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PRINTED BY BRADBURY AND EVANS, WHITEFRIAR*. JUVENAL AND PERSIUS; LITERALLY TRANSLATED, COPIOUS EXPLANATORY NOTES; THESE DIFFICULT SATIRISTS ARE RENDERED EASY AND FAMILIAR TO THE READER. BY THE REV. M. MADAN. Ardet. . . Instat. . . Aperte jugulat. SCAL. in Juv. A NEW EDITION, REVISED AND CORRECTED. IN TWO VOLUMES. VOL. I. OXFORD ; PRINTED BY J. VINCENT, FOR THOMAS TEGG, 73, CHEAPSIDE, LONDON R. GRIFFIN AND CO., GLASGOW; TEGG AND CO., DUBLIN ; AND J. AND S. A. TEGG, SYDNEY AND HOBART TOWN. MDCCCXXXIX. Stacfc Anne* W 6441 PREFACE TO JUVENAL. DECIMUS JUNIUS JUVENAL was born at Aquinum, a town of the Volsci, a people of Latium : hence, from the place of his birth, he was called Aquinas. It is not certain whether he was the son, or foster-child, of a rich freedman. He had a learned education, and, in the time of Claudius Nero, pleaded causes with great reputation. About his middle age he applied himself to the study of Poetry ; and, as he saw a daily increase of vice and folly, he addicted himself to writing Satire: but, having said something (sat. vii. 1. 88 92.) which was deemed a reflection on Paris the actor, a minion of Domitian's, he was banished into Egypt, at a eighty years of age, under pretence of sending him as captain of a company of soldiers. This was looked upon as a sort of humourous punishment for what he had said, in making Paris the bestower of posts in the army. However, Domitian dying soon after, Juvenal returned to Rome, and is said to have lived there to the times b of Nerva and Trajan. At last, worn out with old age, he ex- pired in a fit of coughing. He was a man of excellent morals, of an elegant taste and judgment, a fast friend to virtue, and an irrecon- cilable enemy to vice in every shape. As a writer, his style is unrivalled, in point of elegance and beauty, by any Satirist that we are acquainted with, Horace not excepted. The plainness of his expressions are a Quanquam Octogenarius. MARSHALL, in Vit. Juv. b It)iiue ad Nerv. to bear or carry. See sat. vii. L 141. n. 65. Exposed, fyc.] Carried openly to and fro, here and there, through the public streets, having no shame for what he had done to enrich himself. 66. The supine Maecenas.'] By this it appears, that Maecenas was given to la- ziness and effeminacy. See sat. xii. 1. 39. Horace calls him Malthinus, from /iaA0o/cos, which denotes softness and effeminacy. See HOR. lib. 1. sat. ii.l. 25. 67. A signer, <|r.] Signator signifies a sealer or signer of contracts or wills. JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 21 The Flaminian way : for the boy Automedon was holding the reins, When he boasted himself to his cloaked mistress. Doth it not like one to fill capacious waxen tablets in the middle of a Cross-way when now can be carried on a sixth neck (Here and there exposed, and in almost a naked chair, 65 And much resembling the supine Mascenas) A signer to what is false ; who himself splendid and happy Has made, with small tables, and with a wet gem 2 A potent matron occurs, who soft Calenian wine About to reach forth, her husband thirsting, mixes a toad, 70 And, a better Locusta, instructs her rude neighbours, Through fame and the people, to bring forth their black husbands. Dare something worthy the narrow GyarsB, or a prison, Here it means a species of cheat, who im- posed false wills and testaments on the heirs of the deceased, supposed to be made in their own favour, or in favour of others with whom they shared the spoil. See sat. x. 1. 336. and note. Some suppose this to be particularly meant of Tigelli- nus, a favourite of Nero's, who poisoned three uncles, and, by forging their wills, made himself heir to all they had. 68. By small tables.] Short testaments, contained in a few words. Comp. note on 1. 63. A wet gem."] i. e. A seal, which was cut on some precious stone, worn in a ring on the finger, and occasionally made use of to seal deeds or wills this they wetted to prevent the wax sticking to it. This was formerly known among our forefathers by the name of a seal- ring. 69. A potent matron occurs."] Another subject of satire the pet here adverts to, namely, women who poison their husbands, and this with impunity. The particular person here alluded to, under the description of matrona potens, was, probably, Agrippina, the wife of Clau- dius, who poisoned her husband, that she might make her son Nero emperor. Occurs.] Meets you in the public street, and thus occurs to the observation of the satirist. Comp. 1. 63, 4. 69. Calenian wine.] Calenum was a city in the kingdom of Naples, famous for a soft kind of wine. 70. About to reach forth.] Porrectura the husband is supposed to be BO thirsty, as not to examine the contents of the draught ; of this she avails herself, by reaching to him some Calenian wine, with poison in it, which was extracted from a toad. 71. A better Locusta.] This Locusta was a vile woman, skilful in preparing poisons. She helped Nero to poison Britannicus, the son of Claudius and Messalina ; and Agrippina to dispatch Claudius. The woman alluded to by Juvenal, 1. 69. he here styles, melior Locusta, a better Locusta, i. e. more skilled in poisoning than even Locusta herself. Her rude neighbours.] i. e. Unac- quainted, and unskilled before, in this diabolical art. 72. Through fame and tfus people.] Set- ting all reputation and public report at defiance ; not caring what people should say. To bring forth.] For burial which efferre peculiarly means. See TKR. And. act. i. sc. i. 1. 90. 72. Black husbands.] Their corpses turned putrid and black, with the effects of the poison. 73. Dare.] i. e. Attempt presume be not afraid to commit. Something.] Some atrocious crime, worthy of exile, or imprisonment The narroiv GyartB.] Gyaras was an island in the jEgean sea, small, bar- ren, and desolate, to which criminals were banished. 22 JUVENALIS SATIRE. Si vis esse aliquis : PROBITAS LAUDATUR, ET ALGET. Criminibus debent hortos, praetoria, mensas, Argentum vetus, et stantein extra pocula caprum. Quern patitur dormire nurus corruptor avaras ? Quern sponsse turpes, et praatextatus adulter? Si natura negat, facit indignatio versum, Qualemcunque potest : quales ego, vel Cluvienus. Ex quo Deucalion, nimbis tollentibus sequor, Navigio montem ascendit, sortesque poposcit, Paulatimque anima caluerunt mollia saxa Et maribus nudas ostendit Pyrrha puellas : Quicquid agunt homines, votum, timor, ira, voluptas Gaudia, discursus, nostri est farrago libelli. Et quando uberior vitiorum copia ? quando Major avaritise patuit sinus ? alea quando Hos animos ? neque enim loculis comitantibus itur 74. If you would be somebody.'] i. e. If you would make yourself taken notice of, as a person of consequence, at Rome. A severe reflection on certain favourites of the emperor, who, by being informers, and by other scandalous actions, had enriched themselves. Probity is praised,fyc.] Thisseems a proverbial saying, and applies to what goes before, as well as to what follows, wherein the poet is shewing, that vice was, in those days, the only way to riches and honours. Honesty and in- nocence will be commended, but those who possess them be left to starve. 75. Gardens.] i. e. Pleasant and beau- tiful retreats, where they had gardens of great taste and expence. Palaces] The word prsetoria de- notes noblemen's seats in the country, as well as the palaces of great men in the city. Tables.] Made of ivory, marble, and other expensive materials. 76. Old silver.] Ancient plate very valuable on account of the workman- Bhip. A goat standing, #&] The figure of a goat in curious bas relief which animal, as sacred to Bacchus, was very usually expressed on drinking cups. 77. Whom.] i. e. Which of the poets, or writers of satire, can be at rest from writing, or withhold his satiric rage ? The corrupter] i. e. The father, who takes advantage of the love of money in his son's wife, to debauch her. 78. Base spouses.] Lewd and adulte- rous wives. The noble young Adulterer.] Prre- textatus, i. e. the youth, not having laid aside the prsetextata, or gown worn by boys, sons of the nobility, till seventeen years of age yet, in this early period of life, initiated into the practice of adul- tery. 79. Indignation makes verse.] Forces one to write, however naturally without talents for it. 80. Such as I, or Cluvienus.] i. e. Make or write. The poet names him- self with Cluvienus, (some bad poet of his time,) that he might the more freely satirize him, which he at the same time does, the more severely, by the compari- son. 81. From the time that Deucalion] This and the three following lines relate to the history of the deluge, as described by Ovid. See Met. lib. i. 1. 264315. 82. Ascended the mountain, $c.] Al- luding to Ovid : Mons ibi verticibus petit arduus astra duobus, Nomine Parnassus Hie ubi Deucalion (nam eaetera, teavrat esquuor) Cum consorte tori parva rate vectus ad Tuesit. Asked for lots.] Sortes here means the oracles, or billets, on which the an- swers of the gods were written. Ovid, (ubi supra,) 1. 367, 8. represents Deu- JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 23 If you would be somebody. PROBITY is PRAISED AND STARVES WITH COLD. To crimes they owe gardens, palaces, tables, 75 Old silver, and a goat standing on the outside of cups. Whom does the corrupter of a covetous daughter-in-law suffer to sleep? Whom base spouses, and the noble young adulterer \ If nature denies, indignation makes verse, Such as it can : such as I, or Cluvienus. 80 From the time that Deucalion (the showers lifting up the sea) Ascended the mountain with his bark, and asked for lots, And the soft stones by little and little grew warm with life, And Pyrrha shewed to males naked damsels, Whatever men do desire, fear, anger, pleasure, 85 Joys, discourse is the composition of my little book. And when was there a more fruitful plenty of vices ? when Has a greater bosom of avarice lain open ? when the die These spirits ? they do not go, with purses accompanying, calion, and his wife Pyrrha, resolving to go to the temple of the goddess Themis, to enquire in what manner mankind should be restored. -placuit ceeleste prcecari Numen, et uuxiliumper sacras qwerere sortes. And L 381. Mota Dea est, sortemque dedit. Again, 1. 389. Verba datee sortis. To this Juvenal alludes in this line ; wherein sortes may be rendered, ora- cular answers. 83. The soft stones, ^c.] When Deu- calion and Pyrrha, having consulted the oracle how mankind might be repaired, were answerod. that this would be done by their casting the bones of their great mother behind their backs, -they picked stones from off the earth, and cast them behind their backs, and they became men and women. Jussos lapidessuapost vestigia mittunt : SCUM. Ponere duritiem caepere^ suitmque rigo- rem, Afollirique mora, mollitaque duoerefor- mam, $c. Ib. L 399402. Hence Juvenal says, mollia saxa. It is most likely that the whole ac- count of the deluge, given by Ovid, is a corruption of the Mosaical history of that event Plutarch mentions the dove sent out of the ark. 86. The composition, c.] Farrago signifies a mixture, an hodge-podge, as we say, of various things mixed together. The poet means, that the various pur- suits, inclinations, actions, and passions of men, and all those human follies and vices, which have existed, and have been increasing, ever since the flood, are the subjects of his satires. 88. Bosom of avarice.] A metaphorical allusion to the sail of a ship when ex- panded to the wind, the centre whereof is called sinus, the bosom. The larger the sail, and the more open and spread it is, the greater the capacity of the bo- som for receiving the wind, and the more powerfully is the ship driven on through the sea. Thus avarice spreads itself far and wide ; it catches the inclinations of men, as the sail the wind, and thus it drives them on in a full course when more than at present ? says the poet. The die.] A chief instrument of gaming ; put here for gaming itself. MBTON. 89. These spirits.] Animus signifies spirit or courage ; and in this sense we are to understand it here. As if the poet said, when was gaming so encouraged ? or when had games of hazard, which were forbidden by the law, (except only 24 JUVENALIS SATIRE. Ad casum tabulae, posita seel luditur area. Pnelia quanta illic dispensatore videbis Armigero ! simplexne furor sestertia centum Perdere, et horrenti tunicam non reddere servo Quis totidern erexit villas ? quis fercula septem Secreto co3navit avus ? nunc sportula primo Limine parva sedet, turbse rapienda togatse. Hie tameii faciem prius inspicit, et trepidat ne Suppositus venias, ac falso nomine poscas : Agnitus accipies. Jubet a praecone vocari Ipsos Trojugenas; nam vexant limen et ipsi Nobiscum : da Prsetori, da deinde Tribuno. SAT. I. 90 100 during the Saturnalia,) the courage to appear so open and frequently as they do now ? The sentence is elliptical, and must be supplied with habuit, or some other verb of the kind, to govern, hos animos. They do not go, with purses, $c.~] Gaming has now gotten to such an ex- travagant height, that gamesters are not content to play for what can be carried in their purses, but stake a whole chest of money at a time ; this seems to be implied by the word posita. Pono some- times signifies, laying a wager, putting down as a stake. See an example of this sense, from Plautus, AINSVV. pono, No. 5. 91. How many bottles, fyc.] i.e. How many attacks on one another at play. The steward."] Dispensator signi- fies a dispenser, a steward, one that lays out money, a manager. 92. Armour-bearer.] The armigeri were servants who followed their masters with their shields, and other arms, when they went to fight. The poet still carries on the metaphor of praelia in the preceding line. There gaming is compared to fighting ; here he humourously calls the steward the armour-bearer, as supplying his master with money, a necessary wea- pon at a gaming-table, to stake at play, instead of keeping and dispensing it, or laying it out for the usual and honest expenses of the family. Simple madness, vcris, No. iii. 16. Peribonius.'] Some horrid cha- racter, who made no secret of his impu- rities, and, in this, acted more ingenu- ously, and more according to truth, than these pretended philosophers did. 16. Impute him.] Ascribe all his vile actions. To the fates.] To his destiny, so that he can't help being what he is. The ancients had high notions of judicial astrology, and held that persons were influenced all their lives by the stars which presided at their birth, so as to guide and fix their destiny ever after. 17. His disease.] His besetting sin, (Comp. sat. ix. 1. 49. n.) or rather, per- haps, a certain disease which was the consequence of his impurities, and which affected his countenance and his gait, so as to proclaim his shame to every body he met What this disease was, may ap- pear from lines 12, 13. of this Satire, as it stands in the original. Perhaps Rom. i. 27. the latter part, may allude to something of this sort. 18. The simplicity of these.] The un- disguised and open manner of such people, who thus proclaim their vice, is rather pitiable, as it may be reckoned a misfortune, rather than any thing else, to be born with such a propensity. See notes on 1.16. These madness itself, Sfc.] Their un- governable madness in the service of their vices, their inordinate passion, stands as some* excuse for their practices, JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 41 A most noted practitioner among the Socratic catamites? 10 Bough limbs indeed, and hard bristles on the arms, Promise a fierce mind : but evident effects of unnatural Lewdness expose you to derision and contempt. Talk is rare to them, and the fancy of keeping silence great, And hair shorter than the eye-brow : therefore more truly, 1.5 And more ingenuously, Peribonius : him I to the fates Impute, who in countenance and gait confesses his disease. The simplicity of these is pitiable ; these madness itself Excuses : but worse are they who such thing's with words Of Hercules attack, who talk of virtue, and indulge 20 Themselves in horrid vice. Shall I fear thee, Sextus, Says infamous Varillus, by how much (am I) worse than thou art ! Let the straight deride the bandy-legged the white the Ethiopian. Who could have borne the Gracchi complaining about sedition ? 24 W ho would not mix heaven with earth, and the sea with heaven, If a thief should displease Verres, or an homicide Milo ? If Clodius should accuse adulterers, Catiline Cethegus ? at least comparatively with those who affect to condemn such characters as Peribonius, and yet do the same that he does. 20. Of Hercules.] This alludes to the story of Hercules, who, when he was a youth, uncertain in which way he should go, whether in the paths of virtue, or in those of pleasure, was supposed to see an apparition of two women, the one Virtue, the other Pleasure, each of which used many arguments to gain him : but he made choice of Virtue, and repulsed the other with the severest reproaches. See XEN. Memor. and Cic. de Offic. lib. L 21. Sextus.] Some infamous character of the kind above mentioned, 22. VariUus.} Another of the same stamp. The poet here supposes one of these wretches as gravely and severely reproaching the other. What ! says Varillus in answer, need I fear any thing you can say ? in what can you make me out to be worse than yourself? 22. Let the straight, $c.] These pro- verbial expressions mean to expose the folly and impudence of such who censure others for vices which they themselves practise. See Matt, vii 35. HOR. sat. vii. lib. ii. 1. 402. This sentiment is pursued and exem- plified in the instances following. 24. The Gracchi.] Caiusand Tiberius, tribunes, who raised great disturbances, on their introducing the Agrarian law, to divide the common fields equally among the people. At length they were both slain : Tiberius, as he was making a speech to the people, by Publius Nasica ; and Caius, by the command of the consul Opimius. 25. Mix heaven icith earth.} i. e. Ex- claim in the loudest and strongest terms, like him in Terence, co2lum ! terra ! maria Nep- tuni ! 26. Verres.] Praetor in Sicily, who was condemned and banished for plun- dering that province. Milo.] He killed P. Clodius, and was unsuccessfully defended by Tully. 27. dodiits.] A great enemy to Cicero, and the chief promoter of his banish- ment This Clodius was a most de- bauched and profligate person. He de- bauched Pompeia the wife of Caesar, and likewise his own sister. Soon after Cicero's return, Clodius was slain by Milo, and his body burnt in the Curia Hostilia. 42 JUVENALIS SATIRE. In tabulam Syllae si dicant discipuli tres ? Qualis erat nuper tragico pollutus adtilter Concubitu : qui tune leges revocabat amaras Omnibus, atque ipsis Veneri Martique timendas : Cum tot abortivis faecundam Julia vulvam Solveret, et patruo similes effunderet oifas.,- Nonne igitur jure, ac merito, vitia ultima nctos Contemnunt Scauros, et castigata remordent 2 Non tulit ex illis torvum Laronia quendam Clamanteui toties, ubi nunc lex Julia ? dormis ? Atque ita subridens : felicia tempora ! qua? te Moribus opponunt : habeat jam Roma pudorem ; Tertius e ccelo cecidit Cato. Sed tamen unde Catiline Cefhegus.] t. e. If Catiline were to accuse Cethegus. These were two famous conspirators against the state. See SALLUST, bell Catilin. 28. The table of Sylla.] Sylla was a noble Roman of the family of the Scipios. He was very cruel, and first set up tables of proscription, or outlawry, by which many thousand Romans were put to death in cold blood. Three disciples.'] There were two tri- umvirates, the one consisting of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus, the other of Au- gustus, Antony, and Lepidus, who fol- lowed Sylla's example, and therefore are called disciples, *. e. in cruelty, bloodshed, and murder. 29. The adulterer.] Domitian. He took away Domitia Longina from her husband .ffilius Lamia. 29, 30. A tragical intrigue.] He de- bauched Julia, the daughter of his bro- ther Titus, though married to Sabinus. After the death of Titus, and of Sabinus, whom Domitian caused to be assassi- nated, he openly avowed his passion for Julia, but was the death of her, by giving her medicines to make her mis- carry. See below, 1. 32, 3. 30. Recalling laws.'] At the very time when Domitian had this tragical intrigue with his niece Julia, he was reviving the severe laws of Julius Caesar against adultery, which were afterwards made more severe by Augustus. 30, 1. Bitter to att.] Severe and rigid to the last degree. Many persons, of both sexes, Domitian put to death for adultery. See Univ. Hist. voL xv. p. 52. 31. Mars and Venus.] They were caught together by Vulcan, the fabled husband of Venus, by means of a net with which he inclosed them. Juvenal means, by this, to satirize the zeal of Domitian against adultery in others, (while he indulged not only this, but incest also in his own practice,) by saying, that it was so great, that he would not only punish men, but gods also, if it came in his way so to do. 32. Abortives.] Embryos, of which Julia was made to miscarry. 23. Lumps.] Offas, lumps of flesh, crude births, deformed, and so resem- bling her uncle Domitian, the incestuous father of them. 34. Justly and deservedly.] With the highest reason and justice. The most vicious.] Ultima vitia, i. e. ultimi vitiosi, the most abandoned, who are to the utmost degree vicious, so that they may be termed themselves, vices. The abstract is here put for the concrete. MET. 35. Despise.] Hold them in the most sovereign contempt, for their impudence in daring to reprove others for being vicious. Tlie feigned Scauri.] JSmilius Scau- rus, as described by Sallust, bell. Ju- gurth. was a nobleman, bold, factious, greedy of power, honour, and riches, but very artful in disguising his vices. Juvenal therefore may be supposed to call these hypocrites fictos, as feigning to be what they were not ; Scaurus, as being like JE. Scaurus, appearing out- wardly grave and severe, but artfully, like him, concealing their vices. JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 43 If three disciples should speak against the table of Sylla ? Such was the adulterer lately polluted with a tragical Intrigue : who then was recalling laws, bitter 30 To all, and even to be dreaded by Mars and Venus themselves: When Julia her fruitful womb from so many abortives Released, and poured forth lumps resembling her uncle. Do not therefore, justly and deservedly, the most vicious Despise the feigned Scauri, and being reproved, bite again ? 35 Laronia did not endure a certain sour one from among them Crying out so often, " Where is now the Julian law ? dost " thou sleep T And thus smiling : " Happy times ! which thee " Oppose to manners : now Rome may take shame : " A third Cato is fallen from heaven : but yet Avhence 40 However, I question whether the cha- racter of Scaurus be not rather to be gathered from his being found among so many truly great and worthy men, Sat. xL 1. 90, 1. Pliny also represents him as a man summae integritatis, of the high- est integrity. This idea seems to suit best with fictos Scauros, as it leads us to consider these hypocrites as feigning themselves men of integrity and good- ness, and as seeming to resemble the probity and severity of manners for which Scaurus was eminent, the better to conceal their vices, and to deceive other people. And being repraved,bite again.] Such hypocrites are not only despised by the most openly vicious for their insincerity, but whenever they have the impudence to reprove vice, even in the most aban- doned, these will turn again and re- taliate : which is well expressed by the word remordent. 36. Laronia.] Martial, cotemporary with Juvenal, describes a woman of this name as a rich widow. Abnegat et retinet nostrum Laronia ser- WM, Respondens, orba est, dives, anus, \-idua. By what Juvenal represents her to have said, in the following lines, she seems to have had no small share of wit. Did not endure.] She could not bear him ; she was out of all patience. Sour.] Crabbed, stern in his ap- pearance. Or torvum may be here put for the adverb torve torve clamantem. Grecism. See above, 1. 3. and note. From among them.] i. e. One of these dissemblers ; one out of this hypo- critical herd. 37. Crying out so often.] Repeating aloud his seeming indignation against vice, and calling down the vengeance of the law against lewdness and effemi- nacy. Where is the Julian law ?] Against adultery and lewdness ; (see 1. 30. note ;) why is it not executed ? As it then stood, it punished adultery and sodomy with death. Dost thou sleep ?] Art thou as re- gardless of these enormities, as a person fast asleep is of what passes about him ? 38. And thus smiling.] Laronia could not refrain herself at hearing this, and, with a smile of the utmost contempt, ready almost at the same time to laugh in his face, thus jeers him. Happy times! Sfc.] That have raised up such a reformer as thou art, to op- pose the evil manners of the age ! 39. Now Rome may take shame.] Now, to be sure, Rome will blush, and take shame to herself, for what is practised within her walls, since such a reprover appears. Irony. 40. A third Cato.] Cato Censorius, as he was called, from his great gravity and strictness in his censorship ; and Cato Uticensis, so called from his killing him- self at Utica, a city of Africa, were men highly esteemed as eminent moralists ; to these, says Laronia, (continuing her ironical banter,) heaven has added a third Cato, by sending us so severe and respectable a moralist as thou art 44 JUVENALIS SATIRE. Hsec emis, hirsute spirant opobalsama collo Quse tibi ? ne pudeat dominum monstrare tabernse : Quod si vexantur leges, ac jura, citari Ante omnes debet Scantinia ; respice primum Et scrutare viros : faciunt hi plura ; sed illos 45 Defendit numerus, junctseque umbone phalanges. Magner inter molles concordia : non erit ullum Exemplum in nostra tarn detestabile sexu : Taedia non lambit Cluviam, nee Flora Catullam : Hippo subit juvenes, et morbo pallet- utroque. 50 Nunquid nos agimus causas ? civilia jura Novimus ? aut ullo strepitu fora vestra movemus ? Luctantur pauca?, comedunt coliphia paucffi : Vos lanum trahitis, calathisque peracta refertis Vellera : Vos tenui prsegnantem stamine fusum 55 Penelope melius, levius torquetis Arachne, Horrida quale facit residens in codice pellex. 41. Perfumes.'] Opobalsama OTTOS /SoAo-a/tou i. e. Succus balsami. This was some kind of perfumery, which the effeminate among the Romans made use of, and of which, it seems, this same rough-looking reprover smelt very strongly. 41. 2. Your rouyh necL] Hairy, and bearing the appe;irance of a most philo- sophical neglect of your person. 42. Don't be ashamed, e.] Don't blush to tell us where the perfumer lives, of whom you bought these fine sweet- smelling ointments. Here her raillery is very keen, and tends to shew what this pretended re- former really was, notwithstanding his appearance of sanctity. She may be said to have smelt him out. 43. Statutes and laws are disturbed.] From that state of sleep in which you seem to represent them, and from which you wish to awaken them. The Roman jurisprudence seems to have been found- ed on a threefold basis, on which the general law, by which the government was carried on, was established ; that is to say, Consulta patrum, or decrees of the senate Leges, which seem to an- swer to our statute-laws and jura, those rules of common justice, which were de- rived from the two former, but particu- larly from the latter of the two, or, per- haps, from immemorial usage and cus- tom, like the common law of England. HOR. lib. i. epist. xvi. 1. 41. mentions these three particulars : Vir bonus est quis ? Qui consuUa patrum, qui leges, jitraque servat. See an account of the Roman laws at large, in Kennett's Roman Antiq. part ii. book iii. chap. xxi. et seq. 43. T/ie Scantinian.] so called from Scantinius Aricinus, by whom it was first introduced to punish sodomy. Others think that this law was so called from C. Scantinius, who attempted this crime on the son of Marcellus, and was pun- ished accordingly. 45. Examine the men.] Search dili- gently : scrutinize into their abomina- tions. These do more things.] They far out- do the other sex ; they do more things worthy of severe reprehension. 46. Number defends.] This tends to shew how common that detestable vice was. (Comp. Rom. i. 27.) Such num- bers were guilty of it, that it was looked upon rather as fashionable than crimi- nal ; they seemed to set the law at de- fiance, as not daring to attack so large a body. Battalions jot/ted, Sfc.~] A metaphor taken from the Roman manner of en- A phalanx properly signified a ition for an attack on the enemy by the foot, with every man's shield or buckler so close to another's, as to join JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 45 Do you buy these perfumes which breathe from your rough Neck? don't be ashamed to declare the master of the shop : But if the statutes and laws are disturbed, the Scantinian Ought before all to be stirred up. Consider first, And examine the men : these do more things but them 45 Number defends, and battalions joined with a buckler. There is great concord among the effeminate : there will " not be any Example so detestable in our sex : Tradia caresses not Cluvia, nor Flora Catulla : Hippo assails youths, and in his turn is assailed. 50 Do we plead causes ? the civil laws Do we know ? or with any noise do we make a stir in your " courts? A few wrestle, a few eat wrestlers' diet : You card wool, and carry back in full baskets your finished Fleeces ; you the spindle, big with slender thread, Better than Penelope do twist, and finer than Arachne, As does a dirty harlot sitting on a log. them together and make a sort of im- penetrable wall or rampart This is said to have been first invented by the Mace- donians ; phalanx is thereforc-to be con- sidered as a Macedonian word. 47. There is great concord^ tfc.] They are very fond of each other, and strongly connected and united, so that attacking one would be like attacking all. 49. Teedia Flora, Sfc]. Famous Ro- man courtezans in Juvenal's time bad as they were, the men were worse. 51. Do we plead, fyc.~\ Do we women usurp the province of the men ? do we take upon us those functions which be- long to them ? 53. A feu- wrestle.] A few women there are, who are of such a masculine turn of mind, as to wrestle in public. See Sat i. 22, 3. and notes ; and Sat vi. 24557. and notes. Wrestlers' diet.] Prepare themselves for wrestling as the wrestlers do by feeding on the coliphium a Kta\a upta, membra robusta ; a kind of dry diet which wrestlers used, to make them strong and firm-fleshed. See AINSW. 54. You curd two/.] You, effeminate wretches, forsake manly exercises, and addict yourselves to employments which are peculiar to women. In luiskHs.] The calathi were little osier or wicker baskets in which the women put their work when they had finished it, in order to carry it back to their employers. 56. Penelope.] Wife of Ulysses, who during her husband's absence was im- portuned by many noble suitors, whose addresses she refused with inviolable constancy : but, fearing they might take her by force, she amused them, by de- siring them to wait till she had finished a web, which she was then about ; and to make the time as long as possible, she undid during the night what she had done in the day. Arachne.] A Lydian damsel, very skilful in spinning and weaving. She is fabled to have contended with Minerva, and, being outdone, she hanged herself, and was by that goddess changed into a spider. Ov. Met lib. vi. feb. 1. By mentioning these instances, Laro- nia ironically commends the great pro- ficiency of the men in carding and spin- ning : both these operations seem to be dictinctly marked bv the poet 57. A dirty harlot.] Pellex properly denotes the mistress of a married man. This, and the Greek iroAAoKi?, seem derived from the Hebrew pilgesh, which we render, concubine. Codex, from caudex, literally signifies JUVENALIS SATIRE. Notum est cur solo tabulas impleverit Hister Liberto ; dederit vivus cur multa puellae : Dives erit, magno quae dormit tertia lecto. Tu nube, atque tace : donant arcana cylindros. De nobis post hsec tristis sententia fertur : Dat veniam corvis, vexat censura columbas. Fugerunt trepidi vera ac manifesta canentem Stoicidaa ; quid enim falsi Laronia ? Sed quid Non facient alii, cum tu multicia sumas, Cretice, et hanc vestem populo mirante perores In Proculas, et Pollineas ? est mcecha' Fabulla : Damnetur si vis, etiam Carfinia : talem Non sumet damnata togam. Sed Julius ardet, 70 a stump or stock of a tree of a large piece of which a log was cut out, and made an instrument of punishment for female slaves, who were chained to it on any misbehaviour towards their mis- tresses, but especially where there was jealousy in the case ; and there they were to sit and work at spinning, or the like. 58. Hister.] Some infamous character, here introduced by Laronia in order to illustrate her argument. Filled his trill.] Tabula signifies any plate or thin material on which they wrote ; hence deeds, wills, and other written instruments, were called tabulae. So public edicts. See before, 1. 28. 58. 9. With otily his freedman.] Left him his sole heir. 59. Why alive, tfc.] Why in his life- time he was so very generous, and made such numbers of presents to his wife, here called puellae, as being a very young girl when he married her : but I should rather think, that the arch Laronia has a more severe meaning in her use of the term puellae, by which she would inti- mate, that his young wife, having been totally neglected by him, remained still, puella, a maiden ; Hister having no desire towards any thing, but what was unnatural with his favourite freedman. It is evident that the poet uses puella in this sense, sat ix. L 74. See note on sat. ix. 1. 70. 60. She wUl be rich, Sfc.] By receiving (as Hister's wife did) large sums for hush-money. Who sleeps third, -e.] By this she would insinuate, that Hister caused his freedman, whom he afterwards made his heir, to lie in the bed with him and his wife, and gave his wife large presents of money, jewels, &c. not to betray his abominable practices. 61. Do thou marry.] This apostrophe may be supposed to be addressed to the unmarried woman, who might be stand- ing by, and listening to Laronia's severe reproof of the husbands of that day, and contains a sarcasm of the most bitter kind. As if she had said, " You hear what " you are to expect ; such of you as wish " to be rich, I advise to marry, and keep " their husbands' secrets." Secrets bestmo gems.] Cylindros these were precious stones, of an oblong and round form, which the women used to hang in their ears. Here they seem to signify all manner of gems. 2. After all this.] After all I have 6 been saying of the men, I can't help ob- serving how hardly we women are used. A heavy sentence, Sfc.] Where we are concerned no mercy is to be shewn to us ; the heaviest sentence of the laws is called down upon us, and its utmost vengeance is prescribed against us. 63. Censure excuses ravens, Qc.] Laro- nia ends her speech with a proverbial saying, which is much to her purpose. Censura here means punishment. The men, who, like ravens and other birds of prey, are so mischievous, are yet ex- cused ; but, alas ! when we poor women, who are, comparatively, harmless as doves, when we, through simplicity and weakness, go astray, we hear of nothing but punishment. SAT. ir. JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 47 " It is known why Hister filled his will with only " His freedman ; why alive he gave much to a wench : " She will be rich, who sleeps third in a large bed. 60 " Do thou marry, and hush secrets bestow gems. " After all this, a heavy sentence is passed against us : " Censure excuses ravens, and vexes doves." Her, proclaiming things true and manifest, trembling fled The Stoicides For what falsehood had Laronia [uttered] ? But what 65 Will not others do, when thou assumest transparent gar- ments, O Creticus, and (the people wondering at this apparel) thou declaimest Against the Proculse and Pollinese ? Fabulla is an adulteress : Let Carfinia too be condemned if you please : such A gown, condemned, shell not put on. "But July burns 70 64. Her, proclaiming, $fc.] We have here the effect of Laronia's speech upon her guilty hearers ; their consciences were alarmed, and away they flew, they could not stand any longer : they knew what she said to be true, and not a tit- tle of it could be denied : so the faster they could make their escape, the better : like those severe hypocrites we read of, John viii. 7 9. Cano signifies, as used here, to report, to proclaim aloud. 65. The Stoicides.'] Stoicidae. This word seems to have been framed on the occasion with a feminine ending, the better to suit their characters, and to intimate the monstrous effeminacy of these pretended Stoics. The Stoics were called Stoici, from ffroa, a porch in Athens, where they used to meet and dispute. They highly commended apathy, or freedom from all passions. Juvenal, having severely lashed the Stoicides, or pretended Stoics, now pro- ceeds to attack, in the person of Metel- lus Creticus, the effeminacy of certain magistrates, who appeared, even in the seat of justice, attired in a most unbe- coming and indecent manner, and such as bespake them in the high road to the most horrid impurities. 66. Will not others do, #e.] q. d. It is no marvel that we find vice triumphant over people that move in a less conspi- cuous sphere of life, when plain and ap- parent symptoms of it are seen in those who fill the seats of justice, and are actually exhibited by them, before the public eye, in open court. 66. Transparent garments.] Multicia, quasi multilicia, of many threads. These were so finely and curiously wrought, that the body might be seen through them. 67. O Creticus.'] This magistrate was descended from the family of that Me- tellus, who was called Creticus, from his conquest of Crete. Juvenal, most pro- bably, addresses Metellus by this sur- name of his great ancestor, the more to expose and shame him, for acting so un- worthy his descent from so brave and noble a person. Thou declaimest.'] Passest sentence in the most aggravated terms perores. The end of a speech, in which the orator collected all his force and eloquence, was called the peroration : but the verb is used in a larger sense, and signifies to declaim and make an harangue against any person or thing. 68. Proculae and Pollineee.] Names of particular women, who were con- demned, on the Julian law, for inconti- nence, but so famous in their way, as to stand here for lewd women in general. He could condemn such in the sever- est manner, when before him in judg- ment, while he, by his immodest dress, shewed himself to be worse than they were. 68.69. Fabulla Carfinia.] Notorious adulteresses. 69. 70. Suchagou-n, <<.] Rid as such women may- be, and even convicted of 48 JUVENALIS SATIRE. .^Estuo : nudus agas ; minus est insania turpis. En habitum, quo te leges, ac jura ferentem Vulneribus crudis populus modo victor, et illud Moiitanum positis audiret vulgus aratris. Quid non proclames, in corpore Judicis ista Si videas 2 qusero an deceant multicia testem ? Acer, et indomitus, libertatisque magister, Cretice pelluces ! Dedit hanc contagio labem, Et dabit in plures : sicut grex totus in agris Unius scabie cadit, et porrigine porci ; Uvaque conspecta livorem ducit ab uva. Foedius hoc aliquid quandoque audebis amictu : Nemo repente fuit turpissimus. Accipient te Paulatim, qui longa domi rediniicula summit 75 incontinence, yet they would not appear in such a dress as is worn by you who condemn them. Or perhaps this alludes to the custom of obliging women convicted of adultery to pull off the stola, or woman's garment, and put on the toga, or man's garment, which stigmatized them as infamous ; but even this was not so infamous as the transparent dress of the judge. Horace calls a common prostitute, togata. Sat. ii. lib. i. 1. 63. But July bums, <$.] He endea- vours at an excuse, from the heat of the weather, for being thus clad. 71. Do your business, Qc.] As a judge. Agere legem sometimes signifies to ex- ecute the sentence of the law against malefactors. See AINSW. Ago. Madness is less shameful.] Were you to sit on the bench naked, you might be thought mad, but this would not be so shameful ; madness might be some excuse. 72. Lo the habit, frc.] This, and the three following lines, suppose some of the old hardy and brave Romans, just come from a victory, and covered with fresh wounds (crudis vulneribus) rough mountaineers, who had left their ploughs, like Cincinnatus, to fight against the enemies of their country, and on their arrival at Rome, with the ensigns of glorious conquest, finding such an effe- minate character upon the bench, bear- ing the charge of the laws, and bringing them forth in judgment ; which may be the sense of ferentem in this place. 75. Wltat would you tiat proclaim,S[c.] How would you exclaim ! What would you not utter, that could express your indignation and abhorrence (0 ancient and venerable people) of such a silken judge ! 76. I ask,umild, "c.] q. d . It would be indecent for a private person, who only attends as a witness, to appear in such a dress ; how much more for a judge, who sits in an eminent station, in a public character, and who is to con- dem vice of all kinds. 77. Sour and unsubdued.] Creticus, who pretendest to stoicism, and appear- ing morose, severe, and not overcome by your passions. Master of liberty.] By this, and the preceding part of this line, it should ap- pear, that this effeminate judge was one who pretended to stoicism, which taught a great severity of manners, and an apathy both of body and mind ; likewise such a liberty of living as they pleased, as to be exempt from the frailties and passions of other men. They taught on novos 6 a-oQos f \fv6epos that " only a " wise man was free." Hence Cic. Quid est libertas ? potestas vivendi ut velis. 78. You are transparent] Your body is seen through your fine garments : so that with all your stoicism, your appear- ance is that of a shameless and most un- natural libertine : a slave to the vilest passions, though pretending to be a master of your liberty of action. Contaffion gave this stain.] You owe all this to the company which you have kept ; by this you have been in- fected. JUVENAL'S SATIRES. 49 " Tm very hot"" do your business naked : madness is less shameful. Lo the habit ! in which, thee promulgating statutes and laws, The people (with crude wounds just now victorious, And that mountain-vulgar with ploughs laid by) might hear. What would you not proclaim, if, on the body of a judge, those things 75 You should see \ I ask, would transparent garments become a witness? Sour and unsubdued, and master of liberty, O Creticus, you are transparent ! contagion gave this stain, And will give it to more : as, in the fields, a whole herd, Fall by the scab and measles of one swine : 80 And a grape derives a blueness from a grape beholden. Some time you'll venture something worse than this- dress : Nobody was on a sudden most base. They will receive thee By little and little, who at home bind long fillets on 79. Andmllgii-c it to more."] You will corrupt others by your example, as you were corrupted by the example of those whom you have followed. The language here is metaphorical, taken from distempered cattle, which communicate infection by herding to- gether. 80. Fall* by the scab, $r.] Our Eng- lish proverb says, " One scabby sheep " mars the whole flock." 81. A grape, |Y.] This is also a pro- verbial saying, from the ripening of the black grape, (as we call it,) which has a blue or livid hue : these do not turn to that colour all at once and together, but grape after grape, which, the vulgar sup- posed, was owing to one grape's looking upon another, being very near in contact, and so contracting the same colour. They had a proverb, Uva uvam videndo varia fit 83. Nobody was on a sudden, $c.] None ever arrived at the highest pitch of wickedness at first setting out : the workings of evil are gradual, and almost imperceptible at first ; but as the insi- nuations of vice deceive the conscience, they first blind and then harden it, until the greatest crimes are committed without remorse. I do not recollect where I met with the underwritten lines ; but as they contain excellent advice, they may not lie umiseful in this place : O Lfoline, be obstinately just, Indulge no passion, and betray no trust; Never let man be bold enotiyh to say, Thus, and no fartJier, let my passion stray: The first crime past compels us on to more, And guilt proves fate, which was but choice before. They will receive, $r.] By degrees you will go on from one step to another till you are received into the lewd and horrid society after mentioned. The poet is now going to expose a set of unnatu- ral wretches, who, in imitation of women, celebrated the rites of the Bona Dea. 84. Who at home, $c.] Domi, that is, secretly, privately, in some house, hired or procured for the purpose of cele- brating their horrid rites, in imitation of the women, who yearly observed the rites of the Bona "Dea, and celebrated them in the house of the high priest. PLUT. in vita Ciceronis et Caesaris. If we say, redimicula domi, literally, fillets of the house, we may understand it to mean those fillets which, in imita- tion of the women, they wore around their heads on these occasions, and which, at other times, were hung up about the house, as part of the sacred furniture. Here is the first instance, in which their ornaments and habits were like those of the women. 50 JUVENALIS SATIRE. Frontibus, et toto posuere monilia collo, 85 Atque Bonam tenerse placant abdoinine porcae, Et magno cratere Deam : sed more sinistro Exagitata procul non intrat foemina limen. Soils ara Dese maribus patet : ite profanae, Clamatur : nullo gemit hie tibicina cornu. 90 Talia secreta coluerunt Orgia tseda Cecropiam soliti BaptaB lassare Cotytto. Ille supercilium madida fuligine tactum Obliqua producit acu, pingitque trementes Attollens oculos ; vitreo bibit ille Priapo, 95 E-eticulumque comis auratum ingentibus implet, Coerulea indutus scutulata, aut galbana rasa ; 85. And have plated ornaments, $c.] Monilia, necklaces, consisting of so many rows as to cover the whole neck ; these were also female ornaments. This is the second instance. Monile, in its largest sense, implies an ornament for any part of the body. AINSW. But as the neck is here mentioned, necklaces are most probably meant ; these were made of pearls, precious stones, gold, &c. 86. The good goddess.] The Bona Dea, worshipped by the women, was a Ro- man lady, the wife of one Faunus ; she was famous for chastity, and, after her death, consecrated. Sacrifices were per- formed to her only by night, and se- cretly ; they sacrificed to her a sow pig. No men were admitted. In imitation of this, these wretches, spoken of by our poet, that they might resemble women as much as possible, instituted rites and sacrifices of the same kind, and performed them in the same secret and clandestine manner. The belly, fyc.] The sumen, or dugs and udder of a young sow, was esteemed a great dainty, and seems here meant by abdomine. Pliny says (xi. 84. edit. Hard.) antiqui sumen vocabant abdo- men. Here it stands for the whole ani- mal (as in sat. xii. 73.) by synec. 87. A large goblet.'] Out of which they poured their libations. By a perverted custom.'] More sinis- tro by a perverted, awkward custom, they exclude all women from their mys- teries, as men were excluded from those of the women ; by the latter of which alone the Bona Dea was to be worship- ped, and no men were to be admitted. Sacra bonce maribus non adeunda Dete. TIB. L 6, '2-2. So that the proceeding of these men was an utter perversion of the female rites ; as different from the original and real institution, as the left hand is from the right, and as contrary. 89. Go ye profane.] Profane mean- ing the women ; as if they banished them by solemn proclamation. Juvenal here humourously parodies that passage in Virgil, relative to the Svbil, JEn. vi. 258, 9. Procul, procul, este profani, Conclamat votes, totoque absistite luco ! 90. With no horn here, #c.] It was usual, at the sacrifices of the Bona Dea, for some of the women to make a lament- able noise (well expressed here by the word gemit) with a horn. The male worshippers had no women among them for this purpose. Nullo tibicina cornu, for nulla tibicina cornu. Hypallage. 91. Such orgies.] Orgia so called airo rqs Opyrjs, from the furious behaviour of the priests of Bacchus, and others by whom they were celebrated: but the part of the orgies here alluded to was that wherein all manner of lewdness, even of the most unnatural kind, was committed by private torch-light Tseda secreta. Coluerunt they practised, ce- lebrated, solemnized. 9'2. The. Bapt