Pref. 2. Ful. 1. p. plur. p. 51. ANNE, Pref. 2. Fut. 1. p. plur. p. 51. AOyT, Parlic. p. 65. ApE, Pref. 1. Perf. 2. p. sing. f. p. 47. ADEN A, Pref. 2. Fut. 2. p. sing. f. and 3. p. m. and f. sing. p. 51, ApETEN, Pref. 1. Perf. 2. p. plur. p. 48. ApETFNNA, Pref. 2. Ful. 2. p. plur. p. 51. Apt, Pref. Imperat. p. 54. AC, Pref. 1. Perf. 3. p. sing. f. p. 47. ACNA, Pref. 2. Fut. 3. p. sing. f. p. 51. AT, Pref. negal. p. 106. ATETEN, Pref. p. 66. 118 Index of the Prefixes, Suffixes, &c. ATFTN, Pref. 1. Pcrf. 2. p. plur. p. 48. Ay, Pref. 1. Perf. 3. p. plur. 48. Ay, Suff - 3 - P ers - P'ur- P- 37. AyNA, Pref. 2. Fut. 3. p ; plur. p. 51. Aq, Pref. 1. Perf. 3. p. sing. m. p. 47. AqNA, Pref. 2. Ful. 3. p. sing. m. p. 51. A2CIT, Ordinal for hours, p. 43. T, Suff. to verbs. 2. p. sing. m. for K p. 97. F, Pref. Infinit. p. 54. F, Suff. 2. p. f. p. 36, 45, 97. F, Sign of the Dative, Accus. and Ablat. p. 21, 22, 23. F, Sign of the Participle, p. 65. 96. F, Forms Adjectives, p. 24. F6 ; Forms Adjectives, p. 24. F0, Forms Participles, p. 65. F0pF, Auxiliary verb. p. 90, 91. Flj Pref. 2. Pres. 1. p. sing. p. 46. FIF, Pref. 3. Fut. 1. p. sing. p. 51. FIN A, Pref. 2. Fut. 1. p. sing. p. 51. FK, Pref. 1. Pres. 2. p. masc. sing. p. 46. FKF, Pref. 3. Ful. 2. p. sing. m. p. 51. FKNA, Pref. 2. Ful. 2. p. sing. m. p. 51. FA, The Auxiliary verb. Bash. p. 91. FAF, Pref. 2. Ful. 2. p. sing. f. and 3. p. sing, and plur. p. 47. Bash. FN, Pref. 2. Pres. 1. p. plur. p. 47. FN, Suff. 1. p. plur. p. 36. FN, if, with the Prefixes to verbs, p. 66. FNF, if, with the Prefixes to verbs, p. 66. FNF, Pref. 3. Fut. 1. p. plur. p. 51. FNNA, Pref. 2. Fut. 1. p. plur. p. 51. F0y> Suff. 3. pers. plur. p. 37. Fp ? Auxiliary verb. p. 91. FpF, Pref. 2. Ful. 2. p. sing. f. and 3. p. sing, and plur. p. 47. Index of the Prefixes, Suffixes, &c. 119 FpF, Prcf. 3. Fut. 2. p. sing-, f. and 3. p. sing-, and plur. p. 51. FpFNA, Pref. 2. Fut. 2. p. sing-, f. p. 51. FpFTFNF, Pref. 3. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 51. FpFTFNNA, Prof. 2. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 51. EC, Pref. 2. Pres. 3. p. sing-, f. p. 47. ECF, Pref. 3. Fut. 3. p. sing-, f. p. 51. FCNA, Pref. 2. Ful. 3. p. sing-, f. p. 51. FT, Forms Adjectives, p. 24. FT ? Forms Participles, p. 65. FT A, Pref. 2. Perf. 3. p. sing-, and plur. m. and f. p. 48. ETAl, Pref. 2. Perf. 1. p. sing. p. 48, 65. FTAK, Pref. 2. Perf. 2. p. sing-, m. p. 48, 65. ETAN, Pref. 2. Perf. 1. p. plur. p. 48, 66. FTApF, Pref. 2. Perf. 2. p. sing. f. p. 48, 65. ETApETEN, Pref. 2. Pres. 2. p. plur. p. 48, 66. ETAC, Pref. 2. Perf. 3. p. sing. f. p. 48, 65. ETATETFN, Pref. p. 66. ETAy, Pref. 2. Perf. 3. p. plur. p. 48, 66. ETAq, Pref. 2. Perf. 3. p. sing. m. p. 48, 65. ETF, when, Prefixed to verbs, p. 65. FTFTEN, Pref. 2. Pres. 2. p. piur. p. 47. FTFTN, Pref. 2. Pres. 2. p. plur. p. 47. FTFTN A, Pref. 2. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 51. FTFTNF, Pref. 3. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 51. FTFTNNA, Pref. 2. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 51. FTpE, Auxiliary verb. p. 90, 91. Ey, Pref. 2. Pres. 3. p. plur. p. 47. FyF, Pref. 3. Fut. 3. p. plur. p. 51. EyNA, Pref. 2. Fut. 3. p. plur. p. 51. EU), Sign of the Potential Mood. p. 78. Fq, Pref. 2. Pres. 3. p. sing. m. p. 47. FqF, Pref. 3. Fut. 3. p. sing. m. p. 51. EqNA, Pref. 2. Ful 3. p. sing. m. p. 51. 120 Index of the Prefixes, Suffixes, &c. FgOTF, Sign of the Comparative, p. 25. HOyT, Participles, p. 65. Hy, Participles, p. 65. HyT, Participles p. 65. 6, Defin. Artie, p. 10. 6A ? Posses. Article, p. 13. 6DF, Auxiliary Verb. p. 89. I, Suff. 1. pers. sing-, and 2. pers. sing. f. p. 36, 45, 97. Kj Pref. 1. Pres. 2. p. sing. m. p. 45, 46. K, Suff. 2. p. sing. m. p. 36, 45, 97. KF, Between the Article and noun. p. 103. KNA, Pref. 1. Fut. 2. p. sing. m. p. 50. KNF, Pref. 1. Fut. 2. p. sing. m. p. 50. AA ? much. p. 106. Bash. AFM, a native, p. 105. Bash. AFC!, Forms compound nouns, p. 105. Bash. M, Pref. to Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl. p. 21, 22. M, Pref. Negat. p. 84. MA, Pref. Imperat. p. 54. MA/\Fj Pref. Optative. 2. p. sing. f. and 3. p. sing, and plur. p. 54. Bash. MAAFK, Pref. Oplal. 2. p. sing. m. p. 54. Bash. MAAEN, Pref. Optat. 1. p. plur. p. 54. Bash. MAAFC, Pref. Optat. 3. p. sing. f. p. 54. Bash. MAAETFN, Pref. Optat. 2. p. plur. p. 54. Bash. MAAFC1, Pref. Optat. 3. p. sing. m. p. 54 Bash. MAAl, Pref. Optat. 1. p. sing. p. 54. Bash. MAAoy, Pref. Oplat. 3. p. plur. p. 54. Bash. MADFj Pref. Optative 2. p. sing. f. and 3. p. sing, and plur. p. 54. MApFK, Pref. Oplat. 2. p. sing. m. p. 54. MApFN, Pref. Oplat. 1. p. plur. p. 54. MApFC, Pref. Oplal. 3. p. sing. f. p. 54. MApETFN, Pref. Optal. 2. p. plur. p. 54. MApFTN, Pref. Optat. 2. p. plur. p. 54. Index of the Prefixes, Suffixes, c. 121 MApECJ, Pref. Oplal. 3. p. sing. m. p. 54. MApl, Pref. Oplat. 1. p. sing. p. 54. MApN", Pref. Optat. 2. p. plur. p. 54. MApOy, Pref. Optat. 3. p. plur. p. 54. MAgj Forms the Ordinal numbers. Copt. p. 43. MEg, Pref. to nouns, Copt. p. 105. MET, Pref. to nouns, Copt. p. 105. MN"T, ' Pref. to nouns, Sail. p. 105. MEg, Forms the Ordinal numbers Sah. p. 43. MM Ay, Pref. Negat. p. 96. MIT ATE, Pref. Negat. p. 79, 86. MTIE, Pref. Negat. p. 79. 85. MTTE\, Pref. Negat. p. 89. Bash. MTTEp, Pref. Negat. p. 89. MJTp, Pref. Negat. p. 89. N, Pref. Negat. p. 79. N, Pref. to Gen., Dal., Aec., Abl. p. 21, 22. IT, Pref. 2. Pres. 2. p. plur. p. 47. N, Pref. Infinit. p. 54. N, Suff. 1. p. plur. p. 36, 46, 97. N, Definite Artie, plur. p. 1 1 . MA, Possess. Article, plur. p. 13. NA, About, p. 44. NAl TIE, Pref. Imperf. 1. p. sing. p. 47. MAIN A, Pref. Imperf. Fut. 1. p. sing. p. 52. MAINE, Pref. Imperf. Fut. 1. p. sing. p. 52. Bash. NAK TIE, Pref. Imperf. 2. p. sing. m. p. 47. NAKNA, Pref. Imperf. Fut. 2. p. sing. m. p. 52. NAKNE, Pref. Imperf. Fut. 2. p. sing. m. p. 52. Bash. NAN TIE., Pref. Imper. 1. p. plur. p. 47. MANNA, Pref. Imper. Fut. 1. p. plur. p. 53. NANNF, Pref. Imperf. Fut. 1. p. plur. p. 53. Bash. NApE HE, Pref. Imperf. 2. p. sing. f. and 3. p. sing, and plur. p. 47. 16 122 Index of the Prefixes, Suffixes, &c. NApENA, Pref. Imper. Ful. 2. p. sing. f. and 3. p. sing, and pi. p. 52, 53. NApFNE, Pref. Imperf. Fut. 2. p. sing, f. and 3. p. sing, and pi. p. 52,53. NApETEN TIE, Pref. Imperf. 2. p. plur. p. 47. NApETENNA, Pref. Imperf. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 53. NApETENNE, Pref. Imperf. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 53. NAC TIE. Pref. Imperf. 3. p. sing. f. p. 47. NACNA, Pref. Imperf. Ful. 3. p. sing. p. 52. ^ re ^' * m P er f- 3- P- plur. p. 47. j Pref. Imperf. Fut. 3. p. plur. p. 53. NACJ TIE, Pref. Imperf. 3. p. sing. m. p. 47. NA(1NA> Pref. Imperf. Fut. 3. p. sing. m. p. 52. NP, Pref. Subjunet. 2. p. sing. m. p. 53. NE ? Defin. Article plur. p. 11. NE, Verb. p. 92. Irreg. verb. p. 92. NE TE, NE A TTE 7 Pref. Pluperf. 3. p. sing. m. and f. p. 48, NE Al TIE, Pref. Pluperf. 1. p. sing. p. 48. NE AK TIE, Pref. Piuperf. 2. p. sing. m. p. 48. NE AN TIE, Pref. Pluperf. 1. p. plur. p. 49. NE ApE TTEj Pref. Pluperf. 2. p. sing. f. and 3. p. sing. m. and f. p. 48. NE ApETEN TIE, Pref. Pluperf. 2. p. plur. p. 49. NE AC TIE, Pref. Pluperf. 3. p. sing. f. p. 48. NE ATETH TIE, Pref. Pluperf. 2. p. plur. p. 49. NE Ay TTEj Pref. Pluperf. 3. p. plur. p. 49. NE AC1 HE, Pref. Pluperf. 3. p. sing. m. p. 48. NE U)Al TIE, Pref. Imperf. Indef. 1. p. sing. p. 49. NE (WAK TIE, Pref. Imperf. Indef. 2. p. sing. m. p. 49. NE (AJA^E TIE, Pref. Imperf. Indef. 2. p. sing. f. and 3. p. sing, and pi. p. 49. NE U)AN TIE, Pref. Imperf. Indef. 1. p. plur. p. 49. NE O) ApE HE ? Pref. Imperf. Indef. 2. p. sing. f. and 3. p. sing, andpl. p.49, 50. NE O)ApETEN TTE, Pref. Imperf. Indef. 2. p. plur. p. 50. NE W)AC FIE, Pref. Imperf. Indef. 3. p. sing, f, p. 49, 50. Index of the Prefixes, Suffixes, &c. 123 NF O)ATETFN TTF, Pref. Imperf. Indcf. 2. p. plur. p. 50. ME tt)ATETN TTF. Pref. Imperf. Indef. 2. p. plur. p. 50. NE U)AY TTF, Pref. Imperf. Indef. 3. p. plur. p. 50, NEl TTF, Pref. Imperf. 1. p. sing. p. 47. NEINA OF, Pref. Imperf. Ful. 1. p. sing-, p. 52. NEK TTF ? Pref. Imperf. 2. p. sing. m. p. 47. NEKNA, Pref. Imperf. Fut. 2. p. sing. m. p. 52. NFN, Defin. Artie, plur. p. 10. MEN TTE, Pref. Imperf. 1. p. plur. p. 47. NENNA TTF, Pref. Imperf. Ful. 1. p. plur. p. 53. NFC TTF, Pref. Imperf. 3. p. sing. p. 47. NECNA, Pref. Imperf. Fut. 3, p. sing. p. 62. NETFTN TTF, Pref. Imperf. 2. p. plur. p. 47. NETETN A TTF, Pref. Imperf. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 53. TTF, Pref. Imperf. 3. p. plur. p. 47. TTE, Pref. Imperf. Fut. 3. p, plur. p. 53. NFpF TTF, Pref. Imperf. 2. p. sing. f. 3. p. sing, and plur. p. 47. NFpFNA, Pref. Imperf. Fut. 2. p. sing.f. and 3. p. sing, and pi. p. 52, 53. NEC, Pref. Subjunct. 3. p. sing. f. p. 53. NEC], Pref. Subjunct. 3. p. sing. rn. p. 53. NEq HE, Pref. Imperf. 3. p. sing. p. 47. NFqNA TTF, Pref. Imperf. Fut. 3. p. sing. p. 52. Nt, Defin. Artie, plur. p. 10, 11. NH, Defin. Artie, plur. p. 1 1. NNA, Pref. 2. Fut. 1. p. plur. p. 51. FC, Pref. Subjunct. 3. p. sing. f. p. 53. NEF, Pref. Subjunct. 3. p. plur. p. 53. fTTA, Pref. 2. Perf. 3. p. sing. m. and f. and 3. p. plur. p. 48. FTTA, Pref. Subjunct. 1. p. sing. p. 53. NTAt, Pref. 2. Perf. 1. p. sing. p. 48. HTAK, Pref. 2. Perf. 2. p. sing. m. p. 48. NT AN, Pref. 2. Perf. 1. p. plur. p. 48. NTAp, Pref. 2. Perf. 2. p. sing. f. p. 48. 16* 124 Index of the Prefixes, Suffixes, &c. NT AC, Pref - 2 - Perf - 3 - P- sin o- f - P- 48 - FTTATFTR, Pref. 2. Perf. 2. p. plur. p. 48. RTAy, Pref. 2. Perf. 3. p. plur. p. 48. NTAq, Pref. 2. Perf. 3. p. sing. m. p. 48. NTFj Sign of the genitive, plur. p. 21. FITS, Pref. Subjunctive, 2. p. sing. f. and 3. p. sing, and plur. p. 53. NTFK, Pref. Subjunel. 2. p. sing. m. p. 53. NTF^Fl, Pref. Bash. 1. p. sing. p. 65. NTFAECJ, Pref. Bash. 3. p. sing. p. 65. NTFN, Pref. Subjunct. 1. p. plur. p. 53. NTFDFj when, with prefixes to verbs, p. 65. NTFC, Pref. Subjunct. 3. p. sing. f. p. 53. NTFTFN, Pref. Subjunct. 2. p. plur. p. 53. NTFTN, Pref. Subjunel. 2. p. plur. p. 53. HTH. Pref. Subjunct. \ . p. plur. p. 53. NTFC], Pref. Subjunct. 3. p. sing. p. 53. NTOy, Pref. Subjunel. 3. p. plur. p. 53. N(1, Pref. Subjunel. 3. p. sing. m. p. 53. NgOyO, Comparalive, p. 25. NXF, Sign of Ihe Nominative. Copt. p. 21. Prefix, to verbs, p. 105. N Prefixed to days forms the Ordinal number, p. 43. T, Defin. Artie, sing. f. p. 10, 11. T, Suff. 1. p. sing. p. 36, 97. TA Pref. 4. Fut. 1. p. sing. p. 52, TAj Possess. Article, f. sing. p. 13. TAAFTFN. Pref. 4. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 52. TApFK, Pref. 4. Fut. 2. p. sing. m. p. 52. TApFC, Pref. 4. Fut. 3. p. sing. f. p. 52. TApETH, Pref. 4. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 52. TApFq, Pref. 4. Fut. 3. p. sing. m. p. 52. , Pref. 4. Fut. 1. p. plur. p. 52. lj Pref. 4. Fut. 1. p. sing. p. 52. TApOy? p ref. 4. Fut. 3. p. plur. p. 52. TF, Definit. Article, sing. f. p. 11. TF, Pref. 1. Pres. 2. p. sing. f. p. 46. 126 Index of the Prefixes, Suffixes, &c. TE, Stiff. 2. p. sing. f. p. 97. TEN, Pref. 1. Prcs. 1. p. plur. p. 46. TEN, Suff. 1. p. plur. p. 97. TEN A, Pref. 1. Fut. 2. p. sing. f. p. 50 and 1. p. plur. p. 56. TENNA, Pref. 1. Fut. 1. p. plur. p. 50. TENNE, Pref. 1. Fut. 1. p. plur. p. 56. TEpA, Pref. 4. Fut. 2. p. sing. f. p. 52. TETEN, Pref. 1. Pres. 2. p. plur. p. 46. f ETENNA, Pref. 1. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 50. TETN, Pref. 1. Pres. 2. p. plur. p. 46. TETNA, Pref. 1. Fut. 2 p. plur. p. 50. TETNNA, Pref. 1. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 50. TM, Pref. negative, p. 87, 88. TN, Pref. 1. Pres. 1. p. plur. p. 46. TH, Suff. 3. p. plur. p. 36. 2. p. plur. and 1. p. plur. p. 97. TOEj part, p. 44. TpE, The Auxiliary Verb, to be, to do, p. 89. Y, Suff. 3. p. plur. p. 46.