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receipt of this volume.)
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF MISSOURI
ri
RAPHAEL PUMPELLY, DIRECTOR
PRELIMINARY REPORT
ON THE
IRON ORES AND COAL FIELDS
FROM THE
FIELD WORK OF 1872
With 190 Illustrations in the Text and an Atlas
PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE LEGISLATURE OF MISSOURI
UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE
BUREAU OF GEOLOGY AND MINES.
NEW YORK
JULIUS BIEN
1873-
EARTH
SCIENCES
LIBRARY
TABLE OF ERRATA.
I., p. 40, 41, for Mr. Otto Worth, read Mr. Otto Wuth.
I., p. 122, for Big Bogg Mountain, read Big Bogy Mountain.
I., p. 125, 154, 157, 160, 165, 167, 174, 183, for Chapter V., read Chapter VI.
I., p. 179, for Chapter IV., read Chapter VI.
I., p. 160, for Chapter IV., read Chapter V.
OFFICE OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,
ST. Louis, April, 1873.
To the President and Members of the Bureau of Geology and
Mines.
GENTLEMEN : I have the honor to transmit to you herewith
reports of the work of the Geological Survey during the season of
1872. Entering upon the duties of Chief Geologist in the Spring
of that year, the larger portion of my time had necessarily to be
devoted to the organization of field and office corps, to the pre-
paration of the plans of the survey and its administrative work.
But little opportunity was left me, during the brief tenure of
my office, to engage in scientific investigations, and the ill-health
which compelled me to tender to you my resignation, has also
prevented me from making those final observations in the field,
requisite to a report on the general Geology, and more especially
on the Iron Deposits, of the Porphyry region of the State.
I have, therefore, been obliged to limit my remarks on that
District to a somewhat fragmentary discussion of the questions
involved, leaving untouched many important points for want of a
few connecting facts.
I have the honor to be, Gentlemen,
Your obedient servant,
RAPHAEL PUMPELLY,
Director Geological Survey.
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
OF
MISSOURI.
IN 1849, a Memorial was presented to the i5th General Assembly,
signed by Falkland H. Martin, Sol, D. Caruthers, Saml. T. Glover,
W. G. Minor and De Witt C. Ballou, setting forth the advantages
to be derived from a geological survey of the State, and urging
liberal appropriations therefor. In their Memorial they stated in
detail, what should be required in connection with such a survey,
making it incumbent to show, by descriptions and maps, all the
various features of surface-configuration ; to investigate the causes
affecting health ; the agricultural capacity of the various soils ; to
describe the water-courses and water-powers ; to analyze the waters
of the springs and to -give full descriptions of the rock-formations
and analyses of minerals.
But it was not until the session of 1852-53 that a " Geological
Survey " was really inaugurated.
On April 12, 1853, Prof. G. C. Swallow was appointed "State
Geologist," and began work in May.
The First Annual Report of Progress (4 pages) and the Second
Annual Report (in two parts, respectively 207 pages and 239 pages)
were published together in one volume in 1854.
The Third Annual Report of Progress (6 pages) was printed in
1857; the Fourth (14 pages) in 1859; and the Fifth (19 pages)
in 1861.
The Second Annual Report contains a preliminary discussion of
the general geology of the State ; reports on five counties St.
Louis, Franklin, Moniteau, Cooper and Marion ; and a report on
the then more important mineral resources. The other annual re-
ports are statements of progress.
During the period which intervened between the publication of
viii PREFACE.
the Second Report and the stopping of the Survey in 1861, a large
portion of the State had been visited by members of the corps, and
full reports were written on the following counties : Cape Girar-
deau, Perry, St. Genevieve, Jefferson, Crawford, Phelps, Pulaski,
Laclede, Wright, Ozark (including Douglas), Clark, Morgan, Miller,
Saline, Chariton, Macon, Randolph, Shelby, Osage and Maries.
The gentlemen connected with the Survey under Prof. Swallow,
from its beginning to the suspension in 1861, were, Dr. A. Litton,
1853-1861 ; Dr. J. G. Norwood, 1858-1861; F. B. Meek, 1855;
Dr. B. F. Shumard, 1853-1858; G. C. Broadhead, 1857-1861;
Henry Engelman, 1857; Edwin Harrison, 1858; Dr. John Locke,
1860; C. G. Wheeler, 1860; P. C. Swallow, 1857-1861 ; F. Hawn,
1854; W. Hough, 1857; R. B. Price, draftsman, 1853-1858; H.
A. Ulffers, draftsman, 1854 and 1860.
After the Survey had been discontinued, the Legislature author-
ized L. D. Morse and G. C. Swallow to publish all the results of
the work of the previous seven years ; but the project was aban-
doned on account of the expense.
In 1870 the Legislature passed an act organizing a Mining Bureau,
to be composed of the Governor and nine members, one from each
congressional district. Upon this Board was conferred the power
of appointing the geologist. Under that law Albert D. Hagerwas
appointed State Geologist, and held the position until the end of
August, 1871. Mr. Hager published one Report of Progress.
The law was amended March 18, 1871, and the Board made to
consist of four members besides the Governor. Dr. Norwood re-
mained temporarily in charge of Survey from September I, 1871,
until my appointment in November, 1871. Under Dr. Norwood,
G. C. Broadhead was appointed assistant, and C. M. Litton sub-
assistant.
I was appointed State Geologist on the 25th November, 1871.
The law concerning the Survey at that time was as follows :
AN ACT to provide for a " Bureau of Geology and Mines," to complete the
Geological Survey of the State of Missouri.
Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Missouri, as follows :
SECTION i . There is hereby created and established a Bureau of Geology and
Mines for the State of Missouri, which shall be under the direction and in charge
of a board of managers, which shall consist of the Governor, who shall be presi-
PREFACE. ix
dent of the board, and four citizens from the State at large, who shall be ap-
pointed by the Governor, shall hold their office for the term of two years, and
until their successors are appointed and qualified.
SEC. 2. As soon as the board of managers is organized, as provided in the
preceding section, the present State Geologist may appoint, subject to the ap-
proval of the board of managers, one assistant paleontologist and geologist and
one assistant chemist, to assist him in the discharge of his duties ; and said State
Geologist may employ such subordinates and laborers as may be deemed neces-
sary by the board; provided, the whole expenditure of the board shall not
exceed the sum hereinafter appropriated.
SEC. 3. It shall be the duty of the State Geologist and his assistants, under
the instructions and directions of the board of managers, to carry on and com-
plete the geological survey of the State already begun, with a view to determine
the order, succession, arrangement, relation, position, dip or inclination and
comparative magnitude of the several strata or geological formations within this
State, and to discover and examine all beds or deposits of ore, coal, marls, and
such other mineral substances and mineral waters as may be useful or valuable,
make full and complete examinations, assays and analyses of such rocks, clays,
marls, ores, and other substances as may indicate useful results, and to perform
such other duties as may be necessary to make a full and complete geological
and mineralogical survey of the State.
SEC. 4. It shall be the duty of the State Geologist to make, or cause to be
made, a detailed report of -each county, as soon as the survey thereof shall be
completed ; each county report shall be accompanied by an accurate map and
section of the county, on which shall be represented, by colors and other appro-
priate means, the various areas occupied by the prairie, timber, and bottom
lands, and by the different geological formations in the State, and to mark
thereon the localities of the respective beds or deposits of the various mineral
substances discovered ; and on the completion of the survey of the State he shall
make a complete report of the geology and mineralogy of each county, compris-
ing a full account of the discoveries made ; and each of such reports shall be
delivered to the board of managers as soon as completed.
SEC. 5. It shall be the duty of the State Geologist to collect, in triplicate, all
rocks, ores, coals, fossils, and such other mineral substances discovered as may
be necessary to form a complete cabinet collection of the geology and mineralogy
of the State.
SEC. 6. It shall be the duty of the board of managers to report to the General
Assembly, on the first week of each session, the progress and condition of the
survey, a detailed account of all moneys spent, and all such reports of the State
Geologist and his assistants as have been completed, together with all such
information as may be deemed necessary and useful.
SEC. 7. It shall be the duty of said board to collect and take possession of all
materials accumulated by the previous surveys, whether reports, maps, sections,
collections, instruments or other property belonging to the State ; and all per-
x PREFACE.
sons now in possession of the same shall deliver them up to the order of the
president of the board of managers.
SEC. 8. It shall be the duty of the board to determine, as far as may be, what
work has been done by each one employed in previous surveys, the character of
the work done by each, the condition of such work, how much of the State has
been actually surveyed, and how much of said work may be made available in
completing the survey of the State, and embody the same in their first report to
the General Assembly.
SEC. 9. The board may make such by-laws and regulations for the govern-
ment and control of its own meetings, and the labors of the State Geologist and
his assistants, as may be deemed necessary ; it may appoint officers and com-
mittees to audit and allow accounts and look after particular departments of the
work, and discharge such other duties as may be necessary to carry on the
objects of this bureau.
SEC. 10. As a full compensation for the members of the board of managers,
they shall be allowed their necessary expenses while attending to the duties
assigned them by this act. The board shall fix the salaries of the State Geolo-
gist, not to exceed three thousand dollars, and his assistants, which shall not
exceed two thousand dollars per annum of actual service, and of all others em-
ployed in the work of the survey.
SEC. 1 1. All accounts for salaries and expenses shall be made under oath, and
certified by the board and filed with the Auditor of the State, and the pay of the
State Geologist and his assistants shall be made out of the appropriation made
for civil officers of the State.
SEC. 12. The sum of five thousand dollars is hereby annually appropriated
out of any money in the treasury not otherwise appropriated, to defray the inci-
dental expenses of the bureau created by this act, and the geological survey,
and no more than this amount shall be thus expended in any one year.
SEC. 13. The board of managers shall have the general management of the
survey, and have full power to remove the State Geologist or any of his assist-
ants and appoint their successors when deemed necessary for the good of the
work entrusted to them.
SEC. 14. It shall be the duty of the board to cause the geological collections
made previous to the year 1870, to be distributed in accordance with the laws
under which those collections were made, except the one collected for the State
Capitol, which shall be given to the School of Mines and Metallurgy ; and all
subsequent collections made in triplicate shall be given, one suit to the State
University, one to the State School of Mines and Metallurgy, and one to the
city of St. Louis, which shall be deposited by the authorities of that city in some
institution for the advancement of science or general education.
SEC. 1 5. The president of the board shall, from time to time, certify to the
State Auditor the sums of money required to pay the salaries of the State Geolo-
gist and his assistants, and for the incidental expenses of the bureau ; and on
receiving such certificates, the Auditor of State shall draw his warrant on the
Treasurer of the State for the requisite amounts in favor of the parties and per-
PREFACE. xi
sons entitled to receive the same, and shall charge the several sums so paid to
the account of the proper appropriation.
SEC. 1 6. The entire expenses of carrying out the provisions of this act shall
not exceed, in any year, the sum often thousand ($10,000) dollars.
SEC. 17. The State Geologist and his assistant, before entering upon the dis-
charge of their duties, shall each take an oath before some officer of this State
qualified to administer oaths, that they will honestly, faithfully, and fairly per-
form all the duties required of them by this act, to the best of their ability, and
that they will not permit any person to have access to any of their books or
papers, or communicate their contents to any person or persons, and that they
will not disclose or make public any mine or valuable deposit, other than in
their official reports (except to the owner or owners of the land surveyed), and
that they will abstain from all speculations in their own behalf, or in the behalf
of others, during the progress of such survey and in relation thereto.
SEC. 1 8. An act entitled an act to establish a Mining, Metallurgical, and
Geological Bureau for the State of Missouri, and to provide for its support and
management, and to authorize a geological survey, approved March 24, 1870,
and all other acts and parts of acts inconsistent with this act, are hereby
repealed.
SEC. 19. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage.
Approved March 18, 1871.
At the end of March, 1872, this act was amended in the follow-
ing manner :
AN ACT to amend Sees. 2, 11, and 12 of an act entitled An Act to provide for a
Bureau of Geology and Mines, to complete the Geological Survey of the
State of Missouri, and to repeal Sec. 16 of said Act.
SECTION r. Sec. 2 of said act is hereby amended so as to read as follows :
Sec. 2. The board of managers are authorized to appoint one State Geologist,
and, upon the nomination by the State Geologist (which nomination shall be
made within sixty days after his appointment), one assistant palaeontologist and
geologist, one analytic chemist and one assistant chemist : and said geologist
may employ such additional subordinates and laborers as may be deemed ne-
cessary by the board.
SEC. 2. Sec. ii is hereby amended so as to read as follows : Sec. n. All
accounts for salaries and expenses shall be made under oath, and certified by
the board and filed with the Auditor of State.
SEC. 3. Sec. 12 is hereby amended so as to read as follows : Sec 12. The
sum of 20,000 dollars is hereby appropriated annually out of any money in
the treasury not otherwise appropriated, to pay the salaries and incidental ex-
penses of the bureau created by this act, and of the Geological Survey ; and
the expenditure in connection with the same shall not in any event exceed the
appropriation herein designated and set apart for that purpose.
SEC. 4. Sec. 16 is hereby repealed.
xii PREFACE.
SEC. 5. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its
passage.
The organization of the Survey was as follows :
Board of Managers,
Governor B. GRATZ BROWN, ex-officio President, 1872.
Governor SlLAS WOODSON, ex-officio President, 1873.
MR. EDWIN HARRISON, MR. FORREST SHEPHERD,
PROF. SYLVESTER WATERHOUSE, GEN. J. H. HAMMOND.
The two last-named gentlemen resigned during the summer, and
their places were filled by
HON. A. W. MEYERS, HON. L. A. BROWN.
Mr. A. A. BLAIR was appointed as Secretary of the Board.
State Geologist,
RAPHAEL PUMPELLY.
Assistants,
MR. G. C. BROADHEAD, DR. ADOLF SCHMIDT.
MR. REGIS CHAUVENET, Chemist. MR. W. E. GUY,
PROF. W. B. POTTER, MR. C. J. NORWOOD,
MR. J. R. GAGE, MR. ALEXANDER LEONHARD.
At different times during the year the following gentlemen were
employed : J. Pumpelly, in charge of the triangulation in Iron Coun-
ty ; P. N. Moore, in magnetic observations; F. Tunica, topographer;
C. Gayler and B. Vitzthum v. Eckstadt, draftsmen. W. Bartlett,
T. J. Caldwell, T. A. Minor, A. J. Pills, A. Hoeber, M. F. Healy.
Considering the fact, that Missouri presents both considerable
diversity in regard to its rock-formations, and a wide range of ex-
tensively developed mineral resources, it appeared desirable to
organize the new Survey in such a manner, that, while the general
and stratigraphical geology of the State should be studied by com-
petent geologists, the study of the distribution and manner of
occurrence of the various important mineral resources should be
entrusted to two or three departments, in charge, respectively, of
men whose previous experience should prove them to be specially
adapted to this difficult work.
' PREFACE. xiii
Conformably with this plan, the survey of the general and strati-
graphical geology was divided into five departments, viz. :
Survey of the North-west.
South-west.
" North-east.
South-east.
Porphyry region of the South-east.
That portion of the survey relating to Economic Geology was
divided into three departments, viz.:
Department of Iron-Ores and Iron-Metallurgy.
" Ores other than Iron.
" Fuels and Construction Materials other than
Iron and Wood.
During the past year Mr. Broadhead, assisted by Mr. Norwood,
has studied the general geology of the north-west.
In the north-east, Prof. Potter, assisted by Mr. Leonhard, sur-
veyed Lincoln County.
In the porphyry region of the south-east, I began work in May,
assisted by Mr. Gage and Mr. Guy.
In July, the Pilot Knob Iron Company requested the Geological
Survey to make, at the expense of the company, an examination
and a topographical map of their lands, which occupy a large part
of four townships. As these townships contain the key to the
geology of the porphyry district, the offer of the company was
accepted. At the end of the season, a considerable portion of the
district had been surveyed, and a map of Pilot Knob and vicinity
(Plate I. of the Atlas), embracing about twenty-four square miles,
had been drawn.
In the department of Economic Geology, Dr. Schmidt was en-
gaged in studying the distribution and mode of occurrence of the
iron-ores, and the condition and experience of the iron-metallurgy
of the State. Dr. Schmidt was appointed to this important position
because of his extensive experience, obtained first as director of
iron-works in Europe, and afterward when in charge, during several
years, of the scientific department of an extensive Bessemer steel
establishment.
In the department of Economic Geology, important work has
also been accomplished in the analyses of coals by Mr. Chauvenet,
and of iron-ores by Mr. A. A. Blair, and by Dr. Wendel, of Troy.
xiv PREFACE.
During 1873, in the department of Economic Geology, especial
attention will be given to the study of the distribution and modes
of occurrence of lead, zinc, nickel and other ores, while the study of
the iron-ore deposits will be extended beyond the fields of last
season's work.
It is intended to begin a systematic study of the building ma-
terials of the State, as soon as a sufficiently large amount of material
shall have accumulated to justify the employment of a specially
qualified assistant, and the establishment of a laboratory for the
experimental tests. In this connection, the report of Prof. Smith
(Appendix A), on the methods and results of the extended series
of tests made by the St. Louis Bridge Company, will be of
interest.
It was considered desirable to publish the results of the work of
the Survey of 1872, and the hitherto unpublished results of the
former Surveys, in separate volumes. After hearing an able speech
by General Rozier favoring the bill, the Legislature passed an act
appropriating $3,000 for printing the reports of B. F. Shumard,
F. B. Meek, and G. C. Broadhead, made to Prof. Swallow previous
to 1861, and $9,000 for printing the report on work done in 1872.
The printing of the first-mentioned work was undertaken by
Messrs. Regan & Carter, State Printers, at Jefferson City ; but it
was found that the large number of maps and illustrations in the
text accompanying the report of 1872, rendered it impossible to
have the work done for $9,000 by any western house. A contract
was finally made with Mr. Julius Bien, of New York, whose exten-
sive facilities for the use of photo-lithographic and photo-relief pro-
cesses enabled him to undertake the work. In justice to Mr.
Bien, it should be added that he has exceeded the requirements
of the specifications in several of the most costly items.
R. P.
CONTENTS.
PART I.
PAGE
CHAP. I. Notes on the Geology of Pilot Knob and its Vicinity. By Raphael
Pumpelly 5
CHAP. II. Analyses of Fuels, etc. By Regis Chauvenet 31
Analyses of Iron-Ores and Pig-irons. By A. A. Blair 39
CHAP. III. The Iron-Ores of Missouri. A. General Distribution. By Adolf
Schmidt, Ph.D 45
CHAP. IV. The Iron-Ores of Missouri. B. General Description. By Adolf
Schmidt, Ph. D 50
CHAP. V. The Iron-Ores of Missouri. C. Modes of Occurrence and De-
scription of Deposits. By Adolf Schmidt, Ph.D 93
a) Deposits of Specular Ore in Porphyry.
b) Deposits of Specular Ore in Sandstone.
c) Disturbed Deposits of Specular Ore.
d) Drifted Deposits of Specular Ore.
e) Beds of Red Hematite.
f) Disturbed or Drifted Deposits of Red Hematite.
g) Deposits of Limonite on Limestone.
h) Disturbed or Drifted Deposits of Limonite.
CHAP. VI. The Iron-Ores of Missouri. D. List of Deposits of Iron-Ore in
Missouri. By Adolf Schmidt, Ph.D 193
PART II.
CHAP. I. Area and Topographical Features of the Coal-Field. By G. C.
Broadhead 5
CHAP. II. Lower Coal-Measures. By G. C. Broadhead 1 1
CHAP. III. Middle Coal-Measures. By G. C. Broadhead 45
CHAP. IV. Upper Coal-Measures. By G.. C. Broadhead 88
CHAP. V. Economic Geology of the Coal-Measures. By G. C. Broadhead 135
CHAP. VI. Geological Report on the Country Adjacent to the Pacific Railroad,
from Sedalia to Kansas City. By G. C. Broadhead 157
CHAP. VII. Geology of Lincoln County. General Geology. By W. B. Potter, 217
xvi Contents.
PAGE
CHAP. VIII. Geology of Lincoln County. Economic Geology. By W. B. Potter 263
CHAP. IX. Geology of Livingston County. By G. C. Broadhead 290
CHAP. X. Geology of Clay County. By G. C. Broadhead 317
CHAP. XL Geology of Platte County. By G. C. Broadhead 327
CHAP. XII. Geology of Buchanan County. By G. C. Broadhead 344
CHAP. XIII. Geology of Holt County. By G. C. Broadhead 359
CHAP. XIV. Geology of Atchison County. By G. C. Broadhead 376
CHAP. XV. Geology of Nodaway County. By G. C. Broadhead 388
APPENDIX A.
Report on the Strength of Building Materials. By C. A. Smith 403
APPENDIX B.
Notes on such Rocks of Missouri as admit of a fine polish. By G. C. Broadhead. . . 414
APPENDIX C.
List of Fossils from the Coal-Measures. By C. J. Norwood 416
PART I
GEOLOGY OF PILOT KNOB AND ITS VICINITY
BY
RAPHAEL PUMPELLY
ANALYSES OF IRON-ORES, PIG-IRONS, AND FUELS
BY
REGIS CHAUVENET AND A. A. BLAIR
IRON-ORES OF MISSOURI
BY
ADOLF SCHMIDT, PH.D.
CHAPTER I.
NOTES ON THE GEOLOGY OF PILOT KNOB AND ITS
VICINITY.
BY RAPHAEL PUMPELLY.
THE region represented on the topographical map of Pilot Knob
and its vicinity (PI. I., Atlas) consists of a group of four masses of
porphyry, separated from each other by valleys of the lowest Silu-
rian Limestone known in Iron County. The porphyry forms the
entire substructure of the region.* It had been eroded into hills
and valleys before the deposition of the limestones.
By reference to the map it will be seen that the limestone does
not often rise above the 2OO-foot contour-line. But in places, as
in the north-west extension of Cedar Hill, we find a heavy deposit
of clay, with chert and mammellated quartz (" mineral blossom")
and sandstone lying over the limestone and rising to the 35O-foot
line. This level (350 feet above the datum of the map) is about
the normal height for these clay and chert terraces through this
portion of the country ; but they have generally, within the area
of this map, been removed by erosion, except where they remain
in place as terraces and patches on the slopes of the hills.
The porphyries are older than the Silurian, and belong to the
Archaean (Azoic) formation, of which they may be the youngest
member in Missouri. They are the near equivalents in point of
age of the great iron-bearing rocks of Lake Superior, New Jersey,
and Sweden. They are stratified on an immense scale, but owing
* No granitic rocks occur within the area of the map ; but a few miles to the eastward
there is an extensive development of granite, apparently chiefly chloritic and syenitic, in
Madison County. The few observations, bearing on the question of relative age, made
by both Dr. Norwood and myself, should seem to indicate that the granitic rocks are
older than the porphyries. In the north-western part of Madison County several granite
hills are capped with porphyry.
The red granites may be an exception to this, supposed, rule.
The fact that the granites contain numerous dykes of hornblendic rocks, while none are
known to occur in the porphyries, may go toward proving the greater age of the granite.
4 GEOLOGY OF PILOT KNOB AND VICINITY.
to the rarity of interstratified beds of other rocks, the unravelling
of the internal structure of the district is a difficult problem.
On Pilot Knob the strike of the formation is S. 50 E. from the
true meridian, and throughout the southern half of the map the
strike may be generally assumed to vary between S. 40 E. and
S. 60 E., and the dip of the strata to be to the south-west.
While all the porphyries of Iron County probably contain a
greater or less percentage of free silica, this is not always visible to
the naked eye, nor do all the varieties exhibit the feldspars in dis-
tinct crystals.
While it would be difficult to make an absolute classification cov-
ering all the transitional forms, we can recognize (within the area
of Map, PI. I.) three very distinct varieties characterized by external
features.
a. Porphyry with few or no Crystals. Gray, pink, flesh-color,
and brown are common colors in this variety ; the rock is compact,
very hard, striking fire abundantly with the steel, and breaking
with a conchoidal fracture. It frequently contains grains of smoky
or limpid quartz, and sometimes very isolated minute crystals of
either pink or white feldspar, the latter generally striated and ap-
parently oligoclase ; the rock is frequently banded in very thin lay-
ers, and may be very massive or have a columnar or tabular struc-
ture. It weathers through pink to a dirty yellow or white.
b. Porphyry containing Crystals of Feldspar without Grains
of Quartz. The usual colors are light and dark brown and purple,
more rarely black, gray, and pink ; the matrix is very compact and
tough, breaks with a conchoidal fracture, strikes fire with the steel,
and is often banded. Its distinguishing characteristics are the
absence of quartz in grains, and the abundance of crystals, one-sixth
to one-fourth inch long, of white or pink feldspar, which is gene-
rally triclinic. Although quartz is not present in the form of grains,
it sometimes predominates in the alternate layers of the banded
varieties.
c. Porphyry abounding in Grains of Quartz and Crystals of
Feldspar. The matrix of this variety varies in color from purplish
gray to dark purple or black, and the feldspar crystals are usually
white and triclinic.
Feldspar and quartz appear to be the only primary constituents
in any of the porphyries of this region. But there are several
PORPHYRIES AND DOLOMITES. 5
accessory minerals which occur frequently, and are evidently secon-
dary products. The most common among these is epidote, and a
soft, greenish substance resembling steatite, apparently an alteration
product of the epidote. A chlorite-like mineral occurs frequently in
the first stages of weathering, both impregnated in the matrix and
traversing the feldspar-crystals. Magnetite and specular iron-ore
occur in minute impregnations, sometimes imparting a decided po-
larity to the fragments of the rock. Fluorite, of a beautiful ame-
thystine color, is found, not unfrequently, in small cavities and
seams.
The Silurian rocks of the district are probably the Third Mag-
nesian Limestone of Swallow, with, in places, remains of the Second
Sandstone capping it.
At the contact of this series with the porphyries there are very
generally beds of calcareous sandstone and conglomerate.
These limestones are dolomites, in which the process of dolomi-
zation has in many places run its course to completion.
The beds are generally from a few inches to six or eight feet
thick. The thinner beds contain 10 per cent, to 20 per cent, of
impurity, in the form of clay, and sometimes of chlorite, which
gives a greenish tinge, often mistaken for a copper mineral. These
thinner beds are also often pyritiferous. The more compact beds
often contain layers of chert, but aside from this the insoluble im-
purities, in the form of clay and free silica, seem to range consider-
ably below 10 per cent.
These heavier layers have generally a buff tinge, and contain
numerous small cavities lined
with beautiful crystals of dolo-
mite. Sometimes crystals of
calcite and of copper pyrites and
iron pyrites occur in these cavi-
ties.
The annexed section, and the
corresponding analyses by Mr.
Chauvenet, refer to the lower
beds of the dolomite at Mr.
Mace's quarry, Sec. 8, T. 33,
R. 4, E.
GEOLOGY OF PILOT KNOB AND VICINITY.
ABC
Silicious matter 5.11 3.85 2. 06
Iron, as peroxide ^4.67 1.07 none
Carb. Lime 47-5 52.50 54.32
Carb. Magnesia 42.19 42.56 43.82
99.47 99.98 100.20
In order to compare these limestones with true dolomite, we
compare the per cent, of carbonate of lime in each with that of the
carbonate of magnesia, the atomic ratio being 54.35 : 45-65- The
following figures show the amount of carbonate of magnesia required
in each to make it equivalent to the carbonate of lime :
ABC
39-89 44.09 45-^2
Bed "A," therefore, contains more magnesia than the dolomite
ratio calls for ; the others somewhat less.
On the same property a pyritiferous limestone, from a thin bed
somewhat shaly and colored green by the presence of chlorite, was
examined by prospecting shafts, some years since, by persons look-
ing for nickel-ore. This rock was analyzed by Mr. Chauvenet,
with the following result :
Silicious matter 17.88
Iron, as peroxide 3.75
Carb. Lime 43-52
Carb. Magnesia 34-25
The annexed section (Fig. 2) is taken at the quarry near Iron
Mountain, from which the furnaces derive their flux.
A specimen from this quarry was analyzed by Dr. Litton, with
the following result : f
Residue, insoluble in dilute hydrochloric acid 6.97
Alumina, with peroxide of Iron i.n
Carbonate of Lime 50. 38
Carbonate of Magnesia 41-74
* Alumina, with a little iron.
f Second Annual Report of the Geol. Surv. of Missouri, Part II. p. [78. 1855.
DOLOMITES.
Fig. 2.
8. Stiff, dark, brown, foliaceous clay.
7. Highly-weathered dolomite. 3? ft ? T"*
6. Brown and gray dolomite, with very irreg- *jj N 6
ular cavities, lined with crystals of dolomite.
5. Very compact, hard, and fine-grained dol- \T W oj
omite. f
4. Similar to No. 6, with crystals of calcite "<J N , .
porphyritically enclosed.
Greenish marly seam. i -
3. Similar to No. 5. [ ^93
Greenish marly seam. ^ ^ _____
' 2. Similar to No. 4. 3 N?z -
I. Massive, gray, and purple-gray, medium *J ^ ? ^
grain, with sporadic cavities. >j
MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE QUARRY N. W.
OF IRON MOUNTAIN.
An average sample of the rock from this quarry was taken at the
Iron Mountain furnace, and analyzed by Dr. Wendel, of Troy, N. Y.,
for Dr. Schmidt's Report on the Iron Metallurgy of the State,*
with the following result :
Silica 5.30
Lime 27 48
Magnesia 1 8.37
Phosphorus 0.003
Sulphur 0.09
An average sample, taken in the same manner and for the same
purpose, from the quarry at Pilot Knob, was analyzed by Dr.
Wendel, with the following result :
Silica 3.93
Lime 29.40
Magnesia 19-27
Phosphorus O.O2
Sulphur o. 16
* To be published in the next volume.
8 GEOLOGY OF PILOT KNOB AND VICINITY.
The magnesian limestone, in some of the more massive beds, con-
tains many cavities, from less than an inch to several feet in diame-
ter. These have very ragged outlines, as though formed by the
running together of numerous smaller cavities. They are gene-
rally lined with crystals of dolomite, but in many places, in certain
horizons, and especially in the upper beds, the walls are covered
with a continuous lining of crystalline quartz resting on concentric
agate-like layers of quartz. This geode quartz is called " mineral
blossom."
Galena and zinc-blende also occur very extensively in this rock,
in some localities disseminated through it, in others occupying gash-
veins and narrow caves, and in others again forming extensive
interstratified layers.
Residuary Deposits. The Archaean (Azoic) rocks of south-
eastern Missouri are the exposed portions of the skeleton of the
eastern part of the Ozark range. They appear as knobs 1,400 to
1, 800 feet above the sea, and rising 300 to 700 or more feet above
the valleys at their bases. They form an archipelago of islands
in the Lower Silurian strata which surround them as a whole,
and separate them from each other.
These rocks, consisting, as has been already remarked, chiefly of
granites and felsitic porphyries, reach their most extensive surface-
development in the region forming the northern part of Madison,
Iron, and Reynolds, and the southern part of St. Francis and Wash-
ington Counties.
The rocks overlying them belong to the oldest known members of
the Silurian, and they may be the deep-sea equivalents of the Pots-
dam sandstone, or even older.
As has been already stated, they are true dolomites, frequently
underlaid by gritstone beds, and often covered by heavy masses
(50 to 1 20 feet thick) of clay and chert in loose aggregations.
This region of porphyries, as well as the Ozark range, generally,
through southern Missouri, has apparently been above the level of
the sea from a very early period to the present time. The higher
portion of the elevation does not seem to have been submerged
since before the Upper Silurian period ; while broad areas on the
flanks of the range have apparently been dry land since the Carbo-
niferous. The absence of the finer and coarser detrital material due
to glacial action, as well as of all evidence of the direct mechanical
RESW UAR Y DEPOSITS. 9
action of ice, prove that the region in question remained undis-
turbed by the various surface-modifying agencies of the Glacial
period. The rocks of the Ozarks, thus exposed to the undisturbed
action of atmospheric agencies, present to us in their present con-
dition one of the most instructive records of geological history one
that is full of important facts.
Both the Archaean crystalline rocks and the Silurian strata have
undergone immense changes in volume, and in other respects,
under this long-continued influence. The gradual removal of the
soluble constituents has left important residuary deposits of such
substances as were insoluble, especially in the Silurian strata as
clay, flint, crystallized quartz, sulphuret of iron, galena, etc. The
more conspicuous instances of this kind among the pre-Silurian
rocks are residuary occurrences of iron-ore.
The constituents of the granitic and porphyry rocks offered a far
greater resistance to the action of this process of removal than the
limestone strata. Still, the amount of disintegration and of full
decomposition has been very great in these older formations,
although it would not be easy to say what proportion of the
change has taken place since the deposition of the Lower Silurian
limestones. The porphyries and granites had undergone an enor-
mous amount of erosion before the limestones were formed ; an
amount at least several times as great as that they have suffered
since that remote time.
In the porphyries as well as in the granitic rocks of the region
we find the destructive action developed in two marked directions,
respectively the resultants of influences due to local external causes,
and to the structure, texture, and mineral composition of the rocks.
These directions are
(a) The forming of polygonal blocks on the surface, and the
gradual disintegration and decomposition of these in place and on
the talus. This is the case with most of the porphyry exposures.
A layer of 3 to 4 feet of this detritus covers the residuary clay-
deposit of the Silurian limestone on the west flank of Pilot Knob ;
it lies on a slope of 1 1.
On the ridge of red granite at Ex-Governor Brown's quarry, the
polygonal blocks are of great size, and their surface-disintegration
in place has left picturesque, rounded masses hundreds of tons in
weight.
10
GEOLOGY OF PILOT KNOB AND VICINITY.
(b} Disintegration and decomposition in mass. This, among the
porphyries, is best illustrated in Iron Mountain, where the entire
porphyry-hill is changed to a clay.
It is well shown, also, in Madison County, among the gray and
green (chloritic) granites, where, over considerable areas, complete
disintegration has taken place to a depth of certainly more than 50
feet, and possibly several times that depth.
The formation of residuary deposits of iron-ore, having their
origin in the gradual removal of very resisting crystalline rocks, is
one of the local results of this weathering away and decomposition
of the rock, and is well illustrated in the "surface-ore" at Iron
Mountain.
This hill, which rises about 250 feet above its base, is wholly
covered by a mantle of ore-detritus, associated with some clay. The
only knowledge we possess of its internal structure is gathered from
Fig- 3-
SECTION " I -
IRON MOUNTAIN-
the mining excavations at and near the summit and on the spur called
Little Iron Mountain. The appearances in these indicate deposits
of the most irregular form, and which should seem, from the results
RESIDUARY DEPOSITS.
II
of magnetic observations, to lie in zones extending north-north-
east.
In all the excavations the porphyry is decomposed, generally to
a clay.
At the summit an immense mass of solid ore is exposed, while
the decomposed porphyry adjoining this is traversed in all direc-
tions by veins of all sizes and of the most irregular shapes, form-
ing a reticulated network of ore and rock. The foregoing figure
(Fig. 3), from a sketch by Mr. Guy, represents the exposed face of
one of the great excavations. The shaded portion on the right is a
part of the great ore-mass, about 50 feet high. D P is the decom-
posed porphyry. One of the numerous " faults " is also shown in
the sketch.
Similar irregular veins and masses of ore exist in Little Iron
Mountain. A remarkable dyke is exposed here, which traverses a
vein of ore, and has all the appearance of resulting from the decom-
position of an independent porphyry-dyke ; but in its prolongation
it is seen to carry in its middle plane a vein of comby quartz.
Fig. 4.
UlTTuE IRON MOONTAI N
A, DYKE
PORPH.
8 . DE CO M P. PO R P H,
C.IRON ORE
The smaller seams and veins of Iron Mountain frequently contain
crystals of apatite, which seems to be a more rare occurrence in the
larger ore-bodies. In the surface-ore, and in the veins near the
surface, the apatite has been removed, leaving the impressions only
of the crystals ; and these honey-comb cavities are frequently
lined with delicate quartz-prisms. .This accounts for the greater
freedom of the surface-ore from phosphorus, as is shown in the com-
parative analyses.
That the ore-seams existed before the decomposition of the en-
12 GEOLOGY OF PILOT KNOB AND VICINITY.
closing rock, is shown by the existence of similar occurrences of ore,
on a smaller scale, in many of the hills of unaltered porphyry.
The surface of Iron Mountain, when discovered, was covered with
a layer from four to twenty, or more, feet thick, of bowlders of pure
ore, associated with ore-pebbles and ore-sand, and but little clay.
The ore-detritus represents all the varieties of structure, texture,
and mineral associates peculiar to the different forms of ore-masses,
veins, and seams of the mountain.
As the volume of the ore-veins represents but a small percent-
age of the volume of the hill, the amount of the decomposed por-
phyry that has been wholly removed to cause such an accumulation
of ore, from broken-up veins, must have been proportionately great.
But the present mantle of ore-detritus represents only a portion of
the concentration caused by the removal of porphyry, for the ex-
cavations at the base of the hill show heavy stratified deposits of de-
trital ore, having exactly the same origin, and which was washed
down the slope and concentrated by the waves of the Silurian
ocean.
While the present ore-mantle represents a concentrating process
which has been in operation since the deposition of the Lower Silu-
rian limestone, the bedded ore-detritus shows that the process was
active before that time, and inferentially that the porphyry was even
then wholly decomposed to a considerable depth.
The instance of Iron Mountain is an extreme case, where the de-
composition of the porphyry in mass facilitated the separation of
the ore from the rock and the mechanical removal of the latter.
There are very many points where sand and bowlders of the
finest iron-ore occur on the surface, to a considerable extent. In
most instances of this kind these fragments were originally isolated
impregnations, segregations, or the filling of small gashes in
the rock, and are the residue of a large amount of disintegrated
porphyry.
In the Silurian limestone of this region, as of the Ozark range
generally, the formation of residuary deposits has attained an ex-
tensive development. The long-continued wastage of strata, con-
sisting of dolomite containing a considerable amount of insoluble
substances in the form of clay, both diffused and in shaly layers,
and of silica in chert-layers and nodules and quartz-geodes, has left
its record in heavy masses of residuary material which cap many of
PILOT KNOB. 13
the dolomite hills, and, in the porphyry region, form terraces upon
the flanks of the knobs of older rocks.
On the west flank of Pilot Knob a shaft was sunk, to a depth of
about 70 feet, wholly in a residuary mass of clay containing frag-
ments of chert, geodes of quartz, and masses of brown hematite
pseudomorphous after pyrites.
On the tops of many of the flat dolomite hills there are immense
quantities of mammellated crystalline quartz which originally formed
the lining of the intricate geode cavities of the dolomite, and which
is known as " mineral blossom," from its very general association
with lead and zinc ores. There are numerous deposits of iron-ores
on the flanks of the Ozarks, which owe their origin to this process
of residuary concentration, and which are very uncertain as regards
extent. In many places these beds of loose quartz-geodes are asso-
ciated with extensive accumulations of limonite, which is, at least
to a large extent, pseudomorphous after pyrite. Again, over areas
of hundreds, or even thousands, of square miles, this "mineral
blossom " has workable accumulations of galena and carbonate of
lead for its associates in the residuary clay deposits.*
Pilot Knob. Pilot Knob is a conical hill, nearly circular, with a
north and south diameter, at the base, of about one mile. Its top
is 662 feet above the datum of the map; 1,112 feet above the St.
Louis directrix ; 1,521 feet above tide.
On its eastern side it is connected with another group of por-
phyry-hills, by a neck a little more than 200 feet higher than the
western base.
The rock skeleton of Pilot Knob is composed chiefly of more or
less massively-bedded porphyries, porphyry conglomerates, and
beds of hard, specular iron-ore.
All these strata are somewhat tilted up ; their strike is N. 50
W. ; S. 5 E. from the true meridian, and their inclination is
S. W. by S. In the eastern cut, near the summit, the inclination
or dip is 21. In the lower or westernmost cut it is 14 .
By levelling between the points along the line of the greatest dip,
I find the mean inclination of the ore-bed to be 13, and shall as-
sume this for the whole hill.
* Prof. Whitney was, I believe, the first to call attention to the occurrence of residuary de-
posits of clay, in explaining the origin of the red clays of the upper Mississippi lead-region.
14 GEOLOGY OF PILOT KNOB AND VICINITY.
The top of the Knob consists of stratified porphyry conglom-
erate, with an actual thickness of 140 feet (150 feet in a vertical
line).
This rock is made up of small and large, more or less angular,
pebbles of porphyry cemented together by iron-ore, and contain-
ing also frequent layers and bodies of ore.
Fig. 5.
TCocroL ajoec. ore .
Slate
Porph. cony I. vr'ifh ore
-** Po rph conyl. irilhore in mctfriic.
P.C Porph.. conyt. ivi/h t ore
R. P. fled for^h
SECTION IN THE 'GREAT CUT
8 7 2
The upper portion of the series a purple conglomerate more or
less mottled with gray has the pebbles and matrix nearly equally
divided. The pebbles are rarely more than one inch in diameter,
and are of brown porphyry and gray quartz, with others of a yel-
lowish-gray substance, easily scratched, and apparently an altered
porphyry. The matrix is generally a very fine-grained iron-ore,
containing small grains of limpid quartz. Although the only visible
PILOT KNOB. 15
crystalline forms of the iron-ore are those of specular ore, this con-
glomerate matrix possesses decided polarity. A compass held
close to the rock, and moved gently a few inches in any direction
Fig. 6.
SECTION OF WEST CUT
^Pl LOT. KNOB ^
parallel to the rock-surface, will have, alternately, its north and
south poles strongly attracted. But the needle is not perceptibly
affected at a height of four or five feet above the surface, nor does
the conglomerate series, as a wliole, affect the needle appreciably.
Toward the bottom of the conglomerate series the conglomerate
structure is less marked in the eastern openings, and the lower beds
have only isolated pebbles. The matrix here consists mainly of
finely-divided specular ore, with a soft, greenish-white mineral,
either a steatite or a clay ; in this lie small grains of porphyry and
of quartz. This is more properly an ore ; indeed, it assumes in
places a workable character, while in others it contains little ore,
and becomes a nearly brown, homogeneous rock, with small grains
of quartz.
Below this lies the ore-bed, with a vertical thickness of 46 feet.
It is divided into two beds by a slate-seam 10 inches to 3 feet thick.
This seam, which is very persistent, lies in the great cut 31 feet
above the foot- wall of the lower ore-bed.
The upper ore-bed is more variable in thickness, having in the
slate-seam a regular foot-wall, but having no very well defined
hanging-wall, the ore often rising into the overlying rock.
The upper ore-bed is so distinctly stratified as to be a well-char-
acterized flag-ore, and is considerably leaner than the lower bed.
The slate-seam which divides the two ore-beds is variable in char-
acter, having in places the appearance of a clay-slate, in others of
16 GEOLOGY OF PILOT KNOB AND VICINITY.
talcose-slate. while it not unfrequently has all the characteristics of
a porphyry.
The great ore-bed which lies below the slate-seam is a very com-
pact, dense, and hard ore, very finely stratified in layers from I line
to y 2 inch thick. In places the alternate layers are somewhat sili-
cious. This ore frequently cleaves in joint planes at right angles to
the bedding-planes.
The ore-bed is underlaid by a purple-brown, indurated, clay
schist, traversed by numerous threads of a steatite-like mineral.
Immediately below this lies a very compact red and brown jas-
pery porphyry, with minute grains of quartz, and free from feldspar-
crystals. It is very hard, but contains numerous irregular-shaped
patches one-eighth inch to several inches in diameter, of a soft, green-
ish and brownish mineral resembling steatite, which is possibly an
alteration-product of the porphyry.
Below this, on the eastern slope, is a compact red jaspery por-
phyry, with a decided tendency to spherulitic structure. The
spherules are from the size of a pin-head to that of a pea ; they
are of the same color as the matrix, and usually contain a small
nucleus of a soft, greenish-white mineral probably steatite. The
same substance that forms the nuclei, coats also the surfaces of the
spherules, and is distributed very generally through the rock in
such a manner as to give it a brecciated appearance. The matrix
contains very isolated minute grains of limpid quartz.
Further down the eastern declivity are outcrops of a compact,
pinkish-gray porphyry, rarely containing visible grains of quartz.
It contains an iron-ore, both minutely disseminated and also more
concentrated in dark, irregular streaks. This rock has a tendency
to tabular cleavage, and weathers through pink to yellowish white.
Underlying this we find, on the neck which connects the Knob
with the hills to the eastward, a pinkish-brown porphyry with con-
choidal fracture, containing grains of limpid quartz and scattered
small crystals of feldspar.
A few hundred feet further east, and forming the next lower rock,
is a very hard, flesh-colored porphyry, slightly mottled through the
presence of irregular spots containing steatite and minute grains of
iron-ore. The rock contains small grains of quartz and crystals of
feldspar, which are more or less riddled with holes containing a
chlorite.
PILOT KNOB, 17
The next lower rock is that which forms the western declivity of
the hill next east of the Knob. It is a pinkish-gray, slightly-banded
porphyry, containing innumerable small cavities filled with a chlo-
rite, and has a well-marked columnar structure.
The inclination of the strata forming Pilot Knob being nearly the
same as that of the surface of the western slope, we should expect
to find the same series and thickness by boring at any point on the
west slope. But there have been disturbances, which probably ren-
der this impossible, on the lower half of the western declivity.
Below the 4OO-foot contour-line, the rock-surface has a steeper
slope than that of the hill. A shaft sunk at about the 325-foot con-
tour, after going through about 3 feet of loose rubble of ore and
porphyry, was sunk through nearly 64 feet of clay without striking
rock ; whereas, if there had been no disturbance, the shaft should
have been wholly in the conglomerate beds which overlie the ore,
and the present bottom of the shaft should be very nearly in the
hanging-wall of the upper ore-bed. The absence of these rocks is
due to the erosion which the south-west flank of the hill had suffered
before the deposition of the Silurian rocks.
There are evidences of another disturbance. This is a zone of
fracture visible in both the great cut and in the lower cut. Its course
is about S. 30 W., and it is marked by a breccia of broken-up
and re-cemented fragments of ore and porphyry. It does not ap-
pear to have " faulted" the ore-beds.
From the foregoing data, taken in connection with the form of
Pilot Knob as determined by the topographical survey, we can de-
lineate on the map the shape of the remaining portion of the ore-
bed, assuming, of course, that the dip and strike remain the same,
respectively, as in the upper part of the hill, and that the ore-beds
are also persistent, and neither replaced by other rock material nor
thrown out of position by faults.
As the western limit is probably buried beneath 75 to 90 feet of
clay and chert, its delineation is only roughly given.
The south- western and northern limits are probably near the truth.
The area thus indicated is about 200,000 superficial yards as a
maximum for the extent of the ore-bed.
The indication of the limit on the map may be of service in de-
termining the best points to attack the ore-bed on the west or south-
ern flank.
2
1 8 GEOLOGY OF PILOT KNOB AND VICINITY.
The two best points for exploration are :
1. On the north-west, where the ravine intersects the limit-line,
about 200 feet north of the incline and near the 375-feet contour.
2. On the limit east and south-east from Station 6, on the survey-
line running south from the summit, there is (west of Station 6)
an old opening in the conglomerate series that belongs above the
ore. No line of levels was run to it ; therefore, in placing its
position at 20-40 feet above the ore-bed, I am making an estimate
only.
The great thickness of the clay-deposit on the south-west flank
would render it undesirable to attempt to approach the ore from
this direction, before proving the bed near the two points above
indicated.
The shaft that was started for exploration, about 500 feet south-
east of the western turn-table, has its collar a little more than 60 feet
above where the ore-bed should be.
Befure leaving Pilot Knob, I \vill remark that the clay-deposit on
the west flank may have a technical value. It consists of a very
pure white variety and a rusty variety. The two kinds could prob-
ably be separated. Their composition, as shown by the accom-
panying analyses made by Mr. Chauvenet, should give, especially
to the white, a very decided value as material for the fabrication of
chinaware :
ANALYSIS OF CLAYS.
I. Opalescent White Clay. II. Brown Clay.
Silica 63.50 57-22
Alumina 24.55 22.89
Peroxide of Iron none 7.81
Lime 1.60 i.io
Magnesia 0.48 0.46
Water of composition 7-3 7-95
Hygroscopic Water 2.20 2.90
99.63 100.33
Cedar Hill The rocks forming the south-western flank of Cedar
Hill are the north-western extension of the conglomerates and ore-
beds of Pilot Knob.
CEDAR HILL. 19
At the time of my visit to this point, the working had not pro-
gressed far enough to indicate with certainty whether the ore after
being taken out corresponds to the ore-bodies distributed irregu-
larly in the conglomerate on Pilot Knob, or to the great ore-bed
proper.
It is quite possible that the real equivalent of the Pilot Knob
ore-beds has not yet been reached on Cedar Hill.
I collected a thoroughly average sample of the stock-pile at the
mine, which was analyzed by Mr. Blair, with the following re-
sult :
Insoluble silicious matter $.62 per cent.
Peroxide of Iron 93-54 "
Sulphur none
Phosphoric Acid 0.090 "
Equal to ;
Metallic Iron 64.47 "
Phosphorus 0.039 "
Sulphur none
The ore opened in the cuts on Cedar Hill, at the time of my
visit, is very hard, dense, and heavy, and very uniform in character.
It breaks in prisms, with sharp edges, owing to a well-marked
columnar structure. The ore contains minute grains of limpid
quartz. It has all the appearance of a porphyry in which the
matrix has been wholly replaced by iron-ore ; and the irregularity
of its mode of association with the porphyry heightens the resem-
blance.
The annexed cut, taken in one of the openings, will show what
irregular forms the deposit assumes :
Fig. 7.
SECTION OF CUT
ON. C E P A R H I U L
20 GEOLOGY OF PILOT KNOB AND VICINITY.
The shaded portions are ore. P* is the mottled, altered porphyry
associated with the ore.
In the N. W. % of the S. E. % of Sec. 28, east of Pilot Knob,
there is another zone of iron-bearing beds. At one point, shown to
me by Mr. Crane, there are beds of jaspery slate, containing more
or less specular ore. The indications are such as would make it
desirable to have some exploration done.
We found at another point (half-way between Station 4 on line
12 and Station 7, line 14), a bed or beds of ore, which deserve some
work in the way of " proving."
It is a rich granular ore, somewhat resembling that of Shepherd
Mountain. The outcrop is not sufficiently exposed to enable one
to give an opinion as to the extent of the deposit. All that can be
seen without digging are what seem to be two beds, one and one-
half to two feet thick, of rich ore, more or less mixed with some-
what decomposed porphyry.
The deposits of manganese-ore and of manganiferous iron-ore form
a very interesting feature of the porphyry region, and promise to
be of considerable economic importance.
So far as I can judge, in our present limited kno.wledge of the
porphyry district, these deposits belong considerably higher in the
series than the Pilot Knob beds.
The most characteristic occurrence is that of ftie Cuthbertson-
Buford hill, which, beginning in Sec. 19, T. 33, R. 4, E., runs W.
N. W. into Sec. 13, T. 33, R. 3, E.
The northern side of this hill, near the top, seems to consist of a
very dark, almost black porphyry, with numerous small crystals of
white feldspar and grains of quartz.
The southern declivity, the rocks of which overlie those of the
northern side, consists of a much-altered bedded rock of fine
CUTHBERTSON TRACT.
21
grain, which has in places the appearance of an indurated sand-
stone, in others that of an altered porphyry. It contains nume-
rous broad and flat cavities partially filled with a red, ochreous sub-
stance. Fresher fragments exhibit a brown, fine-grained rock,
consisting largely of minute grains of quartz cemented together by
a quartz or porphyry matrix.
There are no natural exposures of the rock in place, but on the
Cuthbertson tract the surface is bestrewed with large and small
fragments of manganese-ore, and, in places, of specular iron-ore.
A cut in the Cuthbertson tract exposes a bedded deposit consisting
of exceedingly ragged tabular masses of manganese-ore, separated
by a red, ochreous clay.
The following are analyses of this ore and of the specular ore, by
Mr. Chauvenet :
Manganese Ore.
Insoluble silicious matter 0.44
Peroxide of Iron 3.30
Manganese as protoxide.. 68.02
The manganese exists in the ore as sesquioxide, with a probable
admixture of binoxide.
Metallic manganese 52.47
Specular Ore.
Insoluble 2.45
Peroxide of Iron 97-85
Manganese trace
It lies upon the bedded rock described last above.
Fig. 9.
MANGANESE DEPOSIT ON CUTH BERT SONS HI L L
SECTION 19 T. 33. R. 4-E.t
22 GEOLOGY OF PILOT KNOB AND VICINITY.
Further west, at the Buford bank, a larger cut gives a better ex-
posure.
Fig. 10.
SECTION OF CUT ON
BUFORD MOUNTAIN.
Here we find a bedded deposit of the same nature as that on
Cuthbertson's tract, with the difference that this one is a mangan-
iferous iron-ore of a very superior quality. The cut exposes a
stratified deposit of a ragged black iron-ore, overlaid by beds of
pink, altered porphyry.
The whole thickness of the ore-bed was not visible, but I esti-
mate it at nearly 14 feet in the cut, though it thins out at the out-
crop on the hill-side.
A sample consisting of a large number of chippings was taken by
myself as a close average of the ore. This was analyzed by Mr.
Chauvenet, with the following result :
Insoluble 8. 54 per cent.
Peroxide of Iron 68.30 "
Manganese as protoxide I5-S4 "
Sulphur 0.017 "
Phosphoric Acid 0.102 "
Equal to
Metallic Iron 47.81 "
Metallic Manganese 12.32
Sulphur 0.017 "
Phosphorus 0.044 "
This is a remarkably fine ore for the manufacture of Spiegeleiscn.
Of the extent of the deposit nothing can be known until more
work is done.
MANGANESE DEPOSITS. 23
Near this point there is a very irregular deposit, apparently a
pocket, of ore nearly free from manganese, as appears in the an-
nexed analysis by Mr. Chauvenet :
Insoluble 13.42
Peroxide of Iron 5-76
Manganese as protoxide trace
Metallic Iron 60.03
Near Cuthbertson's, but apparently belonging, geologically, a
little higher, is the manganese deposit on Mr. Marble's land. It
forms an interstratified layer, 3-5 inches thick, in a decomposed
porphyry.
A specimen of this was analyzed by Mr. Chauvenet, with the
following result :
Insoluble 10.35
Peroxide of Iron 14.22
Manganese as protoxide 5 1 .06
Lime 2.75
Magnesia 0.43
Water 3.89
Mr. Marble also sank a pit in his wood-lot, near the last-named
locality, and after passing the soil, found about 3 feet of the ore in
ragged masses, and below these a reddish, manganiferous, soft
hematite (I.), associated with another variety (II.) containing less
manganese. In samples of these Mr. Chauvenet made the follow-
ing determinations :
I. II.
Insoluble 17.66 35-96
Peroxide of Iron 49. 34 58. 70
Manganese as protoxide 21.18 3-77
Metallic Iron 34-53
Metallic Manganese 16.44
This is a soft, maganiferous hematite of excellent quality.
At all of the points mentioned on this hill the strike of the beds
is N. 65 80 E., and the dip, more or less gentle, toward the
south.
Overlying these manganiferous beds we find a metamorphic lime-
24 GEOLOGY OF PILOT KNOB AND VICINITY.
stone. This remarkable occurrence, which was first brought to my
notice by Mr. Gage, is well exposed on Mr. Huff's land ; it is a
more or less thinly-stratified rock, with essentially two characteris-
tic constituents. In one extreme we have a pink to greenish-pink,
crystalline limestone, containing irregular layers, one-sixtieth of an
inch to several inches thick, of a dark-brown, fine-grained material,
which strikes fire readily, and shows under the glass a large per-
centage of quartz in minute grains, cemented by a quartz or por-
phyry matrix.
While the limestone bands effervesce strongly with acid, the dark
bands are not acted upon except where they contain very thin
layers of the limestone. The limestone is, in places, tinged green,
probably from the presence of a chlorite.*
In the other extreme, the main body of the rock consists of the
silicious material just described, containing very subordinate layers
of the carbonate. In places, this laminated structure is highly con-
torted ; the carbonate layers are often broken up, and the fragments
distributed very irregularly in the brown silicious rock.
On the weathered surface the removal of the limestone gives rise
to the same flat cavities, filled with ochrey earth, that we found in
the rock accompanying the manganese-ores on Cuthbertson's tract.
On the south-west ^ of Sec. 20, T. 33, R. 4, E., and over a
considerable portion of the valley between this point and Huff's,
there is a very compact, dark-brown, almost black porphyry, con-
taining small crystals of white feldspar and grains of quartz, with
some disseminated magnetite. In places the feldspar and quartz
are abundantly crystallized, but more generally they are hardly
visible except under the glass. The surface weathers dirty yellow,
and then displays a distinctly-banded structure, which is rarely
apparent on fresh surfaces. This is probably either the equivalent
of the banded rock at Huff's, or it is younger.
Another interesting instance of the occurrence of manganese-ore
in porphyry was examined by assistant P. N. Moore, on Section
16, T. 33, R. 2, E., in Reynolds County.
It occurs in one of the members of a series of bedded porphyry
rocks, which may be here briefly described.
1st. A flesh -colored porphyry with a very compact matrix,
* For an analysis of this limestone, see p. 26.
MANGANESE IN PORPHYRY. 2 $
abounding in grains of smoky quartz and crystals of feldspar, is
overlaid by
2d. A black porphyry with very hard matrix, abounding in grains
of smoky quartz and crystals of a triclinic feldspar. In this occurs
the black oxide of manganese ; it is in narrow, comby strings, which
are in places isolated, in others united to form a reticulated net-
work throughout the mass ; in this form the rock resembles a con-
glomerate, the ore representing the cement. In other instances the
manganese has wholly replaced the matrix, the crystals of feldspar
and grains of quartz alone remaining intact. Finally, in portions
of the rock the replacement has been complete ; here no traces of
the porphyry, either crystals or matrix, remain, while a more or
less porous, semicrystalline mass of the manganese-ore takes their
place.
A specimen representing an intermediate variety of this series
was analyzed by Mr. Chauvenet. It is very compact and hard,
striking fire with the steel. The matrix is jet black, with metallic
lustre, and has the same texture and fracture as the parent por-
phyry, and, like this, contains grains of quartz and crystals of feld-
spar in this instance not striated. The whole appearance of the
specimen is identical with that of the adjacent porphyry, except as
regards the color and lustre of the matrix.
Insoluble 45 5 5
Peroxide of Iron 5.48
Manganese det. as protoxide 37-O4
Lime 2.73
Magnesia o. 8 1
The analysis of the insoluble portion gave
Silica 74-9
Alumina 14.69
Iron none
Lime and Magnesia traces
Potash 9.64
Soda 0.67
99.98
The insoluble portion is very clearly a typical felsitic porphyry
with orthoclase for its feldspar. It is evident that the manganese
26 GEOLOGY OF PILOT KNOB AND VICINITY.
and the other soluble constituents take the place of more than half
of the porphyry in this specimen. That the resemblance of the
ore to the porphyry is not merely accidental, is shown by other
instances of a similar nature.
On the land of Mr. Ackhurst (Sec. 19, T. 33, R. 4, E.) is a dark
porphyry containing grains of quartz and abundant crystals of
white feldspar ; the matrix is frequently, in places, a compact
manganese-ore.
It would seem that we have, in these occurrences, instances of
replacement ; but it is difficult to imagine a direct substitution of
manganese oxides for the decomposition products of a porphyry,
and all the more so, in this case, from the fact that the analysis shows
the remaining porphyry, which is intimately associated with the ore,
to have its normal constitution.
In this connection the metamorphic limestone at Huff's (near the
manganiferous ores on Cuthbertson's, Marble's, and Ackhurst's
land) may be of additional interest. As was mentioned before, this is
nearly wholly changed into a porphyry or jasper rock, it having here
a schistoid structure, in which the alternate laminae are an impure,
compact carbonate of lime, having, according to Mr. Chauvenet's
analysis, the following constitution :
Insoluble 35-Si
Peroxide of Iron 5-35
Lime 3 1 .62
Magnesia i.io
Carbonic Acid 2 5-&3
99.71
Here is a member of the porphyry series which was originally,
unquestionably, a limestone, but in which the original physical and
chemical characteristics have almost wholly disappeared. It should
not seem impossible that the manganiferous rocks which have been
described may have had a similar origin, and that the manganese
and iron oxides owe their present existence to a former replacement
of the lime-carbonate by iron and manganese salts. The porphyry,
which now surrounds these ores, may be due to a previous contem-
poraneous or subsequent replacement of the lime-carbonate by silica
and silicates.
PORPHYRY CONGLOMERATE. 2 J
But there is so strong a resemblance between the mode of occur-
rence of these ores and that of certain of the iron-ores that of
Cedar Hill, for instance that any hypothesis explaining the one
must probably satisfy the requirements of the other.
3d. Geologically above this manganiferous bed lies a porphyry
conglomerate or breccia, consisting of pebbles of a red, compact
porphyry, containing grains of quartz and crystals of feldspar, ce-
mented by porphyry of a similar character. This rock resembles
very strongly the Calumet conglomerate on Lake Superior. Overly-
ing this is
4th. A bright, red, compact jasper, apparently an altered sandstone
which passes upward into
5th. A dark-brown, compact, banded porphyry, abounding in mi-
nute crystals of feldspar and equally small grains of quartz. This
rock contains here and there layers of very small pebbles, parallel
to the bands. Still higher this rock becomes darker colored, while
some of the bands become green, from the presence of epidote.
Higher in the series occurs a mottled-red and greenish-white rock.
The red portions are easily scratched, and the white are still softer,
having about the hardness of limestone. Grains of quartz occur indif-
ferently through the red and white spots, while crystals of triclinic
feldspar are frequent in the red spots and rare in the white. At
first sight, the rock has the appearance of a variegated marble.
The greenish-white substance was analyzed by Mr. Chauvenet,
with the following result : *
Silica 65.61
Alumina 20. 52
Protoxide of Iron 1 .99
Lime . 1.97
Magnesia 2 -37
Potash (trace of Soda) 7.93
100.39
This rock is clearly an altered porphyry, and the white portion
represents the more advanced change. It is interesting as an
instance in which the change appears to have been accompanied by
a removal of silica and of iron, while the alkaline constituents were
apparently not affected.
28 GEOLOGY OF PILOT KNOB AND VICINITY.
Next above this comes
6th. A porphyry with brown matrix, containing crystals of triclinic
feldspar, with few or no grains of quartz, but with numerous ^ to
y^ inch spherical, crescent-shaped and irregular cavities filled with
quartz, often showing free crystallization in the centre.
REPORT OF MR. REGIS CHAUVENET. '
PROF. RAPHAEL PUMPELLY,
Director Missouri Geological Survey :
DEAR SIR : I herewith submit the results of such of this year's
chemical work as is fit for tabulation, together with a brief descrip-
tion of the methods of analysis used, and a short discussion of some
of the more important coals, in regard to their prominent chemical
and physical characteristics.
Respectfully yours,
REGIS CHAUVENET,
Chemist of the Geological Survey,
ST. Louis, April-i^ 1873.
CHAPTER II.
ANALYSES OF FUELS, IRON-ORES, AND PIG-IRONS.
BY REGIS CHAUVENET AND A. A. BLAIR.
THE analyses of coals given in these tables are what are com-
monly known as " proximate " analyses. The four constituents,
viz., Water, Volatile Matter, Fixed Carbon, and Ash, can be subdi-
vided into all the elementary bodies contained in the coal, but in
most instances no more elaborate analysis was undertaken. We
may class these four into combustible and incombustible material.
Water and ash coming under the latter head, their sum will repre-
sent the percentage of weight of the coal unavailable for heating
purposes.
The method followed in these examinations was one which has
received the approval of the best experimenters. A weighed quan-
tity of the coal, reduced to powder, was placed in a platinum cru-
cible, and kept at a constant temperature of 110 C. until it ceased
to lose weight. An hour was always sufficient time for this opera-
tion. The loss indicated water. The crucible being now closed,
though not tightly, it was heated in a Bunsen gas-burner until the
flame of the escaping gas was no longer seen. The full heat of a
gas blast-lamp was then directed upon it for three minutes. After
cooling, the loss of weight gave the volatile matter. In estimating
ash, a fresh portion of coal was sometimes taken, but more fre-
quently the coke left from the last operation was ignited in the
same crucible, with free access of air. The loss of weight by this
ignition gave fixed carbon, and by deducting the weight of the
empty crucible from the last weight, the amount of as/i was ob-
tained. The color of the ash was noted, as a rough indication of its
composition : the white is usually calcite ; reddish-browns are
due to iron ; slate and chocolate indicate shale.
A few coals were analyzed by the combustion furnace (organic
analysis) for total carbon and hydrogen, as well as nitrogen in a
32 ANALYSES OF FUELS, IRON-ORES, AND PIG-IRONS.
few instances. In the table giving the results, the last column is
headed "Deficiency." The sum of the total carbon, hydrogen in
the volatile matter, water, and ash, will always fall short of 100 per
cent, by a figure varying greatly in different coals. This is called
the " deficiency," since it cannot.be all ascribed to oxygen, though
probably oxygen and sulphur (and nitrogen in those cases where it
is not given) would fully supply the "deficiency." The low defi-
ciency of the coals used at the St. Lours Gas-works is worthy of
notice. The only Missouri coals besides these which seem to prom-
ise well are, unfortunately, found in very small seams. Westlake's
coal, in Pettis County, has been used for gas at Sedalia. As coking
gas-coals, this coal, Linn's (Chariton County), George's (Cass
County), and possibly Munn's (Henry County), promise tolerably
well. But no coal in the whole number of those examined is equal
to that now in use at the St. Louis Gas-works.
In using the combustion furnace, bi-chromate of lead was substi-
tuted for oxide of copper, and with good results. The few nitrogen
determinations were made by mixing the sample with soda-lime in
the tube, and collection of the ammonia in hydrochloric acid, which
was then treated in the usual manner, the result always being cal-
culated from the metallic platinum obtained from the double chloride
of platinum and ammonium.
Sulphur was not determined in many coals. In fact, in order to
get a correct idea of the amount of sulphur, especially when it is
in the form of pyrites, large samples are necessary, representing
various parts of the bed, and these should be broken up and tho-
roughly mixed. Such elaborate sampling was not possible in the
case of these coals. After a few determinations of sulphur, the
system was followed of examining, for sulphur, only those coals in
which no pyrites, or very trivial quantities, were visible to the naked
eye. The impression being very common that sulphur in coal
exists only in the form of iron pyrites (FeS 2 ), several experiments
were made with a view to testing the accuracy of this idea. A
table will be found illustrating these experiments, and the single
example of the " Baker" coal will show the fallacy of the belief.
Mr. John W. Meier, of St. Louis, who has made trials of various
coals, states that there are other coals similar to the "Baker" in
containing sulphur and no iron. The question is one of some
interest for coke-manufacturers. While a large proportion of the
ANALYSES OF COAL. 33
pyrites in coal-slack can be removed by washing, it is not probable
that sulphur not united with iron could be thus eliminated.
The method adopted for the determination of sulphur was as
follows : One gramme of the coal, well mixed and finely powdered,
was mixed with twelve grammes of carbonate of soda, and from
four to six of nitre. (With bituminous coal, four is enough.) The
mixture is made in a capacious platinum crucible, and heated in the
flame of a Bunsen burner until in a state of tranquil and complete
fusion. After cooling, the mass is dissolved in water, the solution
acidulated with muriatic acid, and evaporated to perfect dryness,
to render any silica insoluble, re-dissolved in very dilute muriatic
acid, filtered, and the filtrate treated with chloride of barium, and
allowed to stand for twenty-four hours. It may here be stated that
the very best brands of " C. P." carbonate of soda contain sul-.
phur in some form ; hence it is absolutely necessary to make a sepa-
rate test of that re-agent, and the simplest way is probably to repeat
the operation, without the coal, and subtract the result from that
first obtained.
This method is also the best for sulphur in coke, a determination
which is frequently of importance. The only difference is, that six
or seven parts of nitre should be used instead of four, as with bitu-
minous coals.
Specific Gravity was determined by the bottle. The sample was
always left in contact with the water for not less than twelve hours,
before weighing, in order to thoroughly expel the air.
In glancing at the general results obtained, a few coals seem to
call for special notice. The Pacific Coal Company's mines, near Knob
Noster, Johnson County, are extensive, at least as compared with
most of the developments in that region, and the coal, of which
large and well-averaged samples were obtained, is remarkably free
from sulphur, being in this respect superior to most Illinois coals.
This coal is much used on the Mo. P. R. R., and although its ash
never falls below eight per cent, and sometimes exceeds ten, it is
probable that the trouble this would cause in burning it in locomo-
tives, is more than counterbalanced by its freedom from sulphur,
and the consequent saving in boiler-repairs. Over this coal is a
curious shale, decomposing rapidly upon exposure to the air, and
consequently never left in the workings. It is very bituminous, is
used to run the hoisting-engine, etc. at the mine, and when thrown
3
34 ANALYSES OF FUELS, IRON- ORES, AND PIG-IRONS.
in heaps, heats and finally takes fire spontaneously. It is of small
value as a fuel.
Near Warrensburgh are some excellent coals, but in thin seams,
and not worked upon any extensive scale. As a class, these coals
show a very low ash. South of the town, and some miles from any
other opening, is Grove's coal, which, from the character of its
" top," its somewhat greater thickness, and its analysis, seems to
belong to a different seam from the other Warrensburgh coals, but
when visited was just opened, and but little could be determined
about it.
Linn's Coal (Chariton County) is quite remarkable for its low
percentage of ash (1.64), being the best coal examined in this re-
spect. Equally curious are some of the Ray County coals in their
high per cent, of water, one sample from Hayson's (Swanwick)
mine giving 12.55 per cent.
No true " cannel" coal was examined. Many bituminous
shales are known as such in their respective neighborhoods, but
their ash (25 to 40) is too high, and their use must remain very
limited.
Several analyses of ores, clays, and limestones are appended to
these tables. Though these are given in the text, under their pro-
per heads, it may be convenient, for some purposes, to have all the
analytical results brought together. While the tables here given
do not include all the chemical work done during the past year, it
is believed that no result of interest or importance has been
omitted.
RAY COUNTY.
NAME OF COAL.
Water.
Volatile.
Fixed
Carbon.
Ash.
COLOR OF ASH.
Smith's
.10.05
38.55
45-40
6.00
White.
Howell's
. 8.05
41.85
45.80
4-3
Do.
Oberhultz
. 11.02
32.48
46.30
IO.2O
Gray.
Hughes
. 8.IS
37.60
46.35
7.90
Light brown.
Godfrey
. 7.20
30.30
37.30
25.2O
Brown.
Camden Mines
.10.33
37-73
42.04
9.90
Gray.
Swanwick Hayson's,
top
. 10.00
37.85
48.30
3-85
Light brown.
Do.
middle. . . .
.12.55
37-05
46.65
5-75.
White.
Do.
bottom. . .
. 1 1. 20
38-50
46.70
3.60
Nearly white.
Coke made from Camden coal. . .
. 3-25
4.88
83.37
8.50
*
PETTIS COUNTY.
Newport's ,
3-95
33-iQ
46.26
16.69
Red.
West lake's ,
4-47
39-19
51-73
4.61
Gray.
* This coke was from " Collins' s" coal.
ANALYSES OF COAL.
35
SAINT LOUIS COUNTY.
NAME OF COAL.
Water. Volatile. r Fi f d
Carbon.
Ash. COLOR OF ASH.
Parker & Russell
... 9.17 38.49 43.19
9.15 Light gray.
Do
. ... 9.55 38.28 42.99
9.18 Do.
HENRY COUNTY.
Jordan, top
... 3.47 42.18 45.85
8. 50 Purple gray.
Do. bottom
S-H 37-91 4 6 -82
10. 13 Do.
Owens, near Clinton
... 8.30 36.95 48.65
6. 10 White, faint purple.
Do. middle
... 7.14 38-66 48.35
5.85 Nearly white.
Williamson
... 7.76 44.77 43.32
4.15 Dark purple.
Munn's
7-50 37-30 50-75
4.45 Red.
H. Neff
... 5.89 38.01 39.97
16.13 Light chocolate.
Ogan's
... 8.48 33.96 43.16
14.40 Chocolate.
Britt's, top
... 2.89 28.55 50.71
17.85 Reddish.
Do. middle
... 3.88 43.67 43.42
9.03 Light gray.
Osage Coal Co
5-65 36.95 41-87
15-53 Uo.
Do. bottom
... 4.86 41.74 37.24
1 6. 1 6 Light chocolate.
LA FAYETTE COUNTY
Franke's
5-55 42.95 44-08
7.42 Light brown.
Payne's, top
... 8.85 37.25 44.80
9.10 Cream.
Do. middle
... 7.02 37.67 39.66
15.65 Very light brown.
Do. bottom
... 7-75 34-05 4-3
18.17 Light chocolate.
Ennis & Cundiff, top
...6.95 42.61 43.42
7.02 Do.
Do. near bottom
. .. 7.03 40.72 47.11
5. 14 Chocolate.
* Lexington Coal Co., top . .
... 5.79 36.03 47.31
10.87 Light brown.
Do. middle..
... 8.15 34.71 47.29
9.85 Do.
Do. near bottom 6.36 36.28 47.80
9.56 Yellow brown.
Do. bottom. .
... 6.25 35.03 50.04
8.68 Very light brown.
*Tilden Davis
. .. 8.21 37.56 46.84
7.39 Nearly white.
*Graham's
6 -53 35.I9 47-46
10.85 Very light brown.
JOHNSON COUNTY.
Mrs. Wingfield's
. .. 7-31 41-88 46.36
4.45 Pale red-brown.
Sylvester Orr's
... 5.87 40.06 43.45
10.62 Dark gray.
Bruce's
5-31 43-65 43-12
7.92 Pale gray.
Tapscott's
... 3.30 36.85 33.05
26.80 Light slate.
B. Owsley
. .. 7-40 43-7 38.37
1 1. 1 6 Pinkish gray.
Pacific mines
. 4 28 40.30 47.22
8. 20 Nearly white.
Do
... 4-29 40.24 47.27
8.20 Do.
Do
... 4.85 39.85 45.30
10.00 White.
Do
. .. 4.60 42 50 44.55
8.35 Do.
iZimmermann's
. .. 6.77 45.10 44.01
4.12 Very pale slate.
: Do. bottom ....
. .. 7.09 42.14 47.15
3.62 Pale brown.
iZoll's, top
5-39 45-89 -45-56
4. 1 6 Pale gray.
: Do. bottom
6.32 45.38 44.98
3.32 Do.
:Grove's
.. 7.80 34.90 51.20
6.10 Reddish slate.
:Gillum's
. . 7.29 42.27 46.95
3.49 Slate.
:Goudy's
. . 5.60 44-95 44-45
5.00 Pale brown.
^Mineral charcoal
i-59 15-63 71-28
11.50 Reddish slate.
LINCOLN COUNTY.
Link' s, top
.. 8.17 32.58 46.50
12.75 Light gray.
Do. next top
7-85 32-75 46-25
12.65 D'
Do. middle
.. 8.40 35.22 46.33
10.05 D-
Do. below middle
8.25 34.55 47.50
9.70 Do.
Do. bottom
7-9 33-9 49.0
9.20 Light brown.
* From the Lexington coal-bed.
$ Warrensburj;h coals.
t Near Knob Noster.
From Zoll's bank, Warrensburgh.
36 ANALYSES OF FUELS, IRON- ORES, AND PIG-IRONS.
NAME OF COAL. Water. Volatile. p 'u C Ash. COLOR OK ASH.
Baker's 8.50 39-5o 46.45 5.55 White.
Meadows's, top 6.30 39.20 44-30 10.20 Light brown.
Do. bottom 6.75 36.80 42.00 14.45 ^-
Upson's 1.15 41.25 49.60 8.00 Very pale brown.
Mine's 6.75 36.40 45-75 n.io Light red-brown.
CARROLL COUNTY.
Jas. Goodson's 2.97 36.36 47.83 12.84 Light brown, [specks.
Jos. Meddlin's 2.07 29.94 47.03 20.96 Dark brown, white
" Little Compton " 4.37 44.58 47-21 3.84 Reddish brown.
SALINE COUNTY.
L. Bohn 6.02 40.33 42.09 11.56 Pink.
Haynie [Miami] 2.58 31.22 35-i8 31.02 Deep red. [specks.
"Cannel"* 3.53 48.30 42.39 5.78 White, with brown
PITTSBURGH (PA.). (ST. Louis GAS-WORKS.)
Average sample 1.31 36.61 54. 17 7.91 Faint gray.
BIG MUDDY COAL (ILL.).
Sample No. i 5.86 33.08 57.48 3.58
Do. 2 5.88 32.81 57.66 3.65
CHARITON COUNTY.
Linn's 5.82 38.01 54-53 1.64 Salmon.
ANDREW COUNTY.
Niagara Creek 8.94 34-75 45-38 10.93 Red brown.
LIVINGSTON COUNTY.
Graham's 5.38 42.27 44.98 7.37 Pale brown.
NODAWAY COUNTY.
J. C. Smith's 3.53 42.72 40.71 13.04 Very light brown.
CASS COUNTY.
George's 7.80 33.20 55-75 3-25 Rich brown.
MACON COUNTY.
"Bevier" 12.05 4-75 43-5 3-7 Pinkish gray.
CALLAWAY COUNTY.
Fulton Coal Co 7.43 38.90 45.85 7.82 Pink.
Nesbitt's 5.00 33-95 40.73 20.32 Dark purple slate.
NEBRASKA (STATE), NEAR NEMAHA.
Omaha Coal Mining Co 4.93 38.17 49-44 7-46 Red brown.
SULPHUR AND IRON COALP.
Sulphur required c
NAME OF COAL. IRON. SULPHUR. by iron to form Gravit
Fe Sz.
Smith's, Ray Co 0.84 2.41 0.96 .249
Godfrey's, Ray Co 2.83 4-179 3-23 .293
Newport's, Pettis Co 3.99 4.406 4.56 .347
Zoll's, Johnson Co 1.05 2.916 1.20 .243
Pacific Mines, Johnson Co 0.49 0.759 -56 -35o
Link, Lincoln Co 0.70 2.036 0.80 .255
* Locality not known. Used at St. Louis Gas-works'.
ANALYSES OF COAL.
37
NAME OF COAL. IRON. SULPHUR.
Hines, Lincoln Co 5.21 2. 230
Meadows, Lincoln Co 4-44 4.910
Baker, Lincoln Co none 2.632
Pittsburgh (St. Louis Gas-works) 0.56 0.770
Howells, Ray Co 2. 702
Oberhultz, Ray Co 4. 609
Hughes, Ray Co 4-17
Mrs. Wingfield's, Johnson Co 4. 504
Westlake's, Pettis Co 2.670
Sulphur required
by iron to form
Fe Sz.
Specific
Gravity.
5-95
5-07
....
none
1.165
0.64
....
1-257
....
1.277
....
1.328
1.252
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF A FEW COALS.
NAME. Sp. Gr.
Smith's, Ray Co i . 249
Howell's, Ray Co x -257
Oberhultz, Ray Co 1.277
Hughes, Ray Co 1.328
Godfrey, Ray Co 1 . 293
Newport, Pettis Co J-347
Westlake, Pettis Co i. 319
Groves, Johnson Co 1.312
Goudy's, Johnson Co 1.228
Zoll's, Johnson Co 1.243
NAME. Sp. Gr.
Zimmermann's, Johnson Co 1.225
Mrs. Wingfield's, Johnson Co 1.252
Sylv. Orr's, Johnson Co 1-377
Bruce' s, Johnson Co
Tapscott's, Johnson Co. . .
Pacific Mines, Johnson Co.
George's, Cass Co
Link, Lincoln Co..
271
529
350
,261
255
Baker, Lincoln Co I- 165
Mineral charcoal 1.803
ULTIMATE ANALYSES OF COAL.
NAME OF COAL.
a
T3
X
fa
Combined
Carbon.
Total Carbon.
1
. "
e 3
'"
'4
o
"a c
ti
Nitrogen.
,
1
i
Ik
%
Q
11.08
11.09
6.90
10.70
8-77
6-35
11.05
18.35
6.01
7-03
Pacific Mines, Johnson Co.
Mrs. Wingfield's, "
Tapscott's shale, known
as " cannel"
47-22
46.38
33-05
45.56
44.01
46.95
51 .20
51.73
54.17
42.39
23.11
25.98
24.96
28.72
30.75
29.56
17.32
10.50
17.50
23-45
35-27
70.33
72.34
58.01
74.28
74-76
76.51
68.52
66.25
69.23
77.62
77-66
0.47
0.81
0-37
0.60
0.75
0.81
0.86
0.86
0.50
0.14
-39
4.66
4.81
5-47
4.80
4.81
4-35
4-99
6.00
5 '1 3
5.62
6.07
6-33
5-6i
5.67
5-49
6-39
1-45
i.56
1.72
1.84
4.28
7-31
3-30
6.77
7.29
7.80
7.80
4-47
1-31
3-53
8.20
4-45
26.80
4.16
4.12
3-49
6.10
3-25
4.61
7.91
5.78
Zoll's, Johnson Co., (War-
rensburgh)
Zimmermann's, Johnson
Co
Gillem's, Johnson Co. . . .
Grove's, " ....
George's, Cass Co
Westlake's, Pettis Co
Pittsburgh, used at St.
Louis Gas-works
Saline Co. "Cannel,"
used at St. Louis Gas-
works
HYDRAULIC LIMESTONE, LINCOLN COUNTY, OVER MEADOWS'S COAL.
Silica. . . ....... .21,
35
Peroxide of iron i. 79
Lime 42. 1 6
Magnesia 0.66
Carbonic acid 34-14
38 ANALYSES OF FUELS, IRON-ORES, AND PIG-IRONS.
CLAYS FROM LINCOLN COUNTY.
Under Coal in
Baker's Shaft. Morris's Shaft. Colbert's.
^. llca : 34-40 72.35 65.35
Alumina *i8.6a 18.11 23.25
Lime.
. I5-27 1-09 0.52
Magnesia 6.25 1.48 1.27
Hygroscopic water 1-4 6 2.14
Water of composition 123.09 3.05 4.83
LINCOLN COUNTY IRON-ORES. PARTIAL ANALYSES.
Morris's Morris's Morris's Morris's
Shaft, i. Shaft. 2. Shaft. 3. Shaft. 4. Humphrey's. Murphy's.
Insoluble silicious 26.98 15-42 7.74 n.66 4.10
Peroxide of iron 4.72 63.12 79-64 84.30 86.56 95-32
(Metallic iron) 3.30 44-i8 55.75 59.01 60.59 66.72
A BOWLDER OF RED HEMATITE FROM T. 49, R. i, E.
Section 12, Lincoln County, gave
Insoluble silicious 7-55
Peroxide of iron 9 J -95
(Metallic iron) 64.36
Sulphur 0.017
Phosphoric acid 0.023
(Phosphorus) o.oio
CLAYS FROM PILOT KNOB.
Brown. White.
Hygroscopic water 2.90 2.20
Water of composition 7-95 7-3
Silica 57-22 63.50
Alumina 22.89 24.55
Peroxide of iron 7.81 none
Lime i.io 1.60
Magnesia 0.46 0.48
100.33 99-63
LIMESTONE OF ST. JOSEPH BRIDGE.
Silica ................................................................... 4. 25
Peroxide of iron .......................................................... I. oo
_ ............................................................... 3055
M agnesia ................................................................ 1 9. 09
Carbonic acid ............................................................ 44- 6l
99.50
Per cent, of magnesia less than in dolomite.
LIMESTONES. IRON COUNTY.
ABC Pyritiferous.
Insoluble silicious 5.11 3.85 2.06 17.88
Peroxide of iron 4.67 1.07 none 3.75
Carbonate of lime , 47-5 5 2 -5o 54-32 43-52
Carbonate of magnesia 42.19 42.56 43-82 34-^5
If the percentage of carbonate of lime in these analyses is assumed as one equivalent,
and the corresponding amount of carbonate of magnesia calculated according to the formulae
for dolomite, CaO, CO 2 , MgO, CO S , we have
ABC Pyritiferous.
MgO, CO 2 39.89 % 44.09 45.62 36.55
* With some peroxide of iior. t Total loss by strong ignition, including a little carbonic acid.
\ Iron and alumina.
ANALYSES OF IRON-ORES. 39
by which it appears that A has more magnesia (in proportion to its lime) than dolomite
the others less.
METAMORPHIC LIMESTONE. (Sec. 19, T. 33, R. 4, E.)
Insoluble silicious 35- 81
Peroxide of iron 5-35
Lime 3 1 - 62
Magnesia 1. 10
Carbonic acid 25.83
99.71
MANGANIFEROUS IRON-ORES.
lUiford Kuford Mt. A 239 A 240 Marble's
Mountain. Upper cut. Marble's. Marble's. Field.
Insoluble silicious matter 8.54 13-42 17.66 35-96 J o-35
Peroxide of iron 68.30 85.76 49-34 58.70 14.22
Manganese (reduced to protoxide) 15.84 trace 21. 18 3-77 S 1 - ^
Lime 2. 75
Magnesia .... .... .... 0.43
Sulphur 0.017 Water 3.89
Phosphoric acid 0. 102 .... .... ....
Metallic iron 47-8i 60.03 34-54 41.09 9.95
Metallic manganese 12.22 16.34 2.91 39-38
Cuthbertson's Cuthbertson's
Manganese-ore. Iron-ore.
Insoluble silicious 0.44 2.45
Peroxide of iron 3. 30 97-85
Protoxide of manganese , 68.02 trace of Mn.
Metallic manganese 52.47
"SHUT-IN" ORES.
A 27. A 29. A 29.
Insoluble silicious matter 1. 75 2. 10 ....
Peroxide of iron 93-9 98-50 ....
Sulphur o. 078 ....
Phosphoric acid 0.057 0.062
ANALYTICAL LABORATORY OF CHAUVENET & BLAIR,
218 Pine St., Saint Louis, April 21, 1873.
PROF. R. PUMPELLY,
Director Missouri Geological Survey :
DEAR SIR : At your suggestion I hereby submit, in a tabulated
form, for convenience of reference, the analyses of iron-ores and
pig-irons made by me for the survey, from samples taken by Dr.
Adolf Schmidt. These analyses were made for the immediate use
of Dr. Schmidt, and are incorporated in his exhaustive report.
There are also a number of analyses made for private parties and
published by their permission. In determining the amounts of sul-
phur and phosphorus in the ores and pig-irons, 5 grammes of the
material was always used; consequently "a trace" of sulphur or
phosphorus means a trace in 5 grammes.
It had been my intention to devote some space to the chemical
40 ANALYSES OF FUELS, IRON- ORES, AND PIG-IRONS.
action of some of the iron-ores in the blast-furnace, and the nature
of this action especially in relation to silicon in the resulting pig-
metal ; but the impossibility of getting perfectly reliable data in
many cases, and the objections of iron-masters, in others, to make
public the results of their experiments, oblige me to defer it to
some future time.
Yours, very respectfully,
ANDREW A. BLAIR.
Insol. silicious matter.
2ft.
IRON MOUNTAIN ORES.
2ft. 2b. 2b, 27.
6.76$
127- 3 1 - 5-
128.
Peroxide of iron
Protoxide of iron
2. 34
86.75 96.78$
1 72
95.15$ 95.04
Alumina
O.Q3
O. 71
Lime
0.41;
Oil
Magnesia . .
O. IQ
Manganese. . .
none
.... none
Sulphur . .
none
none none none 0.016
o 008 0.003 o 5
O OI2
Phosphoric acid
0.212
0.248 0.081 0.073 o 119
o. 1 12 o 125 o 071
o 067
100.322
-
100.586
Insol. silicious matter.
Silica
3.00$
3.28$
4. 14.$ I 175!
Alumina
0.47
Lime
0.06
Magnesia
0.03
4-55
1.6 5
Metallic iron
Phosphorus. . .
65.78
o. no
.... 65.17 .... 67.75$
0.108 0.031; 0.030 0.012
66.60$ 68.63
0.04Q 0.017 0.031
O.O2Q
2<7, zb. Specular ore from enclosed conglomerate mass in the backbone-vein, cut A, on
south side of Iron Mountain.
20. deflects the compass-needle ; 2b does not, yet 2l> is more magnetic and contains
more magnetic oxide than za.
These two samples being practically the same, the great difference in the amounts of
phosphoric acid seemed unreasonable. The analyses were therefore repeated, and the results
were practically as before.
27. Specular ore from backbone-vein, cut II, north side of mountain.
127. Average sample of quarry-ore taken by Maj. Brooks.
31. Average sample of surface-ore from western slope.
5. Average sample of surface-ore from south-east slope.
128. Average sample of surface-ore taken by Maj. Brooks.
All the samples, except 127 and 128, were taken by Dr. Schmidt.
NOTE. The samples Nos. 127 and 128 were collected by Maj. T. B. Brooks with great
care, and represent thousands of chippings, in 127 from the quarry-ore, and in 128 from
the loose surface-ore. After being thoroughly powdered, portions were sent by Maj.
Brooks to three chemists, viz. : Prof. Allen, of Yale College, Mr. Otto Wuth, of Pitts-
burgh, and Mr. A. A. Blair, of St. Louis. As the determination of phosphorus and sul-
phur in perfectly average samples of this great ore-deposit, is a subject of considerable
technical interest, the results obtained are here given :
ANALYSES OF IRON- ORES.
41
No. 127 Quarry-Ore.
WUTH.
Phosphorus 0.016 0.043
Sulphur ....
No. 128 Surf ace- Ore.
Phosphorus 0.016 0.025
Sulphur. ....
PILOT KNOB ORES.
ALLEN.
Double determination.
0.042
O.O26
47-
Insoluble silicious matter 14.75$
Peroxide of iron 84.33
Protoxide of iron o. 15
Alumina - 75
Lime o. 2 1
Magnesia o. 14
Manganese none
Sulphur traces
Phosphoric acid -35
45-
5-57$
90.87
1.67
0-53
1.76
0.13
none
0.078
0.069
45 (Rep.).
36.
BLAIR.
0.049
O.OOS
0.029
O.OI2
[R. P.]
16.
67.
62.88$
0.063
o.co6
0.092
0.079
O. IOI
100.365 100.677
Insoluble silicious matter.
Silica 13.27
Alumina and trace of oxide of iron ... i .44
0.36
Metallic iron 59. 15 64.91
Phosphorus 0.015 0.031
0.027
47.16
0.041
44.01
0.044
50. 46. 4?. 40.
Peroxide of iron 87.18$ 83.28$ 77.02$ 52.18$
Metallic iron 61.03 58.29 53-91 36.52
47. Soft ore from central cut (B). 45. Hard ore from central cut (B). 36. Ore from
lower strata eastern cut (C). 16. Average sample from upper strata eastern cut. 50.
Specular ore from western cut (A). 46. Hard ore from central cut (B). 48. Ore in
conglomerate central cut. 40. Average sample of better ore on refuse-heaps. All taken
by Dr. Schmidt.
SHEPHERD MOUNTAIN, ETC.
Insoluble silicious matter. ,
20.
s.is$
21. 23.
6.76$
68.
C.H.
5.62$
L.M.
IZ.T.T.%
Peroxide of iron
Q4.84.
88. 56 96. 70$
70. -3q$
07. C4.
84.60
Protoxide of iron
. 1. 80
2. 07
14.22
Alumina
O.^2
Lime
0.35
0.^8
Magnesia
O.O4.
o. 15
Manganese
none
none
minute trace
none
Sulphur
none
none none
none
none
O.O2I
Phosphoric acid
o. 02 <
0.039 -32
0.0^8
O.OQO
o. 06 s
1 00.866
Insol. silicious matter.
Silica
4.o^$
5.98$
14.45$
Peroxide of iron
O.O7
none
Alumina ...
c 46
-5l
Lime ...
O 12 ....
0.06
Magnesia
o.oz
0.04
6 68
i;.o6
Metallic iron
. 66. ?2
64..3I 67.6q
66.61
6s. 47
59.22
Phosphorus. .
O.OII
0.017 0.014.
0.017
0.039
0.027
42 ANALYSES OF FUELS, IRON- ORES, AND PIG-IRONS.
20. Average sample upper part of central vein (B).
21. lower "
23. Soft ore from " " " "
68. Ore from eastern vein.
The above all taken by Dr. Schmidt.
C. H. Sample of Cedar Hill ore taken by Prof. Pumpelly, and representing average of
vein .
L.M. Sample of Lewis Mountain ore taken by Prof. Wm. B. Potter, and analyzed for
Pilot Knob Company, by whose permission it is published.
SPECULAR AND RED HEMATITE ORES.
6.
Insoluble silicious matter. . 11.19^ 9.30.^ ..... 0.87^
Peroxide of iron 85.95 76.45 27.40 87.92 97-23 98.96
Protoxide of iron - 77 4. 1 1 ....
Alumina o. 97
Lime 0.12 36.01
Magnesia 0.07
Manganese none
Carbonic acid 0.48 29. 51
Water 0.46 13-65 2.45 0.03 0.47
Sulphur 0.126 0.052 0.044 none none trace
Phosphoric acid. . 0.116 0.478 0.09^ 0.089 0.092 0.062
loo. 252
Insoluble silicious matter.
Silica 9-78$ 6.78$ 0.27$ 11-32^ 2.06%
Alumina 1.33
Lime none .....
Magnesia 0.12
11-23 ..
Metallic iron 60.76 53-51 22.38 61.54 68.08 69.27
Phosphorus 0.051 0.208 0.043 -39 0.040 0.027
i. Purple paint-ore from Meramec mine. 2. Oclirey ore from do. 3. Red ore and
yellow rock, with spathic ore, from do. 4. Hard, silicious specular ore from do. 5.
Average sample best specular ore from do.
I, 2, 3, 4, and 5, taken by Dr. Schmidt.
6. Blue specular ore from Orchard bank, Salem District, Dent County, analyzed for
Mr. O. A. Zane, and published by permission. Now worked by Salem Iron Company.
SPECULAR AND RED HEMATITE ORES.
7*.
Silica . . . . o. 69,1
Peroxide of iron 97-94
Protoxide of iron trace
Alumina 1.17
Lime . .
97.08
0.31
1.50
1,9%
37
835^
78.38^
Hygroscopic water 0.02
Combined water o. 19
Carbonic acid none
Sulphur none
Phosphoric acid 0.068
0.08 |
0.23)
0.21
none
0.079
3-09
trace
0.207
Insoluble silicious matter
Metallic iron 68.56 68.19 61.86
Phosphorus 0.029 -34 0.091
0.079
I7-05
0-034
0.083 0.205
5-73
63.02
0.036
14-13
54-86
0.089
7#, 7$. Piece of ore from Iron Ridge, partly blue specular and partly red paint-ore ; fa,
blue specular, "jb, soft, red paint-ore. These samples were taken for a comparison of the
ANALYSES OF PIG-IRONS. 43
two kinds of ore, and is particularly interesting on that account. 8. Average sample from
Iron Ridge mine.
The above taken by Dr. Schmidt.
9. Blue specular ore from Beaver Branch. 10. Partly decomposed ore from same. n.
Soft paint-ore from same. These Beaver Branch ores were analyzed for Missouri Furnace
Company, and are published by permission.
BROWN HEMATITE ORES.
i. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 9.
Insol. silic. matter 8.66$ 7.17$ 7.42$ 8.35^
Peroxide of iron 84.02$ 77.42$ 82.02$ 84.10$ 81.96 78.73 79.82 79.53
Water 10.98 12.49 12.80 11.60
Sulphur 0.171 0.147 0.015 0.084 none none 0.009 trace none
Phosphoric acid. ... 0.861 0.076 0.091 0.084 0.077
Manganese none
Silica 3.08 8.05 5.13 3.59
Metallic iron 58.81 54.19 57.41 58.87 57.37 55.11 55.87 55.67
Phosphorus 0.376 0.034 0.041 0.037 0.034 0.058 0.081 0.061 0.071
10. n. 12. 13. 14. IS- I 6-
Insol. silic. matter. . 4.88$ 3.60$ 6.97$ 4.34$ 9.41$ 39.22$ 7.08$
Peroxide of iron 82.27 8 5-9 80.98 78.38 80.35 49-12 75.42
Water 8.87
Sulphur trace trace none none trace o.oor 0.035
Phosphoric acid 2.891 0.249 0.206 0.859
Metallic iron 57.59 59.55 56.68 54.86 56.24 34.38 52.79
Phosphorus 0.074 0.028 0.123 1.262 0.109 0.089 0.375
I. Brown and red hematite from Marmaduke bank. 2. Limonite from Sheldon bank.
3. Do. from White bank. 4. Do. (pipe-ore) from Elm Hollow bank. 5. Do. do. from
Indian Creek bank. All on the Osage River.
6, 7, 8, 9, 10, II. From Camden Co. Analyzed for Mr. H. S. Reed, and published by
permission.
12. From Perry Co. Analyzed for Mr. Reed, and published by permission.
13. From Perry Co., opposite Grand Tower. Analyzed for Big Muddy Iron Company,
and published by permission of Mr. Jas. E. Mills, Vice-President.
14. From Indian Ford, Bellinger Co. Analyzed for Mr. Win. B. Spear, and published
by permission.
15. From near Irondale, and used in the furnaces there and at Iron Mountain. Ana-
lyzed for Messrs. E. Harrison & Company, and published by permission.
16. Analyzed for Wm. E. Romer, Esq., of Grand Tower, and published by permission.
I, 2, 3, 4, and 5 samples were taken by Dr. Schmidt.
PlG-lRONS.
I. 2. 3. 4- 5- 6. 7. 8. 9.
Sulphur 0.024$ 0.017$ 0.005$ trace none trace 0.016$ 0.026$
Phosphorus 0.133 0.062 0.116 0.165$ 0.098$ 0.116$ 0.136 0.196 ....
Combined carbon
Graphitic carbon. . . 3.293
Silicon 3.230 2.624 1.329 0.942 1.389 1.354 0.630 1.347 4- 8 5
10. ii. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. j
Sulphur none 0.045$ 0.006$ o. 103$ o. 134$ o. 141$ 0.061$ none
Phosphorus o. 168$ 0.147 - l 53 0.097 0.141 0.107 0.141 o. 116$
Combined carbon 0.810 . ...) .... 0.625 0.850
Graphitic carbon 3.000 ....) 2.775 2.500
Silicon 1.517 3.840 3.325 3.425 5.898 3.443 2.847 2 - 2 34 2.770
I. Made in the fall of 1872, at Vulcan Iron Works, from Iron Mt. ore alone; i Big
Muddy coal, | Connelsville coke. 2. Made at Pilot Knob Iron Co.'s furnace, from f Pilot
Knob and Shepherd Mt. ores, charcoal and hot blast. 3. Made at Scotia Iron Works,
from Scotia ores, charcoal, and hot blast. 4. Made at Meramec, from Meramec ores,
44 ANALYSES OF FUELS, IRON- ORES, AND PIG-IRONS.
$ half hard and | soft, charcoal and cold blast. 5. Made at Iron Mountain, from Iron Mt.
ores, with 8$ of limonite. 6. Irondale, hot blast. 7. Irondale, cold blast ; both charcoal,
and same ores as 5. 8. Made at Moselle, from Iron Ridge and St. James ores, with 8$
Moselle limonite, charcoal and hot blast. 9. Made at Pilot Knob Iron Co.'s Works, from
all Pilot Knob ore, charcoal and hot blast. 10. Made at same, f Shepherd Mt. and ^ Pilot
Knob, charcoal and hot blast, n, 12, and 13. Made at Big Muddy Iron Co.'s furnace, at
Grand Tower, n and 13 from \ Pilot Knob ore, \ Iron Ridge and St. James red hema-
tites, using f Connelsville coke, f Big Muddy coal. 12. Same, except that the Illinois Patent
Coke Co.'s coke was substituted (using a larger proportion) for the Connelsville coke.
These analyses were made for Big Muddy Iron Co. and published by permission of James
E. Mills, Esq , Vice-President.
14, 15, 16, 17, and 18. Made at South St. Louis Iron Co.'s furnaces. Analyzed for
them, and published by permission of Mr. H. S. Reed, President. 14. Glazed pig, made
from all Pilot Knob ore. 15 and 16. No. i and 2 Foundry, from all Iron Mt. ore, made
in summer of 1872. 17. Made from Iron Mt. with some Iron Ridge soft, red hematite.
18. Made from all Iron Mt. ore, spring of 1873. All with Connelsville coke and Big
Muddy coal.
i, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 were samples taken by Dr. Schmidt or sent to him for the use
of the survey.
CHAPTER III.
THE IRON-ORES OF MISSOURI.
BY ADOLF SCHMIDT, PH.D.
A. General Distribution.
MISSOURI is one of the richest States in iron-ores on the North
American continent. These ores are, however, very unequally dis-
tributed over the State.
Very little iron-ore is found in the whole northern part of the
State north of the fiftieth township-line, and in a range of counties
on the western border. These districts are covered by the coal-
measures, which, although containing clay-ores and carbonates of
iron, do not contain them in such quantities and in such positions
as to make them workable. According to Mr. G. C. Broadhead's
statements, these ores in the coal-measures of Missouri occur either
as single nodules, or as thin beds, varying from one to twenty
inches in thickness, imbedded in the carboniferous clays and slates.
They lie, generally, deep below the surface, from 20 to 60 feet, and
not close enough to the coal-beds to be mined conjointly with the
latter. These ores are, besides, not very rich in themselves.
The only point where the region of workable iron-ore reaches,
north of the Missouri River, is in Callaway County, where red, earthy
hematite occurs as a stratum in the ferruginous sandstone of the
subcarboniferous system.
South of the Missouri River there are, between this river and the
fortieth township-line, valuable deposits, mostly of limonite, in
Franklin, Osage, Morgan, and Benton Counties. This kind of ore
also occurs nearly over the whole central and southern part of the
State. In the southern part the counties of Stoddard, Bollinger,
Wayne, Ozark, Douglas, Christian, and Greene, contain considerable
deposits of it.
But by far the richest portion of the State in iron-ores is that
between the 3Oth and 4Oth township-lines. Within this zone, iron-
46 IRON-ORES OF MISSOURI,
ores abound in the greater part of the counties situated between
the Mississippi in the east and the Upper Osage River in the west.
Limonite banks are scattered over the whole of this vast region,
being, however, somewhat concentrated in three districts. The
most eastern of these is composed of Bellinger, Wayne, and the
southern part of Madison Counties ; the second but smaller con-
centration is in the south-eastern part of Franklin County ; while
the third and most important one of this ore is found on the Middle
Osage River, between Warsaw and Tuscumbia, in Benton, Morgan,
Camden, and Miller Counties. This latter district extends also to
the Upper Osage, above Warsaw, into St. Clair and Henry Coun-
ties. But while the limonites are deposited on the Second and Third
Magnesian Limestones in the rest of the State, they here lie on the
subcarboniferous limestone. The Upper Osage district also contains
good deposits of subcarboniferous red hematites, occurring, here
in the same way as in Callaway County.
The specular ores are much more concentrated in certain parts of
the State than either the limonites or the carboniferous hematites,
and also occur in much larger masses. There are two important
specular-ore districts, different by their geographical positions, dif-
ferent entirely by the mode of occurrence and the geological posi-
tion of their ores, but quite similar, on the other hand, in the
mineralogical character and the chemical composition of these
ores. The one of these districts is the Iron Mountain dis-
trict in the east, extending only over a small area, in southern
St. Fran9ois and northern Iron Counties, but containing two
enormous deposits, besides numerous smaller ones. The ore is
here in veins, beds, and other less regular forms in the porphyry.
The second specular-ore district lies more toward the centre of the
State, yet mainly in its eastern half. Its principal deposits, as far as
known at present, are concentrated in three counties, Crawford,
Phelps, and Dent. The occurrence of the specular ores, however,
extends somewhat into the surrounding counties of Washington,
Franklin, Maries, Miller, Camden, Pulaski, and Shannon. The spe-
cular ore in this central ore-region is always more or less distinctly
connected with the Lower Silurian Sandstones, especially with the
so-called Second Sandstone. Many of these deposits are disturbed
and broken, and altered in regard to their position and contents.
From all that has been said, we may infer that, according to our
IRON- ORES. 47
present knowledge, there are three principal and important iron-
regions in Missouri, namely :
1. The eastern region, composed of the south-eastern limonite
district and the Iron Mountain specular-ore district. This region
has its natural outlet, at present, over the Iron Mountain Railroad.
2. The central region, containing principally specular ores, and
having its commercial outlet over the St. Louis, Salem & Little
Rock and the Atlantic & Pacific Railroads.
3. The western or Osage region, with its limonites and red he-
matites. This region will have to establish an iron industry of its
own, because it is too remote from the present ore-markets. Its
present connection with these markets is down the Osage River to
Osage City, and from there either over the Missouri Pacific Railroad
or down the Missouri River. A railroad from Jefferson City,
through Cole, Moniteau, Morgan, Benton, Henry, St. Clair, Bates,
and Vernon Counties to Fort Scott, which would touch the Upper
Osage districts, is partly in construction, partly under consider-
ation.
These three principal regions, combined, form a broad ore-belt,
running across the State from the Mississippi to the Osage, in a
direction about parallel to the course of the Missouri River, from
south-east to north-west, between the thirtieth and fortieth town-
ship-lines. The specular ores occupy the middle portion of this belt,
the limonites both ends of it. The latter are, besides, spread over
the whole southern half of the State, while the subcarboniferous he-
matites occur only along the southern border of the North Missouri
coal-field, having thus an independent distribution, and being prin-
cipally represented in Callaway, St. Clair, and Henry Counties.
To make this distribution of ores more apparent and clear, I
have added to this report the accompanying " Preliminary Map,
showing the Distribution of Iron Ores in Missouri." Atlas, Plate IV.
This map contains about 280 deposits. Its title indicates that it
does not pretend to be complete. It represents only a first effort
toward a more complete map, and contains the results of informa-
tion obtained during the summer of 1872. Such a map can, in fact,
hardly ever be entirely complete, because new ore-banks are con-
tinually being discovered and opened.
Neither does this map pretend to show the exact relative char-
acter and size of the single ore-banks. It is only intended to show,
48 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
in a generally correct and clear manner, the general distribution of
the ores. For this purpose it was necessary, however, to mark
every single deposit that has come to my knowledge, and to indi-
cate those deposits which, according to their present appearance,
seem to be more extensive than others, by larger sizes. This led
to the adoption of five sizes, with a respective estimate of yield of
smeltable ore.
Below 20,000 tons, for size, I.
20,000 to 100,000, " 2.
100,000 to 500,000, " 3.
500,000 to 2, 000,000, " 4.
Above 2,000,000, " 5.
To distinguish the different kinds of ores, I use three colors,
thus :
Red, for red hematite.
Blue, for specular ore.
Brown, for limonite.
As regards the character of the deposits, those which, like veins
and beds, are generally supposed to be more or less continuous, are
marked by squares. All the other deposits, which are supposed to
be either decidedly limited or very irregular, are marked in a cir-
cular form.
Another distinction made on the map is that between undisturbed,
disturbed, and drifted deposits. This distinction was unavoidable,
on account of the very frequent occurrence of disturbed deposits,
especially in the central ore-region.
In the following chapters of this report the ores and deposits will
be described under the following geographical arrangement :
Eastern Ore-Region.
ORE-DISTRICT ALONG THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER.
IRON MOUNTAIN DISTRICT.
SOUTH-EASTERN LIMONITE DISTRICT.
FRANKLIN COUNTY DISTRICT.
SCOTIA DISTRICT.
Central Ore-Region.
STEELVILLE DISTRICT.
ORE-DISTRICT ON THE UPPER MERAMEC AND ITS TRIBU-
TARIES.
GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT. 40
SALEM DISTRICT.
IRON RIDGE DISTRICT.
ST. JAMES DISTRICT.
ROLLA DISTRICT.
MIDDLE GASCONADE DISTRICT.
LOWER GASCONADE DISTRICT.
CALLAWAY COUNTY DISTRICT.
Western Ore-Region.
LOWER OSAGE DISTRICT.
MIDDLE OSAGE DISTRICT.
UPPER OSAGE DISTRICT.
South-western Ore-Region.
WHITE RIVER DISTRICT.
OZARK COUNTY DISTRICT.
4
CHAPTER IV.
THE IRON-ORES OF MISSOURI.
BY ADOLF SCHMIDT, PH.D.
B. Description of Ores. General Description.
IT may be inferred, from the contents of the preceding chapter,
that there are principally two species of iron-ores in Missouri,
hematite and limonite. These can be easily distinguished from
each other by their exterior appearance, the hematite being either
grayish black, with a slight bluish or reddish tint, or red in various
shades ; while the limonite is always brown or yellow. But the
best and least deceptive distinction is made by the streak of these
ores that is, by the mark they produce when rubbed against a
rough, white porcelain-plate. The streak is invariably red with the
hematite, and yellowish brown to yellow with limonite. If the
ores are not too hard, the color of the streak can also be discovered,
though less plainly, by scratching the ores with a knife. The
hematite occurs in two very different and distinct varieties, the
specular ore and the red hematite.
Specular Ore is bluish-black to steel-gray, with a more or less
metallic lustre, and a more or less crystalline structure. Its mine-
ralogical hardness is about 6, which is also about the hardness of
hardened cutlery-steel. Thus an ordinary pocket-knife will not
scratch the hardest specular ores ; but it will scratch the softer
kinds, though not without some effort, there being no great differ-
ence in their respective hardness. The streak of pure specular ore
is cherry-red to dark-red, with a purple tint. Its magnetic quali-
ties vary considerably in the same kinds of ore and in the same
localities. Most specular ores are, however, slightly magnetic.
This description refers to specular ore in its pure and natural con-
dition, being then composed chemically of nearly pure peroxide of
iron, containing about 70 per cent, of metallic iron. But this ore is
LIMONITE. 5 1
sometimes found mixed with foreign substances, as quartz, sand,
flint, porphyry, clay, pyrites, apatite, etc., which generally change
somewhat its qualities and diminish its value. Specular ore also
frequently undergoes physical and chemical changes by a gradual
alteration under the influence of air, water, or mineral solutions.
These alterations, which will be spoken of more fully hereafter, some-
times change the character of the ore completely. We find the spec-
ular ore to pass, under certain conditions, into compact red hematite,
and into soft red hematite, by other influences into limonite, by
others into carbonates. These various ores, as far as they are
merely the products of such gradual alterations, will be described
together with the specular ores from which they are derived. It is
a very remarkable fact, that all the Missouri specular ores, with but
a few exceptions, have pretty nearly the same mineralogical and
chemical character, whether they occur in the porphyry or in the
Silurian sandstone.
Red Hematite, when not produced by transformation of specular
ore, but occurring as an original mineral in the subcarboniferous
strata of Missouri, has a dark-red color, either with a yellowish or
more frequently with a bluish tint. The fracture is uneven and
dull in the earthy, somewhat conchoidal with a slight lustre in the
compact, varieties. The structure is never crystalline, but either
earthy and more or less porous, or compact and fine grained, or
coarse grained to oolitic. The hardness is less than that of most
specular ores. It varies from 5 to 6, but rarely reaches the latter
figure. The streak is cherry-red to yellowish red. This ore is
unmagnetic.
Red hematite, when exposed to atmospheric influence, seems to
become more porous, and is altered gradually into brown and
yellow limonite. These subcarboniferous hematites consist of a
somewhat clayish peroxide of iron, and contain from 50 to 60 per
cent, of metallic iron.
Limonite, also known as "brown hematite," has a dark, grayish-
brown color. Nearly all the limonite occurring in Missouri is dull,
and sometimes earthy in the fracture, amorphous. It occurs partly
in porous masses, the irregular pores and cavities being filled with
yellow ochre, partly in botryoidal and stalactitic forms. The
hardness of compact limonite is about 6, and pretty uniform. The
streak is yellowish brown. Limonite is unmagnetic. It is chemi-
52 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI
cally composed of peroxide of iron, and water in varying quantity,
and contains from 45 up to 60 per cent, of metallic iron.
It is sometimes clayish, and in several localities mixed with
broken chert. It is invariably accompanied by soft, yellow ochre,
distributed in small cavities throughout its mass, but also occurring
in larger accumulations occasionally.
Limonite does not seem to undergo any material changes by
exposure.
SPECIAL DESCRIPTION OF MISSOURI IRON-ORES.
a. SPECULAR ORES.
I. Specular Ores in Porphyry.
Iron Mountain Ore. The iron-ore of the Iron Mountain corre-
sponds in its mineralogical qualities to the general characterization
of Missouri specular ore as given above, and may be considered as
a type. It is very uniform in its character in the various parts of
the vein. Also the surface-ore has the same appearance and
qualities, with the only exception that it is in the great average a
little softer, its hardness being generally slightly below 6, while
that of the vein-ore is slightly above 6. The color of both is
steel-gray, with a slight tint of blue. Their streak is dark red to
purple. Both have an uneven fracture, a nearly metallic lustre
on fresh-broken faces, a subcrystalline to massy structure. The
structure is occasionally inclined to become lamellar. In this case
the ore is brittle, and breaks in long flat splinters with very thin
and sharp edges. The surface of fracture of such pieces is very
bright, and shows indications of a coarse crystallization, the single
indistinct crystals being flattened and drawn in length in the direc-
tion of the long axis of the splinter. Many of these splinters are
strongly magnetic, some less so. The former show a distinct po-
larity. The magnetic axis, however, never coincides with or ever
lays parallel to any one of the three main axes of the splinter, but
it is always in an inclined position to all of them. Marks of dis-
tinct crystallization are very rare in the Iron Mountain ore. Wher-
ever distinct crystals occur in holes or fissures, they are mostly
small and micaceous. These small micaceous crystals are some-
times also distributed throughout the mass of the softer ore, filling
IRON MOUNTAIN ORE, 53
the very finest pores. This is more frequently the case in the sur-
face- than in the vein-ore.
All Iron Mountain ore is magnetic. I have not been able to dis-
cover a single piece entirely free from magnetism. Some of it,
besides the special variety above mentioned, is strongly magnetic
with distinct polarity, the north pole of a compass-needle being
attracted by one side and repulsed by the other side of the same
piece, producing very strong declinations. The greater part of the
Iron Mountain ore acts, however, but slightly on the needle, but
shows, nevertheless, frequently distinct polarity. Some of it does
not seem to act at all on an ordinary compass-needle. But when
reduced to a fine powder, some parts of it are invariably attracted
by a magnet of ordinary power, while other parts, although equally
fine, are not attracted. This remark, which is correct even for the
impure ores from the small veins of but one to two inches' thick-
ness, as they occur in the so-called " bluff," proves the universal
distribution of magnetism in the Iron Mountain ore, and besides
indicates that this magnetism is a quality inherent in certain small
particles only, while others are free from it. This is one step, un-
fortunately but a small one, toward the explanation of the ine-
quality existing between the magnetic strength of one piece of ore
and that of another. This inequality exists to such an extent that
sometimes a piece of ore, whose largest dimension does not exceed
one inch, is found to be in part strongly magnetic, in part very
weak, as may be seen when the piece is broken and the single frag-
ments tested. This inequality seems to be independent of the
location, and shows itself in the same manner and degree in the
large vein, in the smaller veins, and in the surface-ore. Pieces in-
clined toward a crystalline structure are more generally strongly
magnetic than others, also those containing secretions of mica-
ceous crystals. Small differences in the chemical composition do
not seem to influence the magnetism. The latter seems espe-
cially not to be dependent on small variations in the amount of
protoxide the ore contains.
We see from the following analyses that the sample No. 3, al-
though strongly magnetic, contains only 2.34 per cent, of protoxide,
while the sample No. 4, which is very little magnetic, contains 5.72
per cent, of it. The magnetism of these samples was tested by
approaching the single pieces to the north pole of a compass-needle.
54 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
Afterward, however, some of them were reduced to a powder, and
were tested by approaching a magnet to the powder. Tested in
this way, the powder of No. 4 seemed to be attracted more lively
and more copiously than that of No. 3. A repetition of these tests
showed the same results.
These facts would invite to a closer investigation of these matters.
The axis of polarity in single pieces of Iron Mountain ore is never
either parallel nor rectangular to the cleavage or to the surface of
fracture, and runs very frequently from one point near the edge to
another point near the centre of the piece on the opposite side.
No ore with active magnetism, constituting a natural magnet, and
attracting iron-filings, was found on the Iron Mountain.
The following analyses, made by Mr. A. A. Blair, of St. Louis,
will show the chemical composition of the Iron Mountain ores :
VEIN-
I. 2.
Insol. silicious matter
Peroxide of iron . . - 06.78
ORE.
3-
4.71
91-45
2-34
o-93
0-45
0.19
o.oo
O.OO
0.252
4-
6.76
86.75
5-72
SURFACE-ORE.
5- 6.
1.88
95.04
2.57
0.75
0.15
o. i
7-
95-15
Protoxide of iron . . .
Magnesia
Manganese
o.oo
0.081
O.OI2
0.067
0.00
0.005
0.071
0.003
O.I25
66.60
0.057
4-54
4.029
Sulphur
0.008 0.016
Phosphoric acid
0.112 0.119
Metallic iron
100.322
65.78 65.16
o. no 0.035 0.029
Insoluble Silicious Matter.
3-99 6.16
0-47
0.06 0.13
0.03
S.I49 4-934
100.586
68.53
0.031
i-57
0.04
O.O2
0.017
4.835
67.75;
Phosphorus
. O.OAQ O.CK2
Silica
3.28
Alumina
Lime
. O. I4Q
Magnesia
Specific gravity. .
1. Average sample of the vein or quarry ore from all parts of the
mountain, sampled by Major T. B. Brooks, of Marquette, in May,
1872.
2. Average sample of ore from the eastern part of the principal
vein (cut D).
3 and 4. Average sample of ore from the western part of the
principal vein (cut A).
3. Decidedly magnetic pieces.
IR ON MO UNTAIN ORE. 5 5
4. Pieces not acting on a compass-needle.
5. Average sample of the surface-ore from all parts of the moun-
tain, sampled by Major T. B. Brooks, of Marquette, in May,
1872.
6. Average sample of surface-ore from the south slope of the
mountain.
7. Average sample of surface-ore from the north-west slope.
The metallic iron in samples I and 5 was determined by Dr.
Otto Wuth, of Pittsburgh, as follows :
i . Vein-ore 66.049 P er cent.
5. Surface-ore 67.416 per cent.
From the above analyses we may conclude that the Iron Moun-
tain ore is very rich and very uniform, in general ; that the surface-
ore is a little richer in metallic iron, and less phosphoric than the
vein-ore ; that both are nearly free from sulphur ; and that the per-
centage of phosphorus is variable, though never running very
high. A comparison made between the analyses 3 and 4 on the
one hand, and 2 on the other hand, might indicate that the vein-ore
grows richer toward the west. The number of analyses is, how-
ever, too small to warrant the correctness of such a conclusion.
It will be noticed that the specific gravity, as given above, agrees
well with the results of the analyses.
The Iron Mountain ore is in the whole very pure and nearly free
from mechanical admixtures of foreign matter. A few minerals,
however, occur in it occasionally, namely, porphyry, apatite, and
quartz.
Admixtures of porphyry never occur in such a manner as to in-
jure the ore, the enclosures having so large a size that the porphyry
is easily separated from the ore. This is therefore more of geologi-
cal than of mineralogical interest.
Fine clay, probably of porphyric origin, is sometimes intimately
mixed with the ore in the smaller veins in the " bluff." The thicker
veins are entirely free from it. Apatite must have been very fre-
quent formerly in those parts of the veins which are in immediate
contact with, or at least in pretty close vicinity of, the porphyry-
walls, to judge from the numerous large and small holes of crystal-
line shape to be found in the ore in such places. These holes
occur generally in larger or smaller groups, in some parts of the
56 IRON-ORES OF MISSOURI.
principal vein, as well as in the " bluff" veins and in the surface-
ore. The crystals which originally filled these holes were hexago-
nal prisms of varying sizes, from the smallest up to a length of 3
inches and a diameter of I inch. They generally start at the wall
of the vein, or at the wall of some fissure existing in the vein, and
reach into the ore, sometimes perpendicular to the wall, but
more frequently at some angle to it, and often nearly parallel to
each other. The prisms are distinct and sharp near the wall,
where they start from, but the more they reach into the ore the
smaller is their diameter and the less distinct and sharp their edges.
Many run out into a sharp point and look almost like sharply-
pointed pyramids, or, when rounded off, as they frequently are,
like needles or lances. Some, however, show indications of the
basis of the prism, also at that end of the crystal which lies free in
the ore.
All these crystallic holes are very likely impressions of crystals
of apatite formerly present in the ore, and some of them, though
fortunately but few, are yet filled with nearly fresh apatite. The
empty holes are generally clad out with a very thin layer of a fine
ferruginous clay.
The third mineral found in the Iron Mountain ore is quartz. It
occurs but rarely, and nearly always near the walls of the veins,
especially in disturbed places, or near large enclosures of broken
porphyries in the interior of the principal vein. This quartz is there
evidently the result of a process of infiltration, which has taken
place long after the formation of the ore. It fills small fissures or
irregular cavities, or the crystallic cavities above described, which
were left after the removal of the apatite. It is always more or less
distinctly crystalline, and sometimes foims drusy aggregations of
crystals, slightly covered with yellow hydrated peroxide of iron
(yellow ochre).
Pilot Knob Ore. The Pilot Knob ore differs somewhat in its
qualities from most of the other specular ores in the State. Its
color is steel-gray to pearl-gray, with a very marked tint of sky-
blue. Its lustre is so faint that it can scarcely be called submetallic.
Its structure is crystalline to granular, with a very fine grain barely
to be seen with the naked eye. Its fracture is either even or sub-
conchoidal. It shows a plain stratification, and splits parallel to it
into plates ^ to 2 inches in thickness. These plates break in par-
PILOT KNOB ORE. ' 57
allelopipeds with sharp edges and with surfaces that are sometimes
at right angles, but more frequently inclined to each other. The
faces parallel to the stratification are generally even, or nearly so ;
the others are either subconchoidal or irregular, with sharp edges
and corners. The general flight of two faces situated opposite each
other is always more or less parallel. The hardness of the Pilot
Knob ores is very variable, and the faces parallel to the stratifi-
cation are always perceptibly harder than those lying in other
directions. The former are mostly near 6^, the latter near 6.
There are, however, a few places in the Pilot Knob mine where
the ore is considerably softer, about 5^. The hard ore passes
gradually into the soft. All Pilot Knob ores are very brittle.
Their streak is uniformly dark red. Also the poorer ores show this
streak.
None of the Pilot Knob ores from the main body of the deposit,
neither below nor above the slate-seam, disturb an ordinary com-
pass-needle, with the exception of the uppermost layers of poor
ore, in the eastern cut, immediately below the conglomerate which
forms the summit of the mountain. Also, most of the fine ore
which is mixed with this conglomerate has polaric magnetism.
The greater part of it acts on the needle very strongly. This con-
glomerate has indications of stratification, and the magnetic axes
run either at a right angle or parallel to it. The ore found in loose
pieces in the conglomeratic detritus covering the western slope of the
mountain is also polaric-magnetic, some of it strongly so. Mag-
netic pieces of thinly-stratified, poor ore are also found loose in
the creek north-east of the mountain. All ores on the Pilot Knob,
those in the deposit as well as those in the conglomerates, are
slightly attracted by a magnet, when they are ground fine, and
those which, as above mentioned, act strongly on the needle, are
not attracted by the magnet with any greater power or in any
larger quantity than those which do not seem to act on the needle
at all.
The chemical composition of the Pilot Knob ores from different
parts of the mine is very different, as may be seen from the follow-
ing analyses, made by Mr. Andrew A. Blair, of St. Louis :
IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
Insoluble silicious matt<
Peroxide of iron
ORES IN THE MAIN ORE-BED BELOW ORES ABOVE THE
THE SLATE-SEAM. SLATE-SEAM.
i. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
;r 14-75 ^-^
87.18 83.28 84.33
90.87 67.38 77.02
1.67 ,
62.88 S2.I8
Protoxide of iron
O. I?
Alumina
0.71;
O. ^
Lime
0. 2 1
1.76 .
Magnesia
O. 14
O. IT,
O. OO
Sulphur
trace
0.078 O.OO6
O.O7Q ..
Phosphoric acid
O.O'K
0.069 O.O92
O. IOI
Metallic iron
. 100. 16s
100.677 .
. 61.01 "?8.2Q so. i <;
64.91 47.16 53.91
O.O1I O.O4I .
44-01 36.52
O. O44 . .
Phosphorus. . .
o.oi<;
Insoluble Silicious Matter.
Silica 13-27 5.18 30.10 28.16
Alumina (with a trace of per-
oxide of iron) 1.44 0.36
1. Average sample of ore from the main ore-bed below the slate-
seam, in the western cut (A).
2. Hard ore from the central portion of the main ore-bed, below
the slate-seam, west of the soft ore (analysis 3), in the central cut
(B).
3. Soft ore from the central portion of the main ore-bed, below
the slate-seam, in the central cut (B).
4. Hard ore from the central portion of the main ore-bed, below
the slate-seam, east of the soft ore (analysis 3), in the central cut
(B)-
5. Average sample of ore from the main ore-bed, below the slate-
seam, in the eastern cut (C).
1 6. Ore in conglomerate, 5 feet above the slate-seam, in the cen-
tral cut (B).
7. Average sample of ore from the strata above the slate-seam,
in the eastern cut (C).
8. Average sample of the better ore on the refuse-heaps of the
eastern cut (C). This ore is not smelted, nor shipped, but thrown
away with the rock-refuse.
We may conclude from these analyses that there is a great differ-
ence between the richness of the ore in the main bed below the slate-
seam, and that of the ore above the slate-seam, the former showing,
in the lower and central parts of the deposit, an average of
about 60 per cent, of metallic iron, while the latter contains only
PILOT KNOB ORE.
59
53 per cent., or, as this latter ore is very variable in itself, we may
say from 45 to 55 per cent. The ore from the upper part of the
deposit, from the eastern cut (C), is decidedly poorer than that from
the central and western cuts. It contains only 47 per cent, below
the slate-seam, and 44 per cent, above it, and the uppermost
and poorest layers stand as low as 36, and some would analyze
considerably lower than this. The ores from the last-mentioned
uppermost layers, in the eastern cut, are thrown away now. But a
considerable part of them could undoubtedly be smelted with profit
in the Pilot Knob furnace. They could not be shipped, being too
poor to pay for both the transport and the smelting. But they
would give a fair profit, when smelted in place, especially when
mixed with some of the richer ores or with limonites, or, better, with
both. As the metallurgical and commercial value of ores increases
very rapidly with their richness, I have no doubt that a great gain
would result for the Pilot Knob Company, in money and in reputa-
tion, if the 60 per cent, ores from the lower and central part of the
main bed would be kept and sold separate. These could be shipped
to Indiana, Ohio, and Pittsburgh, and command high prices, while
the 50 per cent, ores could be used in Missouri and Illinois, mixed
with other Missouri specular ores and limonites, and while the 35
to 40 per cent, ores would be smelted at Pilot Knob.
We see from the above analyses that the Pilot Knob ores contain
very little sulphur and phosphorus. Their principal impurity is
silica.
This silica is either chemically combined, or, more likely, inti-
mately mixed with the ore in microscopic particles or grains. Mr.
Blair's analyses show it to vary from 5 to 13 per cent, in the richer
ores, and to be as high as 30 per cent, and over in the poorer
ores.
The upper part of the ore above the slate-seam is often inti-
mately mixed with porphyry. The main bed is entirely free from
it. Besides these two kinds of admixtures, a few minerals occur
occasionally in very small quantity in fissures, as the micaceous
oxide of iron* and a yellowish-white, lamellar, crystalline, translu-
cent heavy-spar. These two minerals occur rarely, but generally
together and mixed with each other, in fissures, in the eastern por-
tion of the central cut (B), below the slate-seam. A mineral re-
sembling the last described, probably also heavy-spar, sometimes
60 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
forms a thin film, composed of many crystalline lamella:: of a vitre-
ous lustre, over the even faces of separation of the ore, especially
over those which have a nearly vertical position in the bed. This
film is, in some instances, very pure and transparent ; in others it
is more grainy, of a reddish color, opaque, and up to one-eighth
inch thick. In the latter case it is not pure, but seems to be mixed
with loose and extremely small grains or crystals of quartz. Mr.
Chauvenet found the specific gravity of the sample No. 3, which is
soft ore from the central part of the main bed, = 4.386, and that of
sample No. 4, which is hard ore from the same place, = 5-OI9-
These results agree with the results of the chemical analyses, which
show much more silica and less iron in the soft ore than in the hard.
Shepherd Mountain Ore. The ore from Shepherd Mountain,
in its mineralogical qualities and chemical composition, resembles
a little more a magnetite than any other ore in Missouri. It is, how-
ever, in the main a specular ore, very similar to that of the Iron
Mountain, as above described. Its color and streak are slightly
darker than those of the latter. Its hardness is considerably less,
being about 5/^ m the average. Its lustre is less bright. It has
no stronger tendency toward a crystalline structure. The crystal-
line faces, though equally indistinct, are rather smaller. Splendent
lamellae of micaceous crystals, disseminated through the mass, as
they occur rarely in the Iron Mountain ore, are quite general in
the Shepherd Mountain ore, and the ores from these two localities
may generally be distinguished exteriorly from each other by this
characteristic, as well as by the marked difference in their lustre.
The Shepherd Mountain ore is also much tougher and less brittle,
and breaks with less sharp corners and edges.
In some places in the depth of the northern vein (A), the ore gets
nearly black in color, finely granular, and fully black in the streak,
thus approaching a true magnetite. A very soft, black ore occurs in
irregular masses of limited extent in the upper part of the central
vein (B). These masses show a more distinct crystallization, and
sometimes aggregates of lamellar crystals of specular hematite in
the forms of the rhombohedric system. The glittering; small crystals
of micaceous ore are very numerous in some parts of these soft
masses, while other parts are quite dull. The ore in the small
southern outcrop (C) has a distinct, coarsely crystalline structure,
with a pretty bright metallic lustre.
SHEPHERD MOUNTAIN ORE. 6 1
When inspected through a magnifying glass, the Shepherd Moun-
tain ore appears to be composed, on the one hand, of crystalline
parts, with a color and a lustre very similar to that of the Iron Moun-
tain ore ; on the other hand, of a dull, dark-red, ground mass sur-
rounding the crystalline parts. Sometimes the one prevails, some-
times the other. I found a specimen in which these two distinct
kinds of ore form alternate, undulating layers about one-eightieth
of an inch in thickness, giving the piece a striated appearance.
The magnetic qualities of the Shepherd Mountain ore are much
more pronounced than those of either the Iron Mountain or the Pilot
Knob ores. Here again we have to distinguish two different
modes of action of magnetism, which seem to be independent of
each other in certain respects and within certain limits ; first, the
magnetic influence of the ore on a compass-needle, and second, the
attractive influence of a magnet on small particles of ore. The
influence on the needle is much less dependent on the chemical
composition and on the structure of the ore than on its position in
the vein. The specimen No. I, amongst the following analyses,
contains 1.8 per cent, of protoxide, and is much more magnetic
than the No. 2, which contains 2.97 per cent. There is no decided
and regular difference between the magnetic strength of hard and
soft, of dull and bright, of fine-grained and coarse-grained ore ;
but all the ore in the upper part of the vein, from the outcrop to a
depth of 30 or 40 feet, acts strongly on the needle, while the action
of the ore from the lower part is much weaker, though very differ-
ent in different places. Besides being stronger magnetic, the upper
ore is also decidedly polaric, the axis of polarity being nearly par-
allel to the cleavage. Regarding the lower ore in Shepherd Moun-
tain, it is a remarkable fact that, although acting on the needle
invariably, it is, with rare exceptions, entirely unpolaric, while the
Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob ores, although mostly weaker, are
nearly always polaric. A piece of this lower Shepherd Mountain
ore repels the north pole of a magnetic needle, and attracts its south
pole, and, when the piece is turned over, instead of acting in a
reversed manner, it allows the needle to return to its natural position,
and does not produce any deflection whatever. In the northern
vein (A) the strongly magnetic and polaric ore is more frequent,
and reaches deeper than in the central vein (B). There also occurs
some ore (analysis No. 4) which contains a large amount of pro-
62 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
toxide, and has most of the mineralogical characteristics of a true
magnetite, especially a deep-black streak.
All Shepherd Mountain ore is strongly attracted by a magnet of
ordinary power, when either pulverized or ground coarsely. No
decided difference can be discovered in this respect between the ore
which strongly disturbs the needle and that which affects it but
little. Neither can a difference be discovered in this respect be-
tween the polaric and the unpolaric ore. When a polaric piece is
broken or ground, the single fragments are polaric. From a strong-
ly polaric piece, I broke off some particles from the north pole and
also some from the south pole. Each of these particles had itself
two poles, when tried by approaching it to a compass-needle, and
all these particles were attracted by both poles of a magnet. The
position of each single particle, when attracted by the north pole,
was however reversed, when compared to the position of the same
particle when attracted by the south pole.
When the ore is finely pulverized, only a part of the powder is
attracted, while the rest seems to be unmagnetic. This fact shows
that the magnetism is inherent in certain very small particles only,
while others are free from it, and explains the difference between
the two modes of magnetic action. A piece of ore containing
comparatively but few though strongly magnetic particles, may
not disturb the needle ; nevertheless, when the ore is pulverized,
a magnet will exert a lively attraction on the magnetic part of the
powder.
Bowlders of ore are sometimes found on the Shepherd Moun-
tain which are strong natural magnets, possessing active magnet-
ism, and attracting iron-filings. A piece of iron, when rubbed
against such a natural magnet, becomes itself a magnet.
The chemical composition of the Shepherd Mountain ore may be
seen from the following analyses made by Mr. Andrew A. Blair, of
St. Louis :
i. 2. 3- 4-
Insoluble silicious matter 5.15 6.76
Peroxide of iron 94.84 88.56 96.70 79-39
Protoxide of iron 1. 80 2.97 . 14.22
Alumina 1.55
Lime o. 35
Magnesia 0.04
Manganese o. oo
Copper trace in 5 grins.
o.oo
Sulphur o.oo o.oo o.oo o.oo
Phosphoric acid 0.025 -O39 0.032 0.038
100.269
SPECULAR ORES FROM IRON COUNTY. 63
Metallic iron 66.52 64.31 67.69 66.63
Phosphorus o.on 0.017 0.014 0.017
Insoluble Silicious Matter.
Silica 4.05 5.98
Peroxide of iron 0.07
Alumina o. 46
Lime o. 12
Magnesia 0.05
Specific gravity 4-714
1. Average sample of ore from the upper part of the cen-
tral vein (B) ; magnetic ; streak dark red.
2. Average sample of ore from the lower part of the central
vein (B), about 80 feet below the outcrop; slightly magnetic;
streak dark red.
3. Soft, friable ore from the lower part of the central vein (B) ;
slightly magnetic ; streak dark red.
4. Hard, black ore from the northern vein (A) ; strongly mag-
netic ; streak black.
These analyses show that the Shepherd Mountain ore is very
uniform in its chemical composition, very rich in iron, and almost
entirely free from sulphur and phosphorus. It is very nearly as
rich as the Iron Mountain ore, and much purer than either this or
the Pilot Knob ore.
It is, besides, nearly free from mechanical admixtures, small specks
or thin seams of a soft, white clay, probably decomposed porphyry,
being the only foreign matter generally found in it. The northern
vein (A) contains, in a few places near its outcrop, some crystalline
iron pyrites. This mineral, however, occurs very rarely, and does
not injure the general quality of the ore in the northern vein, as
the above analysis, No. 4, shows. The Shepherd Mountain ore is
perhaps the best iron-ore in Missouri.
Specular Ores from the smaller Deposits in Iron County.
These ores are very variable, approaching partly the Pilot Knob
ore, partly the Iron Mountain ore, in their general character. Mica-
ceous ore is of very frequent occurrence in most of these smaller
deposits. On Buford Hill, 2^ miles west of Iron Mountain, mica-
ceous oxide is found almost exclusively. It occurs in consider-
able irregular accumulations, mixed with quartz. The crystalline
lamellae have a black color, a bright lustre, and variable sizes, up
to one-fourth inch diameter. The ore is strongly magnetic, with
distinct polarity.
The ore from Cedar Hill, north-west of Pilot Knob, resembles the
64 IRON-ORES OF MISSOURI.
Pilot Knob ore externally. It has a grayish color, with but little
lustre, and is very dense, hard, and brittle. The streak is red. This
ore is distinguished by the absence of all magnetism. It does not
affect the needle, and is not attracted by a magnet, after being
crushed or pulverized. It is sometimes mixed with specks and
seams of brown porphyry. Most of it is pure and very rich in iron.
Mr. Blair found in an average sample, taken by Prof. Pumpelly
from all parts of the mine
Insoluble matter 5.62
Peroxide of Iron 93-54
Sulphur o.oo
Phosphoric Acid 0.090
Metallic Iron 65.47
Phosphorus 0.039
The ores found imbedded in stratified porphyry in some localities,
one-half mile east of Pilot Knob, are more like the Iron Mountain ore,
having a darker color, a brighter lustre, and a less degree of brittle-
ness than the Pilot Knob ores. They are mostly softer than 6. All
the specimens I found there have a pretty strong magnetic polarity.
The ore from Lewis Mountain, near Arcadia, is very variable
in its mineralogical qualities. Most of it looks like the Cedar Hill
ore, and is unmagnetic. Other parts are softer and tougher.
Wherever crystallization appears, the ore is micaceous and magnetic.
The following analysis, made by Mr. A. A. Blair, of St. Louis,
shows this ore to be about equal in quality to the better ores of
Pilot Knob. This analysis was kindly furnished to me by Hon.
Thomas Allen :
Insoluble silicious matter .... 15.33$
Peroxide of Iron (including a
small amount of protoxide) 84.60 = Metallic Iron. .59.22$
Alumina 0.32
Lime 0.38
Magnesia o. 1 5
Manganese o.oo
. Sulphur 0.021
Phosphoric Acid 0.065 = Phosphorus. .0.027
(Excess due to the presence
of protoxide.) 100.866
BUFORD MOUNTAIN ORE. 65
INSOLUBLE SILICIOUS MATTER.
Silica 14.45
Alumina 0.51
Lime 0.06
Magnesia 0.04
What has been said of the Lewis Mountain ore may also be
applied to that of Hogan Mountain. Masses of soft, coarsely crys-
talline, semi-micaceous, slightly magnetic ore, are, however, more
frequent in the latter than in the former.
The Buford Mountain ore is dull, dark-colored, soft, in part
earthy. It is partly massy, with indications of stratification, partly
in irregular botryoidal forms, and frequently mixed with specks and
seams of decomposed porphyry, of white and red clay, of hydrated
peroxide of iron, and of black peroxide of manganese. The streak
is therefore very variable, being red where the iron-ore prevails,
.and black where the manganese-ore prevails. The ore has a strong
polar magnetism. An average sample, taken by Professor R.
Pumpelly from all parts of the lower or main cut, was analyzed
by Mr. Regis Chauvenet, of St. Louis, and gave the following
result :
Insoluble matter 8. 54 per cent.
Peroxide of Iron 68.30 "
Peroxide of Manganese 19.46 "
Sulphur o.oii "
Phosphoric Acid o. 102 ' '
As this ore is rich in both iron and manganese, and as the oxides
of both these metals are, to all appearance, intimately mixed, this
ore is likely to prove a very valuable material for the manufacture
of Spiegeleisen, now so extensively used in the Bessemer process.
Ores with little iron and much manganese were found by Prof.
Pumpelly on Mr. Cuthbertson's land in that vicinity, and analyzed
by Mr. Chauvenet, showing
Insoluble matter 0.44 per cent.
Peroxide of Iron 3 . 30 "
Peroxide of Manganese ..83.56 "
The above descriptions will suffice to characterize the specular
5
66 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI
ores occurring in the porphyries of the eastern iron-region of
Missouri.
2. Specular Ores in Sandstone. I have mentioned above, that
the specular ores occurring in the Silurian sandstones in the cen-
tral ore-region, have nearly the same mineralogical and chemical
properties as the specular ores just described. They differ, how-
ever, considerably in one respect. I have alluded to.the alterations
which specular ores often undergo, passing either into soft, red
hematite, or into limonite, or into carbonates. These alterations
have not been spoken of in the special description of the specular
ores in the porphyry, because they never take place there. We may
find these specular ores, which have originated in the porphyry, in
their original position as veins, beds, etc., in the solid porphyry ;
we may find them in veins, in the clayish " bluff" of Iron Moun-
tain, or broken up into large and small fragments, imbedded in
loose detritus in the same locality, or in outcrops, or as surface-ore
being exposed to the atmosphere during an incalculable length of
time. In no case can we find these ores to have undergone any
material changes in their chemical or mineralogical character. On
the other hand, those specular ores which have originated in the
sandstone are invariably altered when broken up, or when exposed
to external chemical influences. These alterations will be more
fully spoken of in the following special description of the ores in
which they occur, especially in that of the Scotia Iron Ridge and
St. James ores. I will however say here, that they take place in
three distinctly different directions, depending in each case on the
character of the external influence which causes them.
First. When certain specular ores are directly exposed to the
influences of the atmosphere, or when they are in such a position
1 that both air and water may have access to them alternately, the
ores become gradually changed into brown and yellow limonites.
Second. When these same specular ores are broken up in larger
or smaller blocks, and covered with sandy detritus, so that water
or mineral solutions have access to them, while the atmospheric air
is more or less completely excluded, the ores become gradually
changed into a soft, red hematite, which is in many instances greasy
to the touch.
Third. When these same specular ores are broken up and in a
=tate of gradual transformation into soft, red ores, or else when they
SPECULAR ORES. 67
,are already transformed into soft, red ores, certain mineral solutions
containing carbonic acid seem to dissolve the iron under certain
circumstances, and to depose it again as carbonate in fissures and
cavities, either in the ore itself, thus changing the latter gradually
into spathic ore, or in the adjacent rocks.
The last-mentioned transformation occurs but rarely, and on a
small scale ; the first is more frequent, though not generally very
extensive ; but the second is quite common, and has produced
thorough-going changes in several important deposits, while no
broken-up or disturbed deposit is entirely free from it.
The fact that these transformations do not occur in the specular
ores which have originated in the porphyry, leads us to consider
more closely the dissimilarity, however small it may be, between
these ores and those originally imbedded in the sandstone. In
doing so, we find that the latter are in the average somewhat
softer, their hardness varying from 5^ to 6. They are also
a little less silicious, less compact, and more porous. The small,
irregular cavities and cracks which are occasionally found in the
former are quite universal and more equally distributed in the latter.
When sufficiently large, these cavities are also clad with numerous
small crystals of peroxide of iron, but they are less frequently
filled with quartz or other minerals. Regarding their form, these
cavities look somewhat different in the two different kinds of specu-
lar ores. While those in the porphyry-ores seem to be produced
in part by the removal of minerals formerly enclosed in them, in
part by a local crystallization of the mass of the ore, and by the
expansion or contraction effected by crystallization, the cavities in
the sandstone-ores have more the appearance as if they were pro-
duced by a very slow and uniform contraction of the ore, which
may have taken place during its consolidation, perhaps by a gradual
abstraction of the fluid from which the ore was precipitated.
I have the impression that the above slight differences between
the two kinds of specular ores of Missouri are sufficient to account
for the great difference in their capability of being altered by ex-
terior influences. The associated rocks or soils may, however,
contribute toward effecting this difference. The porphyry-ores,
when broken up or exposed, are generally associated with less pen-
etrable, clayish materials, the sandstone-ores with sandy and cherty
detritus, which presents an easier passage to water or solutions.
68 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI,
If the existence of numerous small cavities in the mass of the
sandstone-ores is not one of the principal causes of the alterations
of these ores, the fact that these alterations nearly always start in
such cavities certainly proves that their existence greatly facili-
tates and promotes transformation of any kind.
Franklin County Specular Ores. There are a few occurrences
of specular ore in Franklin County, in the neighborhood of Stanton
and in the north-west corner of Washington County. The greater
part of these ores is not very pure, as far as can be observed from
the present condition of the ore-banks. The hard ores are either
silicious in themselves or intimately mixed with sand, so much so
in one locality as to constitute rather an impregnated sandstone
than a real iron-ore. They have a dark, bluish-gray color, a light-
red streak, and are slightly magnetic. The soft, red ores, as pro-
duced by the alteration of the specular, have a light-red color
and streak, are somewhat greasy, and mixed with very fine,
clayish substances. They are, however, sufficiently rich for being
smelted,
Scotia Ores. The specular ore of the two Scotia banks, on the
Meramec River, in Crawford County, occurs in various forms and
in nearly all stages of transformation. The hard, unaltered ore is
in bowlders imbedded in the soft, red ore.
The hard ore is steel-gray, with a submetallic, and on fresh-
broken surfaces frequently metallic, lustre. It has a finely-crystal-
line structure, an even to subconchoidal fracture. Its hardness is
5^ to 6. It is slightly polaric-magnetic. It is pretty uniform in
its appearance and structure, but contains those numerous and
pretty equally distributed little cavities of which I have spoken
above. The Scotia ore is, however, distinguished from all the
other known specular ores in the State by the frequent occurrence
of larger drusy cavities, which contain botryoidal and reticulated
forms of ore, and are covered all over with small, highly-splendent
crystals of peroxide of iron, which often have an irised tarnish,
and play in all colors, presenting a beautiful appearance.
Smaller and larger, well-formed and transparent quartz-crystals,
up to one quarter-inch diameter, often of a fine yellow color and of
a bright, vitreous lustre, are likewise met with in these irregular
cavities, which sometimes reach a length of several inches. Occa-
sionally such cavities are filled by amorphous or subcrystalline,
SCOTIA ORES. . 69
wax-yellow jasper, enclosing thin seams of white quartz and fine
specks of crystalline ore.
The soft, red hematite which forms the greater mass of the ore
in the Scotia No. I, as far as it is at present disclosed, is not a very
uniform material. It breaks with very irregular surface, almost like
a conglomerate, and is full of irregular streaks, running in the de-
posit more or less vertical, of similar though somewhat differently
colored and composed materials. Some of these are red, crystal-
line, and glittering, and often silky or greasy, others yellowish brown
and earthy. The main body of this ore seems to be an irregular
but intimate mixture of these same two materials, which separately
form the streaks just described. The hardness of the mass is only
2 to 3. Its streak is red to brownish red. It is not magnetic.
Soft, yellow iron-ochre occurs also in big seams through the ore-
deposit, and some large pockets of it reach into it from the surface.
This ochre is generally very porous, mixed with broken chert or
with red loam, and permeated irregularly by very thin seams of
subcrystalline quartz.
The bowlders of hard specular ore are generally surrounded by
a layer of red ore, which has not fully the same degree of softness
as the rest of the soft ore. Yet the transition from the hard to the
soft ore is here more abrupt than in the Iron Ridge and Meramec
deposits, and pieces showing this transition very plainly are com-
paratively rare. Nevertheless, all appearances indicate that the red
ore has been gradually formed by an alteration of the specular ore,
while the ochre seems to be a later product.
The deposit called Scotia No. 2 is distinguished by the occur-
rence of long and fine stalactites, all of which are, in the greater part
of their mass, transformed into red ore. Some of those, however,
which are over an inch thick have preserved a specular kernel,
though softened to about 4 in the mineralogical scale of hardness.
The following two analyses, made by Dr. August Wendel, of the
Bessemer Steel Works, Troy, N. Y., will show the composition of
the Scotia ores, and also the chemical difference between the hard
and the soft ore :
I. 2.
Hard Specular. Soft Ore.
Metallic Iron 69.37 63.15
Silica 0.59 1.52
70 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
Alumina . ... o. n 0.76
Magnesia traces traces
Phosphorus 0.016 O-IO5,
Sulphur 0:058 0.095
Water 0.20 7.95
I. Average sample of the hardest speculur ore from the eastern
cut (a) of the Scotia No. I. Looks very pure. Amorphous to sub-
crystalline. Hardness, 5^ to 6^. Slightly magnetic.
2. Average sample of soft, red hematite from Scotia No. I., partly
red and greasy, partly earthy and slightly greasy, partly yellow
ochre, with numerous small specks of specular ore and fine seams
of quartz.
By calculating the peroxide of iron from the above percentages
of metallic iron, we find for No. I, 99.1 per cent. ; No. 2, 90.21
per cent.
These analyses show that the hard Scotia specular ore is near-
ly pure peroxide of iron and nearly free from impurities, while
the mixed soft, red, and ochrey ores contain some quartz, some pro-
bably hydrated silicate of alumina, a considerable amount of water,
nearly twice as much sulphur and six times as much phosphorus
as the hard ore. Nevertheless, these soft ores are quite rich in
metallic iron.
The chemical changes which have taken place in the specular
ore, by its transformation into soft, red ore, consist principally in
the introduction of four substances, namely : of hydrated silicate of
alumina, which substance very likely produces the greasiness of some
of the soft ore ; of water in considerable quantity ; of phosphoric
acid, and of sulphur. The three last-named substances are probably
in combination with the iron. Quartz has besides been infiltrated into
seams in the ochre. From the loose and porous structure of these soft
ores, it must be supposed that some oxide of iron has been re-
moved, and wa$ partly replaced by hydrous silicates and phos-
phates. I shall come back to this subject in speaking of the Iron
Ridge and St. James ores, of which similar comparative analyses
have been made.
The high amount of water in analysis 2 is undoubtedly due to
the presence of a considerable quantity of yellow ochre in the sam-
ple analyzed.
SPECULAR ORES. 71
Specular Ores in the Steelville District. The Steelville ores
resemble the Scotia ores very closely, and do not need a special
description. Some of the banks of this district seem to be almost
entirely composed of hard, specular ore, as the Cherry Valley
banks, which, although not yet opened, present that appearance.
The ores of some other banks are more or less broken up and
altered into soft, red ore, which is here also conglomeratic in its
fracture, but less streaky, and more even in its color and general
character than the Scotia ore. Distinct crystallization is rarely
seen. Stalactitic forms of specular ore, exteriorly converted into
red ore, occur at the Cherry Valley banks. Quartz is not often
found in these ores. Transformation of surface-ore into brown and
yellow limonite is here very frequent, and can be well observed
at the Cherry Valley and Ferguson banks. Smaller pieces are
often entirely changed. Large bowlders retain a kernel of specular
ore with mostly straight and sometimes almost sharp limits, which
limits become irregular in such places only, where the small cavities
and pores in the specular ore happen to be more numerous. The
limonite is much more porous than the specular ore, and a re-
moval of iron has evidently taken place during the transformation.
The crystalline particles seem to resist this transformation better
than the amorphous or subcrystalline ground-mass ; for the
limonite contains numerous specks of small, crystalline, specular
ore. But the uppermost layer of bowlders is generally free from
them, which shows that also these crystals finally become altered.
The porousness of the limonite increases toward the surface, and
the color gets more yellow, owing to very fine seams of ochre.
Close to the specular kernel, the limonite is mostly dark brown,
sometimes reddish brown. The cavities in the specular ore near
its limit are clad with a brown or reddish-brown, earthy film.
With the formation of this film the change evidently begins. This
film seems to get gradually thicker and more brown. The small
cavities seem to widen and often to run into each other, thus form-
ing larger cavities and spongy masses. The limonite partly re-
mains brown, partly is altered into yellow ochre, permeating the
brown ore irregularly in extremely fine seams.
The specular ore close to the limit of the limonite is apparently
as hard as ever, and no gradual softening of the ore seems to pre-
cede this kind of alteration.
72 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
I will add here two analyses of pure specular ores from the Steel-
/ille district :
Steelville. Cherry Valley.
No. i. No. r.
Silica 1.84 1.73
Peroxide of Iron 97-49
Alumina 0.07 ....
Lime o. 34 ....
Magnesia 0.12 ....
Phosphoric Acid o. 14 ....
Sulphur o.oo o. 16
Metallic Iron 68.24 67.69
Phosphorus 0.061 9-39
The sample from the Steelville No. I bank was analyzed by Dr.
Otto Wuth, of Pittsburgh, for the " Iron Mining Company of
Missouri," and the result published in the prospectus of this com-
pany. The second analysis was made by Dr. A. Wendel, of the
Bessemer Steel Works, Troy, N. Y., from an average sample taken
by myself at the Cherry Valley bank. Most of the latter sample
was a pure, crystalline, specular ore. All of it was magnetic, a few
pieces strongly so.
These ores are, according to these analyses, very rich in iron,
and sufficiently pure for any purpose. In comparing these analyses
with those of the Iron Mountain, Scotia, and other ores from de-
posits which are opened and mined, it must be borne in mind that
the former were made with samples picked up on or near the sur-
face, where they may occasionally have taken up some phosphoric
acid from the ashes of the grass and brushes, which are purposely
burnt off every year in many districts of central Missouri, or some
sulphur from the reducing action of decaying plants on solutions of
sulphates.
Specular Ores on the Upper Meramee River and its Tributa-
ries. None of the specular ore-banks in this district are as yet
opened to any extent, and my last remark will therefore also apply
to them. To judge from the appearance of the surface-ore, some
of these banks, as the Winkler, Lamb, Benton Creek, Fitzwater,
and Hutchins Creek banks, are likely to contain specular ore almost
exclusively, although on all of them superficial transformations into
limonite are developed more or less. Others, as the Grover, Ar-
SPECULAR ORES. 73
nold, and Smith banks, seem to contain much red ore besides the
specular. Both kinds of ore Ifave "here about the same mineralogi-
cal character as those in the Steelville district.
Pronounced magnetic properties are however, here, more frequent-
ly met with. Some of the specular ores from Benton Creek, Fitz-
water, Hutchins Creek, and Smith banks are strongly polaric, es-
pecially those which are crystalline, or which contain numerous
small crystals. Amorphous ores, as they sometimes occur, rarely
possess magnetism in an observable degree. Also stalactitic speci-
mens are generally unmagnetic. Some black sandstone, strongly
impregnated with iron, but giving a light-red streak, from the
Benton Creek bank, has distinct polarity.
Fine stalactitic forms, "pipe-ores," occur on the Smith bank
No. i. Some of these show on their upper side, which was ex-
posed to the atmosphere, a beginning of a change into limonite, while
a thin layer on the under side, which was imbedded in loam and sand,
is changed into soft, red ore.
Many of these "pipe-ores" consist of clusters of thin, hollow
stalactites, regular pipes, one-eighth to one-quarter of an inch in
diameter, with comparatively wide holes and thin walls. They are
covered on their inside walls with crystals of peroxide of iron, and
on the outside with a thin film of dark-yellow limonite. The struc-
ture of these thin stalactites, whether hollow or massive, is generally
crystalline and granular, rarely radiated. But they are sometimes
surrounded concentrically by larger stalactites, in whose hollow in-
terior they lie like a casting in the mould. These larger surrounding
stalactites have always a radiated structure. They never close tight
to the kernels which they surround. There is always a cylindrical
space between the inner wall of the large and the outside wall of the
small stalactite. This space is either empty, in which case both
walls are covered with small crystals of oxide of iron, or it is filled
with soft, red ore, perhaps produced by the alteration of such crys-
tals.
This cylindrical space is sometimes very narrow and nearly filled
up with splendent crystals. Thus the fracture of the stalactite
shows sometimes a small, round, crystalline surface in the centre,
surrounded first by a thin, annular layer of more loose and much
more splendent crystals, and outside of this by a thick layer of less
bright ore with a radiated structure. These formations sometimes
74 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
repeat themselves. A specimen I found on the Cherry Valley
bank, where they are, however, less frequent, has five layers of radi-
ated ore, alternating with thin layers of either splendent crystals or
soft, red ore. The whole stalactite, thus composed, is divided in two
halves by a thin crack, running across all the layers and through
the thin central kernel, and being filled with the same splendent
crystals which form some of the annular layers. The whole stalac-
tite is exteriorly converted into soft, red ore, and lies loose in a con-
formable cavity in a piece of specular ore, the wall of which cavity
is also covered with a layer of red ore.
Stalactites split lengthways, by a thin crack, partly filled with
fine crystals of oxide, have also been found at the Scotia No. 2 bank,
of which I have spoken before.
I add two analyses of ores from the upper Meramec district :
I. 2.
Silica 0.98 17-97
Peroxide of Iron 98.62 ....
Alumina 0.05 ....
Lime 0.19 ....
Magnesia 0.08 ....
Phosphoric Acid 0.076 ....
Sulphur o.oo 0.21
Metallic Iron 69.03 56.01
Phosphorus 0.033 0.098
Analysis I was made by Dr. Otto Wuth, of Pittsburgh, for the
" Iron Mining Company of Missouri," and published in their pros-
pectus. The specimen was taken from one of the Smith banks, and
was evidently a very clean piece of specular ore.
Analysis 2 was made by Dr. A. Wendel, of Troy, N. Y. , from an
average sample of the various kinds of rich and poor surface-ore,
taken by myself at the Benton Creek bank. This sample consisted
only of one half-inch good specular ore. The other half was mostly a
dull, black, uncrystalline, very hard, brittle, and silicious ore, mixed
with some hard, grainy, and sandy ore of a black color and of a weak,
resinous lustre. The object of this analysis was principally to see
whether these silicious materials, which sometimes occur, especially
at the outskirts of specular ore-banks, are worth smelting, as I sup-
SPECULAR ORES. 75
posed they were from their color and weight. The result of the
analysis shows that these materials are yet quite rich in iron,
though less pure in regard to phosphorus and sulphur. Clean spec-
ular ore, from this and all other localities in this district, would un-
doubtedly analyze as favorably as the above specimen I.
Specular Ores in the Salem District. Most of the ores of this
district seem to be unaltered specular, corresponding in their pro-
perties to the general characteristics of this ore. The small, irregular
cavities are very distinct and numerous in them, having sometimes
the form of short cracks, wider in the middle and thinning out to-
ward both ends.
Alterations into soft, red ore can be observed on the Arnold,
Jamison, Pomeroy, and Taylor banks, and very fine alterations into
limonite on the Simmons Mountain, and on the Arnold, Taylor, and
Pomeroy banks, in the latter two on a pretty large scale.
Fine specimens of specular ore with a mossy and reticulated
structure are sometimes found on Simmons Mountain.
The following observations I made in this district will throw some
light on the paragenesis of the various materials connected with the
specular-ore deposits in sandstone :
I found on the Arnold bank botryoidal and mammillary forms of
specular ore, clinging directly to a slightly ferruginous but other-
wise unaltered sandstone, composed of coarse, loose grains with
hardly any cement. The grains are slightly red, apparently from a
thin film of red ore deposited on their surfaces. The specular ore is
superficially converted partly into red ore, partly into brown limo-
nite.
A specimen from the Taylor bank shows wax-yellow jasper of
the same description as that observed at the Scotia bank, filling ir-
regular and reticulated cavities in the ore. Other cavities in the ,
same specimen are filled with transparent quartz. A specimen
from the Jamison bank represents a conglomerate of irregular
grains of ore, each of which is either partly or wholly surrounded
by a variable layer of fine-grained, yellow sandstone adhering to it.
They are cemented together by a coarse crystalline, transparent
or white quartz.
Infiltrations of transparent quartz in the massive specular ore are
frequent on the Jamison bank and on the Simmons Mountain.
This infiltration seems to be accompanied or followed by a recrys-
76 IRON-ORES OF MISSOURI.
tallization of the ore, or by an alteration of enclosed particles of
specular ore into loose aggregates of splendent ore-crystals.
The limonite on the Simmons Mountain is, as most metamorphic
limonite, full of pores and of large holes. These holes frequently
contain infiltrations of crystalline quartz. Splendent ore-crystals,
of a flat, rhombohedric form, are found lying on the quartz. Such
ore-crystals are also seen there, lying on films of limonite which
cover specular ore. Some of those rhombohedric crystals are
themselves again exteriorly, or thoroughly, changed into brown
limonite.
The porous limonite on the Pomeroy bank contains yellow ochre
in its seams and cavities.
When these observations are held, together with others mentioned
previously, and with the following that the Scotia ores contain
seams of wax-yellow jasper in specular ore, seams and specks of
crystalline, transparent quartz and of splendent ore-crystals in the
yellow jasper, seams of crystalline quartz in yellow ochre, and
rhombohedric ore-crystals lying on drusy, crystalline quartz we
come to the conclusion that the order in which these various min-
erals have come into existence, beginning with the oldest, is as
follows :
1. Sandstone, white or yellow.
2. Sandstone, colored by, or impregnated with, oxides of iron.
3. Massy specular ore.
4. Yellow jasper, perhaps simultaneous with the latter.
5. Soft, red, and greasy ore.
6. Brown limonite.
7. Yellow ochre.
8. Transparent, crystalline quartz.
9. Rhombohedric, splendent ore-crystals.
10. Red and brown incrustations of these crystals.
The specular ores of the Salem district are decidedly more mag-
netic than any I have mentioned, with the only exception of those
from Shepherd Mountain. As the ores in the Upper Meramec
district are more magnetic than those in the Steelville district, it is
evident that there is a gradual increase of magnetism in the ores,
from north to south, from the northern boundary of Crawford
County toward the central part of Dent County. Here, however,
as in the Iron Mountain and Shepherd Mountain, the magnetism
SPECULAR ORES 77
seems to have its seat principally near the surface of the ground.
Specimens taken from the south-eastern ore-shaft on Simmons
Mountain, about twenty feet below the surface, are nearly unmag-
netic, while the ore near the surface in the same locality is dis-
tinctly polaric, some of it so strong that pieces two or three inches
thick act on the needle from a distance of one to two feet. Pieces
from the surface, which are, in the greatest part of their mass, con-
verted into limonite, and contain only irregular and rough seams
of specular ore, cropping the limonite in various directions, show
nevertheless distinct polarity. Wholly converted pieces are un-
magnetic. Magnetic but unpolaric pieces are comparatively rare,
and generally attract the south pole and repulse the north pole of a
compass-needle. Also stalactitic specimens possess polarity, the
polar axis being parallel to the position of the stalactites. The
specular ores from the Pomeroy, Taylor, Orchard, Jamison banks,
and the " pipe-ore " from the Wiggins bank, have mostly a very
strong polarity. Quartz-infiltrations seem to diminish the mag-
netism.
In the Salem district, as everywhere else in Missouri, unaltered
specular ores contain very little sulphur and phosphorus, besides
being very rich in metallic iron. The following analyses are proofs
of this very important fact :
i. 2. 3. 4 . 5 .
Arnold Simmons Jamison Wiggins Huzzah
Bank. Mountain. Bank. Bank. Bank.
Silica 4.12 1.41 0.94 0.87 2.64
Peroxide of Iron. ... 95.24 98.14 98.62 98.96 97.26
Alumina o. 1 1 0.06 0.06
Lime 0.33 0.24 0.23
Magnesia 0.15 o. n 0.08
Sulphur o.oo o.oo o.oo trace trace
Phosphoric Acid .... 0.052 0.038 0.07
Metallic Iron 66.66 68.69 69.03 69.27 68.08
Phosphorus 0.023 0.016 0.031 0.027 -3
All these analyses were evidently made with clean specular speci-
mens. Protoxide of iron was not determined, although undoubt-
edly present in determinable quantity, to judge from the mineralo-
gical properties of these ores, and from the fact that it is invariably
;8 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
found in such ores when sought. Analyses I, 2, 3, and 5 were
made by Dr. Otto Wuth, of Pittsburgh ; analysis 4 by Messrs.
Chauvenet and Blair, of St. Louis. The three first analyses were
made for the " Iron Mining Company of Missouri," and published
in its prospectus ; the last two for Mr. O. A. Zane, of St. Louis,
who kindly put them at my disposal.
Iron Ridge Ores. Unaltered specular ores from Iron Ridge are
similar to the Scotia and Steelville ores in their general mineralogi-
cal character. They are rather more porous, and contain frequently
enclosures of crystalline, transparent quartz. They are less mag-
netic than the Steelville ores, and as Iron Ridge is situated north of
Steelville, they present a further proof that the magnetism of the
ores in the central ore-region decreases toward the north and in-
creases toward the south. Pieces of over three inches' diameter do
not deflect a compass-needle. Fine ore-powder is, however, some-
what attracted by a magnet, especially the crystalline and glittering
particles. The red ore is unmagnetic. By far the greater part of the
ore from the Iron Ridge No. I is softened, and altered into a red and
frequently clayish hematite. The transition from the specular to
the red ore can be observed in the bowlders which are imbedded
in the soft mass of ore, which principally constitutes the deposit.
When these bowlders, which are sometimes two or several feet
in diameter, are broken, the interior is seen to consist of a some-
what porous but pretty hard specular ore, of bluish-gray color, and
composed of a subcrystalline matrix with little lustre, and of nume-
rous very small and splendent crystals. Toward the outside of the
bowlder the matrix gets softer, more porous, and disappears by
degrees, leaving finally a spongy agglomeration of glittering black
crystals. This black, crystalline zone in the section of a bowlder
is from one-eighth to one-half inch thick. It is surrounded by and
passes into a similar crystalline and glittering zone of red color,
one-half to one and a half inches thick, which itself gets gradually
less bright, then more and more greasy, then mixed with specks and
flakes of white clay, and finally turns into a soft, clayish, dull and
pale, red hematite, of which a considerable part of the deposit is
composed.
The gradual disappearance of the matrix, and the appearance of
the clay, are in many bowlders very plain and unmistakable. These
two changes are, however, not simultaneous. The white clay is never
IRON RIDGE ORES.
79
seen in the black crystalline, and rarely in the red crystalline,
zone.
The following analyses, made by Mr. Andrew A. Blair, of St.
Louis, will show the chemical changes accompanying this interest-
ing transformation :
i. 2. 3.
Silica 0.69 O.68 8.39
Peroxide of Iron 97-94 97.08 88.37
Protoxide of Iron trace 0.31 ....
Alumina 1.17 1.50 ....
Hygroscopic Water. . . . 0.02 0.08 ....
Combined Water 0.19 0.23 3-O9
Carbonic Acid o.oo 0.21 ....
Sulphur o.oo o.oo traces
Phosphoric Acid p. 068 0.079 0.207
Metallic Iron 61.86
Phosphorus .... 0.091
The samples I and 2 are taken both from the same bowlder, which
had a diameter of over 3 feet.
Sample I is specular ore, pure, porous, very little softened, from
the centre of the bowlder.
Sample 2 is from the outside of the bowlder, more than a foot
from the central part, where sample I was taken, and consists of
soft, crystalline, glittering, and somewhat greasy red ore.
Sample 3 is an average sample, taken from all parts of the mine,
and containing some specular but mostly soft ores of all varie-
ties.
We see from the first analysis that the unaltered specular ore from
Iron Ridge is free from sulphur, and has but little phosphorus, and
is very rich in iron.
The second analysis shows an increase in protoxide of iron, alu-
mina, water, and phosphorus, and a small amount of carbonic acid.
The latter is probably combined with the protoxide of iron, being
just about as much as is necessary to make carbonate of iron. This
would indicate that carbonic acid might have something to do with
this transformation, perhaps by dissolving and removing the ma-
trix. As the alumina has increased, while the silica has not in-
creased, we must suppose that either some alunv'na was added and
80 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
combined with some of the silica already present, or that some silica
was removed and replaced by water, so as to form a hydrated silicate
of alumina, which, I think, produces the greasy appearance and
touch. Some of the alumina may be or may have been in combi-
nation with phosphoric acid.
The analysis 3 proves that the soft and fully transformed ore is
not nearly as pure as that in the bowlders a conclusion which we
had already drawn from the comparative analyses made with the
Scotia ores.
Specular Ores in the St. James District. The ores in the St.
James district are, when fresh and unaltered, very similar to the
unaltered Scotia and Iron Ridge ores. They are, perhaps, a little
less porous and a little more magnetic. They occur in very vari-
able conditions and alterations.
The Meramec bank is especially interesting in this respect.
There we find very pure and clean ore, generally somewhat soft-
ened ; we find very hard and silicious ore, containing in its cavi-
ties transparent, crystalline quartz and yellow jasper ; we find soft,
red hematite in all stages of transformation ; we find greasy paint-
ores in various colors, from light red to dark purple ; we find brown
and yellow ochres, and porous, soft limonites, with seams of a very
fine and uniform reddish-brown clay ; we find the spathic iron- ore
in specks and seams in red ore and in a peculiar, very dense, yellow,
ferruginous limestone ; we finally find ferruginous chert-conglome-
rates and sandstones, impregnated with iron-ore, or intimately mixed
with brick-red and yellow ochres. As the Meramec bank was
found to contain so many varieties of ore, it seemed to present a
fine opportunity for comparative analyses. As, however, time and
means would not allow to have a large series of analyses made, five
of the most characteristic specimens were selected for this purpose.
They were analyzed by Mr. Andrew A. Blair, of St. Louis, with
the results given in the following table, under I, 2, 3, 4> 5-
The two analyses 6 and 7 are taken from a pamphlet, entitled
" Contribution to a Knowledge of the Iron-Ores of Missouri,"
published in 1872 by Prof. Charles P. Williams, Director of the
School of Mines of Missouri. They refer to other ores from this
district.
ANALYSES OF SPECULAR ORES.
81
Insoluble silicious matter.
Peroxide of iron
i.
97-23
MERAME
2.
c BANK.
3-
11.19
85-95
0.77
0.97
0. 12
0.07
0.48
0.46
O.I26
o. 116
o.oo
100.252
60.76
0.0; i
4-
9-30
76.45
I3-65
O.O52
0.478
5-
6.
7-
27.40
4.II
36.01
29-5I
2-45
0.044
0.098
84.463
0.783
7.278
trace
0.114
trace
trace
0.050
0-153
0.360
49-245
1.203
none
0-374
o.ooo
0-530
0.087
0.022
0.109
O.2I3
Alumina
Lime
Water, combined
0.47
o.oo
0.092
0.03
O.OO
0.089
Sulphur
Phosphoric acid
Manganous oxide
Metallic iron
. 68.06
61.54
0.0^9
53-51
0.208
22.38
0.047
59-733
0.066
35-397
0.047
Phosphorus . . ,
, o. 040
Silica 2.06
Alumina
Lime
Magnesia
Insoluble Silicious Matter.
11.32 9.78 6.78
0.27 6.686 46.330
o. oo .... ....
0.12
11.23
1. Is an average sample of the best ore found in the Meramec
mine. It is a somewhat softened and slightly altered specular ore.
2. Is a hard and silicious specular ore from bowlders in the cen-
tral and upper part of the Meramec bank.
3. Is a soft, greasy paint-ore of purple color, from pockets in the
Meramec bank.
4. Soft and ochrey, porous limonite, brown and yellow, with some
thin seams of very fine, brown clay from the outside of some of the
bowlders in the Meramec bank.
5. Pretty dense but soft, red ore, and hard, yellow limestone,
mixed, both containing crystalline, spathic ore in numerous specks
and seams, from the lower part of the Meramec bank.
6. Is an ore from T. 38, R. 6, Sec. 33, probably the " Santee and
Clark's bank." Prof. Williams describes the specimen thus :
" Mammillary and concretionary, with concentric layers, the cen-
tral one being the blue-specular variety, the second of the brownish-
red hematite, and the outer one a thin coating of brown hematite,
probably limonite."
7. Is from T. 38, R. 6, Sec. 29, probably the "James bank."
Prof. Williams describes the specimen as " finely granular, com-
pact, brownish-red ore."
The analysis I shows that the clean specular ore, although in this
82 IRON-ORES OF MISSOURI.
case slightly decomposed or altered, is very rich in iron, free from
sulphur, and does not contain much phosphorus.
Analysis 2 shows that the harder and more silicious ore, when
it has the natural color and brightness of a true specular ore, does
not contain any more sulphur and phosphorus than the ore which
is not silicious.
A complete analysis has been made of sample 3, principally for
the purpose of finding out whether the supposition, made above,
that the greasiness is produced by a small admixture of very fine
and perhaps hydrated silicates of alumina, holds good, or what
else may cause it. The result of the analysis does not suggest any
other cause, but seems to support the above supposition. As in
the 2d of the Iron Ridge analyses, we also meet here with a small
amount of carbonic acid, and with a corresponding amount of pro-
toxide of iron, so as to suggest the probability of the presence of
carbonate of iron, and to lead us to the belief that carbonic acid is
one of the agencies which effect, or at least prepare, the transform-
ation of specular into red ore. Another interesting feature in this
analysis is, that the percentage of phosphorus is increased but little,
when compared to analyses I and 2, and that the increase is
about in the same proportion as that from No. I to No. 2 of the
Iron Ridge analyses. It seems therefore probable that the paint-
ore is nothing else but the crystalline and glittering red ore (similar
to the Iron Ridge sample 2), in a crushed and compressed condi-
tion. The comparatively large amount of sulphur in analysis 3 is
also remarkable, and explains the purple color, which is undoubted-
ly produced by sulphides of alumina, lime, magnesia, and perhaps
of alkalies in minute quantities. Analysis 4 gives the practically
important result that the yellow ochre contains a very large
amount of phosphorus, much larger than any of the other hard or
soft ores.
Analysis 5 proves that the peculiar hard, yellow rock in which
the spathic iron-ore frequently occurs, is a very dense carbonate of
lime, probably mixed with some silicate and phosphate of lime, and
with some peroxide of iron. This rock, as well as its enclosures,
would deserve a repeated chemical examination, separate from that
of the red ore, with which it was mixed in sample 5.
Analyses 6 and 7 are interesting, because, considering the min-
eralogical description of the specimens, they fully agree with and
ANALYSES OF SPECULAR ORES. 83
confirm the results of all the analyses of ores given in this report,
and lead to the same conclusions and views regarding those ores.
Specular Ores in the Rolla District. The Rolla ores are nearly
all more or less altered, or at least softened, though many not so
much as to lose entirely their specular appearance. Most of them
consist of specular and of soft red particles intimately mixed. They
do not attract the needle perceptibly, but are attracted by a magnet
partially, when powdered fine. Their porosity is very unequal in
different parts of a piece or bowlder. Some parts are dense, while
others contain irregular cavities up to an inch in length and one-
quarter of an inch in width, clad with crystals, or, more frequently,
with a film of red ore. Such ores are those from the banks on Big
Beaver Creek. They pass into red ores, softening at first, and then
changing their color into dark red, and finally getting earthy and
lighter red. The ores in the immediate vicinity of Rolla are mostly
thus transformed, and besides frequently mixed with spathic iron-
ore in specks and seams. This spathic ore sometimes occurs in
larger masses, and is then accompanied by white or light-gray
clay, enclosing well-formed crystals of iron pyrites, either single
or in bunches.
The following analyses were taken from Prof. Charles P. Wil-
liams's " Contribution to a Knowledge of the Iron-Ores of Mis-
souri " :
Fe ide C ofIro d n). ! Pe X . } **** 97*572 45*968 77*905 83*275
Ferrous Oxide (Pro- j ^ Q '
' 684 a4 l8 '9 88 2 - 2 5i 1.206
toxide of Iron) . . .
Manganous Oxide ...... 0.252 0.265 ...... o.ooo 0.715
Alumina .............. O-I99 0.802 ............ traces
Lime ................. 2.097 0.568 0.289 ...... traces
Magnesia ............. trace o. 166 trace ...... traces
Silicic Acid (Silica) ..... 2.951 1.144 I-I59 ...... 3-99
Carbonic Acid .......... ..... trace .................
Phosphoric Acid. '. ..... 0.249 -35 0.281 0.033 -3i5
Sulphur ............... trace 0.009 trace 0.094 o.ooo
Combined Water. . trace
100.981
Metallic Iron 63.306 68.6n 46.944 56.283 59.220
Phosphorus 0.109 0.015 0.122 0.014 0.137
The empty spaces in the above table, as well as in all the pre-
84 I RON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
ceding ones, indicate in each case that the respective substance
was not determined. The various specimens are described by Prof.
Williams as follows :
1. From T. 36, R. 7, Sec. 26 (perhaps the Hyer bank). " Blue
specular mixed with brownish-red hematite, and containing some
limonite and spathic iron."
2. From T. 37, R. 8, Sec. 33 (perhaps the Beaver Creek bank).
" Blue specular ore, finely granular and compact ; powder gives
particles attracted by the magnet."
3. From T. 37, R. 8, Sec. 20 (perhaps the Buckland bank).
" Mixed spathic iron and limonite, with some blue specular ore ;
powder slightly magnetic."
4. From T. 37, R. 8, Sec. 21 (perhaps the Kelly bank, No. 2).
No description of this sample is given. It was probably a silicious
specular ore.
5. From T. 37, R. 8, Sec. 15 (perhaps Taylor's Rolla bank).
" Brownish-red hematite, somewhat cellular, slightly magnetic."
In comparing these descriptions with the above analyses, we see
that the samples I, 3, 5, which enclosed some red hematite, limonite,
and spathic ore, contain much more phosphorus than the pure
specular ores 2 and 4.
Analyses I and 2 show that the specular ores from the Rolla
district are as rich in iron as any in central Missouri, and analysis 2
shows that, in an unaltered state, they are nearly free from injurious
ingredients. As the same observations have been made regarding
the ores of all the other districts, we may infer that these observa-
tions are generally true, and generally applicable to all specular
ores that have originated in the Silurian sandstones of Missouri.
Gasconade and Miller County District. The specular ores on
the Gasconade River, and in Miller and Camden Counties, are
similar to those above described. Some ores near Linn Creek are
almost entirely unmagnetic. The specular ores found south of
Tuscumbia seem to be very pure, to judge from the following
analysis made by Messrs. Chauvenet and Blair, of St. Louis, of a
sample from the west bank. This analysis was kindly furnished to
me by Mr. M. S. Cartter, of St. Louis :
CALL A WA Y CO UNTY HEM A TITES. 8 5
Insoluble 1 1.077
Peroxide of Iron 88. 52
Sulphur trace
Phosphorus trace
Metallic Iron 61.96
b. RED HEMATITES.
A general description of the red hematite found in the carbonif-
erous formation of Missouri has been given in the introduction to
the third chapter of the present report. According to that descrip-
tion there are three varieties of this ore, namely : one, dull-red, soft,
earthy, and frequently coarsely porous to spongy, and uneven in
the fracture ; another, dark, bluish gray, sometimes with a slight
submetallic lustre, hard, dense, and compact, with very fine grain,
and with a subconchoidal fracture ; a third, coarse grained to oolitic,
the grains being of the compact ore, and surrounded and cemented
by the earthy ore. The earthy variety is the most common. The
other two varieties have only been observed in Callaway County.
The earthy ore sometimes encloses spathic iron-ore. When ex-
posed to atmospheric influences it is altered into limonite.
Callaway County Hematites. The red hematites in the sub-
carboniferous strata of Callaway County occur in the most variable
forms. The "Old Digging" and "Murphy's Hill," five miles
south-east of New Bloomfield, contain some handsome, coarsely
oolitic ore, besides the earthy hematite.
The ores from the vicinity of New Bloomfield are mostly com-
pact and heavy, some bluish gray, others dark red. They frequently
show a thin stratification. They are also found in concretionary
forms, and seem occasionally to pass into the earthy hematite.
They sometimes enclose spirifera and other fossils. Some of the
ore on the Henderson bank has an earthy or a finely oolitic struc-
ture.
The ore on the Knight bank, near Fulton, is in part dense and
concretionary, in part earthy. The latter has a light-red color and
streak, and is especially distinguished by the admixture of a large
amount of spathic iron-ore in ^specks and seams. Concretions of
this ore are hard, and sometimes reach the mineralogical hardness 6.
Spongy hematites are rarely found in Callaway County.
86 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
The following analyses were made by Mr. F. Emmerton, of the
Joliet Iron and Steel Works, and were put at my disposal through
the kindness of Mr. A. B. Meeker, of Chicago :
^NEW BLOOMFIELD ORES. KNIGHT BANK.
i. 2. 3.
Compact Earthy
Variety. Variety.
Metallic Iron 63.87 61.17 53-o
Silica 5.80 8.63.
Phosphoric Acid o. 10 0.165 1-87
Sulphur 0.017 0.018
The specimen 3 was of the red, earthy kind, mixed with spathic
iron, as above mentioned. This ore is probably altered, and has
taken up a considerable percentage of phosphorus, besides the car-
bonates. The analyses I and 2 show that the dense as well as the
earthy varieties of these ores, when unaltered and free from carbo-
nates, do not contain a large amount of injurious ingredients, and
are very rich in iron.
Hematites in St. Clair and Henry Counties. The red hematites
in the north-eastern corner of St. Clair County, and those in the
southern and eastern portions of Henry County, seem to belong ex-
clusively to the soft, earthy, and spongy variety, and are very fre-
quently and extensively altered into soft, spongy, brown or yellow
limonites, as far as can be judged from the present appearance of
the banks, none of which are as yet opened. The following analysis
was made by Mr. A. A. Blair, of St. Louis, from a mixed sample
of soft, spongy, partly red but mostly brown hematite, from the
Marmaduke bank :
Peroxide of Iron 84.02
Silica 3.08
Phosphoric Acid 0.861
Sulphur 0.171
Water 10.98
Metallic Iron. .'.' 58.81 .
Phosphorus o. 376
This ore has a high percentage of metallic iron, but is not very
pure in regard to sulphur and phosphorus. As the specimen had
LIMONITES. 87
to be taken from the surface, where the ore had been in contact
with the soil and its vegetation for a long period, and as it was al-
most entirely altered into limonite, it may be expected that the ore
to be found in the hematite banks of this district, when opened, will
contain a much smaller quantity of these substances, and will prob-
ably also prove richer yet in iron.
C. LIMONITES.
I have given a general description of the Missouri limonites in
the introduction to the present chapter (III.), to which description
I must here refer. From that it would seem that two different
varieties could be distinguished, the porous and the stalactitic.
This is, however, not really the case. Indeed, if we inspect those
limonites, which apparently consist of one coherent though porous
mass, more closely and more carefully through a magnifying glass,
we find them almost invariably composed of single, but densely-
packed, round, stalactitic columns, and we find also that the pores,
which are seen by the naked eye, are generally interstices left
between such stalactites, or between less regular mammillary or
botryoidal forms. These pores are distinguished from those found
in the specular ores of central Missouri, by sharper and smoother
outlines, curved toward the inside of the cavity, thus forming
very sharp angles, which point, not in two opposite directions only,
but always in several directions. We may therefore say, in general,
that all the Missouri limonites, with the exception of some of those
produced by transformation of specular ores, are of stalactitic
structure and origin.
The appearance of the pores and cavities does not, however,
present a perfectly reliable means by which the original limonites
might be distinguished, in all instances, from those produced by the
alteration of specular ores, for two reasons : first, because the
specular ores occur themselves not unfrequently in stalactitic forms,
similar to those of the original limonites ; second, because both
kinds of limonites, and especially those produced by alteration,
often lose their original structure entirely, through the influence of
atmospheric agencies, both kinds becoming thereby either irregu-
larly streaky or more or less spongy.
Ores in the South-eastern Limonite District. Several limon-
ite deposits, situated along the Mississippi River, have been favorably
88 IR ON- ORES OF MISSO URL
reported on by Dr. B. F. Shumard, in his geological reports on St.
Genevieve, Perry, and Cape Girardeau Counties, which reports will
be found in the second volume of the present (third) Annual Report
of the Geological Survey of Missouri.
I have inspected but one locality in this district, namely, the Col-
lins bank in Perry County. The limonite which occurs there is
very dense, hard, and apparently silicious, and is frequently mixed
with fine chert-breccia. It is also found as an impregnation of sand-
stone. The ores in the vicinity of Irondale, Washington County,
are in part hard and botryoidal or reniform, in part soft and
ochrey. They sometimes contain splendent quartz in seams.
The richest part of the south-eastern limonite district is in the
southern portion of Iron, Madison, and Bellinger Counties, and in
Wayne County. Most of the limonites, which are found abundantly
in these counties, are hard', compact, and massive, yet showing dis-
tinctly their stalactitic origin in the structure. The Cornwall limo-
nites are softer and more ochrey than the others, but pretty free
from foreign mechanical admixtures.
The ores found east of Marquand and Marble Hill are hard, and
in many places very pure, while in others they seem to be more
silicious, and enclose fragments of white chert, and then resemble
somewhat the above-described limonites of Perry County.
The following analyses will show the chemical composition of the
south-eastern limonites :
I. 2. 3.
Peroxide of Iron 72.58 81.40 80.98
Silica 5.84 3.01 1.98
Sulphur 0.17 0.07 o.oo
Water 14.96 11.78
Metallic Iron 50.81 56.98 56.68
Phosphorus 0.34 0.15 0.123
The two first analyses were made by Dr. August Wendel, of the
Bessemer Steel Works, Troy, N. Y., the third by Messrs. Chauve-
net & Blair, of St. Louis. I owe the latter to the kindness of Mr.
H. S. Reed, of St. Louis.
Sample I was an average sample taken at the Ford bank, near
Cornwall, and consisted of one-third hard limonite, and two-thirds
soft limonite, mixed with some ochre.
LIMONITES. 89
Sample 2 was a hard, dense ore of stalactitic structure, from
the Francis bank, 6 miles south of Marble Hill.
Sample 3 was a hard limonite, from the vicinity of Marble
Hill.
We see that these ores, although less rich and less pure than the
specular and red ores, are, however, good and valuable. We also
see that the hard limonites are purer than the soft, ochrey ones.
Franklin County Limonites. The Moselle limonites, and the
brown ores south of Stanton, have mostly a dark color, and are
partly hard and dense, partly soft and not unlike a fine sponge.
A few banks in the vicinity of the Moselle Iron Works are distin-
guished by the reniform structure of their ores. These are com-
monly called " kidney-ores." The single kidneys are sometimes
several inches in diameter, and have walls, half an inch thick, of
very hard, dark-brown limonite, passing, toward the outside, into an
ochrey clay. The hollow space inside these kidneys frequently
contains rounded pieces of a very fine, hardened clay of white or
yellowish color.
Admixtures of chert are not often seen in this district. But in
some localities heavy-spar is mixed with the ore. Also pseudo-
morphs after pyrites occur, some of which contain undecomposed
masses of this mineral in the centre.
The following analysis was made by Dr. August Wendel, of
Troy, from a specimen of hard, dark-brown limonite, containing
fine, irregular pores, evenly distributed, from the Bowlen bank,
south-east of Moselle :
Peroxide of Iron 81.38
Silica 2.88
Sulphur 0. 13
Water 1 1 . 70
Metallic Iron 56.97
Phosphorus o. 1 2
This analysis has a great resemblance with that of the Francis
bank ore, as given above.
A good specimen from the Blanton limonite bank, 10 miles
south of Stanton, was analyzed by Mr. A. A. Blair, and con-
tained
90 IRON-ORES OF MISSOURI.
Peroxide of Iron 84.16
or Metallic Iron 58.91
Limonites in the Central Ore-region. A look on the ore-bank
map which accompanies this report will show that the central ore-
region contains a number of limonite deposits, besides its numerous
deposits of specular ore. These limonites resemble those of Frank-
lin County very closely. Some such ores in the Steelville district
are very clean and uniform, while some on the tributaries of the
Upper Meramec are occasionally mixed with white chert. Heavy-
spar has not been found with the limonites of this region. Also
pyrites occurs rarely.
Limonites on the Osage River. The western ore-region of
Missouri, on the Osage River, contains almost exclusively limonites.
Those on the Lower and Middle Osage River, nearTuscumbia, Linn
Creek, Boulinger Creek, and Warsaw, are mostly fine, pure ores of
medium hardness and of a very favorable degree of porosity.
Their structure is very distinctly stalactitic, and true stalactites are
frequently met with on some banks in considerable quantities ; as, for
instance, on the Indian Creek, on the Elm Hollow, and on some banks
near Tuscumbia. These stalactites are generally round in section,
long and thin. Their diameter varies from --$ to inch. They are
always massive, and are formed of a dense and hard, grayish-brown
ore. They do not show a crystalline structure in their fracture;
but the surface is almost invariably covered with small pseudomor-
phous crystals after pyrites or after marcasites. In some in-
stances these crystals are larger, up to ^ inch in diameter, and con-
stitute the main portion of the stalactitic individuals, which then
appear externally to be altogether composed of aggregated crystals.
The single stalactites are themselves aggregated either in bunches
or in wavy sheets. The inside of bunches sometimes consists of
sulphide of iron ; in most cases, however, they are entirely changed
into limonite.
That ore, which forms large coherent bodies, and which is much
more common than the true stalactites, is also of stalactitic origin,
to judge from the shape and distribution of its pores and cavities,
and was undoubtedly deposited in caves, from solutions which
have been infiltrated from above.
The Osage ores are mostly free from foreign matter. In a few
LIMONITES, gi
localities only, chert is found mixed with the ore. The walls of the
small cavities are generally covered with a layer of brown and yellow
ochre. Larger masses of ochre have not been discovered.
While the ores on the Lower and Middle Osage, which I have just
described, occur on the Silurian limestones, the limonites on the
Upper Osage, above Warsaw, are found on the subcarboniferous
limestones, and are also somewhat different mineralogically. They
have a very dark, sometimes nearly black, color. The stalactitic
structure is less common and less distinct than many of the other
limonites occurring on limestones in Missouri. On the other hand,
botryoidal and mammillary forms, consisting of numerous thin and
parallel layers of dark-brown ore, are very frequent. The single
layers peel off from each other easily, and are sometimes naturally
separated from each other by fine, empty fissures with rough sur-
faces. The massy ore, which is more common, is often spongy in
the fracture, and is mixed irregularly with small botryoidal masses
and seams of a soft but splendent limonite, of nearly black color
and of vitreo-metallic lustre.
The chemical composition of the Osage limonites will be seen
from the following analyses, made by Mr. Andrew A. Blair, of St.
Louis. The first analysis was kindly furnished to me by Mr. M. S.
Cartter, of St. Louis :
Middle Osage. PP er
Osage. Osage.
I. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Peroxide of Iron. ... 67.07 82.02 84.10 ..... 77-42
Manganese .............. ..... ..... ..... o.oo
Silica .................... 5.13 3.59 ..... 8.05
Phosphoric Acid ......... 0.091 0.077 0.084 0.076
Sulphur ................. 0.015 -OO 0.084 0.147
Water ................... 12.80 11.60 ..... 12.49
Insoluble matter.... 14.27 ..... ..... ..... ....
Metallic Iron ....... 46-95 57.41 58.87 ..... 54-19
Phosphorus ............. 0.041 0.034 0.037 0.034
1. Soft, earthy limonite, from the Laclede bank, near Tuscumbia.
2. Hard limonite, with a stalactitic structure, the pores filled
with yellow ochre ; from the White bank, near Boulinger Creek.
92 IR ON- ORES OF MISSO URL
3. Loose pipe-ore, broken stalactites, from the Indian Creek
bank, near Warsaw.
4- Stalactitic aggregate of pseudomorphous crystals of limonite
after marcasite, from the Elm Hollow bank, near Warsaw.
5. Average sample of ore from the Sheldon bank, on Bear
Creek ; in part a moderately hard, brown limonite, containing
some yellow ochre in its pores ; in part a very dark, nearly black,
mammillary limonite; in part a spongy limonite, with dark-brown,
submetallic seams.
All these ores are rich in iron, and contain but little sulphur,
while the percentage of phosphorus is so low that they can, in this
respect, almost be compared with the specular ores. These limo-
nites on the Osage River are indeed remarkable for their chemical
purity. It is also apparent, from the above analyses, that there is
no difference in this respect between the stalactites and the massy
ore.
Analysis 4 was made for the purpose of investigating whether
pseudomorphs after sulphides do not contain a considerable amount
of sulphur. The result shows that such pseudomorphs may be as
pure as the rest of the ore.
As a part of sample 5 looked nearly black, it was supposed that
it might contain some oxide of manganese. The analysis, however,
showed that this is not the case.
CHAPTER V,
IRON-ORES OF MISSOURI.
BY ADOLPH SCHMIDT, PH.D.
C. Modes of Occurrence and Descriptions of Deposits.
WE have seen in the preceding chapters, II. and III., that
two principal mineralogical species of iron-ores are represented in
Missouri - the hematite and the limonite and that the hematite
occurs in two very different and distinct varieties, the specular ore
and the red hematite.
We have, moreover, seen in section A that the specular ore
occurs either in porphyry or in sandstone ; that the red hematite
forms strata in the carboniferous system ; and that the limonite is
generally deposited on limestone. This gives us four classes of
original ore-deposits. I have mentioned, in the same connection,
that the deposits of specular ore in sandstone are very frequently
found to be disturbed and broken, and altered in regard to their
position. Some of them, according to their present appearance,
seem to be broken up entirely, and their parts and fragments seem
to be drifted some distance, and to be deposited a second time,
either irregularly or in alternate layers, with the sandy and cherry
detritus produced by the destruction of sandstones and limestones.
Such is the present appearance of many specular-ore banks, as well
as that of some deposits of red hematite and of limonite.
Very few deposits of this character, however, have been opened,
and none of them are as yet sufficiently opened and worked to allow
a clear insight into their structure and formation. It is not impos-
sible, in some instances perhaps probable, that the working of such
deposits will lead to the discovery of original deposits in the interior
of the same hills on which the former appear, and that these will
prove to be only outliers of such original deposits in their vicinity,
and not to be beds of far-drifted ore. Their present appearances,
however, do not generally indicate this, and we have to judge them
94 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
by what we can see, to avoid losing ourselves in bold suppositions
and speculations. Therefore, as long as the internal structure of
these deposits is not better known, we must place them in a sepa-
rate class, as " drifted deposits."
Thus, for the purpose of a systematic description of the modes of
occurrence of iron-ores in Missouri, we are led to assume the exist-
ence of the following eight kinds of deposits :
a. Deposits of specular ore in porphyry.
b. Deposits of specular ore in sandstone.
c. Disturbed deposits of specular ore.
d. Drifted deposits of specular ore.
e. Strata of red hematite.
f. Disturbed or drifted deposits of red hematite.
g. Deposits of limonite on limestone.
h. Disturbed or drifted deposits of limonite.
a. DEPOSITS OF SPECULAR ORE IN PORPHYRY.
The deposits of specular ore in the porphyries of eastern Mis-
souri, especially in St. Fra^ois and Iron Counties, occur in the most
varied sizes and shapes. There are very large deposits side by side
with those scarcely workable. There are regular veins, as in
Shepherd Mountain and Iron Mountain ; there are regular beds, as
in Pilot Knob and in some localities east of it ; there are irregular
deposits, some of which somewhat approach veins by their shape,
as on Lewis Mountain ; while others have proved to be isolated
pockets, as on Hogan Mountain.
The principal and most common kind of porphyry of which the
greater portion of the hills in the vicinity of the ore deposits, and
in general most of the porphyry-hills in that whole region, are com-
posed, is chocolate-brown to brownish-black in color, and contains
numerous small feldspar-crystals, pretty evenly distributed in the
matrix. These feldspar-crystals are generally not over one-eighth
inch long and about one-half as wide. Some of them are color-
less and transparent, others red and opaque, the latter being mostly
thicker, without being longer than the former. The red crystals
have the appearance of orthoclase, the transparent ones that of
oligoclase.
These two kinds of feldspar-crystals occur sometimes separate,
sometimes together. I will call this porphyry the brown or normal
SPECULAR ORE IN PORPHYRY. 95
porphyry. It is very hard and brittle. It breaks in thin and flat
splinters with very sharp edges and with a subconchoidal fracture.
It breaks very suddenly under the hammer, and the splinters fly off
with great rapidity and vehemence.
This porphyry sometimes contains quartz either in light-gray
grains or in transparent crystals, colorless or slightly yellow. Also
specks of a green mineral, perhaps chlorite, and iron and copper
pyrites occur in it. Large masses of a brown feldspathic rock of a
dirty-brown color, containing no crystals, and being tougher and
softer than the surrounding rock, are frequently met with in this
normal porphyry. So are also smaller streaks and masses of red
porphyry. The latter are of very variable and irregular shapes, and
seem to be produced by accidental infiltrations which changed the
color of the rock.
The brown or normal porphyry occurs in some localities flaked
and banded, with black, brown, and red, parallel, undulating, thin
stripes ; the crystals cutting through the stripes in the matrix. But
this porphyry is always massive, never stratified. By gradual de-
composition the transparent feldspar turns opaque and white, the
red feldspar light brown and yellow. When the whole mass of the
porphyry is gradually decomposed by the dissolving action of the
atmosphere, or of acid waters on its alkalies, it turns at first pale
brown, then light red, then light yellow, and finally white. It gets at
the same time more and more soft and friable, and is finally changed
into a white or gray or light-yellow, loose, clayish mass, in which
sometimes the original feldspar-crystals can be indistinctly recog-
nized, the transparent ones as very white spots, the red ones as
yellow spots of a darker shade than the surrounding clay.
Another kind of porphyry, which is less frequent than the former,
but occurs in immense bodies, so that large portions of certain hills
are composed of it, is the " red porphyry." This porphyry has a
light flesh- red color, and contains generally no feldspar-crystals.
In very rare instances, however, small, red crystals of a darker shade
than the matrix are found in it, either single or irregularly distribu-
ted. This porphyry, when entirely intact, is nearly as hard and
brittle as the normal porphyry, and breaks then with a subconchoi-
dal fracture. It is, however, rarely found thus probably owing to
its being much more liable to be decomposed than the normal
porphyry. As mostly found, it is much softer, rather tough in
96 IR ON- ORES OF MISSO URL
breaking, and presents, when broken, an even to irregular frac-
ture.
The red porphyry is very frequently inclined to assume a stratified
appearance, and in several localities forms regular strata, apparent-
ly extending, in uniform thicknesses, over considerable areas. The
thickness of the single layers varies from one-quarter of an inch to
several inches. These stratified porphyries seem to contain some-
times transparent feldspar-crystals, though very rarely. But they
are principally distinguished by the more frequent, though irregu-
lar, occurrence of quartz in grains and specks.
The red porphyry passes by gradual decomposition and under
removal of the alkalies, at first into a peculiar, light-yellow, soft
rock, somewhat resembling an uncrystalline limestone, and finally
into a more or less white, loose, clayish mass. Such a clayish mass
is the so-called "bluff" on the Iron Mountain. The red porphyry,
at its lines of contact with the brown porphyry, either mixes with
the latter irregularly, or passes into it gradually by taking up feld-
spar-crystals and by assuming a darker color. Both porphyries
must therefore be considered to be of a similar and simultaneous
geological origin.
The red porphyry seems, however, to be in a certain relation,
though not a very plain one, to the ore-deposits, and to be in a
closer connection with them than the normal porphyry. The lat-
ter contains very seldom veins'or seams or specks of ore, while all
such are very common in the red porphyry. Large masses of red
porphyry occur in close proximity to the ore-deposits on Iron
Mountain, Pilot Knob, Shepherd Mountain, and Cedar Hill. Cer-
tain enclosures in the Iron Mountain veins, the distinct stratifica-
tion of the ore-bed on Pilot Knob, and other facts to be mentioned
hereafter, indicate that both these hills were originally composed
of red porphyry.
It might be supposed from this that red porphyry owes its exist-
ence to a mere change of color produced by the same influences
which caused the deposition of the ore. This is, however, not so ;
for the red porphyry, besides being somewhat different lithologi-
cally, occurs very frequently without ore, and veins and seams of
ore do occur sometimes in the brown porphyry without producing
in the latter a decided and uniform change of color. We also see
from this that the existence of ore-deposits, although evidently fa-
SPECULAR ORE IN PORPHYRY. 97
voring the vicinity of the red porphyry, is by no means dependent
upon its immediate proximity.
The question, how iron-ore deposits like those which are found
in such variable shapes in these porphyries may have been formed,
is one which is treated in a general way in all manuals of geology,
and more specially in numerous other geological publications. I
will, however, say a few words on this subject, with special reference
to these East-Missouri deposits.
It seems to me, in the first place, that these deposits of specular
ore, being all of a very similar mineralogical character, being all
associated with the same kind of rock, and all situated within a
small area of territory, must have been produced by one and the
same kind of geological action, although the chemical action may
have been different in different localities. Regarding this geolo-
gical action, we may consider whether the specular ores can have
been brought into their present places and shapes by injection in a
melted condition, or by distillation in a gaseous state, or by segre-
gation from the adjacent rocks, or by infiltration of chalybeate
waters and springs and precipitation from the same.
1 . The descriptions of the various deposits which I shall give here-
after will show the impossibility of supposing that the ores were
injected in a melted condition. There is no sign of the action of
very high heat on the associated rocks. All the enclosures found in
the veins and beds of ore are of such a character that they would
combine and smelt in a very short time, when in contact with such
large masses of melted ore. The ore is found in very thin fissures,
of such an extent that a force capable of filling them with melted
ore would certainly have opened the fissures, and would have pro-
duced thicker Veins. Smelted and chilled ore has a very different
appearance from that existing in these deposits.
2. A distillation could rather be thought possible. But distil-
lations of iron-salts occur only in volcanoes, and are then mixed
with other distilled matters, and never form large deposits. Here,
on the contrary, the deposits are very extensive, the ore very pure,
and neither lavas nor any other volcanic rocks are found in the ore-
region, nor does the configuration of the ground indicate the for-
mer presence of any kind of volcanic action.
3. These specular-ore deposits cannot be derived from segrega-
tion, by waters penetrating the adjacent porphyries, dissolving iron
7
98 IRON-ORES OF MISSOURI.
out of their mass, and depositing it in the fissures ; for, such an
action would have altered these porphyries uniformly along the
veins and beds, which is not found to be the case. Such segrega-
tion could, besides, hardly have produced such immense deposits as
on Iron Mountain and Pilot Knob, and would certainly have caused
a less uniform structure and frequently stalactitic forms.
4. The specular-ore deposits of eastern Missouri, therefore,
must all have been formed by infiltration and precipitation from
chalybeate or iron-bearing waters, similar to those which occur still
in all parts of the world in the form of chalybeate springs, and are
now forming ore-deposits in numerous localities.
All rocks of which the earth is composed are more or less pene-
trable by water ; all are more or less broken or permeated by wide
or narrow cracks and fissures ; nearly all of them contain iron, some
in very small, others in larger quantities. The iron can be dissolved
and extracted from these rocks by certain solutions at certain tem-
peratures. From the bottom of the sea, of the lakes, of the riv-
ers, from the surface of the ground all over, waters continually fil-
trate into the rocks below. These waters all contain more or less
carbonic acid and other substances which they take up from the
atmospheric air and from the soil. As they descend they dissolve
various other matters under various circumstances, from the rocks
through which they flow. They follow the easiest and widest chan-
nels. They grow warm, and sometimes hot, partly by the natu-
ral warmth of the rocks, partly through the heat produced by chem-
ical reactions. The higher temperature and the higher pressure
increase their capacity for dissolving mineral matters, with which
they become charged as much as the existing circumstances allow.
They may contain chlorides, sulphates, silicates, carbonates ; they
may contain silica, alumina, alkalies, lime ; they may contain zinc,
lead, iron, etc.
When these solutions have reached a sufficiently high tempera-
ture, and happen to find sufficiently easy channels, upward, they
will rise through such channels, driven by the pressure of the colder
and therefore heavier solutions which follow them, and frequently
assisted by the development of gases through chemical reactions.
In this course upward they will again follow the preexisting na-
tural channels, wide fissures, small cracks, irregular holes and
pockets. When they reach porous or loose strata, they will pene-
IR ON MO UN TAIN. 99
trate and impregnate them. When they come in contact with
strata of materials which they are apt to decompose chemically at
the existing temperature, they will alter, transform, metamorphose
them. When these materials are such as to precipitate oxides of
metals from the solution, these oxides will be precipitated and ore-
deposits will be formed. The same effect may result when solutions
of different chemical composition meet. The same effect must
result when such metallic solutions approach the surface, where
their pressure and temperature, and therefore their dissolving
capacity, is diminished or altered.
As the circulation of waters and watery solutions just described,
although locally variable, has existed during the whole geological
history of our globe, as it exists still, it is evident that the largest
fissures and cavities, when kept filled with however dilute yet con-
tinuously renewed metallic solutions for hundreds and thousands of
years, under otherwise favorable conditions, will finally become
filled with deposits of ores.
It also appears evident from the above, that the same mineral
solutions can, under different local conditions, produce very differ-
ent kinds of deposits veins in one place, pockets in another, beds
in a third. I have no doubt that the various deposits of specular
ore in porphyry, which I will now proceed to describe, were formed
in this wise.
Iron Mountain. T. 35, R. 4, E., Sec. 31, north-east quarter,
St. Francois County. The Iron Mountain is undoubtedly the
largest ore-deposit in Missouri.
For the size and exterior description of the Iron Mountain hill,
I may refer to page 75 of Prof. G. C. Swallow's Second Annual
Report, where Dr. A. Litton mentions and describes it in a very
lucid manner. This report was published in 1855, at which time
the main part of the hill had not been opened, and no accurate
knowledge < could then be had of its internal geological structure.
The openings which have been made meanwhile enable me to give
a more detailed account of it.
The accompanying topographical sketch, Fig. n, of the Iron
Mountain and its surroundings, shows the surface-geology, the dis-
tribution of the porphyries, the extent of the surface-ore, and the
position of the cuts or openings made by mining operations.
The surrounding hills are composed mainly of the normal brown
IOO
IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
Fig. ii.
S,K T C H O F
{.IT.V-K.LS ABOVE ZERO. LI
A ISi'' E _2otf
B - I7S'* . F _ 130'
C ~ IBOVIZO' H - 6O'
O i- 145" _ K _ 80'
THE IRON
< E r ERENC.ES:
MOUNTAIN
B. P. .BROWN PORHtRY
R . P. . R E D
B.C.. B L O E CONGLOMERATE
a. x .. . . . SURFACE. ot
~~~ . LIMITS Or CuTfc
porphyry. A zone of red porphyry, frequently mixed with ore in
larger and smaller seams and specks, runs along the north side of
the Iron Mountain, across the ridge which connects the latter with
the hill north of it. This zone of red porphyry thus separates the
ore-deposit from the brown porphyry on the north side. The red
porphyry in places becomes paler and takes a reddish-gray color.
In the eastern portion of the zone the porphyry is half decomposed,
forming a soft, yellow rock, which in one place, near its contact with
the blue porphyry, is in distinct layers or strata from one to several
inches thick, and has sometimes been taken for a limestone.
The red porphyry in the western portion of the zone seems to
pass into the normal porphyry, in some places gradually, while in
IRON MOUNTAIN. IOI
others it mixes irregularly with the latter, constituting a rock of a
conglomeratic appearance and of a dull-brown or bluish color, with
irregular flesh-red enclosures. This is the case in the place marked
B C on the sketch.
The whole surface of the Iron Mountain itself is covered with
surface-ore, which also extends over the south-western knob, called
the Little Iron Mountain, and reaches into the valley south and west,
and across the valley north-west of the mountain, and over a part
of the slope of the opposite hill. This surface-ore, which, according
to the preceding chapter of this report, is of the same character and
composition as the vein-ore, occurs in more or less rounded bowl-
ders and pieces, of very variable sizes, from a diameter of several
feet down to a pretty fine sand, all irregularly mixed with each
other, as well as with a fine, clayish or sandy detritus of a yellow
or red color, and with single bowlders of half-decomposed porphyry.
Pieces of a coarse-grained sandstone are sometimes found with it
on the south-west slope. The surface-ore generally lies directly
under a few inches of soil, and varies from one to five feet in thick-
ness, which is, however, considerably exceeded in some places,
especially on the south side, below cuts B and C, where it attains
a thickness of 40 feet and over.
The main body of the hill, as far as opened, consists of a loose clay-
ish mass, undoubtedly decomposed porphyry, known amongst the
miners under the name of "bluff." This "bluff" and its origin
have been described above. It is in the north-western half of the
mountain, to the west of the principal ore-vein, of a very uniform
and purely clayish character, while on the south-eastern half it has
a more conglomeratic character. In this latter half, especially in
the northern part of it, the " bluff" contains masses, which, from
their partly preserved darker tint and from the numerous decom-
posed feldspar-crystals they contain, must be considered as being
altered normal porphyry, while the north-western bluff seems to be
exclusively altered red porphyry. A large mass of entirely fresh
and unaltered, thickly stratified, red porphyry has been struck by
the lower cut C, made on the east side through the " bluff." (See
Fig. 6.) This mass, which is .uncovered to a height of about 30
feet, contains numerous fine ore-seams, and evidently is not in its
original position,, as the stratification dips about 40 toward the
1 02 IR ON- ORES OF MISSO URL
east. Large disturbed masses of unaltered brown porphyry have
been struck in cut D, on the north-east side. (See Fig. 17.)
The whole immense clayish mass of decomposed porphyry or
" bluff," forming certainly the upper part if not the whole of the
Iron Mountain, is cut in two pretty nearly equal halves by an
enormous vein of specular ore, from 40 to 60 feet thick, striking N.
53 E., which direction may be observed on the sketch by drawing
a line through the cuts A E D F. Whether the main portion of
this vein is in a vertical or somewhat inclined position cannot now
be ascertained. It seems to be rather irregular in thickness and
shape, to be split up in two branches for a part of its length, and to
enclose large bodies of broken ore mixed with porphyry. This
large and principal vein is called the " backbone " of the Iron
Mountain.
The " bluff" contains, however, besides the backbone-vein, nu-
merous other veins of various and very irregular thicknesses, from
less than one half-inch up to 6, and in places, 10 feet. These smaller
veins cross the bluff in various directions, not subject to any definite
rule. The limits between each of these veins and the "bluff" are
very sharp, and there is nowhere a gradual transition from the ore
into the " bluff."
A line drawn through the cuts A E D F along the backbone,
when prolonged in both directions, will pretty nearly touch the cut
H on the Little Iron Mountain in the south-west, and the cut K
on the hill across the valley in the north-east. As both these cuts
have struck large bodies of ore, it seems probable that the principal
vein extends over the whole distance from H across the hill to K,
which is not much less than a mile.
The Iron Mountain ores have been described in the preceding
chapter of my report.
To make the mode of occurrence of the specular ore in the Iron
Mountain more plain, I will illustrate the above general description
by a few sections taken in the different mining-cuts, adding expla-
nations as far as required or desirable. The position of these cuts,
as well as their elevation above the zero-line of the topographical
survey, are given on the sketch, Fig. n.
The cut H, near the blast-furnaces on the Little Iron Mountain, is
not worked now ; but much ore has been taken out of it and more
seems to be left, especially in depth. This place is, however, at
IRON MOUNTAIN.
103
least near the surface, greatly disturbed, and the formation is to a
great extent composed of displaced materials. The following two
sketches present some interesting features :
4RON MOUNTAIN
Fig- 13-
IKON MOUNTAIN
We see in Fig. 12 four irregular masses of decomposed porphyry,
(D P) surrounded by formerly massive, but now broken, specular
104 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
ore. Such enclosed masses of rock are, however, rarely entirely
surrounded on all sides by ore, although it looks so in the present
section. In digging or blasting, perhaps only a few feet further, an
entirely different section would present itself, and the apparently
floating masses would be found to be in connection with, or sup-
ported by, other masses of the same nature. From the parallelism
of the contour-lines of the three enclosed pieces, situated on the left
side in the sketch, it must be supposed that they formed originally
one mass, but were broken up and the interstices filled with ore.
The breaking may have begun by the formation of thin cracks,
produced by the contraction of the porphyric mass during its drying
or cooling, or both. These thin cracks may have been widened,
afterward, gradually by the crystallization of the ore. The jointed
structure of the ore is very instructive. The arrangement of the
joints shows that the ore has been formed round the preexisting
porphyry, and that the latter has offered a strong resistance to the
contraction of the former, and consequently that the porphyry was
still hard and fresh when the ore contracted, and that its decompo-
sition took place afterward. Wherever there was an equal resist-
ance on both sides, the ore separated in nearly parallel plates. In
the lower part, where no resistance existed, the ore contracted and
separated into blocks of irregular shape but nearly equal size.
Fig. 13 represents an undoubtedly disturbed formation. That
portion of it which is to the right of the thin clay-seam (Cl) may
have been formed as it is. We see here an upright, ramified ore-
vein, having on the right side solid porphyry, on the left side, be-
tween the vein and the clay-seam, decomposed porphyry. The
mass to the left of this clay-seam, between it and another thicker
clay-seam, to be seen on the utmost left of the sketch, was evi-
dently not formed in its present position, but must have slid into
this position long after its formation. At the time when the thick
mass of ore enclosed in this part was formed, the stratification in
the porphyry was undoubtedly horizontal, while it is now vertical.
When afterward brought in its present position, and when, owing
to the gradual decomposition and consequent contraction and soft-
ening of the porphyry below, the ore lost its support, it broke off
in plates corresponding to the porphyry-strata. It is not unlikely
that its natural jointed structure has predisposed it to that effect.
Fig. 14 represents a cross-section through the backbone-vein in
JR ON MOUNTAIN.
Fig. 14.
**
105
S.E
& ECTION OF CUT. A
cut A, the working-level of which is about 60 feet below the summit
of the Iron Mountain. The vein is here divided in two branches,
from 12 to 1 8 feet thick each. These branches join above, enclosing
a mass of broken ore and porphyry, mixed with quartz and apatite.
This mass seems to be the product of destruction of numerous
smaller ore-veins in porphyry, formerly existing in this same
place or close by. The porphyry may have been broken up by the
crystallization of the ore in its seams, and the ore by contraction
and by the decomposition of the porphyry. All the pieces of ore
have sharp edges and corners. All the porphyry is more or less
decomposed.
P is slightly decomposed, but yet pretty hand, porphyry, passing
into the loose, clayish " bluff" above it. The " bluff " on the south-
east side of the vein is all a loose, soft clay of a yellow color. The
surface of the big vein is wavy and very smooth. The small ore-
veins which cross the "bluff" in all directions vary from one-fourth
to 3 inches in thickness, a few near P are up to 12 inches thick. The
" bluff" does not contain any ore outside of these veins.
Fig. 15 gives a section of a characteristic part of cut B. This
section shows in what a varied and often peculiar manner the
smaller ore-veins cross the mass of the " bluff," enclosing larger and
smaller pieces and blocks of decomposed porphyry, frequently
changed into soft clay. Most of these veins strike about east-
west in this place. The ore has the same mineralogical character
as that of the backbone-vein. It contains perhaps a little more
s.
106
I RON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
Fig- 15-
VIE.W OF CUT-B-
quartz and more apatite, or crystalloid holes formerly filled by
apatite. These holes are generally sitting on the walls of the
veins. The ore resembles the surface-ore closely. The smaller
the veins are, the more impurities they contain in proportion to
the quantity of ore. The "bluff" is here very plainly a decom-
posed porphyry, sometimes imperfectly decomposed, in which case
it is composed of a bluish-gray or bluish-brown matrix, enclosing
white, decomposed feldspar-crystals. It seems from this appearance
that a large part if not the whole of the "bluff" in this cut is
derived from the normal porphyry.
Fig. 1 6 represents a section through both the cuts C C, which
lie about in one vertical plane, on the south-western slope of the
Iron Mountain. The upper cut is about 60 feet, the lower one 120
feet, below the summit. The upper cut shows another character-
istic section of veins running through the " bluff." What is marked
as "detritus" is composed of blocks and pieces of colored clays
Fig. 1 6.
IRON MOUNTAIN. 1 07
(decomposed porphyries), mixed with ore in pieces, the latter also
somewhat softened by partial decomposition. Irregular holes and
cracks in this mass are filled with yellow and red loam. This must
be a part of a hole or crack which was opened after the complete
solidification of both the porphyry and the ore, and was filled with
broken porphyry and ore before the decomposition of the former.
The section of the lower cut likewise presents some very peculiar
features, indicating disturbances on a larger scale. An immense
block, at least 35 feet in thickness, of thickly-stratified, red por-
phyry, lies here in the " bluff" in an inclined position, abruptly
cutting off the ore-veins. This flesh-red porphyry is hard, and
entirely fresh in its fracture and color, and encloses numerous ore-
seams, one-quarter to 3 inches thick. This block was evidently
exposed to the influence of the solution that deposited the ore, but
not exposed to those influences which produced the decompo-
sition of the rest of the porphyry. To explain this satisfactorily,
we must suppose that this decomposition- was not effected by at-
mospheric influence exclusively, but that it was effected partly,
or at least prepared and begun, by acid solutions, and that this block
would have occupied an isolated or elevated position, while this,
perhaps, preparatory action took place, and that it could not then
be reached by the solutions. Afterward this block may have
fallen over on the slope of the hill, sunk into the " bluff" gradually,
cutting off the ore-veins, and may finally have been covered by a
layer of bluff-clay washed down from the hill. The somewhat
irregular character of the "bluff" overlying it seems to support
this theory ; otherwise the strange position of this block could
only be explained by assuming that it was raised from below after
the decomposition of the overlying porphyry.
However this may be, the presence of this intact, red porphyry
with ore-seams, proves that the geological action by which the
veins were filled was not the same as that which decomposed the
porphyry, but that the latter took place much later than the former.
For it might be supposed that the decomposition of the porphyry
and the deposition of the ore had been effected, if not by the same
solution, at least by a simultaneous chemical action. Another fact,
however, besides the above, speaks against these suppositions. We
find on Iron Mountain no instance of a total or partial replacement
of porphyry by iron-ore, which replacement would have been the
IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
unavoidable consequence of such a simultaneous chemical action,
as I propose to show in my description of the Pilot Knob deposit.
s w
N.E
.VIEW or CUT'D"
In Fig. 17, which represents a section of cut D on the north-
east slope of Iron Mountain, we find the brown or normal porphyry
in a disturbed position, similar to that of the red porphyry in Fig.
16. We also see a cross-section of the north-east part of the back-
bone-vein, which is here -in one solid mass, about 30 feet thick, and
inclined toward the north under an angle of about 50 degrees.
P is a part of an immense solid mass of hard and intact normal por-
phyry, underlying the backbone-vein and being in close contact with
it. This porphyry frequently contains specks and thin seams of green
chlorite (?). Thin seams of ore also occur, though very rarely.
The porphyry overlying the vein, in three flat pieces of a rather vari-
able thickness from 3 to 10 feet, is very nearly of the same descrip-
tion. These three flats of porphyry, however, are not in close
contact either with the backbone-vein, or with each other, or with
the flat mass of ore that overlies them. All these masses lie loose
over each other, being in contact at certain points only, while
separated by clay-seams or empty spaces at other points. The
" bluff" contains here no continuous ore-veins, but only single
pieces of ore in such positions and so distributed as indicated in the
above illustration.
This locality, as well as the whole north-eastern portion of the
Iron Mountain, has evidently been subjected to great disturbances
long after the formation of the ore and after the decomposition of
the porphyry. The fact that the backbone-vein has not, so far, been
struck by the cut F, which is situated on the line of its strike, and
the presence of the above-mentioned conglomerates a little farther
east, support this view, besides the appearance of cut D.
PILOT KNOB. 109
In the neighborhood of cut K, on the hill north-east of Iron
Mountain, we find both the red and the normal porphyries. Ac-
cording to Dr. Litton's description (see Second Geol. Report, 1855)
of a well bored near the furnaces, porphyries and large masses of
ore exist there to a depth of more than 1 50 feet, overlaid by some
magnesian limestone and sandstone. This shows that the por-
phyries are pre-Silurian, which fact is verified by numerous observa-
tions made in other localities.
When we look over all that has been said about the Iron
Mountain, the geological history of this deposit naturally presents
itself as follows :
The whole Iron Mountain was composed originally of porphyries,
which also filled the valley east and south of it.
A great portion of these porphyries, especially on the north-west
side, were of the red, the others of the brown or normal variety.
These porphyries, either from the effects of contraction or from
other causes, contained numerous large and small fissures. These
fissures were kept filled with constantly renewed chalybeate
waters for a very long period, during which these waters, through
various chemical and physical influences, deposited the oxides of
iron, which they contained in solution. The oxides of iron thus
deposited were undoubtedly at first loose and soft, and mixed with
water, but became denser and harder and less watery as their mass
increased.
As the fissures were gradually filled, the access of the solutions
became more difficult and more scarce, and was finally stopped.
Then the ore dried in the veins, undergoing thereby a small con-
traction, which cracked and broke most of the veins without dis-
placing their disconnected parts. After this had been done, the por-
phyry was acted on by atmospheric or other waters, probably con-
taining carbonic acid, which decomposed the porphyry, removing
the alkalies, and leaving a silicious clay. By this process these
porphyric masses became so soft that rain and flood waters washed
them off readily, the consequence of which was that, simultaneous
with the erosion of the valleys, the cracked and disjointed ore-veins
lost their support, and fell to the ground in single bowlders and
pieces, thus forming the beds of surface-ore which now cover the
slopes of the hill, and which fill a part of the now-eroded valleys.
Pilot Knob. T. 34, R. 4, E., Sec. 29, Iron County. For the
IIO
IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
dimensions and the external appearance of Pilot Knob, I refer to
Dr. A. Litton's description, given on page 79 of the " Second An-
nual Report of the Geological Survey of Missoui : ."
I give hereby, in Fig. 18, a topographical plan, showing the sur-
face-geology of the Pilot Knob :
SURFACE GEOLOGY
Although the surface-geology does not always give perfectly reli-
able indications regarding the interior geological structure of a
mountain, it generally allows us to draw certain valuable conclu-
sions. The ore on Pilot Knob is not in veins, but forms a regular
PILOT KNOB. Ill
bed in the porphyry. The top of the Pilot Knob, according to our
sketch, is composed of" blue conglomerates." These consist of a
dark, bluish-gray, porphyric matrix, enclosing large and small, but
mostly sharp-edged, pieces of a light-gray, or reddish-gray to red-
dish-brown, porphyry. No distinct feldspar-crystals are visible in it.
But the blue matrix contains numerous small, almost microscopic,
crystals of iron-ore, more or less equally distributed through its
mass. These conglomerates are all strongly magnetic with polarity.
They have frequently a distinct though wavy stratification.
They form large groups of rocks on the summit, and compose
the upper part of the mountain itself, directly overlying the ore-bed,
into which they pass by degrees, becoming more and more im-
pregnated with ore and mixing with ore irregularly above the bed.
They also lose their conglomeratic character in this direction, and
a few feet above the ore-bed constitute a uniform bluish-gray por-
phyry, strongly impregnated with ore, and containing thin layers
of a fine conglomerate.
Their maximum thickness, measured to the top of the rocks, may
be estimated at an average of about 100 feet ; that of the ore-bed
at about 40 feet. Immediately below the ore-bed we find the same
uniform bluish-gray porphyry, which directly overlies it, also mixed
with small ore-crystals, although in a less number. These " blue
porphyries " are likewise found on the surface for some distance down
the slope of the hill, as is indicated on the above sketch. All of
them contain a little ore in very minute, isolated crystals, not often
visible to the naked eye.
A B and C represent mining excavations or cuts made in the ore-
bed itself, but cutting also through the porphyry and conglomerate
above it.
Lower down on the slopes of the hill, especially on the northern
and eastern sides, we find the red porphyries cropping out in
masses of such a size and position as to leave very little doubt that
a large portion if not the whole of the middle and lower parts of
the hill must be composed of them. They are mostly hard and un-
altered, and correspond in their appearance to the general descrip-
tion given above, containing but rarely admixtures of feldspar-
crystals or of quartz.
Such is the distribution of the rocks on Pilot Knob. We notice,
however, two streaks of "blue conglomerates with ore," running
112 IR ON- ORES OF MISSO URL
down the hill, one on the north-east and one on the west side.
These conglomerates, with specks and impregnations of crystalline
ore, are similar to those found on the summit. They are all broken
up, in pieces and bowlders, partly decomposed, and are evidently
washed down from above. This seems to have taken place on quite a
large scale on the west and south-west sides, where these broken and
either partly or entirely decomposed masses are spread in consider-
able thickness over a large area, and reach down to the foot of the
hill. The ascent of the Pilot Knob is much less steep there than on
the northern and eastern slopes. These loose masses are to a great
extent altered into white or yellow clay. Several shafts have been
sunk into them to a depth of near 70 feet without reaching the solid
rock. We find another, though smaller accumulation of broken
and decomposed materials along the foot of the hill on the north
side. There we find also feldspathic rock, feldspar mixed with
quartz, quartz without admixture, and pieces of stratified porphyry.
In a few places at the foot of ( the north-eastern and north-west-
ern slopes we find deposits of magnesian limestone, apparently over-
lying the porphyry.
Fig. 19.
P I LOT. KNOB
AS StEN FROM TMt W O w T I s
WITH SURFACE C.B.OCOGV
Fig. 19, giving a side-elevation of the Pilot Knob, from the north
side, with the surface-geology, will convey a clearer idea of the dis-
tribution of rocks over the hill, as described. It shows the red
porphyries spreading over the lower two-thirds of the hill, but part-
ly covered by decomposed materials and by loose, broken porphy-
ries and conglomerates. Higher up it shows the region of the blue
porphyries, with the mining-cuts A B and C, which indicate the
position of the ore-bed. It finally shows the conglomerates on the
summit.
It must be remarked that this sketch does not represent a sec-
PILOT KNOB. 113
tion, but a view of the hill. It is, however, probable that it
would represent a pretty correct section through the Pilot Knob
from east to west, if we would mark the whole mass below the
"region of blue porphyry " as "-red porphyry," leaving off the
mention of the various detrital materials, which probably only cover
the surface to a certain depth.
The ore-bed, and the stratified conglomerates above it, dip
toward the south-west from 13 to 22 degrees, according to Pro-
fessor Pumpelly, who ajso found the strike to be S. 5 E.
I will add here some sections through the ore-bed, as they ap-
pear in the three mining-cuts A B and C on Pilot Knob, to illus-
trate more fully the mode of occurrence of the ore in this deposit.
The ore itself has been described in section B of this report.
Fig. 20.
N.E..
CUT "C
PILOT. KNOB
Fig. 20 is a cross-section through the highest and most eastern
cut C made in the upper outcrop of the ore-bed. This section
shows the following consecutive strata :
I. Broken-up porphyric mass, without stratification, containing
numerous irregular fissures. Its color is bluish gray. It encloses
flakes of green serpentine, and small masses of white clay and of
half-decomposed red porphyry. The thickness, as far as uncov-
ered, is 15 feet.
8
114
IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
2. Seam of hard, blue porphyry. 3 inches thick.
3. Compact porphyric mass, partly bluish gray, partly reddish
brown, containing some serpentine in fissures. 10 feet. Between
3 a,nd 4 is a large empty fissure, parallel to the strata, evidently
produced by a sliding motion of layer 4 over layer 3.
4. Bluish-gray porphyry, distinctly stratified. Strata parallel to
those of the ore. 8 feet.
5. Dark-blue, nearly black porphyry, mixed with ore irregularly.
4 feet.
6. Good-looking though silicious specular ore. 16 feet.
7. Is composed of three parts, namely, a i-foot stratum of hard,
red porphyry without ore, a 1-2 feet stratum of ore, interstratified
with red porphyry in very thin layers, and a i-inch seam of light-
gray clay-slate.
8. Stratified ore, good strata alternating with others which are
intimately mixed with fine quartz. 22 feet.
Fig. 21.
Fig. 21 represents the main cut B, which is about 420 feet above
the valley west of the knob, and 160 feet below the highest point.
This figure shows the foot-wall, consisting of a slightly ferriferous,
blue porphyry ; the main ore-bed (H H) nearly 40 feet thick, con-
sisting of somewhat silicious specular ore, stratified more or less dis-
tinctly; a seam of light-gray clay-slate, varying from 6 to 18 inches
in thickness, and containing no particles of ore whatever ; another
irregular layer of ore (H H) above the seam, mixing gradually
with and passing into the blue conglomerate (B C).
PILOT KNOB. 115
The ore in the central part of the cut below the slate-seam is con-
siderably softer than that either east or west of it. Analyses of
these various ores have been given in section B.
If the slate-seam in cut B, Fig. n, is the same as that in cut C,
Fig. 10, as it appears to be, the thickness of the ore below the seam
diminishes considerably toward the south-east, while the thickness
of the ore above the seam increases in the same proportion, leaving
the total thickness of the ore the same. The absence of ore in the
slate-seam makes it probable that this seam is of later origin than
the ore, being, perhaps, produced by a slide of the upper part of
the bed over the lower part, whereby, through the irregularities of
the surfaces, an empty fissure was left in places, similar to the empty
fissure between layers 3 and 4 in Fig. 10, and was gradually filled
up with a fine clay washed into it by surface-waters.
Fig. 22.
CUT 'A'
PILOT. KNOB
Fig. 22 is a section exposed by the mining-cut A, made on the
lowest and western outcrop of the ore-bed, as may be seen on Figs.
8 and 9. We have here a disturbed locality before us. A portion
of the ore-bed may have been underwashed here, broken off", and
fallen down on the slope of the hill, the debris being then either
carried away by floods or buried under the porphyric detritus.
We see, therefore, in this cut an abrupt end of the ore-bed below
the slate-seam. Above the ore and the seam, and close to the ore
below the seam, is a nearly vertical streak of broken porphyric
masses with some ore, permeated nearly vertically by numerous
fissures mostly filled with red, yellow, and white clay or loam,
washed into them from above. The porphyric parts are to a great
extent converted into green steatite. Many pieces are thus altered
1 1 6 IR ON- ORES OF MISSO URL
on the outside, while the inside is yet tolerably fresh porphyry.
The broken ore is poor and silicious, similar to the less pure ore
above the slate-seam in cut B. This whole irregular and mixed
mass was evidently produced by a fall, and subjected, during a
long period, to the influence of surface-waters. Adjoining it,
below the seam, we find a breccia of ore, imbedded in more or less
fine porphyric detritus, above the seam a mass of blue, ferriferous
porphyry (B P), which is solid where the slate-seam is in its natural
position, but broken up into a blue conglomerate (B C) where the
slate-seam makes a sudden turn downward, indicating another
break- down, produced by an underwashing of the stratum of blue
porphyry.
The cut A, according to this description, presents two disturb-
ances or falls, which have occurred at different times. The one
affected the ore-bed and all the overlying strata ; the second, of
smaller extent, broke up a thick layer of porphyry only. The slate-
seam runs across the first fall undisturbed, and must, therefore,
have come into existence some time after the occurrence of the
fall. As the latter produced ore-breccia, it must have occurred after
the formation of the ore, from which it follows that the slate-seam
is much younger than the ore-bed. The softness of the clay-slate
that fills the seam corroborates this statement. The second fall in
cut A breaks the slate-seam, and must therefore have taken place
after the formation of the latter, and a long time after the occur-
rence of the first fall, and after the formation of the ore-bed.
As to the extent of the Pilot Knob deposit, we find, by throwing a
look on the map, Fig. 8, that as far as opened at present, by the
three cuts, A, B, and C, it seems to cover a triangular area,
measuring 1,000 feet along the base, from east to west, and 600 feet
in the height of the triangle. But the fact that the ore-bed dips in
the south-western direction, at nearly the same angle as the surface
of the ground, leaves the possibility of its extension over a consid-
erable distance in that direction.
In regard to the geological and chemical action which may have
created the ore-deposit on Pilot Knob, we must recall the in-
troductory remarks on the formation of the specular-ore deposits of
this region in general. Referring to this deposit specially, I fully
agree with Professor Pumpelly, who, by more detailed and more
thorough investigations, has come exactly to the same conclusion,
PILOT KNOB.
namely, that it has been formed by a gradual replacement of stra-
tified porphyry by ore, effected by solutions similar to those which
deposited the ore in the Iron Mountain and in the other places.
The stratification of the ore-bed, and of the impregnated and
half-metamorphosed porphyries overlying it, is very plain and
regular.
Stratified porphyries are found at the foot of the north-eastern
slope of the knob, and very extensively in a large district east of it ;
but C, Fig. 20, shows a layer of red porphyry interstratified with
ore.
The general appearance of the ore-bed, especially as shown in
cut B, Fig. 21, as well as the appearance of numerous single speci-
mens, and the partly impure and silicious character of the ore, nat-
urally suggest the idea of an impregnation and gradual replacement
of porphyry by ore, besides other circumstances mentioned in my
introductory remarks.
Furthermore, such a replacement is not only possible, but it must
be expected, at least partially, under certain circumstances.
When a solution of sulphate or chloride of iron, containing
also carbonic acid, remains during a long time in contact with
porphyry, the carbonic acid will decompose the porphyry, com-
bining with its alkalies and dissolving them. The alkaline car-
bonates will almost simultaneously precipitate oxides of iron from
the solution, and these oxides will fill the pores produced in the
porphyry by the removal of the alkali. The silica is thereby set
free, and will perhaps also to a small extent be dissolved, but the
greater part of it will remain mixed with the ore, and make the
latter silicious. The removal of the silicate of alumina contained in
the porphyry is more difficult to explain. It has been shown,
however, by Bischof, in his Lehrb. d. chem. und phys. Geol., ed.
1863, vol. i. p. 86, that silicates of alumina can be decomposed by
bicarbonate of iron in solution, and removed in the form of a
soluble bisilicate of alumina and iron.
Considering, in our present case, that the solutions producing the
transformation did not act perhaps on silicate of alumina pre-
viously existing as a free substance, but that they may be supposed
to have acted on silicate of alumina which was undergoing at the
same time its separation from the alkalies, and therefore, quasi in
1 1 8 IR ON- ORES OF MISSO URL
statu nascendi, various other modes of decomposition or solution
may be thought of.
This is not, however, the place to discuss such questions. My
only purpose in touching them was to show the possibility of a
chemical action, by which the formation of the Pilot Knob deposit
by replacement may have, and undoubtedly has, taken place.
Another question regarding the formation of this deposit, is,
whether the solutions from which the ore was precipitated were
conveyed to this locality through fissures, and whether, therefore,
veins of iron-ore will be likely to exist below or in close proximity
to the ore-bed. It is very probable that the solutions were con-
veyed through either small or large fissures ; but from this it does
not follow necessarily that these fissures must contain deposits of
ore ; for the deposition of ores or of other substances, in fissures
or cavities, is not alone dependent on the presence of the cavities
and of the solutions which contain these substances. It is also
dependent on various other circumstances, as temperature, un-
limited or limited access of air, presence of other mineral solu-
tions, facility of renewal of the matters to be deposed, rapidity of
motion, and others. It is therefore not to be expected, with any
degree of certainty, that cavities through which chalybeate waters
flow, or were flowing, should contain deposits of iron-ore. Also
a temporary deposition, and subsequent re-dissolution under altered
circumstances, is possible and frequently met with.
Thus, the existence of ore-veins below or close to the Pilot Knob
bed is possible, but by no means certain.
Shepherd Mountain, T. 34, R. 4, E., Sec. 31, N. E. i^, Iron
County. This hill is named after Professor Forrest Shepherd, of
St. Louis, who made the first investigations regarding the valuable
ore-deposits it contains.
Dr. A. Litton, Professor at Washington University, St. Louis,
has given an excellent description of the Shepherd Mountain, in
Professor Swallow's second annual report of the Geological Survey
of Missouri, to which description but little has to be added, be-
cause the mining operations which have been carried on there
since that report was published, seventeen years ago, have proved
the correctness of Dr. Litton's views, in nearly all their details.
Although Shepherd Mountain is but little over one mile distant
from the Pilot Knob, its ore-deposits are of an entirely different
SHEPHERD MOUNTAIN.
IIQ
character, being unquestionably veins, which, if they do not cut
through the hill in its whole width, certainly extend over consider-
able distances. I give, in Fig. 23, a small map showing the relative
position of the Pilot Knob, Shepherd Mountain, and Cedar Hill,
also indicating the surface-geology of that district.
Fig. 23.
BUZZARD MOU N T.
y
M A P ~
SHOWING THE SURFACE 6EOL06Y
r w i VICINITY on
PI LOT.K NOB
Shepherd Mountain is principally composed of normal porphyry,
of a pretty uniform brown color, and containing either transparent
or red and opaque feldspar-crystals, evenly distributed. This por-
phyry sometimes contains seams or small irregular masses of red
120 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
porphyry, which look as if produced by changes caused by infiltra-
tions of some kind. The brown porphyry is in places beautifully
banded, but never stratified. Some of it, on the upper part of the
hill, is magnetic with distinct polarity, and is then found to be inti-
mately mixed with single, microscopic particles of ore, absolutely
invisible to the naked eye. The porphyry close to the ore-veins
is considerably decomposed, quite soft, and mixed with large
masses and veins of red and white clay. These clayish masses are
sometimes impregnated with ore, or permeated by small veins of
ore, which veins also penetrate more or less into the solid and in-
tact porphyry. On the summit of the hill, south-east of cut B, we
find a zone of red porphyry, about 50 feet wide, running across the
hill from east to west, as indicated in Fig. 13.
Three places have been opened on Shepherd Mountain, marked
respectively A, B, and C on.the map.
Cut A has disclosed a vein of specular ore, with some magnetite,
IO to 20 feet wide, nearly vertical, striking N. 62 E. (true). This
cut is about 500 feet long.
Cut B on the west side has opened a length of about 1,000 feet of
a quite similar vein, striking N. 68 E. (true). This vein, how-
ever, contains very little, if any, true magnetite, but is almost ex-
clusively composed of specular ore.
The southern cut, C, is hardly opened enough to see its charac-
ter. It looks thus far like a vein striking pretty nearly in the same
direction as the other two veins, and containing a coarsely crystal-
line, specular ore, crossed by numerous thin seams of red por-
phyry.
It will be noticed that the strike of these veins is directed toward
the Pilot Knob.
These deposits have undoubtedly originated in the same manner
as those on Iron Mountain ; but the surrounding porphyry has
been very little altered, while most of that on Iron Mountain is en-
tirely decomposed.
Smaller Deposits of Specular Ore in Porphyry, Cedar Hill, T.
34, R. 4, E.,Sec. 30, Iron County. The position of Cedar Hill can
be seen on the map, Fig. 13. This map shows that the surface-geology,
on the south-eastern slope of Cedar Hill, is very similar to that of Pilot
Knob, the red porphyry at the foot passing into bluish and conglomer-
atic porphyries toward the summit. In the place marked A, however,
CEDAR HILL. 121
where a mine has been opened in summer, 1872, the porphyry is red
again. This red porphyry, however, takes a bluish color in the
proximity of the ore, and the walls of the ore-deposits are in some
places composed of a blue, porphyric conglomerate, similar to that
on Pilot Knob. This seems to indicate that the blue color, and per-
haps also the conglomeratic to spherulitic structure, might be due
to infiltrations of the same ferriferous solutions which deposited
the ore.
The Cedar Hill is not sufficiently opened to allow a judgment
regarding its ore-deposits. In September, 1872, about two acres
of ground were freed from the soil, and showed two parallel,
vein-like segregations, I to 4 feet in width, and about 100 feet
in length, cropping out on the surface. Their strike was about
60-70 north-west. A shaft 10 feet deep was sunk on one of them,
but showed it to be of an irregular section, so as to leave some un-
certainty regarding its continuation in depth. These small segre-
gations, surrounded by hard and solid porphyry, are not always
workable in themselves, but they may be offshoots of some larger
deposit, to the discovery of which they might lead.
Occurrences of specular ore were observed in some other locali-
ties in that vicinity, namely, in T. 34, R. 4, E., Sec. 18-19, 1 7~2O,
andT. 34, R. 4, E., Sec. 19, S. W.i< S. W.%.
One and one-half miles east of Pilot Knob, in T. 34, R. 4, E.,
Sec. 28, N.^, coarsely crystalline specular ore is found in seams
through a red, banded, and stratified rock, of the appearance and
fracture of jasper, overlying a series of stratified porphyries. The
succession of strata which presents itself there, with a south-western
dip, is from south-west to north-east, as follows :
Slates of red, banded porphyry.
Stratified quartz-porphyry.
Slates of red porphyry.
Green porphyry.
Banded jasper.
Jasper, with specular ore.
Buford Hill, T. 35, R. 3, E., Sec. 26, two miles west of Iron
Mountain, in Iron County, is a pretty high and steep hill, consist-
ing principally of brown porphyry, occasionally mixed with a
brown, jasper-like, feldspathic rock, and with light-red porphyry in
some places. These three kinds of rocks seem to be mixed there
122 IR ON- ORES OF MISSO URL
irregularly. Some micaceous iron-ore, mixed with quartz, is found
in a depression between the hill itself and a low spur on its north-
eastern side. Red porphyry occurs at a short distance south of it.
The quartzeous ore is spread in large and small pieces over the
ground, and extends along the slope of the hill over a distance of
more than one hundred feet, in a line striking north-east to south-
west. A little lower down on the same slope a streak of greenstone
may be observed, running about parallel to the direction of the ore.
This greenstone, which occurs in loose fragments, is fine grained,
of a dark-green color, with white specks. It has the appearance of
a diorite. It contains numerous black, microscopic crystals, of a
metallic lustre, probably peroxide of iron.
The same kind of ore, accompanied by the same kind of green-
stone, is said to exist in some places on the west side of the hill.
Nowhere, however, are plain indications of the presence of larger
masses of ore.
Buford Mountain, N. E. ^ Sec. 24, T. 33, R. 3, E., Iron County,
contains a bed of manganiferous specular ore in decomposed por-
phyry, apparently of a not inconsiderable extent.
Big Bogg Mountain, S. E. ^ Sec. 13, T. 33, R. 3, E., the Rus-
sell No. i bank, E. ^ Sec. 3, T. 33, R. 3, E., and the Shut-in
bank, N. ^ Sec. 2, T. 33, R. 4, E., all in Iron County, are also
deposits of specular ore in porphyry, and have been mentioned
and described by Dr. A. Litton in the second geological report.
Lewis Mountain, S. ^ Sec. 6, T. 33, R. 4, E., Iron County,
one and one-half miles south-west of Arcadia, is a small porphy-
ry-hill, at the foot of which magnesian limestone is deposited in
nearly horizontal strata. The slopes of the hill are covered with
red and yellow clay and loam, 30 to 40 feet thick, mixed with half-
decomposed pieces of porphyry. Above this is 2 to 4 feet of soil,
mixed with rounded pieces of hard, specular ore, some pure, some
mixed irregularly with brown porphyry in such a way as to indi-
cate a gradual replacement of porphyry by ore. Indeed, in some
specimens the brown porphyry, containing feldspar-crystals and
brown quartz-grains, passes imperceptibly into specular ore; where-
by the feldspar- crystals disappear, while the brown grains of quartz
are preserved, and lie in exactly the same manner in the ore as in the
porphyry.
An irregular vein, varying from I to 5 feet in thickness,
HOG AN MOUNTAIN
123
strikes across the hill about N. 75 W. This vein contains in
some places specular ore, while in other places, where the vein is
thinner, it is filled with red loam. This fact seems to show that the
vein, which was originally of a more limited extent, has been
opened more and extended by the crystallization of the ore, or by
freezing water, and that the cracks thereby produced were after-
ward filled with loam washed into them from above. Some red,
blue, and conglomeratic porphyries occur near the ore, and also
small accumulations of micaceous ore-crystals, accompanied by
quartz.
Cuthbertson bank, north-west quarter Sec. 19, T. 33, R. 4, E.,
and Ackhurst bank, south-west quarter Sec. 18, T. 33, R. 4, E.,
are deposits of manganiferous specular ores and magnetites and man-
ganese-ores.
Hogan Mountain, south-east quarter Sec. 14, T. 33, R. 3,E.,
Fig. 24.
CUT ON HOGAN MOUNTAIN
124 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
Iron County, contains irregular pockets of mostly soft, coarsely
crystalline or micaceous, specular ore, in a peculiar, light-red, granular
quartz-porphyry, which in the immediate vicinity of the ore is de-
composed, and assumes a blue color when mixed with the ore.
Fig. 24 represents a section of such a pocket as opened by a cut.
The massive, red porphyry on both sides of the cut is of the above
description, and is covered by a dry soil, containing many pieces of
broken porphyry. On both sides of the pocket we find the red
porphyry half decomposed to a thickness of several feet. We fur-
ther find, in immediate contact with the ore, a blue porphyry, mixed
with some ore. The pocket itself is filled in its lower part with a blue
porphyry conglomerate, strongly impregnated and mixed with ore,
and in its upper part with pure, soft, crystalline, specular ore. This
pocket, getting smaller below, runs out into a fissure, which splits
in several branches, enclosing a large fragment of half-decomposed
red porphyry, and a mass (C) of a gray conglomerate, mixed with
pieces of a jasper-like porphyry and with quartz. The fissures are
filled with a soft, loose, chloritic clay, undoubtedly a product of the
decomposition of adjacent porphyries. R P is a dark, reddish-
brown, very hard and massive porphyry.
It seems probable, from this section, that the solution which has
deposited the ore has come from the side, or from above, out of
fissures in porphyries which have since been destroyed and washed
away, and that the cracks below the pocket were opened either by
the crystallization of the ore or by the freezing of water, and after-
ward filled with fine clay.
There are several small deposits of a similar character on Hogan
Mountain.
b. DEPOSITS OF SPECULAR ORE IN SANDSTONE.
The valuable and, in part, extensive deposits of specular ore in
sandstone, the ores of which have been described in Chapter III. of
the present report, occur in the eastern part of central Missouri,
south of the Missouri River, especially in Crawford, Phelps, and
Dent Counties, and constitute, together with the two following cate-
gories c. and d. of ore-banks, that iron-ore region in the State which
in Chapter II. I have called the " Central Region." It has been
mentioned there that many of these deposits have undergone great
disturbances in their position. I shall describe under the present
SPECULAR ORE IN SANDSTONE. 125
head, b., only such deposits of specular ore in sandstone as are
either entirely undisturbed, or which have been broken in place by
being underwashed, or by a contraction of underlying strata or of
their own mass, without subsequent removal of any great portion
of their mass. Those deposits which were broken and separated
into two or several parts, the single parts being shifted or moved to
a greater or less distance, I shall describe under the two following
heads, c. and d.
All these deposits belong to the Lower Silurian formation, and
more especially to those strata which have been designated and
described by Prof. G. C. Swallow, in the Second Annual Report of
the Geological Survey of Missouri, page 125, as ' ; Second Sand-
stone." Wherever I have been able to trace distinctly the geolo-
gical position of these specular-ore banks, I have found them to be
associated with this second sandstone, which has its place above
the third and below the second " Magnesian Limestone." As the
second sandstone is represented more or less extensively in the
whole central part of southern Missouri, a great portion of which
has been very little investigated as yet, we may hope that numerous
other deposits will yet be discovered in the State, besides those to
be described hereafter, and besides all those to be mentioned in our
ore-bank list in Chapter V.
These deposits of specular ore have generally a lenticular shape,
with either circular or elliptic outlines. They are frequently found
in an inclined position, in which case they usually dip with the
slope of the hill. Sometimes the ore is cut off abruptly at the out-
skirts, by nearly vertical walls, consisting of nearly vertical layers
of clay, chert, and sandstone. In this case, these deposits appear
like large, round, somewhat lenticular pockets in the sandstone,
clad with layers of clay and chert, and filled with specular ore,
which is often more or less altered into soft, red hematite. The
thickness of these deposits is in the average about one-fifth to one-
sixth of their average diameter. The ore is directly surrounded
and underlaid by formerly continuous, but now broken and discon-
nected, strata of green or gray chert or flint, sometimes mixed with
a fine, silicious, white clay, or with red loam. Below these chert-
layers we find alternating strata of chert, sandstone, and of chert-
breccia cemented by sandstone, sometimes continuous, but mostly
broken. Below these are the regular strata of the second sand-
126 IR ON- ORES OF MISSO URL
stone, running parallel with the above, and forming a circular or
elliptic depression, in which the deposit lies. At the outskirts of
this depression, where the sandstone strata suddenly change their
nearly horizontal position, to curve downward and to run beneath
the ore-deposit, the upper strata are frequently broken off, and form
an annular outcrop round the deposit.
All these various rocks surrounding and underlying the specular-
ore deposits, have in some cases their original and natural color
and appearance, while in other cases they are ferruginous, or colored
and impregnated by iron-ore, whereby the sandstone turns brown
or black, and glittering with numerous fine ore-crystals throughout
its mass, while the chert is colored green or red, and the clay or
loam is transformed into a reddish-brown, sometimes pretty hard,
ferruginous clay-rock.
In the Meramec bank we find regular layers of clay, chert, and
sandstone, not only under but also above the ore-deposit. In
most other places the ore is either covered with loose detritus, bro-
ken chert, and soil, or else it lies bare, in which latter case the specu-
lar ore is often changed into limonite near the surface.
The above description gives us the following two series of suc-
cessive layers of rocks lying above, in, and under the specular-ore
deposits in sandstone :
1. Sandy and Ckerty Soil.
( Sandstone with solid chert-layers. Same, impregnated } chert d etr i tus an( j L ;.
2. K with iron-ore. Sandstone, loam, and chert, broken v
( and mixed. Solid chert. Broken chert and clay. )
3. Soft Red Hematite.
4. Hard Specular Ore.
^. White clay or red loam. Ferruginous clay-rock.
6. Clay and broken chert. Ferruginous chert -breccia.
... , ,., , ( Sandstone, colored or im-
7. Broken sandstone and chert with layers of solid chert, -j pregnated by i ron . ore .
8. Second, Lower Silurian, Sandstone.
Not all these strata are equally and invariably represented in all
the deposits.
All the beds of rock thus associated with the ore-deposits seem
to be in the same relative position in which they have originated,
but to be in part broken, in part half-destroyed and altered.
It seems that these specular-ore deposits were originally formed
in a lenticular shape, and imbedded in or on a sandstone containing
layers of chert, and that they were afterward partially or wholly
underwashed, some of the softer sandstone being thus removed,
LIMESTONE IN HENRY COUNTY. 127
while the harder cherty parts and layers remained. In consequence
of this action, a slight shifting of the whole mass of ore may have
taken place, which somewhat crushed and mixed some of the un-
derlying materials, and brought the deposit in a more or less in-
clined position. In some instances large caves, which are so com-
mon in all limestones, and which are undoubtedly formed by the
dissolving action of acid waters, may have existed in the Third
Magnesian Limestone, below the ore-deposits, and may have caused
either a gradual or a sudden sinking, without which the origin of
the pockets with almost vertical walls, in which such deposits are
sometimes found, cannot easily be explained. The original len-
ticular masses of ore may have been formed either by deposition
from chalybeate waters in depressions on the surface of the sand-
stone, and afterward covered by other strata, and condensed and
altered by pressure and higher temperature, or else they may have
come into existence by a gradual replacement of lenticular limestone-
deposits formed in the above-described manner in the sandstone.
While the first supposition appears as the more simple and as the
more natural and intelligible one, the second one is supported by
the two following facts :
Irregular rounded masses of a very dense and hard orange-yel-
low, subcrystalline limestone, interspersed with pretty large gray
crystals of carbonate of iron, are sometimes .met with in the midst
of the ore, and passing into the latter.
Mr. G. C. Broadhead found, in the lower coal-measures of Henry
County, a stratum of limestone from 3 to 6 inches thick, which is
partly converted into red hematite, containing no carbonic acid.
This transformation has taken place from both the upper and the
lower surfaces of the stratum, and has reached a thickness of three-
quarters to one inch, from either surface, while the interior consists
yet of the unaltered gray limestone.
Another fact, however, which speaks in a certain measure against
the second of the above two suppositions, is this, that lenticular
deposits of limestone have nowhere been observed in the Silurian
sandstone of Missouri. I will not attempt to decide whether any
such deposits have existed and have all been metamorphosed into
ore-deposits, or whether the supposition is incorrect.
These undisturbed or slightly-disturbed deposits may be recog-
nized by the following external characteristics :
128 'IR ON- ORES OF MISSO URL
1. They mostly occupy a high topographical position, lying on
summits of hills or of ridges if undisturbed, or on the upper part
of slopes close to the summits if somewhat disturbed.
2. They have a circular or elliptical outline, inside of which the
ground is covered all over with surface-ore of various sizes, partly
specular, partly limonite, more or less rounded and smoothed, es-
pecially on the upper side, from being exposed to rain and storm.
The larger the size of these pieces and bowlders on the surface, the
more confidently a good deposit may be expected.
3. They are surrounded by annular outcrops of solid or broken
red clay-rock, chert-breccia, black or brown impregnated sand-
stone, and finally of yellow or white sandstone. These annular
sandstone outcrops are frequently very conspicuous.
4. The slope of the hill shows also, outside of these annular out-
crops, streaks of smaller and more rounded surface-ore, evidently
washed down from the original deposit, the main body of which
always lies inside the sandstone outcrops. The surface-ore is some-
times spread over the whole hill. In other localities it is concen-
trated in depressions and ravines, the soil and sandstone being con-
tinually washed away, while the heavy ore is left and concentrated.
In other not unfrequent instances the surface-ore on the slopes
covers swellings of the ground, encompassed or cut by two or more
diverging ravines. In such cases the surface-ore lies generally
pretty thick and close, and thus protects the underlying softer ma-
terials from being washed away as rapidly as the less protected por-
tions of the same slope. It is obvious that these swellings have been
produced by such an unequal protection of the ground. When
opened by shafts, these swellings are then found to consist of loose,
sandy detritus, with little or no ore, overlying the solid sandstone.
The extent of the surface-ore, however thick and close it may lie,
when outside of the annular outcrops of sandstone, is therefore
no proof of a corresponding extent of the deposit.
I will now proceed with the special description of a number of
ore-banks belonging to this category of undisturbed or slightly-
disturbed deposits of specular ore in sandstone.
Scotia No. 1, Sec. I, E. y 2 S. E. ^, T.' 38, R. 3, W., Crawford
County.
This deposit lies in a low sandstone-hill, which forms a spur on the
southern end of a higher limestone-hill, and is separated by two
SCOTIA MINE.
129
narrow valleys from the surrounding high hills, composed of Third
Magnesian Limestone at the base, and of Second Sandstone in the
upper part.
Fig. 25.
The Second Sandstone on which the ore is bedded occupies a
much lower level than the Second Sandstone which caps the sur-
rounding hills. It has undoubtedly sunk down gradually into its
present location, which is at the level of the limestone, by which it is
surrounded on three sides. The whole ore-bank sank down with
the sandstone, and by its weight may have kept the latter in place,
and protected it against destruction by the waters which effected the
erosion of the valleys on both sides.
S and L, on Fig. 25, mean that pieces of sandstone and limestone
are found there, mixed, on the surface. Distinct outcrops and
openings of both these kinds of rocks are found on the other two
hills, east and west of the ore-hill.
The broken line across the ore-hill shows the probable limit of
9
130
IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
the ore. The annular outcrop of sandstone round the ore is also
indicated. The surface-ore extends over an area about 1 80 feet
wide and over 200 feet long, a, b, c, are cuts made for the purpose
of mining the ore.
Fig. 26.
Ill
|SP
n n 5
i
o
o
H
>
to
m
o
O
Z
2 5
CA U>
il
^5:
o -<
Z (0
f EAST
The foregoing, Fig. 26, represents a section through the cuts a
and *, showing the interior structure of the upper part of the ore-
deposit.
SCOTIA MINE. 131
We see here nearly corresponding strata on both sides of the
ore, all dipping toward and apparently under the ore. There
is the Second Sandstone (S), yellowish-white, dipping about 40
on the west side, and considerably more on the east side.
Next to this sandstone is, on the east side, a stratum of breccia of
green, red, and yellow chert, mixed with pieces of sandstone, and
cemented by red loam 8 feet thick (B S). This same stratum, with
the same thickness, is represented on the west side ; but it is there
separated from the white sandstone by a stratum, 5 feet thick, of
Sandstone impregnated with fine, greasy ore (S and H), probably pro-
duced by an accidental and local infiltration into the regular Second
sandstone. Then follows, on the east side, a stratum (F), 2 feet
thick, of green and brown flint or chert, in solid and nearly un-
broken but very irregular layers. These strata will undoubtedly
meet below the level of the present section, and thus form a pocket,
in which the ore is placed.
The ore itself consists of large, irregular masses of hard, blue,
specular hematite (H H), getting more soft and light-colored out-
side, and passing into the soft, red hematite (S H), which surrounds
them, and which constitutes the greater part of the bank, as far as
opened at present. The soft, red ore is mostly greasy to the touch.
It contains sometimes streaks of broken chert and of clay, and is in
its upper part mixed with streaks and irregular masses of yellow
ochre. All this ore must have been formerly one solid mass of
specular ore, which was broken, and gradually softened, and sub-
jected to such transformations as I have described in section B.
Scotia Bank No. 2, S.E. %, Sec. 28, T. 39, R. 2, W , Crawford
County.
This seems to belong to this category of ore-banks, although
its exterior characteristics are not very plain, and although it is not
sufficiently opened to allow an exact judgment regarding its char-
acter. To judge from the surrounding hills and from the surface-
rocks, the hill seems to be composed of limestone capped by sand-
stone, or else of sandstone exclusively, and to contain a considera-
ble mass of ore, situated above the sandstone on the summit of the
hill. The ore is thickly covered by detritus on the north-east side,
while it is but a few feet below the surface on the south-west side,
near the summit. Its presence there has been proved both by a
shaft and by a ditch, which are from 80 to 90 feet apart.
132
IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
At the foot of the hill, which is about 150 feet below the summit,
a tunnel was made, and struck immediately under the soil, the soft,
red ore enclosing pieces and bowlders of specular ore, and numerous
broken stalactites of specular, partly converted into red, ore. This
ore, several feet thick, dips with the slope, and is underlaid con-
formably by a layer of green chert, 2 feet thick, which itself lies on
a mass of broken chert and sandstone, mixed with clay and loam.
All these materials that were struck by the tunnel are undoubtedly
detached parts of the main ore-bank on the summit.
Cherry Valley, No. 1, E. V 2 S. W. ^, Sec. 4, T. 37, R- 3, W.,
Crawford County, 6 miles east of Steelville.
JP.
H . H . SPECULAR ORE
B.H. BROWN HEMATITE
CHERRY VALLEY BANK .
i
Fig. 27 gives a topographical sketch of the two Cherry Valley
banks, neither of which is as yet opened. Nevertheless, the west-
ern or No. i bank will readily be recognized as a very distinct and
characteristic example of a nearly undisturbed deposit of specular
LAMB BANK. 133
ore in sandstone. The lower part of the hills in that region is com-
posed of Third Magnesian Limestone, the upper part of Second Sand-
stone. On the summit we observe an annular outcrop, several feet
thick, of white and yellow Second Sandstone, having in part the ap-
pearance of a vitreous quartzite, and dipping toward the centre,
but so steep that the strata are in most places nearly in a vertical
position. Inside of this outcrop of light-colored sandstone, and
placed conformably to it, is an annular outcrop of a sandstone col-
ored or impregnated by oxides of iron.
The circular space inside of these outcrops, 150 feet in diameter,
is entirely covered with ore, the numerous large bowlders consist-
ing principally of specular ore, while most of the smaller pieces are
altered partly into limonite, partly into soft, red hematite. This
space marks the position of the regular deposit, and a pocket of con-
siderable depth, filled with ore, will certainly be disclosed here by
future mining operations.
There is a gap in the sandstone outcrop on the south side, and
there the surface-ore is spread in considerable quantity down the
slope, outside the outcrops, in a streak 50 to 60 feet wide and about
200 feet long. The greater part of this surface-ore is changed into
limonite. An extension of the underground deposit in this direc-
tion cannot, however, be expected.
The eastern or No. 2 Cherry Valley bank, which is sketched in
Fig 27, does not show the exterior characteristics of an undisturbed
bank, although it contains very large and very numerous bowlders
of specular ore and of limonite on the surface, and although very
large masses of ore will undoubtedly be found there underground,
especially in the upper part of the hill. But it is, from its present
appearance, a disturbed deposit, belonging to the third category C,
of which I shall speak hereafter.
Lamb Bank, Sec. 35, T. 36, R. 6, W., Phelps County. This
bank is situated in the " Upper Meramec" district, on the dividing
ridge between the Benton Creek Valley and the Norman Hollow,
at the head of the western branch of Benton Creek.
The main part of the bank is situated close to the highest point,
and is nearly round, 150 to 200 feet in diameter. No distinct
annular outcrops are perceptible, however, and the limit of the
body of massive ore can therefore not be determined with great
accuracy. But an annular streak of ferruginous clay-rock and of
134
IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
chert-breccia can be traced nearly all round the bank, from the loose
pieces lying on the surface.
LAM A BANK.
A horizontal outcrop of white sandstone is found half-way down
the western slope, where also large bowlders of specular ore occur,
as well as in the western ravine, which is about 130 feet below the
bank.
The low, triangular slope south of the circular bank is covered
with small and rounded surface-ore, between the road and the little
ravine on the east side. This ore was undoubtedly washed down
from the main deposit.
Benton Creek Bank, Sec. 32, T. 36, R. 5, W., Crawford
County. On Benton Creek, in the " Upper Meramec " district.
The sketch (Fig. 29) shows a large hill, 150 to 200 feet high, cover-
ed with surface-ore, which is partly specular, partly limonite, partly
strongly-impregnated sandstone. The surface-geology indicates
yellow and white sandstone on the lower half of the hill, cropping
out in several places on the slopes and dipping in each case toward
the centre of the hill. On the north-west side we find a ferrugi-
nous or impregnated sandstone on the surface, extending in a
curved streak round the hill. All this points toward the existence
GROVER BANK.
135
of a large ore-deposit inside these sandstones. A peculiar feature
of this bank is a straight zone of very large bowlders of specular
ore running across the hill from north-west to south-east. This
bank is somewhat disturbed, but it has preserved its circular char-
acter. The mass of ore will probably be found broken, but not
scattered to a great extent.
Fig. 29.
BCNTON CREEK BANK.
This is one of the largest ore-banks in central Missouri, judging
from its appearance and dimensions.
Grover Bank, S. W. %, Sec. 2, & N. W. j^, Sec. 11, T. 35,
R. 4, TV., Crawford County. This ore-bank is situated in the
" Upper Meramec " district, on the top of a high ridge, with pretty
steep slopes, cut by numerous ravines, which descend gradually
through lower ranges of hills into the broad valley of Crooked
Creek.
The ore does not lie thick, either on the slopes or^on the hill. It is
more concentrated in the ravines. Fig. 30 presents an elevation,
showing the various rocks met with in going from the Crooked
136
IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
Creek valley up to the bank, namely, the Third Magnesian Lime-
stone, the Second Sandstone, which becomes ferruginous near the
bank, above this a thin streak of red clay with chert, and finally
the ore on the summit.
Fig. 30.
SHAFTS
G ROVER BANK
This succession of rocks and the situation of the bank seems to
warrant the presence of a good ore-deposit, although the surface-
ore is not very copious. Six small shafts have been dug on the
top of the hill, five of which were too near the outcrop of the ore,
and therefore, after cutting through 5 to 7 feet of soft red and of
specular ore, struck either the underlying white clay or the chert-
breccia or the impregnated sandstone. The sixth shaft was made
nearer the central part of the summit, and struck soft, red hematite
immediately below the soil, together with bowlders of specular ore
up to one foot in diameter. This shaft was brought down six feet
only in the ore, and then discontinued. The presence of a large
amount of soft ore in this locality proves that the bank has been
broken up and somewhat disturbed. But it is not likely that a con-
siderable part of the original mass of ore should have been washed
away.
Simmons Mountain, N. W. *^, Sec. 24, T. 34, R. 6, W.,
Dent County, y 2 mile south-west of Salem. This is one of the
largest, if not the largest deposit of specular ore in the central ore-
region. It received its name from its original owner, Mr. C. C.
Simmons, of St. Louis.
Fig. 32 is a view of the Simmons Mountain, which is a nearly
isolated hill about ninety feet high, above the plateau south of
Salem, on which' it is situated, and covering over thirty acres of
ground.
SIMMONS MOUNTAIN.
Fig. 32.
137
if.
V; / /
SIMMONS MOUNTAIN .
UNIT Of* 30UO ORe COVERING' A DISTRICT SOO'LONC *,
UMIT or OTHER HOCKS . e 8. OVTOHOP Of SANDSTONE.
The main body of the hill seems to be composed of Second Sand-
stone, which is found in pieces on the surface, and has been
uncovered by a digging at the foot of the north-western slope, close
to the road. The sandstone on the surface is mixed with pieces of
chert on the southern and south-western sides, near the base.
Higher up it is mixed with specular surface-ore, which extends
over a very large district, increasing in frequency and size toward
the summit.
Some of the surface-ore on the slopes is altered into a fine and
pure limonite (brown hematite), but most of it is specular. The
138 IR ON- ORES OF MISSO URL
latter occurs in bowlders, several feet in diameter. The follow-
ing topographical sketch will give a better idea of the surface-
geology.
We here notice, in addition to the occurrences just described, an
elliptic district, about 400 feet wide and 500 feet long, enclosing
the summit, and being very thickly covered with surface-ore.
This is the position and extent of the original deposit. As may be
seen on the sketch, it is surrounded by outcrops of sandstone (S),
which are especially distinct on the north and west sides, and are
ferruginous in several places. On the east side some outcrops of
sandstone are found lower down the slope. The dip of the sand-
stone cannot now be distinctly recognized, but this rock will un-
doubtedly be found to form a large elliptic pocket, filled with ore.
Inside of the upper sandstone outcrops, the surface bowlders are of
enormous size, evidently outcrops of an immense body of massive
ore. Wherever the soil is removed between these bowlders, ore is
found immediately below it.
Outside of this district, the surface-ore, although very large in
places and very plentiful, must be considered as being broken off
from the main deposit and thrown or washed down the hill. This
ore may have been at first imbedded in large masses of detritus of
sandstone which was broken off simultaneously with the ore.
Afterward this ore was concentrated on the surface by the slow
but unavoidable and merciless action of rain-water, which mechani-
cally destroyed and removed the light sandy materials surrounding
and underlying the ore, while the ore itself, being too heavy to be
carried off by such action, remained in place. This outside surface-
ore is therefore not indicative of the existence of large bodies of
ore below it.
These views have been fully verified by a number of shafts
which have lately been sunk on the Simmons Mountain, and which
on our sketch are marked by the numbers I to 9. The shafts 5, 6,
7, 8, and 9, which are outside the elliptic district, disclosed 15 to 25
feet of loose, sandy detritus, and finally struck the solid sandstone.
Shafts 5 and 6, which are the nearest to the deposit, met with more
clayish materials, and streaks and masses of white clay and chert,
which are so frequently found in close proximity to such deposits.
The shafts I, 2, 3, and 4, although sunk quite near the limits of the
deposit, but inside of them, went through 25 to 30 feet of solid,
POMER O Y BANK. 1 39
pure, specular ore, without reaching the foot-walls. I was lately
informed that, since my last visit, one of these shafts has struck the
clay at a depth of a little less than 30 feet. This is not at all aston-
ishing, on account of the proximity of the shafts to the limits of
the pocket. The fact that none of these shafts has reached the clay
at a less depth, proves that the walls of the pocket are nearly ver-
tical, and points to a great thickness of the ore in the central por-
tion of the deposit. At the foot of the Simmons Mountain, and
north of it, a well has been sunk, which is marked in Fig. 32.
This well is over 60 feet deep. It passed through
8 10 feet of soil and loose, sandy material.
6 7 feet of sandstone in broken layers.
15 18 feet of red, sandy loam.
6 feet of chert, in thick, broken layers.
6 8 feet of red, sandy loam.
3 4 feet of chert, in broken layers.
14 feet of chert, mixed with clay.
All the materials just mentioned seem to be remnants of destroy-
ed sandstones which must have formerly surrounded the Simmons
Mountain. The harder cherty strata have been evidently less
subject to destruction, and have therefore been left in place and
concentrated, while the greater part of the softer sandstone was
destroyed and carried off by the waters and floods, which effected
the erosion of the valleys in that region, besides washing away
whole strata of rocks. The body of the Simmons Mountain was
in a great measure protected against this action by the size and
weight of its ore-deposit, which seems to be nearly undisturbed,
resembling in this respect the Cherry Valley No. I and the Lamb
banks above described.
Pomeroy Bank, Sec. 10, T. 34, R. 6 W., Dent County, three
miles north-west of Salem.
This quite extensive ore-bank was evidently underwashed on the
west side, and broken and turned or moved in that direction, as
can be easily perceived from the study of the surface-geology on
our sketch. The mass of the ore does not seem, however, to be
much scattered, nor to have been removed to any considerable ex-
IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
tent ; so that we may rank this bank with the disturbed depos-
its (b).
JP.
BROWN 8*. '8LUE Oftt
V\ I ' j /
/ ^-^^EMAT.Tt^^:^^:----
POM E ft Q Y ORE BANK
The top of the hill is about 120 feet above the eastern valley;
but the surrounding hills are mostly higher than the Pomeroy
hill.
In throwing a look on Fig. 33, we find that the principal mass of
the surface-ore, although in large quantities and sizes, is here not
situated on the summit, but on the western slope, where indeed,
besides the cherty soil, hardly anything else but ore is seen on the
surface. The summit is occupied by ferruginous clay-rock and
pieces of ore altered into limonite. On the eastern slope we have
a zone of the well-known breccia of white and green chert, ce-
mented by clay-rock, and lower down the ordinary, white or yel-
low, Second Sandstone. No regular outcrops are to be seen ; but
TAYLOR BANK.
141
the succession of rocks from the east to the west, shows that a con-
siderable mass of ore must exist in the western and central parts of
the hill.
Taylor Bank, S. W. % of S. W. ft, Sec. 12, T. 34, R. 7, W.,
Dent County, eight miles north-west of Salem.
Fig. 34-
TAYLOR
BANK
On this topographical and geological sketch of the Taylor bank
we meet with circumstances very similar to those just described.
We find about the same succession of rocks, and the whole ore-
bank situated on the slope, the specular ore occupying the foot of
the hill. The surface-ore extends over an area about 400 feet
square. The main body of the ore will probably be found in
the upper part of the semicircular space, which is surrounded by
a zone of ferruginous rocks. This bank has been undoubtedly
underwashed on the south side, and disturbed in its position. North
! 42 fR ON- ORES OF MISSO URL
of the bank, near the summit of the hill, is one of the round sink-
holes which so frequently occur on hills composed of Second Sand-
stone and Third Limestone. They are, perhaps, caused by the
existence of large cavities in the limestone, which have caused a
sinking of the overlying sandstone. This sink-hole does not at
present seem to be in any connection with the ore-deposit.
Iron Ridge No. 1, N. E. %, Sec. 29, T. 39, R. 5, W., Crawford
County. I give here a plan and section of the Iron Ridge mine.
The ore-deposit seems to be of a lenticular shape, but curved hori-
zontally, while dipping at an angle of about 40 degrees toward the
east. The specular ore is all broken, and to a great extent altered
into soft, red hematite, in which the remains of the specular ore
are imbedded as half-converted bowlders. The deposit is entirely
surrounded by loose materials, and has undergone considerable dis-
turbances ; but at the time when these took place the ore-bank
must have been in a solid and intact state, because its limits are
sharp and well marked, and the main body of the ore, although
broken up interiorly, has not been separated into several smaller
bodies, nor scattered about, as far as can be seen at present. The
succession of rocks may be observed as follows :
1. Cherty and sandy soil. 1-3 feet.
2. Clayish and sandy detritus, white, yellow, and light red, en-
closing pieces of chert and chert-breccia in sandstone, and some-
times masses of soft sandstone. 40 feet.
3. Very hard breccia of sandstone, cemented by quartz. 2-4
feet.
4. Broken chert, imbedded in red and yellow clay or loam.
1-3 feet.
5. Soft, red ore, partly greasy, enclosing bowlders of hard
specular ore, exteriorly converted into red ore to a greater or less
extent. These bowlders form about one-third of the whole mass,
and grow larger with the depth, being apparently 5 to 8 feet in
diameter at the bottom of the main shaft. The average thickness
of the deposit, as far as now opened, is about 25 feet.
IRON RIDGE ORE- BANK.
143
PLAN OF MINE.
CUD. CrAYlSrt DETRITUS S.H. BOFTHEMATJTC
YELLOW PLASTIC CLAY K.H. HARD HEMATITE
Cl.+ F. CHERT IN RCO * YSLLOW CUY B.S. BROKEN SANOSTONC
S.O. SANDY OCTHITU8 ? , SANDSTONE
LIMIT or CUT LIMIT or ORE
1 44 IR ON- ORES OF MISSO URL
6. Yellow, plastic clay, sometimes with pieces of specular ore.
1-3 feet.
7. Red loam and white or yellow, sandy clay, irregularly
mixed, enclosing large bowlders of decomposed specular ore.
These bowlders are soft enough to be broken by picks and sledges,
and present in their fracture a variegated appearance, red, brown,
yellow, and black ore being mixed together, and containing specks
of white clay and in some places seams of quartz.
The original geological position of the Iron Ridge deposit cannot
be safely determined from its immediate surroundings, all the regu-
lar geological strata in that district being thickly covered by sandy
and cherty detritus, undoubtedly produced by a very extensive and
complete destruction of sandstones with chert-layers. A bore-hole,
a few hundred feet south-west of the ore-bank, on the same ridge,
went through 65 feet of this loose and irregular formation, without
striking the solid rock. Several wells were sunk in various places
in the valley to a depth of 45 feet. There, also, drifted masses
were found to a depth of 12 to 15 feet, consisting of broken chert,
of rounded pieces of sandstone, and of sand. Below this more
solid, yet not quite undisturbed, rocks were reached, consisting of
alternate strata of sandstone and more or less broken chert. Of
these strata, a thickness of 30 feet was pierced, without obtaining
water in desirable quantity.
The ore in the Iron Ridge deposit seems to extend to a consid-
erable depth. The main shaft is now over 50 feet deep, and has
not reached the end of the deposit.
Meramec Bank, N. W. %, Sec. i, T. 37, R. 6, W., Phelps
County, 7 miles south of St. James.
The Meramec bank, a section of which is given in Fig. 36, is a
lenticular deposit of a nearly circular outline, lying in clay and
chert beds, in the Second Lower Silurian sandstone. Its inclined
position, as well as the broken condition of the ore, indicate former
disturbances, probably caused by a partial destruction and removal
of the underlying sandstone, especially on the south side, where a
deep ravine or narrow valley has been eroded, perhaps by the
same waters that may have underwashed the ore-deposit.
In this valley, through which a road leads down to the Meramec
Iron Works, outcrops and bluffs of the Second Sandstone are exposed.
The dip of the sandstone is very irregular, mostly, however, 10 to
MERAMEC BANK.
Fig. 36-
145
SOUTH
NORTH.
s.
SECTION OF MERAMEC MINE
S. SECOND SANDSTONE Cl. + F.
S.*F. .SANDSTONE WITH FLINT F.
g.-F. Cb. 3*MO STONE WITH F I I NT& LO A M 6.H.
,*.H..r. SANDSTONE WITHORC fc. CHERT H-H,
LIMIT OF OUT
CLAY WITH CHE RT
SOU F LI MT
SOFT H EM ATITE
HARD HEM ATITE
20 degrees to the north-west, about in the direction of the ore-
bank. Lower down, in the vicinity of the iron works, the Third
Magnesian Limestone is exposed with a dip of 10 to 15 degrees
north-north-west. A large spring, discharging about 10,000 cubic
feet of water per minute, of a temperature of 58 F., uniform all
the year round, comes out of this limestone, proving that it must
contain enormous cavities and spacious subterranean channels.
The limestone is thickly bedded and contains numerous chert con-
cretions. The upper strata are more irregular, and enclose layers
and masses of sandstone. The Second Sandstone in the vicinity of
the ore -bank occurs on the north and west sides in distinct outcrops
dipping toward the ore. This sandstone is often thinly bedded,
and shows sometimes a wavy striation on' the surface of the layers,
similar to that which is frequently produced on loose river-sand by
the waves of a shallow water.
The succession of strata in a section through the ore-deposit,
as represented by Fig. 36, seems to be the following :
1. Second Lower Silurian sandstone.
2. Broken chert, imbedded in red, sandy clay. 12 feet.
3. Chert-breccia in sandstone. 4 feet.
4. Soft, red hematite with many bowlders of specular ore, more
or less altered on the outside ; also, in places, irregular, large
10
1 46 IR ON- ORES OF MISSO URL
masses of hard, yellow limestone, with seams and specks of car-
bonate of iron ; also, soft, greasy "paint-ore," red to dark purple,
the latter very pure in pockets on the surface of the deposit ; also,
streaks of soft, yellow ochre. The thickness of the deposit varies
from 5 to 40 feet.
5. White clay, mixed with broken chert, o to 5 feet.
6. Layers of solid chert. I to 2 feet.
7. Broken sandstone and chert, mixed with loam. I to 10 feet.
8. Impure and uneven sandy rock, impregnated with oxides of
iron and containing layers of broken chert. 5 to 20 feet.
9. Alternate layers of sandstone and of massive chert. 5 to 20
feet.
10. Dry, sandy soil, containing small, rounded particles of specu-
lar ore. y 2 to 2 feet.
All the strata above the ore are very irregular in their position
and thickness. Most of them can, however, be traced across the
whole mining-cut. That portion of the section, Fig. 36, which is
below the limit ( ) of the cut, is imaginary, and has been
added merely to give a clearer picture. The ore might, perhaps,
in the central part of the deposit, extend deeper into the sandstone
than is indicated in that section.
James Bank and Moselle No. 9, S. ^ of S. E. y[, Sec. 29,
T. 38, R. 6, W., Phelps County, 2 miles south of St. James.
These two banks are situated close together, on a low ridge, on
the plateau of St. James, between the Dry Fork and the Bourbeuse
Rivers.
The formation in that district is Third Magnesian Limestone,
capped by Second Sandstone. This may be observed along the
Dry Fork River, south of St. James. The two ore-deposits men-
tioned are in the sandstone. The sketch on next page, Fig. 37,
shows their relative position.
Both these banks are nearly worked out ; the best and richest ores
are all taken out, and the walls and the bottoms of the deposits are
laid bare. These places, therefore, offer a good opportunity for the
geologist to study the character of these pocket-like deposits in the
sandstone.
The ore formerly contained in these pockets was mostly soft,
red, and in part greasy hematite, enclosing large bowlders of specu-
lar ore. The ore filled a nearly circular depression in the sandstone,
JAMES AND MOSELLE BANKS.
147
with pretty steep walls. The ore was 10 to 15 feet higher in the
centre than at the circu'mference. The James bank had about
35 feet average height, and a diameter of over 200 feet, and fur-
nished about 30,000 tons of ore.
The Moselle bank was 20 feet thick in the average, and 150 feet
in diameter, and may have contained 12 to 15.000 tons of ore,
some of which is yet in place.
The James bank lies at the edge of the northern slope of the hill,
and dips slightly north. The Moselle bank lies at the edge of the
western slope, and dips west. These last observations, made on
two banks so similar in every respect, and in so close proximity to
each other, go far to prove that the dip of such deposits follows the
slope of the hill, and that both were produced by the same cause,
namely, by erosion.
The walls of these.two, now empty, banks, consist of a mixture of
green and white broken chert, with yellow and red clay, partly soft,
partly indurated.
The face of the walls is rather uneven, the ore reaching in places
into the chert in irregular masses. The limits between the chert
and the ore are, however, well marked. The bottom consists of a
white or gray broken chert, mixed with white clay.
A shaft has been sunk into this mass, in the centre of the James
bank, 22 feet deep, .without reaching the solid rock. In the lower
part of this shaft, the clay turned dark gray, green and black, and
148
IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
was mixed with iron pyrites, in small concretions or as a fine crys-
talline grit.
Beaver Creek Bank, S. j^, Sec. 33, T. 37, R. 8, W., Phelps
County, 5 miles south-west of Rolla. I give here a plan and an
elevation of the Beaver Creek bank, as far as it was opened and
known in summer 1872.
Fig. 38.
w.TrV/JSrYii'tVT ra
J
. SOLID
\
P
3 ~4 4
,. v p
,i
(
ORE
z
9
,
f
2
j
1
ttN ruHT V,^^,^^
T
CROSa - SECTION
BEAVER CREEK BANK.
It lies on the summit of a high ridge, near the head of Beaver
Creek. An excavation has been made into the ore, 7 f eet l n g>
30 feet wide, and 16 feet deep. The hill seems to consist of sand-
stone, which crops out on the slope about 60 feet below the mine,
as seen in the above elevation.
The ore seems to be pretty solid, and in its greater part specular,
but slightly altered or softened. The above plan shows that the
mass of ore extends about 70 feet from north to south, being cut
off on both sides by nearly vertical layers of green chert imbedded
in red loam. Next to this a layer of chert-breccia may be observed
on the northern wall. The extent of the deposit in other directions
cannot as yet be estimated, because the ground surrounding the
DEPOSITS OF SPECULAR ORE. 149
bank is covered by soil, without any plain surface-indications of
either rocks or ore.
Other deposits, which probably belong in this category, are the
Craig bank, in the "Upper Meramec " district; the Wiggins
and the Ziegler banks, in the Salem district; and the Mont Rouge,
Mocassin Bend, and Hancock banks, in the specular-ore district,
on the Middle Gasconade River, and in Miller County. The
exact location, with a few particulars, of these banks is given in
the general ore-bank list, section D.
C. DISTURBED DEPOSITS OF SPECULAR ORE.
The specular-ore deposits, of which I intend to speak under this
head, were originally such as described under b. They were, how-
ever, not only broken by contraction, or by underwashing, or by
more violent geological actions, but they were also divided into two
or more large portions, which portions were separated from each
other by the removal of one, or of more than one, or of all of them,
from their original position. We may, accordingly, distinguish two
kinds of such " disturbed deposits," namely :
1. Masses of specular ore which have been removed from their
original position and deposited elsewhere, in a more or less irregu-
lar manner, and
2. Remaining portions of original deposits, from which other
portions have been separated and removed.
Such disturbances must have taken place in some instances slowly
and gradually, in other instances with more rapidity and violence,
which difference of action must have exercised a marked influence
on the condition in which the various deposits are found at present.
The more rapid and violent this action was, or the greater the dis-
tance over which a certain mass of ore has been shifted, the more
will the present ore-bank be broken up, and the less of those more
solid rocks with which it was originally associated will adhere to it,
as chert, sandstone, breccia, and the more directly will it be im-
bedded in loose detrital materials.
Some of the deposits, which I shall describe or mention in this
category, are not yet sufficiently opened to give a final decision
regarding their character. They may prove to be broken-off parts
of larger deposits situated in close proximity, and may lead to
the discovery of the latter.
150 1R ON- ORES OF MISSO URL
FRANKLIN COUNTY ORE-DISTRICT.
Thurmond Bank, N. y 2 N. W. ^, Sec. 19, T. 41, R. i, W ,
Franklin County. This bank is situated 2 miles north of Stanton, in
a rather rough country, with steep, high hills, separated by narrow
valleys and ravines. The soil is mixed with, and in places cov-
ered, by broken white chert. No outcrops of regular geological
strata are perceptible, nor any surface-rocks, which might give a
clue to determine the formation. The Thurmond bank is as yet
but imperfectly opened. The surface-indications consist of a num-
ber of large pieces of limonite, and of some small, sharp fragments
of a very hard and silicious specular ore. They are scattered over
a surface about 50 feet wide and 200 feet long, over a slight swell-
ing of the ground extending down the slope of a moderately steep
hill.
A shaft was sunk here a number of years ago, in a vain attempt
to find copper-ores. It is said that this shaft, which is yet open to a
considerable depth, passed through 37 feet of red iron-ore. Some
heaps of soft, red, somewhat clayish hematite, mixed with pieces
of soft " paint-ore," are seen at the mouth of the shaft. All ap-
pearances indicate that this is a greatly disturbed and dislocated
deposit.
Old Copper Hill, E. y 2 N. E. %, Sec. 23, T. 40, R. 2, W.,
Crawford County.
This bank is not opened. It has externally a great resemblance
to an undisturbed bank, as which it would have to be considered if
the surface-ore was larger, less rounded, and more concentrated on
the summit of the hill. As it is, the bank has more the appearance
of being the remainder of a disturbed deposit, large parts of which
would have been removed. A circumstance which is very strange,
and which also points to a disturbance, is, that fragments of white
sandstone, in part sharp-edged, are found together with the surface-
ore on the summit, while the upper part of the hill generally seems
to consist of a dark-colored and ferruginous sandstone.
The hill is pretty steep, and nearly isolated. The surface-ore is
specular, in some places pure, in others mixed with sand, and pass-
ing into a strongly-impregnated sandstone. The pieces are all
rounded, none over head-size, most under fist-size.
The two shafts, indicated on the annexed sketch, were sunk to a
CHERRY VALLEY.
Fig- 39-
CILKERSON'S FORD
ON GRAND RIVER, HENRY CO
V!-*
OLD COPPER HILL BANK
!*. .V-.-J SURFACE ORE
depth of perhaps 20 or 30 feet, in loose sand and clay, mixed with
pieces of white sandstone. They did not reach any solid strata of
rock.
STEELVILLE ORE-DISTRICT.
Cherry Valley No. 2, W. % S. E. ^, Sec. 4, T. 37, R. 3, W.,
Crawford County.
This bank is represented in Fig. 27, and has been mentioned and
characterized in connection with, the description of the Cherry
Valley No. I bank, from which it is only ^ mile distant. It con-
sists of a streak of large and copious, specular and brown surface-
ore, about 20 feet wide and say 200 feet long, extending down the
south-western slope of a hill into a ravine, and a short distance up
the opposite slope. This bank has the appearance of a disturbed
152
IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
though undoubtedly very valuable deposit. Ore is found in less
quantity in several other places on the surrounding hills.
Steelville No. 1, E. y 2 S. W. ^, Sec. 5, T. 37, R. 4, W.,
Crawford County, 2 miles west of Steelville.
Fig. 40.
WtST
Ci.*r.
STEELVILLE ORE BANK
S ECT.ION .
The above sketch gives a section through this bank, which is
opened by a large mining-cut. As Fig. 40 shows, this bank
represents a typical example of a disturbed deposit of the first
kind. We see here an irregular mass (S H) of soft, red hematite,
with bowlders of specular ore lying at the foot of a hill, imbedded
in loose materials, as white clay (Cl), clay mixed with broken chert
(Cl + F), broken chert and sandstone mixed (F + S), red, sandy loam
(R Cl), and fine sandstone-detritus with some broken chert (S D).
The red loam encloses large bowlders (S) of a fine-grained, yellow,
very hard sand-rock. The position of all these materials, including
the ore, makes it evident that they must have slid down the hill,
some simultaneously, others at various times, and must have been
thrown there one over the other, in irregular layers.
Some of the loose materials round the ore are undoubtedly pro-
ducts of the destruction of cherty sandstone-strata, in which the
deposit originally lay. It will be noticed that the excavation made
by the miners has nearly reached the solid sandstone which seems
to compose the hill and which is likely to cut off the ore. There
are, however, indications of specular and red ores in other places,
which make it probable that other loose masses of ore have been
thrown down at the foot of this hill and buried under the detritus.
ARNOLD BANK. 153
ORE-DISTRICT ON THE UPPER MERAMEC RIVER AND ITS TRIBU-
TARIES.
Winkler Bank, S. ^, Sec. 14, T. 36, R. 6, W., Phelps County.
This bank is situated on the plateau between West Benton Creek
and Norman Hollow, and spreads over three flat hills, lying in a
north-south line, somewhat curved toward the east.
The south-eastern slope of the most northern of the three hills
is covered with good and large surface-ore, mixed with some broken
chert. The central hill shows scarcely any ore on the surface, but
frequently pieces of sandstone. The southern hill is very wide and
flat, and bears on its western slope a very extensive streak of sur-
face-ore, about i, 200 feet long and 100 to 400 feet wide. Most of
this ore is rounded off, and not very large, and looks as if it had
been drifted. A number of pieces, however, reach and exceed
head-size. The ore at the south end is very hard and silicious, that
at the north end is purer and softer.
This bank is untouched, and its exterior appearance does not con-
vey an exact idea of its character. It is not unlikely that the ore
on the northern hill forms a separate deposit from that on the
southern hill, and that the latter deposit has been more disturbed
and broken, and the ore scattered over a larger surface. From all
appearances the Winkler bank seems to contain considerable quan-
tities of specular ore.
Arnold Bank, S. E. J^, Sec. 4, T. 35, R. 5, W., Dent County.
This bank is not yet thoroughly opened. But it presents a very
similar appearance to that of the Steelville No. I, and is un-
doubtedly a deposit which was formerly imbedded in sandstone,
and fell or slid down to the foot of the hill simultaneously with the
erosion of the ravine, near which it lies. The hill itself is sand-
stone, which has been struck by a shaft sunk 12 feet deep near the
summit of the hill, about 50 feet above the ravine. The ore is
principally spread over a swelling of the ground, reaching from the
ravine about 40 feet up the slope, in a width of 40 to 5 feet.
On this ground large bowlders and smaller pieces of surface-ore,
mostly rounded, are found, together with pieces of white, yellow,
and red sandstone, containing thin seams of specular ore. Also
pieces of broken chert, and of an impregnated or ferruginous sand-
stone, are quite frequent. Numerous bowlders of ore are deposed
154
IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
in the ravine. The hill on the other side of the ravine is likewise
sandstone. A ditch made at the foot of the hill on which the ore
is found struck red clay, mixed with paint-ore and with bowlders
of specular ore. A second shaft, sunk 12 feet deep into the slope,
on a place about 40 feet above the ravine, passed through red, sandy
clay, mixed with pieces of ferruginous and of white sandstone, and
with bowlders of specular ore. The whole slope is evidently thick-
ly covered with sandy detritus, enclosing irregular and unevenly
distributed masses of broken ore.
Other banks of this district, which are likely to belong in this
category, are the N. G. Clark No. 2, C. C. Cook, Arthur, and St. L.,
S. and L. R. R. banks. Their location, etc., is given in the ore-
bank list, in Chapter V.
SALEM ORE-DISTRICT.
Orchard Bank, E. y 2 S. E. ^ S. E. %, Sec. 13, T. 34, R. 6, W.,
Dent County, close to Salem.
Fig. 41.
^SSSSWfc^S^
W-z -t=^e ==S^r
JAMISON BANK. 1 5 5
This bank is remarkable for the large development of sandstone,
colored and impregnated by oxides of iron, which seems to com-
pose the greater part of the body of the hill, as well as for the un-
usual relative position of ore and sandstone, the former occupying
here an annular space round the latter. These facts, together with
the flatness of the hill, the height of which is only about 30 feet,
prove that this deposit has been greatly disturbed. It seems likely
that the ore lay originally on the impregnated sandstone, and that
both occupied a much higher level than they do now. A large
part of the ore was broken into pieces varying from a pea to head-
size. Another large part of it has undoubtedly been carried off.
How much of the original mass of the ore is left in the hill, can
only be ascertained by practical work. It may be observed in this
locality, as in several others, that the white sandstone gradually
passes into the yellow and into the ferruginous sandstone. The
argillaceous or calcareous cement that surrounds the single sand-
grains is changed into red clay and into reddish-brown iron-ore.
In other places, the original cement is replaced by amorphous
quartz, so that the sandstone takes the appearance of a quartzite,
which itself in places loses its grainy structure, passing into a solid
flint or chert.
It also seems that under certain circumstances the sand-grains,
when enclosed in a quartzous or ferruginous cement, have been
dissolved and removed, leaving a mere skeleton of a former sand-
stone, with a cellular structure. The cells and irregular holes
of such masses have sometimes been filled up again, either partly
or wholly, by a transparent quartz of a dark appearance, or by
yellow jasper.
Jamison Bank, S. W. ^, Sec. I, T. 33, R. 6, W., Dent
County, 3 miles south of Salem, on the vast plateau dividing the
waters of the Meramec from those of the Current River.
This bank occupies the highest point on a rather flat, semicircu-
lar hill, which lies round a nearly circular depression (sink-hole ?),
apparently filled with fine detritus of chert, sandstone, and specular
ore. The surface-geology, as given in Fig. 42, is very irregular,
but nevertheless seems to be grouped in a general way round that
part of the summit and eastern slope over which the largest and
most copious surface-ore is spread. The ore is specular, in part
156
IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
Fig. 42.
SURFACE GEOLOGY or JAMISON BANK .
pure, in part mixed with quartz. Some bowlders are 2 to 3 feet in
diameter.
The principal surface-ore district is separated from the ordinary
light-colored sandstone by a zone of ferruginous and clayish mate-
rials.
Another smaller district, with rounded surface-ore, is seen about
600 feet to the north-west, another in a small ravine to the south.
Both are probably drifted outliers of the main deposit, which lay
originally at a higher level, above the present top of the hill, per-
haps a little north of it.
I view this bank in a similar light as the Orchard bank, and
consider it as containing the remnants, perhaps pretty large, yet
incalculable, of a former lenticular deposit in sandstone, which has
been broken, and partly destroyed and removed.
ST. JAMES ORE-DISTRICT.
157
The shaft marked on Fig. 42 was 10 feet deep, end September,
1872, and had not struck any solid rock, but stood in a red, sandy
loam, with bowlders of sandstone and of specular ore.
Other banks in the Salem district, and in Shannon County, which
may be supposed to belong in the category of more or less dis-
turbed deposits, are the Barksdale, Merriam, Shannon, and Cur-
rent River banks. The locations, etc., are given in Chapter V.
ST. JAMES ORE-DISTRICT.
Thornton Bank, N. E. ^ Sec. 33, T. 38, R. 6, W., Phelps
County. The situation and appearance of this bank may be seen
from Fig. 43.
Fig. 43-
N .W.
B.C.
S. WHITE SANOSTOHE Cl.+ F R ED. CL A Y W ITH W HITE CMCRT
6.0. XELLOW fc ftED SANDY CLAY Ct. WHITE CLAY
THORNTON BANK.
The ore is soft red, with small pieces of hard specular. No
large bowlders have as yet been found in it. The character and
position of the ore is such that it must be considered as a bed-like
or a lenticular deposit, which has been brought into its present ver-
tical position by some exterior disturbance, and then broken and
decomposed. The deposit can so far be traced over a small space
only, and is perhaps a removed portion of some larger bank. The
ore seems to be associated with the rocks in which it originally lay,
or at least with their detritus. As the succession of these rocks is
the same on both sides, the supposition suggests itself that the cor-
responding strata might come together below the ore, and thus
constitute a pocket, which is crushed sidewise, in the direction from
S.E. to N.W. The hill is Second Sandstone.
Santee and Clark's Bank, S. W. %, Sec. 33, T. 38, R. 6, W.
Phelps County. This bank lies on a high bluff of Third Magnesian
i 5 8
IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
Limestone and Second Sandstone, on the east side of Dry Fork
River.
Several small openings have disclosed irregular masses of red and
brown ore, imbedded in layers of chert and loam.
Fig. 44.
MINES
m -I"' J!:*iii-' T ' CHERT .'LOAM * ORE
""jlli :JIL_II- ' S5 '
JrVTV/. "* SAND6TONE WITH LAYERS
OF FLINTY SANDSTONE.
100' .
SANDY LIMESTONE *<>
3 rA MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE
8ANTEE *, CLARK'S BANK
The character of this bank is very indistinct and doubtful. The
present digging may lead to some larger, disturbed bank, or it may
disclose a drifted deposit. The materials which surround the ore
are evidently of a detritic nature, and not now in the place where
they were formed.
Another deposit which might belong here is the South Moun-
tain (see Chapter V.).
ROLLA ORE-DISTRICT.
Kelly Bank No. 1, E. ^, Sec. 18, T. 36, R. 8, W., Phelps
County.
' Fig. 45-
SOUTH
KEUCY. BANK .N?l.
BUCKLAND BANK.
159
This bank is situated near the summit of a hill composed of Second
Sandstone in its lower part, while no solid rock can be seen higher
up. The bank itself has a decided resemblance to the Thornton
bank, above described, but it seems to be more extensive, and con-
tains larger masses of hard, specular ore. It differs, besides, by the
detritic character of the associated rocks. There is next to the ore,
on each side, a thick layer (1-3 feet) of white clay mixed with
broken chert, and outside of this a mass of yellow sand and red
loam, irregularly mixed, and free from chert. When opened further,
this deposit may be found to be a large fragment of a disrupted-
layer deposit, or else an original ore-pocket, which has been pressed
and crushed sidewise. The layers of clay and chert are evidently
in their original position relative to the ore, but they are broken
and mixed. It is doubtful whether this statement could also be ex-
tended to the surrounding mass of sand and loam.
Buckland Bank, S. ^, Sec. 20, T. 37, R. 8, W., Phelps
County. This bank lies at the foot of a sandstone hill, in the
crossing of two ravines.
Fig. 46.
1
SCCTiO N
B..H.
s .
60fT HIKATITE Cl.f. WHITC YELLOW' CLV * I T H CMfT
YELLOW iANOSTONC Cl. 81ACR BOlPHUROUfl CLAY
<WWWWMW 1 1 M I T OF Cut
BUCKUAND'S BANK
I give here a section of the mining-cut made in it, which presents
a very plain instance of a disturbed specular-ore bank. This deposit
seems to be actually overturned ; the ore, which in regular deposits
lies above the clay and chert (Cl and F), is here covered by the detritus
of these materials. On the south side of the cut we find a mass of
black, tenacious clay (Cl) mixed with fragments of a half-triturated,
160 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
dark-gray clay-slate, and with pieces of pyrites, and impregnated
with sulphate of iron. I have mentioned a somewhat similar
sulphurous mass as having been found in the James bank, near St.
James, below the ore and below the chert and clay beds that un-
derlie it. It is therefore probable that also in the Buckland bank
this mass lay below the clay and chert and ore formerly, but that
the ore-deposit was underwashed with the erosion of the ravines in
which it is situated, and broken and overturned.
The proximity of the regular sandstone on all sides, as marked
on the sketch, shows that this deposit cannot extend horizontally
much over the limits of the present cut ; but it may extend some-
what in the depth.
Another bank in this district, which I shall mention in Chapter
V. as Moselle No. 10 bank, seems also to belong in this category of
disturbed deposits.
d. DRIFTED DEPOSITS OF SPECULAR ORE.
In the general introduction to this Chapter (IV.), I have given the
reasons which induce me to add a category of " drifted deposits," ,
although it is somewhat doubtful whether such deposits really ex-
ist. I understand by " drifted deposits," accumulations of loose
fragments of destroyed or half-destroyed ore-banks, which frag-
ments have been carried off by water over considerable distances,
either alone or mixed with detritus of other rocks, and again de-
posited, either in more or less regular beds or strata, alternating
with layers of other broken and triturated rocks, or irregularly dis-
tributed through large masses of such detritus. We have therefore
two kinds of drifted deposits, the stratified and the irregular.
The detritus which accompanies such deposits always consists
of sand, sandstone, chert, and red loam, of such a character as to
leave no doubt that the original deposits were in the Silurian sand-
stone.
Specular-ore banks, having the exterior habitus of drifted de-
posits, are very numerous in the central ore-district of Missouri. I
intend to describe a few of them in the following lines, but as none
of them is sufficiently opened as yet to allow a clear insight into
its interior composition, I must leave to future mining operations to
decide whether any, and how many, of these banks, really are
FRANKLIN COUNTY ORE-DISTRICT. 161
what they externally look to be, namely, " drifted deposits," or
whether, on the contrary, the bowlders and pieces of ore visible at
present are only outliers of either intact or disturbed deposits,
which now lie hidden in the ground.
FRANKLIN COUNTY ORE-DISTRICT.
Blanton Specular Bank, N. ^ S. E. j^, Sec. 29, T. 40, R. i,
W. , Washington County. Some rounded surface-ore, mostly
small, is found on three flat spurs of a low ridge. Strata of solid
sandstone crop out at the foot of these spurs, dipping slightly
south-west. The spurs point about north.
A hole, dug 15 feet deep on the top of the most eastern spur,
passed through drifted, sandy detritus, with little ore, and then
struck a layer of chert.
This bank consists, according to these observations, of a low
sandstone-hill, thickly covered with detritus, through which single
pieces of specular ore are unequally distributed. The presence of
larger and workable masses of ore is not impossible, but is no-
where plainly indicated. The ore itself is of good quality.
Primrose Hill, S. W. ^ N.W. ^, Sec. 32, T. 40, R. I, W., Wash-
ington County. This bank is, as far as opened at present, of a
similar character as the Blanton specular bank. But the prospects are
here better. The surface-ore, mostly small and rounded, occurs on
the inner side of a high horseshoe-shaped ridge, enclosing a deep
ravine. The spurs ending the curved ridge point north-east.
Pieces of a hard sandstone with quartz-cement, and of ordinary soft
sandstone, are also found on the surface.
The ridge was investigated by three shafts, one on the northern
slope of the western spur, the two others on the inner slope of the
central and highest portion of the horseshoe. Neither of these
shafts has reached the solid rock as yet. The two upper shafts are
forty feet deep, in fine, sandy detritus, mixed with streaks and
irregular "masses of soft, red hematite, and of broken stalactites of
half-decomposed specular ore, sometimes cemented by soft sand-
stone.
It is not unlikely that workable masses of ore will yet be met
with in this vicinity.
II
1 62
IRON- ORES OF MISS O URL
STEELVILLE ORE-DISTRICT.
The Scotia district contains one bank that may belong here,
namely, the Bleeding Hill. The Steelville district contains the
N. G. Clark No. I, the Knox, the Sea and Marsh, and the Fergu-
son banks, all in Crawford County. The last-named bank is the
most worked, and therefore the most interesting of them.
Ferguson Bank, Sec. 21, T. 37, R. 4, W., Crawford County.
Fig- 47-
NORTH
SOOTH
FERGUSON BANK.
Fig. 47 gives an elevation of this bank, as it now appears. A
flat northern hill-slope shows, in several places marked a, b, c,
horizontal zones of larger and smaller specular ore on the surface.
These zones are in some places very distinct, in others less so.
They are from four to eight feet wide, measured down the slope.
They seem to run across the slope, and to terminate on either side,
in a ravine. The ravine on the western side is the deepest, and
contains irregular accumulations of rounded ore. A shaft sunk, near
the highest point of the slope, to a depth of twenty-two feet, passed
through
6 feet of soil and red loam,
2 feet of soft, red hematite,
2 feet of red and yellow sandy clay,
2 feet of soft, red hematite, with pieces of specular ore,
2 feet of red clay, with pieces of sandstone and some chert,
8 feet of large bowlders of specular ore, imbedded in soft, red
hematite,
below which a layer of light-yellow, clayish ochre was struck. All
these materials seemed to be in layers of irregular thickness, gen-
erally dipping into the hill.
ORE-DISTRICT ON THE UPPER MERAMEC. 163
An opening made at the point marked #, has cut through a
6-feet layer of white sand and clay with bowlders of white sandstone
dipping along the slope. Below this, layers of red clay with
small ore were struck, dipping into the hill ; below these, and dip-
ping in the same direction, a i6-inch layer of broken chert with
sandy clay, and 2 inches of fat, white clay ; finally, large bowl-
ders of specular ore, softened, and altered into red ore on the out-
side.
The above description would indicate that a considerable por-
tion of this hill might be composed of alternate layers of broken ore
and of detritus of rocks.
ORE-DISTRICT ON THE UPPER MERAMEC.
Smith Banks, Sec. 26, T. 36, R. 6, W., Phelps County. The
three Smith banks are situated on three very flat slopes or swellings
of the ground, all pointing south, and lying about on an east-west
line, within a distance of one half-mile. The two western banks,
No. i and No. 2, are very near together, and have a very similar
appearance. In both of them good specular ore, in very numerous,
rounded pieces, is spread over a flat, triangular slope, encompassed by
two small converging ravines, or water-runs, which unite at the lowest
and southern end of the bank. The upper, wider, and most north-
ern part of the slope, which forms the base of the triangle, passes
into a plateau.
This triangular space, over which the ore extends, is about 250
feet wide at the base and 300 feet long in the western or No. I
Smith bank; and it is 250 feet wide at the base and 600 feet long
in the central or No. 2 Smith bank. The ore of the latter rarely
exceeds fist-size, while that of the former is generally somewhat
larger, and sometimes reaches head-size. Pieces of broken chert
and sandstone are found with the ore. The No. I bank extends
12 to 20 feet over its western ravine and up the 'opposite slope,
where the ore, however, has a somewhat different character, being
mostly stalactitic, or "pipe-ore."
Three holes were dug, 8 to 10 feet deep, on various points of
the Smith bank No. I. They passed through loose masses of
broken white sandstone, sand, broken chert, white clay, and red
loam, all mixed irregularly, and containing in places some soft, red
1 64 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
hematite and some rounded specular ore, the latter principally con-
centrated in the soil or near the surface. I have explained the pro-
cess by which such a concentration is effected, in my description ol
the Simmons Mountain, in division b of this chapter.
There is no doubt that the now visible portions of the two west-
ern Smith banks have the character of irregular, drifted deposits.
They may contain, occasionally, larger and workable accumulations
of ore ; but no one can tell whether or where they exist.
The Smith bank No. 3 has a different appearance. On the upper
part of a flat slope a circular depression of sandstone is percep-
tible, having a diameter of about 5 feet, and being marked by
annular outcrops. Inside of these outcrops is a small accumula-
tion of specular ore, in rounded pieces, from nut- to head-size. This
description would indicate the presence of an undisturbed deposit
of the category b ; but the scarcity of the surface-ore, the small
size of most of it, the light color of the surrounding sandstone, the
absence of ferruginous materials, the very slight dip of the sand-
stone-outcrops, and the small diameter of the circular space they
enclose, all this together makes me believe that this bank was
formed by a slight depression of the sandstone, in which depres-
sion some drifted ore has found a resting-place.
Fitzwater Bank, Sees. 33 and 34, T. 35, R. 4, W., Dent
County. This bank occupies a pretty high position, being about
four hundred feet above the Fitzwater Creek. It lies on the west-
ern slope of a ridge, which is composed of Third Magnesian Lime-
stone, capped by Second Sandstone. The ore seems to overlie the
latter. A sandy soil, mixed with fine chert, and with pieces and
larger masses of chert, either porous or dense, covers the surface of
the hills.
The ore-bank is as yet untouched. Fig. 48 is a topographical
sketch of this locality, showing the manner of distribution of the
surface-ore over one large central spur, and over the adjacent slopes
of two spurs, north and south of the central one. The best indi-
cations extend about fifteen hundred feet north and south, and
about eight hundred feet east and west. Most of the ore is below
the size of the fist, and rounded off at the corners and edges. In
some places, however, it reaches and exceeds the size of the head.
This is especially the case in the ravines, where the most consider-
able accumulations are found. Pieces of yellow sandstone, and
P17ZWA TEK BANK.
Fia. 48.
I6 5
*~^"i_ - i L*-^*^sVsSvis^S^:l^ll
SURFACE OKC
FITZWATER CREEK BANK
near the northern ravine, also, some pieces of chert-conglomerate,
cemented by yellow sandstone, occur with the surface-ore. No
ferruginous rocks have been observed. The ore seems to be most
abundant at a certain level along the slopes, which level is about
eight feet below the highest point on the two northern spurs, which
are flat and low. The southern spur, a part of which only is visi-
ble on the sketch, is considerably higher, and the level of the most
abundant surface-ore is there much farther below the highest point.
These observations indicate that there might exist a thick and ex-
tensive layer of drifted ore, running nearly horizontally through all
three spurs, and covered by a mixed detritus of sandstone, chert,
and ore. It is, however, obvious that such a conclusion cannot be
drawn with any degree of certainty. The character of this bank
is not indicated with sufficient clearness, by its external appearance,
to make a reliable judgment possible.
Other banks in this district, which maybe supposed to be drifted
deposits, are the Santee, the Anderson, the Blackwell, the Reuben
Smith, and the Carson banks, the location, etc., of which will be
given in Chapter V.
1 66
IRON-ORES OF MISSOURI.
SALEM ORE-DISTRICT.
Hutchins Creek Bank, Sec. 15, T. 34, R. 4, W., Dent County,
9 miles east of Salem.
I him mi ,' (>V^NVS$SI i^-rT\\\\^
HUTCHINS CACCK BANK .
The topographical sketch, Fig. 49, shows that this bank has
much resemblance to the Fitzwater bank, and that its character
is even less pronounced than that of the latter. Good specular ore,
from nut-size to one foot diameter, mostly rounded, is found in
four ravines on the west and south sides of a high ridge. Quite
scarce and only very small ore is seen on the spurs between the
ravines. The ore in the ravines does not reach a higher level than
about 30 feet below the top of the ridge. The hills are covered
with soil and chert. Large and small pieces of white sandstone
are met with on the lower part of the slopes. I could not find any
ferruginous rocks. The district represented in Fig. 40, and con-
taining the four ravines in which the ore is principally concentrated,
measures over one-quarter of a mile in each direction.
Practical opening and working only can decide whether the ore
in the ravines has come from a coherent deposit existing in the
ridge, or whether it is derived from a drifted deposit, and has been
concentrated in the ravines by the gradual erosion of the latter.
ROLL A DISTRICT. l6/
Other deposits in this district are the Huzzah, the Pittsburgh, the
Norris, the Hayes, and the Orchard & Young banks. For loca-
tions, etc., see Chapter V.
IRON RIDGE DISTRICT.
Iron Ridge No. 2, Sec. 33, T. 39, R. 5, W., Crawford County.
A pretty extensive tract of slightly undulating ground, y 2 mile
north of Iron Ridge Station, on the Atl. and Pac. R. R., contains
in many places indications of specular ore, and occasionally shows
large bowlders of good surface-ore. A number of ditches were
made to investigate this tract, and disclosed irregular accumula-
tions, mostly of small extent, of rounded ore with red clay, of
white clay with pieces of chert, and of impregnated sandstone.
This locality has decidedly the appearance of an irregular, drifted
deposit.
Other banks, supposed to be of a drifted nature, are, in this dis-
trict, J. P. Card & Co.'s, Senator Buckland's, the Dorey, the
Isabella, and N. G. Clark & Co.'s banks ; in the St. James district
the Thompson, the A. C. L. No. I, the Railroad Nos. I, 2, 3, the
Lenox, the Hall, and the Seaton banks. See the ore-bank list,
Chapter V.
ROLLA DISTRICT.
Kelly Bank No. 2, N. E. #, Sec. 21, T. 37, R. 8, W., Phelps
County. Two openings have been made, one on the summit and
another on the eastern slope of a hill apparently composed of sand-
stone covered by cherty soil.
The lower opening shows a double succession of layers of clay,
of broken chert, and of broken, ferruginous sandstone, dipping 45
south-east, and below this an irregular mass of soft hematite, red
and brown, containing thin veins and small pockets filled with crys-
talline carbonates of iron. These carbonates are also found as
cement of broken chert. On the north side of the cut is a large
mass of a loose, gray rock, probably triturated calcareous sandstone.
This rock contains single crystals of iron pyrites, and also veins of
carbonate of iron. The latter is evidently formed after these
masses were brought into their present irregular position.
The upper opening shows a bed of bowlders of limonite, some
1 68 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
1-2 feet in diameter, imbedded in red loam, without any chert. This
limonite is in its general appearance more like that found in lime-
stone, and unlike the limonite formed by alteration of specular ore.
The Kelly No. 2 bank is evidently a locality which has undergone
several strong disturbances at various epochs. The materials met
with in the lower cut especially may have been broken up, drifted,
deposited, and after that once more disturbed and broken.
Taylor's Holla Bank, S. W. ^, Sec. 15, T. 37, R. 8, W.,Phelps
County. This bank is situated a short distance from the Kelly
bank No. 2. It is less irregular in its formation, and has more dis-
tinctly the character of a drifted deposit, as may be seen from the
section, Fig. 50.
Fig. 50.
ii^2^^^s>^ ~~ *-
ANOSTONt ''''-*^^fes 2) . > _
WITH OKC ~ - ^L
*. to LOAM wrrH rurrr
r>
sorr out WITH BOULDERS
Of SPECULA* OI\E |t TUN
FINE CHET
~r
''TAYLOR'S ROLLA BANK
The bottom of the cut consists of a bed of finely-broken chert.
Above this is a layer, 3 feet thick, of soft, red hematite, in part clay-
ish, and full of seams, specks, and irregular masses of spathic iron-
ore (carbonate of iron), and enclosing bowlders and pieces of specu-
lar ore and of chert. Above this are 5 feet of alternate layers of
red, somewhat ferruginous sandstone, and of red loam with broken
chert. A cherty soil covers the slope.
Other perhaps drifted deposits are, in this district, the Hyer, the
Cold Spring, the Coleman, the Piney Creek, the Baird, the Hud-
geons, the Camp Creek, and the Railroad No. 4 banks ; in the Gas-
conade district, the Frost, the A. C. L. No. 2, the Railroad No.
5, the Morgan, and the James pipe-ore banks ; on the lower Osage
River, the Wimar Creek, the Belans Creek, and the Linn Creek
banks.
CALL A WA Y CO UNTY DISTRICT. \ 69
e. STRATA OF RED HEMATITE.-
The red hematites of the carboniferous formation, which hematites
I have mentioned in Chapter I. and described in Chapter II., do not
occur as deposits with definite limits, lying as independent and for-
eign developments between or across the regular stratified or un-
stratified geological rocks ; but, unlike all other deposits of iron-
ore in Missouri, they form and compose in themselves regular geo-
logical strata.
These strata of red hematite, although always in the carbonifer-
ous system, do not seem, however, to occupy the same geological
horizon in all the localities where they are found. While occurring
in the so-called Ferruginous Sandstone of the subcarboniferous for-
mation in Callaway and Cooper Counties, and on the Upper Osage
River (in St. Clair and in the south-eastern corner of Henry County),
the strata discovered near Calhoun, in Henry County, lies, accord-
ing to Mr. G. C. Broadhead's investigations, in the Lower Coal-
measures.
The development of red hematite in the Ferruginous Sandstone
seems frequently to extend over large areas. The sandstone in
such districts becomes more and more impregnated with iron, con-
tains more and more nodules and layers of pure ore, and finally en-
tire strata of sandstone, varying in thickness from a few inches to
three and more feet, are replaced by the ore.
None of the deposits of this kind are as yet sufficiently opened
and worked to allow the geologist to decide whether this ore was
formed directly after and on the surface of the underlying sandstone,
or whether it was infiltrated afterward, gradually removing and re-
placing either beds of limestone in the sandstone, or beds of the
sandstone itself, which happened to be more soluble than other lay-
ers, or more liable to be attacked and altered by the chalybeate so-
lution, at the temperature then existing.
CALLAWAY COUNTY DISTRICT.
Old Digging, Sec. 22, T. 45, R. 10, W., Callaway County.
Fig. 51 is a sketch of this locality. The lower part of the hills
seems to be composed of subcarboniferous limestone, the upper
of ferruginous sandstone. Large and small fragments of chert are
found all over the surface of the ground. The ore has been dis-
IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
covered in two places, near the top of the hill, on both sides of the
ravine. On the western hill a hole was dug a number of years ago,
and it is said that many tons of ore were taken out of it and were
worked in a charcoal-hearth in the valley.
Fig. 51.
Wf [ //}
H
I.
mm. \i ',
mm\y//i
a
$
S\H
^7?/|.tf4^^
OLD DIGGING BANK
On the east side of the ravine, and rather close to it, an outcrop
is perceptible, consisting of a 5-inch stratum of solid, pure, red
hematite. The place is not opened, and the total thickness of the
ore cannot be seen.
As the ore in both these outcrops, east and west of the ravine,
seems to be in place, it is probable that a stratum of ore extends
from the one to the other, and perhaps through the whole hill.
Shaft Hill, N. W.^, Sec. 4, T. 45, R- 10, W., Callaway County.
This hill, of which I give a geological section in Fig. 52, is one
of the most hopeful localities, and one whose structure is most
clearly seen, in this ore-district. It is now being opened and
worked. The annexed section was made from the indications per-
ceptible on the surface. The strata seems to dip slightly north-east.
The limestones, sandstones, and conglomerates are exposed in
RAPH D UNN BANK. 171
Fig. 52.
T
& .w .
SHAFT H I LL .
several places, forming high bluffs. The ore and the strata over-
lying it are not exposed, and have to be judged from the pieces
found on the surface. Fragments of ore are found at a certain
level all round the hill. A stratum of ore undoubtedly runs through
the hill, and its thickness may, from the surface-indications, be esti-
mated as varying from one to three feet. In some places, however,
it seems to reach a thickness of five feet. The hill is nearly round,
and has, at the level of the ore-bed, a diameter of about 800 feet.
The ore occurs sometimes in nodules or lenticular concretions,
composed of several concentric layers, and apparently imbedded
in loose sand ; sometimes in thin layers, alternating with layers of
loose sand ; sometimes as thick, massive strata.
A shaft was dug, ten years ago, on the eastern slope of the hill,
near a deep ravine, at a level considerably below that of the regular
ore-bed. The shaft went eight feet deep through sand and broken
ore and chert. Larger masses of ore have lately been discovered
there. This part of the Shaft Hill deposit has probably been dis-
placed, and is only the remainder of a portion of the regular ore-
stratum which was underwashed and partly destroyed by the erosion
of the ravine.
Raph Dunn Bank, S. E. J^ Sec. 32, T. 46, R. 10, W., Callaway
County. This bank is situated close to the Shaft Hill bank, and
separated from the latter by a deep ravine. The ore-deposit must
have been originally a continuation of that on Shaft Hill, to judge
from the similarity of their position. Outcrops of the ore can be
172
IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
observed on the east side of the hill, near the top. Toward the
west and north the hill passes into a plateau. There is nothing to
indicate how far the ore extends into this plateau.
Bloomfield Bank, W. */ 2 Sec. 32, T. 46, R. 10, W., Callaway
County. Good evidences of stratified red hematite occur on both
sides of a little valley, adjacent to the village of New Bloomfield.
Richard Dunn Bank, Sec, 21, T. 46, R. 10, W- Callaway
County.
Fig- 53-
SURFACE ORE
RICHARD DUNN BANK
Strata of red hematite are perceptible three miles north of New
Bloomfield, on the road to Fulton. The ore crops out in the road
for a distance of about twelve feet down the slope. Sandstone is
seen both above and below the ore. One-quarter of a mile west,
on the same slope and level, stratified ore has been found immedi-
ately below the soil, in digging graves in a cemetery. A connec-
tion between those two points cannot be traced at present.
Knight Bank, Sec. 2, T. 46, R. 10, W., Callaway County.
A fine outcrop of dense and fine-grained hematite is seen on the
eastern slope of the northern low hill, as represented in the sketch,
Fig. 54. The ore is over two feet thick, and dips north about
twenty degrees. It can be seen only in two places, about twenty
feet apart. But the ore seems to be in place, and may therefore be
expected to run through the hill. Due east of this hill, small and
large pieces and plates of ore are found loose in the bed of the
Middle Auxvasse Creek, as indicated on the sketch.
The southern low hill in Fig. 54 shows, at both its northern and
southern slopes, outcrops of a ferruginous sandstone, ovQrlaid by
UPPER OS AGE DISTRICT.
Fig- 54-
173
SURFACE ORE
KNIGHT S BANK
thin seams of red ore. These indications are, however, not suf-
ficient to warrant the presence of workable ore in this southern
hill.
UPPER OSAGE DISTRICT. .
Brown Bank, Sec. 23, T. 40, R. 24, W., Henry County. The
Brown bank is situated on the dividing ridge between Osage and
Grand Rivers. This ridge consists of subcarboniferous rocks. Red,
earthy hematite, partly changed into brown and yellow limonite, is
found on the surface over a very large area, associated with ferru-
ginous sandstone. The bank is not opened, and the thickness and
extent cannot be estimated with any degree of certainty from the
present appearances.
Gover Bank, Sec. 16, T. 39, R. 24, St. Clair County. Large
and small fragments of ferruginous sandstone, frequently very rich
in iron, together with some brown arid red hematite, are spread over
1/4 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
a zone several hundred feet wide, and about one-fourth mile long,
across a limestone ridge. Smeltable ore is not now seen in large
quantities on the surface ; but all the sandstone is so strongly
impregnated with oxide of iron, as to give hope that a larger de-
posit of ore may be discovered in this locality.
Collins Bank, Sec. 23, T. 39, R. 25, W., St. Clair County.
An outcrop of red, earthy hematite, partly somewhat argillaceous,
extends over a distance of 200 feet, along a ravine at the foot of a
steep slope, on which no rocks are perceptible besides broken chert
above the soil.
Marmaduke Bank, Sec. 23, T. 39, R. 25, W., St. Clair County.
Fragments of earthy, red hematite, partly altered into a yellowish-
brown, porous limonite, are found on the surface on the summit of
a ridge, over an area measuring about 600 feet across, and 400
feet along the ridge. Some of the ore is sandy, and passes into a
regular ferruginous sandstone in places. No rock is perceptible on
the ridge. The soil is covered with broken flint, which is mixed
with the fragments of ore. Most of the ore is good and the frag-
ments large and sharp-edged, indicating the presence of a strati-
fied deposit in the sandstone.
Other banks, of a similar character to those just described, seem
to be, the Black Fork and the Lamine banks, both in Cooper County,
and the Parkes bank, near Calhoun, in Henry County. The ore of
the last-named bank is in the coal-measures, as mentioned above.
For the location, etc. of these banks, see Chapter V.
/. DISTURBED OR DRIFTED DEPOSITS OF RED HEMATITE.
I will describe under this head a few either drifted, or at least
greatly disturbed, deposits of originally stratified red hematite.
Although having at present the appearance of such half-destroyed
deposits, they may lead to the discovery of coherent banks when
they are more closely investigated.
Murphy's Hill, Sec. 15, T. 45, R- 10, W., Callaway County. -
This locality is situated a short distance east of the " Old Digging"
bank, which has been above described. No ore is here to be seen
in place, but large, somewhat rounded pieces and plates of red
ore are found in two ravines, and were evidently washed down
from the hill. The hill itself seems to be principally composed of
sandstone. Large masses of limestone are, however, projecting
HENDERSON BANK.
175
from the lower part of the slopes, apparently between the sand-
stone.
Henderson Bank, Sec. 12, T. 45, R. n, W., Callaway County.
Fig- 55-
jr.
mmf%%
& u a r A c c o ft E
HENDERSON BANK
The sketch, Fig. 55, shows the occurrences of ore to be observed
at the Henderson bank, namely, loose and 'rounded surface-ore in
several places on the two hills, west of the road ; loose surface-ore
along the road, on the northern slope of the eastern hill ; a small
and indistinct outcrop of stratified ore at the foot of this hill, near
the ravine ; and finally, loose surface-ore in the ravine.
The two western hills are composed of encrinital limestone, which
is laid bare in several places, and seems to reach the summits, and
to be covered only by soil. This soil is thick and copious on the
plateau on the northern hill, and is there used for agricultural pur-
poses. Loose ore is sometimes thrown up by the plough on this
plateau. The hills are about 40 feet high above the creek. The
hill east of the road is thickly covered with a fine sandy soil and
by vegetation, and does not show any evidences of rocks. The
ore-outcrop at the foot of this hill dips slightly north-west. The
ore is a dark-red, fine-grained hematite in thin layers, and is asso-
1 76 IR ON- ORES OF MISSO URL
ciated with layers of chert. The exposure extends, however, over a
few feet only, and is therefore too small to allow a reliable judg-
ment regarding its character.
All appearances at the Henderson bank seem to indicate that
the encrinital limestone which composes the hills was formerly
covered by sandstone-strata, containing strata of ore, and that this
sandstone was destroyed and carried off, together with portions of
the ore, while other portions of the latter were left, though in a
dilapidated condition.
g. DEPOSITS OF LIMONITE ON LIMESTONE.
The distribution of the limonites over the State has been described
in Chapter II. All undisturbed limonite deposits are found on lime-
stone. The deposits along the Mississippi lie partly on the Upper
Silurian shales and limestones, partly on the Second Magnesian
Limestone, according to Shumard's reports. All the other deposits
of limonite in the eastern ore-region, as well' as those in Franklin
County and in the central region, seem to lie on the Third Magnesian
Limestone, as far as their position could be ascertained. The same
geological position is occupied by the limonites on the Lower Osage
and some of those on the Middle Osage, while those in the western
parts of Camden and Morgan Counties, and those in Benton County,
are on the Second Magnesian, and those on the Upper Osage on the
lower carboniferous limestones.
The ore occurs neither in veins, nor in beds, nor as strata,
nor in lenticular or other pockets of well-defined limits and regular
shape. It is deposited in irregular cracks, pockets, and cavities,
either on or near the surface of the various limestones. These
cavities have sometimes very large dimensions, in depth as well as
width, as will be seen from the following descriptions. In other
instances they are quite small ; but wherever they exist, they are
not single, but a larger number of them is generally found together
on a comparatively small space. They are also mostly near the
present surface of the ground, and not covered by rock-deposits.
The underlying limestone, especially the Third Magnesian, is often
sandy, sometimes so much so as to be readily taken for a calcareous
sandstone. The rock is more sandy and more loose where it is in
immediate contact with the deposit, showing that it has been ex-
posed to dissolving agencies.
FORD BANK.
177
The ore is occasionally mixed with broken chert. In some lo-
calities, where the banks are sufficiently opened to make observa-
tions possible on this point, the ore in the upper part of the de-
posits is considerably harder and denser and richer than in the
lower part, where it is more inclined to be light, porous, ochrey,
and clayish.
This fact, and the invariably stalactitic structure of the ore, are
proofs that the solutions from which the ore was deposited have
been infiltrated from above. The chemical influence of the carbo-
nate of lime has undoubtedly contributed, in no small extent, to
precipitate and deposit the iron in the form of hydrated oxide.
SOUTH-EASTERN LIMONITE-DISTRICT.
The limonite deposits along the Mississippi River are described in
Dr. B. T. Shumard's reports on St. Genevieve, Perry, and Cape
Girardeau Counties.
Ford Bank, T. 33, R. 7, E., one-half mile from Cornwall Sta-
tion, on the eastern branch of the Iron Mountain Railroad, in
Madison County. This bank is opened and mined, and is one of
the largest and most coherent limonite deposits. The ore-indica-
tions on the surface extend about 1,500 feet along a low, flat hill,
to a width of about 500 feet. The bank is mined in two different
cuts : Fig. 56 represents a section through one of them.
Fig. 56.
SOOTH
MAG.NESIAN LIMESTONE
FORD * BUELL'S MINE
The limestone, which evidently here underlies the ore, is not
cnuch uncovered, but is only visible in single, large, rounded masses
12
178 I RON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
of irregular shape. This limestone is so sandy and loose on its
surface that it has there the appearance of a soft, calcareous sand-
stone.
The ore lies immediately above it. It is a limonite, which in
this deposit is softer and less distinctly stalactitic than in most other
limonite banks. It consists of irregularly-mixed masses of yellow
and reddish-brown, porous ores, and of somewhat harder, dark-
brown, but generally porous limonite, frequently in botryoidal and
mammillary forms. The softer ore passes occasionally into a pure
yellow ochre. The best, purest, and hardest ore is in the upper
part of the deposit ; the softer and ochrey ore is found more in the
lower part. But all the ores are mingled irregularly, without any
perceptible law or rule, and without any sign of stratification. They
are in some places clayish, and contain seams of brown and red clay.
The thickness of the ore is very variable and irregular. It is in
places only 10 feet and less, and reaches in other places 30 feet.
Above the ore is an irregular layer of reddish-brown clay, fine,
pure, and pretty uniform in color, so as to be used as paint. This
layer varies in thickness from a half-foot to 1 5 feet. Above this clay
is a layer of broken chert, 2 to 3 inches thick, and above this I to
5 feet of soil, enclosing broken chert and surface-ore.
Deal Bank, Sec. 2, T. 31, R. 8, E., Bellinger County. This
bank has been opened somewhat, and presents the following
aspect :
Fig- 57-
DEAL'S one BANK
We see in Fig. 57 four successive, very irregular layers, sloping
with the hill. The lowest is a mass of solid, chocolate-brown limo-
nite, taking occasionally a bluish color. It is in part mixed with yel-
low ochre, in part with white or yellow, fine or coarse, broken chert.
FRANKLIN COUNTY ORE-DISTRICT. 179
The layer above the ore is red clay, with broken veins of ore
which enclose broken chert.
Above this is a yellow, sandy clay, mixed with fine chert, and
interstratified with layers of this chert.
Above this is a cherty soil, with bowlders of good, hard, and
dense limonite.
It may be hoped that the ore in this deposit will turn purer
toward the bottom. This can be ascertained only by actual prose-
cution of the work, because none of the numerous localities where
limonite occurs, mixed with chert in this manner, have as yet been
fully opened, so as to give a basis for general conclusions in this re-
spect. It seems, however, not unlikely that the chert has come into
the ore from above, through the same apertures in which the solu-
tions came, and that the chert has been retained in the upper ore,
and that the lower portion of it, therefore, will contain less of it.
Irondale Banks. Several limonite banks exist in the vicinity of
Irondale, in Washington County. The ore is there deposited in
numerous small, irregular pockets on the surface of the Third Mag-
nesian Limestone. Larger coherent masses are rarely found.
Other undisturbed limonite banks in the eastern ore-district
are the Russell No. 2, McLaughlin, Singer, Dinger, Lindsey, and
Love banks in Iron County, the Jessie Lutz and Francis banks in
Bellinger County, the Buffum bank in Reynolds County, and the
Clarkson, Silvy, and Crane banks in Wayne County. The loca-
tion, etc. of these banks will be given in Chapter IV.
FRANKLIN COUNTY ORE-DISTRICT.
Moselle Banks. The various limonite banks in the vicinity of
Moselle Furnace seem to have the same general character as the
above-mentioned Irondale banks. Some of them, however, con-
tain larger masses of ore, as, for instance, the
Bowlen Bank, N. W.^ Sec. 5, T. 41, R. 2, E., Franklin
County.
We have here the following succession of rocks, beginning with
the lowest :
1. Solid and uniform mass of pure, hard, chocolate-brown limon-
ite, porous, with small, equally distributed pores (B H).
2. Clayish limonite, with irregular masses of yellow ochre, soft
and friable, and easily crushed into a fine, dry, yellow dust (Cl + H).
i8o
IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
Fig. 58.
EAST,
BQWUEN BANK.
3. Red loam, with green and gray broken chert (R Cl + F).
4. Sandstone, colored and impregnated with oxides of iron, in
disturbed and broken layers (S).
5. Dry soil, with some chert.
As no limestone has as yet been struck, the ore will certainly ex-
tend to a greater depth, and may prove to form a considerable
coherent deposit.
Iron Hill, Sec. 17, T. 42, R. I, E., Franklin County. The Iron
Hill deposit seems to consist of numerous smaller cracks and cavi-
ties on the surface of the Third Magnesian Limestone, which
cavities are in part or wholly filled with brown limonite and with
yellow ochre. Some of these cavities have been cut through by
the railroad-line, three miles west of Moselle Station. The follow-
ing illustration, Fig. 59, gives a section of one of these :
Fig- 59-
EAST
(ME STONE.
JtAILROP TRAGIC.
IRON H I t-L
The Third Magnesian Limestone is here thickly stratified and
very sandy, especially in the lower layers, and near the irregular
depressions and cavities. The latter all start from the surface and
BL ANTON LIMONITE BANK. l8l
reach more or less deep into the body of the limestone. In the
deepest of these cavities, in Fig. 59, we find deposited a loose,
coarse-grained and ferruginous, thinly-stratified sandstone, which
has afterward been broken up again and partly destroyed, perhaps
simultaneously with the opening of the crack in which the cavity
terminates at its lower extremity. The point of this crack is filled
with white clay and with broken, white chert (Cl + F). All the
rest of the cavity is nearly filled with limonite (B H), in irregular,
botryoidal, and stalactitic forms, mixed with yellow ochre and some
chert. The lower part is mostly ochre ; the higher portions are
harder, and form one coherent, porous mass of limonite, in places
mixed with heavy-spar. The thickest and least porous forms of
the limonite enclose sometimes a core of pyrites. An oblong space,
now filled with an indurated red clay (Cl), exists in the centre of
the lower part of the cavity, and seems to indicate that the ore has
been formed gradually from the walls of the cavity toward the
centre, as well as from the top toward the bottom. There can be
no doubt that the infiltration has taken place from above.
Blanton Limonite Bank, S. ^ S. W. % Sec. 29, T. 40, R. i,
W. , Washington County, on the southern slope of the Blanton
Hills.
Fig. 60.
SOUTH
BLANTON LIMONITE
This bank is not opened. The ore seems to lie on the limestone
and beneath the sandstone. The surface-ore occurs in pieces and
large bowlders, and can be traced about 150 feet down the slope
and 60 feet along the slope.
182
IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
CENTRAL ORE-REGION.
Steelville No. 2 Bank, E. % S. W. ^, Sec. 5, T. 37, R. 4, W.,
Crawford County. This is a limonite bank, situated but a few
hundred feet north of the Steelville No. I bank of specular and red
ore.
This limonite bank presents a very fine show of large surface-ore
on the eastern slope of a sandstone hill, near its foot. A brown,
impregnated sandstone is found above the ore on the same slope,
passing into a white sandstone, which forms the summit. It is not
now to be seen what rock underlies the ore, because the latter
descends to the foot of the hill and into the valley. The 'surface,
over which the ore is spread, is about 400 feet long and 30 to 40
feet wide. A narrow belt of breccia of gray and green chert, ce-
mented by an indurated clay, encircles the ore above, and separates
it from the sandstone. Some soft, red ore has been found close to
the bank north of it. These facts would indicate that this might
be a transformed specular-ore deposit ; but the absence of all
specular ore and the mineralogical character of the limonite make it
more probable that it will prove to be an original limonite deposit
on the Third Magnesian Limestone.
Wilkerson Bank, Sec. 34, T. 36, R. 4, W., Crawford County.
Fig. 61.
WIUKCAtON SANK.
ORE-REGION ON THE OS AGE RIVER.
183
As Fig. 61 shows, this bank exhibits a considerable quantity of
surface-ore, in bowlders from one-half to two feet in diameter, lying
in a curved line along the north-western slope of two hills, 15 to 20
feet below the summit, and being also concentrated in the ravine
which separates the two hills. No distinct outcrop of rock can be
seen. Pieces of chert are mixed with the surface-ore, and occa-
sionally some sandstone on the southern, and single pieces of lime-
stone on the northern, hill.
Other banks of limonite on limestone exist on Crooked Creek, and
in several localities along the Gasconade River, also in numerous
places in the southern part of the State. Many of these banks
will be found in the list in Chapter V. of this report.
ORE-REGION ON THE OSAGE RIVER.
The most important limonite region in Missouri is on the Osage
River. The banks on the Lower Osage, in Miller County, seem
to be mostly disturbed, and do not therefore belong in our cate-
gory / but very numerous banks of this character exist on the
Middle and Upper Osage Rivers, some of which I will now describe.
Furnace Bank, on Boulinger Creek, Sec. 4, T. 39, R. 18, W.,
Camden County.
Fig. 62.
BOUU
CRCEK
BOULINGER CREEK BANK.
1 84 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
Fig. 62 is a topographical sketch, on a very small scale, showing
the extent of the surface-ore, the three openings, a, b, c, made into
the deposit by the miner, and the position of the blast-furnace,
which has been erected near the foot of the main hill, to smelt the
ore. The distance between a and c is about one-quarter of a mile.
The openings a and b, out of which a considerable quantity
of good limonite has been taken already, have shown that the ore
lies on the irregular surface of the Third Magnesian Limestone,
which composes the main body of the hill. This limestone is very
sandy near the ore, and has there the appearance of a loose, calcareous
sandstone. The ore seems to form in some places a layer of irreg-
ular thickness on the limestone, and, besides, to fill all the pockets
and cavities on the latter. One such cavity, which has been struck
in the opening , has been mined to a depth of 12 feet in the solid
and pure ore without reaching the bottom.
White Bank, S. E. ^ Sec. 7, T. 39, R. i8,W., Camden County.
The White bank, which has been opened by a tunnel and a shaft,
has a great resemblance in its general character to the Furnace
bank. The layer of ore on the limestone continues here pretty
steadily some distance into the hill ; but larger cavities filled with
ore have not been met with, so far. The following section, Fig. 63,
will give an idea of the position of the ore as seen at present :
Fig. 63.
L is the regular Third Magnesian Limestone.
D L is a layer of decomposed limestone, presenting the appear-
ance of a loose, calcareous sandstone ; thickness varies from 2 to
30 inches.
Ore. Above this rock is a bed of limonite, I to 4 feet thick, soft
WIGWAM SANK.
I8 5
and earthy, enclosing" irregular masses of hard, solid ore of more or
less stalactitic structure.
Cl. Dark-red to brown, strongly ferruginous clay or loam, y 2 to
2 feet.
Cl-fF. White and green clay in thin and irregular layers, with
sand and chert, I to 3 feet.
F. Layer of white chert, I to 3 inches.
S. D. Layers of yellow sand and variegated clays and loams, with
more or less broken strata of sandstone.
Palm Bank, on Dry Creek, N. W. ^ Sec. 12, T. 40, R. 19, W.,
Morgan County.
OUC OUTCROP
PALM BANK ON DR\ CREEK
We have here a distinct outcrop of ore in the ravine upon the
western slope of the hill, close to the foot. The ore is a limonite of
good quality, about 4 feet in thickness, and seems to be in place.
Around the outcrop, within a radius of 30 feet, is a large amount of
surface-ore, which extends in smaller quantities to a distance of 50
or 60 feet up the slope. The soil on the hill is mixed with chert.
No other rocks are visible.
Wigwam Bank, Sec. 10, T. 40, R. 19, W., Morgan County.
The ore is a limonite, which is very largely mixed with chert, so
much so as to form a breccia in some cases. There are, however,
portions of it which are pure. It is found on the western slope of
1 86 IR ON- ORES OF M1SSO URL
a cherty hill, the lower part of which seems to consist of a sandy,
magnesian limestone. The ore extends about 1,000 feet along the
slope and 60 feet vertically. Some sandstone is found on the sur-
face of the upper part of the hill, a short distance from the ore and
apparently above it.
Gout's Bank, on Flat Rock Branch, Sec. 14, T. 40, R. 19, W.,
Morgan County. The ore lies on the east slope of a hill in a zone
about 30 feet wide, extending 150 feet down the hill-side. It is a
limonite, massive, but frequently mixed with fine, broken chert. A
large amount of broken chert is seen on the surface, but there is no
rock exposed.
Walker Bank, Sec. 36, T. 41, R. 20, W., Benton County, is
situated at the top of a high, cherty hill, over which single pieces of
ore are widely scattered. The outcrop of ore is circular, about 20
feet in diameter, and consists of large bowlders, some of which are
several feet in diameter. The ore is a limonite of good quality.
Gun Bank, Sec. 33, T. 40, R. 20, W., Benton County. Here a
large amount of surface-ore is scattered for a distance of 50 feet
vertically and 500 feet along the northern slope of a low, flat hill.
Two test-pits have been sunk and numerous drill-holes, all of which
struck the ore at a depth from 4 to 6 feet below the surface.
The ore is a good-quality limonite, and the bank is one of the
most promising in this region. .
Rich-woods Bank, Sees. 3 and 4, T. 39, R. 22, W., Benton
County. Here the ore lies upon the western slope, in a belt about
30 feet wide, and extending some 200 feet up the hill.
Above the ore is a yellow sandstone. The rock below is cov-
ered by soil, but at the foot of the same hill, a few hundred yards
distant, is an outcrop of limestone, probably the Third Magnesian.
Indian Creek Bank, Sec. 26, T. 42, R. 21, W., Benton County.
The hill on which the ore is found is about 100 feet high. At the
base, and extending probably 20 feet vertically, is a horizontal lime-
stone, probably the Third Magnesian.
Above this, on the western slope, the surface is covered with
chert and pieces of limonite-ore. At one place is a large bowlder
of many tons' weight. It is partly formed of fine pipe-ore broken,
and the pieces cemented again by ore. Other pipe-ore is mixed with
the soil near by. Some surface-ore, though scarce, is found higher
up on the southern slope, and on the top of the hill.
COPPER BANK.
I8 7
Sandstone probably forms the top of the hill above the limestone ;
the ore will be found, not forming a coherent deposit, but only
larger or smaller accumulations in the cavities on the limestone.
Fig. 65.
CHERT
X?-U S
Wfllto
\rit\\ AxvCV^wtY //,
.- 1".^ u R r A c E-
JNDJA'N
6ANK
Elm Hollow Bank, Sec. 36, T. 41, R. 22, W., Benton County.
The ore at this place lies upon the northern slope of a hill, over
a surface perhaps 50 by 100 feet. It consists of numerous pieces,
varying in size, not rounded. Chert is scattered over the whole
Fig. 66.
ELM HOLLOW BANK
hill, and near the top, above the ore, occur pieces of sandstone.
There is a probability of this being a coherent deposit. In some
of the larger pieces of the ore a core of pyrites was found.
Copper Bank, Sec. 27, T. 39, R. 24, W., St. Clair County.
This bank is upon the north-west slope of a hill into which a shaft
has been sunk to a depth of 72 feet, in search of copper.
The shaft is in a whitish limestone, probably the encrinital, and
follows a crevice which is filled with a soft, earthy limonite. The
course of this crevice is north-east and south-west.
At the mouth of the shaft, stratified ore appears several feet thick,
and above this is an outcrop of ferruginous sandstone.
i88
IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
r
5.E.
N.W.
YCUUOW
COPPER BANK
Sheldon Bank, Sec. 8, T. 38, R. 24, W. , St. Clair County.
This hill seems to consist of a coarse-grained, semicrystalline, gray
limestone, filled with encrinites, which crop out over the slope to
a height of 80 feet. Higher up pieces of ferruginous sandstone are
Fig. 68.
S H E LD O N^S BANK
found scattered. The principal part of the ore is in bowlders, from
one to three feet diameter, lying in the midst of large limestone
outcrops. It is also found in smaller pieces higher up in the region
of the sandstone. On the lower part of the slope the ore is solid
MATTHEWS MOUNTAIN^ \ 189
limonite, somewhat argillaceous and ochrey, and inclined to stalac-
titic forms.
Higher up the hill it becomes more sandy. The hill north of
this is 150 feet high, of the same geological formation, and shows
some surface-ore on its southern slope.
This bank is one of the most promising in this region.
Greenwell Bank, Sec. 15, T. 39, R. 25,. W., St. Clair County.
The ore occurs scattered 70 feet along and 40 feet down the
slope of a low, flat hill, which is covered with broken flint and large
bowlders of crystalline, gray limestone. Part of the ore is hard and
solid, and part is argillaceous.
Besides these already described, the Laclede, the Big and Little
Manqua, the Carl, Newman, Turkey Creek, Brown, Cover, Collins
banks, and many others in this Osage region, belong to this class of
ore-deposits.
k. DISTURBED OR DRIFTED DEPOSITS OF LIMONITE.
Some of the limonite deposits seem to have been disturbed from
their position, others partly destroyed, broken up, and re-deposited.
We find, therefore, some apparently on the sandstone, others as
drifted ore imbedded in the soil, subsoil, or in other destroyed and
drifted materials. Few of these deposits are, however, as yet suf-
ficiently opened to allow a reliable judgment regarding their char-
acter.
Matthews Mountain, Sec. 3, T. 32, R. 6, E., Madison County.
The prevalent rock here is limestone, with cherty soil, but por-
phyry-hills are abundant. The porphyry is brown or reddish
brown, with crystals of a transparent feldspar. Matthews Moun-
tain is a high, steep hill, seemingly composed of this porphyry,
although the rock-mass is covered with a thick layer of porphyritic
detritus, with large, sharp-cornered pieces of porphyry. These are
mixed with pieces and large, rounded bowlders of dense limonite.
Near by, some test-pits have been sunk to a depth of 5 to 10 feet,
in which large bowlders of ore were found mixed with the detritus,
but the solid rock was not reached.
As no deposits of limonite are known to occur in porphyry, it
has probably in this case been drifted into the detritus, from some
limestone which has been eroded or washed away.
190 IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
Poblick's Bank, Sees. 23 and 24, T. 32, R. 8, E., Bellinger
County. The ore is a hard limonite, occurring imbedded with
white flint and pieces of sandstone in the soil and subsoil on the
southern slope of a high and steep hill. No limestone is seen in
this vicinity. The geology of this locality is the same as at the
Oilman, Turkey Hill, and Murdoch banks, hereafter to be described.
The surface seems to consist of irregular, unconformable, and in-
distinctly stratified red and yellow clays, mixed with sand and
chert, and with pieces of sandstone originating from destroyed
strata. This formation, which has evidently a secondary character,
and looks as if deposited by greatly agitated waters, probably
rests upon the top of the magnesian limestone, which can be seen
directly, in a few localities, only in some of the deepest ravines.
The soil covering this formation is itself clayish, but mixed with
fine and coarse chert as well as with large pieces of flint, and often
with pieces of limonite. This surface-ore seems in some places
to have no connection with coherent deposits, while in others it
has led to the discovery of more substantial deposits of irregular
shape.
Gilman Bank, N. W. % Sec. I, T. 31, R. 8, E., Bellinger
County. At this place the soil is covered by, and encloses, a large
quantity of white chert, mixed with fragments of a white sand-
stone. The Third Magnesian Limestone is seen cropping out in
the bed of Crooked Creek, a half-mile from the ore-bank.
The mass of ore is of lenticular shape, and lies imbedded in yellow
clay, mixed with fine, white chert. The ore is broken and frac-
tured into pieces and block~s, which have, however, sharp corners
and edges, and are so disposed as to indicate that they must have
been at one time parts of the same coherent deposit, and have
been broken apart by irregular shrinkage, or by movements of the
surrounding masses.
Beds and layers of solid flint, which occur in the ore and clay,
are also broken and fractured in a similar manner.
Turkey Hill, N. W. ^ Sec. 32, T. 31, R. 10, E., Bellinger
County. The ore here is found at the foot of a steep hill near the
bottom of a ravine. It consists of bowlders, large and small, of
a generally pure, dark-colored limonite, which are imbedded and
irregularly distributed in a yellow, marly clay, containing much
white chert and flint.
CARPENTER BANK. 19 1
A tunnel has been run about 20 feet into the hill, through clay
containing ore-bowlders, without reaching the solid rock.
Murdoch Bank, Sec. 16, T. 30, R. 9, E., Bellinger County.
The ore of this bank is found scattered thinly over a surface of 2 to
3 acres on the top of a flat hill, and extending somewhat down the
western slope. Near the top, the ore is impure, being mixed with
a breccia of flint, the ore serving as the cement. On the slope it
grows purer, but scarcer. There has been considerable prospecting
done here, by scattered diggings and a shaft, but without disclosing
anything but clay and chert.
Other banks, probably belonging to this class, in the eastern
ore-region, are the Collins, Leeds Hill, Creder, Orth & Livering,
Baker, and Lutz.
FRANKLIN COUNTY ORE-DISTRICT.
Stanton Hill Bank, S. W.j^ of N. E. %, Sec. 36, T. 41, R. 2, W.,
Franklin County, is a circular depression of about 50 feet diameter,
in a dark-colored sandstone which crops out all round, and toward
the centre grows very ferruginous, where it has almost the appearance
of crystalline, specular ore. The only pure ore found is a limonite.
The lines of the strata in the sandstone are very much distorted,
and its whole appearance indicates a disturbance from its original
position.
OSAGE RIVER ORE-REGION.
In the Osage River ore-region there are very few deposits of
class h, but of these the Carpenter and Grissom banks are the most
important.
Carpenter Bank, Sec. 12, T. 46, R. 21, W., Benton County.
Fig. 69.
L. Sandy limestone.
C L. Ferruginous, reddish-brown loam.
C L+F. Clayish sand, with one distinct half-inch layer of fine, white chert.
192
IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
The ore covers the surface for but a small area, of perhaps 20
feet diameter, but is found scattered in less quantity in various
other places on the same flat hill.
There is no ore in the strata of the cut ; it is only found in the
soil covering the strata, having been drifted there ; but it may pos-
sibly be only an outlier of some deposit higher up the hill.
G-rissom Bank, on Turkey Creek, Sec. 28, T. 46, R. 21, W.,
Benton County.
Fig. 70.
The ore lies upon the western slope of a hill 1 50 feet high. At
the foot, limestone is seen in position to a height of about i6feet.
Above this the mass &f the hill seems to .be of sandstone, covered
with pieces of sharp-cornered flint. The ore is in large pieces of
irregular shape, very porous, partly of stalactitic fracture. Some
of it is sulphurous. A singular feature of this bank is the appear-
ance of the ore in large quantity and exclusively above the sand-
stone outcrops. From this feature some disturbance was inferred.
The Sample and Tuscumbia banks are the only others of class h in
this region having come to my knowledge.
CHAPTER VI.
THE IRON-ORES OF MISSOURI.
BY ADOLF SCHMIDT, PH. D.
D. List of Deposits of Iron-ore in Missouri. Explanation of the
Signs used in the List of Deposits of Iron- ore in Missouri.
THE following list contains all the deposits of iron-ore in Mis-
souri which have come to my knowledge. As this list has been
made principally for commercial and industrial purposes, the de-
posits were arranged according to their position along the various
routes of transport, railroads or navigable rivers, over which the
ores would have to be carried to their respective markets, or to
those places where they may be used directly in the manufacture
of iron.
They were arranged as follows :
Deposits along the Mississippi River Nos. I to 6
Iron Mountain R. R " 7 to 56
Atlantic & Pacific R. R. east of
Cuba " 57 to 76
St. Louis, Salem & Little Rock
R. R " 77 to 125
" Atlantic & Pacific R. R. west
of Cuba " 12610181
Missouri Pacific R. R " 182 to 198
" Osage River " 199 to 273
in other parts of the State " 274 to 278
The following columns are used in the list :
Column I. Consecutive Numbers.
Column 2. Name of deposits, or "banks." These names are
13
1 94 IR ON- ORES OF MISSO URL
taken either from the present or former owners, or from the lessees,
or from people who live in the neighborhood, or from creeks, towns,
or counties, or from other objects or circumstances having some
connection with these ore-banks.
Column 3. Location of deposits, giving the township, range, and
section. These were mostly obtained from the owners or lessees
of the banks to which they refer.
Column 4. Counties in which the banks are situated.
Column 5. Names of the owners or lessees, or both.
Column 6. Probable character of deposit. The signs used in
this column refer to the division of iron-ore banks, as given and
explained under I. C. of the present report, in brief thus :
a. Deposits of specular ore in porphyry.
b. Deposits of specular ore in sandstone.
r. Disturbed deposits of specular ore.
d. Drifted deposits of specular ore.
e. Strata of red hematite.
f. Disturbed or drifted deposits of red hematite.
g. Deposits of limonite on limestone.
h. Disturbed or drifted deposits of limonite.
Ore-banks which were not visited by members of the Survey
have no sign in the 6th column.
Column 7. Probable size of deposit. As mentioned under I. A.
of the present report, I have divided the various ore-banks in five
sizes, according to the number of tons of workable ore they are
supposed to contain, from their appearance and condition in sum-
mer, 1872. These sizes are :
1. Estimated at less than 20,000 tons.
2. " 20,000 to 100,000 "
3. " 100,000 to 500,000 "
4. " 500,000 to 2,000,000 "
5. " more than 2,000,000 "
Column 8. Character of the ore. This column is required,
because the 6th column cannot be filled for all the banks, and
because many banks, though having, for instance, the general char-
acter of specular-ore deposits, contain also red hematites or limo-
nites, produced in the course of time by altering influences.
DEPOSITS OF IRON- ORES. 195
Column g. Distances from the nearest railroads or navigable
rivers. I have considered this column indispensable, because the
immediate industrial importance of the various banks depends in a
great measure on their accessibility, and on their distances from the
routes of transport. This column is less important for some de-
posits which are directly connected with iron-works.
196
IRON- ORES OF MISSOURI.
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DEPOSITS OF IRON- ORES.
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205
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207
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DEPOSITS OF I RON- ORES,
209
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PART II
GEOLOGY
OF
NORTHWESTERN MISSOURI
BY
G. C. BROADHEAD
AND OF
LINCOLN COUNTY
BY
W. B. POTTER.
PROF. R. PUMPELLY,
Director of the Geological Survey of Missouri :
DEAR SIR : In presenting the Reports of my work during the
past year, I would mention the many obligations due to Mr. C. J.
Norwood for his valuable assistance in the field during the whole
season.
I am also indebted to many citizens of the State for information
in regard to localities, collecting specimens, etc. ; especially to Dr.
A. J. Bell and L. T. Collier, of Chillicothe ; H. H. Beeson, of Ray
County ; Wm. Zook, of Forest City, Mr. Lewis, Chief Engi-
neer K. C., St. Joseph & C. B. R. R., St. Joseph ; E. P. West, of
Kansas City ; and Dr. John Britts, of Clinton, Henry County.
To the St. Louis, K. C. & N. R. W., I am under obligations
for free transportation of specimens.
Respectfully,
G. C. BROADHEAD,
Assistant Geologist.
ST. Louis, Mo., March, 1873.
CHAPTER I.
AREA AND TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF THE COAL-
FIELD.
THE coal-measures of Missouri comprise an area of about 22,995
square miles, including 160 square miles in St. Louis County, 8 in
St. Charles, and a few outliers in Lincoln and Warren ; the re-
mainder in North-West and Western Missouri.
This includes 8,406 square miles of upper or barren measures,
about 2,000 miles of exposed middle, and 12,420 of exposed lower
measures.
Boundary. The boundary between the upper and middle coal-
measures I have elsewhere defined. It will be found delineated on
the map. The boundary between the middle and lower coal is
not well denned, but is limited by a thick-bedded, coarse, mica-
ceous sandstone, sometimes of not great extent, at other times of
great thickness. We suppose it to enter the State in the west part
of Bates County and to pass thence via Butler to Chilhomee in
Johnson County ; thence, northwardly 4 miles west of Warrens-
burgh to 4 miles east of Aullville, Lafayette County ; thence,
irregularly meandering through Lafayette County, crossing the
Missouri river, passing to ten miles east of Carrollton, Carroll
County ; thence, to the south-east corner of Livingston County,
from which point it bears north-east to the centre of Linn County,
and thence, northward. The southern and eastern boundary of
the lower coal-measures is as follows : (through Barton, Bates,
Vernon, and St. Clair, the boundary has not yet been well defined) ;
entering the State in Barton, it passes north-east through the
eastern part of Vernon ; it enters St. Clair about one-half way up,
on its western line, thence, meanders eastward to a point a few
miles north of Osceola ; thence, northward to within eight miles of
Clinton, Henry County ; thence, north-east to the east line of Henry
County ; thence, northwardly, with occasional variations of sand-
6 GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
stones, as much as eight miles east to Brownsville, Saline County ;
thence, north-eastward to Marshall, and thence, to Miami. On the
north side of the river it passes eastward, from a point opposite
Arrow Rock, to the east line of Howard County ; thence, in a mean-
dering course via Columbia, Boone County, New Bloomfield and
Fulton, Callaway County, to the north-east corner of Callaway ;
thence, north-eastwardly to a point three miles west of the north-
east corner of Montgomery County ; thence, north-west to near the
mouth of Lick Creek, Rails County ; thence, south-west to Mexico,
Audrain County. From thence, to the north-west corner of Monroe
County ; thence, irregularly trending northward, to the north-west
corner of Knox County ; thence, to a point on the north line of
Lewis County, about twelve miles west of the Mississippi river ;
thence, northwardly to the Desmoines river, on the north line of the
State of Missouri.
East of this, are small outliers in Montgomery, Warren, Lincoln,
and St. Louis Counties, and perhaps others in south-west Missouri.
Thickness. The aggregate thickness of the upper coal-mea-
sures is 1,317 feet, including only about 4 feet of coal, of which
there are two seams of one foot in thickness : the others are very
thin seams or mere streaks. The middle coal-measures include a
total thickness of about 324 feet, in which are embraced about 7
feet of coal, including two workable seams of 21 and 24 inches ; one
other of I ft. that is worked under favorable circumstances, and six
seams too thin to work. The lower measures include from 250 to
300 feet, embracing about five workable seams of coal, varying in
thickness from i^ ft. to 41^ ft., and thin seams varying from 6 to
II inches, and several minor seams and streaks: in all, 13 ft. 6 in.
of coal. We therefore have in Missouri nearly 1,900 ft. of coal-
measures with a total aggregate of 24 ft. 6 in. of coal. The thinner
seams of coal are not often mined, except in localities remote from
railroad transportation. The coal from thicker seams (those from
I y 2 to 2 and 4 ft.) is generally sold at ten cents per bush, at the
mines.
The thin seam, 10 to 14 inches on Nodaway river, is sold at over
20 cents per bush, at the mines. The reason of this is the difficulty
of mining (there being so much superfluous material to be removed)
and the remoteness of other coals.
Miners seem to prefer to work a bed of 2 ft. to 2^ ft. in thick-
TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF THE COAL-FIELD. 7
ness, to even one of greater thickness. We would consider all
beds over 18 in. thick as workable coals. The estimated area,
where such may be reached within two hundred feet from the
surface, is about 7,000 square miles.
THE FOLLOWING IS A CONDENSED VERTICAL SECTION OF THE
COAL-MEASURES :
No. LOCALITY.
I 339 feet, including 230 feet above the connected section.
2 12 in. coal. Holt, W. part of Nodaway and Northwardly ; also White Cloud, Kansas.
3392 feet
4 12 in. coal Andrew, Buchanan, De Kalb, Gentry, and Platte.
5 207 feet
6 10 in. coal Platte Cqunty .
7 379 feet to base of upper coal-measures
8 3 in. coal at top of middle coal-measures .Pleasant Hill, Missouri City, and
Princeton, Mercer County.
9 164 feet
10 I foot coal Cass, Johnson, Lafayette, and Livingston, also Grundy,
1 1 70 feet
12 2 feet (Lexington coal) Lafayette, Johnson and Ray.
1336 feet
14 7 in. coal Lafayette and Ray.
15 14 feet
16 21 in. coal Lafayette, Johnson, Carroll, and Livingston.
17 50 to 90 feet
18 i-J- ft. (Warrensburgh coal) Johnson, Henry, Chariton.
19 52 feet
20 7 in. coal Johnson.
21 18 feet
22 i foot 8 in. coal Johnson.
2318 feet
24 8 in. coal s Johnson.
25 4 feet
26 2 feet coal Henry.
2748 feet
28 1\ feet to 4 feet 5 in. coal. Randolph, Boone, Callaway, Johnson, Henry, Ver-
non, Bates, Adair, Sullivan, Putnam, Audrain, and Macon.
29 1 1 feet Macon.
30 II in. coal Macon, Henry and Johnson.
31 about 13 feet
32 2 feet coal. 10 inches of clay near base. Rails, Audrain, St. Louis, St. Charles and
Montgomery, Henry and Johnson.
TOPOGRAPHY OF THE COAL-MEASURES.
The general surface of a country is governed by the constitu-
ents of the underlying rock formations. Where they consist mostly
8 GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
of limestones which approach near the surface, we find a rugged
tract of country. Where sandstones prevail, the slopes are more
gentle. When clays or shales exist, we have flat land. Alterna-
tions of these will present combinations of the foregoing. The
coal-measures include varieties of all these, and generally alter-
nately arranged. The thickest entire limestone group is 30 ft., with
shales above and below ; so of course, our area of broken land is
limited. The thickest groups of limestone occur in the lower part
of the upper coal-measures. Along the line of their outcrops, may
be occasionally seen rugged and steep hillsides, which characteris-
tics may be observed from Cass County on the south, through
Jackson, Platte, Clay, Ray, Caldwell, Daviess, Gentry, Worth,
and Harrison. Higher in the series, are thick shale formations, as
seen at Weston and St. Joseph. The country northward is flat and
rolling, as we find through Gentry and Worth, Platte, Buchanan,
and De Kalb. Above these, are alternations of thick and thin
strata of limestone, with sandstones, shales, and clays, and the
resultant is the undulating and rolling portion of North-West Mis-
souri, lying near and extending west from Platte river. The
bluffs of the Missouri, in the region of the upper coal-measures,
attain an elevation of from 250 to 330 feet above the bottom-land ;
and the elevation of the highest ridges inland is but little if any
more. The summits of the highest ridges in Nodaway County,
above One Hundred and Two river and Platte river, are but little
over 200 feet, and none of the adjacent bluffs exceed 50 feet in
height; the same may be also said of Nodaway river, except
near where it joins the Missouri bluffs, where they measure 250
feet. On N. Grand river, the immediate bluffs measure from 30 to
1 20 feet, within the upper coal district. As we descend, the hills
recede. Near the base of the upper coal series, it is often 200 to
250 feet from the valleys to the top of remote ridges. Lower
down in the middle coal series we have a great thickness of sand-
stones and shales, with long and very gentle slopes, and the bluffs
near streams from 25 to 50 feet high, rising to 100 feet at a half-
mile to a mile distant.
We also observe another characteristic near the junction of the
upper and middle measures. The upper sandstones, one hundred
or more feet in thickness, have been mostly denuded, leaving
isolated mounds of sandstone, capped by lower limestones of the
TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES OF THE COAL-FIELD. 9
upper coal-measures. They are generally 80 to 100 feet above the
general surface of the lower plains. This enables us to trace out
the boundary between the upper and middle coal series very
readily.
The mounds near Harrisonville, Cass County, reach to the top
of the middle coal series, as also Centre Knob, and knobs north in
Johnson County, and Wagon Knob, in Lafayette County, and are
generally capped with limestones, which occupy the base of the
upper coal series.
In Lafayette County we have a remarkable ridge coming in
from the south-west and extending northwardly, just west of the
line between Ranges 27 and 28, including a width of about one
mile. Grady's Knob, although separated from the main ridge,
occupies the northern terminus of it ; it is generally capped with
limestone, No. 78, of the upper coal-measures, but sometimes the
limestone has been broken up and worn away, leaving exposed
the underlying sandstone. The denudation on the east side is
apparently not so much as on the west, but on the west the ero-
sion has been very great, extending to a depth of at least one
hundred feet, with a width of over twelve miles. This wide tract
includes the beautiful Greenton valley, Texas prairie, and Sniabar
valleys. The various branches of the Sniabar have also cut their
channels through this valley to a depth of from 40 to 100 feet.
Along the Missouri river, in the vicinity of the middle series, the
bluffs do not attain the height found in the upper series. They
vary in height from 100 to 165 feet. In the lower part of the
middle coal-measures we again observe the phenomena of mounds
capped with limestone, the base of the mound extending into the
lower measures. We find here evidences of a great denudation, for
the mounds are frequently over a hundred feet in height, sloping
with a long and gentle descent, blending into the wide-stretching
intervening plains. This is the case along the west line of Mis-
souri, from Fort Scott to Cass County ; others occur along the
border of Bates and Vernon, and occasionally in Henry. A range
of mounds passes N. E. from near Clinton to the N. E. part of
Henry County, and from thence at intervals northwardly in the
east part of Johnson County. The lower coal-measures being
mainly composed of sandstones and shales, with but few limestone
beds, we find the country correspondingly flat ; the bluffs along.
10 GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
the streams, are not often over fifty feet in height, and blend into
the higher land by gentle slopes.
The southern portion of Missouri, including the Ozark ridge,
and most of the State south of the Missouri and Osage rivers,
excepting the two western tiers of counties, is elevated from one
thousand to fourteen hundred feet above the sea, and includes
only Lower Silurian rocks flanked by Lower Carboniferous.
On the west flank near the State line the country is not often
over eight hundred feet above the sea. On the west and north
flank of this high land the coal-measures commence. On the south
side of the Missouri river we find the middle and lower coal not
over eight hundred or nine hundred feet above the sea.
In North Missouri the same formations are about eight hundred
to one thousand feet above the sea. The elevation of the eastern
and southern outcrop of the upper coal-measures, near the base,
is eight hundred and seventy-five to nine hundred and ninety feet.
Towards the north-west part of the State the upper measures
are more elevated, and may reach from one thousand to eleven
hundred feet above the sea.
CHAPTER II.
LOWER COAL-MEASURES. BY G. C. BROADHEAD.
HENRY COUNTY COAL.
THE middle coal-measures may be found only in north-west por-
tion of Henry County. The lower coals crop out near Windsor,
Calhoun, Clinton and south-west. Besides the coal-beds, the rocks
consist mostly of sandstones, generally soft with some, shale and
clay beds, with rarely limestone, and some beds of iron carbonates,
red hematites and clay-iron ore. In the region of the lower coal-
measures mounds are occasionally seen, rising by long and gentle
slopes to an elevation of fifty to one hundred feet above the height
of surrounding country, showing that denudation has been very
great since the coal-measures were deposited. These mounds are
capped with middle coal-measures, with lower coal at the base.
The line of my recent observations in the county extended
from the north-east corner of the county to Clinton* with various ob-
servations north and south of my route. In this district the bluffs
along the streams seem to be in no place of greater height than
forty or fifty feet, and the general surface of the country rises sixty
to seventy feet above the valleys. The vertical outcrops being
limited, the exact correlation is difficult ; still, although I failed
in obtaining a connected vertical section of all the beds, I think I
have them placed in about the regular order of succession.
The lowest may include certain sections taken by Mr. C. J.
Norwood, near Fort Lyon, Benton County, and southward, near
Tebo Creek, and along that stream as high up as the forks two
miles south of Calhoun, of which the following is an abstract:
Henry County.
In Section 15, T 43 R 24, observed outcrop of 3 to 4 feet
" Ferruginous sandstone."
12 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
Benton County.
On Barker's Creek, in south-west quarter, Section 36, T. 43, R.
23, on Mr. D. I. Williams's land, noticed the following :
No. i 3 feet bluff and local drift.
2 i foot 2 in. brown and black sandy, thinly laminated shales.
3 I foot 3 in. bituminous and thinly laminated sandy shales,
with concretions of carb. of iron.
4 5 inches coal.
5 2 feet black, laminated sandy shales, containing Cordaites.
In north-west quarter, Section 6, T. 42, R. 23, D.I. Williams's
Land.
i
No. i 3 feet shaly, soft sandstone.
2 i foot black, laminated, sandy and bituminous shales.
3 6 " coal.
Oak and hickory is the principal timber here ; country rolling.
At Fort Lyon, in Section 6, T. 42, R. 23, I obtained the fol-
lowing :
Section No. 50.
No. i Long slope.
2 8 feet light red sandstone, hard and in one bed, specked and
streaked with white.
3 X foot clay. .
4 3 inches carbonaceous rrtatter.
5 2 feet clay, containing Stigmaria ficoides.
6 12 feet Arenaceous shales ; some black and brown, others ash-
colored.
7 3 feet slope'.
8 Outcrop of ferruginous sandstone about 6 inches.
9 3 feet bed of lower carboniferous chert containing fossils
Glauconome (sp.} and an internal spire of a small brachiopod
(Spiriferf).
10 5 feet slope to Creek.
Henry County.
"On Section 26, T. 42, R. 24 observed outcrop of ferrugin-
ous sandstone. This sandstone is seen very often along the road
leading from Fort Lyon to Leesville. It disappears from view
about one mile from Leesville."
LOWER COAL-MEASURES. 13
" In the north-west part of the north-east quarter, Section u,
T. 41, R. 24, the following section is seen, on a gully in the
prairie, north- west of Leesville.
Section 51.
No. i 8 feet slope, covered with chert, containing Spirifer
Forbesi ? Crinoid stems, Bryozoans (2 sp.} Capulus ? Amplexus,
Phillipsia. Archimedes chert, evidently from the Warsaw and
Keokuk groups.
2 5 feet gray and white, very coarse-grained limestone Encrin-
ital limestone of Swallow, Burlington limestone of Hall ; it abounds
in Crmotd stems, and contains euomphalus latus. Upper part mostly
thin layers lower part more compact."
" In north-west quarter, Section 13, T. 43, R. 24, on Elm
Creek, observed a bed of compact drab chert ; weathers brown :
contains a cast of a Productus, in size and appearance resembling
Prod, mesialis of Hall, Retzia Verneuiliana, Amplexus, Spr. Keokuk,
Bryozoa, and what appears to be a cast of Spr. pseudo-lineatus."
" This chert as seen by the fossils is evidently from the Warsaw
and Keokuk limestones."
"OnTebo Creek, in north-east quarter, Section 2, T. 41, R. 24,
the following is seen :
No. i Slope.
2 8 feet Encrinital limestone, gray and coarse-grained. Irregu-
larly bedded, contains Zaphrentis, Crinoid stems, and Prod. Fle-
mingii var. Pr. Burlingtonensis . "
" Following the creek one-quarter of a mile farther up, as far as
the north-west part of the north-west quarter of Sec. 2, T. 41, R.
24, the limestone is seen, exposed at intervals on the north bank,
cedar, willow, oak, elm, and sycamore trees growing all along the
bank. Here the following section was obtained.
Sec. 52.
No. i 35 feet slope lower part covered with chert and ferrugi-
nous sandstone : chert containing small Spirifer, Chonetes, Bryozoa,
and Crinoidece. On the upper part are tumbled pieces of ferruginous
sandstone.
2 35 feet Encrinital limestone color gray : lower part very
coarse-grained and somewhat friable ; upper part finer grained.
3 15 feet slope to water."
See sketch, fig. i.
1 4 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
" One-eighth of a mile farther up : Encrinital limestone is ex-
posed on the bank of creek, from Sec. 52 to this place, and be-
yond. At this place it is exposed on the south bank, and in it are
two caves ; two or three hundred yards farther up stream, two more
Fig. 1.
SECTION 52 (C.J.N.)
HENRY CO
are seen. They appear to extend back into the rock quite a dis-
tance, but could not be entered on account of water. The country
around here is hilly and rough. Oak is the prevailing timber."
" Followed up the creek from this place to about one-half of a
mile above the mouth of Barker's creek. Here the encrinital lime-
stone is exposed on the south bank, about twenty feet thick ; it is
rough and irregularly bedded.
"At a ford on Tebo creek, in the north-west quarter, Sec. 4,
T. 41, R. 24, this limestone is again seen, cropping out at the
water's edge."
" In the west part of Sec. 17, T. 42, R. 24, on a road leading north
to Calhoun, noticed 20 feet buff soft sandstone, containing concre-
tions of iron ore : on the top a few inches of ore. The lower part
presents a banded appearance. It is thick bedded and is greatly
washed, so as to form a shallow cave.
LOWER COAL-MEASURES. 15
"On James's Fork, at ford on road leading to Calhoun, in
south-west part of the south-east quarter of Sec. 7, T. 42, R. 24,
this sandstone is exposed, and is also seen some distance beyond."
"From the foregoing it is evident that the encrinital limestone
first seen on the Tebo in north-east quarter of Sec. 2, T. 41, R. 24,
is exposed at intervals from that place nearly as far up as James's
Fork."
"There is said to be some coal in the south part of the north-
east quarter of Sec. 34, T. 42, R. 24, but I could not find any.
The informant did not know the thickness of the vein, and says
it has not been worked.
" This part of the section is high above the level of Tebo Cr.
Most of the high ridges are capped by chert with ferruginous sand-
stone over-lying it."
"Sec. at Mr. Munn's Coal-Bank in the south-east part of the
south-west quarter of Sec. 17, T. 42, R. 24.
No. i 17 feet slope, with scattered pieces of chert, containing
Prod, muricatus, Spr. plano-convexus and Ch. mesoloba.
2 2 feet outcrop of hard, mottled blue and drab, silicious lime-
stone, in thin beds. Contains Pr. Prattenianus and Crinoid stems.
This is probably equivalent to the ' flagstone ' beds of Browns-
ville.
3 20 feet slope.
4 5 feet local drift composed of chert, sandstone, etc.
5 i foot to \y 2 foot ochreous blue clay.
6 28 inches coal : upper five inches very poor some places
more like bituminous shale than coal. Lower 23 inches good.
Has a rusty appearance on exposed surface. Some parts brilliant.
7 Sandstone micaceous.
" The coal lies in what was formerly the bed of a wide branch,
but which has long ago run dry. This coal is very likely the lowest
of the coal-measures." The following is a proximate analysis by
Mr. R. Chauvenet.
Water 7. 50
Volatile 37. 30
Fixed carbon SO- 75
Ash 4.45
color of ash, red (ox. iron) ; cokes tolerably.
1 6 GEOLOG Y OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
The above sections of Mr. Norwood indicate loose masses of
lower carboniferous chert reposing on the encrinital limestone.
The chert indicates a mingling of forms, pertaining to the St.
Louis, Warsaw and Keokuk limestones. For we observe Chonetes
(resembling Ch. Shumardana), Pr. mesialis and Spr. pseudlineatus,
Bryozoans, Capulus,&&& Ample xns resembling those of the Keokuk
group, and Retzia Verneuiliana of the Warsaw group. In Dr. John
Britts' collection at Clinton, I saw a fine specimen of Melonites and
also of Lithostrotion obtained from cherty beds on Grand river,
twelve miles from Clinton. These are characteristic fossils of the
St. Louis limestone.
The gray limestone which is found underlying the chert undoubt-
edly belongs to the encrinital or Burlington group. The chert in
No. i, and the silicious bed No. 2, at Munn's coal-bank, cannot be
distinguished, either in color or texture, from the flagstone beds of
Brownsville, Saline county, which occur at that place near the base
of the coal-measures.
OTHER BEDS NEAR THE BASE OF THE COAL-MEASURES.
The coal at C. B. JORDAN'S mine on Grand river in Sec. 25, T.
41, R. 26, is probably the same bed as Munn's. It occurs thus:
ist 15 feet blue calcareous slate (flagstone), weathering drab,
occurs in uniform layers of generally about two inches in thickness
is jointed, with generally perpendicular faces, and forms good
roof for the coal.
2 32 inches coal.
3 9 feet blue shales with iron ore concretions ; upper one foot blue
clay in thin laminae, resting on two feet of blue fire-clay, then sandy
clay. Mr. Jordan has run in several drifts, about 100 feet into the
hill, and employs several miners. The coal is black and shiny.
About 4 inches below the top is a one-inch slate seam. The
middle layer of coal also contains some iron pyrites.
Proximate analysis by Mr. Chauvenet of Jordan's coal (top of
bed) :
Water 3-47
Volatile 42. 18
Fixed carbon 45 -85
Ash 8.50
color of ash, purple gray.
LOWER COAL-MEASURES.
Jordan's coal bottom of seam :
Water 5.14
Volatile 37-91
Fixed carbon 46. 82
Ash 10.13
Color of ash, purple gray.
The overlying silicious slates would probably furnish good mate-
rial for indoor pavements, and would also do very well for ordinary
sidewalks.
At Gilkenson's Frod on Grand river, about three quarters of
a mile west of Jordan's, in about the centre of Sec. 26, T. 41, R. 26,
we find exposed a section of rocks which are probably just above
the section at Jordan's. They appear just above the ford, in the
following order :
Section 65.
No. i Sandstone.
2 Shale.
Figs. 2 and 3.
SECTION 66.
S-o
21 - o
1 8 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
3 2 to 6 inches iron-stone, equivalent to Section 64, No. 9, and
probably also to Section 63, No. 3.
4 1 8 inches calcareo-bituminous bed, shaly, and passing into a
ferruginous limestone ; contains LopJiopJiyllum proliferum, Chce-
tetes Ch. mesoloba, Spr. cameratus, Prod, muricatus, Pr. castatus,
Athyris subtilita and an undescribed cephalopod (Cyrtoceras ?).
5 6 in bituminous coal.
6 3 feet blue and brown sandy clay passing into sandstone.
7 6 feet blue shales with concretions of carbonate of iron.
About 150 yards up stream this section is somewhat modified
thus :
Section 66.
No. i 5 feet buff shaly sandstone.
2 2 feet blue shales.
3 2 in. coal.
4 HK f eet shales and fire-clay.
5 6 in coal = 65 5.
6 3 feet sandstone abounding in stigmaria.
7 21 feet shales abounding in lenticular beds of iron carbonate,
weathering red and containing numerous ferns, also, Lepidoden-
dron, Lycopodites and Lepidastrobus, and Cordaites.
8 Coal in river: could only see \y 2 feet; was informed that
it was 3 feet thick ; if so it corresponds to the coal at Jordan's. If
there is no dip, the fall in the river between here and Jordan's
would bring it up to his coal.
The Section at Jackson's mill includes rocks of last section.
The upper beds exactly correspond, but differ below thus :
Sec. 64.
No. 2 4 feet shaly sandstone containing a few ferns.
3 10 inches rotten coal.
4 2 feet clay.
5 1 1/2 feet of hard, white sandstone containing Sigillaria.
6 3 feet thin layers of sandstone, from ^ inch to I ^ inches
thick.
7 1 6 feet 3 inches clay shales in thin layers.
8 6 in. hard, calcareo-pyritiferous ironstone.
9 9 in. shaly calcareo-pyritiferous rock.
10 17 in. blue clay.
II 1 8 in. bituminous shales.
LOWER COAL-MEASURES. 19
12 5 in. calcareous shale.
13 3 to 4 feet of hard sandstone, containing Canlerpites mar-
ginatus and remains of mineral charcoal.
14 6 to 12 in. coal; covered in some places with a crust of
pyrites.
Fig. 4-
SECTION 64
JACKSON'S MILL ON GRAND RIVER,
HENRY CO
15 3 feet fire-clay.
16 Blue clay with roots of plants.
The layers, from No. 8 downwards, are quite irregular, and
undulate with variable thickness for over a hundred feet down
the stream, with a prevailing dip of about 10, the course of which
is N. 40 E., mag c . There is also, as the accompanying sketch
will show, a dip or fault of about two feet at the north-east end
of the outcropping.
The coal-beds of Mrs. Tyler and of Benj. Owens on and near
the creek, 2^ miles south-east of Clinton, may be the same as the
Jordan bank. Their position with the horizon would so indicate:
The coal from Mrs. Tyler's is extensively used at Clinton. It is
reached by a shaft. Arriving at the mine at dark, I did not have
an opportunity of making correct examinations. The overlying
light blue shale abounds in numerous very pretty ferns and an, oc-
casional Lepidodendron, with a few leaves of Cordaites..
Benj. Owens works an open bank in the edge of the creek,, from
20 GEOLOG Y OF NORTH- WESTERN MISSOURI.
which is obtained a black brilliant coal; bed 21 inches thick, with
very little sulphur : the upper three inches is crumbly : has black
shale just above with four or five feet of ochry clay shales above it.
Proximate analyses by Mr. Chauvenet, of
OWENS. OWENS (MIDDLE).
Water, 8.30 7.14
Volatile, 38.66 36.95
Fixed carbon, 48.35 48.65
Ash, 5.85 6.10
Color of ash, nearly white. White, purple tinge.
Less than a quarter of a mile up stream we find,
No. i Slope.
2 4 feet sandy and ochrey shale.
3 10 in. drab crumbling sandstone.
44 feet blue shales, with large round concretions of carbonate
of iron, which shell off in curved flags : some of them are over a
foot thick and three feet long. These shales are probably the
equivalent of No. 7 of Sec. 66.
About a mile and a half up stream is Sec. 61.
No. i Sandstone containing Stigmarid.
2 About 25 feet gentle slope.
3 8 feet thinly laminated blue clay with thin lenticular beds of
iron ore.
4 \y 2 in. sandy iron-stone.
5 2 inches coal.
6 2 feet gray fire-clay.
7 I foot brown, ochrey clay, which sometimes resembles the
last.
8 i foot blue clay.
9 Thin coal-streaks.
10 6 in. hard gray sandstone.
II 2 feet sandy clay with roots of Stigmaria.
There is a thin coal-seam still higher up, which is exposed on
the prairie three-quarters of a mile west, as appears from the fol-
lowing notes :
No. i 2 feet sandstone.
2 Streak of rotten coal.
3 2 feet irregular bed of massive friable sandstone.
LOWER COAL-MEASURES.
21
4 8 feet drab shales.
5 3 feet blue shales in thin laminae.
6 3 inches coal=Sec. 61, No. 5.
7 4 feet blue clay the upper I foot brown streaked.
Sec. 63, on bluff just west of Clinton, includes portions of the
last three sections. We find,
No. i Chocolate-colored sandstone with some shale beds.
2 Outcrop of iron-stone concretions.
Fig- 5-
SECTION 63 .
AT CLINTON, HENRY CO .
S-o
ir1S*Z*lsi&*s3*S*^^
= ~^r= 25-o
3 5 feet shale drab, sandy and ochreous ; coal-smut at bottom.
A little above the base is 5*^ inches of red calcareous iron-stone,
abounding in fossils, including Pr. muricatus, Hemipronites crassus,
Ch. mesoloba, Ch. Verneuiliana, Spr.plano-convexus, Discina (small
22 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
sp.). This stratum is of even thickness, and jointed by planes
perpendicular to the deposit ; has evidently been a limestone, now
changed to an iron ore. I regard it as equivalent to the layer of
ferruginous iron-stone seen in the railroad cut at Calhoun.
4 Outcrop of sandstone.
5 5 feet shale to outcrop of crumbling sandstone with Sigil-
laria.
6 4 feet shales dark blue below.
7 I J/2 feet sandstone.
8 2 feet outcrop of coal-smut.
9 Hard shelly sandstone with Stigmaria, Dip 10, N. 10 E.
mag. c .
1025 feet shales to branch ; rather slaty below.
The Section at Calhoun is as follows :
No. I 6 feet brownish sandstone.
2 I foot red sandy iron-stone.
3 27 feet light drab shaly sandstone, with a 6-inch stratum at
top, abounds in Canlerpites the lower 3 feet is ochreous.
4 i foot dark shales.
5 i foot shaly coal and bituminous shales; sulphur efflores-
cence on the outcrop.
6 3 feet shales.
7 4 inches to 2 feet buff and light drab sandstone abounding in
Stigmaria ficoides.
8 i foot clay.
9 6 inches rotten coal and clay shales.
IO 3 feet clay, greenish with brown tinge.
ii i foot rotten coal.
12 2 feet clay.
The beds here undulate somewhat. In the first small cut west of
railroad bridge, the Stigmaria sandstone is seen 6 feet above the
railroad track, I foot thick and apparently level; crossing a
valley about 400 feet wide to the next cut west, the sandstone is
4 feet above the track, and 3 feet in thickness, at which place it
furnishes a good quarry rock. Fifty feet farther it dips beneath
the track, and is concealed for eighty feet, when it again rises and
in a short distance is four feet above the track, and apparently
level for 600 feet. A short valley here intervenes, beyond which
we find the upper numbers of our section, as quoted above.
LOWER COAL-MEASURES. 23
Sec. 59.
No. i Ochre shales with hollow iron-stone concretions.
2 6 inches ferrruginous limestone ; weathers with a red crust
and contains Brachiopoda, including Pr. muricatus, Pr. Pratteni-
anus, Chonetes Verneniliana. The interior of the rock is a drab
ash ; next is a ^-inch red band, then ^ to ^ inch composed of red
and brown alternations and brown exterior.
This may probably be equivalent to the ferruginous fossil stratum
at Clinton.
Fig. 6.
SECTION 59 .
AT CALHOUN , HENRY CO.
3 I foot sandy shales.
4 5 inches rotten coal and slate.
5 i foot blue and ochrey shales. Drab sandy shales occur
about 15 feet beneath, resting on sandy iron-stone. The latter is
6 inches thick at its lower extremity, where it dips beneath rail-
road grade, thinning out at fifteen feet, and covered unconform-
ably by sandy shales. (See sketch.)
There is a white efflorescence on the shales below the iron bed,
and a similar deposit, on the overlying shales.
The accompanying sketch shows the position of the bed and its
dip.
At Laban Parks, i^ mile north of Calhoun, the upper series of
the Calhoun rocks contains a good red hematite in considerable
quantities.
A vertical section of rocks here would exhibit
No. I Soil.
2 Deposit of porous red hematite : about 3 feet. Good iron
ore.
3 3 feet brown ochre concretions.
24 GEOLOG Y OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
4 24 feet sandstone upper portion drab and buff ripple
marked ; brown toward bottom.
5 1 1 feet bluish drab and shaly sandstone.
6 Dark streak of apparently rotten coal No. 5 of Calhoun
section.
Fig. 7.
SECTION 57
AT LABAN PA HKS
l MILES NORTH OF CALHOUN .
'^fe^^trr
L-J
'"'fttb HEMATITE
'iSVKJDNEY ORE
Similar iron ore is said to occur at several other localities in the
neighborhood of Calhoun.
Across Tebo creek, one mile north-east of Calhoun, the upper
sandstone beds are quite ferruginous, both brown or red. Two and a
half miles east of Calhoun, at Henry Neff's mines, we find the
following :
No. i 6 feet brown sandstone, abounding in concretions of
brown hematite.
2 5 feet shales.
$ 2 feet coal.
One hundred and fifty feet west, we find
No. I Sandstone.
2 I foot dark shales, with seams of rotten coal, sometimes
thickening to 6 inches.
3 1}4 foot to 3 feet sandy shales with Stigmaria, and streaks
of coal.
4 14 inches lead blue clay.
5 2 feet coal.
The quality of the coal at these openings seems poor ; later
drifts have been pushed into the hill, at about a quarter of a mile
east, disclosing a better quality. The seam here is 3 feet thick,
described as follows :
LOWER COAL-MEASURES. 2$
No. i 6 inches at top with shining black bands, other dull
streaks, and a few concretionary bands of pyrites.
2 4 inches just beneath the above, like it, but has charcoal
partings.
3 6 inches or more, at the middle of bed. Is shiny, with car-
bonaceous partings and brown rust on the joints ; said to be a good
blacksmith's coal.
4 Specimens from 16 inches above the bottom resemble the
last. At ten to sixteen inches above the bottom iron pyrites is
intercalated. Ten inches from the bottom a 2-inch seam of bitu-
minous clay was observed.
Proximate analysis of top coal at Neff 's by Mr. Chauvenet :
Water 5.89
Volatile 38.01
Fixed carbon 39-97
Ash . . . .' 16.13
Color of ash, chocolate.
At a bluff three hundred feet east of the last, the coal is capped
by ten inches of sandstone, and dips west.
At the east end the sandstone reposes directly on the coal. In
the middle exposure of the bluff, the coal is capped by a lenticular
bed of ferruginous conglomerate, forty feet long, one and a half foot
thick in the middle and tapering to a point each way. (See sketch,
Sec. No. 54.)
Fig. 8.
SECTION 5V.
HENRY CO .
The coal rests on soft gray sandstone, containing Stigmaria
ficoides, a few feet of which was exposed.
On the road from Calhoun to Windsor are many exposures of
soft brown sandstone.
At Thos. Dillon's, in Sec. 21, T. 43, R. 24, we have
26 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
Section 48.
No. i 25 to 30 feet mostly soft, light brown sandstone ; a few
beds are hard enough to form a tolerably good building material-
occasional remains of large forms of Sigillarice and Catamites
are found.
2 Smut from coal.
3 6 feet shaly slope.
4 2 feet yellow sandstone at bottom.
5 22 inches outcrop of coal : upper half rotten, lower part firm.
6 14 feet sandy shales.
7 Sandstone in creek with Lepidodendron, Sigillarice, Cor-
daites, &c.
The equivalence of the coal of this section with that at Nefi's is
apparent.
Further up the creek which passes this place, in Sec. 17, T. 43, R.
24, on land of H. C. Mullins, is a thin coal-seam, which probably
occupies a higher geological position.
Our section here is about this :
No. i 6 feet soft sandstone.
2 6 feet clay, and outcrop of shelly limestone.
3 30 feet slope.
4 i foot coarse conglomerate.
5 6 feet thinly laminated shales, with about ten bands of carbon-
ate of iron, varying from ^ to i^ inch in thickness.
6 8 to 10 inches coal ; said to be thicker elsewhere.
7 7 f eet clay, with occasional brown and nodular layers of soft
sandstone.
8 \y 2 inch jointed pyritiferous bed, looking at a short dis-
tance like an outcrop of coal, and similar to the pyritiferous layer
at bottom of Williamson's and Hughes' coal. The rocks dip south
60 west about one in twenty.
Organ's Coal Mine, south-east Sec. 34, T. 44, R. 24.
No. I Olive and blue shales, abounding in ferns and Corda-
ites, &c.
2 3 inches coal.
3 10 inches blue clay in thin laminae.
4 23 inches coal, with band of iron pyrites near the bottom, in
even layers of one inch, and another a little thicker.
A proximate analysis of the bottom by Mr. Chauvenet, gives :
LOWER COAL-MEASURES. 27
Water 8.48
Volatile 33-96
Fixed carbon 43. 16
Ash 14.40
Color of ash, chocolate.
Several shafts have been sunk and a good deal of mining done
on B. Williamson's land, near western part of south-east of south-
west of Sec. 35, and eastern part of south-west, south-west Sec.
35, T. 44, R. 24. The section here is :
No. i Limestone in loose masses.
2 15 feet slope ; outcrop of sandstone at lower part ; somewhat
ferruginous.
3 10 inches coal.
4 i foot clay in thin laminae.
5 2^ to 3 feet coal : good quality.
6 6 inches pyritiferous rock.
7 6 inches coal.
A proximate analysis by Mr. Chauvenet gives :
Water 7.76
Volatile 44-77
Fixed carbon 43-32
Ash 4. 1 5
Color of ash, dark purple; cokes tolerably well.
From loose debris lying near the mouth of the pit, on the opposite
side of the stream, I obtained a number of fossils from calcareo-
ferruginous rocks, quarried, very likely, from above the coal, and
including, Naticopsis Altonensis, Spr. cameratus, Prod, muricatus,
Spr. plano-convexus, Spr. Kentuckensis , Spr. lineatus, Nucula ven-
tricosa, Pleurotomaria sph&nilata, Loxonema, Orthoceras cribro-
sum, Edmondia, Chonetes mesoloba, Athyris subtilita. Associated
with the above were fragments of septaria, intersected with minute
calcite veins which are sometimes replaced by zinc blende. There
is a dip here of 10 to 15 west, as shown by the presence of sand-
stone in the creek, two hundred yards below. Coal is mined in the
creek, two miles south of Windsor, on the land of Mr. Hunton.
On the land of B. Hughes, at East County line, two miles south of
Windsor, we find a shaft sunk 15 feet to coal, 34 inches thick,
including a 2-inch pyritous band, cutting off 2 or 3 inches of coal at
the bottom. The coal is quite iridescent.
28 GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
On a small branch, one-eighth of a mile north, we find shaly sand-
stone, dipping west about one in five. The latter fact would tend
to show that the coal of Hunton, one-half a mile south-west, and at
a much lower horizon, is equivalent to that at Hughes'.
The several coal outcrops south and west, as well as others
north, would indicate the existence of coal at Windsor, but bor-
ings do not. Near Windsor depot, borings have been made 137
feet deep, passing through 80 feet of shaly sandstone, with only
a few thin coal-seams in the first seventy feet, then sandstone to the
bottom, at which depth hard sandstone was reached, into which
they bored eleven feet. The latter is probably lower carboniferous.
This boring would either indicate that our coal-beds, above de-
scribed in this vicinity, had thinned out, or (and the dip may war-
rant the conclusion) that the geological position of Williamson's
coal is higher. From the evidence we have, it seems probable
that the Windsor sandstone dips beneath Williamson's coal. The
sandstone must also extend to the base of the coal-measures, and
furthermore belongs to a division of the lower coal series, as evi-
denced by remains of ferns and other plants embraced in the out-
croppings in the railroad cut. It is generally a soft brown, micaceous,
and often shaly sandstone ; often quite ferruginous, and generally too
soft for building purposes. Three miles south of Windsor it forms
a perpendicular bluff of very irregular, thick, but soft strata, repos-
ing on five inches of coal. At this place it is cross-laminated.
In Section 25,T. 44, R. 24, at the edge of Johnson County, we
have,
No. i 20 feet sandstone.
2 Outcrop of septaria color blue black. The outer crust of
one inch, with no perceptible joint. The interior traversed by
joints supplied with brown and white calcite. Between the
inner and outer portions is a beautifully shaded brown band. At
one place I observed a dark, blue black, heavy concretionary lime-
stone, which I refer to the same horizon as the septaria. It is
very fine-grained, with occasional lines and specks of white and
brown calcite, which are probably the remains of fossils ; observed
Pr. muricatus and Spr. cameratus.
3 Coal-smut.
4 8 feet slope.
3 Greenish gray sandstone.
LOWER COAL-MEASURES.
Three-quarters of mile west, I observed,
No. I Shales containing a few red ochre concretions.
2 \y 2 feet outcrop of coal.
3 8 feet clay and shales.
4 8 inches coal.
5 4 feet clay.
Along the lower slope at this place are many tumbled masses
of septaria, and black concretionary limestone, abounding in fossils,
supposed to have originated from above the coal. Among the fos-
sils I observed Pleurotomaria sphcerulata, Discina Missouriensis ,
Cardium (f), Lexingtonensis^ Rynchonella Osagensis, Pr. muricatus.
Coal is mined in several places in Sections 20, 29, and 22, T. 42, R.
26. On Dr. G. W. Britt's land, in north-east quarter of the south-
east quarter of Section 29, it is 27 inches thick ; at Munson's in
north-west quarter of the north-west quarter of 22, it is 30 inches,
and at other openings, from 25 to 30 inches thick.
The mining at these several localities is along small tributaries of
Field's Creek, and is all near the surface : the coal is generally reached
at from six to eight feet. It is easily mined, and water does not
often interfere with mining operations. A general section is thus :
Section 62.
No. i 2 inches flagstone, of arenaceous limestone, in very even
inch layers : color dark ash-gray ;
rings under the hammer.
2 i foot to 2 feet shales.
3 16 inches to 2 feet limestone ;
deep ash blue ; jointed in rhomboidal
blocks ; rings under the hammer ; its
weathered surface shows minute re-
mains of fossils in relief.
4 2.y>, feet calcareous shales, Spr.
cameratiis and Pr. muricatus.
5 \y 2 foot bituminous shale, con-
taining grayish, globular concretions,
and sometimes embracing lenticular
beds of dark limestone, which abounds
in fossils, including, Solenomya radi-
ata, Nucula ventricosa, Ch. meso-
laba, Ch. Verneuiliana, Prod, muri-
Fig. 9.
SECTION 62
G.M. BRITTS . HENfW CO .
17-50
30 GEOLOG Y OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
catus, Pr. Nebrascensis, Nautilus ferratus, N. Spirifer lineatus,
Hemipronites crassus, Spirifer cameratus, Pleurotomaria sphceru-
lata, Orthoceras cribrosum, Edmondia glabra? Loxonema cerithi-
formis, Polyphemopsis peracuta, P. inornata.
6 27 to 30 inches coal.
7 5 to 6 feet clay and shales.
8 2 to 4 inches coal.
9 3 feet sandy clay passing into a sandstone, containing Stig-
maria.
\
10 2 feet clay.
The lower part of this Section is, I think, equivalent to the
upper part of the upper extension of Section 61, previously men-
tioned.
A proximate analysis of G. M. Britts's coal by Mr. Chauvenet
gives :
TOP. MIDDLE.
Water 2.89 3.88
Volatile 28.55 43-67
Fixed carbon $0.71 43-42
Ash I7-85 9-3
Color of ash reddish with white specks. Light gray.
The coal in the Osage Coal Co.'s shaft on the railroad two and a
half miles south-west of Calhoun, I regard as equivalent to Britts's
coal.
The following is from observations made at the Osage Coal Co.'s
mines by C. J. Norwood, November 7th, 1872 :
"These mines are located on the M. K. and T. Railroad, two
and a half miles south-west of Calhoun. The coal here is reached
by means of a shaft, sunk to the depth of sixty feet. There are
two veins; the first, in descending order, is from 18 to 20 inches
thick and about forty feet below the surface ; this vein is not
worked at the present time, but I am told that formerly some coal
was taken from here.
The second is the one worked at present, and averages 28
inches in thickness. The following is a section of what could be
seen in going down the shaft :
No. i 40 feet Soil, clay, etc.
2 I Vz foot coal.
3 ii feet cribbing.
LOWER COAL-MEASURES. 31
4 \y^ feet hard, fine-grained, dove-colored silicious (?) limestone ;
breaks with a conchoidal fracture in one compact bed ; remains of
Athyris^) was the one fossil seen.
5 i]/?, foot dark pyritiferous shales, containing Spr. Cameratus,
Athyris sttbtilita, Spr. plano-convexus, etc.
6 8 in. bituminous shale. This shale furnishes a good roof for
the coal.
7 24 to 32 inches coal.
8 i foot clay. Nos. 5 to 8 are seen in the mine.
In some places several thin seams of iron pyrites occur in the
coal : at one place I noticed as many as five, and from three to four
inches apart. At five inches from the bottom of the coal, a streak of
pyritiferous shale occurs. It also contains considerable carbonate of
lime. In the overlying shales pyritiferous concretions, of different
sizes and shapes, are found some globular, others lenticular, and
others again appear to have been at one time two, but which have
coalesced so as to form one. The prevailing shape is globular.
When broken open, iron pyrites is displayed at the centre. They
sometimes contain fossils ; in one specimen we find a Plcurotoma-
ria as the nucleus. Some are quite large and heavy, and some-
times break down the shales overhead ; then they are removed and
the limestone (No. 4) is left as the roof. In some places there are
slips, or, as the miners say, " horsebacks ; " that is, the coal is
crushed down or interrupted by the overlying shales, thus :
HORSEBACK IN OSAGE COAL MINES .
These " horsebacks " do not extend very far, but are great draw-
backs to the miner. At these interrupted places the coal is gener-
ally very slaty and hard to mine. There are two entries at the
bottom of the shaft, running north-west and south-east, one on
each side of the shaft, as seen by the accompanying diagram.
" In the south-east entry there are eight rooms, and in the north-
west twelve. The south-east entry is about 80 yards in length.
The mine is damp and badly ventilated.
"The coal, when cleaned of the pyrites (which is attempted), is
good.
32 GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
A proximate analysis of Mr. Chauvenet gives :
Water 5.65
Volatile 36.95
Fixed carbon 41 . 87
Ash 1 5.33
Color of ash, light gray.
Section 46 taken at Mr. B. Williamson's includes rocks be-
longing to the middle coal-measures, as follows :
No. i 33 feet slope, from the top of the mound ; about the
middle are tumbled masses of drab limestone, containing Fusulina
cylindrica, with numerous broken forms of Chcetetes milleporaceus.
2 Outcrop of bluish drab limestone : slate said to underlie it,
and at six or seven feet below the limestone is 16 inches of coal.
3 24 feet slope.
4 \y% feet outcrop ; lower part limestone; the upper 6 inches
a coarse, soft, brown ochre, abounding in fossils, mostly univalves ;
contains Pr. Prattenianus, Chonetes mesoloba, Aviculopecten, Pleu-
notomaria sphceridata, Loxonema.
5 3 feet olive drab shales.
6 10 feet slope.
7 4 feet outcrop of bluish drab shelly limestone ; upper portion
brown specked, and rings under the hammer.
Below this it is probably not over fifty feet to the coal, cor-
responding to the working vein of Williamson's.
Mr. Chauvenet observes concerning the analyses of Henry
County coals, that there is no good coking coal in the county ; that
Britts's top will coke, but has 26 per cent, ash ; that Munn's is
the best coal on the list, Williamson's about as good, also Owen's.
From Windsor to Brownsville. On John R. Gray's land, in
Johnson County, Sec. I, T. 44, R. 24, coal has been taken out at
several places, a quarter of a mile west of Mr. G.'s house, along a
branch ; also farther down same branch, on land of Mr. Owsley.
The section of rocks is as follows :
Sec. 45-
No. 2 2.y 2 feet blue-black shales, containing a few Brachiopods,
Chonetes, etc.
3 4 inches bituminous shales, containing a few fossils : Discina
Missouriensis \ etc.
4 2 feet bituminous limestone, abounds in Brackiopoda, viz.,
LOWER COAL-MEASURES.
33
Pr. semireticulatus, Pr. muricattis, Pr. costatus, Athyris subtilita,
Spr. cameratus, Chonetes mesoloba, Discina, and Pleurotomaria
spkcerulata.
Fig. ii.
SECTIONS NEAR W IN D S OR t H EN R. Y CO .
tt: 9
O G A N
B . HUGHES.
5 10 inches coal.
6 4 feet fire-clay ; upper part blue ; the upper I y% feet olive
streaked with brown ; then I foot green and sandy clay, with efflo-
rescence on the surface ; the lower part is brown.
Mr. Gray sunk a well at his house on the hill, forty feet deep,
reaching sandstone at fifteen feet, and coal on the bottom. A
long, gentle slope, extending a half a mile east, reaches a branch,
along which are exposed outcrops of lower carboniferous chert,
mingled with white clay, and overlaid by sandstone resting un-
conformably on it.
The house of Mr. Gray is 66 feet above this sandstone outcrop,
and the coal only being 40 feet below the level of the ground at
the house, we would naturally suppose this to be the lowest coal in
the neighborhood.
At Pettis County line on Muddy Creek, we observed some
lower carboniferous chert.
From the top of a high mound at Elijah Cook's, in Sec. 14, T.
47, R. 24, I made Sec. 44, along the slopes, to the valley north-
ward, as follows :
34
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
Fig. 12.
SECTION **<-,
JOHNSON CO .
7-6
No. I 12 feet slope, from the hilltop to outcrop of shelly limestone.
2 38 feet slope.
3 19 inches ash-blue fine-grained limestone in even beds, joint-
ed, and weathering brown.
4 2 feet bituminous shale.
5 H inches coal ; vein said to range from
i foot to 15 inches.
6 19 feet slope.
7 5 inches tough, coarse blue limestone.
8 3 feet sandy shales and sandstone.
9 25 feet slope; appearances of iron concre-
tions, and occasional outcrops of sandy shales.
10 i foot outcrop grayish drab limestone,
resting on black shales.
1 1 A few feet of sandy shales.
12 20 feet slope.
13 10 feet, including a few feet of hard
greenish-gray sandstone.
14 30 feet slope.
15 A few inches black clay.
1 6 71^ feet light-blue clay.
17 1 1/ feet brown ochrey clay, full of small
selenite crystals.
1 8 1 6 inches shelly red limestone; contains Pr. muricatus.
19 2 feet shales, upper part dark olive : the middle 6 inches in-
cludes a white deposit; the lower part is brown, abounding in
gypsum.
20 6 inches soft black shales.
21 ii inches bituminous coal.
22 3 feet fire-clay.
23 3 feet rough ferruginous bed, with gypsum in the crevices.
24 2.y 2 feet clay shales.
25 8 inches thin-bedded sandstone.
26 5 inches coal.
27 3 feet fire-clay.
Total, 175 feet from the bottom of No. i. The upper half of the
section is undoubtedly middle coal-measures, the lower part in-
cluding lower coal-measure rocks. About two miles north are the
coal-mines, generally known as the Dunksburgh Mines y they lie
LOWER COAL-MEASURES.
35
J.W
Fig- 13-
SECTION *2
PORTER .JOHNSON CO.
about 2.T/2 miles south-west of Dunksburgh, and include quite a
number of openings. The coal-bed which is worked lies quite low
in the lower measures, near the base. The only one worked much,
when I was in the neighborhood, was that of John W. Porter,
leased by George W. Wilson ; they have a shaft sunk 20 feet to the
coal, from the bottom of which entries are extended. A section
(Sec. 42) shows :
No. I 4 feet clay.
2 8 feet shaly sandstone.
3 2 feet soft blue shale.
4 20 inches to 2 feet hard black
slate.
5 2 feet 4 inches to 2 feet 6 inches
coal.
6 2 feet soft rotten coal.
No. 4 resembles some varieties of
coal, and measured 16 inches at the
bottom of the shaft, with a 2-inch
band of hard, calcareo-pyritiferous
shale at the top. Plates of carbonate
of lime occur between the joints of the
coal, and a few large masses of iron
pyrites are occasionally found.
The top coal is said to ignite more
readily and burn quicker, but does not possess as great heat-
ing power as the bottom. At the foot of the hill to the north I ob-
served outcrops of shaly sandstone. Following down the branch
toward Blackwater, we find outcrops of thick-bedded, fine-grained,
light buff and brown sandstone. Three-quarters of a mile north-east
from Porter's mine Mr. John Parks has extended into the hill quite
a number of horizontal drifts, but all were in a tumbled, unused
condition when I made my examinations. I here made Sec. 41.
No. i Slope with fragments of limestone.
2 I foot drab and blue shale.
3 6 inches deep blue, shelly bituminous limestone ; contains
Chonetes Verneuiliana and Spr. cameratus.
4 20 inches blue and bituminous shale.
5 16 inches bituminous coal.
At the north part of the workings I observed eight feet of sand-
36 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
stone, occupying a lower horizon than the coal, and dipping south
IO. Two hundred yards south I observed a sandstone on the
hill-top. I regard this coal equivalent to the bed at Porter's ; it is
probably also equivalent to J. R. Gray's.
ROCKS NEAR BROWNSVILLE, IN PETTIS COUNTY.
At Dr. Ryland Tuck's, in the east part of Sec. 21, T. 48, R. 23.
Section 40.
No. i 12 feet clay.
2 44 feet sandstone.
3 7 feet silico-calcareous flagstone and shales, similar to the rock
over the coal at Jordan's, on Grand river, Henry County.
4 3 feet ochrey and bituminous shale, with some iron pyrites,
and containing ferns and Cordaites.
5 16 inches coal.
6 Fire-clay.
A portion of the above section includes rocks passed through in
sinking a well ; the notes were furnished me by Dr. Tuck, and after-
wards proved by outside measurements of mine. About two hun-
dred and fifty yards north-west, a coarse, bluish-gray limestone
appears in the bed of the branch, which is undoubtedly of lower
carboniferous age. Rocks similar to No. 3 of above section were
observed cropping out in the road at Dunksburgh.
On the west half of the south-west quarter of Section 1 5 , T. 48, R.
23, on W. T. Collin's land, two shafts have been sunk fifty to sixty
feet, passing through sandstone and calcareo-silicious flagstone to
coal, said to vary from 18 inches to 3 feet in thickness. Lower car-
boniferous chert and limestone occur in the valley below, and but
little lower than the horizon of the coal.
The thickness of sandstone in this vicinity is probably about
fifty feet, and it affords a very excellent building material. Col-
lin's quarries are about three-quarters of a mile east of the above-
named shafts. I have elsewhere noticed them in accounts of
building-stones. The coal-bank of Louis Bohm, in Saline County,
four miles west of Brownsville, is probably the equivalent of those
last named. It is overlaid by 7 feet of variegated shale, separat-
ing it from sandstone. One foot of black clay rests immediately
on the coal. The upper one foot of the seam is crumbly and shaly ;
the lower 16 inches is good coal.
LOWER COAL-MEASURES. 37
An analysis of the top coal by Mr. Chauvenet gives :
Water 6.02
Volatile 4O-33
Fixed carbon 42.09
Ash 1 1 . 56
Color of ash, pink.
The beds connecting the lower coal-measures with the "chert
beds " and Encrinital limestone were identified at several places
near Brownsville, as follows :
Sec. 38, one and a half miles east.
No. i ii feet slope, with tumbled masses of brown sandstone.
Lower coal-measures.
2 25 feet brown and light-colored sandy clay.
3 8 feet brown and ochrey shales.
4 3 feet white clay.
5 2 feet concretionary hematite.
6 6 inches brown and red sandstone.
7 8 inches chert and purple clay.
Encrinital limestone appears a short distance down the branch.
At the flagstone quarry, half a mile east of Brownsville, Sec. 39.
No. i 7 feet slope from hill-top.
2 10 feet outcrop of brown and chocolate-colored sandstone ;
the same as seen at Collin's quarry, and No. 2. of Sec. 40.
3 10 feet slope.
4 A few inches band of black clay.
5 2 feet drab shales.
6 4 feet blue, and sometimes mottled blue and drab, calcareo-
silicious and slightly bituminous flagstone ; occurs in layers, varying
from one inch to a foot. This equals No. 3 of Sec. 40, and is also
represented by the calcareous slate overlying the coal of Jordan's
on Grand river, Henry County.
This rock is very much used in the construction of sidewalks at
Brownsville, for which it is very suitable, being in even layers and
quite strong. Fossils seem to be rare ; I observed obscure remains
of ferns.
7 50 feet slope.
8 14 feet of gray Encrinital limestone in branch.
Pyrites occurs in No. 6, and near the outside is generally re-
38 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
placed by oxide of iron. I do not imagine the pyrites to be so
abundant as to mar the usefulness of this for ordinary purposes.
Outcrops of this rock are seen at several places in ravines near the
line of Saline and Lafayette Counties.
Around and in Brownsville are occasional outcrops of white chert,
intermingled with potter's clay, lying below the coal-measures and
above the Encrinital limestone ; I could not obtain the proper thick-
ness, but suppose it to be about twenty feet ; at the bottom is about
one foot of red and yellow ochre. Below the bridge on Black-
water we find about twenty feet slope, strewn with tumbled masses
and fragments of lower carboniferous chert, resting on forty-one
feet of Encrinital limestone.
The section is as follows :
Section 37.
No. i 20 feet cherty slope.
2 12 feet gray, coarse-grained limestone : upper part shelly,
middle firm and of a faint flesh tint ; lower part shelly, abounding
in crinoid stems and containing in the lower part shelly limestone
with a little chert in lenticular forms.
3 5i feet limestone and chert.
4 13 feet coarse, gray suture-jointed limestone ; resembles No. 2.
5 i^ feet soft, fine-grained saccharoidal limestone.
6 \\\ feet light-gray or whitish limestone. The upper part
abounds in Chonetes Shumardana, Ortltis Mitchellini. The lower
beds are firmer, and may afford a good building material : they are
of coarse texture and contain Spr. striatus. Sweet springs issue
from the beds. Most of the beds would make good lime.
Our Section at Miami, Saline County, includes Lower carboni-
ferous rocks as follows :
No. 1 = 88 feet slope clays of" Bluff" formation.
2 A few feet shale.
3 10 to 14 inches, hard, light-gray sandstone, abounding in
Stigmaria ficoides.
4 4 feet 8 inches sandy shale ; a brown ochreous layer in the
upper part ; lower I foot dark, shading to black.
5 1 8 inches coal ; rather inferior.
An analysis by Mr. Chauvenet gives :
Water 2. 58
Volatile 31.52
LOWER COAL-MEASURES. 39
Fixed carbon 3 5 : 8
Ash 3 1 .02
Color of ash, deep red.
6 5 feet slope.
7 4 feet fire-clay. Base of coal-measures.
8 21 feet red, brown, white and olive clay : contains some chert,
Arckimedipora, other Bryozoans and a small Spirifer.
9 5 feet cherty mass, from above.
10 17^ feet light gray limestone ; contains Spr. striatus, Orthis
Mitchellini, a crinoid (Actinocrinus ?) and many stems. A short
distance off, and over No. 3 I observed black carbonaceous matter
indicating the presence of coal. The coal No. 5 has a 2-inch clay
seam intercalated about the middle.
Bates and Vernon Coal-Fields.
Near the line of Bates and Vernon are numerous outcrops of coal,
varying from 2 to 3 feet. It can be mined with but little trouble ;
the only drawback to its present success is want of proper transpor-
tation. It crops out along valleys, about 50 feet below the general
elevation of the country, or about 150 feet below the top of the
highest mounds. A bed crops out near the base of Brushy mound
which may probably be a lower bed. A section here of the rocks
near the water is as follows :
No. i Sandstone.
2 2 feet 3 inches coal.
3 4 inches shales and coal.
4 5 feet fire-clay.
5 9 feet shales with large sandy, ferruginous nodules and lenti-
cular beds of carbonate of iron, occurring in 2-inch layers.
6 6 feet blue shale to ordinary water in the Marmaton river.
On the Marmaton, six miles above, a one-foot bed of coal crops
out beneath, containing beds of carbonate of iron.
These coal-fields have not yet been carefully examined, and the
notes above written are the results of imperfect observations,
made when otherwise engaged, several years ago, but I feel justi-
fied in placing this coal among the lower coal-measures.
40 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
Lafayette County.
In going from the east line of Lafayette County to Lexington,
we pass in succession from the lower to the middle coal-measures.
At Henry Franke's mine, one and a half miles east of Concordia,
I obtained the following section No. 36.
No. i 24 feet earthy slope.
2 2 feet sandstone.
3 14 inches pyritiferous limestone.
4 5i feet slate enclosing pyritiferous concretions.
5 3 inches slaty cannel (?) coal.
6 21 inches bituminous coal.
7 2 inches slate and coal.
8 2^ feet fire-clay.
9 Clay and sandstone.
No. 5 is hard, has a dull appearance, splintery fracture, and appears
like semi-bituminous coal and slate, or cannel coal. A few inches of
the top coal has joints lined with iron pyrites, with an occasional simi-
lar horizontal seam. Calcite plates are sometimes introduced and
the pyrites is seen blending with them. The coal has charcoal part-
ings. The middle coal is pure black and brilliant, and almost free
from iron pyrites. Below the middle it resembles the top, and in-
cludes much iron pyrites. The bottom coal is rather dull looking.
There is a probability that the coal of Franke, and Graham's,
which is close by, may be the equivalent of Section 62 No. 6. A
half-mile north of Concordia, a coal-seam of 10 inches appears in a
ravine, associated thus :
No. i Sandstone.
2 Ochrey and clay shales.
3 2 to 3 feet ash-blue calcareous shales. Lower part abounding
in Prod, muricatus.
4 10 inches coal.
5 Fire-clay.
This seam and that of Franke's I am uncertain whether to place
in middle or lower coal series, but their position is probably near
top of lower coal-measures.
A proximate analysis of Franke's coal by Mr. Chauvenet gives :
LOWER COAL-MEASURES. 41
Water 5-35
Volatile 42.95
Fixed carbon 44.08
Ash 7.42
Color of ash, light brown.
UPPER SANDSTONE OF THE LOWER COAL-MEASURES.
A coarse, generally thick-bedded, brown or buff sandstone, filled
with small particles of mica, is found occupying the top of the lower
coal series. I have observed it 80 feet thick near Butler, Bates
County, in coarse, thick beds. It is probably identical with the
sandstone of Sugar Creek, Cass County, although my observations
have not been such as to identify it. At Warrensburgh it is nearly
a hundred feet thick, and north of the town, for several miles, forms
the admirable building-stone now so extensively used. In the
quarries here, it can be obtained of any desirable thickness. It is
next seen near Aullville, Lafayette County, on Gen. J. O. Shelby's
land. Several quarries are here opened, showing single beds of
three feet in thickness of tolerably good building rock. Some of
the layers are rather soft ; the others are somewhat indurated.
The next place where it was observed was on the McCausland farm,
two miles north of Higginsville.
This farm includes parts of Sections 25 and 36, T. 50, R- 26, and
Sees. 30 and 31, R. 25. On it are occasional outcrops of bituminous
sandstone. A good deal of labor and money has been expended,
and borings to the depth of 800 feet were made for oil, but none
reached in quantities. The rock is mostly soft, thick-bedded, but
some is shaly ; it appears blue and gray on the weathered surface,
but a fracture discloses a black color and a strong smell of mineral
tar. It crops out fifteen to twenty feet thick near the old works.
It was also observed presenting a similar character a half of a mile
south-west. The following notes I copy from Prof. Swallow's re-
port, published in the Missouri Republican. First, his section :
No. I " Buff and brown marls and clay 5 to 50 feet.
2 Blue and brown sandy shales 10 to 50 feet.
3 Bluish gray and brown sandstone 20 to 50 feet.
4 Blue and brown sandy shales , 5 to 50 feet.
No. 3 is the oil-stone."
42 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URI.
" Wherever this rock occurs on the McCausland farm it indicates
the presence of petroleum ; it is usually so saturated that it plainly
shows on a fresh fracture, and will freely burn in the fire. The
sandstone shows evidence of important disturbance since its first
deposition. It is traversed by vertical fractures, open at the top
and running nearly east and west, and the beds usually dip 10 to 1 5
from this fracture. The fractures are filled with blue, plastic im-
pure clay."
" The petroleum is found as solid asphaltum, breaking with
shiny fracture, as a dark viscid fluid, like tar, and as thin amber-
colored oil." My time was too limited to ascertain the extent
and thickness of the sandstone. I regard it as of the same age
as the Berlin sandstone and that above the mouth of the Tabbo,
which would go to prove that there is a northerly dip of about
fifty feet in nine miles. The smell of petroleum was very strong
on a fresh fracture, and the water in pools in the branch, tasted
quite unpleasant. In its northern extension, this Lower coal-meas-
ure sandstone crops out at various points, low in the bluffs on the
Missouri river, from the Saline County line to the bluffs above the
mouth of the Tabbo. Fifteen feet of sandstone crops out two
miles below Edwards' mill, from the edge of the water. Mr. Ed-
wards, in sinking a well on the river bottom, pierced an eight-inch
coal-seam at eighteen feet depth, and struck sandstone passing into
it forty feet.
The following is the Section at Berlin, made by C. J. Nor-
wood :
Section 22.
No. i 100 feet slope /3o.
2 14 inches ashy blue argillo-pyritiferous limestone in one bed :
on the top a thin shelly layer contains fossils, viz.: Bellerophon
(2 sp.) large and small, Chonetes, Crinoid stems, Belleroplion
Montfortiana, small univalves, etc. Equivalent to No. 32 of the
Lexington section.
3 2 feet bituminous shales.
4 4 feet dark shales.
5 2 feet yellowish and bluish drab limestone ; top greenish
gray ; abounds in Ch. mesaloba, and contains a large Productus,
also several sp. of Allorisma.
6 30 feet slope.
LOWER COAL-MEASURES. 43
7 25 feet sandstone, generally soft; some parts indurated;
mostly drab, some parts with brown specks ; plants and Catamites.
8 5 feet sandstone conglomerate ; contains iron concretions and
silicified wood, etc.
9 14 feet green sandy shales and shaly sandstone.
10 i foot shaly blue limestone, fossils, etc.
1 1 6 inches dark, sandy limestone, in thin shaly layers ; contains
Pr. muricatus.
12 3 feet slope to the water of the Missouri.
The rocks dip 8 N. E. Number 34 of Lexington section should
occur in No. 4.
The sandstone bluffs here form bold mural escarpments. One
mile above the mouth of the Tabbo this sandstone rises about 60
feet, extending from the river upwards. The section at the bridge
on the Tabbo includes a series of rocks which are probably below
the sandstone, viz. :
No. i Bluff.
2 4 feet blue, thinly laminated shales, with blue calcareous con-
cretions.
3 i foot black slate, with thin coal laminae.
4 1 6 inches blue and gray clay.
5 2 inches bituminous coal.
6 1 8 feet thinly laminated blue clay shales bearing a 2-inch
band of iron-stone midway, and also small crystals of selenite.
7 Deep ash blue shaly limestone, containing P. muricatus.
8 14 feet clay shales, to the water in the creek.
The Berlin sandstone, that of the McCausland farm, and at
Warrensburgh, may all be considered of the same age, but only on
the McCausland farm was it observed to contain petroleum. North
of the Missouri river it is again seen, a few miles above Miami
Station ; the more western and probably the upper beds are shaly,
with indurated sandstone concretions of various sizes. At the
" White rock " quarries there is exposed 60 to 70 feet of light gray
sandstone, 60 feet of which is without a horizontal seam. The rock
is coarse, gritty, valuable for grindstones, and extensively used as a
building rock, being shipped to many remote places. It contains
numerous remains of fine plants, more especially the hard concre-
tionary portions, including Catamites, ferns, Cordaites, fruits, etc.
At Miami station this rock is replaced by a coarse brown sand-
44
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
stone, also affording good material for building. Outcrops are oc-
casionally seen nearly to De Witt.
We next observe it on Grand river bluffs, below Compton's
ferry, as a coarse brown sandstone, containing numerous hollow
concretions of brown hematite. This is also probably the sandstone
Fig. 14.
WHITC ROCK
,CAMOIL 00 .
found on the water's edge on the Grand Chariton, in Adair County.
If the coal-measures are to be divided into middle and lower, this
would probably be the dividing bed.
CHAPTER III.
MIDDLE COAL-MEASURES.
ON the land of Ennis and CundiffJ at the Railroad near Mulky
Creek, coal crops out at the surface from 16 to 20 inches thick,
capped by four to five feet of bituminous shale, embracing small
globular pyritiferous concretions, and large ferruginous masses. A
small Discina was observed.
A proximate analysis made by Mr. Chauvenet of the coals at
this place is as follows :
NEAR TOP. NEAR MIDDLE.
Water 6.95 7.03
Volatile 42.61 40.72
Fixed carbon 43-42 47. II
Ash 7.02 5.14
Color of ash, light chocolate with white specks. Chocolate.
A shaft sunk on a little higher ground, revealed, as Mr. Ennis
informed me :
No. i 2.y 2 feet dark shale.
2 8 feet clay.
3 7 feet "soapstone ; " (clay).
4 8 inches hard, tough band.
5 2 feet limestone, fine-grained, bluish drab, weathers brown.
The only fossil observed was a small Allorisma.
6 8 inches hard band like No. 4, but harder.
7 5^ feet hard black slate, full of globular concretions, and a
few large bituminous concretions.
8 21 inches coal.
9 9 feet thinly laminated ochrey clay shales.
10 20 feet slope.
ii 6 feet ferruginous and sandy limestone.
12 2 feet blue clay.
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
Fig. 15.
MULKY CREEK
LAFAYETTE CO-
3 =^f
13 2 feet hard bituminous slate.
14 4 feet fire-clay.
152 feet rough, nodular, gray, sandy limestone.
These rocks apparently dip down stream, to
the northward. A quarter of a mile north I
obtained fossils from the overlying bituminous
shales ; including Nucula ventricosa, Pleuro-
tomaria carbonaria, Lophophyllnm proliferum,
Orthis carbonaria, and from calcareo-bitumi-
nous concretions, Orthoceras cribrosum and
Pr. splendens. In the railroad cut one mile
north-west, the Lexington coal crops out 50
feet above the Mulky Creek coal, by the mea-
surements of the railroad engineers. The
Section here is :
No. I Clay.
2 3 feet limestone in irregular beds.
3 2| feet bituminous shales.
45 inches sandy and ochrey shales.
5 4 inches impure coal.
6 12 inches good coal, Lexington bed.
7 6 inches black clay with remains of plants
and minute selenite crystals.
8 5 inches blue fossiliferous clay, with P.
castatus, and Athyris stibtilita,
9 3 feet blue clay.
10 6 feet 10 inches thick-bedded, rough,
gray limestone ; in the upper part it abounds
in Fusulina cylindrica / also contains Plcu-
rotomaria, Athyris, and Crinoid stems, and
minute dolomite crystals. This limestone is
probably hydraulic.
Aullville is situated on a gently sloping ter-
race, about twenty-five feet above the valley
of Davis Creek, and between fifty and seventy-five feet below the
top of the higher ridge to the south. Its topographical horizon
must therefore be over fifty feet below the Lexington coal, and
probably below the Mulky coal, unless the latter should have a
strong dip westward, in which case it ought to be soon reached,
16.'
MIDDLE COAL-MEASURES. 47
by shafts. The Lexington coal is mined in the ridge two and a
half miles east. On the land of Charles Payne it is 18 to 20 inches
thick, with overlying rocks, thus :
No. I 4 feet limestone.
2 2 feet slate.
3 \\ feet pyritiferous and bituminous bed with many fossils,
mostly Chonetes mesoloba.
4 4 inches black clay.
5 1 8 inches bituminous coal.
6 fire-clay.
Proximate analysis of Payne's coal by Mr. Chauvenet :
TOP. MIDDLE. BOTTOM.
Water 8.85 7.02 7.75
Volatile 37.25 37.67 34.05
Fixed carbon 44.80 39-66 40.03
Ash 9.10 15.65 18.17
Color of ash. Cream. Very It. brown. Lt. chocolate.
At Osborn's quarry, one mile north of Aullville, we find 16 inches
of coarse, bluish-gray limestone : one even bed of this I recognized
to be twenty-seven feet below the Lexington coal.
Fourteen feet below it is an outcrop of one foot of ash-blue, fine-
grained limestone, weathering light brown.
MISSOURI RIVER SECTIONS.
Three Miles below Waverly, in the edge of Saline County,
Mr. C. J. Norwood made Sec. 24:
" No. i 55 feet slope, / 30. The Lexington coal should occur
here about 4 feet above No. 2, or 126 feet above the level of the
bottoms.
2 3 feet rough, irregularly bedded, coarse-grained, gray ferru-
ginous limestone some parts blue : two layers. This is equiva-
lent to the ' Fusulina limestone ' in the Lexington Section.
= Sec. 18, No. 28.
3 29 feet slope. At the lower part are outcrops of olive clay
shales.
4 15 inches ashy blue pyritiferous limestone, holding Chonetes
mesoloba, Crinoid stems, &c. = Sec. 23, No. 9.
5 2 feet bituminous shales.
48 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN M1SSO UR1
6 15 feet slope, with tumbled masses of yellowish-drab lime-
stone ; top greenish gray ; equivalent to Sec. 22, No. 5.
7 72 feet slope to the bottom.
The 7-inch vein of coal seen at Lexington should occur in
No. 6."
Just above Waverly the following section appears on a small
branch :
No. i Long steep slope ; bluff formation.
2 24 feet bluish sandy shales in thin layers.
3 14 feet upper two feet covered with debris, containing
bituminous shale and coal ; probably a coal-bed is concealed. At
the lower part is a dark fire-clay, ferruginous near the base.
4 3/^ feet bituminous shales, containing spheroidal concretions,
and an occasional thin band of limestone ; observed Ch. mesoloba,
Spr. plano-convexus, &c.
5 3 feet drab fire-clay.
At the water's edge, on the river, are several thin layers of
greenish sandstone.
Abstract of C. J. Norwood's Notes.
On the bluff near Waverly, Mr. Norwood observed 14 inches of
bituminous shale, 26 feet above the river.
One mile above he observed 2 feet of limestone at 88 feet above
the river : color gray or bluish-drab, and containing Crinoid stems,
Spr. plano-convexus, Spr. cameratus, &c. Marked Sec. 25, No. 2.
About forty-five feet above the river, and lying below, were
masses of tumbled, concretionary, black bituminous limestone, con-
taining Distinct, Gonatites, Pr. muricatus, and abounding in Car-
diamorpha Missouriensis.
These fossils would indicate the presence of the Mulky coal.
"A quarter of a mile above, fifteen feet of sandy shales crop
out, seven feet above water in the river. Sec. 26, No. 2, two and a
half miles above Waverly, includes two feet of limestone cropping
out 65 feet above the river, resembling that of Sec. 25, No. 2, and
containing Spr. cameratus, Spr. plano-convextis and Ch. mesoloba,
Athyris subtilita and Pr. castatus. Below it and within fifteen
feet are black concretions abounding in Cardiamorpha, &c. We
must therefore consider that the limestone No. 2 is the equivalent
of that over the Mulky coal.
MIDDLE COAL-MEASURES.
49
The following section (No. 27) was seen one-quarter of a mile
above Sec. 26.
"No. i 93 feet slope.
2 20 feet shaly sandstone and sandy shales.
3 1 8 feet hard, laminated, argillaceous shales.
4 9 inches coal.
5 2 feet fire clay, containing Stigmaria ficoides : the lower 6
inches very hard and pyritiferous.
6 10 feet slope to river."
One-half or three-quarters of a mile further, Mr. Norwood found
Sec. 28 exposed thus :
"No. i Slope.
2 2 feet dove-colored, hard, pyritiferous limestone : contains
Bellerophon, Crinoid stems, AtJiyris subtilita, Spr. plano-convexus,
Fusulina cylindrica and small univalves. This is probably equiva-
lent to the bed twenty-seven feet below the Lexington coal, and
numbered 32 of the section made there.
3 6 inches black streak.
4 15 feet shales.
5 20 feet slope to river."
" Fifteen feet of sandstone crops out at the edge of the water in
the river, two miles below Edwards' mill. Mr. Edwards in sinking
a well, on the river bottoms, pierced an eight-inch coal-seam at 18
feet depth, and passed forty feet into sandstone."
"The following section is exposed one-quarter of a mile above
Edwards' mill.
Sec. 29.
No. i" 55 feet long slope. The Lexington coal should occur
here, seventy-three feet above the level of the river bottoms.
2 1 5 inches rough, gray limestone. Some parts yellowish drab ;
equivalent to Section 24, No. 2.
3 25 feet slope.
4 5 feet hard shales.
5 16 inches ashy blue, pyritiferous limestone, shelly on top.
Fusulina cylindrica, etc. : equivalent to Section 22, No. 2.
6 1 8 inches bituminous shale.
7 5 feet slope: place for the seven-inch vein of Lexington.
8 6 inches blue limestone : three layers.
9 5 feet blue clay.
4
50 GEOLOG Y OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
10 2 feet light yellowish drab limestone : one bed contains CJi.
mesoloba.
ii i foot calcareous shales (passing into a limestone), containing
concretions.
12 22 feet slope to bottoms."
One mile above Edwards' mill, I observed at one hundred feet ele-
vation the limestone corresponding to the first limestone occurring
two feet over the Lexington coal. At 65 feet above the bottom
are several feet of bituminous shale, containing near the upper part
a dull, but deep blue, shaly, fucoidal limestone. A brown lime-
stone crops out ten to fifteen feet above the limestone above named.
The best exposures of rocks, embracing the Lexington coal, are
seen at LEXINGTON.
The following is a general section by C. J. Norwood, made up
and condensed from a number of sections made at that place.
General Section.
No. i 40 feet bluff.
2 2 feet sandstone : hard.
3 22 feet shales : arenaceous.
4 3 inches shales : bituminous.
5 2 inches coal : bituminous.
6 7 feet shales : arenaceous : upper four feet hard and laminated.
7 6 feet sandstone : shaly : buff-colored.
8 1 6 inches shales : dark blue : some part calcareous and hard.
9 3 inches limestone : blue : concretionary.
10 7^2 feet shales : argillaceous : blue, streaked with red.
1 1 6 inches coal.
12 3 inches shales : dark.
13 6 inches fire-clay.
H 3 feet shales : arenaceous.
1 5 4 feet limestone : irregularly bedded : gray and drab ; some-
times quite nodular : generally coarse-grained. Abounds in Chcetetes
milleporaceus, contains Fusulina cylindrica and Athyris subtilita.
1 6 6 feet shales : drab, green and dark.
17 4 feet sandstone : hard, brown and gray, in one thick bed.
1 8 27 inches shales : argillaceous, olive and red.
19 6 inches clay; black and blue, with three streaks of coal:
this coal sometimes thickens to 6 inches, and again is entirely
absent.
MIDDLE COAL-MEASURES. 51
20 8 feet shales : argillaceous and arenaceous : buff and olive,
also red.
21 3 *^ feet limestone : drab : shelly on top : thick-bedded : good
for building : contains Chcetetcs milleporaceus, Archaocidaris spines,
Fusulina cylindrica and Athyris subtilita.
22 3^ feet limestone : shaly and rough : abounds in Meekelea
striato-castatadi\\d. Ch. Smithii (?). AtJiyris subtilita, Hemipronites
crassus, Pr. castatus, Pr. Prattenianus, a Fish-tooth, Bryozoa, Ar-
chceocidaris and Crinoid stems are also found.
23 3 feet shales and thin beds of limestone abounding in Ch.
Smithii (?) and containing Spr. cameratus, Pr. co status, Hemipronites
crassus and Athyris subtilita.
24 3*^ feet shales : dark blue and drab, with nodules of lime-
stone : abound in Chonetes.
255 feet limestone : dull blue and yellowish drab : contains Pr.
costatus, Spr. plano-convexus, Chonetes, Athyris subtilita, Aviculo-
pecten carboniferus, Bellerophon, Fusulina cylindrica, and a long
spine of ArcJiceocidaris.
26 14 inches shales : bituminous.
27 5 inches slaty coal.
28 21 inches good coal : the working vein.
29 4^4 feet fire-clay and shales.
30 4 feet limestone : gray and blue : thick-bedded : good for
building purposes. Contains large Nautilus, a small Bellerophon,
Pr. costatus, Ch. mesoloba, Athyris subtilita, ArcJiceocidaris stems,
and abounds in a small Fusulina, on account of which the rock
presents a very pretty appearance when fractured. It is easily re-
cognized by this peculiarity.
31 21 feet shales : argillaceous : blue, drab, red and yellow.
32 15 inches limestone: pyritiferous : color blue: hard: one
bed : shelly on top ; contains small univalves on the surface.
33 28 inches shales : bituminous : contains Discina Missourien-
sis.
34 4 feet dark calcareo-pyritiferous shales : abounding in Pr.
costatus and containing Hemipronites crassus, Pr. Rogersii, Athyris
subtilita, etc. Sometimes there occurs a concretionary bed of
black bituminous limestone, containing fossils.
35 7 inches coal.
36 4 feet drab shales and nodules of limestone.
5 2 GEOLOG Y OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
37 16 inches rough concretionary limestone : pyritiferous.
38 2 feet dark olive shales and limestone nodules.
39 2 feet greenish gray limestone : upper part abounds in Cli.
mesoloba, and contains Pr. costatus, Hemipronites crassus, Athyris
subtilita, Fusulina cylindrica. (Lowest rock seen at Lexing-
ton.)
40 8 inches tough, very hard band.
4 1 ^/2 feet hard black slate full of globular concretions, and a
few large bituminous limestone concretions.
42 21 inches coal The " Mulky Seam."
43 9 feet thinly laminated ochrey shales.
44 20 feet : rocks not exposed.
45 6 inches ferruginous and sandy limestone.
46 2 feet blue clay.
47 2 feet hard bituminous slate.
48 4 feet fire-clay.
49 2 feet rough nodular, gray sandy limestone.
" Numbers forty to forty-nine, inclusive, are not exposed at Lex-
ington, but were seen on Mulky Creek, east of Aullville."
" The following are the most important sections made at Lexing-
ton :
"Sec. 15 made on Graham's Branch, commences at the
bridge, crosses it on the Lexington and Independence road, and
follows up the branch as far as Graham's coal mine. Distance one-
quarter of a mile."
" No. I 80 feet long slope.
2 4 feet hard brown sandstone.
3 10 feet slope.
4 3 feet fine-grained drab limestone : irregularly bedded :
weathers brown : contains Athyris, Chonetes, Fusulina, large
Crinoid stems, etc.
5 5 feet shales and thin beds of bluish drab limestone and no-
dules, abounding in Pr. castatus : containing Chonetes, Hemiproni-
tes crassus, Crinoid stems and Archceocidaris spine and plate.
6 5 feet slope and shales.
7 5 feet dull blue and yellowish drab, irregularly bedded lime-
stone. Contains Belleropkon, CJionetes, Aviculopecten carboniferus ,
Athyris, Spr. plano-convexits, etc.
8 14 inches bituminous shale.
MIDDLE COAL-MEASURES, 53
9 22 inches coal " Lexington Coal."*
10 3 feet slope.
ii 3 to 4 feet hard, pyritiferous, blue and gray limestone : thick
bedded. Abounds in a small Fusulina : contains a large Nautilus,
small Better ophon, Athyris, Pr. costatus, Chonetes mesoloba, Archce-
ocidaris spine, &c.
12 21 feet blue, drab, red, and yellow shales : argillaceous.
13 15 inches hard blue pyritiferous limestone in one bed : shelly
on top, and containing small univalves on the surface.
14 28 inches bituminous shales containing Discina Missourien-
sis.
15 3 feet dark calcareo-pyritiferous shales, containing Pr. Ro-
gersii, Athyris, Hemipronites crassus, and abounds in Pr. costatus :
sometimes there is interstratified a bed of concretionary, black
bituminous limestone.
1 6 7 inches coal.
17 4 feet drab shales and nodules of limestone.
1814 to 20 inches hard, rough, irregularly bedded, somewhat
concretionary pyritiferous limestone.
19 2 feet dark olive shales, with limestone nodules.
20 2 feet greenish gray argillaceous limestone, in the bed of the
branch. The upper part abounds in Ch. mesoloba, and contains Pr.
costatus, Hemipronites crassus, Athyris, etc.
" Just West of the Ferry Landing the following, Sec. No. 18, is
exposed :
No. 152 feet bluff.
2 15 feet bituminous shale.
3 3 inches bituminous shale.
4 1 to 2 inches streak of coal-smut.
5 7 feet sandy shales ; upper four feet blue and hard.
6 6 feet shaly buff sandstone.
* A proximate analysis of Graham's Coal, made by Mr. Chauvenet, gives :
(MIDDLE)
Water 5.53
Volatile 35. JQ
Fixed carbon 47.46
Ash I0 82
Color of ash. Very light brown.
54 GEOLOG Y OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
7< 16 inches dark shales ; some parts hard and calcareous.
8 3 inches concretionary limestone ; blue ; weathers brown.
9 7 1 feet blue clay, streaked with red.
ID 6^ inches coal.
1 1 3 inches dark shales.
12 6 inches fire-clay.
13 4 feet slope.
14 5 feet irregularly bedded 'drab limestone; abounds in
Chcetetes and Fusulina.
15 5 feet drab and dark shales.
1 6 3 feet hard brown sandstone ; one thick bed ; also gray or
drab.
17 8 feet buff and olive shales.
18 4 feet 10 inches drab limestone; thick-bedded; shelly on
top ; good for building ; CJicetetes milleporaceus, Fusulina, Athy-
ris, etc. Equivalent to Sec. 15, No. 4.
19 4 feet drab and dark blue shales, with thin beds and nodules
of limestone. Contains Chonetes.
20 4 feet dull blue, irregularly bedded limestone.
21 3 inches shales with pyritiferous concretions.
22 8 inches bituminous shales.
23 i^ inches of coal.
24 4 inches pyritiferous shales very hard.
2521 inches coal working vein. Dips 8 to S., Scrfi.
26 14 inches clay.
27 3 feet slope.
28 3 feet thick-bedded gray limestone.
29 38 feet slope to the level of the Missouri river."
Opposite the Hemp Warehouse, above the Ferry landing, Sec. 30
is seen :
No. i bluff.
2 50 feet shales ; sandy : 2 feet hard sandstone at six feet from
top.
3 5 feet drab limestone; top nodular; contains Fusulina, Cho-
netes and Spr. cameratus.
4 1 6 feet shales (and sandstone ?)
5 6 inches coal.
6 8 feet shales.
7 3 feet drab limestone ; thick-bedded with Chcetetes>.
MWDLE COAL-MEASURES. 55
8 9 feet limestone and shales.
9 7 feet limestone.
10 8 inches shales.
1 1 2 inches coal.
12 3 inches slaty coal.
13 22 inches coal.
14 2 feet fire-clay.
If we examine the grouped sections we will find that the coal un-
dulates at various elevations in the Lexington bluff, varying from
twenty-seven to forty-six feet above the river. Its general thick-
ness is from twenty-one to twenty-three inches.
At Tilden Davis's Mine it is 20 inches thick, capped by i^
feet bituminous shales separating it from the limestone, and under-
laid by i foot 8 in. fire-clay. Just west of the ferry landing it is
twenty-one inches, with 14 inches of clay underlying it. Here it dips
8 to S., 50 E.
An analysis of Mr. Davis's coal by Mr. Chauvenet gives :
Water 8.21
Volatile 37. 56
Fixed carbon 46. 84
Ash 7.39
Color of Ash nearly white.
A four-inch pyritiferous band rests on it with one and a half
inches of coal, and still above on this there rests I foot of bitumi-
nous shales.
At R. G-. Tucker's the coal is also divided, as at the last above-
mentioned place, by 3 inches of slaty coal.
The upper coal 2 inches, and the lower 22 inches.
Eight inches of slate lies between the coal and the roof, which is
limestone. On the land of General Graham, on the branch at the
upper end of Lexington, the coal is from 19 to 22 inches thick,
with 14 inches of slate above, separating it from the limestone.
Numerous driftings have been made in the hill at various times,
and a great quantity of coal taken out. The quality will com-
pare favorably with most of the Missouri coals.
Two miles from Lexington, on the Sedalia road, the same coal-
seam has been worked at many places on lands of R. C. Vaughn
and of Eckles, now leased by the " Lexington Coal Com-
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
pany," for twenty-five years. This company employs twenty-five
miners and furnishes the railroad with coal.
They have fourteen main entries nine in the Vaughn tract and
five on the Eckle tract extending from fifty to seventy -five feet.
The coal varies from 19 to 20 inches, separated near the top by a
slaty seam, thus :
No. i Limestone.
2 Slate, i foot.
3 Calcareo-bituminous bed, o to 2 inches.
4 Coal, I to 2 inches.
5 Clay, sometimes replaced by slate i to 6 inches.
6 Coal, 19 to 22 inches.
7 Fire-clay.
An analysis of this coal, made by Mr. Chauvenet, gives :
Top.
Water 5.79
Volatile 36.03
Fixed carbon 47-31
Ash 10.87
Color of Ash. Lt. brown.
No. 3.
No. 4. Bottom.
8.15
6.36
6.25
34.71
36.28
35-03
47.29
47.80
50.04
9.85
9.56
8.68
Lt. brown.
Yellow ^
/ery lig
The " LEXINGTON COAL Co." also have control of the now
abandoned " GOODIN BANKS," extending along the bottoms, about
three miles above Lexington. Formerly a great deal of mining
was done about two miles above Lexington, but the works are now
all abandoned.
This coal seems to thin in a south-westerly direction. On the
Little Sniabar, six miles a little west of
south, our section shows
No. i 6ft. limestone, irregularly bedded.
2 21 inches bituminous shale.
3 17 inches coal.
4 6 inches shale.
5 3 feet fusulina limestone.
At Holman's, several miles south of
Greenton, we find
No. i 4 feet 9 inches limestone ; contains
CJicetetes milleporaceus.
Fig. 1 6.
SECTION
ON LITTLE SNI*BA!\ .
6MS.S.OF LEXINGTON
MIDDLE COAL-MEASURES. 57
2\\ feet olive and bituminous shales.
3 i foot coal, upper part impure ; lower part good.
Our sections show a seam at 36 feet below the Lexington coal,
varying from 4 to 8 inches in thickness. It is not used. The
general section at Lexington shows its position with regard to other
beds. Eight miles south-east of Lexington it appears thus :
Section 32.
No. I 8^ inches blue shaly limestone. Athyris, Hemipronites
crassus, Chonetes mesoloba, RJiombopora lepidodendroides.
2 5 inches olive shales.
3 2 feet i inch bituminous shales.
4 14 inches dark blue calcareous shale.
5 3 inches coal.
6 2\ feet fire clay.
7 2 feet rough nodular limestone : contains AtJiyris subtilita,
Pr. Prattenianus, Pr. costatus.
At Wellington the rocks appear thus :
Sec. 14 (C. J. Norwood).
No. i 75 feet rocks concealed.
2 3 feet greenish sandy shales.
3 5 feet drab shaly sandstone.
4 10 feet 4 inches slope.
5 3 feet irregularly bedded, light drab, tolerably fine-grained
limestone ; weathers brown, contains small Chonetes, Athyris, Fu-
sulina cylindrica and large Crinoid stems. No. 21 of Lexington
Section.
6 3 feet shales and concretionary limestone ; abounds in Cho-
netes Smithii (?} contain Athyris, Hemipronites crassus, Spr. came-
ratus, Archceocidaris and Crinoid stems and Lophophyllum prolife-
rum, also Crinoid plates.
7 1 feet mottled green and blue clay.
8 2 feet light blue clay.
9 2 feet dark argillaceous shales.
10 7 feet yellowish drab and blue, irregularly bedded limestone
in several layers ; the upper part mostly blue and argillaceous.
Contains Spr. plano-convexus, AtJiyris Chonetes, Edmondia, Euom-
pJialus rugosus, BelleropJion, Trilobite (Phillipsia ?} This rock is
equivalent to Number 25 of the Lexington section.
1 1 4 feet slope ; place for Lexington coal.
58 GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
12 17 inches irregularly bedded blue and drab ferruginous lime-
stone : full of specks of calcite ; nodular on top, lower part com-
pact; Athyris, Crinoid stems, Fusulina and Lop hop hy Hum proli-
ferum, are the fossils seen. Some portions are light drab or gray.
To river.
At Napoleon we have
Sec. 12 (C. J. Norwood).
No. i 67^- feet slope.
2 10 feet reddish clay.
3 5 feet olive, somewhat calcareous shales.
4 2 feet yellowish drab, irregularly bedded limestone ; contains
remains of Producti and of a small Belleroplion. Top rock at saw-
mill below Lexington.
5 2 feet buff, calcareous shales, abounding in CJi. mesoloba,
and containing a larger CJionetcs (Ch. Smithii?} Athyris, Spr. cam-
eratus, Hcmipronites crassus and Crinoid stems.
6 26 inches irregularly bedded, drab limestone ; contains Fu-
sulina cylindrical, Athyris, Spr. plano-convcxus, &c.
7 6 inches green and yellow shales, containing Spr. plano-con-
vexus and Hemipronites crassus.
8 9 feet slope.
9 6 inches somewhat concretionary, dove-colored limestone ;
some parts bluish gray.
10 2 feet outcrop sandstone.
ii 14 feet slope, on which are tumbled masses of gray limestone.
12 3 feet irregularly bedded, slightly bluish drab limestone ;
somewhat shelly. Weathers brown. Some parts blue ; traversed
by seams of calcite. On the surface are Fusulina cylindrica, Athy-
ris, Spr. plano-convexus, Pr. costatus, Arcliceocidaris spines, CJicete-
tes milleporaceus, &c. Equivalent to No. 21 of Lexington section.
13 2 feet slope.
14 Outcrop of light drab or gray, nodular limestone, containing
Spr. cameratus, Pr. costatus, &c. ; abounds in Chonetes. To
river.
" It appears from the foregoing that the Lexington coal would
be reached at Napoleon, by sinking a shaft to the depth of twenty
feet below No. 14, of the foregoing section."
One-half of a mile above Napoleon.
Section 1 1 (C. J. Norwood) is exposed.
MIDDLE COAL-MEASURES.
59
No. i Slope.
2 2 feet red clay.
3 I foot green clay.
41^ feet outcrop of bluish drab limestone ; weathers brown.
5 2 feet slope.
6 \y 2 feet drab limestone with yellow streaks running through
it; weathers buff. Equivalent to No. 15, of Lexington Section.
7 6 feet slope and shales dark and light green.
8 5 fe t outcrop soft drab sandstone ; upper 3 feet thin layers.
9 1 8 feet slope.
10 Outcrop somewhat shelly, bluish drab limestone ; contains
Fusulina, &c. Equivalent to No. 21 of Lexington Section. To
river.
Carroll County.
In the eastern part of the county we have previously noted
sandstone referable to the lower coal-measures. At the upper
end of the "White rock" quarry it reposes on 2 feet of coal.
One mile up the bluffs is the coal mine of James Meddlin, also,
probably in lower coal-measures. Its locality is in the south-east
quarter of the south-west quarter of Section 6 T. 52, R. 21, and
occurs thus :
No. i Shaly slope ; dark and yellow variegated.
2 1 8 to 19 inches coal; contains some pyrites in the upper
part.
An analysis by Mr. Chauvenet gives :
Water 2.07
Volatile 29.94
Fixed Carbon 47-O3
Ash 20. 96
Color of ash, dark brown, with white specks.
3 3 feet clay, with limestone and pyritiferous concretions and
septaria.
4 12 to 14 inches coal.
5 31 feet to bottoms.
One mile further along the bluffs, we find the last section con-
tinued upwards, as follows :
No. I 5 feet white clay.
60 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
2 7 f ee t soft, buff brown sandstone.
3 37 feet shales, with occasional ochrey layers.
4 7 f eet shales, with concretions of carbonate of iron, and
ochre near top, and a 6-inch bed of carbonate of iron and septaria
near bottom. The fossils from the upper stratum are a large
Discina, a Lingula, Pleurotomania and BcllcropJion.
5 15 feet shales.
6 5 inches ash blue, hard concretionary limestone.
7 20 inches bituminous shales.
8 Outcrop of rotten coal.
9 3 feet ochreous and olive shales.
A mile and a quarter west, 30 feet of sandstone replaces Nos. 3
and 4 of last section, and so continues for two miles further.
Other exposures along the bluffs west of this should be referred
to the Middle Coal Measures.
Section 161 at Hard-wick's Mill.
No. I 63 feet from hill-top.
2 23 inches gray limestone. (No. 30 of Lexington Section.)
3 20 feet The upper five feet includes nodular masses of lime-
stone.
4 12 feet sandy shales.
5 i foot even-bedded, bluish-gray limestone, contains LopJio-
phyllum proliferum, Fusulina cylindrica, etc. (No. 32 of Lexing-
ton Section.)
6 i foot blue shales.
7 Bituminous shales.
8 75 feet to water in the Wakenda.
One-half a mile west, the lower portion is better exposed,
thus :
Section 162.
No. 2 8 inches limestone, even layer, dark ash blue, equivalent
to No. 5 of last section (No. 32 of Lexington Section), or No. 41
of General Section.
3 I foot olive clay shales.
4 2 feet bituminous shales with small round concretions.
5 10 feet clay ; blue above, and yellow or buff below.
6 4 feet limestone, in one thick bed ; drab and brown ; upper
part weathers brown ; it may be hydraulic ; no fossils observed.
This is probably equivalent to the limestone overlying the coal
MIDDLE COAL-MEASURES. 6 1
on Mulky Creek. Lafayette Co., and the limestone lowest seen
below Lexington. (No. 39 of Lexington Section.)
7 8 feet hard, dark slaty rock, calcareous and silicious. The
upper half is in dark olive drab layers, forming flagstones, one-half to
one inch thick ; below is black and bituminous coal of variable
8. thickness ; as thick as one foot (No. 42 of Lexington Section)
No. 31 of General Section.
9 4 feet fire-clay.
10 Sandstone.
On Jas. Goodson's land in the south-east quarter of Section 36,
T. 59, R. 23, the coal is 12 to 14 inches thick, and the connection
of rocks seen was this :
No. I 3 feet limestone.
2 3 feet dark shales with small round concretions.
3 2 feet black bituminous shales ; a portion calcareous and
containing fossils.
4 12 to 14 inches coal.
An analysis by Mr. Chauvenet gives :
Water 2.97
Volatile 36.36
Fixed carbon 47-83
Ash 12.84
Color of ash light brown.
A quarter of a mile south from the last, on the branch, the coal
is 18 to 19 inches thick.
The same coal is worked on the land of C. W. Lane in the
south-west quarter of the south-east quarter of Section 36, T. 53,
R. 23. This and other pits were filled with debris. There has not
been much outlay in mining expenses at any of them. The
overlying bituminous shales occasionally contain large, black,
bituminous limestone concretions abounding in many very nice
fossils, mostly Cardiamorplia Missouriensis, Cardinium ? Lex-
ingtonensis (Sw), 2 sp. of Goniatites, a Nautilus, Pleuratomaria
sphcerulata, Nucula Ventricosa, Goniatites Hathawayensis? McCh.
Goniatitcs politus, Goniatites planorbiformis, Orthoceras cribro-
sum, Nautilus decor atus ? Discina , Discina Missouriensis , Pr.
Prattenianus, Aclis Swalloviana ? Hemipronites crassus, and fish
spine, allied to LeptacantJius.
62 GEOLOG Y OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
On the Missouri bluffs, three or four miles below Carrollton, two
feet of limestone (No. 39 of Lexington Section) crops out fifty-two
feet above the bottoms. Investigations in the lower slope at this
place might disclose the coal seen near Hardwick's Mill.
Some of the beds of rock of the last sections occasionally crop
out in the bluffs above Carrollton, and for eight miles further, but
no coal was seen. Four miles above Carrollton, limestone equiva-
lent to No. 39 of Lexington Section crops out fifteen feet above
the bottoms.
The Stanley coal-mine, \y 2 miles north-west of Carrollton, was
examined by Mr. C. J. Norwood, who obtained this Section.
No. i 20 feet of sandy shales hard.
2 2 inches streak of coal.
3 28 inches sandy shale with Stigmaria ficoides. Crystals of
sulphuret of iron seen in lower part.
4 18 inches good coal. Dips 2$' S., 20 E. and inwards. Mine
dry.
This coal must be below the coal at Hardwick's Mill and vicinity.
If so, and the position of recognized limestones tends to prove it, the
rocks have slightly risen from Hardwick's Mill to Carrollton. West-
wardly they gradually descend. About six miles west of Carroll-
ton, I observed an outcrop of 22 inches of limestone, which I
refer to No. 32 of the Lexington Section, cropping out on a
gentle slope, about thirty feet above the Missouri bottoms.
The rock has a dove shade, weathering to a chocolate-brown, and
containing Fusulina, Athyris, Spr. lineatus and large Crinoid
stems. The joints are covered with minute calcite incrustations.
This rock resembles that of Worsten's quarry in Livingston Co.
Near this, and probably on a lower horizon, observed a fucoid,
supposed to be Caulerpites marginatus.
At Rocky Ford, on the Wakenda River, about half a mile
before it enters the Missouri bottoms, I observed eight feet of
ochrey and blue shales, resting on an even-bedded, ash-blue lime-
stone, at top shaly, and containing Fusitlina, Crinoid stems and
Spr. cameratus. I refer it to No. 32 of the Lexington Section.
This limestone, I suppose, was also struck in the shaft of Fred'k
Strauss, on the edge of the river bluffs, in N. E. quarter of the
N. W. quarter of Section 12, T. 52, R. 25, at 17 feet below the
surface. Mr. Strauss informed me that it rested on one foot of
MIDDLE COAL-MEASURES.
black slate, with four to ten inches of coal below. These rocks
were not seen any further west. One and a half miles west, sand-
stone again appears about twenty-five feet above the bottoms, and
nine feet thick, the upper five feet in thin ochrey layers. Lower
part one thick bed ; at one place hard and concretionary ; otherwise
it might afford a good building stone. At the county line of Ray
County we find, at twenty-five feet above the bottoms, 7 ft. of lime-
stone and sandstone conglomerate. The upper 2 feet, limestone :
the lower 5 feet, a thick bed of very hard, brown sandstone and
conglomerate of round silicious pebbles. Eight feet above the con-
glomerate is five feet of gray shelly limestone, containing Fusulina
cylindrica^ Chcetetes milleporaceus, AtJiyris subtilita ; this may be
No. 39 of Lexington Section.
Ray County Coal.
The Lexington coal bed is occasionally opened at points along
the Missouri bluffs, from the east county line to Camden.
Above Camden, the formations
dip strongly west, and the Lex-
ington coal is no longer seen,
but is replaced in the bluffs by
higher rocks. Around Richmond,
on the waters of Crooked river, the
coal is worked at many places.
The mines near the east county
line are worked by horizontal
driftings more than half of them
only during the winter season :
and during last summer only two
or three men were constantly en-
gaged. The Section at Ober-
holtz, from the hill-top down, was
as follows :
Section 173.
No. i 68 feet slope.
2 2 feet equivalent to No. 15
of Lexington Section : color light
drab.
3 31 feet slope.
Fig 17.
SECTION 175
AT OBERHOtZ . RAY
CO
64 GEOLOG Y OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
4 4 feet brown limestone, abounds in Chcetetes millepora-
ceus.
5 9 feet 2 inches alternations of thin beds of limestone
and buff shales, abounding in fossils, including Chonetes meso-
loba, Chonetes - , Athyris subtilita, Pr. costatus, Pr. semire-
ticulatus, Pr. Prattenianus, Hemipronites Crassus and Spr. earn-
er at us.
6 2 feet 4 inches hard blue limestone in irregular layers : con-
tains Athyris subtilita.
7 6 inches shale.
8 \y 2 feet coal (Lexington seam) said to increase to 20 inches.
9 2 feet clay.
IO 15 feet gentle slope to Missouri bottoms.
An analysis of Oberholz coal, by Mr. Chauvenet, (-gives :
Water 11.02
Volatile 32.48
Fixed Carbon 46.30
Ash 10.20
Color of ash gray
Sp. gravity 1.277
Sulphur 4-609
Williams's Bank is 75 yards further west.
At Howells's, three-quarters of a mile further west, the coal is 16
to 22 inches thick.
An analysis of Howell's coal by Mr. Chauvenet gives :
Water 8.05
Volatile : 41.85
Fixed carbon 45 80
Ash , 4.30
Color of ash white
Sp. gravity 1.257
Sulphur 2.702
A half a mile further west, the above rocks are found lower in
the bluffs, with the upper beds exposed, thus :
Section 114.
No. i Slope.
MIDDLE COAL-MEASURES. 65
2 15 feet drab sandy shales.
3 5 feet mostly smooth red shales, a part sometimes green.
4 6 inches nodular limestone ; fossils.
5 3 feet green shales.
6 Limestone equivalent to No. 15 of Lexington Section.
7 25 feet to Missouri bottoms.
One mile west of this, the limestone equivalent to Sec. 173, No. 4
(21 of Lexington Section) was observed ten feet above the bottoms,
indicating the position of the Lexington coal just 2 feet below the
line of their surface.
At Smith's Mill, three miles north-east of Eichmond, the Lex-
ington coal is reached in a shaft of forty feet depth. Its place is
near the level of water in Crooked river, at Searcy's and Har-
berson's.
Analysis of Smith's coal :
Water 10.05
Volatile 38.55
Fixed Carbon 45 .40
Ash 6.OO
Color of ash white
Sp. gravity 1 . 249
Sulphur 2.41
Limestone No. 25, which forms the roof of the coal, is seen at
many places on Crooked river, north-east of Richmond and along
the stream to two miles north-west of Richmond. The following
(Sec. 176), illustrating the rocks above the coal, was observed two
miles north of Richmond, on Crooked river.
No. i 3 feet limestone, containing Fttsulina, Producti, Crinoid
stems and Chatetes milleporaceus.
2 7 f e t of limestone and shales, divided thus :
a 4 inches shales. In upper part Hemipronites and Chonetes
abound.
b 4 inches limestone.
c 2 inches shales.
d 4 inches limestone.
e 9 inches shales and nodules of limestone.
f i^ feet shales.
g 8 inches shales and lenticular forms of limestone.
66 GEOLOG Y OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
h 3 feet blue shales ; in upper part are found Spr. cameratus,
P. punctatus and Athyris.
3 4 feet blue limestone ; upper 9 inches shaly.
4 6 inches black shales.
5 Coal.
J. S. Hughes' Coal Mines are located one mile south of Richmond,
on S. W. qr. of Sec. 31, T. 52, R. 27, on line of St. Louis and St.
Joseph R. R. Their shaft is 95 feet deep from the surface.
From the bottom, entries extend east and west for over 500
feet, the coal varying from 22 to 28 inches in thickness, includ-
ing the top 5 or 6 inches of good coal, then I to 2^ inches dark
clay resting on good coal. The overlying bituminous shale is gen-
erally 2 to 4 inches thick ; only at one place on thejriver was it
observed I foot thick. It contains calcareous matter, with some
fossil remains. The underlying clay is I foot to 18 inches thick,
thus giving a clear space between the cap rock and bed rock of 4
feet 3 inches to 4 feet 6 inches, or enough room for small mules to
work. Mr. Hughes informed me that there are only about three
barrels of water per week.
The following is a section of his shaft, which is located on the
S. W. quarter of Sec. 31, T. 52 R. 27 W.
No. i Soil 2 feet.
2 Clay 12 "
3 Soft sandstone 4 "
4 Blue soapstone 9 "
5 Red shale 16 "
6 Flint (?) and limestone 5 "
7 Soapstone and slate 2 " 6 in,
8 White sandstone 6 "
9 Lime and sandstone ... 5 "
10 Soapstone 8 "
II Slate 2 "
12 Fire-clay 2 "
13 Flint rock (is limestone) 5 " 6 in.
14 Shale 3 "
15 Slate 4 "
16 Limestone, dark gray 5 "
17 Slate o " 3 in.
MIDDLE COAL-MEASURES. . 67
No. 1 8 Coal (generally 2 feet) 2 feet 3 in.
19 Fire-clay (6 to 8 inches) I foot 6 in.
Total depth 95 feet
An analysis of the coal of Hughes & Co., by Mr. Chauvenet,
gives :
Water 8.15
Volatile 37-6o
Fixed carbon 46-35
Ash 7.90
Color of ash light brown
Sp. gravity 1.328
Sulphur 4. 17
He employs thirty men.
At the Lawson (formerly King's) mines, on the Railroad, two
and a half miles south of Richmond, owned by C. O. Godfrey &
Co., fifteen to twenty men are kept at work, and the coal is taken
out from drifts run in horizontally for several hundred feet. The
coal is 2 feet thick, with a 2-inch clay seam five inches from the
top. The overlying bituminous shale is about four 'inches thick,
and the under-clay one foot, making quite a limited space between
the roof and floor.
An analysis of the coal, by Mr. Chauvenet, gives :
Water 72.11
Volatile 30. 30
Fixed carbon 37. 30
Ash 25.20
Color of ash brown.
Sp. gravity 1.293
Sulphur 4-179
Camden Mines.
An analysis of Camden coal, by Mr. Chauvenet, gives :
Water 10.33
Volatile 37.73
Fixed carbon 42.44
Ash 9.90
Color of ash.
68 GEOLOG Y OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
The "NORTH MISSOURI " mines, owned by C. O. Godfrey &. Co. ,
on St. L. , K. C. , and N. R. W. , at the lower end of Camden, employ
sixteen miners. The shaft is sixty feet deep, and the platform six-
teen feet above the railroad track. From the bottom, entries are ex-
tended in various directions : 280 yards north, 500 north-west, 190
west, and 100 east. At present (August, 1872), two to three railway
car-loads are raised per day, each car containing about 250 bushels
of coal. Water somewhat interferes with mining operations. Each
day about 100 to 150 bbls. have to be raised out. The manner of
elevating the water is very simple. At the bottom of the shaft is a
sump, of the capacity of several hundred gallons, into which the
seeping water is conveyed by slight ditches alongside of the tram-
way. Boxes of the capacity of several barrels, with valves in their
bottoms, are let down into the sump ; they immediately fill, and are
raised and lowered in the same manner as the coal ; as fast as one
is elevated the other is lowered. The gin is worked by horse-
power. For much of the information concerning these mines, I
am indebted to Mr. Henry Booth, foreman.
The coal, 19 to 21 inches thick, is black, brilliant, with a little clay,
3 inches from the top, and a few knife-edges of iron pyrites in the
upper part. The lower one inch is shaly, with 3 inches black under-
day resting on fire-clay. The coal is jointed, with calcite plates in
the joints. In the bed of the ditch below the railroad, opposite
the shaft, are thin beds of limestone, equivalent to No. 23 of Lex-
ington section, some of them forming very pretty slabs covered with
fossils, viz., Hemipronites crassus, Chonetes, Producti, etc. A few
feet above it, is limestone, corresponding to No. 21 of Lexington
section ; the top of the latter being twenty-one feet below the mouth
of the shaft, indicating the position of the coal to be quite low.
"Second Ray County" Mines. These mines, about one-quarter
of a mile above the N. Missouri mines, and also on the railroad,
are owned by Thos. Collins, and, when examined, worked six men.
Mr. Collins informed me that he worked forty-five men in the win-
ter of 1871 and 1872. The shaft is fifty feet deep. From the top
of the shaft to the railroad track is 20 feet. The driftings extend
far into the hill. Intersecting them is a passage for ventilation,
which terminates at an air-shaft near the main shaft, and seems to
give thorough ventilation. Coal measured at various places in
these mines was, 18, 22, 23 and 24 inches, average about 23.
MIDDLE COAL-MEASURES.
6 9
W.
From I to \y 2 feet of bituminous shales on top and I to 2 feet of
fire-clay beneath ; an average of about four and a half feet be-
tween bed-rock and cap-rock. The height of main entry is four
feet near its mouth, and further in, three feet. Cap-rock seven
to eight feet thick. A very fair coke was made from Collins' coal,
of which the following is the analysis by Mr. Chauvenet :
Water 3.25
Volatile 4.85
Fixed carbon 83.37
Ash 8. 50
The shafts at Camden are sunk from a terrace on the hill-side.
A quarter of a mile above Collins' mines, the Lexington coal is
seen near the grade of the railroad, having risen thirty feet from
Collins' shaft. This may explain the fact of more water being in
the " North Missouri " mines than in the " Second Ray County"
mines, the water passing between the eastward dipping strata,
from the " Second Ray County " to the ; ' North Missouri " mines.
Fig. 1 8.
v - rs - --* 7s -
SECTION IN R.R.CUT WEST or CAMDEN , RAY CO
A little further west, I observed cropping out in a gully, 9 feet 9
inches below the railroad, three feet of ash-blue limestone, referable
to No. 32 of Lexington section, and resting on four feet of slate
and shale, with six inches of coal below. 150 feet west, the
coal is five feet above the railroad and for the next three hundred
feet the rise is four feet. A quarter of a mile west of Camden the
rocks dip about one in twelve. (See Fig. 18.)
Eight hundred and twenty feet further, a shaft sunk forty feet
struck limestone No. 21 of the Lexington Section, indicating a dip
of fifty-eight feet in eight hundred and twenty feet, or I to 14.
SWANWICK SHAFT.
The shaft of Thomas Huyson is 86 feet deep to top of coal, of
which he furnished me the following :
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
f No. I Surface.
46 feet. ^ 2 Shaly sandstone, red, blue and gray.
^ 3 16 feet of red shales.
4 6 feet being layers of sandstone separated by
soft blue clay.
5 22 feet blue slate.
6 4|- feet rock (reported flint).
40 feet. <( 7 3 feet blue clay.
8 4 to 5 feet impure limestone.
9 20 inches to 2 feet coal.
10 6 to 1 8 inches under-clay.
ii 6 to 8 feet hard limestone.
From one to two barrels of water have to be removed every
morning. The slate over the coal is almost entirely wanting here ;
the limestone generally resting directly on the coal, but the under-
clay correspondingly thickens a fortunate provision in nature as
otherwise there would not be room enough to mine. The sec-
tion from hill-top here is the following :
No. i 5 feet slope.
2 4 feet limestone, weathering brown and ringing under the
hammer; contains Athyris, Spr. earner atus, Chtztetes milleporaceus
and Crinoid stems.
3 8 feet slope.
4 2 feet of rough, nodular limestone ; weathers with a ferrugi-
nous crust, and contains many remains of fossils.
5 124 feet sloping gently to top of shaft.
Around the hill, and associated with limestone (probably the same
as No. 4), I found amber-colored crystals of heavy spar, also a
little iron ore. In the limestone I observed Spr. Kentuckensis and
Spr. lineatus.
Section 178 is seen one mile north-west of Richmond.
No. I 3 feet bluish-drab, rough-looking limestone, weathering
drab.
2 8 feet slope.
3 Tumbled masses of fine-grained, dove-colored limestone.
4 !Oo feet. Less than forty feet below the top, abounds soft
brown sandstone. At fifty feet are tumbled masses of gray lime-
stone.
5 Red shales.
MIDDLE COAL-MEASURES. /I
6 About 45 feet to the Lexington coal.
The upper members of the Section can be compared with the
Swanwick Section.
An analysis of the Swanwick coal by Mr. Chauvenet gives :
TOP. MIDDLE. BOTTOM.
Water 10.00 12.55 11.20
Volatile 37.85 37.05 38.50
Fixed carbon 48.30 46.65 46.7
Ash 3-85 575 3-6o
Color of ash Light brown. White. Nearly white.
The Swanwick coal is remarkable for a large percentage of water :
it does not coke well.
GRAND RIVER CHARITON AND CARROLL COUNTIES.
The rocks along this river and its vicinity, in these counties, may
be referred to the lower coal-measures. Outcrops are unfrequent.
Bowman's Quarry. This consists of about four and a half feet
of very hard, coarse sandstone, cropping out about twenty-eight feet
above the railroad. This rock was used for bridge masonry on the
St. L. K. C. and N. R. W. It is in tolerably even layers, but is
difficult to quarry. Twenty-eight feet, mostly shales, extend below
it, to the railroad. Four feet above the railroad track is a one-foot
concretionary bed of carbonate of iron. There is a thin bed of
coarse, reddish, calcareous sandstone above the ore bed, and dark
clay beneath.
Kirkham's Coal. The Kirkham bed is one and a half miles
above Brunswick, on the line of the St. Louis, Chillicothe, and
Omaha Railroad ; it was formerly worked, but recently nothing has
been done there.
Prof. Swallow, in his report to North Missouri Railroad (1866),
mentions the existence of two seams of coal, nineteen and a half
feet apart, each I ^ feet thick.
I presume he obtained his section from the shaft, now filled up.
All that I could see was :
No. i Upper slope.
2 2 feet blue and ochreous shales.
3 16 to 1 8 inches coal.
4 \\ feet fire-clay, with Stigmaria ficoides.
72 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
5 6 feet shaly sandstone.
6 2 feet sandy shales.
7 15 inches hard calcareous sandstone.
Same as quarry rock at Bowman's.
8 1]/2 feet light green and red argillaceous shales.
9 \y 2 feet shaly sandstone to railroad.
Win. Tyler's Coal. In the edge of the ravine in S. y 2t S. W. j^,
Section 33 T., 54 R., 20 W., there is said to be 18 inches coal;
concealed from view when the locality was examined by us. Five
feet above is \y 2 feet outcrop of buff and blue limestone, possibly
hydraulic, and containing mostly Spr. earner atus. The coal is
probably equivalent to the Kirkham coal.
Section 157 at Linn's, three-quarters of a mile north of Tyler's.
No. I Shaly and sandy slope.
2 3 feet shales.
3 3>^ inches mottled bluish limestone. Hydraulic ?
4 6 inches olive clay.
5 ij^j feet bituminous shales.
6 4 feet blue clay shales.
7 1 8 to 19 inches coal.
8 Fire-clay.
An analysis of the top of this coal, made by Mr. Chauvenet,
gives :
Water 5 . 82
Volatile 38.01
Fixed carbon 54-53
Ash 1.64
Color of ash Salmon brown.
The series above given is well exposed here.
T. S. Anderson's, on Section 20, T. 54, R. 20. The coal was not
exposed. The debris thrown out indicates a capping of bituminous
shales, and bituminous limestone, containing P. muricatus, Lopho-
phyllum, and a few striated plants. Mr. Turner, in Sec. 28, T.
54, R. 20, informed me, that in sinking a well from the hill-top at
his house, coal was reached at fifty feet. The formations passed
through were
No. i 8 feet sandy clay.
2 10 feet joint clay.
3 Sand to bottom.
MIDDLE COAL-MEASURES.
Two hundred yards west of Turner's, in a
branch, I observed a bed of limestone, and a short
distance from it clay and bituminous shales are
seen, dipping 5 to the south-west.
Mr. Turner informed me that wells have been
dug on the ridges, 90 feet deep, striking sand-
stone at from eight to sixteen feet. This would
make the sandstone over eighty feet thick. The
geological position of Linn's and Anderson's coals
must be below this sandstone, and the sandstone
equivalent to that of Miami Station, and Berlin.
Its denudation must have been very unequal, and
very great at some places.
Sec. 156 (Fig. 19). On Grand River, about two
miles below the mouth of the Hurricane. The rocks
here show marks of great disturbance, for about
i ,600 feet along the stream. At the lower exposure
we find mostly thin layers of indurated green sand-
stone, containing ferns, dipping 37, course S. 21
W. Mag. The distance across the outcrop is
about one hundred steps.
Outcrops are then not much exposed up stream
for five hundred feet ; we then find a few feet of
sandstone dipping at an angle, varying but little
from that first observed, with line of strike bearing
S. 44 E. Further up stream is an outcrop of
four feet of nodular and shaly limestone, contain-
ing Pr. semireticulatus, Pr. muricattis, Chonetes,
Spr. plano-convexus, Spr. cameratus, Lophophyl-
lum. This is underlaid by two feet clay,
which rests on an outcrop of three feet bitumi-
nous shales. The dip of latter is 24 to S. 30
W., Mag.
Right here a ravine ten feet in width has cut
through and has probably washed away the coal
which was not seen ; but fire-clay is found just
beyond, reposing on nodular limestone, which is
underlaid again by fire-clay, the latter resting on
the anticlinal axis. Bituminous shale rests on the
Fig. 19.
73
74 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
clay, and then shaly sandstone, dipping N. 50 E. and at an angle
of 15. A little more than two hundred feet up-stream the rocks
seem crushed up, or folded, and then extend horizontally up-
stream. The outcrop is seen 12 feet thick; next to the river the
dip is S. 37 E. Z53. Half-way across this on the top the strike
is S. 38 E. ; these rocks are then vertical for a short distance,
then fold over, dipping at Z49, N. 21 W. The layers on the
upper slope fold over and extend horizontally up-stream under the
overlying thick-bedded brown sandstone. The lower part of this
sandstone abounds in concretions of brown hematite, which are
generally hollow.
Coal near Little Compton. A pretty good coal is dug out at Lit-
tle Compton, in Sec. 17, T. 55, R. 21, and at several places on a
creek, one-half of a mile north, in the south part of Sec. 8.
An analysis of the Little Compton coal, by Mr. Chauvenet,
gives :
Water 4-37
Volatile 44-58
Fixed carbon 47- 2I
Ash 3-84
Color of ash reddish brown.
Sec. 155 on Grand river, in north-west part of Sec. 16, T. 55, R.
21.
No. i 10 feet slope.
2 5 feet soft buff sandstone.
3 57 foot slope.
4 Outcrop of bituminous shales.
5 5 feet clay shales.
6 24 feet buff micaceous sandstone, brown specked.
7 3 feet argillaceous shales.
8 Outcrop of hard light dove-colored cherty limestone.
9 4 feet shales.
10 3 feet arenaceous limestone; greenish tinge, weathers brown.
1 1 3 feet shales.
12 14 inches limestone.
13 4^ feet dark blue shales.
14 10 feet shales.
15 \\ feet dark blue shales.
MIDDLE COAL-MEASURES. 75
1 6 I foot shales and ironstone. Upper 2 inches solid, weath-
ering red, below shaly.
17 20 inches dark shales.
1 8 5 feet upper ^ foot whitish, below dark blue.
19 4 feet shales and sandy concretions.
20 4 inches iron-stone.
The rocks of this section very closely resemble those of some of
the lower coal groups, on Clear Fork, Johnson County, also on
Grand river, Henry County, and on Marmaton, Vernon County.
The coal of Little Compton and on Toe String creek may be con-
cealed in the lower part of No. 3. The bituminous shales No. 4
may have slid down from above, for the outcrop was insufficient to
place them exactly in No. 4. Upon a second examination of rocks
and fossils collected on Grand river, from near the lines of Carroll
and Livingston, they present types of those overlying the coal at
Warrensburgh, Johnson County. I am therefore disposed to con-
sider this as of the same age. At Edmondson's ferry on Grand
river, at the line between Carroll and Livingston, the rocks dip south-
east from 11 to 19, and include in the outcrops, for three hundred
feet along the stream, most of the corresponding beds of coal seen
in the Section at Leaton's, viz. :
No. i Sandstone.
2 Coal.
3 Clay and shales.
4 Limestone.
5 Shales.
6 Limestone abounding in fossils : Spr. earner atus, Ch. meso-
loba, Pr. muricatus, Spr. plano-convexus, Athyris, Crinoid stems.
7 Shales.
8 Limestone.
9 Bituminous shales.
10 Clay.
II Coal.
I give the rocks in the order of their succession, from the top
down : the correct thickness could not be obtained. Compare this
with the section at Leaton's, and the parallelism will be apparent.
76 GEOLOG Y OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
CONNECTING BEDS OF THE UPPER AND MIDDLE COAL-
MEASURES.
Sections of C. J. Norwood in Jackson County. The top rock
(No. 98) at Kansas City, is also the highest at Independence. It
is a light gray or flesh color, abounding in streaks and specks of
calc-spar. Section No. 4 of Mr. Norwood, at Independence Land-
ing, includes 25 feet 10 inches of outcrops of the above limestone
at 63 feet from the hill-top.
One hundred and fourteen feet below this limestone, No. 78 crops
out 20 feet thick, its base ninety feet above the Missouri river. At
Blue Mills Landing, No. 78 is 112 feet above the Missouri river.
The section here is as follows :
" Section 5 At and two hundred yards below Blue Mills Land-
ing.
No. i 31 feet slope.
2 16^ feet " Bethany Falls " limestone (No. 78).
3 3 feet slope.
4 19 inches bituminous shales (77 a )-
5 g inches ash blue, hard, compact limestone, calcite specks
disseminated.
6 6 inches blue clay, thin band of yellow at top (76 b ).
7 5 inches to 7 inches concretionary blue limestone; contains
Pr. punctatus and Spr. earner atus. Equivalent to 76*.
8 28 inches clay shales.
9 2 feet slope.
10 1-| feet outcrop of gray limestone (No. 74).
ii 3 feet drab limestone ; three layers, splintery (No. 74).
12 9 feet 8 inches slope.
13 14 feet sandy shales.
14 72 feet slope to river."
" In the branch, one hundred yards above ' Donohoe's ford,' on
the Little Blue, one mile and a half from its mouth, and about
three hundred yards up the branch, Section 8 is seen.
No. i Slope.
2 8 feet blue clay shales.
3 i foot hard blue calcareous shales.
4 2 inches coal.
MIDDLE COAL-MEASURES. 77
No. 5 6 inches fire-clay.
6 3 feet slope.
7 10 feet sandy shales and shaly sandstone, with indurated
sandstone concretions."
"In the branch are tumbled masses of 'Bethany Falls' lime-
stone. Their place could not be ascertained : but think it is about
fifty or sixty feet up.
It is believed in this part of the county that lead is to be
found in this branch. There is a tradition that old settlers got
their lead here, and moulded bullets of it. No one at present knows
the exact place from where the lead was taken.
" At Sibley Landing the following, Section 9, is seen :
No. I 77^ feet long slope and bluff, from level of road leading
south, to Independence and Lexington road.
2 6 feet olive, argillaceous shales, with bands of purple clay.
3 3 feet 4 inches mottled, red, purple, buff and white clay.
4 9 feet sandy shales and shaly sandstone. Lower 7 feet shaly
sandstone.
5 20 feet slope.
6 27 to 32 inches irregularly bedded, coarse-grained drab lime-
stone ; some parts yellowish drab ; rough on top ; weathers buff and
brown. Contains Chcetetes milleporaceus, Crinoid stems, Belter o-
phon Montfortiana, Fusulina cylindrica, Pr. splendens, Athyris sub-
tilita, Spr. plano-convexus, Spr. lineatus. Traversed by Calcite
veins. (No. 15 of Lexington section.)
7 2^/2 feet shales, divided as follows :
a 6 inches buff and green calcareous shales with limestone
concretions, containing Pr. splendens, Hemipronites crassus, Cho-
netes , Spr. plano-convexus, etc.
b 2 feet green shales; with red and purple shales. Upper four
inches containing Spr. plano-convexus, etc. In the lower part is a
two-inch bed of concretionary arenaceous limestone, color green
and drab, containing fossils. Abounds in Spr. piano -convexus.
8 3 feet very nodular, silicious limestone, mostly gray, some
parts a bluish drab. Irregularly bedded. No fossils seen.
98 inches green argillaceous shales to water.
No. 6 of this section, on comparison of the various grouped sec-
tions, is found to be 48 feet above the Lexington coal.
"In a branch on Col. A. G. Steele's place, one-half of a mile
78 GEOLOG Y OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
west of Sibley, in S. W. ^ Sec. 34, T. .51, R. 30 W., noticed an
outcrop of one foot of bituminous shale.
Col. Steele informed me that coal 1 1 inches thick has been taken
out eleven feet below this shale. The coal may possibly be No.
II of Lexington Section.
A quarter of a mile farther down appear tumbled masses of lime-
stone equivalent to Sec. 9, No. 6 ; in the branch three feet of brown
sandstone is exposed, probably equivalent to No. 17 of Lexington
Section.
" On Mr. Hudpith's land, about one and three-quarters of a mile
west of Sibley, on the river bottoms, is a fine bed of quaternary
sand, used very extensively for plastering, which is sometimes hauled
as far as twenty-five miles.
" The following is the boring of Embree's and Proctor's well, at
their mill at Sibley landing, as furnished me by Mr. Embree.
No. i 10 feet clay.
2 15 feet shales.
3 2 feet limestone (No. 6 of Sec. 9).
4 13 feet rock.
5 15 feet shales.
6 Coal ; does not know thickness (No. 19 ? of Lexington Sec.).
7 Rock.
" On Messrs. J. L. and J. S. Walker's land, in Sec. 5, T. 50, R.
30, and also on Mr. Joseph Willis's, in Sec. 32, T. 51, R. 30, I no-
ticed in a branch, from 2 to 4 feet of red drift sand, with bands of
black sand from I to 3 inches thick traversing it. Also saw many
granite and quartzite boulders, with a few small boulders of carb.
of iron, all belonging to the drift period.
" Sec. 7 Two and a half miles east of Sibley, on the Missouri
river, includes part of the rocks of the Sibley Section, as follows :
No. i 46 feet slope.
2 5 feet red and brownish-red sandstone ; thin layers. Some
parts traversed by white streaks.
3 5 feet olive, slightly sandy, argillaceous shales, banded with red.
4 7 inches somewhat concretionary gray limestone. Crinoid
stems and Spr. lineatus.
5 15 inches red shales. No. 62 ?
6 8 feet dark-blue argillaceous shales and slope.
7 2 feet slope.
MIDDLE COAL-MEASURES. 79
8 2}/ 2 feet irregularly-bedded drab limestone, in three layers,
with shaly partings. Upper layer thickest ; lower one foot has a
greenish tinge ; weathers brown. Contains Athyris, Fusulina,
Spr. plano-convexus, etc. Equivalent to No. 6 of Sec. 9.
9 7 inches green shales, containing Spr. plano-convexus and
Athyris sub t Hit a.
10 4 feet slope. At the top dark-blue shales appear.
ii \y 2 feet very rough, coarse-grained, mostly gray limestone,
containing Crinoid stems. No. 8 of Sec. 9.
12 7 feet slope to river.
Springs under No. 8. The rocks here dip 11 N. 20 E.
"The following section occurs three-quarters of a mile ABOVE
COGGSWELL'S LANDING.
No. i Slope.
2 32 inches irregularly bedded, hard drab limestone, containing
Athyris subtilita, Fusulina cylindrical, etc. Equivalent to No. 8
of Sec. 7.
3 7 inches green shales, containing Spr. plano-convexus.
4 3 feet slope.
5 16 inches rough gray limestone. No. II of Sec. 7-
6 8 feet slope to river.
The rocks here make a dip of 5 N., 15 E.
"On Mr. Levis's land, near mouth of branch running into Fire
prairie, near Mr. John Hambright's house, Sec. 21 ? T. 50, R. 29
W. ; the following is seen :
Section 13.
No. i 57 feet slope.
22 feet outcrop rough gray limestone silicious. Tuteumergle
on top. No. 5 of Sec. 10.
3 8 feet drab and buff sandstone ; irregularly bedded ; lower 6
feet, thin layers and shaly.
4 5 feet slope lower part mostly clay.
5 10 to 12 inches coal ; crumbling on top.
6 i foot dark pyritiferous clay, to water.
The coal is probably No. 19 of the Lexington Section."
"On Mrs. Martha J. Calston's land, one-quarter of a mile east of
Little Blue, N. E. % of the S. E. ^ of Sec. 25, T. 51, R. 31, we
find 20 feet of Bethany Falls limestone (Nos. 78 to 80) sixty, feet
above the bottoms of Little Blue."
80 GEOL OG Y OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
" One mile S. E. of Sibley ten feet of No. 78 appears, 227 feet
above the Missouri river, or 218 feet above the limestone No. 6 of
Sec. 9 at Sibley.
" Section 10 is seen one mile west of Napoleon.
No. I 10 feet Bethany Falls limestone on a knob.
2 1 86 feet long steep slope thickly timbered.
3 3 inches red argillaceous shales.
4 3 inches green argillaceous shales.
5 3 feet 9 inches rough, gray silicious limestone with 6 inches
of Tuteumergle on top.
6 7 feet soft drab sandstone.
7 10 feet slope to river, springs under No. 5.
Lafayette County.
Section 19.
"This is seen three miles south of Wellington, from the top of
Grady's Knob, to bridge crossing branch running into the south
fork of Sniabar, on the Wellington and Greenton road.
No. I 2y 2 feet light drab, irregularly bedded lime-
stone ; top shelly ; contains Fusulina and Crinoid stems
on top.
No. 78 ^j
2 2 feet bluish drab, tolerably coarse-grained, some-
what ferruginous limestone ; weathers brown, calcite
seams and speck disseminated. Athyris and Crinoid
stems.
3 163 feet long steep slopes. (This constitutes the knob.)
4 Outcrop of soft brown sandstone.
5 15 feet slope.
6 8 inches of gray, coarse-grained, silicious limestone; abounds
in Crinoid stems. Spring underneath.
7 2 feet sandy shales.
8 72 feet long, undulating slope.
9 31^ feet drab limestone; upper part a bluish tinge, lower
part light drab ; contains Athyris subtilita, Pr. costattis, Crinoid
stems, and Ch&tetes milleporaceus. Equivalent to No. 21 of Lex-
ington Section.
10 5 feet slope.
115 feet shales and nodules of limestone, abounding in Chonetes
and containing Pr. costatus, &c.
MIDDLE COAL-MEASURES. 8 1
No. 12 2 feet clay.
13 3 feet dark shales. These pass into thin layers of dull blue,
argillaceous limestone, abounding in Pr. costatus, and containing
Athyris, Chonetes and a large Productus.
14 2 feet irregularly bedded, dull blue, argillo-pyritiferous
limestone, containing Crinoid stems, Pr. costatus, Hemipronites
crassus and Spr. earner atns. Equivalent to No. 25 of Lexington
Section."
A section taken on Lexington and Greenton road, six miles south
of Lexington, was as follows :
No. i 20 feet slope from hill-top.
2 16 feet. The upper part includes a few feet of limestone No.
78, the lower part slope and shales.
3 9 feet. Upper 2 feet brown, sandy-textured limestone, then
irregularly bedded and nodular. Lower 2 feet in flag-like strata.
Gray, crinoidal and ferruginous. The upper part is traversed by
fissures in which are stalactitic forms of very pretty amber-colored
arragonite. This limestone corresponds to No. 74 of General Sec-
tion and is very near the base of the upper coal-measures.
4 5 feet g ra y an d olive shales.
5 i foot red shales, apparently a good quality for paints.
6127 feet slope, all middle coal-measures.
7 7 feet outcrops of shale and limestone.
8 \y 2 feet limestone, No. 25 of Lexington Section.
9 7 feet slope.
10 21 feet brown crumbling limestone, No. 30 of Lexington
Section.
ii 20 feet shales ; upper four feet, white and ochrey. Middle
four or five feet, red.
12 14 inches even bed of blue bituminous limestone, No. 32 of
Lexington Section.
13 i foot blue shales.
14 2 feet bituminous shale, containing many small round con-
cretions.
15 i foot 9 inches dark olive calcareous shales, containing Pr.
semireticulatus, Chonetes, and Spr. lineatus.
16 i foot of coal in the branch, equivalent to No. 35 of Lexing-
ton Section.
From measurements made by Mr. C. J. Norwood and myself,
6
82 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WES TERN MISSO URL
between the Bethany Falls limestone (No. 78 of Gen. Sec.) and
well-recognized rocks over the Lexington coal, we arrive at the
following results, as vertical distances, between No. 78 and the
Lexington coal.
The result of my examinations along the line of the Pacific Rail-
road in Johnson County, in 1871, was 260 feet.
Mr. C. J. Norwood's measurements at Sibley, in Jackson County,
271 feet.
Mr. Norwood's measurements one mile west of Napoleon, La-
fa/ette County, 250 feet.
Mr. Norwood's measurements on Grady's Knob, Lafayette
County, 276 feet.
Two of his measurements are above, and one below my first
measurement. We may therefore consider that 260 feet is about
the correct distance, and shall in future accept it.
The base of the upper-coal measures being 25 feet below the
base of the Bethany Falls limestone (No. 78) gives 235 feet as the
position of the Lexington coal below the top of the Middle series.
The following is a GENERAL SECTION OF THE MIDDLE COAL-MEASURES.
THICKNESS.
No. Ft. In.
72 Arenaceous limestone and calcareous sandstone
71 Blue and bituminous shales I 6
70 Coal. (2 to 4 inches) 4
69 Sandstone and shales 123
68 Limestone, containing Chatetes milleporaceus 2
67 Marly shales 7
66 Purple shales 10
65 Sandstone or shales 22
64" Bituminous shales 3
64 Coal I
63 Shales * 7
62 Shaly sandstone 6
6l Dark shales and thin concretionary bed of limestone I 7
60 Blue shales streaked with red 7
59 Coal 6
58 Dark shales 3
57 Fire-clay
56 Sandy shales 3
55 Irregularly bedded limestone : abounds in Chcctetes milleporaceus and Fusit-
lina cylindrica 4
54 Drab, green and dark shales 6
53 Hard, brown and gray sandstone 4
MIDDLE COAL-MEASURES. 83
THICKNESS.
NO. Ft. 111.
52 Shales, olive and red 2 3
51 Clay, blue and black, with three streaks of coal. Sometimes a 6-inch seam
of coal, and at others thins out 6
50 Shales, argillaceous and arenaceous ; buff, olive and red 8
49 Drab limestone 7
48 Shales and thin beds of limestone, quite fossiliferous ; abounding in Chonetes 6 6
47 Limestone, dull blue, irregularly bedded 5
46 Bituminous shales I 2
45 Coal. Lexington seam 2 2
44 Fire-clay 4 6
43 Limestone : color gray, abound in Fusulina 4
42 Blue, drab, red and yellow clay 21
41 Limestone; generally an even layer ; somewhat bituminous and pyritiferous.. i 3
40 Bituminous shales 2 4
39 Shales, dark, calcareo-pyritiferous . . . , 4
38 Coal 7
37 Drab shales and limestone nodules 4
36 Limestone rough, concretionary, pyritiferous I 4
35 Olive shales and limestone nodules 2
34 Greenish-gray limestone ; upper part abounds in Chonetes mesoloba 2
33 Hard tough band 8
32 Hard black slate full of globular concretions, and occasional large concre-
tions of bituminous limestone, abounding in many fine fossils, including
Cardiamorpha Missoiiriensis, Goniatites (3 sp. ), Nautilus and Discina. . 5 6
31 Coal. Mulky seam I 9
30 Clay shales ; thinly laminated 9
29 Space ; rocks not exposed 20
28 Ferruginous and sandy limestone 6
27 Blue clay 2
26 Bituminous slate ; hard 2
25 Fire-clay ^
24 Rough, nodular, gray sandy limestone 2
23 Micaceous sandstone, of Lower coal-measures 90
GROUPED SECTIONS. The accompanying maps of Grouped
Sections will show at a glance the beds of coal to be met with in
certain districts. Where a Section appears near the upper part of
the sheet, we may reasonably conclude that other beds, appearing
in remote localities, and occupying a lower position on the sheet,
may be reached by sinking shafts to the proper depth.
SANDERS WELL.
On Mr. John Frederick Overman's land, in N. E. ^ of N. E. % of
Sec. 34, T. 52, R. 29, Ray County, borings for " oil" have been
84 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
extended to a depth of 802 feet below the surface. The exposed
section of rocks there is :
No. i 5 feet shelly gray limestone, No. 78 of General Section.
2 98 feet long slope.
3 !5 feet thin layers of bituminous sandstone, of coarse texture :
occasional drops of coal-tar are seen between the layers, and in
some places the rock is coated with it. The borings were prose-
cuted under the supervision of Mr. H. H. Beeson, and the well is
known by the name of the Sanders well. Mr. Beeson had the
kindness to give me a copy of his section of borings, and further
assisted me in procuring a suit of specimens taken out. The total
depth of the well is 802 feet, with the following section :
DEPTH
from top of well.
No. - Ft.
I 5 feet black bituminous sandstone, showing oil on surface and thoroughly im-
pregnated with it 9
2 40 feet loose adhering light greenish limestone, rough fracture 49
3 30 feet dark ash sandy clay 79
4 28 feet dark gray coarse bituminous sandstone 107
5 5 feet good bituminous coal no
6 6 feet drab limestone - - 1 16
7 16 feet greenish drab clay shales 1 32
8 2 feet coarse dark gray limestone 134
g 8 feet variegated greenish shales, with dark carbonaceous markings of plant re-
mains, and also bituminous shales with thin calcareous seams, containing a
fish-tooth Petrodus ? 142
104 feet ash blue clay, highly calcareous 146
1 1 - 6 feet gray limestone, fine-grained i5 2
12 25 feet light gray, coarse sandstone 1 77
13 6 feet indurated green clay 183
14 22 feet indurated, fine-grained, light green, micaceous sandstone 205
15 12 feet light dove-colored smooth clay 217
16 4 feet coal ; good bituminous 221
17 6 feet bluish gray, shaly micaceous sandstone 226
j#_ 18 feet smooth blue clay shales 244
I9 9 feet black, calcareo-bituminous shale : coal and pyrites also reported 253
20 10 feet nodular, green and gray pyritiferous limestone 263
21 3 feet. Specimens seem to be a mingling of coal, iron pyrites, zinc blende and
carbonate of lime 266
22 15 feet smooth clay with thin seams of carbonate of lime 281
23 5 feet clay, coal, iron pyrites and zinc blende 286
24 9 feet drab and green banded, soft micaceous sandstone 295
* The measurements and totals are as given by Mr. H. H. Beeson.
MIDDLE COAL-MEASURES. 85
DEPTH
from top of well.
No. Ft.
25 10 feet rough dark specked coarse pea-green sandstone 305
26 4 feet chocolate-colored hard clay shales 309
27 4 feet blackish blue shaly sandstone and dark chocolate-colored sandstone with
leaves of Stigmaria 313
28 46 feet light gray, blue, and olive shaly micaceous sandstone , 359
29 4 feet dark gray coarse sand. A mixture of light and dark grains 363
30 12 feet dove-colored clay 375
31 10 feet mostly fine and pure silicious sand : grains both round and angular, and
generally of pure silex ; the other darker material not very abundant but so
generally diffused as to give the whole a drab color 385
32 7 feet fine, nearly black sand, composed of grains of clear quartz and silicious
fragments of various colors and some of other material, including bituminous
shale 392
33 23 feet blue shale, a portion slightly calcareous 415
34 55 feet mostly fine, clear grains of sharp and round sand, with but little extra-
neous material 470
35 12 feet coarse white sand, grains mostly round; a few dark coarser particles are
diffused 482
36 10 feet soft, dove-colored sandy clay 492
37 15 feet exceedingly fine-grained sand ; many particles are transparent but the
general appearance is drab 507
38 12 feet very coarse, sharp sand of all colors, white, brown and dark, the gen-
eral appearance being a brown or reddish gray 519
39 12 feet dark drab, coarse sand, composed of angular, drab and dark grains with
very few clear ones 531
40 14 feet dull or dirty drab clay and sand, mostly fine 545
41 16 feet very fine-grained compact dove-colored limestone, contains a very little
iron pyrites 561
42 118 feet coarse dark gray crystalline pure limestone, contains a little white
chert and a few fragments of fossils Spirifer and Actinocrinus 679
43 52 feet light brownish gray sand, composed of clear, white, brown and yellow
grains of chert and quartz and some calcareous matter 731
44 10 feet mostly white chert, with a little calcareous matter 741
45 30 feet drab fine sand, contains chert and clear quartz grains, round and angu-
lar 771
46 8 feet brown sand of various colored pebbles with brown matter between 779
47 14 feet similar to last, but of a light color 793
48 9 feet similar to last. In bottom 802
The specimen obtained from No. 3 is undoubtedly limestone, but
I think if exposed the strata might present alternations of lime-
stones and other rocks. For I find in the coal-measures no solid
limestone bed as much as forty feet thick. There may also be a
slight error in No. 5. Its position is near the geological horizon of
the coal at Halden and at Graham's Mill, Livingston County, which
86 GEOLOG Y OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
is its northern development, and where it is of variable thickness.
But I have not seen it over \y 2 f e t thick. It might possibly swell
up after the manner of a coal-pocket. But it is possible that the
thickness given may include both bituminous shales and coal. Gas
was reported to have issued from the depth of 480 feet, and water
with 1 5 per cent, of salt at from 500 to 600 feet.
The hole was reamed out 8 inches wide to a depth of 359 feet,
below which the bore was 4^ inches in diameter. The appear-
ances do not indicate that there has been any oil-flow from the
lower depths. The "oil rock" corresponds to No. 69 of General
Section. I have not seen it containing petroleum at any other
localities, but have been told that it has been found near Blue Mills,
Jackson County. The tar springs occasionally found in the south-
west part of Cass County, probably flow from the same sandstone.
The outcrops of this sandstone on Grand river, between Utica and
Gallatin, do not expose any petroleum. Numerous petroleum
springs are reported by Prof. Swallow* to exist in Miami County,
Kansas, and they also probably flow from the same sandstone.
It thus seems to bear the greater quantity of oil in its southern
extension. This sandstone must not be confounded with that of
the McCausland farm, in Lafayette County, the latter occupying
a position in the lower coal-measures.
Another oil well was bored in the northern part of Ray County,
but thus far there are no profitable results from any of them, nor
have I, at any place in Missouri, seen indications to warrant a great
expenditure of money in such enterprises.
SECTION OF THE BORING AT KANSAS CITY.
MADE WITH A DIAMOND DRILL.
THICKNESS DEPTH
of Strata, from surface.
\0. Ft. In. Ft. In.
I Drift at top to bed rock '37
2 Fine-grained bluish limestone. (No. 78) 21 58
3 Light blue clay i 59
4 Dark-colored clay 4 63
5_Gray limestone. (No. 74) 13 76
6 Dove-colored clay shales 100 1 76
7 Bituminous sandy clay. Bitumen rose to surface 4 180
* Vide Geology of Kansas, p. 86.
MIDDLE COAL-MEASURES. 87
THICKNESS DEPTH
of Strata, from surface.
No Ft. In. Ft. In.
8 Clay 84 264
9 Bituminous limestone : brown 4 2 ^8
10 Soapstone 5 2 73
ii Limestone. Increase of water and rock oil 18 291
1 2 Arenaceous clay. (Soft drab sandstone) 4 295
i3_Light buff limestone 23 3 l8
14 Dove-colored soapstone or clay 24 34 2
15 Arenaceous clay (dove-colored) 23 365
16 Dark clay and shelly coal : fossils 5 37
1 7 Dark blue micaceous clay 25 395
i g Very dark blue fine-grained sandstone 37 43 2
19 Dark shales. Salt water here I 433
20 Coal 4 433 4
21 Fire-clay IO 443 4
22 Clay and limestone (Marlite) 5 8 449
23 Dark slate and coal : fossils fragments of plants. Salt water
flowing I 6 450 6
24 Coal, dense and bright 6 45 1
25 Clay and limestone 16 467
26 Coarse gray sandstone. Strong brine 12 479
27 Gray and fine sandstone 10 6 489 6
28 Blue clay 3 6 493
29 Clay or soapstone 7 5
30 Dark dove fine-grained sandy clay 119 619
31 Black shale 3 622
32 Coal I 62 3
33 Clay with sand 5 6 73
34 Thin laminated dark clay and shales 6 679
35 Black bituminous shales 3 ^82
3 6-Coal I 8 683 8
37 _Clay and mud 16 4 7o
38 Mud 34 10 734 10
39 Dark mottled crystalline sandstone 10 2 745
40 Vitreous crystalline limestone 13 75
CHAPTER IV.
UPPER COAL-MEASURES.
GENERAL VERTICAL SECTION OF UPPER COAL-MEASuRE ROCKS BELOW THE
ATCHISON COUNTY GROUP.
No.
Thickness.
Total Thickness.
Description and List of Fossils.
Locality where found,
etc.
224
4 ft.
1087'
Shelly, porous, ferruginous limestone.
City Bluffs.
223
36 ft.
1083' 6"
Shales ; Septaria occur near the up-
per part.
Nodaway Co.
222
Septaria 6 in. to 1 ft. Prod. Prat-
tenianus.
do.
221
48 ft.
1047' 6"
Shales.
22O
2ft.
989' 6"
Spathic limestone, a 4-inch bed of
Quitmaii and vi-
carbonate of iron and lime at
cinity.
lower part. Fossils, Bcllcrophon,
Forest City and
PCansasensis, MurcJiisonia, Nu-
vicinity.
cula Beyrichii, Fiisuiina cylin-
White Cloud,
drica and Criiwid stems.
Kansas.
219
2 ft. 6 in.
987' 6"
Sandy shales.
Same locality.
2lh
i ft. 6 in.
985'
1 6 in. to 2 feet pyritiferous lime-
stone, abounds in many beautiful
fossils, including Eutolium, Avi-
culatnm, Schizodiis curtus, Pinna
Same locality as
peracuta, Pseudomonotis radialis,
last.
Allorisma subcumata, Allorisma
(Sedgwickia) granosus, Aviculo-
Quitman.
pecten, Edmondia, Lima retifera,
Forest City.
Hemipronites crassus, Syntrtlasma
Florida Co.
hemiplicata, Retzia pimctalifera,
Nodaway Co.
Terebratula bovidens, Productus
Prattettianus, C/ionetes, P. Nebras-
censis Aviculopinna Americana,
Solenopsis ? Goniatites, Naticopsis
Alfonensis, Macrocheilus. Enom-
phalus nigosus, Nautilus otciden-
talls, Macrocheilus primogenitts,
Bellerophon marconianns, Pleuro-
tomaria like P. carbonanns, Poly-
phemopsis inornata, P. peracnta.
BelUrophonpercarinatns large Beller-
ophon. Fiisuiina cylindrica, Or-
thoceraa, Fistulafora nodulifera.
217
Sandstone not always present.
Forest City.
216
4 ft. 8 in.
983' 6"
Blue and bituminous shales. At Al-
len's in Nodaway County, black
do.
UPPER COAL-MEASURES.
8 9
No.
Thickness.
Total Thickness.
Description and list of Fossils.
Locality where found.
concretionary limestone occurs in
Quitman.
the shales, containing many fossils.
The blue shales are also fossiliferous.
Fossils are Sp. (Martinia) plano-
Allen's on Noda-
convexus, Rhyiichonella Osagen-
way River.
sis, Athyris siibtilita, Bellerophon
carbonarius and Goniatilcs.
215
10 in.
978' 10"
4 to 1 6 inches coal, generally divided
Forest City.
into different seams by 2 to 4 inches
Florida Co.
blue clay.
Sand Co.
214
17 ft.
97 8'
Sandstone and shales, Ferns and Stig-
Quitman.
uiaria.
White Cloud.
213
4 ft.
961'
Clay shales with Avicnlopecten Cox-
N. part of Noda-
anus.
way Co.
212
4 ft.
957'
Deep blue compact limestone, abounds
Quitman.
in Lingula ; other Fossils, Avicnlo-
Quitman.
pinna Americana, Pinna pera-
Florida Co.
cuta, Ctenacanthns ? Plew-o-
Rolling branch in
pJiorus ? Prodiiftus Nebrascensis,
Holt and Noda-
Prothyris elegans, Edmondia Ne-
way.
b>-ascensis, Lima retifera, Discina,
Synocladia biserialis, Ferns, and
specks of coal on epidermis of plant
remains.
211
6 in.
953'
Ash blue limestone, corals, crinoideae
Braddy's Mill in
and Bryozoa, Athyris siibtilita,
Iowa.
Prodnctus Prattenianus, Prod.
Smith's Mill
Nebrascensis, Edmondia Nebras-
Nodaway Co.
censis ? Macrocheihis, Orthoceras
cribrosum, Syncladia biserialis,
Rhombopora lepidodendr aides.
2IO
4 ft.
952' 6"
Brown shale, with nodular limestone
Same locality as
layer. Fossils, Fnsulina cylindrica
last, also Forest
and Athyris siibtilita very abun-
City.
dant, also has Chonetes, Terebra-
Oregon.
tula bcmidens, Spirifer Camera-
fits, P. splendens, Prod. Prattenia-
nus, P. eostatus, P. symmetricns,
P. Nebrascensis, Prod, semireticu-
latusvar. Calhounianus, H<.mipro-
nites crassits, Re.tzia punctalifera,
Solenomya, Matrodon Allorisma.
Bryozoa. Scaphiccrinus hemis-
pliericus, Rhombopora lepidoden-
droides, Chatetes, Fistulapora
nodnlifera, Lipkopkyllnn proli-
fentm.
209
10 in.
948' 6"
Dark ash blue limestone, abounds
Braddy's Mills,
mostly in Hemipronites crasstis ,\ Smith's Mill, For-
its interior generally replaced by
est City, near
crystallized carbonate of lime, often
Bridgewater.
in form of dog-tooth spar. Other
Fossils, P. Nebrascensis, P. Praf-
tinianiis, Prod, splendens. Spi-
rifer cameratus, Sp. Kentnck-
ensis, Retzia punctnlifera, Chone-
tes grannlifera, Athyris subtil-
ita, Pinna peracnta, Avicnlopin-
na Americana, Myalina Swallovi,
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
No.
Thickness.
L'otal Thickness.
Description and List of Fossils.
ocality where found.
My. subquadrata, Phillipsia, Bel-
lerophon, Rhoinbopora lepidoden-
droides, Crinoid spines and stems.
208
I ft.
947' 8"
Calcareous shales.
ame loc. as last.
207
I ft. 6 in.
946' 8"
Hue and bituminous shales.
do.
2O5
i ft. 4 in.
945' 2 "
line limestone, resembles No. 209.
ame as last and
Fossils are Hemipronites crassus,
near Oregon and
Productus Nebrascensis, P. Pratte-
at Iowa point.
nianus, Ath. subtilita, Plcurotoma-
ria, turbiniformis. Interior of fos-
sils often contain calcite crystals.
205
2 ft. 6 in.
943' I0 "
)rab shales, in thick laminae.
do.
204
I ft. 4 in.
941' 4"
Jark green shales.
do.
203
8 in.
940'
Modular green shales.
do.
202
I ft. 4 in.
939' 4"
Yellow shales.
do.
201
10 in.
938'
Coarse ash blue or gray suboolitic
Jridgewater,
limestone, weathers rough, contains
Smith's Mill, and
At Ayr is subtilita and Prod.Nebras-
Kunkell's Mill.
scensis.
200
2 ft. 6 in.
937' 2"
Jght green passing into blue shales ;
Same locality as
has limestone concretions.
last.
199
2 ft. 6 in.
934' 8"
Ash blue, rough, shelly limestone, wea-
<'orest City,
thers brown. Fossils are Archcco
Smith's Mill.
cidaris megastylus, Bryozoans
kidgewater,
Myalina subquadrata, Alloristna
Kunkell's Mill.
Aviculopecten, Athyris subtilita
Sp. cameratus.
Ketzin punctulifera, Hemipronites
crassus, Prodnctus Nebrasceusis
Chonetes Smithii, Nautilus occi
dentalis, Goniatites, Fnsuliiu
abounds.
I 9 8
aft.
932' 2"
Blue shales.
'97
2 ft.
930' 2"
Ash blue or buff limestone, weather*
Smith's Mill.
brown. Fossils, Rhombopora lepido
Bridgewater, For-
dendroides, Fistulapora noduli
est City, Kun-
fera, Fusulina cylindrica, Arch
kell's Mill.
czocidaris, Zeacrintis mucrospirus .
stems of Crinoids. Prod, puncta
tus, Sp. cameratus, Pinna per
acuta.
196
3 ft.
928' 2"
Brown shales, Archefocidaris t crinoid
Bridgewater,
stems, Spirifer cameratus, Athy
Smith's Mill,
ris subtilita.
Forest City.
*95
4 ft.
925' 2"
Sandy shales and sandstone.
Same loc. as last.
194
i ft.
921' 2"
Bituminous shales. Sometimes a thii
coal seam.
do.
r 9
3 ft-
920' 2"
Sandy, micaceous shales.
do.
19
i ft. 9 in.
917' 2"
Grayish blue limestone.
Kunkell's Mill,
Forest City.
'9
5 in.
915' 5"
Shales.
do.
19
6 in.
9 r 5'
Grayish blue limestone, abounds i
Kunkell's Mill,
Univalves, including following fos
near Oregon, in
sils : Aclis Swalloviana, Pleura
Holt Co.
tomaria, Polyphemopsis peracuta
Naticopsis Altonensis, Naticopsi
ventrica, Macrocheilus ventri
cosa, Chonetes, Schizodtts Wheeler it
Athyris subtilita, Chtztetes, Nu
UPPER COAL-MEASURES.
No.
Thickness.
Total Thickness.
Description and List of Fossils.
Locality where found.
fiilana bellistriata, Bellerophon
Kansasensis, Aviculopecten occi-
dentalis.
189
it ft. 6 in.
914' 6"
Blue shales.
do.
1 881 10 in.
911'
4 to 10 inches dull blue limestone,
sometimes has a bed of cone-in-cone
structure on upper surfaces. Fossils
are Allorisma subcuneata, Pinna
peracuta, F.dmondia, Myalina sub-
quadrata, Athyris subtilita, Spiri-
fer earner atus, Ckonetes, Spirifer-
ina Kentuckensis, Productus Ne-
brascensis, Hemipronites crassus,
P. Prattenianus, Murchisonia, Bel-
lerophon Marconianis, B. ellipti-
cus Rhombopora lepidodendroides,
Crinoid stems, Platycrinus 'I spines
of Archceocidaris megastylus,
Bryozoa, and Fistulapora noditli-
fera.
187 T. ft.
910' 2"
3 to 4 ft. Fusulina shales. Other
Holt Co., between
fossils are Archtzocidaris, Crinoi-
Forbes and For-
deas, Spirifer cameradts, Athyris
est City.
subtilita, Terebratula bozndens,
Hemipronites crassns, Polypora.
1 86
15 ^
907' 2"
Ash-gray limestones. Fossils, Spirt-
Same as last.
ferina Kentuckensis, Terebratula
Mo. Nodaway
bovidens, Prodnctns splendent, P.
Riv.
Nebrascensis, Chonetes, Athyris
Nicholson.
subtilita, Hemipronites crassus,
Ohio Mills.
Spirifer lineatus, Allorisma, Enio-
Iowa point.
lium aviculatum, Bellerophon
Bridgewater.
crassus, Bell. Kansascnsis, Nauti-
lus, Naticopsis Altonensis, Clicztetes,
Fusulina cylindrica, Syntrilasma
hemiplicala, Lophophyllitm proli-
ferum, Sp. cameratus.
185
5ft-
892' 2"
Blue and bituminous shales.
Same as last.
184
2ft.
887' 2"
Even layer fine-grained limestone.
Would polish well.
'83
7ft.
885' 2"
Shales.
do.
182
5 ft-
878' 2"
Buff limestone.
Ohio Mills.
181
2 ft.
873' 2"
Sandstone.
Forbes and N. W.
i8o| 2 ft.
871' 2"
Slope. No rocks seen.
to .Forest City.
179
Limestone.
On Brockman's
178
II ft.
869' 2"
Slope. No rocks seen.
Branch, Holt Co.
177
2ft.
858' 2"
Drab limestone, with Fusulina.
do.
176
8 in.
856' 2"
Bluish ash limestone.
do.
175
4 in.
855' 6"
Shales.
do.
174
i ft. 6 in.
855' 2"
Drab limestone.
do.
173
i8ft.
853' 8"
Slope. No rocks seen.
do.
172
Bituminous shales outcrop.
do.
171
5 ft-
835' 8"
Pale-green shaly limestone, with Fu-
Near mouth of
sulina.
Nodaway River.
170
44ft.
830' 8"
Slope. No rocks seen.
169
2 ft.
786' 8"
Dark ash shelly limestone, Fusulina
Near Savannah.
abounds.
1 68
3ft-
784' 8"
Dark olive shales.
167
3ft-
781' 8"
Light- drab limestone, has calcite
Near Savannah.
GEOLOGY OF NORTH- WESTERN MISSOURI.
No.
Thickness.
Total Thickness.
Description and List of Fossils.
jOcality where found.
specks, upper part nodular, lower
layer even. Fossils, Syringapora
multattenuata, Fistulapora nodu-
hfera, Nautilus occidenlalis, Spi-
rifer (Martinia) lineatus, Spiri-
ferina Kentuckensis, Terebratula
bovidens.
166
3ft-
778' 8"
Shelly and nodular limestone. A-
bounds in Fusnlina cylindrica.
Other fossils wo.^Syringapjra Mul-
tattenuata, Bryozoa, large crinoid
do.
stems, Chenoniya Minehaha, Che-
noniya Leavensivorthensis, Mya-
lina subquadrata,Athyris subtilita,
Hemipronites crasms, Spirifer ca-
meratus, Sp. lineatus, Prod, cos-
talus, and a fish-tooth.
165
3ft.
775' 8"
Dark shales.
do.
164
i ft.
772' 8"
Bituminous shales.
do.
163
4 in.
771' 8"
tuisulina shales.
do.
162
10 in.
77i' 4"
Fusulina limestones.
do.
161
9 ft.
770' 6"
Yellow shales and limestone nodules.
do.
1 60
4 ft. 6 in.
761' 6"
Light-brown limestone, rough frac-
do. and on
ture. Has dark-brown streaks and
Island Branch in
white specks, full of fossil remains.
Gentry Co.
159
5ft-
757'
Clay shales.
Highest rock in
Platte and Bu-
chanan Co.
158
\\ in.
752'
Coal near Savannah.
Savannah.
157
9 ft.
751' 10"
Shaly sandstone.
do.
156
3 in -
742' jo"
Coal.
do.
ISS
8 ft. 6 in.
742' 7"
Sandy shales.
do.
154
2 ft.
734' i*
Fusulina limestone.
do.
!53
9 ft.
732' i"
Shales.
do.
152
9 ft.
723' i"
3 to 14 ft. strong, tough silicious and
do. and at
oolitic limestone, even layers,
mouth of Noda-
sometimes cross-laminated. Fossils,
way.
Pinna peracuta, Myalina Swal-
Amazonia.
lovi, Monoptira, Lingula, Avlcitlo-
Block's Mills.
pecten occidentalis, Schizodus, Ma-
crodon tenuictriata.
I 5 I
2ft.
714' i"
Shales.
150
27 ft.
712 i"
27 to 35 feet irregularly bedded, gray-
Island W. in Gen-
ish drab limestone with occasiona
try Co. N. of
chest layers. Fossils are Fusulina
Savannah. Am-
cylindrica (most abundant), Athyris
azonia. Mo. of
subtilita, Spirifer camerattis, Sp.
Nod away R. St.
lineatus, Rhynconella Osagensis,
Joseph. Block's
Ort/iis carbonaria, Syntriolasma
Mills. la tan.
hemiplicata, Retzia punctulifera
Niagara Creek.
Spiriferina Kentuckensis, Chon-
Andrewes.
etes Smithii, Productus fplendcns,
Prod. Prattenianus, P. Nebrascen-
sis, P. costatus, P. puiictatus, Mya-
lina Swallovi, Edmondia reflexa,
Solenomya, Hemipronites crassus,
Monoptera gibbosa, Allorisma
granosus, Allorisma , Beller
ophon , Goniatites, Macrockei
UPPER COAL-MEASURES.
93
No.
Thickness. i'
Fotal Thickness.
Description and List of Fossils.
Locality where found.
lus ventricosits, Fistulapora nod-
tilifera, Khombopora lepidoden-
droides, Pleurotomaria, small Phil-
lipsiaand a. f moid.
149
3ft.
685 I
Shales.
148
2ft.
682' l"
Jlue and bituminous shales.
H7
2 ft. 4 in.
680 l"
Jmestone.
Mo. Nodaway.
146
4 ft.
677' 9"
Shales.
145
8ft.
673' 9"
Slope, no rocks seen.
144
5 ft-
665' 9 "
Whitish shales.
143
yft.
660' 9"
3uff limestone. Fossils, Chenomya
St. Joseph. Ama-
Minekalia, Allorisma stibcitneata,
zonia, latan.
Heniipronites crassus, Prodiictns
splendens, Prod. costatus, P.
semi-reticulatus, Spirifer camera-
tus, Sp. plano-convexns, Crinoid
stems, Lophophyllum proliferum.
I 4 2
^ocal bed of sandstone observed at
St. Joseph.
I 4 I
3 U1 -
653' 9"
31ack streak, traces of coal.
Amazonia.
I 4
5 ft. 10 in.
653' 6"
3 ark clay.
do.
139
4 ft.
647' 8"
-led shales makes good dark red
Amazonia, St. Jo-
paint, found at various places in
seph, Block's
bluffs from latan to Amazonia.
Mills, Island
branch, and E.
of Savannah.
138
4 ft.
643' 8"
Green shales.
137
7 ft.
639' 8
ferruginous limestone, conglomerate.
St. Joseph.
136
42 ft.
632' 8
Shales, at Amazonia.
Amazonia, E. of
Savannah.
135
4 ft.
590' 8"
Sandstone.
Sfiagara Cr. An-
drew Co., 12
miles below St.
Joseph, Blocks'
Mills, latan,
Sugar Cr., Bu-
chanan Co.
134
24 in.
586' 8"
Shales and coal-seams, includes n^
inches of coal separated into sever-
al thin layers by black shales.
133
II ft.
584' 8"
Shaly slope.
I 3 2
I ft.
573' 8"
Sandy, ferruginous, shaly limestone.
St. Joseph, above
Fossils, Bellerophon percarinatus,
and below.
Bell, carbonarins, Bell. Kansasen-
sts, Heniipronites crassus, Myalina
szibquadrata, Astartella vera.
13
22 ft.
572' 8"
Mostly shales.
do.
130
6ft.
550' 8"
Red and green shales.
St. Joseph and be-
low.
129
4 ft.
544' 8"
Green shales, with bands of yellow
do.
ochre.
12
4 ft.
540' 8"
Limestone, Athyris subtilita, Spiri-
St. Joseph and 3
fer camerattts, Orthis carbonaria,
miles above.
Allorisma subctmeata, Pinna per-
acula, Fusjtlina cylindrica, Hemi-
pronites crassus.
12
56 ft.
536' 8"
Shales.
Below latan and
above Weston.
12
2 ft. 6 in.
480' 8
Numerous fossils, Astartella vera,
Weston, and 3
Nuculana bellistriata,Leda Oweni,
miles N.
94
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
No.
Thickness.
Total Thickness.
Description and List of Fossils.
Locality where found.
Nitcula ventricosa, My a Una sitb-
qitadrata, Sc/iizodus, Pinna pera-
cnta, Monoptera, Bellerophon
Kansasensis, Bell, carbonarius,
Bell, percarinatus. Orthoceras
cribrosum, Lophophyllum prolife
rum, Pleurotomaria, Nautilus occi-
dentalis, Prod. Nebrascensis.
125
21 ft.
478' 2"
Shales.
Weston.
124
8 in.
457' 2"
Drab, rough sandstone.
do.
123
10 in.
456' 6"
Black shales, sometimes thin coal and Do. and Watson
remains of cicadeous plants.
in Daviess Co.
122
6 ft.
455' 8"
Shales.
do.
121
18 ft.
449' 8"
Limestone 12 to 18 feet, Spirifuria
Same localities as
Kentuckensis, Athyris subtilita,
last.
Pleitrotomaria, Hemipronites.
1 2O
37 ft-
43i' 8"
Shales.
Weston.
119
15 ft-
394' 8 "
Sandstone Calamites, etc.
Waldron.
118
10 in.
379' 8"
Coal shaly.
3 miles above Wal-
117
4 ft.
378' 10"
Shales.
dron.
116
15 ft-
374' 10" ! Sandstone.
As last.
"5
3 ft-
359' I0 "
Sandy limestone, Fossils Myalina
Weston.
subquadrata, Avicu'opecten car-
bonarius, Chonetes granulifera,
Hemipronites crassus, Meekella
striato-costata, Athyris subtilita,
Productns Prattenianus, small
Crinoid stems, and Lophophyllum
prolifernm.
114
IO in.
356' 10"
Shales.
do.
"3
3 ft. 6 in.
356'
Buff limestone.
Weston and Wal-
112
13 ft. 6 in.
352' 6"
Limestone ; gray contains Bryozoa
dron.
Meekella striato-costata, Spirifer
Same localities as
camerattts, Productns, Prattenia-
last.
nus, P. Nebrascensis, P.pnntlatus,
Fusulina cylindrica.
III
5 ft. 6 in.
339'
Shales, the middle 8 inches bitumin-
Weston.
ous, light and dark blue variegated,
-fucoids.
110
4 ft.
333' 6 "
Blue limestone, many small univalves,
Platte Co., below
Loxonema, Pleurotomaria, Athy-
-Weston, Wal-
ris, Hemipronites, Orthis carbon-
dron, and at
aria, Syntriclasma, Chonetes, Ma-
Saul, Missouri.
crodon, Rhombopora and Synocla-
dia biserialis.
IO9
19 ft.
329' 6"
Shales, contains a band of bituminous
shales.
' 108
1 8 ft.
310' 6"
Irregularly bedded blue and gray
Farley. Union
limestone, with buff shaly partings.
Mills. Waldron.
Plattsburgh Group. Fossils nume-
Parkville, near
rous, especially Bryozoans. Also
Liberty, Platts-
in gray bed at top, Naticopsis
burgh.
Pricei, Bellerophon carbonarius,
Mnrchisonia , Macrodon, Or-
thoceras cribrosum, Myalina Swal-
lovi, Nuculana bellistriata, and a
thin layer of cone-in-cone. Below
we find many Bryozoans, large
Macrocheilus (inhabilis), Bellero-
UPPER COAL-MEASURES.
95
No.
Thickness.
Total Thickness.
Description and List of Fossils.
Locality where found.
*
yi/i,-ii Pdv^ ^' "f^'C^S^'s P^"ltrG
toniaria turbiniformis. Ath. sub-
tilita (large var.), Prod, splendens,
P. Nebrascensis, P. costatus, P.
symmetricus, Prod. Americanus.
Prod. pitnctatus, P. Prattenianus,
Myalina Subquadrata, My. Sival-
lovi, Spirifer cameratus, Pinna
peracuta, Edmondia Unionifor-
mis, Aviculopecten providencis,
Retzia punctulifera, Astartclla
vera, Eutolium aviculatutu Monop-
tera, Nautihis occidentalis, Ortho-
ceras cribrosum, Crinoid stems,
Synocladia biserialis, Petalodtis
destructor and another fish-tooth,
spine of Archaocidaris^ Fistula-
pora noditlifera, glabella of Phil-
lip sia major.
107
I ft.
292' 6"
Calcareous sandstone contains Ento-
Same locality as
litmi aviculatum, Myalina Kansa-
last.
sensis, My. subquadrata, Aviculo-
pecten occidentalis, Athyris subti-
lita.
106
5 ft.
291' 6"
Sandy shales.
105
2 ft.
286' 6"
Conglomerate.
104
14 ft.
284' 6"
Shaly sandstone.
103 21 ft.
270' 6"
Soft buff sandstone and shales.
102
I ft.
249' 6"
Ferruginous conglomerate, hard cal-
careous, Myalina subqnadrata,
Phillipsia major.
101
3ft.
248' 6"
Shales.
IOO
3ft-
245' 6"
Hard ferruginous limestone, 3 to 10
Parkville.
ft. Contains large fossils, Pro-
Waldron.
dnctus Nebrascensis, P. America-
Liberty.
mis, Myalina siibqnadrata.
99
3i ^
242' 6"
Sandy shales.
98
30 ft.
211' 6"
Irregularly bedded gray and buff thin
Top Rock, at
bedded limestone. Fossils are, Pro-
Kansas City,
ductus splendens, P. costatns, P.
Parkville,
Rogersis, Terebratula bovidens,
Waldron,
Athyris stibtilita, Meekella striato-
Independence.
coslata, Synlriclasma hemiplicata,
Myalina Swallovi, and Bryozoans .
97
25 ft.
.181' 6"
Blue clay shales, has ochre concre-
tions, P. Pratteniamis.
Kansas City and
96
5
156' 6" ! Bluish-gray limestone, contains large
Parkville.
fossils, P. costatus, P. Americamis,
Same locality as
P. pnnctalus, Prod, symmetricus,
above.
Prod, splendens, P. Nebrascensis,
Liberty,
Sp. cameratus, Ilemipronites. My-
De Kalb Co.
alina ? Swallovi, Athyris, Poly-
Daviess Co.
pheinopsis, Clurtetes, head of Phil-
Gentry Co.
lipsia, pygidium of Phillipsia ma-
Independence.
jor, Naticopsis, Nautilus f err atus,
Fistnlapora nodnlifera, Rhombo-
pora lepidodendroides, Synocladia
biscrialis, Polypora submarginata,
Fenestella Shumardana.
9 6
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
No.
Thickness.
1'otal Thickness.
Description and List of Fossils.
Locality where found.
95
2 ft. 9 in.
151' 6"
3Iue and bituminous shales.
94
93
13 in.
148' 9"
Shales. Pletirotomaria, Polypheinop-
92
i ft. i in. 147' 8"
sis, etc.
9 1
5ft.
146' 7"
Even bed of coralline limestone.
31ue shales. Fossils in upper 6 in.
Athyris, Rhombopora, Sp. Ken-
tuckensis.
9
9 ft.
141' 7"
Drab limestone Campophyllum tor- Parkville.
quiam, LophopJiylluni proliferiim, Kansas City and
Fistulapoi'a nodulifcra, Proditctits bluffs opposite.
splendent, Meekella Sp. camera-
tics, Sp. Kentnckensis, Athyris.
89
5ft-
132' 7"
Blue and olive shales. Kansas City.
88
2 ft.
127' 7"
Nodular and buff shales.
87
b 3 ft.
125' 7"
Irregularly bedded bluish drab lime-
stone.
do.
87
a 18 ft.
122' 7"
Fossils, Eiitolium avicnlatum, Mac-
Kansas City and
rodan temtistriata Bryozoa, Avi-
Clay Co. oppo-
culopecten, Avic. providencis, Sp.
site, below Park-
Kentuckensis Retzia punrtiilifera,
ville.
Terebratula bovidens, Aviculopec-
ten occidentalis, Edmondia refte.ra,
Pleurotomaria titrbiniformis, Bel-
lerophon crass/is, Synocladia bise-
rialis. The rock is beautifully
oolitic.
86
15 ft.
104' 7"
Shales.
Kansas City.
85^
14 in.
89' 7"
Blue limestone, Fossils are Allorisma
N. Mo , June.
regularis, Arclucocidaris, Crinoid
Clay Co.
stems, Chonetes. P. splendens.
85^
2|ft.
88' 5"
Blue clay shales. Same locality.
85^
4 in.
85' n"
Rotten coal cordaites. ;Same locality.
85
8ft. 8 in.
85' 7"
Very dark blue silicious limestone, Same locality as
with lenticular forms and concre-
last, also,
tionary beds of black chert. Fossils' Independence,
numerous, especially in upper part, L. Blue,
including Lingula Bellerophon Pleasant Hill,
percarinatus, B. Montfortiana, Liberty, and in
Platyostoma, Peoriensis, Naticopsis
Daviess and
Pricei, Archtrocidaris, Aviculopec-
Harrison.
ten occidentalis, Avic. carbonari-
;/j, Pinna peracuta, Aviculopinna
Americana, Myalina fCansasensis,
My. subquadrata, My. Swallom,
Schizodns Wheeler it, Edmondia
Nebrascensis, Allorisma, Pleu-
rophortts, Pscitdomonotis, Athyris,
Hemipronites crassus, Prod. Ne-
brascensis, P. symmetricus, Sole-
nomya, Euomphahis rugosus, Bry-
ozoa, Phillipsia major.
84
9 ft. 4 in.
76' n"
Fine-grained dove and drab colored
Randolph, Mo.
limestone, calcite specks through-
City.
out.
In 2 beds Athyris and Orthoceras.
Kansas City.
5 in.
67' 7" jShales.
Pleasant Hill.
83
3 ft. 8 in.
67' 2"
Irregularly bedded drab and blue Same locality as
limestone, some chert concretions, the last, and also
UPPER COAL-MEASURES.
97
No.
Thickness.
Total Thickness.
Description and List of Fossils.
Locality where found.
and has buff shaly partings. Fos-
Greenwood and
sils, Productus Nebrascensis, P.
halfway to Lee's
punctatus, P. costatus, P. splen-
Summit. Galla-
dcns, Athyris subtilita, Spirifer
tin, in Daviess
cameratus, Sp. Kentuckensis, large
Co., Groomer's
Nautilus, Myalina Kansasensis,
Mill, in Daviess
Lophophyllum, Orthoceras, Arclue-
Co., Amos's in
ocidaris, Fusulina, Syringopora,
Jackson Co.
large Crinoid stems, and Bryozoa.
83
5 in.
6l' 6"
Blue shales.
82
14 in.
61' i"
Concretionary ash blue limestone.
N. Mo. Junction.
Large Rhynchonella, Prod, splendens,
Kansas City, P.
Athyris, Myalina Swallovi.
Hill and Amos.
8ic
II in.
60'
Blue shales.
Sil>
I ft. 7 in.
59'
Bituminous shales, contains Hymeno-
phillites adnascetts.
8ia
2ft.
57' 5"
Clay shales.
So
4 ft.
55' 5"
Nodular and shelly fine-grained lime-
stone.
79
I ft.
S 1 ' 5"
Oolitic limestone, near Pleasant Hill
is 4 feet, and Kirtly's quarry, Liv-
ingston Co., is 8 feet.
78
20 ft. 8 in.
5' 5"
"Bethany Falls" limestone dun
Kansas City, Ow-
and gray. Athyris, Hemipronites,
ens' landing, Li-
P. costatus, Prod. Nebrascensis,
berty landing,
P. splendens, P. punctatus, Ed-
Greenwood,
mondia, Allorisma regtilaris, Mee-
Pleasant Hill,
kella, Archtzocidaris, Crinoid
Lonejack,Chapel
stems, Lophophyllum, Syringopora
Hill, Harrison-
multattenuata, Scaphiocrinus hem-
ville, Greenton,
isphericus.
Gallatin, Beth-
any, Pat tons-
burgh.
jib
2 ft. 2 in.
29' 9"
Blue clay shales.
77
I ft. 4 in.
27' 7"
Bituminous shales.
76V
I ft. 2 in.
26' 3"
14 to 18 inches dull blue limestone,
contains Lophophyllum and Sp.
cameratus.
76^
7 in.
25',
Blue clay shales.
76^
6 in.
24' 6"
Concretionary limestone, Meekella,
Hemipronites, Spirifer cameratus,
Athyris subtilita, P. Prattenia-
nus, Chonetes, Rhombopora, Bryo-
zoa, Allorisma subcuneata.
75
2ft.
24'
Blue clay shales.
74
6ft.
22'
Gray and ferruginous limestone,
Athyris subtilita, Lophophyllum
proliferum, Crinoids, Rhombopora,
is somewhat oolitic.
73
14 ft.
16'
Clay shales sometimes replaced by a
porous sandstone.
72
2ft.
2
Calcareous sandstone and sandy lime-
Only found south
stone, abounding in fossils, Myalina
of Mo. River,
subquadrata, Pinna peracuta, Avi-
Pleasant Hill,
culopecten providencis, Bellero-
and Harrison -
phon (large), Pletirotomaria (2 or 3
ville.
Sp.), Loxonema, Naticopsis, Phil-
lipsia, Euomphalusrugosus, Stra-
parollus umbilicatzis, Orthoceras
cribrosum, Nautilus, Schizodus.
98 GEOLOG Y OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
AREA AND THICKNESS.
The upper or barren coal-measures of Missouri include a verti-
cal thickness of 1,087 f eet > from No. 72 of our General Section of
upper coal-measures, to No. 224 inclusive. To this we may add 180
feet of Atchison County rocks, with probably about 50 feet of rock
not seen in Missouri, but which should be placed above No. 224, and
at a lower geological position than our Atchison County rocks, thus
making a total of 1,317 feet of upper coal-measures, extending to
the highest rock in Atchison County, and embracing an area of
8,406 square miles, including the rocks in the counties of Atchison,
Holt, Nodaway, Andrew, Buchanan, Clinton, Dekalb, Gentry,
Worth, Harrison, Daviess, Platte, Clay and most of Cass, Jackson
and Caldwell, with limited areas in Johnson, Lafayette, Ray, Liv-
ingston, Grundy and Mercer. The south and east boundary of the
upper coal-measures is about as follows : Entering the State near
the south-west part of Cass County, passing eastwardly, near Har-
risonville, thence, north-east across the mounds between Big
Creek and Camp branch, thence, north-east to the middle of T. 46,
R. 29, thence, north to Chapel Hill in Lafayette County, thence,
via Oak Grove and Pink Hill, Jackson County, to Blue Mills or
Owen's landing on the Missouri river. Crossing the river the line
passes down to the vicinity of Albany, Ray County, thence, it
trends off to the north part of Ray County and the line of Cald-
well and Livingston Counties, thence, northwardly along the ridges
on the west side of the east fork of Grand river, to the line of
Grundy and Mercer Counties, and thence, northwardly to the Iowa
State line. Around and without this line are occasional outliers
of upper coal-measure rocks, for instance, Centre Knob at Kings-
ville, Johnson County, and the knobs to the North ; the long ridge
East and North of Greenton, Lafayette County, Grady's Knob,
near Wellington, and hills east of Grand river, Mercer County.
Within this border where the streams have made deep erosions, the
sandstones Nos. 65 to 69 of the middle coal series, are often exposed
for some distance up stream, as for instance on Big Creek, Cass
County, nearly to the Jackson County line, on Little Blue, Jackson
County, as far up as the middle of T. 48, and on Shoal Creek,
Caldwell County, nearly to Kingston ; and up the west fork of
Grand river, above Gallatin.
UPPER COAL-MEASURES. 99
In this great thickness of upper coal-measures, only about 8 thin
seams of coal are found, amounting in the aggregate to about four
feet, including one of 10 inches, another of about a foot ; two are
of 3 inches in thickness, and the others mere streaks of one to two
inches thick.
Descriptive Sections along the Missouri River. In ascending
the Missouri river, the lower strata of the upper coal-measures are
first seen a half-mile above Albany, Ray County. At this place,
No. 78 crops out 12 feet in thickness at 130 feet above the bottoms.
Two miles further west, 16 feet of this limestone is seen at an eleva-
tion of 112 feet above the bottoms, with sandy shale reaching
within 33 feet of the limestone. Four feet above the base of the
hill is one foot of dark olive brown calcareo-arenaceous shale con-
taining remains of fossils, including Spirifer (Martinia) plano-con-
vextis, Lop hop hy Hum proliferum and Crinoid stems. Ten miles
west, at the east end of Missouri City, the bluffs appear thus :
Fig. 20.
SLOPt
*o SANDSTONE
IO* 3ANOT SHALtS
15 SLOPE-
or R.AUHQA.0 THACK
EAST END OF MISSOURI CITY
CLAY CO.
100
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
Fig. 21.
N 80.
LIMESTONC H* 73 ,
The limestone (84) in the foregoing Section is fine-grained buff
and drab, containing many small calcite specks. Dendritic mark-
ings and occasional crys-
tals of calc-spar appear on
the joints. One half mile
above MISSOURI CITY the
bluffs appear as shown in
Fig. 21.
At LIBERTY LANDING
limestone No. 78 crops
out, 14 feet above the rail-
road ; at the tunnel it
forms the roof. Our Sec-
tion here is thus :
SLOPE
COAL SMUT
SHALES
KAH-flOAD
SECTION MILE ABOVE MISSOURI ClTt
CLAX CO,
lita, Aviculopecten , Allorisma
TUNNEL ST. L. K. C. &
N. R. R.
The concretionary lime-
stone No. 76 in Fig. 22
abounds in fossils, inclu-
ding Meekella striato-cos-
tata, Hemipronites crassus,
Spirifer cameratus, Spiri-
fer (Martinid) lineatus,
Chonetes, Athyris subti-
, Rhombopora lepidodendro-
ides, Lophophyllum proliferum, small Crinoid stems, and Bryozoa.
At North Missouri Junction, Nos. 78 to 85 of our General Sec-
tion are well exposed. Section 189 was taken there, and is as follows :
No. i is 14 inches of dark-blue limestone with Chonetes and
Crinoid stems.
2 is 2^ feet of blue clay shales.
3 is 4 inches black streak of impure rotten coal. (In No. 85 of
General Section.)
4 consists of 8 feet 8 inches of dark blue, nearly black cherty
limestone ; abounds in fossils mostly near the upper portion, in-
cluding Athyris subtilita, Hemipronites crasstis, Lingula ,
Productus Nebrascensis, P. symmetricus, Myalina Kansasensis,
UPPER COAL-MEASURES.
Fig. 22.
N? IM
6CM . SEC.
83
I^LJJ-^r^r^-^J^-LJJ^
78
77
76
75
in_/
/ ^VJI /
Jfc
.->Mb
|o
2 5
2'
i^ Jfodulon- oLove colored,
- (3 hThitisfi ooLili?
Thi.cK- tedded .flow
8 fucoida.1
Cldg hales.
- 16 J^ifurn uterus eha.let .
Blt4^c clpv-
r ectoTi
clciy
a *~y Iirn.ey2.one
Coarse
SECTION ON ST. L.K.C.fc.N. R.R.
ABOVE LIBEKTY LANDING CLAY CO ,
IOI
102
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
Fig. 23.
-
s- a
f-8
20-8
SECTION 189 AT N . MO . JUN CT IO N
CLAY CO .
12 2 feet clay shales.
M. snbquadrata, Pseudomonotis,
Murchisonia, Platyostoma peo-
riensis, Naticopsis , Bellero-
phon Montfortiana, B. percari-
natus, Rhombopora lepidoden-
droides, arms of Arch(socidari$ t
Bryozoa, Nautilus, and Pkillip-
sia.
At the top is a black shaly
band, composed almost entirely
of leaves of Cordaites, on which,
upon examination, are found
very small gasteropods. Knife-
edges of coal are also found
intercalated. This band grad-
ually passes into the underly-
ing cherty beds. The interior
parts of the fossils are blue
chert changing to white near
the testa, and the chert beds
are generally blue, changing to
white on the exterior surface
(No. 85).
No. 5 is 9 feet 4 inches of
limestone in two beds, the up-
per gray, the lower ash blue.
6 is 5 inches blue shale.
/is 5 feet 8 inches irregularly
bedded gray limestone. No.
83 of General Section.
8 5 inches blue shale.
9 14 inches concretionary
limestone, containing Productus
splendens, Athyris subtilita and
Myalina Swallovia.
No. 10 is ii inches blue shale.
ii 19 inches bituminous
shales.
UPPER COAL-MEASURES.
103
Fig. 24.
13 20 feet 8 inches of limestone, including Nos. 78, 79 and 80.
14 is 2 feet blue shales, and
15 is 5 feet slope to grade of railroad.
At Randolph the top of No. 80 is
level with the grade of the railroad.
A half-mile further we have the Sec-
tion annexed :
No. i 3 feet dark blue cherty lime-
stone, contains large and fine speci-
mens of BelleropJion percarinatus
(No 85).
2 is 3 feet dark blue concretionary
limestone.
3 2 inches chert.
4 2 inches shales.
5 Four and one half feet fine-
grained limestone, admits of a fine
polish (No. 84).
6 2 inches green shale.
7 2 feet gray limestone, abounds
in Productus costatus, Prod, puncta-
tus and P. Ncbrascensis. (No. 83 of
General Section.)
Half a mile further we have the
following : See Fig. 26.
No. I 83 feet slope.
i
T
SECTION NEAK. 1ANDOLPH
CLAY CO .
Section 189 at North Missouri Junction.
2 6 feet of fine-grained limestone in 3 to 8 inch beds, freely
working, and separated by buff shaly partings ; abounds in Cam-
pop hyllum torqtiium, Lop hop Jiy Hum proliferum, Fistulapora nodu-
lifera, Productus splendens, P. costatus, Athyris subtilita, Spirifer
Kentuckensis.
No. 3 47 feet slope.
4 8 feet deep blue cherty limestone. (See Fig. 25.)
5 21 feet to bottoms.
In No. 4 of last Sec. (85 of Gen. Sec.), are found at this place in
the upper portion, Bellerophon percarinatus, Naticopsis and Murch-
isonia. The lower beds contain Myalina subquadrata, Schizodus,
Pinna peracuta, Solenomya, Aviculopecten occidentalis, Hemipro-
nites crassus, Fish-tooth and Orthoceras cribrosum.
104
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
A little further along the bluffs, we find :
No. i Shaly limestone.
2 4 feet shales.
3 6 feet limestone, containing concretions of black chert (85).
Fig. 25. Fig. 26.
.f .
T
47'
Si
N? 85 OPPOSITE HARLEM
CLAY CO -
The following is the section, one mile
east of the Pacific Depot, at Kansas
City. (See Fig. 27.)
No. i Blue and bituminous shales.
2 2 feet shelly buff limestone.
3* i foot limestone.
4 i foot shale.
5 41^ feet shaly slope.
67 feet Oolitic limestone (No.
87).
7 21 feet slope.
8 4 feet blue cherty limestone, fos-
siliferous at top, shaly below.
9 I foot banded deep-blue silicious
limestone.
103 to 5 inches deep black-blue SECTION OPPOSITE HARLEM
. CLAY CO.
chert.
ii 14 inches compact deep-blue silicious limestone.
12 8 inches shelly limestone.
13 21 inches deep-blue limestone with dark chert concretions.
14 3 feet concretionary, deep-blue, limestone with blue chert
concretions.
15 3^ feet shaly slope.
16 6^ feet gray limestone (No. 84).
UPPER COAL-MEASURES.
105
17 1 6 feet to Missouri bottoms.
The following section, Fig. 28, taken 800 feet east of the Union
depot, Kansas City, represents the correlation of strata from No.
82 to 85 inclusive.
Fig. 27. Fig. 28.
17
a .
.}.'.
i
*3
16
*V ^
4
SECTION AT KANSAS CITY gtCTlON AT KANSAS CITY"
.MILE F^T OF FAC.r.C DCPOT
80o ' EAsT or UN , ON DEPOT
No. I 7 feet limestone and chert. The upper portion dark
1 06 GEOL OG Y OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
blue-black shelly limestone, abounding in fossils, including Bellero-
phon pcrcarinatus, Platyostoma Peoriensis, Euomphalus rugosus ?
(large SpJ] Myalina Kansasensis, Myalina Swallovi, Schizodus
Wheelerii, Pleurophorus ? Allorisma, Aviculopecten occidcntalis,
Aviculopinna Americana, Pinna peracuta, arms of Arch&ocidaris
and Bryozoa. The middle bed abounds in deep blue chert concre-
tions of irregular shape, incased in a matrix of dark-blue silicious
limestone (No. 85).
2 is 2^ feet of concretionary limestone and shales.
3 2 feet dark olive bluish shales (No. 85).
4 II inches shelly limestone.
5 39 inches fine-grained limestone (No. 84).
7 33 inches limestone, contains some chert. Product us cost at us
abounds (No. 83).
8 10 inches shale.
9 Limestone lower beds concealed.
Opposite Fort Scott depot, a quarter of a mile above, the strata
are thus : Fig. 29.
I Bluff formation on hill-top.
2 30 feet limestone (No. 98 of Gen. Sec.), generally in thin,
irregular layers of gray, bluish-gray and flesh-colored limestone,
which are often traversed by veins of calcite ; contains occasional
fossils, such as Productus punctatus, P. Nebrascensis, P. splendens,
Bryozoa and Meekella.
No. 3 is 25 feet of blue and olive-colored clay shales.
4 5 feet limestone, abounding in mostly large Producti, P. cos-
tatus, P. punctatiis, P. Americanus, P. Prattenianus, Sp. came-
ratus, and Hemipronites crassus.
5 2 feet 9 inches blue and bituminous shales, elongated concre-
tions in the upper part.
6 13 inches shales abounding in small Plctirotomaria, Polyphe-
mopsis, &c.
7 13 inches even bed of blue limestone variegated with irregu-
lar dark windings.
8 5 feet blue shales. In upper part abounds in Athyris, Rhom-
bopora and Spirifer Kentuckensis .
9 2 feet shales and limestone nodules.
10 9 feet greenish-gray even- bedded limestone ; contains Cam-
pophyllum torquium, Prod, splendens and Athyris subtilita.
UPPER COAL-MEASURES,
107
Sec. i. Kansas City, opposite Fort Scott Freight Depot. Part
of No. n, and Nos. 12, 13, 14 and part of 15 are concealed here,
but crop out a few hundred feet east. No. 87 is better developed
at Kansas City, especially on the hillside near the Union Depot
Fig. 29.]
(8* OOLITIC AND
GRAY UMC3TONE
SECTION AT KANSAS CITY
OPPOSITE rOUT 6COTT FREIGHT DEPOT
and below the town. It consists of 18 feet of limestone, of which
about 9 feet is beautifully oolitic ; many fossils are interspersed, but
they sometimes are imperfect. This rock works freely, and is du-
rable. It occurs in layers of two and three feet. A few fossils are
beautifully crystallized in the interior. Its chief fossils are, Avicu-
lopecten occidentalis, Avic. providencis, Eutolium aviculatum, Ma-
crodon tenuistriata, Edmondia reflexa, Hemipronites crassus, Pleu-
rotomaria turbiniformis, Retzia punctulifera, Athyris subtilita,
Terebratula bovidens, Sp. Kentuckensis, and Synocladia biserialis.
io8
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
Fig. 30.
Ul
W
z
UJ
a
i
SB,
Slope,
50 feet.
50'
03
^V
1
Slope.
I
1
33
no
3
"7 7 1
, i
lOv
*
I2E
lw l
Slope.
fc
16
g&
5
s^^^
"i
Slope.
Terrace
6
72.
Slope.
Terrace.
7
Slope.
*i
, - 1 ^ r i *
,,
P"
.1 ,r,l ,1 ,1-J-y
""I
SECTION AT PARK.VILLE
PLATTECO.
A quarry of this oolitic lime-
stone was observed about half-
way from Kansas City to Park-
ville. At and near Parkville
its associated strata appear, but
the oolitic beds were not recog-
nized.
No. 90. This division of our
General Section is not often
seen, on account of the overly-
ing debris ; it is well developed
at Kansas City, in the bluffs
opposite, and is last seen a short
distance above Parkville. Its
most characteristic fossil is Cam-
pop hy Hum torquium, which is
scarcely recognized in any other
strata ; it also contains Pro-
ductus splendens and Crinoid
stems.
No. 96. This is found nearly
everywhere where No. 90 is seen,
and is characterized by the un-
usually large size of its fossils,
including several species of Pro-
ductus with Spirifer cameratus
and Hemipronites, which are
comparatively larger in this par-
ticular rock than we elsewhere
find them.
No. 100 abounds in large fos-
sils, similar to those of No. 96.
It is an evenly stratified lime-
stone, strong and durable. Be-
tween Parkville and Waldron it
suddenly thickens up and is sub-
oolitic.
The Parkville Sections appear
thus : Fig. 30.
UPPER COAL-MEASURES.
I 14 feet gray limestone at top, abounding in univalves, then
a few feet of brittle brown limestone ; then a few feet of
gray limestone, abounding in fossils, including Prodnctus Ne-
brascensis, P. splendens, Pr. costatus, Prod. Prattenianus var.
Americanus, Athyris subtilita, Chonetes Verneuiliana, Edrnondia
Hawni, Crinoid spines and stems. One-third of the distance from
the bottom is a 4-inch chert bed, with shaly decomposing limestone
below. At the bottom is generally an even stratum of IO inches,
which is useful for building purposes. Other fossils contained are
Petalodus destructor, Macrocheilus inhabilis, Bellerophon, Nati-
copsis, Murchisonia, Orthoceras cribrosum, P. punctatus, Prod. Sym-
metricus, Pinna peracuta and Synocladia biserialis. (108 of Gen.
Sec.)
2 is 33 feet slope.
3 IQI^ feet of coarse, brownish-gray, hard, strong, close-textured
limestone, containing Prod. Americanus and Spirifer cameratus.
(100 of Gen. Sec.)
4 16 feet slope.
5 n% feet of limestone, No. 98, in thin irregular layers, with
buff shaly partings, and abounding in Bryozoa.
6 and 7 is 72 feet slope in two terraces.
8 includes 3 feet limestone, No. 90 ; then below is 3 feet shales,
resting on 105^ feet of
drab silicious lime-
stone, in even fine-
grained layers of 2 to
6 inches in thickness,
and occasional chert
layers.
West of Parkville a
half-mile, we have the
following section :
(Fig- 3 1-)
i 12^ feet lime-
stone (No. 108).
2 30 feet slope.
3 outcrop of brown
limestone (No. 100).
Fig.
I. N- 108,
N. loo.
SECTION 4- MILE WEST OF PARKVIU-E
4 31 feet slope. No rocks seen.
IIO
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
5 is 8 feet of limestone in thin and irregular layers (No. 98).
The limestone (No. 88) in the above Section is the top rock seen
at Kansas City and Independence, and which disappears beneath
the horizon just below Waldron. Wherever seen it is a gray lime-
stone in thin irregular layers, separated by thin buff shale bands.
Section West of Brush Creek, Platte County. (See Fig. 32.)
35 feet slope from hill-top.
No. 2 ii feet limestone. No. 108. Upper part, ash gray;
middle, brown, soft ; lower part like the upper.
3 i foot coarse, rough calcareous sandstone, contains Mya-
lina Kansasensis and Aviculopecten accident alls.
4 5 f ee t slope.
5 2 feet fossiliferous calcareous conglomerate.
6 14 feet slope Z45.
7 21 feet soft buff sandstone.
Fig- 32.
SECTION WEST Of B MJ 5 H CR.EEK
PLATTE CO.
UPPER COAL-MEASURES.
Ill
Fig. 34-
8 i foot hard dark, gray, rippple-marked sandstone.
9 3 feet shales.
10 3 feet limestone.
11 31 feet slope.
12 9 feet shales.
13 8 feet limestone (No. 98 of Gen. Sec.). >
14 30 feet to bottoms, 4 feet below railroad.
Three-quarters of a mile above the last sec-
tion, No. 100 crops out in one thick bed of 8
feet at 27 feet above the railroad ; it is a little
ferruginous, quite hard and oolitic. In one
place it is cross-laminated for a foot and a half
near the base, the laminae resting at an angle
with the horizontal surface, of about 30 ; at
another place is an intercalation of a few feet
abounding in fossils, principally Prodnctus Ne-
brascensis, Prod. Prattenianus, Bryozoa and a
Goniatite.
Section 5, one mile below
Waldron, is as follows : Fig.
33-
1 40 feet slope.
2 10 feet sandstone.
3 2 feet hard sandstone.
4 6 feet buff limestone, in
one thick bed, is weather
cracked (No. 113).
5 19 feet slope.
617 feet Plattsburgh lime-
stone (No. 1 08).
7 34 feet slope.
8 60 feet slope, some sand-
stone near upper part.
9 13 feet limestone, corres-
ponds to No. 98.
The structure of the Platts-
burgh limestone (No. 6 of above
c ^ \ T--
Section) is given in Fig. 34.
A little further the sandy
~7
J
Fig- 33-
L.ME STONE
PLATTCCO.
z
w
27
wo'
!
1
' ' V ' . ' ' rf
10'
>.* ' s' ". ' "
. '..'
,v
j&- f *mx?<tz
I
r
I9 1
113
i.
'5
5
JOS
6
Jj^i-V^^i:
asjciss:
b-^F^S^Z^
17*
Hf-^PPrS
v V'/ '.V;
7
31+'
60'
3
*''' *- v /
9S
9
13*
SECTION 5
ONE MILE
D.TLOW YVA1.DR.OW
112 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
band at base of No. 108, was observed 2 feet in thickness, very
hard and firm, and abounding in small univalves and a few
Acephala, including Solenomya, Avictdopecten Occident alis, &c.
At Waldron we have :
i 52 feet slope, about 35 near hill-top, becoming steeper
below.
2 16 feet sandstone.
3 i foot of conglomerate.
4 ii feet limestone, containing Fusulina.
5 Shales.
6 32 feet slope.
7 8 feet of limestone (No. 108) abounding in fpssils, including
Bryozoans, Chcetetes ? Athyris, Myalina subquadrata, Pinna pera-
cuta, Aviculopecten occidentalis , Edmondia unioniformis , Avic. pro-
videncis, P. costatus, Prod, punctatus, P. Prattenianns, Spirifer Ken-
tuckensis, P. Nebrascensis, Meekella striato-costata, Macrodon tenu-
istriata, Fistulipora nodulifera and spines of Arch&ocidaris. The
lower strata are heavy, and brownish gray ; the brown seams are
pulverulent, the gray crystalline, and afford a good building material.
At Samuel Morrow's, two miles above Waldron, No. 100
crops out about 10 feet above the railroad, and 8 feet in thickness.
It is hard, coarse deep grayish brown, contains Prod, punctatus, and
Prod. Nebrascensis ; the fossils are in a narrow lighter colored band
near the middle. Nos. 108 and 112 appear higher in the bluffs.
Up a small branch, a quarter of a mile from the bluffs, the whole
of No. 108 is seen to be 18 feet in thickness (Fig. 35).
The i y 2 foot bed near the lower part of this Section abounds in
many fine fossils, including Pletirotomaria turbiniformis / Macro-
cheilus, Poly phemop sis ^ Monoptera, Pinna peracuta, Myalina sub-
quadrata, Eutolium aviculatum, Allorisma, Myalina Swallovi,
and glabella of Phillipsia major.
This limestone is well developed near Plattsburgh, in Clinton
County, and has been called " Plattsburgh limestone."
One mile below Platte River Ferry and three-quarters of
a mile up a small branch observed as follows :
Section 8 No. 2 is 8 feet of roughly bedded shelly buff limestone.
(No. 112 of Gen. Sec.)
3 5 feet slope.
4 3 feet limestone in two beds, the upper, 2 feet thick, the
UPPER COAL-MEASURES.
lower, i foot thick; color blue, weathering brown. Abounds
in univalves. Its chief fossils are, Athyris subtilita, Hemipronites
crassus, Orthis carbonaria, Macrodon, Chonetes, Meekella striato-cos-
tata, Syntrilasma hemiplicata, Spirifer (Martinid) lineatus, Myali~
na S2ibquadrata, a small Pleurotomaria, Loxonema, Synocladia
biserialis and other Bryozoans (No. no).
No. 5 4 feet shales (No. 109).
Fig- 35-
73T7
, No. i. 6 feet limestone, broken in strata, brown near top.
2 3 feet coarse tough brownish ash-gray limestone.
3 i o inches shelly ash- blue limestone.
4 2 inches chert bed.
5 6 inches bluish ash-gray limestone.
6 2 feet shaly decomposing limestone.
7 ii inches bluish gray limestone.
8 6 inches mottled blue and olive clay shales.
9 6 inches brown calcareous shales.
10 7 inches limestone.
II 2 inches brown clay.
12 1| feet limestone ; abounds in fossils.
13 8 inches clay shales.
14 6 inches limestone.
15 2 feet shales.
SECTION 7
PLATTt CO
114
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI,
Up an eastern fork of the branch on which last Section was made
we observed
i 15 feet thinly stratified buff sandstone.
2 10 inches shaly coal, containing Cordaites.
3 4 feet fire-clay and shales.
4 15 feet sandstone.
5 1 3/4 feet shelly limestone (112 of Gen. Sec.)
6 3 feet 3 inches shales, with 8 inches of bituminous shale near
the middle.
7 4 feet limestone (i 10 of Gen. Sec.)
Fig. 36.
SECTION IO .
NEAR. FAR.LEY , PLATTE COUNTY
Section 10. (See Fig. 36.)
No. i Slope.
2 ii feet limestone (112).
3 7 feet shaly slope.
4 14 inches limestone (no).
5 19 feet shales.
6 9 feet limestone (No. 108). Contains Retzia, Productus
Prattenianus, Productus symmetricus and Edmondia.
UPPER COAL-MEASURES.
7 12 feet slope.
8 i foot brown sandstone.
9 2 inches sandstone conglomerate.
l ~~3/4 feet shales.
1 1 12 feet slope to Mo. bottoms.
One mile further, No. 108, is at
level of river bottoms, and three-
quarters of a mile further is the fol-
lowing Section: (See Fig. 37.)
12*4 feet limestone (No. 112).
3 feet 4 inches shales, I foot bitu-
minous in the middle, blue clay at
top and bottom.
3 feet limestone (No. no).
Blue and green sandy shales, 10
feet slope to Missouri bottoms.
Fifty feet up the branch from the
last, water passes over No. no with
No. 1 12 on the bluff at the side of the
branch above as in the annexed
sketch (Fig. 38).
Fig. 37-
ONE MILE ABOVf FARLEY, Pi ATT CO
Fig- 39-
Fig. 38.
CALCAMOUS
CONCLOMEKATI
ONE MILE ABOVE: FAR.LCY
co .
surf
fAlU.EY.PLATTECO.
SECTION
1 1 6 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
Half a mile further is a similar waterfall, and a quarter of a mile
beyond our rocks appear to have changed somewhat and are as
shown in Fig. 39.
In going westward along the bluffs we find these beds rising
gradually, and one mile further, No. 112 is 19 feet above the bot-
toms. Lenticular concretions of iron carbonate are found along
the slope, probably originating from the shale beds just above.
The accompanying sketch, Fig. 40, was taken opposite Beverly.
Fig. 40.
Bluff
clays.
SECTION 12 .
OPPOSITE BEVER-LEY , PLATTE CO.
41 feet slope from hill-top.
12^ feet ash-gray limestone, lower part dove-colored and shaly ;
contains Spiriferina Kentuckensis , Athyris subtilita, Plenrotoma-
ria, and Hemip. crassus.
Slope 62 feet ; angle 30.
5 feet limestone.
16 feet slope to the Missouri bottoms.
Fig. 41 was sketched below Weston.
i 25 feet bluff, angle of slope 40.
2 15 feet perpendicular escarpment of No. 121.
3 50 feet slope, angle 35.
UPPER COAL-MEASURES.
4 23 feet dark drab shales.
5 3 feet arenaceous calcareous bed with fossils (115).
6 10 inches shales.
7 3^ feet buff limestone (113).
8 12^ feet limestone (No. 112).
Fig. 41.
117
SECT ION IS .
WPSTON , M.ATTE CO.
9 25^ feet shales.
10 i foot bituminous shales.
II 2 feet clay shales.
12 3 feet limestone (No. no).
No. 5 (115 of Gen. Sec.) contains Myalina subquadrata, Hemi-
pronites crassus, Chonetes Verneuiliana, Productus Prattenianus
Bryozoa, Crinoid stems and a dark winding fucoid.
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
Fig. 42.
No. 112 is bluish gray, containing Fusulina cylindrica, Arcliczo-
cidaris, Prod, splcndens, Spiriferina Kentuckensis.
The section just above Weston is as fol-
lows : Fig. 42.
i 33 feet marly clays of bluff or loess.
2 36 feet drift.
3 15 feet of drab shales (No. 125),
abounding in fossils near the upper part
(No. 126), including Belleropli. percarina-
tus, B. Montfortiana, B. Kansascnsis, B.
CarbonarinSy Macrocheilus ventricosus,
Naticopsis, Pleurotomaria, Loxonema (2
Sp.) Orthoceras cribrosum, Astartella vera,
Nuciilana bellistriata, Leda Owenii ? My-
alina subquadrata, and LopJwpkyllum pro-
liferum. A calcareo-ferruginous bed oc-
curs a little above this fossil bed, which
also contains some fine fossils, including
Pleurotomaria sphcerulata and Prod, splcn-
dens.
4 8 inches dark sandstone.
5 10 inches black shale with coal plants
and thin laminae of coal.
6 5 feet drab shales.
7 iQi^ feet limestone (i 2 1), gray, shelly,
contains very few fossils.
8 62 feet shaly slope probably all
shale.
9 \y 2 feet of calcareous sandstone
(n5). '
10 5 feet shales.
1 1 5 feet of limestone (i 12) to the grade
of the railroad. The limestone strata,
Nos. 121 and 112, very much resemble
each other, are both gray, occasionally
buff or bluish-gray ; in their irregular shelly layers breaking in
small angular fragments ; by comparison of their contiguous rocks
they can be easily distinguished. In Sections 12, 13 and 17, both
strata are exposed.
1
1
33
a
. C" ~~
^ * - *
sC^Jji
i-=^3p:ji
^e> ^s>
i
36
\S
3
, _ ,
1
;
i
l.i .1 ,14.
*r
s
Ill
7
.,1 ,1.1 . J-r
1 1 I 1 I
't
61*
J.5
s'
1 1 1 1
LL*
112
8
<T
ji
i
SECTION 17
ABOVE WESTON
PLA TT E CO.
UPPER COAL-MEASURES.
119
The following (Sec. 19), Fig. 43, is appearance of Section 3 miles
above Weston :
i 57 feet drift, containing boulders of
granite, quartzite, greenstone, limestone of
coal-measures, &c.
2 7 feet limestone (150), color ash gray,
with some chert in upper part : contains
Fusulina cylindrica, Syntrilasma hemiplicata
and Prod, splendens.
3 23 feet slope.
4 5X f ee t ferruginous limestone (143).
5 I7/^ feet shaly slope.
6 7 feet red shales (No. 139).
7 37 feet of sandy shales ; contains some
ochrey concretions.
8 Coal concealed near the top, and below
is 83 feet of slope 35 to 45; occasional
flags of sandstone and shales are seen, together
with some Septaria. The lower 40 feet is
shale.
9 52 feet to terrace, 35 slope.
10 i foot shaly coal-smut (123).
ii \y z feet black and blue laminated
shales.
12 \>y 2 feet shales (122).
13 10 feet slope to railroad. Limestone
C 121) is probably concealed here.
The limestone No. 121 appears to be near-
ly horizontal and at same elevation for i ^
miles above Weston. A half-mile above
Bear Creek it is 67^ feet above the bottoms ; sl P e -
at Sec. 19 not over 10 feet above ; a quarter
of a mile further it is 20 feet above ; at Jatan
only the upper half is exposed and \]/ 2 miles
above it dips beneath the horizon.
One and a half miles above Jatan we meas-
ured the bluffs and found them 335 feet high,
with the following Sec. No. 21, Fig. 44. No.
2 here consists of 3 feet even-bedded lime-
Fig. 43-
NO. GEN. SEC.
1
^
f
57*
. r-
ISO
2
'^Lf^^j
7
3
23'
jjj
<*
' ^.T''.' ^*i *, ^
5^
5
-i
39
6
7
37*
7
L^-^a;^-
^=^^
-^=r^r--
O -ag.. "-S*-*
*** **''"?_
ft
w
~~~
. .. . ~^r
9
52 '
'i! .
IS
/2
10
5
SECTION 19
PLATTECO.
I2O
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
Fig. 44.
NO. GEN. SEC.
ANCIENT
MOUNDS
ON TOP
1
IZ
$
i
/7
13 1
.'f
J..
161
a'
B
2
^>_,tr_i-K
ISO
f
is^Cjztii
uXC3Z2
foSCQ
5
f,
7
1)21
8
T^Vt
9
LEVtl.
&'
]fO. BOTTOM
SECTION 21.
PtATTE CO.
stone, gray and silicious containing Fusulina
and Myalina (i5 2 )-
No. 3 is three feet of shales.
No. 4 17 feet of ash gray, irregularly bed-
ded limestone, containing Chonetes granulife-
ra, Productus Nebrascensis, Pinna peracuta,
Allorisma , Bellcrophon Montfortianus,
Fusulina cylindrica. This limestone also
contains concretions of blue chert (No.
150).
No. 6 is one foot of limestone.
No. 8 8 feet of limestone (No. 121).
No. 9 8 feet to Missouri bottoms.
No. 4 of this Sec. (No. 150 of Gen. Sec.)
was first observed 3 miles above Weston,
and again high in the bluffs above Jatan and
northwardly and westwardly ; it is exten-
sively quarried in the hills north of St.
Joseph, is the highest rock seen at Ama-
zonia, is well developed just above and on
the railroad west of the mouth of Noda-
way river and dips beneath the Missouri
one mile above. It crops out in the hills
of One Hundred and Two river and its
branches near Savannah, on Niagara Creek,
Andrew County, and Island Branch in
Gentry County. The layers are not often
over 6 inches thick but some near the lower
part are 2 feet in thickness. They are near-
ly always separated by partings of buff
shales. It is easily recognized both from its
fossils, irregular thickness of beds and per-
sistent concretionary chert layers. Some
portions are said to make good hydraulic
cement.
No. 152 lies just above the last, separated
by only a few feet of shales, and occurs in
very even layers ; the color is dark bluish
gray, weathering drab. It abounds in Fusu-
UPPER COAL-MEASURES.
121
Fig. 45-
Una cylindrica, and generally has a one to two inch deposit of
carbonate of iron and lime resting on the upper surface. Below
Block's Mill a similar layer occurs beneath the limestone. This
limestone is found at most places where No. 150 occurs. Near the
Platte and Buchanan county line it is only about 3 feet thick ; at
Lander's quarry it is 8 to 9 feet, and at a quarry west of Amazonia
14 feet. It is often cross laminated. It affords good strong and
durable rock for building. Lamella branchiata seem to be the
most abundant class of fossils found. The species
observed were 2 of Myalina, a Monoptera and an
A viculopecten .
Near County line of Platte and Buchanan
we have in Sec. 22 the following : Fig. 45 .
No. 2 is 4 feet slope, on which are tumbled
masses of limestone corresponding to No. 152,
containing Myalina Swallovi, Avicnlopecten occi-
dentalis, Hcmipronites crassus, Bellerophon and
Fusulina cylindrica. The limestone is sometimes
oolitic.
No. 3 is 35 feet of limestone in irregular beds,
separated by buff shaly partings, and with occa-
sionally blue chert in lenticular forms. On the
top it abounds in Fusulina cylindrica, and also
contains Bellerophon, Chcetetes? Athyris sub t Hit a,
Productus Prattenianus, Prod. Nebrascensis, P.
costatus, Syntrilasma hemip'licata and Allorisma
regular is.
No. 4 is 5 f e t blue and bituminous shales.
5 36 feet slope.
6 Fragments of brown conglomerate.
8 3 feet clay shales, olive-colored.
9 8 inches bituminous coal.
10 i foot clay.
Near the south-east corner of Buchanan County, at Tank, oppo-
site Sugar Creek Lake, we made Sec. 26, Fig. 46.
On No. I are fragments of buff limestone containing Fusulina.
2 Is 1 8 feet of thinly stratified hard buff and gray sandstone.
3 Is 17 feet of rough irregularly bedded limestone; has some
black chert (No. 150).
1
60'
152
2
i^da^f^^
1
^ I lr fc i 1
35
>. / . ' 1 -l_i
^ j C
znjQ
Z.ZICC
-j 3C
i* \ j . i
~. j ~ - ^ j
i \ /
iH . i j i i
1+
A
36*
5
6
Josj-;
7
ll'
,,:->
3S
r-rrr^
E
a
ii
GRADE o*
RAILROAD
SECTION 21
PLATT ECO.
122
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
Fig. 46.
SECTION 26.
BUCHANAN co .
Fig- 47-
4 75 feet slope, with red shales about five feet
from bottom.
5 41 feet sandy shales.
6 2 feet dark-colored, evenly bedded ferrugi-
nous limestone, rough fracture, weathers red,
upper and lower bed 9 inches thick, with a shale
band beneath the upper layer (128).
7 15 feet slope to railroad.
Near the upper end of Sugar Creek Lake we
made Sec. 27.
No. i Top slope.
2 1 8^ feet of limestone
(No. 150).
3 77 feet shaly slope.
4 Outcrop of coal.
5 40 feet to railroad.
In the Missouri bluffs, 2
miles above Rushville, No.
150 is 122 feet above the rail-
road. It presents here about
the same characteristics as at
other places, occurring in ir-
regular layers of buff, brown
and gray limestone, from 4 to
6 inches thick, separated by
buff shaly partings.
From the north line of Platte County to the
county line of Andrew there are but few expo-
sures of rock low in the hills, but Nos. 143 and
150, and occasionally 152, are seen a hundred
feet or more above the base.
No. 128 was only positively recognized near
St. Joseph. The following Section was taken
2^4 miles below St. Joseph : (Sec. 31, Fig. 47.)
No. i 72 feet bluff.
2 6 feet sandy shales.
3 5 feet ferruginous limestone.
4 53 feet slope.
5 5 feet shales.
1
r
5
S3*
S
2
:!===3=Ei^
3
\ ' '^L'i-
14.
5
S^.J^SHJ
6
--=^=^^.
128
7
-"i <-\ *-rsj
SECTION 31
BUCHANAN CO .
UPPER COAL-MEASURES.
123
7Z
19
6 5 feet red and green shales. Fig. 48.
7 4 feet even-bedded bluish gray limestone, g
containing Spirifer cameratus and AtJiyris sub- z '
tilita (No. 128). o
The section at King's hill, Fig. 48, below St.
Joseph, is :
No. i 72 feet, marly clays of bluff.
2 8 feet sand.
3 2 feet white calcareous concretionary
bed.
4 7 feet limestone irregularly bedded,
abounds in Fusulina, also contains Retzia punc-
tulifera, Orthis carbonarius, Crinoid stems, blue
chert concretions and calcite specks (150 of
Gen. Sec.).
5 19 feet slope.
6 5 feet shales.
7 7 feet dark brown limestone (No. 143),
upper 2 feet shaly, light drab ; next below is a
thick bed, quite ferruginous. Contains very
few fossils ; those seen were Aviculopecten occi-
dentalis, C/ionetes, Hemipronites crassus, Pro-
ductus splendens and Fusulina cylindrica.
8 35 feet slope. On the lower part were
observed tumbled masses of sandstone with
remains of plants probably Lepidostrobus and a
flaglike leaf.
98 feet shales ; lower, 2 feet green, with
1 y% feet of red overlying.
10 7 feet ferruginous limestone (137), upper
2 feet shelly with crust of iron oxide. Has
very few fossils.
1 1 48 feet slope ; some ironstone concre-
tions in the lower shales.
12 Outcrop of shaly limestone abounding
in fossils, including Nucttlina bellistriata, As- &ECTION3f.
tartella vera, Myalina subquadrata, Hemipro- BELOW ST JOSEPH
nites crassus, Bellerophon Kansasensis, &c.
13 5 feet shaly slope.
124
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
Fig. 49. !4 jo feet red and
green clay shales ; 4 to
4^ feet red shales at
the top ; at the bottom
are 4 feet of green ochrey
shales ; occasional thin
bands of yellow ochre con-
cretions and streaks of
yellow ochre occur in
shales.
1 5 4 feet limestone
(No. 128).
1 6 80 feet shales ; has
streaks of yellow ochre ;
lower part sandy.
One and a half miles
above St. Joseph, No. 137
projects from the bluffs 10
feet in thickness, in one
bed, at 92 feet above the
railroad, which winds
along the base of the bluffs.
At this place it is gray,
slightly ferruginous, and
breaks into small angular
fragments.
Three Miles above St. Joseph.
SECTION 36. (See Fig. 49.)
No. i 8 feet thick bed of limestone (No.
137).
2 70 feet slope.
3 Outcrop of shelly limestone abounding
in fossils (132).
4 1 8 feet shaly slope.
5 2 feet shales.
6 3 feet 4 inches jointed limestone (No.
128).
At Zimmerman's Quarry, i y 2 miles west
of Amazonia (See Fig. 50), Nos. 150 and
Fig. 50.
to
z
Ul
C3
o-
z
8*
70'
.8'
"i 1
137
1
^Ldi
'32
3
*^^^^ /^4
A
r
= 5 : -T : ^ : T-"r;
SECTION 36.
BUCHANAN co .
O*
'S.
N
O
H
f
M
O
o>
Z
^
. ' !' 3
.,
^TH^
"I *]P '
liiiixX
j * ) ' \,i
"T- :'] *E
'* hj]-
1-li.iJL,
S jju
3
= v _-=
^
^ ____
4
A
'>4J/ 2
i
*_
3
\ ^ Y r j
2
5
G
^^^
/fa
4
D
.\ '/-*i
I
.^.,V-x4' I
6
r
Z
z'
6
G
4 * --J '*.;
"I^V
,/
Itf
^X
UJ
RAILROAC
UPPER COAL-MEASURES. 125
152 are both well exposed. Certain layers of the first have been
used successfully in making hydraulic cement, and the latter for
bridge masonry on the K. C. St. Jo. & C. B. R. R. Our descrip-
tive section is ist top slope overlying,
No. 2 141^ feet of oolitic limestone with splintery fracture.
Beds rest directly on each other without any shale partings. Fos-
sils are, Schizodus, Monoptera, Myalina Swallovi, Macrodon, Spi-
rifer earner atus, Lingula and Fusulina.
No. 3 2 feet shales.
4A is 2 feet blue and brown limestone.
4B 2 feet blue and brown shelly; abounds in Productus Ne-
brascensis.
38 5 upper 3 inches blue, below 2 inches shaly limestone.
$C 16 inches brown and blue limestone.
5D 2)4 feet limestone ; abounds in Fusulina.
5E i foot brown with Fusulina.
SECTION 37 AT AMAZONIA
ANDREW CO .
Limestone, No. 150.
43 feet slope.
2 feet nodular limestone.
7 feet gray limestone, 137.
42 feet shales, No. 136.
1 26 GEOLOGY OF NORTH- WESTERN MISSOURI.
6F 2y 2 feet alternations brown and blue chert, concretions near
middle ; contains Fusulina, Ch&tetes, and coral,
6G ij^ feet mostly brown, with coral, Fusulina, &c.
Fossils in No. 4 are generally replaced by clear crystals of car-
bonate of lime, var. "dogtooth" Spar. Its fossils include Crinoid
in scalenohedra stems, Prod. Pratt enianus, Sp. cameratus, Hemi-
pronites, Athyris, Fistulipora, Ckonetes.
No. 5 includes numerous specimens of Rhombopora, Fistuli-
pora, Bryozoa, Monoptera, Productus Prattenianus, P. Nebrascensis,
Spirifer Kentuckensis, Allorisma - , Sp. earner at us, P.
The limestones are generally blue and the fossils white, giving a
pleasing contrast. We collected some fine specimens showing
Fusulina cylindrica standing in relief on a dark surface.
No. 137 is last seen here.
A little East of Nodaway River is Sec. 47.
No. i is ancient mounds on top.
3 1 1 feet gray limestone in thin irregular beds, contains Athy-
ris and a coral (No. 186).
4 130 feet slope.
5 2 feet brown limestone.
7 2 feet ash-blue shelly limestone.
9 12 feet limestone, No. 150.
10 3 feet shales, chocolate-colored, sandy.
1 1 2 feet dark-brown and black shales.
12 2 feet limestone in four thin and irregular beds.
13 4 feet blue shales to water in Nodaway river.
One Mile West of Nodaway River No. 150 sinks beneath the
Missouri.
Sec. 49 was taken at the latter place and is as follows : (See
Fig. 52.)
No. I Slope of 25 feet from the hill-top no rocks seen. Mound
on top.
2 3 feet irregularly bedded buff and gray mottled limestone
(i 86).
3 21 feet slope outcrop of soft buff limestone, with brown
ochrey concretionary spots and streaks (182).
5 Is 31 feet slope, outcrop of buff and drab limestone at the
lower part.
7 52 feet slope.
UPPER COAL-MEASURES.
127
8 4^2 inches of nodular decomposing Fi g- 5 2 -
soft drab limestone ; contains AtJiyris subti- S
lit a (large var.) and BelleropJwn. z
95^ feet shales.
10 \y 2 feet of drab limestone abounding
in Fusulina.
II Outcrop of brown decomposing lime-
stone (166).
12 15 feet shaly slope.
13 Outcrop of brown shaly limestone.
14 5 feet slope.
! 5 J/-2 feet of dark olive-colored lime-
stone, somewhat brown tinged (160).
16 23 feet slope.
17 6 inches shaly dark bluish ash lime-
stone.
1 8 I foot greenish drab limestone, with
dark calc-spar lines.
1 9 5/4 feet shales (153).
20 3 feet coarse, tough, hard, dark ash-
gray limestone (152).
21 2 feet to railroad grade, and 150 feet
west base. No. 20 is at grade.
22 12 feet shaly slope.
23 9 feet limestone (No. 152) to water in
the Missouri river.
Three-quarters of a mile west, No. 17 of
above Sec. (154 of Gen. Sec.) is near the
railroad grade and rises and falls above and
below the grade for about a mile, when it is
last seen. Nearing Forbes, No. 160 (15 of
Sec. 49) appears at 15 feet above the rail-
road.
Sec. 50 (See Fig. 53) No. I 10 inches
ash-blue limestone, upper part weathers
brown ; contains Allorisma and Productus ~
Prattenianus.
2 3 feet yellow shales, full of Fusulina.
38 feet irregularly bedded ash-gray and buff limestone, with
1
as*
3
S<"
3'
52*
"?r
-
3
S
7
A
9
3*6-
7f
12
42.
14
(5*
5',
-==^-^= r "
,
(6
' *
B'
jL
(S3
IS
=^=^=
jSl
ZO
~f '-J - 1 -s.
i
22
*
<
9
152
I*
^^^^
- -^sovJfT-XtVZlf-
SECTION **-9
HOLT DO.
128
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
buff shaly partings. Contains Fusulina, Lophophyllum, Athyris,
Syntrilasma, Retzia punctilifera, Spirifer earner atus, Sp. Ken-
tuckensis, Fistulipora.
4 4 feet 8 inches shaly slope, angle 45.
Fig. 53-
SECTION SO AT FORBES,
HOLT CO
5 16 inches even-bedded limestone, grayish drab, with calc-spar
specks.
6 9 feet slope, angle 50.
7 4 feet brown limestone.
8 i foot soft brown limestone.
9 50 feet slope.
Rocks of the last section are occasionally seen to within one mile
of Forest City, where they give place to a higher group.
Sec. 52, at John Pollock's, 4 miles below Forest City, appears
thus : (See Fig. 54.)
No. i Bluff formation.
2 51^ feet nodular limestone, contains Chonetes and Athyris
subtilita (No. 210).
3 i foot dark ash-blue limestone ; abounds in Hemipronitcs
UPPER COAL-MEASURES.
129
crassus, Athyris subtilita, Productus Nebrascensis and Myalina sub-
quadrat a (206).
46 feet green shales, with lime-
stone nodules (200).
5 \Q>y 2 inches brown limestone ;
contains Productus Nebrascensis, Prod.
Prattenianus, Athyris, Nautilus occi-
dentalis, Archceocidaris and a small
Allorisma. (199).
6 3 feet shales.
7 2 feet brown limestone ; resembles
No. 5.
12 feet shales and sandstone (193
and 195).
9 i foot limestone (192).
10 \o>y 2 feet slope.
ii i foot limestone and shales. 187.
12 H inches limestone.
T 3 13 feet 4 inches irregular-bedded
limestone, contains Allorisma granosa,
Syntrilasma, Athyris and Lophophyl-
lum. 1 86 of Gen. Sec.
H 3X feet shales.
155 inches even bed of limestone.
1620 inches even bed of ash-colored
limestone with minute calc-spar specks
184.
We now add our section of rocks
. 54-
RAILROAD
(
F*
SECTION 52.
AT JOHN POLLOCK'S
HOLT CO,
seen near Forest City. We find the rocks here covered by a deep
f deposit, below which are seen (See Fig. 55.)
220-1 foot brown shaly limestone, contains Hemipronites crassus
Prod. Prattenianus and Fusulina cylindrica. Beneath is 4 inches
grayish-blue layer of carb. of lime and iron.
2194 feet shales.
2i8-Eighteen inches of ash-blue silicious and pyritiferous lime-
ie, abounding in many fine fossils, including Entolium avicula-
tum Syntrtlasma hemiplicata, Platyostoma, Nautilus, Terebra-
tula bomdens, Allorisma, etc. Below this is o to 4 feet shales, then
21710 to 16 inches sandstone
9
130
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
216 o to 30 inches bituminous shales ; then 2 inches sandy clay,
Fig. 55-
U8
216
105
99
196
193
'192
\&S
18?
186
.it
,2(0
19
GENERAL SECTION
FOR.EST CITY
HOLTCO,
resting on
215 4 inches coal.
214 2 feet light-blue clay shales.
214 2 feet sandy shales.
25 feet shaly slope.
Shales at bottom.
210 3 inches shaly and nodular lime-
stone.
210 \y 2 feet brown shales and concre-
tionary nodules of limestone, abounding
in fossils, including mostly Fusulina cylin-
drica and Athyris subtilita, also contains
Retzia punctilifera, Spirifer earner at ns,
Prod. Nebrascensis, Prod. Semireticulatus,
var. Calhounianus, Hemipronites and Cn-
noid stems.
210 10 inches rough concretionary
limestone.
210 10 inches shales.
209 10 inches even bed of blue lime-
stone.
207 2 feet blue shales.
206 13 inches blue limestone, abounds
in Hemipronites crassus, P. Nebrascen-
sis. In the interior of the fossils are
often calcite crystals, sometimes of dog-
tooth variety.
205 10 feet shales.
I99 \y 2 feet ash-blue limestone, wea-
thers brown.
2 feet 10 inches yellow shales, gray
streaks.
197 1 1^ feet of brown limestone.
I0 ,6 7 feet yellow shales ; bands of
bituminous shales at the lower part.
2T2 feet of sandstone.
X Q2 i foot 9 inches of grayish-blue limestone.
1915 inches shales.
UPPER COAL-MEASURES. 131
190 6y 2 inches gray limestone, abounds in many fine uni-
valves.
189 3^ feet blue shales.
4 inches even layer of deep-blue limestone.
8 feet blue shales. At the base of this, and resting on No. 186, is
a calcareous stratum, abounding in Arckceocidaris\ Rhombopora,
etc. Limestone No. 186 is near the base of the hill, but is generally
concealed.
We have thus far steadily witnessed the appearance of different
strata high in the bluffs, and have seen them gradually become
lower in ascending the Missouri valley, until we have left behind
and beneath us many hundred feet of upper coal-measure rocks.
At the west line of Andrew County, just east of Nodaway River,
No. 1 86 is 205 feet above the Missouri bottoms. One and a half
miles west it is 170 feet above. At Forbes, 3 miles west of the
latter, it is only 70 feet ; 4 miles further, and north-west, at Jno.
Pollack's, it is 36 feet above ; 3 miles further, a little west of north
of the latter, and near Forest City, it disappears beneath the
horizon.
Our Forest City Section will include all the different strata found
at and near that place. Of course the different strata are not all
exposed at any one place, but they occur in such a manner that
the principal beds are easily recognized, and the subordinate layers
can be connected by vertical measurements in different localities.
The upper "spathic limestone" (No. 220) was seen at but few
places ; it was observed one and a half miles above Forest City,
and also below the town, occurring as the highest well-marked rock.
The bed of carbonate of iron externally resembles an ordinary lime-
stone, but its weight and lustre show it to be heavily charged with
carbonate of iron.
No. 218 was observed one mile below and one and a half miles
above Forest City, and at intermediate points. It forms the root
wherever coal (215) is worked. It is from 16 to 24 inches in thick-
ness, is dove-blue, weathers with a bright brown ferruginous crust,
often 2 inches thick, and is sometimes perpendicularly jointed. It
is very hard, with splintery fracture and pyritiferous. It abounds
in rare and beautiful fossils, including Edmondia, Entolium avicula-
tum, Macrodon, Lima retifera, Schizodus curtus, Allorisma grano-
sus, Allorisma subcuneata, Solenopsis ? Polyphemopsis inornata, P.
1 32 GEOLOG Y OF NORTH- WESTERN MISSOURI.
peracuta, Platyostoma? Macroclieilus, Bellcrophon Marcouianns?
Naticopsis Altonensis, Terebratula bovidens, Aviculopinna Ameri-
cana, Syntrilasma hemiplicata, Nautilus occidentalis ; also contains
Productus Prattenianus and Hemipronites crassus.
No. 212 was not observed in the Missouri bluffs, but we reason-
ably suppose it to exist there in its proper geological position. It
is well developed in the north-east part of Holt County and in the
western part of Nodaway. Its principal fossils are, Lingula, Pinna
peracuta, and Aviculopinna Americana.
About 30 feet below No. 218 are the shales and nodular limestone
beds of No. 210, about 4 to 5 feet in thickness, abounding in differ-
ent species of fossils, including immense numbers of Fusulina cylin-
drica, often weathered out and strewn over the surface, resembling
scattered wheat-grains. Athyris subtilita is also very abundant. Its
other fossils include Hemipronites crassus, Productus Nebrasccnsis,
Productus symmetricus, Prod, splendens, Prod, semircticulatus, var.
Prod. CalJwunianus, Spirifer cameratus, Terebratula bovidens,
Retziaputictulifera, Rhombopora lepidodcndroides, Loplwpliyllnm
prolifcrum, Fistulipora nodulifera, Scaphiocrinus hemisphcricus,
Zeacrinus mucrospinus, and Bryozoa.
The blue limestone, No. 209, at the base of the last-named beds,
is also easily recognized, containing but a few fossils, but well-
marked ones, principally a large var. of Hemipronites crassus and
Prod. Nebrascensis. The interior of these fossils is generally clear,
crystallized calcite.
The following Section (See Fig. 56) at Iowa Point, Kansas, nearly
opposite Forest City, includes most of the beds seen at the latter place,
but presents slight variation in thickness and general appearance.
No.. 218 is quarried at White Cloud, Kansas, just below the
town ; its outcrop there is about level with the Missouri bottoms.
Just above White Cloud I observed a thickness of 61 feet of shaly
sandstone resting above No. 220. The further upward connection
of our Section was obtained at City Bluffs, Nodaway County,
where there is exposed 84 feet of shales, containing an occasional
bed of Septaria, or carbonate of iron. Above these is an outcrop
of 4 feet of buff decomposing ferruginous Jimestone. This last, I
think, is nearly related to the Rulo coal bed ; but as the coal was
not here observed, other evidences are too indefinite to place it
with any certainty in such relation.
UPPER COAL-MEASURES.
133
From near Forest
City, for 20 miles north-
ward along the Missouri
bluffs, no outcrops of
the rock are seen, and
the connection of the
Forest City with the
Atchison County rocks
is broken. The next
exposures are found at
McGuilliam's Mill, near
the north line of Holt
County. The upper beds
in Atchison County were
all correctly connected.
An examination of some
nearly related strata west
of the Missouri river failed
to supply the broken link
in the chain, but there is
probably 40 or 50 feet
between the lower and
upper rocks. Under a
separate head I shall en-
deavor to trace the re-
lation of the Nebraska
beds with those of Mis-
souri. The upward ex-
tension of this Section
will be found in my Re-
port on Atchison County.
Dip of Rocks.
Along the Missouri
bluffs, within the limits of
the Upper Coal-Mea-
sures, I have observed
no remarkable dip nor
disturbance of strata, but
the dip is regularly north
of west.
Fig. 56.
1 34 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
Nos. 78 and 80 of our General Section, as stated in first part of
this report, are seen in the bluffs a half-mile west of Albany, Ray
County, at an elevation of 130 feet above the bottoms. Tracing
these beds thence, they are found regularly lower and lower in the
bluffs until we reach Randolph, 24 miles west, where the upper
surface is level with the bottoms. Just across the river, in Kansas
City, No. 80 occupies the same horizontal position, and at an ele-
vation above of 127 feet, No. 98 projects in bold escarpments.
Recrossing the Missouri, we are enabled to trace No. 98 by its
occasional outcrops along the bluffs ; its top bed west of Brush
Creek is 38 feet above the bottoms, and 90 feet below No. 108.
Two miles further it is at the foot of the hill, and No. 108 is 94 feet
above. This is about 5 miles north and 16 miles west of Randolph,
showing a descent of 127 feet in that distance.
The last-named locality is about a mile below Waldron. We
here find the top of No. 113 at 25 feet above No. 108. Along the
bluffs, six miles north-west of this, No. 108 is at the edge of the
bottoms, and shows a descent of 94 feet in six miles.
At Weston, No. 113 is about 5 feet above the bottoms, and we
find a north-west descent of 109 feet in 16 miles. At this point No.
121 is 76 feet above 113. Eight miles north-west, or one mile above
Jatan, it is on level with the bottoms, and No. 150 is 186 feet above.
Ten miles due north, or two miles above Rushville, No. 150 is 122
feet above the Railroad, being depressed in that distance 44 feet,
which may probably be about the natural descent of the Missouri Val-
ley. From this point to St. Joseph, a distance of 13 miles, the trend
of bluffs is north-east, and 2 miles below we find No. 150 at an
elevation of 175 feet, having risen 43 feet in that distance. The
bluffs from St. Joseph to Amazonia, 10 miles, bear a very little west
of north. At the latter place, No. 150 is 94 feet above the Railroad,
having descended 81 feet in that distance. One mile west it is 54
feet above the Railroad. At Nodaway River, 6 miles west, it is level
with the bottoms, and No. 186 is 197 feet above. One mile and
a half west, No. 186 preserves about the same elevation, and ten
miles north-west, or just below Forest City, it is about on a level
with the Missouri bottoms.
CONDENSED VERTICAL SECTION OF MISSOURI COAL MEASURES .
G.C. BRDADHEAD.
.1'?
5p
L O C all l^
Ttlal
fruin Top
frimD***
V
d
c
U
f.
a
CL
EL
V
OB
3
j*
c
L
~0
cf
:
Y
a
5
!-
J
G
7
8
9
It
a
IS
If
IS
U
N
30
M
/"ee(
In
Coal
Holt Co.
West fart of.Voa.twag Co.
De Kalb ,
fi*i
In
K*l
In
339
It
/O
a
a
. ?...
751
"73S
9^6
11*7
58 J
.r_.
S07
ItSI,
Ski
37*
_fleasa.nl Hill, Missouri City
fc Princeton
Cass, Johnson. Lafayette nnri
Livingttoti Cos.
Lafiigctlc , Johnson A Ra\ Cos
.1*
J7.
a. ..
~f
IS*
70
2
M
^J/tux-e
Teaf
toi
7
sr
M
r
319
*
S/iai'f
Caul
Lafageltc, Johnson Carroll A,
lift
1607
t,
ut
SO
Spac,
H'arreriliurgh Cout,
Slta.ce
Livnigxlon. Co*.
-Johnion. Henry k ChnritonCt*.
MM
186
SI
"
iSn.tt.cn
foal
"YsV
a
I77S
2
II
s <fo%i e
a
" tf'
s
- -- Coal
Johnson. Henry, Bates, Vernon
Charilon ,Aan 3,oliab,Boon,Ca.lln\va v
Adaii;Sulliya.n,Putna,mlc3fc,ci>n
i
*
Coal
rt.
I
Snace
Coal
-Henrjr.Johnsuti.Pctci* if Saline Uoi.
-1182
-
-
SfMCC
M-?
-
-
CHAPTEE V.
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY OF THE COAL-MEASURES.
CATALOGUE OF COAL-BANKS EXAMINED BY G. C. BROADHEAD DURING THE
YEAR 1872.
I1V HESTRY COUWTY. LOWER COAL-MEASURES.
Thickness.
Locality.
Owner and Remarks.
Feet.
Inches.
I
2
8
Sec. 25, T. 41, R. 26, near base of coal-
C. W. Jordan.
measure.
2
6
Gilkerson Ford, on Grand River.
o>
3
I
6 +
Gilkerson Ford, on Grand River, said to
(A 1 (A
rt -73 <u
H V M
be 3 feet.
a a
!_, U i
2
Gilkerson Ford.
8*0 $
3
10
Jackson's Mill.
fel
I
do.
4
I
9
2 miles S. E. of Clinton.
Benj. Owens.
5
2
6 N. E. Sec. 20. T /i 2 R ?fi
6
4
N. E. N. W. Sec. 29, T. 42, R. 26.
7
2
6
S. W. S. E. Sec. 20, T. 42, R. 26.
Williams & Odle, 27 to
8
2
J
N. E. N. E. Sec. 29, T. 42, R. 29.
30 inches coal.
Geo. M. Britts.
9
2
6
N. W. N. W. Sec. 32, T. 42, R. 29.
Judge Munson.
10
2
Clinton.
Rotten coal.
ii
I
6
2| miles S. W. of Calhoun.
Osage Coal Co.
2
4
do. do.
do. do.
C. J. N.
2
4
S. W. Sec. 17, T. 42, R. 24.
Vlunn's.
13
3
2
6
2\ miles E. of Calhoun.
Same loc. as last.
Henry Neff.
And same coal.
14
I
10
Sec. 22, T. 43, R. 24.
T. Dillon's.
15
8|
S. E. N. E. Sec. 17, T. 43, R. 24.
H. C. Mullin's.
16
10
S. W. S. W. Sec. 35, and S. E. S. W.
Sec. 35, T. 44, R. 24.
Benj. Williamson's.
3
do. do. do. do.
do. 2^ to 3 ft.
6
do. do. do. do.
do.-
These 3 veins are almost touching,
S
one above the other.
17
3
S. E. Sec. 34, T. 44, R. 24.
Ogans.
2
do. do.
do.
iS
3
3 miles west of Windsor.
P. H. Shelton's.
*9
2
8
2 miles S. of Windsor, at edge of Benton
C. J. N.
6
Co.
N. W. J Sec. 6, T. 42, R. 23, Benton
3. Hughes. ,
Co.
D. J. Williams.
21
I
4
Sec. i, T. 44, R. 24.
no. R. Gray.
I
4
do. do.
J. Owsley's.
22
I
2
Sec. 14, T. 47, R. 24.
Elijah Cook.
II
do. do.
136
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
Thickness.
Locality.
Owner and Bemarks.
Feet.
Inches.
23
2
6
2 miles S. W. of Dunksburgh Johnson Co.
Jno. W. Porter's.
24
2
i miles S. W. do. do.
Jno. Parks.
25
I
4
Sec. 21, T. 48, R. 23, Pettis Co.
Dr. R. Tuck.
26
I
6
N. W. S. W. i Sec. 15, T. 48, R. 23,!
Pettis Co. T. Collins.
27
I
4
4 miles W. of Brownsville, in Saline Co.,
10 inches rotten coal above.
Louis Bohn.
28
2
^ mile north of Concordia, Lafayette Co.
Henry Franke.
29
I
9
Mulky nines, 2^ miles E. of Aullville,
Lafayette Co.
Ennis Cundiff.
30
fl
Railroad Cut, i-J- miles S. E. of Aullville,
Lafayette Co.
3 1
I
6
2-J- miles N. E. of Aullville, Lafayette Co.
Chas. Payne's.
3 2
I
7
2 miles S. E. of Lexington, Lafayette Co.
R. C. Vaughan, 19 to
22 in. Lex. Coal
Co.
33
2
In Lexington, Lafayette Co.
R. G. Tucker.
C. J. N.
I
10
do. do.
Gen. Graham.
C. J. N.
I
ii
E. of Stone Bridge, Lexington, Lafayette
Co.
C. J. N.
"rt
I
8
Lexington, Lafayette Co.
Tilton Davis.
C. J. N.
O
I
9
West of Ferry Landing, Lexington, La-
O V
fayette Co.
C. J. N.
z> <
to
1
4
4 miles below Berlin, Lafayette Co.
Wollemans.
38
I
15 miles S. W. of Lexington, Lafayette
XI
II
Co.
Holmans.
39
h-1
I
5
Little Sniabar, 6 miles south of Lexing-
ton, Lafayette Co.
I
do. do. do. do.
40
5
2 miles E. of Judge Wood's, Lafayette
Co.
These beds are 34 feet
5 .
Lexington, Lafayette Co.
7 inches below Lex-
4i
8
2 miles below Lexington, Laf.iyette Co.
ington coal.
C. J. N.
7
Lexington, Lafayette Co.
C. J. N.
I
9
3 miles above Waverley, Lafayette Co.
C. J. N.
6^
At Lexington, Lafayette Co.
40 ft. above Lex. coal.
C. J. N.
I
6
10 miles N. of K. Noster, Johnson Co.
Alexander Dreer.
44
not
known.
At Sibley, Jackson Co.
In well.
45
2
On branch near Donohoe's Ford, on Lit-
tle Blue, Jackson Co.
46
not
seen.
Napoleon, Jackson Co.
Said to be 8 to 10 in.
47
I
Levissie's, near Hambright's, Jackson Co.,
T. 50, R. 29.
Wm. Levissie.
G. C. B.
I
6
Near E. line of Ray Co., on Mo. Bluffs.
Oberhultz.
I
6
do. do. do. do.
Williams.
49
I
6
I mile west of same, Ray Co.
Howell's.
5
I
8
2 miles E. of Richmond, Ray Co.
Smith's Mill.
i
8
do. do. do.
Sear cup.
"cS
51
2
S. W. Sec. 31, T. 52, R. 27.
J. S. Hughes &
8
Co., 22 to 28 in.
C
5 2
2
2 miles N. of R. and L. Junction, Kay
*&
Co.
C. O. Godfrey.
-L
C
53
2
Swanwick, Ray Co.
Thos. Hayson, 20
'x
<U
in. to 2 ft. coal.
J
54
I
ii
2d Ray Co. Mines, Camden, Ray Co.
T. Collins, 1 8 to
24 inches.
I
9
N. Mo. Mines, do. do.
C. O. Godfrey &
Co., 19 to 22 in. ^
re
I
7
S E S W. Sec. 6, T. 52, R. 21, Carroll
JJ
/
Co.
James Meddlin.
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY OF THE COAL-MEASURES.
137
Thickness.
Locality.
Owner and Remarks.
Feet.
Inches.
55
I
2
Are 2 seams separated by 3 feet of clay,
Carroll Co.
James Meddlin.
56
2
White Rock, Carroll Co.
A. J. Kendrick.
57
I
4
2 miles west of White Rock, Carroll
Co.
Little.
58
Near Hardwick's Mill, Carroll Co.
Irregular thickness.
59
2
4 miles E. of Carrollton, Carroll Co.
Jas. Goodron.
C. J. N.
6
\\ miles N. W. of Carrollton, Carroll
Co.
Stanley.
G. C. B.
6
Miami, Saline Co.
L. 'W. Heeney.
62
6
Kirkham-bank, Chariton Co.
Cunningham.
63
I
6
8| S. W. i Sec. 33, T. 54, R. 20 W.,
Chariton Co.
Wm. Tyler's.
64
I
7
2-J miles N. W. of Brunswick, Chariton
Co.
Linn's.
65
2
Little Compton, Carroll Co.
66
I
8
N. E. corner of do.
On Grand River.
67
I
6
S. W. and N. W. 1 Sec. 20, T. 56, R.
21.
Wm. Leaton's.
68
r
2
N. W. i Sec. 26, T. 56, R. 22, Living-
ston Co.
Ch. Wurster's.
69
i
4
At Bedford, Livingston Co.
2 veins of coal.
70
3
Sec. 19, T. 56, Range 23, Livingston
Co., 2 feet coal said to be in shaft.
Anton Good.
7i
2
W. i N. E. i Sec. 1 1, T. 58, R. 24,
Livingston Co.
Abel Cox.
72
I
3
N. W. Sec. 31, T. 58, R. 22, at Collier's
Mill, Livingston Co.
Mr. Collier.
I
8
E. | S. E. i Sec. 30, T. 58, R. 2, Liv-
ingston Co.
L. Collier.
C. J. N.
I
4
4 miles S. of Chillicothe, on Grand River,
Livingston Co.
74
10*
Graham's Mill, on Grand River, Living-
ston Co.
75
3
N. of Mooresville 2 miles, Livingston
Co.
Clark's.
76
10 N. E. of Mooresville 2 miles, Livingston
Co.
Murray bank.
77
6
Trenton, Grundy Co.
78
6
\\ miles S. of Princeton, Mercer Co.
3
do. do. do.
79
6
5 miles do. do
At Bricky Bend.
80
3
I mile west of Winston, Daviess Co.
81
2
Near Bridgewater, Nodaway Co.
Jno. Lund.
82
I
12 to 16 inches N. W. of S. W. J Sec.
9, T. 64, R. 37, Nodaway Co.
Jas. C. Smith.
83
II
r mile below mouth of Sand Cr., Noda-
way Co.
Burdick.
84
I
Sand Creek, Nodaway Co.
85
I
2
Quitman, do.
86
10
On Florida Cr., do.
Martin's.
87
4
Near Forest City, Holt Co.
88
5
S. W. i Sec. 16, T. 59, R. 36, W. An-
drew Co. Win. Barr.
89
ii
2 miles N. E. of Savannah, Andrew
Co.
90
10
On Niagara Creek, Andrew Co.
9i
7
12 miles S. of St. Joseph, Buchanan |
Co. 'Hinman's.
138
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
Thickness.
Locality.
Owner and Remarks.
Feet.
Inches.
92
I
I
Near Hall's Station, Buchanan Co.
93
7
S. fork Sugar Creek, S. line of Buchanan
Co.
94
8
Block's Mill, Platte Co.
95
8
2 miles below Block's Mill, Platte Co.
Rees.
96
9
Mo. Bluffs, 3 miles above Weston.
97
10
Near Saml. Morrow's, Platte Co.
Total 97 localities.
NOTE. Localities with initials C. J. N. affixed were examined by Mr. C. J. Norwood,
all others by G. C. Broadhead.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF BUILDING ROCKS, LIME AND HY-
DRAULIC LIMESTONES AND FIRE-CLAYS.
Building Rock. Rocks suitable for most building purposes can
be obtained in any of the counties of Missouri, although in some
districts it has to be transported for many miles. In Atchison
County they are only found in situ at a few places on the Missouri
bluffs and a few miles off on Rock Creek, and near the east county
line. In the interior the " lost rock" of the Drift period is used for
the common purposes of walling wells and building foundations for
houses. In Holt County also, above Forest City, rock is scarce.
BUILDING STONE OF THE UPPER COAL-MEASURES.
The following description will include such building stone as can
be considered strong, durable and handsome. I would first men-
tion the limestones. Among the coal-measure rocks it is only
among the upper series that we can look for a good, strong and de-
sirable limestone. The limestones near the horizon of a coal-bed
cannot always be recommended ; they are generally of an ash-blue
color, and often contain iron pyrites, and the first freezing weather
cracks them. The gray limestones break irregularly ; the blue
limestones are generally jointed by cracks perpendicular to their
planes of deposit, and when exposed, as is often the case in the bed
of a stream, they present the appearance of a floor paved with
rhomboidal blocks. Some of the limestones, if quarried in the
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY OF THE COAL-MEASURES. 139
spring and left exposed throughout the summer, evaporate their
moisture, and ensuing frosts do not seriously injure them ; whereas,
if the same rock were quarried in fall or winter, it would soon crack
in many directions and become worthless. Many of the limestones
of the coal-measures contain iron pyrites ; such rocks near their ex-
posed faces generally lose their sulphur, and a thick brown crust is
formed on the outside, which sometimes envelops the rock in con-
centric bands, often several inches thick, which easily scale off.
Descriptive List.
No. 209 occurs in the bluff at John Pollock's, Holt County, at an
elevation of 97 feet above the Missouri bottoms. One mile below
Forest City it is 75 feet above, and at the lower limits of the town it
is 40 feet above. At these localities it is one foot thick and affords
a beautiful and strong rock.
The contained fossils generally have a lining of crystallized
calcite. If polished it would look well. It is 5 and 6 inches thick
near Bridgewater, Nodaway County, and at Braddy's Mill, on Noda-
way River, in Iowa, and 10 inches thick near the south-west part
of Nodaway County.
No. 207 is found from 2 to 2\ feet below No. 209, and is almost
exactly like it in color, texture and fossil remains, but is generally
of greater thickness and firmer.
Near Forest City and at Kunkell's it is 16 inches thick ; 10
inches at Smith's Mill, in Nodaway County ; 13 inches at Braddy's,
and 5 and 9 inches near Bridgewater.
No. 192. At Kunkell's Mill is an outcrop of 21 inches of bluish-
gray limestone ; this bed was also occasionally observed a little be-
low Forest City, at about 30 feet elevation above the bottoms, and
generally free from weather-cracks. From present developments,
I would suppose it to be a very good material for strong masonry.
No. 184 crops out at John Pollock's, 4 miles below Forest City,
in two beds ; the upper, 5 inches, and the lower, 20 inches thick.
It also crops out at Forbes's, 16 inches thick, and at Ohio Mills 2
feet in thickness. But wherever found it is an even-bedded, fine-
grained, bluish-drab limestone, with occasional specks of calc-spar
disseminated, and would admit of a fine polish.
The next limestone deserving of attention as a building stone is
1 40 GEOLOG Y OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
No. 152. This is evenly stratified, with no shale partings, some-
times oolitic and sometimes cross-laminated, generally of a brown-
ish-gray color ; a freshly quarried slab exhibits a blue fracture. Its
greatest observed thickness was 14 feet, in the railroad quarry one
mile west of Amazonia. Many quarries of it have been opened on
the creek 2\ miles north-east of Savannah. It occurs here in neat
strong flags of 2 to 6 inches thick, and also in thicker beds, suitable
for large dimension stone.
From these quarries quantities of the rock were formerly hauled
to St. Joseph, and used in the buildings of that city. Three or
four feet thickness was also observed near Block's Mills, in Buchanan
and Platte Counties, high up in the bluffs.
No. 143, seven feet, and No. 128, four feet thick both appearing
in bluffs below St. Joseph. They are useful for strong, rough
masonry.
No. 143, a few miles above St. Joseph, is 10 feet in thickness,
chiefly in one bed.
No. 100, occurring in bluffs between Parkville and Platte River,
is generally of even surface and thickness, strong and heavy. Be-
tween Parkville and Waldron it is oolitic.
The lower beds of No. 108 have been much used at Parkville for
building. They are 6 and 9 inches, and therefore of very good
thickness for ordinary building ; the layers are quite uniform.
No. 92 affords a good, substantial and rather good-looking build-
ing rock, but it is only in one layer, of about 13 inches. It is dark-
blue, variegated with irregular wavy ramifications of a different
shade, probably of coralline origin. It has been quarried in bluffs
at Kansas City, and used in many buildings. It may also be found
at Parkville.
No. 90 affords a good material for building purposes ; it is a
grayish-drab, tolerably fine-grained limestone, with occasional
specks of calc-spar, and occurs in a tolerably even strata, and works
as freely as most limestones. It is especially well marked by a
fossil (Campopkyllum Torquiuni), which is quite abundant, and pre-
sents its true type in this rock, but is almost entirely unknown any-
where else. It is quarried opposite the Union Depot, Kansas City,
and may be found near the same horizon around Kansas City, crop-
ping out in the bluffs opposite, and occasionally as far up as Parkville.
But it is in No. 87 that we find the best and easiest working
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY OF THE COAL-MEASURES. 141
limestone of the upper coal measures ; it is whitish or light-gray,
sometimes, near the line of deposit, of a bluish shade and beautifully
oolitic, some oolites as large as ^ inch, but generally smaller ; from
40 to 50, averaging generally about 40 to a lineal inch, or 160 to
200 per square inch. A good quarry has been opened along the
side of the road above the Union Depot at Kansas City. It ap-
pears there 18 feet in thickness. Other good quarries are worked
a mile below Kansas City, where it can be quarried in blocks 2 and
3 feet thick. A good quarry is opened in the bluffs just opposite
Kansas City, and also 2 or 3 miles above ; for large dimension stone
I consider it very valuable.
No. 84, at its greatest development, is 9 feet 4 inches thick, gen-
erally in two beds, which make it very suitable for large dimension
stone ; it is very fine-grained ; the lower 3 or 4 feet as one bed of
dove-blue fine-grained limestone, with many pellucid specks of calc-
spar disseminated, admitting of a fine polish, is found at Kansas City,
at Randolph and Missouri City, Clay County, and in the railroad cut
at Pleasant Hill, Cass County.
No. 79 is a whitish and sometimes ferruginous gray silicious
limestone, in thick beds easy to work, and probably withstands the
effects of the weather better than any other coal-measure limestone ;
it is contained between Nos. 78 and 80, almost blending with
them, and at Kansas City cannot be altogether separated. At
North Missouri Junction it is only one foot thick. At Greenwood,
Jackson County, there is about 6 feet of it in thick beds, mostly
oolitic, of a gray and bluish-gray color. At several places near
Pleasant Hill, Cass County, there are quarries of it. It is there
about 4 feet thick, of a whitish or bluish-gray and sometimes brown-
ish-gray color, and is known by the local name of Cotton rock. At
Kirtly's quarry, near Mooresville, Livingstone County, there is ex-
posed 8*^ feet of whitish oolitic limestone, in layers of relatively 32
inches, 16 inches and 17 inches. A great deal has been used from
this quarry, chiefly by the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad Com-
pany. Other quarries of this oolitic limestone are seen near Prince-
ton, in Mercer County, and near the east line of Caldwell County.
No. 74. This limestone has been extensively used for masonry
on the Pacific Railroad, and the Lexington, Lake, and Gulf Railroad ;
in Cass and Jackson Counties, it occurs in two beds, one of 8 to 12
inches, the other of 12 to 16 inches thick, of very even surface,
1 42 GEOLOG Y OF NOR TH- WESTERN M1SSO URL
jointed, fracture showing deep ash-blue, color variegated with darker
windings ; it would be handsome polished. Good quarries are near
Lone Jack and south-west for four miles, and three and four miles
north-east and east of Pleasant Hill.
About east of Bridgewater and at the bridge on the Platte River
are two very even layers of 4 and 6 inches of strong, tough sandy
limestone, a first-rate rock for paving ; its geological position is near
the base of No. 150.
SANDSTONES.
In the northern part of Atchison County, near McDonald's, and a
few miles below, are outcrops of hard, blue, and drab calcareous sand-
stone, generally splitting in thin but very even flags. This is the
only really good building material that can be found for many miles.
Sandstone No. 195, near Forest City, is a soft grayish drab, very
easily worked, and seems to last very well in-doors, but appears to
poor advantage in the quarry. Sandstone of similar age, but very
different in appearance, has been quarried on One Hundred and
Two River, below Bridgewater, and used for masonry on the rail-
road ; -it occurs here in thick, rough beds, rather difficult to quarry ;
is a hard, coarse brown or buff soft micaceous sandstone, with some-
times minute calcite lines. A portion is a hard blue, with plant re-
mains.
At Mrs. Martin's, in the south-west quarter of Section 25, Town-
ship 65, Range 34, is a hard blue sandstone, which is said to make
good grindstones. Two feet of outcrop appears near the edge of
the water in Honey creek.
A few miles south-west of Cameron is an outcrop of 3 feet of
ripple-marked sandstone, which is also said to make good grind-
stones.
SANDSTONE OF MIDDLE AND LOWER COAL SERIES.
On the bluffs of the east fork of Grand river, at Gillaspy's Mill,
Livingston County, there is exposed 86 feet of buff and gray sand-
stone, including Nos. 65 and 69, of which 25 feet forms excellent
building material, mostly in thick layers.
In Lafayette County, near the mouth of " Terrebonne," orTabbo,
are thick beds of coarse buff and brown sandstone, generally soft ;
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY OF THE COAL-MEASURES. 143
but I have no doubt that excavations here would develop layers of
good building rock.
On Gen'l J. O. Shelby's land, near Aullville, are several sand-
stone quarries. Ledges three feet in thickness were observed ;
the indications are tolerably good. This is of the same geological
age as the rock at mouth of Terrebonne.
On W. T. Collins's land, one mile south of Brownsville, Saline
County, there is an excellent sandstone quarry, with probably at
least 25 feet of good quarry rock, and the total thickness of sand-
stone is about 50 feet. Some of the beds are four feet thick and
present a good working face. The rock is a chocolate-brown firm
sandstone, and lies near the base of the coal-measures. This sand-
stone is occasionally seen along the bluffs of Blackwater, for 5 or 6
miles south-west; it has sometimes a whitish shade. It is also
quarried at and near Clinton, Henry County. The quarry west of
Clinton appears thus :
No. I 4 feet drab sandstone, in layers of 2 to 6 inches.
No. 2 A layer of 2 feet.
No. 3 One of 2^ feet.
No. 4 6 feet of irregular layers of various thickness of sandstone.
The Clinton rock is ripple-marked, and uniformly of a drab color,
with sometimes green partings.
At Mrs. Suttle's quarry, east of Clinton, the quarry rock is 5^
feet thick, in 3 layers of 2 feet 9 inches, 2 feet, and 6 inches.
The rock is more brown than the Clinton rock ; in other respects it
is similar.
On Sugar creek, in Cass County, a buff-brown sandstone in good
thick beds has been quarried and used in the abutments of railroad
bridges over Grand river ; it is easy to work and quite substantial ;
it is probably of the same age as that of Berlin, Lafayette County,
and of Warrensburg. On Sugar creek it abounds in Sigillarice.
The sandstone quarries that have been worked most extensively
are those of Miami and Warrensburg.
Thick-bedded sandstone appears in the bluffs one mile above De
Witt, and from thence to one and a half miles above Miami Station.
It is generally buff or brown, except near the western terminus at
"White rock," where it is whitish with a faint blue shade. The
quarry rock above ground is 60 feet thick, mostly in a single bed,
with no sub-lines of stratification. Dark seams appear at one place,
144 GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
and a few indurated concretionary forms of blue sandstone are
sometimes interpolated ; otherwise the rock is easy to work and
good in all respects. It is gritty, and would make good grindstones.
Large quantities have been quarried and shipped on the railroad
during the past few years. The hard concretionary forms generally
contain many fossil plants, chiefly calamites and allied genera.
Just along the bluffs west the sandstone is replaced by sandy shales
abounding in many hard concretionary forms of sandstone.
The Warrensburg sandstone was spoken of in my report of last
year (see Chap. VI.) ; since that time the force of quarrymen and
facilities for getting out the rock have been increased. I consider
it one of the best quarries of Western Missouri.
At Brownsville there is quarried a tough, silicious rock in very
even flags, colored blue and drab variegated, and much used for
street-paving. It can be found east of the town in thin and thick
layers. I observed it 4 miles west and 2 to 4 miles south-west ; it
also has its equivalent in similar thin layers of flagstone lying over
the coal at Jordan's, 5 miles south of Clinton, Henry County.
Although of a different geological age, this flagstone closely
resembles that before noted from Nodaway County, and the flag-
stone of Osage City, Kansas. Near Jackson's Mill and Gilkerson's
Ford, in Henry County, we find \y 2 feet of whitish hard sandstone,
firm and gritty enough for whetstones or hard grindstones. A
similar bed, and probably of the same geological age, crops out in
the bluffs of Miami, Saline County ; at both places it contains re-
mains of Stigmaria.
Limestones of the Middle Coal-measures. On Judge W. T.
Wood's land, 6 miles south of Lexington, we find the following
rocks :
No. i 2 feet light-blue limestone with shaly partings.
No. 2 21 inches drab limestone with Chcetetes Milleporaceus.
No. 3 5 inches compact limestone.
No. 4 23 inches compact dull drab limestone with a faint green
tinge.
The above is the thickness of the respective layers ; it affords a
pretty good building material, and some of it is no doubt suscep-
tible of a good polish, and may also be hydraulic ; its geological
position is 15 to 20 feet above the Lexington coal.
At Charles Wiirster's, a few miles south of Bedford, Livingston
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY OF THE COAL-MEASURES 145
County, is a quarry of dark-blue limestone in two layers of 9 and
II inches respectively, and very even surface, it is jointed, contains
Fusulina aftdArckceocidaris and is probably equivalent to No. 55 f
the General Section, and admits of a fine polish. The abutments of
the bridge across Grand River, at Bedford, are constructed of it.
Hydraulic Limestones and others suitable for common Lime.
No. 112 A tolerably good rock for ordinary lime. Locality,
at Weston, and below as far as Parkville. Color, buff-gray.
No. 150 Occasionally in the bluffs a few miles above Weston,
at Block's Mill, and in the bluffs above to St. Joseph ; at Amazonia
good cement has been made from it ; near St. Joseph it has been
much used for lime. It is also found on Niagara Creek, One Hun-
dred and Two River, Andrew County, and at Island Branch,
Gentry County. General color, ash-blue.
No. 1 10 Blue limestone, may be a good lime-rock, and a portion
probably hydraulic. Locality, at Weston, and near Morrow's, in
Platte County.
No. 160 At Caldwell's quarry, one mile south of Savannah ;
this rock appears as if it might be hydraulic. It is 4^ feet thick at
this place. Color, a dull drab.
167 May be hydraulic. Locality where found was in Black
Cut, I mile south of Savannah, 2^ miles north-east, and on the
Missouri bluffs one mile above the mouth of Nodaway River. Color,
drab.
Nos. 206 and 209 may be good lime-rocks, and may sometimes
possess hydraulic properties. Locality, near Forest City, on
Nodaway River, Nodaway County, and near Bridgewater. Color,
dark ash-blue.
199 Would do for lime. Locality, neaV Forest City ; fine-
grained. Color, drab.
190 May be hydraulic. Locality, obtained at Kunkell's, Holt
County. Color, dark ash-blue.
184 May be hydraulic. Locality, below Forest City and at
Ohio Mills. Color, bluish-drab.
218 May be hydraulic. Locality, near Forest City and in Nod-
away County, at Quitman, on Florida Creek, Sand County ; the
lowest rock at King's Mill, Atchison County, occurring also near
Vangrudy's. Color, ash-blue.
201 Is probably hydraulic ; it occurs near Forest City, at Smith's
IO
146 GEOLOGY OF NORTH- WESTERN MISSOURI.
Mill, on Nodaway River and vicinity, and near Bridgewater ; it
is best seen on Dog Creek, near Bridgewater. Bluish-drab.
197 At the same localities as the last. It is probably hydraulic.
Bluish drab.
Drab limestone from Graham's Mill, Livingston County. It may
be hydraulic. Section 134-9.
Blue limestone from Collier's quarry, Livingston County. It may
be hydraulic. Section 147-3.
Good limestone for lime occurs at Isaac Miller's, \y 2 miles north-
west of Gentryville. Buff-gray.
The following limestones of Daviess County may be good for
lime or hydraulic cement :
Section 120-17 At Gallatin. Deep-blue, compact.
Section 120-19 Like the last. Same locality.
108-5 Similar to the last ; from Pattonsburgh.
108-1 Dark-blue limestone. Same locality as the last.
109-6 Ash-gray limestone. On Grand 'River, near the west line
of Daviess County.
104-1 Ash-colored fusulina limestone on Big Creek, below
Pattonsburgh.
120-15 Deep ash-colored limestone. Gallatin.
123-5 Ash-blue argillaceous limestone. On South Big Creek,
near Harmon's.
115-3 On Railroad, 2 miles south of Jameson. Ash-blue lime-
stone.
1 20-20 Gray limestone. At Gallatin.
102 Nos. I, 2 and 3. Will make lime. No. 3 is said to be good
for that purpose. Locality on a west branch of Sampson Creek,
north-west from Pattonsburgh, also in the vicinity of Grand River,
near the line of Gentry and Daviess Counties. Color, buff-gray.
1 10-2 Fine-grained, bright-brown, compact limestone ; may do
for lime. Gentry County, on the hill-tops, on the south side of
Grand River, near the east county line.
No. 98 Good for lime ; at Kansas City, Parkville and Independ-
ence.
No. 90 At Kansas City and Parkville ; may be hydraulic.
Section 1 52-8 On Grand River, Livingston County, near William
Leaton's. May be hydraulic. Hydraulic (?) limestone on William
Tyler's land, near Brunswick, Chariton County.
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY OF THE COAL-MEASURES. 147
162-6 Near Hardwick's Mill, Carroll County. Bluish-drab ;
probably hydraulic.
161-2 At Hardwick's Mill ; resembles the last named.
Section 169 Deep-blue limestone ; may be hydraulic. On Sher-
wood's land, west of Carrollton, Carroll County.
Section 175-4 Ash-blue limestone ; may be hydraulic ; 2 miles
north-east of Richmond ; similar rock at most of the coal-banks near
Richmond and Camden ; limestone under the coal at Lexington,
color ash-gray ; rough ; may be hydraulic. Section 15-11.
Section 28-2 4 miles above Waverley, Lafayette County, fine-
grained, bluish drab limestone, probably hydraulic.
Section 34-3 Dark ash-blue, shading to drab, probably hy-
draulic. Osborn's, near Aullville, Lafayette County.
At Mulky coal-mines, Lafayette County, ash-blue limestone, pro-
bably hydraulic. The limestone over the coal, on the land of Dr. G.
M. Britts and vicinity in Henry County, is probably hydraulic, and
also a fair building rock ; specimens are marked 62-3. This lime-
stone also overlies the coal 2^ miles west of Calhoun on the railroad.
12-12 Heavy, hard ash-blue, may be hydraulic ; Napoleon, La-
fayette County. A rough nodular drab limestone from near Knob-
noster, Johnson County ; may be hydraulic.
The above list includes many different strata, from near the top
almost to the base of the coal-measures. Some of them will make
pretty good common lime, others will make hydraulic lime or hy-
draulic cement. The proper experiments will prove what they may
be suitable for.
Mahan defines limes as follows : " Common or air-lime will air-
slake, or slake by having water poured over it, and will only harden
in the air. Hydraulic lime slakes thoroughly like common lime
when deprived of its carbonic acid, and does not harden promptly
under water. Hydraulic cement does not slake, and usually quickly
hardens under water. Fat limes give a paste which is unctuous to
the sight and touch ; meagre limes yield a thin paste. Common
limes are fat hydraulic limes are meagre ; but all meagre limes are
not hydraulic.
"The limestones which yield hydraulic limes and cements are
either argillaceous or magnesian, or argillo-magnesian. The
hydraulic energy differs according to the proportion of lime and
clay in their composition. It is necessary that a certain proportion
1 48 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URI.
of clay should enter into the composition of the limestone. These
rocks are generally some shade of drab, or of gray, or of dark
grayish-blue ; compact texture, fracture even or conchoidal, with
a clayey or earthy smell and taste."
Polishing rock. At Groomer's Mill, in Daviess County, I col-
lected a specimen of a light, somewhat porous, buff, silicious rock,
rather soft. A similar stone was collected between Cass and Jack-
son Counties, 3 miles west of Greenwood ; also at one mile north
of Greenwood and at a few miles north-west. It seems to occur
in strata several inches thick, and closely resembles the polishing
stone of Newton County, but is somewhat colored brown with
iron-rust, whereas the Newton County rock is a cream-color. Its
geological position is in No. 85.
Other rocks observed lying just "below the coal-measures.
At Miami and Brownsville, Saline County, are beds of gray lime-
stone of coarse texture, which will sometimes admit of a good polish,
and are excellent rocks for making lime. They belong, geologi-
cally, to the Encrinital limestone group.
Clays suitable for Fire-brick. These clays are often met with
in the coal-measures, and generally, although not always, may be
found just beneath the coal-beds. At Allen's coal-bank, in Noda-
way County, are 10 to 15 feet of clay, which has been made into
excellent brick for common building purposes. It is a smooth,
laminated, snuff-drab clay.
At Quitman, 2.y 2 feet smooth, light-drab clay.
No. 205 is 4 feet of olive-blue and dove-colored, a little rough,
with a very little sand in it ; it is found near Forest City, Oregon,
Smith's Mill and Bridgewater.
Section 78-3 At Vangundy's, Atchison County ; hard, fine
grained, olive-colored clay.
99-6 Isaac Miller's, Gentry County ; 4 feet of very smooth
olive clay.
No. 97 At Kansas City, thin laminae of dark-blue clay.
174-3 Ray County, 5 feet part red, part green.
174-5 3 feet green clay. Near east county line, Ray County.
157-8 Chariton County, 2 feet bluish-gray fire-clay; seems
quite pure. Under Linn's coal.
Section 155-18 5 feet blue and whitish clay, \y 2 miles north-
east of Little Compton, Carroll County.
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY OF THE COAL-MEASURES. 149
The clay under the Lexington coal seems generally a pure gray,
of variable thickness, 6 inches to 3 feet.
DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF PAINT-BEDS, CLAYS, ORES, &c.
OBSERVED IN COAL-MEASURES OF WESTERN MISSOURI, DURING THE YEAR
1872.
IRON ORES.
Iron pyrites occurs in numerous localities in every county ; most
of the coal contains it in the joints, and it is also found in the shales
adjacent, and most of the ash-blue limestone contains large quanti-
ties ; such limestones, although often appearing very well when first
quarried, will crack under the first winter's cold. A thick brown
crust is also generally formed on the exposed surfaces.
Brown and red hematite. In N. ^ of N. E. ^of N. E. ^ Sec-
tion 25, T. 43, R. 25, on the land of Laban Parks, one and a half
miles north of Calhoun, Henry County, are seen numerous bould-
ers or masses of a porous red oxide of iron strewn over the surface.
A pit dug there revealed 3 feet of red clay below the soil, contain-
ing numerous masses of iron ore. Beneath the iron ore are large
quantities of brown ochre. This deposit covers an area of over 5
acres. On the hillside north of the railroad at Calhoun is an outcrop
of one foot of a horizontal band of red sandy iron ore ; streak, red.
In the railroad cut at Calhoun is an outcrop of limestone, whose
interior shows a bluish ash-color, but which weathers with a thick
red crust of oxide of iron. A similar outcrop, 51^ inches thick, was
observed on the roadside a quarter of a mile west of Clinton. Two
and a half miles east of Calhoun we find from I ]/ 2 to 2 feet bed of iron
oxide concretions, and brown sandstone overlying a 3-foot coal-bed.
In Johnson County, near and at Knobnoster, are numerous iron
oxide concretions in sandstone ; also at Warrensburgh, as developed
in the railroad excavations at these places.
Similar concretionary forms occur in the sandstone on Grand
River, Carroll County, below the mouth of Hurricane Creek, and
are quite numerous in sandstone south of Nevada, Vernon County.
But at neither of these places have I found the ore sufficiently abun-
dant for working.
Soft ochre concretions, generally yellow or brown, often occur in
150 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
the shales of the coal-measures, and sometimes in considerable
quantities. They probably will only be useful for making ochre
paints.
SPATHIC ORES.
Under this head are found occasional lenticular bands of Iron ore
(carbonate] and Septaria. The latter is generally found in beds of
bituminous shales, and is often pyritiferous. Its color is dark-blue
or black, with a network of calcareous veins ramifying both from
near the centre and around the centre.
On the Marmaton, five miles north of Nevada and near the foot of
Brushy Mound, Vernon County, I observed several good bands of
carbonate of iron, very near to thick coal-beds. The bands are
about 4 inches thick. At Gilkerson's Ford, on Grand River, five
miles south of Clinton, Henry County, the shales contain tolerably
thick concretions of carbonate of iron, generally enclosing plant
remains, Ferns, cordaites, &c. Thick coal-beds also occur at this
place. The iron ore weathers red, is ash-colored within, streak gray
or brownish-gray.
At Jackson's Mill, Henry County, a 6 inch bed of carbonate and
sulphuret of iron rests on a 9-inch pyritiferous rock. On the creek,
three miles east of Clinton, Henry County, are lenticular and con-
cretionary masses of carbonate of iron, in some places a foot thick,
and in concretionary forms I to 3 feet long.
Thin layers of carbonate of iron occur in the shales near
Windsor, but in insufficient quantities to work.
In Carroll County, three miles above White Rock, are 7 feet of
shales, with concretionary beds of iron ore, which, near the upper
part, are ochrey, with carbonates ; the lower 6 inches has some
septaria concretions. The carbonate is bluish to snuff-colored, with
gray or chocolate-colored streak. Some of the ochre is soft-brown,
banded. Fossils occur, including Disema, Lingula and Productus
Prattenianus.
On Grand River, near Little Compton, Carroll County, several
layers of carbonate of iron are exposed in the bluffs, thus :
Section 155.' No. I Shales, with sandstones and limestones
above them.
13 4^ feet dark -blue shales with yellow streaks.
14 10 feet shales.
15 i foot 6 inches very dark-blue shales.
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY OF THE COAL-MEASURES. 151
16 I foot layers ofiron-stone with shaly partings.
1720 inches dark shales.
1 8 5 feet white and blue clay.
19 4 feet shales and sandy iron-stone.
20 4 inches brown, weathering to dark-brown, carbonate of iron
ore : streak, chocolate-brown, to the water in Grand River.
FIG. 57.
SECTION 155.
ON GR.AND (OVER., NEAa L.COMPTEN v CAR.ROLL CO .
Several of the above-named localities contain a good quality of
iron ore, in sufficient quantities to mine and ship off to mix with other
ores, but not enough to pay for constructing and operating furnaces
in their vicinity.
One and a quarter miles south of Princeton, Mercer County, is a
4-inch bed of carbonate of iron ; fracture, dark grayish-blue ; streak
gray ; outer crust brown, with streak chocolate-brown ; occurs in
lenticular forms in the shales of 73 of General Section.
This may prove a band of some value. Near Winston (one mile
west), observed a 2 to 4-inch band of carbonate of iron, color blue,
weathering to dirty drab with gray streak. Its position is just over
coal No. 123 of General Section.
The shale-beds at Weston, 4 miles below and 3 miles above, con-
tain many concretions of carbonate of iron, including many of
septaria. Specimens collected four miles below are bluish-brown
1 52 GEOLOGY OF NORTH- WESTERN MISSOURI.
within, weathering brown; streak, chocolate-brown. At Weston
are bright-brown concretionary beds with brown streak, mostly
from No. 125, but some from a higher position. Three miles above
Weston are found many loose fragments and concretions of carbon-
ate of iron, which seem to occur in considerable quantity, but were
so covered with shaly debris that it was impossible to arrive at any
correct conclusion as to whether there was enough to search after.
The ore at this place seems to originate from Nos. 125, 127 and
136. A very pretty specimen of septaria was obtained here; its
streak is light chocolate-brown ; it is traversed by deep flesh-col-
ored heavy-spar veins. Above Jatan septaria 2 inches in diameter
weather out from shales of the same geological horizon as those at
Weston ; color dark-brown weathering red ; streak chocolate-brown ;
ramified by veins of red heavy-spar and white calcite.
At City Bluffs, on Nodaway River, Nodaway County, are con-
cretionary beds of septaria / inches in diameter, ramified by
numerous calcite veins.
No. 220 contains an apparently good bed of grayish-blue spathic
iron, streak light-gray. It is about 4 inches thick and occurs at the
lower part of 220. This is found from one mile below Forest City
4:o about a mile and a half above. It is also found at Quitman,
Nodaway County, and at other places in that vicinity, and at Allen's
coal-bank in the north part of Nodaway County. At the latter place
it is fibrous, the fibres being perpendicular to the plane of the
limestone bed, 2 inches thick and resting on the limestone.
Similar fibrous mineral occurs at the top of No. 188, in thickness
2 to 4 inches, sometimes in the form of cone-in-cone. Fibrous car-
bonates are also found associated with No. 152, both at the top and
bottom.
The report on the Coal-measures near the Pacific Railroad, written
last winter, contains an account of the carbonate of iron beds on
Clear Fork and Walnut Creek, and the ochre beds at and near
Knobnoster ; all valuable deposits.
Extensive deposits of brown hematite were observed at several
places near Brownville, in Saline County, occupying the horizon of
the chert-beds at the top of the lower carboniferous rocks.
Paint Stuffs Red Ochre Clays. At C. McGuilliam's Mill, Holt
County, is a 2-feet bed of rough-feeling red clay which colors brick-
red.
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY OF THE COAL-MEASURES. 153
At Amazonia, and better developed one mile north on the
Savannah road, is 4 feet of smooth, deep brick-red clay. Its geo-
logical position is No. 139 of the Gen. Sec. It is seen on the
Rochester road, three miles east of Savannah ; below St. Joseph
one mile, and also at 12 miles, near Block's Mills, and three miles
above Weston, and 5 feet thick on Island Branch, Gentry County,
I consider it valuable as a paint clay.
No. 130 also contains a red ochre; it is found one mile below
St. Joseph. These beds are doubtless continuous for many miles,
and may be found at most intermediate points between their distant
outcrops.
On South Big Creek, Daviess County, five miles west of Gallatin,
there is exposed 2^ feet of thinly laminated, smooth red clay. At
Trenton, Grundy County, we find one foot of bright, deep-red clay.
Probably of similar geological age to the last, is that at Collier's
Mill and vicinity. At the mill, in 6^ feet of shaly slope, is exposed
an outcrop of red clay ; stains a deep red. In the same neighbor-
hood, on W. y^, of the S. W. quarter, Section 29, T. 58, R. 22, is
a paler red shale.
Another seam of red clay is also sometimes found below No. 96,
which is said to make an excellent " fire-proof paint." It occurs
near Hickman's Mills, in Jackson County, also at Independence
Landing, east of Liberty, and near Parkville.
Six miles south of Lexington, on the Greenton road, is I foot
outcrop of deep-red clay shale. The same bed was observed at
Missouri City, Clay County, in the bluff above the town and in the
road at Hunt's Mill, Jackson County, where it is 2 feet thick. It
would form a good material for dark-red paint. Its geological po-
sition is about 5 feet below No. 74 of the General Section.
About 50 feet above the Lexington coal we find, in Lafayette and
Ray Counties, about 5 or 6 feet of light-red shales streaked with
green. This was observed at Lexington, at several places near
Richmond, and on the Missouri bluffs, near the east county line of
Ray County. Its geological position is about No. 60 of the Middle
and Lower Coal Section.
Another purplish-red band occurs in No. 66. At Strasburgh,
Cass County, it is intercalated with 10 feet of olive shales. It was
also seen on Blackwater, in the west part of Johnson County.
The same bed of red clay shales was also observed one mile south-
154 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
east of Oak Grove, near the line of Jackson and Lafayette Counties.
This bed is sometimes too sandy for a paint, but when found as a pure
clay would make a good dark-red paint. About 1 5 feet below the
Lexington coal-bed we also find, at Lexington and on the Little
Sniabar, about 5 feet of light-red shales, which may sometimes
answer the purpose of a light-red ochre.
In the above list are included ten different red-ochre beds as ob-
served at 26 different localities, making an aggregate thickness of from
30 to 35 feet. I have not tested them with oil, but find that most
of them will, when mixed with water, stain a dark, pretty red ; a
color very suitable for painting station-houses, cars and barns.
None of the above-named beds have as yet been practically used,
yet we see that we have inexhaustible supplies.
Yellow Ochres.
In my Report on the country adjacent to the Pacific Railroad will
be found a notice of the ochre beds of Knobnoster and vicinity,
which are by far the most important yellow ochres in Western Mis-
souri ; other localities are the following :
At Rockport, Atchison County, we find 15 inches of blue and
olive shales, mostly banded olive and yellow, with but few laminae of
blue.
Near Milton, Atchison County, I observed i^ feet of bright yel-
low ochre; in the bed it has more of an olive tinge, but stains bright
yellow ; it is overlaid by a lO-inch band of soft yellow limestone
and is underlaid by 4 inches to one foot of red shales. In Platte
County, a quarter of a mile above Farley, I observed 4 to 8 inches
of a rough yellow ochre just beneath No. 108.
A mile west of Winston, Daviess County, No. 121 is found to
contain a one-foot intercalated bed of rough, brownish yellow
ochre, which is probably calcareous.
On the banks of Big Creek, below Pattonsburgh, Daviess County,
we find 3 feet of bright yellow ochre mixed with nodules of limestone ;
its geological position is just below No. 78 of the General Section.
On Luther Collier's land, near Collier's Mill, Livingston County,
a shaft for coal exposes the following :
No. i 10 feet clay.
2 10 feet thinly laminated blue and buff clay shales with bands
of yellow ochre.
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY OF THE COAL-MEASURES. 155
3 4 inches yellow ochre ; shade bright.
At William Leaton's, on Grand River, near the south line of Liv-
ingston County, is 6 inches brown ochre, full of selenite crystals ;
shade bright yellow.
At Herriman's, 4 miles south of Chillicothe, is a deep olive-yellow
ochre, shading to amber-colored clay.
In Carroll County, a quarter of a mile west of Hardwick's Mill,
is an outcrop of shales, mostly blue wi h yellow ochre bands, yel-
low predominating near the lower part. The yellow is smooth, soft,
and of a bright shade.
At Rocky Ford, on Waconda River, near the west line of Carroll
County, are 4 feet of mostly yellow ochre shales interlaminated with
blue ; shade a bright yellow.
In Kansas City is found 2 to 3 feet of yellow ochrey clay just over-
lying No. 87. It is probably calcareous, but shades to a bright
yellow.
In the railroad cut, I ^ miles east of Aullville, Lafayette County,
the Lexington coal is overlaid by 5 inches of bright yellow sandy
ochre. On the creek 3 miles east of Clinton, Henry County, I ob-
served one foot of clay with yellow ochre.
At Brownsville, Saline County, we find on the horizon of the
chert-beds which occupy the upper part of the lower carboniferous
rocks at this place, patches of deep brick-red and smooth, bright
yellow ochre. These beds seem to be exposed at most places where
openings have been made in the ravines. We may estimate the
beds as at least one foot in thickness.
ZINC.
Sulphuret of zinc was often observed contained in the interior of
concretions of Septaria. Beautiful examples of this were obtained in
a carbonaceous rock on Sugar Creek, Buchanan County, near Platte
County line. At Hughes' mines, near Richmond, in Ray County,
sulphuret of zinc occurs in the limestone overlying the coal. Minute
crystals were observed associated with carbonate of lime in the in-
terior of a fossil near Forest City.
On Dog Creek, Nodaway County, it was found in calcite veins in
limestone No. 196 ; in concretions of carbonate of iron, at Gilker
son Ford, on Grand River, Henry County ; in similar concretions a
156 GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTER]**, MISSOURI.
Williamson's coal-mines near Windsor, Henry County. Small crys-
tals were seen in limestone No. 80 at Amo's, Jackson County.
Beautiful crystals of Aragonite were obtained on the Greenton
road, six miles south of Lexington, attached to limestone No. 74.
Gypsum. Crystals of selenite were found in a 2-feet clay bed on
Grand River, Trenton, Grundy County, also in a similar position on
Grand River in the north-east part of Carroll County ; and near Mr.
Elijah Cook's, Johnson County, they were found diffused throughout
5 feet of shales.
CHAPTER VI.
GEOLOGICAL REPORT ON THE COUNTRY ADJACENT TO
THE PACIFIC RAILROAD, FROM SEDALIA TO
KANSAS CITY.
PREFATORY REMARKS.
THE following report is the result of examinations made mostly
in October and November, 1871, with a view to obtain a horizontal
section of the rocks, between the places above named, connecting
the lower carboniferous, and the lower and upper coal-measures.
The observations were confined mostly to within from 4 to 10 miles
of the railroad. That part included between Pleasant Hill and
Kansas City is mainly compiled from personal observations made at
various times within the past few years.
Pettis County, west of Sedalia. The lowest observed rock I
refer to the age of the 1st Magnesian limestone.* The next more
recent has been known as the Cooper marble, and I shall so dis-
tinguish it in this report. Still above, we have a part of the group
known in Prof. Hall's and Prof. Swallow's Reports of Western
Geology as the " Chemung ; " in the Illinois reports of Worthen
and Meek, and the Iowa reports of White and St. John, as the
" Kinderhook Group." This is only represented near Sedalia by
the Chouteau limestone of Prof. Swallow. Above this we find a
part of the lower, and then of the upper carboniferous.
In the north-west corner of Section 12, T. 45, R. 23, is exposed
five feet of buff and drab 1st Magnesian limestone containing
chert. Above this and resting on it is five feet of close-grained drab
magnesian limestone, part of it dark bluish gray with particles of
calcite ; this rock I suppose to be the equivalent of the Cooper
marble.
* Missouri Geol. Surv. Second Annual Rep.
I 58 GEOLOGY OF NORTH- WESTERN MISSOURI.
Lying in the creek and in near proximity to the lower limestone-
beds, and on the same horizon, is a mass of coarse sandstone, whose
proper geological horizon I could not determine with certainty, but
I presume that it has been deposited in a valley of erosion subse-
quent to the above-named limestones. Chert occurs on the hills
above. North of this, on Big Muddy, are found rocks of more
recent formation, showing a dip northward. Lower down-stream
the Chouteau limestone is found, and two and a half miles south-east
of Dresden it is found near the hill-top, with older rocks below. At
this place the
1st Magnesian Limestone
rises 34 feet above the water, and is well marked. Its general
color is buff, and it contains some whitish and gray chert and a few
red bands. I collected a (local) specimen, of a beautiful pink color,
coarsely crystalline, with some pearly crystals which seem to be
dolomite.
Resting on the Magnesian limestone at this place we find the
Cooper Marble.
Of this there is nine to fourteen feet of a compact drab limestone,
clouded with slightly darker shades, and containing specks of cal-
cite. At one place it is a very uniform drab, with many minute
specks of calcite disseminated. No fossils were observed by which
to identify its correct geological age. The rock below it undoubt-
edly belongs to the 1st Magnesian limestone, and it is capped by
14 feet of Chouteau limestone. The hill is 97 feet high.
The rocks here seem to occupy a low anticlinal axis. For two
miles up-stream the Chouteau limestone is at the water-edge, and
four miles down-stream 3 feet of Cooper marble is seen at the base
of the hill. At the latter place it is a fine-grained drab limestone,
traversed by minute veins and specks of magnesian carbonate of
lime, and admits of a fine polish.
Chouteau Limestone.
On the bluffs of the Muddy, in centre of Sec. 19, T. 46, R. 21, we
have :
No. I 15 feet slope from hill-top.
2 15 feet cherty slope.
GEOLOGY FROM SEDALIA TO KANSAS CITY. 159
3 52 feet of dull drab compact limestone, with concretions of
chert and compact quartz, with a bed of bluish-drab subcrystal-
line limestone near the upper part, in which occur a few fossils.
4 32 feet of dove and drab-colored limestone, with some veins
and concretions of calcite.
5 3 feet Cooper marble.
In the above descriptive section we have 84 feet of undoubted
Chouteau limestone, with 15 feet of cherty slope above, which lat-
ter may probably be also referred to this group ; this would make
99 feet of Chouteau limestone, which is probably its greatest thick-
ness in this vicinity. In No. 3, Bryozoa (probably Gorgonia)
abounds throughout its upper beds. Other fossils obtained were
Spirifer Marionensis, CJwnetes ornata, two small species of spiny
Producti, Spirifer lineatus, a Terebratula, Pernopecten (Entoliuni),
S/inuiardana, and a small Ortliis. In the lower beds are fucoidal
remains.
These strata prevail for two miles north of Sedalia. On ex-
posure they become of a drab color. Some of the chert is beauti-
fully variegated white and dove-colored, and is traversed by minute
calcite veins. Bryozoans are diffused throughout.
RJiyncJionella Cooperensis and Spirifer Marionensis are occasion-*
ally found. I also obtained a small univalve, which may probably
be a Murchisonia.
Chert, limestone and buff shales are sometimes interstratified.
Quarries of thick-bedded, compact bluish-drab limestone are
opened at several places on the Sedalia and Georgetown road. At
one of these I observed several vertical cracks or joints. One ex-
hibited a vertical length of 15 feet, the adjacent rock closely
appressed, yet there was a well-marked weathered band a foot in
width on each side of the crack.
North of Georgetown, at the railroad bridge on the Muddy, the
Chouteau beds appear in the creek, and for about 25 feet up the
bluffs, of a compact, dark, uneven drab color, containing concre-
tionary and other forms of calcite sparingly diffused. Following up
the Little Muddy for several miles, we find from 3 to 15 feet of the
upper Chouteau beds exposed along the bluffs, mostly free from
chert, and in thick, even strata, with but few fossils, only remains of
Bryozoans, and rarely Spirifer Marionensis, with an occasional cal-
cite concretion.
1 60 GEOLOC Y OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
Within two miles of Dresden this group disappears beneath the,
Burlington beds.
South of Dresden the Chouteau limestone is found in the ravines
and on the bluffs of the Muddy. I here obtained a fossil which I
am inclined to refer to Poteriocriuus Meckianns of Shumard. Two
and a half miles south-west of Dresden I obtained from the top beds
a Euomplialus, a ZapJirentis and a Ckemnitzia(t).
BURLINGTON LIMESTONE.
This is the next group seen in the ascending order.
The lower strata, formed of a coarse, buff, brown and gray, close-
grained limestone, appear on a branch 2^/ 2 miles south-west of
Dresden ; the lower 2 feet, a whitish-gray, close-grained limestone,
reposes directly on the Chouteau limestone. In the brown beds we
obtained Euomplialus latits, Spirifer , Ortlds Mitchcllini and
remains of Crinoidece.
On the Little Muddy, 2 miles north-east of Dresden, we have, 1st,
20 feet of gray limestone, the upper part white, middle brown, some-
what shelly, with many Crinoid stems, the lower part fine-grained
and suture-jointed. ZapJirentis ? is found near the middle and Spiri-
f er in the lower part. Below this there is 20 feet slope to the
creek, in which I observed the Chouteau limestone. One mile
further down the stream the Section is thus :
I 10 feet cherty slope.
2 29 feet mostly coarse gray, shelly, crinoidal limestone.
3 9 feet thick beds of gray limestone, inclining to buff.
4 8 feet Chouteau limestone.
The railroad excavations near Georgetown show, ist, soil ; 2d,
chert ; mostly irregularly arranged ; much of it tumbled in with
red clay.
3 8 feet yellowish shaly sandstone, with chert concretions.
4 4 feet gray limestone, with many Crinoid stems, and inter-
stratified with red clay.
5 3 feet rough concretionary chert-bed, with buff shaly partings ;
is interstratified with brown limestone which contains chert concre-
tions.
6 Coarse crystalline bluish-gray limestone, with ZapJirentis
centralis, Orthis Sivallovi, Or. Mitchellini, Or. Mitcliellini, var.
Burlingtonensis, Spirifer Grimesii, &c.
GEOLOGY FROM SEDALIA TO KANSAS CITY.
161
In the railroad cut on the north side of the Muddy similar beds
appear, abounding in Crinoidete. The strata here are much broken,
as appears from the following sketch .-
Fig. 5 s.
WITKREO ILIMEJCMERT! TUMBLED ; OREEN CLAY | GRAY ; HfAVY :CLA
SECTION IN R. *.. CUT t MILE N. OF GEORGETOWN
PETTIS CO .
Gray limestone with crinoidal remains is found in the creek north
of Dresden. I also obtained here Productus Flemingii, var. Bur-
lingtonensis. The Burlington beds in this vicinity are not over 50
feet in thickness.
CHERT-BEDS.
Above the Burlington beds, just described, are found loose de-
posits of chert, nowhere seen in regular strata in place, but in large
tumbled masses, evidently very close to their place of deposit. In
the creek north of Dresden were obtained the following fossils, viz. :
Hemipronites umbraculum, Chonetes Shumardana, Spirifer (like
Sp. Lcidyi), Spirifer (near Forbesii), the pygidium of a Phillipsia,
2 species of Capulus and Archimedes.
These chert-beds may be 20 feet thick. Above them is found 15
to 20 feet of clay, mostly olive or white, sometimes slightly red
tinged. There was no guide by which I could determine the proper
geological horizon o these clay beds. They are evidently near the
top of the lower carboniferous rocks. Masses of chert were some-
times seen lying above, but these are evidently the result of local-
drift agency. The value of the clay is economically important, for
it is very much used in making pottery. Important beds of these
clays occur on and near Little Muddy, north of Dresden, and two
and a half miles south-west of Dresden.
II
162 GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
SANDSTONE.
In the railroad cut west of Muddy we have :
I 15 feet soil and clays.
2 6 feet cherty beds.
34 feet buff inclining to drab micaceous sandstone. South of
Lamonte two miles, this sandstone is seen about 20 feet in thick-
ness.
A summary of the above would indicate :
i Sandstone .' 20 feet.
2 Chert and clays 30 "
3 Burlington limestone 5 "
4 Chouteau do 99 "
5 Cooper marble 14 "
6 First magnesian limestone 34 "
Total 247 feet of rocks below the
COAL MEASURES.
In my examinations in Pettis County sufficient data were not
obtained to construct a complete section. More extended observa-
tions to the north-west might disclose the proper connecting links.
A short distance on the south side of the Pacific Railroad, about
one and a half miles west of Sedalia, a patch of coal was noted
occupying a shallow depression in the Chouteau limestone. Its
proper thickness could not be obtained. Some work has formerly
been done here, but at present the pit is filled up.
In the S. W. % of the S. W. ^ Sec. 10, T. 45, R- 22, there is a
similar coal deposit on the land of Harrison Haley. The pits were
full of water and no coal could be seen, but from the present appear-
ances the deposit seems rather irregular, thinning out eastwardly
down the branch and thickening to the west. Chouteau limestone
appears in the branch just below the eastern outcrop ; and 175 feet
west it is 20 feet below the surface, and the coal (according to Mr.
Haley) is 20 feet thick. The coal is of a dull black color, and has,
intercalated, a good deal of iron pyrites. A species of calamite was
obtained from the coal.
In the adjoining forty-acre tract north, being the N. W. ^ f the
S. W. y Sec. 10, T. 45, R. 22, on the land of G. W. Ewers, are
beds of coal-measure rocks in which a shaft was being sunk, of which
GEOLOGY FROM SEDALIA TO KANSAS CITY. 163
the following Section was obtained from the workmen. I would
state that it was partly verified by the specimens collected :
i 6 feet clay and local drift.
2 3 feet dark laminated clay.
3 4 feet soft, light gray sandstone.
4 6 feet dark sandy shale.
5 2 feet sandy pyritiferous beds.
6 2^/2 feet black slate.
7 6 inches black slate, containing impressions and remains of
plants, including Cordaitcs, Ferns, Lepidostrobus ? and crystals of
iron pyrites.
8 4 feet soft gray sandy bed, passing from a shale to a sandy
conglomerate.
9 i foot 3 inches pyritiferous bed.
10 Bituminous coal.
This shaft is located on a hillside at the edge of a ravine sloping
15 to 20 S. E. Seventy-five feet S. E. a pit was sunk 16 feet to
coal, and 50 feet further east the coal is 4 feet below the surface.
The workmen informed me that they drilled 8 feet into the coal
without passing through it. Chert is found strewn on the hilltop
above. It may be that this bed connects with Haley's, but it is on
much higher ground. The area of extent could only be determined
by borings. It may yet be found at other places in this vicinity.
The above, although true coal-beds, are not connected with the
main regular fields. We come next to speak of these.
At Monroe Thompson's in S. E. % of the N. E. ^ Sec. 8, T. 46,
R. 22, there is about two feet of bituminous coal covered with dark
semi-bituminous shales, which are sometimes variegated and often
pyritiferous. The coal also contains some iron pyrites and has a
blue and buff underclay. Brown shales appear above the overlying
dark shales. A quarter of a mile west we find 10 feet of drab and
yellow ochrey shales, some of which are slightly purple-tinged ;
beneath, are a few feet of shaly sandstone with thin coal laminae.*
Coal is found in the creek at Whitfield's, 4 miles north of Lamonte,
overlaid by dark blue clay shales containing Stigmaria ficoides. A
half mile west we have
* Eastward, a half mile down the creek, is an outcrop of sandstone, which is probably
lower carboniferous. Thompson's coal must therefore be about the lower part of the coal
series.
1 64 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
I Sandstone with lower slope of 10 feet.
2 Dark shales.
3 Bituminous shales.
4 4 inches yellow ochrey shales.
5 10 inches semi-bituminous shale.
South, one mile up the creek, at A. B. Gardner's, we observed
i 5 feet of fine-grained ferruginous sandstone, some of it red-
stained.
22 feet dove-colored fire-clay.
3 i foot coal, containing a portion of a peculiar-looking unde-
scribed plant, the surface of which is covered with iron pyrites.
A half-mile further south, at Gardner's well, I obtained from a
gray sandstone, portions of large-sized trunks of trees ; one fragment
41/2 inches in diameter, with the appearance of a central axis or pith
about y^ of an inch in diameter surrounded by a ^ inch band.
Another similar but smaller specimen shows an elliptic cross-section
!^ x y& inch, having also a small central axis with exterior bands
surface black. It is with doubt that I refer these plants to the genus
Caulopteris. Other specimens were here obtained, consisting of
Cordaites, carbonaceous remains and fragments of coal sparingly
diffused through the sandstone.
At Wood Ray's, two miles west, is
i 6 feet light-brown sandstone with remains of Sigillaria, Cala-
mites and Cordaites.
2 S% f ee t thinly laminated clay shales with dark, dull-blue, irre-
gular shaped pyritiferous nodules.
3 6 inches bituminous shales with many remains of Solenomya
radiata and Lingula.
4 Bituminous coal.
A half-mile north-east Cordaites and ferns are quite abundant in
clay shales. Coal lies just below.
At Sol. Sandridge's, 3 miles N. W. of Lamonte
i Sandy shaly slope.
2 i foot of bituminous coal.
3 Thin laminae of bituminous shale with remains of plants.
4 4 feet light-gray fire-clay, slightly sandy.
5 3 feet dark ash-blue sandy shales.
62 feet dark-blue fire clay thin laminae with remains of plants.
A, miarter of a mil^ ^n= f a 3 foot bed of coal is said to have been
GEOLOGY FROM SEDALIA TO KANSAS CITY.
I6 5
found, in digging a well. In the adjacent ravine are found tumbled
masses of bluish drab limestone and septaria.
The most important coal mines observed in the county were
those of Newport and Westlake, near the Pacific Railroad, about
half-way from Dresden to Lamonte. The two shafts are on differ-
ent tracts, about 100 yards apart, and represent the same bed.
The Newport shaft is about 35 feet deep, and sunk on the hill-
side. The foot of the- hill is about 20 feet below the top of the
shaft. The coal is 2' 3" to 2' 6" in thickness. The Westlake shaft
is not so deep, being sunk on lower ground. I had not an op-
portunity of going into these shafts, but the Westlake coal was
reported to be thicker than the Newport. The specimens of coal
seemed of good quality hard, black, and brilliant, jointed, with
calcite plates between the joints, and carbonaceous matter occasion-
ally between the laminae ; it contains some iron pyrites. Overlying
the coal is a thin stratum of bituminous shale, from which I obtained
a fragment of a plant, with round scars on the surface arranged in
a regular quadrilateral form, about six-eighths of an inch from
centre to centre. A section of rocks here would appear about
thus :
I 16 feet of sandstone and shales.
2 15 to 20 feet mostly argillaceous shales.
3 Bituminous coal.
The following is an analysis of these coals by Mr. Chauvenet :
Newport.
Water 3.95
Volatile 33. 10
F. Carbon 46.26
Ash 16.69
Color of ash , Red
Sulphur 4.406
Sp-gr 1.347
Total Carbon
Total Hydrogen
Nitrogen,
Westlake.
4-47
39-19
51-73
4.6l
Gray
2.67
I.3I9
69.27
ist trial 5.49
2d trial 5.52
Cokes well, and is a
good gas coal.
1 66 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
A 3 feet bed of coal'(probably the same as the Newport stratum)
was reported to have been passed through in digging wells at
several places near Lamonte, viz. : 2 miles south, and 2 and 3
miles west and north-west. Sandstone was reached at 15 feet depth,
in the well at Lamonte ; it is also found at i and 2 miles north-west,
which would indicate its thickness to be as much as 35 feet, and
probably even 50 feet. This is undoubtedly the same sandstone
which was observed at A. B. Gardner's.
West of Pettis County.
In the construction of the following Section, difficulties were en-
countered in connecting the various beds. I had made about
30 sections, extending six miles north and ten miles south of
Knob Noster, before I could connect No. 8 with No. 30. Below
No. 4 I am not altogether certain of having reached the base
of the series ; I have only 22 feet. There may be from 10 to 20
feet more, mostly clay or shales. Again, the connection of 24 with
40 was found at only one place, No. 40 cropping out in the bluff
on one side of a stream, and No. 24 across on the other side ; but I
think I obtained about the proper distance between. Above No.
40 we find, at Warrensburgh, a great thickness of sandstone, with
no apparent intervening beds, whereas on the Blackwater, near
Hammond's Ford, there is a calcareous bed about the middle, rest-
ing on a thin bed of coal, and in place of sandstone mostly shales.
On the Post Oak, near McClellan's, we find sandy shales above No.
40, and extending up to No. 43, and of much less thickness than is
reported to be in the Warrensburg well.
The shale-beds between the limestones, included from No. 50 to
No. 59, are of variable thickness. From No. 64 to No. 71 was
obtained from elevations along the Pacific Railroad, near Strasburgh.
Above No. 71 there was no trouble in making the connections, nor
was there any in recognizing the various beds.
The following is the General Section, numbering from the base
upward, including the lowest rock on Clear Fork and the highest at
Kansas City :
GEOLOGY FROM SEDALIA TO KANSAS CITY.
I6 7
No.
Ft.
In.
Total.
Description.
Locality.
Ft.
In.
9 8
30
731
6
Limestone, gray or bluish drab, mottled.
Kansas City and Independ-
ence.
97
26
701
6
Shales.
do. do.
96
6
675
6
Limestone, large Productus.
do. do.
9?
i
6
669
6
Olive clay shales.
Kansas City.
94
2
668
Dark blue shales.
do.
93
I
4
666
Bluish drab.
do.
92
IO
664
8
Dull blue argillaceous limestone.
do.
9i
6
663 10
Buff and olive shales.
do.
90
6
657 10
Limestone, with Campophyllum.
do.
89
3
651 10
Blue and olive shales.
do.
88
2
648^0
Nodular and buff shales.
do.
87
2O
646 10
Limestone, upper oolitic.
Kansas City and Liberty.
86
2O
626 10
Shales.
S
16
606
IO
Deep blue limestone, blue chert and
Kansas City, Independence,
shales.
Liberty ; Pleasant Hill,
the top rock.
84
4
59
IO
2 to 4 feet marble bed.
Kansas City and Pleasant
Hill.
83
10
586
IO
Irregularly bedded limestone.
Kansas City, Pleasant Hill,
Greenwood.
82
i
6
576
4
Blue and brown limestone.
Pleasant Hill.
81
7
574
IO
Blue and bituminous shales.
Pleasant Hill and Green-
wood.
80
2
567
10
Fine-grained drab limestone.
Pleasant Hill.
79
4
565
IO
Oolitic limestone.
Pleasant Hill and Green-
wood.
78
12
56i
IO
Shelly gray limestone. (No. 166, or
Pleasant Hill, Greenwood,
Bethany Falls limestone, of my Mo.
Kansas City, Lone Jack,
River Sec.)
Chapel Hill, Greenton,
Pink Hill, Owens' Land-
ing, Randolph, and at
Gallatin, Davis County,
and Bethany, Harrison
Co., etc.
77
6
549
IO
Shales.
76
I
6
543 I0
Argillaceous limestone, fucoidal.
Pleasant Hill and Green
wood.
75
4
542
4
Shales.
74
4
538
4
Gray crinoidal limestone.
Pleasant Hill and E. Linn,
Cass Co.
73
534
4
Pleasant Hill and Amos,
Jackson Co.
72
H
532
10
Clay shales, or porous sandstone.
E. of Pleasant Hill.
7i
i
518 10
Sandy limestone.
Pleasant Hill.
70
i
6
5i7
10
Calcareous sandstone ; 3 inches coal Harrisonville, Pleasant Hil"
just below.
Mo. City, Amos.
69
35
5i6
4
Sandy shales.
68
A few inches of coal.
Near P. R. R., Cass aia
Johnson Co. line.
67
15
481
4
Clay shales.
66
4
469
4
Buff sandstone.
Top of hill E. and W. of
Lucas.
65
45
465
4
45 to 55 feet sandstone and shales.
Homes quarry and West.
64
2
420
4
Limestone, with charlites.
Lucas, Big Creek, and Bl.
Water.
63
7
418
4
Marly shales and limestone nodules.
do. do.
62
10
4"
4
Olive and purple shales.
do. do.
i68
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
No.
Ft.
In.
Total.
Description.
Locality.
Ft.
In.
6l
22
401
4
Sandy shales and shaly sandstone.
Lucas and Holclen, and
Blackwater, 6 miles N. of
60
Holden.
59
I
379
4
Hoi den coal.
Holden, Georges, Brush
Cr., and Blackwater.
58
6
378
4
Shales.
57
2
'372
4
Meekella limestone.
Holden.
56
9
1370
4
Shales.
55
6
361
4
Limestone. Archceocidaris, Fnsulina,
Pin Oak, Lexington, and
and Ckatetes.
Carbon Hill.
54
H
355
4
Sandstone.
53
7
34i
4
Shales and clay.
52
9
334
4
4 to 9 feet limestone.
Lexington, Sniabar, Black-
water.
51
H
3 2 5
4
Shales and thin beds of limestone.
50
5
311
4
4 to 8 feet limestone.
Lexington, Sniabar, Black-
water, and McClellan's.
49
i
306
4
Yellow calcareous shale.
Brush Creek and Blackwa-
ter.
48
i
3^5
4
Blue fossiliferous shales.
47
3
i34
4
Allorisma limestone.
Brush Creek.
46
7
2
301
4
Bituminous shales.
45
5
294; 2
5 to 18 inches hard slaty coal.
McClellan's and Tapscott's.
44
i
6
2 94| 7
i^ to 2| feet coal Lexington.
McClellan's & Blackwater.
43
3
293 i
Soft black shale.
42
9
290, i
: 6o to 90? feet sandy shales and sand-
stone, with coal in middle.
4i
i
200
i
Nodular limestone.
40
4
199
i
Limestone.
Near Warrensburgh.
39
10
!95
i
Dark clay shales.
38
2
194
3
Bituminous shales.
37
2
6
192
3
Blue shales.
36
2
3
189
9
Light blue clay shales.
35
I
6
187
6
Warrensburgh coal.
do.
34
2
1 86
Fire clay.
33
50
184
Sandy shales.
Knob Noster and Carbon
Hill.
3 2
7
X 34
; Shaly coal.
3 1
J 3
133
5
Sandy and clay shales.
30
3
1 20
5
Fossiliferous shales and clay ironstone.
Near Knob Noster and 6
29
6
117
5
Bituminous limestone.
miles north on Walnut
28
i
116
ii
o to 2 feet bituminous shales.
Creek, and six miles S. W.
27
i
8
"5
"
'I foot to 20 inches coal.
Knob Noster, Langston's,
26
4
114
3
Fire clay.
Cox's, etc.
25
9
IIO
3
3 to 9 feet shales.
24
3
iIOI
3
Rough limestone.
do. do. do.
23
i
8
98
3
Dark shales.
22
3
96
7
Bituminous shales.
21
8
; 96
4
Coal.
Knob Noster.
2O
2
6
95
8
Fire clay.
] 9
2
i 93
2
Dark shales Stigmaria.
18
I
6
9 1
2
15 to 26 inches coal.
Higgins, Ramey, K. N.
17
3
89
8
Shales.
16
i
86
8
Hard black slate.
Clear Fork, 6 miles S. W.
of K. N.
15
4
85
8
Ochrey and sandy shales, 3 to 4 feet.
Clear Fork, K. N., ochre
bed.
H
6
Si
8
Sandstone.
Clear Fork, K. N. , quarries.
GEOLOGY FROM SEDALTA TO KANSAS CITY.
169
No.
Ft,
In.
To
Ft.
tal.
In.
Description.
Locality.
13
IO
75
8
Dark shales, with thin coal seams.
12
4
74
IO
Sandy shales, with ochrey concretions.
Clear Fork, 5 miles S. W.
of Knob Noster.
II
I
70
IO
Ironstone.
10
24
69
IO
Sandy shales and sandstone.
Knob Noster.
9
4
6
45
IO
Thinly laminated clay shales, with
Knob Noster, and at Mi-
plants.
nersville.
8
4
5
4i
4
Bituminous coal.
Clear Fork and Minersville.
7
5
36 ii
Shales and fire clay.
6
6
3 1
ii
White sandstone.
Dr. Rodgers' quarry, Clear
Fork.
s
ii
25
ii
Coal.
do. do. do.
4
3
25
Fire clay.
3
10
22
Shales, with thin seams of coal.
Munroe Thompson, in Pet-
tis County.
2
2
12
Coal.
do. do. do.
I
IO
10
Clay.
In describing the sections I have resolved them into their various
groups, throwing together those more nearly related and peculiar
to a certain district of country ; for example, The Clear Fork
Group, including about 84 feet, from No. I to IO ; it is found on
Clear Fork and Walnut Creek, and includes from two to three work-
able beds of coal and three thinner seams.
2 The Knob Noster Group, from 16 to 33-, including 97 feet, in
which are four coal-beds, two of which are workable. This is best
developed around Knob Noster.
3 The Warrensburgh Group, of 75 to 100 feet, from No. 33 to
No. 43, includes one good workable coal-bed and another thin one,
and thick sandstone beds.
4 Lexington Group includes from 43 to 55, equal to 70 feet,
with one good coal-bed and several limestone beds, with Clicetetes
milleporaceus and Pusulina cylindrica in nearly every limestone.
It is found at McClelland's, Brush Creek, Black Water, Lexington,
Sniabar, near Austin, Cass County, and south-westward.
5 The Holden Group, from No. 55 to 64, includes 59 feet, crop-
ping out near Holden ; also on Black Water, and Big Creek, Cass
County, between the P. R. Road and M. K. and T. R. R. It in-
cludes a one-foot bed of good coal.
6 The Mound Group, from No. 64 to No. 77, comprises 133
feet of mostly sandstone and shales, with three thin seams of coal ;
170 GEOLOGY OF NORTH- WESTERN MISSOURI.
it is found in the mounds of Johnson and Cass, and lies at the top of
the middle coal-measures.
7 Upper coal-measures ; no coal has yet been found ; 170 feet.
Clear Fork Group. The following section was taken partly on
Walter L. Long's land, in N. W. ^ of the S. W. ^ Sec. 18, T.
45, R. 24, and partly on Dr. Rodgers's land, a quarter of a mile
north.
Sec. II.
No. i 34 feet slope from the hill-top.
2 4 feet sandstone.
3 26 feet mostly shales, chocolate-colored and light blue.
4 4 feet clay shales, with occasional thin laminae of coal and
some pyritous concretions, with zinc blende occupying the centre.
Remains of Cordaites are abundant in the lower part, a few ferns
and a Lepidodendron, perhaps L. diplotegioides.
5 3 feet bituminous coal (No. 8 of Gen. Sec.). The upper
6 inches is shaly ; the rest of the seam contains good coal, but has
a good deal of iron pyrites.
6 5 fe 6 * clay and shales.
7 6 feet fine-grained, light-drab sandstone, in very even strata ;
said to make good grindstones.
8 8 to 1 1 inches coal ; has sulphur incrustations on the surface.
9 3 feet fire-clay.
A general section at Minersville, on the Pacific Railroad, is about
as follows :
No. i 8 feet sandstone.
2 14 feet shales.
3 i foot 3 inches coal.
4 i foot light-yellow clay, with remains of roots of Stigmaria ;
a good ochre.
5 3 feet red and yellow clay.
6 2 feet sandy shales.
7 o feet 6 inches shaly sandstone.
8 2 feet blue shales.
9 o feet 8 inches ironstone.
10 28 feet mostly blue shales.
II o feet 4 inches thin shaly laminae, with knife-edges of coal.
12 4 feet dove-colored brown-streaked fire-clay.
132 feet blue shales.
GEOLOG Y FR OM SEDALIA TO KANSAS CITY. i 7 1
14 o feet 6 inches brown ochrey shales.
1 5 Bituminous coal 53 to 60 inches. The upper portion of No. 1 5
is 23 inches thick in the Pacific mines, and generally about the same
thickness in Cockrell's mines, thickening at one place to 30 inches.
It is interstratified with slaty laminae, and becomes covered with
thread-like crystals of iron sulphate, crumbling to white powder
on exposure. This stratum was also, in many places in the mines,
especially in closed-up passages, covered with dense woolly masses
of similar crystals of a pale greenish tinge. Just at the top is an
occasional three-quarter-inch band of brittle black coal, bright and
shiny like jet. In General Cockrell's mines I obtained a fine spe-
cimen of Lepidodendron, Sigillaricz, and a few other plants very
nearly related.
The lower 30 inches of the coal-bed is of good quality, black,
somewhat shiny, and jointed, with occasional calcite plates between
the ioints ; between the laminae there is often carbonaceous matter.
Four analyses, made by Mr. Chauvenet, of coals from the Pacific
mines, give the following results :
Water 4.28 4.29 4.85 4-6o
Volatile 40.30 40.24 39-85 42.50
F. Carbon 47-22 47-27 45-3O 44-55
Ash 8. 20 8. 20 10.00 8.35
Color of Ash. .nearly white, nearly white, white. white.
Sp. grav 1-350
Sulphur 0759
Total Carbon 7-O33
Hydrogen 5.13
Nitrogen 1-449
In the overlying shales (9 of Gen. Sec. 13 of the section at the
mines) I obtained ferns (Neuropteris f), a catamite, and a stem of a
tree-fern ; and Aviculopecten rectalateraria (Cox) was quite abun-
dant. In the overlying sandstone (No. 10 of Gen. Coal-Meas. Sec.),
about 1 8 to 20 feet above coal No. 8, are numerous remains of Stig-
maria ficoides , the roots traversing the sandstone in every direction,
some fine specimens of which were obtained on the bluffs of the Clear
Fork, near Minersville, also near the railroad, west of Knob Noster.
On the Clear Fork, at the railroad bridge, we have,
172 GEOLOG Y OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
No. I I foot of beautiful, bright yellow ochre.
2 i foot light-drab fire-clay.
3 6 inches sandy pyritiferous bed ; contains crystals of iron
pyrites.
4 Close-grained greenish buff limestone, only found at this lo-
cality ; supposed to be a local bed, occupying a position near the
base of the coal series.
On the branch near the railroad I observed the following- section,
o
about a half-mile west of Knob Noster :
No. I 40 feet slope ; some sandstone.
2 6 feet dark-blue shales.
3 o feet 8 inches coal.
4 5 feet ochrey bed, with streaks of yellow and blue clay.
5 3 feet of dark-blue clay.
From 2 to 5 of this section inclusive may be referred to the upper
part of No. 10 of General Section.
On a branch of Clear Fork, in Sec. 17, T. 45, R. 24, we have as
follows :
Sec. 13.
No. i Outcrops of hard sandstone.
2 Bituminous shale.
3 Clay, shale.
4 15 fe t sandstone on slope ; i foot of blue shale at bottom.
5 3 inches coal.
6 3 feet soft crumbling sandstone.
7 7 feet dull light-blue shales.
8 5 inches coal.
9 4 feet thinly-laminated ochrey shales, equal to No. 4 of the
last described section.
10 5 feet blue clay shales.
1 1 Bituminous coal ; thickness not seen.
'No. 10 of the above section is a dark lead blue, a little sandy,
and contains some iron pyrites, with fossils, viz., Lingula and Cor-
daitcs.
On Copperas Creek, within a mile of its mouth, the following
sections were obtained. I place them alongside, so as to be readily
compared. They were taken 200 yards apart, except the first,
which was about a quarter-mile distant from the second.
GEOLOGY FROM SEDALIA TO KANSAS CITY,
173
23 c.
23 b.
23 a.
Sec. 23.
2 feet light - blue fire-
clay.
2 feet brown shales.
6 feet blue and green
sandy shales.
Coal seam appear?.
7 feet shales.
Shales.
1 6 inches coal.
Coal outcrop.
I foot coal.
I foot coal.
Blue fire-clay.
1 8 feet shales.
12 feet shales blue
below.
( 4 feet ochrey clay.
} 3 feet blue shales.
2 feet coal.
4 to 8 inches coal.
I foot coal.
Blue fire-clay.
Blue fire-clay, with re-
mains of Sigillaria.
6 inches dark clay.
3 feet ochrey clay.
7 feet drab and ash
sandy shales.
In the above sections (13 and 23) there are three coal-beds, one
of which attains workable thickness. The parallelism of sections 13
and 23 is apparent, and their geological position is in No. 10 of
Gen. Sec.
On Clear Fork, in Sec. -25, T. 47, R. 25, I obtained several sec-
tions whose geological position is probably a little above those just
described, to wit :
Sec. 18. Sec. 19.
10 inches ironstone
10 inches blue and dark shales.
2^/2 feet ochrey shales.
2 feet sandstone.
9 inches blue shale.
8 inches coal.
2 feet fire-clay.
4 feet sandstone.
6 inches blue shale.
3 inches coal, sulphate efflores-
cence.
6 inches blue shale, yellow
streaked ; leaves of Stigmaria.
4 feet blue shales, with a 4-inch
bed of ironstone near the mid-
dle.
A half-mile north we have
No. i Outcrop of thin-bedded ochrey shales
2 Outcrop of coal.
3 4 feet blue shales.
4 2 feet drab sandy shales.
5 ii feet drab sandstone.
174 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
6 4 feet shales, blue at lower part, with thin crystals of selenite.
Boyce's coal-bank on Clear Fork, one mile south, occupies a
position nearly related to the last-named sections, but I hesitate to
name its exact position in the General Section.
Sec. at Boyce's.
No. i 8 feet sandstone and shales.
2 32 inches coal, the upper 7 inches shaly.
3 3 feet ochrey shales, red and yellow.
4 1 1 feet dark shaly sandstone and shales, quite pyritiferous in
the lower part.
The Maxwell (formerly McQuarry) bank, one mile south, we find
to be the equivalent of Boyce's coal, near the edge of the water in
Clear Fork, 35 inches thick of apparently a good quality of hard bitu-
minous coal, much of it coated with a yellow efflorescence. Overlying
it is 1 5 feet of mostly thin and even-bedded sandstone, with some black
partings and sulphuret incrustations on the face of the lower part.
The following is a section of the rocks on Walnut Creek, near the
Pacific Railroad crossing, the lower 10 fe"et including rocks equiva-
lent to part of No. 10 of General Section.
No. I Limestone in the railroad cut, west of the creek ; No. 24
of the Gen. Sec.
2 6 inches shale.
3 4 inches shaly coal.
4 10 inches blue shales.
5 8-inch bed of ochre, brownish yellow, hard and soft.
6 5 feet blue shales.
7, 8, and 9 Include 25 feet long gentle slope of 300 yards.
10 Light-blue clay shales.
ii 6 feet dark-blue shales in thin layers, becoming bituminous
below ; contains remains of a few Lingulce, and some narrow-leaved
grass-like plants ; resembles shales at W. Ray's, in Pettis County.
12 8 inches bituminous coal.
!3 7 feet fire-clay and shales ; the lower 2 or 3 feet is sandy and
ferruginous, with concretions and lenticular beds of carbonate of
iron with numerous fern leaves ; some of the concretions contain
zinc blende. Towards the lower part are reddish-gray thin beds
of sandy ironstone.
14 2 inches thin laminae of light-blue clay shales.
15 2 inches bituminous coal.
GEOLOGY FROM SEDALIA TO KANSAS CITY. 175
16 2 feet shales, containing remains of ferns, calamites, and a
few other stems of plants, some of them composed almost entirely
of iron pyrites, sometimes including a small nucleus of zinc blende.
Similar flagstones to those found at this section occur two miles
down-stream, containing many beautiful remains of fern leaves, etc.
The following section was obtained on Clear Fork, five miles
south-west of Knob Noster. It includes most of the above-de-
scribed rocks, with some beds higher in the series.
Sec. 28.
No. i 25 feet slope, with outcrops of sandy shales and shaly
sandstone.
2 6 inches hard, bluish, bituminous limestone.
3 i foot bituminous coal.
4 4 feet fire-clay.
5 5 feet shales.
6 3 feet irregularly-bedded limestone : No. 24 of Gen. Sec. con-
tains Prod, costatus.
7 % l /2 feet shaly slope, two beds of coal concealed, the upper
of 8 inches and the lower of \y 2 feet (same as Higgins's coal);
Stigmaria leaves in lower shales.
8 3 feet fire-clay and shales, upper part sandy.
9 i foot hard bituminous slate ; contains Hymenophyllites adna-
scens? and probably another Sp. (the section a half-mile up stream
has a peculiar branching fucoid).
10 4 feet ochrey and sandy shales and clay.
1 1 6 feet sandstone.
12 10 inches dark shale.
13 4 feet sandy shales and ironstone concretions.
14 i foot ironstone ; contains a little zinc blende.
15 i foot dark olive shales.
16 i foot brown ironstone.
17 10 feet shaly slope ; black shales near the lower part.
1 8 9 feet 8 inches sandstone, some of it shaly.
19 5 f e t sandy shales.
20 4_j^ feet blue shales, with Cordaites.
21 Bituminous coal in creek No. 8 of Gen. Sec.
The Clear Fork group, we perceive, includes about six distinct
beds of coal, three of which are workable, and relatively 1 1 inches,
feet, and 2 feet to 2^ feet thick, and three thin seams of 4
1 76 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
inches, 5 inches, and 3 inches, one of them sometimes thickening
to a foot.
Knob Noster Group. This includes from No. 16 to No. 33, and
embraces about 97 feet. From No. 16 to 30 inclusive we find above,
in Sec. 28*. From the top of Knob Noster to the lower grounds
west of the town, I obtained the following section :
No. i Sandstone on the top of the Knob.
2 5 feet debris on the slope ; some nodular lumps of limestone.
3 Limestone, with some chert on the top ; contains Ch&tetes
milleporacetis and Fusulina cylindrical.
4 123 feet; a bed of sandstone appears about 50 feet below
the top, and also near the lower part, with concretions of iron
oxide.
5 3 feet shales, containing CJwnetcs Flemingii, etc.
6 -6 inches shaly bituminous limestone, containing Spirifer came-
ratus, CJwnctes Flemingii, Productus muricatus, Prod, costatns,
Athyris subtilita, Nucula ventricosa, CJionetes mesoloba [this = No.
29 of Gen. Sec.].
7 i foot of bituminous coal.
8 3 feet fire-clay and shales.
9 3 feet irregular-bedded limestone ; contains Sp. cameratus,
Sp. lineatus, Prod. costat2is, and Prod, semircticulatus.
10 20 inches dark-olive clay shales, with a few whitish concre-
tions.
ii 5 inches bituminous shale.
12 8 inches bituminous coal.
13 41^ feet shales and fire-clay.
14 15 inches bituminous coal (at Higgins's it is 2J^ feet, at
Elliott's 2 feet, and at Falconer's 2^ feet).
1 5 3 to 41^ feet ochre bed ; remains of Stigmaria.
16 8 feet ferruginous sandstone and shales quarry rock (No.
14 of Gen. Sec.).
17 5 feet olive and green sandy shales.
1 8 4 feet red and purple clay.
19 6 feet blue drab and olive shales.
20 10 feet outcrop of sandstone, abounding in leaves of Stig-
maria.
A section obtained one mile south-east of Knob Noster includes
from 6 to 13 of the above section, as follows :
GEOLOGY FROM SEDALIA TO KANSAS CITY., 177
Section 7.
No. i Shaly limestone, containing Chonetes Flemingii, Ch.
Verneuiliana, Prod, costatus, Spirifer cameratus, Prod, muricatus.
2 20 inches coal.
3 4 feet shales.
4 2 feet grayish, ash -blue limestone ; contains Prod, costatus,
Spirifer lincatus, PJiillipsia, and Athyris subtilita (var. Maconen-
sis Sw.\
5 20 inches dark-olive clay shales.
6 3 inches bituminous shales.
7 8 inches bituminous coal.
8 2y 2 feet dove-colored fire-clay, yellow streaked.
9 2 feet dark indigo-blue and drab clay shales.
10 15 inches bituminous coal (No. 18 of Gen. Sec.).
II 3 feet dove-colored fire-clay.
12 Sandy shales.
A section similar to the last described was obtained on Walnut
Creek, one mile south of the Pacific Railroad, as follows :
Section 16.
No. i Outcrops of hard sandstone.
2 2 feet sandy shales.
3 3 feet clay shales, abounding in Chonetes Flemingii, contain-
ing also Productus Prattenianus, P. muricatus, Orthoceras cribro-
sum, AtJiyris subtilita.
46 inches dark-blue shaly limestone (29 of Gen. Sec.) ; contains
Spirifer cameratus, Sp. Kentuckensis, Chonetes Flemingii, Produc-
tus costatus, Prod, semireticulatus, Prod. Prattenianus, Prod,
muricatus, Atliyris subtilita, Orthoceras cribrosum, Naticopsis Alto-
nensis.
5 i foot of bituminous coal.
6 34 inches shales.
7 3 feet irregular and rough-bedded limestone ; fracture shows
ash-blue ; weathers drab ; contains Lophophyllum proliferum and
Spirifer lineatus.
8 7 inches shale, upper part brown, black-streaked below.
9 3 inches bituminous coal.
10 Fire-clay.
On Bennett J. Langston's land in S. W. ^ of the S. W. %, Sec.
22, T. 47, R. 24, we find :
12
1 78 GEOLOG Y OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
Section 5-
No. I Dark snuff and drab colored shales, with flattened sphe-
roidal concretions of limestone and ironstone.
2 2^/2 feet bituminous shales.
3 i foot deep-blue pyritiferous limestone, shelly and fossiliferous
[= No. 29 of Gen. Sec.].
4 22 inches good coal.
5 8 inches shaly coal.
6 5 feet fire-clay.
No. 2 contains black pyritiferous concretions of various shapes,
abounding in some very fine fossils, including Productus muricatus,
RJiynchonella Osagensis, Spirifer cameratus, Spirifer Kentuckensis,
CJionetes mesoloba, CJi. Verneuiliana, Discina Missouriensis, Hemi-
pronites crassus, Aviculopecten pcllucidus, Cardium ? Lexingto-
nensis, Nucula ventricosa, Solenomya radiata, Pleurotomaria car-
bonaria, Pleurotomaria spJierulata, Macrocheilus like primogcnius ,
Naticopsis , Ort/wceras cribrosttm, Goniatite? Canlopteris? and
a small Athyris in shale, Aviculopecten Providencis? and contains
zinc-blende.
No. 3 contains Productus semireticulatus, Spirifer cameratus,
Prod, muricatus and Prod. Prattenianus.
At Cox's coal-bank, on a branch of Walnut Creek, about the
half-mile corner of Sections 28 and 29, T. 47, R. 24, we have as
follows :
Section 17.
No. i Clay and soil above.
2 3 feet mostly bituminous shales ; the upper 2 inches is
somewhat calcareous ; contains Prod, muric'atus, Spir. cameratus
and Athyris subtilita.
3 \y 2 feet calcareo-bituminous shale, containing Nautilus ,
Aviculopecten , and CJionetes mesoloba.
4 2 feet to 2^ feet of bituminous coal ; has a local dip north-
ward of i Y?. feet in 50 feet.
5 2^ feet blue clay.
6 2 feet rough-bedded limestone, slightly pyritiferous ; contains
Prod, punctatus. Prod, costatus, Spirifer cameratus, Sp. opimus ?
large Crinoid stems, Spirifer Kentuckensis and Prod, semireticulatus
[= No. 24 of Gen. Sec.].
7 3 feet blue shales, with small crystals of selenite.
GEOLOGY FROM SEDALIA TO KANSAS CITY. 179
One hundred yards up-stream the section appears thus :
Fig- 59-
ROTTEN
COX'S JOHNSON CO .
The same beds are seen at Hines, near the east county line, west
of Pilot Knob, at which place we have the following section :
No. I 50 feet from top of hills, some sandstone in upper
part.
2 20 feet outcrop of sandstone at top, with limestone on lower
slope, resembling No. 24 of Gen. Sec.
4 4 feet clay shales.
5 2 feet nodular calcareous bed, containing Prod, costatus,
Prod, muricatus, Sp. cameratus, Athyris stibtilita, Chonetes Ver-
ncuiliana.
6 Bituminous coal, I foot or more.
On Lash's land, in Sec. 30, T. 47, R. 24, is an outcrop of coal in
a branch leading off west ; overlying it we find shales somewhat
ochrey and containing round concretions of dark-blue limestone,
with fossils, including Prod, muricatus, Pleurotomaria sphernlata,
PI. depressa? Athyris subtilita, a small Goniatite, and a small
Acephala, which may be a Pleurophorus. These beds probably
occupy the horizon of Langston's and Cox's coal.
Between two and three miles south is the well-known " Ramey "
bank. It is now owned by Sylvester Orr, and leased by Roberts
and Sickles. The coal is equivalent to the " Higgins " coal, cor-
responding to No. 1 8, Gen. Sec. It is a hard, black, bituminous
variety, sometimes with streaks of more brilliant black ; has some-
times mineral charcoal between the laminae and calcite plates be-
tween the joints. Between some of the horizontal laminae are re-
mains of Cordaites, and probably portions of a larger plant which
often contain iron pyrites throughout. The coal is 24 to 28 inches
thick.
180 GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
An analysis of the coal by Mr. Chauvenet gives the following :
Water 5.87
Volatile 40.06
F. Carbon 43-45
Ash 10.62
Color of Ash dark gray
Sp. grav 1.377
The overlying shales are 10 feet thick, the upper portion blue
clay, the lower dark bituminous, containing fossils, viz. : Discina
Missouriensis (Sw.), Aviculopccten rectilateraria (Cox), Lingula
carbonaria, Sk., and a very pretty specimen of Palceoniscus, which
may be P. gracilis of Newberry.
At Mr. James Mudd's coal-bank, just west of the south-east corner
of Sec. 8, T. 46, R. 24, a shaft is sunk 20 feet, passing mostly
through clay shales. The coal (No. 27 of Gen. Sec.) is of good
quality, 21 to 24 inches thick, with occasional bands of pyrites,
and in the vertical joints are plates of calcite. Upon unpacking, I
find the coal covered with minute crystals of iron sulphate.
Between the coal-laminae were observed obscure markings of a
lycopodiaceous plant with minute longitudinal scars. Overlying
the coal is 3 feet of dark-blue pyritiferous shaly limestone, abound-
ing in fossils, including Prodnctus muricatus, Prod, semireticulattis,
Nnculaventricosa, Spirifer earner atus, Sp. Kentuckensis, Sp. plano-
convexus, Chonetes mesoloba, CJi. Verneuiliana, Cli. Flemingii,
Hemipronites crassus, Athyris subtilita, Rhynchonella Osagcnsis,
Retzia punctulifera, Pleurotomaria speciosa? (M. & W.},Pl. Gray-
villensis, BelleropJwn percarinatus, B. carbonarius, B. Montforti-
anus, Discina Missouriensis, Orthoceras cribrosum, Spirifer line-
atus, Crinoid stems and cone-in-cone structure.
Six miles south-west of Knob Noster, on the head of a branch
running westwardly, we have :-
No. i 55 feet of sandy shales [equivalent to No. 33 of Gen.
Sec].
2 7 inches coal.
3 i foot of fine clay and shales, with remains of calamites and
sigillarise.
GEOLOGY FROM SEDALIA TO KANSAS CITY. jSi
A quarter of a mile down-stream we have, on a horizon just below
the above-named
Section 9.
No. i 13 feet mostly shales, with an outcrop of shaly coal, and
a lenticular bed of ironstone near the lower part.
2 1 6 inches black calcareous shales, with Prod, muricatus, Pro-
ductus Prattenianus, Prod, costatus, Prod, scmireticulatus, Chonetes
mesoloba, Ch. Flemingii, Athyris subtilita, Spirifer Kentuckensis,
Sp. earner atus, OrtJioceras cribrosum, Bcllcrophon percarinatus,
and Crinoid stems.
3 2 inches black shales with Spirifer {Martinia) planoconvexus
and Athyris subtilita.
4 6 inches soft, bituminous shale.
5 16 inches coal [= No. 27 of Gen. Sec.].
One hundred yards further down-stream :
Section 10.
No. i Smut and particles of rotten coal.
2 5 f ee t blue, yellow and brown shales, and fire-clay.
3 4 inches calcareous shales.
4 6 inches rotten coal.
5 5 feet variegated shales.
6 4 inches snuff-colored shales, with gypsum.
7 2 feet alternations of blue and yellow clay.
8 2 inches coal.
9 6 inches yellow, brown and blue clay.
10 13 inches bituminous coal.
ii Fire-clay.
In this vicinity fragments of limestone were observed on the hill-
tops, closely resembling the limestone over the Warrensburgh coal.
On Copperas Branch, about Sec. 32, T. 45, R. 24, a number of
fossils were obtained from deep-blue concretionary limestone, in-
cluding Cardiamorpha Missouriensis, Cardium f Lexingtonensis,
Nucula ventricosa, Spiriferina Kentuckensis, Sp. {Martinia} plano-
convexuSy Sp. (Martinia) lineatus, Productus muricatus, Bellero-
phon , Plenrotomaria depressa, Nautilus planivolvis f and Prod.
costatus. This group of fossils is similar to that noted above as
being found at Lash's.
At Neal's coal-bank, in Sec. II, T. 45, R. 25, are similar fossils in
an evenly-bedded deep blue limestone, with deep-blue bituminous
1 82 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
shales overlying the coal, from which bed I collected Cardiamorpha
Missouriensis, Cardium ? Lexingtonensis, Rliynclwnella Osagensis,
AtJiyris subtilita, Prod, muricatus, Goniatites Hathawayanus
(McC.). Impressions of plants occur in the coal, which may be re-
ferred to Stigmarioides ?
Reavis's and Tarhorst's coal -banks, up creek one-quarter and a
half mile west, occupy the same stratigraphical position as Neal's,
and can be referred to No. 18 of General Section.
Warrensburgh Group. In lot No. 4, of the north-west quarter
of Sec. 5, T. 44, R. 24, we find near the hill-top occasional outcrops
of ash-colored limestone, often abounding in Productus muricatus,
showing a red nacre, and sometimes containing minute particles of
zinc-blende ; from its fossils, and its position in the hills, I am dis-
posed to refer it to No. 40 of General Section. If this conclusion be
correct, the coal at Mrs. Wingfield's, in Lot 3 of north-west quarter
of Sec. 5, T. 44, R. 24, must be equivalent to the Warrensburgh
coal. The seam at Mrs. Wingfield's is 22 inches thick ; is a hard,
black, brilliant coal ; contains very little iron pyrites ; has impressions
of plants with round scars placed a little less than an inch from centre
to centre. The coal is overlaid by a brown ochrey shale, containing
Lepidodendron. The underclay is blue, with Stigmaria ficoides.
An analysis of Mrs. Wingfield's coal by Mr. Chauvenet gives the
following results : :
Water 7.31
Volatile 41-88
F. Carbon 46. 36
Ash 4-45
Color of Ash pale brown
Sp. grav 1.252
Sulphur 4.304
Total Carbon 72. 34
Hydrogen 5-^2
Near the 212 mile-post on the Pacific Railroad, and just west of
Carbon Hill, I obtained the following :
Section 30.
No. i 4 feet nodules of limestone and fossils, many good
specimens weathered out, including Prod, muricatus, Athyris sub-
tilita, LopJiophyllum proliferum and Spirifer cameratus, RJiynclio-
nella Osagensis, Spirifer (Martinici) planoconvexus.
GEOLOGY FROM SEDALIA TO KANSAS CITY. 183
2 \y>, feet of earthy-looking, mottled, ashy gray and blue
limestone, containing Prod, muricatus, Sp. cameratus and Chonetes
nicsoloba and Crinoid stems.
3 3*^ feet blue and bituminous shales, abounding in fossils,
especially in a pyritiferous layer, including BcllcropJwn Carbona-
ria, B, Kansasensis, B. Montfortiana, B. percarinatus, Pleuroto-
maria subconstricta, Loxoncma ceritJiiformis, Discina Missouriensis,
Orthoceras cribrosum, Nautilus , Chonetes Flemingii, Ch.
mcsoloba, Ch. Verneuiliana, Hemipronites crassus, Spirifer camera-
tus, Nuculaventricosa, Sp. Kentuckensis, Atkyrissubtilita, Goniatites
Hathaway amis? Lyonsia? pretensa, AtJiyris Missouriensis (Sw.),
Prod. muricatus, Avicttlopecten pellucidus, Aviculopecten Coxanus,
Solcnomya , Astartella concentrica, Nuculana bellistriata, Mya-
lina , CordaiteSy Macrodon carbonaria.
4 22 inches coal, with plant impressions.
5 8 feet shaly slope.
6 2 feet nodular limestone ; contains Productus punctatus and
Spirifer lineatus.
7 10 feet dark-gray micaceous sandy shales.
At the railroad, about the horizon of No. 3, we find dark-blue con-
cretionary limestone beds abounding in Cardiamorpha Missouri-
ensis, Spirifer lineatus, Prod, muricatus, RhyncJionella Osagensis,
Aviculopecten rcctilateraria / also contains the stem of a plant.
At Rudy's, which is probably in the south part of Sec. II, T. 45,
R. 25, we have
Section 25.
No. i 15 feet slope from hill-top.
2 Outcrop of shelly brown limestone.
3 15 feet slope ; a good many fossils were found weathered out,
including AtJiyris subtilita, Chonetes mesoloba, Productus murica-
tus, Cyathaxonia prolifera, Allorisma regularis and Petrodus occi-
dcntalis.
4 5 feet slope.
5 1 8 inches bluish-drab, compact limestone; weathers brown;
contains Prod, semireticulatus, Chonetes Verneuiliana and Spirifer
lineatus and AtJiyris.
6 2 feet bituminous shales ; contains Petrodus occidentalis, Dis-
cina Missouriensis.
7 Concealed coal.
1 84 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
8 25 feet sandy slope ; some hard sandstone. The fossils in No.
3 are of similar type to those in No. 40, therefore I have placed
this section in the Warrensburgh group, although from the sur-
rounding topography I was inclined at first to give it a higher
position in the series.
The Warrensburgh Coal (No. 35 of Gen. Sec.) is mined at many
places around Warrensburgh. From many sections taken I select
a few, as follows :
At Gowdy's, east of the town one mile, we have
No. i 27 feet slope and clay.
2 3 feet nodular limestone and shales.
3 4 feet limestone.
4 4 feet shales.
5 2 feet bituminous shales.
6 3 feet clay shales.
7 22 inches coal.
An analysis of Gowdy's coal by Mr. Chauvenet gives the follow-
ing :
Water 5.60
Volatile 44-95
F. Carbon 44-45
Ash ? 5.00
Color of Ash pale-brown
Sp. grav 1.228
The last section was taken near the head of Pott's Branch. Along
this branch the coal is mined at many places, and always by horizontal
drifts. It is generally from 1 8 to 22 inches thick and often beauti-
fully irridescent The underclay contains Stigmaria ficoides. Plants
are sometimes found in the coal, occurring as pyritous plates.
In Zimmerman's coal, two and a half miles east of Warrens-
burgh, are thin pyritous plates of plants, somewhat rugose, with
minute pits a quarter-inch apart, about one and one-third times as
long as broad, and arranged in a lozenge form.
At Rock & Co. mines on Railroad, 2 miles west of Warrens-
burgh, we have
Section 29.
No. i Shales.
2 2 feet of limestone, upper layer of 7 inches, separated by 5
GEOLOGY FROM SEDALIA TO KANSAS CITY. 185
inches of shale from a lower layer of 10 inches ; contains Prod.
muricatus.
3 10 inches olive shale.
4 2 feet bituminous shale.
5 2^ feet blue shales, with dull-blue calcareo-pyritiferous con-
cretions ; contains Prod, muricatus.
6 27 inches light-blue clay shales.
7 1 8 inches bituminous coal.
From concretions in the overlying shales I obtained Cardiamor-
pJiia Missouriensis.
At several places in this neighborhood Prod, muricatus is found
very abundant on the slope below the limestone. One fish-tooth
was also found.
On Pott's Branch, a half-mile below Gowdy's, I obtained the fol-
lowing :
Sec. 32.
No. i 6 feet outcrops of limestone, containing Productus muri-
catus. [= No. 40, Gen. Sec.]
2 Slope.
3 1 6 to 1 8 inches coal.
4 2 feet fine clay.
5 Slope ; at 45 feet below No. I we find I foot of coal with 3
feet of fine clay beneath, and just up the branch about 60 feet, I
observed 2 feet of rough-looking limestone, containing Productus
semireticulatus [= No. 24 of Gen. Sec.]. The coal in the branch
I refer to No. 21 of Gen. Sec.
Above the limestone, No. 40 of Gen. Sec., there is a great
thickness of sandstone ; a well dug near the normal-school build-
ing, at Warrensburgh, is reported to have passed through 95 feet
of it. This may include the upper clays and local drift of 10
or 15 feet; but its greatest thickness is certainly a little over 80
feet.
The upper beds are mostly either in thin layers or shaly ; the
sandstone is generally composed of coarse, round, and sometimes
clear, silicious grains, cemented by ferruginous matter, forming
either a brownish-gray or reddish-brown sandstone. Ironstone
concretions often occur, sometimes forming cavities of several inches
in diameter, the sides composed of hard oxide of iron, sometimes
banded red, dark and brown.
1 86 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
The lower division includes from 40 to 60 feet of coarse gray or
drab sandstone, and occupies the top and sides of the bluffs on the
Blackwater north of Warrensburgh.
At Sheppard's quarry, I mile north of the town, the rock is a
coarse gray or drab, thick-bedded micaceous sandstone.
At Davis's quarry, north of Sheppard's, the rock is a bluish-gray
micaceous sandstone ; the upper bed is over 18 feet thick, with no
apparent seam except on the north side, where there appears several
knife-edges of coal passing horizontally and upward, the thickest
not over a half-inch in thickness.
West of the last, on Gen. Cocknell's land, near the Blackwater, we
have about 50 feet of thick beds of light-drab micaceous sandstone,
with some appearance of conglomerate at the base, and at one
place beneath the sandstone I observed an outcrop of gray lime-
stone, containing LopliopJiyllum proliferum, and abounding in
Spirifer lineatus.
At Moore's quarry, on the Blackwater, two miles north-west of
Cocknell's, we have 25 to 30 feet outcrop of a similar sandstone,
coarser than Cocknell's, and somewhat buff-stained It appears in
one bed of over 20 feet in thickness.
At Warrensburgh I obtained only one specimen of the Equise-
tacecz.
In Davis's quarry are minute black fragments of plants. No
other fossils were observed.
No. 6 of the following section, taken on the Post Oak, in north-east
quarter, Sec. 9, T. 45, R. 26, I refer to the horizon of the War-
rensburgh sandstone.
Section 31.
No. i 15 feet slope from hill-top.
23 feet ash-gray limestone ; abounds in Chcetetes milleporaceus
and Fusulina cylindrica. '
3 21 feet slope.
4 3 feet brown limestone, abounding in Spirifer lineatus
'[= No. 50 of Gen. Sec.].
5 7 feet slope, outcrops bituminous shales and coal.
6 60 feet dark-drab, sandy shales.
7 I foot bluish-drab, nodular limestone.
8 3 feet shaly slope.
9 10 inches limestone ; weathers brown ; fracture shows ash-
GEOLOGY FROM SEDALIA TO KANSAS CITY. jS;
blue ; contains Prod, muricatus, Prod. Prattenianus, Sp. cameratus,
Sp. planoconvcxus [= No. 40 of Gen. Sec.].
10 3 feet dark, ash-colored shales ; contains Prod, mitricatns,
Spirifer (Martinia) planoconvexus and Plcurotomaria.
II 4 inches limestone.
12 Bituminous shales.
Lexington Group. The following is section at Judge Adams's,
about south-west quarter, Sec. n, T. 45, R. 25 :
Sec. 24.
No. I 3 feet bluish-drab limestone ; contains Chcetetes millepo-
r ace us.
2 27 feet slope.
3 4 feet irregularly bedded grayish-drab limestone.
4 14 feet slope.
5 22 inches ; even bed of bluish-drab limestone ; weathers
brown.
6 Bituminous shale ; coal said to be under it.
f At Mr. McClellan's coal-bank, in the north-east quarter, Sec. 9, T.
45, R. 26:-
Section $ia.
No. i 56 inches limestone; weathers light-brown; upper 2^/ 2
feet even bed ; below, irregular and somewhat concretionary ; con-
tains a small Crinoid, Fusulina cylindrica, Spirifer (Martinia) linea-
tus, LophopJiyllum prolifcrum, and Discina Missouriensis.
2 8 inches of bituminous shales, somewhat jointed at lower
part ; contains some small calcareo-pyritiferous concretions. Avicu-
lopecten rectilateraria in lower part.
, 3 5 inches slaty cannel-coal, abounding in fossils; is jointed ; has
subconchoidal fracture and dull appearance ; fossils appear between
the laminae, and are generally converted to iron pyrites, and include
Ortkoceras cribrosum, Bellerophon carbonarius, a small species of
Pleurotomaria, which may be P. Grayvillensis? a Murchisonia ?
a Crinoid (Poteriocrinus ?},Lophophyllumproliferum, Lingula carbo-
naria, Aviculopccten rectilateraria, Productus muricatus, Solenomya
soleniformis ? Edmondia unioniformis , Cordaites and Neuropteris
(small sp.).
6 Bituminous coal, of good quality ; has calcite plates between
joints ; 18 inches.
7 Soft, dark shale, with remains of Cordaites.
1 8 8 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
The following section was made on the east side of Brush Creek,
commencing in the railroad cut and extending to Brush Creek,
three-quarters of a mile north :
Section 35.
No. i 13 feet earth and clay ; soil 2 feet.
2 2 feet light-drab, tolerably fine-grained limestone ; abounds
in Spirifer lineatus, supposed to be the equivalent of No. 64.
3 10 feet buff, shaly sandstone ; a few fucoids in upper part ;
also contains Caulcrpitcs marginatus.
4 23 feet slope.
5 Outcrop of limestone, containing small Crinoid stems, Bryozoa,
large Fusulina cylindrica, and abounds in Chcetetcs milleporaccus ;
upper part weathers brown [= No. 55 of Gen. Sec.].
6, 7, and 8 includes 32 feet; on the upper 21 appear outcrops
of sandstone, thin blue shelly limestone, and slope below.
9 Limestone, with remains of Crinoid stems.
10 8 feet slope.
1 1 4 feet limestone.
Section 34 is made up of the lower beds of Section 35 and other
outcrops on the west side of the creek, and appears thus :
Section 34.
No. i 6 feet earthy slope ; hill-top.
2 Sandstone, with peculiar ripple-like markings, arranged regu-
larly on either side of a narrow flat surface maybe fossil [= No. 61
of Gen. Sec.].
3 42 feet slope.
4 Limestone, with Clicetetes and Fusulina [ No. 55]
5 Slope, about 40 feet.
6 8 feet limestone, weathers brown ; contains Athyris subtilita,
Spirifer lineatus, Zaphrentis, Fusulina cylindrica, Productus Prat-
tenianus, Prod, costatus, Prod, splendens,
7 i foot yellowish calcareous shales ; abounds in Spirifer (Mar-
tinid] planoconvexus, Athyris subtilita, Sp. cameratus, Spirifer
Kentuckensis, Chonetes mesoloba, Ch. Verneuiliana.
8 i foot black shales.
9 6 inches argillaceous limestone ; ash, drab-color ; contains Sp.
planoconvexus, Allorisma regularis.
10 2 feet light-green clay shales.
II 6 inches limestone, like No. 9.
GEOLOGY FROM SEDALIA TO KANSAS CITY. 189
12 3 feet bituminous shales ; a calcareous stratum in the lower
part, containing Athyris siibtilita.
In the south-east quarter of Sec. 21, T. 46, R. 27, on Graham's
land, is an outcrop of coal which is sometimes worked ; overlying
it I observed a 5 -inch cannel-coal stratum similar to that seen at
McClellan's, and also fossiliferous. The position of this coal is a
little below No. 12 of Sec. 34.
At Murray's Ford, on the Blackwater, in Sec. 16, T. 46, R. 27,
our section includes both the overlying limestone and the coal,
and is as follows :
Section 36.
No. i 10 feet slope.
2 8 feet of outcrops of rough limestone ; contains Ch&tctes mille-
poraceus, Fusulina cylindrica, Prod, costatus, Spirifer lineatns,
Athyris sub t Hit a.
3 1 1 feet of olive-colored shales ; some calcareous nodules in the
lower part ; contains also Prod, muricatus, Prod, cequicostatus,
Clionetes mesoloba, and Athyris subtilita, P. splendens ?
4 30 inches limestone ; contains Spirifer lineatus, Meekella stri-
ato-costata, Sp. cameratus, Productus costatus, and Prod, splen-
dens.
5 1 }4 feet shaly beds ; abounds in Spirifer (Martinid], plano-
convexus.
6 6 feet bituminous shales.
7 14 inches outcrop bituminous coal.
8 4^ feet to the creek.
A half-mile above Murray's Ford we have
Sec. 36^.
No. i 3 feet limestone in even strata; weathers brown.
2 8 feet bituminous shale ; in the lower part there is an occasional
black calcareo-ferruginous bed, often as much as 2 feet thick, and
traversed by numerous calcareous reticulations ; fossils are Cardia-
morpha Missouriensis and a small Goniatites.
3 5 inches hard black slate ; contains Productus muricatus, Chone-
tes mesoloba, Prod. Prattenianus, Sp. cameratus, Solenomya soleni-
formis, Lingula , Discina Missouriensis, and a small crushed
specimen of Pleurotomaria. Between the layers are occasional
thin pyritous plates, with calcite between the joints.
4 About 2 5 feet of slope.
1 90 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
5 Calcareous sandstone in branch, with Caulcrpites marginatus,
Prod, punctatus, Prod, costatus and Hemipronites crassus.
On Mr. Brown's land, about Sec. 17, T. 46, R. 27, the coal is
about 19 inches thick, traversed by a few pyritous veins ; other-
wise the quality seems good. The overlying black shale contains
BelleropJwn carbonarius, Chonetes mesoloba, Prod, muricatus, and
a few Crinoid stems.
At Hammond's Ford, three-quarters of a mile south-west :
Sec. 37.
No. I 37 feet slope from hill-top.
2 2 or more feet limestone, like 36, No. 4.
3 37 feet slope.
4 2 feet shelly calcareous sandstone ; contains Productus puncta-
tus, Sp. camerattis, and Prod, costatus,
5 6 inches coal.
6 24 feet shaly slope.
From 12 to 15 miles west of Warrensburgh, on and near the old
main road from Warrensburgh to Pleasant Hill, our section includes
No. I 12 feet slope, with buff sandstone in lower part.
2 3 feet dark, ash-blue limestone ; contains some chert ; the upper
portion is brown, with a metallic ring ; contains Fusulina cylindri-
ca, Chcetetes milleporaceiis and Zaphrentis / total thickness not seen
here, but from observations elsewhere I make it about 9 feet.
3 1 1 feet slope.
4 Outcrop of limestone ; contains AtJiyris subtilita, Sp. lineatus,
and a Fusulina somewhat smaller than that found in No. 2.
5 33 feet slope.
6 4 feet even-bedded limestone [= No. 50, Gen. Sec.].
7 3^ feet dark, ash-clay shales.
8 2 feet bituminous shales, with black calcareous concretions,
containing Chonetes mesoloba, Discina Missouriensis , and Cardia-
morpha Missouriensis.
9 Lower slope covered with debris from above ; 16 inches coal
concealed.
On Moses Tapscott's land, on the bluffs on south side of the
Blackwater, in T. 46, near line between Ranges 27 and 28, the sec-
tion appears as follows :
No. i Outcrop of whitish limestone, containing a little chert.
2 40 feet slope.
GEOLOGY FROM SEDALIA TO KANSAS CITY. 191
2.y 2 3 feet limestone, with Spirifer lineatus.
3 8 feet bituminous shale.
4 1 8 inches cannel-coal [= No. 45 of Gen. Sec.].
5 6 inches bituminous coal.
6 i foot calcareo-pyritiferous bed.
7 6 inches bituminous coal.
From No. 3 I obtained a Natctilus and a Productus muricatus
(with very long spines). No. 4 corresponds to the upper slaty coal
of McClellan's, and is used at the steam-mill 2 miles east of Holden,
for which purpose it is said to answer well. Some calcite plates occur
in the joints. From this stratum I obtained Avicidopecten rectilate-
raria, Lingula , and a fragment of a large Larnellibranchiate,
probably a Myalina. Some of the fossils are pyritous, and occa-
sional pyritous plates are intercalated.
An analysis of Tapscott's coal by Mr. Chauvenet gives the follow-
ing :
Water 3.30
Volatile 36.85
F. Carbon 33-O5
Ash 26.80
Color of Ash light-slate
Sp. grav 1 . 529
Total Carbon 58.01
Hydrogen 5-036
At Ray's coal-bank, a quarter of a mile west, the bituminous
coal is 16 inches thick, with 8 feet of bituminous shale and 16
inches of limestone above it. In the overlying bituminous shale I ob-
served a good many fossils, including Solenomyasoleniformis (Cox),
Chonetes mesoloba, CJt. Verneuiliana, Prod, muricatus, Prod. Wa-
bas/iensis, Spirifer cameratus, Sp. Kentuckensis, Orthoceras cribro-
sum, Bellerophon carbonarius, Lexonema cerithiformis, Pleuroto-
maria Grayvillensis, a Nautilus, a Lingula, and a very small Macro-
clicilus.
Near East Pin Oak, 2 miles east of Holden, No. 55 forms a bench
4 feet high, extending for a short distance along the stream. It is
there mostly of a grayish or drab ash-color, and contains Athyris
sub t Hit a, Sp. lineatus, Prod, cost at us, Archceocidaris megastylus,
Fusulina cylindrica and CJuztetes milleporaceus abounds. One spe-
1 92 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
cimen shows it surrounding a Zaphrcntis. Across the creek, near
the railroad, the upper part is more brown. From it I obtained
similar fossils to those last named, together with Loxonema rugosa,
Spirifer (Martiuia) planoconvexus, Prod, costatus, and Clionetcs.
From the same rock I obtained in the creek, west of Holden, the
Pygidium and Glabella of a small Phillipsia.
On the east side of Sally's Fork of the Pin Oak, i ^ miles north
of Holden, we have
Sec. 38.
No. I 2 feet of nodular limestone, with Productus costatus,
Meckella striato-costata and Hemipronites crassus.
2 9 feet slope.
3 41^ feet light-drab limestone, fine grained ; contains Fusulina
cylindrica, Archceocidaris, and CJicetetes milleporaceus, the latter
appearing in fringe-like borders on the face of the rock ; in some
specimens the coarser tubes appear in small clusters projecting about
a quarter of an inch beyond the finer [=No. 55 of Gen. Sec.].
4 Is 14 feet of sandstone (= No. 54 of Gen. Sec.).
5 Outcrop of brown limestone.
6 17 feet slope to the water in the creek.
A half-mile further down the creek
Section 39.
No. i Slope.
2 41^ feet limestone, ferruginous on top, like No. 3 of Sec. 38.
3 19 feet slope.
4 9 feet, irregularly bedded, contains some chert, also Fusulina
cylindrica and Productus costatus (= No. 52 of Gen. Sec.).
At the junction of East and West Pin Oak we find No. 4 of
Sec. 39 cropping out 36 feet above No. 50 of Gen. Sec.
The following section was made two years ago on the Missouri
bluffs, just below Lexington :
No. I Bluff formation.
2 Shales.
3 4 feet rough-bedded, drab limestone ; abounds in CJicetetes
milleporaceus ; also contains some large Crinoid stems, Fusulina
cylindrica, Athyris subtilita, Spirifer lineatus. At top we have a
brown bed, containing Nuculana bellistriata, Bellerophon Mont-
fortianus, Pleurotomaria and Myalina.
4 5 feet drab shales with limestone nodules.
GEOLOGY FROM SED ALIA TO KANSAS CITY.
193
5 5 f e t hard brown sandstone.
6 2 feet shales and fine clay light olive, with red splotches.
7 5 inches black and olive shales.
8 5 feet blue clay.
9 4 feet fine-grained limestone, top brown.
10 3 feet thin beds of rough limestone and shales.
n 4 feet blue shales and masses of blue nodular limestone;
abounds in Clionctes Flcmingii, Archtzocidaris and Prod, costatus.
12 4 feet irregularly-bedded, dark-blue lime-
stone ; on Little Sniabar it is 8 feet thick, and
contains Rctzia punctulifera, Athyris subtilita,
Sp. Kentuckensis, Sp, camcratus, Sp. lincatus,
Product us semireticulatus, Prod. - , Macrochci-
lus, Naticopsis, Bellerophon, Plezirotomaria, arms
of Crinoids and archcsocidaris.
On the Little Sniabar and at Lexington I obtain-
ed specimens of a very peculiar fossil, which I have
never found anywhere else, nor have I ever seen
a description of a similar one. It consists of a
central axis or siphuncle, around which are ar-
ranged a succession of rather irregular septa, di-
vided into numerous nearly uniform-sized seg-
ments, which sometimes give the fossil the general
appearance of a small ear of corn. In some
specimens these segments or grains are of lime-
stone, separated by thin chalcedonic walls. In
some, the central axis is of dark limestone, in
others it is worn out. The annexed figures are
o
of two distinct specimens, one a transverse the
other a longitudinal section, marked A and B re-
spectively. From the latter we perceive the septa
have a general curvature in one direction. None of
the specimens are exactly straight, nor do they all
curve regularly. Some curve suddenly back,
others apparently anastomose. I will not under-
take to say to what class or genus it may belong.
13 Bituminous shale, 6 inches ; on Little Sni-
abar, 2 feet.
14 Coal, generally 22 inches.
13
Fig _ 6a
FOSSIL
FROM IIMESTONCN*
CO
1 94 GEOL OG Y OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
15 3 feet shales and fire-clay. The upper 3 inches on Little
Sniabar is bituminous, then I foot fine clay.
16 3 feet hard, close-grained limestone in one bed. On Little
Sniabar it is 4 feet thick, and rests on 3 feet of clay ; abounds in
Fusulina and a large Bcllcrop/wn, and at one place I observed very
pretty Bryozoa.
17 20 feet blue-red and drab shales.
1 8 3 feet bituminous shales.
19 o feet to 8 inches coal.
20 4 feet shales and nodules of limestones.
21 \\ feet irregularly-bedded, pyritiferous limestone.
22 2 feet shales.
23 2 feet even-bedded limestone, from which I obtained a large
Nautilus.
Two miles below Lexington I observed a rough, brown lime-
stone abounding in Allorisma regularis / I suppose it to be the
same as No. 23 of the above section.
Holden Group. The following is a section taken just west of
Holden :
No. I 20 feet of mostly clay shales in thin layers, some ochre-
ous ; contains lenticular ochreous concretions ; some are quite
fossiliferous and abound in ferns, mostly Neuropteris, also SpJicno-
phyllum and Annularia, with stalks of some other plant, whose
centre is sometimes composed of zinc-blende and iron pyrites, the
latter sometimes changed to sulphate of iron ; some stems also
three-quarters of an inch in diameter, with a thin exterior calcite
ring.
2 i foot of bituminous coal (= No. 59).
3 4 feet shales.
4 2 feet light-drab limestone ; contains Meekella striato-costata,
Prod, cos tat us ( No. 57).
5 8 feet shaly slope ; 3 feet limestone, covered.
6 16 inches limestone, somewhat nodular and shaly ; contains
many fossils, including Chonetes mcsoloba, Sp. cameratus, Prod,
costatus, Hemipronites crassa, Chonetes Flcmingii, Prod, splendens,
AtJiyrissubtilita, Meekella, Prod. Prattcnianus, LopJwpJiyllum proli-
fcrum and Bryozoa.
7 \y 2 feet shales.
8 19 feet sandstone.
GEOLOGY FROM SEQAZJA TO KANSAS CITY. ^5
9 8 feet cherty, irregularly-bedded limestone.
On the Blackwater, at the crossing of the Holden and Chapel
Hill road, I observed
No. i 2 feet light-drab and tolerably fine-grained limestone ; in
some placers there are appearances of large fucoids (= No. 64).
2 20 feet of dark-olive, sandy and clay shales ; contains some
curious cylindrical sandstone, with concretionary forms ; the annexed
figures are cross-sections of two natural size.
In south-west quarter, Sec. 16, T. 46, R. 28, we have
Sec. 40.
No. i 4 feet limestone (= No. 64 of Gen. Sec.).
2 30 feet shales.
3 i foot coal (= No. 59).
4 6 feet shales.
5 Outcrop of drab limestone.
6 8 feet slope.
7 4 feet limestone, containing Archceocidaris ; corresponds to
No. 55 of Gen. Sec.
At one place in this vicinity I observed an outcrop of brown lime-
stone 16 feet below No. i, and up the branch 200 yards I observed
bituminous shales, which I am inclined to place a little above No. i.
One and a half miles west, No. i forms the bed of the Blackwater,
and contains Fusulina and Ch&tetes.
Howe's quarry is about a mile further west. The rock there is a
soft, brown sandstone in thick beds, and occupies a higher geologi-
cal position than the rocks we have been speaking of.
Cass County.
The following section, at the forks of Big Creek, near Stras-
burgh :
No. i 2 feet drab limestone, somewhat rough, nodular, and
shelly ; contains Clitztetes milleporaccus and Fusulina cylindYica.
2 6 feet marlite-shales and calcareous nodules.
3 10 feet of olive and purple shales.
4 4 feet earthy sandstone and sandy shales.
5 IO f eet mostly argillaceous shales, blue and olive, with a bed of
ironstone and many small, hard, sandstone concretions, also purple
shaly bands ; contains ferns similar to those found at Holden.
68 feet shaly sandstone, to the water in the creek.
1 96 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
7 I foot coal in creek ( No. 59).
A mile and a half south-west, at Rocky Ford on Big Creek, No. I
of last section appears in the creek, and contains AtJiyris subtili-
ta, Lophophyllum prolifcrum, Spirifer (Martinid) planoconvexus,
Hemipronites crassus, Productus Wabashensis and small Crinoid
stems.
At Wm. George's, near one-half mile, corner of Sec. 31 and 32,
T. 45, R. 29, we have
No. i 15 feet soil and clay.
2 8 feet yellow clay shales.
3 2 feet limestone, containing Chcetetes millcporaceus and Fusu-
lina cylindrica and Syringapora multattenuata.
4 Shales brown exact thickness not seen from 10 to 20 feet.
5 I foot hard, black, brilliant coal.
6 Blue clay.
Mound Group. This includes about 130 feet. A section west
of Strasburgh, extending from top of Mound to creek, is about as
follows :
No. I 5 feet irregularly-bedded, light-drab limestone, on hill-top
(= No. 78 of Gen. Sec.).
2 About 20 feet slope.
3 i foot even-bedded, jointed limestone, with brown crust ; cor-
responds to lower parts of No. 74.
4 50 feet slope, mostly shales.
5 4 feet of buff sandstone.
6 45 feet slope ; ochrey shales appear in the ravines.
7 Limestone at creek (= No. 64 of Gen. Sec.).
No. 5 of above section affords an excellent building-rock ; it is
quarried at Carey's, also at Haynes's, near the railroad, a mile east of
the creek. In the ravines in Haynes's field a few inches of shaly coal
appear about 15 feet below the top of No. 6 of the above section,
and on Falls Branch, one mile south-east in Johnson County, it
occurs thus :
I 4 feet chocolate-colored and ochrey shales.
2 Smut from coal.
3 6 feet shales.
4 6 inches dark ash-blue calcareous ironstone.
5 8 feet dark-olive shales.
On the State road, a mile north-east, near the old Longacre place,
GEOLOGY FROM SEDALIA TO KANSAS CITY. 197
there is an outcrop, which is probably referable to No. 4 of the above
section, of a calcareo-ferruginous bed abounding in fossils, including
LopJiopkyllum proliferum, Spirifer planoconvexus, Astartella vera,
Plcurotomaria sphtzrulata and Macrocheilus.
At Elijah Davis's, in Sec. 18, T. 45, R. 29, bituminous shale
crops out in the ravine, and is also reached in a well on the adjacent
hill. Data furnished by Mr. Davis is as follows :
I 7 feet soil and clay.
2 15 feet yellow clay shale.
3 i foot black slate.
4 2 feet blue shale.
5 Bituminous shale. Mr. Davis says he drilled through it 15
feet to limestone, passing through a strong stream of water. The
bituminous shale contains some pretty impressions of Hymenophyl-
lites adnascens ?
In the hill north of Harrisonville, Nos. 70 and 71 crop out and
contain a large Schizodus, Pinna peracuta and Myalina subqua-
drata. High up in the mounds south-east the same beds appear,
generally abounding in large-sized fossils, including Myalina Subqua-
drata, Pinna peracuta, Avicnlopecten Providencis and a large Bel-
lerophon. These beds also appear at several places at Pleasant Hill,
containing quite a variety of fossils, including the above named
Schisodus (2 sp.), Loxonema rugosa, Macrocheilus, Orthoceras, Pleu-
ropJiorus? Phillipsia and Pleurotomaria (l or 2 sp.).
UPPER COAL-MEASURES.
The Upper Coal-Measures make their first appearance in the
western part of Johnson County, capping the high mounds, and, as
such, extend northwardly, via Chapel Hill, and on still north by
Greenton, occupying the summit of the main ridge between the
south fork of Sniabar and Little Sniabar.
The top of Centre Knob is 95 feet above the grade of the Pacific
Railroad, north-east, with 5 feet of Upper Coal-measure limestone on
top (= No. 78 of Gen. Sec. or No. 166 of my Mo. Riv. Sec.). The
general trend of these mounds, including the extreme southern limit
of the Upper Coal-measures, is from Centre Knob westward, passing
across the middle of Cass County. Nothing further than thin seams
of coal have been observed among these rocks. The most com-
plete section was obtained at Pleasant Hill, as follows :
198 [ GEOLOGY OF NORTH- WESTERN MISSOURI.
No. i 4 feet clay shales.
2 o feet 4 inches decomposing bed, brownish, ochrey ; con-
tains Myalina Kansasensis, Pinna peracuta, Bryozoa, AtJiyris sub-
tilita, var. Hawni, Spirifcr earner at us t Sp. Kcntuckensis, Productus
Prattenianus, and Productus Rogcrsi(= upper part of No. 85 of
Gen. Sec. or 158 of Mo. Riv. Sec. of 1861).
3 4 feet dark-drab clay shales.
4 2 feet buff decomposing limestone, with disseminated particles
of calcite and fragments of C'rinoid stems.
5 3 feet blue silicious limestone ; weathers drab ; fracture con-
choidal ; abounds in a beautiful univalve resembling in general ap-
pearance an elongated Pleurotomaria, but having a roundish aper-
ture with obscure lines of growth, and about 8 angular whorls may
be a MurcJiisonia. The same fossil is also occasionally found in No.
4 ; contains also a small univalve, which may be a Solcniscus, and
a PleuropJiorus ?
62 feet drab, fine-grained, silicious limestone, with numerous
specks of calc-spar disseminated ; when not too cherty, admits of a
fine polish ; contains an Orthoceras (aculeatum ? Sw.), Nautilus and
Pleurotomaria.
7 8 feet rough and irregularly-bedded grayish-drab limestone,
with many specks of calcite ; has buff shaly partings ; contains
brown and white calcite, and rose-colored heavy-spar a peculiar
fucoid, cylindrical, about an inch in diameter, the periphery of sili-
cious cherty material sometimes studded within with minute quartz
crystals ; some with a calcite band between the inner and outer part.
Abounds in Productus splendens, contains also Prod. Rogcrsi,
Productus costatus, Productus punctatus, Spirifcr cameratus, Mya-
lina subquadrata, Allorisma regularis, LopJiopJiyllum prolifcrum,
Bellerophon crassus, Sp. lineatus, AtJiyris subtilita, PJiillipsia,
Eumicrotis sinuata (M. & W.) Archceocidaris biangulata and Bry-
azoa. Productus costatus has very long spines.
8 \y 2 feet brown and buff calcareous shales.
9 4 feet blue shaly limestone, turns brown on exposure ; con-
tains a large undescribed RJiyncJionella.
10 i foot bituminous shales.
n 3 feet blue and bituminous shales, with Cordaites, and an oc-
casional knife edge of coal.
12 3 feet blue and buff clay.
GEOLOGY FROM SEDALIA TO KANSAS CITY. 199
13 2 feet fine-grained light-drab limestone.
14 4 feet oolitic and subcrystalline limestone ; the oolitic bed is
sometimes ferruginous.
15 i o feet shelly, gray limestone (= 78 of Gen. Sec. and No.
1 66 of Mo. River Sec.) ; abounds principally in Productus splcn-
dcns, Productus costatus, Spirifer cameratus, and more rarely in
Rhynchonella Osagensis, Rctxia punctulifera, At/tyris subtilita, Spi-
rifer lincatus, Prod, punctatus and Prod. Prattenianus.
16 6 feet blue and bituminous shales. No. 77 of Gen. Sec.
i/ iX f eet li mes tone and shales, fossiliferous ; includes Spirifer
planoconvexus, PolypJietnopsis inornata, Bellerophon carbonarius,
Mcckella striato-costata, Macrocheilus ventricosus, a small Chone-
tes, small Crinoid stems, Bryozoa, RJwnibopora lepidodendroidcs,
Hcniipronitcs crassus, Productus Prattenianus, and small branching
fucoids.
1 8 4 feet shales.
19 4 feet gray limestone, sometimes quite ferruginous ; contains
numerous small Crinoid stems, Athyris subtilita, Lopliopliyllum
proliferum, Productus Roger si, Hemipronites crassus, remains of
Crinoidece, probably Zeacrinus, Spirifer cameratus, and several small
univalves ; at one locality a thin, shaly, gray bed contains Monoptcra
gibbosa ?
20 14 feet shales = No. 72 of Gen. Sec.
21 2 feet calcareous sandstone, or sandy limestone, color outside
dark brownish gray ; fracture within sometimes blue ; tough ;
abounds in fossils, including Euomplialus rugosus, Goniatites glo-
bulosus, Myalina Swallovi, M. subquadrata, Eumicrotis (small sp.),
Schizodus (small sp.), Lyonsia pretense? Bellerophon (large sp.)
abounds. Also contains Pleurotomaria turbinifonnis, P. tabulata,
PL tuinida, Naticopsis Pricci, Loxonema rugosa, Soleniscus typicus,
OrtJioceras cribrosum, Macrocheilus, Nautilus, Phillipsia, Turri-
tella.
22 40 feet sandstone and sandy shales ; soft, brown sandstone in
the upper part, then bluish shales with carbonaceous partings. In
some places we find near the top a bed containing a large-sized
Discina and Aviculopecten occidentalis. The following is the sec-
tion, furnished me by Rev. Mr. Lymington, of Pleasant Hill, of
rocks passed through in digging his well :
No. I- \y 2 feet soil and subsoil.
200 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
2 9 feet brown clay, with remains of decomposing ferruginous
limestone.
3 \y 2 feet calcareo-argillaceous shales, light drab color, contains
RJiynclwnella and AtJiyris subtilita.
4 1> to 2 feet even-bedded limestone, dull light blue ; weathers
brown.
5 3 inches bituminous shale ; some fossils.
6 2^ to 3 inches good bituminous coal.
7 I or more feet dark-blue clay shale.
The position of the coal is just below No. 72 of Gen. Sec.
No. 21 of Pleasant Hill section corresponds to 70 and 71 of
Gen. Sec.
The following is a section at Amos's, in Jackson County, the upper
beds well developed in the cut of the Lexington and Lake & Gulf
Railroad.
No. i 1 5 feet of mostly gray limestone, in some places very ferru-
ginous ; contains some handsome calcite crystals of various forms
and colors; amber-colored, white and transparent " nailhead and
dogtooth-spar," in mammillary and drusy forms, some of the crys-
tals long, slender and acicular : fossils are LophopJiyllum prolife-
rum, Product us cost at us, Prod, splendens, Prod, punctatus, Pr.
PratteniamtSy Prod, cequicostatits, Spirifer earner at us, Sp. lineatus,
Sp. Kentuckcnsis , Myalina subquadrata, Athyris subtilita, Pro-
ductus Rogcrsi, Allorisma regularis and arms of Archceoci-
daris.
A fine specimen of the Nautilus was obtained from this quarry, of
the following dimensions: across the disc, 12 inches; thickness
between dorsal and ventral margin, 4 inches ; length of last septum,
6 inches ; thickness of the other septa, -j^ of an inch on the dorsum,
and -^o on the ventral surface ; septa concave, concavity a little less
than the greatest thickness of the septa. The dorsum is nearly flat,
very slightly raised in the middle ; sides are somewhat flattened,
and somewhat angularly rounded toward dorsal margin.
2 i foot deep-blue, argillaceous limestone ; contains Hemi-
pronites crassus, Productus cost at us and Rliynchonella (i inch
diameter). No. 82 of Gen. Sec.
3 2 feet bituminous shales.
4 5 feet shaly slope.
5 15 feet rough, shelly limestone. No. 78 of Gen. Sec.
GEOLOGY FROM SEDALIA TO KANSAS CITY. 2 OI
6 10 feet mostly sandstone, the upper beds with holes and
winding cavities ; contains a large Productus.
7 10 feet shales.
8 2 feet even-bedded, blue limestone, much used for building
purposes on railroad.
9 2 feet bituminous shales.'
10 20 feet shales. Near the lower part is a thin calcareous bed,
abounding in fossils, including Myalina Swallovi, Nuculana belli-
striata, and an elongated univalve.
The following is a section on the railroad one half-mile north of
Greenwood :
No. i 8 feet gray, irregularly-bedded limestone ; contains Pro-
duct us Roger si, Prod, cost at us, Prod, splendens, AtJiyris subtilita,
Prod, punctatus and Bryozoa.
2 9 feet slope, bituminous, shaly, and hid.
36 feet gray limestone, lower part oolitic.
4 13 feet brittle drab limestone, No. 78.
5 t- l /2 feet bituminous shales.
6 3 feet clay shales.
7 i foot ferruginous limestone, with Hemipronites crassus and
Syringapora.
8 i foot calcareous and ferruginous shales ; abounds in Spirifer
Kcntuckcnsis, Sp. planoconvexus, Sp. cameratus, and CJionetes
Flemingii.
9 Brown, ferruginous, decomposing limestone, in bed of creek.
At the mouth of Elm Grove Branch we find No. 78 of Gen. Sec.
In the bed of the creek, and a short distance below, No. 81 sticks
out of the bank, abounding in Hemipronites crassus. Nos. 84 and
85 crop out higher up in the bluffs. Along the Pacific Railroad,
2 miles north of Lee's Summit, No. 85 is seen skirting along the
hillsides.
On the bluffs of Cedar Creek, 3 miles north of Lee's Summit, we
have
No. I Outcrop of brown, decomposing limestone.
2 15 feet slope; at the lower part are outcrops of deep-blue
limestones, blue chert, and some brown, decomposing limestone.
3 25 feet slope ; rocks concealed.
415 feet limestone, No. 78 of Gen. Sec. (=166 of Mo. Riv.
Sec.)
202 GEOL OG Y OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
5 2 feet clay shales.
6 i foot bituminous shales.
7 6 inches blue limestone, argillaceous (= No. 76).
8 i foot nodular limestone and shales (= No. 76).
9 8 inches limestone.
10 2^/2 feet blue shales.
ii 4 feet ferruginous limestone.
Little Blue Valley, near the Pacific railroad, cuts into the series
about 40 feet below No. 70. In following the railroad to Indepen-
dence we gradually rise in the series to the top of our section. No.
98 crops out at several places around Independence. It is a gray
and tolerably pure limestone, containing many specks and wavy
bands of calcite, and but few fossils, On the Spring Branch, east of
Independence, we find the various beds in descending order to No.
69. At the railroad depot, at Independence, No. 96 crops out, con-
taining a large variety of Prod, costatus. Descending Rock Creek
Valley, we find No. 78 a little above the base of 'Missouri bluffs.
At Kansas City, below the Union depot, we have
No. i 6 feet brown and gray limestone, with large fossils, es-
pecially Prod, costatus, No. 96 of Gen. Sec. or old No.. 146 Mo.
Riv. Sec.
2 \y 2 feet olive shales.
3 2 feet dark blue shales.
4 16 inches bluish-drab shales.
5 10 inches dull-blue argillaceous limestone.
6 6 feet buff and olive shales.
7 6 feet limestone.
8 3 feet shales, bluer near top, dark below.
9 2 feet buff, nodular shales.
10 20 feet of gray limestone, more than half of the upper part ooli-
tic, and containing numerous remains of fossils, small RJiynchonclla,
Pleurotomaria\\ke. P. turbiniformis, Retzia punctulifera, Loxoncma,
Spirifcr Kentuckensis, Macrodon carbonaria, Aviculopecten (large
sp.), Bellerophon, Nautilus. Most of the fossils have lost their mark-
ings. The upper part of this stratum is generally cross-laminated.
ii 20 feet mostly shales.
12 14 feet deep-blue limestone, masses and lenticular concre-
tions of dark-blue chert in the upper part, shaly and concretionary
beds below. No. 85 of Gen. Sec.
GEOLOGY FROM SEDALIA TO KANSAS CITY. 203
13 2 feet shales.
14 4 feet fine-grained, brittle limestone, with numerous calcite
specks.
15 10 feet irregularly-bedded limestone, with brown shaly part-
ings ; some chert.
1 6 i y 2 feet deep-blue, argillaceous limestone.
17 4 feet blue and bituminous shales.
1 8 1 8 feet gray, shelly limestone, No. 78 of Gen. Sec. and old
No. 166 of Mo. Riv. Sec.
At Kansas City Bridge, No. 78 lies below the Pacific Railroad
track, and rises gradually west. A quarter of a mile west it is
above the railroad track, having risen 18 feet in that distance. No.
98 stands out from the bluff in bold, rounded projections. Fossils do
not abound. I observed Prod, costatus (large var.), Prod. Rogcrsi,
Prod, punctatus, and Bryozoa. Just below, a nearly flat terrace ex-
tends out for nearly 50 feet.
Where the bluffs approach Turkey Creek, we have
No. i 23 feet of gray limestone (= No. 98 of Gen. Sec.), quite
shelly.
2 26 feet slope.
3 6 feet limestone, with large Product us (= No. 96).
469 feet slope, debris from above.
5 10 inches chert, color dark-blue, and decomposing buff, with
many fossils, including Platyostoma Peoriensis, McCh., Loxoncuia
ceritkifonnis, and a larger univalve, resembling a Murckisonia, is
very abundant.
6 4 feet coarse, dark, brownish, gray limestone, containing Sole-
nomya, Bcllerophon crassus and Nautilus ferratus.
7 9 feet slope.
8 -4 feet shaly limestone beds, containing Aviculopecten occiden-
talis.
9 Outcrop of limestone. No. 83.
10 14 feet slope.
ii 18 feet limestone. No. 78 of Gen. Sec.
No. 78, lying near the base of the Upper Coal-measures, is easily
recognized wherever found. From its peculiar form of weathering,
it is often recognized even at a distance. I first observed it in 1860,
at Bethany, in Harrison County, occupying the bed of Big Creek. In
subsequent notes I called it the Bethany Falls limestone, and it was
204 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URI.
so named in my section read before St. Louis Academy of Science
in May, 1862, and is numbered 162 of that section. I observed it
near Gallatin, in Daviess County, in the western part of Living-
ston, in Caldwell and in Clay Counties on the Missouri bluffs.
No. 85 contains beds of deep-blue limestone and deep-blue chert ;
is found in Harrison, Daviess and Clay Counties.
No. 77 is generally shales, but appears as a thick-bedded sand-
stone in ridge west of Crawford's Fork, Cass County.
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MATERIALS FOR BUILDING.
Some of the limestone-beds at Kansas City afford a good material
for building, especially No. 87. Its upper part is light-gray,
beautifully oolitic, and very durable. The dark-brown, coarse lime-
stone occurring near the upper part of No. 85 is strong and durable ;
it is quarried in bluffs near Turkey Creek. No 79 is handsome,
durable, works free, and" furnishes a good material for a fire-rock ;
it is sometimes wanting ; it is quarried at Greenwood, Pleasant Hill
and vicinity. It is sometimes beautifully oolitic. No. 84 is light-
drab or dove-colored, containing minute particles of calcite ; admits
of a fine polish, but is sometimes cherty and hard to dress, and is
therefore objectionable as a marble. ' It is found at Kansas City,
near Greenwood, and in Parker's quarry, Pleasant Hill. Some of
the lower beds of No. 78 are in even layers, and are useful for
building. No. 74 is good, strong and durable, and thick-bedded ;
it is quarried at various places around Pleasant Hill. Sometimes
the upper portion is wanting, and the lower appears as a very
even-bedded, dark-blue limestone, variegated with dark windings
throughout ; is vertically jointed, forming rhomboidal masses. It
has been extensively used in railroad bridges and culverts. The
principal quarries are at William Hodges's, in Sec. 9, T. 45, R.
30; numerous quarries north of Pacific Railroad, in Sees. 15,
9, 10, 22 and 23, T. 46, R. 30, Cass County, and in Jackson
County, at Amos's, Lone Jack, and at Chapel Hill, in Lafayette
County. Nos. 70 and 71, from quarries 2 miles east of Harrison-
ville, have been extensively used in the construction of bridges and
culverts on the M. K. & T. R. R. The beds in these quarries are 2
feet in thickness. Most of the sandstone used in the railroad bridge
over Crawford's and Percival's fork of Big Creek, was obtained
from Carey's quarry on the railroad, 2 miles west, and Haynes's, I
GEOLOGY FROM SEDALIA TO KANSAS CITY. 205
mile east. There is about 4 feet thickness of it in beds of I to 2 feet,
works free, and is quite durable. Some of the stone used at the
last-named bridges, and most of it for 6 miles east, was brought
from Howe's (now Hobbs's) quarry, on the Blackwater, 5 miles north
of Kingsville. It occurs in thick beds, but is of inferior quality. I
refer it to No. 65 of General Section.
No. 55 is quarried at many places near Holden. It is durable,
and suitable for all ordinary purposes, but is rather hard and
irregularly bedded.
The Warrensburgh sandstone is a superior article, and is very
extensively used. It is of various shades of brown, gray, drab and
blue, and generally contains scales of mica disseminated through-
out. In Warrensburgh it is a deep-brown ; at Sheppard's, coarse
gray or drab ; at Davis's, bluish-gray ; at Cocknell's, coarse light-
drab ; at Moore's, a little coarser and buff-stained. At Moore's, 4
miles north-west of Warrensburgh, it crops out 20 feet thick from
the water's edge without a seam. At Cocknell's the beds are ap-
parently as thick. At Davis's the quarry-pit is worked down 18
feet, with no seam on three sides, and only thin coal-seam on the
fourth side. From this quarry the rock is shipped to Kansas City
and other places. The window-sills and caps of the Agricultural
College, at Columbia, are from Davis's quarry. The pillars of
the Court-House, at Lexington, aje from a sandstone quarry on
the north side of the Blackwater, and have been in use over twenty
years.
Quarry of Dr. Rodgers, on north-west, Sec. 17, T. 45, R. 24. The
rock is a whitish or light-colored drab, very fine grained, of firm
texture and even strata, and very durable ; said to make good
grindstones.
The sandstone of the Knob Noster quarries is micaceous, soft,
easy to work, and of various shades of red, buff and brown. Sand-
stone belonging near the top of the lower carboniferous occurs in
thick beds 2 miles south of Lamonte.
The lower part of the Burlington and the upper Chouteau beds
are generally easy to work, are of uniform thickness, and afford an
excellent material for building. Good quarries are near George-
town and on the Little Muddy north-east of Dresden. Near Sedalia
the Chouteau beds too often contain chert concretions.
The marble beds on the Big Muddy, west of Sedalia, have been
206 GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
described in the first part of this report. I would only add that the
rock is easy to work and admits of a fine polish.
Lime. The Burlington limestone beds are the best for lime ; the
rock is quite abundant near Georgetown. Some of the upper coal-
measure limestones make good lime, but not very white. Nos. 78
and 98 make good lime.
Sand. The best sand for plastering is procured from the Kansas
River. The Missouri River sand is also extensively used, but con-
tains many impurities and is too fine. At Warrensburgh the sand
from decomposing sandstone is used, but there is a difficulty in
crushing it fine enough. Sand from crushed sandstone is used some-
times at Pleasant Hill, but it lacks sharpness. The Missouri and
Kansas River sands are shipped by rail to many places.
Potters' Clay. Extensive deposits of good quality of potters'
clay are exposed at several places near Dresden and at Lamonte.
The brown stoneware that I have seen made from it is very good.
Beds of fire-clay from 2 to 4 feet in thickness underlie most of the
coal-beds in the eastern and central parts of Johnson and the western
part of Pettis Counties. None of these clay-beds have yet been put
to any practical use, but they are undoubtedly valuable ; some of
them are quite sandy.
Clay ironstone, or carbonate of iron, is often met with in the
lower shale beds. In the concretions in the shale over the coal,
2 miles west of Warrensburgh, I obtained what seems to be
" spathic iron."
Carbonate of iron and lime occurs in lenticular and reniform
beds, sometimes of even thickness for some distance, on Clear
Fork, six miles north of Knob Noster. Sec. 1 8, No. 5, contains a
4-inch bed reticulated by numerous cross-veins of calcite. Sec. 18
and 19 are near together, and include a lO-inch bed of ironstone
with 5 to 7 feet below, separating it from sandy shales containing
similar thin ore -beds. Similar iron-beds, occupying the same geo-
logical horizon, crop out on Clear Fork, 5 miles south-west of Knob
Noster, as shown in the following :
Sec. 27.
No. 7i foot black slate (= No. 16 of Gen. Sec.).
8 3 feet shales.
96 feet sandstone.
10 4 feet[ sandy shales, with some beds of carbonate of iron.
GEOLOGY FROM SEDALIA TO KANSAS CITY. 207
II i foot ironstone (carbonate iron).
12 i foot clay shales.
13 i foot ironstone.
The foregoing section, we perceive, includes a total thickness of
over 2 feet of a comparatively good iron-ore within a few feet of
vertical thickness. In Sec. 2811 the equivalents of above ore-
beds are included. These beds certainly underlie the whole country
as far as the east county line of Johnson, and westward may be found
at greater depths.
The shale-beds of No. 61, at Holden, contain many flattened iron-
stone concretions, some solid in the centre, with no appearance of
fossils, but the greater number when broken display to view many
plant-remains, including Neuroptcris, SplienopJiyllum, and Annu-
laria, with some fragments of plant-stems.
Nos. 65 and 69 contain flattened concretions of ironstone kidney
ore.
The sandstone at Warrensburgh and at Knob Noster contains
many hollow iron concretions.
Ochre. On Richard Harris's land, south side of Knob Noster,
there is an outcrop of yellow ochre 4^ feet thick, of every shade
from light to dark-yellow, some even slightly red-tinged. It is
mostly soft, but some is hard and compact ; it contains a few ob-
scure remains of plants. In one opening it appears 4^ feet thick ;
one hundred and fifty feet off it is thus :
No. i 2 feet shale, red and yellow, in thin laminae.
2 16 inches bituminous coal.
3 10 inches brown and yellow ochre.
4 I foot light-brown ochre.
5 I foot dove and yellow fire-clay.
This ochre-bed appears in the railroad cut, but not so well
developed ; also at Mr. Carpenter's, \y 2 miles north-east, and, on the
adjoining land of Higginbotham's we have 4 feet of dark-brown,
shaly, good iron ochre, with many remains of roots of Stigmaria.
It appears again in the railroad cut at Minersville, cropping out
beneath a 1 5-inch coal-bed, with one foot of light-yellow clay con-
taining Stigmaria roots at top, succeeded by 3 feet of variegated
clay, red and yellow. At this place the amount of iron contained is
small. This ochre-bed was originally a simple bed of fire-clay, but
into which much oxide of iron has introduced itself. In some places
208 GEOLOGY OF NORTH- WESTERN MISSOURI.
it is a light-yellow, sandy fire-clay. In others we find it hard, firm,
good iron-ore. It underlies the country around Knob Noster, at
least for two miles north and several miles south.
At Boyce's coal-bank, 5 miles north-west of Knob Noster, we have
32 inches of coal resting on 3 feet of ochrey shales, color red and
yellow.
On Franklin Craig's land, on Copperas Creek, we have red clay
with yellow clay.
These ochre-beds, we perceive, occupy the place of the coal
underclays, and we find them of every grade, passing from a pure
fire-clay and a clay slightly tinged with iron to a bed of good iron-
ore.
The shale-beds of No. 65 often abound in ochre concretions, and
many are found on Falls Branch, Johnson County, and in Sec. 25
and 36, T. 46, R. 30, Cass County.
At Pleasant Hill we find No. 69 containing ochre concretions.
Iron oxide is quite abundant, sometimes in attractive crystallized
forms, in the railroad cut on the L. L. and G. R. R., at Amos's, in
Jackson County, occurring in No. 83 of Gen. Sec.
Iron pyrites is found in both the shales and coal in the west part
of Pettis County. Some quite handsome forms occur at Munroe
Thompson's ; it is also quite abundant at Haley's and Ewer's coal-
bank. On Walnut Creek, at the railroad crossing, are found many
stems of plants composed entirely of iron pyrites.
Fossils contained in shales are in many places entirely composed
of iron pyrites, sometimes forming handsome specimens. I might
mention those obtained from Langston's, six miles north of Knob
Noster, Fairchild's at Carbon Hill, and in the cannel-coal stratum at
Mrs. McClellan's, at Tapscott's, and at Wray's.
Zinc-blende often forms a small nucleus in ironstone concretions,
and in this position was found on Walnut Creek, near the Pacific
Railroad crossing, in the shales over the coal at Long's, and in the
concretions at Holden. It is sometimes found in the centre of a
plant-stem. A small quantity of zinc-blende was found in limestone
No. 83, at Amos's, in Jackson County.
Gypsum. The shales in the lower coal-measures sometimes afford
many selenite crystals. The shales below No. 24 in the railroad cut,
both east and west of Walnut Creek, contains quantities of them ;
also the shales over Tarhorst's coal ; near the middle of Sec. 28 and
GEOLOGY FROM SEDALIA TO KANSAS CITY. 209
No. 7 of Sec. 17, Cox's coal-bank. They are quite abundant in the
blue shales on Clear Fork, six miles north-west of Knob Noster, and
No. 4 of Sec. 10, six miles south-west of Knob Noster.
Calcite. Beautiful forms of calc-spar were obtained from No. 83,
Parker's quarry, at Pleasant Hill, and Amos's, in Jackson County.
Among them were found white, transparent, pink, and amber-
colored ; in form rhombohedrous, dogtooth spar, nailhead spar,
acicular and mammillary forms.
Heavy-Spar. An irregular vein occurs in the lower Burlington
beds on the Lexington & Sedalia Railroad, north of the Muddy ;
it seems to be about 10 feet wide. A handsome flesh-colored
variety occurs at Parker's quarry, Pleasant Hill, and at Amos's
quarry, Jackson County.
Springs. A correct knowledge of the geology of a district will
often enable us to tell with near approximation at what depth to ex-
pect to find water. In digging wells at Pleasant Hill, water is always
found in No. 77, and all the springs of that vicinity issue from either
73 or 77. Wells have been dug nearly a hundred feet deep, com-
mencing in No. 69, and only obtained weak supplies of water. On
the Missouri bluffs, in Jackson County, are many cool, pleasant-
tasting springs of water issuing from No. 77. The large spring at
Independence issues from No. 97. In the middle and lower coal-
measures springs are rare. At Mr. Carpenter's, one and a half
miles north-east of Knob Noster, there is a well of very clear and
exceedingly pleasant-tasting water, supposed to contain alum.
Three miles north-west of Warrensburgh is a large mineral spring
on low, marshy ground. The water seems to contain sulphuretted
hydrogen, and is slightly tinged with iron.
Coal. In my General Section, above described, we have 19 feet
9 inches of coal, distributed as follows :
Near the base No. 2 is 2 feet.
At about 25 feet up in the series No. 5 is 1 1 inches.
At 41 feet No. 8 is 4 feet 8 inches.
From 41 to 65, three thin beds of 3 in., 5 in., and I ft. = i foot 8 inches.
At 91 feet No. 18 appears I foot 6 inches.
At 96 feet No. 21 is ! 8 inches.
At 1 16 feet No. 27 is I foot 8 inches.
At 1 33 feet No. 32 is 7 inches.
H
210 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
At 186 feet No. 35 is I foot 6 inches.
At 293 feet No. 44 is 2 feet.
About 240 feet No. 42 has 6 inches.
At 379 feet No. 59 is i foot.
About 480 feet No. 68 has 5 inches.
At 534 feet No. 73 has 3 inches.
The coal-beds, we perceive, are thicker and more crowded toward
the base of the series, becoming few and far apart as we ascend,
and also very thin.
The lowest coal, No. 2, may be found in Pettis County. No. 5
occurs on Clear Fork, 1 1 inches' thick ; I also think it is the equiva-
lent of the coal at A. B. Gardner's, Pettis County. No. 8 is mined
at Long's, Cabby's and other places in the same vicinity on and
near Clear Fork. The most extensive mining is done at Miners-
ville on the Pacific Railroad. The mines on the south side of the
railroad belong to the Pacific Mining Company, those on the north
to General F. Cocknell. The coal from these mines is all sold to
the Pacific Railroad Company, and is used at their machine-shops
and on their engines. The upper \y 2 to 2 feet, being quite shaly,
is only used by the miners, or else thrown into a refuse-heap and
burned up. The lower 30 to 36 inches only is sold. The Pacific
mines at their eastern shaft work about 20 men. The main shaft
is 42 feet deep. From the foot of the shaft the main drift or
entry extends south 600 to 700 feet ; there are 2 cross-drifts and 2
abandoned ones. The coal is hauled by mules on trucks to the
foot of the shaft, and from thence is raised to the surface by steam-
power. This company'-s other mine, one-quarter of a mile west,
employs a smaller force. A steam-engine is also employed.
On the north side of the railroad are General Cocknell's mines.
Thirteen men are now employed, they have worked 20. The shaft
is 45 feet deep. From the bottom an entry extends 150 yards east
and another 125 north-east, with several cross-driftings.
The mines of Higgins, east of Walnut Creek, are in No. 18. A
great many entries have been made into the hill and much coal
taken out.
The bank of Roberts and Sickles, on the land of Sylvester Orr, is
referred to the same horizon as that of Higgins. The coal is 24 to
28 inches thick. The entrance is on a hillside, and passes in a
.little over 50 feet.
GEOLOGY FROM SEDALIA TO KANSAS CITY,
211
James Mudd's coal-bank in south-east, Sec. 8, T. 46, R.
24, is 21 to 24 inches thick, and is reached by a shaft 20 feet
deep, from the bottom of which entries extend off at right angles.
This coal may be referred to No. 21 of the General Section. These
coals are mainly sold in the neighborhood.
Besides the above, there are evidences of a great deal of mining
having been done formerly around Knob Noster, many mines
being now abandoned.
Tarhorst's, Neal's and Reavis's, on a west branch of Clear Fork, six
miles south-west of Knob Noster, are all worked at present. The
coal is of very good quality and is used at Warrensburgh.
Mrs. Wingfield's coal is much esteemed by blacksmiths ; it is
hauled by them 10 miles to Warrensburgh, and is preferred to any
of the different coals which are nearer.
No. 35 is mined west of Carbon Hill, at Fairchild's, and at many
places around Warrensburgh, principally on Pott's Branch, and gene-
rally by horizontal driftings. This coal is remarkably irridescent.
A good deal of mining has been formerly done at different
periods of time on the Pin Oak and north and east on the Black-
water, but at present but few of the mines are worked.
The Holden coal, No. 59, is, when seen, of very excellent quality,
but is not worked much now, being only one foot thick ; it has
been worked at Holden and westward on the waters of the Black-
water, and is occasionally mined at Strasburgh, near the Pacific
Railroad, and at William George's, near the M. K. & T. R. R., in
Cass County. It is a first-rate coal, remarkably free from ash.
The Clear Fork and Warrensburgh coals both contain occasional
handsome specimens of mineral charcoal, called by the miners
" Mother of Coal." This is useful to polish tinware.
The following is a table of analyses, by Mr. Chauvenet, of the
different mines of the Warrensburgh coal :
B. Owsley
(middle).
Bruce.
Zimmei
man.
(bottom").
Z(
(bottom)
>11.
Gilleurs
Mineral
charcoal.
Water
7.40
5-31
6.77
7.09
6.32
5-39
7.29
i-59
Volatile
43-07
43.65
45-10
42.14
45-38
45- 9
42.27
15-63
F. Carbon
3^-37
43-12
44.01
47-15
44.98
45-56
46.95
71.28
Ash
ii. 16
7.92
4. 12
3.62
3-32
4.16
3-49
11.50
Color of Ash
pink, gray
pale gray
pale slate
very pale
pale gray
pale gray
slate
reddish
brown
slate
Sp. grav.
1.271
1.225
1-243
1.803
Sulphur
2.916
Total carbon
74-76
74.28
76.51
Hydrogen
6-33
6.07
5-6i
Nitrogen
1-555
212 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
An analysis of coal at William George's, Cass County, by Mr.
Chauvenet, gives the following result :
Water 7.80
Volatile 33-2O
F. Carbon 55-75
Ash , . . 3.25
Color of Ash rich brown
Sp. gravity 1.261
Total Carbon 66. 2 5
Hydrogen 5.21
Superficial Deposits. The Missouri bluffs on the south side form
the southern boundary of the drift. A few bowlders of granite,
greenstone, and quartzite have been found at Kansas City, near
Lexington, and Berlin the largest about 9 inches in diameter. I
refer them to altered drift, for they evidently have been transported
with gravel and sand, partly ferruginous, to which beds the name
" altered drift" is sometimes applied. The only place where I have
observed these beds of sand and gravel in the interior was near Big
Salt Spring, in Saline County, 15 miles from the Missouri River,
where they are exposed on the side of a low hill.
Bluffs. At Kansas City and vicinity we find a deep deposit of
finely-comminuted sand and marly clay ; colors brown, drab, and
yellow. Stalactitic forms of sandy iron-ore occur in the sandy beds,
and in the marly beds are found rough, spherical, calcareous con-
cretions, somewhat nodular, in shape very much like an artichoke.
Two species of shells are sometimes found, which may be referred
to the genera Succinea and Helicina.
The soil based on these clays is generally very rich, and the wood-
lands furnish a luxuriant growth of linden, elm, oak, hickory, hack-
berry, sugar-tree, black walnut, cherry, pawpaw, mulberry and
coffee-tree.
These peculiar beds seem to be mostly confined to the vicinity of
the Missouri River. The railroad cuts, south and east, show a
more stiff, harder clay, variegated brown, drab and yellowish. I
have part of the leg-bone of a mammal dug out of a well at Pleasant
Hill, at a depth of 28 feet.
The general thickness of these clays on the hill-tops is not often
over 10 feet, but is sometimes 16 to 20.
GEOLOGY FR OM SEDALIA TO KANSAS CITY. 2 1 3
In digging excavations of foundations for bridges, we find in the
beds of streams a succession of logs, blue clay, leaves, gravel, and
decomposed Unionida.
From these shell-beds I obtained the tooth of an ox (species ex-
tinct) at a depth of 12 feet below the surface.
To Mr. Chas. M. Litton, of St. Louis, I am indebted for much
valuable assistance in the field.
PROF. RAPHAEL PUMPELLY,
Director Geological Survey of Missouri :
SIR : In compliance with your request I have prepared and
herewith transmit a full report on the geology of Lincoln County.
To Mr. Alexander Leonhard, who was associated with me in the
work of the past season, I am indebted for valuable services ren-
dered in the field and in the preparation of maps, etc., accompany-
ing this report.
Your obedient servant,
WILLIAM B. POTTER,
Assistant.
CHAPTER VII.
GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
GENERAL GEOLOGY.
BY W. B. POTTER.
SURFACE FEATURES.
LINCOLN COUNTY is bounded on the north by Pike County, on
the east by the Mississippi River, on the south by St. Charles and
Warren, and on the west by Warren, Montgomery, and Pike
Counties, and contains nearly eighteen townships, or an area of
about six hundred square miles.
Topographically, the county is divided into two parts by a main
ridge, which enters on the north in Sec. 3 and 4 of T. 51, R. i,
W., and passes on in a general south-south-easterly direction.
The drainage-waters on the east side flow directly into the Mis-
sissippi through Bryant's Creek and King's Lake, Sandy, Hurricane,
McLean's and Bob's Creeks ; while the western part is drained by
North and West Forks, which join near the centre of the county,
forming Cuivre River, and this, flowing around the southern end of
the main ridge, is joined by Big Creek or Eagle Fork, and passes
on into the Mississippi in a general easterly direction.
The county, thus divided, exhibits quite different topographical
features. In the eastern part the work of aqueous erosion has been
very great. The streams and branches have worked out a system
of deep and ramifying valleys, leaving hills and ridges, in some
cases with rounded and easy slopes, but often with perpendicular
sides, as remnants of what were once continuous beds. The dif-
ferent degrees of hardness of the various rock-strata appear in the
manner in which they have withstood this erosive action. The range
of high knobs in the north-eastern part of the county have gentle
slopes at the base, where they are made up of the easily decomposed
shales and slates of the Hudson group, and grow steeper as these
2l8 GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
beds give place in ascending to the firmer limestone of the Hamil-
ton, while the summits are protected by the still denser Chouteau
limestone. The sandstones and limestones of the lower magnesian
series, too, being less firm and dense, are found to be more deeply
eroded than the durable limestone of Trenton age. The coal-
measures which are represented in the high ridges in this part of
the county have been protected there from erosion by the very
hard and compact hydraulic limestone which caps the ridges ; the
shales and coal of the coal-measures being so soft and easily acted
upon, that they must have been swept away gradually but for this
protection.
The ridges vary considerably in height, in some cases rising over
a hundred feet above the adjacent valleys. Near the middle of the
county the general direction is parallel with that of the main divid-
ing ridge, or nearly north-west to south-east ; but farther east the
general trend is east and west, while the range of knobs, from four
to five hundred feet high, is about north and south.
The slopes of the ridges are generally quite steep, and covered
with a thin soil yielding a growth of small timber, mostly post-oak,
with some white, black, and red oak. In some cases the soil is deep
and well adapted for growing tobacco and grain, and that nearer
the bluffs yields fine crops of wheat.
The western half of the county is mostly high prairie-land, cut
through in many places by the North-west and Eagle Forks of Cuivre
River and their tributaries, affording a fair distribution of timbered
land. The timber consists mostly of white, black, red, and burr oak,
hickory, black walnut, maple, and in the bottoms sycamore. The
uplands are for the most part gently-undulating prairies, with occa-
sionally deeper hollows, from which small streams take their rise.
The soil varies in thickness from one to two and a half feet, and is
mainly dark-colored mould, with a mixture of sand and clay.
The principal stream of the county is Cuivre River, which, with
its branches, drains the whole western half. The North Fork enters
the county about the middle of T. 51, R. 2, W., and flows in a
general south-easterly direction, receiving the waters of Sulphur
Fork, Mill and Fort Spring Creeks, besides many minor branches,
and joins the West Fork in the upper part of T. 49, R. I, W. All
the large streams and branches enter North Fork from the north
and east ; this being due to the broad and gentle slopes there offer-
GENERAL GEOLOGY.
219
ing a more extended surface of drainage, while the land on the
south and west is higher and more abrupt, through which the waters,
collected over a more limited area, and hence in small streams, have
cut deep and narrow channels.
West Fork enters the county in the southern part of T. 50, R. 3,
W. , and flows in a westerly direction, generally through a deep and
narrow valley, but with occasional wide-spreading bottoms. Its
principal branches are Camp and Turkey Creeks on the south and
Lead Creek on the north. From the junction of these Forks, Cuivre
River flows south-easterly along a broad valley, from one-half to one
and a half miles wide, the bottoms being rich and well wooded, and
shut in by bold escarpments of rock. Sugar Creek from the east,
and Crooked Creek from the west, enter the Cuivre before it reaches
the southern limit of the county, where it is joined by Big Creek or
Eagle Fork. From this point it flows in an irregular easterly course
into the Mississippi, near the middle of T. 48, R. 3, E. During
certain seasons of the year the river is navigable for small steam-
boats as far as Moscow, a distance of nearly twenty-five miles.
The north-eastern portion is watered by Bryant's Creek, which
flows with a north-east and easterly course through a broad valley,
with high and somewhat abrupt ridges on the south side, the high
land on the north sloping gradually for a mile or more toward the
stream. Broad bottoms occur at many places, with a heavy growth
of timber. After reaching the bottoms of the Mississippi, this stream
turns south and flows a number of miles along the river, forming,
with the addition of other streams, a broad and shallow body of
water, called King's Lake. The other principal streams of the
eastern part of the county are Lost, Hurricane, Sandy, and McLean's
Creeks, which take their rise in the range of knobs already men-
tioned, and flow through deep and narrow valleys into the Missis-
sippi bottom, emptying into King's Lake. Bob's Creek, farther
south, rises near the head-waters of Bryant'^ Creek, and, receiving
the drainage-waters of the western slopes of the range of knobs,
passes around the southern extremity of the latter, and, with Brushy
Fork, enters the Mississippi a short distance north of Cuivre.
The Mississippi bottom varies in breadth from one and a half to
three miles, and consists mostly of prairie-land, a narrow fringe of
timber occurring only along the banks of the streams and the foot
of the rock-bluffs.
220 GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
One of the marked features of the surface in many parts of the
county is the occurrence of small conical depressions, known as sink-
holes. They are found always in the high land and near the edge
of a ravine or valley, and sometimes in great numbers, as in Sec. 10,
T. 49, R. 2, E., where fourteen occur in a row within a few hundred
feet. These have originated from the surface-water making its way
through the crevices and joints of the limestone, enlarging them
by wearing away the edges of the limestone until they became
large cavities, through which the overlying soil is carried, causing
it to cave in, and forming the funnel-like depression. Springs often
obtain their supplies of water from these sink-holes, and large
streams disappear in them, and after flowing a distance underground
reappear in the valleys below.
Most of the caves, of which there are many of large size in the
county, have been formed in this way, aided in some cases by the
waters of the streams flowing past.
In Sec. 1 5, T. 51, R. 2, W. , on Anderson's Fork, a large and well-
formed natural bridge has been worked out of the limestone bluff
through similar agencies. The limestone belongs to the Recepta-
culite, or upper, beds of the Trenton formation, and forms a perpen-
dicular wall of sixty feet on the west side of the stream. About
fifty feet from the edge of the bluff there is a large sink-hole, from
the bottom of which a passage from four to ten feet wide and eight
to twenty-five high leads back to the outside wall of the bluff at
the edge of the stream, forming a complete bridge overhead.
STRATIGRAPHICAL GEOLOGY.
The following is the order of succession and thickness of the va-
rious geological formations appearing at the surface within the limits
of Lincoln County :
* . -| Alluvium,
c S i Bottom Prairie,
to I Bluff or Loess, 75 ft.
3 Drift (bowlders),
C* J
Lower Coal-Measures, 35 "
GENERAL GEOLOGY. 221
Ferruginous Sandstone, 20 ft.
St. Louis Limestone, 90 "
Archimedes " 80 "
Encrinital " 180 "
Chouteau Limestone, 5 "
Vermicular Sandstone and Shale, 5 "
Hamilton Group, 30 "
Onondaga Limestone, 6 "
Hudson Group, 65 "
Trenton " 230 "
Birdseye and Black River, 30 "
^ M IS 1 ist Magnesian Limestone, 50
*" eft" ^ 3 ^ Saccharoidal Sandstone, 65
2d Magnesian Limestone, 35
o 5 J 9 '7>
The Lower Silurian occupies about one-third of the entire county
area in the northern and north-eastern parts.
The Devonian appears in a narrow stripe along the southern
margin of the Silurian, and as isolated areas in the high knobs of
the north-eastern townships.
The Carboniferous occupies the remainder nearly two-thirds of
the county and is almost entirely of the Subcarboniferous division,
the Coal-Measures covering only a very limited area in the high
ridges of the south-east.
The occurrence of so wide a range of geological formations within
the limits of this county is due to an uplift of the Lower Silurian on
the north and east.
The overlying formations were afterward very extensively re-
moved by surface erosion, leaving, thus, the lower strata exposed
to view. In the high knobs and hills of the north-eastern part the
remnants of these overlying formations are still to be seen in the
Onondaga, Hamilton and Chouteau beds, occurring there as geo-
logical islands in the Silurian area.
The main axis of this uplift seems to have been in a general
direction of W. 30 N., and near the southern border of the present
Silurian area. By reference to the section along the Mississippi
222 GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
bluffs, it will be seen that between McLean's and Sandy Creeks a
strong anticlinal arch intersects the bluffs, the lowest formation that
appears being the Second Magnesian limestone, with the Saccha-
roidal sandstone overlying it conformably. On the south side a
fault has taken place, and the Vermicular group rests against these
with the Chouteau and Encrinital limestones beyond, while toward
the north the strata dip gradually and at a decreasing angle as far
as Little Bill's Branch, where another smaller fault has taken place
and later beds appear. This anticlinal arch and the great fault can
be traced through the county to its north-western border, and it is
along this line that the Devonian formations for the most part ap-
pear.
The amount of uplift of this Silurian area must have been
about four hundred feet, judging from the thickness of the over-
lying formations as exposed in other parts of the county. The
upturned strata of the St. Louis limestone, near the line of fault,
show that the period of disturbance must have been later than the
Subcarboniferous ; and though there is no evidence in Lincoln
County to prove how much later it was, still, across the Mississippi,
in Pike County, Illinois, the undisturbed strata of the Coal-Meas-
ures appear resting uncomformably upon the tilted beds of the Sub-
carboniferous limestone, proving the disturbance to have been an-
terior to the Coal epoch.
In the north-eastern part of the county, at Little Bill's Branch,
there occurs another fault, as already mentioned, on the south side
of which the Receptaculite limestone of the Upper Trenton is in
place, and in the north the Chouteau limestone and Vermicular
shales. This small area of Devonian formations seems to be the
remnant of a much larger area extending toward the east, but
now cut away by the waters which excavated the great Mississippi
Valley. It was probably also a part of the Devonian beds, which,
previous to the uplift, covered the entire region, but which, with
the exception of a few high knobs, have since been swept away.
Owing to the faulting of the strata along the branch, this area was
not elevated to any great extent, and the beds, remaining more
nearly horizontal, offered greater resistance to the action of surface
erosion, and are thus left as we now find them.
In other parts of the county the strata show evidence of a slight
movement. Along Bryant's Creek, from the Mississippi bluffs for
GENERAL GEOLOGY. 223
a distance of several miles toward the west, the strata rise at an
angle of from 3 to 8, being greater toward the east. The Hudson
group gradually gives way to the Trenton, and in the north-eastern
part of T. 51, R. i, W., the Lower Magnesian series appears at the
surface. From thence the dip is very gentle toward the west. Also
in the southern half of the county, where the Subcarboniferous
prevails, the same general structure may be seen. East of Cuivre
River the dip is very perceptible toward the north-east, giving in
succession outcrops of formations from the Coal-Measures to the
Encrinital limestone. Beyond the river the dip is very slight
toward the west.
We have thus two great and nearly parallel anticlinal arches in
the northern and southern parts of the county, and seemingly inde-
pendent of the line of fault which separates them.
SECOND MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE.
This is the oldest geological formation represented in Lincoln
County. It occurs in the Mississippi bluffs, south of Sandy Creek,
forming the lowest beds of an anticlinal arch for a distance of over
a mile. On the south it first appears rising at an angle of 15 from
the line of fault, where the Vermicular sandstone and shales rest
against it. Rising at a gradually diminishing angle, the crown of
the arch is reached within a quarter of a mile to the north, and here
the formation is about thirty-five feet thick, and consists of
'No. 4 Dull yellowish white or gray earthy magnesian limestone,
in beds from one to ten inches thick and destitute of fossils, with
thin sandy beds interstratified. 18 feet.
No. 3 Light-brown, dense, and rather silicious limestone, with
crystals of calcite and dolomite in cavities. 5 feet, passing into
No. 2 Coarse yellowish crystalline limestone, in beds six to
twelve inches thick, with calcite in thin veins and cavities. 6 feet.
No. i Covered slope to the foot of the bluffs. 6 feet.
For a distance of nearly half a mile these beds are quite horizon-
tal, appearing at intervals from the covered slopes. Beyond, they
begin to descend, and, in the north-east J of Sec. 2, T. 49, R. 2, E.,
within a quarter of a mile of Sandy Creek, disappear beneath the
Saccharoidal sandstone.
On the south side of Sandy Creek, in Sec. 35, T. 50, R. 2, E. ,
224 GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
there is an exposure of fifteen feet of a thin-bedded, earthy, magne-
sian limestone, dipping at an angle of 8 to the north-west, which,
from its position, is undoubtedly the 2d Magnesian. The layers
are, in places, much disturbed, showing an irregular wave-structure ;
but the general dip prevails, carrying the formation under in a short
distance.
This exposure of the 2d Magnesian is due to a bend in the creek
toward the south, which has cut into the anticlinal arch beyond the
general line of the valley, and reached the lower beds near the
axis.
No organic remains were found in any part of this formation, but
its well-marked lithological character, and its relation to the over-
lying Saccharoidal sandstone, leave no doubt as to its true position
in the geological scale.
THE SACCHAROIDAL SANDSTONE.
This formation, as developed in this county, consists of a white or
reddish-brown and generally coarse granular sandstone, in thick
beds, often showing no signs of stratification, or in thin, regularly
stratified layers. The pure white variety is composed of grains
of quartz, imperfectly cemented together and crumbling readily on
exposure, while the dark-colored beds are of firmer texture and
more durable, the oxide of iron with which it is colored furnishing
additional cementing power.
The most noted points where this sandstone is developed are in
the Mississippi bluffs from the north side of Sandy Creek, for a dis-
tance of three miles south, and west along the creek and its
branches for about the same distance. On the Mississippi it
forms the top of the anticlinal arch already alluded to. The total
thickness here is about sixty-five feet, the upper part in thinner
layers irregularly stratified, and the lower in heavy-jointed beds,
from which blocks of great size have fallen to the foot of the bluffs,
or lie scattered along the intervening slope. On the weathered
surface this rock is of a dark, reddish-brown color, and in the in-
terior of a lighter brown or yellow all more or less stained with
oxide of iron. It forms the main part of the bluff as far south as
the line of fault, where it appears cropping out in the top of the
hills, over the 2d magnesian limestone ; and in the higher hills, near
GENERAL GEOLOGY. 22$
Sandy Creek, it is overlaid by the 1st Magnesian ; but the slopes
of the bluffs are so well covered with detritus that it is not possible
to obtain a good section at any point. The dip to the north and
west carries the sandstone gradually down to the Mississippi bot-
tom. It forms the greater part of the bluffs on both sides of Sandy
Creek bottom, with an exposure, on the north side, of nearly thirty-
five feet, and a general dip of 7 to N. 20 W., which causes it to
disappear about a quarter of a mile to the north. It consists of
thin-bedded, well-stratified, fine-grained sandstone of a dull yellow-
ish-gray color, with beds of coarser sandstone, and in thicker layers
interstratified.
West of the Mississippi bluffs the sandstone appears in the hills
and ridges along lower Sandy Creek and its branches, cropping out
at intervals only in the north bank, but forming bold perpendicular
bluffs on the south side, where it consists of massive beds irregularly
jointed, but exhibiting no signs of stratification.
With a dip of nearly 10 to N. 18 W., it descends gradually
along the bluff to the bed of the creek, a crumbling mass, under-
mined in many places by the running water, forming " sand-caves,"
which show the light yellow and sometimes pure white sand of the
freshly-fractured surface. Along the whole length of the creek and
its main branches, South, Middle and North Sandy, the dip in the
strata is west of north 10 to 25, and at an angle of 5 to 15,
diminishing toward the west. This dip carries the Saccharoidal
sandstone beneath the surface on the North Branch, about a quarter
of a mile north-west of Robertson's Mill, while across the intervening
ridge, on Middle Sandy, thirty-six feet of it are exposed in the bluffs.
The accompanying section, taken nearly north and south across
Middle and North Sandy, in Sees. 28 and 33 of T. 50, R. 2, E.,
will show the position of the strata at this region.
Fig. 61.
*!>*
On the Middle, near its junction with the South Sandy, the Sac-
charoidal forms the main part of the bluff, being nearly forty feet in
15
226 GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
thickness, and is overlaid by twenty-five feet of the ist Magnesian
limestone. It dips gently up-stream, and disappears about a mile
further on, from which point, across the intervening ridge to the
South Sandy, a thickness of forty feet is exposed in the bluffs on the
south side, as will be seen in the accompanying sketch, section taken
across all three branches from near the middle of Sec. 32 to south
of Sec. 20, T. 50, R. 2, E.
Fig. 62. .
The South Sandy flows nearer the axis of the anticlinal, so that
the angle of the dip is much less, and the sandstone appears in
the bluffs along nearly its entire length, giving place to the 1st
Magnesian limestone near the section-line between 31 and 32.
In the north-western part of the county there are two other locali-
ties in which the Saccharoidal sandstone occurs. One of these is in
Townships 50 and 5 1 , R. I , W. , on the main branches of Mill Creek,
where it forms perpendicular bluffs of pure white, crumbling sand-
rock, tinged on the surface with light yellow, red, and dark brown.
In south-east of Sec. 33, T. 51, R. I, W., near the township line,
the line of upheaval crosses the south branch in the direction of N.
50 W. The Trenton dipping, at an angle of 20 to S. 60 W., ap-
pears in the bed of the creek, and further on the ist Magnesian rises
at an angle of about 15, which diminishes gradually up the branch,
and, beyond, the Saccharoidal sandstone, rising very gently, forms
the lower part of the bluffs for a mile and a quarter, and then dis-
appears in the high hills near the head of the stream. Its greatest
observed thickness was thirty feet, occurring in heavy beds indis-
tinctly stratified.
On the main branch of Mill Creek this formation also appears
rising from the south-west, near the middle of Sec. 33, T. 51, R. I,
W., and, forming the base of the bluffs for about a mile, passes
under the 1st Magnesian limestone,, near the old Auburn Church.
The thickness of the formation on this branch is about twenty-five
feet.
GENERAL GEOLOGY. 22/
A section affords the following :
No. 3 Trenton limestone in the high hills 25 feet.
2 First Magnesian limestone 48 feet.
i Saccharoidal sandstone 25 feet.
The greater part of No. 3 is in heavy beds, but the upper ten
feet are in thin layers and of fine grit.
On the Sandy Branch of Anderson's Fork, near the section-line,
between 3 and 4 of the same township, a small area of Saccharoidal
sandstone occurs in the bottom of the branch, about 8 feet thick.
The dip of this and the overlying formations on the south is 5 to 7
nearly due south, and gradually diminishing in that direction. On
the north the sandstone disappears beneath the ist Magnesian in
the higher hills, a quarter of a mile south of the county line. The
sandstone is of a fine, gritty character, of a yellowish gray color,
and in thin layers from two to six inches thick.
In the north-east ^ of Sec. 5, on a branch of Gwin's Creek,
running north-east into Pike County, there is exposed six feet or
more of a thin-bedded, yellow sandstone, similar to that occurring
on the Sandy Branch of Anderson's Fork. The beds dip very
slightly toward the north, and are overlaid by about thirty-five
feet of the ist Magnesian.
No fossils were found in any of the beds of this formation.
THE FIRST MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE.
This limestone appears in the county in the same general locali-
ties as the members of the Lower Magnesian series already de-
scribed, having been forced to the surface through the overlying
beds of the Trenton group, and exposed more fully by the streams
which have cut deep channels into them.
The main beds of the formation are composed of a dull-gray or
yellowish crystalline magnesian limestone in thick layers ; silicious
in places, and with cavities containing calcite and dolomite, while
other beds are of a light-yellow color, in thin, regular layers with
interstratified blue and drab shales, oolitic and sandy layers. The
formation appears in the top of the high hills and north of Sandy
Creek overlying the Saccharoidal sandstone, about twenty feet of
thin-bedded, yellow, earthy and part sandy layers capping the high
bluffs on the Mississippi.
228 GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
The dip to the north and west which prevails in the strata along
the Sandy and its branches, as shown in previous sections, carries
the 1st Magnesian lower in the bluffs and exposes it more fully
farther up the creek.
In the dividing ridge between the North and Middle Sandy, at
Myers's Farm, the full section of about fifty feet is exposed between
the Saccharoidal sandstone and the Black River beds, as follows :
No. 8 Covered top.
7 Thin-bedded, bluish-gray, dense, brittle limestone, filled with
vermicular cavities.
6 Yellowish-gray subcrystalline magnesian limestone, in beds
from two to ten inches thick, with disseminated crystals of calcite.
5 Light-yellow crystalline limestone.
4 Dull-brown, earthy limestone.
3 Light-yellow arenaceous limestone in thin layers.
2 Bluish-gray limestone, in thin beds, with interstratified blue
and drab shales, oolitic and sandy layers.
I Saccharoidal sandstone to the bed of the creek.
On the North Sandy the 1st Magnesian descends rapidly to the
bed of the stream, and disappears in Sec. 20.
On the Middle Sandy thirty-eight feet are exposed in the bluffs
overlaid by the Black River beds, in the north-east corner of Sec.
32, T. 50, R. i, E., as appears in the following section :
No. 5 Light-gray and drab, thin-bedded, compact limestone,
with vermicular markings.
4 Dark, yellowish-gray, earthy magnesian limestone, with dis-
seminated masses of calcite.
3 Light-yellow, fine crystalline magnesian limestone.
2 Dark-brown, earthy limestone.
I Light-yellow, sandy, thin-bedded limestone.
These beds finally disappear in the creek bottom, near the cross-
ing of the section-line between 29 and 30.
On the South Sandy it forms the highest part of the main ridge,
and with a gradual dip descends to the bluffs in the middle of Sec.
32, and from there west to the head of the stream cropping out in
the side-hills, passing under the lower Trenton, in the centre of
Sec. 31.
On the South and Middle Branches of Mill Creek the ist Mag-
nesian makes its appearance, rising from the bed of the streams at
GENERAL GEOLOGY.
229
an angle of about 10 to the north-east. It forms the top of the
dividing ridge, and skirts along the high bluffs, disappearing finally
in the hills at the heads of the streams.
A section taken at Ellis's Farm, near the head of the South
Branch, gives the following :
No. 9 Covered top of hill.
8 Light-drab, compact, thin-bedded
limestone, weathered into holes and wind-
ing passages, with Orthoceratites resem-
bling Ormoccras tenuifilum.
7 Thin-bedded, drab, dense limestone,
interstratified with light-blue shaly lime-
stone and fine limestone conglomerate of
light-drab color.
6 Light-buff, crystalline, magnesian
limestone, with crystals of calcite scat-
tered through the mass, and the layers
from one to fifteen inches thick.
5 Dark-brown, fine-grained magnesian
limestone.
4 Light-yellow, sandy magnesian lime-
stone.
3 Bluish-gray, compact, thin-bedded
limestone with thin partings of drab-
colored, soft shales, and interstratified
oolitic and sandy layers.
2 Thin, irregularly stratified sandy and
limestone conglomerate layers, passing
into
i Thin-bedded, well-defined Saccha-
roidal sandstone, to the bed of the south
branch of Mill Creek.
In the bed of the Sandy Branch of
Anderson's Fork, as already mentioned,
the 1st Magnesian limestone crops out in
the east middle of Sec. 9. Rising gently
toward the north-east, it forms the top of
the bluffs overlying the Saccharoidal sand-
stone, with an exposure of forty feet, and
230 GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
still further north is lost in the high hills about the head of the
branch.
On the small branch of Gwin's Creek, in Sec. 5, it may be seen
overlying the Saccharoidal which occupies the bed of the stream,
but owing to the surface-covering no accurate measurements could
be made.
Very few fossils occur in any part of this formation, a species of
Ophileta and of a trilobite like Bathyurus being the only ones, and
these very scarce.
The Trenton Group. This important series of limestones is very
largely represented in Lincoln County, covering an extended area
in the northern and north-eastern townships, and exhibiting a total
thickness of about two hundred and thirty feet.
It may be divided into
1. Trenton limestone.
2. Black River and Birdseye limestone.
Lithologically it is not easy to separate the two members, nor by
an examination of the fossils can the dividing line be determined
with accuracy, but the occurrence of a few forms characteristic of
the Black River and Birdseye limestones in other regions marks the
presence of these beds.
Black River and Birdseye Limestone. In the Mississippi
bluffs, north of Sandy Creek, there occur a series of drab and
light-blue, thin-bedded, compact beds overlying the 1st Magnesian
limestone, which may be referred, in part at least, to this division
of the Trenton group.
A section taken in south-east ^ of Sec. 26, T. 50, R. 2, E., is as
below :
No. 5 Light bluish-gray, fine crystalline limestone.
|" 4 Drab and dark-gray, compact, brittle limestone, with con-
choidal fracture in beds one to ten inches thick, many of which are
rilled with winding passages and irregular cavities on the weathered
surface : a few species of Orthoceratites.
3 Light- blue, less compact limestone, with small veins and cavi-
ties of calcite.
2 Thin, shaly layers of drab-colored limestone.
i Light buff-colored, fine crystalline magnesian limestone.
These beds dip toward the north in the bluff and pass out of
GENERAL GEOLOGY.
231
sight within half a mile, and give place to the overlying Trenton
limestone.
On Sandy Creek the same formation was observed at several
points, with some differences in lithological characters. In the tops
of the hills north of Robertson's Mill, a thin-bedded, compact,
brownish limestone with vermicular cavities crops out at intervals a
short distance above the ist Magnesian limestone, but the junction
could not be seen. Following up the North Branch of the Sandy as
far as Myers's Farm, these brown and drab beds form the main part
of the bluff, overlying the light buff-colored beds of ist Magnesian
and dipping to the north-west. At the top of the intervening
ridge, between the North and Middle Sandy, about five feet of the
same appears, as will be seen in the cross-section taken there and
already given.
At Cheeley's Farm the following section rig. 64.
occurs :
No. 10 Covered top of hill.
9 Dark-gray, subcrystallined limestone,
with veins and scattered crystals of cal-
cite.
8 Nearly white, compact limestone in
thin layers.
7 Brown and drab, thin-bedded, very
dense limestone.
6 Bluish-gray limestone, filled with ver-
micular cavities and thin bedded.
5 Light-brown, oolitic and brecciated
limestone.
4 Dull, yellow, crystalline magnesian
limestone, with crystals of calcite scattered
through it ; beds from two to eight inches
thick.
3 Light-yellow, crystalline magnesian
limestone, in thick beds.
2 Brown, earthy magnesian limestone.
i Yellow, arenaceous, shaly limestone.
Bed of Sandy Creek.
232
GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
The dip of these beds is in the same general direction as that
of the underlying Lower Magnesian series, namely, N. 10 to 35
W., but the angle is noticeably less, in the former not exceeding
5 to 7, and diminishing toward the west
On the North Branch this formation gives place to the Trenton
limestones in the south part of Sec. 20, T. 50, R. 2, E. ; on the Main
Sandy it disappears near the east line of Sec. 30, while on South
Branch it continues to the head of the stream and is lost in the high
hills.
In T. 51, R. I, E., on Bryant's Creek, thin drab, brown and
bluish gray, compact limestones, similar to those seen on Sandy,
crop out in the lower part of the ridges and bluffs for a distance
of three or four miles. A gradual rise, in the strata may be traced
along Bryant's Creek toward the west from the Mississippi bluffs,
and near the middle of the township above named the Black River
and Birdseye limestones appear.
A section taken in the south-east quarter of Sec. 16 shows the
position and character of these beds.
Fig. 65.
No. 5 Covered top of bank.
4 Light-gray, compact limestone with smooth conchoidal frac-
ture, containing small crystals of calcite scattered sparsely through
the mass.
3 Drab, fine crystalline.
2 Bluish-gray, dense, thin-bedded, with vermicular cavities.
GENERAL GEOLOGY. 233
No. I Brown, very dense and brittle limestone, in beds from one
to six inches, and perforated in every direction.
Nos. i and 2 contain OrtJioceratites in abundance, but no Bra-
chiopods.
Further west, in the next township, these beds of the Black
River, etc., are lost in the high dividing ridge which separates the
waters of Bryant's and Mill Creeks. But on the western slope, near
the head of the latter, they appear again beneath the well-marked
Trenton and in places resting upon the ist Magnesian Limestone,
as may be seen in the section at Ellis's Farm, already given.
Along the upper part of the Sandy Branch of Anderson's Fork
they crop out, exhibiting the same lithological characters as in the
localities mentioned above, and dipping slightly to the south-west.
Of the fossils occurring in this formation the OrtJioceratites alone
appear ; of these, Ormoceras tenuifilum are the most common.
Gonioceras anceps also occurs.
The Trenton Limestone. This formation is very largely deve-
loped in Lincoln, having a total thickness of two hundred and thirty
feet, and covering a large area in the northern part of the county.
From the marked lithological differences, and also in the character
of the fossils, the formation may conveniently be divided into
Upper Trenton beds.
Lower Trenton beds.
The Lower Trenton consists of light-blue and drab, thin-bedded,
compact, buff and gray, fine crystalline limestones, in the lower
part filled with vermicular cavities on the weathered surface, giving
it a peculiar honey-combed structure.
It occurs in the Mississippi bluffs, north of Sandy Creek, at
first cropping out in the high hills, and, gradually descending in
the face of the bluff, takes the place of the Black River and Birds-
eye beds, and passes on north for five or six miles before it disap-
pears beneath the upper beds.
Fig. 65, already given, shows the relation of these beds with
the underlying formations, and the following section, taken near
Hurricane Creek, in Sec. 14, T. 50, R. 2, E., shows the character of
the beds at their junction with the Upper Trenton.
No. 6 Coarse crystalline, light-gray and yellowish-white lime-
stone, with Strophomena alternata, Leptcena deltoidea, Leptcena
sericea, and other fossils.
234
GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
Fig- 66 - No. 5 Thin-bedded, fine-grained,
) reddish-brown limestone, with a large
i
number of well-preserved fossils, the
most common being Leptcena dcltoidea,
Orthis tricenaria, Orthis like O. subce-
quata and a Murchisonia.
4 Thin-bedded, light-gray crystal-
line fossiliferous.
3 Compact drab, with crystals of
calcite in veins and cavities, weathering
to light yellow, and in beds from four
to eighteen inches thick.
2 Light-gray and white, thick-
bedded magnesian limestone, with fer-
ruginous stains on weathered surface.
I Light-blue, fine crystalline, some-
what shelly limestone, full of irregular
cavities seen at various intervals in
the slope at foot of the bluffs.
High up in
the hills on the
north side of
Sandy the low-
er beds of light-
tlrf Statist y>j>i J3ott07n blue, honey-
combed lime-
stone occur, and with a slight westerly dip
descend to the valley a mile and a half
farther up the creek. On the south side
their first eastern exposure is a mile or
more west of Robertson's Mill. In Sec.
30, T. 50, R. 2, E., the whole Lower Tren-
ton forms the high perpendicular bluffs on
both sides of Main Sandy, and beyond,
near the township line, is overlaid by the
coarse fossiliferous beds of Upper Trenton.
The annexed section, Fig. 67, taken at
Miller's Farm, shows the relation of the
two members of the Trenton :
Fig. 67.
GENERAL GEOLOGY. 235
No. 5 Coarse crystalline, light-gray and white limestone, of un-
even texture, weathering into a rough, crumbling mass, with light
ferruginous stains very fossiliferous.
4 Finer crystalline, thin-bedded, shelly limestone, of bluish-
gray color, with an immense number of Strophomena.
3 Brown, compact limestone, with veins of calcite regular-
bedded, with thin, argillaceous, shaly partings.
2 Very hard, compact, silicious limestone, of light-blue and
drab colors, weathering to a dull yellow.
i Thin-bedded, light-gray, with many fossils the most abun-
dant being Lcptcena deltoidea, Orthis like O. testiidinaria and O.
tricenaria.
The Lower Trenton forms the surface-rock over a large area in
T. 51, R. i, E. It first appears on Bryant's Creek, about one
mile south-west of Diggs's Mill, rising from beneath the coarse
and shelly, fossiliferous beds of the upper member, and beyond,
forms the main bluffs of the Creek Valley. A previous section
shows the appearance of the Black River limestones in the
bed of the stream near the middle of the township, carrying the
Lower Trenton higher up in the hills. South of the creek the thin-
bedded drab and gray beds crop out along the hills and ridges with
the loose, shelly, honey-combed layers, extending on into the west-
ern part of T. 50, R. i, E.
On Cunningham's Branch of Bob's Creek, east of Snowhill, these
lower beds appear in the bed of the stream, dipping S. 45
W. at an angle of 23, and in the low bluff of the south bank at a
less angle. Higher up the branch, over an interval of a hundred
yards of covered bottom, a light yellowish, thin-bedded, impure
magnesian limestone forms the bed of the stream, and this is proba-
bly the ist Magnesian Limestone. This latter formation dips
slightly to the north-east, and is soon lost. After an interval of one
hundred and fifty yards the thin-bedded fossiliferous drab and gray
limestones of the Lower Trenton again appear, and by following up
the branch to the hills on the north-east, may be traced to the over-
lying coarse crystalline beds of the Upper Trenton.
In the high ridges at the head of Fort Spring Branch the beds
are thin, shelly, of a light bluish gray color, and full of vermicular
cavities. The material used for the " Rock Road," from Auburn
to Clarksville, is mostly obtained from these beds.
236 GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
At Fort Spring, a half-mile south of Auburn, the following section
was taken :
No. 4 At the top of the bluff a grayish-blue, close-grained,
crystalline limestone, weathering into holes and irregular passages,
in layers ten inches to two feet thick. 1 1 feet.
3 Same in thin layers. 2 feet.
2 Fine white crystalline limestone. / feet.
I Compact, very hard, chocolate brown, thin-bedded limestone,
with flat nodules of red chert, and containing Lcptcena dcltoidea
and several species of Murchisonia in large numbers ; also a species
of Subulites like 5*. elongata. 6 feet.
In T. 51, R. i, W., the Lower Trenton occupies the high ridge
land, with the Black River limestone in the valleys below. About
the head of Mill Creek its characteristic beds appear and extend
west to Sandy and Anderson's Forks, forming bold, perpendicular
bluffs. The next township on the west has the Upper Trenton
more fully developed, the Lower occurring only in the north-east
sections.
At the junction of Sandy and Anderson the following section
was taken :
No. 4 Compact, light-gray, crystalline limestone, in thick beds.
1 6 feet.
3 White, coarse, crystalline limestone, with crystals of calcite in
cavities and ferruginous stains on weathered surface. 7 feet.
2 Light bluish-gray, close-grained limestone, with 'cells and cavi-
ties on weathered surface. 1 5 feet.
I Drab, brittle, compact limestone, with Lept&na, Murchisonia,
and Subulitcs to the bed of the Fork. 4 feet.
The Upper Trenton Limestone. This division of the Trenton
formation consists of
No. 2 Light-blue and white, crystalline, heavy-bedded limestone,
passing into shelly beds below, with Receptaadites, Lept&na sericea,
and Orthis testudinaria. $6 feet.
i Gray and white, coarse, crystalline limestone, which crumbles
easily where exposed to the weather, with great abundance of
fossils, of which the most common are Strophomena altcrnata,
Leptcena deltoidea, L. sericea, OrtJiis testudinaria, O. tricenaria,
several species of Mttrchisonia, a trilobite of the genus Illcenus ;
also Chcetetes Lycoperdon. 25 feet.
GENERAL GEOLOGY.
237
No. 2 seems to be the equiva-
lent of the Galena limestone of
Iowa, containing many of the same
species of fossils, and especially of
Receptaculites. Some specimens
of lead have been found in this
limestone in Lincoln County,
though insignificant in quantity.
(See next Chapter.)
In Sec. 10, T. 50, R. i,W., this
limestone is well exposed near the
line of fault which traverses the
county. At this point Fort Spring
238 GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
Branch has cut through the upturned strata nearly at right angles
to the strike, showing in the bluff the position of the beds. A
section of this is given in Fig. 68.
A species of Receptaculites is found abundantly in these upper
beds, together with Strophomena alternata and Orthis testudinaria.
These layers are from six inches to four feet in thickness, the thin-
ner being of a light-gray color, and the thicker beds generally a
white, closely crystalline, magnesian limestone.
In the eastern part of the county, from Hurricane Creek to Little
Bill's Branch, near the middle of T. 51, R. 2, E., the Upper Tren-
ton is the surface formation. A previous section shows the posi-
tion of these beds in the bluffs of the Mississippi, over the Lower
Trenton, and the following section (see Fig. 69), taken in Sec. 24, T.
50, R. i , E. , shows the relation to the overlying Hudson River shales.
No. 4 Covered slope.
3 Light-brown and yellow shales.
2 White crystalline magnesian limestone, in layers from six
inches to four feet in thickness, with Receptaculites.
i Light bluish-gray, fine crystalline, shelly limestone, with
Receptaculites, Strophomena alternata, and Orthis testudinaria.
Lower down Sandy Creek the coarse, crystalline, fossiliferous beds
are exposed. They are of light-gray or yellowish-white color, the
upper layers quite thin, but the lower in thick masses, weathering,
where exposed, to a rough and irregular surface, more or less soft
and crumbling. To distinguish from the upper or Receptaculite
beds, these might well be called the Strophomena beds, from the
immense numbers of this genus occurring in them.
On Bryant's Creek, these Upper Trenton beds appear at Diggs's
Mill in the bed of the stream. Rising rapidly toward the west,
they form the surface-rock in Sees. 12, 13 and 14 of T. 51, R. I, E.,
and sweeping off to the south appear in the high ridges between
New Hope and the creek. North of the creek also they appear in
the higher hills.
In the extreme north-western township of the county the same beds
may be seen cropping out along the bed of a small branch which
flows south-east into the Sulphur Fork of Cuivre. It is a light-
gray, subcrystalline magnesian limestone, in layers varying from
three inches to two feet in thickness, and has a dip of about 10 to
the south-west. Higher up the slope of the hills the Hudson group
GENERAL GEOLOGY.
239
UJ
l-^ ~i
Oner.
35
appears in several places where the cover-
ing had been washed away, and in the
tops of the hills the Chouteau limestone
is exposed.
The Hudson River Group As occur-
ring in Lincoln County, this formation con-
sists of
ist. Impure, magnesian limestone, of
a dull blue, drab or buff color, generally
in layers from three to six inches thick,
and with a number of fossils, of which we
recognized fragments of Isotelus gigas, a
species ofDalmanta, Q{Rhyndionella,Stro-
pJiomcna alternata and Leptcena sericea.
2d. Blue and olive - colored argillo-
calcareous shales, which, on exposure,
weather to a light-buff color, affording no
fossils.
These beds are found overlying the
Upper Trenton, in the high knobs in the
north-east part of the county, and in the
ridges and hills south of Gwin's Creek,
along the Pike County line, also in many
places along the line of uplift, cropping out
from beneath the Devonian formations.
A section (Fig. 70) taken on the north
side of the Knob, south of New Hope, shows
the position and character of the formation.
No. 6 Covered slope.
5 Dark-brown and drab, argillaceous
limestone in thin beds, with partings of soft
shales containing a few specimens of Atrypa reticularis.
4 Fine, hard, white oolitic limestone, weathering to brown or red
color, containing Zaphrentis cornicula in abundance.
3 Argillaceous limestone in thin layers, of a dull, bluish-drab
color, containing Dalmania, Leptcena sericea, Strophomena alter-
nata, and a Modiolopsis.
2 Light-olive colored argillo-calcareous shales, weathering light-
buff color.
240 GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
No. I Light-blue subcrystalline limestone, with Trenton fossils.
On Sandy Creek, in Sec. 21, T. 50,' R. I, E., Nos. 2 and 3 of
the above section appear in the high hills overlying the Receptacu-
lite beds of the Upper Trenton No. 2 twenty-five and No. 3
about thirty feet thick.
Near Snowhill, in the west bank of Bob's Creek, the lower buff-
colored shales appear, and maybe traced for a mile and a half up the
creek, which here flows along the line of uplift. The dip, as observed
in the beds of shale, is about 10 S. 70 W. while that of the
Trenton in the bed of the creek is 23 to 25 in the same direction.
As the line of uplift sweeps off to the west in Sec. 22, T. 50, R. I,
E., these beds of shale disappear in the low covered slopes, and be-
yond, where it crosses Sugar Creek, the Chouteau limestone is
found replacing the Hudson group altogether.
In T. 51, R. 2, W., Sec. 21, the Hudson makes its appearance in
the bottom of Sulphur Fork. From the mouth of the Fork on
Cuivre River, the Encrinital limestone in the bluffs and the Chou-
teau and Hamilton beds, in succession, rise rapidly toward the
north at a gradually increasing angle, soon followed by the Hudson,
which has a dip of 1 5, and rests upon the Upper Trenton. The upper
member of the group, the argillaceous limestone, has a thickness of
about twenty-two feet, and affords fragments of Isotelus and Dai-
mania, a species of Avicula with Strophomena alternata and Lep-
tczna sericea in abundance. The yellow argillaceous and calcareous
shales are twenty-five feet in thickness.
From Sulphur Fork these beds are found in the small branches
toward the east, cropping out at intervals where the covering of
soil has been washed away. West of the fork it is also seen in the
gently sloping hills, as far as the middle of Sec. 7, and beyond this
no outcrop of it was observed to the western limit of the county.
In T. 51, R. 2, E., a few of the higher hills and knobs contain the
Hudson group, presenting some slight lithological differences. At
Gay's Hill, a small isolated knob in Sec. 19, there occurs near the
top, and beneath the well-marked Onondaga limestone, a light, buff-
colored, earthy magnesian limestone, in beds from six inches to two
feet in thickness. No fossils could be obtained from this limestone,
but in the underlying light-drab, thin-bedded limestone, the usual
Hudson fossils occur. From its stratigraphical position it would
appear to be the upper part of the Hudson, the equivalent of the
GENERAL GEOLOGY.
241
light-blue and drab, argillaceous limestone in other localities. The
accompanying section (Fig. 71) at this point shows the relation of
the various strata :
Fig. 71.
LEVEL OF. L'lTTLC. BILLS BRANCH
No. 6 Covered top of hill.
5 White and gray, oolitic limestone, weathering to reddish
brown, with Zaphrentis cornicula, Atrypa reticularis, Strophomena
rugosa, and a species of Pentamerus.
4 Light buff-colored, earthy, magnesian limestone, in beds six
inches to two feet in thickness ; no fossils.
3 Light-drab, compact, thin-bedded, argillaceous limestone, with
characteristic Hudson fossils, as given before.
16
242 GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
No. 2 Brown and yellow argillo-calcareous shales, of a bluish-
gray and olive color, where not exposed to weather.
i Receptaculite beds of the Upper Trenton.
No. 4 occurs in the hills to the south of Gay's Hill.
No. 5 is represented in some places by a fine, white, fossiliferous
sandstone.
A light, bluish gray, very dense limestone crops out in the low
hills near Bryant's Creek and the Mississippi bluffs, which may be
referred to the upper member of the Hudson group. It contains
fragments of Isotelus in great abundance, together with Stropho-
mena alternata, and a species of Avicula. These fossils are stained
a rich red color, giving a peculiar contrast with the soft gray of the
limestone. Below this limestone, of which only two to three feet
appear in the well-covered slopes, the light buff-colored argillo-cal-
careous shales crop out along the banks of the creek, dipping at a
slight angle to the north-east.
THE ONONDAGA LIMESTONE.
In the high ridges and isolated knobs of the north-eastern
part of the county, there is an exposure of two to six feet of hard,
fine, oolitic limestone of light-gray color, sometimes white, and
weathering to a brown or reddish shade, with darker specks scat-
tered through the mass. This has been referred to the Onondaga
limestone, from its lithological resemblance to the oolitic limestone of
that formation, described as occurring in the north-eastern counties
of the State, and also from the marked character of the fossil forms
contained in it. Its stratigraphical position is between the ar-
gillaceous limestone of the Hudson group and the brown and
-olive-colored shales and shaly limestone of the Hamilton.
The fossils are very abundant, and beautifully preserved, the fol-
ilowing being the most characteristic genera and species : Zapkren-
,tis cornicula, CyatJiophyllum rugosum, Atrypa reticularis, Stropho-
.mena rugosa, Chonetes hemispherica, and a Pentamerus.
At Guy's Hill, part of this oolitic limestone is replaced by a fine-
-grained sandstone containing Atrypa reticularis, a species of Spiri-
fer and a Pentamerus, and the coral Cyatkophyllum rugosum in great
abundance. This sandstone seems to be somewhat calcareous,
GENERAL GEOLOGY.
243
Fig. 72.
cw
Z
UJ
weathering and crumbling readily, and exhibiting stains of oxide
of iron. The hill above named was the only point where this
change in the character of the formation was observed. The great-
est thickness of the limestone is six feet, exposed in the knob south
of New Hope, and overlying the Hudson group. It thins out
toward the south and east, in the knobs at Gallows Gap, a thick-
ness of two feet only appearing, but presenting the same characters
as described above. Further south it does not appear in the hills
and ridges, they not being high enough to take in the Devonian.
The Hamilton Group. This group is represented in Lincoln
County, at many points along the line of uplift which traverses the
county, in the high knobs of the north-east, and at the base of the
Mississippi bluffs, near Bryant's Creek. At the latter point there
occur a series of bluish-green and black shales and slates, which,
from the presence of some characteristic
fossils, would seem to belong to the upper
part of the Hamilton group. As, for in-
stance, the Lingula spatulata, which, ac-
cording to Prof. Hall, is limited to the
Genesee slate, appears in immense num-
bers in this black slate. The latter appears
at intervals in the base of the bluffs from
five to eight feet in thickness, and overlaid
by olive-green argillaceous shales ; and still
higher up come the sandy and argillaceous
shales referred with hesitation to the Ver-
micular group. The slopes are so much
covered by detritus that no good section
can be obtained here. On a small branch,
however, which flows into Bryant's Creek
from the south, the following section (Fig.
72) was taken :
No. 6 Covered slope.
5 Buff-colored, argillo-magnesian lime-
stone.
4 Thin-bedded, irregularly stratified,
sandy and argillaceous shaly limestone
with oolitic beds interstratified.
3 Greenish-blue and brown shales.
244 GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
No. 2 Black slate, with Lingula spatulata.
i Bluish-gray, argillaceous, shaly limestone, containing a few
specimens of Atrypa reticularis and a species of Conularia.
In no other locality in the county were Nos. 2 and 3 observed.
The whole Devonian, indeed, as it occurs in this isolated area,
presents marked lithological differences from its equivalent in the
knobs and ridges farther south, where the following section oc-
curs :
No. 5 Near the top of the hill a gray, crystalline limestone,
containing several species of Spirifer, Atrypa grcgarea, Stropho-
mcna depressa, and a species of Avicula. 13 feet.
4 Hard, dense, bluish-gray, thin-bedded limestone, with few
fossils. Stropliomcna dcpressa. 18 feet.
3 Dark-brown and drab, impure limestone, with thin partings
of clay shale, containing Atrypa reticularis. 1 1 feet.
2 Argillaceous, brown and drab shales. 12 feet.
i Fine, hard, white, oolitic limestone, weathering to brown and
red color, with Zaphrentis cornicula, Atrypa reticularis and frag-
ments of Crinoid stems.
In Sec. 13, T. 50, R. i, E.,the Nos. 2 and 3 appear near the top
of the knob, beneath the Chouteau limestone and over the Onon-
daga, as in the above section. The high ridge in Sec. 14 is
capped by the Onondaga limestone, while, to the east in the next
township, the Hamilton again appears cropping out of the knobs at
Yellow Gap, with a total thickness of about twenty-five feet.
Along the line of fault through the county the Hamilton beds
were recognized at many points, but owing to the scarcity of good
exposures, except at the crossing of the main streams, few extended
sections could be obtained.
East of Bob's Creek, near Snow Hill, the thin-bedded blue and
drab argillaceous limestone (No. 3 of the section last given) forms the
base of the bluffs, the coarse crystalline beds of the Chouteau form the
top of the ridge, with an interval of 20 feet of covered slope between.
North-west of Snow Hill the limestone appears in the ravines, which
cut into the easy-sloping hills, and beyond it forms the bluffs on
Sugar Creek, dipping under the Chouteau limestone. At the cross-
ing of Fort Spring Branch, by the uplift, the Hamilton beds are
seen rising rapidly in the bluffs toward the north-east, exposing a
thickness of about twenty feet. North from this point, along the
GENERAL GEOLOGY. 24$
uplift, they crop out occasionally in the dividing ridge between
Fort Spring Branch and Mill Creek. On the latter stream, in Sec.
32 of T. 51, R. i. W. , the following beds occur :
Thin-bedded, gray and drab limestone, with a few specimens
of Atrypa rcticularis, and a Spirifer resembling S. mcdialis.
6 feet.
Olive-green and blue argillaceous shales, containing a species of
Hcliophyllum. 18 feet.
In T. 51, R. 2, W., these beds crop out at several points on the
northern slope of the high land in Sees. 23 and 24, and on Sulphur
Fork, in Sec. 22, it forms, in part, the bluffs, with an exposure of
nearly thirty feet, of which the upper twelve feet consist of a thin-
bedded blue limestone. West of this, the limestone appears in the
gentle slopes south of Sulphur Fork. It weathers less readily than
the shales below, and often stands out in relief on the slopes, while
the presence of the shales is marked by the easy slopes and wet
clay-soil. Skirting along the north side of the ridges, the forma-
tion passes out of the county at Louisville, cropping out in the
banks of Indian Creek, and rising gradually toward the north from
beneath the Chouteau limestone.
Very few fossils occur in any part of this formation. Most of
them, however, are characteristic Hamilton species, and, with its
lithological resemblance to beds referred to this group, in other
parts of Missouri, serve to mark its geological position.
Vermicular Shales and. Sandstones This group appears in
Lincoln County at several points, and generally consists of a thin-
bedded, argillaceous sandstone, more or less filled with vermicular
cavities on the weathered surface ; and of argillaceous shales with
thin layers of limestone interstratified.
Near the Mississippi bluffs, south of Bryant's Creek, these beds
occur to a thickness of twenty-five feet, and the following section,
taken at that point, shows the character of the beds and their rela-
tion to the adjacent formations.
No. II Thin-bedded, buff-colored limestone, containing Spiri-
fer, Productus, and an Avicula. 15 feet.
10 Thin, shaly sandstone, with a few fucoidal markings. 8
feet.
9 The same as above, but more argillaceous. 5 feet.
8 Oolitic limestone, dark gray. 2^ feet.
246 GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
No. 7 Dark-brown, impure shales, with fucoidal markings in
great abundance. 6 feet.
6 Impure oolitic limestone, somewhat arenaceous and contain-
ing iron pyrites. 7 inches.
5 Dark-brown, argillaceous shales. I foot.
4 Oolitic limestone, same as No. 6. 5 inches.
3 Greenish-gray, argillaceous shales, with fucoids. 2 feet.
2 Blue and drab arenaceous shales. 10 feet.
i Black slate, with Lingula spalulata. 7 feet.
These beds are seen cropping out at intervals in the base of the
bluffs beneath the buff-colored Chouteau limestone, but they can-
not be traced for any great distance.
The next outcrop of the Vermicular group appears in the bluffs
where the line of fault intersects. As will be seen by reference to
the section, along the bluffs, the shales and sandstone of this forma-
tion rest unconformably against the Saccharoidal sandstone and ist
Magnesian limestone at an angle of about 35, while on the south side
of the small branch the Chouteau and Encrinital limestones dip at an
angle of 70 to 80. The lower part of the formation consists of
twenty-one feet of drab and bluish-gray argillaceous shales, containing
concretions of pyrites and argillaceous iron-ore and fucoid stems
in great abundance, with a few specimens of Cauda galli. Above
these shales there is a thickness of about twenty-eight feet of ar-
gillaceous sandstone, with the characteristic vermicular cavities on
the weathered surface, interstratified with which occur beds of are-
naceous shale and of purer granular sandstone. These beds ap-
pear at intervals in the covered slope, though not sufficiently well
exposed to afford a detailed section, and along the branch to the south
they may be traced for several hundred yards, but are soon lost
sight of in the hills, where the branch bends to the south.
On the upper part of McLean's Creek these beds appear again,
and seem to have been continuous in their outcrop from the bluffs,
though the dip is considerably less. In T. 50, R. I, E., near the head
of Bob's Creek, these beds crop out of the hillside on the west side of
the creek. The thickness of the sandstone is not more than twenty
feet, and is more uniform than as seen in the bluffs, being a dull-brown,
fine-grained argillaceous sandstone, in beds from ten to thirty inches
thick. The Chouteau forms the summit of the ridges at this point.
Following the line of fault, this formation appears in the slopes
GENERAL GEOLOGY. 247
where the rocks are laid bare, and may be traced as far as Fort
Spring Branch, from which place to Sulphur Fork it does not ap-
pear ; but from the latter stream to the county line it was recognized
at many points, the shales of the lower part affording easy slopes
and wet clay-soil, and contrasting with the sharper outline of the
upper beds.
The Chouteau Limestone. This formation occupies an import-
ant position in the county, appearing at the summits of several
knobs in the north-east, and also along the line of fault from the
bluffs of the Mississippi, near Cap au Gres, to the north-western limit
of the county at Louisville. Three beds of limestone have been
referred to this formation, the lowest, however, with some hesita-
tion, from its resemblance lithologically to the underlying Hamilton,
and from the scarcity of distinguishing fossils. Such as were ob-
tained in the lowest member were quite common to the upper bed,
and it is therefore classed with them.
These beds consist of, 1st. A coarse, crystalline, somewhat
earthy limestone, changing occasionally to a light-brown, saccha-
roidal limestone, in which occur a species of Productus, a Spirifer,
probably 5. Marionensis, Chonetes ornata, and a few Crinoid stems.
2d. A dark, bluish-gray, compact, thick-bedded, silicious lime-
stone, with occasional geodes and cavities filled with crystals of cal-
cite ; contains very few fossils the Productus mentioned above,
with Chonetes ornata and an Avicula.
3d. A thin-bedded, drab and bluish, compact, brittle limestone,
with a few scattered masses of calcite.
In the north-western part of T. 51, R. 2, E., the second member
caps the bluffs and ridges between Bryant's Creek and Little Bill's
Branch. It is here of a dull, yellowish-brown color, and where ex-
posed in the Mississippi bluffs, of a buff color. The layers are from
ten inches to three feet thick, and the whole thickness twenty-three
feet. Beneath this limestone twenty-eight feet of thin-bedded, light,
buff-colored limestones appear, and below this the sandy and argil-
laceous shales, which probably represent the Vermicular group.
As already mentioned, the strata at this point rise quite rapidly
toward the north and west ; the upper beds of the Chouteau giving
out in the tops of the hills and ridges, about a mile west of the
bluffs. The yellowish or buff-colored beds appear along the bluffs
to the south, as far as Little Bill's Branch, where, owing to a fault,
248 GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
the upper beds of the Trenton are found resting against them. In
the top of the highest ridges the first member of the Chouteau ap-
pears, about six feet in thickness, overlying the thick, buff-colored
beds. It is a coarse, white or yellowish-gray, crystalline limestone,
containing Spirifer Marioncnsis ? Clionctcs ornata, and a species of
Mytilus, also of Productus,
In the three knobs south of New Hope, the three members of
the Chouteau are exposed. The top of the most northerly knob
is capped by the coarse crystalline limestone, eleven feet thick, the
lower part of which passes into a light-brown, fine crystalline lime-
stone. Nodules of chert appear occasionally in this bed, of a dull
red color. In Sec. 13 this crystalline, heavy-bedded limestone also
occurs, cropping out from beneath the covered top, and exposing a
thickness of eight feet, the lower five feet finer grained and darker
in color. The knob in Sec. 12 is not high enough to take in the first
member, and the second forms the surface-rock at the summit. The
latter differs considerably in lithological characters from its equiva-
lent in the bluffs, being here a compact, thick-bedded, silico-mag-
nesian limestone of a drab color. The greatest thickness observed
was twenty-one feet. Very few fossils occur. Productus, Avicula
and an OrtJiis like O. Michclini were recognized.
Below this, the third member appears a thin-bedded, shaly lime-
stone, from eighteen to twenty-five feet thick. This limestone is of
a bluish-gray or drab color, very hard and compact, and contains
Productus, StropJiomena rugosa, an Avicula, and a trilobite of the
genus Phillipsia, together with some indistinct specimens of Cauda
galli.
On the North Fork of Cuivre River, where it enters the county,
in the north-west quarter of Sec. 30, T. 51, R. 2, W., the Chouteau
limestone appears in the bluffs underlying the Encrinital, and con-
sists of-
No. 3 Coarse, crystalline, white limestone. 6 feet.
2 Fine, crystalline, light-drab, earthy limestone, weathering to
a buff-color. 10 feet.
i Thin-bedded, compact, shaly limestone. 12 feet.
The upper bed was not fully exposed, owing to the covering of
the slope.
The Encrinital occupies the upper part of the bluffs, which are
quite high, while the Chouteau forms the lower part. A gentle dip
GENERAL GEOLOGY. 249
-toward the south-east causes the latter to disappear near the sec-
tion-line, between 29 and 30. Reappearing in Sec. 28, it rises
rapidly toward the north, along Sulphur Fork, and within half a
mile reaches the tops of the hills and ridges. Following down
the Cuivre, it gives way to the Encrinital, owing to a great bend
toward the south and beyond. A northerly sweep brings it to the
surface for half a mile, but it is confined to the bed of the Fork and
lower part of the bluffs, exposing a thickness of about seven feet.
In T. 50, R. i, W., it appears again on North Cuivre and Wilson's
Creek, and is well exposed in the " Big Cut " of the St. L. and K.
R. R. About three feet of the upper coarse beds occur here,
changing rapidly into the thick-bedded, nearly compact silicious
magnesian limestone of the second member, observed elsewhere.
The thickness of this is eighteen feet, and is succeeded by the thin
shaly beds in the bottom of Wilson's Creek, and the small branches
which enter the Cuivre from the north-east.
In the next township, on the east, these beds crop out at intervals
in the hills on both sides of the Sugar Creek, dipping at an angle of
1 2 to 15 to the south-west, and along the line of fault toward Snow
Hill, are seen in an occasional outcrop on the covered slopes. Near
the above village the lower beds form the main bluffs, and incline
slightly to the south-west, the Encrinital capping the ridges beyond.
In T. 49, R. 2, E., the Chouteau beds may be traced from the
north-eastern corner in a direction a little south of east to the Mis-
sissippi bluffs. There are no good exposures, however, except in
the second branch, which cuts through the bluffs north of McLane's
Creek, where the following beds appear :
Thick-bedded, bluish gray, earthy limestone, weathering to a
lighter color, and containing disseminated masses of calcite. 15 feet.
Dark drab, thin-bedded, shaly limestone, irregularly stratified,
containing Fenestella, Chonetes, an Avicula like A. Cooperensis, and
Cattda galli. 1 1 feet.
The dip is 65 to 70 S. 40 W.
In the face of the Mississippi bluffs the lowest member does not
appear, and the group is represented by fifteen feet of coarse, gray
and light-brown limestones, succeeded by twenty-five feet of dull-
yellow earthy limestone in beds from one to three feet thick, but
very much broken and jointed. Crystals of calcite occur in cavities
in this limestone, and occasional nodules of chert. The whole for-
250 GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
mation dips conformably with the Encrinital limestone, at an angle
of about 80 S. 40 W. A break in the bluffs on the north side of
this outcrop conceals the nature and position of the beds for a
distance of two hundred feet, and on the other side of the branch
the Vermicular sandstone and shales appear, rising toward the north-
east.
The second member of the Chouteau limestone, as it occurs at
this point, has very much the same lithological characters as in the
north-eastern part of the county, in the bluffs south of Bryant's
Creek a dull-yellow and buff-colored earthy limestone, quite
different in appearance from the darker and more compact beds in
the interior of the county. This difference seems to be due to the
manner in which the beds are exposed to the weather, as well as to
a different chemical constitution, rendering some of them more
susceptible to such influences as oxidation and hydration. In some
cases, where the lighter color appears on the exposed surface, a
fresh fracture reveals something of the dark color and compactness
usual to these beds in other localities.
In Sec. 15, T. 49, R. I, W., the upper beds of the Chouteau
appear in the bottom of the Cuivre River, cropping out from be-
neath the Encrinital limestone, which has here a strong local dip
to the south-east.
THE ENCRINITAL LIMESTONE.
This member of the Subcarboniferous series occupies a very con-
spicuous place in the geology of Lincoln County, having a total
thickness of nearly two hundred feet, and forming the surface-rock
over a very large part of the southern and south-western half of the
county.
It first appears on the east side of the county, in the Mississippi
bluffs, at the great fault where its strata, with a thickness of over
a hundred and fifty feet, are upturned at an angle of 70 to 80,
and this is the only exposure of the formation along the entire line
of bluff.
South of the line of fault, and beyond its immediate influence,
there is a slight dip in the strata to the north-east, which is percep-
tible also as far west as the Cuivre River. This dip brings the En-
crinital limestone to the surface again, from beneath the overlying
GENERAL GEOLOGY. 2 ci
formations in T. 48 and 49, R. I, E. ; and from there it forms the
surface-rock as far west as Warren County.
North of Moscow it appears in the bold perpendicular bluffs
along the Cuivre, a coarse, gray, thin-bedded, crystalline limestone,
with lenticular nodules and thin layers of chert near the top, suc-
ceeded by heavy beds of gray and buff-colored crystalline limestone,
some of the beds composed entirely of fragments and joints of cri-
noid stems cemented together with carbonate of lime. These lower
beds, where exposed to the weather in the bluffs, become soft and
crumbling, forming irregular holes and often large caves, and stain-
ing the surrounding soil with oxide of iron. Of fossils, the most
abundant are Spirifer striatiis, a Productits, and Orthis Michelini,
with a large number of Crinoids. Much of the chert contains very
perfect impressions of some of these fossils, particularly the crinoids.
In many cases the internal structure, with all its delicate markings,
is fully retained.
At Frenchman's Bluff there is a fine exposure of these beds, dip-
ping at an angle of about 10 to the south-east. About sixty feet
of them form the escarpment on the south side of the river, and by
the gradual rise up the river the lower brown and earthy beds soon
appear. These consist of dull-yellow and brown limestones in lay-
ers from one to three feet thick, with transparent crystals of calcite
scattered through the mass, and containing a few fossils, of which
Spirifer striatus and Crinoids -axo. the most common. Further up the
river the heavy-bedded, dark-blue and drab, compact limestone of
the Chouteau group is exposed, with a thickness of over twenty feet
beneath the Encrinital limestone. To the east of this, along the
river, a very slight dip in the contrary direction is observed, and the
Chouteau limestone soon passes out of sight. On the North Fork
of the Cuivre, as far as the middle of T. 50, R. I, W. at Wilson's
Creek, the Encrinital forms the high bluffs and hills. At that
place the Chouteau again appears, owing to the rise in the strata in
approaching the line of fault.
Following along the West Fork of the Cuivre, the bluffs are high
and bold, made up of the middle beds of the Encrinital, which dip
gently to the west, while the upper beds appear in the higher hills and
ridges. Near the mouth of the Lead Creek the Archimedes lime-
stone forms the tops of the ridges over the Encrinital, and higher up
that stream the latter disappears entirely. Keeping to the west along
252 GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
the West Fork, however, the Archimedes is soon replaced by the
Encrinital, forming bluffs over a hundred feet high, weathered and
worn into curious architectural forms, and with many caves, some of
which are very extensive, and contain saltpetre in small quantities.
The Eagle Fork of the Cuivre or Big Creek passes through this
formation along its entire length. From its junction with the Cuivre
on the east, the strata rise very slowly toward the west, and in T.
48, R. i, W., the coarse, crystalline, cherty limestones of the middle
beds form the surface-rock and appear in the high bluffs. West of
this township they dip as slowly to the west, though in many places
local disturbances were observed. In these middle beds there
occur, interstratified with the coarse and crinoidal limestone, thin
layers of light-blue and gray, fine crystalline limestones, with occa-
sional thin clay partings. These appear on the Corn Creek, and are
well exposed at Brown's Quarry, near Troy, furnishing a moderately
good flagging, and the thicker layers serving for building-stone.
All along the line of fault the Encrinital limestone appears, dipping
at a varying angle from this line, generally toward the south and
south-west. It occurs in the higher hills and ridges near, overlying
the Chouteau limestone.
Of the fossils met with in this formation the crinoids are far the
most abundant, fragments of the heads and stems occurring in
almost every bed, and the lower division especially. Well-pre-
served specimens appear mostly of the genera Actinocrinus and
Platycrinus. Of brachiopods, Spirifers occur in great numbers,
and some of them unusually large, Spirifcr striatus notably so.
Productus punctatus and P. semireticulatus are very common, also
a species of Chonetes. Of gasteropods, Euomphalus alone was
recognized. Fenestella is found in nearly all the beds, some very
beautifully preserved in the chert nodules.
The peculiar structure known as stylolite is very common in this
limestone, especially in the middle beds. This appears generally as
a long series of parallel columns or flutings penetrating the beds
often to a depth of several inches, and always at right angles to the
plane of stratification. Prof. Swallow has given it the name of
suture-joint, from its resemblance to the sutures of the cranium.
Other names have been applied to this structure, and theories sug-
gested as to its origin, among others crystalite, supposing it to have
resulted from the crystallization of some salt of soda, which was
GENERAL GEOLOGY. 253
subsequently dissolved, leaving the moulds to be filled with sedi-
ment from above. Lignelite was a name much used at one time,
and suggested from its resemblance to woody fibre, and perhaps
from the belief that it was mineralized wood. Stylo lite is the name
by which it is now generally known a diminutive from the Greek
crruXo?, a column and its origin is ascribed to pressure exerted
upon the beds while in a plastic state, resulting in a slipping or
pressing together of the material. In the Clinton beds of Ohio
similar forms occur, exhibiting strong evidences of the great pres-
sure exerted in their formation. Some of them show at one ex-
tremity the characteristic impression of some fossil form, and a cross-
section taken at any part of the column is found to be exactly
similar to the outline of the fossil, proving the latter to have been
forced into the plastic material, and with its rough outlines produc-
ing the peculiar striation and fluting observed in the stylolite.
The Archimedes Limestone. In the south-eastern part of the
county the Archimedes beds outcrop in a narrow strip, beginning
at the Mississippi bluffs near Monroe, and, passing west and north-
west along the Cuivre as far as Moscow, turn away north through
T. 49, R. i, E., to the centre, and thence east, disappearing in the
north-eastern corner of the township. This crescent-shaped outcrop
is due to the general inclination of all the strata in this region
toward the north-east, the Archimedes beds being brought to the
surface on the south-western slopes of the hills and ridges from be-
neath the St. Louis limestone and the overlying coal-measures.
The formation consists of light-blue and gray, generally thin-
bedded, fine crystalline and compact limestones, with some argilla-
ceous and sandy shales interstratified. The lower beds contain
nodules and layers of chert, while in the middle and upper are found
geodes of various sizes, from less than an inch to five inches in
diameter, consisting of a chalcedony crust lined with crystals of
quartz or calcite, or both.
The village of Chain-of-Rocks takes its name from the outcrop of
these beds along the banks of the Cuivre at that point. The follow-
ing is a section :
No. 5 Covered slope, with chert gravel and loose geodes. 20
feet.
4 Drab, even-bedded, crystalline limestone, in layers three to
254 GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
ten inches thick, containing two species of Productus and a Za-
phrentis. 10 feet.
No. 3 Light-gray, thicker-bedded subcrystalline limestone. 8
feet.
2 Dull-yellow, granular, thin-bedded limestone. 6 feet.
I Light-blue, fine crystalline, with occasional nodules of chert.
IO feet.
In several wells dug in the top of the hill there were found, ac-
cording to report, brown and blue shales, with layers of loose
shelly limestone at a depth of fifteen or twenty feet. Along the
covered surface in the water-worn troughs, loose geodes occur in
great abundance, washed out of the soil and decomposing limestone
beds above. The contained minerals are usually quartz and calcite,
the latter merely crystalline in structure or in well- developed rhom-
bohedra and scalenohedra lining, the interior of a shell of compact
quartz or chalcedony. In a few instances iron pyrites and minute
crystals of galena were observed.
East of Chain-of-Rocks the Archimedes is seen cropping out at
a few points in the covered hills, but not sufficiently defined to afford
sections. In the Mississippi bluffs, north of the Cuivre River, it
forms the perpendicular wall at the top, and appears at intervals in
the covered slopes below, as follows :
No. 3 Bluish-gray, thin-bedded, fine crystalline limestone, with
geodes. 8 feet, the lower part changing gradually into
2 Brown, thin-bedded, argillaceous limestone, with blue and
gray shales interstratified. 12 feet.
I Covered slope, gray, fine-grained limestone, appearing at
intervals to the Mississippi bottom. 23 feet.
Following the bluffs north, these beds are seen descending gradu-
ally, and in Sec. 2, T. 48, R. 2, E., covered by the dense light-drab
beds of the St. Louis limestone.
West of Chain-of-Rocks the Archimedes appears in high hills and
ridges for some distance along the Cuivre River, with the character-
istic beds of the Encrinital, forming the bed-rock below. The line of
outcrop crosses the river in Sec. 24, T. 48, R. I, E., and passes south
and west in the high lands, north of the Big Creek, turning north-
west in Sec. 21 to the north-west corner of the township. Crossing
the Cuivre again above Moscow, it turns off north and east, and
gives out finally near the line of fault.
GENERAL GEOLOGY.
255
Near the old mill, at Moscow, the lower beds are exposed along
the river, and fossils occur in great numbers ; several species of
Spirifer and of Productus, also Fenestella and Archimedipora, the
latter being unusually large and well-developed specimens.
In the high land between North and West Forks of Cuivre, about
the head-waters of Lead Creek, the Archimedes limestone covers an
extended area, and attains a thickness of about fifty feet. It dif-
fers but little in character or mode of occurrence from the same
beds already described.
The St. Louis Limestone. This formation is limited in its de-
velopment to the south-eastern part of the county, forming the base
of the main ridges covered by the Coal-measures, and extending
from the Mississippi bluffs nearly to the
Cuivre on the west.
It is represented by beds of hard, com-
pact limestone of a light-blue and drab
color, and dull, yellow, silicious, magne-
sian limestone, with thin layers of argilla-
ceous shale interstratified. The following
section, taken on Bob's Creek, in Sec. 32,
T. 49, R. 2, E., shows in greater detail the
character of the group :
No. 9 Ferruginous sandstone.
8 Light-drab, compact limestone, with
smooth, conchoidal fracture, in thin beds
traversed by delicate veins of calcite.
7 Bluish-gray, close, crystalline, cherty
limestone, in layers from four to twenty
inches thick, with thin beds of argillaceous
and sandy shales.
6 Light-gray, subcrystalline, in thicker
beds, with seams and nodules of dark-
colored chert, containing Lithostrotion
Canadensis, Product us semireticulatus,
and a Spirifer.
5 Light-drab, compact limestone, re-
sembling No. 8.
4 Bluish-gray, fine crystalline, very
hard limestone.
256 GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
No. 3 Impure, dull-brown, thin-bedded limestone, with layers of
light, buff-colored, sandy shales interstratified.
2 Light, yellowish gray, close-grained, magnesian limestone.
i Light-drab, compact limestone, with smooth conchoidal frac-
ture.
This section was seen in part at many places along Bob's Creek,
in the high ridges capped by the Coal-measures. The lower beds
appear higher up on Bob's Creek, in the base of the hills and over-
lying the Archimedes limestone, as will be seen in the following
section, taken in Sec. 14, T. 49, R. I, E. on a small branch :
No. 9 Top of ridge covered with a red gravel, etc. 18 feet.
8 Light-gray, fine crystalline silicious limestone, with occasional
layers of dark-colored chert, containing LitJwstrotion, Prodnctus,
Spirifer, and Fencstella. 4 feet.
7 Covered slope. 18 feet.
6 Light, yellowish-gray magnesian limestone. 5 feet.
5 Gray, compact limestone, with smooth conchoidal fracture.
6 feet.
4 Drab, thin-bedded limestone, with layers of shale inter-
stratified, containing a species of Melonites and Crinoid stems. 12
feet.
3 Light-brown, impure magnesian limestone, seen at intervals
in covered slope.
2 Light, bluish-gray, compact limestone, with cherty layers. 5
feet.
i Thin-bedded, bluish-white, silicious limestone, with geodes.
The rise in the strata toward the north, near the line of fault, in-
creasing gradually in that direction, carries the St. Louis limestone
into the tops of the ridges, and beyond it gives place to the Ar-
chimedes. This inclination only occurs along, the line of fault, the
general dip, as already observed, being N. 20 E.
The formation first appears in the bluffs of the Mississippi, two
miles south of Bob's Creek, the lower buff and brown magnesian
beds occupying the upper part of the ridges overlying the Archime-
des limestone. Descending gradually, it forms the main part of
the bluff on the south side of Bob's Creek, cropping out at intervals
in the lower-covered slopes, and in the perpendicular wall at the
top. North of the creek the light-drab, compact limestone, like
GENERAL GEOLOGY. 257
No. 5 of the first section, forms the upper part of the bluff, while
the impure gray and brown, with interstratified shales, make up the
base. These in time disappear, giving place to still higher beds,
until the line of fault is reached, where the upper beds rest at an
angle of about 15 against the nearly vertical strata of the encrinital,
as may be seen in the general section along the bluffs.
The Ferruginous Sandstone. This formation crops out over a
limited area beneath the Coal-measures, in the high ridges of T.
48 and 49, R. I and 2, E. It consists of ten to eighteen feet
of dull-yellow or reddish brown, impure, friable sandstone, in
part of coarse grain, and in heavy beds, but generally in thin layers,
regularly stratified, fine-grained, and more or less argillaceous. It
is found in all cases resting conformably upon the St. Louis lime-
stone, and, with the exception of a small isolated area in south-west
quarter of Sec. 32, T. 49, R. 2, E., is overlaid by the Coal-meas-
ures. This area is near the south-eastern extremity of the main
ridge between Bob's Creek and Cuivre River, two hundred feet or
more above the level of the latter. Near the top of the ridge there
is an exposure of about fifteen feet of rather coarse, crumbling,
reddish-yellow and brown sandstone, in beds from one to three feet
thick in the upper part, changing to fine-grained, friable, argillaceous
layers below, the whole resting upon the well-marked beds of the
St. Louis limestone. To the south-east of this, another small area
of this sandstone occurs in a higher portion of the ridge, overlaid
by less than twenty feet of the Coal-measures. The sandstone
crops out in the Chain-of-Rocks road, which passes near, and the
total observed thickness was eighteen feet.
To the north-west along this main ridge, between Bob's Creek
and Cuivre River, the Ferruginous sandstone appears at many points
cropping out beneath the Coal-measures, which occupy the highest
portions. In the edge of Highland Prairie, which occupies a large
part of Sec. 31, and passes north-west into Sees. 25 and 36 of T.
49, R. i, E., the sandstone appears at intervals at the heads of small
branches, varying in thickness from twelve to eighteen feet. Near
the line between Sees. 25 and 26 a break in the ridge brings the St.
Louis limestone to the surface, separating the Highland Prairie
from the main ridge on the north-west, but beyond the break the
gradual elevation of the land soon exposes the sandstone and over-
lying Coal-measures.
17
258 GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
At Meadows's coal-bank, on the north-east side of the ridge, there
is an exposure of eleven feet of thin-bedded, fine-grained, argilla-
ceous sandstone, and on the farm of Mr. F. W. Rose its most
westerly outcrop occurs with a thickness of eight feet, and at a dis-
tance of ten feet below the hydraulic limestone of the Coal-measures,
the usual intervening beds of shale and coal not appearing.
Near the top of the dividing ridge between Bob's Creek and
Brushy Fork, the Ferruginous sandstone crops out at many points,
and underlies the Coal-measures which form the summit of the
ridge. The observed thickness was from seven to ten feet, and
consists of a dull-brown, thin-bedded, argillaceous sandstone, with
concretions of iron-ore.
In Sec. 7, T. 49, R. 2, E., it appears again, underlying the Coal-
measures, near the top of a small hill, with an exposure of seven
feet.
A few fragments of vegetable remains, resembling Catamites, are
the only fossil forms occurring in this formation.
Coal-Measures. This division of the Carboniferous series is re-
presented in Lincoln County under two forms the regular undisturb-
ed lower measures in the south-eastern part of the county, and the ir-
regular isolated deposits in the western, the latter of which will be
more fully described in the report on the Economic Geology of the
county.
The regular Coal formation, like the Ferruginous sandstone, is
limited in its development to T. 48 and 49, R. I and 2, E. ,
and consists of several small areas occupying the highest ridges,
namely, that lying between Bob's Creek and Cuivre River,
between Bob's Creek and Brushy Fork, and that on the north side
of the latter stream, near the head-waters of McLean's Creek.
The first of these areas has its most northerly outcrop near the
line between Sees. 22 and 27, T. 49, R.I, E., where the hydraulic
limestone appears in the edge of the ridge. From this point it
runs south through the eastern half of Sec. 27, with an average width
of a quarter to half a mile, thence east through the south half of
Sec. 26, terminating near the section-line.
The following section, taken at Meadows's bank, shows the char-
acter of the beds and their relation to the adjacent formations.
No. 9 Covered hill-top.
8 Brown shale arenaceous.
GENERAL GEOLOGY.
259
No. 7 Hydraulic limestone very hard Fig. 74.
and compact, of a bluish-gray color, with
dark-blue spots and veins of calcite scat-
tered through the mass, and containing
Atliyris subtilita in abundance, together
with CJwnctes mesoloba, Product us senii-
reticulatus and a species of Spirifer.
6 Black slate.
5 Coal.
4 Fire-clay.
3 Yellow, arenaceous shale.
2 Ferruginous sandstone.
i St. Louis limestone.
The hydraulic limestone is the most
characteristic bed of the series, and is
often the only indication of the occur-
rence of the formation, its great hardness
causing it to stand out in bold relief where
the other and softer beds have been
washed away or covered by detritus.
On the south side of the ridge in the
south-middle of Sec. 26 there is an exposure of eighteen feet of
green and red shales, with nodules of iron-ore over the hydraulic
limestone.
In the Highland Prairie, which forms the second Coal-measure
area, no coal has been taken out, but the hydraulic limestone ap-
pears as the surface-rock, and at several places small fragments of
coal were obtained in the beds of branches below the limestone.
The coal, as it occurs at the Meadows's bank, probably underlies
the whole prairie.
To the south-east, along the same ridge, in the south-east quarter
of Sec. 32, T. 49, R. 2, E., there is a small knob of a few acres
extent capped by the Coal-measures, as follows :
No. 5 Covered top. 5 feet.
4 Hydraulic limestone. 3 feet.
3 Clay and black dirt. 15 feet.
2 Ferruginous sandstone. 18 feet.
I St. Louis limestone, forming the main body of the ridge.
The fourth area has its northern outcrop in the north-eastern
260 GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
corner of Sec. 13, T. 49, R. I, E., and stretches away south through
the western half of the section, with an average width of a quarter of
a mile. Thence sweeping off to the east, through the middle of
Sec. 24, it crosses the township line into the south half of Sec. 19,
of T. 49, R. 2, E., south of the village of Chantilly, covering nearly
half the section, and terminating in the extreme south-eastern cor-
ner, on the land of Milner M. Tucker, where the hydraulic lime-
stone and a few inches of black dirt are' to be seen in the lane run-
ning on the north and south section-line. Coal was seen at but
two points in this area ; in the north-west quarter of Sec. 24, T. 49,
R. i, E., a few hundred feet south of the Troy and Cap au Gres
road, and in the south-east quarter of the same section. The
hydraulic limestone, however, forms the surface-rock, and crops
out frequently in the edge of the ridge, marking the presence of the
formation.
The remaining area occupies the top of a small knob in the south-
east quarter of Sec. 7, T. 49, R. 2, E., and covers an extent of about
thirty acres. No coal or shales appear, but the hydraulic limestone
crops out near the top of the hill, three feet and a half in thickness ;
below which, after an interval of twenty feet, coarse, thick beds of
the Ferruginous sandstone, seven feet, succeeded by the St. Louis
limestone.
Quaternary. Of the four subdivisions of this system three are
fully represented in Lincoln County, namely, Bluff or Loess, Bot-
tom Prairie, and Alluvium, while a few bowlders scattered about on
the hills or in the deep ravines are the only evidences of the occur-
rence of the drift. No accumulated deposits of true drift-material
were observed in any part of the country.
In Sec. 8, T. 48, R. i, E., on the Troy and Wentzville road, a
large bowlder of feldspathic granite, two feet and a half in its great-
est diameter, lies imbedded in the soil on the top of a high ridge ;
and in various other localities smaller bowlders are found, but unac-
companied by gravel or finer material of the true drift. Most of
these bowlders are of granite, hornblendic gneiss, hornblende-rock,
quartzite, diorite, red sandstone, resembling the Potsdam sand-
stone, and one was found of milky quartz, with fine crystals of black
tourmaline.
The Bluff or Loess formation is exposed in many parts of the
county, especially in the eastern border, where it reaches a thick-
GENERAL GEOLOGY. 26 1
ness of fifty to seventy-five feet. It is generally of a dull-yellow,
ash-colored, brown or even bright-red argillaceous or sandy marl,
imperfectly stratified, and, where weathered, exhibiting a columnar
structure. In the south-east it covers the rock-bluffs and forms the
main part of the hills in the valley of Cuivre ; and along the eastern
side of the range of high knobs it is well developed, giving charac-
ter to the soils and rendering them among the best in the county
for the production of fruits and grain. West of this range the for-
mation is not so general in its distribution nor so fully developed.
Of organic remains, several species of Helix occur frequently.
The Bottom Prairie extends over the great Mississippi bottom,
which forms the eastern border of the county, from two to three
miles wide. It is cut into, for a considerable depth, by the streams
which flow down from the uplands and empty into the Mississippi.
A section taken half a mile from the bluffs on Cuivre shows :
Soil. 2y 2 feet.
Light-gray, sandy clay. 4 feet.
Dark-brown and black vegetable mould, i^ feet.
Bluish, calcareous clay. 2 feet.
Dark-gray, and irregularly stratified. 3 feet.
Yellow sand, stratified. 8 feet.
A section taken of the bank on Sandy Creek is as follows :
Soil. 2 feet.
Light-yellow, sandy loam. 3 feet 10 inches.
Dark, vegetable mould, with sand. I foot.
Dark-blue clay, in thin layers. 2 feet.
Gray and brown sands, irregularly stratified. 4 feet.
Light-yellow, regularly stratified sand. 6 feet.
Aside from the soils which constitute the upper and latest de-
posits, and occur in all parts of the county, there appear, especially
in the valleys of the streams, beds of pebbles, sand, clay and vege-
table mould. These materials, derived from older superficial de-
posits or from the rocks through which the streams have cut their
channels, have been transported to a greater or less distance by the
currents, and form now the broad prairies of the Mississippi bottom
on the eastern border of the county, and the smaller but no less
fertile wood-plains of Cuivre River and its main branches. In the beds
of nearly all the streams and ravines, small pebbles lie scattered
about, or in beds several feet thick. These pebbles are almost en-
262 GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
tirely of chert, though fragments of limestone occur as well, and
vary in size from that of a walnut to pieces six or eight inches in
diameter. The chert is smooth, though more or less angular, and
has been derived from neighboring beds of cherty limestone,
through which the streams run, and which cover so large an area of
the county ; or from similar beds forming the surface-rock at an
earlier time, and which have now disappeared through erosion,
leaving the more indestructible cherty fragments. Many of these
fragments contain the impressions of fossils, and are in all respects
similar to the nodules of chert occurring in the Subcarboniferous
limestones.
Sand and clay form an important part of the alluvial bottoms,
occurring stratified in more or less regular layers. The former shows
very distinctly, in many places, the peculiar broken structure pro-
duced by rippling waters or the gentle ebb and flow of currents
and waves over a shallow bottom.
In some of the broad bottoms along Cuivre River and other large
streams the alluvium is distinctly terraced. At the crossing of
Cuivre in Sec. 14, T. 49, R. I, W., where the bottom is about half
a mile wide, there are three well-marked terraces, ten, six, and four
feet high respectively, and these may be traced for a distance of
nearly two miles south along the bottom.
CHAPTER VIII.
COAL.
THE existence of coal in Lincoln County has been known for
many years, and has excited considerable interest, not only in the
county itself, but among many operators and manufacturers in
adjacent parts of the State who were desirous of obtaining a suit-
able and cheap fuel for smelting and manufacturing purposes. But
although a considerable amount of coal has been taken out in
various places for home consumption, and search made in others,
it may be said that no systematic examination had, up to the pres-
ent time, been made to prove the extent and value of the deposits.
As has already been stated in a previous part of this report, the
coal occurs in this county under two conditions :
I. That found regularly stratified, with undisturbed beds, which,
from their stratigraphical position and the character of the contained
fossils, are to be recognized as belonging -to the lower series of the
regular Coal-measure formation.
II. The irregular, isolated beds of coal occurring in the banks of
streams and ravines, exhibiting signs of disturbance, and associated
with a comparatively small amount of the usual accompanying beds
of the Coal-measures.
The coal referred to the first division has already been described
as to its mode of occurrence, and the limits of the areas underlaid,
by it have been marked out. Although these areas in which coal
will be found are of considerable extent, there is but one place at
which the coal has been taken out, namely : at Meadows's bank, in
the high ridge west of Bob's Creek, in the north-west quarter of
Sec. 27, T. 49, R. i, E. During the past twelve or thirteen years
'coal has been obtained at intervals, amounting altogether to about
three thousand bushels.
The seam varies in thickness from fifteen to twenty-five inches,
and is covered by four feet of compact, hard, hydraulic limestone,
264 GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
with, in some places, a few inches of black slate intervening. One
or two openings have been made in the edge of the hill at the
outcrop, and a low entry, the thickness of the coal and slate in
height, worked into the hill for a distance of one hundred and
twenty or thirty feet. The coal itself is a soft, caking, bituminous
coal, jointed with planes perpendicular to the stratification, is rather
tender when exposed, and contains considerable sulphur.
Below are two analyses of this coal, made by Mr. Chauvenet.
No. i is from the top of the seam and No. 2 from the bottom.
No. i. No. 2.
Water 6.30.. 6.75
Volatile Matter 39.20 36.80
Fixed Carbon 44- 30 42.00
Ash 10.20 14-45
Color of ash in both, light brown.
Sulphur, 4.91. Iron (metallic), 4-44-
At no other place could specimens be got for analysis, and
possibly it might prove elsewhere to be of better quality ; but it is
improbable that it will be found much thicker. There are many
points where the coal could be obtained, and its character deter-
mined, with little labor and small cost; and those having land on the
outcrop of the Coal-measures, already indicated on the map, might
easily make the trial.
Coal from the Meadows bank is used for household purposes in
the neighborhood, and to a large extent by the blacksmiths. The
demand for it is necessarily somewhat limited.
The deposits of coal which have attracted the most attention in
the county belong to the second division, as given above, occur-
ring at many places in the excavated valleys, side branches and
ravines, as isolated beds unconnected with one another, but ex-
hibiting the same general characters and associations. These
beds are often of great thickness as compared with the regular
coal-seams, reaching as high as twenty-five feet in some cases, and
showing more or less signs of disturbance in the irregularity of the
dip and the smooth and polished surfaces of slicken-sides.
With this great thickness of coal there is always a remarkably
small representation of the usual accompanying Coal-measure strata.
The few inches of shale or slate interstratified with, and rarely a
COAL. 265
few feet above, the coal, contrasts strongly with the great thickness
of these beds in the regular coal-measures.
Another marked feature of these deposits is the relation they bear
to the prevailing rock of the region, which is in all cases one of the
limestones of the subcarboniferous series, and most commonly the
Encrinital. These limestones, identified by their well-marked and
characteristic fossils, form the walls of the basins and depressions
in which the coal-beds are found, and crop out in the banks and
slopes above the level of the coal, and in fact on all sides of it.
The occurrence of these limestones, then, at the side or below the
coal, marks the limits of the beds, since the limestones were formed
before the coal, and it is useless to seek in or beneath them.
Appearing as the coal does, however, in the banks of streams and
ravines, it was, perhaps, not unnatural for the miners and others
interested to mistake it for the outcrop of true seam-coal under-
lying the higher prairie-land.
With but few exceptions, these coat deposits occur in the main
valley, or in the ravines of tributary branches of Coon Creek, which
drains the south-western part of the county between the West Fork
of the Cuivre and Big Creek, entering the latter from the north-
west in the south-west quarter of Sec. 22, T. 48, R. I , W. At many
places, where excavations were made and coal taken out, in former
years, but little is to be seen of the character and position of the
beds, the pits and entries being either filled with water or closed by
the falling in of the loose gravel and soil. The relation of these
beds, however, to the prevailing limestone strata, is generally well
marked. A more detailed description of them and of the exposed
beds will furnish a better idea of the character of the deposits, and
perhaps lead to a fuller understanding of their origin.
Linn's Bank. The lowest point on Coon Creek where coal has
been found is on the land of Mr. Jacob Linn, in the north-east
quarter of Sec. 18, T. 48, R. I, W. It occurs in the ravine of a
small side-branch, about fifty feet above the level of the creek, and
three hundred yards distant. The branch is but little over a
quarter of a mile in length, and flows in a narrow and deep channel
cut in the undisturbed beds of the Encrinital limestone, which crops
.out on all sides, and within ten feet of the coal-pit in the bottom of
the branch. This pit was sunk two years ago to a depth of twelve
feet, passing through the following strata :
266 GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
No. 5 Soil and gravel. I foot 6 inches.
4 Gray shale, with impressions of fern-leaves and stems,
among which were noted species of Neuropteris, Pecopteris and
SpJienophyllum. 3 feet.
3 Rotten coal, of which only a few small pieces were to be
seen. 2 feet I inch.
2 Black shale, with a species of Ncuropteris, very abundant.
3 feet.
I Coal. 2 feet 6 inches.
Across the bed of the branch, about fifty feet distant, a pit was
sunk, and the coarse, brown, fossiliferous beds of the Encrinital
limestone reached, while two hundred feet down the stream two
feet of coal were obtained. The limestone crops out of the banks
and in the bed of the branch, showing the deposit to be very limit-
ed in extent, and a large part has already been cut out by the
waters. A few bushels were taken out in sinking the pits, but the
coal proved to be of very inferior quality, owing probably to the
continued exposure to the surface-waters.
Heady's Bank. On or near the Martin branch several deposits
of coal and shale appear. The first is about three hundred yards
up a side-branch, known as Heady's branch, which flows in from
the prairie on the south-west. Two pits have been sunk in the bot-
tom of this branch, about two hundred feet apart, one near the foot
of the bluff and the other at the edge of the present bed of the
stream. The latter is now filled with water, but the following sec-
tion is reported to have been obtained :
Feet. Inches.
Alluvial bottom 5
Black slate I 6
Coal 2 6
Black slate 6
Coal 4
The bottom of the branch is eighty or a hundred feet wide at
this point, and the bluffs and slopes rise forty to fifty feet to the
prairie above, the Encrinital limestone cropping out at intervals.
The second opening was made in the fall of 1870, by the Lincoln'
County Coal Company, on a fork of the branch and near the foot
of the bluff. The depth of the shaft is twenty feet, in which
COAL. 267
there appears gray and black slate and two layers of coal, amount-
ing altogether to twelve feet. Boring was begun in the bottom of
the shaft, but abandoned after reaching the limestone, a few feet
below the coal. The exact limits of this bed of coal cannot be
determined, owing to the alluvial covering ; but the outcrop of the
Encrinital limestone in the bluffs shows that it is confined to the
bottom of the branch. It is highly probable, also, that a large part
of the formation has been cut out by the stream, while much of the
coal that is left will have become deteriorated by exposure, not hav-
ing a sufficiently impervious covering.
Martin's Bank. Still higher up the Martin branch, near the mid-
dle of south-west quarter of Sec. 12, on the Martin farm, coal is to be
seen cropping out in the present bed of the stream for a distance of
nearly fifty feet. In the fall of 1870 a pit was sunk in the bottom
at the edge of the stream, and five feet of coal was found, after
passing through seven feet of soil and gravel and one foot of black
slate. At its outcrop in the branch, the coal dips a few degrees to
the west, and in the pit, which is now filled up, it is said to dip to
the north. Coal has been taken out from time to time and used in
the neighborhood.
The bottom of the branch is two hundred feet wide at this place,
with easy-sloping hills on the north side, rising to the prairie, and
low but abrupt and rocky bluffs on the south. The latter are made
up of the undisturbed beds of the Encrinital limestone, which also
appear at intervals in the slopes on the north side. A small pit
was dug recently on the south side, eighty feet from the bed of the
stream and thirty from the foot of the bluff, in the bottom of which
the cherty, fossiliferous, Encrinital limestone is to be seen overlaid
by eight feet of chert- gravel.
The stream seems to have changed its channel in the bottom at
a comparatively recent date, the marks of an old one appearing to
the south of the present, and, having worked through the alluvial
deposit to the coal, is now rapidly cutting out and washing it away.
Johnson's Bank. This is on the north fork of the Martin branch,
a short distance south-east of the middle of Section 1 1 . A rude
shaft was put down, some years ago, in the high sloping bank on the
south side of the fork, to a depth of eighteen feet, and eight feet
of coal found overlaid by six feet of shale. No information could
be obtained of the character of the coal. Outcroppings of Encrini-
268
GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
tal limestone in the bank on both sides, and within fifty feet of the
coal, also in the ridge above, show that the deposit is quite limited,
and is doubtless the remains of a larger bed occupying the valley of
the stream.
Passing up the valley of Coon Creek, the next occurrence of coal
of any importance is near the head of the Slaven's branch, which
rises in the prairie in the north-east quarter of Sec. 36, T. 49, R. 2,
W., and enters Coon Creek near the centre of Sec. I, T. 48, R. 2,
W. In the ravine, at a point of the prairie formed by two forks of
the Slaven's branch, coal has been taken out in considerable quan-
tities from the Waddy and Baker banks, and at this place, perhaps,
better than at any other in the county, is the true character of this
class of deposits to be seen that the coal is not in true seams in
the regular Coal-measure formation, but as isolated masses in de-
pressions in the Subcarboniferous limestone. The following sketch
shows the mode of occurrence of the coal at this place, and the po-
sition of the pits :
Fig- 75-
The Waddy Bank was opened some years ago, and about a
thousand bushels of coal have since been taken out. Near the foot
of the slope from the prairie, and about a hundred and twenty feet
from the main fork of the branch, two pits were sunk to the coal,
which lies at a depth of eight to ten feet below the surface, with a
thickness of five and a half to seven feet, and overlaid by a few
inches to two feet of black slate. The coal has a general dip of
COAL. 269
about 5 toward the south-west ; but varies considerably in differ-
ent parts of the pits, both as to direction and intensity. It is of fair
quality, and has been used largely by neighboring blacksmiths ; at
present, however, the pits are full of water and the coal neglected.
The analyses of the Baker coal, given further on, will show more
fully the character of this coal.
Baker's Bank. At a distance of about eighty feet from the
Waddy pits, and at a level of twenty one feet above, is the opening
of the Baker shaft, which was sunk in the summer of 1871.
The following section appears there :
Clay and chert gravel, 19 feet; Black slate, 3 to 8 inches ; Coal,
8 to 10 feet ; Fire-clay, 4 feet.
Encrinital limestone in broken masses at the bottom.
The black slate appears in some places, above the coal, and at
others soft clay, filled with angular chert from the Encrinital lime-
stone, rests upon the coal. Two entries have been worked in the
coal, a distance of ten feet each from the bottom of the shaft, one
south-east and the other west-north-west. In the west entry the
coal is eight feet two inches thick, and dips at the hill to the west
at an angle of 25. In the east entry, or that nearer the body of
the hill, the general dip is to the north-east, at an angle of 40 to
50, and the signs of disturbance are very marked, the coal pitch-
ing in various directions, with many faults, and showing the polished
surfaces or slickensides resulting from movement under pressure.
During the past summer Mr. Baker has been engaged in driving
a slope to the coal, on the supposition that it was true seam-coal
underlying the whole prairie. An entrance was made lower down
the bank, (a,) and a direction taken by which the coal should have
been reached at a distance of forty feet north-east from the bottom
of the shaft. On arriving at a vertical depth of seventeen feet
below the surface, after working through several feet of very hard,
tough clay, filled with chert and fragments of limestone, a solid
ledge of limestone was struck, (the dotted line ,) which proved to
be the face of the rock-bluff at the edge of the channel cut out by
the south fork of the branch.
The whole amount of coal at this place is contained in an area of
one hundred and fifteen feet square, in part of a small basin due in
some measure to a disturbance of the limestone, shown in the
sketch, but mostly to subsequent erosion. The Encrinital limestone
270 GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
is to be seen cropping out on the north, west and south sides of the
coal-bed, while that reached by the slope shows the limited extent
of the coal toward the east. For those who persist in regarding
the limestone as the " cap-rock," or that overlying the coal, it is
only necessary that the east entry be driven through the coal a dis-
tance of thirty feet or less to prove that the coal gives out over the
limestone, and in no case passes under the limestone in place.
The following are the results of analyses of this coal made by
Mr. Chauvenet : No. I, average sample ; No. 2, from the bottom
coal :
No. i. No. 2.
Water 8.75 8.50
Volatile matter : 38.67 39. 50
Fixed Carbon*. 46.93 46.45
Ash 5-65 5-55
Color of Ash white
Average Sulphur 2.632
Average Iron trace
Specific gravity 1 . 165
A curious feature of this coal is the almost total absence of iron,
though the amount of sulphur is over two and a half per cent. No
investigations have as yet been made to ascertain under what con-
ditions the sulphur is present when not combined with iron, but it
would seem most probable, especially in the case of the Baker coal,
that the sulphur is present to a great extent in the form of gypsum,
or hydrous sulphate of lime. From the occurrence of these deposits
in depressions or excavated basins in the limestone, the coal would
be constantly subjected to the action of the surface-water, and that
passing over and through the decomposing limestone. The sulphur,
if present in the form of iron pyrites, would be oxidized, and the
sulphate of lime formed. Scales of the sulphate as well as of the
carbonate of lime do occur frequently in the joints, coating exposed
surfaces of the coal in question.
The Baker coal has been used largely in the county for household
purposes, and in the blacksmith's forge.
Half-way down the Slaven's branch, on the east side, coal-
measure shales of a light, greenish-gray color, and containing frag-
COAL.
2/1
ments of Neuropteris, occur in the bank, enclosed on both sides by
the Encrinital limestone. The following sketch shows the relation
of the beds :
Fig. 75.
^>4KETCH ON SLAV E~N'S BRANCH <N-
On the north side the limestone strata dip toward the south-
west, but on the lower side they are nearly horizontal. The shale is
somewhat disturbed in places, but is in general nearly horizontal.
This bed of shale seems to have lodged in a cut in the limestone,
and been protected there from erosion by the solid walls on both
sides.
Link's Bank. This is the most extensive of all the coal deposits
of the kind in the county. It is situated upon the stream known as
the Link branch, which heads in the prairie in the north-west cor-
ner of Sec. 35, T. 49, R. 2, W. , flowing south crosses the Mexico
Road, and enters Coon Creek near the middle of the south section-
line of 35.
The accompanying sketch represents a section along this branch,
from near its head to a point below the coal-bank.
The Encrinital limestone is the surface-rock of the region, and the
coal or coal-shale and slate occur in several basins in the west side
of the branch. In the upper are a few feet of shale, with nodules
2/2
GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
Fig- 77-
(A
m
o
H
O
z
5*
oi
Z
O
O
-n
o
o
z,
m
m
E$l.
;-/>
g3S3
r
rv
m
x
COAL. 273
of iron-ore, in the middle basin fifteen inches of coal with two feet
of shale overlying it and eighteen inches of fire-clay beneath, while
in the third basin lies the bed of coal now worked at the Link
bank.
The appearance of black slate in the bed of the branch at this
place, indicating the probable existence of coal, led to the sinking
of a shaft in the hillside, about twenty feet above the branch.
The following is the section appearing there :
Feet.
Clay and chert-gravel 1 1
Coal 2
Light-gray shales 4
Black slate 3
Coal 16
And in the sump fire-clay, with fragments of
limestone 6
From the bottom of the shaft an entry has been cut in the coal
one hundred and ninety-seven feet into the hill S. 88 W. The
coal has a general dip of 7 to 10 S. 30 E. near the shaft, but
farther into the hill this increases and also becomes more irregular.
At the extreme end of the entry, in the floor, the coal is very much
broken and distorted, chert and clay appearing as though thrust up
through it. It is very evident from the appearance at this part of
the bed that the coal extends but a short distance beyond in that
direction, probably less than ten feet. In its extent along the
branch it is also very limited, the Encrinital limestone outcropping
in undisturbed beds on both sides of the coal. The distance be-
tween these enclosing walls is two hundred feet.
The coal from various parts of the bed differs somewhat in char-
acter; the upper seven feet consist of an ordinary soft, bituminous
coal of dull lustre, and contain considerable sulphur ; the middle
portion, four feet in thickness, is a soft bituminous of bright, pitchy
lustre a good gas-coal; at the bottom, five to six feet of harder
coal, cleaving readily in planes perpendicular to the line of bedding,
and resembling block-coal.
The following analyses, by Mr. Chauvenet, show the composition
of these different layers ; Nos. I and 2 are from the top, Nos. 3
and 4 from the middle, and No. 5 from the bottom :
18
274
GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
No. i. No. 2.
Water 7.85 8.17
Volatile matter 32.75 32.58
Fixed Carbon '46. 2 5 46. 50
Ash 12.65 12.75
i\o. 3.
8.25
34.55
47-50
9.70
No. 4.
8.40
35-22
46.33
10.05
No. 5.
7.90
33-90
49.OO
9.2O
Color of ash, light-gray, and brown with pink tinge.
Sulphur in average sample 2.036
Iron " " " = .707
Specific gravity 1.255
It will be observed that there is here also much less iron than the
sulphur present in the coal requires as bisulphuret of iron or iron
pyrites. For the .707 per cent, of iron, only .806 per cent, of
sulphur would be required, leaving 1.230 per cent, of sulphur in
some other combination than with iron, and, as in the case of the
Baker coal, this is probably with lime, as sulphate.
The Link bank is the only one in the county which has been
systematically worked : the shaft is seven by ten feet and well
timbered, and the entry seven by nine, and a hundred and ninety-
seven feet long. There is also an eight-horse-power portable steam-
engine, together with hoisting and pumping apparatus. Several
thousand bushels of coal have already been taken out and used in
the county for household and blacksmithing purposes.
The Upson Bank. On the Upson farm, now part of the Lin-
Fig. 78.
U P S O N'S BANK
LONGITUDINAL SECTION
COAL.
275
coin County Coal Company's property, there occurs another small
coal-bed, which was opened in 1868, and a few hundred bushels
taken out. The coal and accompanying shale and slate occupy a
small basin, in the Encrinital limestone, on the south bank of Coon
Creek, in the north-western part of Sec. 3, T. 49, R. 2, W.
Fig. 78 is a longitudinal section through the coal.
The coal was first seen in the bed of the creek, where it was
eleven feet thick, the upper two and a half feet being a cannel. A
shaft was afterwards sunk in the bottom terrace, and fourteen and
a half feet of coal obtained, at a depth of seven feet from the sur-
face. The shaft is now full of water, but Mr. Upson reports the
following section as appearing in the shaft :
Feet. Inches.
Soil and chert-gravel 5
Black slate '. 2
Cannel coal 2 6
Bituminous coal 12
Patches of fire-clay and black slate below.
This is a sketch of a cross-section taken at this place :
U P S O N'S BANK
Two entries were subsequently made in the bank, the first near
the shaft and the second sixty feet to the east. In the first coal
was found, and followed back into the hill a distance of thirty feet.
276 GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
In the second entry no cannel was found, and the soft bituminous
was only three feet thick at the opening, increasing to six feet at a
distance of twenty. Higher up the bank two pits were sunk to
ascertain the extent of the coal. In the pit back of the first entry,
coal was found at a depth of seven feet, but in the other, thirty-
five feet to the east, the limestone was reached at a depth of twenty
feet without finding coal. The dip of the coal was said to be one
in ten to the west.
The exact limits of the basin are not seen on the creek, but the
Encrinital limestone appears on both sides of the coal, with an in-
terval of two hundred and fifty feet. On the west side a bluff
twenty feet high occurs within fifteen feet of the shaft, the limestone
dipping at an angle of 15 to S. 50 E. In the bed of the creek the
limestone also appears on the west side of the coal, with the same
general dip, and forms a shield to the coal, protecting it from the
erosive action of the running water.
Owing to the condition of the opening, only a few specimens of
the cannel coal could be obtained, of which the following is an
analysis by Mr. Chauvenet :
Water 1.15
Volatile matter 41.25
Fixed carbon 49.60
Ash 8.00
Color of ash very pale brown %
The amount of fixed carbon is very large for a typical cannel,
making it resemble more nearly in composition the splint coals of
Scotland, though it has the structure and appearance of a true can-
nel. It is compact and without banded structure, has a smooth,
conchoidal fracture, and is of a dull, grayish-black color.
On the opposite side of Coon Creek from the Upson bank, and
about four hundred yards distant, a small branch enters the creek
from the north-west. The bottom of this branch is about fifty feet
wide, and the banks rise abruptly to a height of forty feet on both
sides, with the Encrinital limestone cropping out at intervals. A
few years ago, a hole was bored in the bottom on the west side
to a depth of twenty-six feet, of which twenty-one feet were in
coal, with four feet of black slate above. On the opposite side of
the branch a pit was sunk, and twenty-two feet of coal obtained,
COAL. 277
while one hundred feet to the south only four feet of coal were
found. About six hundred bushels of coal were taken out when
these pits were first opened ; they are now, however, filled up, and
nothing is to be seen of the character of the coal. The whole de-
posit seems to be the remnant of some larger one left in the ravine,
and protected by the limestone bluffs, on both sides, from the ero-
sion which has swept away the main body of the coal. The chan-
nel of the branch was probably on the east side of the bottom at
some previous time, and cut out the greater part of the coal there,
leaving but the four feet found in the second pit, or even less,
farther east.
On the land of Wm. Elmore, near the centre of Sec. 3, T. 48, R.
2, W. , on the south side of Coon Creek, there occurs another pocket,
from which coal was taken out twenty-five years ago. In tlie slope
of the bank a small depression marks the place where an entry was
made to the coal, and fifty feet west of this a pit was dug two
years ago by the Lincoln County Coal Company, and a small amount
of coal taken out. The whole deposit occupies a triangular-shaped
basin, bounded by high and steep banks, from which the Encrinital
limestone crops out, and which meet at a distance of about three
hundred feet back from the creek. A small branch flows down
from the prairie through this valley, and has in places washed away
the soil, disclosing the black slate below. The width of this basin
on Coon Creek is about one hundred and eighty feet. How much
of it is occupied by the coal it is impossible, without boring, to
tell.
In Sec. , T. 4, R. , W. , black slate is seen cropping out in the
high bank on the south side of Coon Creek. Coal may also occur at
this place, but it will be in limited quantities, as the Encrinital lime-
stone crops out of the bank, with an interval of only one hundred
feet between.
At several places along the bottoms of Coon Creek, shale and slate
of the coal-measures have been found, and a number of pits have
been sunk in search of coal. These places are indicated on the
map of that region accompanying this report. In a few of these
pits coal has been found, but in thin beds and of very inferior
quality.
In other parts of the county, deposits of coal similar to these
already described have been found, and worked to some extent.
2/8
GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY,
The sketch below represents the occurrence of coal at Drunert's
farm, in the north-west quarter of Sec. 12, T. 48, R. 3, W.
DRUNERTS PLACE
The shaft was sunk about half-way down the slope from the
prairie to the bottom of Rocky Branch, where a light-gray shale
crops out. The well, a section of which is given above, was dug
on the top of the prairie, and the Encrinital limestone found at the
bottom. This limestone crops out in the slopes of the ravine, on
three sides of the shaft, at a distance of one to three hundred feet,
showing the deposit to be quite limited in extent.
In Sec. 25, T. 48, R. 2, W., at the head of a branch running
north into Big Creek, and one mile from the latter, coal was taken
out, but it was found to be a very small deposit.
The bed of the stream is narrow at this place, and the banks rise
rapidly to the prairie above. Coal and shale appear in the bed of
the branch, the former being only a few inches thick, and very
much distorted. A shaft was sunk many years ago, in which, it is
reported, eighteen inches of coal was found, of very good quality.
An entry was worked into the hill a distance of twenty feet, and
the coal at that point was cut off by the limestone.
In the north-east quarter of Sec. 35, on the Thurman tract, a bed
of coal seven feet thick was worked for a short time. At other
places also, in this neighborhood, small deposits occur, which have
COAL. 279
at various times furnished coal, from a few bushels to several wagon-
loads in amount. They occur generally near the heads of the small
branches running into Big Creek, and are very limited in extent,
the Encrinital limestone cropping out near them.
A mile or two south of this region, in Warren County, there is a
larger coal-bank, known as the Hines Bank, which has produced a
considerable amount of coal, and is now supplying the neighborhood.
The coal is said to be twenty-three feet thick, six feet left in the bot-
tom on account of trouble in draining, ten feet being worked out, and
seven feet left overhead to support the yielding beds of gravel and
clay above. The coal is very much disturbed, pitching in all di-
rections and at all angles. It is all contained in a depression in the
Encrinital limestone, one hundred and eighty feet wide, along the
Hickory Branch. The distance to which it extends from the branch
could not be ascertained with any certainty, but it is probably not
great. Limestone and chert fragments appear in the floor at the
rear end of the working, as if thrust through the coal.
An analysis of an average sample of this coal, made by Mr.
Chauvenet, is given below :
Water 6.75
Volatile matter 36.40
Fixed carbon - 45-75
Ash 1 1 . 10
Color of ash reddish brown
Sulphur 2.23
Iron (metallic) 5.21
In the eastern part of the county, in Sec. 4, T. 49, R. I, E., coal
has been found on the land of Mr. I. I. Alexander, but in very
small quantity. It occurs in the bed of a small branch, accompanied
with a few inches of slate. The limestone appears on all sides of
and within a few feet of it, showing it to be very limited in extent.
This is the only deposit of this kind found on the east side of
Cuivre River.
From the description here given of this interesting class of coal
deposits, the following general features may be noted :
1st. The occurrence of the coal in isolated masses, often of
great thickness, associated with thin strata of shales, slate and fire-
280 GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
clay, containing a few fossils, but identical with those of the coal-
measures.
2d. These beds of coal are only found along the valleys of
streams and branches, either in the bottoms or in the sloping banks.
3d. They occur in depressions or previously excavated basins
and cuts in the Subcarboniferous limestone.
4th. The coal and accompanying strata are always more or less
disturbed from their original horizontal position.
It would appear, then, that the Coal-measure formation at one
time covered a very much larger area in Lincoln County than at
present, occupying previously excavated basins or troughs in the
Subcarboniferous limestone, corresponding in general with the pres-
ent main valleys, though broader and less deeply cut ; or per-
haps filling a greater basin, of which the great anticlinal arch run-
ning north and south through the county formed the eastern rim ;
or even that the formation was continuous with that in Illinois, and
covered what is now part of the Mississippi valley. Whatever
might have been the extent of this coal-area, it was doubtless much
greater than it is at present, and the main part has been removed
by aqueous erosion. Along favorable lines of drainage, streams
found and subsequently cut for themselves deep channels through
the soft and easily decomposed strata of the Coal-measures. Grad-
ually, by the undermining of the beds, the coal; etc., above, would slide
or fall down the slopes in masses, inclining at various angles. By
the continued action of the eroding waters most of the formation
would be swept away, leaving only such portions as happened to
have lodged in side-cuts and troughs, and were protected by the
more durable walls of limestone on both sides as we now find
them.
With regard to the amount and value of the coal of Lincoln
County, it must be said that they have been somewhat overes-
timated. The volume of coal in the largest deposits, namely,
Link's, Upson's, and Baker's, may be determined approximately by
a measurement of their basins as limited by the Encrinital limestone
and the probable average thickness of the coal. By allowing one
cubic yard to the ton, there will result for
Link's 22,220 tons of coal.
Upson's 7,46o "
Baker's 3,730
COAL. 28l
These are the maximum amounts, and probably are somewhat
over the true figures. The deposits are separated from each
other by a distance of one to three miles, and are six to eight
miles from the nearest railroad (now in course of construction).
There is sufficient coal of good quality to supply the home wants
of the county for some time to come, and for such purposes it can
be profitably used. The incurring of a great expense, however, in
the construction of a branch railroad, and extensive mining opera-
tions for such an amount of coal, the best of which contains from
six to twelve per cent, of ash and over two per cent, of sulphur,
would be, to say the least, unwise. Already a large amount of
money has been expended without resulting in any substantial
benefit to the county. The " Lincoln County Coal Company " has
about twelve thousand acres mostly of prairie-land and has been
engaged during the past two years in boring for coal on the prairie,
to a depth of nearly four hundred feet in the Encrinital limestone,
which is, geologically, over five hundred feet belozv the Coal-
measures. The " Lincoln County Coal-Mining and Transportation
Company," holding a large tract of land, has made preliminary
surveys for a line of railroad from Pendleton on the St. L., K. and
N. R. R., through the above-described coal region, to Cap au
Ores on the Mississippi, a distance of thirty miles or more, for the
better development of their coal property.
The excitement has thus been kept up for several years, and an
undue importance attached to the coal deposits by the inhabitants
of the county, while there are other stores that await development.
Occupying such a favorable position on the Mississippi, traversed
by two independent lines of railroad, and all within seventy miles
of a great and insatiable market, Lincoln County will find in her
fertile soils a more certain source of wealth and prosperity. With
a reasonable display of energy, and with labor properly directed,
she ought soon to occupy an important position as an agricultural
county, and such as will compensate her largely for the loss of those
stores of which she has been deprived by erosive agency.
Iron-Ore. Iron-ore of excellent quality occurs in Lincoln County
to a considerable extent, but the character of the deposits renders
it improbable that it can ever be the source of an extended industry.
After the completion of the railroads now in process of construction
through the county, however, and with the consequent increased
282 GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
facilities of transportation, a large part of this ore maybe profitably
shipped to neighboring metallurgical centres, and there command
a good price.
These ores may be divided into two general classes, according to
their character and their modes of occurrence.
I. Brown, hydrous oxides, occurring in crevices and irregular
cavities in the Upper Trenton limestone.
II. Compact red hematite, in loose masses, scattered over the
surface in various parts of the county.
The ores of Class I. are limited to T. 50, R. i, W., as far as ob-
served. On the land known as the Morris tract, several ex-
cavations were made a year ago, in one of which a considerable
amount of ore was found. This occurs on a ridge north of Fort
Spring Branch, in the Receptaculite limestone of the Upper Tren-
ton. A section of the strata at this place ha's already been given,
on page 237.
The annexed sketch (see Fig. 81, next page), which represents a
section through the bed, will show, better than a mere description,
the character of the deposit.
The depth of the cavity is twenty-two feet, and at the bottom a
small passage leads off at right angles a distance of five feet. (A) re-
presents the Receptaculite limestone, and (B), at the surface, a layer
sibarytes or heavy -spar, from one to one and a half feet thick, the
upper part in large crystalline masses with well-developed crystals
in the cavities, also a small amount of galena. The lower part is
highly charged with oxide of iron, which increases in amount, the
layer passing gradually into (C), an ochrey-brown, hydrated per-
oxide of iron, quite compact, containing a little barytes. An
analysis of an average sample from this layer afforded Mr. Chau-
venet 63. 12 per cent, of peroxide of iron. The layer is about three
feet and a half thick.
Below this occurs five feet of (D) hard and somewhat cellular,
dark-brown peroxide, with slightly iridescent surface, and contain-
ing compact, bright-red peroxide intermixed. It contains, by
analysis, 79.64 per cent, peroxide of iron and 15.42 per cent, of
insoluble matter, mostly silica. This layer passes gradually into
(E), a very hard, cellular, dark-brown and red hematite mixed, con-
taining in some of the cells a thin, ochrey deposit. It extends
to the limestone below, and has a thickness of about seven feet.
JROi\-ORE.
283
The amount of peroxide of iron reaches as high as 84.30 per
cent.
Fig. 81.
MORRIS IRON OKEBANK
The greatest diameter of this deposit is about twenty and its
shortest eight feet. Nearly half of the ore has already been taken
out, and lies heaped up near the opening. For a distance of a
mile and a half along this ridge three other similar deposits were
recognized, by the outcrop of masses of the hydrated peroxide,
but they are all limited in extent. This region is within two miles
of the St. Louis & Keokuk Railroad, now being constructed.
The ores placed in Class II. occur in many parts of the county, as
will be seen by reference to the map, but they are most abundant
in that part between Big Dry Branch and Lead Creek. The ore is
a hard, compact, red hematite, found in pieces, more or less flat in
shape, from one to three inches thick and weighing from one to
284 GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
one hundred pounds. These fragments lie scattered over the sur-
face in broad, imperfectly defined streams, generally independent of
the present topography, though a larger amount is often found ac-
cumulated in the ravines and beds of streams. In such places the
fragments are generally smaller and more or less completely
smoothed and rounded, while on the ridges larger pieces occur,
with well-defined edges and angles, on the top of the ground or dis-
tributed through the soil and gravel down to the limestone, but in
no case in the latter. The underlying limestone is generally the Ar-
chimedes, though it is frequently the Encrinital. There is no direct
connection between the ore and the limestone. Many pits have
been sunk where the ore is most thickly scattered, and it is found to
give out on reaching the limestone.
The ore, though in some cases rather too silicious, is generally of
excellent quality, as appears in an analysis made by Mr. Chauvenet
of an average sample :
(No. i.)
Insoluble silicious matter 7-55
Peroxide of iron ' 91-95
Sulphur 0.017
Phosphorus . o.oio
Metallic iron 64.36 per cent.
Two other samples from different localities afforded
(No. 2.) (No. 3.)
Insoluble silicious matter 1 1.66 4. 10
Peroxide of iron 86.56.... 92.32
(Metallic iron) (60.59). (66.72)
This ore is spread over many square miles of surface, and in
varying quantities ; at some places a few scattered masses occur, and
at others the yield would be over a hundred tons to the acre. The
greater part occurs within five or six miles of the St. L. & K. R. R.,
and much of it considerably nearer. At some time it may be found
profitable to gather this ore and ship it to neighboring iron-works,
and this could be done with but little expense. A large outlay for
the utilization of this material would not be justifiable.
These fragmentary masses of iron-ore seem to have been de-
rived from some higher formation, in which the original beds of
ore existed. Whether this formation was one of the upper lime-
BUILDING MATERIALS. 285
stones of the Subcarboniferous series or the Ferruginous sandstone,
or of the Coal-measures, it would be difficult to determine ; it was,
however, more recent than the lower Archimedes limestone.
This formation, which originally contained the beds of ore, has
since passed away through the action of erosive agencies, leaving
the heavy and more durable ore behind. From the sharp and well-
defined outlines of the fragments it is very improbable that this ore
could have been transported any distance.
Lead. The opinion is prevalent in Lincoln County that lead
occurs there in large quantities. Stories are still told, by old inhab-
itants, of large deposits seen when the county was first settled. The
Indians were said to have had knowledge of these, and to have
brought into the settlements several hundred pounds of lead at a
time, but were unwilling to disclose the places at which it was ob-
tained. It is supposed that the north-western was the favored part
of the county in this respect, and the name of Lead Creek was given
by the early settlers to one of the streams in that region.
There seem to be no indications, however, of the existence of
lead in any great quantity. Small crystals of galena were occa-
sionally observed in the silicious and calcareous geodes of the Archi-
medes limestone, also in the Receptaculite limestone of the Upper
Trenton, associated with heavy-spar, as at the Morris iron-ore
shaft, already described. A careful search at the latter place
afforded only a few ounces of galena, although the heavy-spar oc-
curs in considerable quantity, covering the deposit of iron-ore.
Building Material. Abundant and excellent material for building
purposes occurs in the county, though little has as yet been done
toward utilizing it.
In various parts of the Trenton limestone there are beds from
which stone of almost any required size, pleasing in appearance
and durable, might be obtained. The beds of the Lower Trenton
are generally not so thick as in the upper, being from ten to twenty-
five inches thick. They are of light-gray or drab color, fine crys
talline, or very compact, in some cases resembling a marble. At
Dameron's, in T. 51, R. i, E., and north-east quarter Sec. 16, on
a small branch of Bryant's Creek, is a quarry worked in these beds.
There are four workable layers, each ten to fifteen inches thick, ex-
posed in the quarry face, of a light yellowish-gray color, very hard
and compact, and with a smooth, conchoidal fracture. The quarry
286 GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
has been opened about twelve years, but owing to the very limited
demand for the stone in the neighborhood but little has been done
in developing it. Some years ago a lime-kiln was erected for the
purpose of producing lime from this stone, but the attempt failed,
the limestone being too silicious.
Some of the beds of the Upper Trenton would furnish desirable
building- stone of any size, of bluish-gray and sometimes nearly
white crystalline limestone. On Fort Spring Branch, in T. 50, R.
I, W., there is a fine exposure of these beds sixty feet thick, also
in the Mississippi bluffs south of Bill's Branch. Some of the layers
are thin and shelly, but in the main the beds are thick and massive.
The impure magnesian beds of the upper part of the Hudson
group, as they occur in the knobs of the north-eastern part of the
county, are quarried for fire-rock. The stone, when first taken out,
is soft and earthy, of a light yellowish color, resembling the 1st
Magnesian. It is not sufficiently firm in texture to make a durable
building-stone for outside work, but serves very well for chimneys
and fireplaces. The upper part of the Chouteau and the thin bed
of Onondaga limestone are also used for this purpose, in the north-
eastern townships.
The Encrinital limestone affords a large amount of suitable
building material, the coarse, crystalline, gray and buff-colored,
thick beds, being well adapted for the purposes of ordinary masonry,
and the purer, white crystalline making a handsome and durable
ornamental building-stone. At Heady's quarry, Sec. 10, T. 48,
R. i, W., these latter beds are worked. They consist of four
layers of hard, white, crystalline limestone, with some crinoid
stems scattered through the mass. The thickness of these layers
is, beginning with the lowest, ten, fourteen, eight and sixteen
inches, and are exposed in the quarry for a distance of fifty feet.
At Smith's quarry, half a mile north of the mouth of Big Creek,
this formation is worked. The stone is gray crystalline, firm and
homogeneous in texture, and occurs in two layers, ten and fourteen
inches thick. This stone is used for the construction of the rail-
road bridge across Cuivre River.
Brown's quarry, near Troy, is worked in the thin, argillaceous
beds of the middle Encrinital. A moderately good flagging is ob-
tained, also from the thicker beds good foundation stone.
There are many other small quarries opened in the Encrinital
LIME. 287
limestone in various parts of the county, but the material is only
used in limited quantities in the neighborhood.
The Archimedes limestone furnishes good building-stone, and
the largest quarry is worked in it on Mr. John Birkhead's land, in
T. 49, R. I, E. The stone is a conglomerate limestone, very
firm in texture, and occurring in three layers from six to ten inches
thick. This is used largely in Troy for basework, sills and cap-
stones.
North of Moscow, on the west bank of the Cuivre, a quarry has
been opened forty feet long, with an exposure of twelve feet of
hard, crystalline, bluish-gray limestone, in layers from six to fifteen
inches thick. There are many places where stone could be got of
much greater thickness, but for local building purposes the thin-
ner and more easily worked beds seem to be preferred.
In the St. Louis limestone no systematic quarrying has been
done in the county, though stone of almost any dimensions and of
excellent quality might readily be obtained from it. The ridges
along Bob's Creek and Bushy Fork are points very favorably situa-
ted for developing good quarries ; also in the Mississippi bluffs
south of Bob's Creek.
Lime, etc. The county is plentifully supplied with limestone
suitable for making quick-lime of excellent quality. In the Trenton,
Encrinital, Archimedes and St. Louis limestones there are many
beds of nearly pure carbonate of lime. Nothing has been done as
yet in the manufacture of lime on an extended scale, only a suf-
ficient amount being produced to meet a limited local demand.
In the regular Coal-measure series a hydraulic limestone occurs,
with a thickness of four to six feet. The following is an analysis
made of it by Mr. Chauvenet :
Silica 21.35
Peroxide of iron 1 . 79
Lime .42.16
Magnesia 0.66
Carbonic acid 34-14
100.10
The amount of carbonate of lime is rather large, in proportion to
the carbonate of magnesia present, to make a good hydraulic lime-
288 GEOLOGY OF LINCOLN COUNTY.
stone ; there is a notable absence of alumina also. From practical
tests already made, this lime is found to have hydraulic properties,
though in an inferior degree. Samples from other localities have
yet to be examined, and these may prove to be of better quality.
Clays. Fire-clays occur with most of the coal-beds in the county,
though generally in limited quantities. That found at Baker's shaft
has attracted some interest, being from four to five feet thick. An
analysis afforded Mr. Chauvenet
Silica 34-4O
Alumina and traces of iron 18.62
Lime 1 5 . 27
Magnesia 6.25
Loss by ignition, water and carbonic acid. .23.08
97.62
Loss, including alkalies 2.38
The small percentage of silica and alumina in this clay renders it
unfit for fire-brick. Its composition is more nearly that of common
brick-clay. At Meadows's bank, in the regular coal-field, fire-clay
occurs under the coal several feet in thickness, which seems to be
better adapted for the making of a good fire-brick.
In several places a white, soft clay occurs in small depressions and
cavities in the limestone, or along the beds of streams. It seems to
have resulted from the decomposition of the chert and surrounding
limestone. Two analyses are given below of samples obtained from
near the Morris shaft, in the Receptaculite limestone, and from Mr.
Colbert's land, where it is associated with the Encrinital lime-
stone :
(Morris.) (Colbert.)
Hygroscopic water 1.46
Combined " 3.05
Silica 72.35
Alumina 1 5 . 86
Iron 2.25
Magnesia i .48
Lime 1 .09
Loss, including alkalies. ..... 2.46
100. 100.
GLASS-SAND. 289
These clays are used occasionally as a whitewash.
Glass-Sand. The Saccharoidal sandstone, as it occurs in some
parts of the county, will furnish abundant and excellent material for
the manufacture of the best quality of glass. Along the Mississippi
bluffs and on Sandy Creek it is generally more or less colored by ox-
ide of iron, but in the interior of the county, on the upper branches
of Mill Creek, it is exposed in heavy beds and of great purity.
A specimen taken from an exposed bluff on the South Branch, in
Sec. 33, T. 51, R. I, W., afforded Mr. Chauvenet the following:
Silica 99-55
Alumina 0.33
Iron trace
Lime 0.08
Water 0.015
99-975
The formation has at this place a thickness of thirty-five feet, and
is, with the exception of a few feet at the top, all of pure white sand.
Its outcrop and general features have been given already in a pre-
vious part of this report. Vast quantities can be obtained within
three miles of a station on the St. Louis & Keokuk Railroad.
f
19
CHAPTER IX.
GEOLOGY OF LIVINGSTON COUNTY.
BY
G. C. BROADHEAD.
LIVINGSTON COUNTY has an area of about 532 square miles. Its
surface is either very gently undulating or rolling. The area of
broken land is very limited. West of the East Fork of Grand River,
in Township 59, the county is somewhat broken for the distance of
one mile and a half from the bluffs, also near the heads of the
various streams in Township 59, Range 25 ; but none of the hills
exceed 120 feet in height. The south-east part of the county, lying
west of Grand, for the distance of a mile is somewhat broken, but
not so much as the north-west part, for the hills are less than 100
feet in height. On the east side of Medicine Creek, near Collins's
mill, "and on the west, near Slagel's old mill," the country is some-
what hilly, but the hills do not exceed 60 feet in height. The most
broken portion of the county, and where the hills are highest, is in
Range 25 on the south side of the west fork of Grand River, extend-
ing from a half-mile to three-quarters from the river, at which dis-
tance the hills attain an elevation of 225 feet above the river ; south-
ward it is gently rolling.
North of Chillicothe the county attains an elevation of 155 feet
above Grand River. Everywhere else the slopes are very gentle ;
the country is gently undulating, and lies well for beautiful farms.
The bottoms are wide, those of Grand River and Shoal Creek flat,
and are from two to three miles in width, flanked on one side by low
bluffs, and on the other rising almost imperceptibly by gentle slopes to
the neighboring uplands. The bottoms of Medicine Creek are from
one to one and a half miles in width ; those of the other streams are
much narrower. Those on the west side of Grand River, in Town-
ship 59, Range 25, have scarcely any bottoms, but have steep bluffs.
Timber and Prairie. There is a good deal of timber in this
county, some of a very good kind. The best and most abundant
LIVINGSTON COUNTY.
291
supplies of timber lie between the East and West Forks of Grand
River, where the growth is black oak, small white oak, shell-bark
hickory, red-chestnut oak, white oak, also crabapple, coffee-tree, red-
bud, ash, blackberry, raspberry, gooseberry, Celastrus scandens or
bitter-sweet, mulberry, Cornus asperifolia, white elm, red elm,
prickly ash, hazel, black-haw, pignut-hickory, sumach, coralberry.
Near the edges of the prairies are pin oak, hazel, plum, and Cornus
asperifolia, or rough-leaved dogwood, also wild cherry, laurel oak,
rose, coralberry. On prairies Phlox Walteri, Viola delphinifolia,
V. lanceolate, and on sandy bottoms V. sagittata. A few pecan
trees were observed on Grand River bottoms ; none were observed
in any county north. In other parts of the county the timber is
mostly confined to the vicinity of the streams.
The prairie generally extends over the ridges and often across the
wide flat bottoms.
The following is a list of trees, shrubs, and some plants seen in
Livingston County :
Crabapple. Hackberry.
Wild ginger. Hazel.
White ash. Black haw.
Prickly ash. Red haw.
Red birch. Gooseberry.
Blackberry. Shell -bark hickory.
Dewberry. Thick shell-bark hickory.
Buckeye. Pignut hickory.
Box elder. Pecan hickory.
Bitter sweet. Honeysuckle.
Button bush. Blue "flag.
Coralberry. Iron weed.
Black cherry. Honey locust.
Choke cherry. Linden.
Coffee tree. Sugar maple.
Red root. White maple.
Adder's tongue. Mulberry.
Common elder. White oak.
White elm. Burr oak.
Red elm. Post oak.
Winter grape. Small white oak.
Greenbrier. Red-chestnut oak.
Spanish oak. Chinquepin oak.
Laurel oak. Black oak.
292 GEOL OG Y OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSOURI.
Jacob's ladder. Red oak.
Rose. Pin oak.
Raspberry. Serviceberry.
Sycamore. Wahoo.
Sumach. Thorn.
Poison oak. Black walnut.
Fragrant sumach. Willow.
Geranium maculatum. Cornus asperifolia.
Viola (5 species). Phlox (2 sp.).
Streams. Grand River flows through the county from north-
west to south-east ; near the centre of the county it receives the
West Fork. These streams are broad and deep, and cannot gene-
rally be forded. Medicine Creek in the east, and Shoal Creek in
the south-west, are both large streams, and are often too full to be
easily forded. They furnish good power for water-mills. There
are many other small streams, but their utility is insignificant.
Geology. Quaternary Deposits. The Alhivium was recog-
nized in the rich soils and the river deposits.
Bottom Prairie includes the dark and ferruginous clay of the ex-
tensive bottom lands.
The Bluff or Loess may include the subsoil of the uplands.
Drift. At Spring Hill we observed forty feet of sand, clay and
bowlders, the upper part probably " bluff," the lower part com-
posed of ferruginous sand and loose conglomerate of trappean
rocks, limestone, sandstone, and pieces of coal the interstices filled
with fine-grained sand. A portion of the conglomerate is derived
from the underlying rocks. On the main road, three miles west of
Spring Hill, a section of a well was reported to be
ist. 4 feet coarse red sand.
2d. 20 feet dark-brown and ash-colored clay and sand, with
small pebbles and bowlders.
Upper Carboniferous. The rocks in this county belong to the
lower part of the Upper Coal-measures and the middle and lower
part of the Middle Coal-series of Missouri, and include beds from
No. 84 to near No. 33 of the General Section, and comprise a total
thickness of 485 feet, which is of much greater thickness than the
corresponding rocks on the Missouri River.
LIVINGSTON COUNTY. 293
GENERAL SECTION OF LIVINGSTON COUNTY.
:\
XT No. in Gen. Sec.
on Mo. Riv.
I 2| feet nodular and fine-grained limestone marble bed 84
2 3 feet limestone, bluish, irregular layers,
3 2 feet buff shales and limestone. . .
4 9 inches even layers of limestone 82
5 i foot 9 inches shale Sic
62 feet bituminous shale Si&
7 3 feet nodular limestone \ C 80
o o r i. . i- !!. i- I Bethany Falls Limestone* I
8 8 feet 5 inches oolitic limestone v . .. , ^ .. , { 79
f locally called Cotton Rock. }
9 10 feet limestone ) ( 78
10 5 feet blue shales 77^
1 1 i foot 6 inches bituminous shales 77#
12 10 inches limestone "j6
13 10 feet shaly slope 75
14 7 feet ferruginous limestone 74
15 14 feet shales 73
1 6 6 inches coal \ t
1 7 2 feet shales > i 7
1 8 3 inches coal ) a
19 1 94 feet shales and sandstone 69 65
20 a few inches to 10 inches of coal limestone 64
31 2 feet fire-clay 58 & 59
22 4 feet limestone at Utica 57
23 4 feet shales (red and green at Collier's) 56
24 4 feet limestone 55
25 30 feet sandstone and shales, blue, buff and red shales at lower part 53
26 4 feet 4 inches blue limestone, contains Fusulina, ArcJiceocidaris, etc 52
27 18 inches bituminous shales
28 8 inches pyritiferous shales
29 3 inches coal (near Lexington coal)
30 4 feet fire-clay
3 1 80 feet slope at Bedford
32 1 5 feet sandstone.
33 10 to 12 inches coal
34 3 feet sandy clay, with roots of Stigmaria ficoides
35 9 to 12 feet shaly sandstone
36 4f inches coal
37 i foot 6 inches gray fire-clay
38 6 inches brown clay
39 4 feet rough limestone
40 7^ feet argillaceous shales
41 2 feet 6 inches irregularly-bedded limestone ; many fossils 40 ?
42 14 feet argillaceous shales
43 6 to 8 inches dark, fucoidal, even or concretionary limestone, ferruginous. .
294
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
No.
No. in Gen. Sec.
on Mo. Riv.
StCTFON
ON H- fc ST.J. R.R. - NEAR KIRTLY'S
tlYINJpSTON COUNTY
SOIL
*
44 31 inches bituminous shales 38 ?
45 i to 4 feet clay 36 ?
46 20 inches coal 35 ?
47 4 feet 6 inches clay and shales 34 ?
48 I foot soft nodular blue and green limestone
49 4 feet shales 33 ?
The following is a section of the upper rocks of the section ob-
served on the Hannibal & St. Jos. Railroad, near Kirtley's (Nos.
i, 2, 3 = No. i of Gen. Sec.):
Fig. 82. No. i i J feet nodular limestone.
2 \y feet even-bedded lime-
stone, sometimes nodular.
3 i foot nodular limestone.
4 3 feet limestone (= No. 2 of
Gen. Sec.).
5 23 inches buff shales, with two
2-inch layers of limestone near the
upper part (= No. 3, Gen. Sec.).
6 9 inches even layers of lime-
stone (= No. 4, Gen. Sec.).
7 9 inches olive inclining to buff
shales.
8 i foot blue argillaceous shales,
with dark streaks.
9 2 feet bituminous shales (=
No. 6, Gen. Sec.).
No. 2 of Gen. Sec. contains
Prod, costatus, P. splendens, Atliy-
ris siibtilita and $>p. cameratus.
No. 3 contains Prod, splendens,
Athyris, Sp. Kentuckensis, Hemi-
pronites crassus, Rhombopora lepi-
dodendroides and Lophophyllum pro-
liferum.
The rocks here seem to be about horizontal ; one mile west they
dip 9 course S. 30 W., mag.
No. 9 occurs on the railroad near the west county line is best
developed in railroad cut west of Utica and near Spring Hill ; on
LIVINGSTON COUNTY.
295
Bear Creek it occurs as a fine-grained, grayish-blue limestone, with
brown windings, which cause it to present a vermicular appearance.
The latter form is well developed in Grundy County, between
Trenton and Edinburgh. These irregular, hollow, vermiform wind-
ings are probably owing to the former presence of a winding fucoid.
The hollows are generally colored brown.
At E. KIRTLEY'S QUARRY, on west half of the south-west quarter
of Sec. 14, Township 57, Range 25, we find
No. I Slope, in which is seen masses of limestone.
2 4 feet shaly debris.
3 2.y 2 feet nodular and shelly-drab limestone.
4 6 feet 10 inches gray silicious oolitic limestone ; generally
works easily ; has been used at Grand River bridge, near Utica.
Fig. 83.
QUARRY
LIVINGSTON CO
Another quarry of Mr. Kirt-
ley's, on west half of north-
west quarter Sec. 14, has been
worked quite extensively. The
following section gives the
thickness of each bed of rock
there seen :
No. I 3 feet outcrop of ir-
regular-bedded nodular lime-
stone.
2 i foot 6 inches olive and
drab shales.
3 I foot bituminous shales.
4 I foot dark clay-shales.
5 6 inches nodular lime-
stone ( No. 7 of Gen. Sec.).
6 3 feet gray oolitic lime-
stone.
7 17 inches even layer of
oolitic limestone ; "has several obscure seams.
8 1 6 inches oolitic limestone.
9 32 inches oolitic limestone.
The beds between Nos. 9 and 14 are not often seen. On Bear
Creek and near Spring Hill a ripple-marked sandstone is found
between them, sometimes as much as 30 feet thick. No. 9 under-
296
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
Fig. 84.
3-0
i
CHICA aok9yr.hu.
SECTION m.
SECTION*
AT BASE OFUPPEa COAL MEAEUR.ES
MIUE8 SOUTH OF PRIMCETON
MEfVCf ft CO.
A
SECTION 1*5
LIVINGSTON COUNTY.
297
lies No. 14 ; is seen at Spring Hill and
vicinity ; it is a bluish, ferruginous lime-
stone, and is somewhat vermicular.
At Spring Hill observed a dip of 10
with the horizon, bearing N. 34 W.,
magnetic. Two hundred feet west of the
last, the overlying rocks dip 15, course
N. 52 W. The limestones seen at this
place correspond to Nos. 2, 7 and 9 of the
Livingston County Section, or to Nos.
78 to 83 of Mo. Riv. Gen. Sec. Across
a hill a quarter of a mile east, I noticed
a corresponding inclination north-west of
these beds. Just below I observed No. 14
of the Livingston County Section. Accom-
panying this report will be found sections
of the rocks at the junction of the Upper
and Middle Coal-measures on the railroad
south of Princeton, Mercer County (Fig.
84). These beds being in great part cov-
ered in Livingston County, I have inserted
them at this place in order to show the
proper connection of the beds more fully.
The profile of Sec. 144 (Fig. 85) shows
irregular seams and lines of stratification
in sandstone five miles south of Princeton,
Mercer County.
Sec. 143 (Fig. 84) is 1 1^ miles south of
Princeton, at the Pratt cut. B is a half-
mile further. C is in next cut, and D is at
the Brickey bend, five miles south.
The section at A, No. 143, includes
rocks of other sections, and is
No. i 30 feet, upper 3 feet sand and clay,
remainder coarse brown drift sand.
2 4 feet ferruginous limestone, abounds
in Athyris subtilita.
3 I foot shales and thin layers of lime-
stone, and many fossils, including
Fig. 85.
1
298 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
RJwmbopora lepidodcndroides, Chonetes Verneuiliana, Ch. meso-
loba, Athyris subtilita and Spirifer (Martinid) planoconvexus.
No. 4 8 feet shales.
5 4 inches lenticular concretionary bed of carbonate of iron.
6 2^ feet olive shales.
7 6 inches coal.
8 ij^ feet shales.
9 \y 2 feet rough olive-colored sandstone.
10 2 feet green clay.
II 3 inches coal.
12 15 inches dark-blue clay.
13 3 feet rough sandstone to railroad.
14 Railroad.
15 Blue sandy shales.
1 6 40 feet blue and gray shaly sandstone.
In the descending series, the next lowest rocks were observed at
Gillaspie's Mill, of which the following is a section :
Sec. 21.
No. I 12 feet slope, white oak, young hickory, red bud, etc.
2 86 feet buff and gray sandstone ; on the upper 30 feet ob-
served occasional outcrops and many tumbled masses of
the same, then 25 feet thick beds, brown, speckled, with
occasional shaly partings ; this is mostly soft, nevertheless
some beds are firm and hard, almost semi-altered No. 19.
3 24 feet, probably all shales ; near the middle, one and a half
feet bituminous shale crops out, of which 6 inches is shaly
coal ; the lower II feet all shales.
No. 3 of Sec. 21 is probably contained in Sec. 22, Nos. 5 and
7. See Sec. 22.
Sec. 22 is a quarter of a mile up-stream, and as follows :
Nos. I and 2 19 feet slope, with bluff clays.
3 10 feet sandstone.
4 14 feet argillaceous shales.
5 6 inches bituminous shales.
6 3 inches shaly coal.
7 23 feet argillaceous shales.
Sec. No. 139, in Sec. 10, Township 57, Range 25, is as fol-
lows :
No. i About 25 feet slope.
LIVINGSTON COUNTY. 299
No. 2 Outcrop of brownish limestone, No. 14 of Livingston Sec.
3 160 feet long, gentle slope to bluff of Grand River.
4 51 feet of sandstone, mostly in thin flags Cordaites and
large catamites about 4 feet from the bottom.
5 10 inches crumbling coal.
6 I inch soft black shale, containing Cordaites.
7 5 feet to water in West Fork of Grand River.
The following Sec. No. 134, at Graham's Mill, on East Fork of
Grand River, includes some of the rocks of the last section :
No. I 21 feet slope, with sand, clay and pebbles of drift.
2 113 feet thinly-stratified, micaceous sandstone and shales;
some beds have carbonaceous partings.
3 14 inches bituminous shales.
4 8 inches blue shales.
5 51^ feet sandy and clay shales, with occasional ochrey stains
and concretions of iron pyrites.
6 4 inches thin laminae of semi-bituminous shales with Cordai-
tes and carbonaceous stains.
7 10*4 inches good bituminous coal.
8 i foot fire-clay.
9 5 feet IO inches roughly-bedded, drab limestone, containing
Ck. mesoloba and Meekella at top, Pro. Prattenianus and
P. costatus in lower part.
IO 13 inches, upper 6 inches shaly limestone, abounding in
Prod, costatus ; below are pyritiferous shales,
ii 4 feet blue shales.
The strata are somewhat irregular at this place, and dip about
12 course S. 45 W., mag.
Sec. 141, at Utica:
No. i Slope.
2 Shales, 15 or 20 feet seen.
3 8 inches blue, sandy limestone, weathers brown ; contains
many fossils, including Pleurotomaria spharulata, Euom-
phalus rugosus, Macrocheilus resembling M. medialis but
larger ; Nautilus ferrattis, Polyphemopsis peracuta, Pleu-
rotomaria tumida, Lop hop hy limn proliferum, a fish-tooth
and fucoids.
4 5 2 feet shales and thin layers of sandstone, to the water in
river ; contains carbonate of iron and some ochreous con-
300
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
No. 5
S- 10
ID
A thin stratum of bituminous shale and coal is
also said to exist here, but if
so, was covered by debris of
* above.
i foot 4 inches to 4*4 feet lime-
stone, coarse drab ; contains
Athyris, CJwnetes Smithii,
Ch. mesoloba, Pro. semireticu-
latus, Sp. Kcntuckensis, large
Crinoid stems, Sp. earner atus
and a few pebbles, Discina
and Lophophyllum.
6 3 feet drab, ochreous shales.
7 4 feet ash-blue limestone, weath-
ers brown, rough on top,
somewhat oolitic, near mid-
dle gray, blue and drab, mot-
tled brown and blue ; contains
a few angular fragments of
dark chert, and also contains
Sp. earner atus, Plcurotoma-
ria, P. cortatus, Belleropkon,
A rcliceocidaris .
8 1 6 feet sandy shales to water
in the river.
There is an apparent fault in the strata here. Near the old mill-
dam the limestones are above water, as seen in the above de-
scription, but 150 feet up-stream they dip, then suddenly disappear.
The following section at Collier's Mill, on Medicine Creek, may
include some beds seen at Utica :
Sec. 146.
No. i 10 feet slope, bluff and drift.
2 ii feet soft, brown sandstone.
3 16 inches clay shales.
4 4 inches coal smut.
5 r5 feet alternations of green and buff shales, and nodular lime-
stone, containing many fossils, including Meekella striato-
costata, Hemipronites crassus, C lionet es granulif era, Chonetes
mesoloba, Athyrissubtilita, Prod.punctatus, Prod, muricatus,
UOWER PART OF SECTION
AT GRAHAM'S MILL
LIVINGSTON COUNTY. 301
P. costattis, Sp. cameratus, Sp. Kentuckensis , Sp. lineatus,
Prod, semireticulatus, P. Ncbrascensis, P. Pratteniamis
and Lopliophyllum proliferum.
No. 6 i ^ feet outcrop of brown and drab limestone ; two layers
seen.
7 6^ feet shaly slope, some red and green shales.
8 3 feet limestone, fine-grained, silicious, greenish-drab ;
weathers brown.
9 i foot green shales.
10 i foot alternations of green and purple shales,
ii 5 feet micaceous, sandy shales.
South-east from this, 190 feet, coal has been taken out in a ravine
at about 10 feet above water in the creek; this is probably the same
coal of No. 4, indicating a breaking down of the strata, for there is no
apparent dip at the mill.
The following, at L. T. COLLIER'S QUARRY, in the west half of the
south-west quarter of Sec. 29, Township 58, Range 22, includes rocks
which are probably a little lower in the series :
Sec. 147.
No. i 25 feet gentle slope, soil covered with growth of hickory, etc.
2 3 feet bands of blue, buff and red shales.
3 10*^ inches hard, blue limestone, in a very even bed.
4 1 8 inches like the last, even bedded, fine grained.
5 i foot slope.
6 16 inches bluish gray limestone.
7 i^ feet bituminous shales.
8 10 inches dark, ash-colored shales ; contains Prod, muricatus
and Chonetes mesoloba.
9 3 inches shaly coal.
10 4 feet fire-clay.
Nos. 3 and 4 contain Athyris subtilita, Spirifer (Martinia) plano-
convexus, Fusulina cylindrica and a wavy-lined coral.
The following section, at SLAGEL'S OLD MILL, on Medicine
Creek, three miles above Collier's :
Sec. 148.
No. i 10 feet bluff and drift; at bottom is an outcrop of masses
of brown and buff limestone.
2 12 feet blue and buff shales.
3 4 inches band of yellow ochre.
302 GEOLOG Y OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
No. 4 3 feet blue, argillaceous shales.
5 2^/2 feet hard, blue limestone, shelly at top, weathers brown ;
contains Crinoidstems, Atkyris, Sp. lineatus, Platyostoma,
Plcurotomaria tumida, Euomphalus rugosus.
6 7^ feet blue and yellow banded argillaceous shales.
7 8 feet sandy shales, lower part somewhat pyritiferous ; con-
tains ironstone concretions.
8 3 inches bituminous shales.
9 2 inches coal.
10 I foot dark-colored sandy clay, with Stigmaria ficoides .
II 2 feet soft sandstone, 3 feet to creek.
Section 150, 2 miles east of Avelin, on high ground, is as fol-
lows :
No. i 25 feet gentle slope.
2 4 feet light-gray or drab limestone, subcrystalline ; contains
Chcetetes milleporaceus, Athyris subtilita, Spirifer (Mar-
tinid) lineatus, Meekella striato-costata, Entolium avicu-
latum and Macrocheilus ; this, I think, is equivalent to
No. 64 of Pacific Railroad Section and No. 24 of Lex-
ington County Section.
3 30 feet slope.
4 20 inches hard, blue, even-bedded limestone, in two ten-
inch layers ; contains Fusulina cylindrica.
5 10 inches bituminous shales.
No. 4 of this section is undoubtedly equivalent to No. 55 of
General Section along the Pacific Railroad, and is also equivalent to
quarry rocks at Ch. Marster's and 3 and 4 of Section 147, at L. T.
Collier's quarry. A connection of this section with lower rocks
was obtained at Bedford. Near the hill-top was seen limestone cor-
responding to No. 2 of last section, then 100 feet long slope to 15
feet outcrop of sandstone, resting on coal, corresponding to 33 of
Livingston County Section.
The section made at COLLIER'S MILL, on Medicine Creek, prob-
ably includes equivalent beds to those at Utica.
The rocks lying below the last-named occur on Grand River and
Toe String Creek, south-east of this ; a description of which will be
found under the head of Economical Geology.
LIVINGSTON COUNTY. 303
Economical Geology.
The workable coal-fields of this county may be divided into two
drvisions, the upper coal lying on and near Grand River, west
of Utica, and including two or three thin seams of coal ; and
the lower, lying along and near Grand River below Bedford, in
Township 56, Ranges 21 and 22, and including about three beds.
Utica Coal-Beds At J. McMurray's coal-bank, in the south-east
quarter of the north-east quarter of Sec. 10, Township 57, Range
25, I observed ten inches of. coal, varying sometimes to a few inches
in thickness, and at irregular elevations above the river a local rise
of 9 feet in 135 feet going west. The coal is several feet above
the water, with, shaly sandstone below, and sandstone with car-
bonaceous scales between the beds overlying it.
At James Clark's Coal-Bank, in the north-east quarter of Sec.
8, Township 57, Range 25, observed, in part, the following :
No. i 30 feet slope micaceous, fucoidal sandstone at the lower
part.
2 Outcrop of bluish-drab limestone, containing Syringapora,
3 67 feet slope.
4 8 inches to 1 5 inches coal (not seen).
5 6 inches fire-clay.
6 5 feet slope.
7 4 inches brownish-yellow, soft sandstone.
8 4 and 5 feet argillaceous shales.
9 21/2 feet bituminous shales, abounding in pyritiferous fossils.
10 40 to 50 feet blue, brown and white, soft sandstone.
This description is partly from my notes and in part from those
of Mr. C. G. Wheeler, who visited the locality in 1860. Neither of
us saw the coal, as the mining had been discontinued. Several
pits have been dug, but are now all filled up. The geological po-
sition of the coal is in the upper part of the Middle Coal-meas-
ures, probably near No. 68 of my General Section of the Coal-meas-
ures.
About 12,000 bushels of coal are said to have been taken out of
the coal-bank spoken of above.
William Dean's coal-bed on Grand River, above Utica, is said
to be 14 inches in thickness ; but I doubt its being quite so thick,
304 GEOLOG Y OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
as its equivalent, seen at other places, was thin, of tolerably good
quality. It is probably the same bed as that at Murray's ; when
visited it was covered by shaly debris.
At John Stone's coal-bed, in the north-east quarter of the north-
west quarter of Sec. 18, Township 57, Range 24, Mr. Wheeler
obtained the following section :
No. i 10 feet slope.
2 17 feet ferruginous, spotted, micaceous sandstone ; has many
round cavities filled with soft, sandy and ferruginous matter ; tra-
versed by many vertical seams.
3 10 feet slope.
4 2 feet brown shales.
5 i foot bituminous shales.
6 i y^ feet brown arenaceous limestone.
7 4 feet shales.
8 I to 3 feet pyritiferous shales, containing seams of impure
coal and vegetable impressions.
9 9 inches good bituminous coal, probably the same as Dean's
coal.
10 I inch fire-clay.
ii 4^ feet slope.
12 4 feet concretionary limestone.
13 2^ feet shales and nodules of limestone.
14 4 feet slope.
A very good quality of coal was observed at Graham's Mill, but
it is of irregular thickness, varying from 6 to 10^ inches. An
analysis by Mr. Chauvenet gives
Water 5.38
Volatile 42.27
Fixed carbon 44-98
Ash 7.37
Ash, color pale brown.
Cox's COAL, in the west half of the north-east quarter Sec, n,
T. 58, R. 24
No. i 3 to 4 feet sandstone, soft, and in layers from 4 to 10 inches
thick.
2 7 feet sandy and clay shales, with ferns.
3 Said to be 10 to 27 inches coal.
LIVINGSTON COUNTY.
No. 4 A few feet of fire-clay.
5 Rough limestone,
Mr. Cox has drifted 80 to 90 feet into the hill ; the bottom of the
entry is about 4 feet above the branch. About 300 yards north-
east of this Mr. C. has dug out coal at several places by sinking
shafts about 8 feet.
Mr. Cox has made good pottery of the shales overlying the coal ;
the furnace was lined with the soft, banded sandstone obtained ten
feet above the coal. The fire has indurated and glazed some of it.
COLLIER'S COAL. Two shafts have been dug a short distance
from Collier's mill, relatively 12 and 14 feet deep. The pits were
filled up, but I was informed that the coal was 15 inches thick. I
regard this, that of Cox's, and that at Graham's mill, as the same
bed.
About a mile from Collier's mill Mr. L. Fig. 87.
T. Collier has sunk a shaft on the east L.T. COLLIE ft ' s SHAFT
half of south-east quarter Sec. 30, T. 58, LIVINGSTON CO .
R. 22, a section of which is
No. i 9 feet clay and shales, cribbed.
2 3K f eet ochrey and blue clay
shales, upper two feet mostly
ochrey.
3 16 feet dark clay shales.
The bottom of the pit filled with fallen
debris, so I could not see the coal. Mr.
Collier showed me a specimen obtained
from this place, of black, shining, bitumi-
nous coal ; the coal here is probably the
same as that at Collier's mill.
On COL. R. F. DUNN'S LAND (see Fig.
88), in east half of south-west quarter
Sec. 23, T. 58, R. 24, some mining has
been done ; the coal said to be 6 inches
thick, with 20 inches of bituminous shales
overlying it ; next above I noticed ochrey
shales, with sandstone ; still higher, nodu-
lar limestone underlies the coal, from which it is separated by I
foot dark clay. Both the coal and the shales show evidences of
existence of the plant-remains.
20
L is
306
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
At Anton Good's, in Sec. 19, Township 56, Range 23, some
shafts and borings have been made in
Fig. 88. search of coal, of which this is the result :
No. i 8 feet shaft.
2 32 feet to slate. At 31 feet below
top is 2 feet of fire-clay.
3 Shale and rock to bottom ; stopped
at 60 feet depth.
In No. i we find Hemipronites, P. Prat-
tenianus, Athyris subtilita, Prod. Roger si,
P. costatus, Sp. cameratus, Chonetes meso-
loba, Sp. lineatus. (This is probably the
same as Sec. 134-9.)
A half-mile east a shaft was sunk 1 8 feet
through sandstone ; upper part buff, lower
part gray.
No. 2. 6 feet in bore, beginning in sul-
phur stain through slate, then 2^ feet coal ;
red clay under the coal.
A section here is as follows :
Sec. 149.
No. i Slope.
2 Outcrop limestone.
3 20 feet slope.
4 43 inches sandstone in one thick bed.
5 7 feet shaly sandstone.
6 i foot hard, gray and brown sandstone.
7 1 8 inches bituminous shales.
8 8 inches calcareo-pyritiferous shales ; abounds in fossils : P.
muricatus, Sp. cameratus, Sp. (Martinia) planoconvexus,
Hemipronites crassus.
9 3 inches coal.
10 i^ feet fire-clay.
On Ch. Wurster's land, in north-west one-quarter Sec. 26, Town-
ship 56, Range 22, observed 14 inches of hard, black, shining coal
cropping out at the edge of the water in Toe String Creek ; contains
a little iron pyrites in lower part. Mr. W. says it is sometimes 1 8
inches thick. Only one foot of dark-blue shales, containing Discina,
was observed over it. The underclay contains Stigmaria.
LIVINGSTON COUNTY. 307
Lower Coal-Fields. The following section occurs at Bedford :
Fig. 89.
SECTION AT BEDFORD
LIVINGSTON CO
Soil and drift.
Clay.
No. i Sandstone 10 or more feet, resting on
2 5 feet sandy and argillaceous shales.
3 I foot good bituminous coal.
4 2^ feet fire-clay, sandy, with stigmaria ficoides.
5 10 feet shales, bituminous at bottom ; contains several con-
cretionary layers of carb. iron.
6 o to 10 inches deep-blue pyritiferous limestone ; contains P.
muricatus, Sp. earner atus, Chonetes and Lop hop hy Hum.
7 4 inches bituminous coal ; has yellow sulphur incrustations.
8 2 feet fire-clay.
9 4 feet nodular limestone.
10 3 feet even layers of silico-calcareous rock, with bands of
shales ; contains Sp. cameratus, Athyris, Prod, semireti-
culatus.
On a small creek, three-quarters of a mile south-west, I obtained
the following section :
308 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSOURI.
Sec. 14.
No. I Slope.
2 10 feet sandstone.
3 1 6 feet argillaceous and sandy shales, containing Sept aria.
4 14 inches bituminous coal, decomposes on exposure.
5 1 2^ feet blue argillaceous shales; contains concretions of car-
bonate of iron, is somewhat bituminous, shaly at lower part, and
also contains a bed of bituminous limestone near the lower part.
6 4 inches bituminous coal.
7 2 feet greenish-blue shaly clay.
8 2 feet nodular limestone.
W. Perry's coal-bed, in Sec. 25, Township 56, Range 22, is I foot
thick. The coal at Bedford and at Perry's corresponds to No. 33
of Gen. Sec.
On Toe String Creek, in Sec. 31, Township 56, Range 21, ob-
tained the following section :
No. i 25 feet slope, sandstone at lower part.
2 10 feet argillaceous, shaly slope, with concretions of ochreous
oxide of iron.
3 i foot buff-drab limestone, weathers buff-brown ; contains
Crinoid stems, Loplwphylhmi proliferum, a species of fucoid Chon-
drites, Pr. cequicostatus, RhyncJwnella Osagensis, Pr. splendens,
Spirifer cameratus.
4 9 feet 45 slope, argillaceous shales at lower part.
5 10 inches concretionary bed of ferruginous limestone, dark
blue arid very hard within, forms a thick, decomposing, ferruginous
crust on outside ; contains Sp. lineatus, Pr. muricatus = No. 43 of
Livingston County Section.
6 2 feet bituminous shales ; contains numerous small, flattened,
spherical concretions of sulphate of iron.
7 5 inches variegated dark-blue and yellow argillaceous shale.
8 3 feet thinly laminated, bluish-green, argillaceous shale.
9 1 6 inches bituminous coal, good quality = No. 46 of Living-
ston County Section.
10 3> feet fire-clay, blue and buff mottled, nodular concretion-
ary limestone at lower part.
This coal is easy of access.
The following section was obtained at
WM. LEATON'S COAL-BANK, on the right bank of Grand River,
LIVINGSTON COUNTY.
309
in the north half of the north-east quart
No. i Slope.
2 25 feet sandstone.
Fig. 90.
cr
of Sec. 29, T. 56, R. 21 :-
SECTION 152
AT W* L EATON'S CO AL BANK
LIVINGSTON CO
3 Coal outcrop.
4 16 feet brown, speckled, mostly thinly laminated micaceous
sandstone 6 feet ; then argillaceous and sandy shales in
thin laminae, dark olive above, blue, black and slightly
bituminous at bottom.
5 4^ inches bituminous coal.
6 \y 2 feet gray fire-clay.
3io
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
No. 7 6 inches brown ochrey clay, with selenite crystals.
8 41^ feet very rough nodular limestone ; at top it is inter-
polated with much brjwn oxide of iron ; more even-bedded
below ; fracture shows pea-green,
o, 71^ feet pea-green, sandy and argillaceous shales ; I foot of
red and green near the bottom.
IO 2.y 2 feet bluish-drab, irregularly-bedded limestone ; weathers
brown ; is fucoidal ; contains Caulerpites, Loplwphyllum, Pr.
muricatus, Prod, costatus. Pr. punctatus, Sp. camcratus, a
large Aviculopecten, Pr. cequico status, Ch. mesoloba.
II 14 feet argillaceous shales, variegated blue and olive above,
with a few deep blue-black below ; lenticular beds of carbo-
nate of iron near the upper part.
12 6 to 10 inches very dark, lead-blue, ferruginous limestone at
bottom ; is variegated with dark fucoidal veins ; is evenly
jointed and weathers brown ; contains Sp. lineatus.
!3 31 inches bituminous shale ; contains concretions.
14 2^ feet blue clay.
The coal lies just beneath ; said to be twenty inches thick, but
when I visited the place it was covered by high water. When Mr.
Wheeler examined it the water was low, and he was enabled to see
the coal. Below the coal is 4 feet of shales.
This bed has been much worked, and more has probably been
used than from any other bed in the county. This is the same bed
as that seen on Toe String Creek and No. 46 of Gen. Sec.
Coal equivalent to that of Leaton's is mined at the mouth of Toe
String Creek, of which the following Sec. 153 :
No. 2 1 8 inches limestone.
3 1 3/4 f ee t shales.
4 6 inches black-blue, concretionary and pyritiferous, fucoi-
dal limestone.
5 32 inches bituminous shales.
6 4 inches to 42 inches clay shale ; varies in thickness.
7 20 inches coal.
8 4*^ feet clay shales.
9 i foot nodular, soft, shaly, bluish limestone.
10 4 feet shales to water in Grand River.
The lower six inches of this coal contains a great deal of iron
pyrites, and is also traversed by white veins of carbonate of lime.
LIVINGSTON COUNTY.
Fig. 91.
This coal crops out at various places
on Toe String Creek for a mile from its
mouth, also at the corner of the coun-
ty, on Grand River, at Edmondson's
ferry. At the latter place the rocks
present an irregular dip of from ten
to twenty degrees nearly due south-
east.
On Medicine Creek coal has been
found at several places. Half a mile
north of Collier's mill some has been
taken out, and two and a half miles
up-stream I noticed several pits, but
they were so full of debris that I
could not see the coal. I was told
that its general thickness was about
nine inches.
No other minerals in any amount
have been discovered in this county.
Building- Rock. I have elsewhere
included a description of the best
building-rock of this county; I will
now only briefly notice them. The
best quarries are those of Mr. Kirtley,
ten miles west of Chillicothe and
about one mile north of the Hannibal
& St. Jos. Railroad. The rock is a
silicious oolitic limestone ; occurs gen-
erally in thick beds, but some are
thin, and afford a strong and superior
building-rock. There is about nine
feet thickness of it.
The sandstone at Gillaspie's mill
occurs in thick and thin strata, and is
also an excellent material for building.
CH. WURSTER'S QUARRY, in the south-east quarter of the north-
east quarter Sec. 22, T. 56, R. 22, is a very even-bedded blue lime-
stone, occurring in two layers of nine and eleven inches, and admits
of fine polish.
or
IN GRAND HIVZR.
SECTfOlsf J53
LIVINGSTON CO .
3 1 2 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
L. T. COLLIER'S quarry, in west half of south-west quarter Sec.
29, T. 58, R. 22, includes beds of 10^, 16, and 18 inches lime-
stone, in even layers, closely resembling that of Wurster's, and
probably its equivalent. At Utica are thick, rough beds of blue
and drab limestone, that answers very well for coarse masonry, and
may also be hydraulic.
Herriman's quarry, three miles north-west of Chillicothe, includes
about 6 feet of rather rough-bedded limestone, but of good thick-
ness ; this is much used. I suppose the rock to be equivalent to
No. 72 of Gen. Sec. of the Upper Coal-measures. The fossils seen
in it were Retzia punctulifera, P. costatus, P. splendens, Athyris
subtilita, and Lopliopliyllum proliferum.
The rock at Graham's mill may be hydraulic, as also may be that
of Collier's.
Clays. A deep-red ochrey clay, seen at Collier's mill, would afford
a good material for paint ; a similar but paler red was observed on Col-
lier's land, one mile from the mill. In Collier's shaft, near this place,
I observed 10 feet of alternations of yellow ochre bands, with blue
shales ; beneath it is 4 inches good band of bright yellow ochre.
At W. Leaton's coal-bank there is 6 inches of brown ochre, con-
taining selenite crystals.
There are good beds of fire-clay under most of the coal-beds,
particularly those on lower Grand River.
Bands and concretionary beds of carbonate of iron occur in shales
on lower Grand River.
SOIL. The soil is generally very rich ; those portions of the
county which I have mentioned as broken contain the only tracts
of poor land, and the area is quite limited ; the soil of the latter is
light mulatto, and often sandy for a few inches in depth. The soil
throughout most of the county is dark and rich, and varies from
one foot to two and a half feet in depth. Near the western part of
the county it has much lime in its composition, resulting from the
disintegration of limestone.
The slopes generally are so very gentle that the county seems
admirably adapted for grasses and meadows.
The bottom lands are wide and flat, and have very dark and deep
soil, but are often too wet for cultivation. Good crops of corn are
raised. Wheat has not succeeded so well during late years. Fruit
succeeds tolerably well.
LIVINGSTON COUNTY. 313
Before closing, I would state : with the assistance of H. A. Alffers
and P. C. Swallow, I made a partial survey of this county in April,
1861. In July, 1872, Mr. C. J. Norwood assisted me in correcting
old surveys and making new ones, by which assistance, and that of
the notes of Mr. C. J. Wheeler, taken on Grand River in 1860, I
am now enabled to make this report.
VERTICAL SECTION OF THE BORING AT CHILLICOTHE.
A section of the boring at Chillicothe, made by Messrs. Johnson &
Co., and furnished by Mr. Cummins, foreman in charge, is added :
Depth from
Thickness. surface.
No. Nature of strata penetrated. Ft. In. Ft. In.
I Soil and yellow clay 35 6
2 Dry sand 23 6 59
3 Wet, gray sand 2 61
4 Blue bowlder-clay 7 68
5 Soft sand 66 1 34
6 Gray shale 2 2 1 36 2
7 Gray limestone I 4 137 6
8 Gray shale 3 4 140 IO
9 Dark shale 5 4 146 2
10 Blue shale I 3 147 5
1 1 Hard limeston'e I 5^ 148
12 Dark shale 2 2*^ 151
13 Hard limestone I i^ 152
14 Soft shale I 2 153
1 5 Hard slate I 6 1 54
1 6 Coal .. .' 6 155
17 Shale 2 5 157
1 8 Gray limestone I IO 159
19 Gray shale 6 6 166
20 Shale 9 4 175
21 Black smut I 8 177
22 Gray shale 2 8 179
23 Dark shale I 8^ 181 6
24 Limestone I 4 182 10
25 Gray shale , I 4^ 184 2
3 14 GEOLOGY OF NORTH- WESTERN MISSOURI.
Fig. 92.
lai
7r.-
3i
34rr
i
**-=
M
>5r:.
S ;..
*t_
ii
i*
:=
6'6 ,..'
... W.'JL
9
7t^
y':i9< j'
xsiS'iT
i'H
M'
'i
. fcftjtiT
a
LIVINGSTON COUNTY. 315
Depth from
Thickness. surface.
No. Nature of strata penetrated. Ft. In. Ft. In.
26 Limestone 9X ! ^5
27 Gray shale 8^ 185
28 Limestone 6 186
29 Gray shales I 6 187
30 Hard band 2> 187 1 1
31 Gray shales 3 10 ^ ! 9!
32 Blue limestone I o^ 192 10
33 Shale 3 W}4 1 9& 9
34 Black smut 2 198 9
35 _Soft shale dark I 6^ 200 3
36 Hard, dark shale 2 200 5
37 Soft, dark shale I I ^ 201
38 Shale blue 810^ 210
39 Red shale 52 215
40 Dark shale 16 6^ 232 i
41 Blue shale 7 O^ 239 2
42 Hard, argillaceous limestone 6^ 239
43 Gray shale 3 23911
44 Soft shale 10 240
45 Gray sandstone 4 2^ 245
46 Brown, bituminous shale 9^ 245
47 Black, bituminous shale , . 2 7^ 248
48 Calcareous band 3^ 248
49 Dark, soft shale 7^ 249
50 Hard, calcareous band 7^ 249 115
5 1 Dark shale 10 3 260 2
52 Gray, calcareous shale 5 2^ 265 5
53 Fire-clay 3 10^ 269
54 Clay and particles of coal 7 15^ 276
55 Sandy shale and black bitum. particles. . I 5^ 2 77 IO
56 Clay shale 2 6^ ' 280 5
57 Dark-gray, micaceous sand-rock, very
hard I 5^ 281 II
58 Hard band and blue clay partings I 8^ 283
59 Hard, blue shale 2 285
60 Argillaceous, gray limestone I 6 287
61 Dark, sandy shale I 2^ 288
3 1 6 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
Depth from
Thickness. surface.
No. Nature of strata penetrated. Ft. In. Ft. In.
62 Sand rock light color 2 290
63 Blue shale 9^ 291 2
64 Dark-blue shale, with i^ inches coal.. 2 5 293 7
65 Pure sand rock I 5 2 95
66 Blue limestone, passing into hard gray
at bottom 3 03^ 298 o
67 Clay 4 298
Particles of coal o^ 298
CHAPTER X.
GEOLOGY OF CLAY COUNTY.
BY G. C. BRODHEAD.
TOPOGRAPHY.
THIS county contains an area of 405 square miles. The blurts
along the Missouri River are not so high as those in Platte County ;
they vary from lOOto 190 feet in height, and, indeed, are often much
lower. The western and southern portions of the county are often
quite hilly near the streams ; but in the northern and eastern por-
tions the slopes rise very gently from the bottoms to the uplands ;
and the uplands rise and swell with beautiful undulations.
Timber and Prairie. The following table comprises a list of the
trees and shrubs of this county :
Crabapple, white ash, prickly ash, blackberry, box elder, button
bush, coralberry, mulberry, cotton-tree, burr oak, post oak, red
chestnut oak, chinquepin oak, white oak, sycamore, pin oak, red
root, elder, red elm, white elm, greenbrier, hackberry, black oak,
red oak, red bud, raspberry (occasionally), pawpaw, American
hazel, black haw, hawthorn, gooseberry, shell-bark hickory, thick
shell-bark hickory, bullnut hickory, pignut hickory, Cornus asperi-
folia, Cornus sericea, laurel oak, Rosa setigera, honeysuckle, iron-
wood, honey locust, linden, sugar maple, white maple, sumach,
poison oak, serviceberry (rare), staff-tree or wahoo, thorn (Cra-
tcegus), black walnut.
The southern half of the county is nearly all timber-land, much
of it heavily timbered. The north half probably consists of about
one-fifth prairie. The timber consists mostly of elm, ash, linden,
white oak, rock-chestnut oak, hickory, laurel oak, pawpaw, hazel,
sumach, red oak, Cornus > and black walnut. Near the prairies we
3 1 8
GEOLOG Y OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
have mostly laurel oak, elm, cherry, hazel, sumach, persimmon ; post
oak and fragrant sumach occur in the eastern part of the county ;
at no point west were they seen.
Streams. Fishing River drains more than one-fourth of this
county. Big Shoal and Smith's Fork of Platte are both consider-
able streams, but none of them afford power enough to be of ad-
vantage in water-mills. Fine springs are not very abundant.
Springs are often seen issuing from beneath No. 76 ; but ordinarily
this county is well supplied with water, and by digging wells it can
easily be reached.
Geology. Quaternary Deposits. This includes the soils and
alluvial deposits, prairie, clays, bluff and drift. The alluvium is
thicker and better developed on the Missouri River. Bottom prai-
rie is well marked on Fishing River and tributaries ; at mouth of
Williams Creek it appears thus :
No. i 8 feet dark soil and alluvium.
2 15 feet clay, with brown ochreous concretions, equivalent to
bottom prairie of Prof. Swallow.
Bluff. Eighty feet of this formation was observed along the Mis-
souri bluffs. It scarcely differs from the same formation as seen in
Platte and Buchanan. The bluff formation often contains consider-
able quantities of calcareous concretions ; generally roundish, but of
all shapes and sizes, from less than an inch to a foot or more, and
often disposed together, as if deposited on a nearly level surface.
The accompanying is a sketch of their arrangement in railroad cut
below Randolph :
These concretions are very
calcareous, and maybe hydrau-
lic.
Drift. This is sparingly de-
veloped in this county.
Upper Carboniferous.
These rocks include from No.
1 12 to near 66 of Missouri River
'Section, and include about 404
feet of coal-measures, composed
of sandstones, limestones, and
shales, with probably no coal-
seam over 2 or 3 inches in thick-
.R.R.CUT BELOW RANDOLPH
CO.
CLAY COUNTY. 319
ness. The rocks preserve a tolerably regular dip a very little north
of west, amounting to about 190 feet along the Missouri River. The
highest rock seen in this county is probably equivalent to No. 112
of Missouri River Section. The position of the lowest is below
No. 171. No. 112 was observed on the hills north of Liberty, and
in the west and north-west part of the county ; on the head-waters
of Williams Creek I observed 5 feet outcrop of bluish and ashy-gray
limestone. From in to no there is about 56 feet shale, including
8 inches of bituminous shale near the middle.
No. 109 is 22 feet of Plattsburgh limestone ; it is mostly ashy-blue,
containing chert near the upper part, and near the lower a dark or
ash-colored brittle limestone, with many fine fossils : Pr. punctatus,
Pr. Americanus (Sw.), Spirifer cameratus, Allorisma, Discina,
Pleurotomaria and a beautiful Bryozoa.
This limestone crops out on the hills at Liberty. At William Jewell
College it is 6 inches thick, and consists of a bluish gray and buff,
coarse-grained limestone, weathering brown. It abounds here in
Pr. Americanus, Allorisma, Myalina, Pinna, Athyris, Bryozoa,
Fitsutmaand arms of Archceocidaris, and contains a Nautilus.
No. 3 (of same Sec.) is 2 feet of fossiliferous, calcareous sandstone
= No. 109.
No. 4 20 feet sandy shales = 103.
5 Outcrop of even-bedded, thinly-stratified, brownish-gray,
shelly limestone.
6 5 f ee t shaly slope.
7 2 feet dark-brown, sandy limestone, containing Myalina.
8 13 feet sandy shales = 99.
No. 100 is seen on Williamson Creek, 2 feet thick.
Nos. 99 to 96, = 91 feet, occur in the south-west part of the
county.
No. 96. One half-mile east of LIBERTY the section appears
thus :
No. 2 5 feet tolerably even-bedded, ashy-gray limestone ; con-
tains many fossils : Pr. costatus, Pr. punctatus, Meekella striato-
costata, Pr. Rogersi, Bryozoa, etc.
3 27 feet shaly slope 15' to 25' of red shales; at the lower
part is a tumbled mass of fine-grained, crystalline limestone, with a
saccharoidal appearance.
4 I foot of dark limestone = No. 90.
320 GEOLOGY OF NORTH- WESTERN MISSOURI.
No. 90 is quarried in the bluffs opposite Harlem, where it occurs
as a tolerably even-bedded, fine-grained, light-drab limestone,
variegated with specks of calcite, and containing Camp op hy Hum
torquium, Crinoid stems, Pr. splendens, Athyris subtilita, Lopho-
phyllum proliferum and Fistulopora nodulifera.
No. 5 6 feet slope.
6 Buff limestone and hornstone = 87.
No. 90 is 3 feet thick near the west county line, and is a fine-
grained gray or drab limestone.
No. 88 consists of five or six feet of shales.
No. 87 is II feet to 13 feet : three-quarters of a mile north-east
of Liberty it appears as 13 feet of limestone, divided thus :
The upper four feet is a fine-grained, compact, buff limestone ; has
a lithographic appearance, and contains reniform concretions and
lenticular beds of chert.
The next is 5 feet coarse, brownish-gray, oolitic limestone : the
lower part is ashy-blue, with buff, shaly partings. Fossils are ex-
ceedingly rare. This rock is seen on the Missouri bluffs, in the
western part of the county, and in the neighborhood of Liberty.
A very good quarry of the lower oolitic beds occurs in the bluffs
opposite Harlem.
No. 86 consists of 19 feet of dark olive and blue, argillaceous
shales.
No. 85 consists of 13 feet deep-blue limestone, with blue chert.
On the Missouri bluffs, near the west line of Clay County, the upper
part consists of hard crystalline limestone, with lenticular beds of
blue chert, containing small lamella branch fossils in the lower part ;
and at the bottom 4' deep-blue concretionary, argillaceous limestone,
in shales, containing impressions of plants. Three-quarters of a
mile north-east of Liberty the section appears thus :
No. I 2' thinly-laminated, blue, silicious limestone, interstratified
with blue chert, and containing many beautiful univalves silicified ;
also some impressions of plants and carbonaceous stains.
2 2%7 blue silicious limestone, with beds of blue hornstone in
lenticular strata ; vegetable impressions.
3 8' blue limestone, with many fossil plants ; also Myalina sub-
quadrata, Myalina Kansasensis, Pinna, Orthoceras, etc.
One-half of a*"mile east of Liberty it appears thus :
No. 84 is lithologically divided into two portions : the upper five
CLAY COUNTY.
321
or six feet in two beds ; the top bed of 2' 6", of buff drab, and the
lower very fine-grained, compact, flesh, dove or fawn colored, with
Fig. 94.
{MILE EAST OF LIBERTY
CLAY CO
many particles of calc-spar disseminated through it ; below the last
is found No. 83, consisting of 11' of light-gray, white, and bluish-
drab crystalline limestone, weathering whitish buff, and containing
Pr. costatus, Pr. Prattcnianus, Pr. splcndcns, and Pr. punctatus.
No. 8 1 is 51^ feet blue and bituminous shales, divided thus :
No. I i' clay shale.
2 2^/2 feet bituminous shale = 8i b .
3 i' dark, argillaceous shales, containing many small, round,
calcareous concretions = 8i a .
4 i' 6" dark-blue clay shales = 8i a .
78 and 80 consist of 12' to 21' " Bethany Falls" limestone. At
Randolph it is 16 feet thick, of which the upper 7' (No. 80) is brittle,
shelly, and fucoidal, fine-grained, dove-colored, the lower part
bluish gray, and contains Pr. costatus and Pr. splendcns. This
rock I have called " Bethany Falls Limestone," because it seems to
be the same seen at Bethany, Harrison County, where it is well
marked as forming falls across the stream.
Sec. No. 189, taken at NORTH MISSOURI JUNCTION, exhibits
very plainly the different beds from No. 78 to No. 85, as follows :
i 14 inches of blue limestone, containing crinoid stems, chone-
tes, etc.
2 2^ feet of blue clay shales.
3 4 inches black streak of rotten coal.
4 8 feet 8 inches of deep-blue cherty limestone, in irregular lay-
ers ; at 3 feet from top is 10 inches of shales. The top layer is shaly,
and abounds in remains of leaves of plants, probably Cordaites,
21
322 GEOL OGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
on which are often found reposing univalves belonging most prob-
ably to the genera Pleurotomaria, MurcJiisonia and Loxonema.
This shaly, black band passes into the next subordinate cherty beds.
The fossils are generally of white chert composition on outer crust,
and blue within ; the chert layers deep-blue within, changing to de-
composing white on the exterior surface. The contained fossils
include MurcJiisonia ? Naticopsis Pricei, Platyostoma Pcoriensis,
BelleropJion percarinatus, Bell. Montfortiana, Pleurotomaria splie-
rulata, Bell, carbonarius, Pinna peracuta, Myalina Kansasensis, M.
subquadrata, Pseudomonotis ? Lingula , Athyris subtilita, Hcmi-
pronites crassus, Productus symmetricus, P. Rogersii, PJiillipsia,
Bryozoa, Nautilus, Rhombopora lepidodendroides.
5 9 feet 4 inches limestone in two thick beds, lower ash-blue.
6 5 inches blue shale.
7 5 feet 8 inches limestone in irregular layers ; gray contains
Prod, costatus, P. punctatus, P. splendens, Chonetes , Crinoid
stems.
8 5 inches blue shales.
9 14 inches hard, light-gray and somewhat concretionary lime-
stone ; contains Myalina Swallovi, Prod, splendcns, and Athyris
subtilita, equivalent to No. 82 of Gen. Sec.
IO ii inches blue shale.
II 19 inches bituminous shales.
12 2 feet blue clay shales.
13 20 feet 8 inches Bethany Falls limestone ; contains P. costatus,
Athyris subtilita, Spirifer cameratus, Meekclla striatopora and
Syringapora multattenuata.
14 2 feet blue shales.
15 5 feet slope, talus of above to railroad track.
Sec. 187, just above Liberty Landing, is as follows :
No. i 10 feet limestone.
2 i foot blue shales.
3 6 feet 4 inches bluish-gray limestone.
4 2^/2 feet bituminous shales.
5 2 feet blue shales.
6 4 feet nodular limestone.
7 13 inches whitish, oolitic limestone.
8 14 feet 8 inches fucoidal limestone.
9 6 feet bluish-drab limestone, irregularly bedded.
CLAY COUNTY.
323
No. 10 26 inches blue clay shales ; springs issue from this.
II 16 inches bituminous shales.
12 18 inches dull, blue pyritiferous limestone, small calcite
streaks are common.
13 7 inches blue shales.
14 6 inches concretionary limestone ; many fossils, including
Meekella striato-costata, Hemipronites crassus, Sp. lineatus,
Athyris subtilita, C/ionetes, C'rinoid stems, Rhombopora lepi-
dodendroides, Lop hop ky Hum, etc.
1 5 2 feet 6 inches blue clay shales.
16 4 feet gray limestone, weathers brown.
17 2 feet 16 inches hard, coarse-grained, gray limestone ; contains'
Sp. cameratus, Crinoid stems, Athyris subtilita, and a coral.
No. 77 = 2' to 4' blue and bituminous shale.
The section at RANDOLPH discloses
2^ feet argillaceous shales.
\y 2 feet bituminous shales.
No. 76, at Randolph, appears as 16" of ashy-blue limestone ; three
and a half miles east of Liberty it is 9'' thick, and jointed perpendic-
ularly.
Nos. 76, a and b, at Randolph, exhibit 2' 6" nodular limestone
and shales, very fossiliferous ; containing Meekella striato-costata,
Pr. Prattenianus , Chonetes, Rhombopora and Hemipronites crassus,
and Aviculopecten.
No. 74 is 6' bluish-gray and buff silico-ferruginous limestone ;
weathers brown ; contains Pr. splendens. Below this I observed 40
feet, consisting in upper part of 20' sandy shales, with calcareous
beds near the base, containing Myalina and Pr* Norivoodii. The
lower part is sandstone.
The following Sec. 23 on East Fork of Fishing River, at cross-
ing of Richmond and Liberty road, includes some of the lower
beds ;
No. i Bluff.
2 II feet limestone ; nodular on top, even and gray below;
has brown stains at lower part, and resembles " Bethany
Falls limestone."
3 11' slope, on which is an outcrop of even-bedded, brownish-
gray and bluish-drab limestone ; brown stains. ]
4 5' limestone ; resembles No. 2.
324 GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
No. 5 53' slope, mostly sandy shales.
6 i' gray limestone.
7 27' sandy shales.
The following section, taken on Williams Creek near Greenville,
is probably above the last :
No. i 6' gray limestone, containing many small Producti, Athy-
ris, etc.
2 30' to 35' slope.
3 4' outcrop of drab, silicious,' fine-grained limestone. No fos-
sils, but at lower part is a grayish bed, abounding in Bryozoa, Pr.
Norwoodii, Pr. splendens.
4 1 6' blue shales.
5 6' shaly limestone, abounding in Spr. (Martinid) planocon-
vexus and Spr. Kentuckensis.
6 i' 6" jointed rhomboidal limestone.
7 14' shales.
8 3" dark, ashy, shaly limestone.
9 10' shales and beds of nodular, bluish-drab, argillaceous lime-
stone.
10 6' shales, with Chonetes and Pr. splendens at top.
1 1 9' limestone, rough-looking at top ; for two feet below is
irregularly bedded ; bluish gray, with small Productus.
The following section, on Camp Creek, may include rocks a short
distance below the Plattsburgh limestone :
No. i Slope ; on lower part hickory, laurel oak, cornus, etc.
2 7' irregular bed of limestone ; color gray; contains a winding
coral.
3 10' shaly slope.
31^ 2' rough-looking, drab limestone.
4 9' shales.
5 3' limestone, abounding in Bryozoa and remains of corals.
68' shales.
7 2! bituminous shales.
8 6" blue limestone; somewhat resembles No. 2.
9 10' slope.
10 Limestone in creek.
CLAY COUNTY. 325
Economical Geology.
Good timber, useful for most purposes, abounds in this county,
especially in the southern half, as also on all the streams, and in-
cludes hickory, red oak, red-chestnut oak, burr oak, laurel oak, ash,
sugar-tree, cottomvood and cherry, hackberry, black walnut, elm,
honey locust, and coffee-tree.
Building Materials. Quarries of rock, good for ordinary build-
ing purposes, occur along the bluffs of all the streams. No. 108 is
quarried at Liberty, and is much used for building. No. 90 affords
a beautiful building material, and would also make good lime ; it is
seen near Liberty. In the bluffs, north of Harlem, No. 87 occurs in
good thick beds for building purposes ; it is easy to work, and
durable. In the railroad cut, near Liberty, the oolitic part of No.
87 affords a bed of good building-rock. No. 84 probably affords as
good a material for building as any rock in the county.
Three-quarters of a mile east of Liberty the upper part occurs
in very good and thick beds ; also near Randolph, and in the bluffs at
Missouri City, it would be useful for work requiring large dimen-
sion stone ; the lower beds are thin, white and gray colors, and
work easily.
The upper part of No. 78 could be quarried in large, thick blocks,
is very durable, but probably is too brittle to be very useful ; the
lower beds are thinner and more easily worked ; it is seen on the
Missouri bluffs from Randolph to Missouri City, also on Big Shoal
Creek and Fishing River. The beds of limestone below the last-
named are not often easily attained, on account of the debris from
the sandstone and shales which often overlie them. Limestone,
useful for burning into lime, is found nearly everywhere. Sand-
stone occurs in the bluffs of most of the streams ; it is often too
soft and shaly to be used for many purposes.
Coal. No beds of workable coal have yet been found in this
county, nor will there ever be any found of sufficient thickness to
be worked. No useful minerals exist in Clay County. A thin seam
of coal has been seen in the bluffs at Missouri City, but not of suffi-
cient thickness to be worked.
Soil. Most of the land in this county is rich. A small part of
the county east of Williams Creek is rather poor, but supports a
growth of post oak, black oak, white oak, black hickory and
326 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
fragrant sumach. Some of the land also, near Wilkerson's Creek,
Raccoon Creek and Smith's fork of Platte, is not very good.
Aside from this, the rest of the county consists of good land, and
some tracts are very rich.
But the soil of this county cannot be said to be as rich as that of
Platte or even a part of Buchanan. Aside from these two counties,
I think that Clay may be favorably compared with any other in the
State. Hemp is a staple crop ; the best lands often produce 1,000
Ibs. per acre.
Of the lands in the north-east part of the county, the bottoms pro-
duce good hemp crops, the hills corn and grass ; the new lands
producing 50 bushels of corn per acre. For several years prior to
1 86 1 the wheat crop was inferior. The best lands will produce 75
bushels of corn per acre. This county is good for apples, but
peaches do not every year succeed well. Blue grass seems to flour-
ish well everywhere. The hills based on the bluff soil are often
covered with a beautiful green carpet of blue grass.
CHAPTER XI.
GEOLOGY OF PLATTE COUNTY.
BY
G. C. BROADHEAD.
PLATTE COUNTY has an area of 405 square miles. It is somewhat
triangular in shape, the north and east sides forming a right angle,
the Missouri River occupying the place of an irregular hypothenuse.
Topography. The Missouri bottoms average about two miles in
width. The bluffs vary from 150 to 300 feet in height. The
highest, one and a half miles above latan, is 335 feet high, and
three miles above Weston the bluffs are 311 feet high ; their profile
is formed in several terraces which can often be traced for miles.
The bluffs on Platte River are from 70 to 130 feet in height, and
near Platte City are much lower (from 40 to 60 feet) ; its bottoms
are not often more than a quarter to a half-mile wide. The bluffs
on Todd's Creek, near its mouth, are about 90 feet, and three miles
up-stream they are fifty feet in height. Near the heads of the
streams flowing toward the Missouri, the slopes are gentle, be-
coming steeper, and the hills higher, as we approach the river
bluffs. Adjacent to the other streams the country is hilly and gently
rolling, becoming more undulating as we approach the uplands,
which are gently undulating and rolling, sloping just enough to form
most desirable farming lands. Township 52, Range 34, is very
gently undulating, also T. 54, R's 34 and 35.
Timber and Prairie. The area of prairie is but limited, com-
prising about one-fourth of Township 52, Range 34, a small area in
north-east and south-east, and about a quarter of Township 54>
Range 34. The remainder of the county is mostly heavily tim-
bered, comprising principally linden, elm, ash, honey locust, coffee-
tree, rock-chestnut oak, black walnut, pawpaw, red oak, etc.
Sugar trees abound in the north-west part of the county ; white oak
is very rarely seen.
328
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
The following is a list of the trees and shrubs seen in the
county :
Amor'pJia frnticosa.
White ash.
Blackberry.
Coralberry.
Coffee-tree.
Red root.
Cornus sericea ("Kinnikin-
nick" ).
American elm.
Greenbrier.
Hazel.
Gooseberry.
Thick shell-bark hickory.
Honey locust.
Sugar maple.
Mulberry.
Burr oak.
Black oak.
Laurel oak.
Prairie rose.
Sycamore.
Rhus Toxicodendron, or
poison oak.
Black walnut.
Crabapple.
Prickly ash.
Buckeye.
Black cherry.
Cottonwood.
Cornus asperifolia.
Common elder.
Grape.
Hackberry.
Black haw.
Shell-bark hickory.
Ironwood.
Linden.
White maple.
White oak.
Rock-chestnut oak.
Red oak.
Red bud.
Raspberry.
Sumach (2 sp.).
Virginia creeper.
Red root.
Staff-tree, or wahoo.
Pawpaw.
Streams and Supplies of Water. The streams in this county
are mostly quite clear and running. Platte River possesses suf-
ficient water-power to keep several mills at work during the whole
year.
Good springs are found nearly everywhere. Wherever No. 112
occurs near the base of hills, good springs are seen flowing from
beneath. Good springs abound along Platte River and the
Missouri bluffs.
A quarter of a mile below Parkville there is a fall of 16 feet in
height, over which the water passes clear as crystal, and, splashing
on the rocks below, forms a beautiful, transparent basin of water.
PLATTE COUNTY. 329
Geology. Quaternary Formations Alluvium. This formation
does not materially differ from similar formations seen in other
counties ; it is well developed along the Missouri.
Bottom Prairie. The Platte River bottoms consist chiefly of a
deposit of dark, stiff clay.
Blufl^ or Loess. This formation is best developed on the Mis-
souri hills. The street excavations in Weston exhibit it very favor-
ably. It seems mostly to be a finely comminuted brown-ash clay,
which is sometimes sandy. Mastodon teeth have been found on
Line Creek. The bank of the creek here appears thus :
No. I. 10 to 12 feet of brown clay.
2 5 to 6 feet dark-brown clay, with some sand.
3 A few feet of pebbles.
4 Blue clay ; the tooth probably came from lower beds of
this section.
Drift. Three and a half miles above Weston I noticed, immedi-
ately underlying the bluff marls, about 36 feet, consisting mostly of
granite bowlders, coal-measure limestone, quartzite and greenstone
intermingled with clay and sand.
Coal Series. The rocks in Platte County all belong to the Upper
Coal-measures, and include about 685 feet, from No. 160 to 85 of
Missouri River Section inclusive. Their dip is north-west, and
shows a total dip, from the south-east corner to the north-west corner
of the county, of a little over 500 feet. Along the north end of the
county, from Union Mills, on Platte River, to the Missouri bluffs,
they show a dip of 400 feet. From Parkville due north to Union
Mills the strata are nearly level. The rocks of the county include
about 207 feet of limestone, 117 feet of sandstone, and the re-
mainder consists mostly of shales. In describing the different beds
of rock, I have thought it best to use the numbers corresponding
to those of my General Section.
The following section includes all the rocks seen in this county :
No. No. in Gen. Sec.
I 5 feet buff limestone 160
2 30 feet slope ,
3 6 inches coarse, gray, shaly limestone, contains tuteumergle 152
4 4 feet argillo-calcareous shales 151
5 35 feet irregularly-bedded cherty limestone 150
6 \\ feet blue and bituminous shales 148 & 149
7 2 feet even-bedded, hard, blue limestone 147
330 GEOLOGY OF NORTH- WESTERN MISSOURI.
No. No. in Gen. Sec.
8 12 feet shales 146
9 8 feet buff limestone 143
10 30 feet slope sandy shales 142
1 1 5 feet red shales good paint-bed 139
12 7 feet even-bedded ferruginous limestone 137
13 65 feet probably all shales, contains i foot coal near the lower part. . . .
14 Red shales 130
15 4 feet limestone 128
16 27 feet shales
17 29 feet sandy and argillaceous shales, with concretions of carbonate of
iron 127
1 8 2\ feet blue, shaly limestone and shales, abounding in fossils 129
19 1 6 feet blue or olive shales 125
20 8 inches drab sandstone 124
21 10 inches black shales, with plants and thin laminae of coal 123
22 6 feet sandy shales 122
23 18 feet gray limestone 121
24 56 feet slope, mostly shales and sandstone at lower part
25 12 feet argillaceous shales, at one place replaced by 16 feet of sandstone
coal-seam here
26 2 feet 9 inches ashy limestone arenaceous 115
27 i foot 6 inches green argillaceous shales
28 3 feet ochreous limestone 113
29 \T>\ feet gray limestone, contains archseocidaris 112
30 5 feet blue and bituminous shales in
31 1 feet argillaceous shales
32 4 feet even-bedded blue limestone, Pr. Rogersii abounds I IO
33 i foot shale
34 10 feet ripple-marked sandstone 109
35 4 feet sandy shales
36 20 feet Plattsburgh limestone many fine fossils 108
37 3 feet calcareous sandstone 107
38 16 feet sandy shales
39 16 to 38 feet sandstone, ripple-marked 103
40 Shaly at lower part of above 101
41 3 feet brownish-gray limestone, sometimes oolitic 100
42 33 feet sandy shales 99
43 13 feet gray limestone 98
44 25 feet shales 97
45 6 feet ashy-gray limestone, with large Productus 96
46 24 feet slope, includes blue and bituminous shales.
47 10 feet greenish limestone, contains Campophyllum 90
48 4 feet pea-green, argillaceous shales
49 15 feet fine-grained, silicious and cherty limestone
50 10 feet shaly slope, 4 feet shales at top 89
51 6 inches argillaceous shales
52 6 inches to i foot even-bedded, dark, shaly limestone
PLATTE COUNTY. 331
No. [No. in Gen. Sec.
53 7 feet shaly slope 86
54 10 inches hard, deep-blue limestone
55 7 feet shales
56 4 feet deep-blue limestone, with deep-blue chert 85
57 4 feet deep- blue, concretionary, argillaceous limestone and shales 85
No. 160 occurs in the north-west part of the county, on top of
hills north of Short Creek ; itis tolerably fine-grained, buff limestone
five or six feet in thickness.
No. 152, as occurring in this county, is an even-bedded, coarse,
ashy-blue or gray, shelly and shaly limestone, breaks very rough
and irregularly in a vertical direction ; it was only observed near
latan and Block's Mills.
No. 97 is 4 feet argillo-calcareous shales, and contains a thin bed
of fibrous carbonate of lime and iron, or " cone in cone" (tuten
mergel), which seems to be formed of a series of cones whose bases
are the upper and lower surfaces of the stratum, and whose vertices
interlock between.
No. 1 50 occurs high in the bluffs, from the west county line to
within three miles of Weston. It is found high in the bluffs in T.
54, R. 36, W. ; its beds are very irregular and are separated by thin
bands of buff shales ; color is ashy blue, buff or gray, and weathers
buff; it contains much chert, especially near the upper part.
Fusulina cylindrica abounds in the upper part ; its thickness is
generally about 20 feet ; its greatest observed thickness just below
latan is 22^ feet. Two miles above it is 35 feet thick.
No. 148. A half-mile below latan I observed 4^ feet of blue and
bituminous shales.
No. 143. On the Missouri bluffs, 35^ miles above Weston, at Sec.
7 (=17 of 1872), I noticed 5 feet of a thick-bedded, brown limestone
cropping out at an elevation of 220 feet above the bottoms ; con-
tains but few fossils ; I observed an Allorisma. At this place are ex-
posed 200 feet, mostly shales, from No. 143 to 122, including a thin
coal-seam, several layers of carbonate of iron, two beds of red
shales, and 9 inches of coal. A copy of the section here will be
found in my general descriptive Section of Upper Coal-measures.
No. 126 was observed four miles north of Weston, near the St. Jo-
seph Road, abounding in many fossils ; it was also observed just above
latan, and on the upper slope at Weston. I suppose it to occupy a
position very near the shale beds near Gentryville, Gentry County,
332
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
which so abounded in Nuculana and Astartella. It is argillaceous
and calcareous, dark ash and blue ; its fossils include Myalina sub-
quadrata, BelleropJion carbonarius, B. Grayvillensis, B. Meekii, B.
percarinatus, Loxonema, Pleurotomaria, SpJitzrulata, Bellcrophon
, Nautilus nodoso-dorsatus, Pinna, Astartella vera, Lcda Oweni
and Edmondia Nebrascensis.
Fig- 95-
PROFILE
Or WEATHtRCO FACE
OF LIMESTONE I2f
BETW , WCSTON *, I AT AN
Concretionary bed of septaria and ochre.
6 feet shales.
No. 126. Stratum of calcareous shales, with fossils.
5 feet of clay shales.
In descending the river, No. 121 is first seen one mile above
latan. Following down the bluffs, it gradually is seen higher ; two
miles below it is 30 feet above the railroad ; one mile further about
grade ; from this point to Weston it gradually rises to an elevation
of 83 feet, from which it undulates near the same elevation to Bev-
erly. Large tumbled masses are often found below, sometimes of
PLATTE COUNTY.
333
great size, and many are often seen at intervals along a certain
horizon, causing one almost to think they form a bed in place. It
Fig. 96.
SECTION 10
JUST ABOVE IATAN
=-=.^=^.\ Yellow near the
^^ "==^^^^^==1 23 feet shales,
^ ==r ~- = ~Lm brown and drab.
Limestone No. 121.
occurs in what seems to be mostly one bed, in close-grained, gray or
whitish, silicious and hard at top, brown-streaked below, weathers
dark and ashy-drab, is rather brittle ; in thickness it varies from 14
to 1 8 feet; it contains Atliyris subtilita, Syntrilasma hemiplicata,
Spiriferina Kentuckensis, tlemipronites crassus and Pleurotomaria.
At Weston we have 68 to 70 feet, from Nos. 121 to 112, consist-
ing principally of shales, but near the head of Todd's Creek I noticed
rocks at the base of 120, as follows :
No. 2 2 feet dove-colored and somewhat shaly limestone ; weathers
buff.
3 i foot 2 inches blue limestone ; works free.
4 i foot blue calcareous and micaceous sandstone ; contains
Myalina and Aviculopecten occidentalis.
5 10 feet shaly slope.
6 Limestone = No. 112.
A section on the Missouri bluff, near Waldron, Fig. 97, shows an ab-
sence of the last-named strata. In their place we find 10 feet of very
thick-bedded brown sandstone, containing some concretions of iron-
ore and a few flag-like plant-remains, and resting immediately on
No. 113. The lower part is seen one mile above, and a quarter-
mile below, occurring as a coarse conglomerate.
No. 115 is 3 feet of blue arenaceous limestone, containing Chonetes
Verneuiliana, Athyris subtilita, Myalina subquadrata, Aviculopec-
ten carbonarius, Hemipronites crassus, Prod. Prattenianus, and
Bryozoa. Below No. 115, and resting on 113, we have at Weston
i to 3 feet shales.
334 GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
F 'g- 97-
SAN DSTOUE N*. 1(6
CONGLOMERATE
'UMESTONC : H3 ,
LIMESTONE HI? IO8.
SECTI OH
NEAR HtLTOP AT WAUtTftON.
No. 113 consists, at Weston, of about 3^ feet of buff or ochreous
brown limestone in one bed, and having a pot-metal ring ; it rests
on 112 and is nearly always present with it. Near Waldron it is
6 feet thick. No. 112. In the railroad cut above Weston is seen 5
feet of fine-grained limestone, in even 6-inch layers, reddish or fleshy-
gray, with specks of pellucid calc-spar disseminated, and generally
brownish near the top ; I noticed Prodnctus splendens, Sp. Kcntuck-
ensis, Fusulina, Archceocidaris, and fragments of Crinoid stems.
Below Weston it is 13 feet thick. Sec. 14, west of Platte City,
shows the upper 2 feet a yellowish brown, then 1 */ feet shelly and
shaly ; below, the beds are fleshy-gray, with some beds nearly a
pure white. From Weston, south-east along the bluffs, it thickens ;
at Farley it crowns the hill-tops ; across Platte it rises rapidly in the
bluffs, forming the highest well-marked rock east of Platte River.
It contains but few fossils, of which Athyris sub t Hit a is the most
abundant.
The following section, Fig. 98, at Rialto, includes strata from No.
109 to No. 115 inclusive :
No. no occurs in very even layers. On Todd's Creek it was ob-
served 3 feet thick ; west of Brush Creek, 4 feet thick, with sandy
shales below, and 6 inches of argillaceous shales overlying it. Its
fossils are Pr. Nebrascensis, Pr. cequicostatus, Syntrilasma hemi-
PLATTE COUNTY.
335
plicata, Athyris sub t Hit a, Meekella striato-costata, Hcmipronites
crassus, Allorisma granosa and Pr. punctatus / Prod. Nebrascensis
abounds.
Fig. 98.
intesto-fie /V? 115,
12-9
*qM*MitYjir?/M jr-^j
iSW-v 42-ra.fei I* T
' - I iiO'. / T* '
SECTION AT Rl A LTO
PLATTE CO .
No. 109. Below Weston we have 9^ feet of ripple-marked
sandstone, concretionary and calcareous, resting on 4 feet of sandy
shales. Near Farley it is seen 17 feet thick. Following up Platte
River we find this thinner, and at Skinner's Mill only 7 feet thick,
consisting mostly of argillaceous shales. It thus seems to vary
very much both in thickness and constituency.
No. 108. A series of rocks well marked and abounding near
Plattsburgh, in Clinton County, is called, for sake of distinction,
" Plattsburgh Limestone." This includes
I i to 3 feet of buff", drab and shaly, fine-grained limestone,
with a pot-metal ring.
2 13 to 22 feet of limestone, with two thin beds of dark-col-
ored and bituminous shale, and with blue chert in the middle.
3 3 feet of calcareous sandstone = No. 107.
The 2d first appears one and a half miles above Farley ; from
thence it rises rapidly in the bluffs for twelve miles below, at which
336
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
point it is nearly 100 feet above the base ; it then recedes to the
uplands, back. Along Platte River it mostly crops out near the
base of its bluffs, occasionally rising in them ; from the south part
of Township 53 to Union Mills it is the highest rock. It is gener-
ally an ashy-gray or bluish-ash limestone, containing grayish-blue
chert in the upper part. It thickens south-eastwardly, is 13 feet
thick at Farley, and five miles south-east is as much as 20 feet thick.
It is not often over 13 to 14 feet thick on Platte River. On Todd's
Creek it is 22 feet thick.
Sec. 21, just above Ringgold, appears thus :
Fig. 99.
SECTION 21 .
JUST ABOVt RINGGOLD
PtATTE CO.
1-6
tifpxrtoa.lfgrfrn.loto
'?7i.crc2'iowrt) fi i
'SV*n. leddroL biTn^e
~"~ -
hadF lllff
Greenish 6a.nety
COn.t~a.i-nS Af^oJ.i.1
And
Above the arenaceous bed is 13 feet, the upper 2 feet and lower 2
feet in very thick, irregular beds ; between are thin beds, some
decomposing and shaly, with buff, shaly partings between the beds ;
fractures show a bluish crystalline ; the top of No. 2 is cherty.
Fossils found here were Myalina, BelleropJion, Rliombopora, Athyris
and Bryozoa.
Sec. No. 27, near the mouth of Todd's Creek :
No. i zofeet slope, outcrops of gray limestone near lower part.
2 2 feet buff and drab, fine-grained, silicious limestone ; has a
pot-metal ring and weathers buff.
3 15 feet mottled, ashy-blue, irregularly bedded limestone;
contains blue chert.
4 1 foot shales, mostly argillaceous, near upper part olive,
middle somewhat dark bituminous, and brown at bottom.
5 10 inches tough, blue limestone.
6 8 inches shales, like No. 4.
PLATTE COUNTY.
337
No. 7 4 feet limestone, like No. 5.
8 50 feet slope to bottoms ; some
outcrops of sandy shales lower
down.
Sec. 34 on Missouri bluffs, near Samuel
Morrow's, in north-east quarter of Sec-
tion n, Township 51, Range 35, appears
No. i Slope.
2 1 1 feet gray limestone =112.
3 15 feet slope; comminuted sand-
stone is seen.
4 8 feet dark-ash limestone, weathers
brown ; contains Bryozoa, Pr. cos-
tatus, Pr. cequicostatus.
5 2 feet coarse gray and minutely
cherty or silicious limestone, irreg-
ularly bedded.
6 10 inches shelly limestone re-
mains of fossils.
7 2 inches chert.
8 6 inches bluish or ashy-gray lime-
stone ; numerous remains of fos-
sils leaving calc-spar lines ; con-
tains Edmondia, Solenomya, etc.,
etc.
92 feet irregularly bedded, blue, sha-
ly limestone ; weathers to brown ;
contains Sp. cameratus, Productus
Nebrascensis and Pr. costatus ; has
thin lenticular beds of chert.
10 2 feet soft, decomposing, brown
limestone.
II I foot brown and gray limestone ;
weathers brown ; contains Spirifer
cameratus.
12 i foot dark shales.
13 7 inches limestone.
14 2 inches brown clay.
22
Fig. 100.
SECTION St-
PLAtTE CO.
3rtn
So
MO. BOTTOM^
338 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
No. 15 1^/2 feet limestone, full of fossils ; Fusulina abounds.
1 6 8 inches clay shales.
17 6 inches limestone.
1 8 2 feet shales.
19 30 feet slope.
20 2\ feet gray silicious limestone, in a very even bed. No.
100.
21 20 feet to Missouri bottoms.
Some fine fossils were collected from the lower members of the
Plattsburgh group at this place, including Pleurotomaria turbinifor-
mis, Monoptera , Pinna per acuta, Nautilus occidentalis, Allo-
risma, Eumicrotis, Aviculopecten , and very fine Bryozoans,
with Athyris subtilita abounding in bottom bed. Prod, costatus,
Sp. earner atus, Prod. Nebrascensis, Prod. Prattenianus, Edmondia
and Solenomya are found in the upper beds.
In the above section all between No. 3 and No. 19 belongs to
the Plattsburgh limestone. At Union Mills No. 107 is 3 feet thick ;
it sometimes appears like a sandy limestone.
No. 106. Below No. 109 we have, at Union Mills, 16^ feet of
blue, argillaceous and sandy" shales, with pockets of blue and buff
sandstone. On the Missouri bluffs, above Brush Creek, is seen 16
feet of sandy shales. Next below the last is from 16 to 25 feet of
sandstone.
No. 100. Section 29, on Todd's Creek, shows 2 feet of reddish
gray silicious limestone in one bed ; contains Productus Ameri-
canus (Sw.), Pinna, Myalina, Pro. punctatus, Bryozoa, etc. On
the Missouri bluff, above Waldron, it is 8 feet thick, and three miles
south-east it suddenly thickens into almost one bed of 1 1 feet of
oolitic limestone, brown and gray. Near Parkville it is restored to
its original thickness of 2\ to 3 feet, and just above-town it abounds
in many fine fossils, including Prod. Americanus, P. costatus, P.
symmetricus, Bryozoa and My. subquadrata.
No. 99. Section 29, on Todd's Creek, presents 15 feet of sandy
shales immediately underlying No. 100. We next have 21 feet
which is mostly sandy shales ; near the upper part we find on Todd's
Creek 4 feet of blue calcareous sandstone, abounding in small uni-
valves, with which was associated a small Phillipsia ; at lower part
noticed 5 feet of sandy shales.
No. 98. Section 37, on the Missouri bluffs, near Waldron, displays
PLATTE COUNTY.
339
II feet of irregularly-bedded gray limestone, which is somewhat
bluish and buff toward the lower part ; has brown, shaly partings,
and is traversed by winding veins of calc-spar ; but few fossils were
observed ; contains Productus splendens, AtJiyris subtilita and a
Goniatite. Its layers are generally from 2 to 8 inches.
No. 97. Includes 25 feet shales.
A pretty full description of most beds seen at Parkville will be
found in " General Descriptive Section of Upper Coal-Measures. "
North of town we find
No. i 6 feet dark-olive ochrey shales, with concretionary bed of
ochre 4 inches in thickness = 97.
2 6 feet- limestone, drab and brown ; a portion has irregular
deep-green windings; contains Pro. punctatus, P. costatus, etc.
= 96.
3 27 feet slope.
4 6 feet greenish drab, fine-grained limestone, with large fu-
coids and greenish shaly partings = 90.
5 4 feet deep-blue shales.
6 Drab limestone with hornstone layers = 87.
One mile below Parkville the beds from 87 to 90 are exposed at a
waterfall, as shown in the following profile :
Fig. 101.
LIMESTONE N? 90
LIMESTONE N. 87.
iLE SECTION
IMILt BtUOW PARKVILLE ^ P.UATTC CO
No. 90 is found above Parkville, containing campophyllum tor-
quium.
No. 87 is from 1 1 to 13 feet of light-drab, brittle limestone ; is fine-
340
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
grained and silicious, with a lithographic appearance, generally oc-
curring in thin layers ; contains drab chert, on which are sometimes
beautiful dendritic markings. Fossils are very rare ; only observed
a Discina.
No. 85. Only 4 feet was seen of fine-grained, compact, dark,
ashy-blue limestone ; weathers dirty sandy ; has a subconchoidal
fracture ; crops out at base of hill one mile below Parkville. The
following section, near east county line, shows arrangement of
these beds.
Fig. 102.
BEDS OF N2 85
EAST LINE PCATTE CO .
Economical Geology. Coal. On the Missouri bluffs, near the
north-west corner of the county, is an outcrop of 8 inches of bitumi-
nous coal. West of Bear Creek, and on the Missouri bluffs, we have
two beds cropping out, the upper one of which is 9 inches and lower
shaly bed 8 inches in thickness; they are separated by 130 feet.
Traces of coal are also seen at Weston. The upper bed has been
worked at and near Block's mills, and at Rees's, two miles below, and
the coal has been used a little, but the beds are too thin to pay very
well.
One mile below Platte River ferry, and a half-mile up a branch,
some coal has been taken out. Its thickness is about IO inches,
and its geological position about2i feet above limestone No. 112, and
separated from it by shales and thick-bedded sandstone the latter
equivalent to the Waldron sandstone ; the coal is probably local, as
PLATTE COUNTY.
341
not even a sign of it was observed anywhere else. A and B are
200 yards apart.
I Fig. 103.
SLOPC
LIMEST. N?MZ
SECTION
MILES S.E. or
PLATTE co
No useful minerals, in any quantity, have been found in this
county.
Metallic Ores. The iron carbonates have been noticed elsewhere,
among the general notes on the Upper Coal-measures ; suffice it
simply to state the fact, that the clay and sandy beds occasionally
contain many septaria and other concretions. The localities where
they were mostly observed were a few miles below Beverly, at
Weston, and three miles above at the latter place in considerable
quantities. On Sugar Creek, near the line of Buchanan County,
about 20 feet below a /-inch coal-seam, numerous remains of plants,
probably Cordaites, were observed, containing knife-edges of coal,
342 GEOLOG Y OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
and with numerous transverse cracks, the interstices filled with sul-
phuret of zinc. The surrounding rock is a sandy iron carbonate.
These cracks may be called shrinkage cracks, concerning which I
cannot do better than quote from an eminent geologist.* " Flat-
tened stems of plants and layers of cortical matter, when carbonized,
shrink in such a manner as to produce minute reticulated cracks.
These become filled with mineral matter before the coaly substance
has become completely consolidated. A further compression occurs,
causing the coaly substance to collapse, leaving the little veins of
harder mineral matter projecting."
Good building-rock abounds. No. 100, west of Brush Creek,
occurs in a very thick bed of gray oolitic limestone, and would be
useful for making columns or structures requiring large dimension
stone. On the Missouri bluffs, near the east county line, I observed
a very attractive, coarse, oolitic limestone, capping No. 87, and 4^
feet thick. Nos. 121, H2and no each form good building material.
Soil. The soil in this county is everywhere rich. Near Ridgely,
and the hills adjacent to Smith's Fork, it is not quite as rich as in
some other parts of the county, and the same might be said of a
portion of Township 54, Range 34, and also a few other portions of
the county ; but still the soil is good.
The growth everywhere indicates very rich soil, and on the
richer lands consists mostly of pawpaw, elm, linden, mulberry,
coffee-tree, honey locust, red oak, red-chestnut oak, cherry, hack-
berry and black walnut.
The slopes on the Missouri bluffs contain a soil made up in great
part of a limestone ddbris mixed with buff clays, and forms a rich
soil, indicating great productiveness ; but the bluffs are generally too
steep to be easily cultivated. These bluffs are generally formed in
several terraces, and we may yet see the day when they will be
crowned and flanked by beautiful vineyards. .The growth on them
is generally pignut hickory, poison oak, pawpaw, may apple, lin-
den, hackberry, mulberry, black walnut, red oak, Cornus, elm, red-
chestnut oak, shell-bark hickory, greenbrier, coralberry, thorn, black
haw and Virginia creeper ; or nearly the same as on the uplands.
The uplands are well adapted to most crops, and lie beautifully
for cultivation.
* J. W. Dawson, in Am. your. Sc. and Arts, 30! Series, Vol. V., No. 25, p. 22.
PLATTE COUNTY. 343
Hemp is the principal crop raised, and 1,000 pounds per acre is
readily produced. During good seasons from 20 to 25 bushels of
wheat per acre can be raised. The ordinary average yield of corn
is about 50 bushels per acre, but the best lands can easily be made
to produce 75 bushels, and some persons think that 100 bushels
can be raised.
Fruit succeeds well peaches nearly every year, but the trees
die out in about five years. Probably no county in the State pos-
sesses superior advantages to Platte ; it contains such a large quan-
tity of rich land, is so well watered, abounds also in good timber,
including most kinds that are useful.
Partial surveys of this county were made in May, 1861, and May,
1872. In the first examination I was assisted by P. C. Swallow and
H. A. Ulffers, in the last by Chas. J. Norwood.
CHAPTER XII.
GEOLOGY OF BUCHANAN COUNTY.
BY G. C. BROADHEAD.
BUCHANAN COUNTY has an area of about 400 square miles. It is
bounded on the north by Andrew County, on the east by Dekalb
and Clinton, by Platte on the south, and is separated from Kansas
by the broad Missouri on the west. Its surface is agreeably di-
versified with hill and dale, high and steep bluffs and low and gentle
declivities, and also gently-undulating surfaces. Along the north
line we have wide bottoms merging by very gentle slopes into the
neighboring hills ; but as we approach the Missouri bluffs the hills
seem higher, or, more properly speaking, the streams cut deeper
and the slopes are more steep. In crossing the county at any point
from east to west, we observe a corresponding change. The
country drained by the Platte River and its tributaries is mostly gently
undulating, with low hills near the streams. The hills on Maiden
Creek sometimes attain a height of 85 feet. On Platte River they
are not often over 50 to 75 feet, but a few miles south of the Han-
nibal and St. Joseph R.R. they are as much as 100 feet in height.
Near Contrary and Sugar Creeks they sometimes attain an elevation
of 140 feet, and the country adjacent is quite broken. On Black-
snake Creek the hills are from 75 to 100 feet high. The Missouri
bluffs near the north county line are about 145 feet high, and ap-
pear to retain that elevation, sometimes higher and sometimes lower,
until they pass southward of St. Joseph. King's Hill, two miles
south, is 255 feet above the bottoms. A bluff on Sec. 14, T. 56,
R. 36, is 310 feet high. The bluff in Sec. 22, T. 55, R. 37, is 250
feet in height. The other bluffs along the river approach these in
height, but are much lower. The tops of these hills are probably of
the same elevation as most of the interior uplands. The Missouri
bottoms are wide, flat, and often marshy.
BUCHANAN COUNTY.
345
Timber and Prairie. The area of prairie is but small. The east-
ern and northern portions of the county are mostly prairie ; near
and on the "divide" it consists mostly of prairie, or of thickets
covering what was formerly prairie. The country near Platte River,
for several miles east and west, and lying south of line between
Township 56 and Township 57, is heavily timbered ; also most of
the southern and western portions of the county. A cottonwood
was observed on the Missouri bottom 19 feet in circumference at 5
feet above-ground.
The trees and shrubs in the county may include the following : -
Crabapple.
Prickly ash.
Buckeye.
Coralberry.
Black cherry.
Choke cherry.
Coffee-tree.
Cottonwood.
Red root.
Panicled dogwood or rough-
leaved.
Kinnikinnick.
Elder.
Red elm.
Hazel. '
Summer grape.
Frost grape.
River grape.
Wahoo.
Virginia creeper.
White oak.
Red-chestnut oak.
Red oak.
Laurel oak.
Prairie Rose.
Sycamore.
Poison oak.
Red elm.
White ash.
Blackberry.
Box elder.
Greenbrier.
Hackberry.
Black haw.
Hawthorn.
Gooseberry.
Shell-bark hickory.
Thick shell-bark hickory.
Pignut hickory.
Honey locust.
Ironwood.
Honeysuckle.
Linden.
Sugar-tree.
White maple.
Mulberry.
Burr oak.
Black oak.
Pin oak.
Redbud.
Raspberry.
Sumach.
Black walnut.
American elm.
W r hite oak is rarely found, and Chinquipin oak is scarcely seen
excepting in the northern and eastern parts of the county.
346 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
Springs and Streams.
There are some good springs in this county, and water can be
easily reached by digging. Wells and cisterns are more common.
The streams are generally clear and running.
Scientific Geology.
Superficial Deposits. The alluvium is best developed on the
Missouri bottoms.
Bottom Prairie. The washings on flat grounds at St. Joseph ex-
pose about 20 feet of dark clay. Similar clays are seen on Platte
River.
The " Bluff" or " Loess " is well exposed on the Missouri bluffs
near St. Joseph, where it rises in steep and often gently-sloping peaks,
covered mostly with grass. It is generally a finely-comminuted brown
ash-clay, and where a few feet from the surface, exposed by wash-
ings, is always perpendicularly jointed. In King's hill, below St.
Joseph, it has at the lower part 8 feet of finely-comminuted brown
sand resting on 2 feet of white calcareous concretions. The fossils
found were Helicina occulta, Succinia and Helix. The drift oc-
curs immediately beneath the bluff, but I observed no good ex-
posure of it in the county. Bowlders of granite and quartzite were
occasionally found.
Upper Carboniferous.
The rocks in this county belong to the Upper Coal series, and in-
clude a total thickness of about 470 feet, from a bluff limestone,
equivalent to No. 160 Gen. Sec., to No. 108 or Plattsburgh limestone
inclusive, of which there is 125 feet of limestone, 11 feet bituminous
shales, the remainder consisting of sandstone, sandy and argilla-
ceous shales. The prevailing dip of rocks is a very little north of
west.
On the head-waters of Sugar and Contrary Creeks, Mr. Ulffers
observed the following section, which includes some of the highest
rocks seen in this county :
No. i 15 feet light-buff limestone ; contains Fusulina, etc.
2 17 feet argillaceous shales.
3 16 feet cherty limestone.
BUCHANAN COUNTY.
347
No. 4 2 feet argillaceous shales.
5 \y 2 feet bituminous shales.
6 i foot hard, blue limestone.
7 14 feet argillaceous shales.
8 4 feet light-buff, compact limestone.
9 7 feet argillaceous shales.
10 2 feet buff, shaly limestone,
ii 36 feet red and blue argillaceous shales.
12 6 inches shaly, bituminous coal.
13 1 8 feet argillaceous and sandy shales.
14 5 feet sandstone and sandy shales.
No. 160 was observed in bluffs back from the river, in the south-
west corner of the county; it occurs as a buff limestone, with 35
feet slope below, to No. 150. In the same vicinity, No. 152 occurs
as a dark-gray limestone, containing a thin stratum of fine-grained,
very dark-green, fibrous, argillaceous carbonate of lime, with pro-
bably some carbonate of iron, the fibres nearly perpendicular to the
horizontal surface, and interlocking, forming what is called " Tuteu
mergel," or "Cone in Cone." No. 150 occurs near the hill-
tops on the Missouri bluffs, in the northern part of the county,
and occupies that horizon on the Missouri bluffs
as far as the south county line ; its greatest ob-
served thickness was 23 feet, at Rushville. It
is a buff-brown near the top, with Productus
Rogersi, Chonetes Smithii, Syringapora, Fusulina
cylindrica, Athyris subtilita ; below, it is very
irregularly bedded, and contains chert, especi-
ally in the upper portion. The beds of lime-
stone are not often over 6 inches to I foot in
thickness, and are separated by buff clay. The
annexed section, No. 35, at Beatty's quarry, near
St. Joseph, exhibits most of the beds of No. 1 50 :
No. I 23 inches limestone and shales.
2 28 inches limestone.
3 1 8 inches concretionary limestone and
buff shales.
4 5 inches concretionary limestone.
5 I foot nodular limestone, chert, and
brown shales.
Fig. 104.
SECTION 55".
BUCHANAN co .
13
-l^V
as
28
Z*
348 GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
No. 6 2 inches limestone.
7 3 inches limestone.
8 6 inches limestone.
9 6 inches brown shales and limestone nodules.
10 2 feet limestone ; contains some dark chert concretions in
upper part.
II 4 inches shales and limestone nodules.
12 5 inches shales.
13 2 feet limestone.
Total thickness of beds exposed here was about 14^ feet. The
rock is used for making lime, and curbing and macadamizing in St.
Joseph. Bituminous shale is found in a pit about 10 feet below the
limestone. The lower beds of limestone abound in fossils, mainly
Ortkis carbonaria ; also contains Retzia punctnlifera, RhyncJio-
nella Osagensis, Athyris sitbtilita, Productus splendens, Schizodus.
The upper beds abound in Pusulina cylindrica and Athyris sub-
tilita ; also contain Hemipronites crassus, Orthis carbonaria, Spiri-
fer (Martinia) planoconvexus, and Crinoid stems.
Sec. on King's hill, below St. Joseph, is as follows :
No. i 72 feet bluff formation, finely comminuted marly clays.
2 8 feet sand. |
3 2 feet white, calcareous, concretionary bed. )
4 7 feet irregularly-bedded limestone ; abounds in Fusulina cy-
lindrica, also contains Athyris, Retzia, Orthis carbonaria ; cherty.
No. 150.
5 19 feet slope.
6 5 feet shales.
7 7 feet deep-brown limestone (No. 143), upper 2 feet shaly,
light drab ; below is ferruginous, and contains but few fossils CJio-
netes, Hemipronites, Aviculopecten, P. splendens.
8 35 feet slope ; tumbled sandstone, at lower part containing
plants Lepidostrobus, etc.
9 8 feet shales, bottom 2 feet green, with \y 2 feet red just above.
10 7 feet ferruginous limestone, upper 2 feet shelly, with iron-
oxide crust. No. 137.
1 1 48 feet slope, mostly shales ; in lower shales are some iron-
stone concretions.
12 Outcrop of shaly limestone, abounding in fossils.
13 5 feet shaly slope.
BUCHANAN COUNTY. 349
14 10 feet red and green clay shales ; at bottom we find 4 feet
of ochrey green clay, with occasional thin bands of yellow ochre
concretions, and streaks of ochre.
1 5 4 feet limestone.
1 6 30 feet shales.
A buff limestone, equivalent to No. 143, was observed on King's
hill; No. 137 is seen on Platte River bluffs, two miles south of
Hannibal & St. Jos. Railroad, cropping out 10 feet in thickness,
and containing Myalina, Aviculopecten, Pinna, Athyris sub t Hit a,
Productus Roger si, Bryozoa. Just below the last-named rock is
80 feet slope, which is probably nearly all shales. On the Missouri
bluffs these shales are 60 to 76 feet in thickness, with sometimes a
thin seam of coal. Near the upper end of Sugar Creek Lake we
have
No. i Top slope.
2 1 8 feet of limestone, fracture buff and drab, weathering brown ;
contains occasional lenticular beds of concretionary deep-blue
chert ; has brown shaly partings, and contains Athyris subtilita,
Sp. lineatus, Sp. cameratus, Retzia punctulifera, Chonetes, Prod.
Rogersi, Allorisma granosa, Pleurotomaria, Crinoid stems, Ma-
cro don and Fusulina cylindrica.
3 77 feet shaly slope ; shales near the lower part.
4 Outcrop of coal.
5 40 feet slope to railroad.
Three miles above Rushville we have
No. i Limestone, No. 150.
2 95 feet slope.
3 4 feet even-bedded, shelly, dark ash-colored limestone (128),
at about 25 feet above the grade of railroad, and forming a fine
waterfall (Fig. 105).
Approaching St. Joseph from the south, we find the last-named
limestone quarried near the foot of the hill, and also north-west on
King's hill, and in the next succeeding hill it is seen 30 feet above
the bottoms, with 30 feet of shales lying below it.
Section 31, 2^miles below St. Joseph, is as follows :
No. i 72 feet bluff clay ; contains some round calcareous con-
cretions.
No. 2 6 feet sandy shale.
350
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
Fig. 105.
OUTCROP OF Nt 125 .
12 MILES SOUTH OF ST. JOSEPH .
No. 35 feet limestone, upper part shelly, ferruginous, lower 3
feet thick, ever* bed ; can be quarried in 2-feet layers.
No. 453 feet slope.
No . 5 _ 5 feet shales.
No. 65 feet shales, good red ochre at bottom. SECTION 32
No. 7 4 feet even bed of limestone. BUCHANAN co.
Our section, y 2 mile below junction of Hannibal
& St. Joseph Railroad, is as follows (Fig.io6):
Sec. 32.
No. i Bluff.
2 4 feet red shales ; paint-bed.
34 feet green and yellow ochrey shales.
4 33 inches limestone, upper part gray ; the
middle abounds in Fusulina ; lower part
deep brown, middle is fine grained.
5 17 feet sandy, ochrey shales.
6 1 5 feet slope to railroad.
One-quarter mile below the last we find
No. i Outcrop of shaly limestone, with Alloris-
ma, Hemipronitescrassus, Astartella vera,
Nuculana bellastriata, Myalina subqua-
drata, Bell. Kansasensis.
2 15 feet slope.
g/uor QfVt.
B UCHANAN CO UNTY. 3 5 1
No. 3 Red and green shales.
4 4 feet limestone = 128 ; very good building-rock.
5 30 feet shales, to level of railroad grade.
The general section at King's hill will be found in general report.
Ascending King's hill, at 63 feet above No. 128 is found 7 feet
of thick-bedded gray and brownish limestone, with but few fossils.
Its upper part is shelly and brownish ochrey, but affords a good,
strong and durable building-rock. It has been extensively used in
buildings at St. Joseph. We found overlying it tumbled masses of
buff and brown soft sandstone, and hard green sandstone, containing
remains of plant-leaves and the stem of a tree, probably a Lepido-
strobus. Intermingled with this overlying mass was some deep-red
clay, apparently very suitable for paint ; sixteen feet still higher
is found 7 feet of ferruginous limestone, and 24 feet above the last
are seen outcrops of No.. 150. All these layers have been exten-
sively quarried for various purposes of building in St. Joseph. The
last named is quarried in the hills north of St. Joseph for lime and
for paving.
One and a half miles along the bluff above St. Joseph our sec-
tion is this :
Fig. 107.
OUTCROP OF N? 137.
ABOVE ST. JOSE PH , BUCHANAN CO.
No. I Slope.
2 10 feet gray limestone, slightly ferruginous, in one solid bed ;
breaks in small angular fragments. No. 137. (Fig. 107.)
352 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
No. 3 92 feet slope to railroad, 35 for half way, then 30 ; the
lower 40 feet seems to be principally sandy shales.
No. 2 corresponds to No. 143 ; in its manner of weathering
resembles No. 78. Three miles above St. Joseph it is 90 feet above
No. 128.
At bridge on Platte River, rocks were observed, which I refer to
those from 126 to 121, of which the following is a correct section :
Sec. 4-
No. 2 6 inches even-bedded, dark-gray limestone ; contains Sp.
cameratus, Athyris subtilita, Nucula, Fusulina cylin-
drica, Bryozoa.
3 6 feet brownish-buff, sandy limestone, some of it silicious,
and with sandy shaly partings thin bedded.
4 2 y 2 feet green shales.
5 10 inches limestone, mottled drab and brown ; contains
Myalina and Allorisma.
6 ! foot grayish drab and brown, irregularly bedded, coarser
than No. 5 ; irregularly wavy-cracked.
7 2 feet gray limestone ; contains Archceocidaris.
8 3 feet ashy-blue, ferruginous limestone, weathers brown ;
contains Pr. splendens, Athyris subtilita, a coral Bryozoa,
Crinoid stems, Bellerophon, etc.
9 3 feet ashy-blue limestone, weathers buff; contains Sp,
cameratus.
From 1 20 to 113 the rocks are generally covered by debris, and
include about 100 feet. In south-east of Township 55, Range 34,
No. 112 was observed by Mr. Ulffers 12 feet in thickness, consist-
ing of thick beds of coarse, colored, semi-crystalline limestone. The
lowest rock was observed on Platte River, in the eastern part of
the county ; it is a blue limestone, equivalent to the Plattsburgh
series ; 12 feet of it was observed.
Minerals. Coal. Opposite Sugar Creek Lake, coal crops out
about 30 feet above the level of railroad. Limestone No. 1 50 is in
bluff 77 feet above. The same bed of coal is seen a mile below
Hall's Station, on Mr. Hinman's land. Section here is Sec. 19 :
No. I 104 feet slope from hill-top.
2 5 feet drift.
. 33 feet blue, sandy shales.
3 feet coarse^ shaly, ferruginous sandstone.
BUCHANAN COUNTY.
353
Fig. 108.
104 feet to hill-top
Fig. 109.
SECTION
1 MICE. BELOW
N ALL'S STATION
SECTION
OPPOSITE
HALfcS STATION
No. 4 i inch shaly coal.
5 8 inches deep-blue, shaly
clay, with thin laminae of
coal ; contains ferns.
6 6 inches coal.
7 Fire-clay.
867 feet to foot of hill.
OPPOSITE HALL'S STATION, the
coal has been opened at sever-
al places ; one on railroad land,
worked by Jacob Gross, appears
thus :
3 feet rough-bedded, yellow
sandstone.
8 inches sandy clay,
if inches shale and thin lami-
nae of coal.
2,y 2 inches coal.
\y 2 inches blue clay.
6 inches good coal.
\Y^ inches blue clay.
3 inches good coal.
Fire-clay.
An analysis of a specimen of this coal, from Niagara, Andrew
County, gives
Water 8.94
Volatile 34-75
F. carbon 45-38
Ash I0 .93
Color of ash, light-red brown.
Section No. 30 :
No. 193 feet 40 to 45 slope.
2 Limestone outcrop.
3 52 feet to bottom of coal ; some red ochrey clay appears on
slope 8 feet above coal.
On south fork of Sugar Creek, near the south county line,
Sec. 24:
No. i 3 feet olive shales, with streaks of coal.
23
BUCHANAN CO
354
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
Fig. no.
SECTION
AT ST. JOSEPH
BUCHANAN CO.
2
IS?3E]
T^:':?^
MCAM MfCH VfATIH
MCAN LOW WATCH
No. 2 7 inches bituminous coal.
3 26 feet shales ; concre-
tionary bed in lower
part, with remains of
striated plants.
4 15 to 20 feet slope.
5 Outcrop of ferruginous
limestone ; fracture dark
bluish, ash shelly, and
rough breakings.
In the north-east of the south-
west of Sec. i, T. 55, R. 26, Mr.
Ulffers observed 6 inches of shaly
coal and shales.
Mr. P. C. Swallow observed 4
inches of bituminous coal in Sec.
23, T. 45, R. 36, and in Sec. 32
coal is also said to have been
found, on the head^waters of Bee
Creek, a few miles south-west of
Sparta. These beds are thin and
poor, and not worth working.
Annexed is a section and descrip-
tion of the boring at St. Joseph.
The first coal from the top is no
doubt equivalent to No. 123 of Gen.
Sec. The next coal below, mark-
ed \y 2 feet, must be equivalent
to No. 118. The lowest, marked
2 1^ feet, is probably near No. 98,
more likely below that member.
Considerable thickness of bitumi-
nous shale may be included.
The annexed is the section of
boring at St. Joseph :
No. I 21 feet soil, bowlders and
sandy clay.
2 74 feet blue clay.
3 21 feet sandstone.
4 4 feet limestone.
BUCHANAN COUNTY.
355
No. 5 2 feet soapstone.
6 2 feet slate.
7 1 1 feet coal.
86 feet black slate.
9 7 feet limestone.
10 5 feet slate.
1 1 6 feet limestone.
12 2 feet slate.
J 3 4^ feet limestone.
H 5K feet slate -
15 i foot limestone.
1 6 6 feet slate.
17 8 feet slate.
1 8 41^ feet limestone.
19 3 feet soapstone.
20 2^ feet gray sandstone.
21 2^ feet soapstone.
22 4-jf- feet gray limestone.
23 24 feet slate.
24 2 feet limestone.
25 10 feet limestone.
26 5 ^ feet slate.
2 7 1> feet coal.
288 feet slate.
29 4 feet limestone.
30 20 feet shale.
31 6 feet limestone.
32 20 feet slate.
33 25 feet limestone.
34 15 feet limestone.
35 10 inches coal.
36 3-f feet soapstone.
374^ feet slate.
38 \y 2 feet limestone.
39 J 5 feet limestone.
40 3 feet soapstone.
41 2^ feet coal.
42 9 feet limestone.
43 4 feet sandstone.
356
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
No. 44 3 feet limestone.
45 2y 2 feet slate.
46 2^/2 feet limestone.
47 15 feet blue clay.
Total depth, 402.3 feet.
Fig. in.
a TTOM Sr.3Q.SORf
i i. L _i _rn--|^
I ft Coa.1
tft Coal
In the above section I have retained
the same descriptive names of strata as
on the section furnished to me.
From careful comparisons of my sec-
tions, I find that the bottom of the
"bore" still lacks about 440 feet of
reaching the " Lexington coal," which
would be the first coal of any consid-
erable thickness that would be reached.
Other valuable coal-beds would lie still
lower. Annexed is a section commen-
cing at bottom of St. Joseph " bore "
and extending downward, showing the
depth at which certain coals would be
reached and the thickness of the seams.
These remarks concerning coal-beds
can be applied, with but slight varia-
tion, to localities in the adjoining
counties of Platte, Clinton, Dekalb,
and southern parts of Gentry County.
In each of these counties thin surface
outcrops are seen, but they are not
valuable.
Soil. The soil in this county is generally rich. Poor land occu-
pies a small part of the area. On the west side of Platte River,
above Agency Ford, the soil on some of the higher ridges is rather
thin, and we here occasionally see chinquepin oak and black oak.
We also find it in the southern part of the county. West of Platte
River is white oak, black oak and chinquepin oak. In the other
portions of the county the soil is very rich, and there is probably
but little difference between the several qualities of land. The soil
on the uplands varies in depth from one to two and a half feet. Near
the prairies we find plum, cherry, sumach, elm and hazel.
Agriculture. During a few years previous to 1861, wheat did
13 in. Coal
to in. Con
/
StCTlON SkOWtNQ POSITION
Or COALS BEUOW BOTTOM
OF ST. JOSEPH BOMNC .
BUCHANAN COUNTY. 357
not yield as well as formerly. In good seasons 20 to 25 bushels per
acre have been raised, and in the south part of the county 35 to
40 bushels are said to have been raised : 20 to 25 bushels may be
said to be a very good average. Of corn, 60 bushels are generally
raised, and during good seasons, and with proper care, 70 to 80
bushels per acre can be easily raised. Potatoes, rye, oats, barley,
Hungarian grass and spring wheat grow well. Hemp is the staple
crop, and the rich elm and linden lands in the southern and west-
ern parts of the county will readily yield 1,000 pounds per acre.
Fruit. This county is not so well adapted to fruit as some others.
Blue grass grows everywhere spontaneously, and forms beautiful
green pastures.
ST. JOSEPH BRIDGE SURVEYS.
Before closing, I would add a few interesting items of information,
chiefly obtained from the Reports of " St. Joseph Bridge Com-
pany." *
The annual rain-fall in the basin drained by the river at St.
Joseph averages 19^ inches, while that of the basin below is 26
inches, thus showing that three-fourths of the water flowing out of
the Missouri River at its mouth passes St. Joseph ; at an ordinary
spring flood 170,000 cubic feet pass in a second, with a mean velocity
of 3 T 8 miles per hour, while at low water but 18,000 cubic feet flow
in the same time, with a mean velocity of 2^ miles per hour. The
fall in the low-water channel, for 7 miles below the city, is y 8 ^ of a
foot per mile. The axis of the current at high water is much
shorter than at low water, and has a fall of over one foot per
mile. At low water the channel opposite the city is from 400 to
500 feet wide, and 15 to 30 feet deep. The difference of high and
low water is 23 feet.
At the greatest flood, the narrowest channel opposite the city will
be 1,420 feet wide. Rock is found at an average of 43 feet below
low water, and at no point deeper than 48 feet.
The bed of the river is fine sand on top, with layers of stiff, hard
clay and coarse sand near the bed-rock ; resting on the bed-rock
was found a 2 to 5 feet bed, consisting of medium-sized and thorough-
* Rep. of Prelim. Surv. of Missouri River in vicinity of St. Joseph. E. D. Mason,
ist An. Rep. Ch. Eng. St. Joseph Bridge, 1872.
Desc. Method of Founding Piers, etc. W. S. Pope, 1872.
358 GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
ly water-worn bowlders mixed with coarse sand ; the bowlders com-
posed of red and gray granite, quartz, gneiss, trap, conglomerate,
agate, with some fine quartz specimens containing gold. Some
specimens of 'conglomerate shown me ^seemed to be of smoothly-
rounded pebbles firmly cemented with river-sand. At a depth of
40 feet pieces of brick and fragments of coal have been taken out,
showing that, in comparatively recent times, the scour has reached
that depth.
The excavations were made to a depth of about 40 feet below
the bed of the river, including the upper 30 feet of coarse and fine
sand, then 5 feet stiff, blue clay, and lastly a deposit of gravel and
bowlders, through which flows a stream of clear, pure water, entirely
different from that of the river. While ice at the surface was 2 feet
thick, and the mercury below zero, the water from this spring had
a uniform temperature of 54 degrees.
The bed-rock is said to be a smooth, hard, whitish-gray lime-
stone. I have no doubt of its being equivalent to limestone No.
121 of my General Section.
A partial survey of this county was made by me in 1871.
CHAPTER XIII.
GEOLOGY OF HOLT COUNTY.
BY G. C. BROADHEAD.
Topography The Missouri bottoms occupy more than one-third
of the area of the county, and above T. 60 they are at least 10
miles in width. Southward they are narrower. The bluffs attain a
height of from 125 to 200 feet, with occasional intervals of low hills.
After leaving the Missouri b'luffs about two miles, the country be-
comes less hilly, and soon passes into a beautiful rolling country.
From the mouth of the Nodaway river, for ten miles north, the ad-
jacent hills are high and the country broken.
The hills in the north-east part of the county are low, with a
gently-undulating surface. Near Squaw Creek, Davis Creek and
Tarkio, the hills have gentle slopes, with often marshy bases lead-
ing into the adjacent narrow bottoms. By the burrowing of go-
phers the bottoms of Squaw Creek and a few other streams are
rendered dangerous for horses to pass over, and their banks are so
steep and marshy as to render them impassable, almost, as far up
as their sources.
Timber and Prairie. South of Oregon the country consists
mostly of timbered land. The Missouri bottom is about one-half
timber and one-half prairie.
Near the streams in the northern part of the county but few
trees are seen, and they are generally either of small growth or
shrubs. On the banks is sometimes a fringe of willow, white
maple, American elm, box elder, greenbrier, grape and Cormis.
On the bottoms, black walnut, honey locust, coralberry, choke-
berry, red and American elm, wahoo, sumach, Cornus and goose-
berry occur.
The following is a list of trees and shrubs in this county :
Crabapple, white ash, prickly ash, blackberry, bladdernut,
360 GEOLOG Y OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
buckeye, box elder, button bush, black cherry, choke cherry, coffee-
tree, cottonwood, AmorpJia canesccns, Am. fruticosa, coralberry,
Cornus sericea, Cornus asperifolia, gooseberry, hackberry, hazel,
shell-bark hickory, thick shell-bark hickory, pignut hickory, iron-
wood, honey locust, white maple, mulberry, linden, chinquepin oak,
sarsaparilla, burr oak, rock-chestnut oak, scarlet oak, red oak, pin
oak, pawpaw, Am. plum, rose; Rosa hicida, red bud, sycamore,
sumach, poison oak, thorn, black walnut, red root and wahoo.
Streams and Springs. Those streams flowing toward the Mis-
souri run constantly. Those in the north are long and narrow,
with steep and often marshy banks. Springs often issue from the
base of the hills, and the lesser valleys often spread out into grassy
marshes.
The streams making toward the Nodaway River do not flow
during the whole year. Good springs are common along the Mis-
souri bluffs. The supply of water in the running streams is suf-
ficient for milling purposes during the greater part of ordinary sea-
sons. The Nodaway is a deep stream, and always contains a large
supply of water, affording ample power for milling.
Geology. The formations include the quaternary and the Upper
Carboniferous rocks.
Quaternary. The alluvium is well developed on the banks o
the Missouri, where it was observed 16 feet in thickness, composed
of alternations of sand, clay and vegetable mould. The following
section was made below Jones's P.oint :
No. I 2 feet comminuted sand and vegetable mould, with roots.
2 1 1^ feet dark clay, ferruginous stained ; contains Helix, Pupa,
Succinea, etc. , with roots.
3 8 feet sand ; roots occur in the upper part ; sand fine in the
upper portion, coarse below.
4 2 feet brown sand ; contains a thin, dark seam, with fragments
of coal.
5 2 feet dark sand.
In ponds on the Missouri bottoms I obtained Physa, Succinea,
Planorbis, Unio ; many of them being intermingled with dark clay.
The Bottom Prairie is extensive, and consists for the most part
of dark clay.
The " BlufP' forms a deep deposit on all the hills ; and on the
hills and slopes near the Missouri bottoms it is very much blended
HOLT COUNTY. 361
with the soil. Its greatest thickness is probably more than 100
feet.
The Drift is but sparingly developed in this county.
Upper Carboniferous Rocks. The rocks in this county belong
to the upper and middle divisions of the Upper Coal-measures, and in-
clude a thickness of probably about 400 feet, three hundred feet crop-
ping out in the Missouri bluffs, below the mouth of Nodaway River,
and in the vicinity of Forest City, and about 45 or 50 feet in the
northern part of the county, with a gap of probably 50 feet, or there-
abouts, not seen in the bluffs for eighteen miles above Forest City.
The northerly dip is light, the prevailing inclination being westward.
If the rocks should preserve the same inclination of the Atchison
strata, we might supply the gap (no rocks seen) by 160 feet. These
figures would increase our vertical section 100 feet too much to in-
clude without more positive evidence of the fact. Our sectionsof rocks
seen in the county, near Nodaway River, at various points from its
mouth to the north county line, include from No. 146 to No. 212,
including 283 feet. On the Missouri River bluffs, to a point two miles
north of Forest City, we find 35 feet more of additional rocks. These
will include 121 feet of limestone, 10 inches of coal, 8 feet of bitumi-
nous shales, 40 feet of sandstone or sandy shales, 20 feet shales with
limestone nodules, 38 feet clay shales ; balance of space no rocks
were seen. As the county section is embraced in detail in general
section of the Coal-measures, I will omit it here, and in the descrip-
tion of the beds will refer by number to those in the General Section.
At McG-uilliam's Mill, on the Big Tankei, at the edge of the Mis-
souri bottoms, in south part of T. 63, R. 40, we find outcrops as
follows :
Sec. 80.
No. i Top slope.
2 i foot blue limestone^ in even layers ; rings under the ham-
mer ; contains Naticopsis, Fusulina, and Crinoid stems.
3 23 feet gentle slope ; flags of sandstone, abounding in Pr.
Prattenianus, appear 5 feet below the top ; lower down
I observed nodular limestone.
4 2 feet limestone ; fracture grayish blue ; weathering brown.
Fossils contained are Meekella, CJionetes, Allorisma, Pr.
semireticulatus, var. Calhounianus (Sw.), Naticopsis,
Pinna peracuta.
362 GEOLOG Y OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
No. 5 3 feet shales, a little greenish.
6 2 feet red shales.
7 14 feet mostly sandy shale.
8 21 feet in well to shaly limestone.
From this place to within two and a half miles of Forest City
no outcroppings of rock were seen.
After crossing Kimsey's Creek we again find outcrops of rocks.
The following is a section one mile and a half above Forest City :
No. i 160 feet slope.
2 16 inches bluish-gray limestone, weathering brown ; lower
part weathers dark gray ; a 5~ m ch blue bed at bottom ;
apparently contains a good deal of carbonate of iron ; is
heavy, hard and tough ; fossils observed were a few
univalves. No. 220.
3 2 feet blue-clay shales.
4 5 f ee t shaly slope.
5 17 inches hard, dull-blue limestone, sometimes weathering
with a brown-ochre crust, which is often over an inch
thick; contains some fine fossils, viz., Pr. Pratteniamis,
Allorisma granosa, Schizodus curtus, Syntrilasma hemi-
plicata, Aviculopecten, Entolium aviculatum, Bcllerophon
Marcouanus, B. percarinatus, Pleurotomaria like P. carbo-
naria, Macrocheilus, Euomphalusrugosus, and Aviculo-
pinna Americana; a Syntrilasma from this place has
its interior replaced by calcite, traversed by minute veins
of zinc-blende. No. 218.
6 10 inches shaly sandstone.
7 2 inches coal.
8 2 feet light-blue, clay shales ; ochrey at top.
9 5 feet drab sandstone.
10 5 feet drab, argillaceous shales'.
II 12 feet slope.
12 3 feet dark, greenish-drab and olive, argillaceous shales.
13 5 feet 2 inches alternations of thin beds of limestone and
brown calcareous shales, abounding in Fttsulina, Athyris
and other fossils. No. 210.
The lower member of the above section can be easily traced,
along a terrace, from the upper end of Forest City to the eastern
limit of town, and below. The underlying beds of limestone being
HOLT COUNTY. 363
quarried at many places, leaves it well exposed. It abounds chiefly
in Fusulina cylindrica, which are often weathered out, and can be
collected by the handful, resembling so many wheat-grains. At
the upper end of Forest City these beds appear thus :
No. i Shales.
2 3 inches shelly and nodular limestone.'
3 i y 2 feet of brown shales and concretionary limestone nodules.
4 10 inches rough, concretionary bed of limestone.
5 10 inches of shales.
6 Even bed of blue limestone ; Athyris subtilita abounds in
upper part, Fusulina in the middle, Bryozoans and corals (RJiom-
bopora) throughout ; other fossils observed were a large variety
of Hemipronites crassus, Pr. symmetricus, Pr. semireticulatus, Pr.
Nebrascensis, Retzia punctulifera, Spr. cameratus, Crinoidea and
Fistulapora nodulifera.
Sec. 66, at the lower end of Forest City :
No. i Bluff.
2 3 feet nodular limestone and Fusulina shales of No. 2IO.
3 IO feet shales, upper 2 feet ash-colored, middle 4 feet
mottled gray and yellow, lower 3 feet gray shales.
4 \y 2 feet ash-blue limestone, weathering brown. No. 199.
5 2 to 10 inches yellow shales, gray streaked.
6 \y^ feet brown limestone. No. 197.
7 7 feet yellow shales.
8 2^/2 feet greenish-drab sandstone, rather soft; has been
. very much used at Forest City ; is rather too soft for out-
door work, but for inside work is very suitable ; a sink made
of it, in which water has almost daily been placed for
twelve or fifteen years, shows no perceptible integration ;
Mr. Joel Balwin has a mantle made entirely of it, which
was put up in 1858, painted in 1860, and is sound yet ; but
the same stone used in the floor of his fireplace had
softened, though the jams were still firm ; from the base of
the sandstone outcrop to the railroad is about 22 feet.
The sandstone above named occasionally crops out on the bluffs
for several miles below Forest City. The best building-rock for \
ordinary purposes, near and, in Forest City, may be found fifteen
or twenty feet above the sandstone, and just below the horizon of
No. 210.
364 GEOLOG Y OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
Sec. 65, one half of a mile below Forest City :
No. i 77 feet bluff.
2 I foot brown, shelly limestone.
3 10 feet slope.
4 i foot brown limestone, jointed, No. 218; the fossils are
Entolium aviculatum, Syntrilasma hemiplicata, Solenop-
sis ? Polypliemopsisperacuta, Poly, inornata, Macrocheilus.
5 3 2 /^ feet slope ; shaly sandstone is seen 4 feet from top.
6 4 feet brown shales and nodular limestone, with many fossils.
No. 210.
7 i foot ash-blue limestone, good for ordinary building. No.
209.
8 i y 2 feet blue shales.
9 13 inches blue limestone ; a useful building-rock ; may be
found in all bluffs above and below Forest City for seve-
ral miles ; its principal fossils are Productus Nebrascensis
and Hemipronites crassus, whose interior is generally re-
placed by clear calcite.
10 59 feet to railroad.
In Forest City the last-described limestone may be found at 35
to 40 feet above the level of the railroad track.
Sec. 55, on Sedwick and Took's land, Missouri bluffs, one
mile and a half below Forest City :
No. i Slope from hill-top.
2 i foot brown or shelly limestone ; contains Hemipronites
crassns, Pr, Pratt enianus and Fusulina.
3 4 inches hard, bluish-gray, spathic limestone. No. 220.
4 4 feet slope.
5 1 8 inches jointed and splintery limestone, color blue, upper
part abounding in Entol. aviculatum, Pr. Prattenianus, etc.
6 4 feet shales.
7 16 inches sandstone.
8 3O-inches bituminous slate.
9 8 inches ochrey, sandy clay.
10 4 inches coal ; a few stellate forms of gypsum? on surface.
II 26 feet slope.
12 14 inches blue limestone; contains Hemipronites crassus
and Pr. Nebrascensis ; good building-rock. No. 209.
13 15 feet slope.
HOLT COUNTY. 365
No. 14 I y 2 feet blue, shaly limestone. No. 199.
I 5 23^2 feet slope.
16 3 feet ash-blue limestone, containing Pr. splendens. No.
1 86.
17 29 feet to railroad.
On the west side of Mill Creek 16 feet of limestone (No. 186)
appears in the bluff, its base at 26 feet above the railroad. Further
west it is not often seen, but it occupies the base of the bluff one
mile below Forest City. Following the river-bluffs eastward, we
find it gradually rise, until we reach the Nodaway River, where it is
found as the highest rock seen, more than 160 feet above the bot-
toms. One mile below the point where Mill Creek enters the
bottoms, we find the following section :
No. i Bluff slope.
2 5 feet slope, with tumbling masses of nodular, brown and
drab limestone ; contains Ckonetes, Retzia punctulifera,
Pin n a peracu ta, etc .
3 19 inches hard, bluish-drab limestone, somewhat mottled and
spotted with ferruginous stains, ,vhich seem to occupy the
outline of fossils ; contains Allorisma.
4 4 feet slope.
5 1 6 feet hard and tolerably fine-grained, bluish-gray lime-
stone ; weathers with a rough, sandy appearance.
6 I foot brown, shaly limestone ; contains Pr. Nebrascensis,
Pr. Prattenianns. No. 199.
7 2 feet brown and blue shales, containing Archceocidaris and
Athyris subtilita.
8 I y 2 feet brown, shelly limestone. No. 197.
9 2 feet brown, calcareous shales, .containing Athyris subtili-
ta, Spr. cameratus, Pr. Nebrascensis and Archaocidaris.
No. 196.
10 3 feet greenish-buff shales.
ii 2 feet coarse, green, micaceous sandstone. No. 195.
12 5 feet slope 45.
13 i foot blue limestone.
14 9 feet 20 slope ; a spring issues from this slope.
15 4 feet bluish and somewhat ash-colored limestone, fine
grained and brittle ; contains Spr. cameratus and Pr.
splendens.
366 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
One mile above Forbes the following section is exposed :
Sec. 51.
No. i 50 feet bluff.
2 20 feet sand, clay and bowlders.
3 1 8 feet clay, with large masses of sandstone, apparently
near their proper place, for they are not much worn.
4 i foot hard, deep, ash-blue limestone, with brown specks ;
contains Athyris subtilita and Myalina subquadrata.
5 4 feet shales and calcareous nodules, with Athyris subtilita
and Pr. Prattenianus.
6 2 feet hard, tough, coarse-grained limestone ; weathers
brown, with a coarse, sandy appearance. No. 199.
7 5 feet shales and outcrops of brown, shelly limestone, con-
taining At.hyris subtilita, Pr. Nebrascensis, Spr. cameratus y
Pr. punctatus, RJwmbopora and Fistulipora.
8 1 6 feet slope ; blue limestone at bottom.
9 5 feet shaly slope, on a terrace 25 feet in width, with out-
crops of limestone at lower part.
10 1 5 feet limestone. No. 186.
1 1 4 feet slope. .
12 \y^ feet limestone, very good for building ; even layers.
13 7 feet slope.
14 5 feet outcrop of buff and brown limestone.
15 39 feet to terrace.
16 1 6 feet slope to railroad.
Hill 209 feet high.
Rocks similar to those last named occur at Forbes. Below
Forbes there are but few outcrops for three or four miles. One
half of a mile below Forbes No. 160 is seen, resting on 15 feet of
sandy shales, the latter extending to the railway below. Two miles
farther down No. 154 crops out near the railroad, 3 feet thick, and
appears to be a good rock for common building purposes.
Sec. 48. This is seen on Missouri bluffs one half of a mile west
of Nodaway River.
No. i Slope ; at lower part are yellowish limestone nodules.
2 10 inches hard, firm, dark ash-gray limestone.
3 44 feet slope.
4 13 inches even-bedded, brownish-gray limestone. No. 152.
5 17 inches gray, friable limestone. No. ^152. j
HOLT COUNTY. 367
No. 6 3 feet brown, nodular limestone and shales. Top of No.
150.
7 6 feet gray, brown and drab limestone ; calcite (in stalac-
tic form) in joints ; fossils are a Myalina on top, Pr.
Nebrascensis in middle ; contains also Pr. punctatus,
Macrocheilus, AtJiyris and Solenomya.
8 Includes fossils lying on top of No. 9, viz. : Pr. costatus,
Spr. earner atus, Spr. Kentuckensis, Athyris subtilita,
Fusulina cylindrica, RJiombopora lepidodendroides and
Fistulapora nodulifera.
9 16 feet 9 inches limestone in irregular layers of 4 to 10
inches, and \y 2 feet in thickness, with buff, shaly partings ;
the fossils are Pr. punctatus, Pr. Nebrascensis, Athyris,
Allorisma, Spr. earner atus, Spr. lineatus, BelleropJion,
Fusulina. Bottom of 1 50.
10 3 feet olive shales to grade of railroad.
A good deal of rock has been quarried here, and used in bridge
and culvert masonry on the railroad. No. 4 is undoubtedly a
good rock, but the other members of the section would not rank as
first-class material. No. 150 is last seen on Nodaway River, one
mile from its mouth.
Ledges of No. 186 appear on the hill-top 140 feet above. Pass-
ing northward we find No. 186, resting on hill-top, as far north as
the middle of T. 61. Further north but few outcrops were ob-
served.
Some nice fossils are contained in the upper part of No. 186, in
Sec. 3,T. 59, R. 37-
Near the head of Brockman's Branch No. 199 is found, contain-
ing some pretty fossils.
Section near the Mouth of Brockman's Branch :
No. i 25 feet slope.
2 8 feet irregularly-bedded limestone ; weathers brown or
buff, upper part a dark ash; corresponds to No. 186 of
General Section.
3 58 feet slope, 'with fragments of limestone ; at 28 feet from
top is an outcrop of buff, earthy limestone.
4 30 feet slope, with fragments of sandy shales.
5 6 feet dark-olive, clay shales.
6 6 inches gray limestone; abounds in fossils.
363 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
No. 7 6 feet argillaceous shales ; contains beds of septaria 6 inches
thick ; one is two feet from top, the other about the mid-
dle and a third near the bottom ; abounds in Prodncti.
8 10 feet argillaceous shales, like No. 7 ; also containing three
beds of septaria, the upper one 2 feet below the top,
the next I foot lower, and the third is 2 feet below the
second, each layer being about 2 inches thick.
Below, No. 2 of this section includes members not elsewhere
recognized, but they are all important as connecting links in the
General Section.
Section at Henry Kunkel's, on Nicholl's Creek, is as follows :-
No. i Slope.
2 5 feet shales.
3 2 inches green, fibrous "cone in cone." The specimens
from this place are beautiful representations of this pecu-
liar crystalline form. Sometimes the upper surface is
weathered into beautiful miniature terraced cones.
4 I foot limestone, abounding in fossils.
5 6 inches shales.
6 2 inches blue hornstone, full of fossil remains.
7 15 feet bluish-gray limestone, in irregular beds. No. 186.
Lower down the branch 2 feet of sandstone is seen, about 13 feet
above No. 3 of the foregoing section.
Sec. 67, at A. Kunkell's Mill, on Mill Creek, near Oregon :
No. I 4 feet nodular limestone and shales, abounding in Fusulina,
Athyris and a Bryozoa. No. 210.
2 16 inches limestone ; abounds in Pr. Nebrascensis and Hemi-
pronites crassus, the interior replaced by calcite. No.
206.
3 2^/2 feet of drab, thick-bedded shales. No. 205.
4 1 6 inches dark-green shales. No. 204.
5 8 inches green, nodular shales. No. 203.
6 16 inches yellow shales with green streaks. No. 202
7 10 inches coarse, gray limestone. No. 2OI.
8 2 j^ feet light-gray shales, passing into blue below ; contains
rough limestone concretions. No. 200.
9 2T/2 feet ash-blue, rough-bedded, shelly limestone; weathers
brown ; the fossils are Pr. Nebrascensis, Pr. Prattenianus.
No. 199.
HOLT COUNTY. 369
No. 10 2 feet blue shales, shading to brown.
II 2 feet ash-blue limestone, weathers brown.
12 3 feet brown shales. No. 196.
13 4 feet sandy shales. No. 195.
14 I foot bituminous shales. No. 194.
15 3 feet sandy shales or sandstone. No. 193.
16 21 inches gray sandstone. No. 192.
17 5 inches shales. No. 191.
1 8 >y 2 inches even bed of grayish-blue limestone, containing
fine univalves. No. 190.
1 9 3>2 feet blue shales. No. 189.
20 4 inches deep-blue limestone.
21 8 feet blue shales.
22 Limestone. No. 186.
The above section is the most complete that could be found of the
beds between Nos. 210 and 186. Nos. 2, 16 and 18 are well ex-
posed, and afford most excellent building materials. Mr. Kunkell's
shaft (of which I will speak hereafter) commenced in No. 21.
Some of the upper members of the general section were concealed
in the Missouri bluffs, at Forest City, but are well exposed on
Rolling Branch, in the north-east part of the county, as follows :
No. 2 Drab shales.
3 19 inches deep-blue limestone, in four beds, separated by
shaly partings, the upper bed 8 inches, the next two 4
inches, and the lower 3 inches thick ; abounds in a
species of Lingula ; Pinna peracuta and Aviculopinna
Americana were also found ; this rock is of a dull, deep-
lead blue, occurring in very even layers ; is valuable for
flagging.
Two miles south of these outcrops we find beds referable to
No. 199 and its correlations, as the following section shows :
No. i I foot soil.
2 6 feet drift.
3 4 feet greenish and buff calcareous shales.
4 6 inches firm bed of brown limestone.
5 1^2 feet drab, calcareo-argillaceous shales.
6 3 feet ash-drab, compact limestone, in irregular beds and
with shaly partings.
7 4 inches buff, shaly limestone.
24
3/0 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
No. 8 I foot drab, calcareo-argillaceous shales.
9 2 inches brown limestone.
10 2^ feet ash-blue limestone.
ECONOMICAL GEOLOGY.
Coal. No workable beds have yet been discovered in this county,
and it is probable that none ever will be. High in the bluffs, near
Forest City, a stratum is seen cropping out from two to four inches
in thickness ; this I refer to the bed near Nodaway River, in
Nodaway County.
An analysis of this coal, by Mr. Chauvenet, from J. C. Smith's,
near Quitman, Nodaway County, gives
Water. 3.53
Volatile 42.72
F. carbon 40.71
Ash 13.04
Color of ash very light brown
At Yancton and near Rulo, in Nebraska, a bed of coal has been
worked, and by judicious management it may repay tolerably well.
Being only separated from Holt County by the Missouri River, it
may at some future time be valuable to Missourians. This same
bed crops out about ten miles below Yancton on the Iowa reserve.
The following section was made at Yancton :
No. 2 Brittle and somewhat shelly, ferruginous limestone, buff and
gray ; contains remains of univalves imperfectly defined.
3 2^ feet ferruginous limestone, reddish gray ; weathers to
brown.
4 i foot shales.
5 i foot thin-bedded, ferruginous limestone.
6 I foot greenish-drab shales.
7 2 feet ferruginous limestone in thin beds.
8 3 feet bluish-drab, clay shales.
9 2^ feet purple and green, bituminous and argillaceous
shales, containing ferns and other plants.
10 2 inches to 10 inches bituminous coal.
1 1 2 feet sandstone and sandy shales.
12 9 feet argillaceous shales.
13 8 inches carbonate of iron (ironstone), dove-color.
HOLT COUNTY. 37!
No. 14 4 feet clay or argillaceous shales, soft, dove or drab, to
low water in Missouri River.
A specimen of coal, probably equivalent to the Yancton bed,
obtained one mile below the mouth of the Big Nemaha River, at
the Omaha Coal Company's mines, was analyzed by Mr. Chauvenet.
Water 4. 93
Volatile. 38.17
F. carbon 49-44
Ash 7.46
Color of ash red-brown
These beds probably occur in the northern part of Holt County ;
if so, they are covered so deeply by the bluff as to be entirely con-
cealed, and also too remotely removed to be available. The follow-
ing is said to be a section of the strata penetrated in Mr. Kunkell's
shaft and boring, one mile east of Oregon :
Kunkell's Shaft and Bore.
No. i ii feet slate.
2 14 feet of limestone. No. 186 of Gen. Sec.
3 4 feet slate.
4 2 feet hard limestone. No. 184.
5 12 feet soft rock.
6 5 feet hard rock.
751 feet slate (shale).
8 2 feet hard rock.
9 5 feet slate.
10 5 feet hard rock,
ii 4 feet slate.
12 i foot rock.
1312 feet "chalk" (?).
14 6 feet rock.
15 19 feet slate.
16 4% feet rock.
17 10^ feet slate.
1 8 19 feet rock.
19 2 feet hard sandstone.
20 1 1 feet rock.
372 GEOLOGY OF NORTH- WESTERN MISSOURI.
No. 21 2^ feet slate.
22 \y^ feet rotten coal.
23 i foot rock.
24 7 feet bituminous or sulphur slate, green.
25 y 2 foot iron pyrites. *
26 13 feet slate, mixed with iron pyrites.
27 5 feet bituminous limestone.
28 i*^ feet hard sandstone.
29 ii^{ feet bituminous shale.
30 I YZ feet sandrock.
3i 4/^ feet slate.
32 1 1 feet slate.
33 !/^ feet sandrock.
34 4 feet slate and sandrock.
35 I foot sandrock.
36 8 feet slate and sandrock, half and half.
37 4 feet slate.
38 13 feet slate.
39 i y^ feet sandrock.
40 32}^ feet slate, sandy.
41 2 feet sandrock, soft.
42 3 feet slate, sandy.
43 i foot sandstone, soft.
44 4 feet slate, soft.
45 i foot hard rock.
46 7 feet slate.
47 y?, foot rotten coal.
48 2^ feet slate and rock.
49 2 feet limestone.
50 I foot slate, hard.
51 I foot hard rock.
52 i foot slate.
53 22 feet black rock.
54 i inch coal, good.
55 8 feet black rock.
56 3 feet slate and rock.
57 10 feet slate.
58 i foot sandstone.
59 2 feet slate.
HOLT COUNTY. 373
No. 60 4^ feet slate and rock.
6i~j4 foot " sea-shells."
62 5 feet hard limestone.
63 4 feet limestone and slate.
64 12 feet hard rock.
65 i foot slate.
66 5 feet limestone.
67 3 feet bituminous shale.
68 i foot limestone.
69 5 feet slate.
70 I y^ feet poor coal.
71 y foot fire-clay.
72 i foot limestone.
73 4 feet black rock.
74 6 feet slate.
75 2 feet hard limestone.
76 3 feet slate.
77 9 feet limestone.
78 2 feet slate.
79 6 feet rock and slate.
80 14 feet sandy, black limestone.
8 1 4 feet hard, white limestone.
82 124 feet mostly slate.
83 36 feet white, bituminous limestone.
84 4^ feet " good coal."
The shaft commenced in No. 189. The first coal of 2 feet is
probably mostly bituminous shale, corresponding to the seam of
coal and shale (No. 158) seen two miles north of Savannah, and
represented by 5 inches of coal, at Wm. Barr's, six miles south-west
of Savannah. His next, in descending order, is undoubtedly the
equivalent of the coal on Niagara Creek, Andrew County, and in the
Missouri bluffs, ten to twenty miles below St. Joseph. The boring
terminated near No. 103, about 20 feet below the Plattsburgh lime-
stone. (No. 108.)
The "4^ feet of coal" is more probably bituminous shales with
a few intercalated seams of coal, as is seen by the specimens
brought up and by my examinations. Five hundred feet more, or
1170 feet from the surface, would reach the first workable seam, or
the Lexington coal.
374 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
At Forest City they would have to go about the same depth to
reach workable coal.
Red Clay occurs on Tarkie, in south part of T. 63, at McGuil-
liam's Mill.
Grindstones. The sandstone quarry at Forest City, although
rather soft, affords a useful material for making grindstones ; it is a
tolerably coarse-grained drab or gray sandstone, somewhat mica-
ceous ; is easily quarried and works free. It is used for cappings,
and door and window facings, and makes beautiful mantels and
jams.
Quarries of Limestone. There are many very good quarries
near Forest City and for six miles south-east ; also on Mill Creek,
Brockman's Branch and Nicholl's Creek. The texture of the stone
is often fine-grained. No. 84, occurring about five miles south-east
of Forest City, and on Brockman's Branch, would look well pol-
ished.
Timber. The Missouri bottoms afford an excellent supply of
good timber, including cottonwood, elm, linden, black walnut,
hackberry, red oak, burr oak, honey locust. Good black oak,
linden, hickory and burr oak abound on the hills in the south part
of the county.
Soil Poor land is scarcely known in Holt County ; the broken
hills near the rivers are sometimes poor, and on the prairie, between
Squaw Creek and the Tarkie, the soil is rather thin.
Between Big and Little Tarkie, in T. 63, the soil is rich, and lies
well for cultivation, excepting, a broken strip, three-quarters of a
mile in width, lying along the bluffs. A rich belt, one-quarter of a
mile to one-half of a mile in width, of gently-sloping land, connects
the bluffs, and extends from the north line of T. 62 to north
line of T. 59. The "bluff" washed from the hills above is the
principal ingredient in this soil. This land slopes off gently,
and is capable of producing fine crops, and the steep hillsides,
which have often 30 and 40 ascent, produce good crops of corn
and wheat. South of Oregon, and lying between the Missouri bluffs
and Nodaway River, the soil is based on the bluff and disintegrated
limestone. The very broken country does not exceed a mile in
width, while beyond, the rich, hilly, black-oak land extends for
several miles. Then we have rich prairies and thicket-land. The
southern portion is suitable for most crops. The upland prairies,
HOLT COUNTY. 375
toward the north and north-east of the county, are high, rolling,
and rich, with fertile valleys between the hills.
The Bluff Knobs seem to have been left by Nature for vineyards.
During recent years the wheat-crops have mostly failed. The bot-
toms produce from ten to fifteen barrels of corn per acre. Pump-
kins and squashes grow very finely.
CHAPTER XIV.
GEOLOGY OF ATCHISON COUNTY.
BY G. C. BROADHEAD.
ATCHISON COUNTY lies in the extreme north-west corner of Mis-
souri. It is bounded on the north by Iowa, on the east by Nodaway
County, on the south by Holt County, and on the west by the Mis-
souri River, which separates it from Nebraska. Its area is about
600 square miles.
Topography. The bottoms of the Missouri, extending eastward
across the Nishnebotna River to the bluffs beyond, range from four
to eight miles in width, and include an area of 100 square miles.
The hills east, for one or two miles, include a tract of country con-
sisting of a number of groups of rounded hills, or knobs presenting
a mammillary front, and rising 150 to 250 feet above the bottom-
prairie. Eastward, and extending to the east line of the county,
the country slopes gently to the streams ; the bottoms are tolerably
wide and the uplands hilly and rolling. The Missouri bluffs are
often very steep ; frequently sloping at an angle of 60, often in
every direction, they seem like miniature mountain peaks, and pre-
sent a very picturesque appearance. The views from their sum-
mits are often very extensive and beautiful. Ascending them two
miles west of Rockport, we see, to the northward, the wide Mis-
souri bottom with its covering of tall prairie-grass, through
which the winding Nishnebotna can be traced by its fringe of green.
The prairies beyond stretch out beautifully, occasionally dotted
with farms and fine fields of ripe corn. Across to the north-west
appear the white houses of the town of Sonora, glistening in the
sunshine, and giving a pleasant relief; beyond it is the timber near
the Missouri river, and still further in the background arise, in
bold relief, the hills of Nebraska. To the right and left the bare
bluff hills extend in irregular, mountain-like elevations.
Timber and Prairie. Near the Missouri are occasional tracts
ATCHISON COUNTY. 377
of heavy timber a mile or more in width. Along the Nishnebotna
the timber is generally confined to the immediate vicinity of the
stream ; the area of prairie-bottom therefore greatly exceeds that
of the timber.
West of Linden is a large grove of timber, and southward along
the bluffs there is considerable. In the neighborhood of High Creek
are some groves of timber; eastward it is scarce, and groves are
few and far between. One may sometimes travel ten to fifteen miles
without passing near a single tree. Along the Tarkie streams are
generally found a few small elm, box elder, willow, and Cornus
trees. West of Big Tarkie, in the southern part of the county, we
occasionally see small groves. The following is a list of trees and
shrubs seen in this county : Crabapple, white ash, prickly ash,
blackberry, box elder, wahoo, button bush, black cherry, choke
cherry, coffee-tree, cottonwood, coralberry, elder, Cornus sericea,
Cornus asperifolia, red elm, white elm, frost grape, river grape,
Sioux grape, greenbrier, gooseberry, hackberry, Amorpha fruti-
cosa (false indigo), lead plant, bladder nut, hazel, Cassia Mary-
landia, hawthorn, hickory (shell-bark and thick shell-bark), pignut
hickory, bitternut hickory, ironwood, honey locust, white maple,
mulberry, burr oak, linden, chinquepin, red and pin oak, paw-paw,
plum, Rosa setigera, Rosa suicda, raspberry, red bud, sycamore,
sumach, poison oak, Virginia creeper, black walnut, willow, red
root.
On the prairie we have high grass, and in the proper season a
rich flora ; but in October, 1860, at the time of my first visit, the
blossoms had faded, and the beautiful Gentiana puberula was
almost the only plant remaining in bloom. On my second visit, in
June, 1872, I observed several rare and beautiful plants growing
upon the mounds, including Yucca augustifolia, Pentstemon
grandiflora, CEnotJiera serrulata, and Oxytropis Lamberti.
Streams and Springs. The Nishnebotna enters the county on
the north, passes within a quarter of a mile of the Missouri, thence
sweeps off in a devious southerly direction, generally near the Mis-
souri bluffs, and from four to eight miles from the Missouri River,
to the south part of the county, where it unites its waters with the
great Missouri ; it can be forded at only a few places in extremely
dry seasons.
Within a few years prior to 1872 the builders of the Kansas City,
378
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
St. Joseph and Council Bluffs R. R. have turned this river into the
Missouri River at the north line of Atchison County, so that at pre-
sent the old channel is limited in its supply of water. This stream
abounds in fish, fresh-water shells, mostly of the genus Unto, in-
cluding U. teres, U. lachrymosa, U. triangularis, U. rectns, U.
alattis, U. her os, etc. The banks of the Tarkies are steep, and
often too marshy to be easily forded. All the streams are clear and
running. On Rock Creek are three mills, which run during the
whole season. At Rundell's mill the water is conveyed in troughs
from a neighboring spring, and falls on a wheel placed above the
building, which turns the machinery within. Springs abound every-
where near the creeks and along the Missouri bluffs, generally
issuing about one-third way up the bluffs.
GEOLOGY.
Quaternary Deposits. The ALLUVIUM includes the soil and
recent river deposits ; it appears to be composed of alternations of
clay, sand, marly clay-beds and vegetable mould. The following
section was taken on the bank of the Missouri River, at North Star
Landing, opposite Brownville :
Fig. 112.
SECTION
ATCHISON CO.
OPPOSITE &ROWNVIL1.E
K. mold
Cla.v -in tAiri
w iron, Sla.-ine3- Hj
SomeL x.J&nivt nil?' r
Shale in
6 Coa-rff tfetnel . <trX, sfai
ots. KremaL\r*$ of shells
ATCHISON COUNTY. 379
No. 7 is sometimes unconformable, and in it occur thin streaks of
clay, which often thin out.
LOESS, or BLUFF. This formation is found on all hills ; is de-
veloped on the Missouri bluffs, where it forms those curiously-
rounded knobs which I have before mentioned. 'The' Bluff is
probably from 200 to 250 feet in depth, and consists mostly of
finely-comminuted, somewhat sandy and marly ash-brown clays ;
when worn away or dug into, it is generally jointed in a vertical
direction ; nodular, round, calcareous concretions are often found.
The fossils found were Helix, Helicina occulta and Succinea. I
obtained buffalo-teeth from Mr. J. Allen, who procured them ten
feet beneath the surface, in a valley between the hills at Rundell's
mill. They may belong to a more recent era than the bluff, and
the clays of the bluff may have been washed down and have
covered them.
Drift. Beneath the Bluff I observed, at Rockport, a few feet of
sand with bowlders of quartzite. The drift does not seem to be
well marked in this county. Bowlders of quartzite, greenstone,
etc., were occasionally found.
UPPER CARBONIFEROUS.
The rocks of this county belong to the upper part of the Upper
Coal Series, and include limestones, sandstones and shales, amount-
ing to about 1 80 feet in thickness, divided about as follows : 50 feet
of sandstone, with only about 20 feet of limestone, the balance
sandy and clay shales. They have a dip north and west amounting
to about 170 feet from the south to north line of the county, along
the Missouri bluffs, and probably about 360 feet across the county
from east to west. The following is a general section of rocks in
this county :
No. i 250 feet bluff.
2 Drift ; thickness unknown, beneath the bluff.
3 5 feet red shales.
4 Sandstone and shales ; sandstone at top, upper three feet
irregularly-bedded and micaceous, green ; below, 8 or 10 feet soft
brown ; then 35 feet shales and sandstone, red shales in upper part,
thick-bedded sandstone at bottom.
5 10 inches drab limestone ; weathers brown.
380 GEOLOGY OF NORTH- WESTERN MISSOURI.
No. 6 3 feet 2 inches shaly limestone, containing fossils.
7 i foot 4 inches blue, concretionary limestone, traversed by
calc-spar veins.
8 2 inches sandy shales or dark-brown clay.
9 2 inches impure coal and shales, two to three inches.
10 Ochrey, sandy shale.
ii 22 feet sandy shales.
12 i foot 6 inches dark-blue shaly limestone.
13 i foot 6 inches red and green shales, with nodules of lime-
stone.
14 4 feet limestone, upper part nodular ; weathers brown ;
abounds in Fusulina.
15 28 feet blue and drab, argillaceous shale.
16 2 feet limestone, bluish drab ; contains Belleroplion, Crinoid
stems, etc.
17 10 inches blue, fossiliferous shales ; contains Aviculopecten,
Productus, Bryozoa, etc.
1 8 2 feet 6 inches hard sandstone.
19 3 feet soft sandstone.
20 10 inches calcareous sandstone ; abounds in Myalina sub-
quadrata and Pinna peractita ; springs abound at the base.
21 6 feet blue, argillaceous shales, 6 feet to 13 feet.
22 i foot tolerably fine-grained, blue limestone, perpendicu-
larly jointed; weathers brown.
23 i foot 3 inches shales.
24 10 inches buff, ochrey, decomposing limestone, jointed per-
pendicularly ; abounds in Prod, scmireticulatus (var. P. Calhou-
niamts, Sw.).
25 2 feet buff and olive shales.
262 feet red shales.
27 30 feet clay and sandy shales, and concretionary layers of
sandy ironstone.
28 Shelly limestone ; contains Spr. (Martinia) planoconvexus
and Crinoid stems.
Nos. 22 to 28 occur in the northern part of Holt County. Out-
crops of rocks were observed along the Missouri bluffs, on Rock
Creek, south of the middle of T. 65 on Mill Creek ; and Big
Tarkie, south of the middle of T. 64. On the other streams no
outcrops have been discovered.
ATCHISON COUNTY. 381
The following section appears on the Missouri bluffs, on the
north line of the county, and is numbered 68 and 69.
Shaly sandstone on slope. No. 4 of Gen. Sec.
No. i 2 feet ochrey and blue banded clay shales, in thin laminse.
No. 5 of Gen. Sec.
2 10 inches dark, dull-looking limestone ; weathers brown ;
contains Syntrilasma hemiplicata, Spr. cameratus, Pr. semireticu-
latus.
3 2 feet limestone, rather shaly ; abounds in fossils, including
Pr. Calhounianus (Sw.), Productus (medium sized spec, resembling
the Pr. Calhounianus ; it may be a young individual), Spr. plano-
convexus, Chonetes, Meekella striato-costata, Rhynchonella Osagen-
sis, Pr. Wabashensis, Spr. Kentuckcnsis, Bryozoa, Athyris subtilita,
Crinoid stems, Pr. Prattenianus, Spr. cameratus. No. 7 of Gen.
Sec.
4 2 inches dark-brown clay. No. 8 of Gen. Sec.
5 3 inches dark ochre and coal intercalated = 9 of Gen. Sec.
6 2 feet ochrey, sandy shales = 10 of Gen. Sec.
7 17 feet variegated ochrey and blue sandy shales.
A quarter of a mile above Hall's Bridge, on the Nishnebotna, I ob-
served ten inches of heavy, hard, blue, pyritiferous limestone ; the
pyrite oxidizes near the exposed surface, and forms on the outside a
thick, brown, ferruginous crust. At Rundell's Mill it occurs as the
highest rock, and contains Syntrilasma hemiplicata, Fusulina,
Bryozoa, Chonetes, Spr. cameratus, etc.
The following section, taken a quarter of a mile above Hall's
Bridge, exhibits
No. i Bluff.
2 i foot hard, silico-ferruginous limestone ; fracture shows a
dull lead-blue color ; weathers brownish.
3 3 feet greenish-drab, fine-grained sandstone ; slightly mica-
ceous ; irregularly bedded.
4 i foot very coarse-grained and tough, brown and green silico-
micaceous limestone ; has numerous particles of silver ; mica dis-
seminated.
5 4 feet soft, brown and buff sandstone.
6 1 6 feet, the upper half sandy shales, the lower, argillaceous
shales.
7 2 feet shales, with nodules of brown and ferruginous limestone
382 GEOLOGY OF NORTH- WESTERN MISSOURI.
(No. 7 of Gen. Sec.) ; contains Syntrilasma hemiplicata, Chonetes,
Prod. Calhounianus, Ch. Flemingii, Macrocheilus, Productus equal
to the medium size Prod, of No. 3, Sec. 98.
The following section was taken on Nishnebotna bluff, one mile
above Pollack's :
Section 5.
No. i Bluff.
2 10 feet, upper part red shales.
3 20 feet sandy shales and shaly sandstone.
4 20 feet mostly soft, coarse, micaceous sandstone ; color, gray,
brown and greenish gray.
5 10 feet slope to water in river.
One mile further down the bluffs we see
Section 6.
No. i Bluff.
2 Limestone.
3 4 feet drab, sandy shales.
4 3 feet blue, argillaceous shales.
5 10 feet red shales, with some sandy concretions.
6 8 feet 45 slope ; sandy shales appear to Missouri bottoms.
The rocks seen at Barlow's Mill, on Rock Creek, occupy a posi-
tion near the middle of the Gen. Sec. , and appear thus :
No. i Bluff formation.
2 3 feet ashy-blue limestone ; weathers drab ; part is quite crys-
talline, and contains CJi. Flemingii.
3 6 feet lead-blue, argillaceous shales.
4 i foot fine-grained, compact, ashy-blue, pyritiferous limestone,
said to make good lime.
5 4 feet blue, argillaceous shales.
6 Fossils at top of No. 7, including many Crinoidstems, RJwm-
bopora lepidodendroides, Bellerophon, Ch. Smithii, also iron pyrites.
7 2 feet ash or ashy-blue, pyritiferous limestone ; brown crust on
outside ; contains Pr. semireticulatus, var. Pr. Calhounianus (Sw.),
Spr. cameratus, Pr. Prattenianus.
AT ROCKPORT, one and a half miles south, observed the follow-
ing section, which may be a continuation of the last :
Section 10.
No. 176 feet bluff.
2 2 feet altered drift.
ATCHISON COUNTY. 383
No. 3 12 feet dark drab or olive clay shales.
4 3 feet slope.
5 3 feet limestone ; upper part gray, and below yellowish
gray and shaly ; weathers buff and brown ; contains Aviculopecten,
Myalina subquadrata, Bryozoa, Euomphalus rugosus, Ch. Flem-
ingii, Pr. semireticulatus, var. Calkounianus (Sw.), Pr. Pratteni-
anus, Nautilus nodoso-dorsatus.
This resembles Sec. 9, No. 10, very much.
6 15 inches blue and olive shales, mostly banded olive and yel-
low ochrey, seldom changing to blue ; deep, dark band in lower
part.
7 2 feet green, unlaminated clay.
8 2 feet green and red shales.
Two miles further down Rock Creek, at King's Mill, we have
Sec. 9 = Sec. 75 of 1872 :
No. I 30 feet slope.
2 2 feet ferruginous limestone, abounding in Fusulina. No. 14.
3 & 4 28 feet olive and drab, argillaceous shales, in thick lami-
nae ; some variegated and banded, and contain ochrey concretions.
5 i foot ash-blue limestone, at top shaly, with a red tinge ; con-
tains Bcllerophon, Crinoid stems, Euomphalus rugosus, Ch. Flem-
ingii, etc. No. 16.
6 2 feet 6 inches hard sandstone, greenish at top, brown and
nodular below.
7 3 feet soft, brown sandstone, and sandy, ferruginous nodules.
8 10 inches tough, blue sandstone ; weathers brown ; contains
large Myalina subquadrata and Pinna peracuta ; spring at base.
No. 20 of Gen. Sec.
9 6 feet blue clay shales. No. 21 of Gen. Sec.
10 i foot blue limestone, mottled with gray specks ; jointed
perpendicularly ; contains Pr. Calhounianus, Pinna, Bryozoa,
Meekella.striato-costata and Syntrilasma hemiplicata. No. 22.
At RUNDELL'S MILL, on the Missouri bluff, I obtained the fol-
lowing section :
Sec. 12 (Sec. 76, 1872).
I 8 1 feet bluff; contains calcareous concretions.
2 Outcrop of limestone (=4 of Gen. Sec.) ; containing Bryozoa,
Syntrilasma hemiplicata, etc.
3 22 feet sandstone and sandy shales.
X
384 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
No. 3^ i foot 6 inches dull and dark-looking, shaly, blue lime-
stone.
4 i foot 6 inches red and green shales.
5 4 feet drab limestone, nodular at top ; abounds in Fusulina=
No. 14 of Gen. Sec.
6 28 feet blue and drab, argillaceous shales (=15 of Gen. Sec.).
7 2 feet limestone ; coarse-grained, shaly at top, fine-grained,
bluish-drab below.
8 10 inches blue, fossiliferous shale ; contains Aviculopecten car-
bonarius, Pr, Pratteniamis, etc.
9 15 inches brown, calcareous sandstone (19 of Gen. Sec.).
10 Soft buff and blue sandstone.
Limestone equivalent to Sec. 9, No. 2, and Sec. 12, No. 5, crops out
on Tarkie Hills, in south part of T. 64, and equals 15 of Gen. Sec
At Vaugundy's Mill, on Tarkie, I observed the Fusulina lime-
stone associated thus :
Sec. 17 (not seen in 1872) :
No. 2 5 feet, showing an outcrop of limestone containing Fu-
sulina.
3 53 feet slope ; soft shales at bottom.
4 10 inches dull-blue and gray, mottled, coarse, friable lime-
stone.
5 i foot 6 inches shales and brown, decomposing limestone ;
ferruginous.
6 6 inches ferruginous limestone.
7 2 inches brown shales.
8 5 f eet blue, argillaceous shales.
9 2 feet coarse, drab limestone ; contains Chonetes.
10 5 feet to water in creek.
One half a mile south of last section the following, Sec. 78 (of
1872), appears on Tarkie, below Milton (Vaugundy's Mill) :
No. i Slope, bluff, and drift ; a good deal of coarse sand and
many small, rounded pebbles of various kinds ; some large bowl-
ders of Fusulina limestone.
2 21 inches ash-blue limestone ; weathers brown (No. 24) ; con-
tains Pr. semireticulatus, var. Productus Calhounianus (Svf.),Crinoid
stems, Archcsocidaris aculeatus, Chonetes Smithii ? and a small
branching coral.
3 3 feet olive clay shales, hard and fine grained.
ATCHISON COUNTY. 385
No. 4 lO-inch band of yellow, soft, and decomposing limestone ;
very ochrey ; shades a bright gamboge color.
5 I foot 6 inches buff, olive shales, color bright yellow, ochrey.
6 4 inches red shales. No. 26.
7 28 feet shales, greenish and drab, with nodules of ironstone.
Equal to No. 27.
8 i foot shaly, calcareous sandstone ; contains Spr. (Martinia)
planoconvexus and Crinoid stems. The last equals No. 28 of Gen.
Sec.
Economical Geology. Most of the limestones are too pyritife-
rous to be very valuable for building purposes. The beds at Bar-
low's Mill abound in beautiful small crystals of iron pyrites. The
rocks when exposed often lose their sulphur, and form on the out
side a thick, brown, ochreous crust ; indeed, some that are thin-bed-
ded become ochreous throughout, and readily disintegrate. On
this account few of them are sufficiently durable to make a good
material for building. No. II is probably the best that is used for
building. It is quarried on Rock Creek, on the Missouri bluffs below,
and on Big Tarkie. Some of the beds of sandstone along the Mis-
souri bluffs, for five or six miles north of Rockport road, are useful
for common buildings ; they are often hard, but tolerably easy to
quarry. No. 17 crops out in Tarkie bluffs, and affords a useful
material for neighboring buildings.
Iron- Ore. The beds of argillaceous shale contain concretions
and thin beds of carbonate of iron, but in too small a quantity to be
useful.
Coal. In Sec. 19, T. 64, R. 41, some labor has been spent
for coal, but the result was fruitless. A two-inch seam was dis-
covered, and a drift pushed in more than thirty feet ; but the seam
not thickening, it was abandoned. The following is a section of rocks
at that place :
Sec. 7.
No. I i oo feet bluff formation.
2 21 feet sandstone and sandy shales.
3 4 feet calcareo-argillaceous shales = 7 of Gen. Sec. ; contains
many fossils : Syntrilasma hemiplicata, Chonetes Flemingii, Spr.
(Martinia) planoconvexus, Pr. concinnus, Pr. Wabashcnsis, Pro-
ductus (a small var.), Crinoid stems, a Trilobite = Phillipsia.
4 I foot 4 inches blue, concretionary limestone, traversed by
25
3 86 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
calc-spar veins; contains Syntrilasma hemiplicata, Euomphalns
rugosus.
5 2 inches sandy shales.
6 2 inches impure coal and shales.
7 3 inches soft, brown sandstone.
8 12 feet to water in Nishnebotna river.
In north-east part of the county, on Manly Branch, a Fork of Mill
Creek, P. C. Swallow made the following section :
No. I Prairie slope.
2 i foot blue, shaly limestone.
3 2 feet blue, argillaceous shales.
4 8 inches bituminous coal, soft and impure.
5 i foot bituminous shale.
This is probably the equivalent of the Nodaway County coal-bed,
and of No. 2 15 of the Missouri River Section. It is not probable
that any profitable bed of coal will ever be found in this county.
The coal-measure rocks of this county occupy a high geological
position. The lowest beds are higher than the Nodaway County
coal, and about 1,100 feet above the base of the upper coal series,
and 1,400 feet above any workable seam of coal. Coal-mining
would therefore be very expensive in this county, and its citizens
will have to look abroad for their supply.
Red Paint. No. 26 will probably afford a tolerably good ma-
terial for dark-red paint. It is found at Rockport, and may be
found at other localities.
Soil. The soil of this county is good, and most of it capable of
producing, with ease, ten to twelve barrels of corn per acre. The
bluff-land is generally too hilly to be cultivated ; but the slope from
the bluffs to the bottoms is very rich, owing much of its fertility to
the marly "bluff" clays. which have been washed from above.
This land is very good for wheat. Mr. McDonald, living in the south
part of T. 66, says that in 1860 he raised 28 bushels, but the usual
average is 18 bushels. Fall wheat is apt to freeze out during the
winter, but under the shelter of the bluffs it succeeds nearly every
year.
In the valleys, between the "bluff" hills, are often thickets of
plum-bushes, which are said to produce quantities of delicious fruit.
The grape flourishes here, and also on the adjacent hills and
bottoms ; a wild variety, called Sioux grape, is much esteemed.
ATCHISON COUNTY. 387
Away from the Missouri hills the country is not so good for
fall wheat, but spring wheat sometimes succeeds well.
Pumpkins and squashes are produced in large quantities in this
county ; most other kinds of vegetables are easily raised.
The Missouri bottoms are generally high, especially near the
north part of the county, and are not often subject to overflow.
The soil is generally sandy, and will produce from ten to fifteen
barrels of corn per acre.
CHAPTER XV.
NODAWAY COUNTY.
BY G. C. BROADHEAD.
THE area of this county is about 791 square miles. The course
of the principal streams is about north and south, and the trend
of the main ridges about the same direction.
On Platte River, from the middle of T. 64, southward, the bot-
toms are from a half-mile to a mile in width ; the hills are low and
the slopes gentle. Further north the bottoms are very narrow, and
gently rise into a second bottom or higher table-land, the latter
gently ascending to the higher hills. Occasionally the table-land
approaches the stream, where it is elevated from 30 to 50 feet above
the water.
On the One Hundred and Two River, from the southern county
boundary to the middle of T. 62, the bottoms are wide and the slopes
gentle ; from thence to Howard's Mill the bluffs approach very near
the stream, and are often 90 feet high, and steep, and the country
rather hilly. This character of country indicates the close proxim-
ity of limestone to the surface, which is indeed generally the case.
Further north, along this stream, the slopes are more gentle and
the bottoms are wider. On the White Cloud, as far north as the middle
of T. 63, the bottoms are narrow and the country somewhat hilly,
but northwardly the slopes are more gentle. On the Nodaway River
the bottoms are wide, and in the south part of the county the
adjacent hills are quite low ; north of Quitman the wide bottoms
are generally on the east side of the river, and are from a half-mile
to a mile in width, and adjacent slopes are very gentle. On the west
side of Nodaway River, in T. .66, the hills are high and rounded,
and the country rolling to the west. The banks of small streams
and ravines in T. 65 and T. 66 are steep, and the crossing difficult.
East of the Platte River the country is rolling and the slopes
NOD A WA Y CO UNTY. 3 89
are gentle, which is also the case between the Platte and the One
Hundred and Two Rivers. Further westward the country is high
and rolling, with gentle slopes. On the Florida and Sand Creeks
the hills are sometimes rather steep, but the slopes are more often
gentle. In the northern part of the county, between Rivers One
Hundred and Two and Nodaway, the country is rolling and undu-
lating. Maryville is located on top of the divide, west of One Hun-
dred and Two River, and at an elevation of about 200 feet above the
river bottoms. This may be said to be about the general elevation
of the higher ridges above the bottom-lands of the main streams.
Timber and Prairie. The prairie-land predominates in this
county, the timber being mostly confined to the immediate vicinity
of the larger streams. On the Platte River bottoms, south of the
middle of T. 64, there are good bodies of timber, but northwardly
we find only a fringe of willows, elms, box-elder, cottonwood, and
Cornus growing immediately on the river-bank. On the adjacent
hills are occasional thickets of hazel, chinquepin oak, and small
burr oak. Similar remarks will apply to the other streams. On
Nodaway is a fine grove, ranging in width from a half-mile to a
mile, and reaching from the vicinity of Graham to the northern part
of T. 63. We often find the Nodaway bottoms heavily timbered, but
north of T. 64 timber is not so abundant. The bottoms more often,
as well as the country between the streams, consist of prairie. On
the bottoms of Mill Creek there are fine groves of black walnut
timber.
Springs and Streams. This county is well watered ; the Platte,
the One Hundred and Two and the Nodaway, three quite large
streams, traverse the county from north to south ; their tributaries
become dry, in places, during some seasons. On the Nodaway River
there are three mills, which generally are supplied with sufficient
water to keep at work during the whole season.
Good springs occur at the following localities, viz. : in Sections
22 and 27, T. 63, R. 37, we find many springs issuing from the
Nodaway bluffs ; at Guilford, in Sec. 15, T. 62, R. 34 ; at Prather's,
in Sec. 29, T. 63, R. 35 ; at Martins's, in north-east Sec. 26, T. 64,
R. 37 ; at Shaller's, in Sec. 18, T. 66, R. 37.
Geology. The formations in this county consist of the quater-
nary deposits and coal-measures.
Quaternary. The alluvial deposits are quite extensive along the
390 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
Fig. 113.
SECTION FROM NEAR G.RAHAMSTOTHE NORTH COUNTY LINE. ALONG.
NOOAWAY RIVER.
Fig. 114.
SE.C.8* SIC. 83. SEC. 88,
w i a 1 1 O.M
3 E- FROM QUIT MAM VIA BRIO & WAT E R TO P L A TT G RIVER . J M I L ES
N.W. QF & U I L FO R O
streams, and do not materially differ from similar formations in
other counties of this part of Missouri.
The "bluff" formation overlies the surface of the hills, but is
probably not so thick as in Atchison County.
Drift. The "bowlder" formation is not so generally diffused, nor
are there such deep deposits found as in some counties further east,
nor are the bowlders large. At Lanning's Mill, in the northern part
of T. 65, R. 33, are found rounded bowlders of granite, quartzite and
limestone. A few pebbles are found near Graham, in the south-
western portion of the county. In T. 66, on points of the hills west
of Nodaway River, the soil is sandy, and many rounded pebbles are
found strewn around, mostly consisting of granite, quartzite, etc.
Upper Carboniferous or Coal-measures. The rock-strata seen
in this county embrace a vertical thickness of about 230 feet of the
upper members of the Upper Coal-measures, and are included be-
NOD A WA Y CO UNTY. 39 1
tvveen Nos. 224 and 174 of the General Section of the Upper Coal-
measures.
Although some parts of the county are well supplied with rock,
in others no outcrops appear. On the Nodaway River and its tributa-
ries it is occasionally found as far up as Quitman. From this place
to City Bluffs no outcrops appear on the eastern side of the river,
and it is over six miles further to the next outcrop. Passing east of the
Nodaway River through Townships 65 and 66, no outcrops are seen
until we reach Honey Creek and the Platte River, in the eastern part
of the county. Limestone is occasionally found in the Platte River
bluffs, from Sec. 13, T. 64, R. 34, to Sec. 16, T. 65, R. 33 ; with this
exception we find no other exposures in T. 64 east of the Nodaway
River water-shed. On the Platte River and Long Branch, in T. 62 and
63, there are very few rock exposures. In the same townships, on
the White Cloud and the One Hundred and Two Rivers, rock,
including both sandstone and limestone, is more abundant.
The rocks along the Nodaway River and its tributaries occupy the
highest geological position of any seen in the county : the highest
in the series are the shales, with included iron carbonate concretions
exposed at City Bluffs, referred to Nos. 224 to 221 inclusive.
The formations seen on the Platte River may include the lowest
rocks exposed in this county. At Lanning's Mill, on the north line of
Sec. i, T. 65, R. 34, there is a low bluff of gray, blue and drab
limestone, referable to No. 186 of the Gen. Section of Upper Coal-
measures. Its contained fossils include Myalina subquadrata,
Atkyris snbtilita and Sp. cameratus.
On the Platte River, in the south-west corner of Sec. 16, T. 65, R.
33, there is exposed 9 feet of irregularly-bedded buff limestone, con-
taining some blue chert, the lower beds somewhat brownish. This
also is probably equivalent to No. 1 86. Beds of limestone and sand-
stone are exposed on Honey Creek, near and at Mrs. Martin's, in
Sec. 25, T. 64, R. 34, whose geological position is probably between
Nos. 1 79 and 186. A quarter of a mile below Mrs. Martin's, several
feet of sandstone is exposed, in layers of 5 to 7 inches, and is said
to be a good rock for grindstones.
Above the Platte River bridge, probably a little north of the
township line between T. 62 and 63, we have
Sec. 92.
No. i 12 feet slope of river terrace ; outcrop of shelly limeston-.
392 GEOLOG Y OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
at the lower part, containing ScJiizodus ? Fusulina, and a cast of
BclleropJion,
2 6 inches flagstone ; even layer of strong and tough limestone,
containing Better ophon carbonarius.
3 4 inches like the last, but containing a small plant.
4 5 feet of shelly, gray limestone, containing remains of Bel-
Icrophon - , cast of Bell, crassus, remains of Nautilus ,
Naticopsis Altoncnsis, AtJiyris sub t Hit a, Prod. Nebrasccnsis. The
remains of the fossils seem generally to be replaced by calcite,
crystallized. I also observed Myalina and Aviculopcctcn, and
Fusulina cylindrica was very abundant. West of this, on Long
Branch, I observed an outcrop of limestone in two layers, the
upper 6 inches, the lower 5 inches, separated by 6 inches of olive
shales. The principal observed fossils were Spirifcr earner at us ^
Sp. lineatuSy a small Productus, Prod. Rogersi, Athyris subtilita,
Chonctcs , Pinna per acuta, Murchisonia , Naticopsis .
A spring issues from the base of this rock. I refer these beds to
No. 1 86 of Gen. Sec.
On east side of the One Hundred and Two River, and about 4 miles
south of Bridgewater, I observed a coarse, hard, and tough, brown,
ferruginous and somewhat oolitic limestone, containing but few
fossils, but among them I observed Meekella and Myalina Swallovi.
This limestone I refer to No. 182 of Gen. Sec., and it is probably
the equivalent of the rock used in the abutments of the bridge at
Barnard. The latter was quarried on west side of the Hundred and
Two River, about two miles north-west. A mile and a half north
we find beds exposed, belonging to No. 184 and 186. No. 1 86 is 8
feet thick and burned into lime. Below it, there is 2 feet of brown
shales, then 3 feet of mostly olive shales, resting on ash-gray lime-
stone. No. 184.
The last-named limestone (No. 184) contains minute calcite
specks thoroughly diffused, and would doubtless appear very well if
polished. A quarter of a mile north, on the One Hundred and Two
River, limestone No. 186 is seen, n^ feet thick, at 20 feet above
the stream.
Less than a mile south of Bridgewater we find exposed the fol-
lowing :
Sec. 89.
I Slope.
NOD A WA Y CO UNTY, 393
2 i foot 8 inches dark, chocolate-colored limestone, weathering
brown.
3 10 feet shales.
4 6 feet shaly sandstone.
5 5 f ee t 8 inches thick-bedded, soft and hard sandstone, outer
beds coarse brown, sometimes traversed by minute veins of calcite ;
some interior beds are indurated, bluish-gray and calcareous.
6 15 feet slope, covered with debris from above.
7 9 feet shelly limestone in river = No. 186. Fusulina abounds
in the latter.
The last-named limestone occupies the bed of the river at
Howard's Mill, at Bridgewater, and is occasionally seen up Dog
Creek. Sec. 87, on Dog Creek, a half-mile up-stream, is as fol-
lows :
No. i Slope.
No. 2 Loose fossils, overlying No. 3 ; including Rhombopora,
Archceocidaris, and Crinoidece.
No. 3 16 inches blue limestone, weathering brown.
No. 4 7 feet slope.
No. 5 2 feet brown shales.
No. 6 7 feet irregularly-bedded limestone (186), contains Fusu-
lina, Spr. camcratus and Prod, splendens.
II 2 inches brown, ochrey shales.
12 1*4 feet of gray shales.
13 -2 feet green, nodular shales.
14 2 feet 4 inches yellow shales, with nodular limestone layers.
15 i foot of subodlitic, firmly adhering, buff limestone.
16 3 feet of dull, ash-blue limestone with shaly partings, contain-
ing Archceocidaris, Spirifer earner atus and Prod. Nebrascensis.
No. 199.
17 9 inches dark olive shales, containing Spirifer, Crinoids, etc.
1 8 i foot of dark-ash limestone, containing Archceocidaris, Fis-
tulipora nodulifera, Rhombopora, Lepidodendroidcs, Aviculopecten
carboniferus, ScapJiiocrinus liemisplicricus, Zeacrinus? No. 197.
Portions of the above section occur on the Nodaway River, one
mile below the mouth of Sand Creek.
At Quitman we find limestone corresponding to No. i of the
above section in the bed of the stream ; the overlying rocks are the
following (Fig. 115) :
394
GEOLOGY OF NORTH-WESTERN MISSOURI.
Fi S- "5- Sec. 84.
SECTION ATQUITMAN No. I Slope of bluff clays.
NODAWAY CO. 2 22 inches blue spathic lime-
stone, containing Bcllerophon
(large sp.), B. Kansasensis, re-
mains of a Pleurotomaria, and a
very small gasteropod ^ of an
inch long, with six whorls.
3 2^/2 feet sandy shales.
4 2 feet ash-blue limestone,
containing Terebratula bovidens,
Syntrilasma Jicmiplicata , Pro-
'ductus Prattcnianus, Naticopsis
Shumardi. No. 218.
5 26 inches olive and drab
shales ; in the lower I foot are
fossils, including Sp. planocon-
vexus, Rhynchonella Osagensis,
Euomphalus rugosus and Avicu-
lopecten Coxanus.
6 14 inches rotten coal. No.
215-
7 2^ feet gray and ochrey
sandy clay, with remains of plants, Stigmaria ficoides, etc.
8 8 feet 5 inches sandy shales.
9 4 feet irregularly-bedded, brownish-drab sandstone.
10 7 feet sandy shales.
ii i foot blue, argillaceous shales, containing Aviculopccten Occi-
dent alis. No. 213.
12 3 feet shaly slope.
13 2 feet dark-blue shales.
14 2 feet blue, compact limestone, containing Aviculopimia
Americana, a large Discina, a Lingula, Cordaites and remains of
other plants, and a fishtooth.
At City Bluffs, formerly known as Halsey's Ferry, on the Nodaway
River, a shaft has been sunk 40 feet deep, reaching the coal of the
Quitman section at 24 feet below water. Opposite the mill-dam
are seen the highest rocks in this county. The section of them is
the following :
NO DA WA Y CO UN TV.
395
No. I A few feet of a porous, ferruginous limestone, closely
resembling the buff limestone over the coal near Ruio and the
mouth of the Big Nemaha, in Nebraska. No. 224.
No. 2 76 feet shales, containing beds of carbonate of iron near
the upper part, a bed of septaria at 40 feet from bottom, and a
calcareo-ferruginous bed just below, containing Prod. Prattenianus.
Nos. 221, 222 and 223.
No. 3 is about 24 feet to the coal, including shales and limestones.
The rocks gradually rise from this northward, and at Allen's
coal-bank, near north-west corner of T. 66, R. 36, we find the coal
corresponding to No. 215 of Gen. Sec., about the water-line in
the Nodaway River. Less than a quarter of a mile north, the deep-
blue limestone, No. 212 of Gen. Sec., is in the bed of the stream,
indicating a rise in that distance of 20 feet.
At Braddy's Mill, in Iowa, about a mile and a half further north,
we find green shales corresponding to No. 203 of Gen. Sec., at
the edge of water, indicating a rise of 37 feet in one and a half miles,
without reckoning the descent of the stream in that distance. This
rise must continue some distance, for the coal above named is
mined at Clarinda, 12 miles north.
Sec. 88 was obtained at Dog Creek, on the land of
John Lund, in the north-west of the north-west Sec.
62, T. 63, R. 35, as follows (Fig. 116) :
No. i Slope.
2 I foot olive shales. No. 210.
3 5 inches ash-blue limestone. No. 209 ; con-
tains Hemipronites crassus, Productus splendent,
CJwnetes Smithii, and Rhombopora lepidoden-
droides.
4 23 inches shales, upper half a dark olive,
and calcareous ; bituminous below ; contains Spiri-
fer (Martinia) planoc onvexus and Cordaites.
5 10 inches blue limestone ; containing Hemi-
pronites. The interior of the fossils is crystallized
calcite. Corresponds to No. 206.
6 4 feet somewhat sandy, olive and blue shales.
7 2 feet shales and nodular limestone.
8 7 inches suboolitic, coarse gray limestone.
No. 201.
Fig. 1 1 6.
SECTION 88 -''
-JS.
25*
396 GEOLOGY OF NORTH- WESTERN MISSOURI.
No. 9 6 inches nodular, calcareous shales. No. 200.
10 2^4 feet coarse, shaly, ash-colored limestone. No. 199.
II 13 inches olive shales.
12 3 feet of dull, deep ash-blue limestone ; weathers drab ; con-
tains Prod, punctatus. No. 197.
13 7 inches dark-blue calcareous shales ; contains ArcJiceocida-
ris, Scaphiocrinus hemisphcricus. No. 196.
14 9 inches irregular bed of bluish-gray limestone ; contains cal-
cite veins and specks, and zinc-blende. Hemipronites crassus is also
contained.
15 9 inches dark, sandy, micaceous shales. No. 195.
16 \y to 2i/ inches bituminous coal.
17 5 inches even layers'of regularly laminated black sandstone,
slightly calcareous.
1 8 8 inches sandy clay. No. 193.
19 Blue fire-clay; 3 feet is exposed ; said to be 6 or 7 feet thick.
Most of the rocks of the above section are exposed on Peter
Collins's land, west of Bridgewater. The thin coal-seam is also
seen, but I do not consider it of any economic value. This seam
is represented by bituminous shales, near Oregon, Holt County.
In the quarries on Collins's land No. 210 was observed, contain-
ing Fusulina cylindrica, Crinoid stems and Zeacrinus mucrospinus.
In No. 212 I observed Cetenacanthus (sp.), small Lingula, and Rhyn-
clionclla Osagensis. In No. 209 I observed Sp. cameratus, Clionetes
Smithii, Sp. Kentuckensis , Prod. Prattenianus, Retsia pttnctulifera,
Crinoids, R/wmbopora lepidodcndroides, sElis Swallovi.
West of this, on White Cloud Creek, we find some of the mem-
bers of the last section, including the thin coal-seam.
On Elkhorn Creek, south-east of Graham, we find about 10 feet
of limestone No. 186 cropping out near the water. It is of a gray-
ish color, the upper part brown-tinged ; below is dark shaly, and
reposing on blue clay shales. On the Nodaway River, west, are
outcrops of limestone No. 197 and its correlated beds.
FORMATIONS ALONG AND NEAR THE NODAWAY RIVER.
In Townships 62 and 63 we find strata included from Nos. 182
to 210. On Mr. Bagby's land, near the centre of Sec. I5> T. 63,
R. 37, rocks included in Sec. 81 are the following :
NOD A WA Y CO UNTY. 397
No. I 2 feet dark-olive clay shales.
No. 2 9 inches bituminous shales.
No. 3 i foot of even-bedded, blue limestone ; contains Hemi-
pronites crassus and Productus Nebrascensis, Prod. Prattenianus,
Polypora (sp.). The interior of the Producti is replaced by calcite
crystals. No. 206.
No. 4 2 feet blue clay shales ; a lasting spring of water issues
from them.
No. 5 12 to 1 6 inches of concretionary limestone, with carbona-
ceous remains of plants.
No. 6 4 to 5 feet green shales.
No. 7 Limestone in creek, having a vitreous appearance.
Three miles north-west of this, on the Nodaway River, at the Old
Mill site, in Sec. 5, T. 63, R. 37, these beds are well exposed, with
other correlated strata. A descriptive section is as follows :
Sec. 82.
No. i 2 feet deep-blue, compact limestone, in even 6 to lo-inch
layers, containing Lingula , Prothyris elcgans, Edmondia Ne-
brascensis, Discina , Aviculopinna Americana. (No. 212.)
2 6 inches deep ash-blue limestone ; contains Atkyris sub-
tilita, Prod. Nebrascensis, Prod. Prattenianus, Edmondia Nebras-
censis, Aviculopecten , Macrocheilus , OrtJwceras cribro-
sujn, the pygidium of a Phillipsia, Crinoidecz, RJwmbopora lepido-
dcndroides, Fistnlipora nodulifera, Synocladia biserialis and Poly-
pora subrnarginata. No. 211.
3 4 feet buff shales and limestone, nodules abounding in fossils,
including Fusulina cylindrica, Rkombopora, Clicetctcs, Bryozoa,
Arch&ocidaris, Crinoid stems, Prod, splendens, Terabratula bovi-
dens, Retzia punc tulifera and Spirifer. No. 210.
4 10 inches blue limestone, full of remains of fossils, including
Hemipronites crassus and Rhombopora. The Brachiopoda are gen-
erally replaced by calcite. No. 209.
5 i foot of blue calcareous shales, full of fossils, including Athy-
ris subtilita, Prod, splendens, Prod. Nebrascensis and OrtJiis carbo-
naria.
6 i inch bituminous shales.
7 9 inches dark-blue shales.
8 $ inches black, bituminous shales.
9 3 inches olive shales.
398 GEOLOGY OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
10 10 inches deep-blue limestone ; abounds in fossils, including
BellcropJion, Hemipronites and Edmondia. The interior of fossils
is replaced by calcite. No. 206.
As the section of rocks at Braddy's Mill is quite complete from
Nos. 203 to 212, I here give it :
I 4 inches drab or dove colored limestone ; contains a tabulate
or flattened Bryozoa and some pretty univalves. No. 211.
2 5 f ee t brown shales with concretionary limestone nodules ;
abounding in fossils, including Fusulina cylindrica, Athyris subti-
lita, Prod. Nebrascensis, Prod, semiretictilatus, var. Calhounianus ',
Ckonetes gramtlifera, Spirifer cameratus, a small spiny Prodnctus,
(P. pertenius) Prod, pnnctatus, Polypora, Fistulipora nodulifera,
Rliombopora lepidodendroides, and fragments of Crinoidecs.
3 8 inches blue limestone, full of fossils similar to those in No.
2. No. 209.
4 2 inches brown shales.
5 I foot drab-olive, calcareous shales, full of remains of fos-
sils.
6 9 inches similar clay to the last.
7 2 inches bituminous shales.
8 13 inches blue limestone, shelly on top, and abounding in
fossils, including Hemipronites crasstts, whose interior is replaced by
calcite, Prod. Nebrascensis, Edmondia Nebrascensis, Myalina sub-
quadrata, Bellerophon. No. 206.
9 4 inches chocolate-colored, sandy, calcareous clay.
10 i foot blue, sandy clay.
ii i foot green, nodular shales, brown on top.
12 2 feet green shales in water. No. 203.
We perceive that the upper beds of this section correspond to
the upper beds of section at Milton, Nodaway River, 20 miles
south, and also correspond to the base of section at Quitman.
Nodaway Coal. The only coal within working distance from
the surface is that corresponding to No. 215 of the Gen. Sec. It is
found on Nodaway River, at Allen's, within 2 miles of the Iowa
line, on Mill Creek, and southward to Quitman, near Quitman, on
Sand Creek, Florida Creek, and Elkhorn. In thickness it varies
from 9 to 1 6 inches, and is of rather inferior quality, containing a
large per cent, of ash.
In 1872 the coal at Allen's was hidden by fallen debris and
NOD A WA Y CO UNTY.
399
drifted material from the stream. Our section, taken in 1860, shows
the following :
No. i Slope from hill above.
2 12 feet shales ; drab, with buff and brown tinge ; contains con-
cretions of ironstone.
3 S 1 A feet slope, including a local drift of debris from above.
4 4- l /2 feet dull, lead-colored limestone, possessing a rough frac-
ture ; in two beds, the upper containing a thin spathic seam, with
crystalline fibres perpendicular to stratum ; the lower, weathering
brown, is pyritiferous, and does not make good lime ; contains
Entolium aviculatum and Eumicrotis ? Chonetes , and Atliyris.
No. 218.
5 1% feet blue and bituminous shales, containing black septaria,
enclosing Belleroplion carbonarius, etc.
6 20 inches alternations of blue shales, with coal, as fol-
lows :
No. i 5^ inches good coal, a little shaly about the middle.
2 4 inches dark, lead-blue clay shales.
32 inches good coal.
4 3 inches blue shales.
5 6 inches good coal, with one inch clay near the middle.
6 Fire-clay.
Brick of good quality is made from the overlying shales, Nos. 2
and 3 of the section. The 'lower layers are the best. The clay is
dug out, allowed to slake, and mixed, one-third of it, with sand
and clay.
The coal reached in the shaft at City Bluffs was reported to be
16 inches thick.
On Samuel Bowman's land, in Sec. 31, T. 65, R. 37, the coal is
14 to 1 8 inches thick, cropping out in the branch.
The coal-mine of James C. Smith is located on the north-west of
the south-west quarter, Sec. 9, T. 64, R. 37, a half-mile south of
Quitman. It is reached by a horizontal entry into the hill. We
find here exposed
No. I 2 feet spathic limestone. No. 220.
2 2 feet shales. No. 219. *
3 I foot shales with thin limestone strata.
4 1 6 inches limestone. No. 218.
5 2 feet clay shales, bituminous at lower part.
400 GEOLOGY OF NORTH- WESTERN MISSOURI.
No. 6 12 inches coal, sometimes thickening to 16 inches.
7 2 feet clay shales.
Spirifer planoconvexus occurs in the overlying blue shales. The
coal is bright, black, and tolerably hard, the top and middle harder
than the bottom. It is jointed with intervening calcite-plates, and
contains some iron pyrites. An analysis by Mr. Regis Chauvenet,
chemist for the survey, gives
Water 3.53
Volatile matter 42.72
Fixed Carbon 40. 7 1
Ash 13.04
Color of ash a very light brown
The section at Burdick's coal-bank, one mile below the mouth of
Lund County, as observed by Mr. C. J. Norwood, is as follows :
Sec. 86.
No. i 20 feet slope.
No. 2 2 feet clay shales.
No. 3 16 inches ash-gray limestone, shelly on top ; contains
some fossils, Nucula Beyrickii, a Goniatite, Murchisonia - , etc.
No. 4 2 y 2 feet dark-blue clay shales.
No. 5 16 inches hard, ash-blue limestone, containing Entolium
aviciilatum, Edmondia Nebrascensis ? Athyris subtilita, Spirifer
planoconvexus, Prod, splendens, Bellcroplion Kansasensis , Crinoid
stems, Hemipronites crassus, Aviculopectcn occidentalis, Pinna
peracuta, Edmondia reflexa, Lingula , Prod. Prattcnianns,
Nautilus , Polypora submarginata. (No. 218.)
No. 6 3 feet 4 inches shales.
No. 7 ii inches coal. No. 215.
On Sand Creek, one mile east of its mouth, Mr. C. J. Norwood
observed
No. i Slope.
2 14 inches ash-gray limestone, somewhat splintery, abounding
in fossils, many similar to some of those found at Burdick's, and
also containing Naticopsis Altonensis, Spirifer cameratus, Syntri-
lasma hemiplicata, and Euomphalus rugosus.
3 4 inches yellow arid gray argillaceous shales.
4 i foot slaty shale.
NOD A WA Y CO UN TV. 40 1
No. 5 I foot soft, black shale.
6 3 inches bituminous shales.
7 i foot hard, black shales.
8 Coal, said to be i foot thick.
On Wm. Smith's land, in the north-west quarter of Sec. 3, T. 63,
R. 37, the coal is about 6 inches in thickness, and is separated by 4
feet of shales from the limestone above.
At Ch. P. Martin's, in the north-east quarter of the north-east
quarter of Sec. 26, T. 64, R. 37 :
Sec. 83.
No. i 16 feet bluff and drift; the lower 2 feet pebbles and sand
of the drift.
2 2 feet olive shales. No. 219 of Gen. Sec.
3 17 inches ash-blue limestone; weathers brown.
4 4 feet 8 inches shales, subdivided as follows :
No. I 16 inches olive shales, with white specks;
2 5 inches bituminous shales ;
3 9 inches olive clay shales ;
4 2 feet bituminous shales.
5 10 inches coal. No. 215 of Gen. Sec.
6 g l / 2 feet lead-blue, micaceous sandstone.
7 8 feet blue, sandy shales.
8 4 feet blue, clay shales.
9 4 feet deep-blue, compact limestone, in even flags ; con-
tains Prod. Nebrascensis, Pinna peracuta, Edmondia Nebrascensis,
Protkyris elegans, Pleurophorus ? Prod. Prattenianns and a small
Myalina.
Coal crops out at several places in this neighborhood, in thick-
ness varying from 9 to 12 inches. On the land of the Maryville Coal
Company, in the north-east of the north-east of Sec. 25, T. 64, R.
37, it is 6 inches thick, the lower part intersected by a seam of pyrite.
By comparing tfye above sections we find the coal to be much
thicker in the northern part of the county, and thinning as we go
south. This is further verified by observations on the Missouri
River bluffs, near Forest City, Holt County, where it is only from
2 to 4 inches thick. When we say that this and the coal of Andrew
and Buchanan Counties are the only seams in the upper coal series
of Missouri thick enough to work in a total thickness of over 1,000
feet, we may well term the upper series " Barren Measures." On
26
402 GEOLOG Y OF NOR TH- WESTERN MISSO URL
the waters of Elkhorn Creek, in the north-west part of T. 63, R. 37, we
find beds of limestone, whose position is over the coal, indicating
its presence beneath. But nowhere east of the main divide, between
waters of Nodaway River and those of One Hundred and Two River,
are there any accessible beds of coal in this county worthy of notice.
To reach good coal, shafts would have to be extended a long distance
into the rocks below. From a careful summation of measurements,
I find that from the Nodaway coal (215) the depth is about 395 feet
to the i-foot seam of Buchanan and Andrew Counties occurring in No.
134 ; or, i,i6ofeetto theHolden coal, also of i-foot thickness, or 1,233
feet to the Lexington coal. With these facts before us, it would be
expensive work to sink a shaft in search of coal. A shaft sunk from
the top of the limestone in the river at Bridgewater would only lessen
the depth about 70 feet. I mention this, because it is the easiest
limestone to recognize in the central and eastern portions of the
county.
Soil. The land in this county is generally very productive, and
consists chiefly, especially on the high prairies, of a dark, rich loam.
West of the Nodaway River, in T. 66, the soil is somewhat sandy.
Near Graham, and southward, it is very rich and highly productive.
Corn is the staple product. The winters are often too severe for fall
wheat. Some of the best soils are said to produce, in good seasons,
as much as 80 bushels of corn per acre.
The prairies and bottom-lands afford fine grazing.
During the summer season pleasant breezes prevail throughout this
county and the region westward, which tend to promote health.
The winter winds are sometimes quite strong.
APPENDIX A.
REPORT ON THE STRENGTH OF BUILDING MATERIALS.
BY CHAS. A. SMITH.
THE value of a stone for building purposes depends upon the strength, dura-
bility and freedom of working, and lastly the accessibility of the quarry from
which it is obtained.
This last condition, of course, can only be ascertained for each individual
quarry, and no further consideration will be taken of it in this connection.
By freedom of working, is meant the ease with which a fragment from the
quarry is prepared for use. This can be best estimated by experience ; but
small pieces can be rubbed smooth upon a grindstone or an emery-wheel for
comparison, the relative length of time, of course, being the index.
The only satisfactory test of durability is found in the experience of at least
twenty years' exposure to the effects of the atmosphere. Various chemical pro-
cesses resemble more or less the action of frost or water, but they are all defi-
cient in the element of time. The opinion of engineers on this point seems to
be, that such tests are only valuable as suggestions of the probable action of the
elements. In short, stone that will not pass such tests is known to possess
slight durability, while stone that will pass may or may not be durable.
The strength, however, may be accurately determined for any given speci-
men, and by experimenting with a sufficient number of pieces, an average
value may be obtained, which will be a reliable guide in practical use.
It will be necessary to obtain a clear idea of what is meant by the strength
of any material before we can attain any satisfactory understanding of the re-
mainder of this chapter ; and therefore a very brief description will be given of
the theory of resistance. To illustrate : A block of stone in the wall of a building
sustains pressure from above due to the weight above, and pressure from below
due to the reaction of the stones beneath, and is subjected to compression which
it resists by the elastic reaction of its particles : this compression is applied all
over the upper and under surfaces of the block, and is transmitted from one
surface to the other, by the particles of the block. The amount of force or
404 APPENDIX A.
weight upon a unit of surface is called the stress to which the block is subjected.
This stress may generally be increased up to a limit at which the elastic reaction
of the particles remains perfect, and beyond which it may be increased until
the stone finally crushes.
By the amount of stress which can be borne without injuring the elastic reaction
of the material, is measured the elastic- or proof-strength, and by the amount ot
stress at fracture, what is called the breaking- or ultimate-strength. These
terms are used for any material, and also for tension as well as compression,
care being taken to distinguish in every case.
The determination of the ultimate-strength of a piece of known size and any
material, consists in loading it with weights and gradually increasing such
weights until it gives way. The number of units of weight divided by the
number of units of area of the surface acted upon, is the breaking-strength, usu-
ally stated in pounds on the square inch.
The determination of the proof- strength is somewhat more complex, and
consists in applying a load to a piece of given size, and after release from such
load, the piece is again measured ; if it has remained of exactly the same size,
the load is increased, applied, released, and the piece again measured. This
will be repeated until it is found by measurement that the piece has changed in
size, and the proof-strength will be between the two last loads. By making the
increments of load small, the proof-strength will be found with any desired de-
gree of accuracy.
The determination of the elasticity of any piece requires measurement when
under stress, and is usually carried on with experiments for the proof-strength.
Experiment has proved conclusively that within the proof-strength the changes
of length, in a piece subjected to compression or extension, are directly pro-
portioned to the stresses producing them ; and therefore the product of the
length times the stress divided by the change of length will be a constant for
any given material and compressive stress, and a similar constant for tensile
stress. If the elasticity is the same in tension and compression, there will be
only one constant for both kinds of stress : this constant is called the " modulus
of elasticity " for the given material, and is sometimes defined as the stress that
would compress or extend a given piece an amount equal its entire length, if
the elasticity was perfect and the same for all stresses.
The use of the " modulus of elasticity " (usually denoted by " E") is to pre-
dict the change of length any given piece will undergo when in tension or com-
pression of known stress ; for E having been determined by experiment from a
sufficient number of pieces, we shall have the following proportion : The change
of length is to the whole length as the stress is to E. In algebraic language
these statements are very concise.
Let E = modulus of elasticity, e = change of length in inches, P = stress in
Ibs. per square inch, r = length in inches.
e P , Pr Pr
TV p
r-E' 1 ' e' ' E
The only reliable experiments on the strength of Missouri stones are part of
APPENDIX A.
405
a very extensive series of experiments made on all kinds of building materials
by Capt. James B. Eades, Chief-Engineer of the Illinois & St. Louis Bridge
Company, for the information of that corporation. These experiments were con-
ducted by Col. Henry Flad, Chief-Assistant-Engineer, who designed for the
purpose of prosecuting them two different testing machines. With the kind
permission of these gentlemen a brief description of these machines will be
given, and an abstract of such experiments as are deemed of interest in this
connection.
The first or large apparatus was built by Messrs. Sheckle, Harrison & Co.,
Fig. 117.
406 APPENDIX A.
of St. Louis, and was a beautiful piece of machinery ; the power was exerted
by a hydraulic press acting on the specimen at one end, and resisted by a train
of levers and weights at the other end.
Upon a strong cast-iron bed (see Fig. 1 17), very much like the bed of a lathe, was
mounted the cylinder of the hydraulic press. Two projections, one on each side,
from the cylinder rested upon the bed, and were wedged between corresponding
projections from the latter. The bed was about 13 feet long ; the cylinder was 3
feet 3^ inches in length, and was usually placed nearer one end of the bed than
the other, but could be moved along the bed and wedged between different pro-
jections, thereby allowing specimens of various lengths to be tested. This
cylinder was 24 inches in external diameter and 8 inches in thickness, and was
terminated at one end by a plane-surface at right-angles to its axis, and at the
other end was hemispherical ; from the plane-end of the cylinder projected the
ram, or plunger, 7^ inches in diameter, and from the rounded end a rod of
steel 3 inches in diameter, which was screwed into the inner end of the ram,
and moved with it. The outer end of the ram was attached to a strong cross-
head of cast-iron which moved on the inner edges of the bed-frame. The steel
rod terminated in a strong clamp, to which couplings of various sizes could be
attached. Sliding cross-heads were placed at each end of the bed and con-
nected by four strong wrought-iron bolts or rods, each 2! inches in diameter.
Thus the cross-head at one end was opposite that attached to the ram, and that
at the other end was opposite the steel rod and couplings above mentioned.
Similar couplings could be attached to this last cross-head on the side next
the cylinder, and the other side was connected with the train of levers, already
mentioned, by strong links.
The plane-end of the cylinder was the compression-end ; a piece was placed
between, the two cross-heads and fluid pumped into the press, forcing one cross-
head against the specimen, which of course was forced against the other cross-
head, which was held in place by the bolts from the cross-head at the other end,
the links and train of levers, and finally by the weight attached. The hemi-
spherical end of the cylinder was the tension-end. A piece was held at each of
its ends by the two sets of couplings, and the motion of the ram pulled the steel
rod. the specimen and the cross-head connected to the levers, the latter receiv-
ing the pull from the press, through the specimen, in the same direction as the
pull of the four long bolts in the case before mentioned. The force of the press,
then, was in either case exerted against the levers in the same direction.
The levers were three in number, the first being bent with one arm vertical,
the other extending the whole length of the bed and curved under the press-
cylinder. The second lever had its fulcrum at the compression-end of the bed,
received pressure from the first, passed under the first and projected from
underneath the fulcrum of the first. It was connected by a vertical link of ad-
justable length to the short arm of the third lever. This third lever was carried
by a cast-iron standard attached to the floor, and by a vertical link from the end
of the long arm was carried a cylindrical copper scale-pan. As the weight of
the pan and long arm of the third lever was sufficient to move the other two
APPENDIX A.
407
levers, a counterpoise was attached near the vertical link between the second
and third levers. An index attached to the scale-pan link indicated equilibrium
as in an ordinary balance.
This apparatus was all carried on hardened steel knife-edges, and was so per-
fectly balanced that the weight of an ordinary lead-pencil in the scale-pan was
enough to cause motion of the levers.
The combined leverage of this train was 1999.2, and therefore a weight of i
pound avoirdupois placed in the scale-pan could only be lifted by a force of
1999.2 Ibs. acting through the levers. By admitting an error of 0.0004 trus
was called a ton of 2,000 Ibs.
The most convenient weight was water ; this was allowed to flow from a cylin-
drical reservoir into the copper pan. The volume leaving the reservoir meas-
ured the weight applied in the pan. This was finally read by means of a dial
and revolving index, moved by a float in the reservoir ; the graduation showing
pounds and quarters applied in the pan, and therefore tons and quarters at the
other end of the train of levers. At the commencement of every experiment
the scale-pan was emptied and the reservoir filled, till the index returned to
zero. This beautiful apparatus possessed a range of one hundred tons.
For the purpose of measuring the changes of length caused by known forces,
there was used an exceedingly delicate arrangement (see Fig. 1 18). Two brass col-
lars, C C, were fastened to the specimen by steel-pointed screws ; from each col-
lar was a projection, which carried a small rectangular bar of steel, D ; these two
bars were parallel, and each passed through an aperture in the other collar, with
a distance of one-fourth of an inch between their nearest parallel faces. Between
these bars, and at right-angles to them, was a steel roller one-fourth of an inch in
diameter, E, one of the bars being pressed upon the roller by a small friction-
wheel carried at the end of a delicate steel spring attached to one of the collars.
The distance between the pointed screws that held the collars to the speci-
men, or the equal distance between the central planes of the collars, was meas-
ured by a scale and vernier attached to the bars. If the collars were moved by
the compression or extension of the specimen acted upon by the hydraulic press,
the roller between the bars would be revolved by the motion of one bar rela-
tively to the other. This rotation was measured with the aid of a graduated
arc, G, a mirror attached to the top of the roller (and the face of which was a dia-
metral plane), and a telescope, F, with a vertical "cross-hair." The centre of the
graduated arc, which was of twenty-five feet radius, was also the centre of the
roller. The telescope was attached to the arc, and directed radially toward the
mirror, in which, of course, was seen by reflection the graduation of the arc. By
means of the cross-hair an accurate reading of the arc was obtained ; force
having been applied to the specimen, the mirror was rotated and a second read-
ing was taken. The difference of these two readings, of course, was a measure
of twice the angle of rotation of the mirror and roller. The rotation of the mir-
ror having been produced by rolling, was only half the amount there would
have been if it had had a fixed axis ; therefore the following proportion was
true :
408
DIAGRAM OP MEASURING APPARATUS
A _
B_
C . Colla. r$.
T'A.e cZ0teaf line*
^. ^Holler
F _
CA - Grac.&c<. tx
rrtj
The distance moved by the bars is to the difference of readings on the arc as
the radius of the roller to the radius of the arc.
From the dimensions stated, the movement of the collars was enlarged 2,400
times ; the arc was graduated, as an ordinary levelling-rod, into feet, tenths, and
hundredths, and by estimation to thousandths ; therefore a movement of the col-
lar of TTroiMTuTr part of a foot, -or Too^nnj f an inch, became distinctly visible.
This apparatus has only been excelled by Sir Joseph Whitworth in the micro-
meter attachments to his celebrated " Standard Inch, "but possesses the advan-
tage over that wonderful piece of mechanism, in having scarcely a possibility of
wear, the surfaces being all in rolling contact, and being scarcely affected by
changes of temperature.
The second or smaller machine was devised by Col. Flad for the purpose of
making a series of experiments on the strength and elasticity of cements, which
required a less powerful apparatus than that already described.
APPENDIX A.
Fig. 119.
409
A horizontal steel screw (see Fig. 119) turned by four arms passes through a hard
brass nut in a cast-iron cross-bar, and presses with a rounded point against a
block of chilled cast-iron. At each end of the cross-bar is secured a bolt or
rod of round iron, which bars are parallel and pass through the bearing-block
just mentioned, and through two cross-heads. The bars can be keyed to
either cross-head. There are also two other parallel bars passing through
the cross-heads and keyed to either. Outside of the cross-heads, at the
other end of the bars from the screws, the second set of bars are bent together
and attached to a lever. The fulcrum of this lever and the bearing-block of the
410 APPENDIX A.
screw are attached to the ends of two pieces of oak-timber carried by a pair of
joists, which may be rested upon any supports. The long arm of the lever is
horizontal and carries a scale-pan ; the second is vertical and attached to the
second set of bars ; and there is also a third arm which is horizontal and carries
a counterpoise. The motion of the lever is limited by a cross-piece between the
joists, upon which the long arm can rest when loaded. The specimen to be tested
is placed between the two cross-heads (coupled to them if tension is to be used),
and the screw turned till the lever and load is lifted. If the two sets of bars are
each keyed to the first cross-head they pass through, the specimen will be acted
on by tension ; if they are keyed each to the second cross-head they pass through,
there will be compression, counting, in one set, from the screw-end of the bars
to which they are attached, and, in the other set, from the attached lever. This
machine has a range of seven tons.
The same mirror-device was used for measuring changes of length, as in the
other apparatus.
Granites,
Six experiments were made with 3-inch cubes of Iron Mountain Red Granite
from Gov. Brown's quarry, and gave respectively, for the crushing stress
11,716,
16,444,
12,700,
13,000,
12,700,
13,600. Average, 13,360.
A seventh experiment, in which the faces pressed were not parallel, gave
5,780. Tin-foil or blotting-paper was placed between the iron cross-heads and
the specimens, in order to more fully distribute the pressure evenly over the
entire surface. The influence of careful "bearing" and placing of stones in
walls is somewhat startlingly indicated by the difference between the last ex-
periment and the others.
Three experiments with granite from Maine, cylinders 6 inches long and 2.36
inches in diameter, gave respectively
Crushing Stress. Modulus of Elasticity.
l6,000, 5,50O,OOO.
l8,5OO, 6,400,000.
I7,OOO, 5,OOO,OOO.
Two 3-inch cubes gave 13,700 and 8,500 for crushing stress. The average
value of the crushing stress for the five experiments was 14,740, and for the first
three the average modulus of elasticity was 5,600,000, nearly. A 3-inch cube of
Richmond, Virginia, granite gave 16,400 for crushing, and 13,500,000 for the
modulus.
The strength of Scotch granites from Aberdeen, as given by Rennie, is 10,914.
The strength of granites given by Molesworth is 8,000, and by Rankine from
5,500 to 11,000.
APPENDIX A. 411
Strength of Sandstones.
Two cubes of sandstone from St. Genevieve, Mo., one 3 inches and the other
4i inches, gave 5,330 and 5,500 an average of 5,415.
A 3 -inch cube from St. Genevieve, quarry of Dodds & Sliders, gave 13,400.
A 3-inch cube from Cannelton, Ind., gave 3,700.
Rennie gives for Derby sandstone, 3,142.
Rennie gives for Dundee sandstone, 6,630.
Molesworth gives 5,000.
Weisbach gives from 1,400 to 13,000.
Rankine gives from 2,200 to 5,500.
Strength of Limestone.
Three cubes of 3 inches each, from Pike County, Mo., gave
l,3<x>,
3> IOO >
2,960. Average, 2,453 f r crushing stress.
Eight experiments with cylinders of Grafton, 111., limestone (magnesian), 6
inches long, i.i inches in diameter, gave an average of 6,700 for crushing stress,
and seven experiments gave 8,600,000, nearly, for the modulus of elasticity.
Eight experiments with cubes gave an average of 12,300 for the crushing
stress.
A cube of oolitic limestone from Amien, 111., gave 4,000.
A cube from the quarry of N. D. Munson, Ouincy, 111., gave 9,500.
The average of four experiments, each on 4-inch cubes, from Manhattan,
Junction City, and Ellis, Kansas, gave 4,700, 3,050 and 1,100 respectively.
These limestones were magnesian.
' Molesworth gives 3,000 to 8,000.
Weisbach gives 1,500 to 6,000.
Rankine gives 4,000 to 4,500, and 5,500 for marble.
A 3-inch cube of ochre-brown marble from Cape Girardeau, Harris's quarry,
gave 1,500.
A 3-inch cube from Chicago, Lamont quarry, 14,100.
A 3-inch cube of limestone from Barrett's Station, Knipper's quarry, 5,900.
This quarry is near the tunnel on the Missouri Pacific R. R.
Concretes.
The average crushing stress of twenty experiments on. concretes of hydraulic
cement, sand, and broken limestone, with from 0.57 to 0.67 limestone, and from
0.14 to 0.17 cement, was 1,083 ; both Akron and Louisville cements were used,
and the specimens were 6-inch cubes, which had been twelve days under
water and exposed to the air for six months. These experiments were very
nearly alike, and the change in cement, both in kind and in proportion, seemed
not to affect the results.
412 APPENDIX A.
Cements.
With mixtures of Akron cement and sand, of
0.33 cement ) ., , .
0.67 sand \ the crushm g stress was 1 9S
0.40 cement ) t(
0.60 sand [
0.50 cement ) (< l(
0.50 sand f
Pure cement " " 1,180
The above were 12 days in water, 24 days in air, a mean of two experiments
each.
114 experiments on pure Fall City (Louisville) cement gave 1,309 for the
crushing and 669 for the proof stress respectively, and 702,616 for the " modu-
lus of elasticity."
93 experiments on a mixture of equal parts cement (Fall City) and sand gave
455,356 and 647,610 for crushing stress, proof stress, and modulus of elasticity.
45 experiments on a mixture of one part cement and two parts sand gave for
the crushing stress 238, for the proof stress 203, and for the modulus of elas-
ticity 1,261,588; these had been 12 days in water and about 6 months in air.
From these experiments we find that pure cements are stronger and more easily
compressed than mixtures of sand and cement.
From 168 experiments on 7 cubes, 2| inches each, the average penetration of
a i-lb. weight with sharp point falling 6 inches, was
( Louisville (Fall City) 0.09 inches
)r I Akron 0.18 "
-,, , \ Louisville 444
1 he average crushing stress was of >
( Akron 149
The Louisville is slower setting, stronger and harder than the Akron.
Strength of Brick.
Machine-made, Hydraulic Pressed.
Hand-made
U. S. Stamps.
Metcalf.
Sterling. Hodgman &
Goodwin.
Remarks.
738
2O2I
1543
Salmon
930
2 Experiments.
2984
4521
7477 2026
Paving
4695
4220
2 Experiments.
1970
Light-red
. 1260
2 Experiments.
2496
3487
1870*
Red
2905
5006
Dark-red
2 Experiments.
1855
2 Experiments.
2400
5728
6621 4241
Arch
3670 -
I Experiment.
* 4 Experiments.
APPENDIX A. 413
The numbers above are the mean of 8 experiments each, unless noted.
Rennie gives for hand-made red brick 808, and_for pale 562.
Molesworth, 1,500.
Rankine, from 550 to 1,100.
It is scarcely necessary to add that the load actually put upon the above ma-
terials is rightly kept far below the values given above.
Very Respectfully,
CHAS. A. SMITH.
PROF. R. PUMPELLY,
State Geologist.
ST. .Louis, Mo., Jan. St/i, 1873.
APPENDIX B.
NOTES ON SUCH ROCKS OF MISSOURI AS ADMIT OF A FINE
POLISH.
BY G. C. BROADHEAD.
BEDS of limestone admitting of fine polish, and ordinarily called marble, may
be found in the counties of St. Louis, St. Charles, Warren, Montgomery, Rails,
Callaway, Lincoln, Cooper, Pettis, Cass, Jackson, Livingston and Clay.
Coal-Measure Limestone.
Those of Cass, Jackson and Clay are gray, fine-grained, with minute specks
of calcite disseminated, and occasionally varied by fossil-shells ; this rock is
somewhat silicious, but admits of a fine polish. Quarries of this rock occur at
Pleasant Hill, Kansas City, the Missouri bluffs near Randolph, and at Missouri
City. Its thickness is from 2 to 4 feet, and its geological position is No. 85 of
my General Section of the Upper Coal-measures. Limestone No. 72 of the Coal-
measure Section, if polished, would appear well. It is dark blue, with still
darker, irregularly-winding lines. It is a very hard limestone, occurring in
even layers, but does not exceed i feet in thickness.
It is quarried in the northern part of Cass County, near Pleasant Hill, and
near Lone Jack in Jackson County.
Lower Black River Beds.
In Rails County, on the Peno, there is 9 feet of a fine-grained, drab, magnesian
limestone, with disseminated calcite, and containing fucoids. In Callaway
County, four miles north-east of Williamsburgh, we find 18 feet of blue, light-
gray and reddish-spotted, compact or subcrystalline limestone, all more or less
speckled with calc-spar. In some beds it is disseminated throughout, in others
it forms thin layers. In Montgomery County, near the mouth of Clear Fork,
there occurs one foot of beautifully mottled, drab limestone, shading into flesh-
color.
Near Danville is a bed, 8 feet thick, of greenish-gray at one place, at another
it is of a peach-blossom color ; when polished this makes a very handsome
" marble." If burned, it shows stronger shades of color, the dark part becom-
ing darker and the light-colored portion white. Below this is found a septaria
bed that would make an attractive marble. In Warren County, near Missouri
College, we find the base of the Black River group occupied by 8 feet of sub-
crystalline limestone, mottled gray in the upper part, next, below, a reddish-
gray, fine-grained, compact, often reddish-drab with deeper red specks, and
presenting a graphic appearance. , It is also sometimes found presenting a
APPENDIX B. 415
greenish shade, the lower bed greenish-white and brittle. In Sec. I, T. 45, R.
2, W., are similar beds, of which the upper members are of a reddish color,
those below of various shades of black and brown.
Some of these would undoubtedly appear well if polished. Similar beds to
those found in Warren also crop out in St. Charles County, in the Missouri bluffs,
near the western county line. In Lincoln County, in Sec. 16, T. 51, R. i, E.,
there is a quarry of 21 feet of a gray, fine-grained limestone, with brown wind-
ings, resting on 7 feet of fine-grained limestone inclining to gray color with a pink
shade, the upper 2^ feet abounding in irregular, ramified forms of calcite, which
sometimes weathers out ; the two lower beds are ten inches thick, and free from
the faults of the upper beds. A polished specimen would probably exhibit a
dull-drab color.
In Pettis County, on the Lamine River, a few miles from Sedalia, there crops
out from two to four feet of a fine-grained, drab, magnesian limestone, containing
many disseminated particles of calcite. This rock admits of a fine polish. Its
geological position is above the ist Magnesian limestone.
Some of the above-named rocks are rather attractive when polished ; those of
Warren and Montgomery are but little inferior to the Ozark marble, but they
do not present such a variety of shades. In St. Louis County there are beds of
very durable limestone, admitting of a fine polish and looking well in-doors.
Although most of the above-named rocks appear well when polished, none of
them will retain a fine display of color after any out-door exposure.
The Marbles of South-Eastern Missouri.
In Iron County, on and near Stout's Creek, in Sec. 5, T. 33, R. 3, E., and in
Sec. 31, T. 34, R. 3, E., there occurs a fine-grained, subcrystalline limestone,
mostly red, variegated by veins of calc-spar ; some beds incline to buff, some
are gray and flesh-colored, and some variegated buff. It occurs in layers rang-
ing from two inches to a foot in thickness.
At Farnham's quarry, in Sec. 19, T. 33, R. 4, E., is six feet of good marble,
the two lower beds of 20 inches and 2 feet in thickness, variegated light drab,
inclining to flesh-color. In the S. W. corner of Sec. 5, T. 32, R. 4, we have a
red and flesh-colored, subcrystalline limestone, mostly in strata from 1 to 8 inches
in thickness and variegated with calcite specks.
Red and flesh-colored marble is also found in Sec. 6, T. 32, R. 4, E., and in
S. W. of N. E. Sec. 33, T. 33, R. 4, E., the marble-beds are 27 feet in aggregate
thickness, and one bed is 14 inches thick. In Reynolds County, on Tom Suck
Creek, there are thick beds of flesh-colored, subcrystalline limestone. In Madi-
son County, near the mouth of Cedar Creek, there are very fine beds of red and
variegated marble. Near the head of Cedar Creek there is ten feet of light-col-
ored marble, variegated with buff veins. Similar beds occur also on Leather-
wood Creek, and, near its mouth, on the St. Franyois River.
As above named, the marbles of South-eastern Missouri are generally of differ-
ent colors, beautifully clouded with various colors. Thus far I have seen no
purely crystalline marbles, and none that are purely white.
APPENDIX C.
LIST OF FOSSILS FROM THE COAL-MEASURES OF MISSOURI,
COLLECTED IN 1872.
CATALOGUED BY C. J. NORWOOD.
IN the following list there are several undetermined species of Allorisma,
Nautilus, Bellerophon, Murchisonia, Macrocheilus, and one or two other gas-
teropods, some of which are probably undescribed.
ZOOPHYTA.
No. I. Rhombopora lepidodendroides, Meek.
2. Fistulipora nodulifera, Meek.
3. Lophophyllum prolifcrum, McChesney.
4. Campophyllum torquium, Owen.
5. Zaphrentis?
6. Chcctetes milleporaceus.
7. Chattetes?
8. Syringopora multattemiata, McChesney.
ECHINODERMATA.
9. Scaphiocrinus ? hemisphcericus, Shumard.
10. Zeacrinus ? mucrospinus, McChesney.
11. Archceocidaris ? (3 undet. sp.)
BRYOZOA.
12. Synocladia biserialis, Swallow.
13. Polypora submarginata, Meek.
14. Polypora (sp. ?).
15. Fenestella Shumardi, Prout.
1 6. Fenestella (2 undet. sp.).
17. Glauconome (sp. ?) resembles G. trilineata, Meek.
BRACHIOPODA.
1 8. Productus Ncbrascensis, Owen.
19. Productus Pratteniamts, Norwood.
20. Productus symmetricus, McChesney.
21. Productus semireticulatus, Martin.
22. Productus costatus, Sowerby.
23. Productus Norwoodii? * Swallow.
* This shell Prof. Swallow describes from the Permian in Kansas. Vide Trans. St.
Louis Acad. Sci., 1858, vol. i. p. 182.
APPENDIX C. 417
24. Proditctus Americanus, Swallow.
25. Productus semircticulatus var. Calhounianus , Swallow.
26. Productus pnnc tatus, Martin.
27. Productus names ? Meek and Worthen.
28. Productus muricatus,* Norwood and Pratten.
29. Productus IVabashensis,* Norwood and Pratten.
30. Productus splendens,* Norwood and Pratten.
31. Productus (sp. ?).
32. Lingula (2 undet. sp.).
33. Ckonetes granulifera, Owen.
34. Chonetes Smith ii, Norwood and Pratten.
35. Chonetes mesoloba, Norwood and Pratten.
36. Chonetes Vernetfiliana, Norwood and Pratten.
37. Ckonetes glabra, Geinitz.
38. Chonetes (sp. ?).
39. Hemipronites crassus, Meek and Hayden.
40. Athyris subtilita, Hall.
41. Terebratula bovidens, Morton.
42. Spirifer lineattis, Martin.
43. Spirifer (Martinid) planoconvexus, Shumard.
44. Spirifer cameratus, Morton.
45. Spirifer ina Kentuckensis, Shumard.
46. Retzia punctulifera, Shumard.
47. Rhynchonella Osagensis, Swallow.
48. Syntrilasma hemiplicata, Hall.
49. Meekella striato-costata, Cox.
50. Orthis carbonaria, Swallow.
51. Discina Missouriensis, ^Shumard.
52. Discina capuliformis ? McChesney.
53. Discina (sp. ?).
54. Orbiculoidea f
LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.
55. Entolirtm aviculatum, Swallow.
56. Aviculopecten occidentalis, Shumard.'
57. Aviculopecten Whitei, Meek.
58. Aviculopecten carboniferus , Stevens.
59. Aviculopecten Coxanus, Meek and Worthen.
60. Aviculopecten interlineatus, Meek and Worthen.
6 1. Aviculopecten Providencis, Cox.
62. Aviculopecten (2 sp. undet.).
* This is probably Pr. longispinus of Sowerby. Compare the figures of de Koninck,
1842-1844, An. Foss. Ter. Carb. Belg., PI. xii. Fig. u, a, b, and PL xii bis; Fig. 2,
a, b, c, d, with the figures of Norwood and Pratten, 1854, your. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,
vol. iii. , 2d ser. , PI. i. , Fig. 5 and Fig. 6.
27
4i 8 APPENDIX C.
63. Aviculopinna Americana, Meek.
64. Pinna per acuta, Shumard.
65. Prothyris elcgans, Meek.
66. Pleurophorus oblongus, Meek.
67. Pleurophorus occidentalis , Meek and Hayden.
68. Pleitrophorus subcostatus, Meek and Worthen,
69. Pleurophorus (sp. ?).
70. Myalina subgrtadrata, Shumard.
71. Myalina recurvirostris ? Meek and Worthen.
72. Myalina meliniformis ? Meek and Worthen.
73. Myalina Sivallovi, McChesney.
74. Myalina Kansasensis, Shumard.
75. Chcenomya Leavenivorthensis, Meek and Hayden.
76. Chcenomya Cooperi? Meek and Hayden.
77. Chcenomya (sp. undet.).
78. Allorisma regularis, Owen.
79. Allorisma (Sedgwickid) subelegans, Meek.
80. Allorisma (Sedgivickia) granosa, Shumard.
8 1. Allorisma (Sedgwickia) reflcxa, Meek.
82. Allorisma subcuneata, Meek and Hayden.
83. Allorisma (3 or 4 sp. undet.).
84. Edmondia Aspinwallensis , Meek.
85. Edmondia ? Nebrascensis, Geinitz.
86. Edmondia ? reflexa, Meek.
87. Edmondia subtruncata, Meek.
88. Edmondia (2 sp. undet.).
89. Schizodus Wheeler i, Swallow.
90. Schizodus curtus, Meek and Worthen.
91. Schisodus (2 or 3 sp. undet.).
92. Cardiamorpha Missouriensis, Shumard.
93. Cardium ? Lexingtonensis, Swallow.
94. Astartella vera, Hall.
95. Nucula ventricosa, Hall.
96. Nuc^lla (sp. undet.).
97. Nuculana bellistriata, Stevens.
98. Lima retifera, Shumard.
99. Macrodon tenuistriata ? Meek and Worthen.
100. Solenopsis solenoides, Geinitz.
101. Pseudomonotis (sp. undet.).
1 02. Eumicrotis Haivni, Meek.
103. Eumicrotis Haivni var. sinuata, Meek and Worthen.
104. Eumicrotis (sp. undet.).
105. Solenomya (sp. undet.).
106. Yoldia (sp. undet).
APPENDIX C 419
GASTEROPODA.
107. Pleurotomaria carbonaria, Norwood and Pratten.
108. Pleurotomaria tabulafa, Conrad.
109. Pleurotomaria turbiniformis, Meek and Worthen.
no. Pleurotomaria Grayvillensis, Norwood and Pratten.
in. Pleurotomaria depressa, Cox.
112. Pleurotomaria sphccrttlata, Conrad.
113. Pleurotomaria (sp. undet.).
1 1 4. Bellcrophon carbonarius, Cox.
115. Bellerophon ellipticus, McChesney.
1 1 6. Bellerophon percarinatus, Conrad.
117. Bellerophon Montfortiamts, Norwood and Pratten.
1 1 8. Bellerophon Kansasensis, Swallow.
119. Bellerophon Marcottianus, Geinitz.
1 20. Bellerophon crassus, Meek and Worthen.
121. Bellerophon (3 sp. undet.).
122. Enomphalus rugosus, Hall.
123. Straparollus umbillicatus, Meek and Worthen.
124. Loxonema cerithiformis ? Meek and Worthen.
125. Loxonema rrtgosa f Meek and Worthen.
126. Loxonema (sp. undet.).
127. Polyphetnopsis inornata ? Meek and Worthen.
128. Polyphemopsis (sp. undet).
129. Macrocheilus fusiformis ? Hall.
130. Macrocheilus inhabilis, Morton.
131. Macrocheilus ventricosus, Hall.
132. Macrocheilus medialis ? Meek and Worthen.
133. Macrocheilus (2 or 3 sp. undet.).
134. Naticopsis Altonensis, McChesney.
135. Naticopsis Shumardii, McChesney.
136. Naticopsis (sp. undet.).
137. Platyostoma Peoriense, McChesney.
138. Aclis ? Swalloviana, Geinitz.
139. Murchisonia (several undet. sp.).
140. Turritella f
141. Fusulina cylindrica, Fischer.
142. Fusulina (small, undet. sp.).
CEPHALAPODA.
143. Nautilus decoratus, Cox.
144. Nautilus Sangamonensis, Meek and Worthen.
145. Nautilus occidentalis^ Swallow.
146. Nautilus Forbesianus, McChesney.
147. Nautilus (3 sp. undet).
420
APPENDIX C.
148. Goniatites politus , Shumard.
149. Goniatites planorbiformis , Shumard.
150. Goniatites globulostis, Meek and Worthen.
151. Goniatites (2 sp. undet).
152. Orthoceras cribrosum.
153. Orthoceras (large undet. sp.).
CRUSTACEA.
154. Phillipsia major, Shumard.
155. Phillipsia (sp.).
1 56. Heads of two undet. genera of Trilobites.
FISHES.
157. Petalodus destructor, Newberry and Worthen.
158. Deltodus angustus, Newberry and Worthen.
159. Peripristis semicircularis , Newberry and Worthen.
1 60. Xystrodits? occidentalis, St. John.
1 6 1 . Ctenacanth us ?
162. Cladodus (sp. undet.).
PLANTS.
163. Calamites (sp. undet.).
164. Lepidodendron (sp. undet.).
165. Sigillaria (sp. undet.).
1 66. Cordaites.
167. Stigmaria ficoides , Brgt.
168. Neuropterus rarinervis, Bunb.
169. Neuropterus pachy derma, Lsq.
Several undetermined genera.
APPENDIX
s( IIKDULK SHOW i M;
DKPTH OF COAL SKAMS
bo low givfii horizons,
by G.C.Broadhead
1
-
-i
3 inch &al
I
Pkasttiit ffiTI t'ass
FUJI. Depot
Missouri Cit.\-
Jt.R.Level
\\
i >.
:
|,
^
icothc Lirifit/ston la
Surface
S
4;
l!
1
iff ton I.afa*iMe (0
/ivwjCe.r Coal
itlerJiates Co.
Swi'acf iiffroximate
1
Is
s !
^
1
r
A-fi'cM inn Co
uppnuunuiUe
Uon Carrolt' Co.
in Siittivan Co.
ufpro.cirtuilf
nisA Cfuiriton, Co
Salisbury Chariiott Ca
yjpraximate
-ensburcf Johnson &>
\
Me^dair Co
"ffrvximate
i
ir
H
^
5
"S
4
1
\
1
1
N.
|
II
(N
1
k
\
N
-
'
-
toy/? 1 -/ //r/
"^
1
rfjttet
v *
* -' II / fill
^
- -
m
///,//
-.-, ,
Ift.liui i.-./l
1 .?.' Iff/
5WWB
^ 7 iff. CM!
, ISfiXf
^ - -
'""
v$fflA
^J ft. Kin I','.,!
^ u foe
,tlJ> Cant
^ -MM
.
,'::,,
13 feel
jj /(Jrt rttir
, . .
__
Base of 't'anf .(/
Note. This table is intended as a guide for boring. The thickness of the ibal Seams
and tilt itista/iass between them tin- xubf'rct to local Variations. The surface of
tJie givuntl at facA- point is indicated, thus **a^
H
*
H
W
INDEX.
Ackurst's land, Manganiferous Ore on, I., 26,
123
A. C. L., No. i Bank, I., 167
No. 2 Bank, I., 168
Aclis, Swalloviana, II., 61, 90, 396
Actiiiocrinus, II., 39, 252
aculeatus, Archseocidaris II., 384
Adams' Coal, II., 187
adnasceiis, Hymenophyllites II., 97, 175, 197
requicostatus, Productus II., 200, 308, 310,
334, 337
Albany, Ray Co., II., 98, 99, 134
Allen's, Nodaway Co., section at, II., 398
Allorisma (sp. undet.), II., 42, 45, 89, 90, 91, 92,
96, 106, 112, 120, 126, 127, 129, 319, 321, 338,
350, 3.52. 361, 365
(Sedgwickia) granosa, II., 88, 92, 129, 131, 335,
349, 362
regulans, II., 92, 121, 183, 188, 194, 198, 200
subcuneata, II., 88, 91, 93, 97, 131
Altoiiensia, Naticopsis II., 27, 88, 90, 91, 132,
T 77, 39 3 > 40
altcrnata, Strophomena II., 233, 236, 238, 239,
240, 242
Amazonia, Andrew Co., II., 120, 121, 124, 134,
140, 145, 153
Building Stone near, II., 140
Quarry west of, II., 121
Section at, II., 125
Americana, Aviculopinna II., 88, 89, 96, 106,
132, 362, 369, 394, 397
Amcricaiius, Productus II., 95, 106, 109, 319,
338
Amount of Coal in Lincoln Co., II., 280, 281
Aitios's, Jackson Co., section at, II., 200
Zinc-blende at, II., 208
Heavy-spar at, II., 209
Amplexus, II., 13, 16
Analysis of Baker's Clay, Lincoln Co., I., 38
of Baker's Coal, Lincoln Co., I., 36, 37 ; II., 270
of Bevier Coal, I., 36
of Big Muddy Coal, I., 36
of Brown Hematite Ores, I., 43
of Red Hematite from T. 49, R. I. E., I., 38
of Bohm's Coal, I., 36 ; II., 36
of Britt's Coal, Henry Co., I., 35; II., 30
of Bruce's Coal, I., 35
of Buford Hill Specular Ore, I., 65
of Camden Coal, I., 34; II., 67
cf Cannel Coal, I., 36, 37
of Cedar Hill Ore, I., 64
of Clay from Baker's Shaft, Lincoln Co., II., 288
of Clay from the Morris Shaft, Lincoln Co., II.,
288
of Clay from Pilot Knob, L, 18, 30
of Clays from Lincoln Co., I., 38
of Coal, ultimate, I., 37
of Colbert's Clay, Lincoln Co., I., 38
of Collin's Coke, II., 69
of Cuthbertson's Manganese and Iron-ores, I., 39
of Davis's Coal, II., 55
of Dolomites, I., 6, 7
of Dolomite from Iron Mountain, I., 7
of Dolomite from Mace's quarry, I., 6
of Ennis & CundifTs Coal, I., 35 ; II., 45
of Fuels, method of, L, 31, 32, 33
of Fuels by the combustion furnace, L, 32
of Franke's Coal, I., 35 ; II., 41
of Fulton Coal Co.'s Coal, I., 36
of Gasconade and Miller Specular Ores, I., 84, 85
of George's Coal, I., 36, 37 ; II., 212
of Glass-sand, II., 289
of Goodson's Coal, I., 36 ; II., 61
of Gowdy's Coal, I., 35 ; II., 184
of Greenish-white substance found in Mangani-
ferous Porphyry, I , 27
of Graham's Coal. I., 35 ; II., 53
of Graham's Coal, Livingston Co., I., 36 ; II., 304
Analysis of Grove's Coal, L, 35, 37
of Hematites from St. Clair and Henry Cos., I ,
86
of Hine's Coal, I., 36, 37 : II., 279
of Howell's Coal, I., 34, 37 ; II., 64
of Hughes & Co.'s Coal, L, 34, 37 ; II., 67
of Hydraulic Limestone, Lincoln Co., 1., 37
of Iron Ore from Cedar Hill, 1., 19
of Iron Ore from Buford Mountain, L, 22, 23
of Iron Ore from Humphrey's, Lincoln Co., I., 38
of Iron Mountain Ores, I., 40, 54, 55
of Iron Ridge Specular Ores, I., 79
of Iron Ore from Lewis Mountain, L, 64, 65
of Iron Ores from Lincoln Co., partial, L, 38
of Iron Ore from Morris's Shaft, I., 38
of Iron Ore on Morris Tract, Lincoln Co., II., 282,
284
of Iron Ore from Murphy's, I., 38
of Jordan's Coal, Henry Co., I., 35 ; II., 16, 17
of Lexington Coal Co.'s Coal, II., 56
of Little Compton Coal, I., 36 ; II., 74
of Lime in Coal-measures, Lincoln Co., II., 287
of Limestone of the St. Joseph Bridge, I., 38
of Limestone from Iron Co., I., 38
of Limonites on the Osage River, I., 91
of Link's Coal, I., 35, 36 ; II., 273, 274
of Linn's Coal, L, 36 ; II., 72
of Manganese Ore from Cuthbertson Tract, I.,
21
of Manganese Ore from Porphyry, Reynolds
Co., I., 25
of Manganiferous Hematite, from Marble's, L, 23
of Manganiferous Iron Ores from Buford Moun-
tain, I., 39
of Manganiferous Iron Ores from Marble's, I., 39
of Manganiferous Ores on Cuthbertson's Land,
I., 65
of Meadow's Coal, Lincoln Co., I., 36, 37; II.,
264
of Meddlin's Coal, I., 36; II., 59
of Metamorphic Limestone from Huff's, I., 26
of Miami Coal, L, 36 ; II., 38
of Morris's Clay, Lincoln Co., I., 38
of Munn's Coal, I., 35 ; II., 15
of Neff's Coal, I., 35 ; II., 25
of Nesbitt's Coal, I., 36
of Newport Coal, I., 34, 36 ; II., 165
of Niagara Coal, Andrew Co., I., 36 ; II., 353
of Oberholz Coal, I., 34, 37 ; II., 64
of Omaha Coal Co.'s Coal, Holt Co., L, 36; II.,
37i
of Ore from Marble's Manganese Deposit, I., 23
of Organ's Coal, Henry Co., I., 35 ; II., 27
of GIT'S Coal, L, 35
of Osage Co.'s Coal, I., 35 ; II., 32
of Owsley's Coal, I., 35
of Owens' Coal, Henry Co., I., 35 ; II., 20
of Coal from the Pacific Mines, I., 35, 36, 37 ; II.,
171
of Payne's Coal, I., 35 ; II., 47
of Pig Irons, I., 43
of Pilot Knob Ores, I., 41, 58
of " Ramey "-Bank Coal, II., 180
of Red Hematites, Callaway Co., I., 86
of Rolla District Specular Ores, L, 83
of Salem District Specular Ores, 1., 77, 78
of Scotia Ores, I., 69, 70
of Shepherd Mountain Ores, I., 41, 62, 63 '
of" Shut-in" Ores, L, 39
of Smith's Coal, I., 34 ; II., 65
of Smith's Coal, Holt Co., II., 370
of Smith's Coal. Nodaway Co., I., 36 ; II., 400
of Specular Ore from Cuthbertson Tract, I., 21
of Specular and Red Hematite Ores, L, 42
of Specular Ores from Upper Meramec District,
I., 74
of St. James District Specular Ores, I.^
of St. Louis
! 36, 37
is Gas Works (Pittsburgh, Pa.) Coal,
422
INDEX.
Analysts of South-eastern Limonites, I., 88, 89
of Swanwick Coal, I., 34 ; II., 71
of Tapscott's Coal, I., 35, 37 ; II., 191
ofTilden Coal, I., 35.
of Warrensburgh Coal, II., 211
of Westlake's Coal, I., 34, 37 ; II., 165
of Mrs. Wingfield's Coal, I., 35, 37; II., 182
of Williamson's Coal, Henry Co.. I., 35 ; II., 27
of Upson's Coal, I., 36 ; II., 276
of Zimmermann's Coal, I., 30, 37
of Zoll's Coal, I., 35, 36, 37
ancep-f, Gonioceras II., 233
Anderson Bunk, I., 165
Anderson and Sandy, section at junction of,
II., 236
Andrew Co., Savannah, II., 120, 140, 145
Amazonia, II., 120. 121, 124, 134, 140, 145, 153
Coal, Analysis of, I., 36
Annularia, II., 193, 207
Anticlinal Arches, Lincoln Co., II., 223
Apatite in Iron Mountain Ore, I., n
Archeeaii Hocks, Residuary deposits in, I., 9
Archfeocidaris (undet. sp.), II., 51, 52, 53,57,
58, 90, 91, 95, 96, 97, 102, 106, 112, 129. 131,
145, 168, 192, 193, 200, 300, 319, 334, 352, 365,
393, 397
aculeatus, II., 384
biangulata, II., 198
megastylus, II., 90, 91, 191, 195
Archimedipora, II., 39, 255
Archimedes Limestone, Lincoln Co., II., 251,
2 53< 254, 255, 256, 284, 285, 287
Area and Thickness of upper Coal-measures, II.,
98
Arnold bank, description of, I., 153, 154
asperifclia, Cornus II., 291
Astartella concentrica, II., 183
vera, II , 93, 98, 118, 123, 197, 332, 350
Atchison Co., Rockport, II., 154, 377, 379,
382
Milton, 11 <;4
Sonera, II , \n
Bluff, or ] ^,ess in, II., 379
Coal in, II , 380, 385
Economical Geology of, II., 385
General Section of, II., 379
Geology of, II., 378
Iron ore in, II., 385
Quaternary deposits in, II., 378
Red Paint in, II., 386
Streams and Springs in, II., 377
Timber and Prairie in, II., 276
Topography of, II., 276
Soil of, II., 386
Upper Carboniferous in, II., 379
Althyris, II.. 31, 46, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58, 62, 65, 70,
75, 79, 80, 81, 94, 95. 96, 97, 106, 112, 125, 127,
129, 294, 300, 302, 307, 319, 324, 336, 348, 362,
367, 368, 399
subtilita, II ., 18, 27, 32, 33, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 57,
63, 64, 77, 79. 80, 89, 90, 91, 92. 93, 94, 95, 97,
100, 102, 103, 106, 107, 109, 116, 121, 123, 127,
128, 129, 130, 132, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181,
182, 183, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 196,
198, 199, 200, 201, 259, 294, 297, 298, 300, 301,
302, 306, 312, 320, 322, 323, 333, 334, 335, 339,
347. 348, 349. 352. 363. 3 6 5> 366, 367, 380, 391,
39 2 . 397. 398, 4o
Missouriensis, II., 183
Atrypa gregaria, II., 244
reticularis, II., 239, 241, 242, 244, 245
Aubiiiii, Lincoln Co., II., 235, 236
augustifolla, Yucca II., 377
Aullville. Lafayette Co., II., 41, 46, 47, 52, 143,
147. 155
Sandstone at, II., 41
Austin. Cass Co., II., 169
Avclin, Livingston Co., section two miles east of,
II., 302
Avicula,, II., 240, 242, 244. 245, 247, 248, 249
aviculatum, Entolium II., 88, 91, 95, 96, 106,
112, 129, 131, 302, 362, 364, 399, 400
Aviculopectcn (sp. undet.), 11., 32, 88. 90, 96,
202, 310, 323, 338, 348, 349, 362, 380, 383, 392,
397
carboniferus, II., 51. 52, 94, 95, 333, 384, 393
Aviculopectcn Coxanus, II., 89, 183, 394
occidentalis, II., 91, 92, 95, 96, 103, 106, 107, no,
112, 121, 123, 199, 203, 333, 394, 400
pellucidus, II., 178, 183
Providencis, II., 95, 96, 97, 107, 112, 178, 197
rectilateraria, II., 171, 180, 183, 187, 191
Aviciilopinna Americana, II., 88, 89, 96, 106,
132, 362, 369, 394, 397
Baddy's Mill, Nodaway Co., section at, II. 398
Baird Bank, I., 168 '
Baker Bank, I., 191
Bank, section at, II., 269
Coal, Lincoln Co., Analysis of, I., 36, 37 ; II., 270
Coal, containing Sulphur without Iron, I., 32
Specific Gravity of, I., 37
Barker's Creek, Benton Co., section at, II., 13
Barlow's Mill, on Rock Creek, Atchison Co.,
section at, II., 382
Bates Co., Butler, Upper Sandstone of the Coal-
measures near, II., 41
Bates and Vernon Coal-fields, II., 39
Barytcs. II., 282
Bathyurus (!), II., 230
Bear Creek, II., 119
near Spring Hill, Livingston Co., II., 295
Platte Co., Coal west of, II., 340
Bcatty's Q,uarry, near St. Joseph, Buchanan
Co., II., 347
Beaver Creek Bank, description of, I., 148,
149
Branch, Analysis of Hematite from, I., 42, 43
Bedford, Livingston Co., II., 140;
Section at, II., 307
Section three-quarters of a mile southwest of, II.,
307, 308
Bee Creek, Buchanan Co., -Coal near head of, II.,
Belan's Creek Bank, I., 168
BelleropUon (sp. undet}, II., 42, 49, 51, 53, 57.
58, 60, 88, gb, 92, 97, 109, 121, 127, 181, 193,
194, 197, 199, 202, 300, 332, 336, 352, 367, 382,
383. 39 2 . 394, 39 s
carbonarius, II., 89, 93, 94, 118, 180, 183, 187,
190, 191, 199, 322, 332, 392, 399
crassus, II., 91, 96, 198, 203, 392
ellipticus, II., 91
Grayvillensis, II.,
33-
Kansasensis, II., 88, 90, 91, 93, 94, 118, 123, 183,
35o, 394, 4o
Marcouianus, II., 88, 91, 132, 362
Meekii, II., 332
Montfortianus, II., 42, 77, 96, 102, 118, 120, 180,
183, 192, 322
percarinatus, II., 88, 93, 94, 96, 102, 103, 106, 118,
180, 181, 183, 322, 332, 362
bellistriata, Nuculana II., 91, 93, 94, 118, 123,
183, 192, 201, 350
Benton Co., section in, II., 12
Fort Lyon in, II., 12
Creek Bank, description of, I., 134, 135
Bethany, Harrison Co., II., 203
Falls Limestone, II., 76, 77, 79, 80, 97, 167, 203
Berlin, Lafayette Co., II., 41, 42, 43
Sandstone at, II., 41
Section at, II., 41
" Bevier " Coal, Macon Co., Analysis of, I., 36
Beverly, Platte Co., section opposite, II., 116
Beyrichii, Nucula II., 88, 400
biangulata, Archaeocidaris II., 198
Big Creek, near Strasburgh, Cass Co., section at,
II-, 195
Big Bogy Mountain, Specular Ore in Por-
phyry at, I., 122
Big Mauqua Hunk, I., 189
Big Mufldy Coal (111.), Analysis of, I., 36
Iron Co., Analysis of Pig-irons from, I., 44
Marble Beds on, II., 205
Birclseye and Black River Limestone, north
of Sandy Creek, Lincoln Co., II., 230
Birdseye Limestone, along Bryant's Creek. Lin-
coln Co., II., 232
biscrialis, Synodadia II., 89, 94, 95, 96, 107, 109,
113,397
lila< k Fork Bank, I., 174
Black River and Birdscye Limestone, Lin-
coln Co M 226
INDEX.
423
Black River and Birdseye Limestone,
North of Sandy Creek, II., 230
Black Itiver Limestone along Bryant's Creek,
II., 232
Between Bryant's and Mill's Creek, II., 233
Beds, Lower, II., 414
Blackwater, section near Bridge on, II., 38
Coal on. II., 211
Blittkwell Bank, I., 165
lila 11 toil Limonite Bank, description of, I., 181
Specular Bank, description of, I., 161
Bleeding Hill Bank, I., 162
Block's Mills, Platte Co., Coal near, II., 340
Bloomfield Bank, description of, I., 172
Bluff, or Loess, in Atchison Co., II., 379
in Clay Co., II., 318
Knobs in Holt Co., II., 275
in Holt Co., II., 360
in Lincoln Co., II., 260
in Platte Co., II., 349
Blue Mills, Jackson Co., II., 76, 86, 98
Petroleum near, II., 86
Landing, section at, II., 76
Boll's Creek, Lincoln Co., section at, II., 255, 256
Biihin's Coal, Saline Co., Analysis of, I., 36
Analysis of, II., 36
Coal Bank, near Brownville, Pettis Co., II., 36
Boundary of Coal-measures in Missouri, II., 5
bovidcns, Terebratula II., 394, 397
Bowie 11 Bank, description of, I., 179, 180
Bowman's Coal, Nodaway Co., II., 399
Sandstone Quarry, II., 71
Boyce's Coal Bank, Coal at, II., 208
Coal Bank, section at, II., 174
Bracliiopoda, II., 22, 32
List of, II., 416
Britt's Coal, Henry Co., II., 29, 35
Analysis of, II., 30
Section at, II., 29
Brick, strength of, II., 412
in Nodaway Co., II., 399
Briilge on the Tabbo, section at, II., 43
Surveys at St. Joseph, Buchanan Co., IL, 357,
358
Bridgewater, Nodaway Co., II., 139, 142, 148,
392. 393* 39 6
Upper Coal-measure, building-stone near, II., 139
Section, one mile south of, II., 392, 393
Brown's Coal, II., 100
Bank, description of, I., 173, 189
Quarry, Lincoln Co., II., 286
Brownsville, Saline Co., II., 36, 144, 145, 148,
152, 155
Pettis Co., II., 36, 37, 38
Coal near, II., 36
Rocks near, II., 36
Section near, II., 36
Brockman's Branch, Holt Co., section near
mouth of, II., 367
Brnce's Coal, Johnson Co., Analysis of, I., 35
Specific gravity of, I., 37
Brush. Creek, Platte Co., section west of, II., no
Brushy Mound, Vernon Co., section at., IL, 39
Spathic Ore near, II., 150
Brunswick, Chariton Co., II., 146
Bryant's Creek, Lincoln Co., Black River and
Birdseye Limestone along, II., 232
Lower Trenton along, II., 235
Bryozoa, II., 13, 16, 39, 90, 94, 95, 159, 188, 194,
198, 199, 201, 203, 319, 322, 324, 333, 336, 337,
.338, 349> 352. 363, 38, 380, 383, 397
List of, II., 416
Buchanan Co., St. Joseph, II., 120, 122, 124,
134, 140, 145, 153, 346, 348, 349, 351, 352, 354,
357
Rushville, II., 123, 345
Sparta, II., 354
Upper Carboniferous in, II., 346
Coal in, IL, 352, 353^ 354
Fruit in, 1 1., 357
Timber and Prairie in, II. , 345
Ferruginous Sandstone in, II. , 351, 352, 354
Soil of, II. , 356, 357
Streams and Springs in, II., 346
Buckland li.tuk, description of, I., 159, 160,
167
Building-Stone, descriptive list of, II., 138
of upper Coal-measures, II. , 138
of upper Coal-measure, near Bridgewater, Nod-
away Co., II., 139
near Waldron, Platte Co., 1 1., 140
near St. Joseph, Buchanan Co., II. , 140
near Parkville, Platte Co., II. , 140
near Amazonia, Andrew Co., II., 140
at Mooresville, Livingston Co., II. , 141
near Greenwood, Jackson Co., II., 141
at Pleasant Hill, Cass Co., II., 141
near Missouri City, Cass Co., II. , 141
near Kansas City, Jackson Co., II. , 140, 141
near Randolph, Cass Co., II., 141
near Savannah, Andrew Co., II., 140
near Lone Jack, Jackson Co., II., 142
Building Material in Lincoln Co., II., 285
in Livingston Co., II., 311
in Clay Co., II., 325
Strength of, II., 403
Bntfum Bank, I., 179
Buford Hill, Analysis of Iron-ore from, I., 22, 23,
65
Manganiferous Iron-ores, Analysis of, I., 39
Section on, I., 22
Specular Ore in Porphyry at, I., 122
Burlingtonensis, Mitchellina II., 160, 161
Productus II., 13
Bush Creek, section at, II., 188
Butler, Sandstone near, II., 41
Burlington Limestone, II. , 13, 160, 209
near Georgetown, II. , 205
Group, II., 16
Burdick's Coal Bank, Nodaway Co., section
at, 1 1., 400
Calamitcs (sp. undet.), II. , 26, 43, 164, 258
Calcite, IL, 208
at Amos' s, Jackson Co., II. , 209
in Dolomite, I., 5
at Parker's Quarry, II. , 209
at Pleasant Hill, IL, 209
Caldwell Co., Kingston, II. , 98
Culhoun, Henry Co., II., n, 14, 22, 30, 147, 149
Coal at, II. , 22, 23
Iron-ore near, II. , 23, 24
Section at, II., 22, 23
Calhouniauus Productus II., 89, 132, 381, 383,
384, 398
Callaway Co. Coal, Analysis of, I., 36
Red Hematites, I., 85,86
Analysis of Red Hematites, I., 86
Williamsburg, II. , 414
Camden, Ray Co., II. , 63, 67, 69, 147
Coal, IL, 67
Coal, Analysis of, II., 67
Coal Mines, Ray Co., Analysis of, I., 34
Analysis of Hematite from, I., 43
Section in Railroad cut west of, II. , 69
camcratus, Spirifer II., 18, 27, 28, 31, 33, 35, 48,
Si, 54, 57. 58, 62, 64, 65, 70, 72, 75, 76, 81, 89,
90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 100, 106, 107,
109, 113, 123, 125, 126, 130, 132, 176, 177, 178,
179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191,
193, 194, 198, 199, 200, 201, 294, 301, 306, 307,
308, 310, 319, 322, 337, 338. 349, 352, 363,365,
366, 367, 381, 382, 391, 392, 393, 396, 398, 400
Camp Creek Bank, Clay Co., I., 168
Sectional, II. , 324
Camphophyllum, IL, 167
torquium, II. , 96, 103, 106, 108, 140, 320
Canadensis, Lithostrotion II. , 255
Canitcl Coal, II., 40
Analysis of, I., 36, 37
Cap au Ores, Lincoln Co., ,11., 247, 260
Capulus, II. , 13, 16, 161
Carbonate ot'Iron, I., 146; II., 12, 17, 18, 20,
39, 6c, 71, 78, 88, 116, 121, 129, 131, 132, 150,
151, 152, 155, 206, 341
carhonaria, Macrodon II. , 183, 202
Orthis II., 46, 92, 93, 94, 113, 123, 348, 397
Pleurotomaria II. , 46, 88, 178, 362
Lingula II. , 180, 187
carbonarius, Bellerophon II. , 89, 93, 94, 118,
180, 183, 187, 190, 191, 199, 322, 332, 392, 399
Carbon Hill Coal, II., 183
Section just west of, II., 182
424
INDEX.
carboniferus, Aviculopecten II., 51, 52, 94, 95,
333. 384, 393
Carboniferous, Upper, in Livingston Co., II., 292
Upper, in Nodaway Co., II., 390
Card & Co.'s Bank, I , 167
Card! 11 in t Lexingtonensis, II., 29, 61, 178, 181,
182
Cardiamorpha Missourieiisis, II., 48, 61,
83, 181, 183, 185, 189, 190
Careys Q,uarry, II., 204
Carl Bank, I., 189
Carpenter Bank, description of, I., 191, 192
Ochre at, II., 207
Springs at, II., 209
Carson Bank, I., 165
Carroll Co., Miami, II., 43, 143
DeWitt, II., 44, 143
Carrollton, II., 62, 147
Rocky Ford, II., 62, 155
Little Comptpn, II., 148, 150
Coal, Analysis of, I., 36
Carrollton, Carroll Co., II., 62, 147
Cass Co., Harrisonville, II., 9, 98, 167, 197
Centre Knob, II., 9, 98, 197
Pleasant Hill, II., 141, 142, 157, 167, 189, 197,
204, 208, 209, 212, 414
Strasburgh, II., 153, 166, 195, 196, 211
Austin, II., 169
Coal, Analysis of, I., 36
Catalogue of Coal Hanks examined by Broad-
head, II., 135-138
Cauda galli, II., 246, 248, 249
Caulopteru4, II., 178
Caulerpites, II., 22, 310
marginatus, II., 19, 62, 188, 190
Cedar Creek, three miles north Lee's Summit,
section on bluffs of, II., 201
Analysis of Iron-ore from, I., 19, 64
Description of. I., 18
Ore-beds at, I., 19
Specular Ore in Porphyry at, I., 121, 122
Celastiius, II., 291
Cements, II., 412
Hydraulic, II., 120, 125
Central Ore-Region, I., 48.
Outlet of, I., 47
Limonites in the, I., 90
centralls, Zaphrentis II., 160
Centre Knob, Cass Co., II., 9, 98, 197
Ceplialopoda, List of, II., 419
cerithif'ormis, Loxonema II., 30, 183, 191, 203
Chseiiomya L.caveiiwortht-iisis, II., 92
Cheetetc* (sp. undet.), II., 18, 54, 89, 90, 91, 95,
112, 121, 126, 168, 195, 397
Lycoperdon, II., 236
milleporaceus, II., 32, 50, 51, 54, 56. 58, 63, 64,
65, 70, 77, 80, 82, 144, 169, 176, 186, 187, 188,
189, 190, 191, 192, 195. 196, 302
Chaiii-oi-llocks, Lincoln Co., II., 253, 254, 257
Section at, II., 253
Chapel Hill, Lafayette Co., II., 98, 167, 197, 204
Chaiitillj-, Lincoln Co., II., 260
C'liari ton Co., Brunswick, II., 146
Coal, Analysis of, I., 36
and Carroll Counties, Grand River, II., 71
Chceley's Farm, Lincoln Co., section at, II.,
231
Chemiiitzia, II., 160
Clienomya Dliiiehaha, II., 92, 93
Cherry Valley, No. i Bank, description of, I.,
132. !33
No. 2 Bank, description of, I., 151, 152
Specular Ore in Sandstone at, I., 131, 132, 133
Chert-beds, II., 161
~Jillicothe, Livingston Co., II.. 155, 290
Livingston Co., Vertical Section of Shaft at, II.,
3 J 3 SM. 3iS. 3 J 6
Chlorite in Metamorphic Limestone, I., 24
Chondrlte$, II., 308
Chonetes (sp. undet.), II., 13, 16, 32, 42, 51, 52,
54, 58, 64. 65, 68, 73, 77, 80, 81, 83, 88, 89, 90,
91, 94, 97, too, 113, 199, 249, 252, 307, 322, 323,
324, 348, 349, 361, 365, 381, 382, 384, 392, 399
Flemingii, II., 176, 177, 180, 181, 183, 193, 194,
201, 382, 383, 385
granulifera, II., 89, 94, 120, 300, 398
Chonetes, hemispherica, II., 242
mesoloba, II., 15, 18, 21, 27, 29, 32, 33, 42, 47, 48,
5', 5 2 > 53. 57. 64. 75, 8 3. 176, 178, 180, 181, 183,
188, 189, 190, 194, 259, 297, 299, 300, 301, 306,
310
ornata, II., 159, 247, 248
Shumardana, II., 38, 161
Smithii, II., 51, 57, 58, 90, 92, 300, 347, 382, 384,
395, 39.6
Verneuiliana, II., 21, 22, 29, 35, 109, 117, 177, 178,
179, 180, 183, 188, 191, 290, 333
Chonuidere, II., 91
Chouteau Limestone, II., 158, 159, 160, 162
South of Dresden, II., 160
Lincoln Co., II., 205, 221, 222, 239, 240, 244, 245,
246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252
City 111 nits, Nodaway Co., II., 132, 152, 391, 394,
399
Coal near, II., 399
Section at, II., 394
Clark's Coal, Livingston Co., I., 167 ; II., 304
Coal Bank, section at, II., 303
C'lsirk ;oii Bank, I., 179
Clarksvllle, Lincoln Co., II., 235
Clay from Colberts, Lincoln Co., Analysis of, I., 38
from Baker's Shaft, Lincoln Co., Analysis of, 1.,
38 ; II., 288
for Fire-brick, II., 148
Ironstone, II., 206
in Lincoln Co., II., 288
from Lincoln Co., Analysis of, I., 38
making fire- proof Paint, II., 153
from Morris Shaft, Lincoln Co., Analysis of, I.,
38; II.. 288
from Pilot Knob, Analysis of, I., 18, 38
Pottery, II., 161
Clay Co., Missouri City, II., 100, 141, 325
North Missouri Junction, II., 96, 321
Liberty Landing, II., 100, 153, 167, 319, 320, 322,
323. 325
Randolph, II., 103, 134, 141, 167, 323, 325, 414
Harlem, II., 104, 320, 325
Greenville, II., 324
Bluff in, II., 318
Bnilding Materials in, II., 325
Coal in, II., 325
Drift in, II., 318
Geology of, II., 318
Upper Carboniferous in, II., 318
Upper Carboniferous in,
Soil of, II., 325
Topography of, II., 317
Clear Fork, six miles north of Knob Noster, Car-
bonate of Iron on, II., 206
Coal near, II., 170, 172, 173, 174, 175, 210
Gypsum on, II., 208
Lime on, II., 206
Section at R. R. bridge on the, II., 171, 172
Section on a branch of, II., 172
Section on, II., 206
Clinton, Lafayette Co., II., n, 21, 143, 144, 149,
15, 155
Section at, II., 21
Coal, II., 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, n, 12, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20,
21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33,
34, 35, 3, 38, 39, 4, 4=, 43, 45, 4, 47, 4^, 49.
50, Si, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 6l > 2 >
63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76,
77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90,
92, 93, 94, 96, 99, 102, 118, 119, 121, 122, 130,
162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171,
172, 173, 174, 175, 177, J ?8, 179, l8o > l82 > l8 3,
184, 185, 187, 189, 190, 191, 193, 194, 19, J 98,
2O7, 2O8, 2O9, 2IO, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268,
269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278,
279, 280, 28l, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309,
310, 325, 340, 352, 353, 354, 370, 371, 372, 373,
374, 3 8 S, 394, 398, 399, 4, 4i
Adam's, II., 187
Andrew Co., Analysis^of, I., 36
Aggregate thickness of, in Mo., II., 6
Atchison Co., II., 380
Baker's Bank, Lincoln Co., II., 268, 269
Baker's Bank, Analysis of, I., 36, 37 ; II., 270
Bates and Vernon, II., 39
west of Bear Creek, Plattc Co., II., 340
Bedford, Livingston Co., II., 307
INDEX.
I'-oal, near head of Bee Creek, Buchanan Co., II.,
354
" Bevier," Macoti Co., Analysis of, I., 36
Big Creek, Lincoln Co., II., 278
Big Muddy (111. ), Analysis of, I., 36
Blackwater, II., 211
Block's Mill, Platte Co., II., 340
Bohm's, Saline Co., II., 36
Bohm's, Analysis of, I., 36 ; II., 36
Boon Creek, Lincoln Co., II., 277
Bowman's, Nodaway Co., II., 399
Boyce's, II., 208
Brill's, Henry Co., II., 29
Britt's, Analysis of, I., 35 ; II., 30
Brown's, II., 190
Brownsville, Pettis Co., II., 36
Bruce's, Johnson Co., Analysis of, I., 35
Buchanan Co., II., 352
Burdick's, Nodaway Co., II., 399
Calhoun, Henry Co., II., 22, 23
Callaway Co., Analysis of, I., 36
Cainden, Ray Co., II., 67
Camden, Analysis of, I., 34 ; II., 67
Cannel, II., 40
Cannel, Analysis of, I., 36, 37
Carbon Hill, II., 183
Carroll Co., Analysis of, I., 36
Cass Co., Analysis of, I., 36
Chariton Co., Analysis of, I., 36
City Bluffs, Nodaway Co., II., 399
Clark's, Livingston Co., ll., 303
Clear Fork, II., 170, 172, 173, 174, 175, 210
near the base of the Coal-measures, II., 16
Cocknell's Mines, II., 210
Colliers, Livingston Co., II., 300, 301, 305
Collins, 68
Company, Lincoln Co., II., 277, 281
Concordia, II., 40
containing Sulphur without Iron, I., 32
Cook's, Johnson Co., II., 34
Cox's Bank, Livingston Co., II., 178, 179, 304
Davis, II., 55, 186
Dean's, Livingston Co., II., 303
Dillon's, Henry Co., II., 26
Dog Creek, Nodaway Co., II., 396
Drunert's Farm, Lincoln Co., II., 278
Dunksburgh, Johnson Co., II., 35
Dunn's, Livingston Co., II., 305
Ennis & Cundiff, Lafayette Co., II. ,45, 46
Ennis & Cundiff, Analysis of, I., 35 ; II., 45
Elkhorn, Florida Co., II., 398
Ewer's, Pettis Co., II., 163
Fairchild's, II., 211
Field's Creek, Henry Co., II., 29
Florida Creek, Nodaway Co., II., 398
Forest City, Holt Co., II., 130, 364, 370
Franke's, Lafayette Co., II., 40
Franke's, Lafayette Co , Analysis of, I., 35; II., 41
Fulton Coal Co., Callaway Co., Analysis of, I., 36
Cabby's, II., 210
Gardner's, Pettis Co., II., 164
George's, Cass Co., II., 195
George's, Analysis of, I., 36, 37 ; II., 212
Gilkenson's Ford, Henry Co., II., 18
Gilla>.pie's Mill, Livingston Co., II., 299
Good's, Livingston Co., II., 306
Goodson's, II., 61
Goodson's, Carroll Co., Analysis of, I., 36 ; II., 61
Godfrey & Co.'s, II., 67, 68
Gowdy's, Johnson Co., II., 184
Gowdy's, Analysis of, I., 35 ; II., 184
Graham's, II., 40, 52, 55, 189
Graham's, Lafayette Co., Analysis of, I., 35 ;
II-, 53
Graham's, Livingston Co., Analysis of, I., 36 ;
II., 304.
Graham's Branch, near Lexington, Lafayette Co.,
H-, 53
Gray's, II., 32, 33
Grove's, Johnson Co., I., 34
Grove's, Analysis of, I., 35, 37
Hall's Station, Buchanan Co., II., 352, 333
Hammond's Ford on the Blackwater, Johnson
Co., II., 190
Harris, Johnson Co., II., 207
Hynie (Miami) Saline Co., Analysis of, I., 36
Coal, Hayson's, Ray Co., I., 34
Heady's, Lincoln Co., II., 266
Henry Co., II., n
Henry Co., Analysis of, I., 35
Higgins', II., 210
Hines', Lincoln Co., II., 279
Hines', Analysis of, I., 36, 37 ; II., 279.
Holden, II., 195, 211
Holman's, Lafayette Co., II., 57
Howell's, Ray Co., II., 64
Howell's, Analysis of, I., 34, 37 ; II., 64
Hughes', Ray Co., II., 27, 66
Hughes', Analysis of, I., 34, 37 ; II., 67
Hunton's, two miles south of Windsor, Henry
Co., II., 27
Jackson's Mill, Henry Co., II., 18
Jordan's, Henry Co., II., 16, 17, 36
Jordan's Analysis of, I., 35 ; II., 16, 17
Johnson's Bank, II., 267
Johnson Co., II., 28
Johnson Co., Analysis of, I., 35
Kansas Cily, Jackson Co., II., 87
Kingsley's Creek, Holt Co., II., 362
Kirkham's, II., 71
Knob Nosier, II., 177, 181, 211, 212
Lafayetle Co., Analysis of, I., 35
Lane's, 61
Langslon's, II., 178
Lawson's, II., 67
Leaton's, Livingston Co., II., 309, 310, 311
Lexington, 47, 50, 65, 69, 71, 81
Lexington Coal Co., II., 55, 56
Levis's, Jackson Co., II., 79
Lincoln Co., II., 263
Lincoln Co., Analysis of, I., 35
Link's, Lincoln Co., II., 271
Link's, Analysis of, I., 35, 36 ; II., 273, 274
Linn's, Chariton Co., I., 34, 72, 265
Linn's, Analysis of, I., 36 ; II., 72
Little Blue, Jackson Co., II., 76
Little Compton, Carroll Co., II., 74
Lillle Compton, Analysis of, 1., 36 ; IL, 74
Little Sniabar, II., 193, 194
Livingston Co., Analysis of, I., 36
Macon Co., Analysis of, I., 36
Marmaton River, II., 39
Martin's, II., 267
Maryville Company, Nodaway Co., II., 401
McClellan's, IL, 187
Meadow's, Lincoln Co., II., 263
Meadow's, Analysis of, I., 36, 37 ; II., 264
Meddlin's, Carroll Co., II., 59
Meddlin's, Analysis of, I., 36 ; II., 59
Medicine Creek, Livingston Co., II., 311
Miami, Analysis of, II., 38
Mill Creek, Nodaway Co., II., 398
Minersville, II., 170, 210
Missouri Bluffs, Buchanan Co., II., 349
Mudd's Bank, II., 180, 210, 211
Mulky, II., 48
Mullen's, Henry Co., II., 26
Munn's, Henry Co., IL, 15, 32
Munn's, Analysis of, I., 35 ; II., 15
Munson's, II., 29
Murray's Ford, on the Blackwater, Johnson Co.,
II., 189
Napoleon, Lafayette Co., II., 58
Neal's, II., 211
Neffs, Henry Co., II., 24, 25
Neff's, Analysis of, I., 35 ; II., 25
Nesbitt's, Callaway Co., Analysis of, I., 36
Newport's, Pettis Co., II., 165
Newport's, Analysis of, I., 34, 36 ; II., 165
Niagara Creek, Andrew Co., Analysis of, I., 36 ;
I1-, 353
Nodaway Co., II., 402
Nodaway Co., Analysis of, I., 36
Nodaway River, II., 6, 398, 399
North Missouri Junction, Clay Co., II., 96, 100,
102
Mines, " North Missouri," II., 68, 69
Oberhultz, Ray Co., Analysis of, I., 34, 37 ; II., 64
Omaha Coal Co., Analysis of, I., 36 : II. , 371
Organ's, II. , 26
Organ's, Henry Co., Analysis of, I., 35; II., 27
Oregon, Holt Co., II., 372, 373
426
INDEX.
Coal, Orr's, Johnson Co., Analysis of, I., 35
Osage Coal Co., Henry Co., II., 30
Osage Coal Co., Analysis of, I., 35 ; II., 32
Owen's, Henry Co., II., 19, 20, 30, 32
Owen's, Analysis of, I., 35 ; II., 20
Owsley, Johnson Co., Analysis of, I., 35
Pacific Mines, Johnson Co., Analysis of, I., 35,
36, 37; II., 171
Parker & Russell St. Louis Co., Analysis of, I., 35
Payne's, Lafayette Co., II., 47
Payne's, Analysis of, I., 35; II., 47
Perry's, Livingston Co., II., 308
Pettis Co., II., 209, 210
Pettis Co., Analysis of, I., 34
Pin Oak, II., 211
Platte Co., II., 340
Platte Ferry, Platte Co., II., 114
near County line of Platte and Buchanan, II., 121
Pleasant Hill, Cass Co., II., 198
Porter's, II., 35, 36
Post Oak, II., 186
Pott's Branch, II., 185, 211
Princeton, Mercer Co., II. 298
Quitman, Nodaway Co., II., 394, 398 '
"Raraey" Bank, II., 179
Ray's, Pettis Co., II., 164, 191
Ray Co., II., 62
Ray Co., Analysis of, I., 34
Second Ray County Mines, II., 68, 69
Rees's, Platte Co., II., 240
Reavis's, II., 182, 211
Roberts & Sickle's Bank, II., 210
Rock & Co.'s Mines, II., 185
Rudy's, II., 183
Rulo, Nebraska, II., 370
Sand Creek, Nodaway Co., II., 398, 401
Sander's Well, Ray Co., II., 84, 85, 86
Sandridge's, Pettis Co., II., 164
Saline Co., Analysis of, I., 36
Savannah, Andrew Co., II., 92
Slagel's Mill, Livingston Co., II., 302
Specific Gravity of, I., 37
Steele's, Col. A. G., Jackson Co., II., 78
St. Joseph, Buchanan Co., II., 354
St. Louis Co., Analysis of, I., 35
St. Louis Gas Works, low deficiency of, I., 32
St. Louis Gas Works (Pittsburgh, Pa.), Analysis
of, I., 36, 37
Stone's, Livingston Co., II., 304
Strasburgh, Cass Co., II., 195
Smith's, II., 65, 399
* Smith's, Holt Co., Analysis of, II., 370
Smith's, Nodaway Co., Analysis of, I., 36
Smith's, Ray Co., Analysis of, I., 34
Sugar Creek Lake, Buchanan Co., II., 353, 352
Swanwick Hayson's, Ray Co., Analysis of, I., 34;
II., 71
Swanwick, II., 69, 70
Tabbo River, Lafayette Co., II., 43
Tarhorst's, II., 211
Tank, Buchanan Co., II., 122
Tapscott's, Johnson Co., II., 190
Tapscott's, Analysis of, L, 35, 37 ; II. 191
Tarhorst's, II., 182
Workable thickness of, II., 6
Thompson's, Pettis Co., II., 163
Thurman Tract, Lincoln Co., II., 278
Tilden, Lafayette Co., Analysis of, I., 35
Toe String Creek, Livingston Co., II., 308, 310,
3"
Tucker's, II., 55
Tyler's, II., 19, 72
Waddy's, Lincoln Co., II., 268
three miles above Waldron, Platte Co., II., 94
Walnut Creek, II., 174, 177
Warrensburgh, Johnson Co., I., 34, 184
west of Warrensburgh, II., 190
Waverly, Saline Co., II., 47
Wellington, Lafayette Co., II., 57
Weston, Platte Co., II., 118, 346
Westlake's, II., 165
Westlake's, Analysis of, I., 34, 37 ; II., 165
Whitfield's, Pettis Co., II., 163
Williamson's, Henry Co., II., 27, 32
Williamson's, Analysis of, L, 35 ; II., 27
Windsor, Henry Co., II., 28
Coal, Mrs. Wingfield's, Johnson Co., II., 182, 211
Wingfield's, Analysis of, I., 35, 37 ; II., 182
Wurster's, Livingston Co., II., 306
Ulffer's, Buchanan Co., II., 354
Ultimate Analysis of, I., 37
Upson's, Lincoln Co., II., 274
Upson's, Analysis of, I., 36 ; II., 276
Utica, Livingston Co., II., 299
Yancton, Nebraska, II., 370
Zimmerman's, Johnson Co., II., 184
Zimmerman's, Analysis of, I., 35, 37
Zoll's, Johnson Co., Analysis of, L, 35, 36, 37
Coal-Measures, Area of Barren, II., 5
Area of, in Lincoln Co., II., 5
Area of, in Mo., II., 5
Area of, in St. Charles Co., II., 5
Area of, in St. Louis Co., II., 5
Area of, in Warren Co., II., 5
Area and Thickness of Upper, II., 98
Boundary between Middle and Lower, II., 5
Boundary of, II., 5
Building-Stone of Upper, II., 138
Condensed Vertical Section of, II., 7
Elevation of above Sea, II., 10
Erosion in, II., 9
Limestone Beds of, II., 8
Limestone, II., 414
Lincoln Co., II., 220, 222, 258, 280
Lower, II., n
Middle, II., 45
Outliers of, II., 5
Sandstones, Shales, and Limestones of, II., 8
Thickness of, II., 6
Thickness of Upper, II., 6
Topography of, II., 7
Upper, II., 197
Geological Section of, II., 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93,
94, 95, 96, 97
Coeknell's, Gen., Coal Mines, II., 210
Coggswell's Landing, Section above, II., 79
Coke, II., 32
from Camden Coal, Analysis of, I., 34
Analysis of Collins', II., 69
Colil Spring Hank, I., 168
Colemaii Bank, I., 168
Collier's Mill, Livingston Co., Coal at', II., 300
Mill, Livingston Co., Section at, II., 300, 305
Quarry, Livingston Co., II., 312
Coal at, II., 301.
Section at, II., 301
Collin's Bank, description of, I., 174, 189, 191
Coal, II., 68
Sandstone quarries, II., 36
Compton's Ferry, Carroll Co., II., 44
Concretes, II.. 411.
< OIK Julius, Productus II., 385
concent rit-u, Astartella II., 183
Concordia, Lafayette Co., II., 40
Coal near, II., 40
Section at, II., 40
Connecting beds of the Upper and Middle
Coal-measures, II., 76
Contrary lliver, Section at head of, II., 346, 347
Connlarla, II., 244
Cook's, Elijah, Johnson Co., Coal at, II., 33, 34
Section at, II., 33
Cooper, Marble, II., 158, 159, 162
Coopeiensis, Rhynchonella II., 159
topper Bank, Description of, L, 187
Cordaitcs, II., 12, 18, 19, 26, 36, 43, 102, 113, 150,
163, 164, 170, 172, 175, 179, 183, 187, 198, 299,
3zi. 394, 395
cornicula, Zaphrentis II., 239, 242, 244
Coriius usplicrifolia, II., 291
costatus, Productus II., 18, 33, 46, 48, 51, 52, 53,
57, 58, 64, 80, 81, 92, 93, 95, 97, 103, 106, 109,
112, 175, 176, 177, 179, 181, 188, 189, 190, 191,
192, 193, 194, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 294,
299, 301, 306, 310, 312, 319, 321, 322, 337, 338,
339, 3 6 7
Couts's Bank, Description of, I., 186
Coxanns, Aviculopecten II., 89, 183, 394
Cox's Coal, Livingston Co., II., 304
Coal-bank, Gypsum at, II., 208
Section at, II., 178, 304
Craig Bank, I., 149
INDEX.
427
Craig, Copperas Creek, red and yellow clay on
land of, II., 208
Crane Bunk, I., 179
crassus, Bellerophon II., 91, 96, 198, 203, 392
Hemipronites II., 21, 30, 51, 52, 53, 57, 58, 61,
64, 68, 77, 8 1, 88, 89, go, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97,
100, 103, 106, 107, 108, 113, 116, 117, 121, 123,
129, 130, 132, 178, 180, 183, 190, 192, 194, 196,
199, 200, 201, 294, 300, 306, 322, 323, 333, 335,
348, 350, 363, 3 6 4, 368, 395, 39 6 . 397, 39 8 , 4
Creder Bunk, I., 191
cribrosum, Orthoceras II., 27, 30, 46, 61, 89,
94, 95, 97, 103, 109, 118, 177, 178, 180, 181,
183, 187, 191, 199, 397
Criiioideae, II., 13, 16, 160, 161, 199, 303, 393, 396,
397, 39 s
C'ri iioid. Arms of, II., 193
Stems, II., 13, 15, 42, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52,
57, 58, 62, 65, 70, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 88, 90,
91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 100, 108, 109, 117, 130, 160,
178, 180, 181, 183, 187, 188, 190, 192, 196, 198,
199, 252, 300, 302, 308, 320, 322, 323, 334, 348,
349, 352, 3 6l i 38o, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 396,
397, 4
Criiioidttl Limestone, II., 167
Crooked River, Section at, II., 65.
Crustacea, List of, II., 420
Crystalite, II., 252
Ctenacanthus, ![., 89, 396, 397.
C'uivrc, Section % mile from Bluffs, on, II., 261
Combustion Furnace, I., 32
curt us, Schizodus II., 88, 131, 362
Cutlibertsoii's Bank, Magnetites at, I., 123
Manganiferous Specular Ore at, I., 123
Iron-ore, Analysis of, I., 39
Buford Hill, description of, I., 20
fine-grained rocks at, I., 21
Tract, Analysis of Manganese Ore from, I., 21,
39, 65
Tract, Analysis of Specular Ore from, I., 21
Cyatliuxoiiiii prolifera, II., 183
Cyatliopliyllum rugo-nnu, II., 242
cylindriea, Fusulina II., 32, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52,
57, 58, 60, 63, 77, 79, 82, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93,
94, 118, 119, 120, 121, 123, 129, 130, 169, 176,
186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 195, 196, 301,
3 2 > 33i, 347> 348, 349, 352, 363.- 3 6 7, 392, 396,
397, 398
Dalmuma, II., 239, 240
Daviess Co., Gallatin, II., 98, 146, 153, 167, 203
Winston, II., 151, 154
Patteosburgh, II., 154
Davis', Elijah, Section at, II., 197
D;i vis's Coal, Lafayette Co., II., 55
Analysis of, II., 55
Quarry, Coal at, II., 186
Deal Bunk, Description of, I., 178, 179
Dean's, Wm., Coal Bed, Livingston Co., II., 303,
34
tlecoratus, Nautilus II., 61
f'eltoidea, Leptcena II., 233, 234, 236
delpliinitoliu. Viola II., 291
i>cnudation of Sandstone, II., 73
Deposits of Specular Ore in Porphyry, general
description of, I., 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99
dcprcssa, Pleurotomaria II., 178, 181
Strophomena II., 244
Descriptive List of Building-Rocks, Lime, Hy-
draulic Limestones, and Fire Clays, II., 138
of Upper Coal-measure Building-Stone, II., 139
of Paint-Beds, Clays, Ores, etc., II., 149
destructor, Petalodus II., 95, 109
De Witt, Carroll Co., II., 44, 143
Digg'-s Mill, Upper Trenton, at, II., 238
Dillon's, Tho's, Henry Co., Section at, II., 25, 26
Coal at, II., 26
Dinger Batik, I., 179
diplotigioides, Lepidodendron II., 170
Disciiiii (sp. undet.), II., 21, 33, 45, 48, 60, 61, 83,
89, 150, 199, 300, 306, 319, 340, 394, 397
Missouriensis, II., 29, 32, 51, 53, 61, 178, 180, 183,
187, 189, 190
Disturbed Deposits of Specular Ore, description
of, I., 149
Dog Crt-ek, Xodaway Co., Section on, II., 393, 395
Coal near, II., 396
Dolomite, Minerals in, I., 8
Characteristics of, I.. 5, 6, 7
Analysis of, I., 6, 7
from Mace's Quarry, Analysis of, I., 6
Donohoe's Ford, on Little Blue, Jackson Co.,
II. ,76
Dorey Bank, I., 167
Dresden, Pettis Co., II., 157, 159, 160, 165, 205, 206
Chouteau Limestone south of, II., 160
Potters' Clay near, II., 206
Drift in Clay Co., II., 318
Atchison Co., II., 379
in Holt Co., II., 361
in Livingston Co., II., 292
in Nodaway Co., II., 390
in Platte Co., II., 329
Drifted Deposits of Specular Ore, description of,
I., 160, 161
Druiiert's Coal, Lincoln Co., II., 278
Dniiksburgli, Johnson Co., II., 34, 35, 36
Coal at, II., 35
Dunn Bank, Raph, description of, I., 171, 172
Dunn's Coal, Livingston Co., II., 305
East and West Pin Oak, Section at Junc-
tion of, II., 192
Eastern Ore District, Outlet of, I., 47, 48
East Fork, Clay Co., Section at, II., 323
Echiiiodermala, List of, II., 416
Ertwarfls' Mill, Section near, II., 49
Edinburgh, Grundy Co., II., 295
Edmoiidia (sp. undet.), II., 27, 57, 88, 91, 97,
"4, 131, 337, 33 8 > 398
glabra? II., 30
Hauni, II., 109
Nebrascensis, II., 89, 96, 332, 397, 398, 400, 401
reflexa, II., 92, 96, 106, 400
unioniformis, II., 95, 112, 187
elegaits, Prothyris II., 89, 397, 401
ellipticus, Bellerophon II., 91
Ellis's Farm, South Branch, Lincoln Co., Sec-
tion at, II., 229
Elkhorn, Florida Co., Coal near, II., 398
Elm Creek, Fossils at, II., 13
Hollow Bank, Analysis of Limonite from, I., 43
Description of, I., 187
elongata, Subulites II., 236
Embree & Proctor, Section at, II., 78
Eiicriiiital Limestone, I., 175, 187 ; II., 13,
J 4> B^, 38, 222, 246, 248, 249, 25O, 251, 252, 266,
267, 269, 271, 273, 275, 276, 277, 279, 284, 286,
287, 288
Enilis & Cundiff Coal, Lafayette Co., Analy-
sis of, I., 35 ; II., 45
near Mulky Creek, II., 45
Eiitolium aviculatum, II., 88, 91, 95, 96, 106,
112, 129, 131, 302, 362, 364, 399, 400
Epidote in Porphyry, I., 5
Equisetacene, II., 186
Eumicrotis (sp. undet.), II., 199, 338, 399
sinuata, II., 198
Enompiiulus (sp. undet.), II., 160
latus, II., 13, 160
rugosus, II., 57, 88, 96, 97, 106, 199, 299, 302,
362, 383, 386, 394, 400
Ewer's Coal, Pettis Co., II., 163
Iron Pyrites at, II., 208
Farley, Platte Co., II., 114, 154, 335
Section near, II., 114
Section one mile above, II., 115
Section one and one-half miles S.E. of, II., 341
FaircUild's Coal, II., 211
Fenestella (undet. sp.), II., 249, 252, 255, 256
Shumardi, II., 95
fcrratus, Nautilus II', 30, 95, 203, 299
Ferguson Bank, Description of, I., 162, 163
Ferruginous Sandstone, I., 169
in Buchanan Co., II., 351, 352, 354
in Henry Co., II., n, 12
in Lincoln Co., 257, 258, 259. 285
Ferry Landing, Section west of, II., 53
Field's Creek, Henry Co., Coal along, II., 29
Fistulipora (sp. undet.), II., 126, 128, 366
nodulifera, II., 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 103,
112, 132, 320, 363, 367, 393, 397, 398
ficoides, Stigmaria II., 12, 22, 25, 38, 49, 62, 71,
* 6 3, 171. 184
428
INDEX.
Fitzwater Bank, Description of, L, 164, 165
Fire-proof Paint Clay, making. II., 153
Fire Brick, Clays suitable for, II., 148
Fire Clay in Johnson Co., II., 206
in Pettis Co., II., 206
Fishes, List of, II., 420
Flagstone, II., 36
Beds of Brownsville, II., 15
Fleming!!, Chonetes II., 176, 177, 180, 181, 183,
J 93. 94> 201, 382, 383, 385
Productus II., 13, 161
Florida Creek, Nodaway Co., Coal near, II.,
398
Forbes, Section at, II., 127, 128
Holt Co., Section one mile above, II., 366
Forbcsi, Spirifer II., 13
Ford Bank, Description of, I., 177, 178
Forest City, Holt Co.. II., 129, 130, 131, 132, 133,
134, i39 142, M5. M8, 152. 361, 363, 364, 365,
369, 374
Coal near, II., 364, 370, 374
Section at, II., 129
Building-Stone near, II., 139
Section one and one-half miles above, II., 362
Section one and one-half miles below, II., 363
Section at lower end of, II., 363
Section at upper end of, II., 363
Section on Sedgwick and Took's land, one and
one-half miles below, II., 364
Formations along and near the Nodaway River,
Nodaway Co., II., 396
Fort L.yon, Benton Co., Section at, II., 12
Fort Spring, Section at, II., 236, 237, 288
Fossils from Limestone No. 47, Lafayette Co., II.,
T 93
from the Coal-measure of Missouri, List of, II.,
416
Francis Bank, I., 179
Franke's Coal, Lafayette Co., Analysis of, I.,
35 ;II., 41
Section at, II., 40
Franklin C'o. Limonites, Analysis of, I., 89, 90
Specular Ores, description of, I., 68
Frost Bank, I., 168
Fucoids, II., 299
fill-old, Chondrites II., 308
Fulton Coal Co. Coal, Callaway Co., Analysis
of, I., 36
Furnace Bank, Description of, I., 183, 184
FUSII li 11 a (undet. sp.), II., 51, 52, 53, 54, 53, 59,
62, 65, 79, 80, 83, go, 97, 123, 125, 126, 127, 128,
145, 168, 194, 195, 319, 334, 338, 346, 350, 361,
364, 367, 368, 380, 381, 383, 384, 392, 393
cylindrica, II., 32, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 57, 58, 60,
3, 77, 79, 82, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 118, 119,
120, 121, 123, 129, 130, 169, 176, 186, 187, 188,
189, 190, 191, 192, 195, 196, 301, 302, 331, 347,
348, 349, 352, 3 6 3, 367, 392, 39 6 . 397, 39 8
Gabby's, Coal at, I., 210
Galena in Dolomite, I., 8
with "mineral blossom," in residuary clay depo-
sits, I., 13
Gallut iti, Daviess Co., II., 98, 146, 153, 167, 203
Garner's Coal, Pettis Co., II., 164
Gasconade and Miller County District Specular
Ore, Analysis of, I., 84, 85
General Section of Atchison Co., II., 379
of Livingston Co., II., 293, 294
of Platte Co., II., 329, 330, 331
of the Middle Coal-measures, II., 82
along the Pacific R. R., II., 167-169
of Upper Coal-measures, II., 88, 89, 90, 91, 92,
_, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97
Gentiana puberula, II., 377
Geographical Arrangement of Ore Districts, I.,
48, 49
Geology of Atchison Co., II., 378
of Buchanan Co., II., 346
of Clay Co., II., 318
of Holt Co., II., 360
ot" Lincoln Co., II., 217
of Livingston Co., II., 290
of Nodaway Co., II., 389
Geological Section of Upper Coal-measures,
II., 88, 89, go, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97
George's Coal, Cass Co., Analysis of, I., 36, 37
George's Coal, Specific Gravity of, I., 37
for Coke, I., 32
Coal near, II., 196
Section at, II., 196
Georgetown, Pettis Co., II., 159, 160, 205
Burlington Limestone-beds, near, II., 205
Section north of, II., 161
gibbosa, Monoptera II., 92, 199
gigas, Isotelus II., 239
Gilkinson's Ford, Section at, II., 17
Gillaspic's Mill, Livingston Co., Section at, II.,
298
Coal at, II., 298
Gilem's Coal, Johnson Co., Analysis of, I., 35, 37
Gilinan Bunk, Description of, I., 190
glabra, Edmondia II., 30
Glass-sand. Analysis of, II., 289
in Lincoln Co., II., 289
Glauconomc, II., 12
globulosux, Goniatites II., 199
Godfrey & Co.'s Coal, II., 67, 68
Specific Gravity of, I., 37
Analysis of, I., 34, 36
Gonioceras anceps, II , 233
Goniatites ( S p. undet.), II., 48, 61, 83, 88, 89,90,
92, in, 178, 179, 189, 339, 400
globulosus, II., 199
Hathawayanus, II., 61, 182, 183
planorbiformis, II., 61
Good's, Section at, II., 306
Goodson's Coal, Carroll Co., II., 61
Analysis of, I., 36
Section at, II., 61
Goiidy's Coal, Johnson Co., Analysis of, I., 35
Specific Gravity of, I., 37
Gover Bank, I., 173, 174, 189
Gowdy's Coal, II., 184
Analysis of, II., 184
Grady's Knob, Lafayette Co., II., 9
Measurements at, II., 82
Gray, Johnson Co., Section at, II., 32
Coal, II., 32, 33
Graham, Nodaway Co., II., 390, 396
Branch, Section near Hemp Warehouse on, II.,
54
Section at, II., 52, 53, 299
Coal, II., 40, 52, 55, 189
Coal, Analysis of, I., 35, 36 ; II., 53
Mills, Livingston Co., Analysis of Coal from, II.,
3^4
graiidiflora, Pentstemon II., 377
grauosa, Allorisma (Sedgwickia) II., 88, 92, 129,
131, 335, 349, 362
Grand Cliuriion, Sandstone at, II., 44
Grand Kiver, Chariton and Carroll Counties,
II., 71
Section on, II., 73, 74
Granites. II., 410
Granite, Red, at Gov. Brown's Quarry, I., 9
gvanulifera, Chonetes II., 89, 94, 120, 300, 358
Gray villeiisi-, Pleurotomaria II., 180, 187, 191
Bellerophon II., 332
Greenton, Lafayette Co., II., 56, 98, 167
Greenville, Clay Co., II., 324
Greenwell Bank, Description of, I., 189
Greenwood, Jackson Co., II., 141, 148, 167, 201,
204
Building-Stone near, II., 141
gregaria, Atrypa II., 244
Grindstones in Holt Co., II., 374
Grimesii, Spirifer II., i6o
Grissom Bank, Description of, I., 192
Grovcr Bank, Description of, I., 135, 136
Groves Coal, Johnson Co., I., 34
Analysis of, I., 35, 37
Specific Gravity of, I., 37
Gruiidy Co., Trenton, II., 153, 156, 295
Edinburgh, II., 295
Gun Bank, Description of, I., 186
Gwiii's Creek, Lincoln Co., P'irst Magnesian
Limestone, along, II., 227, 230
Gypsum, II., 34, 156, 208
Haley's Bank, Iron Pyrites at, II., 208
Hull's Briflge, Atchison Co., Section one-quar
ter of a mile above, II., 381
Hall Bank, I., 167
INDEX.
429
Hall's Station, Buchanan Co., Coal near, II.
352, 353
Hamurignt's, Section near, II., 79
Hamilton Group, Lincoln Co., II., 221, 240
243, 244, 245, 247
Hammond'* Ford, on the Blackwater, Johnson
Co., Coal at, II., 190
Section at, II., 190
Hancock Bank, I., 149
Hannibal and St. ^os. R. R., Livingston
Co., Section on, II., 293
Buchanan Co., Section on, II., 350
Hardwick's Mill, Section at, II., 60
Harlem, Clay Co., II., 104, 320, 325, 414
Section opposite, II., 103, 104
Harris's Coal, Johnson Co., II., 207
Harrison Co., Bethany, II., 167, 203
Harrisonville, Cass Co., II., 9, 98, 167, 197
Hathawayanus, Goniatites II., 61, 182, 183
Hauni, Edmondia II., 109
Hayes' Bank, I., 167
Haynie (Miami) Coal, Saline Co., Analysis of,
I., 36
Hayson's Coal, Ray Co., I., 34
Heavy Spar, II., 208, 209, 282
at Amos's, Jackson Co., II., 209
at Parker's Quarry, II., 209
at Pleasant Hill, II., 209
Heady's Bank, Lincoln Co., Coal at, II., 266
Quarry, Lincoln Co., II., 286
Helicina, II., 212, 346
Helix, II., 34 6, 360
Hcliophyllum. II., 244
Hematite from Beaver Branch, Analysis of, I.,
42, 43
Brown, II., 24, 43, 44
Analysis of, I., 43
from Iron Ridge, Analysis of, I., 42
from Meramec Mine, Analysis of, I., 42
from Orchard Bank, Analysis of, I., 42
Red, I., 145; II., 23
Red, Analysis of a Bowlder of, I., 38
Red, Analysis of, I., 42
Red and Specular Ores, Analyses of, I., 42
Red, description of, I., 51
Red, Callaway Co., Analysis of, I., 86
Red, Callaway Co., I., 85, 86
Red, in Missouri, I., 46
in St. Clair and Henry Co., Analysis of, I., 86
Subcarboniferous, I., 47
in Upper Osage District, I., 46
liemipiicata Syntrilasma II., 88, 91, 92, 95,
113, 119, 121, 129, 132, 333, 334, 362, 364, 381,
S 82 , 383, 385, 386, 394, 400
Hemiprouites, (sp. undet), II., 65, 94, 95, 97,
126, 130, 306, 348, 395, 398
crassus, II., 21, 30, 51, 52, 53, 57, 58, 61, 64, 68,
77, 81, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 96, 97, 100, 103,
106, 107, 108, 113, 116, 117, 121, 123, 129, 130,
132, 178, 180, 183, 190, 192, 194, 196, 199, 200,
201, 294, 300, 306, 322, 323, 333, 335, 348, 350,
3 6 3. 364, 368, 395, 396, 397, 398, 400
umbraculum, II., 161
hemispherica, Chonetes II., 242
hemisphericus, Scaphlocrinus II., 89, 97, 132,
393. 396
Henderson Bank, Description of, I., 175, 176
Henry Co., Windsor, II., n, 28, 32, 155
Calhoun, II., n, 14, 22, 30, 147, 149
Clinton, II., n, 21, 143, 144, 149, 150, 155
Leesville, II., 12
Lucas, II., 168
Coal, II., n
Coal, Analysis of, I., 35
Hematites, Analysis of, I., 86
Section in, II., n, 25
Higgins's Coal Mines, II., 210
Hines' Coal, Analysis of, I., 36, 37 ; II., 279
Section at, II., 179
Higgiiinotham's, Ochre at, II., 207
Hinman's Land, one mile below Hall's Station,
Buchanan Co., Section on,- II., 352
Hog uii Mountain, Specular Ore in Porphyry
at, I., 124
Holden, Johnson Co., II., 165, 191, 194, 205, 207,
211
Holden, Coal near, II., 195, 211
Zinc-blende at, II., 208
Section west of, II., 194
Holman's, Section at, II., 56, 57
Holt Co., Forest City, II., 129, 130, 131, 132, 133,
'34, 139. 142, 145, 148, 152, 361, 362, 363, 364,
365, 369, 374
Oregon, II., 148, 371, 374
Bluff in, II., 360
Bluff Knobs in, II., 275
Coal in, 370
Drift in, II., 361
Geology of, II., 360
Grindstones in, II., 374
Quaternary in, II., 360
Quarries of Limestone in, II., 374
Red Clay in, II., 374
Soil of, II., 274
Streams and Springs in, II., 360
Timber in, II., 274
Timber and Prairie in, II., 359
Topography of, II., 359
Upper Carboniferous in, II., 361
Howe's (now Dobbs's) Q,uarry, II., 205
How ell's Coal, Ray Co., Analysis of, I., 34,
37 ; II., 64
Specific Gravity of, I., 37
Hudgcon's Bank, I., 168
Hudson. River Group, Lincoln Co., II., 217,
223, 239, 240, 241, 243, 286
Huff's, Metamorphic Limestone at, I., 24
Hughes', I. S., Coal, II., 66
Coal, Ray Co., Analysis of, I., 34, 37 ; II., 67
Specific Gravity of, I., 37
Mine, Section of Shaft at, II., 66
Section at, II., 33
Humphrey's Iron-ore, Analysis of, I., 38
Hurricane Creek, Section at, II., 233, 234
Hutchins Creek Bank, Description of, I.
166
Huzzali Bank, I., 167
Hydraulic Limestones, II., 138, 145
Lincoln Co., Analysis of, I., 37
Hycr Bank, I., 168
Hymenophyllites adnascens, II., 97, 175, 197
Hint- 11 us, II., 236
Indian Creek Bank, Analysis of Limonite
from, I., 43
Description of, I., 186
Independence, Jackson Co., II., 76, 95, 146,
153. 167
fllhabilis, Macrocheilus II., 109
inornata, Polyphemopsis II., 30, 88, 131, 199,
364
Iowa Point, Kansas, Section at, II., 132, 133
Iron, Carbonate of, I., 146; II., 12, 17, 18, 20, 39,
60, 78, 88, 116, 121, 129, 131, 132, 150, 151, 152,
155, 206, 341
Iron Co. Limestones, Analysis of, I., 38
Irondale, Analysis of Pig-irons from, I., 43, 44
Banks, Description of, I., 179
Iron Hill, Description of, I., 180, 181
Iron Mountain, decomposed Porphyry at, I.,
12
Description of deposits of Specular Ore in Por-
phyry at, I., 99, loo, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105,
106, 107, 108, 109
District, I., 46
Structure of, I., 10
Ore, Analysis of, I., 40, 54, 55
Ore, Description of, I., 52, 53, 54, 55, 56
Pig-iron, Analysis of, I., 43
Specular Ore district, I., 47
Iron-Ore in Atchison Co., II., 385
from Buford Mountain, Analysis of, I., 22, 23, 65
between 3oth and 4oth Township lines, I., 45, 46
in Callaway Co., workable, I., 45
from Cedar Hill, Analysis of, I., 19, 64
in Coal-measures, II., 16, 22, 24, 70, 149
Specular, on Cuthbertson tract, I., 21
from Cuthbertson's, Analysis of, I., 39
Distribution of, in Iron Mountain, I., 10, n, iz
Description of, I., 50
Description of deposits, I., 93
in Franklin Co., I., 45
General distribution, I., 45
430
INDEX.
Iron-Ore, from Iron Mountain, Analysis of, I., 53
Humphrey's, Analysis of, I., ^38
from Lewis Mountain, Analysis of, I., 64, 65
Lincoln Co., II., 281, 282, 283, 284, 285
from Lincoln Co., Partial Analysis of, I., 38
and their Localities, List of, I., 193 214
in Lower Coal-measures, II., n
of Missouri, Occurrence of, I., 45, 46, 47, 48
from Morris's Shaft. Partial Analysis of, I., 38
on Morris Tract, Lincoln Co., Analysis of, II.,
282, 284
from Murphrey's, Analysis of, I., 38
Modes of Occurrence, I., 93
Specular, in Crawford, Phelps, and Dent Coun-
ties, I., 46
on the Ozarks, I., 13
at Pilot Knob, I., 15, 16, 20
east of Pilot Knob, I., 20
bed, shape of, at Pilot Knob, I., 17
from Pilot Knob, Analysis of, I., 58
in Porphyry, I., 19
Residuary Deposits of, in the Porphyry region,
I., 8, 10
from Shepherd's Mountain, Analysis of, I., 62, 63
from Steelville district, Analysis of, I., 72
Iron, Oxide of, II., 38, 123, 149
Pig, Analysis of, I., 43
pyrites, I., 5 ; II., 194, 208
"Spathic," II., 206
Ironstone, II., 18, 21, 22, 23, 43, 206
Iron Ridge Bank, No. i, description of, I.,
142, 143, 144
Rocks at, I., 142
Section of Deposit at, I., 143
No. 2 Bank, description of, I., 167
Analysis of Hematite from, I., 142
Specular Ores, I., 78, 79, 80
Specular Ores, Analysis of, I., 79
Isabella Bank, I., 167
Isotelns, II., 240
gigas, II., 239
Jackson Co.,
Blue Mills, II., 76, 86, 98
Donohoe's Ford on Little Blue, II., 76
Sibley, II., 77, 78, 79, 80, 82
Coggswell Landing, II., 79
Kansas City, II., 76, 86, 87, 95, 105, 107, 108,
134, 140, 141, 146, 155, 157, 166, 167, 203, 204,
212, 414
Westport, II., 94
Independence, II., 76, 95, 146, 153, 167
Greenwood. II., 141, 148, 167, 201, 204
Lone Jack, II., 142, 167, 203, 414
Oak Grove, II., 154
Lee's Summit, II., 201
Jackson's Mill, Henry Co., Coal at, II., 18
Section at, II., 18
James' Bunk, Description of, I., 146, 147
Fork, II., 15
Pipe Ore Bank, I., 168
Jamison Bank, Description of, I., 155, 156, 157
Jasper with Manganese in Porphyry, I., 27
Jatan, Platte Co., II., 119, 120, 134, 152, 327, 331
Section one and one-half miles above, II., 119,
120
Johnson's Bank, Coal at, II., 267
Johnson Co.,
Dunksburgh, II., 34, 35
Warrensburgh, II., 41, 43, 144, 149, 166, 184, 186,
190, 205, 206, 207, 211
Murray's Ford (Blackwater), II., 189
Kings ville, II., 98
Knob Noster, II., 147, 149, 152, 154, 166, 168,
169, 171, 172, 176, 180, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209,
211
Holden, II., 165, 191, 194, 205, 207, 211
Coal on the edge of, II., 29
Coal, Analysis of, I., 35
Fire Clay in, II., 206
Section on edge of, II., 28
Jones's Point, Holt Co., Section at, II., 360
Jordans, C. B., Henry Co., Coal at, II., 16, 36
Analysis of, II., 17, 35
Kansas City, Jackson Co., II., 76, 86, 87, 95,
105, 107, 108, 134, 140, 141, 146, 155, 157, 166,
167, 203, 204, 212, 414
Kansas City, Building-Stone near, II., 140, 141
Section of the Boring at, II., 86
Sections at, II., 105, 202
Section opposite Fort Scott Depot at, II., 106,
Kansas River, Sand from, II., 206
Kansaseasis, Bellerophon II., 88, 90, 91, 93. 94,
118, 123, 183, 350, 394, 400
Myalina II., 95. 96, 97, 100, 103, no, 198, 320,
322
Kelly Bank, Description of. I., 158, 159
No. 2 Bank, description of, I., 167, 168
Kentuckensis, Spiriferina II., 27, 70, 89, 91, 92,
94, 96, 97, 103, 106. 107, 112, 113, 118, 126, 127,
177, 178, 180, 181, 183, 186, 187, 188, 191, 193,
198, 200, 201, 202, 294, 301, 324, 333, 334, 367,
381, 396
Keokuk Limestone, II., 16
Spirifer II., 13
King's Hill, Section at, II., 123
Mill, Atchison Co., Section at, II., 383
Kingston, Caldwell Co.. II., 98
Kingsley's Creek, Holt Co., Coal at, II.. 362
Kiligsville, Johnson Co., II., 98
Kirtly's Q,uarry, Livingston Co., II., 97
Section at, II., 295
Kirkham's Coal, II., 71
Knight Bank, Description of, I., 172, 173
Knob IVoster, Johnson Co., II., 147, 149, 152.
154, 166, 168, 169, 171, 172, 176, 180, 205, 206,
207, 208, 209, 211
Coal near, II., 177, 181, 211
Quarries, Sandstone from, II., 205
Section near, II., 172, 176, 180, 181
Kunckcl's, on Nicholl's Creek, Holt Co., Section
at, II., 368, 371, 372, 373
Laban Parks, Henry Co., Section at, II., 23
Laclede Bank, I., 189
Lafayette Co., Concordia, II., 40
Aullville, II., 41, 46, 47, 52, 143, 147, 155
Berlin, II., 42, 43
Lexington, II., 46, 50, 53, 55, 57, 147, 168, 169,
192, 193
Wellington, II., 57, 80, 98
Sniabar, II., 80, 169
Napoleon, II., 58, 80, 82, 147
Chape! Hill, II., 98, 167, 197, 204
Greenton, II., 56, 98, 167
Waverly, II., 47, 48, 147
Coal, Analysis of, I., 35
Fossil from Limestone No. 47 of. II., 193
Lamb Bank, Description of, I. ,'133, 134
Specular Ore in Sandstone at, I., 133, 134
Lamellabranchiata, List of, II., 417
l.n m i n< Bank, 1., 174
Lamonte, Pettis Co., II., 163, 164, 165, 166, 205
Potters' Clay at, II., 206
Lane's Coal, II., 61
Lander's Q,uarry, II., 121
Langston's Coal, II., 178
Section on Land of, II., 177, 178
lat us, Euomphalus II., 160
Lawson Coal Mines, II., 67
Lucas, Lafayette Co., II., 168
Lead, II., 77, 237, 285
Carbonate of, in residuary Clay Deposits, I., 13
Ore Deposits in Dolomite, I., 8
Leaton's, Section at, I., 75, 309
Leavenworthcnsis, Cha;nomya II., 92
Leda, Owenii, II., 93, 118, 332
Leeds Hill Bank, I., 191
Leesville, II., 12
Section northwest of, II., 13
Lee's Summit, Jackson Co., II.,' 201
Lenox Bank, I., 167
Lepidodeiidron (sp. undet.}, II., 18, 19, 26,
170, 171, 182, 193
diplotegioides, II., 170
lepiflodeiidroides, Rhombopora II., 57, 89,
90, 91, 93, 95, 100, 102, 132, 199, 294, 298, 322,
323. 367, 382, 393, 396, 397, 398
Lepidastrobus/ II., 18, 123, 163, 348, 350
Lcptwiia deltoidea, II., 233, 234, 236
sericea, II., 233, 236, 239, 240
Levis's Coal, Jackson Co., II., 79
Lewis Mountain Ore, I., 64, 65
INDEX.
431
Lewis Mountain Ore, Analysis of, I., 64, 65
Specular Ore in Porphyry at, I., 122
Lexington, Lafayette Co., II., 46, 50, 53, 55, 57,
147, 168, 169, 192, 193
Coal, II., 47, 50, 65, 69, 71
Coal Co.'s Coal, II., 55, 56
Analysis of, II., 56
Section at, II., 50
Section on Lexington & Greenton road, 6 miles
south of, II., 81
Section eight miles south-east of, II., 57
Lexinglonciisis, Cardium II., 29, 61, 178, 181,
182
Liberty Landing, Clay Co., II., 94, 93, 100,
i53. 167, 325
Section at, II., 100, 322
Section one half mile east of, II., 319, 320
Lignelite, II., 253
Lima retifera, II., 88, 89, 131
Limestone, Archimedes, II., 251, 253, 254, 255,
256, 284, 285, 287
"Bethany Falls," II., 76, 77, 79, 80, 97, 167,
203
Black River and Birdseye, II., 226, 230
Blue, II., 138
Burlington, II., 13, 160, 205, 209
Chouteau, II., 158, 159, 160, 162, 205, 221, 222,
239. 240, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251,
252
on Clear Fork, six miles north of Knob Noster,
II., 206
Beds of Coal-measures, II., 8
in the Coal-measures, Lincoln Co., Analysis of,
II. ,287
Coal-measure, II., 414
of the middle Coal-measures, II., 144
Crinqidal, II., 167
Encrinital, I., 175, 187 ; II., 14, 36, 38, 222, 246,
248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 266, 267, 269, 271, 273,
275, 276, 277, 279, 284, 286. 287, 288
Gray, II., 138
in Holt Co., II., 374
Hydraulic II., 137, 138, 145
in Kirtley's Quarry, II., 97
from Iron Co., Analysis of, I., 38
Keokuk II., 16
in Lincoln Co., II., 287
First Magnesian II., 158, 227, 228, 230, 235, 246,
286
Second Magnesian I., 125 ; II., 222. 223
Third Magnesian I., 5, 129, 131, 146, 157, 176,
179, 180, 182, 184, 186, 189, 190
Metamorphic at Marble's & Huff's, I., 23, 24
Metamorphic, Analysis of, I., 26, 39
Onondaga, II., 221, 240, 242, 244, 286
Oolitic, II., 97, 104, 107, 108, in, 125, 167
Plattsburgh, II., in, 112
Quarry at Osborn's, II., 47
Receptaculite II., 220, 236, 238, 282, 285, 288
Saccharoidal II., 222, 224, 227, 228, 246, 289
of St. Joseph Bridge, Analysis of, I., 38
St. Louis II., 16, 253, 255, 256, 257, 259, 260,
287
Subcarboniferous II., 265, 280, 285
Spathic II., 131
Strength of, II., 411
Trenton IL, 217, 220, 223, 226, 230, 232, 233,
2 35i 236, 238, 239, 240, 241, 281, 285, 286
at Warsaw, II., 16
at Weston, II., 120
Limoiiit <, Description of, I., 51, 52
in the Central Ore District, I., 90
Franklin Co., Analysis of, I., 89, 90
on the Osage River, I., 90, 0.1, 92
on the Osage River. Analysis of, I., 91
in Missouri. I., 45, 46, 47
with Quartz, I., 13
in the South-eastern District, I., 87, 88, 89
Analysis of, I., 88. 89
lineal us, Spirifer II., 27, 30, 62, 70, 77, 78, 81,
91, 92, 100. 113, 159, 176, 177, 180, 181, 183,
186, 187, 188, 190, 191, 192, 193, 198, 199, 200,
301, 302, 306, 308, 310, 323, 349. 367, 392
Lincoln Co.
Moscow, II., 217, 251, 254, 255
Snowhill, II., 235, 240, 244
Lincoln Co., Auburn, II., 235, 236
Clarksville, II., 235
New Hope, II., 238, 239, 243, 248
Cap an Gres, II., 247, 260
Louisville, II., 247
Chain-of-Rocks, II., 253, 254, 257
Chantilly, II., 260
Troy, II., 260, 286, 287
Wentzille, II., 260
Bluff or Loess Formation in, II., 260
Building Material in, II., 285
Coal in, II., 263, 280, 281
Coal Co., II., 277, 281
Coal, Analysis of, I., 35
Coal-measures in, II., 221, 222, 258, 280
Area of Coal-measures, II., 5
Geology of, II., 217
Glass-sand in, II., 289
Lime in, II., 287
Lead in, II., 285
Quaternary Deposits in, II., 260
Lindsey Bank, I., 179
Liiigula (sp. undet.), II., 60, 89, 92, 100, 125,
132, 150, 164, 172, 174, 189, 191, 322, 369, 394,
396, 397, 4o
carbonaria, II., 180, 187
Link's Coal, Lincoln Co., II., 271
Analysis of, I., 35, 36 ; II., 273, 274
Specific Gravity of, I., 37
Link's Branch of Coon Creek, Section at, II.
272, 273
Linn's Coal, Chariton Co., I., 34 ; II., 265
Analysis of, I., 36 ; II., 72
for Coke, I., 32
Linn Creek Bank, I., 168
Lingula spatulata, II., 243, 244, 246
List of Deposits of Iron Ores, and their Localities,
I., 193-214
of B'ossils from the Coal-measures of Missouri,
II., 416
Lithostrotion Jsp. undet.), II., 16, 256
Canadensis, II., 255
Little Blue, Jackson Co., Coal above the mouth
of, II., 76
Section above the mouth of, II., 76
Little Conipton, Carroll Co., II., 148, 150
Coal, Analysis of, I., 36 ; II., 74
Section on Grand River, near, II., 150, 151
Little Maiiqua Bank, I., 189
Little Sniabar, Coal near, II., 193, 194
Section on, II., 56
Livingston Co., Mooresville, II., 141
Bedford, II., 144, 307
Chillicothe, II., 155, 290, 313
Spring Hill, II., 292, 295, 297
Utica, II., 294, 299, 303, 312
Building-Rock in, II., 311
Coal, Analysis of, I., 36
Drift in, II., 292
General Section of, II., 293
Geology of, II., 290
Quaternary Deposits in, II., 292
Soil of, II., 312
Streams in, II., 292
Timber and Prairie in, II., 289
Upp_er Carboniferous in, II., 292
Localities of Iron-Ores, List of, I., 193-214
Lone Jack, Jackson Co., II., 142, 148, 167, 201,
204
Building-Stone near, II., 142
Long's, Coal at, II., 210
Zinc-blende at, II., 208
Lophophyllum (sp. undet.), II., 72, 73, 77,
128, 129, 300, 307, 310, 323 j,
proliferum, II., i8, 46, 57, 58, 60, 89, 91, 93, 96,
97, 99, 100, 103, 118, 132, 177, 182, 186, 187,
194, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 294, 299, 308, 312,
320
Love Bank, I., 179
Lower Burlington, II., 209
Black River Beds, II., 414
Coal-measures, Components of, IL, n
Trenton, along Sandy Creek, Lincoln Co., II.,
233
Trenton, along Bryant's Creek, II. ,235
Louisville, Lincoln Co., II., 247
432
INDEX.
Loxonema. (sp. undet.), II., 27, 32, 94, 97, "3,
118, 202, 322, 332
cerithiformis, ]!., 30, 183, igi, 203
rugosa, II., 192, 197, 199
liutz Bank, I., 179, 191
Lycophodites, II., 18
Lycopcrdon, Chsetetes II., 236
Lyoiisia pretensa, II., 183, 199
Mace's Dolomite, Analysis of, I., 6
Macon Co. Coal, Analysis of, I., 36
Macrodon, II., 86, 94, 113, 125, 131, 349
carbonaria, II., 183, 202
tenuistriata, II., 92, 96, 107, 112
Macrocheilus (sp. undet. ), II., 88, 89, 94, 112,
132, 178, 191, 193, 197, 199, 299, 302, 362, 364,
367, 382, 397
medialis, II., 109
primogenus, II., 88
ventricosus, II., 90, 92, 93, 118, 199
Magitesian Limestone, First, II., 158, 227,
228, 230, 235, 246, 286
Second, I., 125 ; II., 222, 223
Third, I., 5, 129, 131, 146, 157, 176, 179, 180, 182,
184, 186, 189, 190
Magnetites at Cuthbertson's Bank, I., 123
major, Phillipsia II., 96
Manganese Ore on Marble's Land, I., 23
in Porphyry, I., 20, 24
from Porphyry, Reynolds Co., Analysis of, I., 25
Manganiierous Hematite on Marble's Land,
Analysis of, I., 23, 39
on Buford Mountain, I., 22
from Buford Mountain, Analysis of, I., 39
in Porphyry, I., 20
at Ackurst Bank, I., 26, 123
at Cuthbertson's Bank, I., 26, 123
on Cuthbertson's Land, Analysis of, I., 21, 39, 65
Manly Branch, Atchison Co., Section on, II., 386
Marble, Cooper, II., 158, 159, 162
Beds on the Big Muddy, II., 205
of South-eastern Missouri, II., 415
Marble's, Analysis of Manganiferous Iron-Ore
from, I., 39
Metamorphic Limestone at, I., 24
Strike of the Ore Bed on, L, 23
Marcoiiianus, Bellerophon II., 88, 91, 132, 362
marginatus, Caulerpites II., 19, 62, 188, 190
Marioneitsis, Spirifer II., 159, 247, 248
Marmaduke Bank, Description of, I., 174
Analysis of brown Hematite from, I., 43
Marmaton River, Coal on, II., 39
Martin's Bank, Lincoln Co., Coal at, II., 267
Maryville, Nodaway Co., II., 389, 401
Matthew's Mountain, Description of, I., 189
McCausland's, Sandstone at, II., 41
Petroleum at. II., 41
McClellan's Coal-bank, Section at, II., 187
McGuilliam's Mill, Holt Co., Section at,
II., 361
Mclaughlin Bank, I., 179
Meadow's Coal, Lincoln Co., II., 263
Analysis of, I., 36, 37 ; II., 264
Meadow's, Section at, 258, 259
Meddlin's Coal, Carroll Co., Analysis of, I., 36,
II-, 59
Medicine Creek, Livingston Co., Coal at, II.,
3 11
medialis, Macrocheilus- II., 109
megastylns, Archaeocidaris II., 90, 91, 191, 195
Meekclla. (sp. undet.), II., 97, 106, 194, 299, 361,
392
striato-costata, II., 51, 94, 95, 96, 100, 112, 113,
192, 194, 199, 300, 302, 319, 323, 335, 381, 383
striatopora, II., 322
Meekianits, Poteriocrinus II., 160
Meckii, Bellerophon II., 332
Mclonitcs, II., 16, 256.
Meramec Bank, Description of, I., 144
Section at, I., 145
Specular Ore in Sandstone at, I., 126
Meramec District, Upper, Analysis of Specular
Ores from, I., 74
Mine, Analysis of Hematite from, I., 42
Pig-irons, Analysis of, I., 43
River, Upper, Specular Ores on, L, 72, 73, 74, 75
Mercer Co., Princeton, II., 141, 151, 297
mcsialis, Producttis II., 16
mcsolobu, Chonetes II., 15, 18, 21, 27, 29, 32,33,
42, 47, 48, 51, 52, 53, 57, 64, 75, 83, 176, 178,
180, 181, 183, 188, 189, 190, 194, 259, 297, 299,
300, 301, 306, 310
Metallic Ores in Platte Co., II., 341
Metamorphic Limestone, I., 23, 24
Analysis of, I., 39
Method of Analysis of Fuels, I., 31, 32, 33
of determining specific gravity of Fuels, I., 33
Miami, Carroll Co., II., 43, 143
Saline Co., II., 48, 148
Section at, II., 38
Miehelini, Orthis II., 251
Middle Coal-measures, II., 45
General section of the, II., 82
Limestones of the, II., 144
Middle Sandy, Lincoln Co., Section at, II., 228
Mill Creek, Lincoln Co., Saccharoidal Sandstone
along, II., 226
Section at, II., 227
First Magnesian Limestone along, II., 228, 229
Holt Co., one mile below point where it enters
the Bottoms, Section at, II., 365
Nodaway Co., Coal near, II., 398
Miller's Farm, Section at, II., 234
milleporarcus, Chaetetes II., 32, 50, 51, 54,
56, 58, 63, 64, 65, 70, 77, 80, 82, 144, 169, 176,
186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 195, 196,
302
Milton, Atchison Co., II., 154
Minehalia, Chenomya II., 92, 93
Mineral Charcoal, Analysis of, L, 35
Specific Gravity of, I., 37
in Clear Fork Coal, II., 211
in Warrensburgh Coal, II., 211
Mineral Sp- ing three miles north-west of War-
rensburgh, II., 209
Minersville, Coal at, II., 210
Section at, II., 170
Missouri City, Clay Co., II., 94, 96, 100, 141,
325
Building-Stone near, II., 141
Section one-half mile above, II., 99
Section at east end of, II., 99
Missouri Coals, Analysis of, I., 34, 35, 36, 37
Bluffs, Jackson Co., Springs at, II., 209
Bluffs, Buchanan Co., Coal on, II., 349
Bluffs, one-half Mile West of Nodaway River,
Holt Co., Section at, II., 366
Bluffs on the North line of Atchison Co., Section
on, II. ,381
River, Section East of Sibley on, II., 78
River, Descriptive Sections along, II., 99
River, Sand from, II., 206
Missouriensis, Athyris II., 183
Discina II., 29, 32, 51, 53, 61, 178, 180, 183, 187,
189, 190
Cardiamorpha II., 48, 61, 83, 181, 183, 185.
189, 190
Mitchellini, Oithis II., 38, 39, 160
Morcasiii Bend Bank, L, 149
Modiolopsis, II., 239
Montfortianns, Bellerophon II., 42, 77, 96,
102, 118, 120, 180, 183, 192, 322
Monoptera (sp. undet.), II., 92, 94, 95, 112, 120,
125, 126, 338
gibbosa, II., 92, 199
Mooresville, Livingston Co., Building-Stone near,
II., 141
Morgan Bank, L, 168
Morris's Iron-ore, Analysis of, I., 38
Bank, Section of, II., 283
Morrow's, Samuel, Platte Co., II., 112
Section at, II., 337
Moscow, Lincoln Co., II., 217, 251, 254, 255
Moselle Bank, No. 9, description of, I., 146, 147,
179
Analysis of Pig-irons from, I., 43, 44
Mound Group, Section of, II., 196
Mount Rouge Bank, L, 149
Mudd's Coal Bank, II., 180, 210, 211
Muddy Creek, II., 33
mncrospinus, Zeacrinus II., 90, 132, 396
Mulky Creek, Lafayette Co., Coal at, II., 45,
46,48
INDEX.
433
Mulky Creek, Section at, II., 46
multatteiiuata, Syringopora II., 92, 97, 196,
322
Mullen's, C. C., Henry Co., Coal at, II., 26
Section at, II., 26
Mann's Coal, Henry Co., II., 32
Analysis of, I., 35 ; II., 15
for Coke, I., 32
Bank, Henry Co., Section at, II., 15
Munson's Coal, II., 29
Murchisonia (sp. undet.), II., 88, 91, 94, 102, 103,
109, 187, 198, 234, 236, 322, 392, 400
Murdoch Bank, Description of, I., 191
muricatus, Productus II., 15, 18, 21, 22, 27, 28,
29, 33. 34, 4. 43, 48, 72, 73, 176, 177, 178, i?9,
180, 181, 182, 183, 185, 187, 189, 190, 191, 300,
301, 306, 307, 310
Spirifer IL, 308
Murphrey's Iron-ore, Analysis of, I., 38
Murphy's Hill, Description of, I., 174, 175
Murray's Ford on the Blackwater, Johnson Co.,
Coal at, II., 189
Section half a mile above, II., 189
Myalina (sp. undet.), II., 183, 192, 319, 333, 336,
* 338, 349, 352, 367, 392, 400
Kansasensis, II., 95, 96, 97, 100, 103, no, 198,
320, 322
subquadrata, II., 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97,
103, 112, 113, 117, 118, 123, 129, 197, 198, 199,
200, 320, 322, 332, 333, 338, 350, 366, 380, 383,
391
Swallovi, II., 89, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 102, 106, 112,
121, 125, 199, 201, 322, 392
Blyer's Farm, between North and Middle Sandy,
Lincoln Co., Section at, II., 228
Mytilus, II., 248
Napoleon, Lafayette Co., II., 58, 59, 80, 82, 147
Section near, II., 58, 59, 80
Measurements at, II., 82
Naticopsis (sp. undet.), II., 95, 97, 102, 103, 109,
118, 178, 193, 361, 392
Altonensis, II., 27, 88, 90, 91, 132, 177, 392, 400
Pricei, II., 94, 96, 199, 322
Shumardii, II., 394
ventrica, it., 90 A
Nautilus (sp. undet), II., 51, 53, 61, 83, 91, 97,
129, 178, 183, 191, 194, 198, 199, 202, 319, 322,
332, 400
decoratus, II., 61
ferratus, II., 30, 95, 203, 299
occidentalis, II., 88, 90, 92, 94, 95, 139, 132, 338
planivolvis, II., 181
Neal's, Coal at, II., an
Nebrascensis, Productus II.-, 30, 88, 89, go, 91,
92, 94, 95, 96, 97, ico, 102, 103, 106, 109, in,
112, 120, 125, 126, 129, 130, 132, 300, 334, 335,
337, 338, 363, 3 6 4, 365, 366, 367, 368, 392, 393,
397, 398, 4i
Edmondia II., 89, 96, 332, 397, 398, 400, 401
Neff Coal, Henry Co., Analysis of, I., 35 ; II., 25
Section at, II., 24
Nesbitt's Coal, Callaway Co., Analysis of, I., 36
Neuropteris, II., 187, 194, 207, 266, 271
New Hope, Lincoln Co., II., 238, 239,^48
Newman Bank, 1., 189
Newport's Coal, Pettis Co., II., 165
Analysis of, I., 34, 36 ; II., 165
Specific Gravity of, I., 37
Nevada, Vernon Co., Iron Ores near, II., 149,
150
Niagara, Andrew Co., Analysis of Coal from, I.,
36 ; II., 353
Section at, II., 353
nodulifera, Fistulipora II., 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93,
95, 96, 103, 112, 132, 320, 363, 367, 393, 397,
398
Nodaway Co.
Quitman, II., 148, 152, 388, 391, 393
Bridgewater, II., 139, 142, 148, 392, 393, 396
City Bluffs, II., 132, 152, 391, 394, 399
Maryville, II., 389, 401
Graham, II., 390, 396
Brick in, II., 399
Coal, II., 398, 401, 402
Coal, Analysis of, I., 36
Drift in, II., 390
28
Nodaway Co., Geology of, II., 389
Quaternary Deposits in, II., 389
Soil of, II., 402
Springs and Streams in, II., 289
Timber and Prairie in, II., 389
Topography of, II., 388
Upper Carboniferous in, II., 390
Nodaway River, Coal on, II., 6, 398, 399
Section east of, II., 126
Section one mile west of, II., 126
Formations along and near, II., 396
nodoso-dorsatus, Nautilus II., 332, 383
Xorris Bank, I., 167
North Sandy, Lincoln Co., ist Magnesian Lime-
stone along, II., 228
North Branch, Lincoln Co., Trenton Limestone
along, II., 232
"North Missouri " Coal Mines, II., 68, 69
Junction, Clay Co., II., 96
Coal near, II., 100, 102
Section at, II., 100, 321
North Star Lauding, Missouri River, Atchi-
son Co., Section at, II., 378
Norwood, C. J., II., 47, 49
Notes by, II., n, 48
Measurements by, II., 81, 82
Observations by, II., 30
General Section by, II., 50
Section at Berlin by, II., 41
Section by, II., 57, 58, 62, 76
Norwood!!, Productus II., 323, 324
Nncula (sp. undet.), II., 332, 352
Beyrichii, II., 88, 400
ventricosa, II., 27, 29, 46, 61, 94, 176, 178, 180,
181, 183
Nnculana bellistriata, II., 91, 93, 94, n8, 123,
183, 192, 201, 250
Oak Grove, Jackson Co., II., 98, 154
Oberhnitz Coal, Ray Co., Analysis of, I., 34, 37 ;
II., 64
Coal, Specific Gravity of, I., 37
Section at, II., 63
occidentalis, Aviculopecten II., 91, 92, 95, 96,
103, 106, 107, no, 112, 121, 123, 199, 203, 333,
394, 400
Nautilus II., 88, 90, 92, 94, 95, 129, 132, 338
Petrodus II., 183
Occnlta, II., 346
Ochre, brown, II., 149
at Carpenter's, II., 207
at Higginbotham's, II., 207
on Richard's Land, south-west of Knob Noster,
II., 207
red, 152, 153, 154, 155
yellow, II., 124, 149, 154, 155
Ochrey Earth in Metamorphic Limestone, I.,
24
Ogaii's Coal, Henry Co., Analysis of, I., 35
Section at, II., 33
Oil Rock, II., 86
Old Copper Bank, Description of, I., 150, 151
Old Digging, Description of, 169, 170
Omaha Coal Co., Analysis of Coal from, I., 36 ;
II., 371
Onondaga Limestone, Lincoln Co., 221, 240,
242, 244, 286
Oolitic Limestone, II., 97, 104, 107, 108, in,
125, 167
Ophileta, II., 230
optimns, Spirifer II., 178
Orchard Bank, Description of, I., 135
Analysis of Hematite from, I., 42
and Young Bank, I., 167
Ore Districts, Geographical arrangement of, I.,
48
Ormoceras tenuifilum, II., 233
Oregon, Holt Co., II., 148, 371, 374
Coal at, 372, 373
Ores, Spathic, II., 130
Organ's Coal, Henry Co., Analysts of, II., 27
Section at, II., 26
ornata, Chonetes II., 159, 247, 248
Orth and Livering Bank, I., 191
Orthis, II., 159, 248
carbonaria, II., 46, 92, 93, 94, 113, 123, 348, 397
Michelini, II., 251
434
INDEX.
Ortliis, Mitchellini, II., 38, 39, 160
Swallovi, II., 160
testudinaria, II., 236, 238
subajquata, II., 234
tricenaria, II., 234, 236
Orthoccras (undct. sp.), II., 88, 96, 97, 197, 198,
320
cribrosum, II., 27, 30, 46, 61, 89, 94, 95, 97, 103,
109, 118, 177, 178, 180, 181, 183, 187, 191, 199,
397
Orthoceratites, II., 230, 232, 233
Orr's Coal, Johnson Co., Analysis of, I., 35
Specific Gravity of, I., 37
Osage Coal Co.'s Coal, II., 30
Analysis of, I., 35 ; II., 32
Section at, II., 30
Osage River, Limonites, I., 90, 91, 92
Analysis of, I., 91
Osage Ore District, outlet of, I., 47
Osageiisis, Rhynchonella II., 29, 89, 92, 178,
180, 183, 199, 308, 348, 381, 394, 396
Osborn's Limestone Q,uarry, II., 47
Owcni, Leda II., 93, 118, 332
Owens' Coal, Henry Co., II., 19, 32
Coal, Analysis of, I., 35 ; II., 20
Section one and a half mile above, II., 20
Owsley's Coal, Johnson Co., Analysis of, I., 35
Section at, II., 32
Oxide of Iron, II., 38, 123, 149
Ozark Ridge. Elevation of, II., 10
Pacific Coal Mines, I., 33 ; II., 171
Analysis of Coal from, L, 35, 36, 37 ; II., 171
Specific Gravity of Coal from, I., 37
Pacific Railroad, Examinations along, II., 82
General Section along, II., 167-169
Paint Stuffs, II., 152, 133
Pal&eoniscus, II., 180
Palm Bank, Description of, I., 185
Parkes Bank, L, 174
Parker's Q,uarry, Heavy-Spar at, II., 209
Parker & Russell Coal, St. Louis Co., Analy-
sis of, L, 35
Parkville, Platte Co., II., 108, 140, 146, 153, 328,
329. 338
Building-Stone near, II., 140
Section near, II., 108, 109, 339
Pattonsburgh, Daviess Co., II., 154
Payne's Coal, Lafayette Co., Analysis of, I., 35 ;
H-, 47
Section at, II., 47
Pecoptcris, II., 266
Peoriense, Platyostoma II., 30, 88, 131, 199, 203,
322, 364
pellucidus, Aviculopecten II., 178, 183
Pentstemon grandiflora, II., 377
peracuta, Pinna II., 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95,
96, 97, 103, 106, 109, 112, 120, 132, 197, 198,
3 22 . 337, 361, 365, 3 6 9, 380, 383, 392, 4,
401
Polyphemopsis II., 30, 90, 299, 364
percarinatus, Bellerophon II., 88, 93, 94, 96,
102, 103, 106, 118, 180, 181, 183, 322, 332,
362
Perry's Coal, Livingston Co., II., 308
Perry Co., Brown Hematite. Analysis of, I., 43
Pernopecten (Entolium) II., 159
Petalodns destructor, II., 95, 109
Petrodus, II., 84
occidentalis, II., 183
Petroleum on the Causland Farm, II., 41
near Blue Mills, Jackson Co., II., 86
Pettis Co., Dresden, II., 157, 159, 160, 165, 520
Sedalia, II., 158, 162, 205
Georgetown, II., 159, 160,
205
Lamonte, II., 163, 164, 165, 166, 205
Brownsville, II., 36, 37, 38
Coal in, II., 209, 210
Coal, Analysis of, I., 34
Fire-clay in, II., 206
Iron Pyrites in, II., 208
Phillipsia (sp. undet.), II., 13, 90, 93, 97, 102,
177, 192, 197, 198, 199, 248, 322, 338, 385, 397
Head of, II., 95
major, II., 96
Glabella of, II., 95, 112
Pygidium of, II., 95, 161
Phlox Walter!, II., 291
Pliysa, II., 360
Pig-Irons, Analysis of, I., 43
From Big Muddy Iron Co., Analysis of, I., 44
from Irondale, Analysis of, I., 43, 44
from Iron Mountain, Analysis of, I., 43
from Meramec, Analysis of, I., 43
from Moselle, Analysis of, I., 43, 44
from Pilot Knob Iron Co., Analysis of, I., 43,
44
from St. Louis Iron Co., Analysis of, L, 44
from Vulcan Iron Works, Analysis of, I., 43
Pilot Knob, Analysis of Clay from, I., 18, 38
Description of, I., 13
Description of Deposits of Specular Ore in Por-
phyry at, I., 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118
Disturbance of Porphyry at, I., 17
Exploration needed East of. I., 20
Inclination of Ore Beds at, I., 13
Iron Co., Analysis of Pig-irons from, L, 43, 44
Jaspery Porphyry at, I., 16
Ores, Analysis of, I., 41, 58
Ores, description of, I., 56, 57, 58, 59, 60
Porphyry conglomerate on top of, I., 14, 15
Section at, I., 14, 15, 113, 114, 115, 239
Shaft at, I., 13
Shape of Ore Bed at, I., 17
Surface Geology of, I., no, in, 112
Pincy Bank, I., 168
Pink Hill, Jackson Co., II., 98
Pinna, II., 319, 320, 332, 338, 349, 383
peracuta, II., 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97,
103, 106, 109, 112, 120, 132, 197, 198, 322, 337,
361, 365, 369, 380, 383, 392, 400, 401
Pin Oak, Coal on, II., 211
Pittsburgh Bank, I., 167
planivolvis, Nautilus II., 181
plaiiorbiformis, Goniatites II., 61
planoconvexus, Spirifer (Martinia) II., 15, 21,
27, 31, 48, 49, 51, 52, 57, 58, 73, 75, 77, 79, 89,
93, 99, 180, 181, 182, 187, 188, 189, 192, 196,
197, 199, 298, 301, 306, 324, 380, 381, 385, 394,
395, 400
Planorbis, II., 360
Plants, List of fossil, II., 420
Platte Co.
Parkville, II., 108, 140, 146, 153, 328, 329, 338
Waldron, II., in, 112, 134, 140, 333, 334, 338
Jatan, II., 120, 134, 152, 327, 331
Weston, II., 117, 118, 119, 120, 134, 144, 152, 153,
327, 329, 331, 332, 333, 334, 340
Farley, II., 114, 154, 335
Beverley, 1
Rialto, II.,
334
Ringgold, II., 336
Union Mills, II., 329, 3;
Bluff, or Loess, in, II., 329
and Buchanan Counties, Section near County
line of, II., 121
Coal, II., 329, 340
Drift in, II., 329
Metallic Ores in, II., 341
Quaternary Formations of, II., 329
Soil in, II., 242
General Section of, II., 329, 330, 331
Streams and Supplies of Water in, II., 328
Timber and Prairie in, II., 327, 328
Topography of, II., 327
Platte River Feiry, Section one mile below, II.,
112
Bridge, Nodaway Section above, II., 391
Buchanan Co.. Section on, II., 352
Plaltsburgh Limestone, II., in, 112
Platycrinus, II., 91, 252
Platyostoma, II., 129, 302
Peoriense, II., 30, 88, 131, 199, 203, 322, 364
Pleasant Hill, Cass Co., II., 141, 142, 157, 167,
189, 197, 204, 208, 209, 212, 414
Building-Stone near; II., 141
Coal near, II., 198
Oolitic Limestone at, II., 97
Sand at, II., 206
Section at, II., 197, 198, 199, 200
Springs at, II., 209
Pleurophorus (sp. undet.), II., 89, 96, 103, 197,
198, 401
INDEX.
435
Pleurotomaria(sp. undet.), II., 31, 46, 49, 60, 88,
90, 93, 94, 96, 97, 106, 113, 116, 118, 189, 192,
193, 197, 198, 299, 300, 319, 322, 332, 333, 349,
394
carbonaria, II., 46, 88, 178, 362
depressa, II., 178, 181
Grayvillensis, II., 180, 187, 191
speciosa, II., 180
sphaerulata, II., 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 61, 118, 178,
179, 197, 322
subconstncta, II., 183, 187
tabulata, II., 199
tumida, II., 199, 299, 302
turbiniformis, II., 90, 95, 96, 107, 112, 199, 202,
Poblick's Bank, Description of, I., 190
Polishing Rock, II., 148
politus, Goniatites II., 61
Pollock's, Section at, II., 128, 129
Polypora (sp. undet.), II., 91, 397, 398
submarginata, II., 95, 397, 400
Polyphemopsis (sp. undet.), II., 96, 102, 106,
112
inornata? II., 30, 88, 131, 199, 364
peracuta, II., 30, 90, 299, 364
Pomeroy Bank, Description of, I., 139, 140
Porphyry with Brown Matrix with crystals of
trichnia feldspar, I., 28
Conglomerate above Manganiferous Bed, I., 27
Deposits of Specular Ore in, I., 94-124
Disintegration of, in Mass, I., 10
Disturbances of, at Pilot Knob, I., 17
F.rosion in, I., 9
Erosion of, at Pilot Knob, I., 17
Jaspery, at Pilot Knob, I., 16
varieties of, I., 4, 5
Porter's Coal, II., 35, 36
Section at. II., 35
Post Oak, Coal near, II., 186
Section on, II., 186
Potcriocrinus Meekianus, II., 160
Pottery Clay, II., 161
near Dresden, II., 206
at Lamonte, II., 206
Pott's Branch, Coal on, II., 185, 211
Section at, II., 185
Prattenianus, Productus II., 15, 22, 32, 51, 57,
61, 64, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 95, 97, 106, 109, in,
112, 113, 117, 121, 126, 127, 129, 132, 150, 177,
181, 187, 188, 189, 194, 198, 199, 200, 299, 300,
306, 321, 323, 333, 338, 361, 362, 364, 365, 366,
368, 381, 382, 383, 384. 394, 395, 396, 397, 400, 401
Preliminary Map showing the Distribution of
Iron-Ores in Missouri, I., 47, 48
pretenga, Lyonsia II., 183, 199
Pricei, Naticopsis II., 94, 96, 199, 322
Primrose Bank, Description of, I., 161
primogeiiius, Macrocheilus II., 88
Princeton, Mercer Co., II., 151
Coal near, II., 297
Section five miles south of, II., 296, 297
Productus (sp. undet.), II., 13, 42, 58, 65, 68, 81,
94, 159, 167, 193, 245, 247, 251, 254, 255, 256,
324, 368, 380, 381, 382, 385, 392, 397, 398
Americanus, II., 95, 106, 109, 319, 338
aequicostatus, II., 200, 308, 310, 334, 337
Burlingtonensis, II., 13
Calhounianus, II., 89, 132, 381, 382, 383, 384, 398
concinnus, II., 385
costatus, II., 18, 33, 46, 48, 51, 52, 53, 57, 58, 64,
80, 81, 92, 93, 95, 97, 103, 106, 109, 112, 175,
1 7^, 177, 179, 181, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193,
194, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 294, 299, 301,
306, 310, 312, 319, 321, 322, 337, 338, 339, 367
Flemmgii, II., 13, 161
mesialis, II., 16
muricatus, ll., 15, 18, 21, 22, 27, 28, 29, 33, 34,
40, 43, 48, 72, 73,. 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181,
182, 183, 185, 187, 189, 190, 191, 300, 301, 306,
37> 3io
Prattenianus, II., 15, 22, 32, 51, 57, 61, 64, 88,
89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 95, 97, 106, 109, in, 112, 113,
117, 121, 126, 127, 129, 132, 150, 177, i8r, 187,
188, 189, 194, 198, 199, 200, 299, 300, 306, 321,
323, 333, 338, 361, 362, 364, 365, 366, 368, 381,
382, 383, 384, 394, 395, 396, 397, 400, 401
Productus Nebrascensis, II., 30, 88, 89, 90, 91,
92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 100, 102, 103, 106, 109, in,
112, 120, 125, 126, 129, 130, 132, 300, 334, 335,
337, 338, 363, 3 6 4, 365, 366, 367, 368, 392, 393,
397> 39?, 4i
Norwoodii, II., 323, 324
punctatus, II., 65, 76, 90, 92, 94, 95, 97, 103, 106,
109, 112, 178, 183, 190, 198, 199, 200, 201, 203.,
252, 300, 310, 319, 321, 322, 335, 338, 339, 366,
367, 396, 398
Rogersn, II., 51, 53, 95, 198, 199, 200, 201, 203,
306, 319, 322, 349, 392
semireticulatus, II., 33, 64, 73, 81, 89, 93, 130, 133,
176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 183, 185, 193, 252, 255,
259, 300, 307, 361, 363, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384,
398
symmetricus, II., 89, 95, 96, 97, 109, 113, 132,
322, 338, 363
splendens, II., 46, 77, 89, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97,
102, 103, 106, 107, 109, 118, 119, 123, 132, 188,
189, 194, 198, 199, 200, 201, 294, 308, 312, 320,
321, 322, 323, 324, 334, 339, 348, 352. 3 6 5. 393.
395, 397, 400
Wabashensis, II., 191, 196, 381, 385
prolifera, Cyathaxonia II., 183
proliferum, Lophophyllum II., 18, 46, 57, 58,
60, 89, 91, 93, 96, 97, 99, loo, 103, 118, 132, 177,
182, 186, 187, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 294,
299, 308, 312, 320
Protliyris elegans, II., 89, 397, 401.
Providencis, Aviculopecten II., 95, 96, 97, 107,
112, 178, 197
pseudo-liiieatus, Spirifer II., 13, 16
Pseudomonotis (sp. undet.), II., 102,322
radialis, II., 88
pnberula, Gentiana II., 377
punctatus, Productus II., 65, 76, 90, 92, 94, 95,
97, 103, 106, 109, 112, 178, 183, 190, 198, 199,
200, 201, 203, 252, 300, 310, 319, 321, 322, 335,
338, 339, 366, 367, 396, 398
puncttilitcra, Retzia II., 88, 89, 90, 92, 95, 96,
107, 123, 128, 130, 132, 180, 193, 199, 202, 312,
348, 349, 363, 3 6 5, 396, 397
Pupa, II., 360
Pygidliim of Phillipsia, II., 95, 161
pyrites, Iron, I., 5 II., 194, 208
Quarry, west of Amazonia, II., 121
Bowman's, Sandstone, II., 71
Brown's, Lincoln Co., II., 286
Carey's, II., 204
L. T. Collier's, Livingston Co., II., 312
Collier's, Livingston Co., Section at, II., 301
Howe's (now Dobbs's), II., 205
Heddy's, Lincoln Co., II., 286
Kirtley's, Livingston Co., II., 97
Kirtley's, Livingston Co., Section at, II., 295
Lander's, II., 121
of Limestone in Holt Co., II., 374
of Oolitic Limestone between Kansas City and
Parksville, II., 107, 108
Dr. Rodgers', II., 205
Smith's, Lincoln Co., II., 286
Ch. Wurster's, Livingston Co., II., 311
Zimmerman's, II., 124
Quaternary Deposits in AtchisonCo., II., 378
in Holt Co., II., 360
Lincoln Co., II., 260
in Livingston Co., II., 292
in Nodaway Co., II., 389
of Platte Co., II., 329
Quaternary Sand, on Hudpith's land, II., 78
Quitmaii, Nodaway Co., II., 148, 152, 388, 391,
393
Coal near, II., 394, 398
Section at, II., 393
radialis, Pseudomonotis II., 88
radiata, Solenomya II., 28, 164, 178
Kiiilro i<1 Banks \o<. 1, '-J, and 3, I., 167
Railroad Bank? Nos. 4 and 5, I., 168
sagittata. Viola II., 291
" Ramey " Bank Coal, Analysis of, II., 180
Randolph, Clay Co., II., 103, 134, 141, 167, 325
Building-Stone near, II., 141
Section at, II., 103, 323
Ray Co,
Camden, II., 63, 67, 69, 147
436
INDEX.
Ray Co., Oberholtz, II., 63
Richmond, II., 65, 67, 70, 147, 153, 155
Albany, II. 98, gg, 134
Coal, II., 62
Coal, Analysis of, I., 34
Ray's Coal, II., 164, 191
Rcavis's Coal, II., 211
Receptaculite Limestone, 220, 236, 238, 282,
285, 288
rectilateraria, Aviculopecten II., 171, 180, 183,
187, 191
Red and Yellow Clay on Franklin Craig's
Land, on Copperas Creek, II., 208
Red Clay, Holt Co., II., 374
Rces's Coal, Plane Co., II., 340
veflexa, Edmondia II., 92, 96, 106, 400
regularis, Allorisma II., 92, 121, 183, 188, 194,
198, 200
Residuary Deposits, Origin of, I., 8
reticularis, Atrypa II., 239, 241, 242, 244, 245
retifera, Lima II., 88, 89, 131
Retzla, II., 348
punctulifera (sp. undet), II., 88, 89, go, 92, 95,
96, 107, 123, 128, 130, 132, 180, 193, 199, 202,
312, 348, 349, 363, 365, 396, 397
Verneuiliana, II., 13, 16
Rhombopora (sp. undet.), II., 94, 96, 97, 106,
126, 131, 323, 336, 363, 366, 393, 397
lepidodendroides, II., 57, 89, 90, 91, 93, 95, 100,
102, 132, 199, 294, 298, 322, 323, 367, 382, 395,
396, 397, 398
Rhynchonella (sp. undet.), II., 97, 198, 200, 202,
=39
Cooperensis, II., 159
Osagensis, II., 29, 89, 92, 178, 180, 183, 199, 308,
348, 381, 394, 396
Rialto, Platte Co., Section at, II., 334
Ringgold, Platte Co., Section just above, II.,
336
Richard's Land, South-west of Knob Noster,
Ochre on, II., 207
Richmond, Ray Co., II., 65, 67, 70, 147, 153, 155
Section one mile North-west of, II., 70
Rich wood's Bank, Description of, I., 186
Roberts and Sickles' Bank, Coal at, II.,
2IO
Rocks Above and Below Deposits of Specular Ore
in Sandstone, I., 126
of Missouri that admit of a fine Polish, II., 414
Rock & Co. 's Coal, II., 185
Section at, II., 184
Rockport, Atchison Co., II., 154, 377, 379, 383
Section at, II., 382
Rocky Ford, on the Wakenda River, Carroll
Co., II., 62, 155
Rodger's, Dr., Q,uarry, II., 205
Rogers!, Productus II., 51, 53, 95, 198, 199, 200,
202, 203, 306, 319, 322, 347, 349, 392
rngosa, Loxonema II. ,192, 197, 199
Strophomena II., 241, 242, 248
rngosum, Cyathophyllum, II., 242
rugosns, Euomphalus II., 57, 88, 96, 97, 106,
199, 299, 302, 362, 383, 386, 394, 400
RoH-a District, Specular Ores, I., 83, 84
Specular Ores, Analysis of, I., 83
Rolling Branch, Holt Co., Section two miles
south of, II., 369
Rudy's Coal, II., 183
Section at, II., 183
Rulo, Nebraska, Coal at, I., 370
Rundell's Mill, Atchison Co., Section at, II.,
383
Rnshville, Buchanan Co., II., 123, 345
Rnssell No. 2 Bank, I., 179
Saccharoidal Limestone, Lincoln Co., 222,
224, 227, 228, 246, 289
Saccharoidal Sandstone along Mill Creek,
Lincoln Co., II., 226
at Myer's Farm, Lincoln Co., II., 228
near Sandy Creek, IL, 223, 225
at Sandy Branch of Anderson's Fork, Lincoln
Co., IL, 227
Salem District, I., 48
Specular Ores, I., 75, 76, 77, 78
Specular Ores, Analysis of, I., 77, 78
Saline Co., Miami, II., 48, 148
Saline Co., Brownsville, II. , 36, 144, 145, 148,
152, iS5
Coal, Analysis of, I., 36
Sally's Fork of Pin Oak, one and a half
miles north of Holden Section, on east side of,
IL, 192
Sand Creek, NodawayCo., Coal near, IL, 298,
401
Section on, 1 1., 400
" Sand Caves," Lincoln Co., II., 225
Sand from Kansas River, II. , 206
from Missouri River, II., 206
at Pleasant Hill, II. , 206
at Warrensburgh, II. , 206
Sanders Well, II., 83
Section of, II., 84
Sandstone, II. , 142
near Aullville, II. , 41
Berlin, IL, 41
Quarry, Bowman's, II. , 71
near Butler, II. , 41
of Coal-measures, II. , 8
Collin's Quarries of, II. , 36
Denudation of, II. , 73 .
at Grand Chariton, IL, 44
of Knob Noster Quarries, IL, 205
at McCausland's, II. , 41
Strength of, II., 411
near Sandy Creek, IL, 223
at Warrensburgh, II. , 41, 205
Sandy and Anderson, Section at Junction of,
IL, 236
Sandy Branch of Anderson's Fork, Lincoln Co.,
Saccharoidal Sandstone at, II. , 227
Sandy Creek, Lincoln Co., Birdseye and Black
River Limestone north of, II., 230
Saccharoidal Sandstone along, II., 223, 225
Sandstone near, II., 223
First Magnesian Limestone along, II. , 227, 228
Lower Trenton along, IL, 233
Section at, II. , 225
Santee Bank, I., 165
& Clark's Bank, description of, I., 157, 158
Sanridge's Coal, Pettis Co., IL, 164
Savannah, Andrew Co., II. , 120, 140, 145
Building-Stone near, II. , 140
Coal near, 1 1., 92
Scaphiocrinus hemisphaericus, II. , 89, 97, 132,
. 393. 396
Schizudus (sp. undet.), IL, 92, 94, 97, 103, 125,
197, 198, 348, 396
curtus, II. , 88, 131, 363
Wheeleri, II., go, 96, 106
Scotia Bank, No. 1, Description of, I., 128, 129,
130, 131
Specular Ore in Sandstone at, I., 128, 129, 130,
Scotia Bank, No. 3, Description of, I., 131, 132
Specular Ore in Sandstone at, I., 131
Scotia Ores, Analysis of, I., 69, 70
Scotia Specular Ores, Description of, I., 68,
69, 70
Seaton Bank, I., 167
" Second Ray County " Coal Mines, IL,
68, 69
"Second Sandstone," I., 125, 129, 131, 144,
145, 146, 162, 163
Section at Allen's, Nodaway Co., II. , 398
at Amos's, Jackson Co., II., 200
at Amazonia, II. , 125
two miles East of Avelin, II. , 302
at Baker's Bank, II. , 269
at Barker's Creek, Benton Co., IL, 12
at Barlow's Mill, on Rock Creek, Atchison Co.,
IL, 382
at Berlin, II. , 41
opposite Beverly, IL, 116
three-fourths of a mile south-west of Bedford,
Livingston Co., II. , 307, 308
at Big Creek, near Strasburgh, Cass Co., IL,
195
near Bridge on the Blackwater, IL, 38
at Blue Mills Landing, II. , 76
on Bob's Creek, Lincoln Co., IL, 255, 256
at Boyce's Coal Bank, II. , 174
at Braddy's Mill, Nodaway Co., II. , 398
INDEX.
437
Section one mile south of Bridgewater, Nodaway
Co., II., 392
on Dr. G. M. Britt's Land, Henry Co., II., 29
near the Mouth of Brockman's Branch, Holt Co.,
II., 367
west of Brush Creek, Platte Co., II., no
at Brush Creek, II., 188
at Brushy Mound, II., 39
near Brownsville, II., 36
on Buford Mountain, I., 22
on Burdick's Coal Bank, Nodaway Co., II., 400
at Calhoun, Henry Co., II., 22, 23
in R. R. Cut, west of Camden, II., 69
at Camp Creek, Clay Co., II., 324
near 212 Miie Post, Pacific R. R., just west of
Carbon Hill, II., 182
at Cedar Hill, I., 19
on the Bluffs, Cedar Creek, three miles north
Lee's Summit, II., 201
at Chain-of-Rocks, II., 253
on a Branch of Clear Fork, II., 172
at Cheeley's Farm, Lincoln Co., II., 231
vertical, of Shaft at Chillicothe, Livingston Co.,
II., 313, 314, 315, 3*6
at City Bluffs, Nodaway Co., II., 394
west of Clinton, Henry Co., I., 21
at James Clark's Coal Bank, II., 303
on the Clear Fork at Railroad Bridge, II., 171,
172
of Clear Fork, five miles south-west of Knob
Noster, II., 206
of Coal-measures in Missouri, II., 7
above Coggswell Landing, II., 79
at Collier's Coal-bed, Livingston Co., II., 305
at Collier's Mill, Medicine Creek, Livingston Co.,
II., 300
at Collier's Quarry, II., 301
at Concordia, II., 40
at Cook's, II., 33
at Cox's Coal-bank, Livingston Co., II., 178, 304,
35
at Crooked River, II., 65
Haifa mile from the Bluffs on Cuivre, II., 261
at Elijah Davis' s, II., 197
atThos. Dillon's, Henry Co., II., 25, 26
on Dog Creek, Nodaway Co., II., 393, 393
at East Fork, Clay Co., II., 323
at the Junction of East and West Pin Oak, II.,
192
near Edwards's Mill, II., 49
at Ellis's Farm, South Branch, Lincoln Co., II.,
229
at Embree & Proctor's, II., 78
near Farley, Platte Co., II., 114
one mile above Farley, Platte Co., II., 115
one and a half miles south-east of Farley, Platte
Co., II., 341
west of Ferry Landing, II., 53
at Forbes, II., 127, 128
one mile above Forbes, Holt Co., II., 366
at Forest City, II., 129
one and a half miles above Forest City, Holt Co.,
II., 362
at lower end of Forest City, Holt Co., II., 363
Haifa mile below Forest City, Holt Co., II., 363
at upper end of Forest City, Holt Co., II., 363
on Sedgwick and Took's Land, one and a half
miles below Forest City, Holt Co., II., 364
at Fort Lyon, Benton Co., II., 12
opposite Fort Scott Depot, Kansas City, II., 106,
107
at Fort Spring Branch, II., 237, 238
at Fort Spring, II., 236
at Franke's, II., 40
at William George's, II., 196
north of Georgetown, II., 161
at Gikenson's Ford, Henry Co., II., 17
at Gillaspie's Mill, Livingston Co., II., 298
at Gray's, II., 32
on Graham's Branch, II., 53
near the Hemp Warehouse, on Graham's Branch,
II., 54
at Graham's Mill, Livingston Co., II., 299
on Grand River, II., 73, 74
on Grand River near Little Compton, II., 150,
15*
Section at Goodson's, II., 61
at Anton Good's, II., 306
opposite Hall's Station, II., 353
one-quarter of a mile above Hall's Bridge, Atchi-
son Co., II., 381
near Hambright's, II., 79
at Hammond's Ford, II., 190
on Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, Livingston
Co., II., 293
half a mile below Junction of Hannibal and St.
Joseph Railroad, Buchanan Co., II., 350
at Hardwick's Mill, II., 60
opposite Harlem, II., 103, 104
general, of Henry Co., II., 23
at Hines, II., 179
on Hinman's land, one mile below Hall's Station,
Buchanan Co., II., 352
at Holman's, II., 56, 57
west of Holden, II., 194
at Hughes' s, II., 33
of shaft at J. S. Hughes's Coal Mine, II., 66
near Hurricane Creek, II., 233, 234
at Iowa Point, Kansas, II., 132, 133
near Iron Mountain, I., 7, 10
of Deposit at Iron Ridge No. i, I., 143
at Jackson's Mill, II., 18
one and a half miles above Jatan, II., 119, 120
general, of Johnson Co., II., 28
at Jones's Point, Holt Co., II., 360
at Kansas City, II., 86, 87, 105, 202
at King's Hill, II., 123
at King's Mill, Atchison Co., II., 383
at Kirtley's Quarry, Livingston Co., II., 295
at Kirkham's Coal-bed, II., 71
west of Knob Noster, II., 172
near Knob Noster, II., 176
six miles south-west of Knob Noster, II., 180, 181
at the north side of Knob Noster, II., 239
at Kunkel's, on Nicholl's Creek, Holt Co., II.,
368
at Kunkel's Mill, Mill Creek, Holt Co., II., 368
of Kunkell's Shaft, II., 371, 372, 373
at Laban Parks, Henry Co., II., 23
on B. J. Langston's land, IL, 177, 178
at Leaton's, Livingston Co., II., 75, 308, 309
north-west of Leesville, Henry Co., II. , 13
at Lexington, II., 50
eight miles south-east of Lexington, II., 57
on Lexington and Greenton Road, 6 miles south
of Lexington, II. , 81
at Liberty Landing, II., 100
just above Liberty Landing, Clay Co., II., 322
Haifa mile east of Liberty, Clay Co., II., 319, 320
at Link's Branch of Coon Creek, II., 272, 273
above the mouth of Little Blue, II., 76
on Little Sniabar, II., 56
general, of Livingston Co., II., 293, 294
on Manly Branch, Atchison Co., II., 386
at McCausland's Farm, II., 47
at Ch. P. Martin's, Nodaway Co., II., 401
at McClellan's Coal-bank, II., 187
at Meadows's Bank, Lincoln Co., II., 258, 259
at Meramec Bank, I., 145
at McGuilliam's Mill, Holt Co., II., 361
at Middle Sandy, Lincoln Co., II., 228
at Mill Creek, Lincoln Co., II., 227
one mile below the point where Mill Creek enters
the bottoms, Holt Co., II., 365
at Miller's Farms, II., 234
at Minersville, II., 170
descriptive, along the Missouri River, II., 99
at east end of Missouri City, II., 99
one-half mile above Missouri City, II., 90
on the Missouri Bluffs, near Samuel Morrow's,
Platte Co., II., 337
on the Missouri Bluffs, near Waldron, Platte Co.,
II., 338, .339
on the Missouri Bluffs, one-half mile west of
Nodaway River, Holt Co., II., 366, 367
on the Missouri Bluffs, on the north line of
Atchison Co., IL, 381
of Morris' Iron Ore Bank, II., 283
at Mulky Creek, II., 46
at Mullen's, C. C, Henry Co., IL, 26
at Munn's Coal Bank, Henry Co., II., 15
at Murray's Fork, on the Blackwater, II., 189
433
INDEX.
Section one-half mile above Murray's Ford, II. ,189
at Myer's Farm, Lincoln Co., II., 228
at Napoleon, II., 58
one-half mile above Napoleon, II., 58, 59
west of Napoleon, II., 80
at Henry Neff's Slines, Henry Co., II., 24
at North Missouri Junction, II., 100, 321
at North Star Landing, Missouri River, Atchison
Co., II., 378
at Niagara, Andrew Co., II., 353
east of Nodaway River, II., 126
one mile west of Nodaway River, II., 126
at Oberholz, II., 63
at Ogan's, II., 33
at Organ's Coal Mine, II., 26
at Osage Coal Co., II., 30
one and a half miles above Benj. Owens' s, Henry
Co., II., 20
at Owsley's, II.. 32
at Park's, II., 23
at Parkville, Platte Co., II., 108, 109
one-half mile west of Parkville, II., 109
north of Parkville, II., 339
at Payne's, II., 47
at Pilot Knob, I., 14, 15
at Pilot Knob, I., 113, 114, 115
one mile below Platte River Ferry, II., 112
near the County Line of Platte and Buchanan
Cos., II., 121
at the Bridge on Platte River, Buchanan Co., II.,
352
above Platte River Bridge, Nodaway Co., II.,
39 1
at Pleasant Hill, II., 197, 198, 199, 200
at Pollock's, II., 128, 129
at Pott's Branch, II., 185
at Porters, II., 35
on the Post Oak, II., 186
five miles south of Princeton, Mercer Co., IL, 396
at Quitman, Nodaway Co., II., 393
near Randolph, II., 103
at Randolph's, Clay Co., II., 323
at Rialto, Platte Co., II., 334
one mile north-west of Richmond, II., 70
above Ringgold, Platte Co., II., 336
at Rock & Co. Mines on railroad, two miles west
of Warrensburgh, II., 184
at Rockport, Atchison Co., II., 382
two miles south of Rolling Branch, Holt Co.,
II., 369
at Rudy's, II., 18^
at Rundell's Mill, Atchison Co., II., 383
on the east side of Sally's Fork of the Pin Oak,
one mile and a half north of Holden, II., 192
on Sand Creek, Nodaway Co., II., 400
of- Sanders Well, II., 84
on Sandy Creek, Lincoln Co., II., 225
at the Junction of Sandy and Anderson Creeks,
II., 236
at Siblev Landing, II., 77
east of Sibley on Missouri River, II., 78
of well at Simmon's Mountain, I., 139
at SlagePs Old Mill, Livingston Co., II., 301
at Stanley Coal Mine, II., 62
two and a half miles below St. Joseph, II., 122
three miles above St. Joseph, II., 124
two and a half miles below St. Joseph, II., 349
one and a half miles along Bluff above St.
Joseph, II., 351
of Boring at St. Joseph, II., 354, 355, 35
at John Stone's Coal-bed, Livingston Co., II.,
34
west of Strasburgh, II., 196
at the Head of Sugar and Contrary Creeks,
Buchanan Co., II., 346, 347
on the South Fork of Sugar Creek, Buchanan
Co., II., 353
near the upper end of Sugar Creek Lake, Bucha-
nan Co., II., 349
at Swanwick Shaft, II., 69
at the Bridge on the Tabbo, II., 43
at Tank, II., 121
on Tebo Creek, Henry Co., II., 13
on Toe String Creek, II., 308, 310
near the Head of Todd's Creek, Platte C*. II.,
333
Section near the Mouth of Todd's Creek, Platte
Co., II., 336
at Dr. Tuck's, II., 36
at Turner's, II., 72
on the Bluffs near Turkey Creek, II., 203
at Upson's Bank, II., 274, 275
at Utica, Livingston Co., II., 299
at Vergundy's Mill, Atchison Co., II., 384
half a mile south of Vergundy's Mill, Atchison
Co., II., 384
on Walnut Creek, II., 174, 177
at Waldron, II., in
one mile below Waldron, II., in
at Warrensburgh, II., 184
below Waverly, II., 47
above Waverly, II., 48, 49
at Wellington, II., 57
of Wellington and Greenton Road, south of Wel-
lington, II., 80
below Weston, II., 117
above Weston, II., 118, 119
on D. I. Williams' s Land, Benton Co., II., 12
on Williams Creek, near Greenville, Clay Co.,
II., 324
at Williamson's, II., 27, 32, 33
at Vancton, Holt Co, II., 370
at Zimmerman's Quarry, II., 124, 125
at Sec. 24, T. 50, R. i, E., II., 237, 238
at south-west X Sec. 16, T. 46, R. 28, II., 195
at south-east % of Sec. 16, II., 232
Sedalia. Pern's Co., II., 158, 162, 205
semireticulatus, Productus II., 33, 64, 73, 81,
89, 93, 130, 133, 176, 177, 178, 180, 181, 183, 185,
193, 252, 255, 259, 300, 307, 361, 363, 380, 381,
382. 383, 384. 398
serieea, Leptaena II., 233, 236, 239, 240
Shaft Hill, Description of, 170, 171
Shepherd Mountain Ores, Analysis of, I.,
41, 62, 63
Description of deposits of, I., 60, 61, 62, 63, 118,
119, 120
Sheldon Bank, Analysts of Limonite from, I., 43
Description of, I., 188, 189
Shuiiiardaiin, Chonetes II., 38, 159, 161
Shumardi, Fenestella II., 95
Naticopsis II., 394
" Shut In " Ores, Analysis of, I., 39
Sibley Landing, Section at, II., 77
Sibley, Jackson Co., II., 77, 78, 79, 80, 82
Measurements at, II., 82
Sigillaria (sp. undet.), II., 18, 26, 143, 164, 171
Silvy Bank, I., 179
Silurian Sandstone, formation of residuary
deposits in, I., 12
Simmon* Mountain, Description of, I., 136,
137, '39
Section of well at, I., 139
Singer Bank, I., 179
sinuata. Eumicrotis II., 198
Slagel'g Mill, Livingston Co., Sectional, II., 301
Coal at, II., 302
Smith Banks, description of, I., 163, 164, 165
Coal, Analysis of, II., 65
Holt Co., Analysis of, II., 370
Nodaway Co., Analysis of, I., 36 ; II., 400
Ray Co., Analysis of, I., 34, 36
Specific Gravity of, I., 37
Mill, II., 65
Quarry, Lincoln Co., II., 286
Sniithii, Chonetes II., 51, 57, 58, 90, 92, 300, 347,
382, 384, 395, 396
Sniabar. Lafayette Co., II., 80, 169
Snowhill, Lincoln Co., II., 235, 240, 244
Soil of Atchison Co., II., 386
of Buchanan Co., II., 356, 357
of Clay Co., II., 320
of Holt Co., II., 274
of Livingston Co., II., 312
of Nodaway Co., II., 402
of Platte Co., II., 242
Soleniscus (spec, undet.), II., 198
typicus, II., 199
sole'iiiformis, Solenomya II., 187, 189, 191
Solenoinya (sp. undet.), II., 89, 92, 96, 103, 112,
183, 203, 337, 338, 367
radiata, II., 29, 164, 178
INDEX.
439
Solenomya soleniformis, II., 187, 189, 191
Solenopsis (spec, undet.), II., 88, 131, 364
Sonora, Atchison Co., II., 377
South-eastern Limonite District Ores, I., 87,
88, 89
Limonite District, Analysis of Ores from, I., 88, 89
Missouri, Marbles of, II., 415
South Sandy, ist Magnesian Limestone along,
Lincoln Co., II., 228
South-western Ore-region, I., 49
Sparta, Buchanan Co., II., 354
spatnlata, Lingula II., 243, 244, 246
" Spathic Iron," II., 206
Limestone, II., 131
Ores, II., 150
Specific Gravity of Fuels, Method of Deter-
mining, I., 33
of a few Coals, I., 37
spccio.sa, Pleurotomaria II., 180
Specular Ores, I., 47
Description of, I., 50, 51
rann o., ecpn , .,
in Gasconade and Miller Co. District, Analysis
of, I., 84, 85
Iron Ridge, I., 78, 79, 80
Iron Ridge, Analysis of, I., 79
Manganiferous, at Ackhurst Bank, I., 123
Manganiferous at Cuthbertson Bank, I., 123
in Missouri, I., 46
in Rolla District, I., 83, 84
in Rolla District, Analysis of, I., 83
in Salem District, I., 75, 76, 77, 78
in Salem District, Analysis of, I., 77, 78
in Sandstone, description of, I., 66, 67, 68, 124,
125, 126, 127, 128
in Sandstone at Cherry Valley, I., 131, 132, 133
in Porphyry at Big Bogy Mountain, I., 122
in Porphyry at Buford Mountain, I., 122
in Porphyry at Cedar Hill, I., 121, 132
General Description of Deposits of, I., 94, 95, 96,
97, 98, 99
at Hogan Mountain, I., 124
at Iron Mountain, descriptions of Deposits of, I.,
99, ico, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108,
109, 118, 119, 120
at Lewis Mountain, I., 122
at Pilot Knob, description of Deposits, I., 113,
114, 115, 116, 117, 118
in Sandstone at the Meramec Bank, I., 126
in Sandstone at Scotia No. I, I., 128, 129, 130,
I ? 1
in Sandstone at Scotia No. 2, I., 131
in Steelville District, I., 71, 72
in Steelville District, Analysis of, I., 72
St. James District, I., 80, 81, 82, 83
St. James District, Analysis of, I., 81
on the Upper Meramec River, I., 72, 73, 74, 75
and Red Hematite Ores, Analysis of, I., 42
spheernlata, Pleurotomaria, II., 27, 29, 30, 32,
33,61, 118, 178, 179, 197, 299, 322
Sphenophyllum (spec, undet.), II., 207, 266
Spiegeleiseu, i ron Ore for the Manufacture of,
I., 22
Spiriler (spec, undet.), II., 12, 13, 39, 242,244,
245, 247, 252, 255, 256, 259, 297, 393, 397
cameratus, II., 18, 27, 28, 31, 33, 35, 48, 51, 54,
57, 58, 62, 64, 65, 70, 72, 75, 76, 81, 89, 90, 91,
92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, ico, 106, 107, 109, 113,
123, 125, 126, 130, 132, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180,
181, 182, 183, 187, i88j 189, 190, 191, 193, 194,
198, 199, 200, 201, 294, 301, 306, 307, 308, 310,
319, 322, 337, 338, 349, 352, 363, 365, 366, 367,
381, 382, 391, 392, 393, 396, 398, 400
Forbesi, II., 13 ,
Grimesii, II., 160
Kepkuk, II., 13
Leidyi, II., 161
lineatus, II., 27, 62, 70, 77, 78, 81, 91, 92, 100,
"3. 159, 176, 177, 180, 181, 183, 186, 187, 188,
190, 191, 192, 193, 198, 199, 200, 301, 302, 306,
308, 310, 323, 349, 367, 392
Manonensis, II., 159, 247, 248
muricatus, II., 308
optimus, II., 178
Spirifer, (Martinia) planoconvexus, II., 15, 21,
27, 3'. 48, 49. 5i 52, 57. 58, 73. 75. 77. 79. 89,
93. 99. J 8o, 181, 182, 187, 188, 189, 192, 196,
197, 199, 298, 301, 306, 324, 380, 381, 385, 394,
395, 400
pseudo-lineatus, II., 13, 16
striatus, II., 38, 39, 251, 252
Spiriferina Kentuckensis, II., 27, 70, 89, 91,
92, 94, 96, 97, 103, 106, 107, 112, 113, 118, 126,
127, 177, 178, 180, 181, 183, 186, 187, 188, 191,
193. '98, 200, 201, 202, 294, 301, 324, 333, 334,
367, 381, 396
splendens, Productus, II., 46, 77, 89, 91, 92, 93,
95. 96, 97, 102, 103, 106, 107, 109, 118, 119, 123,
132, 188, 189, 194, 198, 199, 200, 201, 294, 308,
312, 320, 321, 322, 323, 324, 334, 339, 348, 352,
3 6 5. 393. 395, 397, 4
Springs at Carpenter's, one mile north-east of
Knob Noster, II., 209
Mineral, three miles north-west of Warrensburgh,
II., 209
at Pleasant Hill, II., 209
on Missouri Bluffs, Jackson Co., II., 209
Spring Hill, Livingston Co., II., 292, 295, 297
Stanley Coal Mine, Section at, II., 62
Stanton Hill Bank, Description of, I., 191
Steatite in Porphyry, I., 16
St. Charles Co., Area of Coal-measures in, II., 5
St. Clair Co. Hematite, Analysis of, I., 86
Steelc's Coal, Jackson Co., II., 78
Steelville District Specular Ores, I., 71, 72
Specular Ores, Analyses of, I., 72
No. i Bank, description of, I., 152
No. 2 Bank, description of, I., 182
Stlgmaria (spec, undet.), II., 20, 22, 24,
144, 176, 207, 306
ficoides, II., 12, 22, 35, 38, 49, 62, 71, -
184
Sandstone, II., 23
Stlgmarloides (spec, undet.), II., 182
St. James District Specular Ores, I., .
82, 83
Specular Ores, Analysis of, I., 81
St. Joseph, Buchanan Co., II., 120, 122, i
140, 145. 153, 346, 348, 349, 351, 352, 35
Building-Stone near, II., 140
Coal at, II., 355, 356
Section two and a half miles below, II., 122
Section three miles above, II., 124
Section two and a half miles below, II., 349
Section along Bluff, one and one half miles above,
H-, 357
Section of boring at, II., 354, 355, 356
Bridge Surveys, extract from report of, Buchanan
Co., II., 351, 357
Bridge, Analysis of Limestone from, I., 38
St. Louis Co., Area of Coal-measures in, II., 5
Co. Coal, Analysis of, I., 35
Gas Works Coal, low deficiency of, I., 32
Gas-Works Coal (Pittsburgh, Pa.), Analysis of
I-. 3<5, 37
Iron Co., Analysis of Pig-irons from, I., 44
Limestone, 16, 253, 255, 256, 257, 259, 260, 287
Stone's Coal-bed, Livingston Co., Section at,
II., 304
Stratigraphical Geology of Lincoln Co., II.,
220
Straparollus umbillicatus, II., 97
Strasburgh, Cass Co., II., 153, 166, 195, 196, 211
Coal near, II., 195
Streams and Supplies of Water in Platte Co., II.,
328
in Clay Co., II., 318.
and Springs in Holt Co., II., 360
and Springs in Atchison Co., II., 377
and Springs in Buchanan Co., II., 346
and Springs in Livingston Co., II., 492
and Springs in Nodaway Co., II., 289
Strength of Brick, II., 412
of Building Materials, II., 403
of Limestones, II., 411
of Sandstones, II., 411
striato-costata, Meekella II., 51, 94, 95, 96,
ico, 112, 113, 192, 194, 199, 300, 302, 319, 323,
335. 381, 383
striatopora, Meekella II., 322
440
INDEX.
striatns, Spirifer II., 38, 39, 251, 252
Strophomena alternate, II., 233, 236, 238, 239,
240, 242
depressa, II., 244
rugosa, II., 241, 242, 248
Stylolite, II., 252
Subcarboniferous Limestone, Lincoln Co.,
265, 280, 285
subconstricta, Pleurotomaria II., 183, 187
subcuiieata, Allorisma II., 88, 91, 93, 97, 131
submarginata, Polypora II., 95, 397, 400
subquadrata, Myalma II., 90, 91, 92, 93, 94,
95. 96, 97, 102, 103, 112, 113, 117, 118, 123, 129,
197, 198, 199, 200, 320, 322, 332, 333, 338, 350,
366, 380, 383, 391
subtilita, Athyris II., 18, 27, 32, 33, 46, 49, 50,
5 1 . 52, 57, 63, 6 4, 77, 79, 80, 89, 90, 92, 93,
94, 95, 97, Ioo > IO 2, 103, 106, 107, 109, 116,
121, 123, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 176, 177, 178,
179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192,
*93> *94> 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 259, 294, 297,
298, 300, 301, 302, 306, 312, 320, 322, 323, 333,
334, 335, 339, 347, 348, 349, 352, 363, 365, 366,
367, 381, 391, 392, 397, 398, 400
Subulltcs elongata, II., 236
enbeequata, Orthis II., 234
Succiitea, II., 212, 346, 360
Sugar Creels, Buchanan Co., Coal on, II., 353
Section on south Fork of, II., 353
Lake, Buchanan Co., Coal near, II., 352
Section near upper end of, II., 349
Sngar River, Section at head of, II., 346, 347
Sulphur in Coal, I., 32
determination of, I., 33
Surface Geology of Pilot Knob, I., 10, in, 112
of the vicinity of Pilot Knob, Map showing, I.,
119
Suture Joint, II., 252
Swallow, Prof., II., 86
Report, extract from, II., 41
on Petroleum, II., 71
Swalloviana, Aclis II., 61, 90, 396
Swallovi, Myalina II., 89, 92, 94, 95, 96, 97, 102,
106, 112, 121, 125, 199, 201, 322, 392
Orthis II., 160
Swanwick Coal, II., 69, 70
Swanwick Coal, Ray Co., Analysis of, I., 34 ;
II., 71
Swanwick Shaft, Sections at, II., 69
Syringopora (spec, undet.), II., 97, 201, 347 ;
multattenuata, II., 92, 97, 196, 322
gymmetricus, Productus II., 89, 95, 96, 97,
i9, JI 3, J 3 2 , 3 22 . 33 8 363
Synoclatlia biserialis, II., 89, 94, 95, 96, 107, 109,
1I 3, 397
Syntrilasma (spec, undet.), II., 94, 129, 362
hemiplicata, II., 88, 91, 92, 95, 113, 119, 121, 129,
132, 333, 334, 3 62 , 364, 381, 382, 383, 385, 386,
394. 4o
tabulata, Pleurotomaria II., 199
Talhorst's, Coal at, II., 211
Tank, Section at, II., 121
Tapscott's Coal, Johnson Co., Analysis of, I.,
35, 37 : II-, 196
Specific Gravity of, I., 37
Section on Land of, II., 190
Tar Springs, II., 86
Tarhorst's Coal, Gypsum over, II., 208
Taylor Bank, Description of, I., 141, 142
Rolla Bank, I., 68
Tebo Ci-eek, Henry Co., II., 14, 24
Section on, II., 13
tennistriata, Macrodon II., 92, 96, 107, 112
tenuifilum, Ormoceras II., 229, 233
Terebratula (spec, undet.), II., 159
bovidens, II., 394, 397
testudinaria, Orthis II., 236, 238
Thompson's Bank, I., 167
Coal, Pettis Co., II., 163
Thornton Bank, Description of, I., 157
Thurmond Bank, Description of, I., 150
Tract, Lincoln Co., Coal on, II., 278
Tllclen Coal, Lafayette Co., Analysis of, I., 35
Timber and Prairie in Atchison Co., II., 276
in Buchanan Co., II., 345
in Clay Co., II., 317
Timber and Prairie in Holt Co., II., 339, 374
in Livingston Co., II., 289
in Nodaway Co., II., 389
in Platte Co., II., 327, 328
Todd's Creek, Platte Co., Section near head of,
II V 333
Section near mouth of, II., 336
Toe String Creek, Livingston Co., Coal at, II.,
308, 310
Section on, II., 308, 310
Topography of Atchison Co., II., 276
of Buchanan Co., II., 344.
of Clay Co., II., 317
of Holt Co., II., 359
of Livingston Co., II., 290
of Nodaway Co., II., 388
of Platte Co., II., 327
of Coal-measures, II., 7
torquium, Campophyllum II., 96, 103, 106, 108,
140, 320
Trenton, Grundy Co., II., 153, 156, 295
Limestone, Lincoln Co., 217, 220, 223, 226, 230,
232, 233, 235, 236, 238, 239, 240, 241, 281, 285,
286
Group, Lincoln Co., 223
tricenaria, Orthis II., 234, 236
Troy, Lincoln Co., II., 260, 286, 287
Tuck's, Dr., Section at, II., 36
Tucker's Coal, Lafayette Co., II., 55
tumida, Pleurotomaria II., 199, 299, 302
turbiniformis, Pleurotomaria II., 90, 95, 96,
107, 112, 199, 202, 338
Turkey Creek Bank, I., 189
Section on Bluffs near, II., 203
Turkey Hill, Description of, I., 190, 191
Turner's, Section at, II., 72
Turrit ella 1 II., 199
Tyler's, Mrs., Coal Bed, Henry Co., II., 19, 7*
typicus, Soleniscus II., 199
Ulffer's Coal, Buchanan Co., II., 354
Ultimate Analysis of Coal, I., 37
umbillicatus, Straparollus II., 97
umbraculum, Hemipronites II., 161
Union Mills, Platte Co., II., 329, 336, 338
Union Idiv, II., 212
iiiiioniformis, Edmondia II., 95, 112, 187
Uiiio, II., 360
Upper Coal-measures, II., 197
Thickness of, II., 6
Section of, II., 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95,
9 6 > 97
Upper Carboniferous in Livingston Co., II.,
292
in Clay Co., II., 318
in Buchanan Co., II., 346
in Holt Co., II., 361
in Atchison Co., II., 379
in Nodaway Co., II., 390
"Upper Meramec " District, I., 149
Upsoii's Coal, Lincoln Co., Analysis of, I., 36;
II., 276
Bank, Section at, II., 274, 275
Utica, Livingston Co., II., 294
Coal near, II., 299, 303, 312
Section at, II., 290
Vauguiidy's Mill, Atchison Co., Section at,
II., 384
Section one-half mile south of, II., 384
ventrica, Naticopsis II., 90
ventricosa, Nucula II., 27, 29, 46, 61, 94, 176,
178, 180, 181, 183
Macrocheilus II., 90, 92, 93, 118, 199
vera, Astartella II., 93, 95, 118, 123, 197, 332, 350
Vermicular Group, Lincoln Co., 222, 223, 235,
245, 246, 247, 250
Vermicular Shales and Sandstones in
Lincoln Co., II., 245
Verneuiliana, Retzia II., 13, 16
Chonetes II., 21, 22, 29, 35, 109, 117, 177, 178,
179, 180, 183, 188, 191, 298, 333
Vernon Co., Nevada, II., 149, 150
Brushy Mound, II., 150
Vertical Section of Shaft at Chillicothe, Liv-
ingston Co., II., 313, 314, 315,. 316
of the Coal-measures in Missouri, II., 6
Viola delphinifolia, II., 291
INDEX.
441
Viola lanceolata, II., 291
sagittate, II., 291
Vulcan Iron Works, Analysis of Pig-irons
from, I., 43
Wabasliensis, Productus II., 191, 196, 381, 385
Walker Bank, Description of, I., 186
Walter!, Phlox II., 291
Warrensburgh, Johnson Co., II., 41, 43, 144,
149, 166, 184, 186, 190, 205, 206, 207, 211
Coal, I., 34 ; II., 184
Coal, Analysis of, II., 211
Coal west of, II., 190
Coal, Mineral Charcoal in, II., 211
Group, II., 181
Mineral Spring three miles north-west of, II., 209
Sand at, II., 206
Sandstone at, II., 41, 205
Section at, II., 184
Walnut Creek, Coal near, II., 174, 177
Section on, II., 174, 177
Zinc-blende on, II., 208
Gypsum at, II., 208
Iron pyrites on, II., 208
Waddy Bank, Section of, II., 268
Wakenda River, II., 62
Waldroit, Platte Co., II., in, 112, 134, 140, 333,
334, 338
Coal, three miles above, II., 94
Building-Stone near, II., 140
Section at, II., in
Section one mile below, II., in
Section on Bluffs near, II., 338, 339
Warsaw Limestone, II., 16
Warren Co., Area of Coal-measures in, II., 5
Waverly, Lafayette Co., II., 47, 48, 147
Saline Co., Coal near, II., 47
Section below, II., 47
Section above, II., 48, 49
Wellington, Lafayette Co., II., 57, 80, 98
Section at, II., 57
Section south of, on Wellington and Greenton
Road, II., 80
Wentzville, Lincoln Co., II., 260
Western (Osage) Ore-region, II., 49
Westlake's Coal, Pettis Co., II., 165
Analysis of, I., 34, 37 ; II., 165
Specific Gravity of, I., 37
for Gas and Coke, I., 32
Weston, Platte Co., II., 117, 118, 119, 120, 134,
144, 152, 153, 327, 329, 331, 332, 333, 334, 340
Coal near, II., 340
Limestone at, II., 120
Section below, II., 117
Section above, II., 118
Section three miles above, II., 119
Westpoi _,>ckson Co., II., 94
West and East Pin. Oak, Section at Junc-
tion of, II., 192
Wheeleri, Schizodus II., 90, 96, 106
White Bank, Description of, I., 184
Analysis of Limonite from, I., 43
White Rock Quarries, II., 43, 44
Whitfield's Coal, Pettis Co., II., 163
Wiggins' Bank, I., 149
W'igwam Bank, Description of, I., 185, 186
"\Vilkerson Bank, Description of, I., 182, 183
Williams, D. I., Benton Co., Section on land of,
II., 12
Creek, near Greenville, Clay Co., Section on, II.,
324
Williamsburgh, Callaway Co., II., 414
Williamson's Coal, Henry Co., II., 27, 32
Coal, Analysis of, I., 35 ; II., 27
Section at, II., 27, 32, 33
Wimar Creek Bank, I., 168
"Windsor, Henry Co., II., n, 28, 32, 155
Coal at, II., 28
Wingfield's, Mrs., Coal, Johnson Co., II.,
211
Analysis of, I., 33, 37 ; II., 182
Specific Gravity of, I., 37
Wilikler Bank, Description of, I., 153
"Winston, Daviess Co., II., 151, 154
Wurstcr's Coal, Livingston Co., II., 306
Quarry, Livingston Co., II., 311
Yancton, Nebraska, Coal at, II., 370
Section at, II., 370
Yucca augustifolia, II., 377
Zaphreiitis (spec, undet.), II., 13, 160, 188, 190,
191, 254
centralis, II., 160
cornicula, II., 239, 242, 244
Zeacrinus (spec, undet.), II., 199, 393
mucrospinus, II., 90, 132, 396
Ziegler Bank, I., 149
Zinc, II., 155
Zinc-blende, II., 194, 208
at Amos' s, Jackson Co., II., 208
in Dolomite, I., 8
at Holden, II., 208
at Long's, II., 208
on Walnut Creek, II., 208
Zimmerman's Coal, Johnson Co., II., 184
Coal, Analysis of, I., 35, 37
Coal, Specific Gravity of, I., 37
Quarry, Section at, II., 124, 125
Zoll's Coal, Johnson Co., Analysis of, I., 35, 36,
Specific Gravity of, I., 37
Zobphyta, list of, II., 416
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