OUTLINES AND STUDIES

TO ACCOMPANY

MYERS' ANCIENT HISTORY

A STUDENTS' NOTEBOOK
WITH OUTLINE MAPS

FLORENCE E. LEADBETTER

GINN AND COMPANY

BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO LONDON

GIFT OF
JANE K.SATHER

OUTLINES AND STUDIES

TO ACCOMPANY

MYERS' ANCIENT HISTORY

A STUDENTS" NOTEBOOK
WITH OUTLINE MAPS

FLORENCE E. LEADBETTER

ROXBURY HIGH SCHOOL, BOSTON

GINN & COMPANY

BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO LONDON

-U

SM-7

gfrc gtftenaum

GINN & COMPANY PRO-
PRIETORS BOSTON U.S.A.

To the glory that was Greece

And the grandeur that was Rome. Poe.

Grecian history is a poem,

Latin history is a picture,

Modern history a chronicle. Chateaubriand,

Greece that point of light in history ! Hegel.

We are all Greeks. Our laws, our literature, our religion, our art, have their roots
in Greece. Shelley.

O Rome ! my country ! city of the soul ! Byron.

The center of our studies, the goal of our thoughts, the point to which all paths
lead and the point from which all paths start again, is to be found in Rome and
her abiding power. Freeman.

I doubt not other lands shall finer mould

The bronze until it breathe, or marble cut

To lineaments that live, or better plead

A cause, or with the rod the astronomy

Of heaven describe and name the rising stars ;

But, son of Rome, remember it is thine

To stretch thy empire o'er the human race.

This be thy aim to dictate terms of peace,

The vanquished spare, but bring the haughty low. Vergil (Long).

If the Greek was to enlighten the world, if the Roman was to rule the world, if
the Teuton was to be the common disciple and emissary of both, it was from the
Hebrew that all were to learn the things that belong to another world. Freeman.

I am not here to teach you history. . . , I am here to teach you how to
teach yourselves history. I will give you the scaffolding as well as I can ;
you must build the house. Kingsley.

CONTENTS

PAGE

INTRODUCTION 2

THE EASTERN NATIONS

Ancient Egypt 3

The Empires of the Tigris-Euphrates Valley 5

The Hebrews 7

The Phoenicians 8

The Median and Persian Empires 9

Review of the Oriental Nations lo

GREECE

The Geography of Hellas .11

Outline of Greek History 13

Prehistoric Greece 14

The Age of Greek Colonization 17

The Age of the Tyrants 17

The Growth of Sparta 19

The Growth of Athens 2i

The Growth of Hellenic Unity 23

The Foreign Wars 25

The Leadership of Athens 27

The Age of Pericles 29

The Peloponnesian War 30

The New Learning ............. 32

The Leadership of Sparta and Thebes 33

The Greeks of Western Hellas 36

The Rise of Macedonia " 37

Alexander's Empire and the Graeco-Oriental World 38

Review Studies 40

ROME

Italy and its Early Inhabitants . . . . . . . . . . -41

Outline of Roman History ...... ...... 43

Rome under the Kings ............ 44

The Struggle of the Classes 46

The Conquest and Unification of Italy 48

The Conquest of the Mediterranean 50

The Last Century of the Republic 53

The First Century of the Empire 58

The Second Century of the Empire 60

The Third and Fourth Centuries of the Empire 62

The Last Century of the Empire in the West ........ 64

The Transition Age 66

Review Studies 68

436938

OUTLINE MAPS

PAGE

The Orient 2

The Orient 10

The Mediterranean Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

Greece and Asia Minor [6

Greek Colonization 18

The Persian Wars 26

The Peloponnesian War 30

Alexander's Empire .............. 39

The Mediterranean Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Italy, Geography of . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42

Italy, Roman Conquest ............. 49

The Mediterranean, Roman Conquest . . . . . . . . . 5 2

The Mediterranean, Caesar's March . . . . . . . . . . 5^

The Roman Empire, First and Second Centuries . . . . . . . .61

The Roman Empire, Third and Fourth Centuries ........ 63

The Roman Empire, Barbarian Kingdoms ......... 67

OUTLINES AND STUDIES

ANCIENT HISTORY

Introduction

I. HISTORY AND THE USES OF HISTORY.
II. PREHISTORIC MAN.

1. Sources of information.

2. Progress through the Stone and Metal Ages.

3. Discoveries and achievements.

III. HISTORIC PEOPLES.

1. Original homes.

2. Expansion.

IV. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF ANCIENT HISTORY.

1. What is history ? What is the use of studying history ?

2. What do we mean by prehistoric times ? Show how the Prehistoric Age varies
in time in different parts of the earth.

3. Describe the life of prehistoric man in the Stone Age. How do we get our
information ?

4. Why may the history of metals be called the history of civilization ?

5. What do you know of the discovery and early use of metals ?

6. What important discoveries and achievements mark the progress of prehistoric
man ?

7. How much do we as heirs of all the ages owe to prehistoric man ?

8. Why is the boundary line between prehistoric and historic times being constantly
pushed back ?

9. Which of the races of mankind includes the historic peoples ?

10. Make a table of the Caucasian race showing the chief peoples of each of the
three groups.

11. We are told that "the theme of history is the rise and progress of civilization."
When may a people be regarded as civilized ?

12. Where do we find the earliest civilized nations ? Why did they arise there ?

13. Show the direction of the progress of civilization from these early centers.

14. To which nations is the field of ancient history limited ?

15. What are the limits of ancient history in time ? in area ?

1 6. Define: primitive, millennium, Caucasian, Aryan, epoch, Age of Bronze.

17. Indicate on a map of the ancient world the areas occupied by the Hamites,
Semites, and Aryans.

Ancient Egypt (5ooo(?)-3o B.C.)

I. THE LAND : valley of the Nile.

1. Upper and Lower Egypt.

2. Climate and productions.

II. THE PEOPLE.

1. Aborigines and immigrants.

2. Life in prehistoric times.

III. POLITICAL HISTORY.

i. Pharaohs at Memphis.

a. First dynasty ; Menes.

b. Fourth dynasty ; pyramid kings.

.2. Pharaohs at Thebes.

a. Twelfth dynasty ; Golden Age.

b. Hyksos invasion ; dark ages.

c. Eighteenth and nineteenth dynasties.

(1) Thothmes III, Seti I, Rameses II.

(2) Height of the Empire (about 1400 E.G.).

3. Decline of the Empire.

a. Internal dissension and emigration.

b. Subject to Ethiopia and to Assyria.

c. Twenty-sixth dynasty at Sais (663-525 B.C.).

(1) Psammetichus and the Greeks.

(2) Necho ; new enterprises.

(3) Tributary to Babylon.

d. Persian conquest (525 B.C.).

e. Conquest of Alexander and Greek rule (332-30 B.C.).

IV. CIVILIZATION.

1. Classes of the people: life and condition.

2. Language and literature : Rosetta Stone.

3. Religion and morals.

4. Arts and sciences.

V. GIFTS TO EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION.

Studies on Ancient Egypt

1. Why does Herodotus call Egypt "the gift of the Nile " ?

2. What physical conditions in Egypt made an early civilization possible ?

3. How did the Nile affect political conditions in Egypt ?

4. What was the greatest service of Egypt to the ancient world ?

5. How is our knowledge of the history of Egypt affected by its climate ?

6. Write a story which will show the value of the date palm to a family in the East.

7. What do we know of life in Egypt before the time of Menes ?

8. Are we sure that Menes is not a mythical king ? What works were ascribed to
him ?

9. Compare the Great Pyramid with some monument or building you have seen.

i o. What do the works of the kings of the twelfth dynasty tell us about their character ?

11. Show good and evil results of the Hyksos invasion.

12. When was the Egyptian Empire at its greatest extent ?

13. What light does the treaty of Rameses II with the Hittite king throw upon
Egyptian power at that time ? What is your personal impression of Kameses II ?

14. Give some account of the temples and tombs of the eighteenth and nineteenth
dynasties.

15. Give reasons for the decline of Egyptian power.

1 6. What did a change of policy enable the rulers of the twenty-sixth dynasty
to achieve ?

17. Did Egypt prosper as a tributary state? Compare the Persian conquest with
that of Alexander the Great.

1 8. At what period did Egypt exercise most influence over Europe? Why is the
rule of the Ptolemies so renowned ?

19. How did the system of land tenure affect the whole life of the Egyptians ?

20. Which were the most favored classes ? What was the ambition of the poor ?

21. What remains to us of Egyptian literature ? How was its translation achieved ?

22. What principles of Egyptian religion do we find in the religions of to-day ?

23. How can we account for the animal worship of the Egyptians ?

24. Why did the Egyptians give so much care to the preparation of their tombs ?

25. Give some extracts from Egyptian literature showing a monotheistic spirit.

26. What is said of the morality of the ancient Egyptians? What equivalent had
they to the Ten Commandments ?

27. Describe some industry of the Egyptians, the making of pottery, paper, or
linen.

28. When was Egyptian sculpture at its best ? What are the characteristics of the
examples of Egyptian sculpture left to us ?

29. In what sciences did the Egyptians make most progress ? How was their
knowledge acquired ?

30. What is meant by the Egyptian "War of Independence," "Golden Age,"
" Alexander," " Book of the Dead " ?

Empires of the Tigris-Euphrates Valley

x ^ I. THE LAND.

2. \\ i. The two rivers, their influence.

3. H 2. Mesopotamia, "The Island."

4. \\ 3. Climate and productions.

5. H

^ ^ II. THE PEOPLE.

7. \\ i. Aborigines and immigrants.

8. A 2. Character and condition.

III. POLITICAL HISTORY.

10. \\ i. Age of city-states: Sargon of Agade (about 3800 B.C.).

11. SI 2. Old Babylonian Empire (2250-728 B.C.).

I2 - ^ at Rise of Babylon ; Hammurabi and his code.

T 3- W Decline of the Empire.

3. Assyrian Empire (745-606 B.C.).

^ #. Tiglath-Pileser III, conqueror and organizer.

r Q b. Sargon II, conqueror and builder.

^ ^ <r. Sennacherib; expeditions and public works.

tc */. Asshur-bani-pal ; Golden Age.

j. 7 rj ^ Fall of Nineveh (606 B.C.).

tl: 4. New Babylonian Empire (625-538 B.C.).

J ^- A #. Nabopolassar, founder.

b. Nebuchadnezzar, builder.

J 9- H r. Fall of Babylon (538 B.C.).

20. V(

21. ^ IV. CIVILIZATION.

i. Arts and sciences.

2 3- I 2. Literature and law.

2 4- ^ 3. Religion and morality.

25. G

26. \\ V. GIFTS TO EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION.
tl

27. E
li

28. V
e:

29. I
k

30. V

Studies on the Empires of the Tigris-Euphrates Valley

1. In what respects is the Tigris-Euphrates valley like or unlike the Nile valley ?

2. Compare the natural features of the upper Tigris-Euphrates valley with those of
the lower.

3. What correspondence do we find between the character of the people and their
environment, both in the north and in the south ?

4. Describe the fertility of the lower valley according to Herodotus.

5. What advantages of position led Assyria to conquest and wealth ?

6. Contrast the appearance of the valley to-day with that of four thousand years
ago.

7. Show the similarity in the origin and development of the historic peoples of the
Nile and the Tigris-Euphrates.

8. Which city-states of the lower valley can you a'ssociate with interesting events ?

9. How did Hammurabi become the founder of the Babylonian Empire ?

10. Give some quotations from Hammurabi's code which show a high ideal of
justice.

11. Show the extent of the commercial relations of the Babylonians about 1700 B.C.
What were their exports ?

12. Give reasons for the decline of the Babylonian Empire.

13. What characteristics of the Assyrians account for their great power ?

14. What new principles of government did Tiglath-Pileser III carry into effect ?

15. What disaster to the Assyrian host is not recorded in the annals of Sennacherib ?

1 6. Why are we so well informed of the doings of Sargon and Asshur-bani-pal ?

17. How did the Assyrian Empire come to an end? Account for the rapid rise of
Assyrian power and its still more rapid decline.

1 8. Give a brief account of the rise and fall of the New Babylonian Empire.

19. Why were the walls and gardens of Babylon placed among the Seven Wonders ?

20. Tell the story of Nebuchadnezzar as it is recorded in the Book of Daniel.

21. In what respects was the civilization of Assyria but a copy of that of Babylonia ?

22. Compare the architecture of the north with that of the south in respect to
material, form, decoration, beauty, originality.

23. What were the most important contributions of the Babylonians to science ?

24. Describe the making of a Babylonian book. What literature has been found ?

25. What great contrasts do the Egyptian and Babylonian religions afford ? What
has been the influence of the latter ?

26. How did the Assyrians differ from the Babylonians in character, education,
and influence ?

27. Explain: tower-temples, cuneiform, "the Romans of Asia," Rock of Behistun,
astrology, Creation Epic, cylinder seals, Tel, Sumerians, Accadians.

The Hebrews

I. THE LAND : Palestine.
II. THE PEOPLE : origin and character.

III. POLITICAL HISTORY.

1. Patriarchal Age : Abraham (about 2000 B.C.), Moses, Joshua.

a. Nomadic life.

b. Sojourn in Egypt.

c. Conquest of Canaan.

2. Age of the Judges : Gideon, Jephthah, Samson, Samuel.

3. Monarchy (about 1050 B.C.): Saul, David, Solomon.

4. Division of the Kingdom (953 B.C.),.

5. Captivity of Israel (722 B.C.), of Judah (586 B.C.).

6. Restoration (538 B.C.) : Priest rule to 70 A.D.

IV. CIVILIZATION.

1. Life of the people.

2. Religion and literature.

V. WORLD INFLUENCE.

1. What are the striking features of the land of Palestine? Why was it called "a
land flowing with milk and honey " ?

2. How do you account for the great differences between the life and character
of the Hebrews and that of their kinsmen, the Phoenicians ?

3. Where was the original home of the ancestors of the Hebrews ? Why did they
leave that land ?

4. How were the Hebrews prepared for their share in the civilization of the world ?

5. Describe nomadic life as pictured in the history of the Hebrew patriarchs.

6. What does the story of Joseph show was the great evil of patriarchal government ?
What light does it throw upon the history of Egypt ?

7. What was the training of the great giver of the Mosaic Law ? Can you account
for the similarity between the Mosaic Law and the code of Hammurabi ?

8. Describe the Exodus of the Hebrews "from the Egyptian point of view."

9. Was the conquest of Canaan an easy task ? Who is the hero of this conquest ?

10. What wonderful stories do the expressions, "Gideon's men," "Jephthah's
daughter," "Samson's riddle," "the praying Samuel," call to mind ?

1 1. Name the three great Hebrew kings and show what each accomplished.

12. What caused the division of the monarchy ? What was the result ?

13. How did the captivity of Israel differ from the captivity of Judah?

14. What was the chief influence in Jewish life? Which class was most influential ?

15. In what respects was the religion of the Hebrews superior to any other Oriental
religion ? What were the chief requirements of their moral code ?

1 6. Why did the Hebrews make so little progress in material civilization ?

The Phoenicians

I. THE LAND : extent and character.
II. THE PEOPLE : origin and traits.

III. CITY-STATES AND LEAGUES.

1. Leadership of Tyre and Sidon.

2. Subjection to neighbors.

IV. COMMERCE : routes and colonies.
V. MISSION OF PHOENICIA.

1. Explain the saying, " Phoenicia sat with winter on its head, spring on its
shoulders, autumn in its lap, and summer at its feet."

2. What natural features of their country led the Phoenicians to a maritime life ?

3. Trace the most important trade routes of the Phoenicians. What countries were
visited by them ?

4. Describe the Phoenician mode of trading according to Herodotus.

5. Where would they find the best markets for their goods ? Why ?

6. Name some of the most important Phoenician colonies.

7. Why did the Phoenicians prefer to pay tribute rather than fight ?

8. What were the relations between the Phoenicians and Hebrews in Solomon's
time ?

9. Tell the story of the circumnavigation of Africa by Phoenicians in the service
of Egypt.

10. What did Nebuchadnezzar and Alexander the Great have to do with the history
of Tyre ?

11. When was the prophecy of Ezekiel, "they shall destroy the walls of Tyre, and
break down her towers . . . and make her like the top of a rock," fulfilled ?

12. What is the legend of the founding of Carthage by Queen Dido ?

13. Make a list of the occupations and industries of the Phoenicians. Which
industry was especially their own ?

14. In what works did they prove their skill as builders ?

15. What natural phenomena did they discover ?

1 6. What connection is there between the Phoenicians and our alphabet ?

17. What is there to say of the literature and religion of the Phoenicians ?

1 8. How did the Phoenicians begin the civilization of Europe ?

19. Explain: Canaan, Tyrian dye, cedars of Lebanon, "the Englishmen of the
ancient world," Pillars of Hercules, Philistines, factories.

Median and Persian Empires (about 625-330 B.C.)

I. THE LAND : extent and natural features.
II. THE PEOPLE: race and character.

III. POLITICAL HISTORY.

1. Median Empire: rise and fall.

2. Persian Empire.

a. Cyrus, founder (558-529 B.C.).

b. Cambyses, conqueror.

c. Darius, organizer (521-484 B.C.).

d. Xerxes, invader of Greece (484-464 B.C.).

e. Decline and Fall (330 B.C.).

IV. CIVILIZATION.

1. Architecture.

2. Religion and morals.

3. Education and literature.

V. SERVICES TO THE WORLD.

1. When and where do the Medes first appear in history ?

2. What did the Medes gain by the fall of Nineveh ?

3. When Cyrus overthrew the Median Empire, with what four powers was he
brought into conflict ?

4. What enabled Cyrus to make such rapid conquests ? Why may he be said to
have given " a new and higher character to Asiatic history " ?

5. Give some idea of the extent of the Persian Empire at its height.

6. Describe the organization of the Empire by Darius. In what respects was his
government in advance of any other devised by Orientals ?

7. Who were the " King's Ears " and the " King's Eyes " ?

8. How did Darius make easy communication with all parts of his kingdom
possible ?

9. Whence came the material civilization of the Medes and Persians ?
10. From what countries were the elements of Persian art borrowed ?

n. How is the increasing luxury and sensuality of the Persians shown in their
palaces ?

12. For what and how was a Persian boy educated ?

13. What teachings of the Persian religion made men courageous, noble, and
virtuous ?

14. Can you account for the kind treatment of the Hebrews by the Persians ?

15. What caused the deterioration of Persian character?

1 6. What were the most important services of the Persians to the ancient world?

17. Explain: Zend A vesta, satrapy, provincial system, tributary state, Zoroastri-
anism, daric.

Review of the Oriental Nations

I. THE EGYPTIANS (ABOUT 5000-30 B.C.).
II. BABYLONIANS AND ASSYRIANS (ABOUT 5000-538 B.C.).

III. HEBREWS AND PHCENICIANS.

IV. MEDES AND PERSIANS (ABOUT 850-330 B.C.).

1. Where were the two earliest centers of Oriental civilization?

2. Trace the development of intercourse between these two centers.

3. What was the fate of the peoples lying between the Nile and Euphrates ?

4. When was each of the Oriental nations at the height of its power?

5. At what periods was there political unity in the Orient?

6. Why are no dates fixed for the limits of Hebrew and Phoenician power ?

7. Trace the principal trade route of the Orient. What were the means of
conveyance ?

8. Describe the character of the people of Syria. Why did they not become a
great nation ?

9. Which nation was given the task of unifying, extending, and defending eastern
civilization ? Which nations were carriers of civilization to the West ?

10. For what should we be grateful to these early peoples ?

11. Which of the Eastern Nations gave the most precious gift to the world?

12. In your study of the Orient where have you found the first library? the oldest
book ? the first diplomatic document ? the oldest legal code ? the first provincial
government ? the oldest true arch ? the first coined money ?

13. What were the chief characteristics of Oriental civilization, and what its chief
faults ?

14. What are the principal sources of our knowledge of the Oriental peoples ?

15. Why is there an especial interest in Oriental history at the present time ?

1 6. What remains of Oriental civilization have you seen?

17. Prove the truth of this statement: "To the Semites are due the development
and extension of political and social institutions throughout this entire region."

18. Commit to memory : The history of these peoples is important because the
record and influence of all their achievements have passed on from the east to
the west and have entered into our life. Even their errors and mistakes, their
sin and its punishment, contain instructive lessons for ourselves. What they
achieved of good and abiding worth is in large measure the source of our higher
life, our science, our art, our governments, and our religion. Goodspeed.

19. On an outline map locate the Oriental nations and two important cities of
each.

20. By means of a colored map indicate the greatest extent of the Egyptian, Assyr-
ian, and Persian Empires.

The Geography of Hellas

I. THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN.

1. Formation.

2. Position of Greece.

II. THE ^GEAN BASIN.

1. General character.

2. Influence upon coast peoples.

III. GREECE PROPER.

1. Characteristic features.

a. Shape and size.

b. Surface.

c. Coast and islands.

2. Natural divisions : distinctive features.

a. Northern Greece.

b. Central Greece.

c. Peloponnesus.

3. Waterways.

4. Climate and productions.

5. Influence upon the Greeks of their environment

a. Land and sea.

b. Climate.

c. Scenery.

IV. ASIATIC GREECE : general character.
V. WESTERN GREECE.

1. Natural advantages of Sicily.

2. Attractions in southern Italy.

Studies on the Geography of Hellas

1. Give an account of the formation of the Mediterranean basin.

2. Show the advantages of the position of Greece in the Mediterranean.

3. Where was the scene of Greek history ?

* 4. How did the character of the ^Egean basin affect Greek life ?

5. Compare the eastern and western coasts of the ^Egean.

6. Account for the islands in the ^Egean.

7. What difference would it have made in the life of the Greeks if their land had
not sunk "till it was half drowned in water" ?

8. What was the "double effect " of the Gulf of Corinth?

9. What would have been the effect if the Peloponnesus had been, as now, an island ?
10. Suppose the Isthmus of Corinth at the western end of the Gulf, what then ?

/ ii. What difference would you expect to find between the civilization of the coasts
and that of the interior of Greece ?

12. Compare the size of Greece proper with that of your own state.

13. What are the most striking physical features of Greece proper?

14. Describe the land of northern Greece. Compare Thessaly with Epirus.

> 15. Why do we find so many geographical divisions in central Greece? Compare
Attica with Bceotia.

1 6. Why were so few towns of ancient Greece on the coast ?

17. What was the effect of the ramification of the mountains in the Peloponnesus?
Compare Arcadia with Messenia.

1 8. Of what use were the rivers and lakes of Greece ?

19. How did the physical features of Greece affect the occupations of the people ?

20. What were the staple productions of Greece? Were they sufficient in quantity
to support the population ?

21. What sort of a life did the nature of the land require of the Greeks?

22. Did Asiatic Greece offer greater advantages to settlers than Greece proper?

23. What attracted colonists to Sicily and Italy?

24. Trace the principal trade routes of the ancient Greeks.

25. What are the usual ranges of temperature in central Greece in winter and
summer ?

26. On an outline map of the Mediterranean basin locate all lands and waters
mentioned in the preceding studies.

27. Write a description of some spot in Greece noted for its scenery.

Outline of Greek History (to 146 B.C.)

I. PREHISTORIC f^g ean an d Mycenaean Civilizations.

AGE <j Epic or Homeric Age.

to 700 B.C. (^Beginnings of States and Leagues.

II. EXPANSION f Colonization and Age of the Tyrants.
AND GROWTH J Growth of Sparta and Athens.
(75-5 B -c.) [ Growth of Hellenic Unity.

III. FOREIGN f Conquest of Asia Minor by Lydia and Persia.

WARS -I Scythian Expedition and Ionic Revolt.
(560-461 B.C.) [ War with persia and Carthage

IV. A CENTURY OF f Atnen ^ an Leadership: Age of Pericles.
CIVIL STRIFE 1 Peloponnesian War.
(461-362 B.C.) [ Spartan and Theban Leadership.

V. Loss OF GREEK f Macedonian Leadership.

FREEDOM 1 Alexander's Empire and the Graeco-Oriental World.
(362-146 B.C.) [Federations. Roman Conquest.

Prehistoric Greece (to about 700 B.C.)

I. EARLY ^EGEAN CIVILIZATION (3d millennium).

1. Centers of activity: Crete, Troy, the Cyclades.

2. Trade.

II. MYCENAEAN CIVILIZATION (2d millennium).

1. Centers of interest: Cnossus, Tiryns, Mycenae.

2. Remains and character of this civilization.

3. Greek conquest.

a. Ancestral home of the Greeks.

b. Migration into Greece.

c. Relations of conquerors and conquered.

4. Oriental influences.

a. Mythical accounts.

b. Probable effects.

5. Greek legends.

a. The Heroes.

b. Argonautic Expedition.

c. Trojan War.

d. Dorian Invasion.

6. Colonization of Asia Minor

III. EPIC OR HOMERIC AGE (1000-700 B.C.).

1. Sources of information : Homer, Hesiod.

2. Life in Ionia, social, political, religious.

IV. BEGINNINGS OF STATES AND LEAGUES.

1. The City-State.

a. Formation.

b. Character.

c. Influence on Greek history.

2. Leagues of cities.

a. Amphictyonies.

b. Political leagues.

c. Influence of leagues.

Studies on the Prehistoric Age

1. Who were the primitive inhabitants, so far as we know, of the land we call
Greece ? What places still bear names given by these people ?

2. What has been learned of the civilization of the ^Egean region before 2000 B.C.
from the ruins in Crete and the Troad ?

3. Explain what is meant by " Mycenaean civilization."

4. Describe the remains of the palaces of the Cretan or early Mycenaean Age, found
at Cnossus and Phaistos.

5. What was probably the earliest city in Europe ? What remains of it to-day ?
1/6. Has the description of the palace of Alcinous in the Odyssey anything in common

with the ruins of these Mycencean palaces ?

v/^. Who discovered the treasures at Mycenae ? Give a brief sketch of his life.
1/8. What was found in the graves at Mycenae ? What is the " Treasury of Atreus " ?
9. Where was the home of the ancestors of the ancient Greeks ? Describe their

migration into Greece.

10. What other peoples of Aryan speech have come from the same ancestral home ?

11. Describe the Thessalian and Boeotian conquests according to Bury.

12. Why was the Dorian conquest of Peloponnesus so effective?

13. Whence did the Greeks believe came the beginnings of their civilization ?

14. What traces of Oriental influence have we found thus far in yEgean lands ?

15. Describe the course of the principal streams of civilizing influences entering
Greece.

^16. Tell some Greek legend connected with the Orient and point out the nucleus of
fact it contains.

17. Where did the Greeks first colonize ? Why did they move in this direction ?

1 8. Name the three historic Greek races. How did they settle geographically in
Asia Minor ?

19. Name' some of the Asiatic Greek cities founded in this colonization.

20. What other names are given to the Epic Age ? Explain the use of each.

21. Who was Homer? Give your authority for your answer.

22. Describe the making of the Iliad and the Odyssey. Why do they occupy so
large a place in the world's literature ?

23. Why is not Hesiod's work as well known as that of Homer ?

24. Give a quotation from Homer describing some phase of life in Ionia.

25. Describe the life of the family as pictured by Homer.

26. Write a paper on the games of children in the Homeric Age.

27. Compare city with country life in the Epic Age.

Studies on the Prehistoric Age (continued)

28. What were the industries of the Homeric Greeks ? How did they carry on
trade ? What was their principal standard of value ?

29. Prove that this statement is correct or incorrect : In the government of the
Homeric Age we find the elements of monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy.

30. Did the people have much share in the government ? Prove your answer.

31. How did the government change toward the end of the Prehistoric Age ?

32. Write a description of an assembly of the Greeks according to Homer.

33. In what respects did the civilization of Ionia differ from that of Mycenae ?
Account for these differences.

34. What was the primitive religious belief of the Greeks as of all peoples ?
J35- What influence did the epic poets have upon the religion of the Greeks ?
'36. What was the Greek Bible ? Who was the Greek Adam ? Noah ? Samson ?

37. Why did the Greeks have the most beautiful mythology in the world? Why
should we study it in connection with Greek history ?

38. How do the myths account for the naming of the ^Egean ? the Bosporus ? the
Hellespont ? Athens ? Bceotia ?

39. What was the Homeric idea of the earth and all above and below it ? How
does it differ from the Babylonian idea of the universe ?

^ 40. How did a Greek of the early ages think of the future life ? In what words does

Achilles express his feelings in regard to it ?

"* 41. Make a list of the great gods and goddesses of the Olympian Council, giving the
attributes of each.

42. What facts can you gather from Homer's description of the founding of a city.

43. How did a Greek city differ from a modern city ?

44. What is the ideal size for a city according to Aristotle ?

45. Give Aristotle's definition of the state.

46. Why is the Greek city-state so called ?

y 47. What ties bound the citizens of a city-state in early times ? What ties are

binding in a modern city ?

v 48. What was the feeling of a Greek for his city ? the Greek idea of citizenship ?
4 49. Why was "the wonderful thing which we call Greek civilization the flower and

fruitage of the city-state " ?
.-/ 50. What made it difficult for the Greek cities to unite in larger units ? For what

purposes did they, nevertheless, unite ?

51. What good resulted from the formation of leagues ?

52. How did a league become political ? Name some cities which held hegemony ?

53. Define: Achaeans, Hellenes, Cyclopean, Trojan, Pan-Ionian, Polis, Amphictyony.
.., 54. Indicate on an outline map the most important city-states of Greece (European

and Asiatic) at the dawn of history.

Age of Greek Colonization (750-600 B.C.)

I. REASONS FOR COLONIZATION.

1. General.

2. Special.

II. ORGANIZATION OF A COLONY.

III. RELATION OF COLONY TO MOTHER CITY.

IV. STREAMS OF COLONIZATION.

1. North to the Euxine.

a. Attractions.

b. Important colonies.

2. West to Italy and Sicily.

a. Attractions.

b. Chief colonies.

3. South to Africa.

a. Chief colonies.

b. Influence of these colonies.

V. RESULTS OF COLONIZATION.

1. To the Greeks.

2. To the Mediterranean world.

Age of the Tyrants (650-500 B.C.)

I. CHANGES IN GOVERNMENT OF GREEK STATES.

1. Monarchy to aristocracy.

2. Tyranny.

3. Democracy or oligarchy.

II. TYRANNY.

1. Origin.

2. Character of the tyrants.

a. Polycrates of Samos.

b. Clisthenes of Sicyon.

c. Periander of Corinth.

3. Greek feeling towards tyrants.

4. Good and evil results of tyranny.

Studies on Colonization (750-600 B.C.)

1. At what two periods of their history did the Greeks colonize most actively ?

2. Write a summary of the general and special causes for colonization in the period
from 750 to 600 B.C.

3. Why was this period favorable to the expansion of the Greeks ?

4. Describe the sending out and organization of a colony.

5. What was the attitude of the Greeks towards the peoples among whom they
settled ?

6. Explain the relation of a colony to its mother city. What was the strongest tie
between them ?

7. Give some instances of the naming of places in memory of the home land.

8. Of what service were the colonies to the mother country ?

9. Make a table of the most important Greek colo'nies, giving date of foundation
and mother city of each.

10. For what is each of these best known ? Syracuse, Tarentum, Byzantium, Locri,
Naucratis, Sybaris, Cumae, Corcyra, Potidaea, Cyrene, Massilia.

11. Which were most active in colonization, the home cities or the colonies ? Why ?

12. What city founded most colonies ? Why was it so active ?

13. Compare Greek with Phoenician colonization ; with English.

14. On an outline map indicate the area of Greek colonization, distinguishing
Dorian and Ionian colonies. Which race was the more enterprising ?

Studies on Greek Tyrants (650-500 B.C.)

1. What did their kings do for the Greeks ? Why was monarchy overthrown ?

2. Was aristocracy better or worse for the people than monarchy ? What did the
aristocracies achieve ?

3. Into what two classes did aristocratic rule divide the people ?

4. How did the tyrants gain power ? Which class did they champion ?

5. By what means did the aristocrats bolster up their power when they felt it totter ?

6. What was the difference between monarchy and tyranny ? Give an account of
some typical tyrant.

7. Why is it not safe to credit all Greek tales of tyrants ?

8. What can you learn of Greek life from the story of the " wooing of Agariste " ?

9. Write a summary of the services rendered by the tyrants to the Greeks.
10. Which did " the many " prefer, the rule of " the few " or tyranny ? Why ?
n. Why has our word "tyrant " a bad meaning ?

12. Why was tyranny usually short-lived? What form of government generally
followed ?

13. Define and show the derivation of: monarchy, oligarchy, aristocracy, timocracy r
democracy, republic, tyranny, despotism, dyarchy, anarchy.

Growth of Sparta (to about 500 B.C.)

I. CITY-STATES IN PELOPONNESE ABOUT 700 B.C.
II. ASCENDANCY OF ARGOS UNDER PHEIDON.
III. DEVELOPMENT OF SPARTA TO 500 B.C.

1. Location and formation of the city.

2. Classes of the people.

a. Origin.

b. Relations.

3. Spartan constitution.

a. Duties and privileges of the kings.

b. Composition and duties of the Senate.

c. Importance of the Assembly.

d. Authority of the Ephors.

4. Spartan discipline.

a. Purpose.

b. Education of boys and girls.

c. Life of men and women.

d. General regulations.

e. Results, good and evil.

5. Spartan supremacy.

a. Conquest of Messenia.

b. Destruction of Argive power.

c. Leadership in Peloponnesus.

d. Influence in Greece.

6. Spartan culture.

a. Music ; Terpander.

b. Poetry; Tyrtaeus, Alcman.

Studies on the Growth of Sparta (to about 500 B.C.)

1. Name and locate the important city-states in the Peloponnesus about 700 B.C.
Which of these first gained preeminence ?

2. What influences from the East are seen in King Pheidon's work for Argos ?

3. Describe the situation and formation of the city of Sparta. How did it differ
from the majority of Greek cities ?

4. Explain the origin of the classes into which the people of Laconia were divided.
What were the duties and privileges of each class ?

5. How did it happen that the conquered were divided into two classes ? What was
the constant danger of the Spartan state ?

6. Who was Lycurgus ? What objection is there to saying that he made the Spartan
constitution ?

7. Can you account for the likeness of the laws of Sparta to those of Crete, leaving
Lycurgus out of the question ?

8. How is the conservative spirit of the Spartans shown in their government ?
What concessions were finally made to the people ?

9. What explanations are given of the fact that Sparta had two kings ?

10. Was the position of the kings of Sparta in historic times an enviable one ?

11. What was "a prize for virtue" in Sparta? How much power did the Senate
have ?

12. How far was the old statute, "To the people shall belong the decision and the
power," carried out ?

13. What shall we call the government of the Spartan state ? Distinguish monarchic,
oligarchic, and democratic elements.

* 14. Describe the education of Spartan boys and girls. Would you like to be trained

that way ?

15. What was the object of Spartan discipline ? In what respects was it one-sided ?
' 1 6. Can we say that the Spartan men and women enjoyed "life, liberty, and the
pursuit of happiness "? Give reasons tor your answer.

17. What does Whibley say were the results of Spartan principles ?

18. How much do we know of the Messenian wars? What was the fate of the
Messenians ?

19. Give some incidents of the struggle for supremacy between Sparta and Argos.
-20. The Peloponnesian League: reasons for formation; states belonging; consti-
tution.

21. How did Sparta gain control of the Olympic festival? In what other religious
center did it gain great influence ?

22. Which state was more advanced in culture in the seventh century B.C., Sparta or
Athens ?

23. In what forms of culture did the Spartans excel ? What prevented the growth
of their intellectual and artistic life ?

24. W T hat position did Sparta hold in Greece about 500 B.C. ?

25. Define: Hasileus, Gerousia, Ephors, Apella, Phiditia, Hoplites, Helots, Periceci.

Growth of Athens (to about 500 B.C.)

I. THE LAND AND PEOPLE OF ATTICA.
II. THE MAKING OF ATHENS.

1. Founding of the city.

2. Union of Attica.

III. CHANGES IN THE CONSTITUTION.

1. Decline of the monarchy.

2. Aristocracy.

a. Archons.

b. Council of the Areopagus.

c. Assembly.

d. Classes and condition of the people.

e. Rise of " the heavy-armed " ; census.

3. Timocracy.

a. Civil strife ; Cylon.

b. Draco's code ; results.

c. Economic conditions about 600 B.C.

d. Solon's reforms (594 B.C.).

(1) Solon, the man.

(2) Economic reforms.

(3) Constitutional reforms.

(4) Estimate of his work.

4. Tyranny : the Pisistratidae.

a. Pisistratus and his policy.

b. Work of the tyrants for Athens.

c. Expulsion of the tyrants (510 B.C.).

5. Democracy : Clisthenes.

a. Constitutional reforms.

b. Ostracism.

IV. OPPOSITION OF THE NEIGHBORS OF ATHENS.

Studies on the Growth of Athens (to about 500 B.C.)

1. Contrast Attica and Laconia. How did the people of the two districts differ ?

2. Describe the making of the city of Athens according to Holm.

3. What natural conditions gave Athens supremacy ? What was the secret of her
political greatness ?

4. Explain the expressions : " politically, Athens was Attica," and " all the Atticans
became Athenians, but all the Laconians did not become Spartans."

5. What was the last and only historical royal family in Athens ? By what means
did they try to keep their power ?

6. Trace the steps by which the nobles deprived the Athenian kings of power.

7. What is the first exact date in Athenian history ? What does it mark ?

8. Debate the advantage or disadvantage of annual offices.

9. Name the heads of the Athenian government about 650 B.C. What body had
controlling power ? Into what classes were the people divided ?

10. What change in military affairs weakened the power of the Eupatrids ?

1 1. How were the citizens of Athens classified according to their wealth ? What was
the object and result of this census ?

1 2. What economic and political conditions caused dissatisfaction among the people ?
What great concession did the nobles make ?

13. Draco's code. Why was it needed? What were its most important laws ? Was
Draco responsible for its severity ? In what respect wag it a failure ?

14. Describe the condition of the common people of Athens when Solon came to
their relief. Why did all classes have confidence in Solon ?

15. Solon's reforms. Which were most important? What was the result of the
change in coinage ? Which class of the people did he most benefit ?

1 6. Was Solon a democrat? What form of government did he think best? Were
the people satisfied with his work ?

17. By what means did Pisistratus make himself tyrant of Athens?

18. How did the people benefit by the rule of Pisistratus ? How did he increase the
' influence of Athens ?

^19. What public works are ascribed to the Pisistratidae ? Why is their rule called
the " Golden Age of Athens " ?

20. What caused the overthrow of the tyrants ? What is the history of the statues
of the "Tyrannicides "?

21. Who was Clisthenes, and how did he become head of the Athenian state ?

22. What evils did Clisthenes seek to remedy ? How did he accomplish his purpose ?
^.23. Explain ostracism. Did it work for good or evil in Athens ?

24. Make an outline of the constitution of Athens as reformed by Solon. Show the

changes made in it by the reforms of Clisthenes.

^25. What effect did these democratic reforms have upon the relations of the Athe-
nians with their neighbors ?

Growth of Hellenic Unity (to about 500 B.C.)
Bonds of Union.

I. COMMON ANCESTRY AND MANNERS AND CUSTOMS.

1. Distinction between Hellene and "Barbarian."

2. Advance in civilization.

II. COMMON LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE.

1. Poetry: the Lyric Age (700-475 B.C.).

a. Elegiac verse ; Tyrtaeus, Solon.

b. Iambic verse ; Archilochus.

c. Lyric poetry ; character and forms.

(1) Ballad; Alcaeus, Sappho.

(2) Choral ode ; Simonides, Pindar.

2. Philosophy.

a. Origin and purpose.

b. Xenophanes, Thales, Heraclitus, Pythagoras.

III. COMMON RELIGION.

1. Oracles and soothsayers.

2. Religious festivals.

3. Art, temples and statues.

IV. COMMON INSTITUTIONS.

1. Amphictyonies.

2. Political leagues.

3. National games.

Studies on the Growth of Hellenic Unity (to about 500 B.C.)

1. What contrasts do you find between the Greeks and Orientals in character?
in manner of life ? in government ? in religion ?

2. What are the natural ties that unite a people ? the artificial ?

3. What belief in regard to their origin caused the Greeks to call themselves
Hellenes ? How did they come to be called Greeks ?

4. What did " barbarian " mean to a Greek ?

5. What new arts introduced to the Greeks through commerce most advanced
their culture in this period ?

6. What improvement do we find in the relations of individuals and of states ?

7. How had the epic poets served the cause of national unity ?

8. Why is the period of Greek literature from 700 to 475 B.C. called the Lyric Age ?
What spirit dominates Greek feeling in this age ?

9. How does lyric poetry differ from epic ? Name some English lyrics.

10. Name the great poets of the Lyric Age and quote from as many as you can.

11. Explain the difference between a ballad and a choral ode. Which of these
forms became national ?

12. What is philosophy ? Where was European philosophy founded ?

13. What was the chief service of Greek philosophy to the world of thought ?

14. Tell something of the life of Xenophanes, "one of the pioneers of Greek
thought."

15. What, so far as we know, was Thales the first to predict? Anaximander the
first to make ? What did Pythagoras discover ?

16. Who were the "Seven Sages"? Repeat some of their sayings.

17. What were the chief requirements of the moral code of the Greeks?

1 8. What is meant by the Eleusinian and Orphic mysteries? How did they change
the character of Greek religion ?

19. Judging from the words of Pindar, had the Greek idea of the future life changed
since the Epic Age ?

20. Show the influence of the oracle of Apollo at Delphi for good and for evil.

21. Write a paper on the national games which shall show their origin, where
they were held and how often, who were permitted to take part, the character
of the contests and rewards, and the effect of the games on Greek life.

22. What examples of Greek art before 500 B.C. can you find ? What were the two
strongest influences upon its development ?

23. Explain the following expressions: Mount Helicon, the home of "the tuneful
Nine " ; " Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring " ; His speech is too
laconic to be graceful ; The German Emperor had a truly Spartan training.

Foreign Wars of the Greeks (560-479 B.C.)

I. CONQUEST OF THE ASIATIC GREEKS BY

1. Crcesus, king of Lydia.

2. Cyrus, king of Persia.

II. CONQUESTS OF CAMBYSES : effect upon the Greeks.

III. SCYTHIAN EXPEDITION OF DARIUS.

1. The Greek tyrants.

2. Extent of Persian power.

IV. IONIAN REVOLT (500 B.C.).

1. Causes : remote and immediate.

2. Events : Sardis, Lade, Miletus.

3. Results : effect on Ionia and on Europe.

V. EXPEDITIONS AGAINST GREECE.

1. First expedition of Darius (492 B.C.).

2. Second expedition of Darius (490 B.C.).

a. Subjection of the ./Egean islands.

b. Marathon ; Miltiades.

3. Respite for ten years.

a. Preparations of Xerxes.

b. Preparations of the Greeks ; Themistocles.

4. Expedition of Xerxes (480 B.C.).

a. March of the Persian army.

b. Thermopylae and Artemisium.

c. Sal am is.

5. Final victories of the Greeks (479 B.C.).

a. Plataea.

b. Mycale.

6. Effect on the Greeks, the Persians, and Europe.

VI. CARTHAGINIAN EXPEDITION AGAINST SICILY (485-480 B.C.).

1. Causes: influence of Persia.

2. Event : battle of Himera ; Gelon.

3. Results : effect on Sicily and on Europe.

Studies on the Foreign Wars (560-479 B.C.)

1. When and where did the Greeks first come into serious conflict with a foreign
power ?

2. What was Asiatic Greece ? Describe the character of the Asiatic Greeks.

3. Give a brief account of the relations between the Lydian kings and the Ionian
cities before the time of Croesus. How had the Lydian kingdom served the
lonians ?

4. How did Croesus treat the Greeks he conquered ? Can you explain his mildness ?

5. What brought Croesus into conflict with Cyrus, the Persian ? What was the result ?

6. What did the fall of Croesus mean for the Greeks ? How did they meet the crisis ?

7. What might have been the result if the Persians and Greeks had first met in
peace instead of in war ?

8. In what way did the organization of the Persian Empire by Darius affect the
Greeks ?

9. Who is our chief source of information for the Persian wars ? Repeat his story
of the tyrants at the bridge. Which was wiser, Histiaeus or Miltiades ?

10. Why did Aristagoras urge the lonians to revolt from Persia ? Describe his expe-
riences in seeking allies.

11. Had the Athenians any special reasons for sympathizing in the Ionian Revolt ?

12. What fatal weaknesses did the lonians show in their struggle for independence ?

13. What do you think of the treatment of the Great King's heralds by the Spartans
and by the Athenians ?

14. Was Greece in a good condition for war ? What had she in her favor?

15. How far did the second expedition of Darius accomplish his purpose?

^ 16. Why is the battle of Marathon so famous ? Draw a plan of the battle ground and
explain the movements on each side. Why is the " Marathon Run " so called ?

17. Why were there no Spartans at Marathon ? Do you regret their absence? Did
they?

18. What change in government about 487 B.C. made Athens more democratic?
How was the opposition of her two leading statesmen ended? What was the
importance of the result to Athens and to Greece ?

19. Comment on what you find in Herodotus concerning the preparations and
march of Xerxes. How many nations did the Persian army represent ?

20. Were the Greek states united in defense of their liberties ? What spirit did the
Peloponnesians show ? Did the Greeks have any help from abroad ?

21. In what respect was Thermopylae a victory for the Greeks? Why were no
Athenians there ?

22. How was the battle of Salamis fought according to ^Eschylus ? Why should he
know ?

23. Who should have most credit for the victory of Salamis? of Plataea ?

24. Why did the Greeks conquer the Persians ? What were the important results
of the struggle ?

25. How were the western Greeks engaged while their eastern kinsmen were con-
quering the Persians ? Compare the wars in the east and west.

26. On an outline map trace the routes of the various Persian expeditions against
Greece.

Leadership of Athens (479-431 B.C.)

I. MAKING OF THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE.

1. Fortification of Athens and Piraeus: Themistocles.

2. Leadership of allied fleet given to Athens.

3. Confederacy of Delos (477 B.C.) : Aristides.

a. Purpose of formation.

b. Constitution.

c. Importance.

4. Leadership of Cimon (477-461 B.C.).

a. Subjection of allies ; Naxos and Thasos.

b. Condition of subject states.

c. Alliance with Sparta.

d. Ostracism of Cimon.

II. AGE OF PERICLES (461-431 B.C.).

1. Pericles the man, and his policy.

2. Activity of the Athenians.

a. Foreign expeditions.

b. War with Peloponnesians.

c. Long Walls.

3. Attempt to create a land empire.

a. Tanagra, (Enophyta, Coronea.

b. Thirty Years' Truce (445 B.C.).

4. Periclean democracy.

a. Foundation principle ; narrowness.

b. Power of the assembly ; chief magistrates.

c. The popular courts ; pay for public service.

5. Athenian Empire : strength and weakness.

III. BEAUTIFYING OF ATHENS.

1. Work of Cimon: Polygnotus and Myron.

2. Architecture on and near the Acropolis : the Parthenon.

3. Sculpture : Phidias and his school.

IV. LITERATURE.

1. Drama : ^Eschylus and Sophocles.

2. History : Herodotus.

3. Philosophy : Zeno and Anaxagoras.

V. SOCIAL LIFE : estimate of Athenian character.

Studies on Athenian Leadership (479-445 B.C.)

X^ i. When the Athenians returned to their city after the battle of Plataea, in what
condition did they find it ?

2. How did Themistocles succeed in making Athens a walled city ? Why was
there any objection ?

3. How did Piraeus rank among the commercial cities of the Mediterranean
because of the work of Themistocles ?

4. Was the situation of Athens relative to her port advantageous or otherwise ?

5. How did Athens gain control of the allied fleet ? Why was this gain important ?

6. What prominent examples of the untrustworthy character of Spartan leaders
appear in this period ?

7. Give reasons for Lacedaemonian hatred of Themistocles. How did it affect the
closing years of his life ?

8. Is it possible to overestimate the work of Themistocles for Athens ? How did
the Athenians of later times regard him ?

9. Who was most prominent in the formation of the Confederacy of Delos ?
Where have we heard of a Delian League before ?

10. Compare the constitution of the Delian Confederacy with that of the Pelopon-
nesian League.

11. Show how the confederacy grew under the leadership of Cimon. Can you jus-
tify Athens in the use of force as head of the confederacy ?

12. How was the confederacy transformed into an empire? What was the condi-
tion of a subject ally ?

13. Of what did the subject states most bitterly complain ? On the other hand, what
benefits did they enjoy ?

14. What made Cimon a popular man? What was his ideal for Greece? Why was
it impossible of attainment ?

15. Compare the principles of Pericles with those of Cimon.

1 6. How did Pericles come to the head of affairs in Athens ?

v ^17. Explain the statement: Pericles "was heir to the foreign policy of Themisto-
cles and Ephialtes, to the constitutional principles of Aristides, and to Cimon's
patronage of culture."

1 8. In how many different places were Athenian soldiers fighting in the "wonderful
year " 458 B.C. ? What memorial of their valor still remains ?

19. Tell the story of Cimon's restoration to favor. What was his last work for
Athens ?

20. Why was it impossible for Athens to form a land empire in opposition to Sparta ?

21. How were affairs settled by the Thirty Years' Truce ?

^22. Make a plan of the walls and fortifications of Athens and Piraeus as they

appeared in the year 431 B.C.

23. Who was "the Athenian Nelson"? "the Attic Odysseus"? "the Philo-
Laconian"? "the hero of Thermopylae"? "the Judas of Greece"? "the
Just " ? " the father and founder of the Attic peasantry " ?

Studies on the Age of Pericles (461-431 B.C.)

i. In what respects is the Age of Pericles unequaled by any other period in

the history of the world ?

^ 2. Is it right to call the Periclean democracy " a despotism of the people " ?
Was it a democracy according to our ideas ?

3. Is payment for public service a good thing ? Was it a benefit to the Athenians ?

4. What sources of revenue had Athens to provide for the expenses of the state ?

5. What part did the law courts play in the life of an Athenian ? How was a jury
chosen ?

6. Describe the method of conducting a trial in Athens. How does a modern
trial differ ?

7. What great mistake did Athens make in her imperial policy ? Were there no
anti-imperialists ? How might Athens have ma<le her empire acceptable to her
subjects ?

8. In what forms of art was Athens at her best in the Periclean Age ?

9. What was the Acropolis ? Why was it selected as " the home of the gods " ?

10. Draw a plan of the Acropolis and take a walk about it, pointing out the principal

points of interest.

s ii. Why is the Parthenon considered so great a work of art? What principles of
Greek architecture does it embody ?

12. Point out the chief differences between the Doric and Ionic orders of archi-
tecture, taking two temples on the Acropolis for examples.

13. What great victories of the Greeks were commemorated on or near the Acrop-
olis ?

14. Describe briefly the works ascribed to that greatest of all sculptors, Phidias.

15. What work of Phidias and his school helps to make the Athenians real to us ?

1 6. What form of literature reached its highest development in this age? In what
did it originate ? Trace its development.

17. How does the genius of Sophocles differ from that of ^Eschylus ? Tell the
story of the Antigone.

1 8. What shajl we say of the work of Herodotus ? How was it first made public ?

19. Why was " theater going" in the days of ancient Greece less objectionable
than now ? Describe a Greek theater.

20. What philosophers most influenced Pericles ? Why should schoolboys remember
Anaxagoras ?

21. Imagine that you are an Athenian boy and write a letter about your school life.

22. Describe a day in the life of an Athenian and his wife in this age.

23. Quote the estimate of Athenian character given in the funeral oration of Peri-
cles. Was it a vain boast ?

24. Who made the civilization of the Periclean Age possible? What were the chief
defects of this civilization ?

The Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.)

I. CAUSES : remote and immediate.
II. RESOURCES OF ATHENS AND SPARTA.

III. PLANS OF OPPONENTS.

IV. EVENTS.

1. 431-421 B.C., indecisive.

a. Plataea (431-427 B.C.).

b. Peloponnesian invasions of Attica.

c. The plague; death of Pericles (429 B.C.).

d. Character of the war ; Mytilene ; Corcyra.

e. Athenian successes ; Pylos.

f. Athenian reverses ; Delium.

g. Brasidas in Chalcidice.
h. Peace of Nicias.

2. 421-413 B.C., Athens loses.

a. Activity of Argos ; Mantinea.

b. Piracy of Athens at Melos.

c. Sicilian Expedition (415 B.C.).

(1) Causes; influence of Alcibiades.

(2) Preparations and departure.

(3) Operations around Syracuse.

(4) Retreat of the Athenians.

(5) Effect on Athens, Sparta, and Persia.

3. 413-404 B.C., triumph of Sparta.

a. Fortification of Decelea.

b. Plots of Alcibiades ; rule of the Four Hundred.

c. Last work of Alcibiades for Athens.

d. Battle of the Arginusae ; condemnation of the generals.
<?. ^Egospotami ; fall of Athens.

V. TERMS OF PEACE.
VI. RESULTS OF THE WAR TO GREECE AND TO CIVILIZATION.

Studies on the Peloponnesian War (431-404 B.C.)

1. Who were the opponents, and what principles were at stake in this war?

2. What does Bury consider the true cause of the war? Why is this war so cele-
brated in history ?

3. What events hastened the war ? What had been the previous relations of
Athens and Corinth ?

4. Who should be held responsible for the war ? On which side was public
opinion ?

5. Compare the resources of Athens and Sparta in the year 431 B.C. as to (a)
allies, (&) military and naval strength, (c) revenue.

6. In what respect is the first event characteristic of the whole war ?

7. What is meant by "the military promenades of King Archidamus " ? What
effect did they have on the people of Attica ?

8. Describe the circumstances under which the famous funeral oration of Pericles
was delivered. Memorize the passage you think the finest.

9. Estimate the importance of the death of Pericles to Athens.

10. Compare Pericles and Cleon. What were the most unwise measures of Cleon ?

11. What do the revolt of Lesbos and sedition in Corcyra show as to the influence
of the war upon distant communities ?

12. What effect did the capture of Spartan troops at Sphacteria have upon the
position of Athens and Sparta ? Contrast Demosthenes and Nicias as com-
manders.

13. What year marks the height of Athenian success ? Give an account of its events.

14. Whose advice did the Athenians disregard in attempting to conquer Bceotia ?
What military formation appears first at the battle of Delium ?

15. Who was Brasidas ? What did he do ? Give reasons for his success.

1 6. What brought about the Peace of Nicias ? Why was it a failure ?

17. Debate the question, Should the Athenians have undertaken the Sicilian
Expedition ?

1 8. The Sicilian Expedition : mistakes of the Athenians ; plans of the commanders ;
success of the Syracusans ; retreat of the Athenians and their end. Who should
be blamed for the failure of the expedition ? Who deserves sympathy ?

19. What light does the behavior of Persia throw upon the previous service of
Athens to her empire ? What good qualities does Athens show in defeat ?

20. Write a biography of Alcibiades showing his influence upon the events of
the Peloponnesian War. What do you think of his character ?

21. Describe the rule of the Four Hundred in Athens. At what previous time had
Athens a similar government ? What was the fate of her first written constitution ?

22. What events of the war show the fickleness and injustice of the Athenian
Assembly ?

23. Where should the blame for the capture of the Athenians at ^Egospotami be
placed ? Why were the final terms of peace not more severe ?

24. What was the condition of Hellas at the close of the Peloponnesian War ?

3 1

The New Learning

I THE SOPHISTS AND RHETORICIANS.

1. Character and aim.

2. Influence.

II. LEADERS OF THOUGHT.

1. Drama: Aristophanes, Euripides.

2. History : Thucydides.

3. Philosophy : Socrates.

III. GOOD AND EVIL EFFECTS OF THE NEW LEARNING.

1. What was the true cause of the fall of Athens ?

2. To whom did the Athenians turn for help when their political leaders failed ?

3. What change do we find had taken place in Athenian thought and ideals during
the fifth century ?

4. What did the teachers of sophistry and rhetoric promise to do for men ? Give
some examples of their teachings.

5. What was the measure of success in these days ? What evils resulted from the
struggle for such success ?

6. In what form of literature do we find the changed temper of the Athenians
best illustrated ?

7. Why are the comedies of Aristophanes so helpful in the study of Athens ?

8. Why does Euripides seem the most modern of the ancient writers ? Why should
women especially honor him ?

9. Give some quotations from Euripides which show his patriotism and humanity.

10. Write out the story of the Alccstis as you would tell it to your brothers and
sisters.

11. Who was the "ugliest of the sons of men " but "the greatest of the Greeks " ?
How did he try to save the Athenians ? Why did he fail ?

12. From Plato's description of the trial and death of Socrates, copy into your
notebook the lines which most appeal to you.

13. What were the good effects of the new thought ?

14. Show how the life of Alcibiades illustrates the results of the teaching of the
sophists.

15. Define: Demos ; Sophist, Socratic method, Decelean War, Hcrmcz, Panathcnaa,
Helicea.

1 6. For what are the following to be remembered? Phormio, Gylippus, Lysander,
Hyperbolus, Lamachus, Corax, Melos, Mantinea.

Leadership of Sparta and of Thebes (404-362 B.C.)

I. IMPERIAL POLICY OF SPARTA : Lysander.

1. Decarchies : harmosts.

2. The Thirty in Athens : Thrasybulus.

II. WARS.

1. Expedition of the Ten Thousand (401 B.C.).

2. War with Persia.

a. Agesilaus in Asia Minor.

b. Conon and the Long Walls.

3. Corinthian War : Iphicrates.

4. Peace of Antalcidas (387 B.C.).

III. TYRANNY OF SPARTA IN BCEOTIA, ARCADIA, CHALCIDICE.

IV. RISE OF THEBES.

1. Liberation of Thebes: Pelopidas and Epaminondas.

2. Hellenic peace convention (371 B.C.).

3. Battle of Leuctra : results.

V. ASCENDANCY OF THEBES.

1. Epaminondas in Peloponnese (370 B.C.): Messenia.

2. Pelopidas in the north and at Susa.

3. Battle of Mantinea (362 B.C.): results.

VI. CONDITION OF GREECE.
VII. PROGRESS IN CULTURE.

1. Spread of culture through Greece.

2. Leadership of Athens : change in social life.

a. Literature ; principal forms.

b. Great men ; Xenophon, Lysias, Isocrates, Plato.

3. Art : characteristics.

a. Architecture ; Mausoleum of Halicarnassus.

b. Sculpture ; Praxiteles, Scopas.

Studies on Leadership of Sparta (404-371 B.C.)

1. Commit to memory : The Athenian Empire had lasted seventy glorious years.
Nearly an equal time was to elapse before Hellas fell under Macedonian sway,
but the period is one of shame or profitless conflict. It falls into three divisions,

the brutal terrorism of Sparta, the hopeless anarchy of Thebes, and the subtle
encroachments of Macedon. In the whole period the city-state is declining, to
give way to the system of great monarchies. Adapted from WEST.

2. In whose hands were the affairs of eastern Greece after the fall of Athens?
For what had the subjects of Athens exchanged her " wise, mild rule " ?

3. Describe the government set up by Lysander in Athens. How does it corre-
spond to the government of Sparta ? Compare it with the rule of the Four
Hundred.

4. What brought about the downfall of the Thirjty ? Quote the words of the patriot
Thrasybulus as he led his followers against them.

5. To which class of Athenian citizens is most honor due in the strife between
oligarchs and democrats ? Why ?

6. How did the Athenians again show their narrowness ? What might a more
liberal policy have done for Athens ?

7. What does Lysander's career show of Greek character and the deterioration of
Spartan discipline ?

8. How does the Sparta of the fourth century differ from the Sparta of the seventh ?
Why was she unfit to rule an empire ? Was she less unfit than Athens ?

9. Why is King Agesilaus called " an ideal Spartan " ? What forced him to lead the
Greeks against Persia ?

10. Why is the retreat of the Ten Thousand so famous ? What previous retreat in
Greek history is a striking contrast ?

11. How did Conon, the Athenian, come to be in Persian service? What had
destroyed the walls of Athens ? What now restored them ?

12. What condition of affairs at home recalled Agesilaus before his work was done ?

13. How was Iphicrates able to strike a fatal blow at the military prestige of Sparta ?

14. Shall we blame Sparta for making the Treaty of Antalcidas ? What else could
she have done ? What was most shameful about it ?

15. How many times had Sparta betrayed the Greeks of Asia into the hands of
Persia ?

1 6. What tyrannical acts of Sparta hurried her to her downfall ?

17. Where did opposition to Spartan tyranny first show itself?

1 8. Give an account of the overthrow of the Theban oligarchy.

19. Tell the story of the friendship of Pelopidas and Epaminondas. What were the
most excellent traits of character in each of these patriots ?

Studies on Thebes and Progress of Culture (400-350 B.C.)

1. What is noticeable in the relations of the three leading states of Greece during
this period ?

2. Why did the Athenians form a new maritime confederacy ? How did it differ
from the old Delian Confederacy ?

3. What led to the Hellenic peace convention of 371 B.C.? What advance does
it show in the management of Greek affairs ?

4. Describe the scene at the peace convention which led to the battle of Leuctra.
For what is this battle remarkable ?

5. Draw a plan of the battlefield of Leuctra, and explain the tactics of Epami-
nondas.

6. Describe the condition of affairs in Peloponnese after Leuctra.

7. What did Epaminondas accomplish in his first invasion of Peloponnese ? What
was the best thing he ever did ?

8. How did Epaminondas succeed as an admiral ?

9. What did Pelopidas accomplish in the north ? What can you say of his embassy
to Susa ?

10. What did Epaminondas hope to do for Thebes ? How did he fail as a statesman ?

11. What does Xenophon say of the result of the battle of Mantinea ?

12. Why was there no longer any hope of a city supremacy in Greece ?

13. Why were western and northern Greece so far behind eastern Greece in civiliza-
tion ? Why did culture spread more rapidly from 432 to 362 B.C. ?

14. Show how the conditions of life in Athens had changed since the time of Pericles.
Had Athens any influence in the Greece of the fourth century ?

15. What is the keynote of the art and literature of the fourth century ?

1 6. What marked change do we find in the literature of the period? What are
its most excellent forms ?

17. Who was the " ablest thinker and writer of the age " ? What did he teach was
the perfect life ?

1 8. What makes Xenophon an interesting historian ?

19. Which of the great men of the age most influenced the development of European
literature ? In what respect was his patriotism like Cimon's ?

20. Where do we find the greatest works of art in this period ? Why ?

21. Describe the most famous statue of the greatest sculptor of the age.

22. What artists of two worlds do we associate with the " Marble Faun " ?

23. Which of the Seven Wonders belongs to this age ?

24. Define : decarchy, harmost, Academy, mausoleum, Platonic, Anabasis, Apology
of Socrates, Sacred Band.

The Greeks of Western Hellas (413-212 B.C.)

I. AFFAIRS IN SICILY TO 413 B.C.
II. CARTHAGINIAN INVASION (409 B.C.) : Selinus, Himera, Agrigentum.

III. DIONYSIUS I OF SYRACUSE (405-367 B.C.).

1. Wars with Carthage.

2. Extension of power.

3. Character and achievements.

IV. DIONYSIUS II AND DION.

V. TlMOLEON THE LIBERATOR (344-336 B.C.).

1. Despots expelled ; Carthaginians defeated.

2. Sicily freed and prosperity restored.

VI. WESTERN GREECE TO THE ROMAN CONQUEST (212 B.C.).

1. Syracuse under Agathocles and Hiero II.

2. Magna Graecia conquered by Italians.

1. Make a topical outline of the history of Syracuse to the year 413 B.C.

2. Why did the Carthaginians invade Sicily in 409 B.C. ? What did they accom-
plish ?

3. Give an account of the rise of Dionysius I to power.

4. At what cost did Syracuse become the greatest city of western Hellas ?
Why has she been called " at once the Athens and the Sparta of the West " ?

5. What did the orator Lysias mean by saying "The Hellenic world is on fire at
both ends " ?

6. Sketch a map of the kingdom of Dionysius at its greatest extent.

7. To what else did Dionysius aspire besides political power ? What other tyrant
in Greek history is most like him ? In what respects ?

8. Estimate the service of Dionysius to European civilization.

9. What circumstances led to the sending of Timoleon to Syracuse ?

10. Give an account of the achievements of Timoleon. To what other great
generals may he be likened ? Contrast the behavior of Nicias and Timoleon
in trying circumstances.

11. Describe the condition of the Sicilian cities under the union organized by
Timoleon.

12. What was the effect of the rule of Agathocles upon Sicily ?

13. Why did the western Greeks lose their freedom and become subject to Rome?

14. What monuments of Greek civilization may be seen in Sicily to-day?

15. What great men did Sicily give to the world of Greek thought? Describe the
experiences of Plato in Syracuse.

1 6. Explain: ballista, quinquereme, harbors of Syracuse, sword of Damocles,
Panhellenic, the hundredth Olympiad.

The Rise of Macedonia (Fourth Century B.C.)

I. THE LAND AND PEOPLE OF MACEDONIA.
II. PHILIP II OF MACEDON (359-336 B.C.).

1. Inheritance and training.

2. Settlement of domestic affairs.

3. Ambitious plans.

4. Aggressions.

a. Chalcidice ; Demosthenes.

b. Sacred War ; position of Philip.

5. Character and policy.

III. END OF GREEK FREEDOM (338 B.C.).

1. Hellenic League : Chaeronea..

2. Relations established by the council at Corinth.

3. Plans for invasion of Asia.

IV. RESULTS OF PHILIP'S ACHIEVEMENTS.

1. Contrast the city-state of Athens and the country-state of Macedon.

2. Compare the Athenians with the Macedonians.

3. What special advantages of training had Philip of Macedon ?

4. What difficulties faced Philip when he became king?

5. By what means did Philip unify his kingdom ? To what did he aspire ?

6. How did Philip come into conflict with Athens ? In what condition was Athens
to oppose Philip ?

7. What circumstances gave Philip his first foothold within the gates of Greece ?

8. Describe the making of the orator Demosthenes, Philip's greatest opponent.

9. What success did Demosthenes have in stirring up the Greeks against Philip ?

10. Why is the battle of Chaeronea a turning point in the world's history ?

11. How were the affairs of Greece settled by Philip and the council at Corinth ?

12. Describe the character of Philip. What means did he use to gain his ends?
Which of his ambitious plans did he fail to carry out ?

13. Which was right, Philip or Demosthenes?

14. Describe the army of Philip and Alexander, its make-up, equipment, and
tactics.

15. Explain the changes in Greek warfare from Homer's time to the age of Philip.

1 6. Trace the growth of the purpose of the Greeks to conquer Persia.

17. What is meant by the Macedonian phalanx, the Philippics of Demosthenes,
the Pythian games, Delphian Amphictyony, Olynthiac orations ?

Alexander's Empire and the Graeco-Oriental World

I. CAREER OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT (356-323 B.C.).

1. Early life and education.

2. First work as king (336 B.C.).

3. Invasion of Asia.

a. Asia Minor ; Granicus, Issus, Tyre.

I). Egypt ; Alexandria.

c. Persia ; Arbela ; the Capitals.

d. Explorations.

4. Return to Babylon and the end.

5. Character and purpose.

6. Results of Alexander's work.

II. THE GR/ECO-ORIENTAL WORLD. (323-30 B.C.).

1. Partition of Alexander's Empire.

a. Wars of the generals.

b. Ipsus (301 B.C.).

2. Macedon and the Greeks.

a. Lamian War (323-321 B.C.).

b. Invasion of Gauls (278 B.C.).

c. y^tolian League.

d. Achaean League.

e. Roman Conquest (146 B.C.).

3. Syria under the Seleucidae (312-65 B.C.).

Spread of Hellenic civilization.

4. Egypt under the Ptolemies (323-30 B.C.).

Patronage of learning.

5. Culture of the Alexandrian Age.

a. Literature ; characteristics.

(1) The Septuagint.

(2) Histories of Manetho and Berosus.

(3) Aristotle, Menander, Theocritus.

b. Art ; sculpture and painting.

(1) Lysippus, Apelles.

(2) Schools of Pergamum and Rhodes.

Alexander's Empire and the Graeco-Oriental World

1. What was Alexander's inheritance from his father and mother ? In what respects
was he remarkable as a boy ?

2. Tell some story of Alexander's youth which shows his character. Where did he
first show ability as a general ?

3. How did Alexander settle the troubles attending his succession ?

4. Why did not Alexander march directly upon the Persian capitals when he
started on the conquest of Persia ?

5. What is the importance of the battle of the Granicus ?

6. How did Alexander settle affairs in the Asiatic Greek cities ?

7. Explain the phrase, "cutting the Gordian knot."

8. What is interesting about the battle of Issus ?

9. Narrate some incident which shows Alexander's attitude toward the Greeks.

10. Describe Alexander's siege of Tyre. Why did the city have such a hard fate ?

11. Did Alexander show good judgment in the founding of Alexandria in Egypt?

12. Why is the battle of Arbela one of the decisive battles of the world? What
memorable saying is connected with this battle ?

13. Describe the triumphal march through the Persian capitals.

14. Tell the story of Alexander's pursuit of Darius and his generals.

15. What was the chief value of the campaigns in the farther east ?

1 6. What was the most important result of the return journey to Babylon ?

17. What were the plans of Alexander for his new empire ? for further conquest ?

18. Relate some incident which shows Alexander's treatment of his enemies. Why
were his soldiers so attached to him ?

19. What great mistake did the Greeks make in their treatment of Alexander?

20. Estimate the importance to the world of Alexander's achievements.

21. How is the breaking up of Alexander's Empire described in Daniel viii ?

22. What were the results of the Greek struggle for freedom in the Lamian War ?

23. How did the ^tolian and Achaean leagues differ in character ?

24. What memorials have we of the invasions of the Gauls in the third century?

25. Which rulers were the most worthy successors of Alexander ?

26. Give an account of the work of the Seleucidae in Asia.

27. Describe Alexandria as a center of learning under the first Ptolemies.

28. What were the chief contributions of Rhodes and Pergamum to Greek art ?

29. Trace on an outline map the campaigns of Alexander, indicating points of
special interest.

30. Is it too much to say that the work of Alexander the Great fills a larger place in
the world's history than that of any other man ?

Review Studies on Greek History

1. What forms of government do we find in ancient Greece, and what were the good
points of each ?

2. Name the six statesmen who in your opinion most influenced Greek history.
Which one of them seems to have served his country most disinterestedly ?

3. What did patriotism mean to a Greek ? Name some Greek patriots.

4. When and where were battles fought which were turning points in Greek history ?
State in each case the new conditions created.

5. Name the different Greek states that attempted to make an empire. What caused
failure in each case ?

6. Why did the Greeks never become politically a great nation ? Is it to be
regretted that they did not ?

7. Why was it impossible for Athens and Sparta to be "yokemates " ?

8. How did the dress of the Spartans and Athenians differ ? Why did the Spartans
object to " purple robes " ?

9. Name three sculptors, three lawgivers, three dramatists, and three historians
of Athens. Can you do as much for Sparta ?

10. Have you found any famous women among the Greeks ?

11. What is the dark side to Greek life ?

12. What does Curtius think "the grandest and most truly glorious activity of
the Greek nation " ?

13. How did the Greeks date events ? What happened in the third year of the
sixty-seventh Olympiad ?

14. What was the legacy of the Greeks to the world ?

15. What does Professor Jebb consider the most beautiful of all the beautiful things
the Greeks created ?

1 6. Why may we never hope to have such perfect architecture as did the Greeks ?

17. What does Bury say was the most precious thing the Greeks showed to men?

1 8. Who is your favorite character in Greek history? Why?

19. How did the Stoics and Epicureans differ in their ideas of virtue?

20. In whom did Greek philosophy reach its height ? How long did his philosophy
rule the intellectual world ? Why was his school called "peripatetic " ?

21. Is it correct to say that the Greeks had "but one great orator " ?

22. What is your favorite piece of Greek sculpture ? Why do you like it ?

23. Who has been styled "the Tenth Muse"? "the Father of Tragedy "? "the
prince of biographers"? "the philosopher of the tub"? "the Raphael of
antiquity " ? " the Father of Medicine " ?

The Land of Italy

I. POSITION OF ITALY IN THE MEDITERRANEAN.
II. CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES.

1. Form and area.

2. Mountains and plains.

3. Rivers and lakes.

4. Coasts, harbors, and islands.

III. CLIMATE AND PRODUCTIONS.

IV. COMPARISON OF ITALY AND GREECE.

V. INFLUENCE OF THE GEOGRAPHY OF ITALY UPON ITS HISTORY.

The Early Inhabitants of Italy

I. REMNANTS OF EARLY PEOPLES.

1. Venetians.

2. Ligurians.

3. lapygians.

II. ITALIANS: characteristics.

1. Umbro-Sabellians, mountaineers.

2. Latins, lowlanders.

III. INVADING NATIONS : influence.

1. Etruscans, " the Egyptians of the West."

2. Greeks, the schoolmasters of the Romans,

3. Gauls, of Celtic stock.

Studies on the Land and People of Italy

i. Balance the advantages and disadvantages of the position of Italy in the Medi-
terranean Sea.
2.. What did the name " Italy " mean to the Romans up to the first century B.C. ?

3. Why was civilization slow in reaching Italy ?

4. Divide the surface of Italy into four belts and give the characteristics of each.

5. Did the mountains of Italy prevent intercourse as did those of Greece?
, 6. Locate the plains of Italy. Give some idea of their fertility.

7. Contrast the eastern and western coasts of Italy. Where were the chief harbors ?

8. What has been the chief benefit to Italy of her rivers and lakes?

9. Compare the climate and productions of Italy with those of Greece.

10. To what dangers were the Italians subject because of the nature of their
country?

11. What does geology tell us of the formation of the hills of Rome?

12. How did Rome's conquests help to give her an unhealthful climate?

13. What does Dionysius say of Italy in comparing it with other lands?

14. Copy into your notebook Duruy's summing up of the character of the land
of Italy.

15. What has the geography of Italy to do with the work of Rome in history ?

1 6. What was the problem of defense in Italy? How only could it be solved?

17. Which was easier, to enter or to leave Italy on the north ?

18. Why was unity within Italy difficult ?

19. Where do we find the remnants of the earliest inhabitants of Italy in historic
times ? What light does this throw upon the character of the people of the
true Italian stock ?

20. How did the Umbrians and Sabellians differ in character and manner of life?

21. The Etruscans. Who were they? What was their civilization ? What did they
teach the Romans ?

22. What elements of Greek civilization most influenced the Romans?

23. How has our knowledge of Roman history been affected by the Gauls?

24. What was the work of the Romans with respect to all the other peoples of
Italy ?

25. Explain what is meant by "the sacred spring"; "in the Maremma one grows
rich in a year, but dies in six months"; "the standing riddle of history."

26. On an outline map of Italy designate by colors the location of the principal
peoples.

' /TV

Outline of Roman History to A.D. 800

f Legends of the Kings.
I. THE MON- Development of Institutions.

ARCHY <

(753~5 9 B.C.(?)) Extension of Territory and Power.
Public Works.

f Struggle of the Classes.
I C<

II. THE REPUBLIC ' Conquest and Unification of Italy.
(59( ? )-3 I B.C.) ] Conquest of the Mediterranean.

Revolution from Republic to Empire.

f Dyarchy to Monarchy.

III. THE EMPIRE Happiest Period of the Ancient World.
(3IB.C.-A.D.476) I Revolutions to Despotism.

Barbarian Invasions to Fall of Rome.

f The West : Formation of Barbarian Kingdoms.

IV. TRANSITION j The East . One Emperor at Constantinople.

AGE <

(A.D. 476-800) T ^ e Church and Mohammedanism.

^ Fusion of Roman and Teuton in the New Empire.

Prehistoric Age: Rome under the Kings

I. LATIUM.

1. Early civilization of the Latins.

2. Latin League.

II. BEGINNINGS OF ROME (753 B.C. (?)).

1. First settlements.

2. Advantages of position.

3. Reasons for growth.

III. LEGENDS OF EARLY ROME.

1. Credibility.

2. Work of the first four kings.

IV. THE ROMAN PEOPLE.

1. The family, clients, and slaves.

2. Clans, curies, and tribes.

3. Life and character.

V. THE GOVERNMENT.

1. King: duties and powers.

2. Senate : constitution and functions.

3. Assembly of the curies : rights.

4. Citizens : rights and privileges.

VI. THE ROMAN RELIGION : character and importance.

VII. ROME UNDER THE TARQUINS.

1. Extension of power.

2. Public works.

3. Reforms of Servius : assembly of the centuries.

VIII. EXPULSION OF THE KINGS (509 B.C. (?)).

Studies on the Prehistoric Age : The Monarchy

1. Describe the country of Latium and the settlements in early times.

2. Do you find that the formation of the Latin League was in any way different
from the formation of similar leagues in Greece ?

3. Have any remains of Mycenaean civilization been found in the Latin cities ?

4. What advantages of position led to the founding of " square Rome " on the
Palatine ?

5. What day is still celebrated as the birthday of Rome ?

6. How does the development of the supremacy of Rome in Latium compare with
that of Athens in Attica ?

7. According to Goodspeed, what were the three factors in the making of Rome ?

8. Make a list of the legendary kings, stating the part ascribed to each in the
making of Rome.

9. What points in the history of this period dqes Pelham consider "fairly well
established " ?

10. What does the fact that the Tarquins were of Etruscan origin seem to prove ?

11. Deduce five facts concerning the regal period from Ihne's Early Rome.

12. The Roman family : the members ; authority of the father ; sacredness ; depend-
ents ; influence upon the state.

13. Trace the development of social and political groups in the Roman state.

14. What differences do you find between the government of Rome under the kings
and the Homeric monarchy ?

15. How did the popular assembly in Rome resemble a New England town meeting ?
In what important respects did it differ ?

1 6. What was the most important power of the senate ?

17. Distinguish the public and private rights of a Roman citizen. Is there any
such distinction nowadays ?

1 8. How did the rights of a patrician differ from those of a plebeian ?

19. What did religio mean to a Roman ? How did the religion of the family differ

from that of the state ?

20. What was the political importance of the Roman religion ?

21. What is meant by the sacred colleges ? How did they serve the state ?

22. Point out the marked differences between the Greek and Roman religions.

23. What important; changes within and without Rome resulted from the rule of the
Tarquins ? What remains of works ascribed to them are still extant ?

24. In what respects are the reforms of Servius similar to those of Solon ?

25. Write a summary of the chief contributions of regal Rome to the republic.

26. Explain: Servian Wall, Circus Maximus, Cloaca Maxima, Comitium, Forum,
Pontifex Maximus, Via Sacra, Campus Martius, Sibylline Books, Interrex.

Struggle of the Classes : Plebeians win Full Rights (509-286 B.C.)

I. FOUNDING OF THE REPUBLIC.

1. Consuls : powers and duties.

2. Senate : composition and power.

3. Assemblies : composition and importance.

II. CONDITION OF THE PLEBEIANS, ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, CONSTITUTIONAL.

III. DEVELOPMENT OF PLEBEIAN RIGHTS.

1. Private rights under the constitution.

a. Personal protection ; tribunes of the Plebs (493 B.C.).

b. Organization of plebeian assembly of the tribes (471 B.C.).

c. Public lands ; Spurius Cassius.

d. Written laws; Twelve Tables (451 B.C.).

e. "Roman Magna Charta,"- Valerio-Horatian Laws (449 B.C.).
f. Right of intermarriage ; Canuleian Law (445 B.C.).

2. Public rights : to hold offices, etc.

a. Consular tribunate (444 B.C.).

b. Quaestorship (421 B.C.).

c. College of Keepers of Sibylline Books (368 B.C.).

d. Consulship ; Licinian-Sextian Laws (367 B.C.).

e. Landless plebeians enrolled in tribes (312 B.C.).
/ Gradual admission to all offices (before 300 B.C.).

3. Assemblies made independent of senate.

a. Assembly of centuries by Publilian Law (339 B.C.).

b. Assembly of tribes by Hortensian Law (286 B.C.).

IV. RESULT OF THE STRUGGLE TO THE ROMAN STATE.

1. Constitutionally.

2. Actually.

Studies on Struggle of the Classes (509-286 B.C.)

1. Who established the republic ? For whose benefit ?

2. Show in how many ways the patricians controlled the government of the early
republic. What were their two strongest weapons ?

3. What two tasks lay before the aristocracy at the beginning of the republic ?

4. What were the rights of the plebeians under the constitution ?

5. How does Livy picture the real condition of the poor plebeians ? What grievances
had the rich plebeians ?

6. What special reasons were there for the plebeians falling into debt ?

7. What did the plebeians gain by secession to the Sacred Mount ?

8. What was the practical result of the plebeian tribunate ? Could it possibly bring
harmony ?

9. Why was the land question the "eternal question " at Rome ? How was public
land acquired and how disposed of ?

10. What advantages came to the plebs from the Publilian Law of 471 B.C.?

11. Contrast the making of the first codes of laws in Athens and in Rome.

12. Did the laws of the Twelve Tables especially benefit the plebeians? Which of
them remind you of Solon's laws ?

13. If an embassy was sent to study Athenian laws, in what condition did it find
Athens ?

14. How does Appius Claudius appear in the light of modern criticism ?

1 5. What were the most important rights established by the " Roman Magna Charta " ?

1 6. Trace the growth of the power of the tribunes of the plebs.

17. Was the establishment of the consular tribunate of any advantage to the
plebeians ?

1 8. When the patricians dared no longer withhold an office from the plebs, how did
they lessen the fruits of victory ?

19. Why were the censors important officials ? Explain how our word " censorious"
got its meaning.

20. When and by what means did the plebeians gain legal equality with the patri-
cians ? social equality ? religious ? political ?

21. To gain a law before 450 B.C., what steps were the plebeians obliged to take?
What laws gradually did away with these obligations ?

22. The government of Rome in 286 B.C. Who controlled it ? What was democratic
about it ? Was there any trace of monarchy ?

23. What is most remarkable about the struggle between the plebeians and patricians ?

24. Contrast the Athenian and Roman assemblies.

25. Make a list of the magistrates of the republic, indicating the duties of each.

26. Give examples of the importance of veto power in the Roman government.

27. Define: fasces, curule magistrates, imperium, jugerum, dictator, decemvirs,
Twelve Tables, agrarian, plebiscite, rogation.

Conquest and Unification of Italy (509-264 B.C.)

I. BORDER WARS WITH

1. Volscians, ^Equians, Sabines : Coriolanus and Cincinnatus.

2. Etruscans : Siege of Veil ; Camillas.

II. ROMANIZATION OF SOUTHERN El'RURIA.

III. INVASION OF THE GAULS : Sack of Rome (390 B.C.).

IV. ROME AND THE LATINS.

1. Treaty of 493 B.C.

2. Effect of a hundred years of warfare.

3. Revolt of the Latin cities (340-338 B.C.).

4. Dissolution of the Latin League ; municipalities.

V. SAMNITE WARS (343-290 B.C.).

1. Romans and Samnites compared.

2. First Samnite War.

3. Second Samnite War (326-304 B.C.).

a. Caudine Forks.

b. Victory of Papirius.

c. Roman advance ; Appian Way.

4. Third Samnite War (298-290 B.C.).

a. Coalition against the power of Rome.

b. Sentinum (295 B.C.).

5. Results of the Samnite wars.

VI. WAR WITH THE GREEKS (280-272 B.C.).

1. Causes: remote and immediate.

2. Pyrrhus at Heraclea, Asculum, Beneventum.

3. Results.

VII. ORGANIZATION OF ITALY.
z. Political.

a. Roman citizens with full rights.

b. Roman citizens with partial rights.

c. Allies.

2. Military.

a. Colonies, Roman and Latin.

b. Roads.

VIII. PROGRESS IN CIVILIZATION.

1. The Roman army, organization, equipment, order of battle.

2. Old Roman life, public and private.

Studies on the Conquest of Italy (509-264 B.C.)

1. In what double struggle was Rome engaged in the first century of the republic ?

2. What saved Rome from Etruscan conquest in the fifth century B.C. ?

3. Why were the Romans at a disadvantage in the border wars ?

4. Describe the triumph of Cincinnatus. Who was the " Cincinnatus of America " ?

5. What new policy towards the conquered followed the conquest of Veii ?

6. What was done with the conquered lands in Etruria and Latium ?

7. Can you account for the terror of the Romans at the approach of the Gauls ?

8. Compare the rebuilding of Rome after the invasion of the Gauls with that of
Athens after the Persian invasion.

9. What had been the provisions of the perpetual peace between Rome and the
Latin League negotiated in 493 B.C. by Spurius Cassius ?

10. Why did the Latin cities take up arms against Rome? What great gift of the
Romans to political science was the result of the Latin War ?

11. For how many years was Rome the defender of northern Italy against the Gauls ?

12. What had been the history of the Campanians before their appeal to Rome in
343 B.C. ?

13. Compare the Romans with the Samnites in character, government, and military
strength.

14. Which did the people of Italy prefer as conquerors, Romans or Samnites?
Why?

15. What is your opinion of the behavior of the Romans in the matter of the treaty
with Pontius ?

1 6. For what did the Romans remember "the glorious year " of 295 ?

17. Tell the story of the life of Pyrrhus previous to his call to Italy.

1 8. What testimony did Pyrrhus and other Greeks give to the character and valor
of the Romans ?

19. By what means did Rome become supreme in Italy ?

20. What benefits came to the people of Italy from the Roman conquest ?

21. Make a table showing the political organization of united Italy. What principle
was it based upon ?

22. What were the rights and duties of the subject allies of Rome ? Were the sub-
jects of Athens better or worse off in these respects ?

23. How did a Roman colony differ from a Latin colony ? from a Greek colony ?

24. Describe the making of a Roman road. Where were these roads built ?

25. What is true of Roman vigor in this period ? What were the ideals of the time ?

26. Describe the changes made in the Roman military system before the Punic Wars.

27. Write a paper on old Roman life.

28. Explain: maniple, proconsul, municipality, "under the yoke," "gray oxen,"
"a Pyrrhic victory," " a Gallic tumult," " Vcz victis," Rostra.

Conquest of the Mediterranean (264-133 B.C.)

I. FIRST PUNIC WAR : STRUGGLE WITH CARTHAGE FOR SICILY (264-241 B.C.).

1. Foundation and growth of Carthage.

2. Rome and Carthage contrasted.

3. The War.

a. Causes ; remote and immediate.

b. Events ; Mylae, invasion of Africa, Panormus, Drepana,
Hamilcar Barca in Sicily, ^Egates.

c. Results ; effect on Rome and on Carthage.

II. EVENTS BETWEEN FIRST AND SECOND PUNIC WARS (241-218 B.C.).

1. Rome.

a. Organizes her provinces ; Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia.

b. Extends her power to the Alps ; war with the Gauls.

c. Takes first step toward the East ; war with Illyrians.

2. Carthage.

a. Puts down rebellion ; Truceless War.

b. Occupies Spain ; the Barcas.

III. SECOND PUNIC OR HANNIBALIC WAR (218-201 B.C.).

1. Causes: Hannibal's influence.

2. Events:

a. Hannibal's march into Italy.

b. Campaigns (218-216 B.C.).

(1) Ticinus, Trebia, Trasimenus.

(2) Policy of Fabius ; progress of Hannibal.

(3) Cannae ; results to Rome and to Hannibal.

c. War in Sicily ; siege of Syracuse.

d. War in Spain ; the Scipios.

e. Hasdrubal in Italy ; Metaurus.
/ War in Africa; Zama.

3. Terms of peace.

4. Results : condition of Carthage, Rome, and Italy.

Studies on the Punic Wars (264-201 B.C.)

1. Which were the foremost nations in the East and in the West about 270 B.C.?

2. By what means had the Phoenician factory at Carthage grown into the Cartha-
ginian Empire ?

3. What advantages had Rome over her rival, Carthage, and vice versa ?

4. How does the struggle between Rome and Carthage resemble that between
Athens and Sparta ? How do the two contests differ ?

5. Had Rome any right to invade Sicily ? Who took the responsibility ?

6. How does the First Punic War bring out the strong and weak points of the
contending states ?

7. What was the naval strength of Rome at the. beginning of the war ? How was
she enabled to win her first naval victory ?

8. What caused Rome her greatest losses in the First Punic War ? What generous
act of Roman citizens during the war is unparalleled in history ?

9. What valuable services did Hiero and the Greeks render to Rome ?

10. How did Rome take advantage of Carthage in making the Tyrrhenian Sea
" a Roman lake " ? Is there much to choose between Roman and Punic faith ?

11. In what way was the Adriatic made a Roman sea ?

12. When and how did Rome gain control of the Po valley? What had Flaminius
to suffer because of his part in it ?

13. How were Rome's new foreign possessions to be governed ? Why were they
called provinces ?

14. Give an account of the work of the Barcas in Spain.

15. Write a character sketch of Hannibal.

1 6. Describe some of the most remarkable experiences of Hannibal's army on
their march into Italy.

17. Show how Hannibal's skill in strategy enabled him to defeat the Romans
in battle after battle. Describe from a plan the battle of Trasimenus.

18. Who was Hannibal's "lackey " ? Was he right or wrong in his policy ?

19. Prove the truth of the statement, " Rome is most to be feared when her danger
is greatest."

20. In how many different directions was war carried on after Cannae ? How was
Hannibal handicapped ?

21. What is the story of the thirteen years that Hannibal, " a lion at bay," remained
in Italy ?

22. How did Rome punish the cities that opened their gates to Hannibal ?

23. Describe the engines of Archimedes which defended Syracuse by sea.

24. Show what Rome owed to the Scipios in this war.

25. Who finally conquered Hannibal and by what means ?

26. How does Polybius think Hannibal might have accomplished all his purposes ?

Conquest of the Mediterranean (continued)

IV. EVENTS BETWEEN THE SECOND AND THIRD PUNIC WARS.

1. Condition of the East.

2. Acquisition of Greece.

a. First and Second Macedonian Wars; Cynoscephalae (197 B.C.).

b. Third Macedonian War; Pydna (168 B.C.).

c. Achaean War; Corinth (146 B.C.).

3. Acquisition of Asia.

a. War with Antiochus ; Magnesia (190 B.C.).

b. Settlement of the East.

4. Effect upon Rome of her eastern conquests.

V. THIRD PUNIC WAR (149-146 B.C.).

1. Causes: Roman perfidy.

2. Defense of Carthage.

3. Destruction of Carthage : Scipio yEmilianus.

VI. IMPORTANCE OF ROME'S TRIUMPH OVER CARTHAGE.
VII. NUMANTINE WAR (143-133 B.C.).

1. Condition of Spain.

2. Destruction of Numantia.

3. Spain Romanized.

1. What were the relations of the great and small states in the East about 200 B.C. ?

2. Was Rome anxious to interfere in eastern affairs ? Why did she do so ?

3. How did the Roman soldiers behave in the East ? Give some examples.

4. What was Rome's policy in the East ? Was it a success ?

5. Why was it useless f or Flamininus to declare the Greek states free and independent?

6. When and where did the Macedonian phalanx receive its death blow?

7. Describe the triumphal procession of TEmilius Paulus after Pydna.

8. Outline the history of the great state of Macedon from 216 to 146 B.C.

9. Balance the advantages and disadvantages of Roman supremacy in the Medi-
terranean.

10. Compare the federal policy of Rome in Italy with her imperial policy outside.
n. In what light does the story of the destruction of Carthage and Numantia
place Roman character and methods of warfare ?

1 2. Show good and evil effects of foreign conquest upon Roman character and culture.

13. What were the characteristics of the two men of this age who best typify old
and new Rome ?

14. Who was Antiochus? Perseus? Viriathus ? Polybius ? Flamininus? Marcellus ?
Regulus ? Varro ? ^Emilius Paulus ? a publican ? a propraetor ?

15. On an outline map show the extent of Roman and Carthaginian territory at the
beginning and end of this period of foreign conquest. Trace also Hannibal's
route from Saguntum to Cannae.

Last Century of the Republic : First Period (133-78 B.C.)

I. POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS.

1. Government : growth of the power of the senate.

2. Classes : Optimates, Populares, Equites.

3. Provinces : number, condition.

4. Slavery : Servile Wars.

5. Agrarian conditions.

II. REVOLUTIONARY ATTEMPTS AT REFORM (133-121 B.C.).

1. Tiberius Gracchus: attempt at agrarian reform.

2. Gaius Gracchus : attempt at constitutional reform.

3. Character and achievements of the Gracchi.

III. RULE OF THE OPTIMATES.

1. War with Jugurtha (111-105 B -C.).

2. Invasion of Cimbri and Teutones (113-101 B.C.).

3. Reorganization of the army by Marius.

4. Attempts at reform : Saturninus and Glaucia ; Drusus.

5. Social War : important results.

IV. MARIUS AND SULLA (88-78 B.C.).

1. Struggle for command of Mithradatic War.

2. Revolution of Marius and Sulpicius.

3. Marius in exile.

4. Rule of Marius and Cinna : massacres.

5. Sulla in the East.

6. Return of Sulla : proscriptions.

7. Sulla's legislation.

8. Results of Sulla's rule.

Studies on the Gracchi, Marius, and Sulla (133-78 B.C.)

1. "By all men it was taken for granted that nothing remained but to obey the
commands of the Romans." What effect did this state of feeling have upon
Roman character ?

2. How had the senate come to have full control of the Roman government ?

3. What relations existed between the classes of Roman citizens at the beginning
of the revolution ?

4. Show the effect of capitalism upon the business and industrial life of Rome.

5. Contrast the life of a Roman of the fifth century and that of a Roman of the
second.

6. Prove the truth of the statement, " Capitalism and culture destroyed the old
Roman character without putting anything better in its place."

7. What were the most terrible features of Roman slavery ? Quote Cato on the
treatment of slaves. Explain the origin of brigandage.

8. What was the effect of the Second Punic War upon Italy and upon the relations
of Rome and the Italians ? Did the condition of Italy improve thereafter ?

9. Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus : their birth and education ; how did they differ
in character and ability?

10. What opened the eyes of Tiberius Gracchus to the need of reform? What did
he try to do ? What mistake did he make ?

11. The purpose of Gaius Gracchus ; his most important measures and dictatorial
rule.

12. In what respects do you find the Gracchi more Greek than Roman ?

13. Of what avail was the sacrifice of the Gracchi? How did the Romans remem-
ber them ?

14. What striking contrasts do you find between the struggle of the Gracchi and
that of the plebeians ?

15. How does Roman character appear in the war with Jugurtha?

1 6. What threefold conflict resulted from the misgovernment of the Optimates ?

17. How did the invasion of the Cimbri and the Teutones differ from the earlier
invasion of the Gauls ? Where was the Cimbric Chersonese ?

1 8. How did the reorganization of the army by Marius affect the revolution ?

19. Why did Marius lose the confidence of both political parties? Why did he fail
to fulfill his destiny ?

20. What caused war between Rome and the Italians ? Who were the nominal and
who the real victors ? What was needed to make the enfranchisement of the
Italians effective ?

21. Explain : " For the first time a Roman magistrate used a regular army to reduce
the Capital."

22. Draw a character sketch of Mithradates the Great according to Mommsen.
Does it help you to understand why the eastern peoples had welcomed Roman
rule?

23. Why did Sulla succeed where Marius failed? Which of Sulla's reforms had any
lasting effect ?

?4. Why did the careers of Sulla and Marius hasten imperial rule ?

Last Century of the Republic: Second Period (78-31 B.C.)

I. POMPEY THE GREAT.

1. War with Sertorius.

2. War of the Gladiators : Spartacus.

3. Consulship of Pompey and t'rassus : prosecution of Verres.

4. War with the pirates.

5. Pompey in the East.

a. Mithradatic War.

b. Reorganization of the East.

6. Consulship of Cicero (63 B.C.) : conspiracy of Catiline.

II. JULIUS CAESAR (100-44 B.C.).

1. Career before 60 B.C.

2. First Triumvirate : division of the Roman world.

3. Conquest of Gaul.

a. Condition of Gaul.

b. Eight campaigns.

c. Romanizing of Gaul.

4. Rivalry of Caesar and Pompey : death of Crassus.

5. Civil War (49-46 B.C.).

a. Caesar crosses the Rubicon (49 B.C.).

b. Restores order in Italy.

c. Conquers Pompey at Pharsalus (48 B.C.).

d. Settles affairs in Egypt.

e. Defeats Pharnaces at Zela (47 B.C.).

f. Crushes republicans at Thapsus (46 B.C.).

g. Stamps out revolt in Spain at Munda (45 B.C.).

6. Caesar as a statesman.

a. Reforms the government of Italy and the provinces.

b. Begins economic and judicial reforms.

c. Plans public works.

7. Death of Caesar (44 B.C.).

8. Estimate of his work.

Studies on Pompey and Caesar

1. What resemblance do you find between Pompey and Marius ? Which was the
better man ?

2. Relate some incident which shows the honor or genius of Sertorius.

3. What dangers threatening the Roman government showed its weakness about

70 B.C.?

4. Who should have chief credit for the defeat of the gladiators ? What was Pom-
pey's boast ?

5. What change in government followed the election of Pompey and Crassus ?

6. What does the career of Verres show was possible to a Roman governor ?

7. How do the extraordinary powers granted to -Pompey speak for the condition of
the government ? Why did Pompey fail to gain the crown ?

8. How did Cicero win the title "savior of his country " ? Explain this statement,
" The first democratic consul ' was selected to destroy the palladium of the
ancient freedom of the Roman Commonwealth."

9. What was Sulla's opinion of Julius Caesar ? What was Caesar's reputation as a
young man ?

10. Tell the story of Caesar's experience with the pirates.

11. What did each of the members of the first triumvirate bring to the "ring"?
What did each of them want ?

12. Describe some of Caesar's most remarkable experiences in Gaul.

13. Supposing Caesar had not conquered Gaul, what then ?

14. How did Caesar and Pompey vie with each other to keep the votes of the people ?

15. Explain the circumstances which made it necessary for Casar to cross the
Rubicon.

1 6. What did the people expect when Caesar marched into Italy at the head of his
legions ? Were they disappointed ?

17. Trace upon an outline map Caesar's travels in his winning of the world.

1 8. Did the spirit and purpose of Caesar justify the means he used ?

19. In what measures is Caesar's statesmanship best shown ?

20. Why was the murder of Caesar " as imbecile as it was wicked " ?

21. How is it true that "like Alexander of Macedon, Caesar closes one chapter of
world-history and opens another " ?

22. What were the particular gifts of "the foremost man of all this world " ?

23. Copy into your notebook How and Leigh's estimate of Caesar's greatness.

24. How does Sallust contrast the characters of Marcus Cato and Julius Caesar ?

25. What is meant by the Julian calendar, the feasts of Lucullus, tribunician power,
the Ides of March, "the die is cast," apotheosis of Caesar?

26. For what are these famous : Vercingetorix, Brutus, Zela, Pompey's theater,
Catiline, Cilicia, Spartacus, Julian Pillar ?

Last Century of the Republic : Second Period (continuea)

III. STRUGGLE FOR THE SUCCESSION (44-31 B.C.).

1. Parties in Rome after the death of Caesar.

2. Second Triumvirate : proscriptions.

3. Last struggle of the Republic : Philippi.

4. Octavius and Antony divide the world.

5. Antony in the East : Actium.

IV. AUGUSTUS, SOLE RULER : REASONS FOR THE FALL OF THE REPUBLIC.
V.. THE CICERONIAN AGE.

1. History: Sallust, Caesar.

2. Oratory : Gaius Gracchus, Hortensius, Cicero.

3. Poetry : Lucretius, Catullus.

4. Books and libraries : Varro's encyclopedia.

1. What did Caesar's death mean for Rome ? Who sought to gain his power ?

2. Explain Cicero's declaration, "The tyrant is dead but the tyranny still lives."

3. How did the relations of Octavius and the senate differ before and after Mutina ?

4. In what did the Second Triumvirate differ from the first ? How did the triumvirs
cover themselves with infamy ?

5. Estimate the service of Cicero to his country. How did he fall short of greatness ?

6. What was the result of the battle of Philippi ? Who and what does the name
suggest ?

7. What charges against Mark Antony caused the senate to declare him a traitor?

8. What does the battle of Actium mark? Why is the date 27 B.C. preferred for
the beginning of the empire ?

9. What explains the prevalence of suicide in this period ?

10. Write briefly the reasons for the change from republic to empire.

n. What conditions in the Roman state made the rule of one imperative ?

12. What was the origin of Roman literature ? Who was the founder of Latin prose ?

13. Who did most to develop the beginnings of Roman literature ?

14. In which departments of literature did the Romans excel? In which did they
fall short of excellence ?

15. What was the first schoolbook of a Roman boy? the second?

1 6. What qualities of the Romans made them great orators?

17. Compare the Roman stage with the Greek. How did the amusements of a Roman
differ from those of a Greek ?

1 8. What influence is clearly marked in the literature of the Ciceronian Age ?

19. Who was the model of Sallust ? of Cicero ? Why is Caesar a model historian ?

20. Describe the making of a Roman book. What took the place of our newspaper ?

First Century of the Empire : Dyarchy to Monarchy

I. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EMPIRE: REIGN OF AUGUSTUS (31 B.C.-A.D. 14).

1. Character and policy of Augustus.

2. The dyarchy, monarchy and republic.

3. Government of Italy and of the provinces.

4. The frontiers : defeat of Varus.

5. Augustan Age : Maecenas.

a. Literature ; Livy, Horace, Vergil, Ovid.

b. Public works.

c. Social and religious life ; worship of the emperor.

II. THE JULIAN CAESARS (A.D. 14-68).

1. Tiberius, a worn-out soldier.

a. Change in government ; delators.

b. Rule of Se janus.

c. Rise of Christianity.

2. Caligula: an "insane career."

3. Claudius, liberal and humane.

a. Extension of the franchise.

b. Conquest of Britain.

c. Public works ; Claudian aqueduct.

4. Nero, a selfish egotist.

a. Influence of Seneca and Burrhus.

b. The "Great Fire."

c. Rome rebuilt; the "Golden House."

III. THE YEAR OF REVOLUTIONS (A.D. 68-69): Galba, Othd, Vitellius.

IV. THE FLAVIAN C/ESARS (A.D. 69-96).

1. Vespasian, able, upright, broad-minded.

a. Military achievements ; destruction of Jerusalem.

b. Improvement of conditions in Rome ; Quintilian.

c. Public works ; Colosseum.

2. Titus, kind but weak.

a. Destruction of Herculaneum and Pompeii.

b. Public works ; Arch of Titus.

3. Domitian, a despot.

a. Defense of northern frontiers.

b. Agricola in Britain.

c. Persecution of the Christians.

Studies on the First Century of the Empire

1. Why may the government established by Augustus be called a dyarchy ? What
was it in fact ?

2. Enumerate the titles of Augustus and show what power was conferred by each.
How many of these titles are still used in the modern world ?

3. How did the division of the government of the provinces affect their condition ?

4. What was the policy of Augustus with respect to the frontiers ? How did Varus
undo the work of Tiberius on the German frontier ?

5. What is the historical importance of the victory of Arminius ?

6. What was the chief aim of Augustus ? How did the writers of the age support
his policy ?

7. Outline the story of the ^Eneid. Of what did Horace write ?

8. Describe the principal public improvements of Augustus. What did he claim to
have done for Rome?

9. What were the most striking features of life at Rome under Augustus ?

10. What was the most vital force in the religion of this period ?

11. What event of the reign of Augustus is of most interest to the Christian world ?

12. Why do historians give Augustus such high praise?

13. What was the condition of affairs when Tiberius became emperor? What were
the good points of his administration ?

14. In what respects was Claudius a worthy successor to Julius Caesar?

15. Why is Claudius better remembered than most Roman emperors?

1 6. Was Nero " as black as he has been painted " ?

17. Why has the "Great Fire " been called "a blessing in disguise" ?

18. What improvement do we find in the condition of slaves under Claudius and
Nero ?

19. What does the life of Seneca show was the weakness of Stoicism ? Of the two
Stoics, Seneca the lord and Epictetus the slave, which was the greater ?

20. What is meant by "the good Roman peace " ?

21. How did Vespasian reform the political and social life of Rome ? Of what assist-
ance was Quintilian ?

22. Why may the Colosseum be said to illustrate "the grandeur and the depravity
of Rome " ?

23. What has the modern world gained from the destruction of Pompeii? Write a
description and draw a plan of the house of Pansa.

24. Why is the Arch of Titus so famous ?

25. What was the origin of Roman architecture ? the purpose ? What were the prin-
cipal forms ? the characteristics ?

26. How was it that the provincials could bless the memory of such a despot as
Domitian ?

27. Explain : Monumentum Ancyranum, deification of the emperor, delations, Augustan
Age, praetorian guard, Law of Majestas, " I have lost a day."

Second Century of the Empire: " Golden Age of Humanity'*

I. THE FIVE GOOD EMPERORS (A.D. 96-180).

1. Nerva: restoration of senatorial power.

2. Trajan, first provincial emperor.

a. Extension of frontiers ; Dacia.

b. New provinces in the East.

c. Public works ; Trajan's Forum and Column.

3. Hadrian, able and wise.

a. Tours of inspection.

b. Defense of Britain ; Hadrian's Wall.

c. Public works in Athens and Rome ; Tomb of Hadrian.

d. Reforms in the army and in the administration of government,

4. Antoninus Pius : peace.

5. Marcus Aurelius, the emperor-philosopher.

a. War with Parthians and Marcomanni.

b. Pestilence.

c. Persecution of the Christians.

II. CONDITION OF THE PROVINCES IN THE SECOND CENTURY A.D.

III. THE SILVER AGE OF LITERATURE.

1. History: Tacitus, Suetonius.

2. Letters : Pliny the Younger.

3. Satire : Juvenal.

4. Philosophy : Marcus Aurelius.

5. Jurisprudence : Julianus.

IV. REVIVAL OF HELLENIC LITERATURE.

1. History: Appian, Arrian.

2. Biography: Plutarch.

3. Travels : Pausanias.

4. Science : Galen, Ptolemy.

Studies on the Second Century of the Empire

1. What was the form of government in the second century ?

2. What do you consider Nerva's chief service to the state ?

3. When was the Roman Empire at its greatest extent ? Point out the additions
made by Trajan.

4. Describe the " chiseled picture book " left by Trajan.

5. What idea of Trajan's character do you get from his letters to Pliny ?

6. Outline the reforms made in administration by Hadrian. Why was he called
"Greekling"?

7. What monuments still attest the greatness of Hadrian ? Distinguish the Pan-
theon from the Parthenon.

8. What did Rome and Italy become under imperial administration ?

9. What epigram does the rule of Antoninus Pius suggest ? Is parental rule such
as his good for a people ?

10. Who originated the legal principle that an accused person should be considered
innocent until proved guilty ?

11. Show how " coming events cast their shadows before" in the reign of Aurelius.

1 2. Why has the world so much sympathy for Marcus Aurelius ? Make some selections
from his Meditations.

13. What was the danger in this magnificent but autocratic imperial administration ?

14. Can you account for the fact that the Christians were severely persecuted under
good emperors ?

15. How does the literature of the second century show the unity of the empire ?

1 6. Do Tacitus and Juvenal give a true picture of the life of their times ?

17. What were the traits of a gentleman of the age as exhibited by Pliny ?

1 8. In what works do we find the foundations of European codes of law ?

19. Give some quotations which show "the gentler spirit of imperial law."

20. What great names do we find in the revival of Hellenic literature ?

21. For what are we especially indebted to Pausanias ? Which of the writers of this
period have you read most ?

22. Write a paper on the condition of the provinces in the early empire.

23. How was the empire defended ? Compare the forces of the Christian nations
now occupying the old Roman territory, with the imperial forces.

24. What reasons had Gibbon for saying, " If a man were called upon to fix the
period in the history of the world during which the condition 01 the human
race was most happy and prosperous, he would without hesitation name that
which elapsed from the death of Domitian to the accession of Commodus " ?

25. On an outline map show the limits of the empire under Augustus and under
Trajan.

Third and Fourth Centuries of the Empire (A.D. 180-376)

I. BEGINNING OF THE DECLINE OF THE EMPIRE.

1. Commodus, a second Nero.

2. Sale of the Empire.

II. THE "BARRACK EMPERORS": A CENTURY OF REVOLUTION (A.D. 192-284).

1. Septimius Severus, firm and clear-headed.

a. Improvement of administration.

b. Strengthening of frontiers.

c. Development of Roman law.

2. Caracalla : extension of the franchise.

3. Age of the Thirty Tyrants (A.D. 251-268): inroads of barbarians.

4. Aurelian, energetic and despotic.

a. War on the frontiers ; Aurelian Wall.

b. Fall of Palmyra ; Zenobia.

III. THE ABSOLUTE EMPERORS (A.D. 284-376).

1. Diocletian, a man of genius and force of will.

a. Court life.

b. Administrative system.

c. Persecution of the Christians.

2. Constantine the Great (A.D. 306-337).

a. Struggle for the succession ; battle of the Milvian Bridge.

b. Christianity the religion of the court ; Edict of Milan.

c. Foundation of Constantinople, New Rome (A.D. 330).
d. Reorganization of the Empire ; hierarchy of officials.

3. Julian the Apostate and the pagan restoration.

IV. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DECAY.

V. ORGANIZATION OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH.

Studies on the Third and Fourth Centuries of the Empire

1. In what three respects did the empire decline in the third century ?

2. How many emperors do we find in the third century, and what was the average
length of their reigns ?

3. What conditions made it natural that the armies should make the emperors?

4. Show with what good effect the military emperors fought the enemies of the
empire.

5. Account for the fact that such a tyrant as Caracalla should have bestowed citizen-
ship so liberally.

6. Why do Papirian and Ulpian, the jurists, deserve to be called " the glory of the
reigns of the house of Severus "?

7. What parallel to the rule of the Thirty Tyrants in Rome do you find in Greek
history ? Compare the two periods.

8. Why was the Aurelian Wall " a monument of the weakness and decay of Rome "?

9. Give some account of the ruins of Palmyra. Do you find Zenobia in any way a
contrast to Cleopatra ?

10. What effect did the storms of the third century have upon the social and economic
life of the state ?

11. How was the loss in population in a measure made up? Who filled up the
depleted ranks of the army ?

12. What was the origin of the serfdom of the Middle Ages ?

13. Is there any justification for the despotism of the fourth century?

14. How did Diocletian sweep away the last vestige of the work of Augustus ?

15. What two defects in imperial government did Diocletian remedy? What was the
chief evil of his despotic organization of the government ?

16. What is the relation of the administrative reforms of Constantine to those of Dio-
cletian ?

17. In what respect may Constantine be compared to Augustus Caesar?

1 8. Picture the life of the court in the times of Diocletian and Constantine.

19. Describe the personality of Constantine the Great. Give two reasons for his
important place in history.

20. Why did Constantine make Christianity the religion of the court? Why may we
not say that he made it the religion of the empire ?

21. Show how the Christian Church was organized like a monarchy. Can you account
for its rapid advance in this period ?

22. What was the attitude of the Christians towards the pagan learning? What, then,
was the character of the literature of this period ?

23. Explain: coloni, paganism, heathenism, diocese, Labarum, a "great tax-gathering
and barbarian-fighting machine."

Last Century of the Empire in the West (A.D. 376-476)

I. INVASIONS OF BARBARIANS.

1. The Germans, their character and civilization.

2. The Goths cross the Danube (A.D. 376).

a. Battle of Adrianople ; Valens.

b. Settlement of the Goths ; Theodosius.

3. Alaric, founder of the first Germanic state within the Empire.

a. First invasion of Italy (A.D. 402); Stilicho.

b. Ransom and sack of Rome (A.D. 409, 410).

4. Beginnings of " Barbarian Kingdoms."

a. Goths in Gaul and Spain.

b. Vandals in Spain and Africa.

c. Burgundians and Franks in Gaul.

d. Angles and Saxons in Britain.

5. Invasion of the Huns under Attila.

a. Race and character of the Huns.

b. Battle of Chalons (A.D. 451); Ae'tius.

c. Invasion of Italy ; Bishop Leo.

6. Sack of Rome by the Vandals (A.D. 455).

II. LAST YEARS OF THE EMPIRE IN THE WEST.

1. Theodosius the Great (A.D. 379-395), last emperor of the East and West

2. Emperors made and unmade by German generals: Ricimer, Orestes.
Odoacer as " patrician " rules Italy subject to the Eastern emperor.

3. End of the Roman Empire in the West (A.D. 476).

a. Causes for the fall of the Empire.

b. Results to civilization.

III. CHRISTIANITY TRIUMPHS OVER THE EMPIRE.

1. Gratian : withdrawal of imperial support from sacred colleges.

2. Theodosius : pagan worship forbidden (A.D. 392).

3. Influence of Christianity.

a. Bishop Ambrose and Theodosius.

b. Last gladiatorial combat.

c. Strengthened by sack of Rome.

4. The Roman Church succeeds to the Roman Empire.

Studies on the Last Century of the Empire

1. What were the two vital forces in the life of the fifth century A.D. ?

2. Why was there such a tremendous upheaval of the German tribes at this time ?

3. Review the previous invasions of the barbarians, showing how they were over-
come.

4. What was the fatal mistake of the emperor Valens ?

5. Write a paper upon the manners and customs of the Germans.

6. Why may we say that " the hope and not the despair of the world lay in the
Teuton " ?

7. Tell the story of the life of Alaric the Goth.

8. When was the last triumph celebrated in Rome ? How many in all had Rome
witnessed ?

9. What was the moral effect of the sack of Rome ? When had the city been sacked
before ?

10. Lpcate the various barbarian kingdoms set up within the empire before A.D. 450.

11. Account for the weakness of the Britons in the face of the German conquest.
Why was this conquest so slow?

12. Imagine Alaric and Attila standing side by side, and describe their appearance.

13. Which one of the decisive battles of history freed Europe from the Hunnish peril ?
Who were the Huns ?

14. What is the origin of the word " vandalism " ? Trace the history of " the seven-
branched golden candlestick " as far as you can.

15. Why is the year of the death of Theodosius, A.D. 395, a turning point in history ?

1 6. What important parts do two women, Placidia and Eudoxia, play in the Rome of
the fifth century ?

17. Who practically ruled the Roman Empire in the West for the last quarter of a
century of its existence ?

18. Would the expression "the fall. of Rome" have had any meaning to the people
of the time when it is said to have occurred ?

19. Why did the Eastern Empire have greater success than the Western in warding
off the barbarians ?

20. How did Theodosius win the title " Destroyer of Paganism " ?

21. Give some examples of the power of the Church over the emperors and the
empire of the fifth century.

22. Describe the incident which ended gladiatorial combats in Rome. How long
had they been a favorite amusement ?

23. Tell what you can of the lives of St. Augustine and John, " the golden-mouthed."

24. What event marks the passing of imperial power from Rome ? Who " succeeded
to the throne of the deposed Augustus " ?

25. Summarize the causes for the dissolution of the Empire in the West. What was
the effect upon the political condition of Europe ?

Transition Age (A.D. 476-800)

I. CONDITION OF EUROPE IN A.D. 476.
II. THE BARBARIAN KINGDOMS.

1. Italy.

a. Ostrogoths (A.D. 493-554) ; Theodoric.

b. Lombards (A.D. 568-774) ; the "Iron Crown."

2. Spain: Visigoths (A.D. 415-711).

3. Gaul.

a. Burgundians (A.D. 443-534). .

b. Franks (A.D. 486-752) ; Clovis at Soissons (A.D. 486).

4. Britain : the Heptarchy.

III. THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH.

1. Conversion of the barbarians.

a. Ulfilas, St. Augustine, St. Patrick, St. Boniface.

b. Character of the converts.

2. Rise of Monasticism.

a. St. Antony and St. Benedict.

b. Service of the monks to civilization.

3. Rise of the Papacy.

a. Primacy of the see of Rome.
I). Growth of temporal power.

IV. FUSION OF LATIN AND TEUTON.

1. Formation of Romance nations and tongues.

2. Barbarian codes : ordeals.

3. Influence of Roman law and Latin language.

V. ROMAN EMPIRE IN THE EAST (A.D. 476-732).

1. Era of Justinian (A.D. 527-565).

a. Imperial restoration ; Belisarius.

b. The " Body of the Civil Law."

2. Service of the Eastern Empire to civilization.
VI. RISE OF ISLAM: THE HEGIRA (A.D. 622).

1. The Koran and its teachings.

2. Conquests of the caliphs : Tours (A.D. 732).

3. Mohammedan civilization.

VII. RESTORATION OF THE EMPIRE IN THE WEST.

1. Growth of the Frankish power: Charles Martel, Pippin.

2. Charlemagne (A.D. 765-814).

a. Military campaigns ; defense of the pope.

b. Crowned emperor and Augustus (Christmas Day, A.D. 800).

Studies on the Transition Age : Fusion of Roman and Teuton

1. Why is the period A.D. 400 to 800 called " The Dark Ages " ?

2. How did any Roman civilization survive the barbarian invasions ?

3. In what condition was Europe at the beginning of this period ? at the end ?

4. What reign does Kingsley say was " the birth hour of modern Italy " ?

5. Show how Theodoric united in his own person the barbarian conqueror and the
Roman statesman.

6. What memorials of Theodoric still remain in Ravenna, his capital ?

7. Why did the Goths perish ? What kept them always divided and weak ?

8. What was the fate of the last Roman philosopher ? Who was the last good his-
torian of the ancient world ?

9. What two important results followed the settlement of the Lombards in Italy ?

10. Why did the Kingdom of the Franks become preeminent among the German
states ?

11. In what two ways did Clovis increase the power of his kingdom?

12. Why was Britain the only one of the Roman provinces seized by the Germans to
become a truly Teutonic state ?

13. Name some of the most famous missionaries to the barbarians. Relate some
incidents of the conversion of Britain to Christianity.

14. What reasons does Kingsley give for the rapid spread of Monasticism ? What
does civilization owe to the monks of the Dark Ages ?

15. What were the causes of the supremacy of the bishops of Rome? What was the
effect upon Western Europe of the temporal power of the popes ?

1 6. Name the Romance languages and account for their formation.

17. Which was the first German kingdom to have a legal code? What were the
characteristics of Teutonic law ? By what was it modified ?

1 8. Prove that "The world east and west owes much to the Constantinople of
Justinian and his successors."

19. What race held imperial power in the person of Justinian ? In what respect was
he most fortunate ?

20. Give an account of the military achievements and the greater peaceful victories
of the reign of Justinian. What wonderful building still bears witness to his
power ?

21. What do historians consider the most precious legacy of Rome to the world?

22. Account for the rapid sweep of Mohammedan power till it threatened Europe.

23. Explain: "The repulses at Constantinople and Tours rank with Marathon,
Salamis, Metaurus, and Chalons in the long struggle between Europe and Asia."

24. Indicate on an outline map the extent of the Frankish kingdom in the seventh
century. What were its only rivals ?

25. How can Charlemagne be said to have completed the work of Caesar and Augustus ?

26. Describe the event which marks the beginning of modern history.

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Review Studies on Roman History

1. Trace the territorial growth of Rome from Roma Quadrata to the empire at its
greatest extent under Trajan.

2. Trace Roman constitutional development to the time of Constantine.

3. What turning points in Roman history do these dates mark : 509 B.C., 264 B.C.,

201 B.C., 31 B.C., A.D. l8o, A.D. 284, A.D. 395, A.D. 476?

4. Who have been called the three founders of Rome ? Who was " the shield of
Rome " ? " the sword of Rome " ? " the Father of his Country " ?

5. Which three of their enemies did the Romans most respect and dread ?

6. Explain how Spain and Gaul became "more Roman than Rome itself."

7. Was the East Romanized when it was conquered ?

8. Publius Cornelius Scipio /Emilianus Africanus Numantinus : account for his
possession of each of these names.

9. When did the Roman world discover that the S. P. Q. R. were no longer compe-
tent to govern it ?

10. What principle of government never discovered by the Romans might have been
the salvation of Roman power ?

11. Characterize each of the five centuries of the Empire in the West.

12. From what event did the Romans reckon their chronology? Change into years
A. U. C.: 494 B.C., 49 B.C., A.D. 14, A.D. 800.

13. From whom did the Romans receive the foundations of their civilization ?

14. Write a summary of Roman and Teutonic contributions to civilization.

15. What Roman influences can be traced in the civilization of to-day ?

1 6. Make a list of the greatest monuments of Roman greatness which remain.

17. Describe a Roman school. What subjects were taught, and how were the boys
disciplined ?

18. Give an account of the festivities which marked a boy's coming of age.

19. How did the dress of the Romans differ from ours?

20. Under what circumstances was the culture of silk introduced into Europe ?

21. What great difference do you find in the position of women in Greek and in
Roman life ?

22. For which century in Roman history can you make the longest list of great men ?

23. "It was at first my wish to destroy the Roman name, but I chose the glory
of renewing and maintaining by Gothic strength the fame of Rome, desiring to
go down to posterity as the restorer of that Roman power which it was beyond
my power to replace." What testimony do these words of Ataulf bear to the
influence of Rome upon her conquerors ?

24. Which is better for a nation, a bad constitution and good men to work it, or a
good constitution and bad men ? Prove by historical examples.

Reading List

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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY