I California Regional Facility D 4 01 He OO1 H 5 o Vau OO Vor W 6 1 7 Zain , Z 7 " Cheth AJUJJ Ch 8 4 Teth L^l T 9 - Yud 5Q-* fmje. 10 a Coph ^IO K or C as in core 20 1 7 *t> Lomad 8 V>N L 30 So Mini ^O__!D M 40 J D Nun v?- 1 7 ^ Semkath A^klCD f| N S 50 60 ^ Ee U 70 e Pe fe> P Ph (F) 80 j Tsode 1?^ Ts 90 e Kuph tXLQ K 100 3 Rish Aa5 X Shin ' R Sh 200 300 Thau T or Th 400 2 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. Care must be taken to distinguish between the following letters, which have nearly the same figure, and differ chiefly in their magnitude. One letter is joined to another by a small hori- zontal line drawn from its extremity; as, 01 in oi^. The exceptions to this are j ^ 5 and L, which when joined to another letter assume the forms , 4 - r and A . All the letters except the eight ] > .. ,**._,ro2).Q. terminating a word, receive a slight additional stroke, and are written o.^i>j^._.CDfc2)Ow. The five a ^ So j i. alter their figure at the end of a word, and are called finals. They retain their usual power, but assume the forms ^, \, ^o, or ., \j. The following compound characters are frequently used. Olaph-Lomad ^L for X) Lomad-Olaph tf ^ Lomad-Lomad ^ \\ . As Letters of the same organ are frequently changed for one another in the process of deriva- tion; Grammarians have divided the whole Alphabet into classes according to the organ of speech by which they are enounced. VOWELS. Gutturals | CT1 Linguals j Palatals ,. * Dentals ] SO Labials C> O So ^ The consonants ] o _. will frequently become quies- cent, i.e. lose their power as consonants; as is the case with the Hebrew iim*. 2. Vowels. There are five vowels, which are written, either above or below the consonants with which they are connected and are pronounced after them. There are two sets, one derived from the Greek vowels, and the other expressed by different positions of one or two points. The following Table exhibits their names, powers and forms: Names. Power. Figure. Syr. Greek. 7 Pethocho a ) O Alpha Revotso e O 2 2 Epsilon Chevotso i O O Iota I Zekofo o i) > Omicron Etsotso u ft*"* Q2 dO Upsilon. The points of the vowel Zekofo may coalesce with the point of the letter 5, as, . mi Roh-tin. i The vowel Etsotso is always accompanied with o except in the two words ^3 cul, ^Jio M'tul. When no vowel is expressed, then as in the Hebrew, a Sheva (or one of its substitutes) will be implied and read accordingly. 12 VOWELS. DIPHTHONGS. Vowels may be divided into two classes: pure, i.e. those which complete their syllables: and impure, i.e. those which do not complete the syllable with- out the addition of a terminating consonant. When followed by a quiescent ] O or _i Pure vowels are Ma-leph. Eihekel li. . as (sAo K'tho-bo. * O - *QO1 1 Ne-puk. ft Impure Vowels are -_ T as in jL cad. J&^ tida-mo. Men. i-do-tho. Final syllables are often, as in Hebrew, anoma- lously long, on account perhaps of the accent; as, ^V A-pin, where - occurs with two consonants, so also ^1 L^L .oV ^Ajf, &c. ~ The Greek vowels are more frequently used in modern books. 3. Diphthongs. There are several diphthongs made by the letters Vau and Yud, which losing their own powers coalesce with the preceding vowel and form one syllable. Vau makes four diphthongs aw, eu, iu, ou. PROPERTIES AND CHANGES OF CONSONANTS. 5 The first occurs in the beginning, middle and end of words and is produced by the vowel ? preceding o ; as, ^20 V au-kel, he Jed, ]k>oJ Tsau-mo, the fast, K OJC7I ho-nau, this is. The second eu, by the vowel * preceding o_, ; as, , Esh-teu, I will drink it. The third iu by a chevotso preceding o_, ; as, , N'shad-riu, he will send him. The fourth ou is when o is preceded by another o with *>; as, |I?oo- Shou-do-yo, promise. Yud makes two diphthongs, ai and oi: ai by v before .. ; as, A . ^ G'laith, thou hast revealed: oi is effected by P before . ; as, vj^ he was 77 77 77 impure, ]*^ he was comforted, }}. he polluted, ]]aZ] T, he was decorated. Olaph in the middle of a word rests in * or *; as, ^"jio to eat, fiojiD to say. Yud is sometimes 6 PROPERTIES AND CHANGES OF CONSONANTS. changed into Olaph quiescent in *; as, ] is, ^5 but. i i* Vau deprived of a vowel is for the most part qui- escent in *; as, iooo rise, ioou day. It is also used as the fulcrum or, as it is technically termed, the mater lectionis of this vowel ; as, In foreign words Vau is frequently found to be quiescent in the vowel *; as, .CDO-^ Peter, ^cooJolZ ft throne. The letters ] o _,, when they are placed after an- other consonant, which is without a vowel, cannot be pronounced; but they are nevertheless written for the sake of orthography or etymology. In such instances these letters are said to be otiose. Olaph in the pronouns ^Ltf and ^Ajf, w h en are added to participles for the sake of forming the present tense is otiose; as, ^Aj] ^.VfcA kot-litun, and ^AjJ ,A&o kot-loten, ye slay, masc. and fern. Vau and Yud in the end of a word, when the preceding letter has no vowel, are also otiose; as, a^o Vtal, they slew, masc. . . V 7 fr o Vtal, they slew, fern. ^Ao^o fctul, slay thou, imper. fern. Yud is likewise otiose in the pronoun ^Aj] 7 at, thou; in certain affixes; as, . .^\ malk, my king, PROPERTIES AND CHANGES OF CONSONANTS. 7 tftho-bek, thy book. And in some substantives and adverbs; as, - .V- shel, tranquillity., ^Ak)], when? It is supposed by many grammarians that Yud was pronounced in ancient times and this supposition derives support from the usage in Arabic and Hebrew ; for we have /^X^., ^pN, which are pronounced chali and akxari; we have also in the New Testament pafifiovvi, John xx. 16. Ta\i6a KOV/ULI, Mark v. 41. and other similar expressions. Consonants are sometimes omitted in writing; as, P 7 t> 7 ]Z;_a end for U^], especially in compound words; as, " f o 1 t> - - 1 : ^ man for *^_3\ ^, ^&] for J *>") although. The first radical N of Hebrew words sometimes drops off; as, jjl one, Heb. TH^- Words which have the middle radical doubled, on many occasions lose one of them ; thus, - - - >. and *^-L he perceived, ^ nest from Vau and Yud fall off in nearly the same manner and in the same situations as in Hebrew, which may be immediately observed by inspecting the paradigms of the classes of verbs beginning with these letters. Letters are sometimes added to words for the sake of euphony. Thus, Olaph is prefixed to many words beginning with Yud; as, ^] hand for ]^, ]ka*1 day for Olaph prosthetic occurs also in the verbs _A^ and x as, ^L] he drunk, and fc >^Al he found. CHANGES OF THE VOWELS. We have also l^jJt hero from 1O3J, where the seems to be a compensation for the Dagesh forte in Hebrew and Chaldee. In some words of Greek on oridn there is a duplication of the Nun ; as, .cDOjJJoio O * synod, for joorJQic. A great number of Hebrew words become Syriac words by the change of one or more of their letters. f is changed into 3 as, 2HT gold, v . ... *Z . . . n!)S rock, V L ... ;ftttf snow, 1 OT ... yn he run, *4<3l5 j^ ] or j . . . nbj ^ e revealed, . i \it or TT I ^> y ^ sometimes into ^D ... 1&3. fash, ;mn T T 3 5 ... Qi^ O r *'~ ^ ^ ... HV^ ^ e man ^ ere ^ 5. Changes of the Vowels. Inflexions of words are in numerous cases ef- fected by vowels; certain vowels being selected as characteristic of different forms of the same word. The correspondence between Syriac and Hebrew vowels is as follows: Pethocho (v) to Patach (-); as, om^ji, ^Q his king. The vowel Revotso (*) corresponds generally to the Hebrew ; as, jonsZ, TipBTi thau shalt visit. CHANGES OF THE VOWELS. 9 Chevotso ( i ) to the Hebrew ~; as, nrr>v for itpy. Zekofo (?) to Kamets T ; as, ^oj] , DIK man, he revealed. TT Etsotso (*) to Cholem, Kametschatuph, Shurek and Kibbuts; as, ]_JCLO, holiness, Enp; ^o ^b ^O #. Olaph in the beginning of a word, and also Ee in the same situation, when it is before 01, instead of being according to analogy without a vowel, will receive a vowel, for the most part * or * ; as, ^3) for ^D] ; 5CTLL for 5CJLL. Yud observes the same rule at the beginning of a word, and takes the vowel i ; as, ioAj orphan, for * X ioA... * The foregoing rule holds good also for the letters Olaph, Vau and Yud when they begin a syllable ; the vowel in such places is remitted to the preceding letter, if it has been previously without one; except when the Olaph, Vau or Yud is followed by two consonants in the same syllable. A full exhibition of these prin- ciples may be seen by looking at the irregular verbs. When two consonants come together at the begin- ning of a syllable, which is sometimes the case in the beginning of a word, in consequence of prefixing prepositions or conjunctions not having a vowel; also in the middle of a word from inflexion ; the former consonant will receive a vowel ; for the most part T~ ; but also ; as, ] - ^-> - ^ for ] . r vn - ^ in heaven, 10 CHANGES OF THE VOWELS. 7 i for J2--) the letter, A^&oZ] for A^oZl she was "" * for A^XZ. This is analo- gous to the Hebrew, when the former of two Shevas coming together in the beginning of a syllable, is generally changed into T. Vowels are sometimes cast away: when another syllable is added to a word, the final vowel is cast away; as, Z^os> the feminine of ,Q^ he visited. But it is preserved, 1st. if a letter only be added; as, 7^0^ thou hast visited; 2nd. if the consonant from the analogy of the Hebrew ought to have a Dagesh forte i thus isol people; in the definite state ]v>v; 3rd. the vowels ^ and' are preserved; as, . - ^ A ; Zekofo in nouns of the definite state, when it is followed by 001 X is changed into Pethocho so that it may make a diphthong with o; as, ocn ILj da-go- lau, he is a liar, for ojao with the prefix Lomad become ^Loo^ and io'^o^, and in certain THE DIACRITIC POINTS, KUSHOI AND RUKOK. II compounded particles a transposition takes place; as, for ">L until. 6. The Diacritic Points, Kushoi and Rukok. The Syrians have no marks corresponding to the Sheva and Dagesh forte of the Hebrews ; but they use a point for the letters A^n,-^. This point when it is situated above a letter takes away the aspiration and when placed below preserves it. In the former case it is called - . IQQ Kushoi which signifies hardness, and in the latter J^DOJ Rukok, softness. There is much difference of opinion respecting these points. It is sufficient to observe that Kushoi is used for the Ai2,_,,L_o letters in the same manner as Dagesh lene of the Hebrews : viz. 1st. In the beginning of words. 2nd. In the middle of a word after a letter which is without a vowel : as, OLSU-D Ken-pe, his wing. 3rd. In the second radical of the pael and ethpaal con- jugations of verbs; if that radical be one of the 7 7 A^ID-^D letters ; as, ^L he brake. 4th. It is used to supply the defect arising from the absence of the first radical in verbs beginning with Yud or Nun ; or of the second, when the second and third radicals are the same, or to supply any other similar defect. According to Amira and the old grammarians it never doubles a letter ; but on the other hand it must be said that the Eastern Syrians in this respect followed the 12 THE DIACRITIC POINTS, RIBUI. analogy of the Hebrew, we have also Papftl, Master, John iii. 2. and in the writings of St Paul we have A/3/3a, Father. If this duplication be not admitted, then it is important to state that in such cases where it would be implied, the preceding vowel will complete the syllable; thus, jjol tab-bar or ta-bar. The Rukok is placed under a Aas^s letter; if it be without a vowel and in the middle of a word; as fMrn>. wisdom. But the insertion of these points is much neglected in modern editions of the Syriac Scriptures and other Books and it is unnecessary to say any thing more on the subject. 7- Ribui. Many nouns and verbs have the same form in both numbers. In such cases it was found necessary to employ some mark of distinction. For this purpose Grammarians have invented the sign Ribui (**QA$) x consisting of two horizontal* dots () placed above the word, to denote the plural number. The following words will illustrate the use of this sign. ^ ' A ^ ^ ** ^ p0A_, orphan, |ioAj orphans. book, lAo books. f| was covered, . . fmZ.] were covered. T he arrived, ^x-^O they arrived, (fern.) Ribui is placed obliquely in X and J^s ; thus, X ^ . LINES. 13 A plural noun ending in _* , or ' has no need ^ i >> of the sign Ribui ; since the number is already in- dicated by the termination. It is sometimes used with a noun of multitude ; Of DP as ] a flock of sheep, to distinguish it from ]iL a sheep. If it be placed over the letter Rish j one of the points coalesces with the point belonging to Rish ; as, fco^ a herd of oxen. 8. Lines. A small line is sometimes found above and sometimes beneath a letter of a word. It is found above a letter principally in the following instances, 1. In abbreviated words; as, ^ for l^fO holy* x 2. When letters are used to express numbers ; as, -^- 13. 3. In the Particle of Exclamation o] Of to 7 distinguish it from the particle o], or. When it is found beneath a letter ; it directs that such letter is not read and is therefore generally called the linea occultans. Thus, 2*o Bath not Barth, a daughter. It is found, (i) In nouns with the middle radical doubled o 7 t> as ]* iv> Manna, |1V a stag. Y P Ol for QJCTI that is, occurs frequently in ecclesiastical writings, and especially in the Commentaries of Ephraim Syrus. LINES. (2) With Olaph in the beginning of a word in many instances; as, ^S\ a man, ^j^] another-, especially in the pronoun )j], as often as it is used in the place of the substantive verb ; as, \i] ]i] I am. " i (s) With Dolath when it is without a vowel and placed before Thau; as, J2j* new. (4) With He in the following cases, (a) In affixes; as . .mnnVvn Ms kings: ^oi_,;_o he called him. (b) In the verb ]oai was; when it is redun- dant, when it is the logical copula, or when it assists in forming the imperfect and plusperfect tenses ; as, "jooi ^oioZul he _ x was, ")ocn .^ he was visiting, "jooi .^^ * in he had visited. But when it is used in the sense of to be, to exist, the line is not found. (c) In the pronouns ooi and v^oi; when they are put for the logical copula ; as, ooi ^j my body is. (d) In words derived from the Greek, X ~ Rome. (e) In the verb oau he gave. (s) With Loin ad in some forms of the verb 7 ; as, J]jl departing, fern. LINES. 15 r r (6) With Nun in the four pronouns AJ], ^Aj), . r y o ^pAj], ^.-.AJ] and in some nouns ; as, ]AI . om the ship. (7) Rish in L^> a daughter. When a line is found under a letter in a verb of the imperative mood of a passive conjugation ; it implies that such letter is deprived of its vowel as Ethkatl 9. Marhetono and Mehagyono. The application of these lines is very little attend- ed to, and therefore no particular notice of them is necessary. They serve principally to mark the division and emphasis of syllables in poetry. Marhetono is a small line above a consonant, which ought to have a vowel, but is to be pronounced without it. The Mehagyono is a line beneath a letter which being without a vowel denotes that it is to be pro- nounced with one, for the most part with short (*); as AVy.j with Men. 10. Other Diacritic Points. A point is sometimes used which, by its position either above or below the word, will determine the true pronunciation and meaning; when without it and without the vowel points, the word would be ambigu- ous: thus, oil, for o\^ to him: oil, for oiS to her. Jg OTHEll DIACRITIC POINTS. This was apparently the ancient Syriac usage prior to the introduction of the Greek vowels. It is 'fre- quently used as a note of Interrogation, Exclamation, Admiration, Command, &c. For various offices which this point performs, see the Appendix. There are also certain signs for marking the end of a sentence, and subdividing it into clauses, of which the following are the principal. (1) At the end of a period are found four points (i) r CO. , ' " ' ' (2) Two points placed obliquely from the right hand towards the left, finish a clause, and are equivalent to our colon ; thus, . ]- "i *A vjo_kl ,_.? li-w p When Jesus * * saw the multitudes. N. B. These points are sometimes put as a sign of interrogation. (3) Two points placed obliquely from the left hand to the right, thus (), split the clause into different members, and are equivalent to our comma or semicolon. They are fre- quently placed perpendicularly (:) N. B. These points are sometimes found after a long interrogation, see Matt. xii. 10. (4) One point frequently ends a period. 11. The Letters } o _,. These letters are differently pronounced in different situations. Olaph is pronounced as Yud. ACCENT. 17 (1) When it is preceded by another Olaph; as, 7 " 5]] Oyar, air. (2) When it is followed by another Olaph with- out a vowel ; as, ]|Kn m'loyo, fulness. (3) When it is the second letter of the par- ticiple peal; as, ^oK Tso-yem, fasting. .*-* Vau is pronounced as v when it begins a word or syllable; as, o va, o ve, a vi: in other places it has the sound of u or w. Yud in the beginning of a word with the vowel 1 is not pronounced. It preserves only the sound of its vowel ; as, .o i . IneJe, lie sucked, t n Ikar, he was K I X heavy. Hence we find that before a Yud of that kind, Olaph is sometimes placed and the vowel belonging to the Yud is transferred to the Olaph ; thus, ]^ a X hand, from the Hebrew -p, is written ]j_/j. The pro- T I nunciation of either word is the same. 12. decent. Grammarians have given a few rules for placing the Accent. 1. In words of two syllables; if the first sylla- ble terminate in a consonant without a vowel; this syllable has the accent; as, ]lv>( Rdm-sho, evening., ]k> Jt gdrmo, bone. 2. If on the contrary the final letter of the word be without a vowel, then the accent is put on the 18 ACCENT. second syllable; as, yXj I-led, he begat, ; ^ Po-ked, n z TI visiting. Should each syllable be formed in that man- ner, then each is affected with the accent; as, /og* Pek-ddth, she has visited. 3. In words consisting of more than two sylla- bles, the accent is generally placed on the penulti- mate; as, ]A^> Po-rdch-tho, bird, ]A\o]iD Me-Ml- * tho, meat, fZojuZtiD Marth-yo-nn-tho, admonition. 13. The Method of expressing Numbers. This is done by the letters and by the assistance of a few marks. Numbers of any magnitude may be expressed, as in the following Table. * *^l J Ol O 1 oj ^ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ~ ^ io j JD Vi * ^ .0 or ] o *\ ? 01 O i o. 4 _J 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 5 ** L or ^ ^ * J JS vi * ^ 200 300 1 1000 \ 400 i 500 2000 600 700 800 &c. ") 10,000 900 S 20,000 &c. Fractions are written thus, ] 1 *O 2 v &c> If it be required to add a smaller number to a greater, that is, to express a number consisting of units, tens, hundreds, &c. the letter indicating the greater is put^on the right hand of that indicating the less; thus, CTUJ 235. READING EXERCISES. 19 14. Reading Exercises. MATTH. VI. 913. ,-,_/ J ] i V) n? v o_c] 7 .7 7 7 7 *^ ' ^ >7i> o> 77 t t) ]J] ] in . nr> i \ \v7 ]]Q . . o . \ n*-^ 1 .> o> l>7."*7 p ^ /> ^cn -^ -7; ^4k> ] ^ The same in English Characters. A-bun dvash-ma-yo neth-ka-dash sh'moc. Ti-the mal-cu-thoc neh-ve tsev-yo-noc ai-ka-no d'vash-ma-yo oph bar-ho. Hav Ian lach-mo d'sun-ko-uan yau-mo-no. Vash-buk Ian chau-bain ai-ka-no doph ch'nan sh'vakn l'cha-yo-bain. V'lo tha-lan l'nes-yu-no e-lo pa-tson men bi-sho me-tul d'di-loc hi mal-cu-tho v'chai-lo v'tbesh-buch-tho 1'olam ol-min. LUKE XXII. 6365. 7 7 * . 7 OOC7I .^~An v^Q m \ OOOi 7 OOOl Ujiji OOO1 The same in English Characters. Vgav-re da-chi-din vau 1'ye-shu m'-vaz-chin vau beh, vam-cha-pen vau leh. V'mo-chen vau leh al a-pau vom-rin eth-na-bo ma-nu m'choc vach-ron-yo-tho sa-gi-yo-tho m'gad-pin van vom-rin a-lau. 22 NOUNS. 15. THE simplest forms of nouns are those which consist only of the letters composing the root; as, Vv. king, **>^>? sacrifice. Such words are evidently * * in their primitive state. The augmented forms will consist of the root augmented by one or more of the letters } o *_. JXD j L, which to assist the memory may he called ^AjoSo) . Thus, ^^^D an altar from OO^DV sacrifice: m . vnV 7 disciple from v>\ he learned. These letters are probably abbreviations of words and the signification of them qualifies that of the primitive word to which they are united. Nouns having (i) with the first radical and (o-) with the second, are generally nouns signifying persons ; as, ]Soo_!i5 P a friend; whilst those having (o*) with the first radical, or ending in o*, Zo-, llo*, are ab- stract nouns ; as, V>oo holiness,, ]2o^aiJ. strength. Two words are sometimes compounded in sense; t c 1 as, Jlo 2*o a voice. Sometimes the two words are joined together ; as, ]AA\v^ lord of enmity, i. e. an NOUNS. 21 enemy. A great number of compound words occurring in Scripture may be found by referring to the Lexicons of Schaaf and Castell under the words ]ioj , ft *}$ ^-.5 &c. 16. Gender. There are two genders : the masculine and feminine. Of the masculine are, (i) The names of men and their offices; as, Luke, ]j(ji2 priest, \*&\ musicians. (2) Names of nations, rivers, and mountains; as, viV Canaan, _j>5a_. Jordan. Of the feminine gender are the names of women, the offices of women, countries, cities and names of the double members of the human body. The feminine gender of nouns is also known by the termination. These terminations are ], o, ^, 11, as, \j^LL praise, oA > [ goodness, .^joZ" confession, n x Ai"vn a part. The nouns not ending with any of the foregoing letters and not included in the preceding paragraph, are generally masculine. The feminine gender of adjectives is derived from the masculine by the addition of ]' to the end of the latter; thus, }^[ good from ~*^[ masc. Those ending in _ quiescent convert it into ^ moveable; as, - .^i pure, fern. 22 NOUNS. A few adjectives insert Yud immediately before the fern, termination ; as, 5ol small, fern. |l5ol ; . ^W V) * obedient, fern. ] r . i v'W -Vn. -H Some nouns are used in both genders and are therefore termed common, such as, ]i J\ tongue, ] i i\ cloud, &c. The rules indeed for distinguishing gender are for the most part the same as in Hebrew. The same words, when occurring in both have the same gender ; as, ")2p an( ^ .m book, Qp and JSOQ_, day, are masc. y"u$ and |i,5] earth, ^S? and ] <^ i soul, are fern. Words derived from the Greek do not observe the foregoing rules ; but generally retain their own gender ; as, StaOqKr], fern. 17- Number. There are two numbers, the singular and the plural. Masculine nouns make the plural number, 1st. by adding ^_, to the singular; as, ^L,. man, ^^L^. men. 2nd. Those words ending in ] or ^ throw away the ] or ._ and the termination ,_. is added ; as, U- boy, ^ - ^l boys, . - ^\rr>vr> plu. . \m(n reprobated. Nouns of the fern, gender form the plural by changing the termination ] into ' ; o* and t into ^o, and ^j into ^ ; as, ] i . c* m ship, i '.' <^ rr> ships, r>vnj similitude, ^oSoj similitudes, Aik) portion, Aik) portions, > usury, in the plural r . _r>* NOUNS. 23 Many of the Syriac nouns have the masculine form in the sing, and fern, in the plural ; as, ]m'| physician, plu. Aco) ; 52.] place, plu. ^oyL] ; fcxtfoD throne, plu. There are others which have the fern, form in the sing, and masc. in the plural ; as, \^] ? ell, plu. .Vn] ; ]Aco] wall, plu. ]m] : ]A\Vn> tear, plu. | vSP; ; "\&D talent, plu. ..on: ]i year, plu. _*J_. i i Nouns compounded of two words sometimes admit a plural in the former ; as, *) 1 i " i ** sons of man or men ; sometimes in the latter ; as, ]~A t \v*-^ enemies, and some- times in both ; as, jloAi o (daughters of words) words, n fables. Some nouns are found in the plural form only ; as, ] ?Vn heavens, ] " *> life, ]ICn water. Some nouns have a double form, one masc. and the other fern. ; such as, ^] father, plu. oiGJ and There are other nouns which are very irregular; as, IS^DO] nation, plu. .oioj. Many words of a Greek origin retain the Greek ter- mination in the plural ; as, |kli.Oj ^ry/ua, plu. ]Z)iQ-.0> Soynara. Others terminate in QO\, CDOj CD| or .CD, resembling the termination as of the Greek accusative plural; as, ]n ,A .>. StaOriKt), plu. .onnn >A .^. StaOrjitas, 8cc. 24 STATES OF NOUNS. 18. States of Nouns. To the absolute and constructive state of nouns, which the Hebrews have, the Syrians add a third, the Definite, or as it has been more generally called, the Emphatic. This is indicated by the termination and is equivalent in general to the article n before a Hebrew noun. It happens however that the primary signification of this state has been departed from in many instances, and nouns are found in the def. state when only an indef. sense is intended to be expressed. The rules for passing from one state to another depend either upon the gender, the number, or the final letter, or on more than one of these. First for 19- Masculine Nouns. In the singular number the absolute and con- structive states are the same. The definite state is obtained by the addition of }' to the end of the absolute. Hence the definite state of masculine nouns and the absolute state of feminine nouns have the same form. Those nouns ending in ] in the absolute state, in the definite, the } is changed into ]_/. The constructive state plural number is formed by changing the termination ^ of the absolute into .J x and ^_, into ^_I. The def. plu. is formed from the absolute by chang- ing the termination ^ , into ] and ^_, into ^ ; this and the preceding rules will be illustrated by some examples, which will presently follow. STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS. 25 To ascertain the changes of vowels, which nouns undergo in their different states of both numbers, or which is the same thing, given the abs. state sing. num. to find the vowels and their position in the constr. and def. states for both numbers. 1st. If a word consist of three consonants and a vowel on the second consonant, which is the case with a very large class of nouns, this form is equivalent to one of the old forms of segolate nouns in Hebrew. In Syriac these forms are i. ^LD the alternate form of which is ^4rj or ^40. n. ^^4 ^ ^4^ or \^Q . in. ^so^o alt. ^~o_o . Now whenever the noun in its primitive form receives a syllabic augment, the alternate form is used; thus, jA.. man, def. }l^% We have therefore only to add the proper termination to the alternate form to obtain the def. state sing, or the abs. const, and def. states plural*. Thus, Singular. Def. Abs. and Constr. 07 7 ; <^ > morning 1 y book 2 servant 3 wing 4> n ** } > *^ (*"> captive 5 K | !XXLjt^| body. 6 * Exception. In ]^ the vowel remains in its place in the abs. and def. states plural. 26 STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS. Plural. Def. Constr. Abs. r r ? 7 T ... . . Vn n . . Vn - servants 4 1. In the foregoing examples, that which is marked (l) comprehends all those nouns having i on the second con- sonant, and remitting it to the first in the process of inflexion ; such are j-Ls body, .<^v dust, *2\ time, ^>j beard. 2. In the second example, we have those nouns which take ^ in the second consonant, but in inflexion, it is changed to * and remitted to the first. The truth is, the vowel " is the proper vowel in both places, and the reason of the change is that in such nouns the last letter is a guttural or Rish. 3. In the third example are included those nouns whose forms are ^^o and ^^D> such are ..\Vn king, io^. bone, ^ husband, io-j^ anathema, . - Vv covered, have their definite forms ] 1 V * STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS. 27 boy y makes in the def. plu. ] > ^ ^ as if from the obsolete word . . *\^ we have likewise ] 1 Vn as if from 6. All nouns of the forms ^ol^o and ^00 are repre- sented by the sixth example. ^ifj herb, def. ]A. may be considered as belonging to i the same class of nouns, as ^ov . The Yud has Chevotso, because this letter is never without a vowel when it begins a word. If the last consonant be a guttural or Rish, it is preceded by the vowel Pethoco instead of Revotso ; as, ^^ month, .* . heap of stones. Such nouns as, ^ > v eye, j>ool day, correspond to the Hebrew segolate nouns. In these, the vowel is changed into ?, in the def. state sing., and all the states plu., and this new vowel makes a diphthong with o or *-*, thus; Singular. Def. Abs. and Constr. eye day. Plural. Def. Constr. . 5- r . . ^nn . 2nd. Other classes of nouns are the following. 28 STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS. 1. Such nouns as admit no change of vowels in inflexion ; thus, Singular. Def. Abs. and Constr. 1 . -i - ~ *"> evi/. Def. Constr. Abs. The vowel Zekofo is immutable, and therefore mono- syllables with this vowel are represented by . .*; as, AiVn portion, o'Aa 6ooA;. Nouns also having two or more sylla- bles, if the penultimate terminate in a consonant, or if the ultimate syllable be perfect without the terminating conso- nant, belong to this class ; as, . vJ\c^v> explanation, , . Vn\) disciple. Some nouns wanting an absolute state may be re- 07 07 71 ferred to it; as, p >"| Me ^^g*, ]_,j] ^Ae Zzow, ]JQ_K Me ser- pew#, lloio death, "jo^CD winter, ]Zo conversation, for 7 "* the form of the definite state remains in all the parts of their inflexion. Finally, nouns which possess either of the fol- lowing forms preserve their vowels immutable, viz. . . \rT^j- *. P def. ] . \o fvo^ ^\ . ^o def. ]1 . f\r> . A few nouns appear x x to correspond with the segolate nouns in Hebrew, but which really belong to this class; as, \^ carcase, 5a^l small, ^n . v> magician. 2. Monosyllables, the vowel of which is ? or % nouns of many syllables, the last of which is mutable, are exemplified in the following Table. STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS. 29 Singular. Def. to Abs. and Constr. species Priest Path. Plural. Constr. Abs. ' Def. ..7 7 Li_M ^j-Jl ^ species . o 7o o Prierf* Pflrtta. The noun .o sow, makes in the plural . i -> sows ,- as if it were derived from a different root. Also ^>Q- is peculiar in receiving the consonant 01 in the plural ; ff y p p tnus ? >mVr> m * >mVn ^ lOT^Q-s * 3. Nouns of more than one syllable, terminating in Olaph or Yud may constitute another class. Such are, Singular. Def. Abs. and Constr. seen .07 f >A V) Def. 07 7 Plural. Constr. Abs. 30 STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS. A few nouns double the last letter in the plural; but the linea occultans is placed under the first of the two letters; thus, ^cJ sea, plu. iViVtl . V)V) I i ~ L people, is also another instance. 20. States of Feminine Nouns. In the singular number the constructive state, changes f of the absolute into L ? ; thus, ]L year AJ_. Nouns, which in the absolute state terminate in cT or ^ in the constructive, end in Zo* or A., ; as, i * victory, constr. ZODI : *"" usury, constr. A__25 . Fern, nouns having a masc. termination ; as, belly, those ending in Z; as, Ailo portion, make the abs. and constr. states the same. The definite state of fern, nouns, which have a masc. termination is the same as that of masc. nouns ; as, j&iS belly, def. ITD^. In the def. state the \ of the abs. is changed into 12.; as, ]lS0 word, def. ")A\v If the word in the abs. state terminate in \1; the Yud becomes quiescent in the def. state and the preceding consonant takes z ; if the termination in the abs. be 16; then Vau becomes quiescent in * in the def. Ex. 4. 5. Nouns ending in o or , make the def. by the x addition of ]1; those ending in t add only V in the def. Ex. 6. 7. 8. 9. STATES OF FEMININE NOUNS. 31 To avoid the concourse of several consonants without a vowel, or which is the same thing, to Facilitate the pronunciation ; a vowel, namely ^ or ^ p 7 is placed with the second or third radical ; as, Uk>$] widow, def. ] A \vnVj 7 A few nouns ending in /, in the abs. masc. ; in the def. state fern, assume * under the Nun, which is followed by \L>; as, ^n^o, def. fern. ]A . iv>..!vn com- x forter. In the plural number the constr. state is derived from the abs. by changing the final ^ into ^ and the def. is derived from the abs. by changing .into 11. The Examples in the following Table will fur- ther illustrate what has been here said on the states of fern, nouns. Singular. Def. Constr. Abs. (JoAo virgin 1 V chariot 2 P 7 lr^-w companion 3 o 7 ] 1 \j girl 4 beast 5 y * * Z.OO5 OO5 ten thousand, or a myriad 6 . m p *> . p division 7 V^ usury 8 Alio portion 9 32 STATES OF FEMININE NOUNS. Plural. Def. Constr. Abs. virgins V i . v chariots f 7 companions )_Q_i_o _Q_I_J ^Q_t_K* beasts 5 ^OliO portions 9 1. In No. 1 ; we have an example of those nouns ending in ]' which undergo no change of vowels in their different states ; such are, ] ' . ^ evil, ]v . o an egg, ]5oL t Vb, 2. Nouns which assume an additional vowel in the def. state singular. 3- This example represents nouns in which the vowel on the 1st. rad. of the abs. sing, is removed to the 2nd. rad. in the def. They partake of the character of segolate nouns in Hebrew. 4, 5. In these examples we have nouns whose termi- nations are |I and ]o. A few nouns belonging to the latter cast away the vowel of the first rad. in the def. state sing. ; as, ")cLKio blow, def. STATES OF FEMININE NOUNS. 33 6. This is an example of nouns, ending in o*> which preserve their vowels unchanged, and in which no new vowel is introduced; as, OJ_I_K liberty, <\_^n equality , o .... ... i utility. 7- Nouns represented by oJl_\2> are such as receive another vowel in the plu. viz. v or % which is placed on the 2nd rad. ; as, o Toi prophecy, 8. This is the model of nouns, the abs. state of which ends in ._, . In the plural Yud quiescent is changed into Yud moveable. 9. In the nouns represented by Aik>, we have in the plural L taken away and O moveable placed before the plural termination ; such are, A\v sacrifice, A ^m ablution. In some instances the last letter is written twice in the H O 7 plural ; as, jla bride, plu. \\^ . There are some anomalies ; as, ]lxo 7 praise, ]Av.n A 7 in the def. ; "JA^, sister, plu. def. ]Zcuj|| . 21. The Syrians have no cases, which are marked by terminations; but the nominative and oblique cases of the Greeks and Latins are known by the context, or are expressed by the constructive state, by the influence of a transitive verb, or by some particle ; as, _io, &c. preceding; thus, uo I . Jesus departed. words of God ; or, God. 3 34 ADJECTIVES. foWiV to the king; tv> 1 . \ to Jesus; ]',vnm\ to the blind man. ^ world. Sometimes we see in imitation of the Hebrew rw*. See Gen. i. 1. oj O/ woman. See also Acts i. 1. tt'/A /^ #, &c. Adjectives. 22. The Syriac adjectives are few, but this defect is supplied by other words, which when placed in cer- tain positions obtain the use and signification of adjec- tives. For instance, the state of construction will supply the force of an adjective; as, Vjoa &LJk) city qfholi- X ness, i.e. holy city, Matth. iv. 5. Also a substantive put absolutely with > prefixed ; as, . - <*** ]. .. ^ a natural body, oo05? l^J) a spiritual body, 1 Cor. xv. 44. Also in other ways; as, the fire, QoSsj jElj w^^A t not extin- guished, i. e. inextinguishable) > ^o -10 greater than all; there is sometimes added &j[ powerfully ; or, j_,Al more ; as, ]Aj^Lo X X .^^ and sharper than a two edged sword, lit. very much sharper. Blessed is he who gives ./^m ^ |jL>] _So ;_*Aj more than he who receives. The comparative is sometimes marked by the sense of the passage only ; as, ]oau ]I - r> ISollS, }r^ the elder shall be servant to the younger. The superlative is often formed by the duplication of the positive; as, W.Vo V\ .\A least; sometimes X X by adding the particle ^^ very, which is equivalent to the TKE5 of the Hebrews; as, *n^5 ] - " ^ worst, plu. ; sometimes again by . . .. much ; as, ~ . .. ]7.o !v> most honoured; or, by o prefixed to the plural; as, ]^\Cn^ "j^^i small among kings, i.e. x the least of kings; or as, }-* *^-* ^poijo^i least of X the Apostles, literally, least of those who (are) the Apostles ; or it is expressed in the following man- ner; whosoever therefore shall break one IJ^DO^ VD IJOAI - V'TI of these least commandments. Matth. v. 19. see also two other places in this verse. 3 2 36 ADJECTIVES. Many adjectives are formed by the addition of \1' to the words from which they are derived; thus, ] [ & m n * corporeal, }1)Q^ mountainous, ]".." . ^o primi- tive; so also adjectives having a Greek origin; as, P P 7 r p 7 P ]_,^i^ barbarous, 1>j}} aerial. In some instances the termination ]j is added to the primitive word to form the adjective; as, }Lm-*> primary, ] i.\m hairy, ]iS_> proper. 23. Numerals. Numerals are either cardinal (](\ . - <*). or ordinal Cardinal. Fern. Masc. Ordinal. Fern. Masc. owe Constr. .-.2.52. ^jjZ _* - lA i \ i ^5 ] i S t ^3 'T four sixth S i n seventh i u.1 .W. V. 1 ,W eigAM m n r . m v ? . . &c. Cardinal Masc. 7 7 eleven twelve thirteen 777 m v V>^ 5 1 fourteen fifteen * VA 7 7 A . m v7 A . m vA sixteen 1 7 m v^ seventeen . rn v>\ i V>7 .rr> vA 7 Ordinal. eighteen . m v 7 nineteen. Masc. {11 1 m SiZ eleventh thirteenth. &c. The law for deriving them from the cardinal is suffi- ciently obvious. Cardinal numbers from three are for the most part joined to the thing numbered by Apposition in the abso- 38 NUMERALS. Intestate; as, ^'^ ]LZ>?( four months; ^ z ten virgins. But the constructive state is occasionally used; thus in Matth. iv. 25. we have )&L^&0 imi ten cities, literally, a decad of cities. These numbers are frequently found to occupy the place 6f ordinals. In Luke i. 59. we have ]_liiaZ.j ]Soo_I the day which (is) eight, i. e. the eighth day, . v A^ i -a hour. Denary numbers from 20 to 90 are expressed in the plural and are of the common gender ; thus, .ym^ twenty, thirty, ^ . sn?f forty, ^. V) seventy, . iVn7 eighty, . v7 ninety. The ordinals are derived from these by adding the termination ]^ for the masculine, and ]^' for the femi- nine ; as, masc. ] 1 1 .. m v fern. ]A ^ i ..mv twentieth. The remaining numerals are, ]]VD a hundred, hundred, ]]SoAlLl #Aree hundred, &c. which are form- ed by prefixing the less number of the feminine gender before ^]VJD. Also, .^\ or ^W^ a thousand, fern. plu. . ^^s. . ba2^, ooj ten thousand. Twice, thrice, &c. are sometimes expressed by cardinals, with the noun ^\ time after it; as, Aj ]^ once, lit. one time. Words denoting a part of the whole are, ]'A\ol a third part, ]SQJ a fourth part, : fttvV> a tenth, &c. NUMERALS. 39 Multiples, as double, treble, &c. are expressed by ^ > and a cardinal number following with ^ prefixed, or sometimes without it ; as, ]vo Jo ^ seven fold, lit. one in or into seven, __5Z ,_** double. The days of the week are, ]A -^ jJL ^r*< day of the week, ]A1^ r-'^- secon d day, SEC. PRONOUNS. 24. PRONOUNS are sometimes separable, i. e. con- sist of words, and sometimes inseparable., i. e. they are expressed by certain particles called affixes placed at the end of nouns, verbs, or other particles. The following is a Table of the personal pronouns. Plural. Fern. Com. Masc. Singular. Fern. Com. Masc. We ^ i 1J1 You _ They. She OO1 OO1 /, 1st person. Thou, 2d. He, 3d. 001 and ^01 are also used for the demonstrative pronouns; as, 001 1^. that man, ^01 ]ZAj] ^QJ] and ,___j] are for the most part found after a transitive verb; as, ^QJ] Q of both genders and numbers and is prefixed to words. It is probably the same as the Hebrew nt (which has sometimes the power of a relative pronoun) and has the same use and sig- nification; as, af or The interrogatives are, of the person <>o, also, who? of the thing <^>, )k>, ^Q^D, jA) QJLiD? who hath opened his eyes ? lit. who is he, who hath opened for him his eyes ? Interrogatives of both person and thing are ]i_,f masc. ] r ,'| 7 fern, who, which, what? of the sing. numb. and . V .~f . who, which, what? of the plural. When > is used with these interrogatives, they P f 7 become relatives; as, ^]i J]j ,_!05 he who goeth not up, leu? ]v>-? ]^> the bear which he saw. 42 AFFIXES. Care must be taken not to confound Vn with the preposition Vn. Before the use of vowels the former word was written Vn with a point above it and the latter " masc. thy 7 >-^-> fern. thy V ,010 masc. his OU fern. her 7 . ^i "jla *^^ thyself. m 01 .01 .. ^1o #w<7 /^^ w^w/, Jianged himself. w himself. See, also John vi. 53. 29- Nouns with Affixes. We come now to nouns with affixes. The vowel changes of nouns receiving the affixes in Hebrew are many and complicated; but in Syriac are few and simple. The following is an example of a masculine noun, which is first put in the definite state and then takes the affixes in the place of the termina- tion f. 44 NOUNS WITH AFFIXES. Singular. Def. State. }sD king 1st. pers. sing. com. . i O\V> nty king o . 7 2nd masc. ^.nNV) thy 2nd fern. . i nn\V) thy 3rd masc. 3rd fern. 1st. pers. plu. com. no our 2nd masc. ^on"l> your 2nd fern. ^. i "nVf) your 3rd masc. ^vn^\Vf> their 3rd fern. ^CTinVn their. Plural. 1st. pers. sing. com. - ^ xV> m y kings 2nd masc. -^ > ^^^> ///// 7 . 7 2nd fern. . . n . n\Vi thy 7 . 7 3rd masc. . .rnnnxVi ^ Z ' A - 3rd fern. rn . nV;^ her 1st. pers. plu. com. 2nd masc. y . 7 2nd fern. . n . n\V> your 3rd masc. Vvn . n\Vn their 3rd fern. ^ >rn . n\Vo their. 1. The word . .o\V) is pronounced JKfo/%; the being otiose. NOUNS WITH AFFIXES. 45 2. Nouns in the singular number the definite state of which terminates in ]!, form the affix of the first person singular in ,_,, and the second and third ac persons plural in ^O^LI, v -> -? t v> my altar. 4. There are some nouns, namely, monysyllables ; which have the vowel * in the abs. state; and which lose it in the definite. Such nouns preserve the * with the affixes of the above-mentioned per- sons; as, ioj def. ]ioj blood, . >vn^ my blood. 5. Some nouns in the plural number receive the affixes both in the def. and const, states. They are those which terminate in the absolute state in ^ ; the definite in ]I 7 and the constructive in ~ . !. Note, . . A\Vn has two significations. 1st. my kings. 2nd. kings of; as, ]y} 7 - . n\Vn kings of the earth. 46 NOUNS WITH AFFIXES. Three nouns, namely, ]]' father, \$ brother, father-in-law, take the affixes in an irregular manner. 7 1st. pers. sing. com. i*~)| my father X 7 2nd .......... masc. ^ao] thy ...... 0, 7 2nd .......... fern. w^-SO^l thy ...... *. 7 3rd .......... masc. v_(JIO_r2J his ...... ' * \ 3rd .......... fern. OlO^j her ...... X 7 1st. pers. plu. com. \Q^I our ...... * -X7 2nd .......... masc. ^O-2OO| your ...... X 7 2nd .......... fern. . no -V| your ...... * *, 7 3rd .......... masc. ^poioo] their ...... 9* 7 3rd .......... fern. Oldo] their ...... The other two nouns take the affixes in the same way; except that fen_v. makes . .Vn^. my father-in-law. See obs. 4, p. 45. 30. In feminine nouns the same affixes are used for both numbers; namely, those which are annexed to the singular number of masculine nouns. They are put to the end of feminine nouns in the constructive state in the first person singular, and in the second and third persons plural, and at the end of their definite state in the other parts, the termination ] having been taken away. The reason of this differ- ence is, that in the pronominal affixes mentioned ; if they were placed to the definite state of the noun, there would be a concourse of several consonants without a vowel. NOUNS WITH AFFIXES. The following is an example of feminine nouns with affixes. Singular. abs. I*"* 1 ; family const. A*"*i; def. 1st. pers. sing. com. -*Arb;_ my family 2nd masc. ^AiD;_ ///// 7 2nd fem. - "^A'-v thy 7 3rd masc. OlA*""); his 3rd fem. OlAo^j* her 1st. pers. plu. com. \A^i- OMr *> 7 7 2nd masc. ^OI)Ao;- ^OMr 2nd fem. . nAo. ^oMr 4k 7 7 3rd masc. ^OCTlAo^ their 77 3rd fem. ^-aOlA^iJ M>. P/wra/. 7 1st. pers. sing. com. -iA3;_ my families 2nd masc. ^iAo;_ ///// o 7 2nd fem. _ju2A^^ ///// 7) f 7 3rd masc. (7lAiD;_ his t> p 7 3rd fem. O"lAp;.. Aer 7 P 7 1st. pers. plu. com. ^A*^; our <\ p 7 2nd masc. ^QDA^"); ^our 2nd fem. > nAo. ^Z 7 these two, fern., ^porl'^LlZ these three, masc., ^pCT-iAirri] these four, ^nrn .A Ivn^> these jive, these six, rn /Avol these seven., . ten. When the singular affixes are annexed, they have the power of possessive pronouns, and possess there- fore another signification. For example, rn7 : rr>v his ten, .y/.fnv thy ten, ^poiZ^iiA ^/z^V ten, and we find very frequently in the New Testament m7 : r^v;; /,? twelve, speaking of the twelve disciples of Christ. A great number of particles take the affixes ; as, wo in, . .-. in me, ^ in thee ; ^ to, ^\ to you, ^k> from, rnivn from him, iv> ^-ow w^, ; y Amo /?er, ^ooij^ms after them, &c. Some particles take the affixes of masc. nouns plu. ; as, io^o before, - . v/o i^/br^ m^, v . . vr>[ n ip/br^ thee; so likewise, ^1 ow or upon, .o>K>. t /br, instead of, and others. VERBS. 32. IN Syriac, as in Hebrew, the root of the verb is the 3rd pers. sing. numb, masculine gender of the first conjugation. Most of the roots are triliteral, a few are quadriliteral. The triliteral roots have a vowel under the second letter, and make only one syllable. The different forms of the verb, which express various modifications of the original sense, are usually called conjugations. They amount to eight, of which four have an active, and four a passive, and sometimes a reciprocal signification. They derive their names from the verb VMy\. and are contained in the following table, from which the characteristic of each conjugation may be observed. Act. Pass. 1 Peal \Ls> 2 Ethpeel 3 Pael gs 4 Ethpaal * 5 Aphel \2>} 6 Ethtaphal 1 7 Shaphel Wv<* 1 8 Eshtaphal The Peal conjugation is the same as the Kal of the Hebrews ; that is, it expresses the verb in its sim- plest form and meaning. 4 50 VERBS. Ethpeel is the passive of the preceding conjugation, and like the other passive conjugations has the syllable L] prefixed*. n Pael is the Piel of the Hebrews, when the signi- fication of the Peal conjugation is intransitive, the Pael makes it transitive ; as, JD>I lie was just, Pael *ojf he T justified; sometimes it expresses the Peal sense with greater energy ; as, ^ he sought, Pa. he sought dili- gently. This conjugation has a causative sense in some verbs ; as, ^i he bought, ^{ he caused to buy, i. e. he sold. To the Pael is sometimes assigned the sense of commanding, permitting and declaring what is ex- pressed by the Peal, and sometimes these two conju- gations have the same signification. Ethpaal is the passive of the preceding conjugation. As the Pael, in many instances, signifies to make or cause to do whatever is indicated by the Peal; the Ethpaal will necessarily signify to be made to do, that which is denoted by the Peal, and hence it is that the Peal and Ethpaal conjugations in some verbs pos- sess the same meaning; as, .^I -> he thought, .ol T.7] he was made to think, i. e. lie thought. * Professor Lee in his Heb. Gram., supposes L] to be a frag- ment of the verb |Z| fie came; that it was originally written in full; but in process of time it was pronounced and afterwards written with the verb, the sense of which it qualified. See in his Chap, on Heemanti nouns, his account of the force of this and other particles which are prefixed to primitive words. VERBS. 51 Aphel corresponds to the Hiphil of the Hebrews. In sense it is usually causative of Peal ; as, pj he remembered; Aph. ^DJ] T he caused to be remembered; he commemorated. It is also found to possess the sig- nification of desiring, permitting, declaring, exhibiting, &c. whatever is indicated by the Peal ; as, -(\V") he permitted, or granted power, Vv^nv1 ? he exhibited trou- ble. In some instances it has an intransitive meaning ; as, jau] 7 it shone. The characteristic is } 7 prefixed to the root. The preceding conjugations are of very frequent use, and are acknowledged by all Grammarians. Those which follow are of much rarer occurrence. The Ethtaphal is the passive of the preceding con- jugation. It is formed from the Aphel by prefixing the particle L], and changing the Olaph, the charac- teristic of the Aphel conjugation, into Thau. Examples of this form are seldom found. See Mark xiii. 24. (Philox. vers.) the sun ^^_K!AJ shall be darkened. The Shaphel conjugation is generally considered to have the same signification as the Aphel; it is formed by prefixing ^ to the root, and like the Pael and Aphel take * under the second radical instead of ?. By many persons this conjugation has been referred to quadriliteral verbs; but it is found so frequently, much more so than the Ethtaphal, that Michaelis and others have made it a separate conjugation of triliterals. 4 2 52 VERBS. Examples are, .*^- he made or caused to serve, he inflamed, ^Vnl ^ matfe perfect. Eshtaphal is the passive of the preceding conjuga- tion, and is formed from it by prefixing L], transposing the L with the o, and changing * under the second radical into ?. The Eshtaphal conjugation agrees in form with the tenth conjugation of Arabic verbs. If the first radical of a verb be i, m, ., ^*; it is transposed with Z of the particle L] in the Ethpeel and Ethpaal conjugations; as, -n^A*] he was left, instead of .r^-7] ; .rX7\rW) he ivas lifted up, instead of .rXn-J'j . After 1, the L is changed into 5, and after . into ^; as, . ^]] he was conquered, -A^.] he was crucified. Verbs are either regular or irregular. The former class includes all those verbs which preserve their radi- cals unchanged throughout all their inflexions, the latter those, which lose or undergo a change of one or more radicals. There are two tenses, the preterite and future. Their forms are ^c and ^QJ^QJ and these forms determine the past and fut. times more accurately than they do in Hebrew. The present tense may be expressed by the active participle with the aid of the personal pronouns. By means also of the auxiliary verb two other tenses are defined; namely, the im- perfect and plusperfect, of which some account will be afterwards given. VERBS. 53 The different numbers, persons and genders are formed by prefixes and affixes joined to the root of the verb as in the Hebrew. The Imperative form is used in an affirmative sense. A negation or prohibition is expressed by the future tense and the particle }] not placed before it. The Infinitive is in its nature an abstract noun, and as such receives the pronominal affixes. It has an active, neuter, or passive sense; and when added to the verb will give intensity to the signification. 33. Before we proceed to give the tables of the different classes of verbs, it is desirable to present the reader with the tenses, &c. of the substantive verb ]6oi he was, and of A.,] is, which are peculiar in x their forms and because the former is much used in the general conjugations. Prceterite Tense. Person. Sing. Number. Gender. 1 AjOOl / was com. i 2 AjOOl thou wast masc. 2 _A_iOCTI thou wast fern. 3 |OOT he was masc. 3 ZoCTl she was fern. Plural Number. 7 1 __OCTI we were com. 2 ^pjOQl you were masc. 2 _A_OO1 you were fern. 7 3 OOCT1 they were masc. 3 -iO (-iCCn being or ?* Plural. - _iOOl 6eiw' or are v _iOOl 6ezn^ or are Gender. com. masc. fern, masc. fern. com. masc. fern. masc. fern. masc. fern. masc. fern. The personal pronouns are frequently used in the place of the substantive verb after a participle, by which means the present tense of verbs may be ex- pressed, as will be afterwards seen. We have also 56 VERBS. the personal pronoun in such an instance as, ocn he is good. In these cases, ^] and ^ are em- ployed in preference to ^OJCTI and . vry 34. We come next to A^ is, which is the same as the Hehrew HP. It takes the affixes in the following manner. Person. Plural. Singulan 2 * ore 2 *** ^ eare ^-A-1 thwart fern. 3 e w masc. x 7 3 she is fem. If to A,] with its affixes be joined the verb }o A.) I have com. masc. have ^^ A,] thou hast fem. ,., mas , they have oil A.] , fe ^ fem . VERBS. 57 y o The negative form is A . \j a contraction of ]] and AJ]; when it is joined with the pronominal affixes, i we ohtain the following, - . V A^JL there is not for x me, i.e. / have not, ^ A_i_S thou hast not, and so on for the others. Or by annexing the affixes to the verb, we have, ^JL^L I am not, ^Lt^L thou art not, we are not, c. 35. We will now give a paradigm of ^JD in all its conjugations, &c. as an example of the inflexion of regular verbs in general. 58 CONJUGATION OF REGULAR VERBS. Peal. Ethpeel. ; Pael. Ethpaal. Praet. 3. masc. 3. fern. 2. masc. 2. fern. 1. com. Plur. 3. masc. 3. fern. 2. masc. 2. fern. 1. com. 0X40 0X40 Infinitive. Imper. masc. fern. Plur. masc. fern. ^040 0X040 _ l _Xo4o 0^40 Fut. 3. masc. 3. fern. 2. masc. 2. fern. 1. com. Plur. 3. masc. 3. fern. 2. masc. 2. fern. 1. com. ^40 AJ ^040! Part. act. EXAMPLK ^D he slew. 59 Aphel. Ethtaphal. Shaphel. Eshtaphal. - . V y ^A Jf \ ^ X . B 7 rTVfri > . p 7 1< o \ f\oA m Vn V\ j\ 1 KEGULAK VERBS. 36. Observations on Regular Verbs. The Prceterite. The first letter of the root is generally without a vowel, the second has for the most part v; but sometimes it has *; especially in intransitive verbs and verbs denoting the affections, qualities, or sensa- tions of the mind; as, ^OITD he ceased, ZCTLO he Hushed, .no ? he cleaved, ^i he slept, ^5 he trembled, .^- he laid down, ^- he inhabited. Also verbs whose middle radical is Olaph; as, ^|_ T he enquired, *o]rc he was hoary. Those also whose first radical is Yud have frequently "> under the second; as, ^Aj he set. T x The Yud of the feminine gender, third person, plural number is sometimes omitted and the verb is written as, ^Lo ^ e V s ^ ew '> fern. The same occasionally happens to Vau of the masculine gender. The reason is that these letters are never pronounced. Nun paragogic is added in some instances both to the masc. and fern, genders of the third person, plural number; but more frequently to the latter; as, ^0^4^ v >v ^ , third pers. plu. masc. and fern. The force of this particle is supposed to be that of giving energy or certainty to the expressions in which it is found to occur. Some verbs are found to have Olaph prosthetic; as, oj^Ll lie found. REGULAR VERBS. 6l The numbers and persons of this tense are formed by affixing a particle of one of the personal pronouns A 7 -A 7 7 to the radical letters; thus, ^pA\4 f r The Future. This Tense seems to be formed in the active con- jugations by prefixing certain abbreviated forms of the personal pronouns to the imperative mood ; thus, , * t> -X *. ^o^o) for ^>CLJD an d \i] ; \>o_&-o2 for ^o^o an d A* * " - , * ' In the passive conjugations the same forms are used instead of ] of the particle 2.1. Verbs having *< under the middle radical of the praeterite, in the future take ? ; as, ,-4^1 ; those also whose third radical is a guttural or Rish take ?. A few verbs submit to no rule as to the vowels which they receive; thus, ^>21 / will receive, which has the same vowels as the Heb. The second and third persons singular feminine sometimes admit Yud Otiose or paragogic at the end; thus, . : i >\Ko7 and The praeformative letters are not four as in Hebrew; namely, ]JTN; ^ ut on ly three; namely, ^2], The third person sing, and plu. of both genders take . for , probably from IJOT. 62 REGULAR VERBS. is the third pers. sing. masc. and the first person plu. ; but the context will determine the person which is to be taken. The verb ro* & he obeyed, receives - for * through the whole of the Ethpeel conjugation ; except the infin. which is regular; thus, praet m \ &L] imper. m i *\ ^L] part, -m . g^AVn. x Infinitive. The Infinitive of all the conjugations has Mem prseformative. The Peal is masculine. The others have the termination o and are feminine. Imperative. The observation on the vowel placed over the second radical of the future holds good in the imperative ; as, Ojm make ye, o^kjj sleep ye. In the Ethpeel and Ethpaal conjugations, the middle radical has no vowel and under it is placed the tinea occultans. This pecu- liarity has probably arisen from the general practice of people to utter a command in a hasty and an abrupt manner. Nun paragogic is sometimes found with the forms of the imper. in the Peal, Pael and Aphel conjuga- tions ; as, ^oXo_^D for n\o (\n . Participles. The Participle active Peal is always written as without the Vau, which is inserted in the He- * brew participial noun Kal. This circumstance arises from Vau not being used with the vowel P; but REGULAR VERBS. 63 with *. On the contrary the passive participle has _ with the vowel i ; as, W . fcr>. The participles of all the other conjugations are derived from the prse- terite by prefixing Mem. This letter is very probably a particle of the pronoun ^2, ,_lb, or ]LD; so that, VV^Avn is he who slayeth, i. e. one slaying. In the passive and Aphel conjugations the Olaph is omit- ted and its vowel taken by the Mem. The part. W frr> sometimes takes the vowel ? on x the first rad.; especially on intrans. verbs; as, ^ .m . W r astonished, Luke i. 21. From this last remark must be exempted some verbs of the Aphel conjugation, which retain the Olaph when another letter is prefixed ; as, > ]0-> permitting to live. This is also the case in the fu- ture. The Olaph of the Aphel conjugation is changed 77 7 in the Ethtaphal into Z; as, ^^oU^o for ^4lASo. This is likewise true in the whole conjugation. 37- The gutturals produce a few anomalies and only a few ; for the Syrians have not so great a variety of vowel changes as the Hebrews. Verbs, the third radical of which is ^ or 5, have in the future and imperative Peal for the most part the vowel v under the middle radical. In the other conjugations and the active parti- ciple Peal, they have v in the place of "*; as, worshiping, o^n^io glorying, ojio he mocked, he commemorated. g4 REGULAR VERBS. The verbs ] To he consoled, ]v>^ he dejiled, ]]. he polluted, in the Pael and Ethpaal conjugations, have the same changes of the vowels as the gutturals which are mentioned in the preceding paragraph. 38. The Present Tense is formed by the participles (form ^^40) and the personal pronouns placed after them; thus, Singular. \3\ M 5 I am slaying thou art slaying thou art slaying OOT Vi^ he is slaying _i01 ]' fc she is slaying. Plural. . \ fco n>e are slaying I > masc. ^Aj"! > V^o ye are slaying I - i i &c. 7 \" \ i y> \^r n>e are slaying I V fern. ye are slaying ) The third pers. plu. is expressed simply by the act. part, in the plural number. These auxiliary pronouns are sometimes contracted and affixed to the verb ; as, A\ r fro , . .A'V/VO thou art slaying, second pers. sing. masc. and fern. The substantive verb added to the participial form ^40 w iH sometimes express the imperfect tense; IRREGULAR VERBS. 65 as, ]ooi v \4o he was slaying. But if this verb be added to the praeterite it will sometimes make the pluperfect tense; as, "jocn ^>!&o he had slain. The pluperfect tense will not always be determined in this manner: for it sometimes happens that the auxiliary verb is thus found with the praeterite, when the context will not permit it to signify the plu- perfect tense. In such case the praeterite or im- perfect tense will be expressed. IRREGULAR VERBS. 39- Large classes of verbs deviate from the fore- going paradigm of ^^o and present many irregularities in the process of conjugation. They are produced by nearly the same causes as in Hebrew ; namely, by gutturals, which have been already noticed; by the letters ) o ^, by the first radical being Nun; or by the second and third radicals being the same. Indeed the same classes of irregular verbs exist in the Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic and the whole of that family of languages. We have seen that the verb V\v<^ is employed to designate the conjugations. The classes of irregular verbs 5 VERBS |a OR also are usually denoted for the sake of brevity by one of the letters in ^Ia ; thus, "K "^> l^>> stand for verbs the first radical of which is ] ^ or j ; "^ a > ^ ^ . those the middle radical of which is } } o or ; or the second and third radicals the same and finally those the last radical of which is ] or ^,. 40. Verbs \& or . . <^. 1. In accounting for the anomalies which exist in this class; it is to be observed that Olaph or Yud beginning a word must have a vowel; as, & he was anxious, ^ he begot, and not *2>I], yXj. See }. 5. 2. In the middle of a word Olaph or Yud and the preceding letter cannot be both without vowels. This is the consequence of what is stated in (1) ; for in those forms where two consonants without vowels come together; the Olaph or Yud would begin a syllable and would consequently require a vowel as much as at the beginning of a word. 3. This vowel of the Olaph or Yud is generally remitted to the preceding letter; but when an ad- dition is made to the end of the word ; to avoid the concourse of several letters without vowels ; the Olaph or Yud retains its vowel; thus, ^Z] he was begotten, oXo]Z] they were corroded, L^lL] I was * * begotten. VERBS ja OR . . e* 67 4. In the Aphel, Shaphel and their passive con- jugations, the Olaph or Yud is changed into Vau which coalesces with the preceding ? and makes the diphthong au; as, 5. Olaph and Yud are dropped in the future first person singular; as, ^02] I shall eat for / shall beget. 6. Verhs - * <* are regular in the Pael and Ethpaal conjugations, which are therefore exceptions to (5). 7. In the Peal conjugation, the vowel of the Olaph is *> in the praet. In the pass, participle it is ?. In the imper. in those cases where the second vowel is *, the first is ? ; as, ^o^f eat thou masc. ; but if the second vowel be ?, the first is "<; as, jiol say thou masc. A similar rule is observed in * the future tense ; namely, when the second vowel is - x the first is * and when the second is ?, the first is x . 8. The Olaph in the Ethpeel and Ethpaal con- jugations is sometimes changed into Z; as, ^LL] from * jl*") he took, ^tl^^L] he lamented. Indeed Olaph pre- i t\ ceded by Thau is frequently changed into Thau for the sake of euphony. 9. Olaph or Yud in the middle of a word rests in general in * or i. The latter is sometimes chang- ed into the former. 52 gg VERBS ]& OR - CH The verb, ^f) he departed, makes its imperative mood * of the Peal conjugation thus, oil The ^ of ^] has the linea occultans as often as it 4V ought to have a vowel from the analogy of the regular verb, and Zain by the same rule is without one. In such cases the vowel of Lomad is remitted to Zain; as, Ai^fj * she departed. In the passive part. Peal the radical ^ in some verbs receives the vowel v instead of *; as> . .\. taught, Rom. ii. 18. Yud in the verb oau has no need of the vowel x ; because the second radical is not pronounced and therefore its vowel is remitted to the first. In the imper. we have The Yud remains in the Aphel conjugation in the verbs ] he ejaculated, .o i *") he sucked. he was faithful, in the Aphel conjugation takes Oi as the characteristic and ] is changed into ^ ; thus, n he believed; so, Heb. PP^?, Arab. Some verbs beginning with Yud reject this radical in the inf. and fut. Peal; as, ^ he knew, inf. 15^; X * he set, fut. VKKBS _0. 69 41. Verbs ^_a. The anomalies belonging to this class of verbs are only few; the principal one is the rejection of Nun in certain situations and the rule is this; when- ever Nun is at the end of a syllable and without a vowel according to the analogy of the regular verb, it is rejected. We have therefore fut. Peal Ne-puk for aa2LU Nen-puk. inf. .r>vn for In the imper. Peal, the Nun is thrown away at the beginning of the word; as, *oo2> for oaaj. The reason of this elision is perhaps the difficulty of pro- nouncing it with rapidity in such a situation and it has therefore been neglected in writing. The Ethpeel, Pael and Ethpaal conjugations of these verbs are quite regular in all their forms. Verbs of this class are not found in the Shaphel and its passive conjugation. The vowel of the second radical in the fut. and imper. Peal observes generally the same rule as regular verbs ; thus, ^nu he cut, .^g>i he breathed, CONJUGATION OF VERBS Peal. Ethpeel. Pael. Ethpaal Prset. Sing. 3. masc. 3. fern. 2. masc. 2. fem. 1. com. Plur. 3. masc. 3. fem. 2. masc. 2. fem. I. com. Infinitive. X . C T Imper. Sing. masc. fem. Plur. masc. fem. Put. Sing. 3. masc. 3. fem. 2. masc. 2. fem. 1. com. Plur. 3. masc. Si. fem. 2. masc. 2. fem. 1. com. Part, act pass. EXAMPLE ^\o he eat. 71 Aphel. Ethtaphal. Shaphel. Eshtaphal. Also] 7 AXiof Aloof n 7 7 7 V 7 ^ 1 Nn *. , P 7 T> n XnnA m Vi . i Nno i ^ i Nno . i \no aZ . ^r> 17 v i *\") vvno a. V> CONJUGATION OF VKKBS, - . <* Peal. Ethpeel. Praet. Sing. Plur. 3. masc. 3. fern. 2. masc. 2. fern. 1. com. 3. masc. 3. fern. 2. masc. 2. fern. 1. com. Infinitive. Imper. Sing. masc. fern. Plur. masc. fern. Fut. Sing. Plur. 3. masc. 3. fern. 2. masc. 2. fern. 1. com. 3. masc. 3. fern. 2. masc. 2. fern. 1. com. -A A.AJ* Ar A* Part. act. pass. EXAMPLE \ ll he begot 73 Aphel. Ethtaphal. Shaphel. Eshtaphal. . . t \0 m. * . r .SolAS *. . 7 74 VERBS OL he fixed, take the vowel *; but ^inj he adhered, ifa it flowed down, have ?. There are a few excep- tions; as, A*>J he descended, which takes * in the it fut. and imper. The rule for the removal of Nun does not apply to verbs of this class, when the second and third radicals are the same; nor when the middle radical is one of the quiescent letters; nor in some verbs whose second radical is He. .o\m he ascended is anomalous and takes some of its 7 7 forms from the obsolete verb .rmi; as, mx> imper. inf. .OPO fut. Olaph characteristic of the Aphel conjugation is oc- casionally retained with the prefixes; as, L]L thou wilt bring down from 42. Verbs r>v or . . v. Verbs having Vau and those having Yud for their middle radical letter differ so little from each other in their conjugations; that they may be both comprehended in one class. These letters are sometimes placed in such situations as to lose their consonantel power and defects in consequence arise in those forms of the verb where that power is lost. 1. Vau deprived of a vowel for the most part rests in the vowel -\ In such a case whenever another vowel is required by the analogy of the regular verb ; the Vau is usually changed into Yud; as, for ioaoZZ], Avn. n for VERBS r> V . . V . 75 2. Vau for the most part takes the vowel or \ When therefore another vowel is required by the analogy of the regular verb ; the Vau is taken away or changed into Olaph or Yud; as, i-oo for for S. In the Aphel conjugation, the Vau is changed into Yud; the vowel * which belongs to Vau is also changed into *, and this vowel is remitted to the pre- ceding letter; as, sn . r^ for There are some verbs, which preserve the o in the Pael and Ethpaal conjugations ; as, JQJ he disturbed ; ioiL] he * was disturbed. In the part. Peal the Vau is changed into Olaph and is pronounced Yud. When the third radical is a guttural or Rish ; the vowel " is changed into v. See ^. 37- Throughout the Bthpeel conjugation L of the syl- lable L] is doubled, except in the 2nd pers. fut. This- is the same as in Chaldee, except in the latter lan- guage the duplication is made by Dagesh forte. The verbs of this class are not found in the Sha- phel and Eshtaphal conjugations. There are some verbs having the middle radical Vau, which are not conjugated after the paradigm; namely, (i) Those which have Olaph or Yud for the third radical; as, "jo* he was equal, ^ he adhered. VERBS (2) Such verbs; as, ^.QTD he desired, ^o^]' he i> acted unjustly. In some verbs a difference of signification is marked by the middle radical Vau being moveable or other- wise ; as, jcLw it was white, 5o>l he saw. Verbs having Yud for the middle radical letter, preserve it in some of the forms of the Peal conjuga- tion; for instance, Ao^o in the praeterite. Plural. Singular. In the fut. Peal the preformative letters have no vowel except that which belongs to the first person singular. From verbs of this class quadriliteral forms are fre- quently derived and make two additional conjugations; namely, Palpel and its passive Ethpalpal; as, \jfii he made a commotion, from viof, ^o&i he exalted, from 5. See quadriliteral verbs. In ] I .... he lived, whenever a preformative is annexed, the Yud is taken away and its vowel remitted to the pre- ceding consonant ; as, inf. \tl^o for ] .' > v vr> VERBS |i, ]J . 77 43. Verbs ]. There are a few anomalies in these verbs, but they are not so numerous nor of a kind to require a para- digm. Most of them may be accounted for on the principle stated in J. 40 ; namely, that Olaph remits its vowel to the preceding letter which was previously without a vowel. Agreeably to this law we have *z>\4 he was good, ^so he was old, ^Vj_ he enquired; imper. ACD put on the shoe. So also in Ethpeel we have Olaph is sometimes placed before the first radical ; we have indeed the following forms, ^ In Aphel we have, ^]^( he did badly, Jrcf he ^ * put on the shoes, *>[( he did well. n In Pael and Ethpaal conjugations Olaph is changed into Yud ; as, ^. he prepared, ~^'-fi] he was pre- pared. 44. Verbs jj]. This class comprehends the two classes of Hebrew verbs terminating in N and n, and the three classes of Arabic verbs ending in ' 4 (^ t In the consideration of these verbs, we observe 1st. When they receive an addition to the end, the Olaph is either taken away or changed into Yud; 78 CONJUGATION OF VERBS Peal. Ethpeel. Pael. Praet. Sing. 3. masc. 3. fern. 7 P A V> . nZZf R 7 So . o .7 7 AVi . o 2. masc. AVno A^n. o77]" AV) . o 2. fem. r _ > AV>o . .Av>.o77f 1> 7 . .AVn .0 1. com. AVno AvA.;;y * 7 AV> . o Plur. 3. masc. nVno X .1> nV) . o// j B 7 oVo . o 3. fem. . . Vno . .Vn. 077] 7 . . Vn . o 2. masc. <0&0> ^AJ^uDZZf ^AVnTA- 2. fem. <_.ASO:0 >AVn . o77] ^Asolo 1. com. 7 o i^nn 7 x . ..1> 7 * 7 i^n . o ^ ' Infinitive. la&o ^x^ZAk) 0^ D 7 Imper. Sing. masc. iOOD ixo^ZZ] 7 fem. X . . Vno o ..V).nZZ] 7 . . Vn . o Plur masc. QVO^O Q^.^77] 7 nVn > o fem. v V>on .^. o77] 7 Vi i o ^ T. X 1 V Fut. Sing. 3. masc. iOOQJ So . o7A i SnTA, 3. fem. . i SoonZ . . Vn . o77 . .Vn . o7 2. masc. iodoZ Sr> . o77 VQ T o/ 2. fem. 1. com. X ft. , .Vnno7 .^. A77" x 7 . ,Vn , o/ V v^ . o77] V Plur. 3. masc. 3. fem. 2. masc. V Vino i .nVn . o7Aj Vn . o7 A 7 ^nVn .01 P 7 Vn . o i * 7 7 2. fem. ^0>Z Vn . o77 7 . 1. com. ik Son o i Sr> . o7 A i i^ol^j Part. act. *>l So . o7AV> 7 So . nVn pass. X 7 7 So . oVr> EXAMPLE 79 Ethpaal. Aphel. | Ethtaphal. Palpel. EthpalpaJ. .. Zl ..* Z.( A Vn . A f V nV> o/ I SZf iZf X .7 oVn . <*i| . . V> . ol 7 7 7 ^*f i Vo . ol ut in Ethpeel. OlO-lDJ 7*7 9. 07 77.. . i V) i nZ. I n 77.. r>Vn . o/ | .7 . > . nj ^.VnAn 7 7] 7 7 , .- . . V) . O// ix^^nj . . Vn . o7 X X oVn . o i * 7 * i* .nVn . o// oZ 7 7 . . v .^:^; 80 VERBS |] . thus, AiLt, A .\ This arises from the circumstance that Olaph is seldom found in the middle of a word beginning a syllable, or quiescent in the middle of a syllable. 2nd. Participles form the fern, gender according to the rules given in the Chapter on Nouns; as, JL^. fern. ] .' V '. j jlji> fem. ] . P V ,. v> 3rd. Olaph in the 3rd. pers. sing, praet. of all the conjugations, except Peal, becomes Yud quiescent in I ; as, - *tt 4th. The iufin. is subject to the 1st. rule; but in other respects it is regular. 5th. In the imper. Peal and Ethpeal sing, masc., Olaph is changed into Yud; in the former it rests in x , in the latter it makes a diphthong with ?; thus, -^-\t and ^juX^Z]. But in the other conjugations Olaph remains and rests in o. In the fem. o makes a diphthong with ^,. In the plural forms the 3rd. rad. is taken away in all the conjugations; thus, 6th. In the fut. tense and participles, Olaph rests in ; but before the affixes ^o and <_, it is taken away. Before the affix ^ Olaph passes into Yud moveable; as, In the plu. praet. Peal of the third person we have ol and _ for ojl ~tf. In a few in- VERBS ]]. 81 stances in the Philoxenian version the Olaph is pre- served when the affixes are annexed to them ; as, ] 7 they untied him ; Mark xi. 4. Some verbs in Peal change Olaph into Yud and are declined as the prseterite of the other conjugations; thus, Plural. Singular. . 1 1 >r-KJ ; The verb ^A_l is not of the Aphel conjugation as is manifest from the vowel "> being under the Olaph. It is probably the Peal conjugation with Olaph pros- thetic. A few verbs of this class have v in the sing. numb. masc. of the imper. ; as, ^L] drink. In the 3rd. pers. plu. prset. and 2nd. pers. plu. imper. Peal, some verbs take the paragogic forms 82 CONJUGATION OF VERBS Peal. Ethpeel. Pael. Praet. Sing. 3. masc. 3. fern. 2. masc. 2. fern. 1. com. Plur. 3. masc. 3. fern. 2. masc. 2. fern. 1. com. Infinitive. * V . \ Vn Imper. Sing. masc. fern. Plur. masc. fern. V Put. Sing. 3. masc. 3. fern. 2. masc. 2. fern. 1. com. Plur. 3. masc. 3. fern. 2. masc. 2. fern. 1. com. Part. act. pass. N EXAMPLE 11 he revealed. 83 Ethpaal. Aphel. Ethtaphal. Shaphel. Eshtaphal. A ^J I 7 - ' i\ ' ^ 11 1 . v 1 w->Z!\ i \ . * * t > * o^ *. .0 T n . \ . V> . \ . Q X i S JL m V) Ni' I J8 ?h - ^i \ FiM & \.V , t A_a_] .? ^> 7 ^^O "S 1 62 84 VERBS \yv>. 45. Verbs \i^, Verbs which have the second and third radicals the same lose the middle radical in the Peal, Aphel, Ethtaphal, Shaphel and Eshtaphal conjugations. The vowel of the middle radical expunged is remitted to the first. With the exception of this defect and a peculiarity in the act. part. Peal; the whole inflexion is quite regular. The Ethpeel, Pael and Ethpaal conjugations retain hoth the radicals and are in every respect regular. But for the two last conjugations the Palpel and Ethpalpal forms are most frequently used ; as, ;_^J. he drew, \\s\s he agitated, ^^5 he mag- nified. The imper. and fut. Peal receive on the second radical the vowel * or v, according to the rule laid down for these forms in the reg. verbs; thus, ICLCU TV he will spoil, ^JJj he will desire. In the act. part. Peal the middle radical is chang- ed into Olaph ; but it is pronounced as Yud ; thus, .CD]*' is pronounced Ro-yes J. 11. When an addition is made to the end of this part.; the Olaph with its vowel is taken away; as, ^.m^ ^-VQ. The verb ^A is an exception; for it preserves the Olaph in the plural ; as, ,_AU masc. and Sji fern. Verbs which have Olaph for the second and third radicals preserve both of them in inflexion; see doubly irregular verbs. OBJECTIVE AFFIXES. 85 In the part. Aphel the middle radical is sometimes re- tained ; but it has the linea occultans ; as, . \\fcvr> shadowing. The Olaph characteristic of the Aphel conjugation is sometimes retained with the preformatives ; as, n-i^/)vn\ to love. The Objective Affixes attached to Verbs. 46. We have already seen that different affixes are added to verbs to mark the person and number; besides these, others are frequently attached, which may be called the objective affixes ; thus, ^.^J^Q she has slain thee. If the verb be intransitive then it must be translated with some preposition to pre- serve its connection with the pronoun. We will first give a Table of these Affixes. When a consonant precedes the affix. Sing. Phi. 7 7 77 (.ill imper.) . (^_, imper.) 01 2nd. pers. masc. 3rd. pers.fem. Proet. and Nun preced. Sing. Phi. 3rd. fern, plu.) 3rcl - fern, plu.) 86 CONJUGATION OF VERBS ML, Peal. Aphel. Ethtaphal. Praet. Sing. 3. masc. 3. fern. 2. masc. 2. fern. 1. com. Plur. 3. masc. 3. fern. 2. masc. 2. fern. 1. com/ vf 4=r Infinitive. Imper. Sing. masc. fern. Plur. masc. fern. o^ZZl Put. Sing. 3. masc. 3. fern. pass. ICLQJ EXAMPLE }^o he destroyed. Sbaphel. Eshtaphal. Palpel. Ethpalpal. . > 7 n] o] ~>Vn 77 * 38 OBJECTIVE AFFIXES. Vorvel preceding. Sing. Plu. V 01 (CTU) It is only necessary to give examples of a regu- lar verb ; because irregular verbs receive the affixes in nearly the same manner. The chief exception consists in those verbs which have Olaph for the third radical ; of which on account of some striking peculiarities particular notice must be taken in the proper places. It is also not necessary to extend the para- digm beyond the Peal conjugation : for the others are inflected like it. Whatever deviations there are will be given. The first and second persons of both numbers through both the tenses do not take the objective affixes of the same person, otherwise the signification would be reciprocal which is usually expressed by certain conjugations. In the prset. the third pers. plu. fern, has two forms - . V 7 (\ <-> and . V y j\ Q one the simple and the other the paragogic; each of them takes the affixes. There is also a masc. paragogic form ^Q Vfr Q - Verbs of the sec. pers. plu. praet. of both genders do not receive the affixes ^obi and _oi; instead of them are used the separate pronouns ^QJ] and > ^ OBJECTIVE AFFIXES. 89 47. Prceterite. 3rd. pers. sing. masc. ^^Q he has slain. A he has slain me, _S^o ...... us, ihee, masc., . . nVfrA ...... thee, fern., ^ool^o ...... 2/OM, masc., .^\^o ...... yow, fern., m\fro ...... * AM, oiS^jD ...... Atfr, ^QJ] ^4 ...... them, masc., . 1] ^!^D ...... them, fern. Srrf. pers. sing. fern. AX^D *Ae has slain. ft ^_j^o she has slain me, Q&o ...... us, ...... #^, masc., wjjDA^^o ...... #^^, fern., ^oDAlL ...... you, masc., ^^AlL^D ...... you, fern., ...... him, a\t^o ...... her, ^QJ] masc., ^ i") AS^jo ...... them, fern. masc. them, masc., . i] ZL^JD ...... fern. ^ * 2wrf. pers. sing. fern. ^ , . her, .QJ] * ^ i> masc., jj] ^M^o ^ew, fern. 90 OBJECTIVE AFFIXES. 1st. pers. sing. &\fon . * * thee, masc., ^sAX^o ...... thee, fern., . , masc., inA^o ...... you, fern., them, masc., 1 A^uQ them, fern. or * US, ^r, \ j\n ...... thee, masc., . . no V fr n ...... ^^, fem., ^o X 7 ...... yow, masc., . nn \ K o ...... you, fem., . . ..*'' ^ r ...... him, rnoVfro ...... A^r, ^Oj] oV^r) masc., v > I 1 ) r.\ 7 |\o ...... ^wz, fem. The other form takes the affixes of the 2nd. pers. sing. masc. 3rd. pers. plu. fem. US, , masc., . >n\^\A ...... thee, fem., -h you, masc., V .n\ r 5-o ...... yow, fem., . . Am, oOLftuD ...... A^r. The other form takes the affixes of the 2nd. pers. sing. masc. 2nd. pers. plu. masc. US, ^ him, auo^u OBJECTIVE AFFIXES. 91 2nrf. pers. plu. fern. .A\ y fto ...... wztf, rn . i IsJ. j9er*. phi. .j\ y |\o ...... #^, masc., . . m \ y ^v r> ...... thee, fern., ^oAiJ^o ...... you, masc., . niV^o ...... you, fem., - .rn . i \ y j\ n ...... Am, rn i \^ r> Infinitive. masc., . . ^\ftr>vn ...... thee, fem., * * masc., .^V^ovn ...... you, fem., Imperative. . \n r> ...... 7e . Vr> US, ^ .m sing. fem. ^ . \n o ...... M^ 9 ^ .rnr> , fem. OBJECTIVE AFFIXES. Plu. numb. 2nd. pers. ...... me, ...... us, ^, him, gio\on ^r. 2wd. pers. fern. Future Tense. 3rd. pers. sing. masc. \>d (^ni. US, thee, masc., . .^\j\m ...... thee-, fern., me, , masc., ^.^\QQI ...... you, fern., ^OTO i \ Q n i Ai/w, ^-i > Vfrrii ...... her. 2nd. pers. sing. fern. r>7 ...... w^, __i_l_xX^D2. ...... US, * 3C X ^ ...... him, mi" > 3rrf. per*. p/M. TMOJC. , masc., wjjuo\^Qj ...... #^, fern., ^pVi , masc., ^ . niAV^i ...... ^ow, fern., * T. icn > io\5ni ...... him, OUQ^^QJ ..... . he?'. OBSERVATIONS ON OBJECTIVE AFFIXES. 3rd. pers. fern. me, iX ft n i ...... Wtf, , masc., . . mKfrrM ...... //, fern., you, masp... .AiXftoi ...... yoM, fem., . .rn . * him, Participles are seldom found with the objective affixes; when they are, the modification they undergo is the same as that for nouns. 48. Observations. Prceterile with Affixes. It will be observed from the foregoing examples, that verbs and nouns have nearly the same vowel changes; thus, ^JD when it takes the affixes remits the ? to o ; which is similar to, r^i > to swear. 4th. Verbs having the second and third radicals Olaph. ]]L he forbade, whence 3rd. pers. prset. plu. o]o inf. }]^) imper. *4a. fl he laboured, Aph. ^llj we will wake thee wearied. ]]_ it is Jit, and a few others are altogether de- fective and anomalous. 50. Quadriliteral Verbs. The Syrians have some verbs composed of more than three letters; they are not numerous, and as in Hebrew and Arabic, are chiefly derived from triliteral QUADRILITEKAL VERBS. 97 roots. They are formed by the addition or repetition of a letter, and undergo little or no alteration when the prefixes and affixes are annexed. I. By the repetition of one or two of the letters of the triliteral root, and chiefly in those cases when the second and third radicals are the same, or the middle radical Vau ; see $ 42, 45 ; thus, i_^J. he dragged along, from >L. he dragged, he was exasperated, from jio he was bitter. 1 he did often, or practised, from k ^ he did, or made. \^IJ"\ he was made, or became lazy, from v *^-' he was lazy. It will be seen from these and the following examples, that the general effect of the duplication is to give increased intensity to the signi- fication of the original word. II. Instances of two of the radicals being repeated, are sn^An^J 1 ) he dreamed for a long time, from ^olLw he dreamed, V\^\o\ he stained, from ^oa, io^icl he ft exalted, from ioo> he was high. III. Some appear to be compounded of two verbs ; as, .vyo^.*) he thought basely, from \jib. he was base, tt and jjL he quarreled. IV. By the addition of a letter to the beginning of a word. 7 96 QUADRILITERAL VERBS. two consecutive letters can be at the same time sub- ject to defect. It will be sufficient to consider a few instances of doubly irregular verbs, which may be divided into the following classes. 1st. Verbs with the first radical a Nun and the third Olaph; as, jnj he injured, Ethpeel, . . W).- where Olaph is changed into Yud. Aphel *^s], where the final Nun is dropped; so, ]frn he tempted, imper. Aph. 2nd. Verbs having the first and third radicals Olaph ; as, ]Z] he came, fut. Peal ]Z]j, which possesses y the defects both of ^D] and JL. . 3rd. Those with the first radical Yud and the third Olaph; as, ]ku he swore, A.v>. / have sworn, i ii he will swear, }so)k> to swear. 4th. Verbs having the second and third radicals Olaph. ]]L he forbade, whence 3rd. pers. prset. plu. ote inf. floSo imper. ^. M J] he laboured, Aph. i ihee wearied. ]]_, V t* Jit, and a few others are altogether de- fective and anomalous. 50. Quadriliteral Verbs. The Syrians have some verbs composed of more than three letters; they are not numerous, and as in Hebrew and Arabic, are chiefly derived from triliteral QUADRILITEKAL VERBS. 97 roots. They are formed by the addition or repetition of a letter, and undergo little or no alteration when the prefixes and affixes are annexed. I. By the repetition of one or two of the letters of the triliteral root, and chiefly in those cases when the second and third radicals are the same, or the middle radical Vau ; see 42, 45 ; thus, jJtfJt he dragged along, from >L. he dragged, he was exasperated, from 5^k? he was bitter. L he did often, or practised, from ^^ he did, or made. l^**?} he was made, or became lazy, from ^rLw he was lazy. It will be seen from these and the following examples, that the general effect of the duplication is to give increased intensity to the signi- fication of the original word. II. Instances of two of the radicals being repeated, are v^vX 7] he dreamed for a long time, from sr>^.. he dreamed, *\e*\&\ he stained, from ^oa, iojioj he exalted, from iooj he was high. III. Some appear to be compounded of two verbs; as, .vvn^. 1 ) he thought basely, from \sio. he was base, and ;_. he quarreled. IV. By the addition of a letter to the beginning of a word. 7 98 QUADR1LITERAL VERBS. (1) So ; as, ^T>V he made poor, ^rnvJ] he be- came poor, from the Arabic ^A**j he was poor. (2) o; as, *oaijjm he hastened, he burned, from (3) Z ; as, ^vnV) /je taught, from t v>\ A# learned. The letter Vau is sometimes inserted in the middle of a word; as, j.oo! ^# twisted, ^onv/] ^ w joer- plexed, from the root ,^ ^ bound; : Anrn >i^ expected, from : ^> Sometimes we have v_i; as, ^, > ^ from ^^. io; i* as, rnVo J. ^^ persevered, from rn .> ^g was strong. 5 ; as, ^- and i he revolved. At the end of a word we find sometimes the letter ,_*; as, - .A . A ^^ #zefe domestic, . .A . A7") ^^ w^ treated familiarly, from A . ^ house, ^_>L*JL he sub- * . * ?, from A^i under, beneath. It is unnecessary to give more examples; we will only observe that in the process of conjugation, these verbs follow in general the principles laid down for triliterals. ADVEKBS. 99 51. PARTICLES. Under this term may be comprehended words which are used in explaining, modifying and connecting the principal parts of a sentence. They embrace, there- fore, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions and Inter- jections. Adverbs. 1st. Of time. f once, together, ^*te>] when ? V&oL] yesterday, lli-jlo in the end, at length, ^DJ^ afterwards, ^-ip.ai -n x then, )^oi now, li^oo! to-day, : *~^ already, now, jso^oaX before, 1^k> immediately, J_!LO to-morrow, IsooASo at any time, fl^s,^ not yet, ^ i ~ as long as, how long ? ^cn^ ]k5 A until now, suddenly. 2nd. Of place. of o f ]IL] where? }s here, hither, ]nvr> hence, 41 whither ? which way ? _oi^ ]k?A hitherto, 2.' thither. Adverbs of various kinds. ]_LL.') 7 ^oz(;? .^^ greatly, powerfully, jc only, ,A\Vv>- fjioXXov, especially, more. guic&ly, VV.\A /eV^, ^.. vA 72 100 PREPOSITIONS AND CONJUNCTIONS, swiftly, r^ivn formerly, Ak>]s (for Ztiote as I have IT > said) namely, especially, ^] so, ^oj whether? L^so] truly, oo^l where? which is formed from the adverb . 7 , and the personal pronoun 001 , ^LoZjoi from thence, 7 ' 7 f 7 ] from whence ? VV.nVn wow, ^^o Ml cam, jVi^. \ 7 7 " wholly, ^OJ^D effectually, really, ]], cA wo#, IOT }] A!^K] lastly, A ! <^> o ^r*/, ZoiljZ, secondly, ~ * divinely, A_i)Aj>i justly. Prepositions. Some prepositions are prefixed to verbs, nouns &c., and others are separate words. Those most com- monly used are a ", ^ to, ZcA ^o, wzV^, ^SD from, T 7 P 7 p o D or Ai .^ between, ^^^ without, ]^, ]J5 ft- 5^o /?er, ADOJ , .^K>. for, 5^, , ^J \\nnoS against, ^io because of, or against, oL with, ^0^5 before, Zoa w^r, ;_,. against, ^job ^^/bre, ZoIZ or Conjunctions and Interjections. These are o] or, ^], Zc^], Isif *, ]]f d\\a but, ^ J31 ^o#, unless, cA j^ ^ cA j/* wo#, .] if, J o * * * but yet, however, _,_ 7a/ > CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS. 101 for, j as, because, ,_,? $e but, iojj lest by chance, fl ^_i_3C7i therefore, o wc?, p when, . >n therefore, ^L. o o f 7 truly, JJ!D when, ~->o, \V . ^^ therefore, ^^ before ti i -r 7 /^^, jioA wwm, cal ^o. t CO. The Interjections are ]}^> - ^rni acceptors of ft faces, i. e. hypocrites; where we have . Ami for . *>rfti Matth. xvi. 3. ] ' i^> AIL.}JQ blessed among X the hour was come, ]A^i-. ]^\ }j] I am the vine. It occurs in all the cases where the Hebrew article is used, as may be observed by comparing the He- brew Bible with its Syriac version. From the same comparison, it may be also seen that syr. nouns are put in the def. state in numerous instances where the Hebrew article in the corresponding words is omitted. The def. state is very frequently found, where in Hebrew the constructive would be employed; in such cases > is usually prefixed to the following word; but not always ; as, Vl^)j 1jU feast of the passover, J* T. John xiii. 1. ]a&<> ]?w.n~>7 the glory of God, John xi. 4. see $ 21. This construction may be equi- valent to b "UJN in Hebrew, which serves sometimes as a circumlocution for the constructive state. The proper names of men do not admit a definite state. A few appear to have it, because they termi- nate with the radical Olaph ; as, ]<* -^ Peter ; but x such nouns are in the absolute state. A plural of excellence the Syrians have not; except a few instances which are found in the ver- 104 SYNTAX OF ADJECTIVES. sion of the Old Testament, and which may be conse- quently regarded as Hebraisms. See Ps. v. 1. The repetition of a noun sometimes denotes diver- sity, or a multitude; as, -^ x V with divers tongues, Acts x. 46 ; ^] ^oii in various times, John v. 4 ; . . <^v - - . ~> - - > ^ affected with many evils, Mark ii. 17. It denotes also a distributive sense; as, _L,5 0cA penny, Matth. xx. 9. In the Philoxenian version some diminutive nouns are found. They are denoted by the termination ^p x or .coo*; as, )jo^ o> little son, ] in. o . a /z^/e waw, ]A . in i . vV> a small fountain ; ]rnn. ^ . a /z^/e waw, ]ibo^k)] little lamb; ]fnno\n a Zi##/e dog. There is no doubt that .Q* is the same as the Greek termination ov, and that mo* is identical with the Latin ending us. 53. Construction of Adjectives. Adjectives, whether they are used as qualifying words, or whether they are employed as predicates, agree generally with their substantives in gender and number. The exceptions to this rule are the same as in Hebrew. When an adjective has the office of the predicate, the logical copula being expressed or understood, it is put in the absolute state with the same gender and number as its substantive and before it; as, ^01 ^,1 my sin is greater than ...... Gen. iv. 13. SYNTAX OF NUMERALS. 105 An adjective is usually found after the substantive, which it qualifies; as, ffigM ]_^o5 the unclean spirit. R Some exceptions to this rule exist: when an adjective is made the important word in the sentence, it takes precedence of its substantive. When several substantives come together, and an adjective or participle added to them, it is placed in the plural number and masc. gender. See Rom. xvi. 21. The word ^3 all is placed before its substantive, and indulges in a pleonastic use of the pronominal affixes; as, ]- i^ 01X0 all the multitude, Acts xv. 12. * it ]xns - V ^ ^anXo all the chief priests, lit. all of them the chief priests, Matth. ii. 4. \^so] m\^\ ^Q and he took all Asia, Bar. Heb. p. 39. 54. Numerals. Cardinal numbers sometimes precede the thing num- bered, and sometimes follow it. The rule appears to be, to place the emphatic word first in the sentence; as, ^v^i ^L two men, Acts i. 10. L ]^>t> ]'i 'J i v^ i tt ^^ six water pots of stone, John ii. 6. So also when thou- sands are to be numbered, the same observation applies to the numeral which numbers them ; as, . <*^ ] 1 v. /. x Jive thousand, Mark vi. 44. and ]^LoL ]^^\ Matth. xiv. 21. Cardinal numbers are frequently found to occupy the place of ordinals. In Luke i. 59. we have ] iv^ ]^ol lit. the day which is eight, i. e. the eighth day ; so 106 SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS. also, . v- ASA in three hours, i. e. in the third hour, Matth. xx. 3 ; v * A^ six hours, i. e. the sixth hour, Matth. xv. 33. In many places cardinal numbers are used for ordinals, and the noun numbered precedes in the constructive state ; as, ]^ Al_*_S, to the first year, lit. the year of one, Dan. i. 21. ]]k> L Ai A i\ }^o lit. z'w the year of six hundred and one, i. e. in the six hundredth and first year, Gen. viii. 13. AJ_ M^j5]o ]]SD A^ *'# hundredth and fourth year, Bar. Heb. p. 100. The noun > i 1 is occasionally expressed after the numeral; see Gen. vii. 11. A cardinal num- ber is in a few instances put before its noun in the constructive state ; as, in Matth. iv. 25. we have 7!rnv I'ALiySo ten cities, lit. a decad of cities. i In designations of weights and measures, the noun which expresses the weight, &c. is sometimes omitted, though not so frequently as in Hebrew ; as, .o>m-^ .<^^ a thousand (shekels] of silver, Gen. xx. 16; where the e o word jloZ is understood. 55. Syntax of Pronouns. The logical copula, as has been already stated, is frequently expressed by one or other of the personal pronouns, and that with the linea occultans: as, \2\ jj") / am, ^LK. ly i Vi\7 ^1*^ we are disciples. But when existence is meant, the substantive verb is used, and this without the linea occultans; as, ]ooi ] v 1. 01^ in him was life, John i. 4. SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS. 107 A peculiarity of the Syriac language is to be met with in the redundant use of its pronouns; in such cases as, 1 . Affixes when they are placed before Dolath of the genitive ; at least they are of no use when translated into our language ; as, KQ - .; cnsVi lit. the fame of him who is Jesus, i. e. the fame of Jesus. jl>o5 in it, the hour, i. e. in the hour. Sometimes the preposition is redundant as well as the affix ; as, fovno I ^ ^_, ? ^OCTUD but in the days, Matth. iii. 1. }A . VQ ^oL oiSnL with him, with Christ, i. e. with Christ, Rom. vi. 8. Vrn vn from these, 1 Tim. i. 6. 4. The pronoun ooi in such instances; as, ^lf 001 goeth to the belly; 001 * that by faith. SYNTAX OF PBONOUNS. The pronouns he himself and the same, the Syrians have not, but they are expressed by a little circum- locution ; as, 1. By a repetition of the personal pronoun with the particle ^ placed between ; as, p these same sacrifices, Heb. x. 1. 2. By the juxta-position of the pronouns OCTI OCTI ; as, 2.601 ]A^1 "jibol OCTI 0010 and that same day was the sabbath, John v. 9. An affix annexed to the word ^-,5 is frequently employed as a possessive pronoun, J. 28 ; when the sen- tence would be rather ambiguously expressed by placing the affix to the noun or the verb ; as, ]2.rnVp v^ thine is the kingdom, Matth. vi. 13; 01^,50 ]Z] ^ y ft . .mnV^o J] he came to his own and his own received him not, John i. 11. These possessive pronouns serve also to give a particular energy to the word to which they belong ; thus, . . V.; ]^\ my time, John vii. 8. ; this is especially the case when the affix is likewise added to the noun ; as, . .V .; . . ^VQ my words, John x ?t v. 47. ; /{ ; .^i . ^^ in thy eye, Luke vi. 42. ; ^ X #, John iv. 34. A pronoun is in some instances found before the noun to which it refers, and is placed at a consider- able interval from it; thus, SYNTAX OF VERBS. 109 its foundations are in his holy mountain, Ps. Ixxxvii. 1, i. e. the foundations of the earth. \Li} 7 occurs in v. 2. Such construction exists principally in the version of the Old Testament, and on that account may perhaps be regarded merely as a Hebraism. An interrogative is sometimes preceded by a noun in the constructive state ; as, _Aj"j 7 ,_io Zj-o the daugh- ter of whom art thou ? Gen. xxiv. 23. ; or which is equivalent to it, the def. state of the noun is used, and Dolath prefixed to the interrogative; as, AiLmj _!>> Vp.1 <_So from the hand of whom have I received f ...1 Sam. xii. 13. An oblique case of the relative Dolath is indicated by connecting with the Dolath a personal pronoun put in that case ; as, cnl^ to him, oiX to her, to whom, oiS ..... j to whom ; ^QJCTL^ to them, to whom, OLD in him, 010 ...... j in whom, . vn~> in ji * ^ them, . irn^ ...... > in whom. 56. Syntax of Verbs. Agreement of the Verb with its Subject. A verb agrees with its subject in gender, number and person ; as, ")2.] ^o_a_, Jesus came, Mary anointed, \ . ^^ aX^ the disciples asked. Nouns which are used only in the plural number, will receive a verb either in the sing, or plu. ; as, ]ooi ] "- ' HO SYNTAX OF VERBS. . e r 7< i" * * ^i1^" y in him was life, John i. 4; | i .10* |5 and the life is the light of men, same place. The former is grammatically termed construct ad sensum, and the latter construct ad formam. Several other exceptions are found to the foregoing general rule, which although not so fre- quent, are of much the same character as those which exist in Hebrew. When several substantives come together, the verb belong- ing to them is put in the plu. numb. masc. gender. Occasional uses of the Tenses. Events of future occurrence, which are considered as certain to happen, have this certainty represented by the verb being placed in the praeterite tense ; as, the people sitting in darkness ]^l "JJOIQJ oi*j shall see (have seen) great light, Isaiah ix. 1. }L] f) U-r-^ Ti I 7 o 7 7 t> ]. A }2.ok> ^o / would not slay you, Jud. viii. 19 ; * although I should walk, Psal. xxiii. 4 ; -io]j cw say? Prov. xx. 9- But the participle with the praeterite of the substantive verb is perhaps more fre- quently employed for these purposes; as, ]Lfl olL \ |L5o] i > >.o,vo jjjLi'jo and how know the way ? John xiv. 5. ; OTJ^ 001 ^ *^ W ^ him to feed swine, Luke xv. 15. ; "jooi falo and he wished to slay him, Matth. - i> -j xiv. 5. SYNTAX OF VERBS. Use of the Imperative. The imperative is not only employed to express a command, but also an exhortation, admonition or a per- mission; as, John xi. 15., ^ol\ OH\CTI &/ wsg-o thither; see also Mark i. 38. The imper. of the verb }1] is frequently found in % connection with a finite verb in the fut. tense ; thus, ]i^ o v^. m "jl I^CTIO #w^ WOM; come we will make X a covenant, i. e. wc? now come let us make a covenant, Gen. xxxi. 44 ; ^>{Jj ol cawe we will go, John xi. 7. We have also the imper. in such constructions as the following ; 1 will give you the best of the land of Egypt, ]L^ criiiOQ_ iv> _\ .AV^ 001. ]jcn ^-&!o X T t\ * X Tl Therefore that which shall be born of thee is holy, Luke i. 35. "j^ ^.S "j^J ^2.Aj"f, thy wife shall bear to thee a son, Gen. xvii. 19. The Praet. ; as, Behold their Lord, A.vnn ...... \-D> fallen and dead, Judges x * iii. 25. Participles, when they are taken as such, and SYNTAX OF VERBS. 113 not for the present tense, have placed before them for the most part, the particle p or the prefix 5 ; as, ]Ad> A > ~> ^DyaAio p wandering from house to house, 1 Tim. v. 13. The active participles are in some instances found in the constructive for the absolute state. In such cases they are followed by a noun ; as, l^oTi .^ulj descend- 0770 ing into the ditch, Prov. i. 12. ]^5Z . . V)v entering' in at the gate, Gen. xxiii. 10. oA-i5 - .n\\ "j^ he saw Levi sitting, Mark ii. 14. Regimen of Verbs. A transitive verb exercises an influence over a noun or pronoun which follows it, either immediately or mediately and which limits its signification. The noun or pronoun may be without or with a preposi- tion ; as, ,Av I)-; * en "j^vnV/ he made many disciples, John iv. 1. |_ok3 ^o^o^ ]lk), What has Moses commanded you? Mark x. 3. la_,?ti li-o)? that I may call the righteous, Mark ii. 17. Verbs which are doubly transitive; such as tran- sitive verbs in those conjugations which are causative, exercise this influence over two such nouns or pro- nouns ; as, KO^J ]_ocA rn - ^^s. he commanded him j to be clothed with a garment of fine linen, Gen. xli. 42. ]vvV 1'AiJ.. }ooi -<^^> he taught the people know- ledge, Eccles. xii. 9. 8 114 SYNTAX OF VERBS. Verbs used for Adverbs. It is not uncommon to see a verb put before another verb to which it performs the office of an adverb ; as, Wr>> ^^clj who has taken much, 2 Cor. viii. 15. cnis^? i-i^t-cof hath greatly exalted him, Phil. ii. 9- ^ U>1 ^^ / will again feed thy flock, Gen. xxx. 31. ]fco ->\^ ^amoT Again he spake a parable, Luke xix. 11. They entreated .ooiiai ^k)Aj *imo2.Aj ft? that it should not be spoken K -R to them any more, Hebr. xii. 19- cnXaj^-* ^-^1 he changed the letter craftily, Bar. Heb. p. 100. Miscellaneous Observations. The ordinary method of expressing a reciprocal or reflexive sense is by a transitive verb with the noun ]1 <**i united to the affixes. But it is also in some instances done by means of the passive conjugations; as, . . *<*}] he turned himself, Matth. ix. 22. See also x John viii. 6, 7, 59. Neuter verbs have sometimes a passive signification ; as, ]L& to wander for to be deceived, irXavaaOat, Luke xxi. 8. yiL, he burnt for ivas burnt, Matth. xiii. 30. x ^Aj he fell for he was cast down, John iii. 24. n\rn he ascended for was extracted, tvas torn up, as 91 trees which are torn up by their roots. l SYNTAX OF PREPOSITIONS. 115 Compound words in Greek are translated into Syriac, by simple words, either alone or in conjunction with another word or particle ; as, v > ^. ' foreknowing, Acts xxvi. 5. ; Zjiol AlOpD / predicted, Mark xiii. 23. ; ^oi5 i\ i\ * i* cniOj-a he ran before him, or did outrun him, John xx. 4. ; so with many others. 57. Syntax of Prepositions. Prepositions are employed in connection with verbs ; thus, o is found with verbs signifying to confess or deny, also many verbs of sense are construed with *o; as, . . o _i5 ^^i 5? ^ whoever does not enter by the door, John x. 1, 2. 1 with verbs of covering or commanding; as, covered, Matth. xvii. 5. _r>^ ^e commanded, 2 Chron. xxxvi. 23. AJ^ with verbs of separating or distinguishing; as, GW separated ]An ^ \ "j^oioj A . ~> between the light and the darkness, Gen. i. 4. yL*3 with verbs of coming; as, ]1] ^^ cze, R Mark i. 7. ; of going, as, ^>j] ^^ departed, John vi. 2. * , 1 Cor. xiv. 1. 82 116 SYNTAX OF PARTICLES. The prepositions V\^oA\ against, ^1 against, with, and many others are frequently used with verbs; as, ]1 . ^ V\Aoo\ ^n^nn n7 ]j> resist not evil, see also x Matth. xxvi. 62. ; Acts iv. 14. ; Rom. vii. 23. ; Acts xxv. 5. ; Hebr. vi. 6., &c. 58. Syntax of Particles. The repetition of adverbs like that of nouns expresses intensity; as, - ^ - - . ^ very badly; or diversity, 1 x as, ]n\A ]A\ ^#r wc? there ; or continuation ; as, V\ . \ ~. \\ . \A^ by little and little. X X Adverbs sometimes qualify nouns by being placed before them in the constructive state ; as, ] . g v> VV . \r> a little water, )Ii5^DQ_I ^_iAr> a few days. The particle ]J placed before adjectives assigns a 7 i> privative signification to them ; as, so . ^>. ]J foolish., t> *, P r IZo-iJiD )J immortal. Interjections, which denote threats, for the most part cause ^ to be prefixed to the next word ; as, ^ ^,0 woe to us! far be it is construed with ^ of the person, and j prefixed to the verb ; as, r cnjj ov^ mlj far be it from him that he should do, Job xxx. 10. 59- Enallage of Persons and Number. The enallage of persons does not occur so frequently in Syriac as in Hebrew, and especially as in the Hebrew ENALLAGE. ELLIPSIS. 117 Psalms ; but some instances are met with in the Syriac Scriptures; as, o}' "jj^o^ .<-><*vn y^L A_i_lL ^JOT ^io oi^iL Jjj l^-Jr^ wherefore thou art inexcusable, O man, whojudgeth his neighbour; where we have m. -^ * for --:^>" Rom. ii. 1. i.e. the 3rd person for the 2nd. Also the 1st for the 3rd in Mark xii. 37. ^_i-2cn 001 ^jjio ov\ IJJD J-.OJ therefore David himself calls him K * I my Lord, where we have ^-0 for cn^k) his Lord. Enallage of number we have in Hab. ii. 15. 60. Ellipsis. This figure occurs the most frequently in the omis- sion of the substantive verb; as, .g>mn 7 . oiSo*o and his name was Joseph; V ]' those who (are) like him, Bar. Heb. 328. 12. There are other words which it is sometimes necessary to supply in order to complete the sense; as a subs, in Eccles. vi. 3. ^oJ J ]]k> I^Ht if a man shall beget a hundred, namely sons. A . Vi . ]l_^ once have I sworn, where _oi is under- stood, Ps. Ixxxix. 35. "jAjiar^KiJO ]Aij Jj] ^2] ]J / eat not that which is acquired by fraud and fvrce, Isaiah i. 22. APPENDIX. IT is stated in .10, that a simple point is some- times used for various purposes. The practice of the Syriac writers appears to have heen to employ a point, which hy its position ahove or helow the let- ter to which it is annexed, would determine the true signification of a word that would otherwise, in the ahsence of the vowels, remain ambiguous. It is pro- bable that the signification of this point defined in some degree the kind of vowel intended to be sup- plied, and thus served as a guide in the pronunciation. The following instances of its application, taken princi- pally from the Grammars of Amira, Hoffman and De Dien, will illustrate the nature and utility of this sign. J 1^1 ljj| who? \rA ],-.} hand. (\l-\ { 2. | coming. : IM |Z.| he came. * U1 U1 a sign. {1 1 *" 7 I O ( i o wretched. ] O ] i O evil. I 1 1 on ( i n*") weeping, part. fern. ^ U^,O {A HO mourning. APPENDIX. 001 on * he. 001 001 she. , masc. 1r " /, fern. Ae became white. white. Oil oil to her. Oil Oil to him. ,-So ^JaD who? from. work, servant. working. (JQA unjust. JJQA iniquity. ]]ck t/aw<. year, .sleep. 120 APPENDIX. It appears from the foregoing examples that this point performed the office of vowels ; that when it was placed above the letter, it denoted for the most part one of the vowels v, p, and when beneath the letter, it denoted x , ", or *. This point was further used to distinguish the persons and tenses of verbs. When it was put be- neath the letter, it denoted 1. All the persons of the praeterite, the first of the sing. numb, being excepted. The third person sing. fern, has this point frequently on the left-hand side of the last letter Z. 2. The imperative and infinitive whenever any point is found. 3. All persons of the future, the first of each number being excepted. When it is placed above a letter in verbs it denotes 1. The first person of the prseterite. 2. The active participle; as in Peal conjugation ^\&D ^4o, Pael ^4nSo ^H^; unless one of the letters ] o w* requires it to be placed below; as, i>CL_niO Or I 3. The first person of both numbers of the future. The following paradigm of the Peal conjugation of ^40 will exemplify what has been now stated. APPENDIX. 121 Prceterite. Fern. Masc. 3rd pers. sing. 2nd lst 3r P ers - p u - 1st ......... Imperative. sing. plu. Future. Fern. Masc. 3rd pers. sing. 2nd ......... 1st ......... 3rd ..... plu. 2nd ......... Participles. act. pass. 122 APPENDIX. This point in some places is found with one letter, and in other places with another letter of the same word. The distinction is produced only by its situation above or below the word. The Names of the Months. We give here the names of the Lunar Months, which occur very frequently in the Scriptures. October, | __;_ Z November, X t> December, January, February, 7 \' 3>f March, April, j] May, X v O;_.V-- June, August, September. APPENDIX. 123 The Estrangelo Characters. The Estrangelo characters are the most ancient. They are found in the oldest Syriac MSS., are prin- cipally ornamental, and often used for Titles of Books. The following Table exhibits their forms: o a flD END OP THE APPENDIX. 124 ST. JOHN'S GOSPEL, CHAPTER II. P f Zooi : uo . . OO1 O 2 .ZoOl r-lQ ^iQ__i5 OliDjO ] I \ iij - ^ ^ N^T (OOl iQ_^C 3 . I Cu_*_Q i. Uo m . \ .. V T - . ^Vft - >V 5 .^ 6 .< s ;Jx V V). m? 7 .]AiZ ol .^OCTll. iio] 8 A\k\ 001 ^01^ po 9 .OaAjlo fovr> . > .A i i " ^ o p y y y * p P.. y IOOT vi,j |Jo : ];^>-> OOCTIJ ^QJOI ] . v> 0001 10 3l? t^o OA^io |4 I^QjL *ool . . ;\n . ST. JOHN'S GOSPEL, CHAP. ii. 125 171 m 1 rn 11 oo_ vx?o]o : ]1 - V ..? i> * v^ X -X 7 7 . V " I * 7 Ti 7 7 07 7 " I .. y vv . \o OO01 Vn/r> . . > ^^ (OOl s^-Lj j CO J.o * |5O^L _-i 3C-l^ -O 1m \ os>*^j>|O 14 t ViQ CLIO 15 ._i^AJj llaysViNo .]jQ- 7 o ,_{O -P c 77 . Vrn o\on .jioi pal ^ i m] V>? ^Qjcrvlo 16 Ti Tk 17 . ."J2.3Q-.U ^s ^^o]? oi^inN auo.ns^ ]Jo . ^^, 1< * 1> 1> 7 P7 7 7l77- - > i Vn] ^AjjD? OU-L^J : *CuAu> . .mn_ .^n\7 o^5Z]o 17 71*7 is 19 . i> i 7 P P 7 no 7 ^ ;>o i nV> ]j] -tlDo.. "jA^A^o :|j A . o riiX n i V^ IOTP .]OOT j p 7 "jocn ^aioAj] 23 i GOT 24 - , OCTIJ \L^lD . m " 1> y p<> P p-xpyp JOTJCDJ w^j] ]o Jo 25 .. i\o\ oai , locn v ^. oai .o^j^ ^ ^L CTL! ANALYSIS. 1. ]vv > \n And on the day, compounded of the conjunction Vau and, X on or upon, equivalent to ^1 and ]iDaI the definite form of the masc. noun ^ool, . 19. "jASZj of three, i. e. third, cardinal numbers with 5 prefixed, are sometimes used for ordinals, $. 54; j is here the sign of the genitive. 2.001 was, third pers. sing. fern, of the subs, verb ]6 T > wine, def. state masc., Arab. /*4^ it fer- mented. o and she says, part. act. of the verb &] fern. gen. Peal conj.; the vowel Zekofo which belongs to the Olaph is remitted to the preceding letter, j>. 40. ANALYSIS. 129 to kirn, redundant in this place. ' his mother, see ver. 1 . L^ A > ^\ there is not for them, i. e. they have not, e compounded of J] not, and A^l is. 4. jioj rtzV/j, act. part. Peal conj. masc. gen. of the verb -io. . .\ ]AiJ, . 30. 5. oiSol ]jlo] , see ver. 3. 9 ANALYSIS. ] I^-vn'l to the servants. }* IQ^Ivn is a masc. noun, def. state, and is derived from the partic. Pael conj. of the verb - -<^ he served; the - over ^o is the sign Ribui, and denotes the plu. numb. iioj> iOyk) whatsoever he saith. 5 ^0,10 any thing which; or whatsoever. to you, pron. affix second pers. plu. numb. annexed to ^. do, second pers. plu. masc. imper. of the verb Av ; the regular vowel under the sec. rad. is Etsotso, the Revotso in this word is an anomaly, . 36. 6. Jiocn A_.1 there were. A.,) is pleonastic, and is X X thus frequently used. Jlooi third pers. plu. fern, praet. of the verb "jooi . ,_,) but, Gr. 3e a conj. there, adverb. water pots, def. form plu. numb, of the noun , Heb. ]. j of stone, this is one of the ways of expressing an adjective by means of a noun, . 22. L six, a card. numb. fern. gen. ANALYSIS. 131 Oi" cm which were placed, > rel. pron. vn " m pass. part. fern. gen. plu. numb, of the verb ^orb he placed; see paradigm of ioo.0 . >^\ for the purification. l^ujDjZ. 7 fern, noun def. state, from the verb IDJ to be pure. ]^JOOT_.? x. of the Jews, 5 a sign of the gen. .^wj? containing, or which contain, 5 rel. pron. . l^}' act. part. Peal conj. of the verb r L] fern. gen. plu. numb. ; is the sign Ribui. ,__,j2. ^jjZ two each, that is, each water pot contains two. - v^ firkins, masc. noun plu. numb. def. form is o) or, the dot over o was probably put to distin- 7 guish this part, from o] the interjection. ]AX2. three, a card. numb. 7. oVvn Jill, imper. second pers. plu. numb. Peal 7 conj. of the verb jlso he filled. " i] them, governed by the verb Q^D, see . 56. T> 7 ] r "^r water, plu. noun def. form masc. gen. It is used only in this form. ]jLA] in the water pots; ^ has the signification of in. See Schaaf's Lexicon. 92 ANALYSIS. until, composed of the particles ,_L and to the top, an adverb with ^ prefixed. Root Heb. rby lie ascended. 8. OLO^I draw ye, imper. second pers. plu. numb. of the verb \iSi . It occurs only in this place in the New Test. V\ >nVn now, an adv. compounded of jso and V\ . n . T I otL]o and bring, the second pers. plu. numb, imper. of ]L] ; this verb is doubly irregular, or defective, . 49. ..V to the governor of the feast, - - .* a ^ i masc. noun ; it is frequently used with another noun, as in the present instance, ]n<^m from .^Anm to recline, masc. noun def. state. a^lo and they brought, third pers. plu. numb. Peal conj. praet. tense. See above. i 9. fio and when, composed of o and, p as. ^OL^ he tasted, third pers. prset. sing. Peal conj.; this verb has the vowel Revotso, for reasons, see . 36. 001 a pers. pron., and is redundant in this place. ^CLJOI they, referring to }.;<<>. ANALYSIS. 133 "jooi *fl was knowing, i. e. knew, the imperf. tense Peal conj. of the verb vi^_, , the tinea occultans under 01 denotes ]ooi to assist in forming the imperf. tense. ^16 from, a preposition. ] 7 whence, an adverb. It is used with and without an interrogation. )-jD he called, third pers. sing. numb, prcet. Peal conj. See ver. 2. l^ to the bridegroom, masc. noun def. state, Heb. tnn. ' 10. . - i V*5 every man. - - i] ^ the latter word is frequently joined to another, in which case the Olaph disappears; as, - - i. A son of man, or man; the def. state of . i" is rst, the same as irpioTov, an adverb. , an adj. masc. gen. def. state; abs. state s s Qq or D hringeth, the act. part. Aph. conj. sing. numb. masc. gen. of the verb \L] he came; this verb -n deviates from the class whose first rad. is Olaph in changing this letter into Yud. 134 ANALYSIS. 5 ]ib when, after that, ]io followed by the rel. 5 has frequently an adverbial signification. OjO?! 7 they had drunk sufficiently, Aph. conj. third pers. plu. numb, prast. of the verb ")o5 ; the vowel of the Olaph is remitted to the Dolath, . 40. then, an adverb. ? JjLV that which, rel. pron., $. 26. i^^p worse, an adj. masc. gen.; the def. form is vjor_,2.}^j thou hast kept it, Peal conj. second pers. sing. numb, of the verb ;Jj; the suffix _cnl is re- dundant, referring to the following word, J. 55. i*criX ]k?A until now, adverb. 11. ^01 IXTI this is; "jjcn demons, pron. fern. gen. ^01 a pers. pron. in the place of the substan. verb, {. 25. }L] sign, or miracle, a noun fern. gen. def. state, Heb. niN. , an ordinal number fern, gender. ij which he did-, ^ Peal conj. third pers. sing. praet. ^jolo and he made known, or manifested, Aph. conj. third pers. sing, praet. tense of vx^ ; the Yud is ANALYSIS. 135 changed into Vau, . 40.; the vowel * is remitted to the conj. o . > his glory. \ji^o^ masc. noun def. state ; the abs. state is ....no , ^. 19 ; the root is praised, Pael conj. oikuoio w . aid in him, ^ a prep, en affix third pers. sing. * % * masc. 12. 5^> after, a preposition. ]jai ^X a dem. pron. fern. gen. sing. numb. \e descended, Peal conj. third pers. sing, praet. ; the vowel Revotso is found in the place of Pethocho, being an intrans. verb, jj. 36. s^>n K. i.c*^ to Capernaum, a proper name. ^aioJjlo wc? Ai# brethren, noun masc. gen. plu. numb. ; the sing, is ]^1 ? , plu. abs. state. ^ " tf : def. state 0001 they were, third pers. plu. numb, of the sub- stan. verb "Jon. ANALYSIS. V\ . \n few, adverb connected \vith the following i noun, . 58. ]ZiDQ_. 7 days, noun plu. numb. def. state fern, ter- mination, in the sing, we have i>oal, def. ]ibo_*. 13. L.;-OO and near, an adj. masc. gen. def. X state |Aj(_o from the verb *o^. i Ibcn was, substan. verb. ll^-a passover, masc. noun. def. state. Amira says that this word in Greek Wo^a, found in all the Gos- pels signifies joy, and derives it therefore from o^l^) vj he rejoiced. Pref. to his Gram, where he gives a list of Syriasms in the New Testament. he ascended. Revotso under the second rad., j. 36." 14. O^L]O and he found, Peal conjugation with 7 Olaph prosthetic, . 36, constructed with ^>. v 1 1 nj> that were selling, or selling, act. part. Peal. }'ioL r oxen, masc. noun def. state, sing. }5o2. 7 ; Heb. i V is put for Z, J. 4, Greek TOV/DOV, Lat. taurus. and sheep. One point of the sign Ribui in this and the preceding word coalesces with the point of the letter Rish, f. 7. ANALYSIS. 137 doves; according to Schaaf from n^* ]igi v vVrXr> and the money changers; the ^> is con- i\ structed with o^A1 , the root is *zil , whence jlaJoL money. . QA' sitting"; the Dolath denotes the participle to b$ taken as such, $. 56. 15. llitrS whip, Greek cord, inasc. noun def. state, Heb. 7in, Eng- lish cable. n and all of them compounded of o, X, and ^001. .o<^f he caused to depart, i. e. he drove, Aph. conj. ^ third pers. sing, praet. of the verb oAj. The Nun is dropped for the reason given in . 41. p 7 ]ls_,ai temple, masc. noun def. state. ,_]o and he poured out. The vowel * is remitted to Vau, J. 40. ^OCTU^JOL ^Aeir money, i. e. the money of the changers. So hence, i. e. ,_Lo from, ]s here. ]]o #/ w#& not it; B. prohibition is generally expressed by the fut. tense. The suffix 01 is pleonastic, . 55. rnA. o\ the house of him ; "(A\ o is a masc. noun -> derived from Zos or ArS /^ remained, or tarried the night. The suffix 01 is pleonastic before Dolath of the genitive, $. 55. . ^ * merchandise, a fern, noun, from ;_..] . 17. ojisZIo #df they remembered, the Ethpeel conj. third pers. plu. praet. of the verb ^>j. Heb. ~DT the \ being changed into ?, . 4. which is written ; i^jAD pass. part. Peal 3C I conj. Root o^o Ae wrote. o/" it; ]i i ^ masc. noun def. T state, from ^ /o /^ envious-, the affix is pleonastic, being before > of the gen., f 55. ANALYSIS. 139 . . i *\rf hath eaten me, the vowel * belonging to Olaph is taken away when the object, affix is annexed, and v belonging to ,JD is remitted to the Olaph, $. 48. 18. niv ^o_k_a!o }j] I will raise up; ^CL^C^D is the act. part. Aphel conj. of the verb iooo; the second pron. is put in the place of the substantive verb ; the part, in this instance denotes future time, . 56. .. 7 20. * * * AJIO . v^;]l after forty and six years ; V*> in this place has the signification of after, see Acts xxiv. 17. - - 1 ^?] was built, Ethpeel conj. third pers. sing. X T niasc. gen. praet. of the verb ]Lo. 21. "|ocn i&>} was speaking, or spake; ]oai has the linea occultans, because with the act. part, jiof it forms the imper. tense of AD") , $. 8. oi;_,,L_2>5 of Iris body ; 1 the mark of the gen. pre- ceded by a noun in the def. state ; "|La masc. noun ; 140 ANALYSIS. Chaldee *riJ3; V***& corporeal, the adj. and carnally, the adv. 22. ]A'.'vn AJUO house of the dead, for sepulchre, pass. part. plu. numb. def. of A >^n . ]XTI? that this, to the demons, pron. is understood the noun ]6<7i i&] he had spoken ; ]bcn in this place assists in forming the pluperfect tense of the verb jio) , $. 38. 01 C-> .mo. see ver. 11. AD"]) which he had .mid, this verb denotes the plu- n perfect tense in this place. 23. ]ooi .*cno r /u] was, the subst. verb being joined to L*] with its affixes, the imperf. tense is formed, $. 34. "JAA feast, masc. noun def. state, root Arab. i* lie visited, second conj. JO^c he feasted. 1] ? yt tr> wflwy, adj. plu. numb, def., from the verb ] ' m 7/e multiplied. o]>jj ^ew /^^y /iJ wg; ? has here the signifi- cation of when. See Schaaf 's Lexicon under this letter. 24. viojul ^_*> ocn But Jexus himself, sec $. 55. ANALYSIS. 141 m because. Etsotso has not here its usual accom- R panying letter Vau, $. 2. ]ooi v h knew, imperf. tense of the verb vx^_, . X 25. ")cxn -ri . im ^ needecl, imperf. tense, Peal conj. of the verb -<^i m . JOLOU should testify. Optative and subjunc. expres- sions are frequently expressed by the future tense, $. 56; the vowel Pethocho is put under 01 because in the prset. this letter has Revotso. MARCH, 18*3. an* l^eto printed for JOHN W. PAKKER. (OBSERVATIONS upon THE TREATY of WASH- INGTON, signed August 9th, 1842. By GEORGE WILLIAM FEATHERSTONHAUGH, Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S., late One of Her Majesty's Commissioners for the North American Boundary. Octavo, with Map, 3$. A SYSTEM of LOGIC, Ratiocinative and Inductive; being a Connected View of the Principles of Evidence, and the Methods of Scientific Investigation. By JOHN STUART MILL. Two Vols., Oct. 30s. The PHYSIOLOGICAL ANATOMY and PHYSI- OLOGY of MAN. By R. B. TODD, M.D., F.R.S., and W. BOWMAN, F.R.S., of King's College, London. With Numerous Original Illustrations. To be completed in Three Parts. Part I. price 7s. is Ready* A MANUAL for Teaching MODEL-DRAWING, from SOLID FORMS, the Models Founded on those of M. DUPUIS; combined with A POPULAR VIEW of PERSPECTIVE, and adapted to the Ele- mentary Instruction of Classes in Schools and Public Institutions. Copiously illustrated by Plates and Wood-cuts. 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