TP 6 30 IC-NRLF 31 It. 7 REFINING INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES WITH List of Refineries, Capacity and Investment and the Oil Jobbers of America By H. G. JAMES PRICE $1.00 Copyrighted 1916 by the Derrick Publishing Company 1916 THE DERRICK PUBLISHING COMPANY OIL CITY, PENN'A. REFINING INDUSTRY OF THE UNITED STATES WITH List of Refineries, Capacity and Investment and the Oil Jobbers of America By H. G. JAMES Copyrighted 1916 by the Derrick Publishing Company 1916 THE DERRICK PUBLISHING COMPANY OIL CITY. PENN'A. FOREWORD. The demand for the article on the refineries of the United States has been so great, that The Derrick Pub- lishing Company presents it in pamphlet form. It is the first attempt to gather a list of the refineries of the United States, with their location and capacity. There are doubtless some inaccuracies in the list, but since the article was published in the Daily Derrick, those to which the Derrick's attention was called have been cor- rected. That the refining companies found so few, would indicate the care with which the information was ob- tained. The kaleidoscopic character of the business is forci- bly illustrated by the fact that most of the corrections came from the completion of new refineries, and the ad- dition to the capacity of others. These give an added refinery capacity of approximately 20,000 barrels of crude daily, more than when the publication of Mr. James' article began. These additions and corrections change somewhat the total figures, which it is impossible to cor- rect without rewriting the pamphlet, and if this should be done other changes would be required in an endless chain. As a review of the refining industry of the United States the article was complete when, first written, and as such is submitted to the public. ,. . t THE DERRICK PUBLISHING CO. 372183 Refining Industry of United States The petroleum refining industry is like a kaleidoscope always changing. Changes come so fast, the man who makes a success at it must be capable of quick action. He must think all the while a little ahead of the game. He who hesitates in the oil contest for suc- cess loses his opportunity. Like "The House of a Thousand Candles" it is "A Business of a Thousand Angles," and ev- ery angle is a nerve center of the enter- prise. It is as "touchy" as a spoiled child. Prices are beyond the control of the manufacturer. They are gee-hawed by the cost of production and the pecu- liarities of the consuming market. A re- finer can't make gasoline without mak- ing fuel oil. He can't advance the price of fuel oil beyond the competitive price of coal. The gasoline consumer demands an adequate supply. He growls if prices are high and demands a Federal inves- tigation. Gasoline must bear the bur- den of manufacture. So gasoline prices are only incidentally and conditionally related to crude prices. The kaleido- scopic nature of the business is illus- trated forcibly by the fact that Congress ordered an investigation of oil because prices were "unconscionably" low; the investigation was not actually made un- til prices were "warrantably" high; and before the report has been issued, prices are on the toboggan again. An Okla- homa refinery contracted for crude at 30 cents a barrel for three years. In a few months the market had advanced several hundred per cent. The contract was broken at the instance of the pro- ducers. Two months later only 50 per 'cent, of the output of the field was being taken and the price was nearly back to the contract figure. Such is the Cyn- thia-of-the-minute character of this fluctuating business. Steel Profits vs. Oil Profits. Complaint is frequently made that earnings in oil are unwarrantably large. Fact is scores of other enterprises pro- duce larger returns than oil. Some are so much larger as to sink oil into abject insignificance. Big profits in oil are gen- erally made either by exceptional risk or by huge volume. Generally speaking pe- troleum profits are not unusual. You never hear of the thousands who lose. The public gets value received. Witness the amount of gasoline procurable at 15 cents; the amount of kerosene for 10 cents; and vaseline for five cents. Net earnings of the United States Steel cor- poration during the second quarter of this year averaged $20.70 a ton. This is in excess of one cent a pound. A barrel of 42 gallons of gasoline weighs 277 pounds. If the refiner -could realize a profit of one cent a pound, every barrel would return him $2.77 profit. There- fore, a refinery running 5,000 barrels of crude a day, from which it secured 20 per cent, gasoline (some are getting as high as 30 per cent.), would have a pro- fit of $2,772 a day, or $83,160 a month. And then he would have all of his pro- ducts left. Miss Gasoline is shamed and humiliated in the presence of this giant of industry, Mon. Sig. Steel. Indeed, re- finers would be mighty well pleased if they could net 30 cents a barrel crude run. And the steel corporation was proved innocent of the charge of monopoly. Gathering Information. The writer has been endeavoring the past year to secure a complete list of all oil refineries in the United States. Lists have appeared from time to time, but an effort to check these up shows that none of them has been wholly cor- rect. The information, which we shall present in this article, is based upon let- ters received from various sources from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast during the past year. It is not claimed that this list is complete or wholly accurate. It is as complete as it has been possible to make it. In some instances informa- tion has been difficult to secure. It must be borne in mind that refineries the past two years have been built, as it were, over night. Again a refining plant which might have a charging capacity of 500 barrels today, next month might have a charging capacity of 1,000 or 1,500 barrels. Two or three years ago an independent refinery running 5,000 barrels a day was an exceptionally large concern. Today there are independent refineries with daily running capacity of 15,000 to 30,000 barrels. Their num- ber is rapidly increasing. Some of these are merely what is termed "skim- ming" plants. Others are complete re- fineries, turning out all products of re- fined oils and greases. Western refin- ers are now turning attention to mak- ing lubricants. The field is widening. The Independents are realizing their op- portunity. One company can no longer do all the business. It is too big. There was a time when it was practi- cally true that the Standard Oil Com- pany was the oil business of America. But this is not true today. The Inde- pendent movement has been growing by leaps and bounds. The Standard Oil group owns only a small percentage of production and now controls only about one-half of refinery capacity. This brings forcibly to attention the fact that there are now three classes of re- finers in this country. First, the Stand- ard Oil Company group with its mighty forces; second, is that large group of big Independents who come in strict and forceful competition with the Standard Oil Company; and third, there is that large element of small Independ- ents who shy with equal timidity in the presence of both the big Independ- ents and the Standard Oil group, and who are in a particular class by them- selves. But no one is clothed with pro- phetic vision sufficient to say what the morrow may bring forth. Some of the greatest factors in the manufacturing Refining Industry of the United States. end of oildom today, yesterday were struggling in this third class. There are great opportunities in oil and dur- ing the past two or three years practi- cally all that has been necessary to make a success has been native ability, quick action and good connections. Just now an unprecedented number of new and exceptionally large refiner- ies is being built or is planned for. I cannot say that they will or will not overproduce the market. To a casual observer it would seem that they will. Prophesying about oil is hazardous. The prices of .automobiles are coming down. I have talked with the representatives of several of the largest motor manu- facturers the past week and they tell me the capacity of their factories is sold six months to a year ahead. This means a big increase in gasoline con- sumption. 1 presume the situation will work itself out. If there is too much gasoline next year, a period of no new refineries will follow and the twin law of averages and compensation will dem- onstrate their accuracy aigain. But there is one thing of which I am morally certain and that is the petro- leum refining business during the next five years is going to pass through the greatest evolution of its history. My opinion is that methods are going to be completely revolutionized and that much larger volumes of crude will be treated and greater precipitation of gasoline se- cured at a decidedly less expense. The progress in this particular made the past year has been quite remarkable. More than this, much more about oil and its contents and how to treat it' is going to be known. Chemists and re- searchers are constantly amazed over what their experiments develop. *But most refiners are too intent on making money to "run down" these discoveries. The Mid-Continent field will continue for some time to be the center of ac- tivity. Intense energy is displayed here. Nothing is too big to undertake. The field possesses many natural advantages. Sixty gravity gasoline produced from Mid-Continent crude equals 56 gravity from the far-famed Pennsylvania crude, and it has been found possible to make just as good lubricants from this oil as from Pennsylvania. So with the im- mense volume of crude, the probable future supply, the great marketing cen- ters and natural advantages, the first is quite certain to hold its enviable posi- tion for a long while. More than 60 per cent of the gasoline of the country now comes from the Mid-Continent reg- ion. As it is found possible to make- acceptable grades of low gravity gaso- line, this volume will increase. The time is near at hand when the standard grade of motor gasoline will be 50 gravity with 410 end point. It may not be generally known, but the bulk of motor fuel sold in one of the largest cities of the United States tests only 54 grav- ity, but it is a good, satisfactory pro- duct. There need be no fear about the future supply of crude. There need be little apprehension on the part of refiners of a gasoline substitute that will put the refiner out of business. Other liquids may be found that will explode in inter- nal combustion engines, but there is scarcely any likelihood of a competitor of gasoline. The oil business has had a very ex- tended "infancy," and the expression may be thread-worn, but in point of de- velopment it is still in its swaddling clothes. This has been shown by the wonderful progress of the past two years. Even since I began gathering the data for this story so many changes have taken place I have been compelled to revise again and again. New re- fineries are being projected so fast and old ones are increasing so rapidly that I fear this story will be out of date before it is printed. I am presenting this statistical in- formation with the hope that it will prove of much interest and value to the trade, and I trust if any errors have crept into these statements that correc- tions may be sent me for future guid- ance. It is hoped thereby to finally work out of this effort a complete and reliable directory of American oil refineries. PETROLEUM REFINERIES IN THE UNITED STATES. (Showing as fully as possible year built, investment and daily consumption of crude.) California. Ap. Bbls. Year Approximate Crude Built. Investment. Used D'y. 1902"! Standard Oil Company, El Segunda 1913 } $65,834,200 Standard Oil Company, Kern River 1914 J Name. Location. Standard Oil Company, Poin* Richards Union Oil Co., of California, Oleum 1895 Union Oil Co. of California, Avila Union Oil Co. of California, Bakersfield Union Oil Co. of California, Brea Union Oil Co. of California, Los Angeles ..: Union Oil Co. of California, Orcutt Union Oil Co. of California, Santa Paula Associated Oil Co., Avon 1913 Associated Oil Co., Gaviota 1899 'Phoenix Refining Co. Bakersfield 1902 Monarch Oil Refining Co., Berkley 1910 Final-Dome Refining Co., Betteravia 1911 St. Helens Petroleum Co., Brea Puente Oil Co., Chino 1S98 Paraffine Paint Co., Emeryville 1895 65,000 20,000 25,000 3,000,000 Other plants built since 1895 1,400,753 530,567 (b'th pl'ts) *1.200 *600 2."0.000 1.500 1,000 300 Refining Industry of the United States. American Oilfields Co., Fellows Ventura Refining Co., Fillmore ... California-Fresno Oil Co., Fresno , Pacific States Refineries, Fruitvale , Pacific States Refineries, Coalinga , 2 Hanford Oil Refinery, Inc., Hanford , 3 Eastern Consolidated Oil Co., Kern River Field King Refining Co., Kern River Field Producers Refining Co., Kern River Field Warren Bros., Kern River Field , 4 Warren Bros., Rodeo , 5 General Petroleum Co., Kerto , General Petroleum Co., Vernon , Asphaltum Oil & Refining Co., Los Angeles -Amalgamated Oil Co., Los Angeles California Oil & Asphalt Co., Los Angeles , Densmore-Stabler Refining Co., Los Angeles .... jHuasteca Petroleum Co., Los Angeles , Lincoln Motor Co., Los Angeles , Pioneer Roll Paper Co., Los Ang-eles ^Service Oil & Asphalt Co., Los Angeles 'Shell Co. (Trumbull Refining Co.), Los Angeles .. S. A. Thompson Oil Co., Los Angeles /yosemite Oil Refining Co., Los Angeles O'Neal Refining Co., Long Beach , Santa Maria Oil Fields, Ltd., Roadamite San Diego A-l Refinery, San Diego , Capitol Crude Oil Co., Santa Paula , Tulare Refinery, Tulare British California Oil Co., Vernon ..-^Hercules Oil Refining Co., Vernon Hfordan Oil Co., Vernon IJMtional Oil Refining Co., Waits Adalaine, Consolidated Road Oil Co., Maricopa .. Sunset Monarch Oil Co., Maricopa 6 American Oriental Co., Martinez Shell Company of California, Martinez ^Richfield Oil Co., Olinda. A. F. Gilmore, Sherman 1912 1915 1901 1902 1913 1904 1901 1904 1914 1903 1913 1913 1905 1911 1902 1904 1893 1911 1900 1900 1906 1910 1907 1915 Idle California Refineries Arroyo Grande Luis Beckett Refinery, Volcan Oil Co., Bakersfield Capitol Refining Co., Berkeley , More Refinery, Goleta Ensign-Baker Refining Co., Hadley, San Obispo county Buckeye Refining Co., Kern River Field Barber Asphalt Paving Co., Los Angeles Continental Oil Co., Los Angeles /Guaranty Oil Co., Los Angeles .Southern Refining Co., Los Angeles General Petroleum Co., Mojave Sunset Oil & Refining Co., Obispo or Ostend Producers & Refiners Oil Co., Oil Port, San Luis Obispo Co. Pacific Roofing & Refining Co., San Francisco Prutzman Refining Co., San Francisco Sunset Oil & Refinery Co., San Pedro 1901 1900 1910 1901 1890 1907 1900 1914 1903 1906 California Liquid Asphalt, Hadley, San Luis Obispo Co. Columbia Oil, Asphalt & Refining Co., Carpenteria * Number of tons of asphalt. * Leased to American Oilfields Co. 2 Topping plants only. 3 At point of dissolution. 4 Lubricating plant operated by Shell Company. 5 Asphalt and road oil plant. 6 Operated by Shell Company on short time lease. 7 Formerly Los Angeles Oil Refining Co. Utah. Utah Refining Co., Salt Lake City Colorado. United Oil Co. (Standard), Florence Florence Oil Co., Florence The Inland Refinery. Boulder Wyoming. Midwest Refining Co., Casper Continental Refining Co., Casper Northwestern Oil Refining Co., Cowley Ohio Oil Co., Greybull Greybull Refining Co., Greybull 1907 1887 1889 1906 1912 1915 1909 1916 1915 New Mexico. 150,000 90,000 45,666 6,000,000 50,666 sob] 666 i6b|666 sb'.ooo 30,000 7 8,000 "ioo 250 *1,000 500 150 1,500 800 100 8,000 500 3,000 1,000 650 500 800 600 1,000 300 150 300 1,500 6,000 400 600 1,000 i ; 1,000 1 1.400' 600 1,000 70) 8,000 2,000 5,000 300 f 460 U.OOO $ 35,000 500,000 200,000 125,000 18,000,000 2,000,000 61,000 Oil Refinery, Farmington 1915 20,000 500 3,000 1,000 1,500 12,000 5,000 300 Building 2,000 150 8 Refining Industry of the United States. Kansas. Standard Oil Company pf Kansas, Neodesha 1892 1,500,000 Lesh Refining Co., Arkansas City 1914 30,000 Kanotex Refining Co., Caney 1906 660,000 J Chanute Refining Co., Chanute 1907 300,000 Kansas Co-Operative Refining Co., Chanute 1906 200,000 'Kansas Crude Oil Co., Chanute Uncle Sam Oil Co., Cherryvale 1906 125,000 iCudahy Refining Co., CofEeyville , 1909 1,400,000 Kansas Oil Refining Co., Coffeyville 1906 300,000 National Refining Co., Coffeyville 1907 500,000 Great. Western Oil Refining Co., Brie 1905 754,000 Miller Petroleum Refining Co., Humboldt 1906 73,626 SHutchinson Refining Co., Hutchinson 1915 5,000 Petroleum Products Co., Independence . 1909 1,500,000 Kansas City Refining Co., Kansas City 1906 275,000 4 Uncle Sam Oil Co., Kansas City Eastern Kansas Oil Co., Moran , 1905 300,000 O -K. Refining Co., Niotaze 1905 275,000 Rollin Oil Refining, Rollin .- 1904 20,000 Rosedale Refining Co., Rosedale 1915 25,000 Wichita Independent. Oil & Refining Co., Wichita 1914 20,000 Missouri. Standard Oil Company of Indiana, Sugar Creek 1907 $3,000,000 Wilhoit Refining Co., Joplin 1914 120,000 St. Joseph Viscosity Oil & Refining Co., St. Joseph 1915 16,000 Oklahoma. "Carter Oil Co., Norfolk 1916 $3,500,000 Crystal White Refining Co., Allen 1915 10,000 Ardmore Refining Co., Ardmore 1914 100,000 Cosden & Co., Bigheart 1908 80,000 Cosden & Co., Gushing 1911 100,000 Cosden & Co., Tulsa 1912 1,500,000 Boynton Refining Co., Boynton 1916 45,000 Continental Refining Co., Bristow 1914 166,000 Consolidated Oil Refining Co., Cleveland 1913" 100,000 -Webster Refining Co., Coalton 1911 J Chanute Refining Co., Cushing 1914 600,000 Consumers Refining Co., Cushing 1912 864,791 Cushing Refining Co., Cushing ; 1912 445,000 Hillman Refining Co., Cushing 1914 12,000 International Refining Co., Cushing 1915 200,000 eillinois Oil Co., Cushing 1914 65,000 'Peerless Refining Co., Cushing 1914 600,000 5 Roxana Petroleum Co., Cushing 1916 1,000,000 Lawton Refining Co., Lawton 1916 20,000 'Cudahy Refining Co., Muskogee 1905 95,000 Muskogee Refining Co., Muskogee 1905 350,000 =Oilton Refining Co., Oilton 1916 6,000 Capital Refining Co., Oklahoma City 1915 20,000 Oklahoma Refining Co., Oklahoma City 1906 280,667 American Refining Co., Okmulgee 1907 583,109 Indiahoma Refining Co., Okmulgee 1910 1,258,000 Sapulpa Refining Co., Okmulgee 1915 10.000 Sapulpa Refining Co.. Sapulpa 1908 749.907 E Tiger Refining Co., Okmulgee 1916 50,000 Ponca Refining Co., Ponca City 1912 600,000 Phoenix Refining Co., Sand Springs 1913 300,000 Pierce Oil Corporation, Sand Springs 1913 875,000 North American Refining Co., Pemeta 1915 150,000 Constantin Refining Co., Tulsa 1911 400,000 Pan-American Refining Co., Tulsa 1916 75,000 The Texas Co., Tulsa 1910 350,000 HJncle Sam Oil Co., Tulsa 1906 50,000 ^lilliken Refining Co., Vinita 1910 999,800 Southern Oil Corporation, Yale 1915 60,000 Sun Oil Co., Yale 1915 100,000 Webster Oil & Gasoline Co., Yale 1915 17,030 Planet Refining Co., Blackwell , 1916 Mid-Continent Gasoline Co., Tulsa 1916 Louisiana. Standard Oil Company, Baton Rouge 1910 $6,000,000 ^Federal Oil & Refining Co., Alexandria 1915 150,000 Pelican Oil Refining Co., Chalmette 1915 25,000 Louisiana Oil Refining Co., Gas Center 1913 600,000 Mexican Petroleum Corporation, Destrahan 8 Freeport & Tampico Fuel Oil Corporation, Mereaux Liberty Oil Co., Ltd, New Orleans 1915 30,000 National Oil Works, New Orleans E Corona Oil Co. (Dutch Shell Co.), New Orleans 1916 Record Oil Refining Co., New Orleans 6 Developers Oil & Refining Co., Shreveport 1915 250,000 Caddo Oil Refinery, Shreveport 1913 125,000 Purified Petroleum Products Co., Shreveport Shreveport Oil Refining Co., Shreveport 1911 50,000 Consolidated Oil Refining Co., Shreveport 1916 ^American Oil Refinery, Inc.. Shreveport 8,000 1,200 800 2,000 500 Idle 400 4,500 1,800 5,000 500 500 150 3,500 1,800 Rebuilding 300 1,200 100 1,000 1,000 12,000 750 25,000 300 4,800 800 2,000 15,000 1,000 Idle 4,500 4,500 3,250 800 3,000 1,000 2,750 10,000 300 300 2,000 300 300 2,000 2,500 3,750 *300 3,500 1,000 3,250 3,000 10,000 2,000 6,000 1,500 10,000 600 8,000 2,000 2,500 800 50ft 20,000 1,000 300 1,250 3 io',6oo 1,700 500 2,500 150 Refining Industry of the United States. Texas. Magnolia Petroleum Co., Beaumont 1902 Magnolia Petroleum Co., Corsicana 1898 Magnolia Petroleum Co., Ft. "Worth 1914 "United Oil & Refining Co., Beaumont 1903 Central Oil Co., Corsicana 1903 The Texas Co.. Dallas 1908 The Texas Co., Port Arthur 1902 The Texas Co., Port Neches 1906 Gulf Refining Co., Fort Worth 1911 Gulf Refining Co., Port Arthur 1901 Producers Refining Co., Gainesville 1915 ^Houston Oil Co., Houston Heights Wichita Valley Refining Co., Iowa Park 1914 *A vis Wood Refining Co., Jacksboro 1915 f Petroleum Refining Co., Houston 1916 Pierce-Fordyce Oil Association, Texas City 1911 Pierce-Fordyce Oil Association, Fort Worth 1912 Pure Oil Refining Co., Houston 1916 'Orange Refining Co., Orange Oriental Oil Co., Oriental 1912 Dixie Oil & Refining Co., San Antonio 1913 Thrall Refining Co., Thrall 1915 Panhandle Refining Co., Wichita Falls 1915 Illinois. Standard Oil Company, Alton Leader Refining Co., Casey ^Consolidated Oil Refining Co., No. 2, Bast St. Louis 1909 ^Consolidated Oil Refining Co. No. 3, East St. Louis 1915 8 Anderson & Gustafson, East St. Louis 1916 Indiahoma Refining Co., East St. Louis 1907 Central Refining Co., Lawrenceville ; . 1908-J Indian Refining Co., Lawrenceville 1910 The Texas Co., Lockport 1911 Wabash Refining Co., Robinson 1907 Smith Oil & Refining Co., Rockford Maryland. Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, Baltimore Prudential Oil Corporation, Baltimore 1915 u 'The Interocean Oil Co., East Brooklyn 1913 U. S. Asphalt Refining Co., East Brooklyn 1911 Red "C" Oil Mfg. Co.. Highlandtown New Jersey. Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, Bayonne Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, Bay way Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, Jersey City ^Vacuum Oil Co., Paulsboro Galena-Signal Oil Co., Elizabeth Tidewater Oil Co., Bayonne Columbia Oil Co. of New York, Bayonne Valvoline Oil Co., Edgewater Columbia Refining Co., Jersey City 1879 New York. 1882 Standard Oil Company of N. Y., New York City (4 plants) Standard Oil Company of New York, Buffalo Vacuum Oil Co., Olean Vacuum Oil Co., Lubricating plants, Rochester Mexican Petroleum Co., Mariners' Harbor, New York City .... Wellsville Refining Co., Wellsville 1901 Ohio. Standard Oil Company of Ohio, Cleveland 1870 Solar Refining Co., Lima 1886 Canfield Oil Co., Cleveland 1907 Great- Western Oil Co., Cleveland National Refining Co., Findlay National Refining Co., Marietta Craig Oil Co., Ironville 1890 Paragon Refining Co., Toledo Sun Oil Co., Toledo Lake Carriers Oil Co., Cleveland Indiana. Standard Oil Company of Indiana, Whiting Standard Oil Company, Barbourville "Indian Refining Co., Georgetown Kentucky. $ 3,885,183 559,176 457,840 75.000 7,000,000 1,200,000 700.000 loo.'ooo 75,000 750,000 1,250,000 1,500,000 140,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 $ 3,250,000 250,000 50,000 5,000 100,000 3,000,000 1,320,000 625,000 250,000 $ 2,750,000 1,750,000 $37,000,000 15,000,000 10,000,000 2,000,000 7,500,000 25,991,598 $32,000,000 *5,obb',66o 664'666 $ 3,500,000 2,500,000 150,000 75,000 25,000 3,000 12,000 Rebuilding 300 15,000 10,000 6,000 55,000 13,000 Idle 1.000 300 Building 3,000 6,000 200 Idle 1,000 2,000 1,000 2,000 20,000 800 1,000 300 200 750 3,000 11,000 5,000 10,000 4,000 1,500 5,000 45,000 30,000 15,000 10,000 1,000 'ioo 20,000 i2',66o 15,000 10,000 3W 400 1,000 500 1,200 1,000 1,000 500 $25,400,000 60,000 Building Massachusetts. Galena-Signal Oil Co.. Boston 10 Refining Industry of the United States. Pennsylvania. 1872 Atlantic Refining Co., Point Breeze Atlantic Refining Co., Pittsburgh Atlantic Refining Co. (Eclipse Oil Works), Franklin . "Galena-Signal Oil Co., Franklin 1869 Emery Manufacturing Co., Bradford 1 Kendall Refining Co., Bradford 1882 Butler County Oil Refining Co., Bruin 1911 Valvoline Oil Co., Butler >. Valvoline Oil Co., Struthers Amber Oil & Realty Co., Clarendon Clarendon Rening Co., Clarendon Levi Smith Limited, Clarendon 1884 Tiona Refining Co., Clarendon 1886 Canfield Oil Co., Coraopolis 1897 12 Pittsburgh Oil Rening Co., Coraopolis 1892 Pennsylvania Oil Products Refining Co., Eldred 1913 Fmlenton Refining Co., Emlenton 1891 ^Bayerson Oil Works, Erie "United Oil Mfg. Co., Erie Freedom Oil Refinery, Freedom Pennsylvania Refining Co., Karns City 1903 Starlight Rening Co., Karns City 1892 Pure Oil Co., Marcus Hook Sun Company, Marcus Hook Island Petroleum Co., Neville Island James B. Berry's Sons Co., Oil City Continental Refining Co., Oil City Crystal Oil Works, Oil City Germania Refining Co., Oil City Germania Refining Co., Rouseville 1892 Independent Refining Co., Oil City 1880 W. H. Daughtery & Son Refining Co., Petrolia Petrolia Refining Co., Petrolia Gulf Refining Co., Gibsons Point Crew Levick Co. Seaboard Oil Works, Philadelphia Bessemer Refining Co., Titusville Pennsylvania Paraffine Works, Titusville Glade Oil Works, Warren Sunlight Oil & Gasoline Co., Philadelphia A. D. Miller's Sons Co., Pittsburgh 1862 Waverly Oil Works Co., Pittsburgh 1880 Coldwater Refining Co., Raymilton Empire Oil Works, Reno 1886 American Oil Works, Titusville Titusville Oil Works. Titusville 887 Conewango Refining Co., Warren 1899 Cornplanter Refining Co., Warren 1888 Mutual Refining Co., Ltd., Warren 1909 Seneca Oil Works, Warren '. 1893 Superior Oil Works, Ltd., Warren 1901 United Refining Co., Warren 1902 Warren Refining Co., Warren 1890 Wilburine Oil Works, Ltd., Warren Beaver Refining Co., Washington 1890 Franklin Oil Works, Franklin 1877 Tennessee. Cumberland Refining Co., Nashville 1915 West Virginia. Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, Parkersburg Galena-Signal Oil Co., Parkersburg Elk Refining Co., Falling Rock 1914 ^Petroleum Products Co., Jacksonburg 15 Ohio Valley Refining Co., St. Marys 1913 ^Indian Refining Co., Staunton 1916 Arkansas. 2 Fort Smith Refining Co., Fort Smith $20,100,176 400,000 70,000 120,000 227,000 400,000 2,000,000 (both) 500,000 400,000 250,000 500,000 166,795 350,000 155,641 300,000 115,000 20,000 15,000 $ 100,000 3,500 8,000 1,200 400 1,000 300 300 400 370 1,500 300 1,500 100 100 4,560 3,000 650 "750 500 2,500 (both) n.ooo 660 500 500 '766 500 'g'66 550 750 400 1,000 400 500 320 400 500 1,500 150 300 400 2,500 *40C 200 1,000 Building Idle * Estimated. 1 Merged with Sinclair Corporation. Not operating. 3 Patented process. * Leased on short time contract to Mid- Continent Refining Co. 5 Building. 6 Formerly New State Refining Co. 7 Formerly Jane Oil & Gas Co. 8 Formerly Indian Refining Co. 9 Being reconstructed. 10 Handles distillates from TJ. S. Asphalt Refining Co. 13 800,000 bbls. of lub. annually, Galena plants. 12 Merged with Robinson Oil Corporation. 13 Compounding plant. 14 Devoted entirley to compounding lubricating oils and distributing refined oils 15 Formerly High Grade Petroleum Refining Co. Refining Industry of the United States. ii Petroleum Refineries in the United States. Estimated Inv'tm'nt. $ 81,000,000 35,000 No. of State. Refrs. California 76 Utah 1 Colorado 3 Wyoming 4 New Mexico 1 **Kansas 21 Oklahoma 41 Missouri 3 Texas 23 Louisiana 16 Illinois 11 Indiana 1 Ohio 10 Pennsylvania 56 New York 11 New Jersey 10 West Virginia 6 Maryland 5 ^Kentucky 2 Tennessee 1 Estim'ted Bbls-Crde 211,300 500 5,000 34,000 150 34,250 tl05,075 13,000 179,800 42,150 39,650 60,000 18,561,000 15,000 8,252,000 17,500,600 3,136,000 47,350,000 7,750,000 109,470 42,000 111,000 4,500 20,500 25,400,000 6,600,000 40,000,000 50,000,000 105,600,000 2,250,000 5,250,000 Total 1,043,245 $428,124,600 Idle 26 Building 11 37 Total active 265 * 19 plants not operating. ** If present plans materialize, Kansas' refining capacity will be increased 50 per cent during the next year. Of the 1,043,245 bbls. a day capacity, ap- proximately 500,000 is owned by the Stan- dard Oil Company. Total daily refinery capacity 1,043,245 bbls.; daily crude production 1915, 834,000 bbls. t When the Carter Oil Co., Roxana Pe- troleum Co., Tiger Refining Co., and Oilton Refining Co. complete their plants, Okla- home refineries will be using 145,000 bfcls. of oil a day. A number of established plants are materially increasing their capa- city. t One building; other not operating. Concrete Facts. There are 302 refineries in the United States. Total capacity of refineries is in ex- cess of 1,000,000 bbls. a day. Total daily crude production in 1915 was 834,000 bbls. a day. If it were attempted to operate all these refineries at full capacity, there would not be enough crude to keep them going. Of the 1,000,000 bbls. capacity, the Standard Oil Company is credited with 495,000 bbls. It is building additional refineries. In this list of 302 refineries 11 are in course of construction and 26 are idle, leaving 265 in active operation. An additional list shows 40 new refineries building or projected. They will bring the refinery capacity of the United States up to 1,193,245 bbls. a day or more. Other refineries are talked of and some will probably be built during the coming year in addition to those listed. The total investment in oil refineries in the United States is estimated to ex- ceed $428,000,000. To this might properly be added the amount invested in pipe lines, which would probably aggregate over $200,- 000,000, making a grand total of over $628,000,000. It is estimated pipe line systems in and from the Mid-Continent field aggre- gate approximately $100,000,000 gross valuation. Casinghead gasoline is not taken into consideration in these figures. But it does affect materially refinery output. No oil is produced in the State of New Jersey, but more money is in- vested in refineries there than in any other State There are 57 active refineries in Cali- fornia and 19 idle plants, making a total of 76. It is not claimed these figures are absolutely accurate. They are as nearly accurate as it has been possible to as- certain. Letters were sent to every re- finery in the United States asking for information, and the list has been check- ed over many times. A few refiners re- fused to give information and some did not reply, accounting for the blank spaces. In some States, as in Oklahoma, Kan- sas, Missouri and Texas, these figures represent the actual amount of crude used daily by the refineries. In some of the other States the figures represent the charging capacity of the refinery. It costs 11 cents a barrel to pump crude oil from Oklahoma to Chicago, a distance of 700 miles, and 16 cents a bbl. to pump crude oil from Oklahoma to the Gulf, a distance of 500 miles. Gasoline Production. The Federal Trade Commission re- cently announced that, according to re- ports made to it of gasoline manufac- tured in 1915, the Standard Oil Company produced 681,721,716 gallons and inde- pendent refineries reporting made 393,- 671,343 gallons, or a total of 1, 075,393,150 gallons. If the Standard Oil Company were handling 495,000 bbls. of crude a day and getting 20 per cent of gasoline, as present capacity figures seem to sug- gest, it will make this year 1,517,670,000 gallons of gasoline, or more than twice as much as it made in 1915. In the new order of things refiners are fast becoming not only manufacturers, but producers, transporters and mar- keters also. The producer, holding them up for exorbitant premiums when crude was scarce, forced them to become pro- ducers; the heavy transportation rates charged by railroads and many annoy- ing delays in delivery, compelled them to build their own pipe lines and buy their own tank cars, so that Mid-Con- tinent refiners now own approximately 2,000 miles of pipe lines and about 8,000 Lank cars. Strife and marketing an- noyances have caused many refiners to establish their own selling and distri- buting stations, so that now from Maine to California refiners own thousands of retail gasoline stations, which have be- come noted for their architectural at- tractiveness. The total result is that conditions are improving rapidly. Some profess a vision of a dawned day when the producer will sell his oil to the in- dependent refiner on the same basis that he sells to the big pipe lines, and that instead of excessive premiums he will look upon the refiners who provide a market for 150,000 bbls. a day of his crude product as his friends and not his enemies to exploit. The railroads who 12 Refining Industry of the United States. are paid millions of dollars annually in freight on oil, to say nothing of other large business, are coming to court pe- troleum trade; and the oil jobber and the refiner have already come to greea pastures and shady nooks where they lie down in peace together, having found there is no profit or pleasure in quarrel- ing and "doing" each other. New Refineries Under Construction. The remarkable growth of the refin- ing industry is no more aptly illustrated than in the statement that at the pres- ent time there are approximately 302 refineries in the United States, repre- senting the growth of the business of the last half century. According to a published statement, there were only 181 in 1914. At the present time there are also 40 new refineries either in course of construction or authorized by regular charter to begin business. While a ma- jority of these companies have been or- ganized to operate in the Mid-Continent region, the list embraces pretty largely the entire country, extending from Balti- more, Md., to the Gulf of Mexico and in the far northwest. While these new re- fineries are being built, the capacity of old plants is being increased to even a greater extent. Probably no other in- dustry in the United States has wit- nessed such a marvelous increase in its production as the oil refining business. This has been caused very largely by the wonderful development of American automobiles. One of the surprising features of re- cent petroleum refining development has been the vast amount of capital the in- dustry has attracted and the unexpected places refineries have been built. It is not a far stretch of fancy to imagine every State after a while having one or more refineries. Think of the south be- coming an oil refining center. Texas and Louisiana snatching away from Pennsylvania and Ohio their oleaginous laurels. Now comes Alabama boasting it is to have an oil refinery, and Ten- nessee. Already 20 or more States have refineries, and nearly every State has a number of grease-making plants. Next we may expect refineries in Florida and Maine. Authorities estimate that since the "Big War" began the oil business has drawn to its industrials $432,293,- 000. A great deal of this has gone into the refining branch of the business. Among the plants now being built or for which charters have been taken are the following: Oklahoma, Refining Co. is contemplat- ing the erection of a skimming plant at Ringling, Okla., a railroad center for the 'Gushing pool. The Milliken Co., incorporated in June, or since the former Milliken Refining Co was merged with the Sinclair Oil & Re- fining Co., is authorized to refine, market and distribute crude oil and its products. The new company is incorporated for $1,000,000. It has just purchased a 150- acre site at Arkansas City, Kan., and will erect a 10,000 bbl. plant. The Roxana Petroleum Co. is now engaged in building a 10,000 bbl. plant, special topping process, at Gushing, Okla. The Gasoline Corporation announces" that it will erect several plants in Okla- homa to produce gasoline from distil- lates. J. E. Crosbie, president of the Central National bank, of Tulsa, Okla., and one of the largest individual oil producers in the Mid-Continent field, authorized the announcement that he, in connection with other producers, will build a large refinery in the immediate vicinity of Tulsa and that work will commence at once. He said that he expected F. A. Gillespie will be one of the directors and officers of the company. The Cumberland Refining Co., char- tered at Nashville, Tenn., capitalized at $25,000, is investigating the desirability of locating a refinery at Augusta, Kan. It has been publicly stated that the Empire Gas & Oil Co. will erect a re- finery at Wichita, Kan. The Antilles Oil Co., of New York, incorporated under the laws of Dela- ware, is capitalized at $5,000,000. The incorporators are J. F. Curtin, S. A. Anderson and H. O. Coughland, all of New York City. Washington Refining Co., Cedar Rapids, Iowa; capitalized at $90,000; in- corporators, Luther A. Brewer and H. J. Archter. Warren, Pa., capitalists, with $50,000 capital, propose building a 3,000 bbl. plant at Clarendon, Pa. Announcement has been made that the Gas Engine Efficiency Co., of St. Louis, Mo., will erect a refining plant in that city. The Standard Oil Company has start- ed work on a new refinery at Barbour- ville, Ky. The Petroleum Refining Co., incorp- orated for $1,000,000, by authority of Fred C. Smith, J. S. Cullinan, James L. Autry, W. C. Hogg. T. P. Lee and E. F. Woodward, is to build a refinery on the ship channel six miles southeast of Houston, Texas. Robert Ligon, manager of the Wich- ita \' alley Refining Co., at Iowa Park, Texas, has contracted to erect a refinery at El Paso, Texas. The Dutch-Shell Co., under the title of Corona Oil Co., is building a refinery at New Orleans. La. It is stated this plant will use a skimming method similar to the Trumbull patent. The Consolidated Oil Refining Co. is building a 2,500 barrel plant at Shreve- port, La. It is announced the Indian Refining Co. is erecting a refining plant at Staun- ton, W. Va. The Wj^oming Producing and Refining Co. has been incorporated under the laws of Delaware; capital stock, $1,000,- 000; incorporators, S. A. Anderson, S. B. Howard, J. F. Curtin, all of New York City. The Crew-Levick Co. has purchased a tract of 50 acres on Petty's Island in the Delaware river, and will build a large refining and oil exporting plant there. The Northwestern Oil & Refining Co., ncorporated at Cheyenne, Wyo., with a 'anital of $500,000; incorporators. R. J. Messier, Fritz Marquardson, S. O. Fox- worthy, E. Morrell, C. C. Mondoe, Wil- Refining Industry of the United States. Jiam Parr, W. S. Hurlvut, Karl J. Wag- ner, W. W. Butan, C. H. Tomcray, Nick Saracene and James Brazzolaro, all of Denver, Colo. This company proposes to develop oil claims and to refine oil at Salt Creek in Natrona county and in Johnson county, Wyoming. The New Process Gasoline Co. has been incorporated at Wilmington, Dela- ware: capital stock, $500,000; incorpor- ators, H. E. Latter, N. P. Coffin, and C. C. M. Egner. Plans are being made whereby Dr. Rittman and business associates of Pittsburgh, Pa., are to join forces with California oil interests and go into the refining business in California in. a large way. The El Merito Refining Co. has been organized to construct a plant at Santa Paula, Ventura county, Cal., about 40 miles from Los Angeles. R. M. Dun- ham, organizer of the company, has a new refining process by which he as- serts he can make 95 per cent of gaso- line from the higher grades of Ventura county oil. This company has a Ritt- man license also. The Gulf Refining Co. will erect an oil refining plant at New Decatur, Ala. The Shreveport & Mexican Fuel Oil Corporation will build a refining and storage plant on its Saxonholm prop- erty in Louisiana, which will be second only to the Standard Oil Company's plant at Baton Rouge. The Wyatt Oil & Refining Co., of Douglas, Wyo., is to erect an oil refining plant. The Duluth Refining Co. is construct- ing at Sapulpa, Okla., a refinery of 1,000 bbls. daily capacity to manufacture gasoline only. The new Landes process of distillation will be employed. An oil refinery with a capacity of 2,000 barrels a day will soon be in opera- tion in Wichita, Kan. This company will handle oil from the Eldorado and Augusta fields. The incorporators of the company are H. Kaufman, J. W. Craig, Guy Baysinger and W. A. Stout. The Standard Oil Company of Indiana, has selected a site for a new refining plant at Greybull, Wyo. The first unit with be 20 stills. It will be an up-to- the-minute model. The Burton process of refining will be used. The new plant will take from the Greybull Refining Co. the residue that is left after the gaso- line and kerosene are extracted and convert the same into the many products that are made from crude oil. L. L. Marcell, of Chanute, Kan., former secretary and treasurer of the 'Chanute Refining Co. which recently sold to the Sinclair Oil & Refining Co., Walter Campbell, of Tulsa, Okla., former pur- chasing agent of the Chanute Refining Co. and recently with the Sinclair Oil & Refining Co., and others, have organ- ized the Economy Oil & Gas Co., have acquired 30,000 acres of leases in Kan- sas and Oklahoma, and announce that a refinery is to be built as soon as the material can be had. The capital stock of the Economy Oil & Gas Co. is $300,- 000. The Pan-American Petroleum Co. has finished a plant at Tulsa, Okla., which has a charging capacity of 2,000 bbls., but it is announced that this will be in- creased to 4,000 bbls. in the near future. The Laurel Oil & Gas o., general offices in Philadelphia, Pa., contemplates the erection of a 2,000 bbl. refinery in Oklahoma. The new refinery at Baltimore of the Inter-Ocean Oil Co., of New York, is to be erected at Curtis Bay, instead of Canton. Storage tanks will be erected on the Canton side and the crude oil will be carried across the harbor to the refinery, which will be built on a 105- acre tract belonging to the U. S. As- phalt Refining Co., an Inter-Ocean sub- sidiary. Work on a pipe line from the Maryland Pipe Line Co. to the site of the storage tanks has already begun. The new refinery will use Mid-Continent, Illinois and Mexican crude. The Marion Refining Co., Claremore, Okla., has been organized with $250,000 capital, by G. W. Fry, A. S. Nelson and A. M. White. Home Oil Refining Co., Yale, Okla., capital, $10,000; incorporators, Thad Spencer, W. O. Croy, A. E. Sloan and others. A site has been purchased and work started. The Wichita Independent Oil & Refin- ing Co. has just purchased a 20-acre site at Wichita, Kan., and will erect thereon a 2,000 bbl. refinery to replace its present small plant in that city. The company is completing a well in the Eldorado field which is swabbing 1,600 bbls. a day. It is the intention to build a pipe line from this lease to the pro- posed new refinery, 35 miles. The com- pany markets its entire output through its own stations. Refineries Building: or Projected. Name. Location. Capacity Etls. Northwestern Oil & Refining Co., Salt Creek, Wyo 500 Wyoming Producing & Refining Co. , Wyo Wyatt Oil & Refg., Douglas, Wyo Midwest Refg. Co., Grass Valley, Wyo. , Ohio Oil Co., Greybull, Wyo. Milliken & Co., Arkansas City, Kan... 10,000 J. V. Foster, Eldorado, Kan 4,000 Craig, Kaufman, et al., Eldorado. Kan. 2.000 Empire Oil & Gas Co., Wichita, Kan.. 10,000 Uncle Sam Oil Co.. Kansas City. Kan. Reb'd. Marion Refining Co., Claremore, Okla Home Oil Refining Co., Yale, Okla 500 Roxana Petroleum Co., Gushing, Okla.. 10,000 Duluth Refining Co., Sapulpa, Okla 1,000 Crosble & Gillespie, Tulsa, Okla 3,000 Shreveport & Mexican Fuel Oil Co., Saxonholm, La Federal Oil & Refining Co., Alexandria, La. 1,000 Corona Oil Co., New Orleans, La 10,000 Developers Oil & Refining Co., Shreve- port, La. 2,500 Consolidated Oil Refining Co., Shreve- port, La 2,500 American Oil Refinery, Inc., Shreve- port, La 150 New Orleans Refining Co., New Or- leans, La United Oil & Refining Co., Beaumont, Texas Reb'd. Petroleum Refining Co., Houston, Texas Mr. Mlneros, Petrolla, Texas 1,000 Standard Oil Co., Barbourvllle, Ky Indian Refining Co., Staunton, W. Va Crew-Levick Co., Petty Island, Phila- delphia, Pa Inter-Ocean Oil Co., Curtis Bay, Md Gulf Refining Co., New Decatur, Ala Refining Industry of the United States. Robert Ligon, El Paso, Texas Yale Refining Co., Yale, Okla 100 Superior Refining Co., Yale, Okla 150 Katy Refining Co., Yale, Okla 150 Wichita Independent Oil & Refining Co. Wichita, Kan 2,000 Total number of refineries, 40. Estimated new capacity, 152,400 bbls. Marketed Petroleum. Reports issued by the Uftited States Geological Survey touching the arnount of petroleum marketed during the first half of 1916 indicate a slight decrease compared with the corresponding period in 1915. It is difficult to account tor any such conclusion. In fact, those closely in touch with the situation in the middle west place little credence in the statement. It is just possible the figures are correct, taking the entire country into consideration, but even this is doubtful. The doubt is based upon the fact that there are 600,000 or 800,- 000 more automobiles now than a year ago; that refining capacity has been in- creased 50 per cent or more during the past 12 months; that every refinery has been running full blast; that weather conditions have not been more favorable all over the country to motor for years than they have been this summer; and the further fact that the Mid-Continent field was able to find a market for its entire crude output until the volume ex- ceeded 400,000 bbls. a day, whereas last year millions of barrels of crude were placed in storage on a smaller produc- tion. There never has been such a vol- ume of gasoline and motor fuel manu- factured in this country as there has been this year and yet up until this time it has practically all found a mar- ket. Only large companies carry any appreciable amount of gasoline in stor- age. There is every indication that the figures of 'Jhe United States Geological Survey are incorrect. In further evi- dence of this contention exports of gaso- line in May of this year were 29,734,789 gallons as compared with 19,231,753 gal- lons in April. In June exports of gaso- line jumped tc 34,651,800 gallons, or almost twice as much as in April, The total exports of gasoline for the fiscal year 1916 ending June 30, were 287,219,- 755 gallons, compared with 241,008,306 gallons in 1915, and 185,578,776 in 1914. These figures seem to support the claim of increased consumption of petroleum this year, notwithstanding the statement of the Geological Survey. The refining of crude oil has under- gone a remarkable cuange during the past 18 months; probably a greater evolution than has marked any other period of equal duration in the history of the business. There have been sev- eral contributing causes. First of these might properly be named Gushing, with its great supply of high grade crude. This presented peculiar possibilities to refiners. Second was the remarkable growth of gasoline consumption. This necessitated devising means of produc- ing more motor fuel from crude. The result has been a larger quantity at lower gravities. But the quality of these lower gravities has been vastly im- proved. Two years ago the basic grav- ity of motor gasoline was 60 to 64 de- grees. Today 58 gravity is most gen- erally used. Very little 60-61 gravity gasoline is sold any more. On the other hand, there is a general tendency toward 54 to 56 gravity gasoline it used to be called naphtha, and is yet to a consider- able extent, but it will not be long until everything above 50 gravity will be known as gasoline. The consumer of 68- 70 gasoline must pay 25 cents a gallon at the Kansas or Oklahoma refinery. The truth of the matter is that re- finers have suddenly learned that grav- ity alone does not make a motor fuel. L,ow gravity gasoline cannot be used for dry cleaning, but low (gravity gasoline, properly treated, makes a better motor fuel. The difference is in the end point. Consumers, like refiners, are just begin- ning to appreciate what end point means. The refiner is treating his oils far more intelligently and scientifically than formerly, proving conclsively the need and value of a competent research de- partment which is now planned, after much agitation, by the Government. The possibilities of petroleum, it is firmly believed, have only been hinted at. Necessity, we have long been told, is the mother of invention. Necessity drove the refiners to a better knowledge of the business of refining crude oil. In this field in particular, the price of gasoline at the factory has exceeded the local selling price at place of distribu- tion. While the manufacturer was aoie to sell his output in distant fields, he became concerned over the ability of the jobber to hold on until conditions ad- justed themselves again; he feared Lhe jobber, like the cow that learned to eat sawdust, would succumb about the Lime conditions changed and the refiner need- ed him again for a marketer. So the refiner began studying how he could make a lower gravity gasoline that he could sell the jobber at a price givimg him a margin of profit. The refiner surprised himself. To his amazement he discovered it was possible to make a 57 gravity product just as good as, or better than, many 60 gravity gasolines placed on the market. To il- lustrate: Taking a 40 gravity Gushing crude, a first-class 58 gravity gasoline is made by starting the initial at 125 and cutting the end point at 410. Now let us suppose the initial of this same treat- ment is 140 and the end point 460, you will secure a large quantity, but a far inferior product. In other words, a 5& gravity gasoline as first described above is much superior article than a 60-61 with an initial of 130 and end point of 435. Today it is possible, for instance, to take a Cherokee crude, less light con- tent, and make a really superfine grade ot 57 gasoline with end point of 360. The gravity comes down quicker. So much defends upon the boiling point that (gravity after all is of minor importance as gasoline is now made. In addition to this the refiner came to the necessity of furnishing the trade with a low gravity product that in ex- treme cases could be substituted for gasoline. This resulted in the appear- ance of what has come to be known as "greaseless naphtha. ' It proved simply one more step in the effort to save every- Refining Industry of the United States. thing in oil except the smell. It was found by taking the steam still butts and running them through the fire still a very acceptable substitute could be produced. In fact, retailers found that this greaseless naphtha gave quite gen- eral satisfaction as a moderate priced motor fuel. Large quantities of it have- been sold during recent months. All greaseless naphtha is not made in this manner, however; some is being market- ed as low as 50 gravity. It is claimed there is very little carbon 'and more heat units than in ordinary gasoline. While it may not ignite quite so readily in winter as high (gravity gasoline, car owners who used it all last winter re- port they had no unusual difficulty start- ing their cars. This product dries clear, without any trace of oil, in from 10 to 20 minutes. All this leads us down to this dec- laration: That he is an unwise refiner who does not give close attention to the scientific development of his business. The impossible thing today may be the telling factor tomorrow. Webster tells us history "abounds in false facts." He could not have spoken more truthfully if he had ayplicd his axiom to oil refin- ing. There is probably no other great and important industry so imperfectly understood. There are great possibil- ities in it for the trained young man of studious habits and possessed of engin- eering and investigating proclivities. Unknown .Land of the Future. It is not possible to portray the fu- ture. Two years ago it was confidently believed refining was being overdone, and temporarily there was a flood of gasoline which sent prices to ruinous depths. But that period of depression was of comparatively short duration. Then came a few months of record prices. Conditions the past year have not been conductive to refinery building. It is a recognized fact that new refiner- ies are not built on high priced crude, or when there is a scarcity of crude. It is a striking commentary that periods of large refinery construction have us- ually been contemporary with low priced refinery products. As evidence of this some 15 plants were erected in tho Mid- Continent field during 40-cent crude, 6- cent gasoline and 1%-cent kerosene, and all old plants practically doubled in capacity. Since $1.55 crude and 20-cent gasoline, it might truthfully be said there has been no refinery construction. Two fair-sized plants started before crude reached $1.55 are not yet com- pleted. One or two small refineries have been built but they have not been large enough to materially affect the market. It has been almost impossible the last year to secure prompt delivery of ma- terial. One 1,500-bbl. plant has been a year building. Th^n, too, there has been an almost unprecendented shortage of tank cars. Men have been afraid to em- bark in the business for fear that they would not be able to secure cars to mar- ket their output. The Union Tank Line Co. placed orders months ago for 2,000 additional cars and is 500 cars behind in delivery. It can't meet the demand for cars. Another thing that deters refin ery construction in times of high crude market is the insistance of producers upon cash payment and excessive prem- iums, whereas in times of overproduc- tion the refiner can buy under the mar- ket at his own terms. It is undoubtedly safe to say, taking the business as a whole, that refining of crude oil in itself is not an excep- tionally profitable business. There are scores of plants that have been operat- ing for many years on a close margin of profit. "Lean years" are so much more frequent than "fat years," that the refiner finds himself constantly drawing upon the profits of the "fat years" to carry him over the "lean years." The fabulous profits so much talked of are made, almost without ex- ception, by combining several branches of the industry, such as producing, pip- ing, refining, transporting in private tank cars and direct marketing, and the aggregate profits, especially in cases of unusual luck in drilling in gusher wells, startle the observer. But remember this: Such profits come only after huge in- vestments. The fortunes made in Mid- Continent refining were built on solid gold foundations, representing millions of dollars. No truer saying was ever printed than this: "Them that has gits." Josh Cosden and Harry Sinclair proved their ability in oil. Then they could command millions for development. It is true in all things that Lake begets like." "Plant gold in an oil field and you get a harvest of gold in return," if it's a good season. The Jobbers Inning 1 . A impression prevails that 1917 is going to be the jobber's inning period. The oil business, like many other things, runs in cycles. Already refiners are be- ginning to hedge and prepare for an- other of the inevitable seasons of con- gestion and low prices. Why these times must come, no one seems competent to explain, but that they do come is a mat- ter of record. The strange thing about it is that the periods overlap each other so far that it is almost impossible to tell when and where one begins and the other ends. A year ago this time gaso- line was a drug on the market at five to six cents a gallon. Suddenly there was a shortage, and prices shot skyward. At that time 60-61 gravity was called gaso- line. During the past six months there has been a spectacular scramble among jobbers for gasoline. Directly in the midst of this shortage a change is felt. Like one laughing with joy, suddenly hilled with fever. The other day there was a dearth of tank cars; then all at once it is discovered there were tank cars to be had. Then there was a dearth again. When the crude market was advancing by leaps and bounds, marketers of gasoline stumbled over one another to place orders for supplies for months in advance, regardless, al- most, of price. Later some of these same western marketers testified before the Federal Trade Commission that they were only able to weather the storm bv virtue of the fact that they realized a srofit on these early orders as the mar- cet afterward advanced, and because of i6 Refining Industry of the United States. the further fact that refiners sold them gasoline several cents a gallon cheaper fhan they could sell it in other markets. That, I submit, was a magnificent dis- play of cooperation. It cost some re- finers $10,000 to $20,000 a month. What a contrast to those other days! Is it any wondei a kindly feeling now exists between jobber and refiner? Now the crude market is again over- produced; only 50 per cent of the output is being taken; the price has been cut 50 cents a bbl.; premiums have been discontinued and jobbers are placing orders for immediate needs only. They never buy ahead on a receding market. New refineries are springing up "every- where" in bewildering numbers. The effect of all this is instantly no- ticeable. In spite of the tremendous demand so far this summer, there is a noticeable falling off in orders and prices are weaker than they have been for months. And directly in the midst of this unparalleled time of prosperity, re- finers are beginning to curtail their runs, reduce their stocks and get ready for a season of quiet in marketing circles. The refiner has learned his lesson; he is not going to hurt himself again by madly overproducing. The prompt action of refiners in preparing for changed condi- tions is a hopeful sign. We contend that the best interests of the country demand the right to these men to meet and agree to limit their ouput to the market. Refinery Overproduction. The writer confidently believes the crude depression is going to be of sliori duration. But what effect is the har- vest of new refineries going to be? Pres- ent refineries will be able to overproduce the market this winter. This is forc- ibly illustrated by the fact that in face of the enormous consumption of gaso- line this year, some refineries are com- peled to curtail operations when, under ordinary conditions, there would be a shortage until snowfall. If refiners be- gin storing early this fall, there will be such an enormous amount of gasoline put into tanks next winter, prices will necessarily be depressed. At present the Roxana Petroleum Co. is erectiig a 10,000 bbl. plant at Gushing; Cosden & Co. are increasing their capacity at Tulsa by 20,000 bbls. a day, which will make it the largest independent refinery in the world, and equal in size to almost any refinery operated by the Standard Oil Company; the Pan-American Defin- ing Co. is completing a 1,500 bbl. plant at Tulsa; the Mid-Continent Refining Co. is able to start up a new 1,000 bbl. factory at Boyntoii; the Wichita Inde- pendent Oil & Refining Co. is doubling its capacity; the American Refining Co. at Okmulgee is installing additional stills and in a few weeks will have more than doubled its output, which has heretofore been about 2,000 bbls. a day of crude; the Phoenix Refining Co. will soon have a daily crude capacity of 4,000 bbls. against 2,000 bbls. at present. John T. Milliken, who recently sold his 6,000 bbl. refinery at Vinita, Okla., to the Sinclair Corporation, has completed ar- rangements to erect a 10,000 bbl. "pe- troleum distillery" at Arkansas City, Kansas. More than 100,000 bbls. refinery capacity will have been added in a few months. The Standard Oil Company has been installing Burton stills in all of its refineries, largely increasing its out- put of gasoline. The Midwest Refining Co. has more than doubled its capacity in Wyoming. New plants have been built at Baltimore. One is projected for Philadelphia. Sinclair & Co. are to build at St. Louis and Chicago. The Doheny interests are planning a large refinery in Kansas. Some of these are going to scratch gravel; they can't all get Gush- ing crude; those that have to use low gravity crude will find it impossible to compete. There will come bad sledding. There will not be enough high grade crude to go around. A year ago the in- dependents in the Mid-Continent field were using 86,000 bbls. of crude a day; now they are using 150,000 bbls. per diem. This is going to mean a tremendous increase in gasoline production in 1917. It is going to mean a large proportion- ate increase in gasoline than the same still capacity would have meant two years ago, owing to the ability of the refiner to reduce a greater percentage of motor fuel than formerly. It would seem certain that many additional refineries at this time must mean a great overpro- duction of gasoline next year, for, as stated, unquestionably vast quantities of the product will be placed in storage during the coming winter months. Three Mid-Continent refineries still hold in tanks several million gallons made dur- ing the lull of last winter. The question is whether the trade can absorb the increase. That depends. If price remains high, it is very doubtful; if the retail price recedes, prodigality of use will follow, and consumption will increase accordingly. There is no ques- tion but the consumption per car this year is less than it was last year. Wasteful and lavish use are important factors in demand. These do not obtain in periods of exceptionally high prices; they do obtain in times of excessively low prices. Percentages of Gasoline Content. There is a marked difference in gaso- line content of various crudes. Crude from different parts of the same pool may vary several degrees. The gaso- line content of crude in a new pool may decrease 10 per cent as the production of such pool becomes settled. For in- stance, some refiners are getting as high as 30 per cent gasoline at the present time from Gushing crude, while other refiners, securing their crude from an- other part of the same pool, are getting as low as 22 per cent. The average yield of gasoline from Kansas crude last year was about 12 per cent. This year, by reason of the deeper sand oil pro- duced in Butler county embracing Au- gusta and El Dorado, the average yield in Kansas will be approximately 18 per cent. The following table shows the per- centage of gasoline contained in crude produced in the various districts in the Mid-Continent field: Refining Industry of the United States. Kansas. Per Cent of Gasoline Northern districts 8 to 13 Montgomery county 12 Chautauqua county 15 Augusta 15% El Dorado 22% Oklahoma. Dewey deep 5% Dewey shallow 12 Bartlesville 10 Osage 20 Ponca 4* Cleveland 14 Gushing 22 to 32 Boynton 13 Nowata 15 Healdton 10 Blackwell 18 to 20 In the table below appears the total production of crude in the various fields in 1915 as represented by the most con- servative estimate at hand. In the second column is the estimated gasoline content in these various fields, and in the third column is the total amount of gasoline on this percentage content. District. Crude Percent of Bbls. Gasoline Gasoline Gallons. 59,762,388 76,867,266 34,171.594 3,020,005 30,074,768 130,943,316 20,743,612 New York and Penn 7,114,570 20 West Virginia 9,150,866 20 Southeastern Ohio .. 4,068,047 20 Kentucky and Tenn 479,366 15 Lima and Indiana.. 3,679,467 18 Illinois 15,588,493 20 Kansas 4,115,800 12 Oklahoma 117,883,115 20 Gulf Coast 22,906,779 10 95,908,471 Texas Panhandle .. 5,591,422 18 42,271.150 Caddo fields 15,940,393 15 100,424,475 California 89,768,298 2.5 94,256,712 Wyoming 5,164,737 20 43,383,790 Colorado 200,000 15 1,260,000 Total 301,872,208 1.723,305,629 According to the foregoing table, the crude production of the United States in 1915 was 301,872,208 bbls. This, ac- cording to the estimated percentage of gasoline content, should have produced 1,723,305,629 gallons of gasoline. It is believed these figures are approximately correct. It is stated the total number of auto- mobiles registered in the United States in 1915 was 2,400,000. If the estimated consumption of 500 gallons of gasoline per car per year is correct, the total consumption of gasoline by automobiles alone in 1915 was 1,200,000 gallons. A table issued by the Federal Trade Commission early this year showed that refineries reporting to the Commission for 1915 showed a total gasoline gallon- age production last year of 1,075,393,150 gallons. Assuming that all of the crude produced in the United States was not refined and that all of the refineries in the United States did not report to the Commission, and further that the esti- mate of 500 gallons per car is approxi- mately correct, then the percentage of gasoline content, as indicated in the table above, is approximately correct. In this connection the following fig- ures, showing the production of gaso- line by months and by both the Standard and independent refineries reporting to the Federal Trade Commission, is il- luminating and of special interest: Standard Companies 1915. Gallons. January 49,500,619 February 46,053,843 March 52,079.421 April 61,039,714 May 61,048,885 June 53,117,943 July 60,074,304 August 58,545,829 September .... 62,337,332 October 62,275,051 November .... 54,406,103 December 61,242,672 Refiners Other Companies Gallons. 27,162,918 24,531,091 30,124,059 32,936,152 35,660,139 35,844,836 34,366,594 35,078,242 Total Gallons. 76,663,537 70,584,934 80,904,011 91,163,773 88,778,082 95,919,140 92,912,423 97,415,574 36,093,920 36,263,545 90,500,023 97,506,217 Totals 681,721,716 393.671,434 1,075,393,150 In the table below will be found the estimated amount of gasoline produced in the United States in the years in- dicated, according to the census report, the amount exported and the amount marketed in this country, measured in barrels of 42 gallons each: Differ, or Total Amount Domestic Year. Prod. Exp'ted. Cons'pt'n. 1899 6,680,000 297,000 6,383,000 1904 6,920,000 594,000 6,326,000 1909 12,900,000 1,640,000 11,260,000 1914 33,800,000 4,750,000 29,050,000 *1915 36.300,000 6,500,000 29.800.000 There was a large amount of gasoline in storage on January 1, 1915, and prac- tically none on January 1, 1916. In 1915, 892,618 cars were manufac- tured and sold in the United States, Manufacturers estimate there will be from 1,000,000 to 1,500,000 cars made and sold in this country in 1916. Presuming that the net increase, allowing for elim- ination of old cars, is 600,000 and also assuming that ehe published registration of cars is actually 2,400,000, there ought to be in commission at the end of 1916, 3,000,000 motor vehicles in the United States. Three million cars consuming an average of 500 gallons each per year means a consumption of gasoline of 1,- 500,000,000 gallons a year. Adding to this other consumption of gasoline, the production must amount at least to 2,- 000,000,000 gallons to equal the demand. It is believed these figures are conserva- tive. The estimated crude production for the first half of 1916 was placed at 148,- 000,000 bbls. In other words, the output for 1916 so far has been practically the same as 1915. There is a probability that the second half of 1916 will show a larger output than the first half. In 1915 the big production was during the first half of "the year. But a very large amount of crude in 1915 was placed in storage. This year so far all the oil produced is being consumed. This fact, together with the additional fact that larger percentages of gasoline are being obtained by reason of lower gravity motor fuel, indicates clearly that there will be sufficient gasoline to fully, or more than, equal the demand. It is safe to state that had it not been for increased output of gasoline by vir- tue of the Burton process and the low- ering of gravities for a large amount of motor fuel by the old process of distilla- tion, prices of gasoline would have gone much higher last winter. The sur- iS Refining Industry of the United States. prise is, that, under existing- conditions, even, they did not 'go higher. Notwith- standing the close inquiry of the Fed- eral Trade Commission, no evidence of unnatural manipulation of price was produced. The Commission's desire was to ascertain why prices were so high, but its efforts finally seemed to sift down to an investigation of why prices were not higher in the Middle States. Cracking* Plants and Fuel Oil. Probably no other one feature of the refining industry has received more at- tention from within and without the pe- troleum industry than what has come to be known as "cracking." Almost every refiner, especially in the middle west, the past two years has worked upon some process of greater precipitation of gaso- line from crude petroleum or some one of its products. The Burton process, patented by the Standard Oil Company, is so well known as to require no detailed explanation in this story. It is sufficient to say that since the last story on refineries from this source was printed, the Burton pro- cess has undergone extensive changes. The mechanical equipment of a Burton plant is not at all like the original in- stallation. Every refinery owned by the group known as Standard Oil refineries is now operating under the Burton pat- ent or is being so equipped. While defi- nite information is lacking, it is under- stood there are altogether upwards of 2,000 Burton stills in use in this coun- try. The Standard Oil Company of Kan- sas at its Neodesha refinery has this year installed 27 additional Burton stills, giving it a total of 60 Burton stills. Forty Burton stills are being installed in the refinery of the Continental Oil Co. at Casper, Wyo., a branch of the Standard Oil Company of Indiana. The Bay way plant of the Standard Oil Com- pany of New Jersey is putting in 200 Burton stills. The Solar Refining Co. at Lima, Ohio, has added 90 Burton stills. The Tidewater Oil Co. at Bayonne, N. J., this year is adding 40 Burton stills to its equipment. The Standard Oil Company at its Sugar Creek station in Kansas City is increasing its battery of Burton stills and is also adding a lubri- cating plant with special view to mak- ing waxes. The Whiting and Wood River refineries are also largely increasing their Burton still capacities. The Stan- dard Oil Company of Ohio is adding a large number of Burton stills. It is ex- pected the Standard Oil Company will almost double its gasoline output before the end of the present year. While the Burton process is not as satisfactory a method of extracting gasoline from pe- troleum as is desired, yet it makes pos- sible a very much larger percentage of gasoline than the old skimming system. At first the Standard Oil Company treat- ed only fuel oil and residuums by its Burton process. It is understood it now handles not only these but kerosene dis- tillates, and averages about 34 per cent of 55 to 58 gravity gasoline. This is in addition to the 18 to 25 per cent taken from the crude in the old straight-run processes. The Standard has offered the use of this process to other refiners, but it is understood no other concern, out- side the Standard Oil group, has taken advantage of the offer, owing to the fact that one of the restrictions is that the lessee shall not market any of the pro- ducts by this process in competition with the Standard Oil Company of In- diana. It is interesting to observe that notwithstanding its investment in the Burton process, the Standard promptly and fully investigates all new processes that appear. Numerous other processes have been tried, but none of them has been, so far as the writer is informed, wholly successful. Much has been claimed for different methods and expensive plants have been constructed, but always with the same result. If there are exceptions to this statement, information concern- ing such plants has not been made pub- lic, to the best knowledge of the writer. Professor Kelsey constructed quite an expensive plant in connection with the Great Western refinery at Erie, Kan., and for awhile it looked as if this ex- periment was going to prove a pro- nounced success, but it went the way of all others and is now standing 1 idle. This process embraced the use of molten metal which cokefied the product rather than produced the desired results. At the present time the Wells Process Co. is putting in a plant in connection with the Constantin refinery at Tulsa, Okla. It is an imposing looking struc- ture. The Milliken Refining Co., Cosden & Co., Emery Manufacturing Co., Bradford, Pa., Glade Refining Co., Warren, Pa., and a number of other refineries have at dif- ferent times installed so-called cracking plants and these are now out of com- mission according to the best informa- tion obtainable. The Consolidated Oil Refining Co., of St. Louis, Mo., which took over the re- fineries of the old Leschen concern known as the Cleveland Petroleum Re- fining Co. is operating what is known as the Greenstreet process. This is a treatment by which cracking is accom- plished by the use of two-inch coils. Carbonization is prevented, it is claim- ed, by the introduction of steam. A section of coil was recently exposed showing the interior to be as smooth as glass and no evidence of carbon what- ever. This company has a plant at Cleveland, Okla., with a daily crude ca- pacity of 650 bbls. and is alleged to be turning out 30,000 gallons a day of what is termed "greaseless naphtha." It runs from 49 to 52 gravity. At East St. Louis, 111., plant No. 2 has a daily crude capacity of 1,000 bbls. and is being equipped for producing 45,000 gallons by the Greenstreet cracking method. Plant No. 3, also located at East St. Louis and which was formerly known as the Seeger plant erected for the purpose of employing the so-called Washburn-See- ger patents of cracking, is now equipped with the Greenstreet coils and is cap- able of turning out about 30,000 gallons of greaseless naphtha per day. There seems to be little doubt but actual cracking takes place in this process, but it is not claimed for the product that it is gasoline. It is, however, claimed Refining Industry of the United States. to be a first-class motor fuel and has been giving- splendid satisfaction wher- ever used. It is believed a higher grav- ity product, coming under the head of gasoline, can be made by this method, but whether economically and satisfac- torily or not has not been demonstrated. The trade is quite skeptical concerning the efficiency of this process. At the present time Dr. W. M. Cross, municipal chemist for Kansas City, Mo., is erecting a plant under his own patent in connection with the Rosedale refinery at Kansas City. The North American Refining Co. at Pemeta, Okla., in the Gushing field, in- stalled a Parker process plant several months ago, but up to the present time it has not operated as satisfactorily as had been anticipated. A Kansas refiner, who wishes his name withheld, reports that he has de- vised a method of refining which is going to prove of vast importance at least to his company. "The only trouble with it," he says, "is that it is so simple nobody will believe in it until shown conclusively." By this operation fuel oil is treated without pressure or excessive heat and a yield of 20 per cent of gaso- line is secured having an end point of 380 and initial below 100. This makes a fine quality of motor fuel. At the same time this procedure turns out 20 per cent of lubricating oil of 200 viscosity, and 50 per cent of 38 gravity gas oil. A very peculiar and unexplainable -result is obtained in handling Mexican crude by this action. The lubricating oil has a cold test of zero and does not require pressing. The rights for the use of this process have already been contracted to at least one other refinery which pro- poses to start the installation of a plant September 1. The Sapulpa Refining Co., at Sapulpa, Okla., has installed a Wilkins tone in connection with its refinery, but no statement concerning its operation has yet been given. It is quite impossible to enumerate all of the efforts put forth to solve this problem. Many, many "processes" by as- piring chemists have been reported. Over in St. Joseph, Mo., a gentleman has a new scheme which involves a revolving retort by which he promises to revolu- tionize the trade. If some enthusiast came along with a proposition to turn his still, retort or whatever he wished to call it, over and over, end for end, I would not dare to laugh at it. Some- body is going to "discover the way" and it may look like a joke when it comes. Outside of the Burton process nc other cracking system has received so much attention as the Rittman theory of breaking up the molecules of petro- leum products to produce a larger vol- ume of gasoline from fixed quantities of crude, and yet no Rittman plant has yet been placed on a completely satisfactory and commercial basis. Experiments are being constantly made, however, and the future of the Rittman patent is very promising. Nothing seems more convinc- ing of this than the numerous attacks that are being made upon it. At least one completely equipped Rittman plant 19 is now being erected by a going refinery. There are numerous other experimental plants in course of construction which may result in enlarged installation. It is safe to say that at no other time in the history of the oil business has there been such pronounced expansion of refining capacity as during the past 18 months. This has been caused by the tremendous increase in the consumption of motor fuel. At the same time there has been a large increase in the con- sumption of kerosene and fuel oil. The expectation is that the time is not far distant when, by reason of cracking pro- cesses and improved carburetors, kero- sene will command as high a price as gasoline. This is already noticeable in some districts. The price of kerosene has averaged a little better the last year than the year previous and is now commanding in this field three cents or more per gallon. A carburetor has been patented which, by the use of electric- ity, heats kerosene to a degree that it is readily gasefled and acts as an excep- tionally good motor fuel, the effect of the heat apparently disposing of the carbon, or at any rate preventing carbon from gathering in the engine and pre- venting satisfactory combustion. It is understood that one of the Standard subsidiaries has secured control of this patent and is preparing to push it on the market. If this is true, it practically guarantees the success of this new branch of outlet for kerosene. When there is a firm market and an adequate price for kerosene, the oil refining busi- ness will assume an entirely different aspect. It has been thought for the last five years that the refining industry was be- ing overdone. Yet every year has wit- nessed a greater increase in capacity of established refineries and a larger num- ber of new refineries than any succeed- ing year. The difficulty is that the busi- ness is becoming an industry very large- ly of seasons. In summer there is a tremendous demand. In the winter the refinery is unable to dispose of its pro- ducts and unless a concern is strong fi- nancially, it cannot weather the dull season. In other words, a refinery can make so much more gasoline during the months of restricted consumption than it can possibly afford to store or carry over, that the business at once becomes precarious. In this day it is impossible Lo buy crude on deferred payments. Thus the refiner who engages in the refining business with a capital of $200,000, ex- pecting to put the entire amount into a efining plant, finds he is in a serious position when he attempts to operate lis plant. He must have an equal amount or more as working capital, and ie will find that he always has on his pooks a good sized fortune of outstand- ng accounts. Another difficulty that is facing the refiner, with more and more threatening proportions as he grows in capacity, is :he fuel oil question. It is only possible to dispose of fuel oil so long as it comes n attractive competition with coal. The wonderful increase in the production of 'uel oil has overstocked the market, and he result has been that most of the Refining Industry of the United States. 20 time for the past two or three years the price of fuel oil has actually been below cost. All during the recent period of $1 55 crude, millions of barrels of fuel oil were delivered in the Mid-Continent field at 30 cents a bbl. This is some- thing for the man about to embark in the business to think over. Thus with fuel oil and kerosene drugs on the market, the question of handling a sufficient amount of gasoline at a particular season of the year to keep a plant in healthy financial condition the whole of the year, is one to tax the in- genuity of even a clever business mani- pulator The man who is most adroit in this direction is the man who makes the most conspicuous success. In this connection it mignt be said that there is hope that the Government will take action to provide for large storage of fuel oil in its program of pre- paredness. It is quite alarming to con- template what the result would be if this country should become engaged in war with seme foreign nation, our coast- wise transportation facilities put out of commission, and present stores of naval fuel oil made inaccessible. There are not enough tank cars in the United States to take care of the business un- der such conditions. War would na- turally interfere with the easy opera- tion of oil fields and refineries. Prac- tically all of the war vessels of this country are oil burning. It is reallj shocking to contemplate the embarrass- ment of the country in the way of fuel in case of war. Recently a naval fuel oil board was appointed with Admiral John A. Edwards, retired, as chairman. This board is making an exhaustive study of the question of providing the navy with an ample supply of fuel. If this board acts promptly, it may be that the fuel oil problem will be solved. Buy- ing fuel oil and storing it when the mar- ket was glutted and the price low, ought to appeal to governmental officials as good business procedure. At the same time it would be a step along conserva- tion lines and would also aid a great industry. On the other hand, there is the possibility of some cracking process becoming PO pronouncedly successful that the fuel oil difficulty will solve it- self in another direction, and the Gov- ernment will be up against it more seri- ously for an oleaginous fuel than the re- finer is today for a market. A Business Peculiar to Itself. The petroleum refining business in the United States is growing with such rapidity it is practically impossible to keep record of its development. While it may be a striking commentary, this is illustrated in the fact that there is no complete record at hand of the oil re- fining industry in this country. Even the Government, with all its alertness where industrial interests are concern- ed, has no complete data touching this business that is of such vital import- ance to almost every other commercial concern and to every business office and home in the country. Recently when prices of gasoline be- gan to soar a hue and cry went up over the country against what was said to be undue manipulation of the industry. The Government turned to its various de- partments for information only to find that there was no information worthy of the name touching the progress of petroleum after it left the producers' tank. Then was witnessed the remark- able spectacle of the accuser going to the accused for information to indict himself. Since then there has been a demand for a department at Washington whose duty it shall be to gather and disseminate prompt, accurate and intel- ligent information concerning the petro- leum industry in all its branches. The need of this is no more forcibly illus- trated than the knowledge of the fact that at the present time the meager in- formation which is obtainable through Washington comes from various depart- ments antagonistic to each other, to such an extent that no information is given out until it is hoary with age and even then with such fear of treading on each other's toes that it is shorn of much of its intrinsic value; all of which goes to prove the real need of Congress asserting its authority and creating a single department with ample authority and sufficient financial support to make its work both comprehensive and effec- tive. During the recent investigation of gasoline prices by the Federal Trade Commission a suggestion was made that the Government should make or dictate the price of petroleum products. The fallacy of such procedure is aptly il- lustrated in the slow movement of Gov- ernment action and the rapid movement of affairs in oildom. The resolution to have the oil business investigated first passed Congress about two years ago and was instigated by operators in Oklahoma whose chief complaint was that prices were entirely too low. Actual investigation was undertaken a few months later, because prices of both crude and refined products were declared to be too high, and now before the Fed- eral Trade Commission has announced its findings and informed the people why prices of gasoline were too high, prices are receding. In other words, when this investigation was first or- dered, there was a tremendous overpro- duction in the Mid-Continent field. Then came one of the most pronounced short- ages of crude the Mid-Continent region has ever known, resulting in prices of crude jumping from 40 cents a bbl. to $1.55 a bbl., with an added premium of from 30 cents to 70 cents a bbl. At the same time gasoline prices reached their highest record in this field. And now, before the investigation is com- pleted, another overproduction and de- pression has overtaken the field. If the Commission does not speed up, it will soon be required to change about face and tell the people why prices are again so low, rather than why they are so high. Supposing the Federal Govern- ment were to fix the prices of petroleum products, what would become of the petroleum industry while Government officials were ascertaining whether prices should advance or recede? The oil industry is peculiar to itself. There is nothing else like it in the un- Refining Industry of the United States. 21 iverse. It requires quick action. The man of indecision and the man of slow action never get very far in petroleum. But even though a man makes mistakes, if he is quick, half way intelligent, and plays the game all the time, he is almost dead sure to come out a winner. In most other lines of business condi- tions do not change so rapidly. Most products of the earth come either in seasons or in fixed periods or quantities, but this is not true of oil. A well that is making 10,000 bbls. today may not make 1,000 bbls. next week, and a well which may be regarded as almost a fail- ure today, or a big gasser, may be drill- ed deeper tomorrow and become a gusher. But this one thing- is true of oil that the very day a lease begins producing, that very day it begins to de- preciate, and when once its production is gone, it is gone forever. Another feature of the oil business is chat it is impossible to tell by general conditions the possibilities of a field. Authorities may figure weeks and months ahead of the approximate yield of wheat, or corn, or gold, or silver for a particular year, but it is practically impossible to tell the probable output of an oil field. Eight months ago there . was practically no production in Butler county, Kansas. Today Butler county, Kansas, is one of the prominent oil fields of the country, able to produce 50,000 to 60,000 bbls. of high grade oil a day. The writer testified before the Federal Trade Commission in June that in his opinion the Mid-Continent field was facing an overproduction of crude. A prominenl pipe line official afterward said he thought the situation was over- drawn in the statement. Yet in July, less than six weeks later, that same company had reduced the price of crude because there was an overproduction, going to show how rapidly conditions change and how difficult it is to fore- cast them. The Government is Interested. The remarkable increase in the de- mand for gasoline the past two or three years has brought the refining business into prominence not only in the finan- cial world, but in the political world as well, and also has commanded the at- tention of business interests every- where. Formerly a variation in the price of gasoline affected the general public only indifferently. Today a change in the price of motor fuel is felt in all lines of business and pleasure throughout the entire country. Thus we find the Federal Trade Commission at Washington investigating the price of gasoline, and Congress interesting it- self in legislation affecting the admin- istration of the petroleum business. A great interest all over the country has been taken in the development of the Rittman process by the Interior De- partment. Refiners, through their as- sociations, have been calling upon of- ficials at Washington to create a bureau of petroleum for the purpose of gather- ing statistical information and supply- ing those interested with data that is now unobtainable and that is considered important in the manipulation of a great industry. Recently Congress authorized the Interior Department, through the Bureau of Mines, to establish a number of mining, experimental stations for the purpose of aiding in the greater develop- ment of natural resources. Director Manning, of the Bureau of Mines, has planned to have . one of these experi- mental stations in connection with the oil industry and to be located some- where in the middle west. It will prob- ably be a year before a location is de- cided upon, but, when it is, work on the construction of the same will be pushed as rapidly as possible for the attain- ment of early results. The Government has found that by concentrating the ef- forts of the ablest men obtainable along certain lines and with the aid of rep- resentatives in the industry throughout the country, it has been able to bring about beneficial results, and Director Manning has been so successful that it has been deemed wise to largely increase the appropriations of his departments. It will be the intention of Mr. Manning to exploit petroleum to its greatest pos- sibilities, and it is believed that an ex- perimental station will prove of vast importance to the industry. For a year or two there has been considerable dis- cussion among independents of estab- lishing such a plant and maintaining it themselves, and it is highly gratifying to them to know that the Government is going to take up this work on a much broader and comprehensive basis than they could hope to do in a limited co-operative way. At the present time Dr. Manning is in the northwest decid- ing upon the location of a mining ex- perimental station. Four of the largest cities in the northwest are contestants for the station. One city has offered a site and a building. Another has of- fered $150,000 cash in addition to a site. This gives a suggestion of the import- ance attached to the location. It is the intention of the department to locate the oil experimental station where it is thought it can produce the best re- sults. In this connection it may be noted that the producers of Oklahoma have re- cently discussed the question of estab- lishing a .bureau of information. From the writer's knowledge of the work being done by Director Manning, he believes that the producers, refiners, pipe line men and marketers of petroleum pro- lucts can well afford to center their ef- forts in support of the Bureau of Mines. They can well afford to insist upon their representatives at Washington de- manding that all petroleum matters be centered in the Bureau .of Mines, and that the Bureau of Mines be held re- sponsible. At the present time the Bur- au of Mines is carrying on experi- mental work and is probably better in- :ormed than any other department in Washington on petroleum matters, and r et the only statistics pertaining to pe- roleum are furnished by the Geological Survey, while investigation of petroleum matters is being carried on by the Fed- eral Trade Commission, and the other day $60,000 was appropriated by Con- gress for still another department to Juplicate work already being done for 22 Refining Industry of the United States. petroleum. The fact is all of these matters could be handled more economi- cally, more intelligently and more satis- factorily to those most concerned if they were centered in the Bureau of Mines. There is great danger of departmental jealousies if work of this character is riot concentrated under the supervision of one department. The work itself will suffer because of indecision and fear of overlapping. No one appreciates more than the oil men themselves the need of unprejudiced information concerning the oil industry for the public. Probably there is no other industry in which the men interested are at so much Variance with each other because of a lack of information concerning the thing in which they have invested. In the past the industry has been compelled to de- pend upon the data gathered and furn- ished by those directly interested. There has been no disinterested information obtainable. The time has come when the public demands accurate and disin- terested information pertaining to the oil industry. When this information is obtainable through proper governmental agencies, there will be no need of local information boards. It is the purpose of Director Man- ning- and Superintendent Williams to make future petroleum statistics of real commercial value. The intrinsic worth of different oils will be investigated; the gasoline and other contents of crude of one year's production as compared with other years' will be made known; prog- ress in refining processes, etc., will be set forth. In other words, the bureau will make its annual statistical report cover every phase of the petroleum busi- ness and make its figures "talk profit" to those who study them. In addition to this, the department will issue regular monthly and quarterly reports on gen- eral petroleum conditions. The refining branch of the oil indus- try has been seriously affected by the periods of flood and famine of crude. He has been a shrewd refiner who could anticipate the sudden turns of the mar- ket; he has been a fortunate refiner who could foresee the changes of conditions, so that a low crude market would not find him with high priced' contracts and a high refined market would not catch him with a lot of time contracts at low prices. He has had no reliable data to guide him. It has been an unfortunate commentary that oil men have rarely, if ever, profited by their experiences. There has never been an overproduction in the Mid-Continent field that producers were willing to admit that the same was gen- eral. Statistics and information were conflicting as they are now. Producers have never witnessed the gathering of threatening clouds that they could not convince themselves that there was not going to be a storm. It would mean millions of dollars to the industry if those who are responsible for its devel- opment could simply profit by their ex- periences or have some reliable source of unprejudiced information for guid- ance. Three years ago they refused to believe that the world was not prepared to absorb every barrel of oil that Gush- ing could possibly produce, and Gush- ing was developed with such rapidity that oil interests everywhere were af- fected by the ouput of Gushing. Then Gushing suddenly receded and the price of oil in the Mid-Continent shot up to the highest record in the history of this field. Then Kansas began to de- velop what has the ear-marks of being a great pool. Another flood seems to have arrived. Already there has been a decline of 50 cents in the crude mar- ket. If the producers of Butler county, Kansas, and at South Gushing, Okla- homa, would discontinue drilling for two months and permit the oil to remain in its natural reservoir, there would be no further decline in the market, but rather, it is safe to say, there would be a decided advance. It might be perti-" nently asked: Why should these men.be permitted to ruin an industry simply t>) gratify the spirit of greed? At the present time representatives of nnother big industry are endeavoring to prevail upon the powers that be at Washington that they should be permit- ted to unite and prevent, in the spirit of conservation, an overproduction of their commodity. There is plenty of argument in support of the contention. In England, Germany and other coun- tries in Europe the output of certain commodities is limited to the needs of the cpuntry and the natural supply is conserved to this extent. In this coun- try it seems to be the policy of the Gov- ernment to deny the right to limit re- sources to the needs of the country. It has been considered a crime for two or three to get together and say that they will not produce more coal, or more oil, or more copper 'than the nation needs. Yet we have the remarkable spectacle of the entire country becoming excited be- cause, for a single season, the cotton inarket is overstocked. If it is proper for the Government to turn itself inside out to save the raisers of cotton, then the Government should loan its good of- fices to limit the amount of oil to the needs of the people, for it must be pat- ent to all that the time is not far dis- tant when there will cease to be enough oil to meet the requirements of the people. A Wise Policy. To this end it is interesting to note that the Prairie Oil & Gas Co. has taken very intelligent action to produce the same result. Heretofore the Prairie has followed the policy of extending its lines- to new pools and prorating runs from new wells on old properties, so that there was no reason why operators should not proceed with drilling in new pools in times of depression. The Prairie's new policy is to connect to no new pools and extend its connections tc no new wells on old leases while there is a flood of oil. It is believed that the company is not violating any law and that it is not acting in restraint of trade in such a course. There is no law that will require any consumer to buy be- yond his needs, and so long as the Prairie Oil & Gas Co. has arrangements for all the oil that it needs, it is claimed' lhat it could not be justly charged with restraint of trade. The expectation is; Refining Industry of the United States. that this policy will cause operators to curtail their drilling operations until such time as there is a market for their product; and it will steady prices and hold them on a legitimate and natural basis; that it will conserve the supply of crude oil and prevent unwarranted waste; that it will teach the consumers of petroleum products to abstain from prodigality and shorten periods of de- pression There seems to be every argu- ment in favor of the Prairie's new policy and nothing against it. It is going to mean in the future steadier conditions. A bill has been prepared and submit- ted to the United States Senate of vast and far reaching importance. It wilv mean as much to other branches of in- dustry as to oil interests. The convic- tion has been growing that manufac- turers ought to be privileged before the law to agree among themselves, ap- proved by some competent federal board, to curtail output when there is overpro- duction, and otherwise to confer regard ing business policies. But they have been afraid to do so in face of the fanatical opposition to business develop- ment. It must, however, be evident to all that wasteful overproduction of a valuable national resource is against public interest. This bill provides for the creation of an interestate trade commission whose duty it shall be to investigate contracts and' agreements in big interstate busi- ness, and ascertain if the same are actually in violation of the anti-trust act and whether it is really an unlaw- ful restraint or monopoly; that any con- cern wishing to enter into an agreement or contract may submit its proposition to the commission for approval, and if approved such determination shall be final and conclusive that such undertak- ing is not in violation of the anti-trust law and is not an unlawful restraint of trade. Upon the finding by the commis- sion that any agreement is unlawful, the commission shall serve notice on such corporation, individual, etc., that such agreement is unlawful and that all or any acts or things being so done shall cease and terminate and on failure to cease same, the commission shall certify its findings to the attorney general of the United States. This is what was ex- pected of the Federal Trade Commis- sion and what would have vitalized it. There is great need of a trade advisory board. Business needs protection in be- half of the consuming public. The prosperity of the country demands it. We are surely coming to the place where the welfare of the nation and the general commonwealth will require that business interests be safeguarded against hurtful attack as well as being regulated against public misuse. For- eign governments assume a protectorate over the business interests of subjects. We have assumed that all our big indus- trials were outlaws and objects of prey. The corporate institutions within a State are the creatures of the State. They ought to be both regulated and protected within sane and reasonable bounds, leav- ing enough latitude to whet personal ambition. There was a time not long ago when there was little public interest in oil re- fining. Now everybody is concerned in the subject. Prophets assert that the day is near at hand when every fifteenth or sixteenth family will own an auto- mobile. Every automobile uses gaso- line for fuel and oil for lubrication. Every man who rides in these cars, or has his groceries or milk or garments delivered in one, is interested m the price of petroleum products. More than this every farmer these days dreams bright dreams of the future when oil shall be found on his land to make him independent. The number of bankers, lawyers, preachers, clerks, women domes- tics, etc., who own oil stocks is amaz- ing. Oil has become IT. It is an al- luring and seductive thing. The very smell of it sets the fancy at play with conjuied millions. The more one studies the subject, the more one is amazed over the very many things made from oil and the great number of ways it affects every citizen. We doubt if any other one article works its way so far into man's everyday life. This explains why anything on oil is of interest today to newspaper readers. Oil has had its greatest growth since the discovery of the Mid-Continent field. This is why this field has witnessed so many spectacular events in oil. Mil- lionaires are made while you wait. Re- fineries spring up like mushrooms. Yesterday's impossibilities are the trifling routine of today. The struggling debtor this morning sits down to sump- tuous feasts tonight. These are not fairy tales; th^y are the experiences of your neighbor. You know they are true. You saw Josh Cosden blinking at a tea pot, which he called a refinery, and which the wind wrecked. You saw him out there on the plains at Bigheart gaz- ing at the wreckage, bereft of all save opportunity and determination. That was yesterday. Today you see him a master of industry, a millionaire, di- rector of many gigantic enterprises, liv- ing in a mansion, surrounded by every- thing that makes a charm of life. And Josh Cosden has life all before him a magnificent success at 35. Then there is Harry Sinclair. It seems only the other day he was a drug clerk in a small Kansas town. But Sin- clair saw the possibilities in oil. He recognized what thousands of others failed to recognize that he who uses good, horse-sense and judgment and acts quickly and often cannot help winning large stakes in oil. Thus fixing this firmly in his mind, he struck out. When it was necessary he chartered a special train and rode all night to secure an oil lease while others slept and waited till the morrow. At 37 Harry F. Sincair is a shining example of "all things come to him who- dares and hustles." Head of a $70,000,- 000 refinery merger, projecting a pipe line enterprise that makes even the men of big affairs dizzy, and acting with such rapidity as to keep everyone guess- ing what will come next, he is a strik- ing figure in these days of big finance. Here are two young men at the head of refinery enterprises handling a com- Refining Industry of the United States. 24 bined crude oil production of over 50,- 000 bbls. a day, or more than the daily output of oil of the entire country up to 1879 Thousands of others have found oil profitable only in less spectacular fash- ion. It is no wonder then that the oil country is feverish with excitement and that millions of people are looking to it to "send in their ship." Just now the Mid-Continent is the El Dorado of oildom. Someone has said oil will be exhausted in 27 years. That was a false alarm. The business is just starting. No one can tell where a great field may be discovered tomorrow. In the meantime interest is keen in Mid- Continent production and refining and new refineries are springing up in most unexpected places. There are more active refineries in what is know as the Mid-Continent reg- ion than in any other one field in the United States. There are 41 refineries in Oklahoma, 21 in Kansas, three in Missouri and three on the Illinois side at St. Louis, making a total of 68 and embracing an investment of approxi- mately $30,000,000. If present plans materialize, several new plants will be erected during the coming year. When it is taken into consideration that there was only one small refinery in the Mid- Continent field in 1903, this is a remark- able showing. The first independent plant in the Mid-Continent territory was built by C. D. Webster at Humbodlt, Kansas, in 1904, and is now being op- erated by the Miller Petroleum Refining Co., of Chanute, Kansas. Mr. Webster is now running a refinery at Yale, Okla. He began his oil career back in Massa- chusetts almost half a century ago. The Mid-Continent field has witnessed the most remarkable development of the in- dependent movement in the history of the business and most of this develop- ment has taken place in the last three years. The growth of the Cosden com- pany has been so rapid as to be almost spectacular, this company now being the largest independent concern operated by a single individual in the world. The Sinclair merger promises to be one of the biggest things of its kind in the country. Mr. Sinclair has startled the oil world by the announcement that he is going to build an 8-inch pipe line from Gushing, Okla., field to Fort Madi- son, Iowa, and Chicago, 111., and erect refineries at bcth of these points. This simply shows the great confidence in the future of the oil business and the re- ward of shrewdness and activity in this great field of endeavor. Refineries now projected will give the Mid-Continent field an added daily capa- city of approximately 100,000 bbls. Sev- eral of these are already in course of construction. It is interesting to note that as re- fineries grow they prefer to have their own stations for distribution. There are a great many concerns which style themselves refining companies through- out the country which are not, in the close sense of the word, refining plants. They blend lubricating oils and manu- facture various grades of greases. The Pierce Oil Corporation owns and" operates three large refineries. Its re- fining plant at Vera Cruz, Mexico, was erected in 1891 at a cost of approxi- mately $300,000. Its refinery at Tam- pico, Mexico, was built in 1898 and cost over $2,000,000. In 1913 it built a refin- ery at Sand Springs, a suburb of Tulsa, Okla., at a cost of about $875,000. The Pierce Oil Corporation is a retail mar- keter in the southwest, having over 400 .listributirg stations and owning some 500 tank cars. Oil is supplied its re- finery at Sand Springs, Okla., through about 40 miles of pipe line. The Thwing-Evans-Todd refineries, known as the Ponca Refining Co., Gush- ing Refining Co. and Producers Refining Co., distill about 20,000 bbls. of crude a day. All their output is marketed through jobbers or exported. The dazzling feature of Mid-Continent oildom is the immensity of everything. Everything is figured in millions. A re- finery handling only 2,000 bbls. of crude a day is a very modest institution. In a little while the field will have 10 sepa- rate refineries using 10,000 bbls. of crude each a day. The American Refining Co. at Okmulgee, the Phoenix at Tulsa, the Muskogee, the Constantin at Tulsa, the Oklahoma City, Sapulpa, Cosden, Lesh, Wichita Independent and a number of others are adding new stills and growing rapidly. Jack Ryan was a salesman a few months ago. He decided to be a refiner. It was hard sledding getting started. Now he has a plant at Boynton, is operating the Uncle Sam works at Tulsa under a contract and is getitng ready to start up a leased plant at Kan- sas City, which had never been operated. Just now there is a lull in oil affairs. But the depression will be of short dura- tion. This story of refineries will be out of date almost before it is in type. Such is the rapidity with which the industry is developing. But it is not all rosy. All along the way there are wrecks. Some men even get into the oil business who never have visions and who move so slowly they will be too late for their own funeral in that day. They fail. But the live wires! they win; and their history is written in bright letters in oil. Louisiana and Texas. Louisiana is forging rapidly to the front as an oil manufacturing and ship- ping State as well as a petroleum pro- ducing district. It already has 16 re- fineries. The Louisiana Oil Refining Co. oper- ates a 1,250 bbl. plant at Gas Center, La. It was established in 1913. It owns about 40 miles of pipe line, has its own distributing stations and owns its own tank cars, but does not have a lubricat- ing plant. The figures showing the number of refineries in Texas and the approximate amount of crude handled by them daily will probably be surprising to many readers of oil data. There are 23 refin- eries in Texas using approximately 200,- 000 bbls. of crude a day. The figures as indicated in this report are 196,800 bbls. per day, but there is reason to believe that at least one or two of the refin- Refining Industry of the United States. eries are handling more crude than this report indicates. In addition to these figures there are 16 refineries in Louis- iana handling about 42,000 bbls. a day. The total investment in refineries in Texas and Louisiana is approximately $55.000,000. The Gulf Refining Co.'s main plant is located at Port Arthur and has a charg- ing capacity of approximately 60,000 bbls. a day. It is stated this refinery is running full capacity. The Gulf also has a plant at Fort Worth with a daily capacity of 7,500 bbbls. and is running full blast. The Texas Co. is operating refineries at Port Arthur, 28,000 bbls. a day; Port Neches, 5,000 bbls. a day; and at Dallas, 12,000 bbls. a day; a total approximately 47,000 bbls. a day. The Port Neches plant is essentially an asphaltic pro- ducts plant. The Texas Co. also oper- ates refineries at West Tulsa, Okla., and Lockport, 111. The total investment amounts to approximately $37,800,000. The company retails through 475 distri- buting stations, and operates 2,000 tank cars. It owns over 1,400 miles of pipe ine and manufactures lubricating oils. The Magnolia Petroleum Co. is treat- ing about 25,000 bbls. a day at its Beau- mont refinery. It is understood this is being increased to 35,000 bbls. a day. At Fort Worth it is handling 12,000 bbls. a day, and at Corsicana 3,000 bbls. a day. This company has been increasing its water shipments rapidly of late. The Magnolia took over the refinery at Corsi- cana, Texas, erected in 1898, and the plant at Beaumont, Texas, erected in 1902. It has become one of the leading factors in Texas oil affairs. In 1914 it erected a refinery at Fort Worth, Texas. The three plants in 1915 had a daily capacity of 22,000 bbls. The company operates about 450 distributing stations, has about 800 tank cars, owns nearly POO miles of pipe line to which are con- nected almost 2,000 producing wells, and manufacturers its own lubricants. The company is largely interested in the southern part of Oklahoma and has a pipe line from the Healdton, Okla., pool to Fort Worth, Texas. The Pierce-Fordyce Oil Association has a refinery at Fort Worth, Texas, refining about 6,000 bbls. a day and an- other at Texas City on the Gulf hand- ling about 3,000 bbls. a day, the capacity of the lattei plant is being increased at the present time. The Producers Refining Co. at Gaines- vile, Texas, owned by Messers. Thwing, Evans, Todd and associates in connec- tion with the Ponca Refining Co. at Ponca City, Okla., and the Gushing Re- ing Co. at Gushing, Okla., is handling about 12,000 bbls. a day, although at times its runs have approximated 15,000 bbls. a day. All of the oil treated by this refinery comes from the Healdton pool in Oklahoma. Pari of the crude handled by the Gulf Refining Co., the Texas Co. and the Mag- nolia Petroleum Co. comes from Okla- homa. The Panhandle Refining Co. at Wich- ita Falls, Texas, recently built by Brown and Jones of Independence, Kansas, has a capacity of 2,000 bbls. a day. This company reports it is getting a very large percentage of gasoline from its crude. The Wichita Valley Refining Co. at Iowa Park, Tex., near Wichita Falls, has a capacity of about 1,000 bbls. a day. It is planning on enlargement. The Dixie Oil & Refining Co. at San Antonio, Tex., is running 1,000 bbls. a day steadily and expects to increase this to 2,000 bbls. a day before the end of the year. The Avis-Wood Refining Co. near Jacksboro, Tex., is a Wells process plant making crude products from crude pro- duced at Sour Lake. It is also using a small quantity of oil from shallow wells in the immediate vicinity of the refinery. Another still or two will be added to the plant in the near future. The Pure Oil Refining Co. at Houston Tex., began operations August 1 and is working up approximately 200 bbls. a day of Oklahoma crude. The United Refining Co. at Beaumont, the Orange Refining Co. at Orange, and the Houston Oil Co. at Houston have been idle for some time, the latter plant having a capacity of 3,000 bbls. a day and being complete in every particular. It is understood the United Refining Co.'s plant at Beaumont, Tex., is being rehabilitated. The Oriental Oil Co., operating a re- finery at Dallas, Texas, handles about 1,000 bbls. of crude oil a day and manu- factures lubricating oils. It has its own cars and 12 or 15 distributing sta- tions. The 23,000 bbls. a day of crude pro- duced in northern and central Texas are all handled by Texas refineries. From 45,000 to 60,000 bbls. a day of crude is piped from Oklahoma fields to Texas re- fineries. A large amount of crude comes to these refineries from Louisiana. The Magnolia Petroleum Co. has just begun using about 10,000 bbls. a day of crude from Goose Creek. The Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Coast. There are 76 refineries in California handling, it is estimated, 210,000 bbls. of crude oil daily. The estimated gross investment in these refineries is $81,- 000,000. There are 19 idle plants in Cali- fornia. Fifty per cent of the crude oil produced in California reduces about five per cent of gasoline. The other 50 per cent does not produce gasoline at all and is manufactured into fuel oil and asphaltic products. A number of the California refineries manufacturing gaso- line have their own distributing sta- tions and also a number of them have lubricating plants. The Easterner who thinks California Petroleum does not come into competition with him is fooling himself. In the first place, California has robbed Eastern re- finers of a tremendous volume of far- west business, and more lately Wyoming has cut deep inroads into the marketing arrangements of Mid-Continent refiners. It has been said many times that Cali- fornia crude was valueless for the manu- facture of gasoline, and yet during the past few months millions of gallons of this product has been shipped as far 26 Refining Industry of the United States. east as New York in competition with Eastern gasoline in its own markets. No oil has yet been found that has not b> some process yielded to the needs of th hour. California is a mighty petroleum factor and will be for generations to come. It will probably be surprising to many Eastern readers to know that so manj California refineries also manufacture lubricants and operate distributing sta- tions. The Associated Oil Co. operates two refineries, one at Avon, Contra Coasta county, and the other at Gaviota, Santa Barbara county, Cal. The Associated Oil Co.'s refineries are operated more on the same basis as the Mid-Continent refineries than most of the so-called re- fineries on the Pacific coast. It has an investment of approximately $2,000,000, handles a daily average of about 12,500 bbls. of crude, owns approximately 350 tank cars, has 140 miles of pipe line to which are connected approximately 425 wells. It supplies its own distributing stations, and is one of the big factors on the Pacific coast. . The General Petroleum Co. of Los An- geles, Cal., owns three plants, one lo- cated at Kerto, where road oil and as- phalt are manufactured, another at Ver- non which has a capacity of 14,000 bbls. a day, but is actually using 8,000 bbls. a day, and one at Mojave, which is not operating at the present time. This com- pany owns and controls 200 miles of pipe line, to which are connected ap- proximately 250 wells. It cuts the "tops"' and sells to independent refineries by tank car or pipe line. California re- fineries depend very largely upon the railroads for their tank car equipment. The Final-Dome Refining Co., with a refinery at Betteravia, Cal., erected in 1911, has nine distributing stations and receives its crude from 60 wells con- nected to its own pipe line. The Producers Refining Co. at Kern River (Bakersfield, Cal.) operates a re- finery using about 500 bbls. of crude a day, and manufactures lubricants. This plant was built in 1904 and is connected to producing wells by its own pipe line. The Shell Co. of California last year built a refinery at Martinez, near San Francisco. It also manufactures lub- ricants. The Shell Co. operates the re- finery built by the American Oriental Co. and also the lubricating factory at Rodeo owned by Warren Bros. In addi- tion to these the Shell people have leased the Trumbull Refining Co.'s plant at Los Angeles. The Shell Co. operates in California its own tank cars and is now building a refinery in Louisiana and another in Oklahoma. The Union Oil Co. of California owns and operates seven refineries at Oleum, Avila, Bakersfield, Brea, Santa Paula, Orcutt and Los Angeles. The first re finery was built at Oleum in 1895. The company now has more than $3,000,000 invested in refineries and total assets of $57,477,019. It handles 25,000 bbls. of crude oil a day, owns and operates 85 distributing stations, more than 100 tanks cars, 1,200 miles of pipe lines, a lubricating plant, and there are approxi- mately 2,000 producing wells supplying its refineries with crude oil. Its dis- tributing stations are chiefly in Cali- fornia, Arizona and Nevada. It ships its products in its own bottoms to Europe. The Amalgmated Oil Co. operates a topping plant at Los Angeles for the manufacture of fuel oil. It does not make kerosene or gasoline. Utah, Colorado and Wyoming*. There is one small refinery at Salt Lake City, Utah, distilling about 500 bbls. a day. There are three in Colorado handling about 5,000 bbls. a day, repre- senting an investment of $825,000, and four operating plants in Wyoming hand- ling approximately 34,000 bbls. a day. There are three refineries in Colorado. Two of them are located at Florence and both are owned by the Standard Oil Company. The United Oil Refining Cb.'s plant was built in 1887. In 1907 a lub- ricating and wax plant was built in con- nection with it. The refining industry in Wyoming is scarcely yet in its infancy; in fact, it is only getting started. The Midwest Refining Co. built a re- finery at Casper in February, 1912, with a capacity of 1,500 bbls. a day. Today the Midwest is one of the large and im- portant independent refining concerns in the country. The plant at present con- sists of three units and has a daily apacity of 17,800 bbls. and is using between 12,000 and 15,000 bbls. of crude oil a day. There is common belief that the Midwest is owned by the Standard Oil Company. It is asserted by govern- ment officials, who have investigated the company, as well as by officers of the Midwest, that not a dollar of the stock of the Midwest Refining Co. is owned :>y the Standard Oil Company. There is, lowever, a contractual relationship be- tween the Midwest Refining Co. and the Continental Oil Co., owned by the Stan- dard at Casper. These plants are on op- posite sides of the road. The Contin- ntal Oil Co. is operating a Burton racking process. It buys residue and certain other products from the Mid- west a.nd sells back to the Midwest cer- ain finished products. The Midwest Re- fining Co. is at the present time en- gaged in perfecting a Rittman cracking rocess of its own. The Grey bull Refining Co., a branch >f the Midwest Refining Co., has only ecently completed a 2,000 bbl. plant at Greybull, Wyo. The capacity of this lant is now being increased. It will ventually handle about 10,000 bbls. a lay. The Greybull owns 10 miles of jipe line and is connected to 50 or more wells in the Wyoming field. Nearby the tandard Oil Company of Indiana is oing to erect a refinery and will engage n another contractual arrangement. The Northwestern Oil Refining Co. uilt the first refinery in Wyoming in 909. It is located at Cowley and is ow handling about 300 bbls. a day and isposes of most of its products through he Mutual Oil Co., of Kansas City, Mo. t has pipe line connections to 12 or 5 wells which supply it with crude. It is not generally known, but there s a small oil refinery located at Farm- ngton, New Mexico. Refining Industry of the United States. Illinois. The Central Defining Co. at Lawrence- ville, 111., completed its plant in 1908. It runs 3,000 bbls. of crude oil a day, operates nearly 300 tank cars and owns 192 miles of pipe lines besides operating its own wax plant. The Consolidated Oil Refining Co., sometimes known as the Gasoline Corp- oration, was recently organized at St. Louis out of the former holdings of the Cleveland Petroleum Refining Co. (Leschen). The new company operates a refinery at Cleveland, Okla., having a capacity of 650 bbls. of crude oil a day, and two cracking plants at East St. Louis, 111. No. 2 plant at East St. Louis has a capacity of 1,000 bbls. of crude a day and the company is now engaged in erecting furnaces for turning out 45,- 000 gallons of motor fuel a day. No. 3 plant at East St. Louis has a capa- city for turning out 30,000 gallons of motor fuel a day. The crude for these plants all comes from Oklahoma. The Leader Refining Co. owned the first refinery built in Illinois. It has a capacity of about 25,000 bbls. a month and is located on the Pennsylvania and C. I. & W. railroads at Casey. The Indian Refining Co. at Lawrence- ville, 111., owns the largest refining plant in that State, aside from the Standard. It handles about 11,000 bbls. of crude a day, owns 176 filling stations and op- erates about 1,200 tank cars, owns 250 miles of pipe line, has its own lubricat- ing -plant, and is connected up to over 2,200 wells. It has a large storage sta- tion at New Orleans and one at Kearney, N. J. This company has been making remarkable progress the last years or two. The Wabush Refining Co. is successor to the Robinson Refining Co. at Robin- son, 111. This company has been mak- ing extensive improvements during the past year and now has an investment of approximately $250,000. It uses about 600 bbls. of crude oil a day, owns 10 miles of pipe line, to which are connect- ed 275 producing wells, and operates its own tank car system. The refinery was built in 1907 and a wax plant was added in 1915. Pennsylvania. There are 56 refineries in Pennsyl- vania, according to the best information obtainable, handling approximately 110,- 000 bbls. of crude oil a day, the total valuation of which is upwards of $40,- 000,000. Pennsylvania and California are almost a tie in the number of plants operating, but California exceeds Penn- sylvania in the number of barrels of crude handled and in the total valuation of the investment in oil refineries, but the valuation of the products turned out by Pennsylvania refineries exceeds con- siderably that turned out by California refineries. Most of the refineries in Pennsylvania manufacture petroleum products, being- what are known as "complete" refineries, whereas a major- ity of those in the Mid-Continent field and in California are merely "skimming" or "topping" plants. The Atlantic Refining Co.'s plant at Pittsburgh, Pa., is one of the oldest re- fineries in the United States. It was built about 1862, or less than three years after the completion of the first well ever drilled for oil. It uses about 3,500 bbls. of crude a day and has a lubricat- ing plant in connection. The Atlantic Refining Co. also owns a plant at Point Breeze, Pa., which likewise is one of the oldest refineries in operation. It was built in 1866, or just after the close of the war. This plant handles about 35,000 bbls. of crude a day. It operates a lubricating plant ki connection. The Atlantic Refining Co. also operates a plant at Franklin, Pa., known as the Eclipse Oil Works, which was built in 1872. This plant handles about 8,000 bbls. of crude a day and also has a lubricating plant. The Atlantic Refining Co. has more than $20,000,000 invested in refineries and operates 358 distribut- ing stations. The Galena-Signal Oil Co.'s refinery at Franklin. Pa., was built in 1869, having been started by Miller and Sibley. It is essentially a manufacturer of lubricat- ing oils. A. D. Miller & Sons Co., of Pittsburgh, operates a refinery having a capacity of 700 bbls. a day, which was built in 1862. This concern owns two distributing sta- tions and operates its own tank cars. This company also has its own lubricat- ing plant The Butler County Oil Refining Co., formerly known as the High Grade Oil Refining Co., owns a refinery at Bruin, which averages 600 bbls. of crude oil a day through its stills. It also owns and operates 176 miles of pipe line to which are connected about 700 wells. The Clarendon Refining Co. is operat- ing a refinery at Clarendon, Pa. The of- fice of tne company is at Warren. It owns six miles of pipe line and the capa- city of the plant is being considerably enlarged. The Cornplanter Refining Co. is one of the complete organizations of Pennsyl- vania. Its plant was built at Warren in 1888. It owns its own distributing sta- tion, tank cars, pipe line and has its own lubricating plant. Its gathering system consists of 65 miles of pipe line. W. H. Daugherty & Son operate a re- finery at Petrolia, Pa. The company owns about 20 miles of pipe line. One of the best known refineries in the country is the Emery Manufacturing Co., of Bradford, Pa. This refinery handles about 1,200 bbls. of crude a day. There probably is no other refinery of this size in the United States to which are connected so many wells. The Emery Co.'s plant is connected by pipe line to over 4,000 wells. For many years it has paid one cent a bbl. above the market quotation. It has a lubricating plant. The Empire Oil Works located at Reno, Pa., was started in 1886 and, ac- cording to the owners, it has not stop- ped building yet. It has a lubricating plant. A. L. Confer, president of the company, has never aspired to run one of the biggest refineries in the country, out one of the best. The Franklin Oil Works' plant was built at Franklin, Pa., in 1877. The company handles about 300 bbls. of Refining Industry of the United States. crude oil a day and gets crude from a dozen wells in the Franklin natural lub- ricating oil district. This oil is selling for over $4.00 a bbl. at the well. The Germania Refining Co. at Oil City, Pa., is installing a Rittman cracking process plant, as are also the Midwest Refining Co. at Casper, Wyo., and the Indian Refining Co., at Lawrenoeville, 111. The Kendall Refining Co., at Bradford, I 5 a., is operated by Otto Koch and is one of the successful, enterprising institu- tions of the old McKean county field. It owns its own distributing stations, tank cars and pipe line system which is con- nected to about 800 wells and operates a lubricating plant. This refinery has been in operation since 1882. The Mutual Refining Co. at Warren, Pa., has a lubricating plant for filtering cylinder stocks, owns its own pipe line, operates its own tank cars and handles about 400 bbls. of crude a day. At Eldred, Pa., the Pennsylvania Oil Products Refining Co. erected in 1913 a plant costing over $250,000. It handles Pennsylvania oils exclusively and treats about 300 bbls. of crude a day received from wells in that vicinity through about 50 miles of pipe line owned by it. This company also operates a lubricat- ing- plant, has a number of distributing stations and owns its own line of tank -cars. The Seneca Oil Works is located at Warren, Pa. The Seneca Oil Works and George P. Brockway are synonymous. This plant was built in 1893, owns, its own tank cars and runs its crude down to lubricants and greases. Levi Smith, Ltd., built a refinery at Clarendon, Pa., the Gushing field, so far BS quality goes, of Pennsylvania, about 30 years ago and is still operating the same. The company has one distribut- ing station, a lubricating plant and op- erates its own tank cars. The Tiona Refining Co.'s plant was built at Clarendon, Pa., in 1886. It handles about 12,000 bbls. of crude monthly and has a lubricating plant. The products of the Tiona Refining Co. are marketed through the Union Petro- leum Co. The United Refining Co. at Warren, T?a., and the Elk Refining Co. at Falling Rock, W. Va., are operated under the same management with H. A. Logan as president of the former and treasurer of the latter. The Warren plant was built in 1902 and has a monthly capacity of 12,000 bbls. The refinery has a filter plant and wax press and manufactures all grades of lubricating oils. The Warren Refining Co., Warren, Pa., is so old that its proprietor gives its "dare of birth" as "sometime prior to 1890." It handles about 500 bbls. of crude a day, manufactures lubricants, has two distributing stations and op- erates its own tank cars. Maryland. Even Maryland is becoming known as -an oil State, without a drop of oil pro- duced in it. Two large new refineries are now projected and will undoubtedly Tje -built at once. Crude for the plants operated there comes principally from Oklahoma, Illinois, the Gulf and Mexico. The Prudential Oil Corporation, whose main office is in New York City, has re- cently completed the construction of a refinery at Baltimore with a capacity of nearly 5,000 bbls. a day. There is a lubricating and wax works in connection with this new enterprise and the com- pany is operating approximately 300 tank cars. The Inter-Ocean Oil Refining Co., whose headquarters are in New York, is becoming a dominant factor in oil in Maryland. It operates a large plant at East Brooklyn, controls the United States Asphalt Co., and is getting ready to erect another large plant. New Jersey. The Columbia Oil Co. of New York, operates a refinery at Bayonne, N. J., with a capacity of 1,000 bbls. a day. Its entire output is sold for export. The company has its own pipe line in the Wellsville, N. Y., field. The Tidewater Oil Co., whose main of- fice is in N3W York City, operates a re- finery at Bayonne, N. J., erected in 1879, which represents an investment of al- most $26,000,000. This refinery uses from 10,000 to 11,000 bbls. of crude a day. It owns 1,005 miles of trunk pipe line and 1,570 miles of gathering lines, to which are connected 17,264 producing wells. There is a lubricating plant in connection with this refinery. The Standard Oil Company of New Jersey has an investment of $37,000,000 and treats 45,000 bbls. of crude a- day, a great deal of it from Oklahoma. Clus- tered around this big plant are a num- ber of other refineries whose oils and gasoline help lubricate, illuminate and circumnavigate the globe. New York. The Wellsville Refining Co. operates a plant at Wellsville, N. Y. The com- pany is composed largely of operators in that field. It handles about 23,000 bbls. of crude oil a month from 2,200 wells. It is interested in the Union Pipe Line Co. which operates 300 miles of main and gravity lines to which 2,200 wells are connected. It has a pipe line sys- tem consisting of 170 miles of line. The company markets its products through the Union Petroleum Co. by the use of its own tank car system. It makes lu- bricants. Ohio. There are 10 refineries in the State of Ohio representing a total investment of approximately $6,600,000 and handling in the neighborhood of 31,000 bbls. of crude oil a day. The Canfield Oil Co., which -operates a refinery both at Cleveland, Ohio, and at Coraopolis, Pa., has recently erected a wax- compressing plant in connection with its Cleveland works. This com- pany, besides doing a regular refining business, conducts a large jobbing busi- ness in petroleum products. Tennessee. Oil in small quantities has been pro- duced in Tennessee for many years, but refiners have not been attracted to that State. Refining Industry of the United States. A small refining plant was built at Nashville, Tenn., in 1915 under the name of the Nashville Refining Co. It is now the Cumberland Refining Co., with a capacity of 400 bbls. West Virginia. The Elk Refining Co., of Charleston, W. Va., operates a refinery at Falling Rock, W. Va. The plant was built in 1914 and handles about 400 bbls. of crude oil a day. The company owns its own tank cars and manufactures cylin- der stocks. This plant handles about 10,000 bbls. a month, but has no wax plant. This company does not market its products through its own stations. The refinery at St. Marys, W. Va., formerly known as the High Grade Pe- troleum Products Co., is now operated by the Ohio Valley Refining Co. and is running about 1,000 bbls. a day. This concern has become one of the import- ant industries of that town, having an investment of approximately $750,000. Production and Consumption. Mr. W. O. Coles, New York broker, in a recent weekly review of the oil situa- tion, stated quite emphatically, if not wisely, (1) that there is no overproduc- tion of crude 91! and (2) that there are enough refineries. Let me answer both of his declarations in one statement: Practically every active refinery in the country has all the crude it requires and every consumer of gasoline in the coun- try finds his needs promptly supplied, while at the same time there is an en- ormous oversupply of fuel oil and kero- sene. The capacity of existing refineries is greater than the crude production of the country. The same grade of crude that could scarcely be had at $2.10 a bbl. a few months ago is now plentiful at $1.25 or less a bbl. A producer who believed Mr. Coles' story went east to sell his production to those refiners who might need it. He has just returned. He did not sell a barrel. Every refiner was supplied. So was all the gasoline trade with motor fuel. Crude is going- into storage, with only 50 per cent of the output being taken in the Mid-Continent field. In Wyoming hundreds of big wells have never been regularly produced. In Louisiana im- mense wells are overproducing the mar- ket. Mr. Coles asserts that foreign fields are still tied up and the world's needs are an indication that production has not passed consumption. I would re- mind Mr. Coles that were it not for Eu- rope's exceptional demands there would at this moment be a disastrous overpro- duction of all refined products in this country. I would further call to his at- tention that in spite of the fact that he insists that there is an insufficient num- ber of refineries, and in face of the fact the demand for gasoline this year has exceeded all former years, the price of gasoline at this very period of greatest consumption, the touring season period, with extremely hot weather all over the land, has receded in the Mid-Contin- ent field from 20 cents, plus, a gallon to 16 cents ,and I know of refiners who have as much as 4,000,000 gallons of high grade gasoline in storage, which they have been unable to move. Fuel oil is selling as low as 50 cents a bar- lel and kerosene at 2% cents a gallon. These are facts, not deductions and the- ories. It seems to me they answer con- clusively Mr. Coles' interrogations: (1) Has production passed consump- tion? (2) Will gasoline prices slump? Both of these are already matters of history so far as the Mid-Continent re- finer is concerned. But there has been little change in* gasoline prices to the consumer. There have been reductions in the tank wagon- price in eastern and southern States, but none in the Indiana territory up tu this writing. The fact is retail prices, pre- dicated upon f. o. b. refinery quotations, have been too low in the so-called In- diana territory and in many instances for several months consumers have beeit buying gasan Francisco, Cal. De Luxe Oil Co., Empire Oil Co., Re- ublic Oil Co., operating under name of Coalinga Empire Oil Co., 707 New Call tuilding, San Francisco. Equality Oil Co., 2641 Mission street, >an Francisco, Cal. Exploration Oil Co., 201 Sansome treet, San Francisco, Cal. Essex Oil Co., 332 Pine street, rm. 411, San Francisco. Ethel D. Co., Federal Realty building, Oakland, Cai. Eldorado Oil Co., Federal Realty build- ng, Oakland, Cal. Refining Industry of the United States. East Puente Oil Co., San Diego, Cal., box 2 si. Euclid Oil Co., 616 Union Oil building, Los Angeles, Cal. Empire Gas & Fuel Co., 605 Ferguson building, Los Angeles, Cal. Evinger, D. R., 817 T street, Fresno, Cal. Fox Oil Co., Lompoc, Cal. Fox & Garrett Oil Co., Bakersfleld, Cal., R. F. D. 5. Fail-field Oil Co., 1113 Los Angeles In- vest, building., Los Angeles, Cal. Federated Oil Cc., care A. H. Liscomb, 38 E. Union street, Pasadena, Cal. G. M. B. Co., care D. S. Ewing, Fres- no, Cal. Globe Oil Co., 616 Union Oil building, Los Angeles, Cal. General Petroleum Co., 1003 Higgins building, Los Angeles, Cal. Graham, R. E., Graham & Foster, Elk Horn Oil Co., care R. E. Graham, Taft, Cal., box 8. Mrs. Mary Chamberlain, 309 S. Third street, San Jose, Cal. Henrietta Oil Co., 824 Mills building, San Francisco, Cal. Hondo Oil Co., 617 Merritt building, Los Angeles, Cal. Illinois Crude Oil Co., 114 Moran build- ing, Bakersfield, Cal. Indian & Colonial Development Co. Ltd., Taft, Cal. Jewett Oil Co., Bakersfield, Cal., box 205. Johnson Oil Co., Union Nat. Bank building, Fresno, Cal. Junction Oil Co., 257 Holbrook build- ing, San Francisco, Cal. Johnson, S. A., T. F. Fox and Paul Fox, care T. F. Fox, Bakersfield, Cal., box 688. Kern Four Oil Co., 521 Consolidated Realty building, Los Angeles. Kern Sunset Oil Co., Bakersfield, Cal. Knob HiL Oil Co., 1241 I street, Fres- no, Cal. Lakeview Oil Co., 1109 Union Oil building, Los Angeles, Cal. Los Angeles Kern Oil Co., 1007 Haas building, Los Angeles, Cal. Lucile Oil Co., Coalinga, Cal. March Oil Co., 714 March Strong building, Los Angeles, Cal. Manley & McGinn, Federal Realty building, Oakland, Cal. Mahaska Oil Co., 6919 Hawthorn ave- nue, Los Angeles, Cal. May Oil Co., Bakersfield, Cal. (Vesta Lease). Manhattan Midway Oil Co., 1100 Hi- bernian building, Los Angeles, Cal. Maricopa Natural Petro. Co., Fresno, Ca., box 411. Marengo Oil Co., 616 Union Oil build- ing, Los Angeles, Cal. Marian Oil Co., Coalinga, Cal. M. P. Oil Co., care First Bank ot Kern, Bakersfield, Cal. M. K. X T. Oil Co., 232 First National Bank building, Oakland, Cal. M. G. & P. Co., Bakersfield, Cal., box 34. McCutchen Brothers, Maricopa, Cal. Mt. Diablo Oil Mining & Development Co., 517 Central building, Los Angeles. Miocene Oil Co., Nevada Bank build- ing, San Francisco, Cal. 31 Midway Peerless Oil Co., 617 Merritt building, Los Angeles, Cal. Muscatine Oil Co., 809 Angeles Trust building, Los Angeles. Murray, M. H., Coalinga, Cal. . Mercantile Crude Oil Co., 504 Grant building, San Francisco, Cal. Mecca Oil Co., Bakersfield, Cal box 293. Netherlands Oil Co., Fresno, Cal. Nevada County Oil Co., 1201 Union Oil building, Los Angeles, Cal. Nevada. Petroleum Co., Crocker build- ing, San Francisco, Cal. New S. F. Crude Oil Co., Fresno, Cal. Norse Oil Co., 616 Union Oil building, Los Angeles, Cal. Olema Oii Co., 824 Mills building, San Franc j sco, Cal. Olig Crude Oil Co., 2827 La Salle ave- nue, Los Angeles, Cal. Ojai Valley Petroleum Co., 207 Homer Laughlin building, Los Angeles, Cal. Ozark Oil Co., Los Angeles, Cal., box 564. Pacific States Petro. Co., Coalinga, Cal. Patricia Oil Co., Bakersfleld, Cal., Kern Co. Land Co. building-. Paraffine Oil Co, Bakers.field, Cal., box 566. Parker, M. C., Bakersfield, Cal. Pacific Midway Oil Co., Mills building, San Francisco, Cal. Penn-Miciway Oil Co., 1024 Baker- Det- weiler building, Los Angeles. Perseus Oil Co., 207 S. Broadway, Los Angeles, Cal. Pil9t Oil Co., 607 First National Bank building, San Francisco. Pleasant Valley Farming Co., 27b Mills building, San Francisco, Cal. Potomac Oil Co., care H. Myricic. in- ternational Bank building, Los Angles. Premier Oil Co., 579 I. W. Hellman building, Los Angeles. Pricewell Oil Co., 314 Wilcox building, Los Angeles, Cal. Queen Oil Co., care First Nat. Bank, Los Angeles, Cal. Rambler Oil Co., 616 Union Oil Bldg., Los Angeles, Cal. Revenue Oil Co., San Gabriel Bank "building, Pasadena, Cal. Safe Oil Co., Bakersfield, Cal. San Francisco McKittrick Oil Co., 609 Monadnock building, San Francisco, Cal. Seneca Oil Co., 561 Nielsen avenue, Fresno, Cal. Security Development Co., Bakersfield, Cal., box 813. Shandon Oil Co., care Dr. Alex Dallas, Pine Brook, Morris county, N. J. Shawmut Oil Co., Coalinga, Cal. Shear Petroleum Co., 2827 La Salle avenue, Los Angeles, Cal. Silver Tip Oil Co., care W. P. Ham- mon, Insurance Exchange, San Francisco. Snook, Walter, Maricopa, Cal. St. Clair, L. P., care E. S. St. Clair, Bakersfield, Cal. St. Clair & Jastro, care E. S. St. Clair, Bakersfield, Cal. St. Paul Consolidated Oil Co., 561 Nielsen avenue, Fresno, Cal. Strong Oil Co., 1015 Marsh Strong building, Los Angeles, Cal. Spinks Crude Oil Co., care First Na- tional Bank, Monrovia, Cal. S. W. & B. Oil Co., 928 Merchants Exchange building, San Francisco. Refining Industry of the United States. 32 Tamalpais Oil Co., 149 California street, San Francisco, Cal. Tejon Oil Co., 43 Redlick building, Bakersfield, Cal. Traders Oil Co., 616 Union Oil build- ing, Los Angeles, Cal. Traffic Oil Co., 616 Union Oil build- ing, L.OS Angeles, Cal. T. W. Co., Bakersfield, Cal., box 34. Union Oil Co. of Cal., 114 Union Oil building, Los Angeles, Cal. United Crude Oil Co., 51 Ventura ave- nue. Long Beach, Cal. U. S. Oil & Mining Co., Bakersfield, Cal. Valley Oil Co., CoaMnga, Cal. Vesta Oil Co., Bakersfield, Cal. Victor Oil Co., 605 I. N. Van Nuys building, Los Angeles. Ward Oil Co., Fresno, Cal. W. T. & M. Co., Bakersfield, Cal., box 34. Wilbert Oil Co., Bakersfield, Cal. Yellowstone Oil Co., 832 Van Nuys building, Los Angeles, Cal. York Coalinga Oil Co., 607 First Na- tional Bank building, San Francisco. Zier Oil Co., 1002 Crocker building, San Francisco, Cal. Refining Industry of the United States. 33 Wholesale Oil Dealers and Lubricating Oil Distributors-United States ALABAMA. G T "Wofford Oil Co 9th Ave. and 32nd bt Birmingham Palm Oil Co Mobile ARIZONA. Pratt Gilbert Co Phoenix Phoenix Oil Co 127 N. 1st St Phoenix ARKANSAS. Southern Oil Co .....Pine Bluff Co-operative Oil & Paint Co 612 E. Markham St Little Rock Gay Oil Co 1401 E. 9th St Little Rock CALIFORNIA. Diamond Oil Co. (not inc.) 202 Broadbury Bldg Los Angeles H. V Gifford 178 N. Central Ave National Oil Co Title Ins. Bldg Panama Lubricants Co 2604 Santa Fe Ave Paragon Oil & Grease Co 909 W. Washington St. Pennant Oil & Grease Co 178 Central Ave Radiant Lubricants Co 955 S. Alaneda St Sun Oil & Grease Co 1618 S. Main St "Tarr & McComb 1025 Central Bldg Union Oil Co Union Oil Bldg Samuel Wigney 505 E. Second St C. A. Welch 2053 Richmond Ave Oakland Sacramento Oil Co 800 "J" St San Diego Silver Gate Oil Co 848 Fourth Ave Southern Oil Co 1745 "D" St American Gasoline Co Kohl Bldg San Francisco American Oil & Paint Co -15th and deHare St Associated Oil Co Sharon Bldg Bass Hunter Paint Co 144 Davos St Commercial Petroleum Oil Co 268 Market St W. P. Fuller & Co 148 Stewart St Independent Oil Co 224 Poterro Ave J. R. McGuffick 148 Stewart St Monarch Mfg. Co 215 Ginna St R. X. Nason & Co 151 Poterro Ave National Oil Co 711 Third St Petroleum Products Co 350 California St Edward N. Read 208 Ninth St Wolverine Oil Co 440 Brennan St Whittier Coburn Co Howard and Beale St COLORADO. American Oil Processes, Ltd 230 Majestic Blvd Denver Great Western Oil Co 3450 Fox St Independent Oil Co 3600 Klatio St B. L. Jones Merc. & Mfg. Co 1517 Aerophoe St Mountain Motor Fuel Co Temple Court Bldg E. E. Rice 2255 Larimer St United Oil Co 608 First National Bank Bldg CONNECTICUT. Hubbell & Wade Co 506 Water St .Bridgeport Harry Rider .'412 Water St Bridgeport 'Clinton Oil Co 33 Homestead Ave Hartford Post & Lester Co 112 Allyn St Hartford Singer Oil Co 72 Edwards Hartford W. H. Goodrich & Co 91 Warwick St New Haven Connecticut Oil Co 14 Myrtle Ave Stamford Connecticut Oil Co 405 S. Leonard St Waterbury Valley Oil Co Middletown DELAWARE. Penn Lubricating Oil Co 301 Maple St Wilmington Richard Brewster Oil Co 110 Orange St Wilmington Wilmington Oil & Refy. Co 407 E. 13th St Wilmington DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. N. B. Fails Lubricating Co. . 14th and "I" Sts., N. W Washington -Hellman Oil Co. . ...210 "K" St., S. W Washington 34 Refining Industry of the United States. FLORIDA. Bond & Boewes Co 10 W. Broadway Jacksonville C. P. Hambler St. Augustine GEORGIA. Georgia Oil Co S. Pryor St. and South Ry Atlanta Huguley Oil Co Austell Bldg Atlanta Penn Oil & Grease Co '. 540 Whitehall St Atlanta Peoples Oil Co . Augusta Southern Oil Co Dixon and Philet Sts Macon Criterion Oil Co 309 Peachtree St - Atlanta ILLINOIS. Aurora Oil Co River and Elm Sts Aurora C. S. McCornack Aurora J. A. Loos 513 E. Illinois St Bellevlle Hanger & Maxfleld Bloomington Murray Medberry Co Bloomington Union Oil Co Centralia Clinton Oil Co Clinton Boldt Oil Co Elgin Sherwood R." Moore 370 S. State St Elgin Pennsylvania Oil Co Freeport Illinois Independent Oil Co Havana C. V. Chapman Oil Co North Dixoa Dixon Chas. Thompson Johnson and Centre St Jacksonville T. D. Wilson Oil & Mfg. Co State and Wabash R. R Jacksonville Bennett Oil Co Joliet Bartles Sweney Oil Co. of Illinois 101 Irving St Peoria Richardson Lubricating Co. ... v Quincy R. J. Bryhn 316 S. First St Rockford Johnson Oil & Grease Co Rockford Gibson City Oil Co Gibson City Silliams' Hardware Co Streator Smith Oil & Refining Co Rockford Illinois Oil Co 1517 Second Ave Rock Island Tri-State Oil Co. (not inc.) 410 Best Bldg. Rock Island National Refining Co Springfield Peoples Oil Co 19th and Madison Sts Springfield E. G. Cooper Sycamore Warren Oil Co Warren Waukegan Oil Co Waukegan E. L. Hanford Woodstock Elmore Oil Co Sycamore CHICAGO. Fred C. Adams Co , 224 S. LaSalle St. Anderson & Gustafson 608 S. Dearborn St. Bartell Brothers 529 Plymouth St. Cataract Mfg. & Ref. Co 327 N. LaSalle St. Champion Oil Co 623 W. 59th St. Chicago Oil Co 140 S. Dearborn St. Frank C. Clark 316 W. Kinzie St. W. P. Collins & Co 701 S. Dearborn St. Consumers' Mutual Oil Co 5033 Kenwood Ave. Crystal Rock Oil Co 3932 Emerald Ave. Cudahy Refining Co '. Ill W. Monroe St. Davey & Co 2608 Grand Ave. Economy Engineering Co -. 415 S. Washtenaw St. Eberhardt Oil Co 3915 Keystone Ave. Economy Oil & Compound Co 542 W. 13th St. J. P. Murray & Co 222 N. Wabash Ave. The Moody Co 608 S. Dearborn St. English Chemical Co 2228 Cottage Grove Ave. P. Bakelund 3142 LaSalle St. Federal Lubricants Co 125 W. 46th St. Frazer Lubricant Co 3921 Normal Ave. A. W. Harris Oil Co 143 N. Wabash Ave. E. J. Hibner Oil Co 1322 W. Division St. Home Oil Co 76 W. Adams St. E. F. Houghton & Co 157 W. Lake St. Independent Oil & Supply Co 140 W. Van Buren St. Inter-Ocean Oil Co 600 W. Lake St. Geo. R. Jenkins & Co 608 S. Dearborn St. Jowett & Sowers Oil Co 20 W. Jackson Blvd. Jobbers Manufacturing Co 125 W. 46th Place Keystone Oil & Mfg. Co Ill N. Market St. Oil Marketing Co 14 E. Jackson Blvd. Magie Bros., Inc 110 S. Clinton St. Merchants Pure Oil Co 1322 Kingsburg St. Wm. P. Miller Co. 2316 S. Wabash Ave. Monogram Oil Co 1549 S. Michigan Ave. E. C. Mulliris Co 38 S. Dearborn St. National Refining Co 122 S. Michigan Ave. H. M. Paddon 222 N. State St. Paragon Refining Co. ... 1801 Wentworth Ave. Refining Industry of the United States. 35 CHICAGO Continued. Pensylvania Oil Co 170 N. Halsted St. Reliable Oil Co 1754 Belmont Ave. Reliance Refining Co W. 34th and Iron Sts. Rex Oil Co 431 S. Dearborn St. Riverside Oil Co 122 S. Michigan Ave. Wm C. Robinson & Son Co 113 E. Austin Ave. Shaffer-Smathers Oil Co 75 W. Monroe St. Spiegler Oil Co 2150 Fullerton Ave. Star Oil Co 441 N. Halsted St. Sterling Oil Co 10 E. Garfield Blvd. Sullivan Oil Co 411 Wells St. Superior Oil & Supply Co 13 W. Division St. Union Petroleum Co 44th St. and Western Blvd. D. A. Stuart & Co 29 S. LaSalle St. Continental Oil Products Co 4103 S. LaSalle St. Midland Petroleum Co Ill W. Monroe St. 'Triangle Oil Co 2428 W. 26th St. Viscosity Oil Co 1101 W. 37th St. Warren Lubricant Co 161 W. Austin Ave. -Johnson Oil Refining Co Chicago Heights INDIANA. Evansville Oil Co 1900 Division St Evansville Madison Oil Co Elwood Paragon Oil Co 1719 E. Virginia St Evansville Mapel Oil Co Greencastle Brooks Oil Co 1133 S. Harding St Indianapolis Campbell-Zartman Oil Co 2915 Madison Ave Crescent Oil Co 520 W. Wyoming St Miller Oil & Supply Co 140 S. Meridan St National Refining Co Oliver Bldg Paragon Oil & Supply Co 1004 E. Vermont Ave W. C. Robinson & Son Co 337 W. New York Ave Tiena Refining Co 1951 Madison Ave E. A. Martins Co Lafayette 'Independent Oil Co LaPorte Independent Oil Co Mishawaka Central Oil Co Montpelier Muncie Lubricating Co. (not inc.) Muncie Harris Oil Co Muncie South Bend Oil Co 1312 Lafayette St Muncie Terre Haute Oil & Coal Co 717 E. First St Terre Haute IOWA. Alton Tank Line Alton Defiance Oil Co v Alton Audobon Oil Co Audobon Penn Oil & Supply Co Burlington Cedar Rapids Oil Co Cedar Rapids Monarch Mfg. Co 5th and llth Sts Council Bluffs Penn Consumers Oil Co Council Bluffs Federal Oil & Supply Co Des Moines Gasoline Supply Co Des Moines International Oil Co Des Moines Riley Penn Oil Co Burlington Horring Motor Co Des Moines Waterloo Chemical Co Waterloo Mount Pleasant Oil Co Mount Pleasant Liberty Oil Co Sixth and Elm Sts ..Des Moines Manhattan Oil Co S. Ninth and Murphy Sts Des Moines Metropolitan Oil Co S. and L. Bldg Des Moines Iowa Oil Co Leeves a"nd Charter Sts Dubuque Riley Davies Oil Co Fairfield United Oil Co.- Fort Dodge Interstate Oil Co Sioux City S. L. Collins Oil Co Knoxville Moberly Oil Co Knoxville Royal Oil Co Marshalltown Marshall Oil Co Marshalltown Shepley & Son Sheldon Stoessel Oil Works, Inc Ottumwa Penn Oil & Supply Co '. Ottumwa Independent Co-operative 223 Fourth Ave Sioux City Gasoline Supply Co Sioux City Bartles Sweney Oil Co Waterloo Hawkeye Oil Co Waterloo H. and E. Rouse Oelwein Penna. Consumers Oil Co Des Moines Louis Kuehnle Dubuque KANSAS. Lesh Oil Co Arkansas City Pirottee Oil Co Beloit Central Oil Co Beloit Wichita Independent Oil Co. . Wichita Miller Oil Co Chante Manhattan Oil Co Manhattan IHoward Oil Co Mount Hope 36 Refining Industry of the United States. KANSAS Continued Golden Rule Oil Co Sharon Puritan Oil Co Stafford Progressive Oil Co Hutchison Home Oil Co Hiawatha Kinsley Oil Co Kinsley Hutchinson Oil Co. (not inc.) Hutchinson Port Scott Oil Co Fort Scott Mutual Oil Co. Lawrence Bell Oil Co Sylvan Grove Independent Oil Co. (not inc. ) Marysville "E. E. Leake Oil Co Almena Wilhoit Oil Co Atchison :E. F. Jones Oil Co Beloit C. A. Stannard Emporia Independent Oil Co Galena American Oil & Gasoline Co Hutchinson Hutchinson Oil Co Hutchinson "Culmer Chemical Co Independence E. E. Leake Oil Co Kensington W. H. Sikes Leonardville Blake Oil Co Liberal Lesh Oil Co Ottawa Roy Turst Oil Co Meade Quenemo Oil Co Quenemo Progressive Oil Co Topeka C. L. Brown Scammon Topeka Oil Co Topeka Peter Buser Seneca Pioneer Oil Co Solomon Economy Oil Co Topeka Buser Bros Wichita KENTUCKY. Louisville Chemical Co Louisville Kentucky Consumers Oil Co 37th and Bank Sts Louisville "Chas. C. Stoll Oil Co 815 Fulton St Louisville LOUISIANA. Bcnner Oil Co Alexandria Keystone Lubricating Co 610 Chatres St New Orleans Liberty Oil Co., Ltd 517 Gravier St Marine Oil Co., Ltd 760 St. Charles St 'Star Lubricating Co 619 Paydras St MAINE. Little & Goffin Oil Co 243 Commercial St Portland Rockland Oil Co Rockland MARYLAND BALTIMORE. American Oil Co. 316 Eutaw St. Baltimore Oil Co 110 High St. Columbia Oil Co 52 South St. Commercial Oil Co 3222 O'Donnell St. Crescent Oil Co 602 W. Pratt St. 'Crown Oil & Wax Co Pratt and Eighth Sts. F. W. Dryden & Co Lancaster and Dallas Sts. Maryland Oil Co Bank and Eighth Sts. Central Oil Co Lombard and Ninth Sts. Johns Hopkins Oil Co 407 Stewart Bldg. Patapsco Oil & Grease Co t 109 Cheapside Tied "C" Oil Mfg. Co 410 Keyser Bldg. National Oil Co Eighth near Bank Sts. Wm. C. Robinson Sons Co 1403 Theresa St. Sherwood Brothers Bank and Sixth Sts. Tiona Oil & Grease Co 207 Guilford Ave. Union Oil Co Shot Tower Bldg. MASSACHUSETTS. Independent Oil Co Brockton American Oil Co Cambridge Fred A. Tippett & Son 119 Pearl St Cambridge Western Oil & Gasoline Co Dorchester Independent Oil Co Fitchburg E. A. Buck & Co Palmer "Quincy Oil Co Quincy Capital Oil Co Salem E. A. Buck & Co E. Worcester St Worcester Hisgen Bros. & Co Springfield BOSTON. Boston Grease Co 133 Summer St. Boston Oil & Gasoline Co 143 Kingston St. Colonial Lubricating Co 15 Storer St. "Columbia Lubricants Co 128 Massachusetts Ave. Downer Kerosene Co 118 W. First St. Economy Lubricating Co 54 High St. Refining Industry of the United States. 37 E. F. Houghton & Co 46 Vernhill St, Jenny Mfg. Co 8 India St. Hisgen Bros. & Co 611 Belmont Ave. National Oil Co Rowes Wharf McLean- Jones Oil & Supply Co 40 India Wharf Monogram Oil Co 127 Massachusetts Ave. Patterson Lubricating Co 114 Broad St. Pennsylvania Oil Co 53 Munroe St. MICHIGAN. Moreland Bros. & Crane Adrian Deen & Co 214 Main St Ann Arbor American Oil Co 1320 Majestic Bldg Detroit Central Oil & Gasoline Co 138 Fort St Greenslade Oil Co 40 Jefferson Ave E. F. Houghton Co 96 Bates St Raths Oil Co. (not inc.) 799 Scotton Ave , White Star Refining Co Avery St. G. T. R. R The Great Western Oil Co Webster St. and R. R Flint H. S. Goodell Hancock Grand Rapids Oil Co Flint American Oil Co , Jackson Advance Grease Co 170 S. Water St Jackson Independent Oil Co Kalamazoo White Lake Oil Co Montague C. E. Stock Zylite Grease & Oil Co Port Huron J. M. Raths & Co Saginaw MINNESOTA. Marshall Oil Co Albert Lea Northern Oil Co Breckenridge Cornplanter Lubr. & Oil Co 4706 Grand Ave Duluth National Refining Co Mankato Grove City Oil Co Grove City W. H. Barber Agency Co; 1501 Hamline Ave Minneapolis Climax Western Oil Co 2824 Tenth Ave Cornplanter Oil Co 2828 Third Ave Crescent Oil Co 501 Sukes Bldg Indian Refining Co 1 Cedar Ave Interstate Oil Co 200 Temple Court Kunz Oil Co 12 Tilder St Pure Oil Co First and 15th Ave Penn Oil & Supply Co 1901 Grand St., N. E Reliance Oil & Supply Co 218 16th Ave., S Superior Oil Co 523 Washington Ave., N Twin City Oil Co 210 N. First St Van Tilburg Oil Co 2426 University Ave., S. W St. Cloud Oil Co St. Cloud Bartles Oil Co Gilfillian Blk St. Paul Craig Oil Co Eaton Ave. & Morrison St Cornplanter Lub. & Oil Co Foot Drake St Independent Oil Co Eaton Ave. & Morrison St Manhattan Oil & Linseed Co Vandolia & Wabash Sts H. K. Stahl Co 2314 Wycliffe St Wilhelm Oil Co 2361 Hamdon Ave Bartles Scott Oil Co Wilmar Winona Oil Co Winona Hoff Oil Co St. Paul MISSOURI. Clinton Oil Co Clinton Joplin Oil Co Joplin E. M. Wilhoit Oil Co 12th and Missouri Sts Joplin Carthage Independent Oil Co Carthage Carthage Oil & Fuel Co Carthage J. C. Hildreth & Co Carthage J. I. Keethley : Center Southwest Missouri Oil Co Dexter Gate City Oil Co 214 E. 16th St Kansas City Inter-Ocean Oil Co 2009 Baltimore Inter-State Oil Co Shawnee and Baird Superior Oil Co Genesee and Shawnee American Lubricating Co 1906 Grand Ave Imperial Oil Co Genesee and Shawnee Nourse Oil Co 1317 W. Eighth St Star Lubricating Oil Co 1118 McGee St Stevens Oil & Grease 31st and Wyoming Sts Bradley & Neal Fayette Auto Gasoline Co. 4065 Washington Ave St. Louis Andrew Kloeppel Freeburg S. H. Woods Fulton Bell Oil Co 51 E. Perry St St. Louis Star Oil Co Harrisonville Independent Oil & Mdse. Co St. Louis Crowley Guibert Oil Co Kansas City P. G. Anderson Kearney Continental Oil Co 426 E. Theresa St St. Louis Merchants Oil Co Kennett 38 Refining Industry of the United States. MISSOURI Continued. Crescent Oil & Supply Co 203 N. Main St St. Louis- W. C. Khans Knobnoster A. D. Farmer Lockwood Independent Oil Co Maryville Gibbs-Brown Oil & Gasoline Oo 500 S. Theresa St St. Louis Central Oil & Gasoline Co ...St. Joseph St. Joseph Viscosity Oil Co St. Joseph Great Western Oil Works 823 N. Levee St. .: St. Louis Morlight Oil Co Sedalia Henseler Merc. Oil & Supply Co 15th and Gratiot Sts St. Louis Imperial Oil Co ...200 N. Commercial St International Oil Works 419 S. Theresa Ave Keystone Lubricating Co 5010 N. Market St Xorthrup Lub. Oil Co 308 N. Commercial St Pierce Oil Corporation National Bank of Commerce Bldg.... St. Louis Oil Co 3000 N. Second St Victor Lubr. Oil Co .4274 Easton St Moberly Oil Co Moberly W. T. Havener Oil Co Lebanon' St. Joseph Oil Co St. Joseph. Purity Oil Co Springfield E. M. Wilhoit Springfield MONTANA. Commercial Oil Co Helena Montana Oil Co Helena Mutual Oil Co Great Falls Northern Oil Co Great Falls Pure Oil Co Great Falls Independent Oil Co Missoula NEBRASKA. B. & L. Oil Co Fairbury Jonah Brennaman Lewellen. State Oil Co Randolph and 25th Sts Lincoln E. A. Bullock Norfolk Norfolk Oil & Chem. Co Norfolk Norfolk Independent Oil Co Norfolk Atlas Oil Co First National Bank Bldg Omaha Manhattan Oil Co 1445 N. llth St American Oil Co 34th St Kansas City Oil & Paint Co Missouri Valley Oil Co Nebraska Compound Oil Co Omaha Oil Co U. S. Oil Co L. V. Nicholas Oil Co 24th and Hickory Sts , Xourse Oil Co 502 Jones St Lamphere & Loveman York NEW HAMPSHIRE. Arthur W. Warren Manchester NEW JERSEY. J. A. Maintz & Co 339 N. Mass Ave Atlantic City Pittsburg & Phil. Oil & Ref. Co Front and Mechanic St Camden Hudson Oil & Supply Co 49 Hudson St Jersey City American Oil & Supply Co 52 Lafayette St Newark Morden Oil & Supply Co 150 Aven Ave Phoenix Belting & Oil Co 60 Polk St > Standard Lubricating Co 35 Essex St Lawler Oil Co 239 E. Fifth St Paterson NEW YORK. Albany Belting & Supply Co , 372 Broadway Albany Capital City Oil Works 2 Madison Ave Albany Four Bros. Independent Oil Co Tivoli St Albany Orleans County Oil Co Albion Binghamton Oil Refining Co Binghamton Deye Independent Oil Co Binghamton Tiona Oil Co Binghamton Acme Oil Works 5 Ainslee St Brooklyn, Advance Oil Works 310 Flushing Ave Nassau Oil Works 423 Greenpoint Ave Paragon Lubricating Oil Co 602 Pacific St Royal Oil Co 275 Lexington Ave Anderson Oil Co 608 Swan St Buffalo^ Buffalo Oil & Compound Co 146 Mohican St Buffalo Specialty Co 375 Elicott St Cataract Refining & Mfg. Co 913 Mutual Life Bldg Cotton & Co., Inc '. 17% W. Seneca St N. B. Fales Lub. Co. Prudential Bldg Globe Oil & Supply Co 14 Maurice St E. E. Harris & Co Maurice St Hoffman Oil Co. (not inc.) 16 Elk St Central Oil Co 55 Alabama St Kendall Refining Co 102 Papin Place Refining Industry of the United States. 39* NEW YORK Continued. Pease Oil Co 80 Young Ave Buffalo Sterling Oil Co 22 Goodrich St Warren Lubricant Co Bllicott Square " Whipple & Ackerly Oil Co Cuba Cortland Specialty Co Cortland C. B. Wood Oil & Paint Co Evans Mills Guardol Oil Co Ithaca J. P. Jones & Co Jamestown Little Falls Gasoline & Oil Co Little Falls W. F. Miller Sons Hancock St Long Island City D. W. Fenton & Co Middletown Acheson Oldag Niagara Falls- Tri-Products Co Olean Oswego Oil & Fuel Co 1 W. Bridge St Oswego Peoples Oil & Fuel Co 200 W. 41st St Oswego Union Oil Works 189 N. Water St Rochester Union Lubricating Co 37 Van Gutsberg Ave Schenectady C. E. Mills Oil Co 263 Walton St Syracuse Troy Belting & Supply Co 7 Grand St Troy Emmett Lubricating Oil Co 14 Gettys Square Yonkers- NEW YORK CITY. Adams Grease & Oil Co 150 W. 51st St. Ajax Oil & Grease Co. (not inc.) 170 W. 65th St. American Petroleum Products Co 1% Water St.. Binghamton Oil Co 68 New Chambers St. American Lubricants Co ' Butler Oil Co Cadillac Oil Co. 27 William St. Callahan Oil Co 218 Front St.. Champion Motor Oil Co 125 Broad St. Clarkson & Ford Co 55 Water St. Colonial Oil Co 17 Battery Place Columbia Lubricant Co 115 Broad St. Columbia Oil Co. of N. Y 11 Williams St. Adam Cook's Sons 708 Washington St. N. B. Cook Oil Co 148 Front St. Crescent Oil Co 50 Church St. Eagle Lubricating Oil Co 24 State St. Fiske Bros. Refining Co 24 State St. General Petroleum Co 52 Broadway Elbert & Co J. E. Gerrodette & Co 17 Battery Place A. W. Harris & Co ; 400 Greenwich St. Harlem Oil Co 129 E. 113th St, Geo. A. Haws & Co 142 Front St. E. F. Houghton & Co 64 Dey St. Hudson Oil Co 25 Front St. Inter-Ocean Oil Co 90 West St. Invader Oil Co 80 Broad St. Keystone Oil Co 277 Broadway Knickerbocker Oil Co 220 E. 74th St. N. Y. Lubricating Oil Co 116 Broad St. X. Y. & Brooklyn Oil Co 304 Broome St. Non-Fluid Oil Co 165 Broadway Ocean Oil Co., Ltd 212 West St. Oil Products Co 17 Battery Place- Panhard Oil Co. 149 Front St. Petroleum Products Co 60 Water >t. Platt & Washburn Ref. Co 11 Broadway Wm. C. Robinson & Sons Co 213 Front St. Schliemann Oil & Kerosene Co 86 Warren St. Alden & Swan & Co 135 Front St. Three-in-One Oil Co 42 Broadway Tiena Oil & Grease Co 395 Broadway Wolverine Lubricants Co. of N. Y 70 Broad St. NORTH CAROLINA. Chadwick & Gafain Beaufort Edgecombe Oil Co Tarbore Cape Fear Oil Co : Wilmington. NORTH DAKOTA. Bartles Northern Oil Co Grand Forks- Martin & Jacobson Minot OHIO. Factory Oil Co 235 E. Furnace St Akron Eagle Lubricant Co Canton Cincinnati Oil Works Co 525 Excelton St Cincinnati Moore Oil Co York and McLean Sts Cincinnati Acme Grease & Oil Co 1294 W. 70th St Cleveland American Petroleum Products Co Atlas Oil Co. (H. O.) Rose Bldg Brooks Oil Co C. & P. A. & Erie R. R Canfield Oil Co 3215 E. 35th St F. G. Clark Co 1091 W. llth St Climax Refining Co Williamson Bldg Clinton Oil Co. ., ...3216 E. 55th St 4O Refining Industry of the United States. OHIO Continued. Columbia Lubricants Co 1111 Superior St Cleveland Commercial Oil Co 8300 Holton St Crescent Oil & Grease Co 2229 E. 71st St Crown Oil Co 804 Lakeside Ave Excelsior Oil & Grease Co 822 Champlain Ave Globe Oil Co Rose Bldg Great Western Oil Co 2285 E. 37th St Lubric Oil Co 1237 Marquette Road Manufacturers Oil & Grease Co Century Bldg National Refining Co Rose Bldg Phoenix Oil Co 2553 W. Fifth St Puritan Oil Co 1252 W. 70th St Reliance Oil & Grease Co 1521 Columbia Road Superior Oil Co Wade Bldg Sterling Refining Co Euclid Ave. and E. Sixth St Star Lubricating Co 8714 Broadway Signet Oil Co 1079 W. llth St Stephens Grease & Oil Co 1252 E. 70th St Tropical Oil Co 1252 E. 70th St Universal Lubricating Co. 737 Schoenfield Bldg Warren Refining Co 1137 W. llth St Zone Oil Co 713 Prospect Ave. ..; Central Ohio Oil Co 547 W. First Ave Columbus Gerkins Oil Co 419 Arcade Dayton Indian Refining Co Antioch Dayton White Star Oil Co Dayton Lake Erie Oil Co .' Elyria Haydenville Oil Co Haydenville Independent Oil Co Mansfield Styren Beggs & Co Newark Motor Fuel & Lubricating Co Portsmouth Petroleum Supply Co Steubenville Craig Oil Co 317 Gardener Bldg Toledo Electric Refining Co 1313 Clinton St Jefferson Gasoline & Supply Co Jefferson St Paragon Refining Co. (H. O.) Front and W. L. E. R. R OKLAHOMA. Goodwill Independent Oil Co Enid Lilly Oil Co El Reno Prague Oil Co Prague Allen Oil Co Hinton Appleby & Son Cherokee Comanche Oil Co Duncan Nance Oil Co Hollis Palacine Oil Co Shawnee Parris Oil Co Frederick Wallace Trammell Oil Co Chickasha Oklahoma Refining Co. Oklahoma City A. W. Lee Oil Co Oklahoma City McPheeters Drug Co Fort Cobb Peery Oil Co Gushing Longendyke Oil Co Kingsfisher Ryan Independent Oil Co Ryan Lake Oil Co Apache McLaughlin Oil Co Laverne Lewis Independent Oil Co Blair Independent Oil Co Guymon R. W. Lewis Mt. View F. G. Morgan Blanchard W. H. Olmstead Waynoka Smith Oil Co May Oklahoma Oil Co Ringling William Ray Frederick Wildman & True '. Carnegie Lockhart Oil Co Coalgate Western Oil Station Co Sapulpa Medlock Oil Co Grandfield Calvin Brinley Garber Smith Oil Co Holdenville N. A. Graham Okmulgee El Reno Oil & Supply Co El Reno OREGON. De Force Oil Works Astoria Dallas Oil Co. Dallas American Gasoline Co St. Helen's Blvd Portland Red Tank Co 207 E. Sixth St Portland Strowbridge Paint & Oil Co 106-6 Grand St Portland PENNSYLVANIA. Boosler Oil Co Allentown Forest Oil & Grease Co Clarington Penn Oil Products Refining Co Eldred Sterling Oil Co Emlenton Bayerson Oil Works E. 12th & R. R Erie Bell Oil Co 935 W. 12th St Erie Erie Oil Co 1510 Myrtle St Erie Foco Oil Co Franklmv Refining Industry of the United States. 41 PENNSYLVANIA Continued. Freedom Oil Works Freedom Henry Gilburt & Sons 219 Market St Harrisburg .Ensign Oil Co Morristown James B. Berry Sons Co Chambers Bldg Oil City Oil City Oil & Grease Co N. Seneca St Penn Oil & Supply Co N. Seneca St Phinney Bros. Co Center St Ellis & Cummings Ft. Chestnut St Reading R. Pauley 248 S. Eighth St Reading Maloney Oil & Mfg. Co Scranton American Oil Co Titusville Lehigh Oil Co 314 Coal Exchange Bldg Wilkes Barre PHILADELPHIA. C. B. Baird Co 32nd and Grays Road Animal Oil Co Ontario and Delaware River Animal Products Co Trenton Ave. Commercial Lubricating Co Meadow and Jackson Sts. T. G. Cooper & Co 27 E. Front St. Crescent Oil Co 31 N. 16th St. Crew Levick Co Land Title Bldg. Crusader Motor Oil Co Drexel Bldg. John Hopkins Oil Co 406 Commerce St. E. E. Houghton & Co 240 W. Somerset Ave. Interocean Oil Co 1416 S. Penn Square Keystone Lub. Co. (H. C.) 1327 Race St. Penn Lubricating- Co Bard Bldg. Pure Oil Co .- Lafayette Bldg. Puritan Oil Co 628 Filbert St. Wm. C. Robinson Sons 104 N. Delaware Ave. Chas. E. Smith & Co 123 Arch St. Sun Company Morris Bldg. Sunlight Oil & Gasoline Co 49th and Grays Ave. Union Petroleum Co .' Keystone Bldg. PITTSBURGH. Anchor Oil & Lubricating Co Jenkins Arcade Butler Oil Refining Co Bessemer Bldg. Canfield Oil Co. 620 Fourth St. Crescent Oil Co 7 West Canal St. Duquesne Oil & Supply Co 3300 Smallman Bldg. Eagle Lubricating Oil Co 426 First Ave. Ensign Oil Co Jenkins Arcade Fiske Bros. Refining Co Empire Bldg. Gasoline Supply Co. Union Bank Bldg. Gulf Refining Co Frick Annex E. F. Houghton Co Manufacturers Bldg. Island Petroleum Co Neville Island Liberty Lubricating Co Ellsworth and R. R. A. B. Miller Sons Co Belt and North Sts. Petroleum Products Co 37th and B. & C. Ry. Riverside Oil Co Benedum Trees Bldg. Robinson Oil Co 641 Fourth Ave. Union Grease & Oil Co 827 Penn Ave. Waverly Oil Works Co 54th and A. V. Ry. Warden & Oxnard 800 Duquesne Way RHODE ISLAND. Columbia Oil & Gasoline Co. . 109 Benefit St Pawtucket Perry Oil Co 372 Central Ave Pawtucket W. C. Benedict & Co 325 Grosvenor Bldg Providence A. W. Harris Oil Co 325 S. Water St Pennsylvania Petroleum Products Co 48 S. Water St Providence Lub. Oil Co 7 Pine St E. C. Webb 266 Cranston St SOUTH CAROLINA. Petroleum Oil Co Anderson Charleston Climax Oil Co Charleston TENNESSEE. Consumers Oil Co 725 Broad St Chattanooga Fritts & Wiehl Co 619 Market St South Eastern Oil Co N. End Ave. and Main National Refining Co * Virginia & Kentucky St Memphis Purity Oil Co 415 Monroe St Memphis Cassity Oil & Grease Co Hamilton St. and llth St Nashville Criterion Oil Co 1308 Broadway Nashville Refining Co TEXAS. Bonner Oil Co H. T. C. R. R. and Taylor Dallas Dallas Oil & Refining Co Chestnut & Santa Fe Sts Dallas Oil Co Chestnut & Santa Fe Sts Oriental Oil Co Jackson and Lane Sts Prudential Oil Co 627 23rd St Galveston The Moran Oil Co Haskell 42 Refining Industry of the United States. Houston Oil Co Scanlun Bldg Houston Lone Star Oil Co 3001 McKinney Ave Houston San Antonio Oil Co 412 Walnut St San Antonio Alamo Oil & Ref. Co East Second St Dixie Oil Co 460 E. Commerce St Oriental Oil Co 413 Travis St 'Climax Ref. Co Waco UTAH. Ogden Paint Oil & Glass Co Ogden Utah Oil Refining Co 940 N. Fourth St Salt Lake City VERMONT. Monarch Mfg. Co Bellows Falls VIRGINIA. National Oil Co Norfolk Consumers Oil Co., Inc South Road Richmond Independent Oil Co Second and Stockton Sts National Oil Co Everett and llth Sts Prudential Oil Co., Inc American National Bank Bldg Independent Oil Co 511 S. Jefferson St Roanoke Paragon Oil & Gasoline Co Roanoke Columbian Oil Co Rosalyn WASHINGTON. Globe Oil Co Bromorton Union Oil Co Ellenburg Everett Lubricating Co. Everett American Gasoline Co North Bldg Seattle Colonial Oil Co Central Bldg Monogram Oil Co Virginia and R. R. Ave Olympic Oil Co. ..- Pacific Bldg Pacific Lubricating Co Pacific Bldg Wadhams Oil Co Washington St. and 15th St American Gasoline Co Riverside and Green Sts Spokane Jones & Millingham 715 First St Spokane Paint & Oil Co Madison and R. R. tracks True's Oil Co ' 118 Division St Amercian Gasoline Co 1404 Center St Tacoma Paragon Oil Co Ainsworth and Center Sts Tacoma WEST VIRGINA. A. Lemp Beatrice Love & Brinks & Co Huntington Hershberger Oil & Gas Co Milton WISCONSIN. Yapp Oil Co Fon-du-Lac Barkhausen Oil Co Green Bay Inter-State Oil Co LaCrpsse C. V. Chapman Madison Bartles Maguire Oil Co 134 Jefferson St Milwaukee Delayen Oil Co 45 Third St W. D. Halstead Oil Co 318 E. Water St Independent Oil & Grease 291 S. Water St W. R. Krumer Oil Co 216 Reed St E. E. Magie Spec. Mfg. Co 263 Water St Peters Oil & Compound Co 366 Clinton St Wadhams Oil Co 213 National Ave Independent Oil Co Minnesota Jet. Stroud & Co Oshkosh Foster Lockwood Co Racine Northwestern Oil & Grease Co Head of Tower Bldg Superior Wisconsin Pennsylvania Oil Co Union Grove Bartles Shepherd Oil Co Waukesha O'Neil Oil & Paint Co 297 E. Water St Milwaukee Valvoline Oil Co Madison National Refining Co LaCrosse -Siebers Oil Co Racine RETURN TO the circulation desk of any University of California Library or to the NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY Bldg. 400, Richmond Field Station University of California Richmond, CA 94804-4698 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS 2-month loans may be renewed by calling (510)642-6753 1-year loans may be recharged by bringing books to NRLF Renewals and recharges may be made 4 days prior to due date DUE AS STAMPED BELOW 1993 HtOfccD APR 1.8 1994 CIRCULATION DEPT.