I California 
 
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 <J 

 
 THE 
 
 ELEMENTS 
 
 OF 
 
 SYRIAC GRAMMAR. 
 
 BY THE 
 
 REV. GEORGE PHILLIPS, M.A. 
 
 FELLOW AND TUTOR OF QUEENS' COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 CAMBRIDGE: 
 
 PRINTED AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, FOR 
 
 J. AND J. J. DEIGHTON, CAMBRIDGE, 
 
 AND 
 
 JOHN W. PARKER, LONDON. 
 
 M.DCCC.XXXVII.
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 THE following " Elements of Syriac Grammar" are 
 intended for the assistance of those Students in He- 
 brew, who are desirous of extending their studies to 
 the Syriac Language. This is easily accomplished in 
 consequence of the close affinity, which exists between 
 the two languages both in their structure as well as 
 in the multitude of words which they possess in com- 
 mon. A small portion only of time and labour is 
 quite sufficient for the Hebrew scholar to obtain a 
 moderate knowledge of Syriac. It is indeed so nearly 
 allied to Hebrew and especially to Chaldee, that after 
 he has read the Chaldee parts of the Bible, he may 
 at once proceed to the reading of Syriac, and it 
 is important that he should not neglect the acqui- 
 sition of it, since the advantages to be derived will 
 amply repay him for whatever trouble he may bestow 
 upon the subject. There is no necessity to give a 
 minute statement of these advantages; but it may be 
 mentioned that the Syriac Language supplies one 
 source of valuable information for the criticism of the 
 
 2094330
 
 Pl< K K ACE. 
 
 Hebrew Bible. By an examination of a Hebrew word 
 as it is used in this language, essential service has been 
 rendered in elucidating many difficult and important 
 passages of Holy Writ, and it has been the constant 
 practice of commentators to have recourse to Syriac, 
 whenever the Text of the Old Testament fails to estab- 
 lish satisfactorily the signification of a word. In such 
 case every person allows that a reference to Syriac is 
 one of the legitimate means to be employed in deter- 
 mining the sense of a passage, and although this lan- 
 guage is inferior to Arabic in the extent and variety 
 of its literature; it is nevertheless superior as regards 
 its much more intimate connection with the original 
 language of the Bible. 
 
 But the great claim as it appears to me, which the 
 Syriac has on the attention of that class of persons, 
 for whose use this book is intended, consists in the Syriac 
 New Testament. The high antiquity of this Version 
 and its use in the early established Syriac Church stamp 
 an importance on it, which can be assigned to no other, 
 and if to these circumstances be added another, that 
 the Syriac Language is so nearly the same as that 
 spoken in Palestine in the first age of Christianity, 
 that by many persons it has been termed the vernacular 
 language of our Lord, it must be allowed that the 
 Syriac New Testament possesses a value inferior only
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 to that which belongs to the Original. Michaelis 
 devoted his great talents to the study of Syriac and 
 to an examination of the Syriac Version. In his Intro- 
 duction to the New Testament, he has endeavoured 
 to fix the period when that Version was made, and 
 after bringing forward many cogent arguments in favour 
 of its high antiquity has inferred that it must have 
 existed, either at the end of the first or the beginning 
 of the second century. This great age and its frequent 
 deviation from the common reading in passages of im- 
 portance must recommend the use of it to every critic, 
 and the truth is that it has been more used than all 
 other sources of critical assistance together. 
 
 From these remarks it will obviously appear desirable 
 that the Hebrew scholar should acquire a knowledge 
 of the Syriac Testament ; especially as that knowledge 
 can be so easily obtained. To facilitate the acquirement 
 of it has been my chief inducement in sending forth 
 this elementary Grammar to the public. I have been 
 also further encouraged to do it from the growing 
 attention there is at the present time to Hebrew and 
 oriental studies in this Country. It is to be wished 
 that this attention will continue to increase, and that 
 before the lapse of many years some acquaintance with 
 the Hebrew Bible will be generally sought after by the 
 ministers of our Church. There may be some persons
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 who will not join in this wish, and I am aware that it 
 has been urged by many, who are indifferent or are 
 opposed to the cultivation of Hebrew learning, that no 
 new doctrines can be discovered from the Hebrew Bible, 
 and that therefore the English Translation will supply 
 every want. To this it may be replied that the Greek 
 Testament contains no doctrines which are not to be 
 found in our English Version ; that this Version is 
 not inferior to that of the Old Testament in the fidelity 
 of its execution, and that therefore the same reason 
 may be brought forward for the abandonment of the 
 original. 
 
 It is one of the Articles of our Church that " the 
 Old Testament is not contrary to the New; for both 
 in the Old and New Testament everlasting life is 
 offered to mankind by Christ." I do not see therefore 
 on what principle the Hebrew Bible is not to be deemed 
 as important for all purposes of divinity as the Greek 
 Testament: indeed no arguments can be advanced in 
 favour of a knowledge of the latter, which will not 
 most certainly apply with equal force for a knowledge of 
 the former. But although the Hebrew Bible will not 
 disclose to its reader any new doctrines of religion; 
 there is something else which it will do. It will teach 
 him the primary signification of words, and thus present 
 to him many expressions with additional force and
 
 PREFACE. Vll 
 
 enable him to form his own opinion and put his own 
 interpretation on many particular passages. This is a 
 benefit which is to be acquired from the Hebrew Bible, 
 and which will be found of immense value to the 
 Minister in his public Exposition of the Scriptures. It 
 may be also observed that if the candidate for Holy 
 Orders were encouraged to enter on the study of Hebrew, 
 the circumstance could not fail to be beneficial to him 
 in no ordinary degree. It would compel him to read 
 the Scriptures more frequently, to examine important 
 parts more critically, and would consequently make him 
 more familiar with the contents of the Bible than would 
 otherwise be the case. That pursuit which obliges the 
 Minister, or the candidate for the ministry, to study 
 the Scriptures cannot be adopted without advantage. It 
 will exercise an influence over all the powers of his mind 
 and the whole tenour of his life. It will fix his thoughts 
 on those matters which pertain to his profession, and 
 it may serve as the beginning and be made the basis 
 of a sound course of Theological reading. In the early 
 periods of the reformation, when the great questions at 
 issue between the contending parties could be decided 
 only by a reference to the Scriptures in their original 
 tongues, Hebrew and oriental literature were zealously 
 pursued, and there arose in those times men, who have 
 rendered their names imperishable as much by their 
 profound skill in Hebrew learning, as by the part which
 
 viii PHEFACE. 
 
 they sustained in emancipating their country from 
 Popish tyranny. That was the time when oriental 
 literature flourished most in England, and it was be- 
 cause of the great proficiency which our venerahle re- 
 formers possessed in this branch of study, that with the 
 aid of God's Holy Spirit, they were enabled to dispel 
 the superstitions of Papacy. 
 
 There is also another point not to be forgotten in 
 estimating the importance of the subject now under 
 consideration. In these days many laudable attempts 
 are made to convert the Jews to Christianity. These 
 attempts deserve every encouragement ; for it must be 
 confessed that of all the people who are sitting in dark- 
 ness, none possess a greater claim on our exertions ; 
 none can appeal more strongly to our sense of duty 
 and our feelings of gratitude ; than the descendants 
 of that people, to whom were entrusted for so many 
 ages "the oracles of God," and from whom sprung the 
 first disciples and teachers of our faith. But whilst 
 we ought to take an interest in the eternal welfare 
 of our Jewish brethren and to use every effort to 
 bring them within the pale of the Christian Church ; 
 it may at the same time be safely affirmed that the 
 subscribers to the Jews' Society need never to look 
 for any great measure of success; unless the persons, 
 who are employed to conduct its operations are ac-
 
 PREFACE. IX 
 
 quainted with the Hebrew language. Every person 
 who has had any experience in the feelings and 
 opinions of Jews must be aware of the j prejudice 
 which they possess in favour of Hebrew. The Bible 
 they read in Hebrew ; indeed they never like to 
 read any religious book unless it is in Hebrew ; and 
 it is certain that they are not unskilful in perverting 
 the Text of Scripture and rendering it subservient 
 to their own peculiar system. It is therefore incum- 
 bent on all, who are engaged in the conversion of 
 the Jews to meet this prejudice by informing them- 
 selves on the Hebrew Language. It is highly ne- 
 cessary that they should be competent to prove to 
 the Jews from their own Hebrew Scriptures that 
 Christ in whose death we rest our hope of salvation 
 is indeed he of whom Moses and the Prophets have 
 written. Neither will it be enough that they are 
 acquainted with the Hebrew Bible. The religion of 
 modern Jews is learned principally from the Talmud 
 and the writings of their Rabbis. The Jewish Teachers, 
 like the Priests of the Romish church, exercise a 
 spiritual domination over their flocks, and it is from 
 the oral law that they propound their dogmas and 
 derive their authority. The Jews are ever ready to 
 give a blind adhesion to these dogmas and to sub- 
 mit to the yoke which is imposed upon them. Who- 
 ever, therefore, wishes to combat effectually the errors
 
 X PREFACE. 
 
 of Rabbinism, must make the study of the Talmud 
 his business for many years. 
 
 An objection has been frequently made to Hebrew 
 and its family of languages that they are barren in 
 their literature, and that a knowledge of the Bible 
 is the only information to be obtained from this de- 
 partment of study. Such is assuredly not the fact. 
 The works written in these languages, which have 
 been transmitted to us, are not deficient either in 
 the quantity or variety of subjects on which they 
 treat, nor in the interest and importance which these 
 subjects possess. There are the Chaldee Targums,* 
 or Paraphrases of the Bible, some of which are more 
 ancient than the Christian era. In them we read the 
 Interpretation, which the pious Jews of old put on 
 many important passages involving predictions of the 
 character and offices of the Messiah, and which can- 
 not fail to afford great satisfaction to the Christian 
 Student. There are also the modern Jewish com- 
 mentaries. They are very voluminous and although 
 they contain much of mysticism and folly; it cannot 
 be denied that many of them abound with remarks of 
 
 * I beg leave to recommend a Chaldee Grammar and Chrestomathy, 
 published a short time since by Mr Riggs, a Pupil of Professor Stuart 
 in America. The Grammar is chiefly a Translation of Winers and is 
 admirably adapted to promote the study of the Chaldee Targums.
 
 PREFACE. XI 
 
 great philological value. In Syriac we have the New 
 Testament of which mention has been already made; 
 besides a great quantity of ecclesiastical and historical 
 writings. It must also be especially borne in mind 
 that a very great portion of the history, science and 
 literature of the middle ages is locked up in the 
 Syriac and Arabic languages. 
 
 In the execution of this book, I have consulted 
 the Grammars, which have been published in Ger- 
 many during the last fifty or sixty years ; as well 
 as others of a more ancient date. I have endeavoured 
 to be simple in the arrangement, to account for the 
 vowel changes and the various inflexions of words, 
 by the operation of a very few principles, and to 
 exhibit in a concise form the general structure of the 
 language. How far I have succeeded in these matters 
 I leave for others to decide. At the end is given 
 an analysis of the 2nd. Chapter of St. John's Gospel, 
 which I trust will be found useful to the Student 
 in the early stages of his progress. 
 
 It was my expectation that this Grammar would 
 have made its appearance about a year ago. The 
 delay has been occasioned by the new Syriac Types 
 at the University Press, which were not obtained so 
 soon as I expected. I take this opportunity of men-
 
 Xll PREFACE. 
 
 tioning the circumstance in order to express my thanks 
 to the Syndics for their kindness in procuring them, 
 and also to offer an apology for the time which has 
 elapsed since the first announcement of the intended 
 publication.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 THE Alphabet 1 
 
 Vowels - 3 
 
 Diphthongs - - 4 
 
 Properties and changes of Consonants - 5 
 
 Changes of the Vowels , - - 8 
 
 The Diacritic Points, Kushoi and Rukok 11 
 
 Ribui - - 12 
 
 Linea Occultans, &c. - 13 
 
 Marhetono and Mehagyono - - 15 
 
 Other Diacritic Points - ib. 
 
 The letters ] O j - - 16 
 
 Accent - 17 
 Method of expressing numbers ' V - 18 
 
 Reading Exercises 19 
 
 NOUNS - 20 
 
 Gender 21 
 
 Number - 22 
 
 States of Nouns - - - 24 
 
 Adjectives - - - 34 
 
 Numerals - - 36 
 
 PRONOUNS . 40 
 
 Demonstrative Pronouns - - ib. 
 
 Relative and Interrogative Pronouns - - - 41 
 
 Pronominal Affixes - - 42 
 
 Nouns with Affixes - - 43 
 
 Example of a masc. noun with Affixes - .44 
 
 Example of a fern, noun with Affixes - 47 
 
 VERBS - 49 
 
 Tenses, &c. of the verbs |OO1 and AJ j - - - 53 
 
 Paradigm of Q 58 
 
 Observations on Regular Verbs - - - 60
 
 x j v CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 63 
 
 Verbs which have a guttural for a rad. letter - 
 The Present Tense, &c. 
 IRREGULAR VERBS 
 
 Verbs ]si or wa_2 - C6 
 Verbs ^ 
 
 Paradigm of ^D] 70 
 Paradigm of ,Xj 
 
 Verbs Q-^- or i S - 
 
 Verbs U 77 
 
 Verbs JJ * 
 
 Paradigm of ^OOD 78 
 
 Paradigm of (Lyi - 82 
 
 Verbs ^il 84 
 
 The Objective affixes attached to Verbs - - 85 
 
 Paradigm of ifc 86 
 
 Observations on Objective Affixes - - 93 
 
 Doubly defective Verbs 95 
 
 Quadriliteral Verbs - - 96 
 
 PARTICLES - 99 
 
 Adverbs - ib. 
 
 Prepositions 100 
 
 Conjunctions and Interjections ib. 
 
 SYNTAX 
 
 Syntax of Nouns - 102 
 
 Construction of Adjectives - 104 
 
 ......... Numerals 105 
 
 Syntax of Pronouns - - 106 
 
 ...... Verbs - 109 
 
 ...... Prepositions - 115 
 
 ...... Particles 116 
 
 Enallage of Persons and Number - ib. 
 
 Ellipsis 117 
 
 APPENDIX - 118 
 
 St John's Gospel, Chap. n. - 124 
 
 Analysis - - - - 127
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 Page 14, line 2, for Pi-**) read Pf--| 
 
 X X 
 
 ............ last line, for ftl read ft] 
 
 ...... 34, lines 17 and 18, no brackets. 
 
 ...... 63, line 12, for from this last remark read from this last remark 
 
 but one. 
 
 ...... 66, last line, for O^IZ] read
 
 $. 1. THE Syrians in common with many other 
 Eastern nations, read from the right-hand to the left, 
 and have the same number of letters, which are all 
 consonants, as the Hebrews. 
 
 The following Table exhibits their forms, names, 
 powers and numerical values. 
 
 'orms. 
 1 
 
 Names. 
 
 Olaph ^L_^ 
 
 Beth AJ.O 
 
 * 
 
 Powers. 
 
 f H unaspirated 
 \ as in humble 
 B Bh (V) 
 
 Numerical 
 Values. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 vi 
 
 Gomal VI 
 
 G 
 
 3 
 
 ? 
 
 Dolath AA> 
 
 D 
 
 4 
 
 01 
 
 He OO1 
 
 H 
 
 5 
 
 o 
 
 Vau OO 
 
 Vor W 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 Zain , 
 
 Z 
 
 7 
 
 " 
 
 Cheth AJUJJ 
 
 Ch 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 Teth L^l 
 
 T 
 
 9 
 
 - 
 
 Yud 5Q-* 
 
 fmje. 
 
 10 
 
 a 
 
 Coph ^IO 
 
 K or C as in core 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 7 *t> 
 
 Lomad 8 V>N 
 
 L 
 
 30 
 
 So 
 
 Mini ^O__!D 
 
 M 
 
 40 
 
 J 
 
 D 
 
 Nun v?- 1 
 
 7 ^ 
 
 Semkath A^klCD 
 
 f| 
 
 N 
 S 
 
 50 
 60 
 
 ^ 
 
 Ee U 
 
 
 70 
 
 e 
 
 Pe fe> 
 
 P Ph (F) 
 
 80 
 
 j 
 
 Tsode 1?^ 
 
 Ts 
 
 90 
 
 e 
 
 Kuph tXLQ 
 
 K 
 
 100 
 
 3 
 
 Rish Aa5 
 
 X 
 
 Shin ' 
 
 R 
 Sh 
 
 200 
 300 
 
 Thau 
 
 T or Th 
 
 400
 
 2 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS. 
 
 Care must be taken to distinguish between the 
 following letters, which have nearly the same figure, 
 and differ chiefly in their magnitude. 
 
 One letter is joined to another by a small hori- 
 zontal line drawn from its extremity; as, 01 in oi^. 
 The exceptions to this are j ^ 5 and L, which when 
 joined to another letter assume the forms , 4 - r and A . 
 
 All the letters except the eight ] > <n o i . 5 L 
 may be joined to the following letter of the word. 
 The nine letters >.. ,**._,ro2).Q. terminating 
 a word, receive a slight additional stroke, and are 
 written o.^i>j^._.CDfc2)Ow. The five 
 a ^ So j i. alter their figure at the end of a word, 
 and are called finals. They retain their usual power, 
 but assume the forms ^, \, ^o, or ., \j. 
 
 The following compound characters are frequently 
 used. 
 
 Olaph-Lomad ^L for X) 
 Lomad-Olaph tf ^ 
 
 Lomad-Lomad ^ \\ . 
 
 As Letters of the same organ are frequently 
 changed for one another in the process of deriva- 
 tion; Grammarians have divided the whole Alphabet 
 into classes according to the organ of speech by which 
 they are enounced.
 
 VOWELS. 
 
 Gutturals | 
 
 CT1 
 
 Linguals j 
 Palatals ,. 
 
 * 
 
 Dentals ] 
 
 SO 
 
 Labials C> 
 
 O 
 
 So ^ 
 
 The consonants ] o _. will frequently become quies- 
 cent, i.e. lose their power as consonants; as is the case 
 with the Hebrew iim*. 
 
 2. Vowels. 
 
 There are five vowels, which are written, either 
 above or below the consonants with which they are 
 connected and are pronounced after them. There are 
 two sets, one derived from the Greek vowels, and the 
 other expressed by different positions of one or two 
 points. The following Table exhibits their names, 
 powers and forms: 
 
 Names. Power. Figure. 
 
 Syr. Greek. 
 
 7 
 
 Pethocho a ) O Alpha 
 
 Revotso e O 2 2 Epsilon 
 Chevotso i O O Iota 
 
 I 
 
 Zekofo o i) > Omicron 
 
 Etsotso u ft*"* Q2 dO Upsilon. 
 
 The points of the vowel Zekofo may coalesce 
 with the point of the letter 5, as, . mi Roh-tin. 
 
 i 
 
 The vowel Etsotso is always accompanied with o 
 except in the two words ^3 cul, ^Jio M'tul. 
 
 When no vowel is expressed, then as in the 
 Hebrew, a Sheva (or one of its substitutes) will be 
 implied and read accordingly. 
 
 12
 
 VOWELS. DIPHTHONGS. 
 
 Vowels may be divided into two classes: pure, i.e. 
 those which complete their syllables: and impure, 
 i.e. those which do not complete the syllable with- 
 out the addition of a terminating consonant. 
 
 When followed by 
 a quiescent ] O or _i 
 
 Pure vowels are 
 
 Ma-leph. 
 
 Eihekel 
 
 li. 
 
 . as (sAo K'tho-bo. 
 * 
 
 O - *QO1 1 Ne-puk. 
 
 ft 
 
 Impure Vowels are 
 -_ T as in jL cad. J&^ tida-mo. 
 Men. 
 
 i-do-tho. 
 
 Final syllables are often, as in Hebrew, anoma- 
 lously long, on account perhaps of the accent; as, 
 ^V A-pin, where - occurs with two consonants, 
 so also ^1 L^L .oV ^Ajf, &c. 
 
 ~ 
 
 The Greek vowels are more frequently used in 
 modern books. 
 
 3. Diphthongs. 
 
 There are several diphthongs made by the letters 
 Vau and Yud, which losing their own powers coalesce 
 with the preceding vowel and form one syllable. 
 
 Vau makes four diphthongs aw, eu, iu, ou.
 
 PROPERTIES AND CHANGES OF CONSONANTS. 5 
 
 The first occurs in the beginning, middle and end 
 of words and is produced by the vowel ? preceding 
 o ; as, ^20 V au-kel, he Jed, ]k>oJ Tsau-mo, the fast, 
 
 K 
 
 OJC7I ho-nau, this is. 
 
 The second eu, by the vowel * preceding o_, ; as, 
 , Esh-teu, I will drink it. 
 
 The third iu by a chevotso preceding o_, ; as, 
 , N'shad-riu, he will send him. 
 
 The fourth ou is when o is preceded by another 
 o with *>; as, |I?oo- Shou-do-yo, promise. 
 
 Yud makes two diphthongs, ai and oi: ai by v 
 before .. ; as, A . ^ G'laith, thou hast revealed: oi is 
 effected by P before . ; as, vj<ji hoi, she. 
 
 4. Properties and Changes of Consonants. 
 Consonants possess various properties and undergo 
 certain changes arising from the influence of vowels; 
 or other causes, which we proceed to mention. 
 
 The letters } o _. when they are not pronounced; 
 but rest in the sound of the vowel on the preceding 
 letter are called quiescent. 
 
 Olaph final rests in or * ; as, l^ul the man, 
 V^\t the men : except the four verbs ]v>^ he was 
 
 77 77 77 
 
 impure, ]*^ he was comforted, }}. he polluted, ]]aZ] 
 
 T, 
 
 he was decorated. 
 
 Olaph in the middle of a word rests in * or *; 
 as, ^"jio to eat, fiojiD to say. Yud is sometimes
 
 6 PROPERTIES AND CHANGES OF CONSONANTS. 
 
 changed into Olaph quiescent in *; as, <r ^]So to beget, 
 for 
 
 Yud usually rests in * or *; as, ^^ he begun, 
 L>] is, ^5 but. 
 
 i i* 
 
 Vau deprived of a vowel is for the most part qui- 
 escent in *; as, iooo rise, ioou day. It is also used 
 as the fulcrum or, as it is technically termed, the 
 mater lectionis of this vowel ; as, 
 
 In foreign words Vau is frequently found to be 
 quiescent in the vowel *; as, .CDO-^ Peter, ^cooJolZ 
 
 ft 
 
 throne. 
 
 The letters ] o _,, when they are placed after an- 
 other consonant, which is without a vowel, cannot be 
 pronounced; but they are nevertheless written for the 
 sake of orthography or etymology. In such instances 
 these letters are said to be otiose. 
 
 Olaph in the pronouns ^Ltf and ^Ajf, w h en 
 are added to participles for the sake of forming the 
 present tense is otiose; as, ^Aj] ^.VfcA kot-litun, 
 and ^AjJ ,A&o kot-loten, ye slay, masc. and fern. 
 
 Vau and Yud in the end of a word, when the 
 preceding letter has no vowel, are also otiose; as, 
 a^o Vtal, they slew, masc. . . V 7 fr o Vtal, they slew, 
 fern. ^Ao^o fctul, slay thou, imper. fern. 
 
 Yud is likewise otiose in the pronoun ^Aj] 7 at, 
 thou; in certain affixes; as, . .^\<J> malk, my king,
 
 PROPERTIES AND CHANGES OF CONSONANTS. 7 
 
 tftho-bek, thy book. And in some substantives 
 and adverbs; as, - .V- shel, tranquillity., ^Ak)], when? 
 
 It is supposed by many grammarians that Yud was 
 pronounced in ancient times and this supposition derives 
 support from the usage in Arabic and Hebrew ; for we 
 have /^X^., ^pN, which are pronounced chali and akxari; 
 we have also in the New Testament pafifiovvi, John xx. 16. 
 Ta\i6a KOV/ULI, Mark v. 41. and other similar expressions. 
 
 Consonants are sometimes omitted in writing; as, 
 
 P 7 t> 7 
 
 ]Z;_a end for U^], especially in compound words; as, 
 
 " f o 1 t> 
 
 - - 1 : ^ man for *^_3\ ^, ^&] for J *>") although. The 
 first radical N of Hebrew words sometimes drops off; 
 as, jjl one, Heb. TH^- Words which have the middle 
 radical doubled, on many occasions lose one of them ; 
 thus, - - - >. and *^-L he perceived, ^ nest from 
 
 Vau and Yud fall off in nearly the same manner 
 and in the same situations as in Hebrew, which may 
 be immediately observed by inspecting the paradigms 
 of the classes of verbs beginning with these letters. 
 
 Letters are sometimes added to words for the sake 
 of euphony. Thus, Olaph is prefixed to many words 
 beginning with Yud; as, ^] hand for ]^, ]ka*1 day 
 for 
 
 Olaph prosthetic occurs also in the verbs _A^ and 
 
 x 
 
 as, ^L] he drunk, and fc >^Al he found.
 
 CHANGES OF THE VOWELS. 
 
 We have also l^jJt hero from 1O3J, where the 
 seems to be a compensation for the Dagesh forte 
 in Hebrew and Chaldee. In some words of Greek 
 
 on 
 
 oridn there is a duplication of the Nun ; as, .cDOjJJoio 
 
 O * 
 
 synod, for joorJQic. 
 
 A great number of Hebrew words become Syriac 
 words by the change of one or more of their letters. 
 
 f is changed into 3 as, 2HT gold, 
 v . ... *Z . . . n!)S rock, 
 
 V L ... ;ftttf snow, 
 
 1 OT ... yn he run, *4<3l5 
 
 j^ ] or j . . . nbj ^ e revealed, . i \it or 
 
 TT I ^> 
 
 y 
 
 ^ sometimes into ^D ... 1&3. fash, ;mn 
 
 T T 
 
 3 5 ... Qi^ <M>O r *'~ 
 
 ^ ^ ... HV^ ^ e man ^ ere ^ 
 
 5. Changes of the Vowels. 
 
 Inflexions of words are in numerous cases ef- 
 fected by vowels; certain vowels being selected as 
 characteristic of different forms of the same word. 
 The correspondence between Syriac and Hebrew vowels 
 is as follows: 
 
 Pethocho (v) to Patach (-); as, om^ji, ^Q his 
 king. 
 
 The vowel Revotso (*) corresponds generally to 
 the Hebrew ; as, jonsZ, TipBTi thau shalt visit.
 
 CHANGES OF THE VOWELS. 9 
 
 Chevotso ( i ) to the Hebrew ~; as, nrr>v for itpy. 
 
 Zekofo (?) to Kamets T ; as, ^oj] , DIK man, 
 he revealed. 
 
 TT 
 
 Etsotso (*) to Cholem, Kametschatuph, Shurek and 
 Kibbuts; as, ]_JCLO, holiness, Enp; ^o ^b ^O #. 
 
 Olaph in the beginning of a word, and also Ee 
 in the same situation, when it is before 01, instead of 
 being according to analogy without a vowel, will receive 
 
 a vowel, for the most part * or * ; as, ^3) for ^D] ; 
 
 
 
 5CTLL for 5CJLL. 
 
 Yud observes the same rule at the beginning of 
 a word, and takes the vowel i ; as, ioAj orphan, for 
 
 * X 
 
 ioA... 
 
 * 
 
 The foregoing rule holds good also for the letters 
 Olaph, Vau and Yud when they begin a syllable ; the 
 vowel in such places is remitted to the preceding letter, 
 if it has been previously without one; except when 
 the Olaph, Vau or Yud is followed by two consonants 
 in the same syllable. A full exhibition of these prin- 
 ciples may be seen by looking at the irregular verbs. 
 
 When two consonants come together at the begin- 
 ning of a syllable, which is sometimes the case in 
 the beginning of a word, in consequence of prefixing 
 prepositions or conjunctions not having a vowel; also 
 in the middle of a word from inflexion ; the former 
 consonant will receive a vowel ; for the most part T~ ; 
 but also ; as, ] - ^-> - ^ for ] . r vn - ^ in heaven,
 
 10 CHANGES OF THE VOWELS. 
 
 7 i for J2--) the letter, A^&oZ] for A^oZl she was 
 "" * 
 
 for A^XZ. This is analo- 
 
 gous to the Hebrew, when the former of two Shevas 
 coming together in the beginning of a syllable, is 
 generally changed into T. 
 
 Vowels are sometimes cast away: when another 
 syllable is added to a word, the final vowel is cast 
 away; as, Z^os> the feminine of ,Q^ he visited. But 
 
 it is preserved, 1st. if a letter only be added; as, 
 7^0^ thou hast visited; 2nd. if the consonant from 
 the analogy of the Hebrew ought to have a Dagesh 
 forte i thus isol people; in the definite state ]v>v; 
 3rd. the vowels ^ and' are preserved; as, . - ^ A ; 
 
 Zekofo in nouns of the definite state, when it is 
 followed by 001 X is changed into Pethocho so that 
 
 it may make a diphthong with o; as, ocn ILj da-go- 
 lau, he is a liar, for o<n U^.?; QJOT ho-nau, this is, 
 for ocn Jjcji and this for ocri ]jcn. 
 
 Transposition of vowels takes place; especially in 
 nouns of one syllable; thus, jA^, man definite state 
 ]i^iA, ^OJJD holiness definite state ]_ijaD ; many other 
 examples will be given in the Chapter on nouns; also 
 the prepositions VXLO and *>jao with the prefix 
 Lomad become ^Loo^ and io'^o^, and in certain
 
 THE DIACRITIC POINTS, KUSHOI AND RUKOK. II 
 
 compounded particles a transposition takes place; as, 
 for ">L until. 
 
 6. The Diacritic Points, Kushoi and Rukok. 
 
 The Syrians have no marks corresponding to the 
 Sheva and Dagesh forte of the Hebrews ; but they 
 use a point for the letters A^n,-^. 
 
 This point when it is situated above a letter takes 
 away the aspiration and when placed below preserves 
 it. In the former case it is called - . IQQ Kushoi which 
 signifies hardness, and in the latter J^DOJ Rukok, 
 softness. 
 
 There is much difference of opinion respecting these 
 points. It is sufficient to observe that Kushoi is used 
 
 for the Ai2,_,,L_o letters in the same manner as Dagesh 
 lene of the Hebrews : viz. 1st. In the beginning of 
 words. 2nd. In the middle of a word after a letter 
 which is without a vowel : as, OLSU-D Ken-pe, his wing. 
 
 3rd. In the second radical of the pael and ethpaal con- 
 jugations of verbs; if that radical be one of the 
 
 7 7 
 
 A^ID-^D letters ; as, ^L he brake. 4th. It is used 
 to supply the defect arising from the absence of the 
 first radical in verbs beginning with Yud or Nun ; or 
 of the second, when the second and third radicals are 
 the same, or to supply any other similar defect. 
 According to Amira and the old grammarians it never 
 doubles a letter ; but on the other hand it must be said 
 that the Eastern Syrians in this respect followed the
 
 12 THE DIACRITIC POINTS, RIBUI. 
 
 analogy of the Hebrew, we have also Papftl, Master, 
 John iii. 2. and in the writings of St Paul we have 
 A/3/3a, Father. If this duplication be not admitted, 
 then it is important to state that in such cases where 
 it would be implied, the preceding vowel will complete 
 
 the syllable; thus, jjol tab-bar or ta-bar. 
 
 The Rukok is placed under a Aas^s letter; if 
 it be without a vowel and in the middle of a word; 
 
 as fMrn>. wisdom. But the insertion of these points 
 
 is much neglected in modern editions of the Syriac 
 Scriptures and other Books and it is unnecessary to 
 say any thing more on the subject. 
 
 7- Ribui. 
 
 Many nouns and verbs have the same form in 
 both numbers. In such cases it was found necessary 
 to employ some mark of distinction. For this purpose 
 
 Grammarians have invented the sign Ribui (**QA$) 
 
 x 
 
 consisting of two horizontal* dots () placed above the 
 word, to denote the plural number. The following 
 words will illustrate the use of this sign. 
 
 ^ ' A ^ ^ ** ^ 
 
 p0A_, orphan, |ioAj orphans. 
 
 
 
 book, lAo books. 
 
 f| 
 
 was covered, . . fmZ.] were covered. 
 
 T 
 
 he arrived, ^x-^O they arrived, (fern.) 
 
 Ribui is placed obliquely in X and J^s ; thus, X ^ .
 
 LINES. 13 
 
 A plural noun ending in _* , or ' has no need 
 
 ^ i >> 
 
 of the sign Ribui ; since the number is already in- 
 dicated by the termination. 
 
 It is sometimes used with a noun of multitude ; 
 
 Of DP 
 
 as ] a flock of sheep, to distinguish it from ]iL 
 a sheep. 
 
 If it be placed over the letter Rish j one of the 
 points coalesces with the point belonging to Rish ; 
 as, fco^ a herd of oxen. 
 
 8. Lines. 
 
 A small line is sometimes found above and 
 sometimes beneath a letter of a word. 
 
 It is found above a letter principally in the 
 following instances, 
 
 1. In abbreviated words; as, ^ for l^fO holy* 
 
 x 
 
 2. When letters are used to express numbers ; 
 as, -^- 13. 
 
 3. In the Particle of Exclamation o] Of to 
 
 7 
 
 distinguish it from the particle o], or. 
 When it is found beneath a letter ; it directs 
 that such letter is not read and is therefore generally 
 called the linea occultans. Thus, 2*o Bath not 
 Barth, a daughter. It is found, 
 
 (i) In nouns with the middle radical doubled 
 
 o 7 t> 
 
 as ]* iv> Manna, |1V a stag. 
 
 Y P 
 
 Ol for QJCTI that is, occurs frequently in ecclesiastical 
 writings, and especially in the Commentaries of Ephraim Syrus.
 
 LINES. 
 
 (2) With Olaph in the beginning of a word 
 in many instances; as, ^S\ a man, ^j^] 
 
 another-, especially in the pronoun )j], as 
 
 often as it is used in the place of the 
 substantive verb ; as, \i] ]i] I am. 
 
 " i 
 
 (s) With Dolath when it is without a vowel 
 and placed before Thau; as, J2j* new. 
 
 (4) With He in the following cases, 
 
 (a) In affixes; as . .mnnVvn Ms kings: ^oi_,;_o 
 he called him. 
 
 (b) In the verb ]oai was; when it is redun- 
 dant, when it is the logical copula, or 
 when it assists in forming the imperfect 
 and plusperfect tenses ; as, "jooi ^oioZul he 
 
 _ x 
 
 was, ")ocn .^ he was visiting, "jooi .^^ 
 
 * in 
 
 he had visited. But when it is used in the 
 sense of to be, to exist, the line is not 
 found. 
 
 (c) In the pronouns ooi and v^oi; when they 
 are put for the logical copula ; as, ooi ^j 
 my body is. 
 
 (d) In words derived from the Greek, 
 
 X ~ 
 
 Rome. 
 
 (e) In the verb oau he gave. 
 
 (s) With Loin ad in some forms of the verb 
 
 7 
 
 ; as, J]jl departing, fern.
 
 LINES. 15 
 
 r r 
 
 (6) With Nun in the four pronouns AJ], ^Aj), 
 
 . r y o 
 
 ^pAj], ^.-.AJ] and in some nouns ; as, ]AI . om 
 the ship. 
 
 (7) Rish in L^> a daughter. 
 
 When a line is found under a letter in a verb 
 of the imperative mood of a passive conjugation ; it 
 implies that such letter is deprived of its vowel as 
 
 Ethkatl 
 
 9. Marhetono and Mehagyono. 
 
 The application of these lines is very little attend- 
 ed to, and therefore no particular notice of them is 
 necessary. They serve principally to mark the division 
 and emphasis of syllables in poetry. 
 
 Marhetono is a small line above a consonant, which 
 ought to have a vowel, but is to be pronounced without 
 it. 
 
 The Mehagyono is a line beneath a letter which 
 being without a vowel denotes that it is to be pro- 
 nounced with one, for the most part with short (*); 
 
 as AVy.j with Men. 
 
 10. Other Diacritic Points. 
 
 A point is sometimes used which, by its position 
 either above or below the word, will determine the 
 true pronunciation and meaning; when without it and 
 without the vowel points, the word would be ambigu- 
 ous: thus, oil, for o\^ to him: oil, for oiS to her.
 
 Jg OTHEll DIACRITIC POINTS. 
 
 This was apparently the ancient Syriac usage prior 
 to the introduction of the Greek vowels. It is 'fre- 
 quently used as a note of Interrogation, Exclamation, 
 Admiration, Command, &c. For various offices which 
 this point performs, see the Appendix. 
 
 There are also certain signs for marking the end 
 of a sentence, and subdividing it into clauses, of which 
 the following are the principal. 
 
 (1) At the end of a period are found four points 
 (i) r CO. , ' " ' ' 
 
 (2) Two points placed obliquely from the right 
 hand towards the left, finish a clause, 
 and are equivalent to our colon ; thus, 
 . ]- "i *A vjo_kl ,_.? li-w p When Jesus 
 
 * * 
 
 saw the multitudes. 
 
 N. B. These points are sometimes put as 
 
 a sign of interrogation. 
 
 (3) Two points placed obliquely from the left 
 hand to the right, thus (), split the clause 
 into different members, and are equivalent 
 to our comma or semicolon. They are fre- 
 quently placed perpendicularly (:) 
 
 N. B. These points are sometimes found 
 after a long interrogation, see Matt. xii. 10. 
 
 (4) One point frequently ends a period. 
 
 11. The Letters } o _,. 
 
 These letters are differently pronounced in different 
 situations. Olaph is pronounced as Yud.
 
 ACCENT. 17 
 
 (1) When it is preceded by another Olaph; as, 
 
 7 " 
 
 5]] Oyar, air. 
 
 (2) When it is followed by another Olaph with- 
 out a vowel ; as, ]|Kn m'loyo, fulness. 
 
 (3) When it is the second letter of the par- 
 ticiple peal; as, ^oK Tso-yem, fasting. 
 
 .*-* 
 
 Vau is pronounced as v when it begins a word or 
 syllable; as, o va, o ve, a vi: in other places it has 
 the sound of u or w. 
 
 Yud in the beginning of a word with the vowel 
 1 is not pronounced. It preserves only the sound of 
 its vowel ; as, .o i . IneJe, lie sucked, t n Ikar, he was 
 
 K I X 
 
 heavy. Hence we find that before a Yud of that kind, 
 Olaph is sometimes placed and the vowel belonging 
 to the Yud is transferred to the Olaph ; thus, ]^ a 
 
 X 
 
 hand, from the Hebrew -p, is written ]j_/j. The pro- 
 
 T I 
 
 nunciation of either word is the same. 
 
 12. decent. 
 
 Grammarians have given a few rules for placing 
 the Accent. 
 
 1. In words of two syllables; if the first sylla- 
 ble terminate in a consonant without a vowel; this 
 syllable has the accent; as, ]lv>( Rdm-sho, evening., 
 ]k> Jt gdrmo, bone. 
 
 2. If on the contrary the final letter of the word 
 be without a vowel, then the accent is put on the
 
 18 ACCENT. 
 
 second syllable; as, yXj I-led, he begat, ; ^<y> Po-ked, 
 
 n z TI 
 
 visiting. Should each syllable be formed in that man- 
 ner, then each is affected with the accent; as, /og* 
 
 
 
 Pek-ddth, she has visited. 
 
 3. In words consisting of more than two sylla- 
 bles, the accent is generally placed on the penulti- 
 mate; as, ]A^> Po-rdch-tho, bird, ]A\o]iD Me-Ml- 
 
 * 
 
 tho, meat, fZojuZtiD Marth-yo-nn-tho, admonition. 
 
 13. The Method of expressing Numbers. 
 This is done by the letters and by the assistance 
 of a few marks. Numbers of any magnitude may be 
 expressed, as in the following Table. 
 
 * 
 
 *^l J Ol O 
 
 1 
 
 oj ^ 
 
 
 1 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 9 
 
 
 ~ 
 
 ^ 
 
 io 
 
 j 
 
 JD 
 
 Vi 
 
 * ^ 
 
 .0 
 
 or ] o 
 
 *\ 
 
 ? 
 
 01 
 
 O 
 
 i 
 
 o. 4 
 
 _J 
 
 10 20 
 
 30 
 
 40 
 
 50 
 
 60 
 
 70 
 
 80 90 
 
 100 
 
 5 ** 
 
 L 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 or ^ ^ 
 
 * 
 
 J 
 
 JS 
 
 vi 
 
 * 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 200 300 
 
 1 1000 
 
 \ 
 
 400 
 
 
 i 
 
 500 
 2000 
 
 600 700 800 
 &c. ") 10,000 
 
 900 
 
 S 20,000 
 
 &c. 
 
 Fractions 
 
 are 
 
 written 
 
 thus, 
 
 ] 1 
 
 *O 2 
 
 v &c> 
 
 
 If it be required to add a smaller number to a 
 greater, that is, to express a number consisting of units, 
 tens, hundreds, &c. the letter indicating the greater is 
 put^on the right hand of that indicating the less; thus, 
 CTUJ 235.
 
 READING EXERCISES. 19 
 
 14. Reading Exercises. 
 MATTH. VI. 913. 
 
 ,-,_/ J ] i V) n? v o_c] 
 
 7 .7 7 
 
 
 7 7 
 
 *^ ' ^ 
 
 >7i> o> 77 
 
 t t) ]J] ] in . nr> i \ \v7 ]]Q . . o . \ n*-^ 1 .> 
 
 o> l>7."*7 p ^ /> 
 
 ^cn -^ -7; ^4k> ] ^ 
 
 The same in English Characters. 
 A-bun dvash-ma-yo neth-ka-dash sh'moc. Ti-the 
 mal-cu-thoc neh-ve tsev-yo-noc ai-ka-no d'vash-ma-yo 
 oph bar-ho. Hav Ian lach-mo d'sun-ko-uan yau-mo-no. 
 Vash-buk Ian chau-bain ai-ka-no doph ch'nan sh'vakn 
 l'cha-yo-bain. V'lo tha-lan l'nes-yu-no e-lo pa-tson 
 men bi-sho me-tul d'di-loc hi mal-cu-tho v'chai-lo 
 v'tbesh-buch-tho 1'olam ol-min. 
 
 LUKE XXII. 6365. 
 
 7 7 * . 7 
 
 OOC7I .^~An v^Q m \ OOOi 
 
 7 
 
 OOOl 
 
 Ujiji 
 
 OOO1 
 
 The same in English Characters. 
 Vgav-re da-chi-din vau 1'ye-shu m'-vaz-chin vau beh, 
 vam-cha-pen vau leh. V'mo-chen vau leh al a-pau 
 vom-rin eth-na-bo ma-nu m'choc vach-ron-yo-tho 
 
 sa-gi-yo-tho m'gad-pin van vom-rin a-lau. 
 
 22
 
 NOUNS. 
 
 15. THE simplest forms of nouns are those which 
 consist only of the letters composing the root; as, 
 
 Vv. king, **>^>? sacrifice. Such words are evidently 
 
 * * 
 
 in their primitive state. 
 
 The augmented forms will consist of the root 
 augmented by one or more of the letters } o *_. JXD j L, 
 which to assist the memory may he called ^AjoSo) . 
 
 Thus, ^^^D an altar from OO^DV sacrifice: m . vnV 7 
 disciple from v>\ he learned. 
 
 These letters are probably abbreviations of words 
 and the signification of them qualifies that of the 
 primitive word to which they are united. 
 
 Nouns having (i) with the first radical and (o-) 
 with the second, are generally nouns signifying persons ; 
 
 as, ]Soo_!i5 P a friend; whilst those having (o*) with 
 the first radical, or ending in o*, Zo-, llo*, are ab- 
 stract nouns ; as, V>oo holiness,, ]2o^aiJ. strength. 
 
 Two words are sometimes compounded in sense; 
 
 t c 1 
 
 as, Jlo 2*o a voice. Sometimes the two words are 
 joined together ; as, ]AA\v^ lord of enmity, i. e. an
 
 NOUNS. 21 
 
 enemy. A great number of compound words occurring 
 in Scripture may be found by referring to the Lexicons 
 of Schaaf and Castell under the words ]ioj , 
 
 ft 
 
 *}$ ^-.5 &c. 
 
 16. Gender. 
 
 There are two genders : the masculine and feminine. 
 Of the masculine are, 
 
 (i) The names of men and their offices; as, 
 Luke, ]j(ji2 priest, \*&\ musicians. 
 
 (2) Names of nations, rivers, and mountains; as, 
 viV Canaan, _j>5a_. Jordan. 
 
 Of the feminine gender are the names of women, 
 the offices of women, countries, cities and names of 
 the double members of the human body. 
 
 The feminine gender of nouns is also known by 
 the termination. These terminations are ], o, ^, 11, 
 
 as, \j^LL praise, oA > [ goodness, .^joZ" confession, 
 
 n x 
 
 Ai"vn a part. The nouns not ending with any of 
 the foregoing letters and not included in the preceding 
 paragraph, are generally masculine. 
 
 The feminine gender of adjectives is derived from 
 the masculine by the addition of ]' to the end of 
 the latter; thus, }^[ good from ~*^[ masc. Those 
 ending in _ quiescent convert it into ^ moveable; 
 as, - .^i pure, fern.
 
 22 NOUNS. 
 
 A few adjectives insert Yud immediately before the 
 
 fern, termination ; as, 5ol small, fern. |l5ol ; . ^W V) 
 
 * 
 
 obedient, fern. ] r . i v'W -Vn. 
 
 -H 
 
 Some nouns are used in both genders and are therefore 
 termed common, such as, ]i J\ tongue, ] i i\ cloud, &c. 
 
 The rules indeed for distinguishing gender are for the 
 most part the same as in Hebrew. The same words, when 
 occurring in both have the same gender ; as, ")2p an( ^ 
 .<y>m book, Qp and JSOQ_, day, are masc. y"u$ and |i,5] 
 earth, ^S? and ] <^ i soul, are fern. 
 
 Words derived from the Greek do not observe the 
 foregoing rules ; but generally retain their own gender ; as, 
 StaOqKr], fern. 
 
 17- Number. 
 
 There are two numbers, the singular and the plural. 
 Masculine nouns make the plural number, 1st. by 
 adding ^_, to the singular; as, ^L,. man, ^^L^. men. 
 2nd. Those words ending in ] or ^ throw away the 
 ] or ._ and the termination ,_. is added ; as, U- boy, 
 ^ - ^l boys, . - ^\rr>vr> plu. . \m(n reprobated. 
 
 Nouns of the fern, gender form the plural by 
 changing the termination ] into ' ; o* and t into 
 ^o, and ^j into ^ ; as, ] i . c* m ship, i '.' <^ rr> ships, r>vnj 
 
 similitude, ^oSoj similitudes, Aik) portion, Aik) portions, 
 > usury, in the plural r . _r>*
 
 NOUNS. 23 
 
 Many of the Syriac nouns have the masculine form 
 in the sing, and fern, in the plural ; as, ]m'| physician, 
 
 plu. Aco) ; 52.] place, plu. ^oyL] ; fcxtfoD throne, plu. 
 
 There are others which have the fern, form in the 
 sing, and masc. in the plural ; as, \^] ? ell, plu. .Vn] ; 
 
 ]Aco] wall, plu. ]m] : ]A\Vn> tear, plu. | vSP; ; "\&D talent, 
 
 plu. ..on: ]i year, plu. _*J_. 
 i i 
 
 Nouns compounded of two words sometimes admit a 
 plural in the former ; as, *) 1 i " i ** sons of man or men ; 
 sometimes in the latter ; as, ]~A t \v*-^ enemies, and some- 
 
 times in both ; as, jloAi o (daughters of words) words, 
 
 n 
 
 fables. 
 
 Some nouns are found in the plural form only ; as, 
 ] ?Vn heavens, ] " *> life, ]ICn water. 
 
 Some nouns have a double form, one masc. and the 
 other fern. ; such as, ^] father, plu. oiGJ and 
 
 There are other nouns which are very irregular; as, 
 IS^DO] nation, plu. .oioj. 
 
 Many words of a Greek origin retain the Greek ter- 
 mination in the plural ; as, |kli.Oj ^ry/ua, plu. ]Z)iQ-.0> 
 Soynara. Others terminate in QO\, CDOj CD| or .CD, 
 resembling the termination as of the Greek accusative 
 plural; as, ]n ,A .>. StaOriKt), plu. .onnn >A .^. StaOrjitas, 8cc.
 
 24 STATES OF NOUNS. 
 
 18. States of Nouns. 
 
 To the absolute and constructive state of nouns, 
 which the Hebrews have, the Syrians add a third, 
 the Definite, or as it has been more generally called, 
 the Emphatic. This is indicated by the termination 
 and is equivalent in general to the article n before 
 a Hebrew noun. It happens however that the primary 
 signification of this state has been departed from in 
 many instances, and nouns are found in the def. state 
 when only an indef. sense is intended to be expressed. 
 The rules for passing from one state to another depend 
 either upon the gender, the number, or the final letter, 
 or on more than one of these. First for 
 19- Masculine Nouns. 
 
 In the singular number the absolute and con- 
 structive states are the same. 
 
 The definite state is obtained by the addition of 
 }' to the end of the absolute. Hence the definite 
 state of masculine nouns and the absolute state of 
 feminine nouns have the same form. 
 
 Those nouns ending in ] in the absolute state, 
 in the definite, the } is changed into ]_/. 
 
 The constructive state plural number is formed by 
 changing the termination ^ of the absolute into .J 
 
 x 
 
 and ^_, into ^_I. 
 
 The def. plu. is formed from the absolute by chang- 
 ing the termination ^ , into ] and ^_, into ^ ; this 
 
 and the preceding rules will be illustrated by some 
 examples, which will presently follow.
 
 STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS. 25 
 
 To ascertain the changes of vowels, which nouns 
 undergo in their different states of both numbers, or 
 which is the same thing, given the abs. state sing. num. 
 to find the vowels and their position in the constr. and 
 def. states for both numbers. 
 
 1st. If a word consist of three consonants and a 
 vowel on the second consonant, which is the case with 
 a very large class of nouns, this form is equivalent to 
 one of the old forms of segolate nouns in Hebrew. In 
 Syriac these forms are i. ^LD the alternate form of 
 which is ^4rj or ^40. n. ^^4 ^ ^4^ or \^Q . 
 
 in. ^so^o alt. ^~o_o . Now whenever the noun in its 
 primitive form receives a syllabic augment, the alternate 
 form is used; thus, jA.. man, def. }l^% We have 
 therefore only to add the proper termination to the 
 alternate form to obtain the def. state sing, or the abs. 
 const, and def. states plural*. Thus, 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Def. Abs. and Constr. 
 
 07 7 
 
 ; <^ > morning 1 
 
 y 
 
 book 2 
 
 servant 3 
 wing 4> 
 
 n ** 
 
 } > *^ (*"> captive 5 
 
 K 
 
 | !XXLjt^| body. 6 
 
 * Exception. In ]^ the vowel remains in its place in the 
 abs. and def. states plural.
 
 26 STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Def. Constr. Abs. 
 
 r r ? 7 
 
 T <TI _;_21_ "i * * mornings 
 
 books 
 
 * *. j 9, *" 
 
 |Vn (-> ... . . Vn n . . Vn - 
 
 servants 
 
 4 
 
 1. In the foregoing examples, that which is marked 
 (l) comprehends all those nouns having i on the second con- 
 sonant, and remitting it to the first in the process of inflexion ; 
 such are j-Ls body, .<^v dust, *2\ time, ^>j beard. 
 
 2. In the second example, we have those nouns which 
 take ^ in the second consonant, but in inflexion, it is changed 
 to * and remitted to the first. The truth is, the vowel " is 
 the proper vowel in both places, and the reason of the change 
 is that in such nouns the last letter is a guttural or Rish. 
 
 3. In the third example are included those nouns whose 
 
 forms are ^^o and ^^D> such are ..\Vn king, io^. bone, 
 ^ 
 
 husband, io-j^ anathema, . - <?M soul. 
 
 4. The fourth example belongs to that class of nouns 
 whose forms are ^0 and 
 
 5. Nouns having the third radical Olaph, take the forms 
 which are exhibited in the example ]^- ; but ]L. manifest, 
 
 T> Vv 
 
 covered, have their definite forms ] 1 V *
 
 STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS. 27 
 
 boy y makes in the def. plu. ] > ^ ^ as if from the obsolete 
 word . . *\^ we have likewise ] 1 Vn as if from 
 
 6. All nouns of the forms ^ol^o and ^00 are repre- 
 sented by the sixth example. 
 
 ^ifj herb, def. ]A. may be considered as belonging to 
 
 i 
 
 the same class of nouns, as ^ov . The Yud has Chevotso, 
 
 because this letter is never without a vowel when it begins 
 a word. If the last consonant be a guttural or Rish, it is 
 preceded by the vowel Pethoco instead of Revotso ; as, 
 ^^ month, .* . heap of stones. 
 
 Such nouns as, ^ > v eye, j>ool day, correspond to the 
 
 Hebrew segolate nouns. In these, the vowel is changed 
 into ?, in the def. state sing., and all the states plu., 
 and this new vowel makes a diphthong with o or *-*, 
 thus; 
 
 Singular. 
 Def. Abs. and Constr. 
 
 eye 
 
 day. 
 Plural. 
 
 Def. Constr. 
 
 . 5- r 
 
 . . ^nn . 
 
 2nd. Other classes of nouns are the following.
 
 28 STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS. 
 
 1. Such nouns as admit no change of vowels in 
 inflexion ; thus, 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Def. Abs. and Constr. 
 
 1 . -i - ~ *"> evi/. 
 
 Def. Constr. Abs. 
 
 The vowel Zekofo is immutable, and therefore mono- 
 syllables with this vowel are represented by . .*; as, AiVn 
 
 portion, o'Aa 6ooA;. Nouns also having two or more sylla- 
 bles, if the penultimate terminate in a consonant, or if the 
 ultimate syllable be perfect without the terminating conso- 
 nant, belong to this class ; as, . vJ\c^v> explanation, , . Vn\) 
 
 disciple. Some nouns wanting an absolute state may be re- 
 
 07 07 71 
 
 ferred to it; as, p >"| Me ^^g*, ]_,j] ^Ae Zzow, ]JQ_K Me ser- 
 pew#, lloio death, "jo^CD winter, ]Zo conversation, for 
 
 7 "* 
 
 the form of the definite state remains in all the parts of 
 their inflexion. Finally, nouns which possess either of the fol- 
 lowing forms preserve their vowels immutable, viz. . . \rT^j- 
 
 *. P 
 
 def. ] . \o fvo^ ^\ . ^o def. ]1 . f\r> . A few nouns appear 
 
 x x 
 
 to correspond with the segolate nouns in Hebrew, but which 
 really belong to this class; as, \^ carcase, 5a^l small, 
 ^n . v> magician. 
 
 2. Monosyllables, the vowel of which is ? or % 
 nouns of many syllables, the last of which is mutable, 
 are exemplified in the following Table.
 
 STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS. 
 
 29 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Def. 
 
 to 
 
 Abs. and Constr. 
 species 
 
 Priest 
 Path. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Constr. 
 
 Abs. 
 
 ' Def. 
 
 ..7 7 
 
 Li_M ^j-Jl ^ species 
 
 . o 7o o 
 
 Prierf* 
 Pflrtta. 
 
 The noun .o sow, makes in the plural . i -> sows ,- 
 as if it were derived from a different root. Also ^>Q- is 
 peculiar in receiving the consonant 01 in the plural ; 
 
 ff y p p 
 
 tnus ? >mVr> m * >mVn ^ lOT^Q-s * 
 
 3. Nouns of more than one syllable, terminating 
 in Olaph or Yud may constitute another class. 
 Such are, 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Def. 
 
 Abs. and Constr. 
 
 seen 
 
 .07 
 
 f >A V) 
 
 Def. 
 
 07 7 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Constr. 
 
 Abs.
 
 30 STATES OF MASCULINE NOUNS. 
 
 A few nouns double the last letter in the plural; 
 but the linea occultans is placed under the first of 
 the two letters; thus, ^cJ sea, plu. iViVtl . V)V) I 
 
 i ~ 
 
 L people, is also another instance. 
 
 20. States of Feminine Nouns. 
 In the singular number the constructive state, 
 changes f of the absolute into L ? ; thus, ]L year AJ_. 
 Nouns, which in the absolute state terminate in 
 
 cT or ^ in the constructive, end in Zo* or A., ; as, 
 
 i * 
 
 victory, constr. ZODI : *"" usury, constr. A__25 . 
 
 Fern, nouns having a masc. termination ; as, 
 
 belly, those ending in Z; as, Ailo portion, make the 
 abs. and constr. states the same. 
 
 The definite state of fern, nouns, which have a 
 masc. termination is the same as that of masc. nouns ; 
 as, j&iS belly, def. ITD^. 
 
 
 
 In the def. state the \ of the abs. is changed into 
 12.; as, ]lS0 word, def. ")A\v 
 
 If the word in the abs. state terminate in \1; 
 the Yud becomes quiescent in the def. state and 
 the preceding consonant takes z ; if the termination 
 in the abs. be 16; then Vau becomes quiescent in * 
 in the def. Ex. 4. 5. 
 
 Nouns ending in o or , make the def. by the 
 
 x 
 
 addition of ]1; those ending in t add only V in the 
 def. Ex. 6. 7. 8. 9.
 
 STATES OF FEMININE NOUNS. 31 
 
 To avoid the concourse of several consonants 
 without a vowel, or which is the same thing, to 
 Facilitate the pronunciation ; a vowel, namely ^ or ^ 
 
 p 7 
 
 is placed with the second or third radical ; as, Uk>$] 
 widow, def. ] A \vnVj 7 
 
 A few nouns ending in /, in the abs. masc. ; in the 
 def. state fern, assume * under the Nun, which is 
 followed by \L>; as, ^n^o, def. fern. ]A . iv>..!vn com- 
 
 x 
 
 forter. 
 
 In the plural number the constr. state is derived 
 from the abs. by changing the final ^ into ^ and 
 the def. is derived from the abs. by changing .into 
 
 11. 
 
 The Examples in the following Table will fur- 
 ther illustrate what has been here said on the states 
 of fern, nouns. 
 
 Singular. 
 Def. Constr. Abs. 
 
 (JoAo 
 
 virgin 
 
 1 
 
 V 
 
 chariot 
 
 2 
 
 P 7 
 
 
 
 lr^-w 
 
 companion 
 
 3 
 
 o 7 
 
 
 
 ] 1 \j 
 
 girl 
 
 4 
 
 beast 5 
 
 y * * 
 
 Z.OO5 OO5 ten thousand, or a myriad 6 
 
 . m p *> . p 
 
 division 7 
 
 V^ 
 
 usury 8 
 
 Alio portion 9
 
 32 STATES OF FEMININE NOUNS. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Def. Constr. Abs. 
 
 virgins 
 
 V i . v chariots 
 
 f 7 
 
 companions 
 
 )_Q_i_o _Q_I_J ^Q_t_K* beasts 5 
 
 <Q^5 myriads 6 
 
 ^ . V^ divisions 
 
 La }^T> ^OliO portions 9 
 
 1. In No. 1 ; we have an example of those nouns 
 ending in ]' which undergo no change of vowels in their 
 
 different states ; such are, ] ' . ^ evil, ]v . o an egg, ]5oL t 
 
 Vb, 
 
 2. Nouns which assume an additional vowel in the 
 def. state singular. 
 
 3- This example represents nouns in which the vowel 
 on the 1st. rad. of the abs. sing, is removed to the 2nd. 
 rad. in the def. They partake of the character of segolate 
 nouns in Hebrew. 
 
 4, 5. In these examples we have nouns whose termi- 
 nations are |I and ]o. A few nouns belonging to the latter 
 cast away the vowel of the first rad. in the def. state sing. ; 
 as, ")cLKio blow, def.
 
 STATES OF FEMININE NOUNS. 33 
 
 6. This is an example of nouns, ending in o*> which 
 preserve their vowels unchanged, and in which no new vowel 
 is introduced; as, OJ_I_K liberty, <\_^n equality , o .... ... 
 
 i 
 
 utility. 
 
 7- Nouns represented by oJl_\2> are such as receive 
 another vowel in the plu. viz. v or % which is placed on 
 
 the 2nd rad. ; as, o Toi prophecy, 
 
 8. This is the model of nouns, the abs. state of which 
 ends in ._, . In the plural Yud quiescent is changed into 
 
 Yud moveable. 
 
 9. In the nouns represented by Aik>, we have in the 
 plural L taken away and O moveable placed before the plural 
 termination ; such are, A\v sacrifice, A ^m ablution. 
 
 In some instances the last letter is written twice in the 
 
 H O 7 
 
 plural ; as, jla bride, plu. \\^ . 
 
 There are some anomalies ; as, ]lxo 7 praise, ]Av.n A 7 
 in the def. ; "JA^, sister, plu. def. ]Zcuj|| . 
 
 21. The Syrians have no cases, which are marked 
 by terminations; but the nominative and oblique cases 
 of the Greeks and Latins are known by the context, or 
 are expressed by the constructive state, by the influence 
 of a transitive verb, or by some particle ; as, 
 _io, &c. preceding; thus, 
 
 uo I . Jesus departed. 
 
 words of God ; or, 
 God. 
 3
 
 34 ADJECTIVES. 
 
 foWiV to the king; tv> 1 . \ to Jesus; ]',vnm\ to 
 the blind man. 
 
 ^ world. Sometimes we see 
 in imitation of the Hebrew rw*. See Gen. i. 1. 
 
 oj O/ woman. See also Acts i. 1. 
 tt'/A /^ #, &c. 
 
 Adjectives. 
 
 22. The Syriac adjectives are few, but this defect 
 is supplied by other words, which when placed in cer- 
 tain positions obtain the use and signification of adjec- 
 tives. For instance, the state of construction will supply 
 the force of an adjective; as, Vjoa &LJk) city qfholi- 
 
 X 
 
 ness, i.e. holy city, Matth. iv. 5. Also a substantive 
 put absolutely with > prefixed ; as, . - <*** ]. .. ^ a natural 
 body, oo05? l^J) a spiritual body, 1 Cor. xv. 44. Also 
 in other ways; as, the fire, QoSsj jElj w^^A t not extin- 
 guished, i. e. inextinguishable) <QG ^o_L ^1j ^ojcn 
 *j-w jL OT 011 /^y #o w^om ^g showed himself alive, 
 lit. (0s living.} 
 
 Adjectives are distinguished by gender, number and 
 states, which are the same as in the substantives. It 
 is only necessary to notice that in adjectives, the 
 masc. def. and the fern. abs. have the same form; 
 but they are easily known one from the other by 
 the substantive or the verb with which they are
 
 ADJECTIVES. 35 
 
 connected. The degrees of comparison are not to be 
 found in a change of the adjective, but are merely 
 marked by certain particles and connections. 
 
 The comparative is expressed by the positive con- 
 strued with <^o either preceding or following it; as, 
 dbi >> ^o -10 greater than all; there is sometimes 
 
 added &j[ powerfully ; or, j_,Al more ; as, ]Aj^Lo 
 
 X X 
 
 <ji_lsoa) _-52.? liJCoSLm v> .^^ and sharper than a 
 two edged sword, lit. very much sharper. Blessed 
 is he who gives ./^m ^ |jL>] _So ;_*Aj more than he 
 who receives. The comparative is sometimes marked 
 by the sense of the passage only ; as, ]oau ]I - r> 
 
 ISollS, }r^ the elder shall be servant to the younger. 
 
 The superlative is often formed by the duplication 
 of the positive; as, W.Vo V\ .\A least; sometimes 
 
 X X 
 
 by adding the particle ^^ very, which is equivalent 
 to the TKE5 of the Hebrews; as, *n^5 ] - " ^ worst, 
 
 plu. ; sometimes again by . . .. <v> much ; as, ~ . .. 
 
 ]7.o !v> most honoured; or, by o prefixed to the 
 plural; as, ]^\Cn^ "j^^i small among kings, i.e. 
 
 x 
 
 the least of kings; or as, }-* *^-* ^poijo^i least of 
 
 X 
 
 the Apostles, literally, least of those who (are) the 
 Apostles ; or it is expressed in the following man- 
 ner; whosoever therefore shall break one IJ^DO^ VD 
 IJOAI - V'TI of these least commandments. Matth. v. 
 
 19. see also two other places in this verse. 
 
 3 2
 
 36 
 
 ADJECTIVES. 
 
 Many adjectives are formed by the addition of \1' 
 to the words from which they are derived; thus, 
 ] [ & m n * corporeal, }1)Q^ mountainous, ]".." . ^o primi- 
 
 tive; so also adjectives having a Greek origin; as, 
 
 P P 7 r p 7 P 
 
 ]_,^i^ barbarous, 1>j}} aerial. In some instances the 
 termination ]j is added to the primitive word to form 
 the adjective; as, }Lm-*> primary, ] i.\m hairy, ]iS_> 
 proper. 
 
 23. Numerals. 
 Numerals are either cardinal (](\ . - <*). or ordinal 
 
 Cardinal. 
 
 Fern. Masc. 
 
 Ordinal. 
 Fern. Masc. 
 
 owe 
 
 Constr. 
 
 .-.2.52. ^jjZ _* 
 
 - 
 
 lA i \ i ^5 ] i S t ^3 
 
 'T four 
 
 sixth 
 
 S i n seventh 
 
 i 
 
 u.1 .W. V. 1 ,W eigAM 
 m n <A 
 
 L. ]Lm] or 
 
 seven 
 
 K,Z ni 
 
 nne
 
 NUMERALS. 
 
 37 
 
 From ten to twenty the numbers one, two, &c. are 
 prefixed to ten, in the following manner. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 . 
 
 jy 
 
 Fern. 
 
 ]'A >r . m v ? . . 
 
 &c. 
 
 Cardinal 
 
 Masc. 
 
 7 7 
 
 eleven 
 twelve 
 thirteen 
 
 777 
 
 m v V>^ 
 
 5 1 fourteen 
 fifteen 
 
 * VA 7 7 A 
 
 . m v7 A . m vA sixteen 
 
 1 7 
 
 m v^ seventeen 
 
 . rn v>\ i V>7 
 .rr> vA 7 
 
 Ordinal. 
 
 eighteen 
 . m v 7 nineteen. 
 
 Masc. 
 
 {11 1 m SiZ 
 
 eleventh 
 
 thirteenth. 
 
 &c. 
 
 The law for deriving them from the cardinal is suffi- 
 ciently obvious. 
 
 Cardinal numbers from three are for the most part 
 joined to the thing numbered by Apposition in the abso-
 
 38 NUMERALS. 
 
 Intestate; as, ^'^ ]LZ>?( four months; ^ 
 
 z 
 
 ten virgins. But the constructive state is occasionally 
 used; thus in Matth. iv. 25. we have )&L^&0 imi ten 
 cities, literally, a decad of cities. 
 
 These numbers are frequently found to occupy the 
 place 6f ordinals. In Luke i. 59. we have ]_liiaZ.j ]Soo_I 
 the day which (is) eight, i. e. the eighth day, . v A^ 
 
 i -a 
 
 hour. 
 
 Denary numbers from 20 to 90 are expressed in the 
 plural and are of the common gender ; thus, .ym^ twenty, 
 
 thirty, ^ . sn?f forty, ^. V) 
 
 seventy, . iVn7 eighty, . v7 ninety. 
 
 The ordinals are derived from these by adding the 
 termination ]^ for the masculine, and ]^' for the femi- 
 nine ; as, masc. ] 1 1 .. m v fern. ]A ^ i ..mv twentieth. 
 
 The remaining numerals are, ]]VD a hundred, 
 
 hundred, ]]SoAlLl #Aree hundred, &c. which are form- 
 ed by prefixing the less number of the feminine gender 
 before ^]VJD. Also, .<?>^\ or ^W^ a thousand, fern. 
 
 plu. . ^^s. . ba2^, ooj ten thousand. 
 
 Twice, thrice, &c. are sometimes expressed by cardinals, 
 with the noun ^\ time after it; as, Aj ]^ once, lit. 
 one time. 
 
 Words denoting a part of the whole are, ]'A\ol a 
 third part, ]SQJ a fourth part, : fttvV> a tenth, &c.
 
 NUMERALS. 39 
 
 Multiples, as double, treble, &c. are expressed by ^ > 
 and a cardinal number following with ^ prefixed, or 
 sometimes without it ; as, ]vo Jo ^ seven fold, lit. one 
 in or into seven, __5Z ,_** double. 
 
 The days of the week are, ]A -^ jJL ^r*< day of 
 the week, ]A1^ r-'^- secon d day, SEC.
 
 PRONOUNS. 
 
 24. PRONOUNS are sometimes separable, i. e. con- 
 sist of words, and sometimes inseparable., i. e. they are 
 expressed by certain particles called affixes placed at 
 the end of nouns, verbs, or other particles. The 
 following is a Table of the personal pronouns. 
 
 Plural. 
 Fern. Com. Masc. 
 
 Singular. 
 Fern. Com. Masc. 
 
 We 
 
 ^ i 1J1 
 
 You _ 
 
 They. 
 
 She 
 
 OO1 
 
 OO1 
 
 /, 1st person. 
 Thou, 2d. 
 
 He, 3d. 
 
 001 and ^01 are also used for the demonstrative 
 pronouns; as, 001 1^. that man, ^01 ]ZAj] 
 
 ^QJ] and ,___j] are for the most part found after 
 
 a transitive verb; as, ^QJ] Q<AO ^QJOI they have filled 
 them, John ii. 9. 
 
 25. The Demonstrative Pronouns. 
 
 IjCJI 
 
 ,-jAcn 
 
 a 
 
 ^^r 
 
 this, fern. 
 
 these, of both genders. 
 
 ^ 
 
 .00 
 
 poi 
 
 ^ i.JOT 
 
 *, masc. 
 
 these, masc. 
 
 , fern,
 
 RELATIVE AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. 41 
 
 These become reciprocal by being joined to the 
 personal pronouns ; as, "jjoi 001 he himself, fjoi ,_,cn 
 
 x 
 
 she herself. 
 
 "jjcn and "jxri coalesce with 001 and _cn ; and then 
 
 we have the following compounds, QJCTI this is, masc. 
 ^,01 Ijoi this is, fern. 
 
 26*. The Relative and Interrogative Pronouns. 
 
 The relative is > of both genders and numbers 
 and is prefixed to words. It is probably the same 
 as the Hebrew nt (which has sometimes the power of 
 a relative pronoun) and has the same use and sig- 
 nification; as, af or 
 
 The interrogatives are, 
 
 of the person <>o, also, who? 
 
 of the thing <^>, )k>, ^Q^D, <oSo, ]iiOj what? 
 
 Vn is of both genders and numbers. o i^n is com- 
 
 P 7 1* 77 1 77*7 
 
 01 Vn and OO1 ; as, . .rno i . V <JLA >jA) QJLiD? 
 
 who hath opened his eyes ? lit. who is he, who hath 
 opened for him his eyes ? 
 
 Interrogatives of both person and thing are ]i_,f 
 masc. ] r ,'| 7 fern, who, which, what? of the sing. numb. 
 and . V .~f . who, which, what? of the plural. 
 
 When > is used with these interrogatives, they 
 
 P f 7 
 
 become relatives; as, ^]i J]j ,_!05 he who goeth not 
 up, leu? ]v>-? ]^> the bear which he saw.
 
 42 
 
 AFFIXES. 
 
 Care must be taken not to confound Vn with the 
 preposition Vn. Before the use of vowels the former 
 
 word was written Vn with a point above it and the 
 latter <sn. 
 
 27- The following Table exhibits what are called 
 pronominal affixes, which are added to the end of 
 nouns. They are certain abbreviated terminations or 
 inseparable particles and have the signification of pos- 
 sessive pronouns. 
 
 Singular. 
 ^ com. gender, my 
 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 com. gender. 
 
 my 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 >" 
 
 masc. 
 
 thy 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 >-^-> 
 
 fern. 
 
 thy 
 
 V 
 
 
 
 ,010 
 
 masc. 
 
 his 
 
 OU 
 
 fern. 
 
 her 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 <r* 
 
 com. 
 
 our 
 
 * 7 
 
 
 
 ' ^ ' 
 
 masc. 
 
 your 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 ^-< 
 
 fern. 
 
 your 
 
 *. 7 
 
 
 
 XTLi 
 
 masc. 
 
 their 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 iGT-j 
 
 fern. 
 
 their 
 
 masc. 
 fern. 
 Ol masc. 
 
 Ol fern. 
 
 7 
 
 _ com. 
 12 masc. 
 
 fern. 
 
 OO1 masc. 
 fern. 
 
 ^ 
 
 thy 
 thy 
 his 
 
 her 
 
 your 
 your 
 
 their 
 their. 
 
 28. There are separate possessive pronouns. They 
 are expressed by the letters ^_, ? , which are put before 
 
 the affixes; thus, ^lu? my, ^ ? %, mas c., 
 , fern., oiX,? his, oi^L? her, 
 
 our, 
 
 . your,
 
 NOUNS WITH AFFIXES. 43 
 
 masc., n ^-? your, fern., ^cmXjj their, masc., , 
 their, fern. 
 
 Distributive pronouns are expressed by ]-*] , v i i] 
 and the preposition ^o; sometimes the substantive 
 
 d 
 
 is taken away and the distributive pronoun is in- 
 dicated by ,_io only; thus, ^OTLLLD v i i| some of 
 
 them, or ^pcruiD some of them. Also . - i \A or ^OAn 
 whosoever, ]VQ\^ or v^^nVA whatsoever. The latter 
 
 pronoun is composed of ^ aU, and iOylo something; 
 or, wy thing. 
 
 Other pronouns are formed by adding the affixes 
 to the nouns ] <^ 7 i soul or person, and IkjoLo 
 substance, or person; as, > . ^i "jla *^^ thyself. 
 m 01 .01 .. ^1o #w<7 /^^ w^w/, Jianged himself. 
 
 w himself. See, also John vi. 53. 
 
 29- Nouns with Affixes. 
 
 We come now to nouns with affixes. The vowel 
 changes of nouns receiving the affixes in Hebrew are 
 many and complicated; but in Syriac are few and 
 simple. The following is an example of a masculine 
 noun, which is first put in the definite state and 
 then takes the affixes in the place of the termina- 
 
 tion f.
 
 44 
 
 NOUNS WITH AFFIXES. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Def. State. }sD king 
 
 1st. pers. sing. com. . i O\V> nty king 
 
 o . 7 
 
 2nd masc. ^.nNV) thy 
 
 2nd fern. . i nn\V) thy 
 
 3rd masc. 
 
 3rd fern. 
 
 1st. pers. plu. com. no our 
 
 2nd masc. ^on"l> your 
 
 2nd fern. ^. i "nVf) your 
 
 3rd masc. ^vn^\Vf> their 
 
 3rd fern. ^CTinVn their. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 1st. pers. sing. com. - ^ xV> m y kings 
 
 2nd masc. -^ > ^^^> ///// 
 
 7 . 7 
 
 2nd fern. . . n . n\Vi thy 
 
 7 . 7 
 
 3rd masc. . .rnnnxVi ^ Z ' A - 
 
 3rd fern. rn . nV;^ her 
 
 1st. pers. plu. com. 
 2nd masc. 
 
 y . 7 
 
 2nd fern. . n . n\V> your 
 
 3rd masc. Vvn . n\Vn their 
 
 3rd fern. ^ >rn . n\Vo their. 
 
 1. The word . .o\V) is pronounced JKfo/%; the 
 being otiose.
 
 NOUNS WITH AFFIXES. 45 
 
 2. Nouns in the singular number the definite 
 state of which terminates in ]!, form the affix of the 
 first person singular in ,_,, and the second and third 
 
 ac 
 
 persons plural in ^O^LI, v -> -? <ooij, ,_icru ; thus, 
 ] '. V boy, . . . \ [ my boy, ^ A.\^ your boy, ^001 1 N 
 
 I X I 
 
 their boy. ]lo Lord, which takes the affixes from 
 }&, is an exception to this rule. 
 
 3. Those nouns having the abs. state; as, ^ois, 
 
 and the definite; as, ]JOID retain the * with the 
 affixes of the first person sing, and second and third 
 persons plu. ; as, <^j<j\h my priest. Again, those in 
 
 the abs. state having the vowel ? on the last syl- 
 lable, and any other vowel on the preceding syllable; 
 the ? is preserved with the affixes of the above- 
 mentioned persons; as, ] J l^ r k), abs. o^JDyk) altar, 
 
 77 J. 
 
 . . .... ~> t v> my altar. 
 
 4. There are some nouns, namely, monysyllables ; 
 which have the vowel * in the abs. state; and 
 which lose it in the definite. Such nouns preserve 
 the * with the affixes of the above-mentioned per- 
 sons; as, ioj def. ]ioj blood, . >vn^ my blood. 
 
 5. Some nouns in the plural number receive the 
 affixes both in the def. and const, states. They are 
 those which terminate in the absolute state in ^ ; 
 
 the definite in ]I 7 and the constructive in ~ . !. 
 
 Note, . . A\Vn has two significations. 1st. my kings. 
 2nd. kings of; as, ]y} 7 - . n\Vn kings of the earth.
 
 46 NOUNS WITH AFFIXES. 
 
 Three nouns, namely, ]]' father, \$ brother, 
 father-in-law, take the affixes in an irregular manner. 
 
 7 
 
 1st. pers. sing. com. i*~)| my father 
 
 X 7 
 
 2nd .......... masc. ^ao] thy ...... 
 
 0, 7 
 
 2nd .......... fern. w^-SO^l thy ...... 
 
 *. 7 
 
 3rd .......... masc. v_(JIO_r2J his ...... 
 
 ' * \ 
 3rd .......... fern. OlO^j her ...... 
 
 X 7 
 
 1st. pers. plu. com. \Q^I our ...... 
 
 * -X7 
 
 2nd .......... masc. ^O-2OO| your ...... 
 
 X 7 
 
 2nd .......... fern. . no -V| your ...... 
 
 * *, 7 
 
 3rd .......... masc. ^poioo] their ...... 
 
 9* 7 
 
 3rd .......... fern. Oldo] their ...... 
 
 The other two nouns take the affixes in the same 
 way; except that fen_v. makes . .Vn^. my father-in-law. 
 
 See obs. 4, p. 45. 
 
 30. In feminine nouns the same affixes are used 
 for both numbers; namely, those which are annexed 
 to the singular number of masculine nouns. They are 
 put to the end of feminine nouns in the constructive 
 state in the first person singular, and in the second 
 and third persons plural, and at the end of their 
 definite state in the other parts, the termination ] 
 having been taken away. The reason of this differ- 
 ence is, that in the pronominal affixes mentioned ; 
 if they were placed to the definite state of the noun, 
 there would be a concourse of several consonants 
 without a vowel.
 
 NOUNS WITH AFFIXES. 
 
 The following is an example of feminine nouns 
 with affixes. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 abs. I*"* 1 ; family const. A*"*i; def. 
 
 1st. pers. sing. com. -*Arb;_ my family 
 
 2nd masc. ^AiD;_ ///// 
 
 7 
 
 2nd fem. - "^A'-v thy 
 
 7 
 
 3rd masc. OlA*""); his 
 
 3rd fem. OlAo^j* her 
 
 1st. pers. plu. com. \A^i- OMr 
 
 *> 7 7 
 
 2nd masc. ^OI)Ao;- ^OMr 
 
 2nd fem. . nAo. ^oMr 
 
 4k 7 7 
 
 3rd masc. ^OCTlAo^ their 
 
 77 
 
 3rd fem. ^-aOlA^iJ M>. 
 
 P/wra/. 
 
 7 
 
 1st. pers. sing. com. -iA3;_ my families 
 
 2nd masc. ^iAo;_ ///// 
 
 o 7 
 
 2nd fem. _ju2A^^ ///// 
 
 7) 
 
 f 7 
 
 3rd masc. (7lAiD;_ his 
 
 t> p 7 
 
 3rd fem. O"lAp;.. Aer 
 
 7 P 7 
 
 1st. pers. plu. com. ^A*^; our 
 
 <\ p 7 
 
 2nd masc. ^QDA^"); ^our 
 
 2nd fem. > nAo. ^<w 
 
 ** p 7 
 
 3rd masc. ^nrnA*^. MezV 
 
 3rd. . . fem. jOlAsi^ MV.
 
 48 NOUNS WITH AFFIXES. 
 
 ]2*o with the affix *_, transfers the v from the 
 first to the following letter; thus, ^Z^ my daughter; 
 but it remains in the others ; as, ^L^ thy daughter, 
 ooZj^i your daughter. 
 
 31. Numerals and Particles with Affixes. 
 
 Numerals also receive the affixes of masculine nouns 
 in the plural numher; thus, v o<JujZ 7 these two, masc., 
 _<JL/Z>Z 7 these two, fern., ^porl'^LlZ these three, masc., 
 ^pCT-iAirri] these four, ^nrn .A Ivn^> these jive, 
 these six, rn /Avol these seven., 
 
 . 
 
 ten. 
 
 When the singular affixes are annexed, they have 
 the power of possessive pronouns, and possess there- 
 fore another signification. For example, rn7 : rr>v his 
 
 ten, .y/.fnv thy ten, ^poiZ^iiA ^/z^V ten, and we find 
 very frequently in the New Testament m7 : r^v;; /,? 
 
 twelve, speaking of the twelve disciples of Christ. 
 
 A great number of particles take the affixes ; as, 
 wo in, . .-. in me, ^ in thee ; ^ to, ^\ to you, ^k> 
 
 from, rnivn from him, iv> ^-ow w^, ; y Amo /?er, 
 ^ooij^ms after them, &c. Some particles take the 
 
 affixes of masc. nouns plu. ; as, io^o before, - . v/o 
 i^/br^ m^, v . . vr>[ n ip/br^ thee; so likewise, ^1 ow or 
 upon, .o>K>. t /br, instead of, and others.
 
 VERBS. 
 
 32. IN Syriac, as in Hebrew, the root of the verb 
 is the 3rd pers. sing. numb, masculine gender of the 
 first conjugation. Most of the roots are triliteral, a few 
 are quadriliteral. The triliteral roots have a vowel 
 under the second letter, and make only one syllable. 
 
 The different forms of the verb, which express various 
 modifications of the original sense, are usually called 
 conjugations. They amount to eight, of which four 
 have an active, and four a passive, and sometimes a 
 reciprocal signification. They derive their names from 
 the verb VMy\. and are contained in the following table, 
 from which the characteristic of each conjugation may 
 be observed. 
 
 Act. Pass. 
 
 1 Peal \Ls> 2 Ethpeel 
 
 3 Pael gs 4 Ethpaal 
 
 * 
 
 5 Aphel \2>} 6 Ethtaphal 
 
 1 
 
 7 Shaphel Wv<* 1 8 Eshtaphal 
 
 The Peal conjugation is the same as the Kal of 
 the Hebrews ; that is, it expresses the verb in its sim- 
 plest form and meaning. 
 
 4
 
 50 VERBS. 
 
 Ethpeel is the passive of the preceding conjugation, 
 and like the other passive conjugations has the syllable 
 L] prefixed*. 
 
 n 
 
 Pael is the Piel of the Hebrews, when the signi- 
 fication of the Peal conjugation is intransitive, the Pael 
 makes it transitive ; as, JD>I lie was just, Pael *ojf he 
 
 T 
 
 justified; sometimes it expresses the Peal sense with 
 greater energy ; as, ^ he sought, Pa. he sought dili- 
 gently. This conjugation has a causative sense in some 
 verbs ; as, ^i he bought, ^{ he caused to buy, i. e. 
 
 he sold. To the Pael is sometimes assigned the sense 
 of commanding, permitting and declaring what is ex- 
 pressed by the Peal, and sometimes these two conju- 
 gations have the same signification. 
 
 Ethpaal is the passive of the preceding conjugation. 
 As the Pael, in many instances, signifies to make or 
 cause to do whatever is indicated by the Peal; the 
 Ethpaal will necessarily signify to be made to do, that 
 which is denoted by the Peal, and hence it is that 
 the Peal and Ethpaal conjugations in some verbs pos- 
 sess the same meaning; as, .^I -> he thought, .ol T.7] 
 he was made to think, i. e. lie thought. 
 
 * Professor Lee in his Heb. Gram., supposes L] to be a frag- 
 ment of the verb |Z| fie came; that it was originally written in 
 
 full; but in process of time it was pronounced and afterwards 
 written with the verb, the sense of which it qualified. See in 
 his Chap, on Heemanti nouns, his account of the force of this 
 and other particles which are prefixed to primitive words.
 
 VERBS. 
 
 51 
 
 Aphel corresponds to the Hiphil of the Hebrews. 
 In sense it is usually causative of Peal ; as, pj he 
 remembered; Aph. ^DJ] T he caused to be remembered; 
 he commemorated. It is also found to possess the sig- 
 nification of desiring, permitting, declaring, exhibiting, 
 &c. whatever is indicated by the Peal ; as, -(\V") he 
 
 permitted, or granted power, Vv^nv1 ? he exhibited trou- 
 ble. In some instances it has an intransitive meaning ; 
 as, jau] 7 it shone. The characteristic is } 7 prefixed to 
 the root. 
 
 The preceding conjugations are of very frequent use, 
 and are acknowledged by all Grammarians. Those which 
 follow are of much rarer occurrence. 
 
 The Ethtaphal is the passive of the preceding con- 
 jugation. It is formed from the Aphel by prefixing 
 the particle L], and changing the Olaph, the charac- 
 
 teristic of the Aphel conjugation, into Thau. Examples 
 of this form are seldom found. See Mark xiii. 24. 
 (Philox. vers.) the sun ^^_K!AJ shall be darkened. 
 
 The Shaphel conjugation is generally considered to 
 have the same signification as the Aphel; it is formed 
 by prefixing ^ to the root, and like the Pael and 
 Aphel take * under the second radical instead of ?. 
 By many persons this conjugation has been referred 
 to quadriliteral verbs; but it is found so frequently, 
 much more so than the Ethtaphal, that Michaelis and 
 others have made it a separate conjugation of triliterals. 
 
 4 2
 
 52 VERBS. 
 
 Examples are, .*^- he made or caused to serve, 
 he inflamed, ^Vnl ^ matfe perfect. 
 
 Eshtaphal is the passive of the preceding conjuga- 
 tion, and is formed from it by prefixing L], transposing 
 the L with the o, and changing * under the second 
 radical into ?. 
 
 The Eshtaphal conjugation agrees in form with the 
 tenth conjugation of Arabic verbs. 
 
 If the first radical of a verb be i, m, ., ^*; it is 
 transposed with Z of the particle L] in the Ethpeel and 
 Ethpaal conjugations; as, -n^A*] he was left, instead 
 of .r^-7] ; .rX7\rW) he ivas lifted up, instead of .rXn-J'j . 
 
 After 1, the L is changed into 5, and after . into ^; 
 as, . ^]] he was conquered, -A^.] he was crucified. 
 
 Verbs are either regular or irregular. The former 
 class includes all those verbs which preserve their radi- 
 cals unchanged throughout all their inflexions, the latter 
 those, which lose or undergo a change of one or more 
 radicals. 
 
 There are two tenses, the preterite and future. 
 Their forms are ^c and ^QJ^QJ and these forms 
 
 determine the past and fut. times more accurately 
 than they do in Hebrew. The present tense may be 
 expressed by the active participle with the aid of the 
 personal pronouns. By means also of the auxiliary 
 verb two other tenses are defined; namely, the im- 
 perfect and plusperfect, of which some account will 
 be afterwards given.
 
 VERBS. 53 
 
 The different numbers, persons and genders are 
 formed by prefixes and affixes joined to the root of 
 the verb as in the Hebrew. 
 
 The Imperative form is used in an affirmative 
 sense. A negation or prohibition is expressed by the 
 
 future tense and the particle }] not placed before it. 
 
 The Infinitive is in its nature an abstract noun, 
 and as such receives the pronominal affixes. It has 
 an active, neuter, or passive sense; and when added 
 to the verb will give intensity to the signification. 
 
 33. Before we proceed to give the tables of the 
 different classes of verbs, it is desirable to present the 
 reader with the tenses, &c. of the substantive verb 
 ]6oi he was, and of A.,] is, which are peculiar in 
 
 x 
 
 their forms and because the former is much used in 
 the general conjugations. 
 
 Prceterite Tense. 
 
 Person. Sing. Number. Gender. 
 
 1 AjOOl / was com. 
 
 i 
 
 2 AjOOl thou wast masc. 
 
 2 _A_iOCTI thou wast fern. 
 
 3 |OOT he was masc. 
 3 ZoCTl she was fern. 
 
 Plural Number. 
 
 7 
 
 1 __OCTI we were com. 
 
 2 ^pjOQl you were masc. 
 
 2 _A_OO1 you were fern. 
 
 7 
 
 3 OOCT1 they were masc. 
 3 -iO<n they were fern.
 
 54 
 
 VERBS. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Person. Singular. Gender. 
 
 OOT I shall or will be com. 
 
 MOM sAaft or wilt be masc. 
 
 MOM *Aa// or wz7/ be fern. 
 
 I 7 
 
 3 foOTJ he shall or ?z;z7/ be masc. 
 
 3 ]ocnZ. */?e shall or n7/ 6e fem. 
 
 Pluial. 
 
 1 ]oOTJ tve shall or mill be com. 
 
 X . 
 
 2 ^OOOlZ. _?/e *Afl// or mill be masc. 
 
 2 __iOCTlZ ye shall or w7/ be fem. 
 
 3 OOU <Ae shall or wz7/ 6e masc. 
 
 3 __OOTJ <Aey *Aa// or will be fem. 
 
 Injfattioe. 
 
 Singular. 
 2 fcjOOl, or AjOOT be thou masc. 
 
 2 _j_iGcn 6e <Aow fem. 
 
 Plural. 
 ^O^jOOl 6e ^e masc. 
 
 . 7 
 
 ^-ZUOOI 6e j(c f em .
 
 VKIIBS. 
 
 55 
 
 Present Tense. 
 
 Singular. 
 ft] ]j] lam 
 
 X 7 
 
 OO1 Aj] thou art 
 
 I 7 
 
 jCTI vjAj] /AoM or/ 
 
 X 7 
 
 OOT OO1 Ae is 
 _i01 w_O1 she is 
 Plural. 
 
 ye are 
 r-j-J ! ^-*Aj| //c are 
 3 ^QJOl _iOO1 they are 
 3 ^ 1O1 _iOOl i/ey are 
 Participle. 
 
 Singular, 
 jocn being or w 
 
 % o i> 
 
 (-iCCn being or ?* 
 
 Plural. - 
 
 _iOOl 6eiw' or are 
 
 v 
 
 _iOOl 6ezn^ or are 
 
 Gender. 
 com. 
 
 masc. 
 fern, 
 masc. 
 fern. 
 
 com. 
 masc. 
 
 fern. 
 
 masc. 
 
 fern. 
 
 masc. 
 
 fern. 
 
 masc. 
 
 fern. 
 
 The personal pronouns are frequently used in the 
 place of the substantive verb after a participle, by 
 which means the present tense of verbs may be ex- 
 pressed, as will be afterwards seen. We have also
 
 56 
 
 VERBS. 
 
 the personal pronoun in such an instance as, ocn 
 
 he is good. In these cases, ^] and ^ are em- 
 
 ployed in preference to ^OJCTI and . vry 
 
 34. We come next to A^ is, which is the same as 
 
 the Hehrew HP. It takes the affixes in the following 
 manner. 
 
 Person. Plural. Singulan 
 
 2 * ore 
 
 2 *** ^ eare ^-A-1 thwart fern. 
 
 3 
 
 e w masc. 
 
 x 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 she is fem. 
 
 If to A,] with its affixes be joined the verb }o<n, 
 the imperfect tense will be formed; thus, A.OOI 
 thou wast, ]ocn ^cruL] he was. 
 
 i 
 
 The verb A.J signifies to have, when it is followed 
 hy Lomad with the pronominal affixes; as, _\ 
 there is for me, i. e . / have. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 r Singular. Gender 
 
 Behave ^\> A.) I have com. 
 
 masc. 
 have ^^ A,] thou hast fem. 
 
 ,., mas , 
 they have oil A.] , fe ^ fem .
 
 VERBS. 57 
 
 y o 
 
 The negative form is A . \j a contraction of ]] 
 and AJ]; when it is joined with the pronominal affixes, 
 
 i 
 
 we ohtain the following, - . V A^JL there is not for 
 
 x 
 
 me, i.e. / have not, ^ A_i_S thou hast not, and so 
 on for the others. Or by annexing the affixes to the 
 verb, we have, ^JL^L I am not, ^Lt^L thou art not, 
 we are not, c. 
 
 35. We will now give a paradigm of ^JD in all 
 its conjugations, &c. as an example of the inflexion 
 of regular verbs in general.
 
 58 
 
 CONJUGATION OF REGULAR VERBS. 
 
 Peal. Ethpeel. ; Pael. Ethpaal. 
 
 Praet. 3. masc. 
 3. fern. 
 2. masc. 
 
 2. fern. 
 
 1. com. 
 Plur. 3. masc. 
 
 3. fern. 
 
 2. masc. 
 2. fern. 
 1. com. 
 
 0X40 
 
 0X40 
 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 Imper. masc. 
 
 fern. 
 Plur. masc. 
 
 fern. 
 
 ^040 
 
 0X040 
 
 _ l _Xo4o 
 
 0^40 
 
 Fut. 3. masc. 
 
 3. fern. 
 
 2. masc. 
 
 2. fern. 
 
 1. com. 
 Plur. 3. masc. 
 
 3. fern. 
 
 2. masc. 
 2. fern. 
 1. com. 
 
 ^40 AJ 
 
 ^040! 
 
 Part. act.
 
 EXAMPLK ^D he slew. 
 
 59 
 
 Aphel. 
 
 Ethtaphal. 
 
 Shaphel. 
 
 Eshtaphal. 
 
 - . V y ^A Jf 
 
 \ ^ 
 
 X . B 7 
 
 rTVfri 
 
 > . p 7 1< 
 
 o \ f\oA m Vn 
 
 V\ j\ 1 <vT>
 
 KEGULAK VERBS. 
 
 36. Observations on Regular Verbs. 
 
 The Prceterite. 
 
 The first letter of the root is generally without 
 a vowel, the second has for the most part v; but 
 sometimes it has *; especially in intransitive verbs 
 and verbs denoting the affections, qualities, or sensa- 
 tions of the mind; as, ^OITD he ceased, ZCTLO he 
 
 Hushed, .no ? he cleaved, ^i he slept, ^5 he 
 trembled, .^- he laid down, ^- he inhabited. 
 Also verbs whose middle radical is Olaph; as, ^|_ 
 
 T 
 
 he enquired, *o]rc he was hoary. Those also whose 
 first radical is Yud have frequently "> under the second; 
 as, ^Aj he set. 
 
 T x 
 
 The Yud of the feminine gender, third person, 
 plural number is sometimes omitted and the verb is 
 written as, ^Lo ^ e V s ^ ew '> fern. The same occasionally 
 happens to Vau of the masculine gender. The reason 
 is that these letters are never pronounced. 
 
 Nun paragogic is added in some instances both 
 to the masc. and fern, genders of the third person, 
 plural number; but more frequently to the latter; 
 as, ^0^4^ v >v ^ , third pers. plu. masc. and fern. 
 
 The force of this particle is supposed to be that 
 of giving energy or certainty to the expressions in 
 which it is found to occur. 
 
 Some verbs are found to have Olaph prosthetic; 
 as, oj^Ll lie found.
 
 REGULAR VERBS. 6l 
 
 The numbers and persons of this tense are formed 
 by affixing a particle of one of the personal pronouns 
 
 A 7 -A 7 7 
 
 to the radical letters; thus, ^pA\4 f r 
 
 The Future. 
 
 This Tense seems to be formed in the active con- 
 jugations by prefixing certain abbreviated forms of 
 the personal pronouns to the imperative mood ; thus, 
 
 , * t> -X *. 
 
 ^o^o) for ^>CLJD an d \i] ; \>o_&-o2 for ^o^o an d 
 A* * " - , * ' 
 
 In the passive conjugations the same forms are 
 used instead of ] of the particle 2.1. 
 
 Verbs having *< under the middle radical of the 
 praeterite, in the future take ? ; as, ,-4^1 ; those also 
 
 whose third radical is a guttural or Rish take ?. 
 A few verbs submit to no rule as to the vowels 
 which they receive; thus, ^>21 / will receive, which 
 
 has the same vowels as the Heb. 
 
 The second and third persons singular feminine 
 sometimes admit Yud Otiose or paragogic at the 
 end; thus, . : i >\Ko7 and 
 
 The praeformative letters are not four as in Hebrew; 
 namely, ]JTN; ^ ut on ly three; namely, ^2], The third 
 person sing, and plu. of both genders take . for , 
 probably from IJOT.
 
 62 REGULAR VERBS. 
 
 is the third pers. sing. masc. and the first 
 
 person plu. ; but the context will determine the person 
 which is to be taken. 
 
 The verb ro* & he obeyed, receives - for * through 
 the whole of the Ethpeel conjugation ; except the infin. 
 which is regular; thus, praet m \ &L] imper. m i *\ ^L] 
 part, -m . g^AVn. 
 
 x 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 The Infinitive of all the conjugations has Mem 
 prseformative. The Peal is masculine. The others 
 have the termination o and are feminine. 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 The observation on the vowel placed over the second 
 radical of the future holds good in the imperative ; as, 
 Ojm make ye, o^kjj sleep ye. In the Ethpeel and 
 
 Ethpaal conjugations, the middle radical has no vowel 
 and under it is placed the tinea occultans. This pecu- 
 liarity has probably arisen from the general practice of 
 people to utter a command in a hasty and an abrupt 
 manner. 
 
 Nun paragogic is sometimes found with the forms 
 of the imper. in the Peal, Pael and Aphel conjuga- 
 tions ; as, ^oXo_^D for n\o (\n . 
 
 Participles. 
 
 The Participle active Peal is always written as 
 without the Vau, which is inserted in the He- 
 
 * 
 
 brew participial noun Kal. This circumstance arises 
 from Vau not being used with the vowel P; but
 
 REGULAR VERBS. 63 
 
 with *. On the contrary the passive participle has 
 _ with the vowel i ; as, W . fcr>. The participles of 
 all the other conjugations are derived from the prse- 
 terite by prefixing Mem. This letter is very probably 
 a particle of the pronoun ^2, ,_lb, or ]LD; so that, 
 VV^Avn is he who slayeth, i. e. one slaying. In 
 
 the passive and Aphel conjugations the Olaph is omit- 
 ted and its vowel taken by the Mem. 
 
 The part. W frr> sometimes takes the vowel ? on 
 
 x 
 
 the first rad.; especially on intrans. verbs; as, ^ .m . W r 
 astonished, Luke i. 21. 
 
 From this last remark must be exempted some 
 verbs of the Aphel conjugation, which retain the 
 Olaph when another letter is prefixed ; as, > ]0-> 
 
 permitting to live. This is also the case in the fu- 
 ture. 
 
 The Olaph of the Aphel conjugation is changed 
 
 77 7 
 
 in the Ethtaphal into Z; as, ^^oU^o for ^4lASo. 
 
 This is likewise true in the whole conjugation. 
 
 37- The gutturals produce a few anomalies and only a 
 few ; for the Syrians have not so great a variety of vowel 
 changes as the Hebrews. Verbs, the third radical of 
 which is <n, oo > ^ or 5, have in the future and imperative 
 Peal for the most part the vowel v under the middle 
 radical. In the other conjugations and the active parti- 
 ciple Peal, they have v in the place of "*; as, 
 
 worshiping, o^n^io glorying, ojio he mocked, 
 he commemorated.
 
 g4 REGULAR VERBS. 
 
 The verbs ] To he consoled, ]v>^ he dejiled, ]]. he 
 polluted, in the Pael and Ethpaal conjugations, have the 
 same changes of the vowels as the gutturals which are 
 mentioned in the preceding paragraph. 
 
 38. The Present Tense is formed by the participles 
 (form ^^40) and the personal pronouns placed after 
 
 them; thus, 
 
 Singular. 
 \3\ M 5 I am slaying 
 
 thou art slaying 
 thou art slaying 
 OOT Vi^ he is slaying 
 _i01 ]' fc she is slaying. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 . \ fco n>e are slaying I 
 
 > masc. 
 
 ^Aj"! > V^o ye are slaying I 
 - i i 
 
 &c. 
 
 7 \" \ 
 
 i y> \^r n>e are slaying I 
 
 V fern. 
 
 ye are slaying 
 
 ) 
 
 The third pers. plu. is expressed simply by the 
 act. part, in the plural number. 
 
 These auxiliary pronouns are sometimes contracted 
 and affixed to the verb ; as, A\ r fro , . .A'V/VO thou art 
 slaying, second pers. sing. masc. and fern. 
 
 The substantive verb added to the participial 
 form ^40 w iH sometimes express the imperfect tense;
 
 IRREGULAR VERBS. 65 
 
 as, ]ooi v \4o he was slaying. But if this verb be 
 added to the praeterite it will sometimes make the 
 pluperfect tense; as, "jocn ^>!&o he had slain. 
 
 The pluperfect tense will not always be determined 
 in this manner: for it sometimes happens that the 
 auxiliary verb is thus found with the praeterite, when 
 the context will not permit it to signify the plu- 
 perfect tense. In such case the praeterite or im- 
 perfect tense will be expressed. 
 
 IRREGULAR VERBS. 
 
 39- Large classes of verbs deviate from the fore- 
 going paradigm of ^^o and present many irregularities 
 in the process of conjugation. They are produced by 
 nearly the same causes as in Hebrew ; namely, 
 by gutturals, which have been already noticed; by 
 the letters ) o ^, by the first radical being Nun; 
 or by the second and third radicals being the same. 
 Indeed the same classes of irregular verbs exist in 
 the Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Arabic and the whole 
 of that family of languages. 
 
 We have seen that the verb V\v<^ is employed to 
 designate the conjugations. The classes of irregular verbs 
 5
 
 VERBS |a OR 
 
 also are usually denoted for the sake of brevity by one 
 of the letters in ^Ia ; thus, "K "^> l^>> stand for 
 verbs the first radical of which is ] ^ or j ; "^ a > 
 ^ ^ . those the middle radical of which is } } o or 
 ; or the second and third radicals the same and finally 
 those the last radical of which is ] or ^,. 
 
 40. Verbs \& or . . <^. 
 
 1. In accounting for the anomalies which exist 
 in this class; it is to be observed that Olaph or 
 Yud beginning a word must have a vowel; as, & 
 he was anxious, ^ he begot, and not *2>I], yXj. 
 See }. 5. 
 
 2. In the middle of a word Olaph or Yud and 
 the preceding letter cannot be both without vowels. 
 This is the consequence of what is stated in (1) ; 
 for in those forms where two consonants without 
 vowels come together; the Olaph or Yud would begin 
 a syllable and would consequently require a vowel as 
 much as at the beginning of a word. 
 
 3. This vowel of the Olaph or Yud is generally 
 remitted to the preceding letter; but when an ad- 
 dition is made to the end of the word ; to avoid 
 the concourse of several letters without vowels ; the 
 Olaph or Yud retains its vowel; thus, ^Z] he was 
 
 begotten, oXo]Z] they were corroded, L^lL] I was 
 
 * * 
 
 begotten.
 
 VERBS ja OR . . e* 67 
 
 4. In the Aphel, Shaphel and their passive con- 
 jugations, the Olaph or Yud is changed into Vau 
 which coalesces with the preceding ? and makes the 
 diphthong au; as, 
 
 5. Olaph and Yud are dropped in the future 
 first person singular; as, ^02] I shall eat for 
 
 
 
 / shall beget. 
 
 6. Verhs - * <* are regular in the Pael and 
 Ethpaal conjugations, which are therefore exceptions 
 to (5). 
 
 7. In the Peal conjugation, the vowel of the 
 Olaph is *> in the praet. In the pass, participle it is 
 ?. In the imper. in those cases where the second 
 vowel is *, the first is ? ; as, ^o^f eat thou masc. ; 
 but if the second vowel be ?, the first is "<; as, 
 jiol say thou masc. A similar rule is observed in 
 
 * 
 
 the future tense ; namely, when the second vowel is 
 - x the first is * and when the second is ?, the first is x . 
 
 8. The Olaph in the Ethpeel and Ethpaal con- 
 
 jugations is sometimes changed into Z; as, ^LL] from 
 
 * 
 
 jl*") he took, ^tl^^L] he lamented. Indeed Olaph pre- 
 
 i t\ 
 
 ceded by Thau is frequently changed into Thau for 
 the sake of euphony. 
 
 9. Olaph or Yud in the middle of a word rests 
 in general in * or i. The latter is sometimes chang- 
 ed into the former. 
 
 52
 
 gg VERBS ]& OR - CH 
 
 The verb, ^f) he departed, makes its imperative mood 
 
 * 
 
 of the Peal conjugation thus, 
 
 oil 
 
 The ^ of ^] has the linea occultans as often as it 
 
 4V 
 
 ought to have a vowel from the analogy of the regular 
 verb, and Zain by the same rule is without one. In such 
 
 cases the vowel of Lomad is remitted to Zain; as, Ai^fj 
 
 * 
 
 she departed. 
 
 In the passive part. Peal the radical ^ in some verbs 
 receives the vowel v instead of *; as> .<?> .\. taught, 
 Rom. ii. 18. 
 
 Yud in the verb oau has no need of the vowel x ; 
 because the second radical is not pronounced and therefore its 
 vowel is remitted to the first. In the imper. we have 
 
 The Yud remains in the Aphel conjugation in the verbs 
 ] he ejaculated, .o i *") he sucked. 
 
 he was faithful, in the Aphel conjugation takes 
 Oi as the characteristic and ] is changed into ^ ; thus, 
 n he believed; so, Heb. PP^?, Arab. 
 
 Some verbs beginning with Yud reject this radical in 
 the inf. and fut. Peal; as, ^ he knew, inf. 15^; 
 
 X * 
 
 he set, fut.
 
 VKKBS _0. 69 
 
 41. Verbs ^_a. 
 
 The anomalies belonging to this class of verbs 
 are only few; the principal one is the rejection of 
 Nun in certain situations and the rule is this; when- 
 ever Nun is at the end of a syllable and without 
 a vowel according to the analogy of the regular verb, 
 it is rejected. We have therefore fut. Peal 
 
 Ne-puk for aa2LU Nen-puk. inf. .r><y>vn for 
 
 In the imper. Peal, the Nun is thrown away at 
 the beginning of the word; as, *oo2> for oaaj. The 
 reason of this elision is perhaps the difficulty of pro- 
 nouncing it with rapidity in such a situation and it 
 has therefore been neglected in writing. 
 
 The Ethpeel, Pael and Ethpaal conjugations of 
 these verbs are quite regular in all their forms. 
 
 Verbs of this class are not found in the Shaphel 
 and its passive conjugation. 
 
 The vowel of the second radical in the fut. and 
 imper. Peal observes generally the same rule as regular 
 verbs ; thus, ^nu he cut, .^g>i he breathed,
 
 CONJUGATION OF VERBS 
 
 Peal. Ethpeel. Pael. Ethpaal 
 
 Prset. Sing. 3. masc. 
 3. fern. 
 2. masc. 
 
 2. fem. 
 
 1. com. 
 Plur. 3. masc. 
 
 3. fem. 
 
 2. masc. 
 2. fem. 
 I. com. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 X . C T 
 
 Imper. Sing. masc. 
 
 fem. 
 
 Plur. masc. 
 fem. 
 
 Put. Sing. 3. masc. 
 3. fem. 
 2. masc. 
 2. fem. 
 
 1. com. 
 Plur. 3. masc. 
 
 Si. fem. 
 
 2. masc. 
 2. fem. 
 1. com. 
 
 Part, act 
 pass.
 
 EXAMPLE ^\o he eat. 
 
 71 
 
 Aphel. 
 
 Ethtaphal. 
 
 Shaphel. 
 
 Eshtaphal. 
 
 Also] 7 
 AXiof 
 
 Aloof 
 
 n 
 
 7 7 
 
 7 V 7 
 
 ^ 1 Nn 
 
 *. , P 7 T> 
 
 n XnnA m Vi 
 
 . i Nno 
 
 i 
 
 ^ i Nno 
 
 . i \no aZ 
 
 . ^r> 17 
 
 v i *\") 
 
 
 vvno a. V>
 
 CONJUGATION OF VKKBS, - . <* 
 
 Peal. 
 
 Ethpeel. 
 
 Praet. Sing. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 3. masc. 
 3. fern. 
 2. masc. 
 
 2. fern. 
 
 1. com. 
 
 3. masc. 
 3. fern. 
 
 2. masc. 
 2. fern. 
 1. com. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 Imper. Sing. masc. 
 
 fern. 
 
 Plur. masc. 
 fern. 
 
 Fut. Sing. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 3. masc. 
 3. fern. 
 2. masc. 
 
 2. fern. 
 
 1. com. 
 
 3. masc. 
 3. fern. 
 
 2. masc. 
 2. fern. 
 1. com. 
 
 -A 
 
 A.AJ* 
 
 Ar 
 
 A* 
 
 Part. act. 
 pass.
 
 EXAMPLE \ ll he begot 
 
 73 
 
 Aphel. 
 
 Ethtaphal. 
 
 Shaphel. 
 
 Eshtaphal. 
 
 . . t \0 m. 
 
 * . r 
 
 .SolAS 
 
 *. . 7 
 
 

 
 74 VERBS OL 
 
 he fixed, take the vowel *; but ^inj he adhered, 
 ifa it flowed down, have ?. There are a few excep- 
 tions; as, A*>J he descended, which takes * in the 
 
 it 
 
 fut. and imper. 
 
 The rule for the removal of Nun does not apply 
 to verbs of this class, when the second and third 
 radicals are the same; nor when the middle radical 
 is one of the quiescent letters; nor in some verbs whose 
 second radical is He. 
 
 .o\m he ascended is anomalous and takes some of its 
 
 7 7 
 
 forms from the obsolete verb .rmi; as, mx> imper. 
 inf. .OPO fut. 
 
 Olaph characteristic of the Aphel conjugation is oc- 
 casionally retained with the prefixes; as, L]L thou wilt 
 bring down from 
 
 42. Verbs r>v or . . v. 
 
 Verbs having Vau and those having Yud for 
 their middle radical letter differ so little from each 
 other in their conjugations; that they may be 
 both comprehended in one class. These letters are 
 sometimes placed in such situations as to lose their 
 consonantel power and defects in consequence arise 
 in those forms of the verb where that power is lost. 
 
 1. Vau deprived of a vowel for the most part 
 rests in the vowel -\ In such a case whenever another 
 vowel is required by the analogy of the regular verb ; 
 the Vau is usually changed into Yud; as, 
 for ioaoZZ], Avn. n for
 
 VERBS r> V . . V . 75 
 
 2. Vau for the most part takes the vowel or 
 \ When therefore another vowel is required by the 
 analogy of the regular verb ; the Vau is taken away 
 or changed into Olaph or Yud; as, i-oo for 
 for 
 
 S. In the Aphel conjugation, the Vau is changed 
 into Yud; the vowel * which belongs to Vau is also 
 changed into *, and this vowel is remitted to the pre- 
 ceding letter; as, sn . r^ for 
 
 There are some verbs, which preserve the o in the Pael 
 and Ethpaal conjugations ; as, JQJ he disturbed ; ioiL] he 
 
 * 
 
 was disturbed. 
 
 In the part. Peal the Vau is changed into Olaph and 
 is pronounced Yud. When the third radical is a guttural 
 or Rish ; the vowel " is changed into v. See ^. 37- 
 
 Throughout the Bthpeel conjugation L of the syl- 
 lable L] is doubled, except in the 2nd pers. fut. This- 
 
 
 
 is the same as in Chaldee, except in the latter lan- 
 guage the duplication is made by Dagesh forte. 
 
 The verbs of this class are not found in the Sha- 
 phel and Eshtaphal conjugations. 
 
 There are some verbs having the middle radical Vau, 
 which are not conjugated after the paradigm; namely, 
 
 (i) Those which have Olaph or Yud for the 
 third radical; as, "jo* he was equal, ^ 
 he adhered.
 
 VERBS 
 
 (2) Such verbs; as, ^.QTD he desired, ^o^]' he 
 
 i> 
 
 acted unjustly. 
 
 In some verbs a difference of signification is marked 
 by the middle radical Vau being moveable or other- 
 wise ; as, jcLw it was white, 5o>l he saw. 
 
 Verbs having Yud for the middle radical letter, 
 preserve it in some of the forms of the Peal conjuga- 
 tion; for instance, Ao^o in the praeterite. 
 
 Plural. Singular. 
 
 In the fut. Peal the preformative letters have no 
 vowel except that which belongs to the first person 
 singular. 
 
 From verbs of this class quadriliteral forms are fre- 
 quently derived and make two additional conjugations; 
 namely, Palpel and its passive Ethpalpal; as, \jfii he 
 made a commotion, from viof, ^o&i he exalted, from 
 
 5. See quadriliteral verbs. 
 
 In ] I .... he lived, whenever a preformative is annexed, 
 the Yud is taken away and its vowel remitted to the pre- 
 ceding consonant ; as, inf. \tl^o for ] .' > v vr>
 
 VERBS |i, ]J . 77 
 
 43. Verbs ]. 
 
 There are a few anomalies in these verbs, but they 
 are not so numerous nor of a kind to require a para- 
 digm. Most of them may be accounted for on the 
 principle stated in J. 40 ; namely, that Olaph remits its 
 vowel to the preceding letter which was previously 
 without a vowel. Agreeably to this law we have *z>\4 
 he was good, ^so he was old, ^Vj_ he enquired; imper. 
 ACD put on the shoe. So also in Ethpeel we have 
 
 Olaph is sometimes placed before the first radical ; 
 we have indeed the following forms, ^ 
 
 In Aphel we have, ^]^( he did badly, Jrcf he 
 
 ^ * 
 
 put on the shoes, *>[( he did well. 
 
 n 
 
 In Pael and Ethpaal conjugations Olaph is changed 
 
 into Yud ; as, ^. he prepared, ~^'-fi] he was pre- 
 
 
 
 pared. 
 
 44. Verbs jj]. 
 
 This class comprehends the two classes of Hebrew 
 verbs terminating in N and n, and the three classes 
 
 of Arabic verbs ending in ' 4 (^ t 
 
 In the consideration of these verbs, we observe 
 
 1st. When they receive an addition to the end, 
 the Olaph is either taken away or changed into Yud;
 
 78 
 
 CONJUGATION OF VERBS 
 
 
 Peal. 
 
 Ethpeel. 
 
 Pael. 
 
 
 Praet. Sing. 3. masc. 
 3. fern. 
 
 7 P 
 
 A V> . nZZf 
 
 R 7 
 
 So . o 
 
 .7 7 
 
 AVi . o 
 
 2. masc. 
 
 AVno 
 
 A^n. o77]" 
 
 AV) . o 
 
 
 2. fem. 
 
 r _ > AV>o 
 
 . .Av>.o77f 
 
 1> 7 
 
 . .AVn .0 
 
 
 1. com. 
 
 AVno 
 
 AvA.;;y 
 
 * 7 
 
 AV> . o 
 
 
 Plur. 3. masc. 
 
 nVno 
 
 X .1> 
 
 nV) . o// j 
 
 B 7 
 
 oVo . o 
 
 
 3. fem. 
 
 . . Vno 
 
 . .Vn. 077] 
 
 7 
 
 . . Vn . o 
 
 
 2. masc. 
 
 <0&0> 
 
 ^AJ^uDZZf 
 
 ^AVnTA- 
 
 
 2. fem. 
 
 <_.ASO:0 
 
 >AVn . o77] 
 
 ^Asolo 
 
 
 1. com. 
 
 7 o 
 
 i^nn 
 
 7 x . ..1> 
 
 7 * 7 
 
 i^n . o 
 
 
 ^ ' 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 la&o 
 
 ^x^ZAk) 
 
 0^ D 7 
 
 
 Imper. Sing. masc. 
 
 iOOD 
 
 ixo^ZZ] 
 
 7 
 
 fem. 
 
 X 
 
 . . Vno o 
 
 ..V).nZZ] 
 
 7 
 
 . . Vn . o 
 
 
 Plur masc. 
 
 QVO^O 
 
 Q^.^77] 
 
 7 
 
 nVn > o 
 
 
 fem. 
 
 v V>on 
 
 .^. o77] 
 
 7 
 
 Vi i o 
 
 
 ^ T. X 1 
 
 V 
 
 Fut. Sing. 3. masc. 
 
 iOOQJ 
 
 So . o7A i 
 
 SnTA, 
 
 3. fem. 
 
 . i SoonZ 
 
 . . Vn . o77 
 
 . .Vn . o7 
 
 
 2. masc. 
 
 iodoZ 
 
 Sr> . o77 
 
 VQ T o/ 
 
 
 2. fem. 
 1. com. 
 
 X ft. , 
 
 .Vnno7 
 
 .^. A77" 
 
 x 7 . 
 
 ,Vn , o/ 
 
 
 V 
 
 v^ . o77] 
 
 V 
 
 Plur. 3. masc. 
 3. fem. 
 2. masc. 
 
 V 
 
 Vino i 
 
 .nVn . o7Aj 
 Vn . o7 A 7 
 
 ^nVn .01 
 
 P 7 
 
 Vn . o i 
 
 * 7 7 
 
 
 2. fem. 
 
 ^0>Z 
 
 Vn . o77 
 
 7 . 
 
 
 1. com. 
 
 ik 
 Son o i 
 
 Sr> . o7 A i 
 
 i^ol^j 
 
 
 Part. act. 
 
 *>l 
 
 So . o7AV> 
 
 7 
 
 So . nVn 
 
 pass. 
 
 X 
 
 
 7 7 
 
 So . oVr> 

 
 EXAMPLE 
 
 79 
 
 Ethpaal. 
 
 Aphel. | Ethtaphal. 
 
 Palpel. 
 
 EthpalpaJ. 
 
 .. 
 
 Zl 
 
 ..* 
 
 Z.( 
 
 A Vn . A 
 
 f V 
 
 nV> o/ I 
 
 SZf 
 iZf 
 
 X .7 
 
 oVn . <*i| 
 . . V> . ol 
 
 7 7 7 
 
 ^*f 
 
 i Vo . ol 
 
 ut in Ethpeel. 
 
 OlO-lDJ 
 
 7*7 
 
 9. 07 
 
 77.. 
 
 . i V) i nZ. I 
 
 n 
 77.. 
 
 r>Vn . o/ | 
 
 .7 
 
 . ><vT> . nj 
 
 ^.VnAn 7 7] 
 
 7 7 , .- 
 . . V) . O// 
 
 ix^^nj 
 
 . . Vn . o7 
 
 X X 
 
 oVn . o i 
 
 * 7 * i* 
 
 .nVn . o// 
 
 oZ 
 
 7 7 . . 
 
 v .^:^;
 
 80 VERBS |] . 
 
 thus, AiLt, A .\ This arises from the circumstance 
 
 that Olaph is seldom found in the middle of a word 
 beginning a syllable, or quiescent in the middle of 
 a syllable. 
 
 2nd. Participles form the fern, gender according 
 to the rules given in the Chapter on Nouns; as, JL^. 
 fern. ] .' V '. j jlji> fem. ] . P V ,. v> 
 
 3rd. Olaph in the 3rd. pers. sing, praet. of all the 
 conjugations, except Peal, becomes Yud quiescent in I ; 
 as, - *tt 
 
 4th. The iufin. is subject to the 1st. rule; but 
 in other respects it is regular. 
 
 5th. In the imper. Peal and Ethpeal sing, masc., 
 Olaph is changed into Yud; in the former it rests in 
 x , in the latter it makes a diphthong with ?; thus, 
 -^-\t and ^juX^Z]. But in the other conjugations 
 Olaph remains and rests in o. In the fem. o makes 
 a diphthong with ^,. In the plural forms the 3rd. 
 rad. is taken away in all the conjugations; thus, 
 
 6th. In the fut. tense and participles, Olaph rests 
 in ; but before the affixes ^o and <_, it is taken 
 
 away. Before the affix ^ Olaph passes into Yud 
 moveable; as, 
 
 In the plu. praet. Peal of the third person we 
 have ol and _ for ojl ~tf. In a few in-
 
 VERBS ]]. 81 
 
 stances in the Philoxenian version the Olaph is pre- 
 
 served when the affixes are annexed to them ; as, 
 ] 7 they untied him ; Mark xi. 4. 
 
 Some verbs in Peal change Olaph into Yud and 
 are declined as the prseterite of the other conjugations; 
 thus, 
 
 Plural. Singular. 
 
 . 1 1 >r-KJ ; 
 
 The verb ^A_l is not of the Aphel conjugation as 
 
 is manifest from the vowel "> being under the Olaph. 
 It is probably the Peal conjugation with Olaph pros- 
 thetic. 
 
 A few verbs of this class have v in the sing. 
 numb. masc. of the imper. ; as, ^L] drink. 
 
 In the 3rd. pers. plu. prset. and 2nd. pers. plu. 
 imper. Peal, some verbs take the paragogic forms
 
 82 
 
 CONJUGATION OF VERBS 
 
 Peal. 
 
 Ethpeel. 
 
 Pael. 
 
 Praet. Sing. 3. masc. 
 3. fern. 
 2. masc. 
 
 2. fern. 
 
 1. com. 
 Plur. 3. masc. 
 
 3. fern. 
 
 2. masc. 
 2. fern. 
 1. com. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 * V 
 
 . \ Vn 
 
 Imper. Sing. masc. 
 
 fern. 
 
 Plur. masc. 
 fern. 
 
 V 
 
 Put. Sing. 3. masc. 
 3. fern. 
 2. masc. 
 
 2. fern. 
 
 1. com. 
 Plur. 3. masc. 
 
 3. fern. 
 
 2. masc. 
 2. fern. 
 1. com. 
 
 Part. act. 
 pass. 
 
 
 N
 
 EXAMPLE 11 he revealed. 
 
 83 
 
 Ethpaal. 
 
 Aphel. Ethtaphal. Shaphel. Eshtaphal. 
 
 A ^J I 7 
 - ' i\ ' ^ 11 1 
 
 . v 1 
 
 w->Z!\ i \ . 
 
 * 
 
 
 * t > * 
 
 o^ 
 
 *. .0 T 
 
 n . \ . V> 
 
 . \ . 
 
 Q X i S JL m V) 
 
 Ni' 
 
 I 
 
 J8 
 
 ?h 
 
 
 - 
 
 ^i 
 
 \ 
 
 FiM 
 & 
 
 \.V , 
 
 t A_a_] 
 
 .? ^> 7 
 
 ^^O 
 
 "S 1 
 
 62
 
 84 
 
 VERBS \yv>. 
 
 45. Verbs \i^, 
 
 Verbs which have the second and third radicals 
 the same lose the middle radical in the Peal, Aphel, 
 Ethtaphal, Shaphel and Eshtaphal conjugations. The 
 vowel of the middle radical expunged is remitted to 
 the first. With the exception of this defect and a 
 peculiarity in the act. part. Peal; the whole inflexion 
 is quite regular. The Ethpeel, Pael and Ethpaal 
 conjugations retain hoth the radicals and are in every 
 respect regular. But for the two last conjugations the 
 Palpel and Ethpalpal forms are most frequently used ; 
 as, ;_^J. he drew, \\s\s he agitated, ^^5 he mag- 
 nified. 
 
 The imper. and fut. Peal receive on the second 
 radical the vowel * or v, according to the rule laid 
 down for these forms in the reg. verbs; thus, ICLCU 
 
 TV 
 
 he will spoil, ^JJj he will desire. 
 
 In the act. part. Peal the middle radical is chang- 
 ed into Olaph ; but it is pronounced as Yud ; thus, 
 .CD]*' is pronounced Ro-yes J. 11. When an addition is 
 made to the end of this part.; the Olaph with its 
 vowel is taken away; as, ^.m^ ^-VQ. The verb 
 ^A is an exception; for it preserves the Olaph in 
 the plural ; as, ,_AU masc. and Sji fern. 
 
 Verbs which have Olaph for the second and third 
 radicals preserve both of them in inflexion; see doubly 
 irregular verbs.
 
 OBJECTIVE AFFIXES. 85 
 
 In the part. Aphel the middle radical is sometimes re- 
 tained ; but it has the linea occultans ; as, . \\fcvr> 
 shadowing. 
 
 The Olaph characteristic of the Aphel conjugation is 
 sometimes retained with the preformatives ; as, n-i^/)vn\ 
 to love. 
 
 The Objective Affixes attached to Verbs. 
 
 46. We have already seen that different affixes 
 are added to verbs to mark the person and number; 
 besides these, others are frequently attached, which 
 may be called the objective affixes ; thus, ^.^J^Q 
 she has slain thee. If the verb be intransitive then 
 it must be translated with some preposition to pre- 
 serve its connection with the pronoun. We will first 
 give a Table of these Affixes. 
 
 When a consonant precedes the affix. 
 Sing. Phi. 
 
 7 7 77 
 
 (.ill imper.) . (^_, imper.) 
 
 01 
 
 2nd. pers. masc. 3rd. pers.fem. Proet. and Nun preced. 
 
 Sing. Phi. 
 
 3rd. fern, plu.) 
 3rcl - fern, plu.)
 
 86 
 
 CONJUGATION OF VERBS ML, 
 
 Peal. 
 
 Aphel. 
 
 Ethtaphal. 
 
 Praet. Sing. 3. masc. 
 3. fern. 
 2. masc. 
 
 2. fern. 
 
 1. com. 
 Plur. 3. masc. 
 
 3. fern. 
 
 2. masc. 
 2. fern. 
 1. com/ 
 
 vf 
 
 4=r 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 Imper. Sing. masc. 
 
 fern. 
 
 Plur. masc. 
 fern. 
 
 o^ZZl 
 
 Put. Sing. 3. masc. 
 3. fern. 
 
 pass. 
 
 ICLQJ
 
 EXAMPLE }^o he destroyed. 
 
 Sbaphel. 
 
 Eshtaphal. 
 
 Palpel. 
 
 Ethpalpal. 
 
 . > 7 
 
 n] o] ~>Vn 
 
 77 * 
 

 
 38 OBJECTIVE AFFIXES. 
 
 Vorvel preceding. 
 Sing. Plu. 
 
 V 
 
 01 (CTU) 
 
 It is only necessary to give examples of a regu- 
 lar verb ; because irregular verbs receive the affixes in 
 nearly the same manner. The chief exception consists 
 in those verbs which have Olaph for the third radical ; 
 of which on account of some striking peculiarities 
 particular notice must be taken in the proper 
 places. It is also not necessary to extend the para- 
 digm beyond the Peal conjugation : for the others 
 are inflected like it. Whatever deviations there are 
 will be given. 
 
 The first and second persons of both numbers 
 through both the tenses do not take the objective 
 affixes of the same person, otherwise the signification 
 would be reciprocal which is usually expressed by 
 certain conjugations. 
 
 In the prset. the third pers. plu. fern, has two 
 forms - . V 7 (\ <-> and . V y j\ Q one the simple and the 
 
 other the paragogic; each of them takes the affixes. 
 There is also a masc. paragogic form ^Q Vfr Q - 
 
 Verbs of the sec. pers. plu. praet. of both genders 
 do not receive the affixes ^obi and _oi; instead of 
 
 them are used the separate pronouns ^QJ] and > ^
 
 OBJECTIVE AFFIXES. 89 
 
 47. Prceterite. 
 3rd. pers. sing. masc. ^^Q he has slain. 
 
 A he has slain me, _S^o ...... us, 
 
 ihee, masc., . . nVfrA ...... thee, fern., ^ool^o ...... 
 
 2/OM, masc., .^\^o ...... yow, fern., m\fro ...... 
 
 * 
 
 AM, oiS^jD ...... Atfr, ^QJ] ^4 ...... them, masc., 
 
 . 1] ^!^D ...... them, fern. 
 
 Srrf. pers. sing. fern. AX^D *Ae has slain. 
 
 ft 
 
 ^_j^o she has slain me, Q&o ...... us, 
 
 ...... #^, masc., wjjDA^^o ...... #^^, fern., ^oDAlL 
 
 ...... you, masc., ^^AlL^D ...... you, fern., 
 
 
 
 ...... him, a\t^o ...... her, ^QJ] 
 
 masc., ^ i") AS^jo ...... them, fern. 
 
 masc. 
 
 them, masc., . i] ZL^JD ...... fern. 
 
 ^ * 
 
 2wrf. pers. sing. fern. ^ 
 
 , . 
 
 her, .QJ] 
 * ^ i> 
 
 masc., jj] ^M^o ^ew, fern.
 
 90 OBJECTIVE AFFIXES. 
 
 1st. pers. sing. &\fon . 
 * * 
 
 thee, masc., ^sAX^o ...... thee, fern., 
 
 . , masc., inA^o ...... you, fern., 
 
 them, masc., 1 A^uQ them, fern. 
 
 or 
 
 * 
 
 US, ^r, \ j\n 
 
 ...... thee, masc., . . no V fr n ...... ^^, fem., ^o 
 
 X 7 
 
 ...... yow, masc., . nn \ K o ...... you, fem., . . 
 
 ..*'' ^ r 
 
 ...... him, rnoVfro ...... A^r, ^Oj] oV^r) 
 
 masc., v > I 1 ) r.\ 7 |\o ...... ^wz, fem. The other form 
 
 takes the affixes of the 2nd. pers. sing. masc. 
 
 3rd. pers. plu. fem. 
 
 US, 
 
 , masc., . >n\^\A ...... thee, fem., 
 
 -h 
 
 you, masc., V .n\ r 5-o ...... yow, fem., . . 
 
 Am, oOLftuD ...... A^r. The other form takes the 
 
 affixes of the 2nd. pers. sing. masc. 
 
 2nd. pers. plu. masc. 
 
 US, ^ 
 
 him, auo^u
 
 OBJECTIVE AFFIXES. 91 
 
 2nrf. pers. plu. fern. 
 .A\ y fto ...... wztf, 
 
 rn . i 
 
 IsJ. j9er*. phi. 
 
 .j\ y |\o ...... #^, masc., . . m \ y ^v r> ...... thee, 
 
 fern., ^oAiJ^o ...... you, masc., . niV^o ...... you, 
 
 fem., - .rn . i \ y j\ n ...... Am, rn i \^ r> 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 masc., . . ^\ftr>vn ...... thee, fem., 
 
 * * 
 
 masc., .^V^ovn ...... you, fem., 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 . \n r> ...... 7e . Vr> 
 
 US, ^ .m 
 
 sing. fem. 
 ^ . \n 
 
 o ...... M^ 9 ^ .rnr> 
 
 , fem.
 
 OBJECTIVE AFFIXES. 
 
 Plu. numb. 2nd. pers. 
 
 ...... me, <o^or> ...... us, ^, 
 
 him, gio\on ^r. 
 
 2wd. pers. fern. 
 
 Future Tense. 
 3rd. pers. sing. masc. \>d (^ni. 
 
 US, 
 
 thee, masc., . .^\j\m ...... thee-, fern., 
 
 me, 
 
 , masc., ^.^\QQI ...... you, fern., ^OTO i \ Q n i 
 
 Ai/w, ^-i > Vfrrii ...... her. 
 
 2nd. pers. sing. fern. 
 r>7 ...... w^, __i_l_xX^D2. ...... US, 
 
 * 3C X ^ 
 
 ...... him, mi" > 
 
 3rrf. per*. p/M. TMOJC. 
 
 , masc., wjjuo\^Qj ...... #^, fern., ^pVi 
 
 
 
 , masc., ^ . niAV^i ...... ^ow, fern., 
 
 * T. 
 
 icn > io\5ni ...... him, OUQ^^QJ ..... . he?'.
 
 OBSERVATIONS ON OBJECTIVE AFFIXES. 
 
 3rd. pers. fern. 
 
 me, iX ft n i ...... Wtf, 
 
 , masc., . . mKfrrM ...... //, fern., 
 
 you, masp... .AiXftoi ...... yoM, fem., . .rn . 
 
 * 
 
 him, 
 
 Participles are seldom found with the objective 
 affixes; when they are, the modification they undergo 
 is the same as that for nouns. 
 
 48. Observations. 
 Prceterile with Affixes. 
 
 It will be observed from the foregoing examples, 
 that verbs and nouns have nearly the same vowel 
 changes; thus, ^JD when it takes the affixes remits 
 the ? to o ; which is similar to, r^i > <J1 f^\v ^ n 
 the other persons of the sing, the vowel is retained 
 on the second radical to avoid three letters coming 
 together without a vowel. In the third person plural 
 of both genders the v is put back on the first letter, 
 o receives x and *-* of the fem. is taken away. The 
 first and second persons plu. preserve both vowels un- 
 changed. 
 
 Verbs having " for the second rad. retain it in those 
 places where ? is found in ^uo . 
 
 Verbs having Olaph or Yud for the first radical 
 may be referred to ^uD ; for whenever ,0 is destitute 
 of a vowel, there Olaph has * and Yud i ; when <a 
 has v, Olaph and Yud have the same.
 
 96 QUADRILITERAL VERBS. 
 
 two consecutive letters can be at the same time sub- 
 ject to defect. It will be sufficient to consider a few 
 instances of doubly irregular verbs, which may be divided 
 into the following classes. 
 
 1st. Verbs with the first radical a Nun and the 
 third Olaph; as, Jnj he injured, Ethpeel, . . ^] : where 
 
 I IS 
 
 Olaph is changed into Yud. Aphel ^jz], where the 
 
 x 
 
 final Nun is dropped; so, ]<-TM he tempted, imper. Aph. 
 
 7.7 
 
 oro] . 
 
 2nd. Verbs having the first and third radicals 
 Olaph ; as, ]1] he came, fut. Peal ]Z]j, which possesses 
 
 * T* 
 
 7 
 
 the defects both of ^"j and JL. . 
 
 3rd. Those with the first radical Yud and the 
 
 third Olaph; as, ]ku he swore, A .vn. / have sworn, 
 
 i ii 
 
 he will swear, ]So]k> to swear. 
 
 4th. Verbs having the second and third radicals 
 Olaph. ]]L he forbade, whence 3rd. pers. prset. plu. 
 o]o inf. }]^) imper. *4a. fl he laboured, Aph. 
 
 ^llj we will wake thee wearied. 
 
 
 
 ]]_ it is Jit, and a few others are altogether de- 
 fective and anomalous. 
 
 50. Quadriliteral Verbs. 
 
 The Syrians have some verbs composed of more 
 than three letters; they are not numerous, and as in 
 Hebrew and Arabic, are chiefly derived from triliteral
 
 QUADRILITEKAL VERBS. 97 
 
 roots. They are formed by the addition or repetition 
 of a letter, and undergo little or no alteration when 
 the prefixes and affixes are annexed. 
 
 I. By the repetition of one or two of the letters 
 of the triliteral root, and chiefly in those cases when 
 the second and third radicals are the same, or the 
 middle radical Vau ; see $ 42, 45 ; thus, 
 
 i_^J. he dragged along, from >L. he dragged, 
 he was exasperated, from jio he was bitter. 
 
 1 he did often, or practised, from k ^ he did, 
 or made. \^IJ"\ he was made, or became lazy, from 
 
 v *^-' he was lazy. It will be seen from these and 
 the following examples, that the general effect of the 
 duplication is to give increased intensity to the signi- 
 fication of the original word. 
 
 II. Instances of two of the radicals being repeated, 
 are sn^An^J 1 ) he dreamed for a long time, from ^olLw 
 
 he dreamed, V\^\o\ he stained, from ^oa, io^icl he 
 
 ft 
 
 exalted, from ioo> he was high. 
 
 III. Some appear to be compounded of two verbs ; 
 as, .vyo^.*) he thought basely, from \jib. he was base, 
 
 tt 
 
 and jjL he quarreled. 
 
 IV. By the addition of a letter to the beginning 
 of a word. 
 
 7
 
 96 QUADRILITERAL VERBS. 
 
 two consecutive letters can be at the same time sub- 
 ject to defect. It will be sufficient to consider a few 
 instances of doubly irregular verbs, which may be divided 
 into the following classes. 
 
 1st. Verbs with the first radical a Nun and the 
 third Olaph; as, jnj he injured, Ethpeel, . . W).- where 
 
 Olaph is changed into Yud. Aphel *^s], where the 
 final Nun is dropped; so, ]frn he tempted, imper. Aph. 
 
 2nd. Verbs having the first and third radicals 
 Olaph ; as, ]Z] he came, fut. Peal ]Z]j, which possesses 
 
 y 
 
 the defects both of ^D] and JL. . 
 
 3rd. Those with the first radical Yud and the 
 
 third Olaph; as, ]ku he swore, A.v>. / have sworn, 
 
 i ii 
 
 he will swear, }so)k> to swear. 
 
 4th. Verbs having the second and third radicals 
 Olaph. ]]L he forbade, whence 3rd. pers. prset. plu. 
 ote inf. floSo imper. ^. M J] he laboured, Aph. 
 
 i 
 
 ihee wearied. 
 
 ]]_, V t* Jit, and a few others are altogether de- 
 fective and anomalous. 
 
 50. Quadriliteral Verbs. 
 
 The Syrians have some verbs composed of more 
 than three letters; they are not numerous, and as in 
 Hebrew and Arabic, are chiefly derived from triliteral
 
 QUADRILITEKAL VERBS. 97 
 
 roots. They are formed by the addition or repetition 
 of a letter, and undergo little or no alteration when 
 the prefixes and affixes are annexed. 
 
 I. By the repetition of one or two of the letters 
 of the triliteral root, and chiefly in those cases when 
 the second and third radicals are the same, or the 
 middle radical Vau ; see 42, 45 ; thus, 
 
 jJtfJt he dragged along, from >L. he dragged, 
 he was exasperated, from 5^k? he was bitter. 
 
 L he did often, or practised, from ^^ he did, 
 or made. l^**?} he was made, or became lazy, from 
 
 ^rLw he was lazy. It will be seen from these and 
 the following examples, that the general effect of the 
 duplication is to give increased intensity to the signi- 
 fication of the original word. 
 
 II. Instances of two of the radicals being repeated, 
 are v^vX 7] he dreamed for a long time, from sr>^.. 
 
 he dreamed, *\e*\&\ he stained, from ^oa, iojioj he 
 exalted, from iooj he was high. 
 
 III. Some appear to be compounded of two verbs; 
 as, .vvn^. 1 ) he thought basely, from \sio. he was base, 
 
 and ;_. he quarreled. 
 
 IV. By the addition of a letter to the beginning 
 of a word. 
 
 7
 
 98 QUADR1LITERAL VERBS. 
 
 (1) So ; as, ^T>V he made poor, ^rnvJ] he be- 
 came poor, from the Arabic ^A**j he was poor. 
 
 (2) o; as, *oaijjm he hastened, he burned, from 
 
 (3) Z ; as, ^vnV) /je taught, from t v>\ A# learned. 
 
 The letter Vau is sometimes inserted in the middle 
 of a word; as, j.oo! ^# twisted, ^onv/] ^ w joer- 
 
 plexed, from the root ,^ ^ bound; : Anrn >i^ expected, 
 from : ^><y> 
 
 Sometimes we have v_i; as, ^, > ^ from ^^. io; 
 
 i* 
 
 as, rnVo J. ^^ persevered, from rn .> ^g was strong. 
 5 ; as, ^- and i he revolved. 
 
 At the end of a word we find sometimes the letter 
 ,_*; as, - .A . A ^^ #zefe domestic, . .A . A7") ^^ w^ 
 
 treated familiarly, from A . ^ house, ^_>L*JL he sub- 
 
 * . * 
 
 ?, from A^i under, beneath. 
 
 It is unnecessary to give more examples; we will 
 only observe that in the process of conjugation, these 
 verbs follow in general the principles laid down for 
 triliterals.
 
 ADVEKBS. 99 
 
 51. PARTICLES. 
 
 Under this term may be comprehended words which 
 are used in explaining, modifying and connecting the 
 principal parts of a sentence. They embrace, there- 
 fore, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions and Inter- 
 jections. 
 
 
 Adverbs. 
 
 1st. Of time. 
 
 f once, together, ^*te>] when ? V&oL] yesterday, 
 lli-jlo in the end, at length, ^DJ^ afterwards, ^-ip.ai 
 
 -n x 
 
 then, )^oi now, li^oo! to-day, : *~^ already, now, 
 jso^oaX before, 1^k> immediately, J_!LO to-morrow, 
 
 IsooASo at any time, fl^s,^ not yet, ^ 
 
 i ~ 
 
 as long as, how long ? ^cn^ ]k5 A until now, 
 suddenly. 
 
 2nd. Of place. 
 
 of o f 
 
 ]IL] where? }s here, hither, ]nvr> hence, 
 
 41 
 
 whither ? which way ? _oi^ ]k?A hitherto, 2.' thither. 
 
 Adverbs of various kinds. 
 
 ]_LL.') 7 ^oz(;? .^^ greatly, powerfully, jc 
 only, ,A\Vv>- fjioXXov, especially, more. 
 
 guic&ly, VV.\A /eV^, ^.. vA 
 
 72
 
 100 PREPOSITIONS AND CONJUNCTIONS, 
 
 swiftly, r^ivn formerly, Ak>]s (for Ztiote as I have 
 
 IT > 
 
 said) namely, especially, ^] so, ^oj whether? L^so] 
 truly, oo^l where? which is formed from the adverb 
 
 . 7 
 
 , and the personal pronoun 001 , ^LoZjoi from thence, 
 
 7 ' 7 f 7 
 
 ] from whence ? VV.nVn wow, ^^o Ml cam, jVi^. \ 
 
 7 7 " 
 
 wholly, ^OJ^D effectually, really, ]], cA wo#, IOT }] 
 A!^K] lastly, A ! <^> o ^r*/, ZoiljZ, secondly, 
 
 ~ * 
 
 divinely, A_i)Aj>i justly. 
 
 Prepositions. 
 
 Some prepositions are prefixed to verbs, nouns 
 &c., and others are separate words. Those most com- 
 monly used are a ", ^ to, ZcA ^o, wzV^, ^SD from, 
 
 
 T 7 P 7 p o D 
 
 or Ai .^ between, ^^^ without, ]^, ]J5 ft- 
 
 5^o /?er, ADOJ , .^K>. for, 5^, , ^J 
 \\nnoS against, ^io because of, 
 or against, oL with, ^0^5 before, Zoa w^r, ;_,. 
 against, ^job ^^/bre, ZoIZ or 
 
 Conjunctions and Interjections. 
 
 These are o] or, ^], Zc^], Isif *, ]]f d\\a but, 
 
 ^ J31 ^o#, unless, cA j^ ^ cA j/* wo#, .] if, J o 
 
 * * * 
 
 but yet, however, _,_ 7a/ >
 
 CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS. 101 
 
 for, j as, because, ,_,? $e but, iojj lest by chance, 
 
 fl 
 
 ^_i_3C7i therefore, o wc?, p when, . >n therefore, ^L. 
 
 o o f 7 
 
 truly, JJ!D when, ~->o, \V . ^^ therefore, ^^ before 
 
 ti i -r 
 
 7 
 
 /^^, jioA wwm, cal ^o. 
 
 t CO. 
 
 The Interjections are ]<n behold, o], &} O! 
 
 ^ 
 
 _o^ O #^^ / wj(Ti woe !
 
 SYNTAX. 
 
 52. Syntax of Nouns. 
 
 THE noun which is put in a state of construction 
 must precede that which qualifies it or limits its 
 signification; thus, oiiol ^D^ the womb of his mother, 
 
 7o \f* division of my goods. This is the 
 ^ 
 
 reverse of what takes place in Greek and Latin, where 
 the second noun is the one whose form is modified 
 and this modification is termed the genitive case. 
 
 A noun is often found in the constructive for the 
 absolute state, when it is followed by another having 
 a preposition prefixed ; as, ]2>}^> - ^rni acceptors of 
 
 ft 
 
 faces, i. e. hypocrites; where we have . Ami for 
 . *>rfti Matth. xvi. 3. ] ' i^> AIL.}JQ blessed among 
 
 X <M ft 
 
 women, where we have Aiu^ for ]^-^ Luke i. 28. 
 
 x x 
 
 . J'-e^A denying kindness i. e. ungrateful, 
 for ^-^3 2 Tim. iii. 2. The preposition is 
 sometimes separated from the noun ; as, )-p 
 
 
 
 1 Tim. i. 10, where we have - . A^J for
 
 SYNTAX OF SUBSTANTIVES. 103 
 
 The definite state in its primary office is undoubt- 
 edly intended to express a definite sense, i.e. it is used 
 to direct the attention to a particular object or objects 
 known either by their universality, preeminence or 
 described previously by some circumstance ; as, }h 
 A^k> the hour was come, ]A^i-. ]^\ }j] I am the vine. 
 
 It occurs in all the cases where the Hebrew article 
 is used, as may be observed by comparing the He- 
 brew Bible with its Syriac version. From the same 
 comparison, it may be also seen that syr. nouns are 
 put in the def. state in numerous instances where 
 the Hebrew article in the corresponding words is 
 omitted. 
 
 The def. state is very frequently found, where 
 in Hebrew the constructive would be employed; in 
 such cases > is usually prefixed to the following word; 
 but not always ; as, Vl^)j 1jU feast of the passover, 
 
 J* T. 
 
 John xiii. 1. ]a&<> ]?w.n~>7 the glory of God, 
 
 John xi. 4. see $ 21. This construction may be equi- 
 valent to b "UJN in Hebrew, which serves sometimes 
 as a circumlocution for the constructive state. 
 
 The proper names of men do not admit a definite 
 state. A few appear to have it, because they termi- 
 nate with the radical Olaph ; as, ]<* -^ Peter ; but 
 
 x 
 
 such nouns are in the absolute state. 
 
 A plural of excellence the Syrians have not; 
 except a few instances which are found in the ver-
 
 104 SYNTAX OF ADJECTIVES. 
 
 sion of the Old Testament, and which may be conse- 
 quently regarded as Hebraisms. See Ps. v. 1. 
 
 The repetition of a noun sometimes denotes diver- 
 sity, or a multitude; as, -^ x V with divers 
 
 tongues, Acts x. 46 ; ^] ^oii in various times, John 
 v. 4 ; . . <^v - - . ~> - - > ^ affected with many evils, 
 
 Mark ii. 17. It denotes also a distributive sense; as, 
 _L,5 0cA penny, Matth. xx. 9. 
 
 In the Philoxenian version some diminutive nouns are 
 found. They are denoted by the termination ^p x or .coo*; 
 as, )jo^ o> little son, ] in. o . a /z^/e waw, ]A . in i . vV> 
 
 a small fountain ; ]rnn. ^ . a /z^/e waw, ]ibo^k)] little 
 lamb; ]fnno\n a Zi##/e dog. There is no doubt that .Q* 
 is the same as the Greek termination ov, and that mo* is 
 identical with the Latin ending us. 
 
 53. Construction of Adjectives. 
 Adjectives, whether they are used as qualifying 
 words, or whether they are employed as predicates, 
 agree generally with their substantives in gender and 
 number. The exceptions to this rule are the same as 
 in Hebrew. 
 
 When an adjective has the office of the predicate, 
 the logical copula being expressed or understood, it 
 is put in the absolute state with the same gender and 
 number as its substantive and before it; as, ^01 ^,1 
 my sin is greater than ...... Gen. iv. 13.
 
 SYNTAX OF NUMERALS. 105 
 
 An adjective is usually found after the substantive, 
 which it qualifies; as, ffigM ]_^o5 the unclean spirit. 
 
 R 
 
 Some exceptions to this rule exist: when an adjective 
 is made the important word in the sentence, it takes 
 precedence of its substantive. 
 
 When several substantives come together, and an 
 adjective or participle added to them, it is placed in 
 the plural number and masc. gender. See Rom. xvi. 21. 
 
 The word ^3 all is placed before its substantive, 
 and indulges in a pleonastic use of the pronominal 
 affixes; as, ]- i^ 01X0 all the multitude, Acts xv. 12. 
 
 * it 
 
 ]xns - V ^ ^anXo all the chief priests, lit. all of them 
 
 the chief priests, Matth. ii. 4. \^so] m\^\ ^Q and 
 he took all Asia, Bar. Heb. p. 39. 
 
 54. Numerals. 
 
 Cardinal numbers sometimes precede the thing num- 
 bered, and sometimes follow it. The rule appears to 
 be, to place the emphatic word first in the sentence; 
 
 as, ^v^i ^L two men, Acts i. 10. L ]^>t> ]'i 'J 
 i v^ i tt ^^ 
 
 six water pots of stone, John ii. 6. So also when thou- 
 sands are to be numbered, the same observation applies 
 to the numeral which numbers them ; as, . <*^ ] 1 v. /. 
 
 x 
 
 Jive thousand, Mark vi. 44. and ]^LoL ]^^\ Matth. 
 xiv. 21. 
 
 Cardinal numbers are frequently found to occupy the 
 place of ordinals. In Luke i. 59. we have ] iv^ ]^ol 
 lit. the day which is eight, i. e. the eighth day ; so
 
 106 SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS. 
 
 also, . v- ASA in three hours, i. e. in the third hour, 
 
 Matth. xx. 3 ; v * A^ six hours, i. e. the sixth hour, 
 
 Matth. xv. 33. In many places cardinal numbers are 
 used for ordinals, and the noun numbered precedes 
 in the constructive state ; as, ]^ Al_*_S, to the first 
 year, lit. the year of one, Dan. i. 21. ]]k> L Ai A 
 
 i\ 
 
 }^o lit. z'w the year of six hundred and one, i. e. in 
 the six hundredth and first year, Gen. viii. 13. AJ_ 
 M^j5]o ]]SD A^ *'# hundredth and fourth year, Bar. 
 Heb. p. 100. The noun > i 1 is occasionally expressed 
 
 after the numeral; see Gen. vii. 11. A cardinal num- 
 ber is in a few instances put before its noun in the 
 constructive state ; as, in Matth. iv. 25. we have 7!rnv 
 
 I'ALiySo ten cities, lit. a decad of cities. 
 
 i 
 
 In designations of weights and measures, the noun 
 which expresses the weight, &c. is sometimes omitted, 
 though not so frequently as in Hebrew ; as, .o>m-^ .<^^ 
 a thousand (shekels] of silver, Gen. xx. 16; where the 
 
 e o 
 
 word jloZ is understood. 
 
 55. Syntax of Pronouns. 
 
 The logical copula, as has been already stated, is 
 frequently expressed by one or other of the personal 
 pronouns, and that with the linea occultans: as, \2\ jj") 
 
 / am, ^LK. ly i Vi\7 ^1*^ we are disciples. But when 
 existence is meant, the substantive verb is used, and 
 this without the linea occultans; as, ]ooi ] v 1. 01^ in 
 him was life, John i. 4.
 
 SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS. 107 
 
 A peculiarity of the Syriac language is to be met 
 with in the redundant use of its pronouns; in such 
 cases as, 
 
 1 . Affixes when they are placed before Dolath of 
 the genitive ; at least they are of no use when 
 translated into our language ; as, KQ - .; cnsVi 
 lit. the fame of him who is Jesus, i. e. the 
 
 fame of Jesus. jl>o5<nj oiZf^ the daughter 
 
 x i 
 
 of Herodias. 
 
 2. The affix of the verb, when the noun to which 
 it refers is placed after it; as, omina 5^o 
 
 ft 
 
 m - .; and he sent, cut it off (I mean) his head, 
 
 t\ i 
 
 i. e. and he sent, cut off his head, Matth. 
 xiv. 10. Sometimes the noun has a particle 
 prefixed to it; as, ] VXV m\ol lit. he took 
 
 him (I speak as to) the child, i. e. he took the 
 child, Matth. ii. 14. 
 
 3. When the affix is annexed to a preposition, a 
 similar construction is observed; as, \h* aih> 
 in it, the hour, i. e. in the hour. Sometimes 
 the preposition is redundant as well as the affix ; 
 as, fovno I ^ ^_, ? ^OCTUD but in the days, Matth. 
 iii. 1. }A . VQ ^oL oiSnL with him, with Christ, 
 
 i. e. with Christ, Rom. vi. 8. Vrn vn 
 from these, 1 Tim. i. 6. 
 
 4. The pronoun ooi in such instances; as, 
 ^lf 001 goeth to the belly; 001 
 
 * 
 
 that by faith.
 
 SYNTAX OF PBONOUNS. 
 
 The pronouns he himself and the same, the Syrians 
 have not, but they are expressed by a little circum- 
 locution ; as, 
 
 1. By a repetition of the personal pronoun with 
 the particle ^ placed between ; as, p 
 
 these same sacrifices, Heb. x. 1. 
 
 2. By the juxta-position of the pronouns OCTI OCTI ; 
 as, 2.601 ]A^1 "jibol OCTI 0010 and that same 
 day was the sabbath, John v. 9. 
 
 An affix annexed to the word ^-,5 is frequently 
 
 employed as a possessive pronoun, J. 28 ; when the sen- 
 tence would be rather ambiguously expressed by placing 
 the affix to the noun or the verb ; as, ]2.rnVp v^ 
 thine is the kingdom, Matth. vi. 13; 01^,50 ]Z] 
 
 ^ y ft 
 
 . .mnV^o J] he came to his own and his own received 
 
 him not, John i. 11. These possessive pronouns serve 
 also to give a particular energy to the word to which 
 they belong ; thus, . . V.; ]^\ my time, John vii. 8. ; 
 
 this is especially the case when the affix is likewise 
 added to the noun ; as, . .V .; . . ^VQ my words, John 
 
 x ?t 
 
 v. 47. ; /{ ; .^i . ^^ in thy eye, Luke vi. 42. ; ^ 
 
 X 
 
 #, John iv. 34. 
 
 A pronoun is in some instances found before the 
 noun to which it refers, and is placed at a consider- 
 able interval from it; thus,
 
 SYNTAX OF VERBS. 109 
 
 its foundations are in his holy mountain, Ps. Ixxxvii. 1, 
 i. e. the foundations of the earth. \Li} 7 occurs in v. 2. 
 Such construction exists principally in the version of 
 the Old Testament, and on that account may perhaps 
 be regarded merely as a Hebraism. 
 
 An interrogative is sometimes preceded by a noun 
 in the constructive state ; as, _Aj"j 7 ,_io Zj-o the daugh- 
 
 ter of whom art thou ? Gen. xxiv. 23. ; or which 
 is equivalent to it, the def. state of the noun is 
 used, and Dolath prefixed to the interrogative; as, 
 AiLmj _!>> Vp.1 <_So from the hand of whom have I 
 received f ...1 Sam. xii. 13. 
 
 An oblique case of the relative Dolath is indicated 
 by connecting with the Dolath a personal pronoun put 
 in that case ; as, cnl^ to him, oiX to her, 
 
 to whom, oiS ..... j to whom ; ^QJCTL^ to them, 
 
 to whom, OLD in him, 010 ...... j in whom, . vn~> in 
 
 ji * ^ 
 
 them, . irn^ ...... > in whom. 
 
 56. Syntax of Verbs. 
 Agreement of the Verb with its Subject. 
 
 A verb agrees with its subject in gender, number 
 
 and person ; as, ")2.] ^o_a_, Jesus came, 
 
 Mary anointed, \ . ^^ aX^ the disciples asked. 
 
 Nouns which are used only in the plural number, will 
 receive a verb either in the sing, or plu. ; as, ]ooi ] "- '
 
 HO SYNTAX OF VERBS. 
 
 . e r 7< i" * * ^i1^" y 
 
 in him was life, John i. 4; | i .10* |5<JIQJ ^OJL.ZL.1 [oaJoO 
 
 i t> 
 
 and the life is the light of men, same place. The former 
 is grammatically termed construct ad sensum, and the latter 
 construct ad formam. Several other exceptions are found 
 to the foregoing general rule, which although not so fre- 
 quent, are of much the same character as those which exist 
 in Hebrew. 
 
 When several substantives come together, the verb belong- 
 ing to them is put in the plu. numb. masc. gender. 
 
 Occasional uses of the Tenses. 
 
 Events of future occurrence, which are considered 
 as certain to happen, have this certainty represented 
 by the verb being placed in the praeterite tense ; as, 
 the people sitting in darkness ]^l "JJOIQJ oi*j shall see 
 (have seen) great light, Isaiah ix. 1. }L] f) U-r-^ 
 
 Ti I 
 
 7 o 7 7 t> 
 
 ]. A }2.ok> ^o <nX - . i - \\] he cometh not to con- 
 
 ft 1 1* x i* 
 
 demnation, but shall pass from death to life, John 
 v. 24. 
 
 There are a few instances in which the praeterite 
 of the verb ]6ai, followed by a participle or an adjective, 
 represents the imperative ; as, A-.OOI Jiioi Aj] 7 ^ \\ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ go thou also (and) do the same, Luke x. 37. This 
 application of the tense is undoubtedly to give emphasis 
 to the sentence. For as a praeterite is employed to 
 express our belief that some future event will certainly 
 take place, so is it readily seen that on the same prin- 
 ciple this tense may be regarded as the emphatic form 
 of the imperative, whenever it is so applied.
 
 SYNTAX OF VERBS. Ill 
 
 The tenses, especially the future, either alone or in 
 connection with one or more particles in many cases 
 express a potential, subjunctive, or hypothetical sense. 
 
 ^ 7 o -X iX. y ^ 
 
 ]} ^QJ] <pA__K.] o^L if ye had saved them 
 
 K T ^ " a i> 
 
 / would not slay you, Jud. viii. 19 ; * 
 although I should walk, Psal. xxiii. 4 ; -io]j 
 
 cw say? Prov. xx. 9- But the participle with the 
 praeterite of the substantive verb is perhaps more fre- 
 quently employed for these purposes; as, ]Lfl olL 
 
 <K 
 
 _Ajoai if thou hadst known, John iv. 10. 
 
 Use of the Infinitive. 
 
 An infinitive connected with a finite verb adds 
 intensity to it, or denotes what is signified by the verb 
 to be certain, fixed or continual; as, ] .. m] 7 o T mO^ 
 
 I will greatly multiply, Gen. xxii. 17.; ^oZoioZ AlDk? ]1 
 ye shall not surely die, Gen. iii. 4.; ]ocn ;_ 5 Ik) hath 
 
 "" i 
 
 accurately depicted, Gal. iii. 1. 
 
 When an infinitive is governed by some verb sig- 
 nifying will, power or command, it has generally ^ pre- 
 fixed; as, v\v>\ |L5o] i > >.o,vo jjjLi'jo and how 
 
 know the way ? John xiv. 5. ; OTJ^ 001 
 
 
 
 ^ *^ W ^ him to feed swine, Luke xv. 15. ; 
 
 "jooi falo and he wished to slay him, Matth. 
 - i> -j 
 
 xiv. 5.
 
 SYNTAX OF VERBS. 
 
 Use of the Imperative. 
 
 The imperative is not only employed to express a 
 command, but also an exhortation, admonition or a per- 
 mission; as, John xi. 15., ^ol\ OH\CTI &/ wsg-o thither; 
 see also Mark i. 38. 
 
 The imper. of the verb }1] is frequently found in 
 
 % 
 
 connection with a finite verb in the fut. tense ; thus, 
 ]i^ o v^. m "jl I^CTIO #w^ WOM; come we will make 
 
 X 
 
 a covenant, i. e. wc? now come let us make a covenant, 
 Gen. xxxi. 44 ; ^>{Jj ol cawe we will go, John xi. 7. 
 
 We have also the imper. in such constructions as 
 the following ; 1 will give you the best of the land of 
 Egypt, ]L^ criiiOQ_ <AaD]o and eat ye the fat of 
 the land, Gen. xlv. 18. ; Q_!_KO O^CLL ]?CTI this do and 
 live, i. e. this do and ye shall live, Gen. xlviii. 18. 
 
 Participles. 
 
 The participle is timeless; i. e. it has no time 
 of its own; but partakes of every time with which 
 it may be connected. Thus, pres. most frequently. 
 The fut. ; as, 001 ] -^ - - ->iv> _\ .AV^ 001. ]jcn ^-&!o 
 
 X T t\ * X Tl 
 
 Therefore that which shall be born of thee is holy, 
 Luke i. 35. "j^ ^.S "j^J ^2.Aj"f, thy wife shall bear 
 to thee a son, Gen. xvii. 19. The Praet. ; as, Behold 
 their Lord, A.vnn ...... \-D> fallen and dead, Judges 
 
 x * 
 
 iii. 25. Participles, when they are taken as such, and
 
 SYNTAX OF VERBS. 113 
 
 not for the present tense, have placed before them for 
 the most part, the particle p or the prefix 5 ; as, 
 ]Ad> A > ~> ^DyaAio p wandering from house to house, 
 1 Tim. v. 13. 
 
 The active participles are in some instances found 
 in the constructive for the absolute state. In such cases 
 they are followed by a noun ; as, l^oTi .^ulj descend- 
 
 0770 
 
 ing into the ditch, Prov. i. 12. ]^5Z . . V)v entering' in 
 
 at the gate, Gen. xxiii. 10. oA-i5 - .n\\ "j^ he 
 
 saw Levi sitting, Mark ii. 14. 
 
 Regimen of Verbs. 
 
 A transitive verb exercises an influence over a noun 
 or pronoun which follows it, either immediately or 
 mediately and which limits its signification. The 
 noun or pronoun may be without or with a preposi- 
 tion ; as, ,Av I)-; * en "j^vnV/ he made many disciples, 
 
 John iv. 1. |_ok3 ^o^o^ ]lk), What has Moses 
 
 commanded you? Mark x. 3. la_,?ti li-o)? that I 
 may call the righteous, Mark ii. 17. 
 
 Verbs which are doubly transitive; such as tran- 
 sitive verbs in those conjugations which are causative, 
 exercise this influence over two such nouns or pro- 
 nouns ; as, KO^J ]_ocA rn - ^^s. he commanded him 
 j 
 
 to be clothed with a garment of fine linen, Gen. xli. 42. 
 ]vvV 1'AiJ.. }ooi -<^^> he taught the people know- 
 ledge, Eccles. xii. 9. 
 8
 
 114 SYNTAX OF VERBS. 
 
 Verbs used for Adverbs. 
 
 It is not uncommon to see a verb put before 
 another verb to which it performs the office of an 
 adverb ; as, Wr>> ^^clj who has taken much, 
 
 2 Cor. viii. 15. cnis^? i-i^t-cof hath greatly exalted 
 him, Phil. ii. 9- ^ U>1 ^^ / will again feed 
 thy flock, Gen. xxx. 31. ]fco ->\^ ^amoT Again he 
 spake a parable, Luke xix. 11. They entreated 
 .ooiiai ^k)Aj *imo2.Aj ft? that it should not be spoken 
 
 K -R 
 
 to them any more, Hebr. xii. 19- cnXaj^-* ^-^1 
 he changed the letter craftily, Bar. Heb. p. 100. 
 
 Miscellaneous Observations. 
 
 The ordinary method of expressing a reciprocal or 
 reflexive sense is by a transitive verb with the noun 
 ]1 <**i united to the affixes. But it is also in some 
 instances done by means of the passive conjugations; 
 as, . . *<*}] he turned himself, Matth. ix. 22. See also 
 
 x 
 
 John viii. 6, 7, 59. 
 
 Neuter verbs have sometimes a passive signification ; 
 as, ]L& to wander for to be deceived, irXavaaOat, Luke 
 xxi. 8. yiL, he burnt for ivas burnt, Matth. xiii. 30. 
 
 x 
 
 ^Aj he fell for he was cast down, John iii. 24. 
 n\rn he ascended for was extracted, tvas torn up, as 
 
 91 
 
 trees which are torn up by their roots. 
 l
 
 SYNTAX OF PREPOSITIONS. 115 
 
 Compound words in Greek are translated into Syriac, 
 by simple words, either alone or in conjunction with 
 another word or particle ; as, v > ^. ' foreknowing, Acts 
 
 xxvi. 5. ; Zjiol AlOpD / predicted, Mark xiii. 23. ; ^oi5 
 
 i\ i\ * i* 
 
 cniOj-a he ran before him, or did outrun him, John 
 
 
 
 xx. 4. ; so with many others. 
 
 57. Syntax of Prepositions. 
 
 Prepositions are employed in connection with verbs ; 
 thus, o is found with verbs signifying to confess or 
 deny, also many verbs of sense are construed with 
 *o; as, . . o _i5<U5 who shall confess me, . . ^ jdsinjj 
 
 XX I * 
 
 M?/W A-^0// deny me, cnZoloo ]v^l ]^ let me not see 
 
 * ?\ *h 
 
 A* death. 
 
 The preposition ^ is used with verbs of enter- 
 ing or ascending; as, ]l5Z ? v ^> ^^i 5? ^ whoever 
 does not enter by the door, John x. 1, 2. 
 
 1 with verbs of covering or commanding; as, 
 covered, Matth. xvii. 5. _r>^ ^e commanded, 
 
 2 Chron. xxxvi. 23. 
 
 AJ^ with verbs of separating or distinguishing; 
 
 as, GW separated ]An ^ \ "j^oioj A . ~> between the 
 light and the darkness, Gen. i. 4. 
 
 yL*3 with verbs of coming; as, ]1] ^^ cze, 
 
 R 
 
 Mark i. 7. ; of going, as, ^>j] ^^ departed, John vi. 2. 
 
 * 
 
 , 1 Cor. xiv. 1. 
 
 82
 
 116 SYNTAX OF PARTICLES. 
 
 The prepositions V\^oA\ against, ^1 against, 
 with, and many others are frequently used with verbs; 
 as, ]1 . ^ V\Aoo\ ^n^nn n7 ]j> resist not evil, see also 
 
 x 
 
 Matth. xxvi. 62. ; Acts iv. 14. ; Rom. vii. 23. ; Acts 
 xxv. 5. ; Hebr. vi. 6., &c. 
 
 58. Syntax of Particles. 
 
 The repetition of adverbs like that of nouns expresses 
 intensity; as, - ^ - - . ^ very badly; or diversity, 
 
 1 x 
 
 as, ]n\A ]A\ ^#r wc? there ; or continuation ; as, 
 V\ . \ ~. \\ . \A^ by little and little. 
 
 X X 
 
 Adverbs sometimes qualify nouns by being placed 
 before them in the constructive state ; as, ] . g v> VV . \r> 
 a little water, )Ii5^DQ_I ^_iAr> a few days. 
 
 The particle ]J placed before adjectives assigns a 
 
 7 i> 
 
 privative signification to them ; as, so . ^>. ]J foolish., 
 
 t> *, P r 
 
 IZo-iJiD )J immortal. 
 
 Interjections, which denote threats, for the most 
 part cause ^ to be prefixed to the next word ; as, ^ ^,0 
 woe to us! 
 
 far be it is construed with ^ of the person, 
 and j prefixed to the verb ; as, r cnjj ov^ mlj far 
 be it from him that he should do, Job xxx. 10. 
 
 59- Enallage of Persons and Number. 
 The enallage of persons does not occur so frequently 
 in Syriac as in Hebrew, and especially as in the Hebrew
 
 ENALLAGE. ELLIPSIS. 117 
 
 Psalms ; but some instances are met with in the Syriac 
 Scriptures; as, o}' "jj^o^ .<-><*vn y^L A_i_lL ^JOT ^io 
 
 oi^iL Jjj l^-Jr^ wherefore thou art inexcusable, O 
 man, whojudgeth his neighbour; where we have m. -^ 
 
 * 
 
 for --:^>" Rom. ii. 1. i.e. the 3rd person for the 2nd. 
 Also the 1st for the 3rd in Mark xii. 37. ^_i-2cn 001 
 ^jjio ov\ IJJD J-.OJ therefore David himself calls him 
 
 K * I 
 
 my Lord, where we have ^-0 for cn^k) his Lord. 
 Enallage of number we have in Hab. ii. 15. 
 
 60. Ellipsis. 
 
 This figure occurs the most frequently in the omis- 
 sion of the substantive verb; as, .g>mn 7 . oiSo*o and 
 
 his name was Joseph; <nZoD> V ]' those who (are) 
 
 like him, Bar. Heb. 328. 12. There are other words 
 which it is sometimes necessary to supply in order to 
 complete the sense; as a subs, in Eccles. vi. 3. ^oJ J 
 ]]k> I^Ht if a man shall beget a hundred, namely sons. 
 A . Vi . ]l_^ once have I sworn, where _oi is under- 
 stood, Ps. Ixxxix. 35. "jAjiar^KiJO ]Aij Jj] ^2] ]J / 
 
 eat not that which is acquired by fraud and fvrce, 
 Isaiah i. 22.
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 IT is stated in .10, that a simple point is some- 
 times used for various purposes. The practice of the 
 Syriac writers appears to have heen to employ a 
 point, which hy its position ahove or helow the let- 
 ter to which it is annexed, would determine the true 
 signification of a word that would otherwise, in the 
 ahsence of the vowels, remain ambiguous. It is pro- 
 bable that the signification of this point defined in 
 some degree the kind of vowel intended to be sup- 
 plied, and thus served as a guide in the pronunciation. 
 The following instances of its application, taken princi- 
 pally from the Grammars of Amira, Hoffman and 
 De Dien, will illustrate the nature and utility of this 
 sign. 
 
 J 1^1 ljj| who? 
 
 \rA ],-.} hand. 
 
 (\l-\ { 2. | coming. 
 
 : 
 
 IM |Z.| he came. 
 
 * 
 U1 U1 a sign. 
 
 {1 1 *" 7 
 
 I O ( i o wretched. 
 
 ] O ] i O evil. 
 
 I 1 1 on ( i n*") weeping, part. fern. 
 
 ^ U^,O {A HO mourning.
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 001 on 
 
 * he. 
 
 001 001 
 
 she. 
 
 , masc. 
 
 1r " 
 
 /, fern. 
 
 Ae became white. 
 white. 
 
 Oil oil to her. 
 
 Oil Oil to him. 
 
 ,-So ^JaD who? 
 
 from. 
 
 work, 
 servant. 
 
 working. 
 
 (JQA unjust. 
 
 JJQA iniquity. 
 ]]ck t/aw<. 
 
 year, 
 .sleep.
 
 120 APPENDIX. 
 
 It appears from the foregoing examples that this 
 point performed the office of vowels ; that when it 
 was placed above the letter, it denoted for the most 
 part one of the vowels v, p, and when beneath the 
 letter, it denoted x , ", or *. 
 
 This point was further used to distinguish the 
 persons and tenses of verbs. When it was put be- 
 neath the letter, it denoted 
 
 1. All the persons of the praeterite, the first of 
 the sing. numb, being excepted. The third person 
 sing. fern, has this point frequently on the left-hand 
 side of the last letter Z. 
 
 2. The imperative and infinitive whenever any 
 point is found. 
 
 3. All persons of the future, the first of each 
 number being excepted. 
 
 When it is placed above a letter in verbs it 
 denotes 
 
 1. The first person of the prseterite. 
 
 2. The active participle; as in Peal conjugation 
 ^\&D ^4o, Pael ^4nSo ^H^; unless one of the 
 letters ] o w* requires it to be placed below; as, 
 
 i>CL_niO Or 
 
 I 
 
 3. The first person of both numbers of the future. 
 
 The following paradigm of the Peal conjugation 
 of ^40 will exemplify what has been now stated.
 
 APPENDIX. 121 
 
 Prceterite. 
 
 Fern. Masc. 
 
 3rd pers. sing. 
 
 2nd 
 lst 
 
 3r P ers - p u - 
 1st ......... 
 
 Imperative. 
 sing. 
 plu. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Fern. Masc. 
 
 3rd pers. sing. 
 
 2nd ......... 
 
 1st ......... 
 
 3rd ..... plu. 
 
 2nd ......... 
 
 Participles. 
 
 act. 
 pass.
 
 122 APPENDIX. 
 
 This point in some places is found with one letter, 
 and in other places with another letter of the same 
 word. The distinction is produced only by its situation 
 above or below the word. 
 
 The Names of the Months. 
 
 We give here the names of the Lunar Months, 
 which occur very frequently in the Scriptures. 
 
 October, 
 | __;_ Z November, 
 
 X t> 
 
 December, 
 January, 
 
 February, 
 
 7 \' 
 
 3>f March, 
 
 April, 
 
 j] May, 
 
 X 
 
 v O;_.V-- June, 
 
 August, 
 September.
 
 APPENDIX. 123 
 
 The Estrangelo Characters. 
 
 The Estrangelo characters are the most ancient. 
 They are found in the oldest Syriac MSS., are prin- 
 cipally ornamental, and often used for Titles of Books. 
 The following Table exhibits their forms: 
 
 o a 
 
 flD 
 
 END OP THE APPENDIX.
 
 124 
 
 ST. JOHN'S GOSPEL, 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 P f 
 
 Zooi : 
 
 uo . . OO1 
 
 O 2 .ZoOl r-lQ ^iQ__i5 OliDjO ] I \ iij 
 - ^ ^ N^T 
 
 (OOl iQ_^C 3 . I Cu_*_Q i. 
 
 Uo m . \ 
 
 .. 
 
 V 
 
 T 
 
 - . ^Vft - >V 
 
 5 .^ 
 
 6 .< s 
 
 ;Jx V V). m? 
 
 7 .]AiZ ol 
 
 .^OCTll. iio] 8 A\k\ 
 
 001 ^01^ po 9 .OaAjlo fovr><r> . > .A 
 
 i i 
 
 " ^ o p y y y * p P.. y 
 
 IOOT vi,j |Jo : ];^>-> OOCTIJ ^QJOI ] . v> 
 
 0001 
 
 10 
 
 3l? t^o OA^io |4 I^QjL *ool . . ;\n .
 
 ST. JOHN'S GOSPEL, CHAP. ii. 125 
 
 171 m 1 rn 11 
 
 oo_ vx?o]o : ]1 - V ..? 
 
 i> * v^ 
 
 X -X 7 7 . V " I * 
 
 7 Ti 
 
 7 7 07 7 " I .. y 
 
 vv . \o OO01 Vn/r> . . ><nn | . Vn\/n v_OlQ_K JO UlLo (c 
 
 .7 .*< -X 1 * * l : -l ' 
 
 ^Q._.^C'O L-i ^00~lj ^ t^> ^^ (OOl s^-Lj j CO J.o * 
 
 |5O^L _-i 3C-l^ -O 1m \ os>*^j>|O 14 t ViQ 
 
 CLIO 15 ._i^AJj llaysViNo .]jQ- 7 o 
 
 
 
 ,_{O -P c 
 
 77 
 
 . Vrn o\on .jioi pal ^ i m] V>? ^Qjcrvlo 16 
 
 Ti Tk 17 
 
 . 
 
 ."J2.3Q-.U ^s ^^o]? oi^inN auo.ns^ ]Jo . 
 
 ^^, 1< * 1> 1> 
 
 7 P7 7 7l77- 
 
 - > i Vn] ^AjjD? OU-L^J : *CuAu> . .mn_ .^n\7 o^5Z]o 17 
 
 71*7 
 
 is 
 
 19 . 
 
 i> i 7 P P 7 no 7 ^ 
 
 ;>o i nV> ]j] -tlDo.. "jA^A^o :|j<n jliuai o5oAco 
 
 20
 
 126 ST. JOHN'S GOSPEL, CHAP. n. 
 
 r i .. y o ! y y c f P 7 
 
 AJ] So. o^n .Vnn . ]A^AX AjJQ . JjCTl |1^ iO1 
 
 i i 
 
 7 f 7 P 7 7 P 7 P -? -X 
 
 22 .aii-fr-aj UiL.cn ^LL ]ocn ^] ^_,j oai 21 . 
 
 yyy -x 
 
 "A . v> A . o 
 
 riiX n i V^ IOTP .]OOT j 
 
 p 7 
 
 "jocn ^aioAj] 23 
 
 i GOT 24 - 
 
 , 
 
 OCTIJ \L^lD . m <TM ^OCTvL "JOOI ^kljOllD lp V\n > 
 
 " 1> 
 
 y p<> P p-xpyp 
 
 JOTJCDJ w^j] ]o<n -^ ^<y> Jo 25 .. i\o\ oai , 
 
 locn v ^. oai .o^j^ ^ ^L CTL!
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 1. ]vv > \n And on the day, compounded of the 
 conjunction Vau and, X on or upon, equivalent to 
 ^1 and ]iDaI the definite form of the masc. noun 
 ^ool, . 19. 
 
 "jASZj of three, i. e. third, cardinal numbers with 
 5 prefixed, are sometimes used for ordinals, $. 54; j 
 is here the sign of the genitive. 
 
 2.001 was, third pers. sing. fern, of the subs, verb 
 ]6<n praet. tense. 
 
 ")7oAvn feast, a fern, noun def. state derived from 
 the verb "jA^, see . 15. 
 
 ]i ftAo in Cana, composed of o in, and ]L^o 
 a proper name. 
 
 "jAi ^vn a city, a fern, noun def. state, the line 
 
 ~ i 
 
 under the Nun is the linea occultans, $. 8. It is 
 derived from o he judged. 
 
 f 7 7o 
 
 ]1 . \ ,Q of Galilee, j and ]1 . V .. a proper name. 
 cnlolo and his mother, o a conjunction, "jio") fern. 
 
 fl "* 
 
 noun def. state, and the suffix 01 , which is pleonastic, 
 f. 55.
 
 128 ANALYSIS. 
 
 W there, an adverb. 
 
 Zoi was, subs, verb, 3rd pers. sing, fern., with the 
 tinea occultans, because it is the logical copula, J. 8. 
 
 2. *2)}o find also, o a conj. ^"f a conjunction. 
 
 ooi lie, a personal pronoun used with the following 
 word as reciprocal, \. 55. p. 108. 
 
 un- . JOSMS Saviour, from jw Hiphil jpafirr 
 he saved. 
 
 . .mrTV<vn\7n #w</ Az* disciples, . . Vn\7 y disciple, 
 - f i 
 
 a masc. noun. Def. form is ] \vn\7 7 from the verb 
 
 i 
 
 ; Vn\ he learned. The sign indicates the plu. numb. 
 _cno 7 is the affix third pers. sing, to a plu. noun. 
 
 ^^Z] was invited, a verb, third pers. sing. masc. 
 Ethpeel conj. from ]^D. 
 
 o-iS to it, which is redundant, referring to the fol- 
 lowing word, J. 55. 
 
 3. "Jon jjiujo the pluperfect tense Peal conj. of 
 
 the verb jjn^, <J. 38. The line under the 01 of ]6oi 
 shows that it assists in forming a tense, . 8. 
 
 1JV> T > wine, def. state masc., Arab. /*4^ it fer- 
 mented. 
 
 o and she says, part. act. of the verb &] fern. 
 
 
 
 gen. Peal conj.; the vowel Zekofo which belongs to 
 the Olaph is remitted to the preceding letter, j>. 40.
 
 ANALYSIS. 129 
 
 to kirn, redundant in this place. 
 ' his mother, see ver. 1 . 
 
 L^ A > ^\ there is not for them, i. e. they have not, 
 
 e 
 
 compounded of J] not, and A^l is. 
 
 4. jioj rtzV/j, act. part. Peal conj. masc. gen. of 
 the verb -io. 
 
 . .\ ]<D tt^al to me and to thee ? i.e. what 
 
 have I to do with thee? ]sb an interrog. pronoun, $. 26. 
 - - V and - - ^V affixes of the first pers. sing, and second 
 
 pers. sing. fern, annexed to ^ . 
 
 ]ZAyf woman, fern, noun, def. form. Heb. nttfK 
 from W$ a man, the W is changed in the Syr. word 
 into L, see <). 4. 
 
 ? 
 
 , an adverb, V\ . n_ v yet, compounded of ,A and 
 
 or 
 
 221 has come, third pers. sing. fern. Peal conj. of the 
 verb jZl ; this is a doubly defective verb, $. 49. 
 
 wjAi^ my hour, fern, noun, abs. state 1^ const. 
 
 7 
 
 state Ai^ , which with ^ the affix of the first pers. 
 
 7 
 
 sing, becomes _>AiJ, . 30. 
 
 5. oiSol ]jlo] , see ver. 3. 
 9
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 ] I^-vn'l to the servants. }* IQ^Ivn is a masc. 
 noun, def. state, and is derived from the partic. Pael 
 conj. of the verb - -<^ he served; the - over ^o is 
 the sign Ribui, and denotes the plu. numb. 
 
 iioj> iOyk) whatsoever he saith. 5 ^0,10 any thing 
 which; or whatsoever. 
 
 to you, pron. affix second pers. plu. numb. 
 annexed to ^. 
 
 do, second pers. plu. masc. imper. of the 
 
 verb Av ; the regular vowel under the sec. rad. is 
 Etsotso, the Revotso in this word is an anomaly, 
 . 36. 
 
 6. Jiocn A_.1 there were. A.,) is pleonastic, and is 
 
 X X 
 
 thus frequently used. Jlooi third pers. plu. fern, praet. 
 of the verb "jooi . 
 
 ,_,) but, Gr. 3e a conj. 
 there, adverb. 
 
 water pots, def. form plu. numb, of the noun 
 , Heb. ]. 
 
 j of stone, this is one of the ways of expressing 
 an adjective by means of a noun, . 22. 
 
 L six, a card. numb. fern. gen.
 
 ANALYSIS. 131 
 
 Oi" cm which were placed, > rel. pron. vn " m 
 
 pass. part. fern. gen. plu. numb, of the verb ^orb he 
 placed; see paradigm of ioo.0 . 
 
 >^\ for the purification. l^ujDjZ. 7 fern, noun 
 def. state, from the verb IDJ to be pure. ]^JOOT_.? 
 
 x. 
 
 of the Jews, 5 a sign of the gen. 
 
 .^wj? containing, or which contain, 5 rel. pron. . l^}' 
 act. part. Peal conj. of the verb r L] fern. gen. plu. 
 numb. ; is the sign Ribui. 
 
 ,__,j2. ^jjZ two each, that is, each water pot contains 
 two. - v^ firkins, masc. noun plu. numb. def. 
 form is 
 
 o) or, the dot over o was probably put to distin- 
 
 7 
 
 guish this part, from o] the interjection. ]AX2. three, 
 a card. numb. 
 
 7. oVvn Jill, imper. second pers. plu. numb. Peal 
 
 7 
 
 conj. of the verb jlso he filled. 
 
 " i] them, governed by the verb Q^D, see . 56. 
 
 T> 7 
 
 ] r "^r water, plu. noun def. form masc. gen. It is 
 used only in this form. 
 
 ]jLA] in the water pots; ^ has the signification 
 of in. See Schaaf's Lexicon. 
 
 92
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 until, composed of the particles ,_L and 
 
 to the top, an adverb with ^ prefixed. Root 
 Heb. rby lie ascended. 
 
 8. OLO^I draw ye, imper. second pers. plu. numb. 
 of the verb \iSi . It occurs only in this place in the 
 New Test. 
 
 V\ >nVn now, an adv. compounded of jso and V\ . n . 
 
 T I 
 
 otL]o and bring, the second pers. plu. numb, imper. 
 of ]L] ; this verb is doubly irregular, or defective, . 49. 
 
 ..V to the governor of the feast, - - .* a 
 
 ^ i 
 
 masc. noun ; it is frequently used with another noun, 
 as in the present instance, ]n<^m from .^Anm to recline, 
 masc. noun def. state. 
 
 a^lo and they brought, third pers. plu. numb. 
 
 Peal conj. praet. tense. See above. 
 
 i 
 
 9. fio and when, composed of o and, p as. 
 
 ^OL^ he tasted, third pers. prset. sing. Peal conj.; 
 this verb has the vowel Revotso, for reasons, see . 36. 
 
 001 a pers. pron., and is redundant in this place. 
 ^CLJOI they, referring to }.;<<>.
 
 ANALYSIS. 133 
 
 "jooi *fl was knowing, i. e. knew, the imperf. tense 
 Peal conj. of the verb vi^_, , the tinea occultans under 
 01 denotes ]ooi to assist in forming the imperf. tense. 
 
 ^16 from, a preposition. 
 
 ] 7 whence, an adverb. It is used with and 
 without an interrogation. 
 
 )-jD he called, third pers. sing. numb, prcet. Peal 
 conj. See ver. 2. 
 
 l^ to the bridegroom, masc. noun def. state, 
 Heb. tnn. 
 
 ' 
 
 10. . - i V*5 every man. - - i] ^ the latter word 
 is frequently joined to another, in which case the Olaph 
 disappears; as, - - i. A son of man, or man; the def. 
 state of . i" is 
 
 rst, the same as irpioTov, an adverb. 
 
 , an adj. masc. gen. def. state; abs. state 
 
 s s Qq or 
 
 D hringeth, the act. part. Aph. conj. sing. 
 numb. masc. gen. of the verb \L] he came; this verb 
 
 -n 
 
 deviates from the class whose first rad. is Olaph in 
 changing this letter into Yud.
 
 134 ANALYSIS. 
 
 5 ]ib when, after that, ]io followed by the rel. 5 
 has frequently an adverbial signification. 
 
 OjO?! 7 they had drunk sufficiently, Aph. conj. third 
 
 pers. plu. numb, prast. of the verb ")o5 ; the vowel of 
 the Olaph is remitted to the Dolath, . 40. 
 
 then, an adverb. 
 
 ? JjLV that which, rel. pron., $. 26. 
 
 i^^p worse, an adj. masc. gen.; the def. form is 
 
 vjor_,2.}^j thou hast kept it, Peal conj. second pers. 
 sing. numb, of the verb ;Jj; the suffix _cnl is re- 
 dundant, referring to the following word, J. 55. 
 
 i*criX ]k?A until now, adverb. 
 
 11. ^01 IXTI this is; "jjcn demons, pron. fern. gen. 
 ^01 a pers. pron. in the place of the substan. verb, {. 25. 
 
 }L] sign, or miracle, a noun fern. gen. def. state, 
 Heb. niN. 
 
 , an ordinal number fern, gender. 
 ij which he did-, ^ Peal conj. third pers. sing. 
 
 praet. 
 
 ^jolo and he made known, or manifested, Aph. 
 conj. third pers. sing, praet. tense of vx^ ; the Yud is
 
 ANALYSIS. 135 
 
 changed into Vau, . 40.; the vowel * is remitted to 
 the conj. o . 
 
 > his glory. \ji^o^ masc. noun def. state ; 
 
 the abs. state is ....no , ^. 19 ; the root is 
 praised, Pael conj. 
 
 oikuoio w</ they believed, Aph. conj. third pers. 
 phi. numb, praet. of the verb J^D] . It is irregular in 
 
 the Aph. conj. being formed as the Heb. Hiphel. It 
 is generally construed with ^ or ^> . 
 
 aid in him, ^ a prep, en affix third pers. sing. 
 
 * % * 
 
 masc. 
 
 12. 5^> after, a preposition. 
 
 ]jai ^X a dem. pron. fern. gen. sing. numb. 
 
 \e descended, Peal conj. third pers. sing, praet. ; 
 
 the vowel Revotso is found in the place of Pethocho, 
 being an intrans. verb, jj. 36. 
 
 s^>n K. i.c*^ to Capernaum, a proper name. 
 
 ^aioJjlo wc? Ai# brethren, noun masc. gen. plu. 
 
 numb. ; the sing, is ]^1 ? , plu. abs. state. ^ " tf : def. 
 state 
 
 0001 they were, third pers. plu. numb, of the sub- 
 stan. verb "Jon.
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 V\ . \n few, adverb connected \vith the following 
 
 i 
 
 noun, . 58. 
 
 ]ZiDQ_. 7 days, noun plu. numb. def. state fern, ter- 
 mination, in the sing, we have i>oal, def. ]ibo_*. 
 
 13. L.;-OO and near, an adj. masc. gen. def. 
 
 X 
 
 state |Aj(_o from the verb *o^. 
 i 
 
 Ibcn was, substan. verb. 
 
 ll^-a passover, masc. noun. def. state. Amira says 
 
 that this word in Greek Wo^a, found in all the Gos- 
 pels signifies joy, and derives it therefore from o^l^) 
 
 vj 
 
 he rejoiced. Pref. to his Gram, where he gives a list 
 of Syriasms in the New Testament. 
 
 he ascended. Revotso under the second rad., 
 j. 36." 
 
 14. O^L]O and he found, Peal conjugation with 
 
 7 
 
 Olaph prosthetic, . 36, constructed with ^>. 
 
 v 1 1 nj> that were selling, or selling, act. part. Peal. 
 
 }'ioL r oxen, masc. noun def. state, sing. }5o2. 7 ; Heb. 
 
 
 
 i V is put for Z, J. 4, Greek TOV/DOV, Lat. taurus. 
 
 and sheep. One point of the sign Ribui in 
 this and the preceding word coalesces with the point 
 of the letter Rish, f. 7.
 
 ANALYSIS. 137 
 
 doves; according to Schaaf from n^* 
 ]igi v vVrXr> and the money changers; the ^> is con- 
 
 i\ 
 
 structed with o^A1 , the root is *zil , whence jlaJoL 
 money. 
 
 . QA' sitting"; the Dolath denotes the participle 
 to b$ taken as such, $. 56. 
 
 15. llitrS whip, Greek 
 
 cord, inasc. noun def. state, Heb. 7in, Eng- 
 lish cable. 
 
 n and all of them compounded of o, X, 
 and ^001. 
 
 .o<^f he caused to depart, i. e. he drove, Aph. conj. 
 
 ^ 
 
 third pers. sing, praet. of the verb oAj. The Nun 
 is dropped for the reason given in . 41. 
 
 p 7 
 
 ]ls_,ai temple, masc. noun def. state. 
 
 ,_]o and he poured out. The vowel * is remitted 
 to Vau, J. 40. 
 
 ^OCTU^JOL ^Aeir money, i. e. the money of the 
 changers. 
 
 <oouJoAio wc? #Ar tables. "jjoAa masc. def. state 
 by metathesis TjoaTre^a. 
 overturned.
 
 138 ANALYSIS. 
 
 16. . i '"i Vn ; setting, act. part. masc. plu. Pael 
 conj. of the verb ^L\ . 
 
 no take, second pers. plu. imper. Peal conj. 
 of the verb V\A . 
 
 >So hence, i. e. ,_Lo from, ]s here. 
 
 ]]o #/ w#& not it; B. prohibition is 
 
 generally expressed by the fut. tense. The suffix 01 
 is pleonastic, . 55. 
 
 rnA. o\ the house of him ; "(A\ o is a masc. noun 
 
 -> 
 
 derived from Zos or ArS /^ remained, or tarried the 
 night. The suffix 01 is pleonastic before Dolath of 
 the genitive, $. 55. 
 
 . ^ * 
 
 merchandise, a fern, noun, from ;_..] . 
 
 17. ojisZIo #df they remembered, the Ethpeel 
 
 conj. third pers. plu. praet. of the verb ^>j. Heb. ~DT 
 the \ being changed into ?, . 4. 
 
 which is written ; i^jAD pass. part. Peal 
 
 3C I 
 
 conj. Root o^o Ae wrote. 
 
 o/" it; ]i i ^ masc. noun def. 
 
 T 
 
 state, from ^ /o /^ envious-, the affix is pleonastic, 
 being before > of the gen., f 55.
 
 ANALYSIS. 139 
 
 . . i *\rf hath eaten me, the vowel * belonging to 
 Olaph is taken away when the object, affix is annexed, 
 and v belonging to ,JD is remitted to the Olaph, $. 48. 
 
 18. niv ^<?y answered, from )JJL third pers. plu. 
 prat.; Heb. ruy. 
 
 showest, act. part. Pael conj., root *^o_^. 
 
 ,Jl to MS. It is composed of X and r ? first pers. 
 plu. affix. 
 
 19- oJoAco destroy, imper. Peal conj. second pers. 
 plu. of the verb jXco . 
 
 Jj| i>o_k_a!o }j] I will raise up; ^CL^C^D is the 
 
 act. part. Aphel conj. of the verb iooo; the second 
 pron. is put in the place of the substantive verb ; the 
 part, in this instance denotes future time, . 56. 
 
 .. 7 
 
 20. * * * AJIO . v^;]l after forty and six years ; 
 
 V*> in this place has the signification of after, see Acts 
 xxiv. 17. 
 
 - - 1 ^?] was built, Ethpeel conj. third pers. sing. 
 
 X T 
 
 niasc. gen. praet. of the verb ]Lo. 
 
 21. "|ocn i&>} was speaking, or spake; ]oai has 
 the linea occultans, because with the act. part, jiof it 
 forms the imper. tense of AD") , $. 8. 
 
 oi;_,,L_2>5 of Iris body ; 1 the mark of the gen. pre- 
 ceded by a noun in the def. state ; "|La masc. noun ;
 
 140 ANALYSIS. 
 
 Chaldee *riJ3; V***& corporeal, the adj. and 
 carnally, the adv. 
 
 22. ]A'.'vn AJUO house of the dead, for sepulchre, 
 pass. part. plu. numb. def. of A >^n . 
 
 ]XTI? that this, to the demons, pron. is understood 
 the noun 
 
 ]6<7i i&] he had spoken ; ]bcn in this place assists 
 in forming the pluperfect tense of the verb jio) , $. 38. 
 
 01 C-> .mo. see ver. 11. 
 
 AD"]) which he had .mid, this verb denotes the plu- 
 
 n 
 
 perfect tense in this place. 
 
 23. ]ooi .*cno r /u] was, the subst. verb being joined 
 to L*] with its affixes, the imperf. tense is formed, $. 34. 
 
 "JAA feast, masc. noun def. state, root Arab. 
 i* 
 
 lie visited, second conj. JO^c he feasted. 
 
 1] ? yt tr> wflwy, adj. plu. numb, def., from the verb 
 ] ' m 7/e multiplied. 
 
 o]>jj ^ew /^^y /iJ wg; ? has here the signifi- 
 cation of when. See Schaaf 's Lexicon under this letter. 
 
 24. viojul ^_*> ocn But Jexus himself, sec $. 55.
 
 ANALYSIS. 141 
 
 m <?M ^ooi\ ]ooi ^vn.rn<sn ]J trusted ?iot himself 
 to them; "jocn is joined to the part., and makes the 
 imperf. tense of the verb ^D] Aph. conj. ]- <^\ gives 
 the verb a reciprocal sense, f. 56, p. 114. 
 
 ^k> because. Etsotso has not here its usual accom- 
 
 R 
 
 panying letter Vau, $. 2. 
 
 ]ooi v h knew, imperf. tense of the verb vx^_, . 
 
 X 
 
 25. ")cxn -ri . im ^ needecl, imperf. tense, Peal 
 conj. of the verb -<^i m . 
 
 JOLOU should testify. Optative and subjunc. expres- 
 sions are frequently expressed by the future tense, 
 $. 56; the vowel Pethocho is put under 01 because in 
 the prset. this letter has Revotso.
 
 MARCH, 18*3. 
 
 an* l^eto 
 
 printed for 
 
 JOHN W. PAKKER. 
 
 (OBSERVATIONS upon THE TREATY of WASH- 
 INGTON, signed August 9th, 1842. By GEORGE WILLIAM 
 FEATHERSTONHAUGH, Esq., F.R.S., F.G.S., late One of Her Majesty's 
 Commissioners for the North American Boundary. Octavo, with Map, 3$. 
 
 A SYSTEM of LOGIC, Ratiocinative and Inductive; 
 
 being a Connected View of the Principles of Evidence, and the Methods of 
 Scientific Investigation. By JOHN STUART MILL. Two Vols., Oct. 30s. 
 
 The PHYSIOLOGICAL ANATOMY and PHYSI- 
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 IKno'er tf)e Junction of t?)e Committee of Council on 
 
 WILHEM'S METHOD OF TEACHING SINGING ADAPTED 
 TO ENGLISH USE B Y JOHN HULL AH. 
 
 The Manual: Parts I. and II., 
 
 2*. 6rf. each ; or the Two Parts bound together 
 in cloth, 6s. 
 
 The Exercises and Figures for 
 
 the Use of Pupils. Three Books, 6d. each. 
 
 Hullah's Large Sheets, con- 
 
 taining the Exercises and Figures in bold 
 Characters on Sheets Three Feet Six inches 
 long. Ten Parcels of Ten Sheets each (Nos. I. 
 to X.; XI. to XX.; XXI. to XXX., &c.), price 
 7*. (W. per Parcel. 
 
 Singing Tablets for Elementary 
 
 Schools. Price, Sheets, 10*. $ Mounted on 
 Millboard, 25*. ; in Box, complete, 30s. 
 
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 MODEL DRAWING AND PERSPECTIVE. 
 
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 MULHA USER'S METHOD OF TEACHING WRITING, 
 ADAPTED TO ENGLISH USE. 
 
 The Manual of Writing, with I Writing Models; the Set, 
 
 Forty Model Plates, 2s. 6<f. I consisting of Forty Models, 2*. (W.
 
 16 NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS. 
 
 $fUttStrel6; a collection of SACRED 
 
 MUSIC from the FINEST WORKS of the GREAT MASTERS, BRITISH 
 and FOREIGN; arranged as Solos, and Concerted Pieces, for Private 
 Performance, with Accompaniments for the Piano-Forte. Two handsome 
 Folio Volumes, Half-bound, Price Two Guineas. 
 
 psalter; or, ^jsalms of Dairiti, 
 
 in Metre, with APPROPRIATE TUNES. Edited by 
 JOHN HULLAH. 
 
 This Work is preparing for publication on the same plan as the Editor's Part 
 Music. It will appear in separate Parts, for the different Voices, as well as in Score ; 
 besides which, there will be a Folio Edition, with a compressed Accompaniment for 
 the Organ or Piano-Forte. 
 
 Of the separate Voice Parts and the Score, Cheap Editions will be issued, in 
 order that a UNIFORM VERSION of the Psalter, with Music, may be brought within the 
 reach of even the humblest classes of society. 
 
 jHUStC, edited by JOHN HULLAH. 
 
 HULLAH'S PART MUSIC is Published Monthly, in SCORE and 
 in SEPARATE VOICE PARTS ; each Monthly Number con- 
 taining an equal portion of Sacred and Secular Music. 
 
 CLASS B., MUSIC in SCORE for the VOICES of WOMEN and 
 CHILDREN. Price 8d. 
 
 CLASS C., MUSIC IN SCORE for the VOICES of MEN. Price 8d. 
 
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 Month, alternately with CLASS A. 
 
 CLASS A., SACRED MUSIC for FOUR VOICES. The Score, bound 
 and lettered, price Os. The Separate Voice Parts, (Soprano, Alto, Tenor, and 
 Bass,) 3*. each, bound and lettered. 
 
 CLASS A., SECULAR MUSIC for FOUR VOICES. The Score, price 
 9j., bound and lettered. The Separate Voice Parts, (Soprano, Alto, Tenor, and 
 Bass,) 3*. each, bound and lettered. 
 
 CLASS A. may also be had as published in Numbers, containing each an equal 
 portion of both Sacred and Secular Music. Price, of the SCORE, 2s. 6d. per Number 
 and of the SEPARATE VOICE PARTS, tW. each. In every case, the Separate Voice Parts 
 
 the Score of the same Number or Volume, exactly correspond. Nos. I to VII 
 are already published, and a new Number appears oil the 1st day of every second 
 Month, alternately with Classes B. and C. 
 
 HULLAH'S PART MUSIC, (though equally well adapted for the use of Fami- 
 lies, Schools, and Amateur Societies,) is published with a particular view to the 
 numerous UPPER SCHOOLS, now forming in every part of the Kingdom, from 
 among the Pupils instructed in Singing on the Method of Wilhem, as adapted to 
 English use by Mr. Hullah, under the Sanction of the Committee of Privy Council on 
 Education, 
 
 JOHN W. PARKER, PUBLISHER, WEST STRAND.
 
 University of California 
 
 SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 
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 fiL JAN 1719W5 
 
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