^L
 
 \'^ 
 
 \o 
 
 ^'\o^^bf 
 
 dV 
 
 pgftlfj^ 
 
 ^\%\ 
 
 u
 
 K
 
 .^ 
 
 ■HAZTFTARJ, TM.1
 
 OF 
 
 THE ORIGIN AND PROGRESS 
 
 OF THE 
 
 CAOUTCHOFC 
 
 OE 
 
 INDIA -RUBBER MANUFACTURE 
 
 IN 
 
 ENGLAND. 
 By THOMAS HANCOCK, 
 
 OF THE FIEM OP 
 
 CHARLES MACINTOSH AND CO. 
 
 Eontjon anti IHancliester. 
 
 VriTH ENGRAVINGS. 
 
 TO WHICH IS ADDED SOME ACCOTJNT OP THE 
 
 PLANTS FROM WHICH CAOUTCHOUC IS OBTAINED, 
 
 ITS CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, STATISTICAL TABLES, ETC. ETC. 
 WITH 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 THE SPECIFICATIONS OF THE AUTHOE'S PATENTS. 
 
 LONDON : 
 LONGMAN, BEOWN, GREEN, LONGMANS, & EOBEETS. 
 
 1857. 
 
 The yi'jM of translation is resei'ved.
 
 London : 
 
 Printed by Spottiswoode & Co., 
 Nevr-street-Square.
 
 \i 
 
 a
 
 P R E E A C E. 
 
 In writing a personal narrative, it is impossible to 
 escape the very disagreeable necessity of frequently 
 repeating the pronoun I, — my readers must excuse 
 this unavoidable egotism. 
 
 This humble relation is in no respect to be con- 
 sidered a treatise on Caoutchouc ; it is simply an 
 account of my own progress in the manufacture — 
 feeling conscious that no one had preceded me in 
 this path, or I should not have assumed as much in 
 the Title-page. 
 
 This claim is not of recent date, as my Patents 
 will show, and the notices of my manufactures 
 from time to time in the " Mechanic's Magazine,'* 
 established in 1823 by the late Mr. Robertson, who 
 many years ago honoured me in that periodical 
 with the title of " Father of this important and 
 wonderfully increasing branch of the Arts." 
 
 Although duly appreciating the impermeability 
 of Caoutchouc, it is its elastic property that is so 
 valuable, — a property which no other substance 
 possesses in the same degree or kind, and hitherto 
 
 A 2 
 
 135S566
 
 IV PREFACE. 
 
 nothing has been discovered which would even be 
 a substitute for it ; and yet, though so unique in 
 its character, it is not unfrequently applied to pur- 
 poses where neither its impermeability nor elas- 
 ticity are required. There are exceptions to every 
 rule, and for some purposes rubber vulcanized to 
 the hard horny state may be advantageously em- 
 ployed ; but the article should be used in this form 
 only for special purposes. There are other materials 
 of a non-elastic nature in abundance, the com- 
 parative cheapness of which is the best safeguard 
 against the perversion of so valuable a substance 
 as rubber from its legitimate use, and which will 
 secure it to the manufacturer at moderate cost for 
 the uses for which, from its peculiar properties, it 
 is so admirably adapted. 
 
 In public discussions, the word Caoutchouc has 
 been objected to, as being difficult to pronounce, 
 and for that reason it should be called " Rubber J'^ 
 I have also adopted this name, which is, indeed, its 
 ordinary one. 
 
 I have inserted all the authentic statistical Tables 
 I have been able to procure. 
 
 I have also subjoined a list of most of the articles 
 we at present commonly manufacture, and a few 
 engravings to illustrate some of them. I do so for 
 the information of such of my readers who might
 
 PREFACE. V 
 
 not know the extent to which this manufacture has 
 been carried, and also as a record of what has been 
 done in our time for the amusement of those who 
 are to succeed us. 
 
 In this place, as an act of justice to my late 
 partner Mr. Macintosh, I may quote a passage from 
 a memoir (printed for private circulation) by his 
 son and successor in the firm — the late Mr. George 
 Macintosh — as it furnishes a detail of the circum- 
 stances which led to his Invention of the Waterproof 
 Double Textures, that made his name celebrated 
 throughout the world : — 
 
 *' Upon the introduction of coal gas in Britain 
 for the purposes of lighting apartments, and the 
 streets of towns and cities, the manufacturers of 
 the article found that the tar and other liquid 
 products resulting from the process accumulated 
 upon their hands, in the shape of a most disagree- 
 able and inconvenient nuisance. Mr. Macintosh, 
 chiefly with the view to the production of ammonia 
 to be employed in the manufacture of Cudbear, 
 entered, in 1819, into a contract with the proprietors 
 of the Glasgow gas works, to receive for a term of 
 years the tar and ammoniacal water produced at 
 their works. After the separation of the ammonia 
 in the conversion of the tar into pitch, to suit the 
 purposes of consumers, the essential oil termed
 
 VI PREFACE. 
 
 naplitlia is produced ; and the thought occurred to 
 him of its being possible to render this also useful, 
 from its powers as a solvent of caoutchouc, or india 
 rubber. By exposure to the action of the volatile 
 oil termed naphtha, obtained from the coal tar, he 
 converted this substance into a waterproof varnish, 
 the thickness and consistency of which he could 
 vary according to the quantity of naphtha which he 
 employed in the process. Mr. Macintosh obtained 
 a patent for this process in 1823, and established a 
 manufactory of waterproof articles, which was, 
 in the first instance, carried on at Glasgow ; but 
 eventually he formed a partnership concern with 
 Messrs. Birley and other friends in Manchester, 
 where operations on a very extensive scale were 
 entered upon, and the business carried on under 
 the firm of Charles Macintosh and Co." 
 
 I have taken considerable pains whilst writing 
 my narrative to be correct in its facts, and to this 
 end I have ransacked letters, papers, and books, and 
 have also had recourse to old samples kept from 
 time to time as memorials of my progress and 
 success in the pursuit to which I have devoted 
 myself. This search has brought to my remem- 
 brance much of the minutia3 which occurred on 
 different occasions, and under the varied circum- 
 stances, wherein I have been called on to act. After
 
 TREFACE. VI I 
 
 the lapse of thirty years, "these had in many cases 
 escaped my memory. 
 
 Although the task has been somewhat laborious, 
 I do not regret having undertaken it ; and if my 
 reader is young, it may serve to stimulate and 
 encourage him to find that, with very slender 
 means and small beginnings, by care and industry, 
 with the blessing of God, he may eventually hope 
 to reap the reward of his exertions. To those who 
 need no such encouragement, my narrative may 
 prove interesting, as divulging the origin and pro- 
 gress of a new and useful manufacture. Such as 
 it is, I present it to the public, hoping that, being 
 the production of one little versed or skilled in an 
 undertaking of this kind, the utmost indulgence 
 will be extended to the author. 
 
 I wdsh to observe, that although there have been 
 many new applications of Rubber and improve- 
 ments in those which I have not thought it 
 necessary to particularise, yet I believe there is no 
 really new mode of manufacturing the substance 
 itself beside those I have mentioned. If any 
 such exists, it has not come under my notice. 
 
 THOMAS HANCOCK. 
 
 Stoke Newington, 
 
 21st November, 1856.
 
 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS 
 
 OP THE 
 
 INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE 
 IN ENGLAND. • 
 
 DuKiNG the space of thirty- six years in which I 
 «^, have been engaged in the manufacture of Caout- 
 chouc or India-rubber, I have frequently had in- 
 quiries made both as to the motive which prompted 
 me to commence my first experiments on this sub- 
 ^ stance, and also the manner in which, during my 
 progress, the valuable properties it possesses were 
 developed and applied to so great a variety of 
 purposes. These inquiries have by no means ceased, 
 and I know of no way in which I can more readily 
 reply to them than by carrying into execution a 
 design I have long had in ray mind of writing a 
 simple narrative of things as they have occurred, as 
 far as the failing memory of seventy years and the 
 memoranda I may muster will permit me. 
 
 I have no very clear recollection when I first 
 began to notice the peculiar qualities of India- 
 
 B
 
 2 OKIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 rubber, but well remember that the more I thought 
 about it and tested its properties, the more I be- 
 came surprised that a substance possessing such 
 peculiar qualities should have remained so long 
 neglected, and that the only use of it should be 
 that of rubbing out pencil marks. I had spent my 
 earlier days in mechanical pursuits, and was well 
 acquainted with the materials generally employed 
 therein, and also with the use of tools, so far as to 
 enable me to make with my own hands almost any 
 kind of machinery required to carry out my views ; 
 but of chemical knowledge I had almost none. 
 I premise this because it will be seen in the course 
 of my narrative, that, although the substance I 
 was contemplating apparently required to be 
 treated chemically, I owe my success principally 
 to the practical knowledge and the degree of skill 
 I had acquired in mechanical manipulation, which 
 proved eventually to be the best preparation I could 
 have had for operating upon rubber ; and it is a 
 sino;ular fact that, althoug-h this substance had at- 
 tracted the notice of chemists from the earliest date 
 of its importation into Europe, and some of the 
 ablest had employed themselves upon it, they failed 
 to discover any means of manufacturing it into 
 solid masses or to facilitate its solution. I was at 
 first imbued with the notion that, to make it 
 useful, I must find a good solvent ; and I think my 
 first experiments were directed to some attempts 
 to dissolve it in oil of turpentine, but I found I 
 could only make veiy thin solutions, and these 
 dried so badly, or rather not at all, that they were
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 3 
 
 useless. The oil of turpentine then procurable 
 was no doubt of inferior quality ; when pure, it dries 
 perfectly. This was about the year 1819. Failing 
 in making useful solutions, I began to think it 
 might be applied as an elastic to various purposes, 
 particularly to articles of wearing apparel. I knew 
 that, although perfectly flexible and extremely 
 elastic when warm, it became rigid Avhen exposed 
 to a low temperature, but still that the warmth of 
 the body was sufficient ; consequently, when in use, 
 it retained its elasticity. After various trials, I 
 entertained no doubt that I could adapt it to many 
 uses where elasticity was desirable. 
 
 My first patent was dated the 29th April, 1820, 
 " For an improvement in the application of a certain 
 material to various articles of dress and other 
 articles, that the same may be rendered more 
 elastic." The specification of this patent was 
 settled by Mr Bolland, then at the bar, afterwards 
 Baron Bolland, and will be found in the Appendix. 
 I will therefore only mention hero some of the 
 purposes enumerated therein : to the wrists of 
 gloves, to waistcoat backs and waist-bands ; to 
 pockets, to prevent their being picked ; to trouser 
 and gaiter straps, to braces, to stockings and 
 garters, to riding-belts, to stays ; to boots, shoes, 
 clogs, and pattens, when the object is to put them 
 on and off without lacing or tying ; to the soles of 
 shoes and boots, &c. &c. 
 
 When I began to carry my inventions into prac- 
 tice I found some unexpected difficulties. The 
 
 B 2
 
 4 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 India-rubber springs must of course be attached in 
 some way to the article to be elasticated, and 
 women were set to work to sew them in with 
 needle and thread ; but after they had been a short 
 time in use I found the holes made by the needles 
 so many tearing-places, and also that if a needle 
 was passed through any part of the rubber it en- 
 dangered a fracture. To remedy this in some 
 measure, I made the ends of the springs much 
 thicker and wider than the central parts, so that the 
 weaker part yielded its elasticity sufficiently with- 
 out bringing much strain upon the thick ends, 
 where the punctures of the needle were made. But 
 the necessity for this form of spring brought other 
 difficulties : instead of cutting in straight lines, each 
 spring had to be hollowed out, tapering on both 
 sides and both edges, and contrivances had to be 
 adopted for this purpose. The needle-holes did 
 not then tear out. I soon found that the knives 
 and cutting tools required to be kept wet with 
 water. These springs, however, had not long been 
 in use before they were returned in numbers 
 broken. By pulling out new springs smartly and 
 allowing them to return quickly, I observed, after 
 a time, that the angles became finely serrated like 
 a saw, and each nick increased in size as I followed 
 up the operation, until the spring snapped in two. 
 This appeared to be a very formidable obstacle to 
 success as regarded springs, but was soon over- 
 come, for I observed that some of the new springs 
 were, and some were not, affected in this way; 
 and on tracing back the steps that had been taken
 
 THE liTDIA-KUBBER MANUFACTURE. 5 
 
 with the two kinds, I found that those springs 
 on which I had used boiling Avater, after they were 
 cut, did not crack on the edges ; and I had no 
 farther trouble on this score, always taking care in 
 all future cases, when edges were freshly cut, to 
 give them a hot bath. 
 
 This discovery was of great value to me, as fur- 
 nishing the fact, at this early period, of the great 
 importance of employing heat in treating this 
 substance, as will be seen throughout the progress 
 of its future manufacture. At the period of which 
 I am speaking, there was brought into this country 
 a certain proportion of small thin bottles of rubber ; 
 these I selected, and cut them into rings. The 
 rings, requiring no sewing, were used chiefly for 
 the wrists of gloves ; they had the hot bath, and 
 were then passed on to the glove, and a strip of 
 thin leather sewed over them, so that they were in 
 a kind of pipe. Springs were put into stockings 
 in the same way ; both the stocking or glove and 
 spring being kept to their utmost tension, whilst 
 the leather slip, or tape, or ribbon, was stitched on, 
 and the rubber, when set at liberty and warmed, 
 gathered up the whole by its resilient action. It 
 will be seen by referring to the specification the 
 extent to which this patent has been applied ; and 
 although there have been great improvements 
 made since in these applications (as will be seen 
 hereafter), yet the principle is the same — that is, 
 the acquiring of any degree of elasticity by means 
 of a soft flexible substance in articles of dress, 
 
 B 3
 
 6 ORIGIN AND TROGRESS OF 
 
 which before was only to be acquired by means of 
 hard springs of steel or wire. 
 
 I also applied rubber to the soles of shoes and 
 boots both externally and internally, which ren- 
 dered them both elastic and waterproof; but this 
 was done at first with only such rubber as I found 
 thin enough amongst the raw material, and this I 
 flattened by heat and pressure. 
 
 It was not lono^ before the waste cuttino-s of the 
 rubber began to accumulate fast ; and with the then 
 scanty supply in the market, particularly of the 
 kind fit for my use, I foresaw that I should soon 
 be at a loss for suitable material, unless I could 
 find some means of working up the waste, and I at 
 length resolved upon attempting it. I remember 
 that, in my experiments about this time, I employed 
 a Papin's digester, such as is used for culinary 
 purposes, but the only result that I recollect was 
 the production of a thick fluid of the appearance of 
 treacle: I could, however, make little or no use 
 of it. 
 
 I had observed that when pieces with fresh-cut 
 edges had been long in the hot bath, and then 
 dried, they would perfectly unite ; but the outer 
 surfaces, which had been exposed, would not unite, 
 however clean, or however heated or pressed. 
 This was the more perplexing, as the rubber came 
 to this country in irregular shapes and forms, 
 rendering almost impossible, at any reasonable cost, 
 the paring of the surfaces. However, I resolved 
 to make a beginning (for the want of which begin- 
 ning we often fail of things within our reach). My
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 7 
 
 first step was to procure a hollow punch one inch 
 square^; with this I punched out squares of rubber. 
 I chose this small size that I might waste the less 
 in facing them. In the meantime I got an iron 
 mould made of the size of the squares : into this 
 mould, which was perfectly true inside, I had a 
 plunger fitted at each end, and, putting the surfaced 
 squares into the mould and then the plungers, 
 I submitted them to severe pressure in boihng 
 water. On withdrawing my charge, I discovered 
 that air had got between some of the surfaces and 
 prevented a perfect union, but others were quite 
 perfect. I now found that I could thus obtain 
 solid blocks, four or five inches long, and one inch 
 square, and true in form. This was a grand move, 
 as it enabled me to make another step in advance, 
 namely, to cut from the surface of the end of the 
 blocks sheets of any thickness. This I did by 
 means of a circular knife in a lathe, the block being 
 confined in a trough, having a screw at the end 
 which would by a turn bring up the block to the 
 knife in succession as the sheets were cut off, the 
 trough and block being carried past the knife by 
 a slide motion : the knife working in water, and 
 having a keen edge, I cut off sheets exceedingly thin 
 and smooth, well suited to some of my purposes. 
 I have a good part of one of these blocks now 
 before me. 
 
 Although I had thus advanced one step in form- 
 ing solid blocks, still this could only be done with 
 the thickest and best of the bottle-rubber ; and did, 
 
 B 4
 
 B ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 not aid me at all in using up my waste cuttings. 
 Finding that fresh-cut surfaces united so perfectly, 
 I began to consider how I could improve upon 
 this knowledge in uniting smaller pieces ; and it 
 occurred to me that, if minced up very small, the 
 amount of fresh-cut surface would be greatly in- 
 creased, and by heat and pressure might possibly 
 unite sufficiently for some purposes. I accord- 
 ingly put this plan into operation ; but although 
 I spent much time and took great pains to bring 
 about a good result, I could not succeed to any 
 useful extent. The uncut surfaces, however small, 
 would not unite either to each other, or to a cut 
 surface, so that the mass easily separated, and I 
 was obliged to abandon this mode. 
 
 These discouragements were for a time very 
 vexatious, as my means were but slender. Al- 
 though I was making way, I could perceive that 
 unless some mode could be found to unite not only 
 the waste cuttings, but also a large proportion of 
 the material as imported (which was so uncouth 
 in form, and irregular in surface and size, that it 
 could at present be turned to no useful account), 
 my object would not be attained. My mind being 
 solely directed to this subject, I saw the prospect 
 of new applications to an enormous extent of a 
 substance with the properties of which I was daily 
 becomino; more and more conversant. I did not 
 give up the pursuit : the object I had in view 
 seemed within my reach by what I had already 
 done, but the object itself I could not yet grasp. 
 Revolving in my mind the readiness with which
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 9 
 
 newly cut surfaces would unite, I thought that a 
 tearing action might do better than simply cutting. 
 This could only be done by a machine, and I ac- 
 cordingly constructed a small experimental one, 
 such as I thought most likely to effect the tearing 
 of the rubber into small shreds. I can best de- 
 scribe this by a sectional sketch. (It is given in 
 perspective, with the large masticator.) 
 
 /lW''■■'.'\■^-'~'^-'^'^''^^'\^•l^^.^■ 
 
 A A, two pieces of wood bolted together. 
 
 B, a hollow cylinder cut out of A A, and studded with teeth. 
 
 C, a cylinder of wood studded with teeth, and having a sjiindlc passed 
 
 through it. 
 
 D, space between the two cylinders B and C. 
 
 E, an opening with a cover. 
 
 r F, two pieces of wood bolted on both sides of A A, and enclosing the 
 
 space D, and cylinder C. 
 G, a winch. 
 The darkened spot in space D represents the charge of nibber.
 
 10 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 At the top of the hollow cylinder is an opening, 
 into which was put some hot rubber : when closed, 
 the cylinder C was put in motion by the winch G. 
 The rubber being now dragged in, and the motion 
 continued, the teeth began to operate, and it soon 
 became evident that some action was going on 
 inside that I had not reckoned upon, as much 
 greater power became necessary to turn the winch. 
 After turning some time, the hole at the top of the 
 hollow cylinder was opened, and presently, to my 
 great surprise, came out a round solid ball. This 
 ball, when cut open, presented a marbled or grained 
 appearance ; the union of the pieces was complete ; 
 the graining exhibited the pieces curiously joined 
 too-ether, the exterior surface of them havinof' been 
 acted upon so as apparently to alter their con- 
 dition, whilst the interior portion of the pieces 
 seemed to be in the same condition as when put 
 in. The ball was replaced and the action was con- 
 tinued for a long time, and when taken out again 
 it had become very hot ; and on cutting it open all 
 the graining had disappeared ; the whole had 
 become a solid homogeneous mass. This opera- 
 tion was repeated until my experimental machine, 
 constructed chiefly of wood, would no longer hold 
 together, and I lost no time in applying to Messrs. 
 Hague and Topham, the engineers, to make a 
 proper working apparatus upon the same principle. 
 With my experimental machine I could not operate 
 on more than about two ounces of rubber for a 
 charge, and I found this quantity required nearly
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 11 
 
 the power of one man to work it. I therefore cal- 
 culated the capacity of my new machine for one 
 pound, and, in order to enable one man still to act 
 upon it, I had the speed reduced by one-half by 
 spur-wheel gearing. I had it made very strong, as 
 I found the charge might be increased to any 
 amount that the space between the cylinders would 
 admit, provided sufficient power was applied to 
 give motion to the cylinder. Experience taught 
 me afterwards that, with a smaller charge and in- 
 creased speed, I could produce the same effect ; in 
 other words the result depended entirely upon the 
 amount of motive power employed, and whether 
 fast or slow. 
 
 Whilst this machine was being made, I reflected 
 on the effect produced on the rubber by this 
 singular operation. I observed that if the rubber 
 was put into the machine hot and dry, the effect 
 was only thereby hastened a little ; for, if put in 
 cold, it soon became heated: nor was it of much 
 importance whether the pieces of rubber were 
 larger or smaller, so that they were dry. The pieces 
 soon began to unite, and presently all were worked 
 up into a rough uncouth shape ; but by continuing 
 the action, the roughness and deformity gradually 
 disappeared, until at length the mass assumed 
 a regular spherical form, the exterior merely 
 showing the indentations made by the teeth. 
 
 I deduced from these facts that the union and 
 consolidation of scraps, cuttings, bottles, shoes, or 
 lumps of rubber, promiscuously thrown into this
 
 12 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 machine, was due to the combined action of heat 
 and motion under severe pressure: when a heavy 
 charge is operated on, the heat it acquires is very 
 surprising. I have since found, on cutting a heavy 
 charge open and closing it upon the bulb of a 
 thermometer, that the temperature reached 280° 
 Fahr., and this heat could only be due to the 
 motion of the machine and the action of the 
 rubber upon itself during the transition state, 
 as the same resulting temperature was attained 
 when the rubber was put in cold and the machine 
 also cold. 
 
 My new machine was at length delivered, and I 
 found my calculation correct; a man could just 
 manage to keep up the action of the cylinder with 
 a pound charge of rubber in it. The machine 
 wrought the charge into a cylindrical form, which 
 it assumed in a very short time, and tlien evidently 
 revolved upon its own axis around the solid 
 cylinder : the charge came out, I think, about 
 seven inches long, and one inch and a quarter in 
 diameter. I had now at command the means of 
 reducing all kinds of rubber, whatever size or form 
 the original pieces might be, to a solid mass, with- 
 out any foreign admixture, or the use of any 
 solvent, or having recourse to any chemical pro- 
 cess, the effect being produced solely by a mecha- 
 nical action on the rubber itself disturbing the 
 orjo-inal structure of the substance and recom- 
 posing it, without materially altering its peculiar 
 qualities, or unfitting it for any of the purposes
 
 THE INDTA-RUBBER MANUFACTlTRE. 13 
 
 to which it could be applied in its naturally con- 
 stituted state. 
 
 I wish here to remark that the discovery of this 
 process was unquestionably the origin and com- 
 mencement of the india-rubber manufacture, pro- 
 perly so called : nothing that had been done before 
 had amounted to a manufacture of this substance, 
 but consisted merely in experimental attempts to 
 dissolve it; and even this had never yet been effected 
 for any useful purposes. These experiments and 
 the results produced occurred during the summer 
 of 1820. 
 
 The manufacturing of promiscuous forms of the 
 raw material into solid masses and combinations 
 without the use of solvents, now called masticating, 
 has been from time to time adopted by others, 
 and even introduced into specifications without 
 the least acknowledgment, and not unfrequently 
 quoted from these into scientific works, as if origi- 
 nated by the parties who had taken this liberty 
 and adopted it as if it were their own. 
 
 I have mentioned that the new machine pro- 
 duced the rubber in a cylindrical form ; but this 
 form did not suit me, and I then had recourse to 
 an iron mould, which would exactly contain one 
 charge of the machine ; and as the charge immedi- 
 ately on removal was in a semi-plastic state, pres- 
 sure quickly applied caused it to conform to the 
 shape and size of the mould. I have preserved 
 one of these first small blocks as a curiosity ; it is 
 now lying before me ; it was the produce of a
 
 14 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 very small charge, and measures six inches long, 
 one and a half inch wide, and three-quarters of 
 an inch thick. Although I could cut some of my 
 elastics and other things from these small blocks, 
 yet I soon found it necessary to increase their size ; 
 and whilst a larger machine was being constructed 
 I had moulds made of sufficient capacity to contain 
 four of the largest charges the present machine 
 would produce, and, putting them together into the 
 mould Avhilst hot, they united perfectly, and gave 
 me a block four times larger. 
 
 I remember at that time, when exhibiting a piece 
 of my solid rubber to an old gentleman, he examined 
 it, and on returning it made this remark (which 
 bids fair to be realised) : " The child is yet unborn 
 who ivill see the end of that" 
 
 In the place I then occupied I could only employ 
 manual labour ; my second new machine was calcu- 
 lated for the power of two men, and by uniting four 
 charges of this machine I obtained blocks of con- 
 siderable size ; but the demand increasing, I found 
 it necessary in the following year, 1821, to move 
 into larger premises in Goswell Mews, Goswell 
 Road, London. Here I had a horse-mill put up, 
 and connected the power not only to larger 
 machines, but also to iron rollers, which I now 
 found very useful ; as, by passing the raw rubber 
 through them several times when hot, it formed 
 itself into a kind of rough corrugated sheet, which 
 not only brought it into a good state of preparation 
 for the machine, but greatly facilitated the drying.
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. lo 
 
 — a process which became more and more necessary, 
 as I made purchases of newly imported rubber, and 
 therefore frequently in a moist state. 
 
 I think my blocks now amounted to fourteen or 
 fifteen pounds each, and all the operations could 
 be carried through with certainty and despatch. I 
 must not omit to state here that, all through these 
 operations, heat was indispensable ; and, when it 
 became necessary (as it soon did) to hasten the 
 production, it was found of great advantage to 
 expose the rubber before it entered the machine to 
 as high a temperature as could be safely adopted. 
 To carry this work out, I had a brick oven built, 
 and employed a regular baker to attend it. The 
 rubber was placed in earthern pans, and he was 
 directed to keep his oven at such a heat as would 
 make the rubber as hot as possible without melting 
 it : and this he did with tolerable accuracy, judging 
 of the temperature by modes at that time used by 
 bakers, to which he adhered ; but as he did not use 
 a thermometer, I cannot now give the degree of heat. 
 I have no doubt it was sometimes as high as 300°. 
 This mode of heating was followed until, in 1822, I 
 began to heat the rubber in metal vessels surrounded 
 by high-pressure steam. During the process of 
 mastication I sometimes introduced colouring 
 matters : they combined perfectly with the rubber : 
 the colours were not very good, as the dark colour 
 of the rubber injured them. 
 
 As I took no patent for my process, it was of 
 course an object with me to keep it secret.. I
 
 16 ORIGIN AND TROGRESS OF 
 
 pledged my men to this, and treated them well; 
 and they in return kept faith with me, and, in order 
 to disguise the matter as much as possible, the 
 machine was called "a pickle," and retained that 
 name long after the secret became public : it 
 has since been called a masticator or masticating 
 machine. This name having now become common, 
 I shall hereafter use that designation. Whilst on 
 this subject, I may just mention that I kept this 
 process perfectly secret for twelve or thirteen 
 years, that is till about the year 1832. 
 
 I believe I may now dismiss the description of 
 the masticator with this remark, that no alteration 
 has been made in the principle of its construction 
 or use, except the omission of teeth in the hollow 
 cylinder, as it was soon found that the mass would 
 revolve without them. Of course the dimensions 
 have, step by step, undergone great changes. The 
 first charge ever produced did not exceed two 
 ounces ; and the masticators now in use at our 
 works in Manchester are charged with from 180 to 
 200 pounds each ; and the blocks resulting, without 
 joining, are six feet long, twelve or thirteen inches 
 wide, and about seven inches thick. 
 
 At first, in 1820, some of the blocks were cut into 
 springs, and used for other purposes of my patent, 
 but very soon after into square pieces, and sold by 
 stationers for rubbing out pencil marks, much of 
 the present form and size. In a short time it 
 became obvious that the blocks might easily be cut 
 into sheets and used for a variety of purposes ; and
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 17 
 
 to eiFect this object, a simple machine was con- 
 structed. It consisted of a wooden box of the size 
 of the largest blocks I then could make, probably 
 about eight inches long, four wide, and three thick. 
 This box had a movable bottom, which was raised 
 or depressed by four long screws, acting in the 
 fixed bottom of the box ; the upper ends of the 
 screws, having a shoulder, were made to act in 
 metal holes, on the lower side of the movable 
 bottom ; on the upper edge of the sides of the box, 
 smooth steel plates were attached. When the 
 machine was to be brought into operation, the 
 screws were drawn quite down, followed by the 
 movable bottom, and the block of rubber with its 
 sides well soaped, was put into the box and pressed 
 down upon it ; the screws, having cross handles 
 at the lower end, were then equally turned until 
 the block of rubber rose a little above the steel 
 plates on the upper edges of the box ; a strong, 
 straight knife with a keen edge, kept wet by 
 water dripping upon it, was then inserted at the 
 right-hand end, and by a steady cutting and 
 thrusting motion passed through the block to the 
 other end. This first cut took off the rough sur- 
 face, and this was continued until a smooth, solid 
 surface was obtained ; then followed the cutting of 
 sheets by giving each of the screws as many turns 
 as were necessary to raise the block above the 
 surface of the steel plates to the thickness of the 
 sheet required ; and then repeating the operation 
 with the knife, a beautiful clear sheet of rubber was 
 
 c
 
 18 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 produced, and could by this machine be cut so thin 
 as to be semi-transparent. The sheets when warm 
 could be joined edge to edge with great facility ; 
 and large sheets were made in that way. 
 
 During the early part of 1822, a person who 
 had a patent for uniting two pieces of young cork 
 together, with the intention of producing an article 
 more free from the perforations in ordinary cork, 
 applied to me to cover with rubber so much 
 of the cork as projected above the neck of the 
 bottle, to preserve the cement with which they 
 Avere united from the effects of mildew. I mention 
 this as one of the first applications of the cut 
 sheet rubber, and as having been the cause of 
 turning my attention again to discover some 
 practical mode of producing a useful solution 
 of rubber to effect the capping of these corks ; 
 and I was agreeably surprised to find that my 
 manufactured sheet rubber yielded to good oil of 
 turpentine with the greatest facility. I found, 
 however, on applying it to the corks, that, although 
 the solution dried perfectly, the corks when covered 
 with it, and afterwards brought in contact, would 
 unite together : this adhesive character of the 
 solution when dry afterwards became of great 
 value, not only for these corks, but in a great 
 variety of ways, and continues so to this day. 
 I ultimately applied the cut sheet rubber to tlie 
 capping of the corks ; and as this was done in a 
 novel manner, I wish to show how gradually the 
 qualities and uses of rubber became developed,
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 19 
 
 and the step-by-step progress that was first made 
 in adapting it to practical purposes. A great 
 number of boys were employed about this work; 
 but I will proceed to describe it in the person of 
 one. He had a small kind of lathe, with multi- 
 plying gear, turned by his left hand ; there was a 
 taper hollow chuck to the lathe, of the size to 
 receive corks of the varying diameters ; he had 
 also a small rest for his hand, and a small pot of 
 rubber solution (now called varnish) ; he put 
 the cork into the chuck, and slightly adjusted it ; 
 and then, dipping his brush in the rubber- varnish, 
 he laid it on the cork at the proper distance on- 
 wards from the end, and turning the lathe, the 
 intended portion of the side of the cork, and its 
 end was covered. When dry, it was ready for 
 the sheet capping, which was effected in the 
 following manner : — The pieces of sheet rubber 
 employed were about an inch square, and some- 
 thing less than one sixteenth of an inch thick ; 
 these were laid on a flat tin vessel heated by steam ; 
 the boy had a contrivance, fixed to his bench, 
 which held the cork with the varnished end up- 
 wards ; the whole turning on a pivot, so that the 
 cork could be turned round. The cork being so 
 placed, the boy took the square of rubber hot from 
 the tin vessel, and dexterously and quickly ex- 
 tending it in all directions with his fingers, until 
 he more than doubled its dimensions, clapped it 
 in an instant on the top of the cork, and pulling 
 it down over the sides of the cork, at the same 
 
 c 2
 
 20 ORIGIN AND TROGRESS OF 
 
 moment twirling it round between his hands, the 
 cap was secured to the cork as far as he had before 
 ]:^jd on the varnish ; then passing a knife sharply 
 round, the superfluous sheet flew off, leaving the 
 cork beautifully covered with a neat rubber cap. 
 
 I have mentioned that I had found solutions of 
 rubber of considerable consistence could be made 
 with the manufactured rubber with great facility ; 
 this I attribute to its having undergone a previous 
 disintegration in the masticator, wliereby it is 
 also somewhat softened, admitting a more ready 
 penetration (if I may use that expression) by the 
 solvent ; at all events, it is a fact that masticated 
 rubber dissolves freely. 
 
 Finding that pitch and tar could be readily 
 combined with rubber, in the course of 1823 I 
 obtained a patent for these compounds. I at 
 first mixed the tar with stiff solutions of rubber, 
 and the pitch likewise, by melting the latter, 
 and treating the compound wdth heat, both during 
 the mixing and when using it ; and these are 
 the modes stated in my specification of that 
 patent inserted in the Appendix. I afterwards 
 found in practice that pitch would combine 
 readily with rubber in the masticator, and thus 
 save the cost of solvent. This compound was 
 made of different proportions of the materials ; the 
 two most useful being equal weights of each, or one 
 of rubber to two of pitch. It was necessary to use 
 water in the masticator to prevent adliesion to the 
 cylinder. Tlie facility with which those substances
 
 TPIE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 2 L 
 
 combine, and the prodigious increase in bulk whilst 
 hot, were surprising. 
 
 These compounds were spread by means of hot 
 iron rollers, and a wet cloth passed with the com- 
 pound rubber between the rollers. I thus obtained a 
 smooth sheet of equal substance throughout, and of 
 any i^equired thickness. Mr. Cassell of Poplar, who 
 supplied me with coal naphtha, was at this time 
 applying coal tar asphalte of different degrees of 
 hardness to road-making and other purposes ; and 
 I obtained from him samples of this material, which 
 I combined with the rubber in the masticator, as I 
 had done the vegetable Stockholm pitch, but I 
 found the latter to combine more readily, and 
 generally preferred it. Claims have recently been 
 made to these compounds of rubber, pitch, and 
 asphalte, but they are not only included in this 
 patent, but also in my patent of 1843. 
 
 Sheets of this compound were applied extensively 
 to the sheathing of ships' bottoms, under the copper, 
 as a protection against the destructive ravages of 
 worms, which do immense damage to the timbers in 
 some waters ; and for which sheets of tarred felt 
 had hitherto been used. I remember that in some 
 instances sulphur, cow's-hair, and other things, were 
 mixed with the compounds of rubber and pitch 
 used for this purpose, as substances likely to repel 
 the worms ; these compound sheets were submitted 
 to pressure between hot plates. The first vessel 
 sheathed with the sheets was the yacht of the first 
 Sir W. Curtis, and the second was the Kinnersley 
 
 c 3
 
 22 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 Castle. The specification of this patent was settled 
 in consultation by Sir John Copley, the present 
 Lord Lyndhurst, and duly enrolled. I subse- 
 quently parted Avith this patent to my late brother 
 Walter Hancock, and others, who, after making 
 great improvements in the mode of expediting 
 the production, and sheathing a great number 
 of ships, got into litigation amongst themselves, 
 and the business ceased. 
 
 In the year 1823, one of my late partners, Mr. 
 Charles Macintosh of Glasgow, obtained a patent 
 for rendering two fabrics waterproof, uniting them 
 with a solution of rubber ; hence they were called 
 " waterproof double textures," and afterwards came 
 to be universally known by the name of " Macin- 
 toshes." 
 
 Early in the year 1825, 1 obtained a license from 
 Mr. j\Iacintosh for the use of his patent ; he had 
 also entered into engagements with parties in 
 Manchester to carry out his plans, and a large 
 building, with machinery, was erected there for the 
 purpose. Mr. Macintosh manufactured the varnish 
 at Glaso-ow, where he also manufactured the coal 
 naphtha which he used as the solvent of the rubber. 
 I had from the commencement some advantage 
 over the firm at Manchester, inasmuch as my 
 concern was not only already in operation, but was 
 also on a more limited scale, and therefore could be 
 pushed on with greater despatch. At length, how- 
 ever, the two concerns were moving, each in its 
 sphere. Mr. Macintosh's solutions were very thin.
 
 THE INDIA-EUBBER MANUFACTURE. 23 
 
 and therefore penetrated more into the textures ; 
 and consequently the odour of the naphtha was not 
 only very prevalent when they left the works, but 
 they also retained this strong odour for a very long 
 time. In this respect I had a decided advantage. 
 I employed for my solvent equal parts of naphtha, 
 and very pure oil of turpentine, which greatly 
 mitigated the smell of the goods. But I had 
 another and still greater advantage, inasmuch as 
 my solutions were made with masticated rubber, 
 and consequently with less than one half the pro- 
 portion of solvent which Mr. Macintosh found it 
 necessary to employ in the process by which his 
 solutions were made. Knowing this to be the 
 case, I wrote to Mr. Macintosh, and offered to 
 supply Messrs. Macintosh and Co. with my solu- 
 tion ; but this offer was at that time declined. In 
 the meantime these fabrics were quietly becoming 
 known to the public, and the goods were taken up 
 nearly as fast as we could respectively produce 
 them. 
 
 The late lamented Captain John Franklin (after- 
 wards Sir John Franklin), in a letter to Mr. Mac- 
 intosh dated 30th April, 1824, after acknowledging 
 the receipt of a large quantity of waterproof 
 canvas for covering boats, &c., says, "Will you 
 also make up four life preservers of a size for stout 
 men, and eighteen bags about six feet long, and 
 three broad, fitted with corks for filling with air 
 for the party to sleep on, and four for pillows of 
 the size of the one you gave me." I insert this 
 
 c 4
 
 24 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 extract to show liow early these waterproof double 
 textures were appreciated, and the application of 
 the material to air-beds, pillows, and life-preservers. 
 With the view of keeping up something like a 
 chronological order in my narrative, I will for the 
 present leave the double textures, and resume the 
 subject of the progress made with my first patent 
 of 1820. It will be remembered that, in applying 
 the rubber springs, considerable difficulty was ex- 
 perienced in attaching them securely to the articles 
 to which they were otherwise so well adapted. 
 This difficulty was now entirely removed. The 
 facility with which solutions could be made of a 
 consistence suitable to the purposes of a cement 
 suggested a new mode of making elastics, which 
 has continued in use to the present time. In order 
 to illustrate this new mode, I will take the instance 
 of a glove. The glove was turned inside out, and 
 a plate of tin thrust into the top of it, of such a 
 size as to stretch the glove to its greatest width ; a 
 coat of solution was then laid either on one side of 
 the glove or all round it, but generally on one side 
 only, about half an inch wide, and then laid aside to 
 dry. As soon as a sufficient number were done to 
 admit of the first glove becoming dry, it was then 
 ready for the next operation. A small light wooden 
 frame was prepared about a foot long, having a 
 piece of tin attached to each end ; these pieces had 
 very narrow slits cut in them, about an eighth of 
 an inch apart ; the rubber spring, now called rubber 
 thread, cut to a proper size and length, and taken
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MAI^UFACTURE. 25 
 
 from a hot plate, was stretched the whole length of 
 the frame, and the ends entered into the slits ; for 
 gloves there were generally three threads used. 
 Three or four gloves in the position before described 
 were laid side by side, and the extended threads in 
 the frame placed on the prepared part of the glove, 
 and pressed down upon them : a slip of kid leather 
 or silk cut diagonally (to admit of its more ready 
 contraction) coated with solution was then placed 
 over the threads, and rubbed down. The threads 
 were then cut off at each end, when the tins being 
 taken out of the gloves, the resilient action of the 
 rubber immediately contracted the glove to nearly 
 its original size, neatly corrugating the leather. 
 This was a great improvement, as no sewing what- 
 ever was necessary, and the top of the glove rendered 
 perfectly elastic, so as to admit the hand with ease, 
 and then contract to the size of the wrist. An 
 immense quantity of gloves were thus elasticated 
 until another improvement was introduced some 
 years after, of which more anon. 
 
 By this mode a great number of articles were 
 rendered elastic; such as garters, braces, trouser- 
 straps, shoe gussets, waist-bands, knee-caps, bands, 
 and for a variety of surgical and other purposes. 
 This was the origin of what has since been called 
 " shurred " or corrugated goods ; some of the manu- 
 facturers following precisely this mode, others have 
 introduced machinery, but all their goods are made 
 on the same principle. 
 
 The application of the thick solution enabled me
 
 26 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 to render the leather used for the soles of shoes and 
 boots perfectly waterproof. This was done by 
 coating the leather first with solution, and applying 
 when warm a thin sheet of the rubber, cut from 
 the masticated blocks. Upper leathers of shoes and 
 boots were also rendered waterproof by a novel 
 mode of operation, I have before mentioned that 
 these solutions continued adhesive after they were 
 perfectly dry. Adhesiveness of the surface was in 
 this case objectionable, and it was remedied thus. 
 The leather was coated with solution, and laid aside 
 to dry ; a piece of the sheet rubber cut from blocks, 
 and about four or five inches square, was laid on a 
 hot plate ; a piece of tin of the required size, say 
 nine or ten inches square, with the edges turned 
 down all round and serrated, was fastened to a 
 block of wood about one inch smaller all round than 
 the tin ; the sheet rubber was then taken from the 
 hot plate and stretched out skilfully with the hand, 
 and brought over the serrated edge of one side of 
 the tin, and then carefully stretched over the other 
 three sides, the serrated part holding the sheet in 
 its extended state, whilst the leather, coated with 
 solution, was laid on and well rubbed down ; the 
 edges of the rubber were then cut round, liberating 
 the leather, covered with a beautiful, thin, smooth, 
 unadhesive film of undissolved rubber. Both upper 
 leathers, quarters, and soles were thus done in con- 
 siderable quantities. 
 
 Drawino; masters and others using black-lead 
 pencils approved highly of the neat square blocks
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 27 
 
 cut from the masticated rubber, and the quantities 
 in demand for this purpose constantly increased ; 
 they are still supplied to a large extent. Pieces, 
 blocks, and forms of much larger dimension s, 
 began to be inquired for, and made for purposes 
 with which I was not made acquainted. The 
 edo:es of wheels and the surfaces of rollers and 
 cylinders were also covered with rubber of various 
 thicknesses for machinists. The billiard-table 
 makers also applied for long, evenly cut pieces to 
 form the cushions of their tables, which were 
 successfully applied, and have continued to be used 
 for that purpose (with modifications) ever since, to 
 the exclusion of all others. In the early part of 
 1822, I began to make tubing of the cut sheet 
 rubber, and afterwards with alternate plies of cloth 
 coated with solution ; some also were covered with 
 leather, velvet, &c. I had forgotten many of these 
 things till I had recourse to my books and memo- 
 randa ; many of which, on making search, I have 
 unexpectedly found, with specimens made at the 
 time, also preserved. 
 
 In the course of my early progress, I found that 
 some of the rubber I employed was very quickly 
 decomposed when exposed to the sun. As the heat 
 was never more than about 90°, and rubber when 
 exposed to artificial heat of a much higher tem- 
 perature was not injured by it, I suspected that 
 light had some effect in producing this mischief. 
 To ascertain this I cut two squares from a piece of 
 white rubber ; one of these I coloured black, and
 
 28 OKIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 exposed the two to the sun's rays ; in a short time 
 the piece that had been left white wasted away, and 
 the sharp angles disappeared, and it assumed the 
 shape of a piece of soap that has been some time in 
 use ; the blackened piece was not at all altered or 
 affected. The lesson taught me by this experiment 
 was of great value ever after. 
 
 The following extract will show how early the 
 masticated cut sheet rubber came under the notice 
 of scientific persons. The sheets were supplied to 
 Professor Faraday. 
 
 The Quarterly Journal of Science, Literature, 
 AND the Fine Arts. Edited at the Royal Insti- 
 tution of Great Britain, vol. xvii. Lond. 1824: 
 p. 364. No. XXXIV. : — 
 
 "Mr. T. Hancock has succeeded, by some pro- 
 cess the results of long investigation, but which 
 he has not published, in working caoutchouc with 
 great facility and readiness. It is cast, as we 
 understand, into large ingots or cakes, and being 
 cut with a wet knife into leaves or sheets about 
 one-eighth or one-tenth of an inch in thickness, can 
 be applied to almost any purpose for which the 
 properties of the material render it fit. The caout- 
 chouc thus prepared is more flexible and adhesive 
 than that which is generally found in the shops, 
 and is worked with singular facility. Kecent 
 sections, made with a sharp knife or scissors, when 
 brought together and prepared, adhere so firmly as 
 to resist rupture as strongly as any other part, so 
 that if two sheets be laid together and cut round,
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 29 
 
 the mere act of cutting joins the edges, and a 
 little pressure on them makes a perfect bag of one 
 piece of substance. The adhesion of the substance 
 in those parts where it is not required is entirely 
 prevented by rubbing them Avith a little flour or 
 other substance in fine powder. In this way 
 flexible tubes, catheters, &c. are prepared ; the 
 tubes, being intended for experiments on gases, and 
 where occasion might require they should sustain 
 considerable internal pressure, are made double, 
 and have a piece of twine twisted spirally round 
 between the two. This, therefore, is imbedded in 
 the caoutchouc, and at the same time that it allows 
 of any extension in the length of the tube, prevents 
 its expanding laterally. 
 
 " The caoutchouc is, in this state, exceedingly 
 elastic. Bags made of it, as before described, have 
 been expanded by having air forced into them, 
 until the caoutchouc was quite transparent, and 
 when expanded by hydrogen tliey were so light 
 as to form balloons with considerable ascending 
 power, but the hydrogen gradually escaped, per- 
 haps through the pores of this thin film of caout- 
 chouc. On expanding the bags in this way, tlie 
 junctions yielded like the other parts, and ulti- 
 mately almost disappeared. 
 
 " When cut thin or when extended, this substance 
 forms excellent washers or collars for stop-cocks ; 
 very little pressure being sufficient to render them 
 perfectly tight. Leather has also been coated on 
 one surface with the caoutchouc, and without being
 
 30 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 at all adhesive, or having any particular odour, is 
 perfectly watertight. 
 
 " Before caoutchouc was thus worked it was often 
 observed how many uses it might in such a case 
 be applied to ; now that it is so worked, it is sur- 
 prising how few the cases are in which persons are 
 induced to use it. Even for bougies and catheters 
 it does not come into use, although one would sup- 
 pose that the material was eminently fitted for the 
 construction of those instruments." 
 
 I must now enter upon quite a new era in the 
 manufacture of rubber. In the month of May, 
 1824, I received from Central America (I believe 
 Guatamala) a considerable quantity of this sub- 
 stance in the pure liquid state as drawn from the 
 trees; it came in vessels formed of two or three 
 joints of the larger kind of cane, four or five inches 
 in diameter, with a small hole at the end securely 
 stopped. This liquid was of the consistence of 
 thick cream, and of exactly the same colour, so that 
 in appearance it might have been taken to be 
 cream. I found that when the moisture was eva- 
 porated from it by exposure to the atmosphere, the 
 residue was pure rubber of the finest quality, but 
 it had lost more than one half its weight when in 
 the liquid state. I made many experiments with 
 it, and found little difficulty in applying it to 
 various useful purposes, and obtained a patent for 
 one of these objects, which was sealed on the 29th 
 Nov., 1824. I was assisted in writing this specifi-
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 31 
 
 cation by the late Mr. Bryan Donkin, C.E., and it 
 was afterwards settled in consultation by Mr. 
 Frederick Pollock, the present Lord Chief Baron, 
 and duly enrolled, and will be found in the 
 Appendix. 
 
 The principal feature in this patent is the manu- 
 facture of a kind of artificial leather, which was 
 produced by saturating felt, carded cotton wool, 
 and hair, and in combining other fibrous sub- 
 stances, such as hemp and flax, with the liquid rub- 
 ber, and when dry submitting the whole to 
 pressure : by these means a very strong, tough, and 
 useful material could be made, very much of the 
 appearance of real leather, and of various degrees 
 of quality, some suitable for rough purposes, such 
 as soles of shoes, hose-pipes, straps, harness, &c., 
 and others very thin, soft, and flexible, and of every 
 variety of colour, all of them having this advan- 
 tage over real leather, in being more or less water- 
 proof according to the quantity of liquid rubber 
 employed in more closely or loosely uniting the 
 fibres. The surface when exposed to the atmos- 
 phere lost its adhesiveness; and as colouring 
 matters could be freely mixed with the liquid, the 
 external surface of the articles could be treated 
 with such coloured liquid so as to cover the fibres, 
 and leave a smooth face of any required colour. 
 The liquid when dry became of a dark colour, but 
 when necessary tlie colouring matter could be 
 removed by repeated washings in clear water : the 
 colourino- matter subsided with the water, when
 
 32 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 the clear liquid floating on the top could be drawn 
 off; this washing could be carried on until the 
 resulting clear liquid rubber, when dried, was 
 colourless, and rendered fit to receive any delicate 
 tint. 
 
 Some authors have stated that the natives, when 
 making articles from this liquid, suspend them 
 over the smoke of some particular vegetable for 
 the purpose of drying them, and that this smoking 
 produces the dark colour. From such experience 
 as I have had, I am inclined to doubt whether 
 the colour is so acquired. I found that the liquid 
 when used in its unwashed and primitive state 
 always became gradually of a dark colour whilst 
 drying, and that by exposure to the sun and at- 
 mosphere the surface acquired that beautiful soft 
 feel peculiar to a well-finished native article. I 
 have always considered the dark colouring matter 
 it contains to be a kind of natural protection 
 against the efi'ects of light, as I found when 
 deprived of this colouring matter by washing that 
 it speedily became decomposed by the ordinary 
 light of ray room. When the first coating has 
 become dry I have found that a succeeding coat 
 would not very readily spread itself equally on the 
 previous surface (as if it were greasy), and I am 
 inclined to think that the smoking alluded to is 
 employed to dry the liquid, and partly to promote 
 a more ready and equal flowing and adhesion of 
 the succeeding coat. 
 
 In the following year, 1825, I obtained a patent
 
 THE INDIA-EUBBER MANUFACTURE. 33 
 
 for other modes of manufacturing artificial leather, 
 in which I employed a solution of rubber instead 
 of the liquid of the former patent, for combining 
 fibrous substances in their manufactured or un- 
 manufactured state, such as wool, silk, cotton, 
 hemp, flax, or hair, carded, hackled, or felted. 
 
 A fleece of carded cotton was brought from the 
 carding engine upon a piece of cotton-cloth pre- 
 viously coated with rubber solution before it was 
 quite dry, and then another cloth similarly coated 
 was laid upon the fleece of cotton ; the whole was 
 then submitted to pressure so as to force the 
 carded cotton through the solution, which united 
 the fibres into a sheet. The cloth, if previously 
 sized, could be stripped ofi", and the compound passed 
 between heated rollers, producing a thin paper- 
 like material. Any number could be united into 
 one sheet, of any thickness or length. This prin- 
 ciple of uniting fibrous substances by means of 
 a solution of rubber has served as the groundwork 
 of several patents wherein the invention is claimed 
 as new ; but they contain only modifications and 
 mechanical contrivances ; the principle is the same. 
 I also united as many plies of cotton, linen, or 
 woollen cloth together as would make up the 
 thickness I required. I also introduced into the 
 solution, for some of the most common purposes, 
 black resin, size, glue, ochre, powdered pumice, 
 whiting, &c. That made of a number of plies of 
 cloth was used during this year, 1825, for the 
 backs of cards in carding machines, instead of 
 
 D
 
 34 ORIGIN AND TROGRESS OF 
 
 leather, and has been found to answer the purpose 
 so satisfactorily that it is now very extensively 
 employed in preference to leather : the advan- 
 tage being that, as great lengths are required, 
 this material can be made of any length without 
 joining, whereas leather can only be had of the length 
 of the skin or hide. Uniformity of thickness is also 
 essential, and leather requires skilful manipulation 
 and great labour to accomplish this : nor is uni- 
 formity of texture and elasticity of less importance. 
 All these conditions are met in this artificial leather. 
 This article is also used extensively as printer's 
 blankets in calico-printing. I also made in this 
 manner very strong straps for driving machinery, 
 and furnished one of the first to the late Sir Isambert 
 Brunei, for his engine, when sinking the shaft for 
 the Thames Tunnel. Such straps have continued 
 ever since, and are still, much used. It was also 
 during this year that I began to make deckle 
 straps for paper-machines, suggested by Mr. Bryan 
 Donkin, C. E. ; and these also continue to be em- 
 ployed for that purpose. 
 
 In this same year, 1825, I took out another 
 patent for employing the liquid rubber in the 
 manufacture of ropes and cordage, and other similar 
 articles, with the view of rendering them water- 
 proof. I proposed to use the liquid rubber in the 
 same manner as is commonly practised with tar. 
 
 I insert another extract from the Journal of 
 Science, for the purpose of giving to my readers 
 the analysis of pure caoutchouc.
 
 THE INDIA-EUBBER MANUFACTURE. 35 
 
 JOURNAL OF SCIENCE, Vol. XXI. pp. 130, 131. 
 
 Proceedings of the Royal Institution, London, 
 February Srd, 1826. 
 
 " The members held their first weekly meeting 
 at half-past eight o'clock. In the lecture-room 
 were exhibited a great variety of specimens of 
 caoutchouc or elastic gum in all its states, from 
 the uncoagulated crude sap of the tree to that 
 of perfect purity and aggregation, and also as 
 united to various fabrics, producing a variety of 
 strong, flexible, and perfectly water-tight materials, 
 some being of extreme delicacy, and others of 
 great thickness and strength. These were fur- 
 nished for the occasion by Mr. Thomas Hancock, 
 who has had peculiar opportunities of manipu- 
 lating with this substance, and possesses the know- 
 ledge of a process by which it can be rendered 
 fluid, and yet retain the power of hardening and 
 assuming its elastic state again. Mr. Faraday ex- 
 plained the nature of caoutchouc, and gave the 
 results of an analysis of the unchanged sap. The 
 various specimens of cotton, silk, linen, felt, woollen, 
 &c., which were upon the table, had been rendered 
 water-tight by the intervention of a layer of caout- 
 chouc between two layers of the fabric, — as for 
 instance, cotton or silk, — and the adhesion was so 
 perfect that the substance seemed but as one web. 
 The perfect retention of water by these substances 
 was shown by a calico bag, into which a quart of 
 water had been introduced, and the opening closed 
 
 D 2
 
 3G ORIGIN AND TROGRESS OF 
 
 up : not a drop or particle of moisture could be per- 
 ceived on the exterior, though the bag was much 
 handled and pressed. 
 
 "When several folds of calico, linen, or canvas, 
 were cemented together by this substance, a ma- 
 terial was produced answering many of the pur- 
 poses of leather, and surpassing it in value in nu- 
 merous applications. Its use in the construction 
 of connecting bands for machinery and card-fillets 
 for carding engines has been tried and approved 
 of. In consequence of the manner in which the 
 caoutchouc is applied, no limit occurs as to the form, 
 or size, or delicacy, or strength of the water- vessels 
 or things which may be made : it is equally appli- 
 cable to the cloak and the caravan cover, to the 
 most ornamented flower-vase, and the strongest 
 water-bucket. 
 
 ON PURE CAOUTCHOUC. 
 
 QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND THE ARTS. 
 ROYAL INSTITUTION OF GREAT BRITAIN. Vol. 
 
 XXI. No. XLi. London: J. Murray, 1826. 
 
 " On Pure Caoutchouc and the Substances by ichich 
 it is accompanied in the state of Sap, or Juice. 
 By M. Faraday, F.R.S., Corresp. Memb. Inst. 
 France. 
 
 [ Commujiicated by the Author."] 
 
 " I have had an opportunity latterly, through the 
 kindness of Mr. Thomas Hancock, of examining the 
 chemical properties of caoutchouc in its pure form, 
 as well as of ascertaining the nature and propor-
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBEE MANUFACTURE. 37 
 
 tions of the other substances with which it is 
 mixed, when it exudes as sap or juice from the 
 tree. At present much importance attaches to this 
 substance, in consequence of its many peculiar and 
 excellent qualities, and its increasing application to 
 useful purposes. I have thought, therefore, that 
 a correct account of its chemical nature would 
 possess some interest. 
 
 " The extensive uses, both domestic and scientific, 
 to which Mr. Hancock has applied common caout- 
 chouc, in consequence of his peculiar mode of 
 liquefying it, are well known. Hence he was 
 fully alive to the importance of its applications 
 when in its original state of division. When he 
 gave me the substance, he communicated many of 
 his observations upon it, which, with others of 
 my own, form the present paper. 
 
 " The fluid, I understood, had been obtained from 
 the southern part of Mexico, and was very nearly 
 in the state in which it came from the tree ; it had 
 been altered simply by the formation of a slight 
 film of solid caoutchouc on the surface of the cork 
 which closed the bottle. The caoutchouc thus 
 removed was not a five-hundredth part of the 
 ^whole. The fluid was a pale yellow, thick, creamy- 
 looking substance, of uniform consistency. It had 
 a disagreeable acescent odour, something resem- 
 bling that of putrescent milk ; its specific gravity 
 was 1011*74. When exposed to the air in thin 
 films it soon dried, losing weight, and leaving 
 caoutchouc of the usual appearance and colour, 
 
 D 3
 
 38 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 and very tough and elastic ; 202*4 grains of the 
 liquid dried in a Wedgewood basin 10(^° Fahr. 
 became in a few days 94*4 grains, and the solid 
 piece formed being then removed from the capsule, 
 and exposed on all sides to the air until quite dr}'-, 
 became 91 grains; hence 100 parts of sap left 
 nearly 45 of solid matter. 
 
 " Heat caused immediate coagulation of the sap, 
 the caoutchouc separating in the solid form, and 
 leaving an aqueous solution of the other substances 
 existing with it in its first state. 
 
 " Alcohol poured into the sap in a sufficient 
 quantity, caused a coagulum and a precipitate, 
 both of which were caoutchouc of considerable 
 purity. The alcohol retained in solution the 
 extraneous matters, which, possessing peculiar pro- 
 perties, will be hereafter described. 
 
 *' Solution of alkali added to the sap evolved a 
 very fetid odour, but did not appear to exert any 
 particular action on the caoutchouc. 
 
 " The sap, left to itself for several days, gradually 
 separated into two parts : the opaque portion con- 
 tracted upwards, leaving beneath a deep bro's\Ti, but 
 transparent, solution, evidently containing sub- 
 stances very different in their nature from caout-* 
 chouc itself, and which, considering the specific 
 gravity of the sap and of pure caoutchouc (the 
 latter being lighter than water), were probably 
 present in considerable quantity. 
 
 " It was found that, by mixing the sap with water, 
 no other change took place than mere dilution. 
 The mixture was uniform, and had all the pro-
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 39 
 
 perties of a weak or thin sap. Heat, evaporation, 
 acids, and alkalies produced the same effects, gene- 
 rally, as before. 
 
 " When the diluted sap was suffered to remain at 
 rest, a separation soon took place, similar to that 
 which occurred with the native juice, but to a 
 greater extent ; a creamy portion rose to the top, 
 whilst a clear aqueous solution remained beneath. 
 Hence it was found easy to wash the caoutchouc, 
 and remove from it other principles which had been 
 generally involved in it to a greater or smaller ex- 
 tent during its coagulation. For this purpose a 
 portion of the sap was mixed with about four vo- 
 lumes of water, and the mixture put into a funnel, 
 stopped below by a cork : in the course of eighteen 
 or twenty-four hours, when the caoutchouc had 
 risen to the top, and occupied about its original 
 volume, the aperture at the bottom of the funnel 
 was opened, and the solution drawn off; more 
 water was then added to, and mixed with, the 
 caoutchouc, and the operation repeated ; and this 
 was done four or five times, until the water came 
 away nearly pure. During the latter washings, 
 the" caoutchouc required a longer time to rise to the 
 surface, in consequence of the decreasing specific 
 gravity of the solution in which it was suspended. 
 This was obviated at times, according to the ex- 
 periments for which the caoutchouc was required, 
 by performing the first washings with solutions 
 of common salt, muriatic acid, &c., and ultimately 
 finishing with pure water. 
 
 D 4
 
 40 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 " In tills way the caoutchouc was purified, with- 
 out any alteration of its original state. It now ap- 
 peared in its state of mixture with water, perfectly 
 white : portions of it left for a twelvemonth over 
 water underwent no change in that time, except 
 coagulation and a slight film upon the surface ; the 
 rest was as miscible with the water as at first, and, 
 when coagulated, equally elastic. The sap, or the 
 washed caoutchouc, is much more easily preserved 
 in the diluted than in the concentrated state. 
 
 " It produced no particular appearance with the 
 solutions of iron or other metals. 
 
 " When evaporated, either on paper, or in a cap- 
 sule, or otherwise, the caoutchouc was left in its 
 elastic state, and perfectly unaltered, except Avith 
 respect to purity. When put on to absorbent 
 surfaces, as bibulous paper, chalk, or plaster of 
 Paris, the water was rapidly abstracted, and the 
 caoutchouc almost immediately united into a mass, 
 retaining the form of the thing on which it was 
 cast. Mr. Hancock in this way has made beauti- 
 ful medallions with the sap. Poured on to a filter, 
 the water passes through, and the caoutchouc 
 coagulates. 
 
 " When aggregated in any of these ways, the 
 caoutchouc appears at first as a soft white solid, 
 almost like curd, which by pressure exudes much 
 water, contracts, becomes more compact, has ac- 
 quired elasticity, but is still soft, white, and opaque. 
 The opacity belonging to it is not an essential pro- 
 perty of the body, but due to water enclosed
 
 THE INDIA-KUBBER MANUFACTURE. 41 
 
 within its mass ; further exposure to air allows of 
 the gradual dissipation of this water, and then the 
 caoutchouc appears in its pure and dry state, as a 
 perfectly transparent, colourless, and elastic body, 
 except it be in thick masses, when a trace of colour 
 is perceived. The change from first to last is best 
 seen by pouring enough of the pure mixture into a 
 Wedgewood or glass basin to form ultimately a 
 plate of one-tenth or one-twelfth of an inch in 
 thickness, and leaving it exposed to air at common 
 temperatures undisturbed. 
 
 " No appearance of texture can be observed in the 
 pure transparent caoutchouc ; it resembles exactly 
 a piece of clear strong jelly. All the phenomena 
 dependent upon its elasticity, v/hich are known to 
 belong to common caoutchouc, are well exhibited by 
 it. When very much extended, it assumes a beau- 
 tiful pearly or fibrous appearance, probably belong- 
 ing to the effects which Dr. Brewster has observed 
 elastic bodies to produce, when in a state of ten- 
 sion, upon light. When it has been extended and 
 doubled several times, until further extension in 
 the same direction is difficult, it is found to pos- 
 sess very great strength. Its specific gravity is 
 0'925, and no reduplication and pressure of it 
 in a Bramah's press was found permanently to 
 alter it. It is evidently pervious to water in a 
 slight degree, or otherwise the interior of a piece of 
 caoutchouc coagulated from the sap would always 
 remain opaque. It is equally evident that water 
 passes but very slowly, from the time it takes to
 
 4:2 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 evaporate that which lies in the middle of a thin 
 cake. It is a non-conductor of electricity. 
 
 " The pure caoutchouc has a very adhesive sur- 
 face, which it retains after many months' exposure 
 to air. Its fresh-cut surfaces pressed together also 
 adhere with a force equal to that of any other part 
 of the piece. 
 
 "A strip of it boiled in solution of potash, so 
 strong as to be solid when cold, was not at all 
 affected by it, except that its surface assumed a 
 pearly or tendinous appearance ; no swelling or 
 softening, above what would have been produced 
 by water, occurred. 
 
 " The combustibility of caoutchouc is well known. 
 When the pure substance is heated in a tube, it is 
 resolved into substances more or less volatile, with 
 the deposition of only a small trace of charcoal ; at 
 a higher temperature it is resolved into charcoal 
 and compounds of carbon and hydrogen ; it yields 
 no ammonia by destructive distillation, nor any 
 compounds of oxygen, and my experiments agree 
 with those of Dr. Ure, in indicating carbon and 
 hydrogen as its only elements. I have not, how- 
 ever, been able to verify his proportions, which are 
 90 carbon, 9'11 hydrogen, or by theory nearly 3 
 proportionals of carbon to 2 of hydrogen, and have 
 never obtained quite so much as 7 carbon to 1 of 
 hydrogen by weight. The mean of my experi- 
 ments gives — 
 
 Carbon - 6-812 1 J" 8 proportionals nearly 
 
 Hydrogen - lOOOJ^^i?
 
 THE INDIA-EUBBER MANUFACTURE. 43 
 
 " No means whiGli have yet been discovered seem 
 competent, when the caoutchouc has once been 
 aggregated, to restore it to its pristine state. 
 Previous to its aggregation it may be either 
 scented or coloured. A solution of camphor in 
 alcohol was added to water, so as to precipitate 
 the camphor in a fiocculent state ; a little of this 
 was added to the pure caoutchouc in water, well 
 agitated, and then coagulation caused by heat or 
 absorption : the caoutchouc obtained was highly 
 odorous. 
 
 " In the trials made to give it colour, the body- 
 colours were found to answer best : — indigo, cinna- 
 bar, chrome-yellow, carmine, lake, &c., were rubbed 
 very fine with water, then mixed well with the 
 pure caoutchouc, in a somewhat diluted state, and 
 coagulation induced either upon an absorbent sur- 
 face, or otherwise. Perfectly coloured specimens 
 were thus obtained. 
 
 " The liquid obtained either by letting the sap 
 stand for some time, or by the first and second 
 washing, was of a brown colour, bitter, acid to 
 litmus, in consequence of the presence of acetic 
 acid, due apparently to spontaneous changes in 
 the substances present. It was difiicult to filter. 
 Being boiled, acid vapours rose, a precipitate fell 
 to the bottom, and now the solution became 
 clear, either by standing or filtration, and could be 
 separated from the solid matter. 
 
 " The precipitate or substance thus obtained was 
 dark brown, glossy, and brittle, much heavier than
 
 44 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 water, not soluble in alcohol, ether, water, essential 
 or fixed oils. Weak solution of alkali dissolves it, 
 forming a deep brown solution, precipitable by 
 dilute muriatic acid. It burns upon platina-foil, 
 like animal matter, with flame, leaving a bulky 
 charcoal. When heated on a tube, it chars, yield- 
 ins: much ammonia. It resembles albumen more 
 than any other substance, and is the source of the 
 nitrogen or ammonia obtained by the distillation of 
 common caoutchouc. 
 
 " The brown aqueous solution becomes frothy 
 on agitation ; alkali rendered it of a deep yellow 
 colour, and produced a putrescent odour, similar 
 to that evolved by alkali, or quick lime, from white 
 of egg, or blood. It was remarkably distinguished 
 by the deep green colour it produced with per-salts 
 of iron, especially when a little alkali was present, 
 and the dense yellow precipitates it formed with 
 muriate of zinc and nitrate of lead ; indeed, pre- 
 cipitates were produced in solutions of most of the 
 metals by it. The colour produced with iron does 
 not seem to be a precipitate. 
 
 " With the hope of obtaining something peculiar 
 from this solution, a quantity of it was precipitated 
 by nitrate of lead ; a colourless solution and a 
 yellowish green precipitate were obtained. The 
 latter, being well washed, was next diffused through 
 water, and sulphuretted hydrogen passed through 
 it ; by filtration a deep brown solid was obtained, 
 and a yellowish solution. The precipitate when 
 washed and dried was brittle and hard ; on platina-
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 45 
 
 foil it at first burnt with flame, swelling much, and 
 giving out odour of ammonia like animal matter ; 
 after that, sulphurous acid burnt off, and ulti- 
 mately lead and oxide of lead remained ; hence it 
 was a combination of sulphuret of lead and a 
 highly azoted substance. Heated in a tube, it 
 gave out much ammonia ; digested in alcohol, 
 scarcely a trace of matter was removed. 
 
 " The sulphuretted hydrogen solution being boiled 
 and evaporated, left a yellow varnish-like substance 
 not deliquescent, soluble in water, acid to taste and 
 to litmus, the acid not being sulphuric ; it rendered 
 per-sulphate of iron green, precipitated nitrate of 
 lead, and gave no ammonia by heat. 
 
 " The concentrated solution acted upon by 
 alcohol had an insoluble matter thrown down, 
 which, being separated and well washed with al- 
 cohol, w^as afterwards treated with water ; a deep 
 brown aqueous solution was obtained, and a 
 small insoluble portion left ; this Avas almost black 
 when dried, tasteless, brittle, burning with diffi- 
 culty, and when heated in a tube giving much 
 ammonia. 
 
 " The solution was almost tasteless, and when 
 dried left a green, shining, brittle substance, re- 
 soluble in water, and of course precipitable by al- 
 cohol. It colours solution of per-sulphate of iron 
 green ; but if its strong aqueous solution be treated 
 with muriatic acid, a reddish brown precipitate is 
 formed, which, when separated, dissolves in water, 
 does not colour per-salts of iron, and when evapo-
 
 46 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 rated yields a pulverulent substance, burning, but 
 not with facility, and producing a little ammonia 
 when heated in a tube. 
 
 " The alcoholic solution from which these matters 
 had been separated contained the particular prin- 
 ciple which colours per-salts of iron green. When 
 evaporated, it left a brown, brittle, transparent, 
 substance, becoming soft by exposure to moist air. 
 It is very bitter, soluble in water, &c., slightly acid. 
 When heated on platina-foil it does not burn easily, 
 but runs out into a bulky charcoal much like 
 animal matter ; at the same time it does not yield 
 ammonia when heated in a tube per se, though the 
 smell is very animal. 
 
 " Ether warmed with it dissolved a small portion 
 of matter, and the solution, upon evaporation, left 
 globules, which in all their characters corresponded 
 with wax : its quantity was but small. 
 
 " Nine hundred and eighty-one grains of the 
 original sap were washed in water several times. 
 The washed caoutchouc, being coagulated by heat 
 and perfectly dried, weighed 311 grains. The 
 aqueous solutions, upon being boiled, yielded suffi- 
 cient of the heavy precipitate to equal, when dried, 
 18'6 grains. The clear solution was now evapo- 
 rated to dryness, and digested in alcohol ; 28*5 
 grains of insoluble matter were left, and the solu- 
 tion, upon evaporation, afforded 70 grains of dry- 
 matter. Hence the following are the contents of 
 nearly 1 000 parts of the original sap.
 
 THE INDIA-nUBBER MANUFACTURE. 47 
 
 Caoutchouc . _ - 
 
 317-0 
 
 Albuminous precipitate 
 
 19-0 
 
 Peculiar bitter colouring matter, a-j 
 
 
 highly azotated substance - | 
 
 - 71-3 
 
 Wax - - - -J 
 
 
 Substance soluble in water, not al- 
 
 
 cohol - - - - 
 
 29-0 
 
 Water, acid, &c. - 
 
 563-7 
 
 1000- 
 
 " Thinking it probable that whilst in its natural 
 state of division the caoutchouc would combine 
 more intimately or readily with fixed and volatile 
 oils than when aggregated, as it generally is in 
 commerce, an experiment or two were made in 
 consequence. A portion of well-washed milky 
 caoutchouc being added to olive-oil, and the two 
 beaten well together, a singularly adhesive stringy 
 substance was produced, which, holding the water 
 diffused through it, assumed a very pearly aspect, 
 stiffened, and was almost solid ; upon being heated 
 so as to drive off the water, it became oily, fluid, 
 and clear, and was then a solution of caoutchouc 
 in the fixed oil. On adding water and stirring 
 considerably, it again became adhesive as before. 
 Thus introduced, caoutchouc would probably be a 
 useful element in varnishes. 
 
 " Oil of turpentine being added to a mixture of 
 one volume of sap and one volume of water, and 
 well agitated with it, was found to be only imper- 
 fectly miscible : after standing twenty-four hours, 
 three portions were formed ; the lower, the usual 
 aqueous solution ; the upper, oil of turpentine,
 
 48 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 holding little caoutchouc in solution ; the interven- 
 ing part, a clot or tenacious mass, soft and adhesive, 
 like bird-lime, consisting of caoutchouc, with some 
 oil of turpentine. It was very difficult to dry, and 
 always remained adhesive at the surface ; but ex- 
 periments of this kind were not pursued, for want, 
 at that time, of further quantities of the original 
 sap. 
 
 " Such is a general view of the nature of the sap 
 from which the substance is obtained, and of the 
 substance itself. I have not endeavoured to give 
 an accurate account of the properties or quantities 
 of the other substances present, because there is 
 reason to believe that both vary in different speci- 
 mens, probably according to the age of the tree, 
 the time of the year, or the manner in which the 
 sap is drawn ; nor have I dwelt upon the inaccu- 
 racies of former accounts, inasmuch as they are 
 evidently referable to the impurity of the sub- 
 stance examined." 
 
 I will now return to the double textures. I 
 have said little yet of a somewhat important part 
 of these manufactures known as pneumatic articles. 
 I think I began with making beds capable of being 
 inflated, and sufficiently strong and air-tight to 
 sustain the necessary weight : or, the first may 
 have been a pillow, cushion, or life preserver ; for 
 all these were made about the same time, and on 
 similar principles. I will first take a bed : this was 
 made in only one compartment, so that, when 
 inflated, it assumed a pin -cushion shape, and its
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 49 
 
 rotundity was such that to place yourself upon it 
 and remain there was impossible; try as you 
 might to balance yourself, in a moment you lost 
 your equilibrium and came rolling on to the floor ; 
 each bystander thought he could do it, but the air- 
 bed set him tumbling about, and all at length 
 acknowledged a defeat, and declared that air-beds 
 " would never answer." A portion of the air was 
 let out, but the same kind of objection remained ; 
 and although this was repeated until nearly the 
 whole of the air was exhausted, this principle of 
 construction was still evidently defective. The 
 same inconvenience was found to attend an air- 
 cushion : — you could not sit still a minute ; make 
 but the least alteration in your position, and you 
 commenced a rolling motion, to which there seemed 
 to be no end as long as you sat there. This was 
 a defeat, and, if I remember right, the first 
 attempt to remedy it was a really good one, as it 
 fully answered the purpose, and possessed many 
 advantages, although it has not been much in use. 
 It consisted in preparing a case of ordinary bed- 
 ticking divided into seven or eight compartments ; 
 an air-proof cylindrical chamber of a proper length 
 and diameter was made for each of these compart- 
 ments, and inflated to any desired degree. This 
 was an obvious improvement, and the air-bed thus 
 constructed, whilst it yielded sufiiciently to the form 
 of the body, supplied at the same time a more 
 elastic resting-place than ever the human form had 
 before reclined upon. There was another advan- 
 
 E
 
 50 ORIGIN AND TROGRESS OF 
 
 tage in this mode : if any accident, allowing the air 
 to escape, happened to one or two of the cylinders, 
 they could be placed under the feet, where they 
 would be subject to less pressure : a defective 
 cylinder could be sent for repair, and the bed still 
 be tolerably effective. This old mode of construc- 
 tion has since been applied to nautical contrivances, 
 and is apparently supposed to be a new idea ! 
 
 Cushions were soon made on the same principle 
 with equal success. This mode, however, did not 
 last long ; it was said that one of the main advan- 
 tages derived from the employment of air for these 
 purposes was lost ; in other words, they were not 
 so portable in this form as they might be ; the 
 outer case was simply an encumbrance. This 
 objection gave rise to another contrivance: — the 
 framework (if I may so term it) intended for the 
 interior was made of the form and size of the 
 intended cushion, which was divided into small 
 compartments, by sewing in partitions that were to 
 limit the thickness of the cushion. These partitions 
 were all laid down flat, and the whole stretched by 
 tacks upon a board, and then paid over with a 
 coating or tw^o of solution ; when dry, it was turned 
 over and treated in tlie same way on the other 
 side : when again dry, this frame of the cushion 
 was laid upon a piece of jeanet, previously ren- 
 dered air-proof, which projected all round half an 
 inch beyond the frame ; the cushion was turned 
 over, and a similar piece of air-proof cloth laid on 
 that side : the whole was then well rubbed down,
 
 Re-etied 0.ishio/i . I-rc/ic/i Cushion . Circid/ir Cushion 
 
 I' i 
 I' 
 
 t 
 
 Tlam TiM^m: 
 
 Jf^ytt/Yss 
 
 6 i) ij/u/i uu j JJt lC . 
 
 f ^■"■-'-**^ 
 
 'Cir. rt 
 
 I 
 
 IJ.rflfl I
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 51 
 
 and the projecting edges of the air-proof cloth care- 
 fully united. This cushion, when inflated, formed 
 nearly a flat surface on each side, excepting that 
 where the partitions occurred there was a slight 
 indentation, bringing the surface into a kind of 
 reeded form ; and hence such cushions were ever 
 after called "reeded cushions." Nothing apparently 
 could be better than this, and these cushions in 
 general seemed to give satisfaction. Other forms 
 of surface for cushions were adopted, but this form 
 and one other, which was depressed in the centre, 
 with radiating partitions, took the lead. There 
 was, however, yet one great improvement in the 
 economy of their manufacture, which consisted in 
 dispensing entirely with the sewing, and employing 
 solution as a cement universally in its stead. 
 
 Pillows were generally preferred with partitions ; 
 but a kind of collar- cushion for the neck had no 
 partition. Life-preservers were at first made of a 
 cylindrical form, but afterwards flat in the reeded 
 form ; as were beds also. 
 
 Pillows, cushions, beds, and life-preservers, were 
 externally made of cambric or jeanet in general ; 
 but pillows and cushions had sometimes an external 
 covering of silk, or kid and morocco leather, some 
 of which latter were used by George IV. in his 
 last illness. At first the aperture for admitting the 
 air was simply a stop-cock ; but, after a variety of 
 methods had been tried to supersede it, the screw- 
 valve at present in use was adopted, and is univer- 
 sally preferred. 
 
 B 2
 
 52 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 For an easier method of inflating beds and 
 other articles of large capacity, a kind of cylindrical 
 bellows was made of air-proof cloth. 
 
 Late in the year 1825 it was proposed that Messrs. 
 Macintosh and Co. and myself should come to some 
 arrangement by which articles made under Mr. 
 Macintosh's patent should emanate from the esta- 
 blishment of the firm ; and, during this correspon- 
 dence, I stated in some detail to Messrs. Macintosh 
 and Co. the large extent to which I contemplated 
 carrying out my views in regard to the applications 
 of rubber, and the patents I had taken out to 
 secure them, and that it would be necessary for me 
 to engage with capitalists ready and willing to co- 
 operate with me. This correspondence resulted in 
 an arrangement in February, 1826, by which I 
 engaged to manufacture for Messrs. Macintosh and 
 Co. the articles covered by Mr. Macintosh's patent, 
 providing that a partnership should be avoided 
 (to which I ever had a dislike), that my name 
 should be stamped on all the goods I made for 
 them, and that no other goods but those made by 
 me should be sold within the limits of the bills of 
 mortality. This arrangement did not interfere 
 with my business in other respects ; for the present 
 our relations extended no further. 
 
 I should mention here that neither the firm nor 
 myself ever intended to have any retail shops; and 
 we desired by all means to avoid the making of 
 garments, and wished to sell our goods only in a 
 warehouse ; but we were compelled to do all three,
 
 THE INDIA-EUBBER MANUFACTURE. 53 
 
 or lose our business. Some — most — of the tailors 
 set their faces against the use of our material ; 
 others made it up so badly that the garments were 
 not waterproof: at every seam the cloth, being 
 necessarily punctured by the needle, allowed the 
 water to pass. Our advice was to make no close 
 garments, and as few seams as possible ; and to 
 enable them to do this, we furnished the cloths 
 wide enough to make the length of cloaks and 
 capes : but they persisted in making garments to 
 sit close, and were greatly oflfended when told that 
 they could not sew a water-tight seam, and that 
 it was necessary to send their garments to us to 
 have the seams lined to make them proof. Some 
 of them persisted, and actually made a double row 
 of stitches to make sure work of it ! We tired of 
 all this, and opened retail shops, and employed our 
 own tailors, and proofed our seams ; and, even then, 
 so accustomed were these men to pin their work, 
 that we very frequently found pin and needle holes 
 in the body of the cloth. This business of securing 
 stitched seams against the entrance of rain proved 
 extremely difficult for a long time, even to our- 
 selves : constant complaints were made of the 
 water coming through, even in those cases where 
 the seams had been treated by our most earnest 
 and careful workpeople. It must be understood 
 that in double textures the seam-proofing was 
 done inside ; we at length, however, discovered, 
 after repeated observation, research, and much 
 attention to the subject, that although the direct 
 
 E 3
 
 54 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 entrance of the water was stopped by the means 
 adopted, yet that the thread of the tailor, taking up 
 the moisture, became the medium of conveyance to 
 the threads of the inner cloth of the double tex- 
 ture, and that the Avater so introduced was carried 
 by capillary attraction along the warp or weft of 
 the cloth, and so spread over an extent of surface 
 depending upon the length of time for which the 
 garment was exposed to the rain, and the absorb- 
 ing capacity of the tissue for taking it up, which 
 not unfrequently would allow of the water spread- 
 ing over nearly the whole surface : no doubt in 
 many cases the insensible perspiration of the 
 wearer met the rain half way, and increased the 
 evil. Complaints arising from this source long 
 annoyed us, and exposed us to no end of abuse, 
 whilst we were using our utmost efforts to furnish 
 to the public garments which should be a certain 
 protection from a wet skin. I mention this as one, 
 only one, of countless difficulties that for a long 
 time attended us in the first years of our progress ; 
 and, as we proceeded, other difficulties, losses, and 
 vexations followed us up, of which I could give a 
 long list, but it would only tire the reader. 
 
 We were most fortunate in obtaining a superin- 
 tendent in London of first rate ability, not only as 
 a man of business and integrit}^, but uniting firm- 
 ness of character with conciliatory manners ; and 
 knowino; well the aim and intentions of his 
 employers, he conducted our affairs with the 
 greatest prudence and discretion, and indeed the 
 nature of the new kind of business he had to con-
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 55 
 
 duct required the ability of such a man, and I feel 
 pleasure whilst I write in bearing my testimony to 
 the value of the long and tried services of Mr. 
 S. Matthews' 
 
 I may here mention that a waterproof military 
 cloak of blue cloth, lined with crimson silk, had 
 been made for the Duke of York, and the officers 
 of the Guards began to wear light drab cambric 
 capes on their way to field exercise, and other 
 young men as usual following their example, our 
 material (especially of this drab colour) began to 
 take with the public generally, and more and more 
 as the value of it, and its really waterproof 
 quality, became known. 
 
 Before I close this part of my narrative I may 
 mention that which occasioned us much trouble 
 and annoyance, — the persistence of the public for a 
 long time in having garments made to fit too close, 
 which brought the material into some degree of 
 disrepute from the want of free escape of insensible 
 perspiration when taking active exercise. Time 
 only demonstrated the absolute necessity for wear- 
 ing them large and loose, as now universally 
 practised. 
 
 As we progressed Avith our manufactures, great 
 improvements were introduced into air-proof ar- 
 ticles. These were first appreciated by invalids, 
 not only as ordinary beds, pillows and cushions, 
 but in a variety of forms to be used by bed-ridden 
 patients, and in the hospitals, and in lieu of splints, 
 pads, bandages, &c. by surgeons, who also began 
 
 E 4
 
 66 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 to recommend their use in carriages; so that at 
 length this branch of our business became a very 
 important one, and served at the same time to 
 bring the knowledge of the peculiar qualities of 
 our manufactures before the public. 
 
 Althougli so far successful in the main, yet 
 further experience brought new difficulties and 
 vexations to light : — we frequently had garments 
 returned defective in the waterproof qualities of 
 the cloth itself : the cause of these defects was not 
 easily discoverable ; great pains were taken to trace 
 back the defective articles to the pieces from which 
 they had been cut, and then to the mill-books, to 
 ascertain if possible if any deviation from the usual 
 course could be discovered. At length an acci- 
 dental circumstance enabled us to trace the source 
 of one cause of evil, which I will explain. In 
 order to expedite the work, it had become the 
 practice to unite a number of pieces of cloth 
 together at the ends, so as to form them into one 
 length; and in this way the whole passed through 
 the machine together. It so happened that a case 
 occurred where one or more of these pieces turned 
 out defective by decomposition, whilst the rest re- 
 mained sound ; and it was ultimately proved that 
 the defective pieces, being worsted goods, had not 
 been properly scoured, but retained in the body of 
 the cloth remains of greasy matter. 
 
 We had become well aware that grease acted in- 
 juriously on rubber, particularly on thin films : we 
 had therefore given special directions to our manu- 
 facturers, and repeatedly cautioned them to be most
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 57 
 
 particular in attending to this matter, foreseeing 
 the mischief any carelessness would occasion. On 
 examining our stock we found the rubber on 900/. 
 worth of goods in a state of incipient decomposi- 
 tion. This serious matter was referred to arbitra- 
 tion, and we recovered that sum, and destroyed 
 most of the goods. We had many cases of this 
 sort, and the reputation of our goods suffered from 
 this cause, besides occasioning us great annoyance, 
 trouble, and expense ; as we met every reasonable 
 case by exchanging the article. Another cause of 
 decomposition was the use of chemical processes in 
 the preparation of some of the colouring matters 
 used by the dyers of our cotton goods. These had 
 to be searched out until we ascertained what 
 colours we could safely use. The goods so ren- 
 dered defective were destroyed. 
 
 The injurious effect of the sun's rays upon thin 
 films of rubber we discovered and provided against 
 before much damao:e accrued. All these thing's 
 are now cheaply known to those who have followed 
 us by men leaving our employ, and the specifica- 
 tions of our patents; but they had all to be under- 
 gone in our early progress at an enormous cost, as 
 well as of trouble and vexation : and none but 
 those who have passed through the ordeal can con- 
 ceive the mortification experienced during those 
 years ; for whilst we were, regardless of cost, 
 making every possible exertion to introduce an 
 article confessedly much wanted and long sought 
 for, and operating upon a new material, hitherto
 
 58 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 comparatively little known in the arts, and sur- 
 rounded with unforeseen difficulties, an impatient 
 public gave us little credit for our exertions, and 
 persisted in attributing that which was our mis- 
 fortune in any occasional failure to any cause but 
 the true one ; being nothing less forsooth than an 
 imposition upon their complacent and confiding 
 good nature ! 
 
 In the year 1826 bags began to be made for 
 containing gas for temporary illuminating purposes, 
 and we have continued making them up to this 
 day, for various experimental purposes, and also 
 for the popular exhibition of the oxy hydrogen 
 microscope; but the first was made in May 1826, 
 at the suggestion and for the use of the late 
 Lieutenant Drummond, during his trigonometrical 
 survey. 
 
 These were made of very strong materials, not 
 only to enable them to sustain the internal pres- 
 sure of the gas, but the rough usage they were 
 likely to be exposed to in such a service. The air- 
 proof lining was of thin cut sheet-rubber, and the 
 exterior of fustian. I had the curiosity at the 
 time to make a bag of this material, which I filled 
 with water and sealed hermetically. I did this for 
 the purpose of discovering whether rubber is or is 
 not absolutely impervious to water. I suspected it 
 was not. This bag is now before me, and I will 
 copy from the record written upon it of its original 
 weight when filled, and the periodical decrease of 
 the water contained.
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 59 
 
 
 lb. 
 
 OZ. 
 
 dr. 
 
 Oct. 21st, 1826 - 
 
 - 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 Oct. 25tli, 1827 - 
 
 - 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Oct. 2nd, 1835 
 
 - 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nov. 1844 - 
 
 - 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 Oct. 1849 - 
 
 - 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 Feb. 1851 - 
 
 - 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 May, 1854 - 
 
 - 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 I have just now, 1856, cut it open ; it is quite 
 dry, and weighs three ounces twelve drachms, 
 proving that rubber is not absolutely impermeable 
 to water, but admits of a slow and gradual absorp- 
 tion of moisture through its substance ; and in this 
 case the whole of the contents of the bag escaped, or 
 rather more than twelve ounces, in the long course 
 of twenty-five years ! Bags made of air-proof cloth, 
 that is, with only a thin coating of rubber, soon 
 evaporated sufficiently to moisten the cloth, when 
 the bags were piled upon each other, and produced 
 mildew. This slow evaporation does not interfere 
 Avith its efficiency for ordinary purposes. 
 
 Captain Parry, in the Narrative of his Attempt to 
 reach the North Pole, in His Majesty's ship " Hecla," 
 in the year 1827, thus speaks of this invention, p. 
 72 : — 
 
 "Just before halting at 6. a.m. on the 5tli July, 
 1827, the ice at the margin of the floe broke while 
 the men were handing the provisions out of the 
 boats ; and we narrowly escaped the loss of a bag of 
 cocoa, which fell overboard, but fortunately rested 
 on a tongue. This bag, being made of Macintosh's 
 waterproof canvas, did not suffer the slightest
 
 60 ORIGIN AND TROGRESS OF 
 
 injury. Of this invaluable manufacture, which 
 consists, I believe, in applying a solution of elastic 
 gum or caoutchouc between two parts of canvas, 
 it is impossible to speak too highly. I know of no 
 material which with an equal weight is equally 
 durable and water-tight — in the latter quality, 
 indeed, it is altogether perfect, so long as the 
 material lasts." — Narrative of an Attempt to reach 
 the North Pole in Boats attached to His Majesty's 
 Ship " Hecla^^ in the year 1827, by Captain Parry, 
 E.N. F.R.S. London: 1828. 
 
 About the year 1825 tubes made of rubber came 
 into some demand for surgical and other purposes. 
 About this time a popular toy was introduced : it 
 was made by inserting a condensing syringe into 
 the mouth of a bottle of ordinary rubber ; the bottle 
 was kept ordinarily warm whilst the injection of 
 the air proceeded, until at length it became so 
 much extended as to form a tolerably strong semi- 
 transparent sphere, and made a good nursery play- 
 ball for children. Some were made of a large size to 
 be attached to the blow-pipe of the chemists : they 
 were in fact made of all sizes, and afterwards, 
 when the supply of bottles fell short, means were 
 found to use flat pieces for the purpose. They 
 were sometimes ornamented by painting and by 
 covering them with fanciful network. This toy 
 had a prodigious run for some years, and the trade 
 in them lias been several times revived : they still 
 continue to be made. 
 
 The cut sheet rubber began about this time,
 
 THE INDIA-EUBBER MANUFACTURE. 61 
 
 1825, to be used for a number of surgical purposes, 
 as before mentioned. All these kinds of articles 
 were taken up by my late brother, John Hancock, 
 and manufactured by him from materials supplied 
 by me. Those for surgical purposes need not be 
 enumerated here, although some of these applica- 
 tions were important and still continue to be made. 
 He also devoted a great deal of his attention to the 
 manufacture of tubing, made sometimes solely of 
 sheet-rubber, and also by uniting plies of cloth. 
 This gradually led to the introduction of rubber 
 hose-pipe, which met with a vast amount of oppo- 
 sition from the leather-hose makers, and amono^st 
 brewers and distillers, — particularly the men, who 
 were in league with the old makers. It appears 
 that the leather-hose used in breweries could not be 
 made so perfect as to prevent a great loss of 
 liquor. It was stated to one of the great firms 
 (Messrs. Barclay and Co.) that rubber-hose would 
 not admit of any escape ; and one of the firm in- 
 sisted upon its being tried : it was found effectual, 
 but imparted a bad flavour to the liquor. This 
 was for a time a great obstruction to its use ; but it 
 was found that, by allowing waste liquor to run 
 through the hose for a while, it became sweetened, 
 and ultimately (if I mistake not) about 1800 feet 
 was constantly in use in that brewery alone. 
 Others followed, and rubber hose and tubing be- 
 came a staple manufacture, and continues so to this 
 day. The hose-pipe was composed of two, three, or 
 more plies of cloth, coated on both sides with solu-
 
 62 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 tion, and then rolled up on mandrels. They 
 were generally lined with sheet-rubber ; suction- 
 hose had spiral wire inside to prevent it from 
 collapsing. 
 
 Shoes began to be made of the cut sheet-rubber, 
 I think as early as 1825 or 1826, but not in con- 
 siderable quantities till 1828 and 1830. They 
 were made by folding the sheet, cut to the form of 
 an " upper," over to the bottom of a wooden last, 
 and held there by a few stitches across from edge to 
 edge ; and then the sole, cut to its proper size and 
 form, was cemented on with solution. These 
 shoes were generally lined with cloth and leather. 
 The soles were sometimes made of ordinar}'' sole- 
 leather and cemented on with solution. Several 
 parties soon began to make these shoes, but in a 
 rather clumsy manner : there were exceptions, 
 however, and some of very tolerable form. Mr. 
 Sparkes Hall soon took the lead, and maintained it. 
 He has told me that he began in 1830, and made 
 twelve pairs a day with his own hands. All these 
 parties took their cut sheet-rubber of me : indeed 
 there was yet no other manufacturer of this article, 
 the sale of which was become rather large ; and for 
 this and the other branches of my rubber business 
 I now constantly employed four horses. 
 
 About this time I supplied the Board of Ordnance 
 with some waterproof calico, which I understood 
 was applied to large and small cartridges, to prove 
 whether the powder would be kept dry by using 
 this material. I expected some good ordei^ from
 
 THE INDIA-KUBBER MANUFACTURE. 63 
 
 these experiments, but I do not remember ever 
 hearing anything more about it. The only articles 
 with which we at first supplied the Government 
 were " saddle water-decks," for covering the saddle, 
 &c., when the soldier was dismounted; and we have 
 supplied these articles at various periods ever since. 
 We also used air-proof cloth about this time for 
 making the well-known diving dresses, and sheet- 
 rubber tubings for keeping up the supply of air to 
 the diver, and to enable him to communicate with 
 the people in the vessels above. 
 
 The manufacture of rubber goods had not yet 
 reached the Continent, and in 1828 proposals were 
 made to me by parties who were desirous of esta- 
 blishing it in Paris. Terms were soon agreed on, 
 and I immediately put such machinery in hand 
 as the nature of the arrangements required. I was 
 to supply the solution from England, so that I did 
 not impart to them my secret mode of masticating 
 the rubber, nor of making the solution. I engaged 
 a sufficient number of men, and instructed them at 
 my own works in the modes of applying the solu- 
 tion, and doubling the cloths, and also in the manu- 
 facture of air-proof beds, cushions, &c. 
 
 In the summer of 1828 I took out to Paris Mr. 
 Christopher Nickells and Mr. Edward Woodcock, 
 Jun., and several other subordinate work-people, 
 and the machinery I had prepared, but found it 
 immensely difficult to pass the machinery through 
 the Custom House ; and I was obliged to wait at 
 Calais whilst communications passed between the
 
 64 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 officers there and the superior authorities in Paris. 
 At length, after unpacking the Avhole, and explain- 
 ing the parts to an engineer who, I believe, under- 
 stood nothing of my explanations, the whole was 
 allowed to pass. We had similar difficulty with the 
 solution: they opened the casks, put in a stick, 
 and stirred it to the bottom ; and, on withdrawing it 
 covered with the solution, they smelt its disagree- 
 able perfume, turned up their noses, exclaimed 
 " Chimie," and let it pass. 
 I met with a most cordial reception at Paris, as 
 well as my men ; and after fixing the machinery, 
 and seeing all in operation, and the men well to 
 their work, I came home, having spent, I think, 
 about three weeks in Paris, participating in the 
 hospitality of my new friends, Messrs. Rattier and 
 Guibal, whose attentions and politeness I shall 
 never forget. 
 
 The manufacture commenced at St. Denis, near 
 Paris, in the beginning of July of the same year, 
 and the first piece of cloth was waterproofed by 
 Mr. E. Woodcock. The shop for the sale of goods 
 was opened in the Rue de Fosses Montmartre in 
 October. Mr. Woodcock (except during a short 
 interval) continued in the employ of the firm until 
 its dissolution, and remains the superintendent of 
 the successors of the business to the present day ; 
 being an ingenious man and skilful mechanician, he 
 has contributed perhaps more than any other 
 person to the introduction of useful applications of 
 the rubber manufactures in that country.
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 65 
 
 Mr. Nickells remained also in the service of 
 Messrs. Rattier and Guibal some years, and has 
 since, with some others in this country, pursued 
 the elastic web and other manufactures with great 
 success. 
 
 I continued to supply the solution for some con- 
 siderable time, and at length furnished the means 
 for making the solution in France. The difficulty 
 of procuring very pure oil of turpentine caused 
 some loss and disappointment; but this was ulti- 
 mately overcome, and very excellent goods were 
 manufactured. The sale of waterproof cloths and 
 pneumatic articles did not, however, make much 
 progress at first; but the adaptations of the ma- 
 terial to some surgical purposes were eminently 
 successful. 
 
 In 1830 I took out another patent for the appli- 
 cation of the pure liquid rubber as drawn from the 
 trees to a number of useful purposes, as described 
 in the specification of this date in the Appendix. 
 This sepcification was settled by Mr. Serjt. 
 Bompas. I was induced to take this patent from 
 the persuasion that this article, having once 
 been brought over in the liquid state, could be 
 brought again, if proper steps were taken to pro- 
 cure it. On the recommendation of a friend, I 
 employed a person in Tampico to conduct this 
 business, and sent him instructions for collecting it 
 according to the best information I had been able 
 to obtain. A large quantity was collected and sent 
 over in good sound barrels, well stopped ; but, on 
 
 p
 
 66 OKIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 opening, I found in the majority of them a solid 
 mass of good rubber and a brown fluid. On in- 
 spection it was evident that the sohd part of the 
 rubber had separated from a dark-coloured watery 
 fluid, and had taken the form of the end of the 
 barrel, where it was found depositedc In some of 
 the barrels, however, the separation had only par- 
 tially taken place, and I obtained some rubber in 
 the creamy state. Another lot arrived much in the 
 same condition; and such were the expenses in- 
 curred and the loss sustained, that I gave up the 
 attempt, and all my patents for the application of 
 the liquid expired before I could obtain it in any 
 sufficient quantity. Nevertheless, I am persuaded 
 that its importation is practicable, as I have in my 
 possession a small quantity which I treated in a 
 particular way many years ago : and it remains a 
 fluid to this day. I may also mention that several 
 barrels were afterwards sent to this country, which 
 had undergone some treatment in the country 
 where it had been produced, by which it was pre- 
 served in a kind of semi-fluid state, and was in the 
 market here, and purchased by several persons. 
 Samples have recently been brought here and 
 proved satisfactory : these last had been treated 
 with an admixture of ammonia. 
 
 Although rubber in this state would be very use- 
 ful, and many things could be done with it which 
 are hardly practicable with the solutions ; yet the 
 loss of weight by evaporation being nearly two- 
 thirds of the whole, the expense of vessels, and the
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 67 
 
 freight of so much worthless matter, will probably 
 prevent its ever being used extensively. Before 
 the diiJiculty of dissolving ordinary rubber was 
 overcome, it was thought that the liquid, if it 
 could be obtained, would be invaluable ; but now, 
 all things considered, the dry material, for nearly 
 all the purposes of manufacture, is the cheapest and 
 most easily applied ; although, to persons un- 
 acquainted with practical details, this may appear 
 enigmatical. I have made very sharp and clean 
 casts with this liquid, and as it is susceptible of 
 tinting with delicate colours, it might, for orna- 
 mental purposes, be rendered very beautiful. 
 
 I have before observed that my mode of intro- 
 ducing rubber elastics into articles of dress and 
 wearing apparel became ultimately superseded by 
 an improved mode of applying it. I have under- 
 stood, that a German whose name I am not ac- 
 quainted with, conceived the idea of introducing a 
 thread of rubber into a woven web or fabric, so as 
 to form the warp, and, by keeping it confined 
 in an extended state during the operation of 
 weaving, and then releasing it, the fabric would be 
 gathered up and elasticated. 
 
 It appears that he was at a loss how to cut the 
 thread, which proved a difficulty wliich he could 
 not overcome ; and to obtain assistance, he went to 
 Paris, and, I believe, communicated to my friends 
 there his invention, and his difficulty. Experi- 
 ments were commenced at their works, and the 
 person I took out with me and left to superintend 
 
 F 2
 
 68 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 the waterproof manufacture succeeded in producing 
 a thread of rubber. I think, if I am rightly in- 
 formed, the little sample originally produced by the 
 German had been covered with a thread of cotton 
 or silk: at all events it was thought necessary 
 then, and for some time after, that the thread of 
 rubber should be covered in some way, and the 
 braiding machine was put in requisition for the 
 purpose. 
 
 Soon after this elastic web appeared in this coun- 
 try, I had some made, the cutting of the thread 
 not being very difficult to me. A very pretty 
 article was soon produced : the only obstacle to 
 success lay in the weaving, an art with which I 
 had very little acquaintance ; and when a practical 
 weaver was found, who could weave it well, she 
 was greatly perplexed to keep all the threads, or 
 elastic warps, to an equal tension. The conse- 
 quence was that the web, when taken out of the 
 loom, ran up into a crooked serpentine form, 
 caused by the threads which were more extended 
 than the rest during the weaving contracting more 
 when set at liberty. All this was matter of detail, 
 and a more fitting business for a ribbon or tape 
 manufacturer. I accordingly entered into a mu- 
 tually beneficial arrangement with an eminent house 
 of Manchester in that line, supplying them with 
 the rubber thread (then called gut), which they 
 soon manufactured into beautiful webs of different 
 widths and different degrees of elasticity and 
 strength. This arrangement subsisted for some
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 69 
 
 time; but having now a great deal to attend to, I 
 agreed upon terms to relinquish the whole business 
 in their favour, furnishing them with my modes 
 of preparing and cutting the thread, and two of 
 my men to carry it on. Their practical know- 
 ledge in braiding and weaving enabled them to 
 perfect the manufacture. 
 
 In order to show, as I before observed, the step- 
 by-step progress of new manufactures, I will de- 
 vote a few lines to the subject of cutting rubber- 
 thread, which may produce a little feeling of com- 
 placency in those who now get this material 
 furnished to them in so perfect a condition without 
 trouble. 
 
 My manufactured sheet-rubber was too inferior 
 in elastic power, when cut into such minute di- 
 mensions, to produce a good result ; and although 
 web has since been made of masticated rubber, it 
 did not add to the reputation of the article in its 
 elastic qualities, whatever it may have done in 
 regard to an even surface and a neat appearance. 
 
 I began, therefore, to cut the thread from the 
 rubber as imported, choosing the best quality and 
 the largest and thickest of the bottle kind. After 
 trying various modes, the followmg was practised 
 for some time. I must premise that these bottles 
 were very irregular in form, and of different 
 sizes and thicknesses. After softening them in 
 hot water, they were cut through the middle 
 lengthwise, and placed between plates, and sub- 
 mitted to pressure to flatten them, and remained 
 
 F 3
 
 70 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 until cold. They were then cemented to a board, 
 and ready for the cutting machine, which Avas 
 a kind of lathe carrying a circular knife, the 
 edge of which just came in contact with the 
 surface of the board, on which the flattened halves 
 of a number of bottles were cemented : a slide 
 movement carried the board and rubber past the 
 knife, which, having a suitable motion communicated 
 to it and water dropping on it, made a clean cut 
 through the rubber, near to its edge : a screw motion 
 now pushed the board and rubber as far beyond 
 the knife as would produce the thread of the in- 
 tended thickness to be cut. The rubber was then 
 pushed past the knife as before, and so on, until 
 the whole breadth of the rubber was filled with 
 these cuts (which were in general about one-six- 
 teenth of an inch apart). The next operation was 
 to put the board and rubber into a machine exactly 
 similar to that for cutting sheets ; after a few cuts 
 to level the surface, the screws were made to raise 
 the rubber, say one-sixteenth of an inch above the 
 steel-plates, and then passing the knife through the 
 rubber as in cutting sheets. The threads then came 
 off in a square form, of the intended size. These 
 threads averaged about five inches in length, and 
 when hot might be extended to about a yard. Now 
 these threads, being intended for warps, were re- 
 quired of great length, and, to obtain them, the 
 short lengths had to be united ; this operation was 
 done very neatly and quickly by girls ; with a 
 pair of sharp scissors they cut each end of the
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 71 
 
 thread wedge-shaped, and, when warm, they were 
 brought into juxtaposition splice-fashion; and 
 then, giving them a rub, they were perfectly joined 
 to any length. 
 
 A great improvement was afterwards made by 
 putting the rubber bottle on a mandrel in a lathe, 
 and by means of a circular knife and a screw and 
 slide motion a tape-like long slip was obtained ; and 
 this was again cut into square threads in another 
 machine, and then united as before, but with fewer 
 joinings, and consequently less labour and cost. 
 Some time before I gave up this manufacture 
 I had a cylinder made of masticated rubber of such 
 a size as would be most convenient for this purpose, 
 and sent it to Para as a pattern for the natives ; and 
 great numbers of such cylinders were soon after in 
 the market, and were well made, and of the best 
 quality of rubber, as desired, and called tubes. 
 Such cylinders are still imported. Before I quit 
 this web business, I will mention a peculiar pro- 
 perty in rubber, which was taken advantage of, and 
 was of great importance at that time. The threads, 
 during the weaving, had to be kept equally stretched, 
 which was a difficult matter. This was obviated 
 thus : — the thread was immersed in hot water 
 and stretched out to its utmost tension, and kept 
 in that position on frames. After standing by for 
 some days, it became " set " (that is, it remained so 
 extended by the action of cold) and was transferred 
 to the loom. When the web was taken out, a hot 
 iron was passed over it, when the restored resi- 
 
 T 4
 
 72 ORIGIN AND PROGKESS OF 
 
 liency of the threads contracted the web to its proper 
 length. 
 
 In 1830 Messrs. Macintosh and Co. made trial 
 of my solution at Manchester, which resulted in a 
 proposal to me to manufacture the solution there : 
 the terms proposed were liberal ; and, as we had 
 now become well acquainted with each other, and 
 had always gone on cordially together, the arrange- 
 ment was soon made — but still avoiding a part- 
 nership. It was resolved for the present not to 
 carry on the masticating there, and for some time 
 the masticated rubber for making the solution was 
 furnished by me. In pursuance of this arrangement 
 I now visited Manchester for the first time ; and 
 after surveying the works there, and suggesting 
 the necessary alterations, I returned, and put the 
 machinery in hand for making and straining the 
 solution, and for spreading it on the cloth ; and, as 
 it was necessary still to continue operations in 
 London, took on fresh hands, who were practised 
 for some time at my works in making and straining 
 the solution, and in the use of the machines em- 
 ployed in spreading it on the cloths and doubling 
 them, in rendering the seams waterproof, and 
 making boots, diving dresses, and other similar 
 articles, and air-beds, cushions, pillows, life-jackets, 
 life-preservers, hot-water bags, &c. As soon as 
 the works were ready at Manchester, I accom- 
 panied the men thither, and soon brought the 
 whole into successful operation. I met with a 
 great improvement here in drying with despatch
 
 "ME C HAEIC AIL FF R'FO S E S 
 
 Gas Bill] lor /i<yaiiini/ Mains 
 
 • 7/ II Pipe 
 
 Door Spring.
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 73 
 
 the solution after it had been spread on the cloth, 
 by passing it over large cylinders heated by steam. 
 Mr. Macintosh had an apparatus applied to these 
 machines with the view of condensing the vapour 
 and recovering the naphtha, but found it could 
 not be done with any useful or economical result. 
 
 Although I had so far associated mj^self in 
 business with Messrs. Macintosh and Co. in carry- 
 ing out Mr. Macintosh's patent, I still for some 
 years continued to conduct my own business quite 
 distinct from theirs. 
 
 In the year 1833, my late brother John Han- 
 cock, who had established the hose business, left 
 London, and sold his interest in the business to 
 Messrs. Macintosh & Co., and it was then carried 
 on chiefly at my works, where I continued to make 
 nearly all the air-j^roof goods and other similar 
 things sold in London, as well as water-proofing 
 the seams of garments, &c. 
 
 On the 11th of April, 1834, as some of my men 
 were working by candle-light, they by some means 
 set fire to a whole piece of cloth they were 
 proofing; the flames communicated immediately 
 with other pieces and with a quantity of solution 
 they were using, bringing the whole room suddenly 
 into a blaze. The men, whilst making their en- 
 deavours to arrest the mischief, were enveloped in 
 a thick smoke, and, being unable to find the stairs, 
 were nearly sufibcated, and one of them was much 
 burnt. The fire-engines were soon on the spot ; but, 
 from the combustible nature of the stock, and a
 
 74 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 considerable part of the buildings being constructed 
 of weatherboard and plaster, nearly the whole was 
 speedily reduced to ashes. The premises and stock 
 being insured, my loss was not very great. In 
 laying out my plans for the new works, I took care 
 to have the buildings detached, with a consider- 
 able space between each of the three, and without 
 windows or doors on opposite sides. These pre- 
 cautions and some others enabled me to get them 
 insured again. 
 
 In the new buildings no provision was made for 
 manufacturing either rubber or solution, which 
 was now supplied from Manchester ; this alteration 
 afforded me much greater space for spreading 
 machines for water-proofing and air-proofing cloth, 
 and for the manufacture of air-proof articles, 
 proofing the seams of garments, and a variety of 
 other things, the whole business having now greatly 
 increased in magnitude. 
 
 I should mention that I had now carried on the 
 manufacture of rubber shoes to some considerable 
 extent ; they were lined withcloth, velvet, leather, 
 &c. ; some were made with leather soles, and others 
 entirely of rubber. Several things, however, made 
 me indifi'erent about shoes : first of all, it was not a 
 business to my taste ; then shoemakers, who would 
 have been thought the most likely persons to have 
 made thera well, were in practice amongst the 
 worst ; they could not be reconciled to abandon 
 their awl and waxed thread, although they were 
 not called upon to give up their " last." I must 
 confess also that others made them neater than we
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 75 
 
 did ; and as all the makers took their material from 
 us, I relinquished this trade early in the year 
 1834 without much reluctance. 
 
 As it now became necessary to employ steam 
 power, it was determined that such parts of the 
 business as required the employment of it should 
 be done at Manchester. Accordingly, I was now 
 busily engaged in preparing the masticating and 
 other machinery for the works there. The demand 
 for cut-sheets and stationers' rubber was constantly 
 increasing, and required of itself a large amount of 
 power to drive the capacious masticators and the 
 larger rollers now found necessary for this branch 
 of manufacture ; and as the waterproof business also 
 kept steadily advancing, we required a large supply 
 of masticated rubber to be used in our own works, 
 for making solution, besides its application to 
 other purposes, such as solid rubber -tubing, the 
 lining of hose-pipe, &c. Sheet rubber was also 
 brought into requisition for lining hot-water bags, 
 which required an extra thickness of rubber. 
 These bags were made of all sizes, and at the 
 breaking out of the cholera and during its pre- 
 valence were in great esteem, and have ever since 
 been more or less in use, and sometimes large 
 enough for beds ; they were, and are, used also for 
 cold water by the doctors in particular cases. 
 
 Although there was alreadj' one steam-engine at 
 the works, another was speedily laid down, to- 
 gether with a train of heavy shafting and gearing 
 to drive the new masticators and rollers ; and steam 
 was also laid on to steam-pans for heating the
 
 76 ORIGIN AND mOGRESS OF 
 
 rubber, and to stoves for drying it. When all these 
 means came into operation we soon found tliem 
 insufficient to meet the still increasing demand ; 
 and more power was added and the works ex- 
 tended. I think we were now frequently using 
 from two to three tons of rubber weekly. 
 
 The shameful adulteration of the raw material in 
 various ways, and the admixture frequently of an 
 enormous amount of gross matter, such as sand, 
 wood, clay, and other rubbish, gave us a great 
 deal of trouble, and required a considerable amount 
 of steam power, as well as manual labour, to clean 
 it, besides the large pecuniary loss sustained. 
 
 I some time since, through the medium of the 
 " Gardener's Chronicle," called attention to the 
 possibility of cultivating the best kinds of caout- 
 chouc-bearing plants in the East and West Indies: 
 the Siphonia elastica of the river Amazon, the 
 Hancornia speciosa of Pernambuco, and the Urceola 
 elastica of Borneo, Pulo-Penang, and other islands. 
 From the best information I have been able to 
 obtain there is every probability of success, and as 
 this substance is now become an article of large 
 and increasing consumption, plantations of these 
 trees may in a few years produce a beneficial 
 return. We cannot look far into futurity, but if 
 by any chance the present source of supply should 
 be cut off or obstructed, another source would be 
 of great importance ; at all events the subject 
 should not be lost sight of, and I mention it here 
 in the hope that the suggestion may meet the eye
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 77 
 
 of some one who may be disposed to make the 
 trial. Sir W. Hooker has been so kind as to say 
 that he would at any time render any assistance 
 in his power to parties disposed to make the 
 attempt. 
 
 In 1835 I obtained a patent for an improvement 
 in rendering air-beds, cushions, pillows, &c., more 
 elastic and capable of yielding more uniformly to 
 the pressure of the body. When pressure is 
 applied to an ordinary air-cushion, the air con- 
 tained in it being compressed, forces out the 
 flexible, but comparatively inelastic, material of 
 which the cushion is formed to a state of tension. 
 This strain upon the material is of course in 
 proportion to the degree of pressure employed. I 
 once had the curiosity to put an ordinary pillow 
 between boards into an hydraulic press, to test the 
 weight it would sustain, and was surprised to find 
 that it bore a pressure of seven tons before it burst ; 
 so that in fact an air-cushion, although it accom- 
 modates itself equally to pressure when in use, it 
 then becomes comparatively hard ; yet it still 
 has the advantage of yielding, and accommodates 
 itself to every motion, however trifling. The 
 object of this patent was to communicate such a 
 degree of elasticity to the material which confines 
 the air as to enable it to expand freely, when sub- 
 jected to the weight of the body ; so that the air, 
 being less restrained, could now contribute its elas- 
 ticity to form a soft and yielding, instead of a hard 
 and tense, surface to the cushion. The air-proof
 
 78 OlilGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 cloth for this purpose was rendered elastic by 
 stretching threads of rubber on a frame to their 
 utmost tension at certain distances from each 
 other, and fixing them at the ends: the cloth was 
 also strained on a board with the rubber- surface 
 upwards ; the threads still on the frame were then 
 placed on the cloth and rubbed down ; the interior 
 divisions of the cushion Avere then placed on them ; 
 a piece of air-proof cloth of the same size as the 
 former, and furnished in the same manner with 
 rubber-thread, was then laid on, and the whole well 
 rubbed down ; the threads were then liberated, and, 
 by applying heat, the cloth was gathered up into 
 a corrugated surface, and the whole cushion ren- 
 dered elastic and yielding. The specification is 
 given in the Appendix. These articles were 
 highly valued by invalids, but they were apt to 
 get out of order by the frequent gathering up of 
 the thin fihn of rubber on the cloth, and they 
 were also difficult to repair ; and we reluctantly 
 gave up making them. These expanding cushions 
 were a very near approach to Dr. Arnott's " Hy- 
 drostatic Bed." As the doctor generously gave 
 this invention to the public, they were soon 
 introduced into hospitals, and kept by parties who 
 let them out on hire. Our trade in sheets for 
 these beds became considerable. 
 
 My process of mastication, which had been kept 
 secret for twelve years, was at length divulged by 
 one of my workmen, and, by this time, 1835, had 
 become known to several persons, who, taking ad-
 
 THE INDIA-llUBBER MANUFACTURE. 79 
 
 vantage of this disclosure, were enabled to make 
 solutions with facility ; and hence Mr. Macintosh's 
 patent began to be infringed, so that, in the latter 
 end of this year, proceedings were taken against 
 the infringers, and the action came on to be tried 
 in February, 1836, when a verdict was obtained, 
 establishing the validity of the patent. After this, 
 other infringers, fearing consequences, solicited our 
 forbearance, and no further proceedings were 
 taken, and the patent remained undisturbed during 
 the remaining period of the grant. 
 
 In 1837 I obtained a patent for improvements 
 in rendering cloth waterproof. Hitherto, the 
 rubber used for spreading on cloth had been re- 
 duced to a state of solution sufficiently attenuated 
 to admit of its being spread without heat in the 
 machine before described. By my present im- 
 provement, the quantity of solvent formerly used 
 was greatly reduced, and, in some instances, spread 
 without the use of any solvent at all. The masti- 
 cated rubber was rolled into rough sheets, and 
 such a proportion of solvent applied to both sides 
 with a brush as would in the end soften the rubber 
 to the desired degree. It was then rolled up 
 together, and allowed to remain covered up till the 
 next day ; it was then submitted to the action of 
 rollers of differential speeds until the whole became 
 of the consistence of a smooth and plastic mass. 
 
 The rubber, thus reduced to a doughy state, was 
 spread by an apparatus something similar to that 
 before described, except, that instead of a wooden
 
 80 OKIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 plank for the bed of the machine, a revolving hollow 
 iron cylinder was substituted, and kept hot by 
 steam or hot water; and the coated cloth was 
 made to pass over a flat iron chamber heated in the 
 same way, to evaporate the small quantity of 
 solvent the rubber mis^ht still retain. These im- 
 provements are so decisive that they are retained 
 to the present day, and a great number of these 
 machines are kept in constant operation. The 
 masticated rubber without any solvent has been 
 spread by these machines ; but the spreading 
 succeeds best when the rubber is in some degree 
 softened by a small addition of solvent. (See 
 Specification in the Appendix.) 
 
 In 1838 I obtained a patent for manufacturing 
 rubber into wide sheets of any required thickness 
 or length. The preparation and spreading of the 
 Rubber was effected by the same machinery as 
 that described in my patent of 1837 , the principal 
 difference being in the preparation of the cloth 
 upon which the rubber was spread. This patent 
 being for the production of sheets of rubber with- 
 out cloth attached, it was necessary to prepare the 
 cloth upon which the rubber was to be spread in 
 such a manner as to admit of the cloth being easily 
 detached or stripped off. This was done by satu- 
 rating the cloth with a solution of gum, starch, or 
 glue, and calendering it so as to produce a smooth 
 surface. After a suflicient number of coats of the 
 rubber-dough had been spread upon this cloth to 
 make up the desired thickness, the whole was im-
 
 THE INDIA EUBBER MANUFACTURE. 81 
 
 mersed in warm water to dissolve the gum con- 
 tained in the texture of the cloth, when the sheet 
 of rubber came off with ease. This patent has also 
 been used to a very great extent, and continues to 
 be used largely to this day. 
 
 In the summer of the year 1838 we were visited 
 by a great calamity. Our works at Manchester 
 took fire at midnight, after all the men had left, 
 and althouoh the building; was constructed on what 
 is called the fire-proof principle, such was the in- 
 flammable nature of the large amount of stock it 
 contained, that all that was combustible was speedily 
 destroyed, and, what is worse, several of the men 
 lost their lives by the unexpected falling of some 
 of the heavy machinery through the arched floors, 
 supposed to have been secure against such a 
 casualty. I happened at the time to be in Scot- 
 land, on a visit to my late much esteemed and la- 
 mented friend and partner Mr. Charles Macintosh. 
 I hastened to Manchester, and soon witnessed the 
 scene of devastation, and lieard of the appalling 
 circumstances in the melancholy loss of life of the 
 poor men who had ventured to stay too long in the 
 devoted mill. 
 
 The walls were standing, and the chimney and 
 stone stairs, and most of the arched floors, but the 
 machinery was mostly damaged beyond repair, and 
 the reservoirs of solutions and solvents, being chiefly 
 at that time of wood, had of course disappeared. 
 We never could ascertain the cause of this disaster : 
 it remains a mystery to this day. 
 
 G
 
 82 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 Having plenty of zealous help at hand, the rubbish 
 was soon cleared away ; in the meanwhile, no time 
 was lost in devising means for resuming work. 
 This was the more pressing as our business was 
 yearly on the increase, and the season for the 
 demand of our goods fast approaching. At first it 
 was proposed to bring steam across the street from 
 our partner's cotton-mills by an existing subterra- 
 nean passage ; but while this was being deliberated 
 upon, the engineer of the works came with the 
 welcome news that the two engines had not sus- 
 tained material damage, and might soon be got to 
 work.- Hands were put on in every department, 
 for the machinery, and builders to restore the mill, 
 and the whole was sufficiently restored to resume 
 operations in an incredibly short time ; and I think, 
 after all, if I remember right, we still did more 
 business than in any previous year, frequently 
 waterproofing from three to four thousand square 
 yards of double textures a day. 
 
 In the year 1839 we constructed some very 
 large air-proof vessels or chambers, in the form of 
 flat-bottomed boats. These were intended to su- 
 persede the metal pontoons generally used in the 
 construction of military bridges, for conveying 
 troops, ordnance and stores across rivers. As 
 many as twenty pontoons, or even thirty, are often 
 necessary to form a bridge, and as they are twenty 
 feet long — large, slow-moving carriages like timber- 
 wagons being needed to carry them — they greatly
 
 trrp- rTTXC
 
 FOR EXPLORING. CAMPAIGNING. &.C 
 
 P S M ■! T X C T I rs r 1 £ w. 
 
 ' I l l \V W Vt \m W k/ \« W it/ \t» M «</\»
 
 THE -INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 83 
 
 impede the march of an army ; so that in the Penin- 
 sular War, the pontoon train was often in the rear 
 and not available when required. The object now 
 in view, the invention of an eminent military officer, 
 was to make pontoons more portable, by construct- 
 in cr them of canvas of ojreat strenojth rendered air- 
 proof by rubber. 
 
 The pontoons when inflated were found fully 
 capable of sustaining the bridge and the passage of 
 troops and artillery, and, Avhen exhausted of the 
 air, could be folded up into a comparatively small 
 compass, and were light and portable enough to be 
 carried on one horse. Each pontoon was furnished 
 with several openings, having a screw nozzle at- 
 tached with a proper valve to close it : to these 
 nozzles a kind of cylindrical bellows was screwed 
 on ; and with one man acting on each pair of 
 bellows filled the pontoon in from five to six 
 minutes. 
 
 The timber superstructure of the bridge was 
 formed much in the usual way ; duly attending, 
 however, to the object of its portability on animals, 
 or small carriages about the length of a field-piece 
 on its four-wheeled travelling-carriage the pon- 
 toons being lashed to the superstructure, main- 
 tained their position and proper distance from each 
 other. Forty of the foot guards, under the com- 
 mand of an officer, were placed upon the raft sup- 
 ported by two of these pontoons, and were towed 
 down the river some distance. The men were 
 
 G 2
 
 84 ORIGIN AND TROGRESS OF 
 
 perfectly at ease on it. The Duke of AVellington, in 
 order to judge of its stability, and the room af- 
 forded, caused tlie party to sit down, and even to lie 
 on it as well as to stand upright. The raft was 
 then towed to shore and the men were landed. I 
 afterwards attended some experiments at Woolwich 
 with these pontoons in the presence of Lord 
 Vivian, who appeared to be satisfied with their 
 performance, and made minute inquiries as to 
 their endurance, and the means of providing 
 against perforations by shot or accident. He also 
 had a piece of ordnance embarked on it, and a 
 posse of men to handle it. All went off quite 
 satisfactorily. These pontoons were employed in 
 pontoon exercise for some months, and the inven- 
 tor of them was not slow in acknowledging the 
 assistance we had rendered him in carrying out his 
 plans. 
 
 In 1840 we found it necessary again to increase 
 our means of production by the addition of more 
 power, and of new buildings and machinery. The 
 machinery was now on a still much larger scale : 
 the rollers for breaking down the raw material 
 and cleansing it were modified in form, and the 
 heavy rollers for crushing the rubber for the 
 masticators were of a strength suitable to the pre- 
 paration of the charges of rubber — for the mon- 
 ster masticator was for the first time put to work 
 (a perspective sketch of this machine is annexed) — 
 each charge required for it amounting to from 180 
 to 200 pounds. For the formation of this large
 
 l.W: Pelty, Litll^
 
 i^;gTra©/i\?aK]'S aa^sao] 
 
 I W. Piiiv. Loh
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 85 
 
 mass into square blocks, new moulds had to be 
 made, with means to apply suitable pressure. 
 These were now six feet long, twelve inches wide, 
 and six or seven inches thick. As before stated, 
 these required large cutting machines which enabled 
 us to cut sheets of any thickness required by our 
 customers ; and such was the perfection to which 
 these processes were brought, that for particular 
 purposes sheets were cut as thin as the eightieth 
 part of an inch, and of such a size as to be used 
 without joining for purposes where hitherto it had 
 been requisite to join them. 
 
 A patent had been taken out for raising sunken 
 ships, and we were now called upon to make some 
 very large air-tight cylinders capable of sustaining 
 great pressure : these were much larger than the 
 pontoons, and in those days tried the skill of our 
 workmen to make them sound, and of the forms 
 required. This, however, was accomplished, and 
 with these, experiments were made to raise some 
 sunken vessels. To effect this, the cylinders were 
 collapsed and sunk to the lowest part of the vessel 
 to be raised, and attached to each other by chains 
 underneath its bottom. The cylinders were then 
 filled with air by means of hose-pipes, and air- 
 pumps worked by steam. 
 
 The theory of the inventor appeared to be right 
 in principle and very promising ; the cylinders 
 bore the pressure, and there seemed to be nothing 
 to prevent success. Such, however, was not the 
 case : the great difficulty proved to be the getting 
 
 G 3
 
 86 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 chains under the vessel, and placing them in the 
 required positions. The construction of these 
 large receptacles, and the various scliemes we were 
 called upon from time to time to assist in carrying 
 out by means of our manufactures, tended con- 
 stantly to improve our manipulations, and add to 
 our experience in adapting it to a vast number of 
 applications both of such as suggested themselves 
 to our own minds as well as those that were 
 adopted by others. 
 
 As it is my intention to confine myself as much 
 as possible to a personal narrative, I shall only 
 mention here, that although several parties had 
 now entered into the rubber manufacture, and 
 some of our hands left us, and carried with them 
 what they had learnt whilst in our employ ; and 
 although some of these competitors boasted of large 
 means, and made a formidable array of trustees, 
 directors, botanical adviser, manager, auditors, 
 solicitors, bankers, secretary, &c., they did not 
 much injure the progress of our business. The 
 proceedings, therefore, of these parties were not 
 such as to cause us any great amount of anxiety ; 
 nor did we suffer any material diminution of our 
 sales thereby, although we suffered in some degree 
 by the depreciation of prices in some articles. 
 
 These parties, as well as ourselves, were destined 
 to witness a falling off in the waterproof depart- 
 ment, from other and very different causes, for al- 
 though our trade in these articles continued good 
 for another year or two, yet we felt a gradual
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 87 
 
 decline in the demand, and a universal depression 
 in the sale of them throughout the country. 
 
 Several concurrent circumstances contributed to 
 bring about this state of things. Those travelling 
 on the outside of stage coaches were the most 
 numerous class of our customers for waterproof 
 articles, and those stage coaches were fast dis- 
 appearing before the superior speed and accommoda- 
 tions afforded by the railway system ; here roofs and 
 protection were afforded for travellers formerly 
 exposed on the top of a coach to all the changes 
 of our variable climate, greatly needing then the 
 protection we afforded them ; these now needed 
 it no longer, or to a comparatively limited extent. 
 In the neio-hbourhood of laro;e towns, the intro- 
 duction of omnibuses in a great measure super- 
 seded the short- stage coaches. Gigs and light 
 open carriages were also much less used. All 
 these changes occurring almost simultaneously, 
 necessarily operated to lessen the demand for 
 waterproof clothing. But last, although perhaps 
 not least, the doctors spread a universal outcry that 
 these garments were so unhealthy, that no one 
 ought to expose himself to the hazard of wear- 
 ing them ; forgetting that their predecessors, and 
 some of the elders among themselves, were con- 
 stantly attributing many of the numerous " ills 
 that flesh is heir to," to a drenching cold rain and 
 a wet skin, and that a garment to provide against 
 such unhappy consequences was a desideratum 
 which had long been sought for in vain, and which 
 
 G 4
 
 88 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 none, perhaps, were more earnest than themselves 
 to obtain. 
 
 It would have been more consistent with the 
 professional knowledge of medical men, if instead 
 of decrying these garments, which they admitted 
 were an effectual protection from rain, they had 
 given to their friends any precaution they thought 
 necessary, and particularly against their fitting 
 so close as to confine insensible perspiration, 
 which the wearer himself soon discovers to be 
 unpleasant. All this is pretty well understood in 
 the present day, and loose-fitting waterproof gar- 
 ments being made much lighter than formerly, 
 they are now no impediment to the pedestrian, 
 and are consequently in more general use tlian at 
 any former period, and I believe no longer objected 
 to by the faculty as injurious to health. 
 
 Several patents were taken out by the late Mr. 
 W. Brockedon, for various modes of manufacturing 
 a substitute for corks and bungs, of which rubber 
 formed a component part. With the early part of 
 his experiments, we had nothing to do, but ulti- 
 mately he applied to us for assistance in carrying 
 out in succession the several improvements he had 
 projected. 
 
 The core of these corks and bungs was originally 
 formed of woollen felt, and coated first with solu- 
 tion and then with thin sheet rubber : these were 
 found too expensive for most purposes, and re- 
 course was had to a structure of cotton for a core. 
 The manufacture of this core underwent several
 
 K A IT T I € A !L A 'R T I € L E S . 
 
 Se<.v Coaf 
 
 CI,. 
 
 ■«•" y 
 
 ^j.. 
 
 .S,,, 11,, ,1 
 
 A//"-f«: i 
 
 IlLiiJlliilIll!' J'U.k.t 
 
 49 
 
 JAlc\BeIt. 
 
 .^.^ ^, 
 
 T.^htur. dii.. ic su
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 89 
 
 successive improvements, till at length, by the 
 invention of some very beautiful machinery, Mr. 
 Brockedon brought this core into great lengths in 
 a cylindrical form, from which corks could be cut 
 of any required length. The cotton constituting 
 this core was so placed and bound together as to 
 yield sufficient elasticity without being too easily 
 compressed. The corks so formed were also coated 
 with solution, and covered with thin sheet rubber, 
 forming an article every way apparently suitable 
 to the intended use. Much time, great ingenuity, 
 and a large outlay were absorbed in this under- 
 taking, and for a time everything promised Avell. 
 Of course wine merchants were expected to be 
 the largest consumers of these corks, and accord- 
 ingly they were introduced to various houses 
 engaged in that businesss. Many were pleased to 
 have a firm clean stopper, instead of the faulty, per- 
 forated, dusty things they had hitherto used ; but 
 they had to undergo severe testings. 
 
 As nearly as I can rememember, about 1840, a 
 gentleman from Paris gave me a small kind of 
 doily, or small piece of "cambric, covered on one side 
 with rubber of a dingy yellow colour, on which 
 was the print, I think, of a female. He also gave 
 me a map printed on rubber without cloth, which 
 would expand by the elasticity of the material. 
 These were the only articles, as far as I recollect, 
 that I had yet seen that were not of English or 
 French manufacture. The yellow tinge in the
 
 90 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 rubber on the cambric was produced by the use 
 of sulphur, and the appearance of the article by no 
 means good. 
 
 Mr. Bi'ockedon continued indefatigable in the 
 endeavour to improve his stoppers : the colour of 
 them, which was that of sheet-rubber, was objected 
 to, and he was anxious to get a better surface, and 
 had recourse to many expedients with that view, 
 in which from time to time I assisted him, and at 
 length their form and the surface and general 
 appearance were greatly improved. In the mean- 
 time they had to be subjected, for some considerable 
 period, to various trials, as to their efficiency 
 amongst the wine merchants, for soda-water, beer- 
 bottling, bungs for fruit preservers, gunpowder 
 canisters, and various other similar uses. 
 
 Although the waterproof trade had somewhat 
 declined, yet we still did a considerable business in 
 that line, and the air-proof department, I think, 
 never flagged much. Life-preservers became more 
 known, and their utility had been proved in the 
 saving of life. The demand for diving-dresses and 
 the tubing for them increased as well as the trade 
 in hose-pipe, fishing-boots, &c., and the trade con- 
 tinued good for fine cut sheet-rubber, and blocks 
 for stationers, &c. The trade in solutions had now 
 become considerable ; not only for rendering the 
 seams of garments waterproof, and for shoemakers, 
 but as a cement also, which for some purposes it is 
 particularly well adapted, possessing this pecu- 
 liarity — that it remains adhesive when dry, and
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 91 
 
 two surfaces coated with it, Avhen brought into 
 contact, immediately unite, requiring only a little 
 pressure or rubbing with the hand. This cement 
 will be used extensively when more known. 
 
 Some time in the early part of the autumn of 
 1842, Mr. Brockedon showed me some small bits 
 of rubber that he told me had been brought by a 
 person from America, who represented himself as 
 the agent of the inventor : it was said that they 
 would not stiffen by cold, and were not much af- 
 fected by solvents, heat, or oils. Mr. Brockedon 
 told me that the mode of manufacturing this 
 rubber was a secret, and that the agent who had, 
 shown them to him, declared himself totally igno- 
 rant of it ; all he knew was, that it had been done 
 by some new solvent which was very cheap in 
 America, and that he wished to find parties Avho 
 would purchase the secret in this country, and 
 asked Mr. Brockedon to give him any introduction 
 he could to the trade. Mr, Brockedon gave him 
 the names of Macintosh and Co., and the repre- 
 sentatives of the Caoutchouc Company, (and, I 
 think, at least one otherj with whom the party also 
 left specimens. Macintosh and Co. told the agent, 
 that as he could give no information, they could 
 not judge of the merits of the invention, as it might 
 be easy to make these small specimens, whilst 
 difficulties might be found in its application upon 
 a large scale ; nor could they judge whether their 
 present appliances, which had been very costly,
 
 92 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 would be suitable for this manufacture, or 
 whether any modification of tlieir present plant 
 would answer, or if the modes were so alto- 
 gether new as to require a fresli outlay. Under 
 these circumstances, as they could not act in the 
 dark, they recommended the taking out of a patent, 
 when a clear comprehension of the whole could be 
 obtained, and the invention openly dealt with ac- 
 cording to its merits. This course was approved 
 of, and the agent said he would immediately advise 
 his principal to take out a patent. 
 
 In the meantime, Mr. Brockedon had become 
 sanguine about his stoppers, as nothing at present 
 appeared to make their success doubtful, providing 
 they did not in time impart any flavour to the 
 wine. As he had now seen that rubber could be 
 so prepared to be unaffected by cold, he became 
 desirous of imparting that quality to his stoppers, 
 and immediately commenced experiments to see 
 whether he could find some way of producing the 
 same condition in the rubber for the purpose. I 
 believe he pursued those experiments for a con- 
 siderable period, and at one time told me he had 
 succeeded ; but in this he was mistaken. His pre- 
 parations would still stiffen by cold. 
 
 Mr. Brockedon cut, from two of the small pieces 
 which had been given him, two very diminutive 
 bits, and gave them to me ; one bit was about one 
 and a half or two inches long, and one inch and a 
 quarter wide, and perhaps about the twentieth of 
 an inch thick : this bit, on the exterior, was of a
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 93 
 
 dirty yellowish grey colour, and a little dusty 
 powder upon it ; Avhen cut across, the cut edge 
 appeared of a dark colour : the other bit was of a 
 dark reddish brown colour throughout, with a clean 
 surface without any dusty appearance. The first 
 named had a slight smell of sulphur, and I thought 
 that a little sulphurous powder had been rubbed 
 on to mislead. On stretching them out thin, I 
 observed they were both quite opaque. I found 
 they were, as stated, not affected by cold. 
 
 About this time — that is, the latter end of the 
 year 1842 and the beginning of 1843, — I was 
 engaged in some experiments for divesting rubber 
 of its adhesiveness, particularly the surface of solu- 
 tions of rubber spread upon cloth to render it 
 waterproof, with the view of avoiding the neces- 
 sity of employing a double texture for this purpose, 
 according to Mr. Macintosh's principle. Cloth 
 so prepared has since been called " single textures," 
 and used very extensively for garments and 
 other coverings. Being engaged in these expe- 
 riments, I determined at the same time to try 
 whether I could not also find some means of 
 preventing rubber from stiffening by exposure to 
 cold. The idea was not new to me ; I had at- 
 tempted it nearly twenty years before, and thought 
 I had succeeded ; but the goods to which my pre- 
 paration was applied would not bear the test of 
 time ; they were spoiled ; and the whole resulted in 
 a rather severe loss. 
 
 Finding now that this object appeared to have
 
 94 ORIGIN AND TROGRESS OF 
 
 been somehow or other effected, and therefore de- 
 monstrated to be practicable, and as it was my 
 particular department to keep up the quality of 
 our manufactures, and to maintain our standing; 
 and the position our goods had attained, I set 
 to work in earnest, resolved, if possible, not to be 
 outdone by any. As I advanced, I spent all my 
 spare time to attain the two objects I had in 
 view. 
 
 I succeeded in producing beautiful drab and 
 tan-coloured surfaces, perfectly inadhesive, by com- 
 bining silicate of magnesia, and compounds of this 
 silicate, with fuller's earth, whiting, ochre, and 
 other earths, in all of which the silicate of mag- 
 nesia formed the foundation and predominated. 
 For a dark colour, I employed asphalte, both the 
 natural mineral kinds, as well as that obtained 
 by boiling down coal-tar to the state of asphalte. 
 With this asphalte, I also sometimes combined 
 plumbago, and by these means produced an un- 
 adhesive black surface. Since that time, a taste 
 for a more glossy article prevailing, varnishes have 
 been added. In carrying out these improvements, 
 no new machinery was needed, the rubber and com- 
 pounds being made, and the straining and spread- 
 ing eifected, by the means before mentioned. 
 
 During my progress with these experiments, I 
 gave attention also to my other object ; and hav- 
 ing nearly brought the former to a close, I could 
 give to the latter more special attention. The 
 little bits given me by Mr. Brockedon certainly
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 95 
 
 showed me for the first time that the desirable 
 change in the condition of rubber of not stiffen- 
 ing by cold had been attained, but they afforded 
 no clue to the mode by which it had been brought 
 about. 
 
 As the knowledge of this improvement in the 
 qualities of rubber soon spread abroad, several 
 persons began to make experiments, in order to 
 discover means to effect the same ; but as there 
 were very few who at that time had any considerable 
 experience in the treatment of rubber beyond the 
 ordinary applications for Avater-proofing purposes, 
 and the construction of pneumatic articles, they 
 were not very likely to succeed in an attempt 
 which required, besides an experimental knowledge 
 of the subject, unwearied application, and the 
 closest observation of the effects of every new addi- 
 tion to the compounds, and of the proportions indi- 
 cative of improved results — nor were high tempe- 
 ratures employed by such persons. Mr. A. Parkes, 
 for instance, was not much acquainted with the 
 rubber manufacture, and therefore, after he had 
 seen my specification, and the change that had 
 been effected by sulphur and heat, went imme- 
 diately to work as a chemist, and tried the effect 
 of the whole round of sulphurous combinations 
 with the Rubber, and for a time gave up the 
 pursuit, but being urged to continue his experi- 
 ments, he at length succeeded, by purely chemical 
 means, in effecting a change in rubber very closely 
 resembling vulcanization.
 
 96 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 It is a singular fact, that although sulphur had 
 long since been compounded with rubber by myself 
 in this country, and in America by others, yet that 
 its true value for producing such a result had 
 never been even dreamt of by any of us. I made 
 no analysis of these little bits, nor did I pro- 
 cure, either directly or indirectly, any analysis 
 of them. In making my experiments, I depended 
 entirely and solely on my own exertions, having 
 some confidence in an experience of upwards of 
 twenty years of unceasing application to the mani- 
 pulation with my own hands of the substance I 
 was dealing with ; and it having been shown that 
 rubber could be so made as not to stiffen by cold, 
 I devoted myself to the discovery, if possible, of 
 some mode by which this property could be im- 
 parted ; and I considered the small specimens given 
 to me simply as a proof that it was practicable. 
 It had been my constant practice to make my ex- 
 periments alone, in my private laboratory at Stoke 
 Newington, into which on these occasions no person 
 entered but myself. I consequently lighted my 
 own fires, and did all the labour myself; and hav- 
 ing constantly to attend to the general business* in 
 London, and to answer innumerable inquiries, both 
 verbally and by letter, besides attending consulta- 
 tions with parties taking out patents*, or others 
 requiring information in the application of our 
 materials to their different purposes, I was obliged 
 in a great measure to pursue my experiments after 
 the hours of business, and was frequently employed
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 97 
 
 till midiiiglit in these labours. I think it neces- 
 sary to mention this, because it has been alleged 
 that nothing could have been less difficult than 
 such a discovery, and that any one acquainted 
 with the substance might have accomplished it 
 with great ease. After a discovery is once made, 
 it is generally said to be easy of attainment ; any- 
 body might have done it, the thing was so simple. 
 According to Milton, an idea of this kind occurred 
 to some as far back as the council in Pandaa- 
 monium : — 
 
 " The invention all admired ; and eacli how he 
 To be th' inventor missed, so easy it seem'd, 
 Once found, which yet unfound most would have thought 
 Impossible." 
 
 But to resume, I knew nothing more of the com- 
 position of the small specimens given me by Mr. 
 Brockedon than what I or any other person might 
 know by sight and smell. In such a pursuit I was 
 obliged to grope a good deal in the dark ; for al- 
 though my former experience, such as heat, mas- 
 ticating, rolling, and the use of solvents, served 
 as landmarks, still my experiments could only be 
 made pretty much at random, not at all knowing 
 what the result of any of them might be. I re- 
 member well that I had from the first a strong 
 impression that the rubber underwent the change 
 either when in a state of solution, or when greatly 
 softened by heat, and these two points I kept 
 pretty much in view. I compounded with the 
 
 H
 
 98 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 rubber in one or other of these conditions an 
 almost endless round of matters of all kinds. 
 
 I treated these with the rubber separately, and 
 in innumerable combinations. In some of them I 
 included sulphur, and employed heat in almost 
 every case, without regarding what degree of heat 
 I used. I have, in an early part of my narrative, 
 stated how useful I found it to employ high tempe- 
 ratures, and attribute my final success in my present 
 pursuit to the habit I had acquired in its use, 
 particularly when I thought it necessary to reduce 
 the rubber to the softest or most plastic state with- 
 out solvents. When making the compounds with 
 solvents, I first dissolved the rubber, either making 
 the solution of a thin consistence, or of the consist- 
 ence of dough, and then mixed or worked up the 
 other matters with it. When I wished to expedite 
 their drying, I sometimes laid them on a small 
 metal plate, heated over a chamber lamp, or larger 
 plates heated by the fire, and at other times I 
 submitted them to the heat of an oven. As before 
 mentioned, I frequently employed sulphur in the 
 comi^ounds, but they were not at all improved by 
 it, not having yet by any chance used heat suf- 
 ficiently high when drying them to produce the 
 change ; or if the heat was sufi&cient, which it most 
 likely sometimes was, the compound became dry in 
 too short a period to afi:ect it (as I removed the 
 pieces as soon as they were dry) in any way to 
 attract my observation, having nothing to guide 
 me in the object in view. I therefore for a time
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 99 
 
 relinquished the use of sulphur in most of the 
 compounds as useless, and pushed on with other 
 matters, still feeling a conviction, as I think most 
 would naturally have done, that the rubber must 
 necessarily undergo the change in its constitution, 
 whilst either very soft and plastic, or in. a state of 
 solution ; however, after trying an endless round of 
 mixtures in this way, with and without heat, I 
 still failed of success. 
 
 Whilst looking over some of my former experi- 
 mental scraps, I saw in some of those containing 
 sulphur, variations I could not at the time account 
 for : some portions were different to others in the 
 same specimen, which for the present I could not 
 comprehend, although I well knew afterwards. I 
 resolved now to take another course ; I dissolved 
 sulphur in oil of turpenthie, and finding the solu- 
 tion proceed slowly, I raised the temperature of the 
 turpentine to the boiling point (316°), and then it 
 took up the sulphur freely. Kubber dissolved in 
 this solution was good in some respects, but pro- 
 duced a weak material, and did not come up to my 
 wishes. 
 
 I spent all my spare time for months with these 
 experiments ; my habit was to dispatch them 
 quickly, making them very small in bulk, throwing 
 aside some thousands of trial scraps, and selecting 
 and keeping for inspection any that appeared 
 promising. During the winter months I generally 
 found the weather cold enough to test my scraps ; 
 
 n 2
 
 100 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 but as the spring and summer came on, I employed 
 ice, purchased from an ice- cart which passed my 
 gate every morning (from Southgate on its way to 
 town), and many an earnest and careful exami- 
 nation have I made in a morning of the scraps in 
 the ice. 
 
 My experiments now had become very interest- 
 ing ; I had certainly produced in some of my scraps, 
 or portions of some of them, that condition of 
 rubber which I afterwards called the " change." 
 
 I cannot of course now say in which scrap or at 
 what particular moment I struck out the first spark 
 of the " change," because I had a great number of 
 scraps under my hand at one time, and I also 
 found that when exposed even to ice, the stiffening 
 effect of cold was not always immediately apparent ; 
 and I was thus during my comparative ignorance 
 of the nature of my discovery frequently misled 
 and disappointed from two causes: first, what it 
 was in the successful compounds that produced the 
 effect ; and secondly, I was ignorant of the import- 
 ance of the degrees of temperature employed, as 
 well of the like importance of the period to which 
 any specific compound required to be submitted to 
 
 heat. 
 
 These points could be ascertained with exact- 
 ness only by time and vigilant watching, and this 
 I began immediately to set about ; and as the law 
 allows a patentee six months to work out his dis- 
 coveries before he is called upon to enrol his spe- 
 cification, I applied for and obtained a patent for
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANaFACTURE. 101 
 
 my inventions, which passed the great seal on the 
 21st November 1843. 
 
 I shortly afterwards received an intimation that 
 my late lamented friend and partner Mr. Macin- 
 tosh, who had been some time in very indifferent 
 health, was now seriously ill, and had expressed 
 a particular wish to see ,me. I started imme- 
 diately for Glasgow, but on arriving at Lancaster, 
 I received an intimation that I was too late, 
 and that his death was momentarily expected, 
 which happened on the 25th of July, 1843. I 
 have never met with any person for whom I en- 
 tertained a greater esteem, nor could any two per- 
 sons in business act more cordiallv nor with more 
 
 ml 
 
 frankness, and I believe mutual esteem, than sub- 
 sisted between us. 
 
 Mr. Macintosh was a Fellow of the Royal So- 
 ciety, and member of several scientific societies ; 
 as a chemist he enjoyed an European reputation, 
 and had long been largely engaged in chemical 
 operations in Scotland. Some of these, such as 
 the alum works at Campsie in Stirlingshire, were 
 carried on upon a landed property which he 
 possessed. 
 
 An interesting biographical memoir of him, 
 written by his son and successor the late Mr. 
 George Macintosh, was printed for private circu- 
 lation, but was never published. 
 
 I found that, when submitting the compounds 
 containing sulphur to heat, it was necessary (as 
 before observed), after ascertaining the temperature 
 
 H 3
 
 102 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 that suited any compound, to find also the period 
 of exposure to the heat that produced the best 
 result. Until I noticed the necessity for this par- 
 ticularity I Avas often sadly perplexed ; as the same 
 compounds exposed to the same temperature were 
 sometimes good and sometimes bad in practice, the 
 variation is from one .to six or seven hours, or 
 more. All the way through these experiments for 
 producing the " change," I had no other guide 
 or course than to watch for any promising appear- 
 ance in any of the scraps, and to improve upon 
 them ; but I now know I was frequently thwarted 
 by my want of information as to what cause 
 different appearances were due; and particularly 
 in regard to the temperature I employed, which 
 was somewhat at random, knowing how freely 
 I could use it within certain limits without injury. 
 A thought now occurred to me that in the end 
 proved extremely valuable. Revolving in my mind 
 some of the effects produced by the high degree 
 of heat I had employed in making solutions of 
 sulphur and rubber, as before stated, in oil of 
 turpentine, it occurred to me that as the melting 
 point of sulphur was only about 240°, which I 
 knew would not be injurious to the rubber, it 
 would be well to see what would ensue on im- 
 mersing a slip of sheet rubber in sulphur at 
 the lowest melting point. I accordingly melted 
 some sulphur in an iron vessel and immersed 
 in it some slips of cut sheet rubber, about half 
 an inch wide, and about one sixteenth of an
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 103 
 
 inch thick. After they had remained some time 
 I examined them, and found the surface had as- 
 sumed a yellowish tan colour. I immersed them 
 again ; and on withdrawing them the second time, I 
 cut one of them across with a wet knife, and found 
 that the rubber was tinged of this tan colour to a 
 considerable depth. I immersed them again ; and 
 on the third examination I found the tan colour 
 had quite penetrated through the slip. This was 
 strong evidence that the rubber had freely ab- 
 sorbed the sulphur,' and I fully expected to find 
 that these slips were now " changed," but in this I 
 was greatly dissappointed, for on applying the tests, 
 I found that not the least " changing " effect had 
 been produced. I now replaced them and raised 
 the temperature of the sulphur, and allowed them 
 to remain a considerable time ; and on withdrawing 
 one of them the fourth time, I found, to my great 
 satisfaction, that it was perfectly " changed," re- 
 taining the same tan colour throughout ; the other 
 slips remained in the sulphur whilst this examina- 
 tion was going on, and on withdrawing them, I 
 found the lower end nearest the fire turning black, 
 and becoming hard and horny, thus at once and 
 indubitably opening to me the true source and 
 process of producing the "change" in all its states 
 and conditions, and in all its pure and pristine sim- 
 plicity. 
 
 I need not say that I was greatly surprised and 
 pleased with these results, and the excitement I 
 then felt is somewhat revived whilst I am writing 
 
 H 4
 
 104: ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 tliG account of this stirring incident in my opera- 
 tions. 
 
 The value of this experiment with melted sul- 
 phur was incalculable, as it at once discovered to 
 me the true principles on which the " change " was 
 based. Although I had produced in my earlier 
 experiments precisely the same result on as much 
 rubber as any of the compounds happened to con- 
 tain, yet there had always been comprehended in 
 them other matters, and particularly solvents had 
 been used ; it was now demonstrated that sulphur 
 and sulphur alone, blended with the rubber, and 
 acted on by heat at a proper temperature and for 
 a relative period of exposure to its influence, was 
 the sole cause of this extraordinary change in the 
 substance. 
 
 I believe I may confidently affirm that it was 
 not previously known even that rubber would 
 absorb sulphur, and no degree of chemical know- 
 ledge, no analogy of reasoning on the relative 
 nature of the two substances would ever have 
 suggested or anticipated the possibihty of sucli 
 a result as the " change " from such combina- 
 tion. If I had known the simple mode by which 
 this result could be produced, I might have made 
 the discovery at once, without spending months of 
 toil and thought upon it. 
 
 I now saw my course straight before me ; my ex- 
 periments had shown that the rubber and sulphur 
 must first be blended, and all my former ap- 
 pliances, I could see at a glance, would serve me
 
 TlIK IKDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 105 
 
 in my new career. Sulphur could be blended by 
 rollers and masticators ; the blended material could 
 be reduced to a state of solution by any of the 
 usual solvents, or to a state of dough, and spread 
 on cloth by the machinery of my previous patents 
 for waterproofing, or on sized cambric for sheets. 
 Blocks of the masticated compound could be pressed 
 in moulds and cut into sheets, and into every 
 variety of form and size that the new uses of the 
 " changed " rubber might require ; and last, though 
 not least, ordinary cut sheets of pure rubber in the 
 form they came from the knife, or made up into 
 other forms, could be immersed in a sulphur bath, 
 and changed to any required degree, from the 
 softest and most elastic up to a state of hardness 
 similar to horn, and capable of being wrought with 
 carpenters' tools, or turned like ivory and ebony in 
 a lathe. 
 
 This mode of producing the "change," so unique 
 in many respects, is particularly so in this, that 
 articles manufactured of pure rubber with which 
 no sulphur has been blended may be changed in 
 the sulphur bath ; take, for instance, a native South 
 American shoe, immerse it hot in tlie bath, at the 
 lowest temperature at which sulphur will melt, say 
 240°, and let it remain until it has absorbed enough 
 sulphur ; then gradually raise the temperature to 
 265° or 270°, and in the course of about an hour 
 or something more, according to thickness, the shoe 
 will be perfectly " changed." I know of no other 
 mode by which this could be done. This sulpliui*
 
 106 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 bath process is also one of the best I know of for 
 hard India rubber. The particulars for obtaining 
 it in different states or degrees of hardness are 
 given in my specification in the Appendix. 
 
 The enrolment of this document became due on 
 the 21st of May, and for some time previous to 
 that day I made every exertion, and took the great- 
 est pains to render it in all respects as complete as 
 possible. 
 
 I called on Professor Graham, and the late highly 
 respected Mr. Arthur Aikin, in April, 1844, and 
 left with them specimens of the results of my 
 experiments, and requested them to repeat them, 
 and to make themselves masters of the different 
 modes of operation, in order to their assisting 
 me in drawing my specification, which they did, 
 and entered fully into the points submitted to 
 them. 
 
 When this document was drawn, I also obtained 
 the assistance of Mr. Carpmael, who carefully pe- 
 rused it, and fully approved of the manner in which 
 it was drawn ; it was finally settled by the late 
 Mr. Cowling, and then duly enrolled. I think I 
 might venture to state, not boastfully, but as a 
 matter of fact, that there is not to this, day, 1856, 
 any document extant (including those referred to in 
 it) which contains so much information upon the 
 manufacture and " vulcanization " of rubber, as is 
 contained in this specification. If any of my 
 readers can point out such a document, I shall feel 
 much obliged if they will inform me of it.
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 107 
 
 Nearly all my experiments had hitherto been 
 done on a small scale at my private laboratory, but 
 my operations were now transferred chiefly to 
 Manchester ; where, with slight modifications, the 
 machinery already in our works was sufficient to 
 enable us to start immediately with the processes 
 contained in the first portion of my patent for 
 obviating the adhesiveness of manufactured rubber, 
 not only to the surface of single textures, but to 
 various other purposes, and, among the rest, to 
 Mr. Brockedon's stoppers, which were no longer 
 adhesive nor of an unsightly dark colour, but were 
 now made of the colour of cork, and with a smooth 
 even surface, adding greatly to the neatness of 
 their appearance, and removing other objections 
 that had been made to them. Although, for the 
 reasons before mentioned, they did not come into 
 general use, yet, in this new form, they continue to 
 be manufactured. 
 
 In preparing to carry out the new process on a 
 large scale, it appeared desirable to give the mate- 
 rial a more definite name than " the change," 
 which I had adopted for the purposes of my speci- 
 fication; and, whilst discussing the subject amongst 
 my friends, Mr. Brockedon proposed the terra 
 " Vulcanization," and, as no better suggested 
 itself, I determined to adopt it, and it is now 
 known by that name both in Europe and America. 
 
 It owes its derivation to the Vulcan of mythology, 
 as in some degree representing the employment of 
 sulphur and heat, with which that mythological
 
 108 ORIGIN AND niOGRESS OF 
 
 personage was supposed to be familial*. I shall, 
 therefore, of course use the term in the remainder 
 of my narrative. 
 
 I had now to consider the different modes de- 
 scribed in my specification for blending the 
 sulphur with the rubber. The modes had to 
 be adapted to the different purposes to which the 
 material was to be applied, and then the pro- 
 portions of the compounds for the various objects 
 had to be ascertained ; and next, the most eligible 
 means of obtaining the required temperature for 
 vulcanizing each of them, and this also in refer- 
 ence to the uses for which they were designed ; 
 as well as to keep in view the action sulphur 
 might have upon fabrics composed both of animal 
 and vegetable fibre, when the compound of rubber 
 and sulphur spread upon them had to undergo 
 the high temperature required. 
 
 I found, as before stated, that when rubber is 
 blended by means of the sulphur bath, the blending 
 and vulcanizing may be generally carried on in a 
 manner simultaneously. The absorption of the 
 sulphur takes place at about 2±0°, and then, by 
 raising the temperature to 270° or 280°, and 
 allowing the rubber to remain in it for about an 
 hour, it becomes " vulcanized." This is certainly 
 the most simple mode, and is also as effectual as 
 any. 
 
 When I used the sulphur bath for blending, I 
 removed the rubber as soon as it had absorbed 
 enough sulphur, and before any vulcanizing effect
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBEIl MANUFACTURE. 109 
 
 had been produced, I then dissolved it or made 
 it into dough and spread it on cloth, and vul- 
 canized it. 
 
 Another convenient mode of blending thin sheets 
 or films I found to be by heating the surface of 
 the rubber, and then rubbing on some finely pow- 
 dered sulphur, which I found to be amply suffi- 
 cient for the purpose when vulcanized in steam, as 
 hereafter described. The most convenient mode, 
 however, upon a large scale, is to blend by means 
 of rolling and masticating the two substances to- 
 gether, and then pressing it into moulds to be cut 
 up into sheets and other forms, or to be rolled out 
 and reduced by solvents to a state of solution or 
 dough, and then to carry on the operation by the 
 sjjreading machine or rollers. The other modes 
 mentioned in the specification answer very well, 
 but these are the best in practice. I may mention 
 here, that although there are comparatively very 
 few colours that will bear exposure to heat in con- 
 tact with sulphur, yet we soon produced good 
 colours in red, green, black, and white ; and here, 
 the process stated in my patent for depriving the 
 material of any excess of sulphur came to my aid, 
 as, when rubber is vulcanized, there arisen an efflo- 
 rescence of sulphur on the surface, which is detri- 
 mental to the clearness of colours ; the desulphuring 
 process entirely prevents this, and is extensively 
 employed in our manufactures. The white has 
 been used for printing on, and beautiful impres- 
 sions have been taken from wood and steel en-
 
 110 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 gravings, and also from ordinary type or letter- 
 press printing. 
 
 My first apparatus for vulcanizing at our works 
 consisted of an iron pan large enough to take a 
 sheet of cut rubber ; this pan was set in brick- work, 
 and heated by a fire underneath ; we found it im- 
 possible to keep the sulphur of an equal temperature 
 in all parts of this vessel ; we were, however, able 
 with some dexterity to vulcanise rubber in it for 
 some of the first uses to which the new'material was 
 applied ; one of these was for the formation of an 
 elastic packing between the longitudinal sleepers 
 and the iron rails on the Great Western Railway ; 
 a quantity of vulcanized sheet rubber, about three 
 sixteenths of an inch thick and seven inches wide, 
 was supplied for this purpose, and I believe the 
 effect produced was considered a great improve- 
 ment ; but the expense was thought too great to 
 justify its adoption. 
 
 I have a piece of rubber vulcanized in this pan 
 on this occasion still in my possession, and although 
 twelve years old, it is to this day a perfect specimen 
 of the pure vulcanization of rubber. 
 
 Hitherto, when I had vulcanized in a high-pressure 
 steam boiler, it was in a very small apparatus, such 
 as is found in laboratories. I now had one con- 
 structed of a more considerable size, and of extra 
 strength, that I might not fear explosions at very 
 high temperatures, which I thought it would be 
 necessary in some cases to use. 
 
 The operations carried on by means of this
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. Ill 
 
 boiler were important, and were destined to esta- 
 blish the superiority of this mode of submitting 
 the compounds of rubber and sulphur to heat over 
 every other mode for many of the most important 
 applications of the new material, especially for 
 articles of any considerable bulk. 
 
 Thin sheets spread on cloth, or fabrics coated 
 with thin films, can be vulcanized in dry atmo- 
 spheric heat by an oven or stove. Although stoves 
 may be used for some purposes advantageously, 
 yet there is great difficulty in producing in a stove 
 or chamber of considerable dimensions that equal 
 and uniform temperature in all parts of it which 
 vulcanization absolutely requires ; hence the prac- 
 tice in these cases of keeping the goods in a constant 
 rotatory motion ; and then with great care and 
 vigilance stoves can be made to answer the 
 purpose. 
 
 It will readily be seen that the same objections do 
 not apply to the action of heat when steam is em- 
 ployed under pressure. One great advantage arising 
 from this mode is, that little or no escape of sulphur 
 can take place, as is the case in dry heat, so that 
 the proportion of sulphur may be limited to any 
 extent, even as low as one and a half or two per 
 cent, which is sometimes a great advantage, as 
 little or no efflorescence ensues. I believe it to be 
 utterly impossible to do this by any other mode, 
 certainly not by dry heat. 
 
 Another advantage of equal importance is, that 
 the heat is always uniform in every part, and
 
 11*2 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 capable of being regulated to the greatest nicety 
 and held there ; large masses can be thus vulcanized ; 
 solid twelve-inch cubes have been done at our 
 works, vulcanized throughout. Sheets fifty yards 
 long and fifty- six inches wide were now made, 
 and also sheets of large dimensions, ten feet square, 
 and nearly three eightlis in thickness, for the use of 
 Government ; these are called ship-sheets ; the 
 application of these sheets was suggested by the 
 late ingenious Mr. John Cow, master boat-builder 
 in one of her Majesty's dockyards (he also con- 
 structed portable boats for the Arctic voyagers, and 
 others for the landing of cavalry ; they consisted of 
 frame-work, covered with strong canvass, rendered 
 securely waterproof with rubber). Before the 
 application of these ship-sheets, it was necessary to 
 bring a large steam vessel into a dry dock before 
 anything could be done to her bottom, in case of 
 leakage, or to repair a pipe or valve, or to 
 examine, from the interior of the vessel, anything 
 that had happened to her, however apparently 
 trifling, causing a heavy expense, and much loss 
 of time. These sheets were let down by ropes over 
 the sides of the vessel, and brought over the part 
 requiring examination or repair; the pressure of 
 the water against the elastic sheet stopped the 
 leak, and the ship could be pumped dry, and a pipe 
 renewed, and sliot holes or leaks stopped with 
 economy and dispatch. 
 
 I had, as before alluded to, foreseen that it 
 might be desirable in some cases to deprive the
 
 1^ AIT T I C A 1. Amr 1 C LE § , 
 Fr7sprifjve View rf Pontcoji . 
 
 PLifi of Pontoow. 
 
 Seclum ii/ ' F(>fi /Vvw 
 
 End El£vntioncifI'ontPO}b. 
 
 Haft Tibbe . 
 
 ) ■■ /, . , - / i>iii'y 
 
 fonli-xm Bi'llows. 
 
 :^^. del. iz ^aj^ 
 
 m:""'-''^ 
 
 
 
 
 '■».*:; ■»spiip 
 
 'Sr-. 
 
 
 
 
 "■^ 
 
 '" 
 
 -V // , 
 
 ;■> S/. 
 
 
 '•■". 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 t'll 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 r: 
 
 
 
 
 '■J 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 'A- 
 
 
 - ,/',o ,• 
 
 
 - ::^A
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBEE MANUFACTURE. 113 
 
 rubber after "vulcanization" of any excess of 
 sulphur it might retain, and I fully succeeded in 
 effecting this very desirable object, by submitting 
 it to a strong solution of the sulphate of soda or 
 potash at a temperature of about 200°. This 
 process enables me to extract the sulphur to such 
 an extent as not to leave the least appearance of 
 it ; restoring the rubber to its natural colour and 
 semitransparency, yet still retaining its vulcanized 
 properties. This has given rise to much speculation ; 
 some chemists consider that there is no real che- 
 mical combination of the rubber and sulphur at all, 
 but that the change takes place simply by contact 
 of the two substances, under certain circumstances 
 and conditions (some cases very similar are 
 known), or that some new molecular arrangement 
 takes place ; but hitherto no definite conclusion has 
 been arriv^ed at which will satisfactorily account 
 for so extraordinary a transformation. The speci- 
 fication of this patent soon appeared in the scientific 
 periodicals, and the process of pure " vulcanization," 
 and the use of the sulphur bath and vulcanizing by 
 steam, was speedily adopted in France, and the latter 
 almost immediately and very extensively in the 
 United States of America. 
 
 I come now to the melancholy task of recording 
 the death of another of my partners, Mr. Hugh 
 Hornby Birley, who died on the 31st July, 1845. 
 He took great interest and a very active part in 
 forwarding the views of Mr. Macintosh, both at the 
 commencement of this manufacture, and during his 
 
 I
 
 114 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 after life in promoting and personally superintend- 
 ing it, and many valuable suggestions and improve- 
 ments owe their origin to his devotion to our 
 concern ; he also bestowed great attention to the 
 construction of both buildings and machinery, 
 when extensions became necessary. He was a 
 most estimable man in all the relations of life, and 
 with uprightness of character, he possessed a 
 calm and dignified amenity, which endears his 
 memory doubtless to many, and especially to me. 
 
 It will be easily imagined that the introduction 
 of so new and useful a material as vulcanized 
 rubber would soon attract the attention of inge- 
 nious persons. Without taking the trouble of 
 ascertaining what has been done in patents of 
 applications since the Great Exhibition of 1851, 
 I may mention that there had been then upwards 
 of fifty patents taken out by different persons 
 adapting and applying it to their various purposes. 
 The first patentees who applied for vulcanized 
 rubber were Messrs. Perry & Co., in December, 
 
 1844, for the formation of their patent Elastic 
 Bands, which have been so extensively brought 
 into use ; and in the same month thick sheeting was 
 supplied to Messrs. Betts & Co. Washers and 
 packing for steam pipe joints and other uses were 
 at the same time extensively distributed to various 
 engineers for trial, and in February following 
 orders came in daily for these purposes, and went 
 on increasing, and have never ceased. In May, 
 
 1845, engine-valves were sent out and success-
 
 SHJ]R{&I€A]L^^ mOi^IPITAL AH^TJCLIES, 
 
 HydrostaXiyC cr 
 :-_ WaUr £ed 
 rriti/'lete- witA, Cistern-. 
 
 Iro7i £edstt:/zd 
 i'witk£la,stic Sacking J 
 
 CO. a. . Side, of' tTi^e- £e/istecuZ 
 
 b . 7?. Jizil>ierIiiK.^.s parsed over tfte. 
 
 c . c . Can V(X,s6- J a. ckirt^. 
 
 d.d. Ch.7ie- pas-sirLq /nroTj^k:&:c 
 
 - BrJ SJtetf "S/i-uin./ /7t. Ff,nn^l.l 
 
 JIo t and Co 7 d 
 
 .' 
 
 m 
 
 1 " ' 
 
 / ill S /l I L'/i S Sc J' J 1 1 O ri'^y . 
 StfcutT-c ^ Oblong. 
 
 ■-^Il'l Toot Pillow. 
 
 r 
 
 I.Slxcer.dil. k j-c
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 115 
 
 fully applied. In June, we sent nearly 4000 lbs. 
 of corrugated vulcanized sheets to the South 
 Devon Railway Company. In the same month we 
 supplied vulcanized printers' blankets ; billiard 
 cushions followed, spongy vulcanized rubber for 
 musical instruments ; then hose-pipe, tubing, and 
 surgical bottles, besides experimental matters to 
 various persons ; all these things were done during 
 the ji7'st years of my patent, and I believe nearly 
 all Avere of pure vulcanized rubber, although for 
 part of it some of the adulterating mixtures 
 mentioned in my specification were introduced 
 to lessen elasticity, &c. During the following 
 year, 1846, we made vulcanized blankets with 
 spongy surfaces, - — gig and carriage springs, solid 
 rubber wheel -tires *, draw and buifer springs for 
 railway carriages, artificial leather, with japanned 
 surfaces, pump-buckets, gas-holders, artificial lea- 
 ther for carding-engines, buoys and air-vessels, 
 inflated wheel-tires, vulcanized thread. Then 
 followed trouser-straps, vest back straps, swimming- 
 belts, socket pipe joints, printers' rollers, boots, 
 over-shoes, machinery bands, spherical valves, horse 
 boots, and knee caps, furnishers for calico printers, 
 &c. &c. AYe also made a very useful material for 
 the soles of boots and shoes by combining asphalte 
 
 * These tires are about an inch and a half wide, and one 
 and a quarter thick. Wheels shod with them make no noise, 
 and they greatly relieve concussion on pavements and rough 
 roads; they have lately been patronised by her Majesty. 
 
 I 2
 
 116 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 and fibrous materials with rubber and sulphur and 
 other matters, and vulcanizing them ; these soles 
 wear much longer than leather, and are of course 
 waterproof, and always retain their elasticity. 
 This material has also been applied to steam pack- 
 ing, pump-buckets, and other uses. We found, at 
 a very early period of vulcanizing, that a substance 
 resembling sponge could be readily produced of 
 various qualities ; it has been used as an elastic 
 stuffing, and answers well for such purposes, but 
 the dark colour renders it objectionable as a 
 general substitute for sponge ; this material can be 
 moulded into any form ; it has been proposed to 
 employ it for billiard cushions, but as these require 
 exact uniformity in their elasticity throughout, 
 sponginess cannot be produced with sufficient 
 accuracy ; solid rubber cushions have long been 
 used. I mention these to show that we were 
 ready at once to supply whatever was asked for ; 
 my process of heating by steam was, in fact, the 
 system which enabled us to appear so early and so 
 successfully in the field with many of these 
 articles ; I have not extended the list of applica- 
 tion here, as I intend to insert one at greater 
 length hereafter. 
 
 Some time ago, the subject of preventing the 
 destructive effect of shot upon iron ships was 
 much discussed. With the view of ascertaining, as 
 far as I could by mechanical means, how vulcanized 
 rubber would operate in obviating this mischief, I 
 proposed to Mr. James Nasmyth, the eminent
 
 13 O ME S T I 1 IR T I € iL E § 
 
 .Tl-^." i 
 
 Bain- 
 
 :SC^.
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 117 
 
 engineer, the trial of different thicknesses by the 
 test of one of his steam hammers, to which he 
 readily assented, and very politely undertook to 
 conduct the experiment himself at the works at 
 Patricroft ; I had three pieces of vulcanized rubber 
 prepared, each a foot square ; one an inch thick, one 
 an inch and a half, and the other two inches. 
 That the trial might be (although in a small degree) 
 somewhat similar to the effect of a gun shot, I had 
 an iron hemisphere cast six inches in diameter, 
 thus forming the half of a six-inch ball ; the steam 
 hammer was first brought down upon the piece of 
 vulcanized rubber one inch thick, upon which it 
 produced no visible effect ; the iron casting was 
 then laid on the piece one and a half thick, with 
 the flat side up ; the hammer was brought down 
 upon the casting, and broke it to pieces, but 
 made no visible impression on the rubber. The 
 tAVO-inch piece was then laid on the anvil, and 
 a round six-inch shot laid on it ; the hammer 
 was again brought down with tremendous force, 
 which broke the shot into several pieces ; on 
 examining the fragments, we found that the shot 
 had come into contact with the anvil, and was 
 flattened slightly ; we now examined the rubber, 
 and found it had sustained no injury ; on bending 
 it sharply over the acute angle of the anvil, a slight 
 incision could be perceived, three small cuts 
 radiating from a centre. On another occasion, a 
 pair of heavy rollers were set so as to produce a piece 
 of lead passed between them a quarter of an inch 
 
 I 3
 
 118 OKIGIN AND TROGKESS OF 
 
 thick. With the rollers in this position, a piece of 
 vulcanized rubber about seven inches square, and 
 one inch and a half thick, was passed between 
 them ; the rubber resumed its original form and 
 size the moment it escaped from the grip of the 
 rollers. 
 
 During the Crimean campaign I tried an ex- 
 periment with a compound structure of metal and 
 vulcanized rubber to serve as a kind of protection 
 to the men engaged in the rifle-pits, and had one 
 made for trial by the military. I gave it to some 
 officers, but I heard nothing further of it. I am 
 inclined to think it should have had attention, as 
 from trials on my model the results were pro- 
 mising. I have had to convince several persons 
 that rubber would not resist the force of a bullet ; 
 they had fired at it with paper in front ; this 
 made a hole in the paper, but none (as they said) 
 in the rubber, they were unable to find the hole in 
 the rubber ; because the shot had taken nothing 
 out, and the hole closed up. One gentleman had 
 made an appointment to exhibit this feat before 
 the Duke of York, and called on me for the rubber. 
 I told him of his mistake, but he continued po- 
 sitive ; that he might be convinced, and saved from 
 ridicule, I proposed a trial, he would have it as 
 nearly as possible like shooting at a man. I went 
 into the garden, and had a breast of mutton fixed on 
 the wail, and a piece of rubber attached to it. I then 
 took a rifle and sent a ball not only through the 
 rubber and mutton, but half way through the wall
 
 ^'^ ■'* '<^ -R T I A" {-■. \ R -r -I (• r -!.■ V 
 
 Fis/ii/!</ fliii ,
 
 THE INDIA-EUBBER MANUFACTURE. 119 
 
 itself; the projector did not meet the Duke, who, 
 I suppose, considered him a madman. Although 
 the rubber of course was not vulcanized in those 
 days, yet the result would have been the same. 
 
 In 1846, I obtained a patent for vulcanizing 
 rubber in or upon moulds, plates, or forms, and 
 retaining such articles under pressure or upon such 
 forms during their vulcanization, by which means 
 permanency of form is given to articles such as 
 shoes, surgical bottles, valves, &c. Impressions 
 from engraved plates so produced remain per- 
 manently raised. I may here mention that in this 
 specification I described the hard or highly vul- 
 canized rubber as one of the materials of which I 
 formed my moulds. Although the means of pro- 
 ducing this hard material was described in my 
 first vulcanizing patent of 1843, this was, I think, 
 the first time the actual application of it to any 
 particular purpose had been published. 
 
 An almost endless variety of productions has 
 sprung from the applications of this patent, as the 
 most delicate chasings, tracings, and other orna- 
 mental decorations, as well as medallions, bas- 
 reliefs, type for letter-press printing, surgical uses, 
 toy-balls, both solid and hollow, moulding for a 
 great number of mechanical purposes, some of 
 which I have mentioned before, and others are 
 almost daily occurring, some of them requiring a 
 good deal of skill in the formation of the moulds, 
 and experience in adapting and moulding the 
 materials for the requirements of inventors and 
 
 I 4
 
 120 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 patentees, particularly in articles which were to be 
 hollow, and yet to present on the external surfaces 
 letters, figures, and embossed patterns. Provision 
 was also made in this patent for the free escape 
 of air or perspiration, in cases where needed, by 
 perforations either plain or concealed by orna- 
 menting the surrounding part. The means of 
 carrying out all these in practice are described at 
 length in the specification which will be found in 
 the Appendix. 
 
 The hard vulcanized rubber has been applied to 
 many useful purposes to which this patent has 
 contributed. Combs, knife and other handles, 
 ornamental panels for carriages and furniture, 
 stop-cocks, tubing, pump-barrels, pistons and 
 valves for use in chemical works, &c. &c., — these 
 are capable of being turned in the lathe, and to 
 have screws cut on them in the same manner as is 
 practised with wood, ivory, or metal. I have also 
 had some flutes made of it, the colour is a jet black, 
 and it polishes like ebony ; the notes or sounds are 
 equal to the best flutes, whilst they are said to 
 be produced with greater ease by the performer. 
 I furnished the material to the flute maker without 
 instruction, and he made it in his ordinary practice. 
 
 This patent for moulding and giving permanency 
 to forms by vulcanizing has, in fact, tended to 
 bring the hard "changed" rubber prominently 
 into view ; and an endless variety of articles have 
 been and may be made by means of this j^atent, 
 besides the uses to which it is being applied as the
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 12 L 
 
 raw material, from which to manufacture various 
 articles. We have supplied it by the ton for the 
 use of comb-makers, who like it, not only because 
 it makes a good saleable article, but because they 
 can have it in large sheets of the thickness they 
 require, and make much less waste than when 
 using such small pieces as are produced in horn, 
 tortoise-shell, &c. There is no other limit to the 
 extent of its employment, except that which arises 
 in point of utility, appearance, or economy in com- 
 petition with other materials. The turner, the 
 engraver, the comb-maker, and most other artists 
 and mechanics, have .only to apply their ordinary 
 means, tools, and skill, as to wood, ivory, metal, and 
 other substances. It is also a fair substitute for 
 whalebone and walking-sticks, and also for more 
 delicate articles, as bracelets, gold and silver mount- 
 ings, pens, and penholders, picture-frames ; and one 
 may go from these to the contrary extreme, and if 
 it were economical, or in any way advantageous to 
 do so, it would make good houses, ships, waggons, 
 and carts, and almost everything where wood is 
 now employed, which I only mention to show the 
 universality of its application, and in general, by 
 the ordinary means practised in the different de- 
 partments of Art. By this process rubber can in 
 the same piece be rendered hard in one part, and 
 elastic in another, or brought to any intermediate 
 state, that is, flexible, but inelastic like the firmer 
 kinds of leather. There seems to be little room 
 for invention in its application to these objects ;
 
 122 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 this moulding patent and ordinary means are suffi- 
 cient. 
 
 We exhibited embossings of this hard horny ma- 
 terial in our stall in the Great Exhibition of 1851, 
 and in the Crystal Palace, among our other manu- 
 factures. In the hard vulcanized rubber, however, 
 we have confined ourselves chiefly to slabs, bars, and 
 sheets for manufacturing purposes, and to articles of 
 known utility, and for purposes in which its peculiar 
 characteristics rendered it of value, and in some 
 cases, where heretofore no material had been found 
 to answer so well, and to others where its adoption 
 superseded, with more or less advantage, such other 
 matters as had previously been used. Although 
 this has been our ordinary business course, yet we 
 have, nevertheless, kept an assortment at our ware- 
 houses both in London and Manchester, including 
 some beautiful specimens of artistic skill, both in 
 design and execution, also comprising mouldings 
 of the human hand, portraits, tablets, cylinders, 
 articles of furniture, stick and umbrella handles, 
 door knobs, printers' type, embossed lettering, in- 
 laying, metallic ornamental specimens, marquetry, 
 buhl work, and many others ; some of these we 
 have no intention of becoming manufacturers of, 
 but keep them simply as samples to show to those 
 whose business it is to do so, not only that we 
 make and sell this material, but also to exhibit 
 the nature of it, and the facility with which it can 
 be worked. These were made for the purpose of 
 introducing this new substance to the notice of the
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBEK MANUFACTURE. 123 
 
 jmblic, as cabinet-makers, bookbinders, carvers, op- 
 ticians, jewellers, turners, or musical instrument- 
 makers, and others who would of their own more 
 intimate knowledge of their different branches and 
 pursuits of course suggest — indeed, have suggested 
 and Avill no doubt suggest, — the adoption of this 
 material according as people in trade see their Avay 
 to an advantageous or economical use of it as com- 
 pared with other substances heretofore employed 
 for their respective purposes. 
 
 In the spring of 1846 a patent was taken out by 
 Mr. Alex. Parkes for a process by which he pro- 
 duced in rubber nearly the same effects or proper- 
 ties possessed by vulcanized rubber, and gave it the 
 name of " converted rubber." His process is an 
 elegant and simple one, and consists in immersing 
 the rubber in a solution of the chloride of sulphur 
 in bisulphurate of carbon, or pure coal naphtha cold, 
 no heat being required ; a thin sheet of rubber 
 is by this means " converted " in a minute or two, 
 and when dry is found to have acquired the pro- 
 perties of insolubility at ordinary temperatures, and 
 to be insensible to cold. The process is capable 
 also of producing the horny state, similar to hard 
 vulcanizing. 
 
 The results effected by this process are as mys- 
 terious as those by vulcanization ; they could not 
 have been anticipated, they cannot be accounted 
 for, and they prove moreover that heat is not abso- 
 lutely necessary to produce this obscure change in 
 the condition of rubber.
 
 124 ORIGIN AND PEOGRESS OF 
 
 The mention of this patent would be hardly con- 
 sistent with a " personal narrative," but for the 
 reason that I assisted Mr. Parkes in his experi- 
 ments and specification, and that this patent ulti- 
 mately came into our possession, and also that in 
 the autumn of the same year I obtained in con- 
 junction with Mr. Brockedon a patent for various 
 applications of Mr. Parkes's process. This patent 
 embraced the manufacture both of rubber and 
 gutta percha, either separately or combined, in all 
 proportions. These substances being very similar 
 in character, they united readily in the masticator, 
 and are dissolved by the same menstrua, and capa- 
 ble of being spread and moulded in the manner 
 and by the means already described in the specifi- 
 cations before described for rubber. Articles 
 formed of either of these substances, or compounds 
 of the two, and also with fibrous substances and 
 colouring matter, are submitted to the converting 
 process of Mr. Parkes, and are thereby rendered 
 insoluble in essential oils, unalFected by oil or 
 grease, and not subject to change by exposure to 
 variable temperatures. These articles are also by 
 the converting process rendered as hard, or if 
 necessary harder than ivory, and capable of being 
 ■wrought with tools and highly polished, in the 
 same manner as before described in respect to hard 
 vulcanized rubber. The specification will be found 
 in the Appendix. 
 
 During the course of these experiments and the 
 adaptation of vulcanized rubber to so many pur-
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBEK MANUFACTURE. 125 
 
 poses, I am desirous of taking this opportunity of 
 recording the faithful and able services of the 
 manager of our works, Mr. A. B. Woodcock ; his 
 energy and zeal in executing the duties of his posi- 
 tion entitles him to honourable mention in my 
 narrative as a memorial of the active part he has 
 taken in the process of this manufacture. 
 
 This converting process can only be conveniently 
 employed upon rubber when of a thin form or 
 substance, as the chloride acts rapidly upon it ; and 
 if the rubber is thick, the surface becomes hard 
 and brittle before the interior is affected. We have 
 found this invention in many cases a useful aux- 
 iliary to vulcanization, and in the absence of the 
 latter it would have been of considerable value, 
 as by it nearly everything can be done which 
 could be effected by vulcanizing in a hot stove or 
 by any dry heat. 
 
 The process of Mr. Parkes enables us to give to 
 vulcanized articles colours of every tint, and a 
 delicately smooth surface. These converted sur- 
 faces also print well, and the most delicate im- 
 pressions from copper-plate engravings are pro- 
 duced upon them. Gutta percha and compounds 
 of this substance with rubber are equally suscepti- 
 ble of improvements in the same way. 
 
 Observing that the elastic web imported from 
 France was ornamented with designs in various 
 colours effected by expensive and peculiar modes 
 of weaving them, the thought struck me tliat 
 patterns migh' be printed on them, and on trial
 
 126 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 I found this could easily be done, and some novel 
 results ensued. The web could be printed of any- 
 given pattern in its contracted state ; and then, 
 on extending it, all the objects in the pattern were 
 extended in due proportions until it became like 
 a dissolving view almost lost to the sight. On 
 allowing it to contract, the lost pattern and colours 
 were restored in all their freshness ; if, on the con- 
 trary, the printing was done whilst the web was in 
 its extended state, a curious concentration or con- 
 densation of the pattern was produced. I obtained 
 a patent for this improvement during the year 
 1847. The specification is in the Appendix. 
 
 In the early part of this year we had to lament 
 the loss of another of my partners, Mr. Joseph 
 Birley, whose decease took place on the 24th of 
 January, 1847. He gave his hearty concurrence 
 to the efforts of his partners in the improvements 
 of the rubber manufactures, and took pleasure 
 in watching their progress, but his attention to 
 other business occupations prevented him from 
 doing more than affording us the benefit of his 
 sound judgment and great experience when in 
 consultation. His memory is cherished amongst 
 us, and his loss has left a blank which we still 
 deplore. 
 
 Many attempts have been made to discover 
 some means of dissolving or otherwise using up 
 the waste of vulcanized rubber, and in the course 
 of this year I made many experiments witli this 
 view, assisted by a gentleman who had a more
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 127 
 
 intimate acquaintance with chemistry than I pos- 
 sessed ; the best result, however, that we arrived 
 at, was its solution by means of oil of turpentine 
 at a very high temperature, or by coal naphtha, 
 the boiling point of which being much too low, 
 we were obliged to resort to very strong closed 
 vessels, and then, if the rubber had been vulcanized 
 to a hard or horny state, the process was very slow. 
 The product is not very tractable, and requires a 
 good deal of trituration. 
 
 A patent was obtained for these modes of ope- 
 rating on vulcanized waste during this year ; this 
 patent also included an improvement in moulds 
 for rubber, which consisted in forming them of 
 materials easily dissolved or melted out, such as 
 compounds of gum or glue and whiting, or the 
 fusible metal known as Darey's alloy, which melts 
 in boiling water. This specification will be found 
 in the Appendix. 
 
 In the early part of this year (1847) we were 
 apprised of the sale of some American over-shoes, 
 and on procuring some of them we found they 
 were made of vulcanized rubber. Notice was 
 therefore given to the parties that they were 
 infringing my patent ; this was denied, and we 
 therefore gave notice that an action would be com- 
 menced against them, which was done. The shoes 
 were of the manufacture of the Hay ward Rubber 
 Company in Connecticut, and one of the firm 
 came to this country and made an arrangement 
 with us.
 
 128 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 We had not done much in vulcanized over- 
 shoes, nor did we attach any great importance to 
 that business, and I must frankly own I believe I 
 thought less of it than my partners, remembering 
 the fuss made about the free escape of insensible 
 perspiration, and the unpleasantness in this re- 
 sj^ect I had always found (myself) in wearing 
 rubber shoes ; my judgment has been proved by 
 the public to be at fault, and vulcanized rubber 
 shoes have had an immense sale. We granted the 
 Hayward Rubber Company an exclusive license 
 for the importation of American over-shoes of 
 their own manufacture on moderate terms, which 
 license exists at the present time. 
 
 Our over-shoes of pure vulcanized rubber were 
 very neatly made, of good forms, and superior to 
 the American in lightness and elasticity, but they 
 had very little shine or gloss upon them, and al- 
 though they were liked by many, yet the polished 
 ones were generally preferred. These contained a 
 good deal of lead and other matters, and an oily 
 polish or composition or varnish added by the 
 shoe manufacturers, for which each manufacturer 
 had his own secret recipe. Our over-shoes, being 
 of pure rubber, were vulcanized in a steam boiler, 
 by w^hich means the utmost elasticity was attained ; 
 but this mode is obviously incompatible with a 
 glossy surface. 
 
 The year 1851 brought with it the memorable 
 Crystal Palace and the " Great Exhibition of the 
 Works of the Industry of all Nations," and we
 
 TRAVELILING ARTICLES, 
 
 I'l.m ,if' Mo,h-] Carl Shf^t. 
 
 Wa^goru Cover. 
 
 Cart Cover.
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 129 
 
 were not slow in availing ourselves of this oppor- 
 tunity of exhibiting such a general collection of 
 rubber manufactures as the world had never 
 before seen ; comprising specimens of almost every 
 article to which the substance had been applied, 
 whether adhesive or unadhesive, vulcanized or un- 
 vulcanized, possessing elongating elasticity, or ren- 
 dered rigid by hard vulcanizing, plain, coloured, 
 printed, embossed, moulded portraits, medallions, 
 tablets, stick and umbrella handles, mechanical 
 applications, toys, and various other things made 
 entirely of rubber, and ordinary and coloured so- 
 lutions were also there, to which must be added 
 some beautiful specimens of rubber produced by 
 the converting process of Mr. AlexanderParkes. 
 Of course we had also all the well-known Mac- 
 intosh articles, such as cloaks, capes, of double 
 and single textures, air-beds, pillows, cushions, life- 
 preservers, model pontoons, diving dresses, gas- 
 bags, &c. &c. 
 
 "We had the pleasure of witnessing the notice 
 taken of our stall by Her Majesty and Prince 
 Albert ; the latter of whom took with him a tablet 
 of vulcanized rubber, on which a few lines from 
 Cowper were embossed ; they were so appropriate 
 to the national occasion that I am tempted to 
 insert them ; they were surrounded with the 
 national arms, and with the rose, shamrock, and 
 thistle, as an ornamental border : — 
 
 K
 
 130 ORIGIN AND mOGRESS OF 
 
 COMMERCE. 
 
 ..." The band of commerce was design'd 
 T' associate all the branches of mankind ; 
 And if a boundless plenty be the robe, 
 Trade is the golden girdle of the globe. 
 Wise to promote whatever end he means, 
 God opens fruitful Nature's various scenes ; 
 Each climate needs what other climes produce, 
 And offex's something to the general use ; 
 No land but listens to the common call, 
 And in return receives supplies from all. 
 This genial intercourse and mutual aid 
 Cheers what were else an universal shade, 
 Calls Nature from her ivy-mantled den, 
 And softens human rock-work into men. 
 Ingenious Art with her expressive face 
 Steps forth to fashion and refine the race,— 
 Not only fills Necessity's demand, 
 But overcharges her capacious hand ; 
 Capricious taste itself can crave no more 
 Than she supplies from her abounding store : 
 She strikes out all that luxury can ask. 
 And gains new vigour at her endless task. 
 Hers is the spacious arch, the shapely spire. 
 The painter's pencil, and the poet's lyre. 
 From her the canvass borrows light and shade, 
 And verse more lasting, hues that never fade." 
 
 COWPER. 
 
 May 1st, 1851. 
 
 I give an extract from the Report of the Jurors, 
 ho awar( 
 medal : — 
 
 who awarded to us in flattering terms the Council 
 
 " Council Medal." 
 
 " Charles Macintosh and Co., 73. Aldermanbury 
 (now 3. Cannon Street, West).-— The firm of Charles
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 131 
 
 Macintosh and Co. comprises the names of the men 
 who in Europe have made the most useful dis- 
 coveries in the art of applying caoutchouc to the 
 most varied uses : — the late Mr. Macintosh, who 
 gave his own name to the waterproof garments, 
 and Mr. Thomas Hancock, whose share of merit in 
 the discovery of the vulcanization of india-rubber 
 we have already mentioned. In going through 
 the collection of articles exhibited by this firm, 
 the importance of the uses to which the substance 
 is capable of being applied, especially since the 
 discovery of the process of vulcanization, can be 
 readily appreciated. 
 
 " The kinds of fabrics with which the garments 
 called Macintoshes are manufactured have always 
 remained the same, but the garments themselves 
 have acquired more lightness and less smell, and 
 the substitution of vulcanized for common caout- 
 chouc insures to them at the present day a per- 
 manent suppleness. 
 
 " The other services which these fabrics are called 
 upon to perform have been greatly multiplied. 
 Their price having become less, they are capable of 
 being applied in lieu of tarpaulings for covering 
 waggons, carriages, &c. The property which 
 they possess of serving to contain water, and which 
 had at first been made available for a Avell-known 
 therapeutic use, has allowed of their being made 
 into portable baths, which can be rolled up like an 
 ordinary cloth when not in use. The shoes ex- 
 hibited by Messrs. Macintosh and Co. are made 
 
 K 2
 
 132 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 with much care, and with a degree of elegance, 
 which shows that in Europe these articles are but 
 little used except by the more opulent classes. 
 
 " It is not only in the making of shoes that india- 
 rubber has been called in to supersede leather ; 
 the articles exhibited by Messrs. Macintosh and 
 Co. show the use that can be made of it to form 
 pistons of pumps, and how conical valves of 
 india-rubber can be advantageously substituted 
 for leather or metal ones. Sheets of caoutchouc of 
 different colours, either smoothed or worked in 
 relief, are brought in to supersede moulded orna- 
 ments in the manufacture of furniture, of ottomans, 
 and in the binding of books. 
 
 " The use of vulcanized india-rubber to form the 
 piston-valves in steam-engines on the screw prin- 
 ciple has greatly contributed to the employment 
 of these novel motive powers, which are destined 
 in some degree to effect a change in navigation, by 
 allowing steam to come in solely as an auxiliary to 
 the wind. The exhibition of Messrs. Macintosh 
 and Co. comprises a valve of this description, 
 which after six months' use has undergone so 
 little alteration that it may be foreseen that these 
 articles possess an almost unlimited durability. 
 The rendering available the imj)ermeability of their 
 fabrics to gas and air has likewise been extended. 
 To the air-cushions which have been long used are 
 now added the air-mattresses, so well adapted as 
 beds for travellers and invalids, boats inflated with 
 air at once portable, and incapable of sinking, and
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 133 
 
 which for life-boat uses and in inland voyages are 
 capable of rendering great service. The collection 
 of Messrs. Macintosh presents some specimens of 
 this kind of great interest. Lieutenant Halkett of 
 the Royal Navy, by making them in several closed 
 compartments, in such a manner that the stuff 
 being pierced through at one point cannot lead as 
 a necessary consequence to the sinking of the boat, 
 has rendered more certain the services which these 
 machines are called upon to perform. The appli- 
 cations of the elasticity of caoutchouc have also 
 been greatly increased. The wheels of carriages 
 have been surrounded by it in such a manner as 
 to prevent the disagreeable noise which they make 
 upon the pavement. Rollers for inking printing- 
 types and lithographic stones have been made 
 from it ; it is employed for the making of cushions 
 for billiard-tables, and to supersede the use of 
 sacking cords in bedsteads. Advantage has been 
 taken of the elasticity of an india-rubber band, 
 which has a tendency to return to its primitive 
 length when the action of opening a door has 
 elongated it, for the purpose of forming door- 
 springs, the use of which is beginning to spread 
 widely. 
 
 " The substitution of vulcanized india-rubber 
 for metallic springs in the buffers of locomotive 
 engines is one of great service. The masses of 
 vulcanised india-rubber deaden the shock with an 
 ease which may cause this employment of caout- 
 chouc to be considered as one of the most useful 
 
 K 3
 
 134 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 to which it has been applied up to the present day. 
 A certain number of the novel applications are due 
 to Messrs. Charles Macintosh and Co. The ability 
 which they have displayed in the manufacture of 
 caoutchouc has afforded to other inventors of these 
 new applications the means of putting their ideas 
 into practice. Without the discovery of vulcan- 
 ized india-rubber, they could, moreover, never have 
 been carried out. The jury, therefore, in order 
 to recompense the considerable services rendered 
 in the employment of caoutchouc by Messrs. Mac- 
 intosh, Hancock, and their other partners, have 
 awarded a council medal^ to the firm of Charles 
 Macintosh and Co." 
 
 During the spring of 1852, Professor Brande 
 delivered a course of lectures on organic chemistry 
 before the members of the Koyal Institution, and 
 he has kindly given me permission to make use of 
 any part of them. 
 
 As these lectures were delivered twenty-six 
 years later than the paper of Professor Faraday 
 before mentioned, they contain new matter on the 
 chemical part of my subject, and I have thought 
 that information from such a source would not 
 prove unacceptable to some of my readers, although 
 not quite consistent with a personal narrative : — 
 
 " Caoutchouc is sometimes called gum-elastic^ but 
 it has none of the characters of a gum, being per- 
 fectly insoluble in water ; nor is it a resin, for it is 
 insoluble in alcohol; but ether, which has been
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 135 
 
 washed, so as to deprive it of alcohol, dissolves it, 
 with the exception of impurities, and leaves it, on 
 evaporation, in its perfectly elastic state ; it also 
 dissolves in chloroform, and in sulphuret of carbon, 
 and in some of the essential oils, but its most 
 common and useful solvents are rectified naphtha 
 and oil of turpentine. This substance came first 
 into notice about the beginning of the last century, 
 moulded into the shape of bottles and animals. It 
 was sold as high as a guinea the ounce, and used 
 for rubbing out pencil marks ; but scarcely any- 
 thing was known of its history, except that it came 
 from America, till De la Condamine sent an ac- 
 count of it to the French Academy in 1736, de- 
 scribing it as the inspissated juice of a tree, called 
 by the natives lievee. In the year 1751, Frisnan 
 discovered the same tree in Cayenne, It is now 
 known to be the produce of several trees growing 
 in South America and in the East Indies. It 
 exudes from fissures and wounds of the trees, in 
 the form of a milky juice, which, exposed to air, 
 soon forms the elastic deposit. It is very in- 
 flammable, burning with a dense smoky flame. It 
 burns brilliantly in oxygen gas, but even then 
 throws ofl" abundant flakes of unburnt carbon. 
 When subjected to distillation in close vessels, it 
 yields an oily liquid which has a singularly dis- 
 agreeable and penetrating greasy smell, and appears 
 to be a mixture of several hydrocarbons, one of 
 which predominates, and has been called caoutchine. 
 " The first person who applied solutions of india- 
 
 K 4
 
 136 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 rubber largely in manufactures was Mr. Charles 
 Macintosh of Glasgow ; and the waterproof tissues 
 which he made were well known by his name. 
 
 "About the year 1843, Mr. Thomas Hancock, of 
 London, made a very curious and important dis- 
 covery in respect to caoutchouc, which has given 
 an entirely new aspect to almost all the manu- 
 factures dependent upon it, and by which its pro- 
 perties are so modified and improved in respect to 
 the great majority of its uses as to constitute it, as 
 it were, a new material. In this altered condition, 
 it is now known under the name of vulcanized 
 india-ruhher^ and, as the whole process is a very 
 remarkable one, I will endeavour to show you the 
 various steps by which it is effected. The abund- 
 ance of articles of all kinds, which are upon the 
 table before me, will speak for themselves as to 
 the utility and importance of this remarkable in- 
 vention. I am indebted to Mr. Hancock, and 
 generally to the firm of Messrs. Macintosh and 
 Company of Manchester, for the specimens before 
 you. I have visited their factory and examined 
 the numerous operations carried on there, in all 
 their particulars, so that, although my time obliges 
 me to be very brief in the details I now wish to 
 illustrate, I shall be happy, after lecture, to give 
 any further information upon them which may be 
 required. 
 
 " India-rubber, as imported, generally includes 
 mixed impurities of different kinds, which are got 
 rid of by tearing it up into shreds, in a stream of
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 137 
 
 water; it is then transferred to a machine called a 
 7nasticator, where it is severely pinched and 
 kneaded till it forms a kind of mass or magma^ 
 Avhich may be compressed into blocks, cut into 
 sheets or threads, or rolled out into layers as thick 
 or thin as we please ; but all these, and similar 
 operations, leave the rubber with its original ob- 
 jectionable qualities, namely, its clamminess, its 
 tendency to stiiFen and harden, and consequently 
 to lose its elasticity by cold ; to be readily softened 
 and decomposed by heat ; and to be rendered soft 
 and, as it were, rotten by grease and oils. As to 
 the clammy adhesiveness of india-rubber, Mr. Han- 
 cock gets rid of that by thoroughly and completely 
 blending it ■with a quantity of finely powdered 
 French chalk, or silicate of magnesia, the well- 
 known soft, silky feel of which is thus imparted to 
 the rubber. 
 
 " The other objectionable properties are subdued 
 by the extraordinary influence of sulphur ; and it is 
 to its operation that I wish particularly to direct 
 your attention. Sulphur is, in any convenient way, 
 in the first instance, mixed or blended with the 
 rubber ; as by solution, or rolling, or in the masti- 
 cator, or dipping into melted sulphur. I have 
 here a mass of india-rubber, which contains about 
 ten per cent, of flour of sulj^hur, well mixed or 
 blended with it ; but as yet the common properties 
 of the rubber are unafl'ected. If, however, we now 
 expose this mixture of rubber and sulphur for a 
 due time to a high temperature, which may vary
 
 138 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 with circumstances, a change ensues. I here heat 
 it to about 300°, and find the characters of the 
 rubber gradually alter. Ultimately it will be 
 changed or vulca?iized ; that is, it will have ac- 
 quired the new characters and properties to which 
 I have briefly alluded. Its elasticity is not only 
 increased, but is now not affected by change of 
 temperature ; that is, it is not in the least hardened 
 or altered by any degree of cold ; it retains its 
 perfect elasticity at the lowest temperatures ; and 
 what is perhaps even still more remarkable, when 
 heated, it does not fuse and become clammy and 
 viscid, but remains unchanged at all temperatures 
 short of its absolute decomposition ; ether, oil of 
 turpentine, naphtha, and its other solvents, now 
 barely affect it ; oil and grease no longer penetrate 
 and soften it. Such 2iVQt\iQ new properties conferred 
 upon the rubber by the joint operation of sulphur 
 and heat; it is now said to be vulcanized. But 
 the most curious part of the story remains to be 
 told, and arises out of this question, namely, What 
 quantity of the sulphur is required to be thus com- 
 bined with the rubber for the purpose of changing 
 it ? Certainly not more than one or two per cent. ; 
 for if by any of the solvents of sulphur, as for in- 
 stance by the alkalies, I remove all excess of sulphur, 
 I in no way affect the new properties ; but yet fur- 
 ther, if I take steps still to remove more of the 
 sulphur, and ultimately leave the rubber apparently 
 quite free from it, I still find that it retains all 
 those peculiarities which I have enumerated as cha-
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 139 
 
 racterising vulcanization. May we not therefore 
 conclude that, under the influence of sulphur and 
 heat, the rubber acquires its new and distinct pro- 
 perties, not by actual chemical combination with a 
 minute portion of sulphur, but by the assumption 
 of a new molecular condition ; that, like phosphorus, 
 it has assumed an allotropic state. In short, these 
 allotropic conditions of bodies are daily becoming 
 more worthy of remark and inquiry; thus, it is 
 not unlikely that steel even may be an allotropic 
 condition of iron^ produced under the influence of 
 carbon upon iron at high temperatures, for the 
 quantity of carbon in the finest steel does not reach 
 one per cent. ; and there are cases in which the 
 metal is nearly pure to all chemical tests, and yet 
 retains the leading characters belonging to steel." 
 
 Sulphur has been mentioned all along as the 
 substance to which vulcanization is undoubtedly 
 due, yet it may be as well to observe, that it is not 
 meant that this substance must be always em- 
 ployed in its primitive state j as the forms in which 
 it may be employed are various, so also are the 
 names given to the same results by different parties, 
 — such as " galvanised," " mineralised," " metal- 
 ised," "thionised," &c., by which the process of 
 vulcanization is really meant. 
 
 I have observed that it has been thought, in some 
 quarters, that rubber, before the discovery of vul- 
 canization, had scarcely been brought into any 
 extensive use; what has already been said will
 
 140 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 serve to correct this error, and the fact that we were 
 frequently using from three to four tons a week, as 
 early as 1837 and 1838, is a further proof of its 
 usefulness in its unvulcanized state ; at this period, I 
 believe, there had been very little done in any other 
 country except France, although here and there 
 some beginnings were being made or attempted. 
 Many of the articles we have been making for 
 upwards of thirty years are still preferred of un- 
 vulcanized rubber, and they would have continued 
 to be made had vulcanization never been discovered; 
 but nearly all the articles made of the old material 
 are greatly improved by substituting the new. 
 The great benefit, however, derived from the dis- 
 covery of vulcanization consists chiefly in its appli- 
 cation to new purposes, for which it was before 
 totally unfit, and could not be used. Rubber that 
 has undergone any process of manufacture is weak- 
 ened in its elastic property, which by this process 
 is at least restored, if not considerably increased, 
 and, what is of equal or greater importance, this 
 elasticity is unaltered by cold, and therefore always 
 opposing the same uniform resistance to concussion, 
 as in railway buffers, and carriage and other 
 springs. Its extensile elasticity and resilient action 
 becomes permanent, as in elastic web, shoes and 
 other articles ; its endurance of heat, and retention 
 of its elasticity at temperatures at which it would 
 formerly have become decomposed, as in packings 
 of various kinds for steam-engiiies ; and particularly 
 the pump-valves of ocean screw steamers, — -where
 
 FIaiU)i' Wiisher 
 
 E C H AI^ I C A a. f HI m F O S IR s 
 Was/ter aj,' applied to a- FUm^e Joint. 
 
 o o o o o o c 
 
 ' O O O O o o c 
 
 o o o o p o o 
 > o o o o o o o 
 
 C C O O o o c 
 
 -Foot & Fl ap Va Ive s for Scotirn. En. Qin&s. 
 
 tw.l u< a pfr&peftive i 
 
 of'th^ Valve A-'.K. with 
 
 thje BiUiter Valve 
 
 covcrinxi Ou perforated 
 
 plate. ~ r 
 
 A.ra>TesenLf tficM'talf 
 
 Va/veMi-. 
 
 B a Curved/ Metul 
 
 Cruard Flate . 
 r 7 T> r ■ P " ^^ Sheet ot 
 
 ml i^esenJsu.piMLcta\ruLujJu:ixLdRuJ>h^ 
 Valvi- J'titte. the perMr(jjred\je.aired hv holts 
 surttLcebet}L(]thatcrLwhu-}i [ betweerv&iijw. B. 
 'hrRubh,'r Valve heaU: The, ch tied Imtsshv 
 
 thuKncber Vaive. 
 partly operv. 
 
 FmjL/ic P(U-k.uui 
 
 VulcaT/izedJ^^RvMerVaJvcs tor Ooeojh Steamers ScCondensim, FTLciiru-jjicnLraJh 
 
 T.t the, Ffj-fcrated Valve, Tlate 
 B The, VaJ.ve, Gua.rd,. 
 .J. <■ '"" y^itcmui.ed IruhcL Huhler Vajvc 
 ri the .ipace, ld»em. Ou^ J'Tib'e Plate, ,t dueird 
 
 .^'■rfi.i// of .-Irr Pii/ii/i Viilvt 
 
 V) 1 
 
 Plan of perforaJx'd Valve Bed 
 
 AKisthe Cv Under of die Air Pump. 
 
 with bvo rowjt of perforations aroujid 
 
 tlw- I UY/aiifireMre-. rwar die hcttom . 
 BB « Cylinder of Viiljca7)l2.ed India 
 
 Rubbei. stretched on A A so iIa to 
 
 r-over the perforation.t und axt 
 
 as the d, •livery Valve,. 
 CC s}uwst?ie djiiivery ho.r. whidt ' 
 
 also fcLSttais ihe^ levper part of 
 
 di£. Cvlfnder'&i 
 
 Slazo-. dsi.. ic sc-tlp. 
 
 \Secti/>rui} 9ketrht!t% 
 
 ; Ra/n 4v fiintp 
 iCy Under will, Vul 
 m-iiruL-z,etl Indzu 
 I Huhhfr Foot tuui v 
 \ Delivery Vixlves 
 
 Viilcojiized India Rubber lalve'. 
 
 D D j/l^ws the. circnlarj'tat& of 
 Vidrani%i-d Tn/Ua Buhler that 
 torjii^, do? foot Vah'e by 
 /v/Uiiu) on the. perforated bed E 
 1' IS the .\MjjI ijuuj d that 
 pre-vetitstlic Valve DD 
 worfUru/ bevond its proper 
 diftijnxr; 
 
 .The. dotted line.y sheu' die action 
 
 ot both Valves
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 141 
 
 its long endurance, exposed to perpetual concussion 
 and heat, is most extraordinary, and it is question- 
 able whether any other substance could be substi- 
 tuted for it, or, at least, with the same advantages. 
 
 I have a letter now before me from Messrs. T. 
 B. Palmer and Co. of Jarrow, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 
 in which they state that they fitted a screw steamer 
 built by them, the " John Bowes," with our vul- 
 canized rubber valves, which have been in use four 
 years, during which time the vessel ran upwards of 
 100,000 miles, the speed of the engines sometimes 
 upwards of 100 strokes a minute ; usual speed, 75 
 strokes a minute. 
 
 I will not enumerate more, but simply state that 
 engineers, machinists, surgeons, chemist&, and others 
 find in this new state of the rubber a fitness for 
 their purposes which is daily more and more de- 
 veloped. 
 
 The vulcanized rubber thread has lately been 
 introduced into the Jacquard loom, by Messrs. 
 Bonnet and Co., Manchester. The thread is used 
 to supersede the use of weights ; the number of 
 these sometimes amounts to from two to three 
 thousand in one loom. 
 
 Although all this is due to the altered state of 
 the material, yet it may easily be imagined that 
 no small amount of thought and skill have been 
 brought to bear upon these applications, to provide 
 apparatus, and to devise means to carry into exe- 
 cution the requirements of the various parties who 
 have discovered its fitness for their respective pur-
 
 142 ORIGIN AND PROGHESS 'OF 
 
 poses, and the applications of this new substance to 
 our general business in water-proofing, moulding, 
 &c. &c. 
 
 I have mentioned that in 1847 we had granted 
 an exclusive license to the Hayward Rubber Com- 
 pany in America, for the importation of vulcanized 
 rubber over- shoes of their own manufacture. These 
 over-shoes sold slowly at first, as they were rather 
 heavy and clumsy, but in America they speedily 
 became popular, and many were soon engaged 
 in their manufacture, and consequently a rather 
 rapid improvement was made in the article, and 
 our licensees were amongst the foremost in the race. 
 The shoes eventually appeared with a better polish, 
 and their forms and general appearance became 
 such as to invite the attention. of shoe-dealers, and 
 through them the attention of the public. Their 
 usefulness also began to be appreciated, and in the 
 course of time they came to be very generally sold. 
 Under these circumstances the other manufacturers 
 in America, as well as the shoe-dealers here, became 
 jealous of the Hayward Rubber Company and their 
 exclusive license. 
 
 However much any of these parties may have 
 been aff'ected by the license, we were not to blame, 
 for I doubt whether, at the early period at which 
 the license was granted, there existed any other 
 considerable manufacturers of these articles in 
 America, or at all events 1 do not remember that 
 we had any knowledge of any such existing, the 
 Hayward Rubber Company being the only parties
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 143 
 
 that applied for a license. The shoes as then 
 made were, as before observed, very inferior in 
 quality to those sold afterwards, and the trade in 
 them at that time quite in its infancy. 
 
 Whatever might have been the feeling amongst 
 rival manufacturers elsewhere, it is not easy to 
 imagine why the shoe-dealers in this country 
 should not have been content to have taken their 
 shoes from our licensees (who paid only a very 
 moderate royalty) ; they would then have all been 
 served on equal terms, and the competition which 
 followed, arising from an opposite course, would 
 not have occurred, nor an excellent and profitable 
 trade spoiled by it, as it since has been. Unfor- 
 tunately, the dealers decided on disputing the 
 validity of my patent, and subscribed a purse 
 among them to defray the expenses. I shall not 
 trouble myself or my readers by entering at any 
 length upon the subject of litigation ; suffice it to 
 say that an action was tried in the Court of 
 Common Pleas on the 20th and 21st June, 1851, 
 and was concluded by the jury returning a verdict 
 for me on all the counts, and the judge certified 
 that the validity of the patent came into question 
 in the action. 
 
 I have now brought my narrative up to the 
 latter end of the year 1854, and to the eleventh 
 year of my patent. It may therefore be readily 
 imagined that I felt pretty well assured that my 
 patent would now be allowed to run out its remain- 
 ing days in peace; and, indeed, both myself, my
 
 144 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 partners, and our esteemed solicitor, Mr. Henry 
 Karslake, who had conducted our various law pro- 
 ceedings with great ability, and whose earnest zeal 
 and indefatigable exertion never tired, and will 
 never be erased from a grateful remembrance, were 
 all of us weary of a long course of litigation (which 
 had been kept up for seven years), and required the 
 repose that now seemed to have been secured. 
 
 It has pleased the Almighty that I should out- 
 live all my orighial partners, and during the long 
 course in which we have prosecuted our manu- 
 factures and business, a kindness of feeling and a 
 cordiality has existed which renders the task of 
 recording another loss — though of a later partner 
 — painful to me, as the same feeling still animated 
 us all. I now allude to Mr. Brockedon, who died 
 on the 29th of August, 1854. He had for some 
 years paid considerable attention to applications of 
 rubber to various purposes, and was well informed 
 in all that related to its manufacture, and it is to 
 him that I owe the terra " vulcanization," by which 
 name rubber in its new state is now universally 
 called. His literary works, his extensive informa- 
 tion, his scientific acquirements, and his bland and 
 gentlemanly bearing, are too well known to need 
 more than a passing memento in my simple narra- 
 tive. 
 
 It has been said that " security is dangerous 
 
 'when men will not believe any bees to be in tlie 
 
 hive until they have a sharp sense of their stings," 
 
 and so I found it ; for on my birth-day, the 8th of
 
 THE INDIA-liUBBER MANUFACTURE. 145 
 
 May, 1855, in the sixty-ninth year of my age, I 
 had a writ of scire facias issued against my long 
 tried patent ; and on the 7th of July, exactly twelve 
 years after I applied for it, this writ came on for 
 trial. I will not dwell upon it. The prosecutors 
 did not promote delay, and after two day's trial in 
 the Court of Queen's Bench, before Lord Chief 
 Justice Campbell and a special jury, a verdict was 
 returned in my favour, being now the second clear 
 verdict which I had obtained. This process of 
 scire facias so severely tests a patent that most that 
 have been exposed to its sifting character have been 
 lost whilst passing through the ordeal. It appears 
 since the trial that if the parties who promoted 
 this proceeding had clearly understood our respec- 
 tive positions it would never have been taken, and 
 they subsequently agreed to terms, for the use of 
 the patent, for the purposes to which they were 
 desirous of applying it. The other infringers 
 against whom proceedings had been taken sub- 
 mitted to terms, and the trade of vulcanizing 
 rubber is now . carried on in this country by our- 
 selves and our various licensees. 
 
 If I could have known in 1843 that the laws of 
 the land would have undergone such a sweeping 
 change as that I should be called upon thereafter 
 to give evidence upon oath of all the minute par- 
 ticulars passing in my laboratory during my 
 experiments whilst making this discovery, I might 
 have taken care to have had other corroborating 
 testimony ; but I was not possessed of prescience, 
 
 L
 
 146 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 and had no remedy for the want of it. Supposing 
 I had employed an assistant, there was no provi- 
 sional specification to protect me in those days, and 
 I might have been betrayed, especially when it is 
 considered how extremely uncertain are the 
 opinions of the judges on patent law, and parti- 
 cularly as to what constitutes a publication fatal 
 to a patent. I ought to explain that before the com- 
 mencement of these two last trials the new law of 
 evidence had come into operation ; I could therefore 
 be examined on my own behalf, and this doubtless 
 in many cases might be a great privilege, and was 
 so in some measure to me, but it was nevertheless 
 in such a case as mine an anxious and arduous task, 
 and one on which I would not have entered, but that 
 I might have been called on the other side ao-ainst 
 myself. In ordinary cases all would in general be 
 easy enough ; but the reader can have no idea, nor 
 is it possible for me to convey by language the 
 vast difficulty of being prepared or such an ordeal 
 as I had to undergo, nor could the legislature, 
 when passing the new law, ever have contemplated 
 such a case. I will just mention some of the 
 allegations which w^ere preferred against the 
 validity of my patent : — that I ^vas not the first 
 inventor in this realm; that I had not invented 
 that which I claimed; that if I had invented it, 
 I had not invented it at the time I applied for my 
 patent ; that there had been a publication of the 
 invention by the exhibition of articles made in the 
 same way, &c. Szc.
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 147 
 
 Now, reader, you may judge of the hardship of 
 my case. How could I prove that I was the first 
 inventor ? How could I prove that I had made 
 the invention at the time I applied for my patent ? 
 I could assert it, but how could I prove it ? 
 Twelve years had elapsed, I had grown old ; and 
 my memory was failing. I worked alone ; not a 
 human being entered my laboratory during the 
 whole time of making those tedious experiments I 
 have mentioned ; I could, therefore, call no witness, 
 I had none. I kept no record, not having the least 
 idea that I should ever have to give any account 
 whatever of these proceedings : how was I to call 
 to mind the minute circumstances ? the order ? the 
 tages of progress — the moments of favourable 
 appearances, and the substances or circumstances 
 that attended or occasioned them ? And yet this 
 was pressed upon me with all the subtility of one 
 of the most astute and able counsel that could be 
 procured, sifting, catching at every word — per- 
 verting or altering my language — urging me to 
 state the minutest particulars during my researches 
 and experiments, in the endeavour to bring to light 
 a discovery, acknowledged — be it remembered — 
 when made, to be one of the most abstruse and 
 obscure in science. Under this pressure, I could 
 only have recourse to my failing memory, as to 
 what I did myself; and to such circumstances as I 
 could bring to mind or obtain, corroborative more 
 or less of the facts. I was enabled to grapple with 
 all these proceedings in a manner that surprised 
 
 L 2
 
 148 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 myself; at the suggestion of my able and inde- 
 fatigable solicitor, I ransacked all my drawers, 
 boxes, and receptacles, and amongst my experi- 
 mental scraps, found plenty of very early ones that 
 were vulcanized ; but mostly without dates. There 
 was fortunately, however, one dated the 4th of 
 June, and several in August, one of which was 
 hard vulcanised. Of these dates, I could be quite 
 positive, although they were nearly obliterated ; 
 and the scraps were ragged, insignificant little 
 things. Then my servant could prove that ice 
 was taken in daily for my private use, from the ice- 
 cart that passed my gate ; she could also prove 
 that when my laboratory was pulled down in 
 March, 1843, I used the kitchen oven during the 
 summer till it was rebuilt ; I also found the bills 
 for sulphur (with regular dates) procured in the 
 village at the time. These not only assisted my 
 memory, but were in themselves all substantial 
 evidence, and when listened to with attention by 
 an intelligent jury, they readily found a verdict in 
 my favour, and came to me after the trial, and said 
 they had never heard evidence given with more 
 clearness and satisfaction to themselves. 
 
 This is only a very faint outline of what affected 
 me personally in these contests. I have said nothing 
 of the intrinsic evidence of science necessary to be 
 obtained ; nor the attending to purchases to prove 
 infringements : often purposely made difficult of 
 proof by the devices of the infringers and their 
 advisers, procuring analysis by scientific witnesses;
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 149 
 
 endless time at the office of our solicitor, attending 
 consultations of counsel, and answering innu- 
 merable questions as to details of manufacture, 
 &c. 
 
 Besides these law suits, there were injunctions to 
 be moved for ; affidavits to be prepared and sworn 
 both by myself and the scientific gentlemen and 
 others ; attendance before masters in Chancery ; 
 and attendance at the courts on the different 
 motions, judgments, &c. &c. 
 
 Though called upon to do so, we have never in- 
 terfered in the disputes on this question abroad, nor 
 have we made any attempt to monopolise any por- 
 tion of the rubber trade in America, or any other 
 foreign country. 
 
 I, 3
 
 150 ORIGIN AND TROGRESS OF 
 
 I am greatly indebted to Dr. Lindley, who at 
 my request has been so good as to furnish me with 
 the following notice of the plants that yield the 
 best caoutchouc. 
 
 " Of the plants that yield commercial caoutchouc, 
 the most important are the following : — 
 
 "I. Siphonia elastica. — This, which yields the 
 caoutchouc of Para, is a tree inhabiting dense 
 forests on the banks of the river Amazon, and 
 several of its tributaries, where it is called the 
 Seringue. The chief district from which its 
 caoutchouc is obtained is, according to Wallace, 
 the country between Para and the Xingui river. 
 Aublet speaks of it as also occurring in the forests 
 of French Guiana, where it is called Siringa by the 
 Garipon Indians, Heve by the natives of Esme- 
 raldas, and Caoutchouc by the Mainas. 
 
 " According to this author, the trees are from 
 fifty to sixty feet high, and from two to two feet 
 and a half in diameter. The bark is greyish, and by 
 no means thick ; the wood is white and light. 
 The leaves each consist of three or more blunt 
 leaflets attached by a joint to a long slender foot- 
 stalk, and having an oblong form narrowing to 
 the base ; they are green above, but ash-coloured 
 on the under side. The flowers are small, greenish, 
 in long, loose bunches ; the fruit is about as big as 
 a walnut, with a rind that separates of itself, and 
 a hard bony shell splitting with elasticity into 
 half a dozen pieces. In each cavity of the fruit 
 are found from one to three seeds, about as large as
 
 Ike :' Samc^cTc/ Jitn^'.'Deli/ 
 
 y^/hedS'I'ei^rri?! . 
 
 Siphon ia Elastica. 

 
 I 
 
 The' Skncecfi/ Jlt/ri/^ 2>eZe' 
 
 ^i/r-ed^ sTmer^ ruA 
 
 Hancornia Speciosa.
 
 ■ THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 151 
 
 a filbert, but shining, rmd mottled with brown 
 upon grey in the manner of castor-oil seeds. They 
 are agreeable to the taste, and are stored up by 
 the Indians, who experience no inconvenience from 
 eating them, notwithstanding their relation to 
 such acrid plants as the West Indian purging nut, 
 or the Tiglium bushes of the East Indies. Aublet 
 himself was able to eat them in abundance without 
 inconvenience. 
 
 " It was long supposed that there was only one 
 species of Siphonia ; but the enterprise of Mr. 
 Spruce, a distinguished naturalist, now engaged 
 in investigating Brazil, has made botanists ac- 
 quainted with several others, viz. ; — 
 
 Siphonia lutea^ Be7itham — found near Panure, 
 on the river Uaupes. 
 
 Siphonia discolor^ Spruce — from the north bank 
 of the Amazon at its junction with the Rio Negro, 
 and also from Panure. 
 
 Siphonia pauci folia ^ Spruce — from Panure. 
 
 Sijyhonia rigidifolia, Spruce — from Panure. 
 
 Siphonia Spruceaiia, Bentham — from Santarem 
 in the province of Para. 
 
 " 11. Hancornia Speciosa. — Under the name of 
 Mangaba or Mangava the Brazilians have a fruit 
 the produce of an Apocynaceous plant, to which 
 botanists have given this appellation. It is very 
 common about Pernambuco and Olinda, and also 
 occurs at Bahia. Gardner describes it as ' reach- 
 ing to the size of an ordinary apple tree, though 
 its small leaves and drooping branches give it 
 
 L 4
 
 152 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 more the appearance of the weeping birch. The 
 fruit is yelloAv, a little streaked with red on one 
 side, about the size of an Orleans phnn, and of 
 delicious flavour. When in season, it is brought 
 in great quantities to Pernarabuco for sale.' Ac- 
 cording to Mr. Claussen, the tree is found ' on the 
 high plateaux of South America, between 10° and 
 12° S. lat., at a height from 3000 to .5000 feet above 
 the sea. The leaves are opposite each other on 
 the slender branches, about two inches long, oblong, 
 suddenly ending in a blunt point, shining above, 
 but on the under side pale, with fine parallel veins. 
 The flowers are slender, tubular, about one-and-a- 
 half inches long, and grow singly from among the 
 leaves.' In his communication to the British 
 Association in 1855, Mr. Claussen stated that the 
 Hancornia belonged to the same Sapotaceous 
 order as the gutta percha tree, but in this he was 
 mistaken. AVe have no further particulars concern- 
 ing this tree, which yields Pernambuco caoutchouc. 
 " III. Ficus elastica. — This familiar Indian plant, 
 now so common in green-houses, is, according 
 to Roxburgh, known by the name of Kasmeer to 
 the inhabitants of the Pundua and Juntipoor 
 mountains, which bound the province of Silhet on 
 the north ; it is there found wild, and forms a tree 
 fully as large as the sycamore in England. The 
 trunk is said to be from five to six or more feet in 
 circumference, the wood soft, porous, of a light 
 brown colour, and only fit for fuel or charcoal. 
 Its branches are numerous, spreading and rising
 
 y> 
 
 ThM7n/i6lfana/.c^ Jv/jru^Deli/. 
 
 yfl/rfasTeiter: ZM- 
 
 Ficus Elastica 
 
 .dssoym
 
 Tho fJHancocfo Jtui' '^X'eii- 
 
 ^ii^-ui SJ-etcer. ZvCii.- 
 
 Urceola Elastica.
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 153 
 
 in every direction, forming a very extensive and 
 shady head. The figs grow in pairs from the base 
 of the broad, leathery, shining, deep green leaves ; 
 when ripe they are oval, about the size of an olive, 
 smooth, and of a greenish-yellow colour. They do 
 not appear to be eaten. 
 
 " Roxburgh says, that with the milk, while in its 
 recent state, * the natives of the mountains, a most 
 barbarous race as can be found in any part of the 
 world, pay the inside of their rude utensils, that 
 are intended to hold fluids ; the caoutchouc itself, 
 being very inflammable, furnishes them with can- 
 dles and flambeaux.' Roxburgh found it perfectly 
 soluble in Cajuputi oil. 
 
 " IV. Urceola elastica. — Mr. James Howison, a 
 surgeon residing in Prince of Wales's Island, is the 
 authority for the following fact, taken from a 
 memoir published by him in the year 1798, in the 
 fifth volume of the ' Asiatic Researches.' While 
 clearing a way through jungle with cutlasses, it 
 was remarked that a vine had been divided, the 
 milk of which, drying on the blade of the 
 weapon, possessed all the properties of American 
 caoutchouc. The vine was about as thick as a 
 man's arm, with a strong cracked ash-coloured 
 bark. It had joints at a small distance from each 
 other, often sent out roots, seldom branches, ran 
 along the ground to a great length, and at last 
 rose upon the highest trees into the open air. It 
 was found in the greatest plenty at the foot of the 
 mountains, upon a red clay mixed with sand, in
 
 154 ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF 
 
 situations completely shaded. It was afterwards 
 met with on the west coast of Sumatra, and other 
 Malay countries. 
 
 " Roxburgh describes its leaves as being opposite, 
 on short stalks, oblong, pointed, a little rough, with 
 a few scattered white hairs on the underside. 
 The flowers are small, of a dull greenish colour, 
 and are produced at the ends of the shoots in 
 bunches, like those of a lilac bush. The seed-vessel 
 is laterally compressed into the form of a turnip, 
 is wrinkled, leathery, about three inches in the 
 greatest diameter. The seeds are very numerous, 
 and immersed in pulp. 
 
 " Like Hancornia, this plant belongs to the Apo- 
 cynaceous order, or race of Dogbanes." 
 
 As the following letter (which we have received 
 from our correspondents in Para) contains some 
 additional and interesting information on the pro- 
 ceedings of the collectors of the liquid rubber, and 
 their modes of manufacturing it into bottles, and 
 other forms, I here insert it : — 
 
 " Per Steamer. Para, 1st July, 1856. 
 " Gentlemen, 
 
 " We can give you to-day the follow- 
 ing brief outline of the way in which india- 
 rubber is manufactured. 
 
 " The Indians unite together generally in a 
 pretty good number, and proceed to discover some
 
 THE INDIA-RUBBER MANUFACTURE. 155 
 
 spot in the virgin forest where there are rubber 
 trees. As soon as they have found such a place, 
 they cut paths through the wood to it. This is 
 the sole difficulty experienced in procuring rubber, 
 but it is a great one, as, owing to the fertility of 
 the soil, the vegetation forms an almost closed 
 mass, and every step must be gained by the axe. 
 As soon as this labour is accomplished, they make 
 an incision in the tree, at the height of a man's 
 body from the ground, and arrange rude bowls 
 of clay which hold about a tumbler full, stick 
 the bowls to the trees a little below the incision, 
 and collect therein the milk running out ; such 
 a bowl is filled in about three hours, if the tree 
 be fruitful. When the ^first cutting ceases to 
 yield, they make a second one the same distance 
 lower down, and so on until they have exhausted 
 the milk in the tree, which is done by making in 
 all four incisions, all at equal distances ; they then 
 pour the milk into larger vessels, gather heaps 
 of Urucari or Inaja nuts, which yield a thick oily 
 smoke, and set them on fire ; they now begin the 
 manufacturing process by covering the Avooden 
 forms for sheets, long and flat bottles, &c. with 
 clay (in order to be able to detach the rubber 
 easily afterwards), dip the forms into the milk, 
 and hold them over the smoke. As soon as the 
 milk is dry, they dip them a second time, and so 
 on till the rubber is of sufficient thickness ; they 
 then take it oif the form, and the rubber is ready 
 for exportation. All rubber is manufactured in
 
 156 ORIGIN OF THE INDIA-RUBBEll MANUFACTURE. 
 
 this manner, the difference in quality depending 
 upon the greater or lesser amount of clay and 
 dirt which has become mixed with the milk. The 
 first manufactured is the best (fine) ; and the last, 
 made of milk adulterated with clay which has 
 fallen from the difi'erent forms already dipped 
 in, is the worst. A tree cannot be again made 
 use of for two years, as it requires that time to 
 recover its exhausted strength. There is another 
 way of getting the milk, which is, however, for- 
 bidden by Government, as it destroys the tree. 
 This is, to bind the tree at the top and bottom 
 with willow twigs, and then draw ofi" all the milk 
 at once with incision. 
 
 " In the smoking process they have tried different 
 qualities of coals and woods, but without use. 
 Perhaps you observed already small lots of not 
 smoked fine rubber which they sell here as mixed ; 
 this rubber comes from the interior of the Amazon 
 province, where they don't have the above-men- 
 tioned fruits, and in consequence cannot smoke 
 the rubber perfectly. All Indians give the prefer- 
 ence to the nuts. 
 
 ** We are, Gentlemen, 
 
 " Your obedient servants, &c. &c."
 
 TABLES 
 
 EXPORTS AND IMPORTS. 
 
 The annexed Tables, exhibiting the exports of india rubber 
 from Para from 1836 to 1855 inclusive ; the imports to, 
 and the exports from, Singapore from 1849 to 1855 ; and 
 the imports to, and the exports from, the United King- 
 dom" from 1842 to 1855, are all specially compiled for this 
 work from official documents, involving considerable ex- 
 pense, and it'is hoped that they will not be copied with- 
 out acknowledgment.
 
 158 
 
 % 
 
 EXPORTS OF INDIA-llUBBER FROM PARA. 
 
 Ports of 
 Destination. 
 
 J83G to 1837. 
 
 1837 to 1838. 
 
 1838 to 1839. 
 
 Native 
 Shoes. 
 
 Different Shapes. 
 
 Native 
 Shoes. 
 
 Different Shapes.; 
 
 Native 
 Shoes. 
 
 Different Shapes. 
 
 Fine and 
 mixed. 
 
 Coarse 
 and Ser- 
 namby. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Fine and 
 mixed. 
 
 Coarse ,' 
 and Ser- 
 namby. 
 
 Fine and 
 Mixed. 
 
 Coarse 
 and Si-r» 
 namby. 
 
 Antwerp 
 
 Pairs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Pairs. 
 800 
 
 lbs. 
 3,714 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Pairs. 
 480 
 
 lbs. 
 19,448 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Baltic 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 •"• 
 
 
 ... 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 Barbadoes 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ,. 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 Barcelona 
 
 ... 
 
 
 • .1 
 
 ,., 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 Bordeaux 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 Boston 
 
 7,654 
 
 5,165 
 
 
 23,813 
 
 7,003 
 
 
 
 17,694 
 
 2,176 
 
 ... 
 
 Bremen 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 Cayenne 
 
 514 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 3,286 
 
 
 
 850 
 
 6,268 
 
 ... 
 
 Copenhagen 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cowes 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 Falmouth 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 Genoa 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 ...] 
 
 6,206 
 
 ... 
 
 Gibraltar 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 672 
 
 
 
 117 
 
 
 ... 
 
 Guadaloupe 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 5,446 
 
 ... 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 3,605 
 
 3,104 
 
 ... 
 
 22,349 
 
 11,228 
 
 
 
 11,691 
 
 18,21C 
 
 ... 
 
 Havre 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 16,553 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 Leghorn 
 
 12,860 
 
 125 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 Lisbon 
 
 
 43,489 
 
 
 
 44,555 
 
 
 
 2,440 
 
 26,406 
 
 ... 
 
 Liverpool 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 London 
 
 363 
 
 25,321 
 
 
 11,717 
 
 71,271 
 
 
 
 16,631 
 
 111,087 
 
 ... 
 
 Marseilles 
 
 600 
 
 24,336 
 
 
 ,2,659 
 
 10,501 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 Nantes 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 1,304 
 
 199 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 Newhaven 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 '... 
 
 ... 
 
 New York 
 
 35,56 1 
 
 12,387 
 
 ... 
 
 52,335 
 
 3,756 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 Oporto 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Salem 
 
 69,82? 
 
 27,808 
 
 
 97,486 
 
 20,753 
 
 
 
 77,982 
 
 8,946 
 
 ... 
 
 Surinam 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 • •. 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 300 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 Trieste 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 1 30,979 
 
 141,735 
 
 ... 
 
 212,463 
 
 193,587 
 
 
 1 
 
 128,185 
 
 204,199
 
 EXPORTS OF INDIA-RUBBER EROM PARA. 
 
 159 
 
 Ports of 
 Destination. 
 
 1839 to 1840. 
 
 1840 to 1841. 
 
 1841 to 1842. 
 
 Native 
 Shoes. 
 
 Different Shapes. 
 
 Native 
 
 Shoos. 
 
 jDifferent Shapes. 
 
 Native 
 Shoes. 
 
 Different Sliapes. 
 
 Fine and 
 mixed. 
 
 Coarse 
 and Ser- 
 namby. 
 
 Fine and 
 mixed. 
 
 Coarse 
 and Ser- 
 namby. 
 
 Fine and 
 Mixed. 
 
 Co.nrse 
 and Ser- 
 namby. 
 
 Antwerp 
 
 Pairs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Pairs, 
 282 
 
 lbs. 
 5,536 
 
 1 
 
 JS. 
 
 Pairs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Baltic 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 .. 
 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 Baibadoes 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 Barcelona 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 6,979 
 
 
 
 Bordeaux 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 Boston 
 
 80,026 
 
 19,401 
 
 
 70,198 
 
 •7,111 
 
 
 
 100,035 
 
 11,401 
 
 
 
 Bremen 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cayenne 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 1,146 
 
 5,808 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 Copenhagen 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 Cowes 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 Falmouth 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 Genoa 
 
 
 2,432 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ;i,760 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 .. 
 
 
 Gibraltar 
 
 580 
 
 17,056 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 Guadaloupe 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 .. 
 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 9,889 
 
 26,038 
 
 
 2,690 
 
 28,736 
 
 
 
 9,500 
 
 23,764 
 
 
 
 Havre 
 
 16,021 
 
 133,016 
 
 
 1,662 
 
 20,592 
 
 
 
 2,598 
 
 31,976 
 
 
 
 Leghorn 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 Lisbon 
 
 
 72,346 
 
 
 1,500 
 
 138,098 
 
 
 
 520 
 
 25,194 
 
 
 
 Liverpool 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 564 
 
 22,869 
 
 
 
 
 29,365 
 
 
 
 London 
 
 732 
 
 241,354 
 
 
 587 
 
 178,891 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 40,996 
 
 
 
 Marseilles 
 
 ... 
 
 18,479 
 
 
 
 296 
 
 
 .. 
 
 1,340 
 
 6,368 
 
 .. 
 
 
 Nantes 
 
 3,583 
 
 79,804 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 7,112 
 
 .. 
 
 
 Newbaven 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 New York 
 
 27,403 
 
 2,568 
 
 
 96,878 
 
 50,656 
 
 
 
 123,080 
 
 37,965 
 
 
 
 Oporto 
 
 ... 
 
 358 
 
 
 439 
 
 960 
 
 
 
 2,272 
 
 5,034 
 
 
 
 Salem 
 
 96,127 
 
 18,048 
 
 
 141,341 
 
 49,698 
 
 
 
 239,115 
 
 19,114 
 
 
 
 Surinam 
 
 100 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Trieste 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 234,483 
 
 630,900 
 
 
 317,287 
 
 511,011 
 
 
 
 478,460 
 
 245,265 
 

 
 160 
 
 EXPORTS OF INDIA-RUBBER FROM PARA. 
 
 Ports 01 
 Destination. 
 
 1842 to 1843. 
 
 1843 to 1844. 
 
 1844 to 1845. 
 
 Native 
 Shoes. 
 
 .Different Shapes. 
 
 Native 
 Shoes. 
 
 Different Shapes. 
 
 Native 
 Shoes. 
 
 Different Shapes. 
 
 Fine and 
 Mixed. 
 
 Coarse 
 and Ser- 
 'iiamby. 
 
 Fine and 
 Mixed. ' 
 
 Coarse 
 and Ser- 
 namby. 
 
 Fine and 
 Mixed. 
 
 Coarse 
 and Ser- 
 naniby. 
 
 Antwerp 
 
 Pairs. 
 692 
 
 lbs. 
 10,816 
 
 1 
 
 bs.'; 
 
 Pairs. 
 350 
 
 lbs. 
 7,552 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Pairs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Baltic 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 Barbadoes 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 Barcelona 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 11,360 
 
 
 Bordeaux 
 
 
 
 
 
 6,410 
 
 4,182 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 Coston 
 
 99,997 
 
 13,156 
 
 
 
 78,042 
 
 37,501 
 
 ... 
 
 57,1 85 
 
 41,920 
 
 
 Bremen 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 Cayenne 
 
 1287 
 
 8,400 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 Copenhagen 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 Cowes 
 
 18,700 
 
 5,856 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 Falmouth 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 Genoa 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 102 
 
 18,144 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 Gibraltar 
 
 1,000 
 
 
 
 
 4,667 
 
 1,568 
 
 ... 
 
 1,385 
 
 
 ... 
 
 Guadaloupe 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■•• 
 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 8,762 
 
 8,848 
 
 
 
 70,033 
 
 27,496 
 
 ... 
 
 11,307 
 
 13,568 
 
 
 Havre 
 
 10,182 
 
 21,456 
 
 
 
 7,334 
 
 10,240 
 
 
 17,290 
 
 22,516 
 
 
 Leghorn 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 Lisbon 
 
 15,925 
 
 9,592 
 
 
 
 962 
 
 2,518 
 
 
 ... 
 
 3,520j ... 
 
 Liverpool 
 
 ... 
 
 28,172 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 18,192 
 
 
 London 
 
 26,492 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 4,902 
 
 105,202 
 
 ... 
 
 
 131,696 
 
 
 Marseilles 
 
 2,600 
 
 13,024 
 
 
 
 4,298 
 
 3,200 
 
 ... 
 
 200 
 
 12,960 
 
 
 Nantes 
 
 512 
 
 9,626 
 
 
 
 17,071 
 
 17,008 
 
 ... 
 
 8,586 
 
 21,472 
 
 
 Newhaven 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 New York 
 
 80,141 
 
 13,156 
 
 
 
 108,223 
 
 39,488 
 
 ... 
 
 129,403 
 
 140,176 
 
 
 Oporto 
 
 1,193 
 
 1,376 
 
 
 
 800 
 
 25C 
 
 
 ... 
 
 488 
 
 
 Salem 
 
 119,339 
 
 15,466 
 
 
 
 99,871 
 
 46,400 
 
 
 189,982 
 
 129,408 
 
 
 Surinam 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 Trieste 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 386,822 
 
 158,944 
 
 
 
 403,065 
 
 320,755 
 
 ... 
 
 415,338 
 
 547,276 ...
 
 EXPORTS OF I.VDIA-RUBBER FROM PARA. 
 
 161 
 
 Ports of 
 Destiaatiun. 
 
 1845 to 1846. 
 
 1846 to 1847. 
 
 . _ 
 
 i 1847 to 1848. 
 
 Native 
 Shoes. 
 
 Different Shapes. 
 
 Native 
 Shoes. 
 
 Different Shapes. 
 
 Native 
 Shoes. 
 
 Different Shapes. 
 
 Fine and 
 Mixed. 
 
 Coarse 
 and Ser- 
 naraby. 
 
 Fine and 
 Mixed. 
 
 Coarse 
 and Ser- 
 naniby. 
 
 Fine and 
 Mixed. 
 
 Coarse 
 and Ser- 
 naniby. 
 
 Antwerp 
 
 Pairs. 
 625 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Pairs. 
 1,341 
 
 lbs. 
 7,872 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Pairs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Baltic 
 
 14,555 
 
 10,720 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 
 3,200 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 Barbadoes 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 .. . 
 
 
 
 Barcelona 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bordeaux 
 
 2,220 
 
 10,208 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 Boston 
 
 3,386 
 
 21,16{- 
 
 
 31,654 
 
 8,992 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 .. 
 
 Bremen 
 
 
 
 
 18,193 
 
 2,048 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cayenne 
 
 200 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 476 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 Copenhagen 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 300 
 
 1,152 
 
 
 
 Cowes 
 
 2,740 
 
 4,256 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 Falmouth 
 
 
 20,928 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 Genoa 
 
 ... 
 
 1 1 ,80H 
 
 
 55 
 
 3,328 
 
 
 
 5,376 
 
 
 
 Gibraltar 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Guadaloupe 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 Hamburgh 
 
 51,757 
 
 62,752 
 
 
 11,332 
 
 5,824 
 
 
 9,383 
 
 69,616 
 
 
 
 Havre 
 
 1,614 
 
 21,664 
 
 
 13,419 
 
 25,720 
 
 
 400 
 
 13,312 
 
 
 
 Leghorn 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 .. 
 
 Lisbon 
 
 883 
 
 3,248 
 
 
 2,030 
 
 10,91'i 
 
 
 2,635 
 
 2,160 
 
 
 .. 
 
 Liverpool 
 
 ... 
 
 32,320 
 
 
 9,062 
 
 181,248 
 
 
 
 176,864 
 
 
 
 iondon 
 
 8,354 
 
 68,864 
 
 
 
 112,160 
 
 
 
 45,824 
 
 
 .. 
 
 INIarseilles 
 
 6,500 
 
 33,728 
 
 
 4,234 
 
 992 
 
 
 
 6,592 
 
 
 
 Nantes 
 
 25,700 
 
 68,09f. 
 
 
 24,07 S 
 
 4,064 
 
 
 4,600 
 
 40,881 
 
 
 
 Newhaven 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 New York 
 
 168,111 
 
 222,208 
 
 
 207,219 
 
 406,112 
 
 
 110,964 
 
 , 443,424 
 
 
 1,984 
 
 Oporto 
 
 2,445 
 
 
 
 1,044 
 
 ... 
 
 
 200 
 
 
 
 
 Salem 
 
 127,008 
 
 186,238 
 
 ... 
 
 107,128 
 
 237,152 
 
 
 108,421 
 
 S16,41C 
 
 
 • • 
 
 Surinam 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 .. 
 
 Trieste 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ICO 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 416,078 
 
 781,406 
 
 
 430j889 
 
 1,006,424 
 
 
 237,379 
 
 1,021,617 
 
 1,984 
 
 M
 
 162 
 
 EXPORTS OF INDIA-RUBBER FROM PARA. 
 
 Ports of 
 Destination. 
 
 1848 to 1849. 
 
 1849 to 1850. 
 
 1850 to 1851. 
 
 Native 
 Shoes. 
 
 Different 
 
 Shapes. 
 
 Native 
 Shoes. 
 
 Different Shapes. 
 
 Native 
 shoes. 
 
 Different Shapes. 
 
 Fine and 
 Mixed. 
 
 Coarse 
 and Ser. 
 nambj. 
 
 Fine and 
 Mixed. 
 
 Coarse 
 and Ser- 
 namby. 
 
 Fine and 
 Mixed. 
 
 Coarse 
 and Ser- 
 namby. 
 
 Antwerp 
 
 P 
 
 airs. 
 
 lbs. 
 704 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Pairs. 
 265 
 
 lbs. 
 
 1 
 
 bs. 
 
 Pairs. 
 233 
 
 lbs. 
 6,496 
 
 1 
 
 bs. 
 
 Baltic 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 Barbadoes 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 32 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Barcelona 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 1,856 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bordeaux 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Boston 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 6,217 
 
 50,912 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 Bremen 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cayenne 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 Copenhagen 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 Cowes 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Falmouth 
 
 
 ,200 
 
 10,784 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 Genoa 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 15,136 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gibraltar 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 Guadaloupe 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 12,155 
 
 24,544 
 
 
 
 31,384 
 
 90,656 
 
 
 
 Havre 
 
 
 
 87,968 
 
 
 600 
 
 74,944 
 
 
 
 6,470 
 
 69,664 
 
 
 
 Leghorn 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 Lisbon 
 
 
 
 6,112 
 
 ... 
 
 85,286 
 
 512 
 
 
 
 7,695 
 
 1,264 
 
 
 
 Liverpool 
 
 
 
 384,544 
 
 2,816 
 
 8,532 
 
 244,400 
 
 
 
 12,350 
 
 899,104 
 
 17,948 
 
 London 
 
 
 
 64,560 
 
 
 ... 
 
 18,176 
 
 
 
 8,495 
 
 188,000 
 
 17,920 
 
 Marseilles 
 
 210 
 
 6,688 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 28,256 
 
 
 
 400 
 
 4,512 
 
 ... 
 
 Nantes 
 
 5,725 
 
 134,528 
 
 
 6,074 
 
 87,776 
 
 
 
 120 
 
 154,880 
 
 
 Newhaven 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 New York 
 
 1 90,535 
 
 730,496 
 
 2,656 
 
 165,254 
 
 656,480 
 
 
 
 16,550 
 
 743,135 
 
 6,048 
 
 Oporto 
 
 57 
 
 288 
 
 
 
 96 
 
 
 
 7,618 
 
 ... 
 
 
 Salem 
 
 115,898 
 
 176,640 
 
 
 80,496 
 
 530,816 
 
 
 
 47,557 
 
 738,464 
 
 6,720 
 
 Surinam 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 Trieste 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 313,625 
 
 1,603,312 
 
 5,472 
 
 314,879 
 
 1,733,936 
 
 
 
 138,872 
 
 2,896,175 
 
 48,672
 
 EXPORTS OF INDIA-RUBBER FROM PARA. 
 
 163 
 
 Ports of 
 Destination. 
 
 1851 to 1852. 
 
 1852 to 1853. 
 
 1853 to 1854. 
 
 Native 
 Shoes. 
 
 Different Shapes. 
 
 Native 
 Shoes. 
 
 Different Shapes. 
 
 Native 
 Shoes. 
 
 ■ ■- — 
 
 Different Shapes. 
 
 Fine and 
 Mixed. 
 
 Coarse 
 and Ser- 
 namby. 
 
 Fine and 
 Mixed. 
 
 Coarse 
 
 and Ser- 
 
 nainby. 
 
 Fine and 
 Mixed. 
 
 Coarse 
 and Ser- 
 namby. 
 
 Antwerp 
 
 Pairs. 
 511 
 
 lbs. 
 11,200 
 
 
 bs. 
 
 Pairs. 
 2,567 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Pairs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Baltic 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 Barbadoes 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 Barcelona 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 Bordeaux 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 Boston 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 83,888 
 
 52,302 
 
 Bremen 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 Cayenne 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 Copenhagen 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 Cowes 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 Falmouth 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 Genoa 
 
 ... 
 
 1,408 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 Gibraltar 
 
 ... 
 
 5,120 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 • 
 
 ... 
 
 Guadaloupe 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 21,948 
 
 124,352 
 
 
 
 15,187 
 
 38,496 
 
 5,976 
 
 ... 
 
 32,106 
 
 17,378 
 
 Havre 
 
 
 192,800 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 57,452 
 
 7,008 
 
 
 66,704 
 
 24,790 
 
 Leghorn 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 Lisbon 
 
 42,93J 
 
 14,037 
 
 
 
 7,145 
 
 2,140 
 
 ... 
 
 22 
 
 262 
 
 
 Liverpool 
 
 
 906,449 
 
 208,384 
 
 8,354 
 
 299,478 
 
 828,520 
 
 
 578,530 
 
 792,445 
 
 London 
 
 
 291,936 
 
 38,400 
 
 
 54,624 
 
 19,334 
 
 
 40,103 
 
 56,847 
 
 Marseilles 
 
 630 
 
 20,704 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 19,824 
 
 2,126 
 
 Nantes 
 
 ... 
 
 92,256 
 
 ... 
 
 
 12,586 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 20,992 
 
 25,ri80 
 
 Newhaven 
 
 ... 
 
 143,808 
 
 1,952 
 
 
 110,048 
 
 50,016 
 
 
 144,185 
 
 63,220 
 
 New York 
 
 ... 
 
 899,889 
 
 14,520 
 
 6,875 
 
 736,992 
 
 572,208 
 
 
 1,636,852 
 
 638,212 
 
 Oporto 
 
 1,50S 
 
 2,184 
 
 ... 
 
 300 
 
 64 
 
 ... 
 
 
 68 
 
 ... 
 
 Salem 
 
 19,28S 
 
 389,643 
 
 16,320 
 
 39,455 
 
 520,316 
 
 166,242 
 
 15,787 
 
 517,504 
 
 232,784 
 
 Surinam 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 Trieste 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 86,779 
 
 3,095,786 
 
 279,576 
 
 79,883 
 
 1,832,196 
 
 1,649,304 
 
 15,809 
 
 3,141,018 
 
 1,905,984 
 
 M 2
 
 1G4 
 
 EXPORTS OF INDIA-EUBBER FROM PARA. 
 
 Ports of 
 Destination. 
 
 1854 to 1855. 
 
 1855 to 1856. 
 
 
 Different Shapes. 
 
 
 Different Shapes. 
 
 Native 
 Shoes. 
 
 Fine and 
 Mixed. 
 
 Coarse 
 and Ser- 
 namby. 
 
 Native 
 Shoes. 
 
 Fine and 
 Mixed. 
 
 Coarse 
 and Ser- 
 namby. 
 
 Antwerp 
 
 Pairs. 
 
 lbs. 
 16,518 
 
 lbs. 
 
 P 
 
 airs. 
 
 lbs. 
 5,378 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Baltic 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 •• 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 Barbadoes 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 Barcelona 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 Bordeaux 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 Boston 
 
 
 287,010 
 
 133,582 
 
 
 
 228,668 
 
 5,557 
 
 Bremen 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 Cayenne 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 Copenhagen 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 Cowes 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 •• 
 
 
 ... 
 
 Falmouth 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 Genoa 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 Gibraltar 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 Guadaloupe 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 
 114,780 
 
 21,145 
 
 
 
 56,884 
 
 6,952 
 
 Havre 
 
 
 112,005 
 
 2,655 
 
 
 
 59,075 
 
 5,214 
 
 Leghorn 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Lisbon 
 
 
 4,883 
 
 
 
 
 5,729 
 
 6,120 
 
 Liverpool 
 
 
 1,079,401 
 
 976,779 
 
 
 
 969,919 
 
 739,877 
 
 London 
 
 
 62,866 
 
 29,436 
 
 
 
 80,492 
 
 141,722 
 
 Marseilles 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 ... 
 
 Nantes 
 
 
 23,694 
 
 5,594 
 
 
 .. 
 
 43,679 
 
 790 
 
 Newhaven 
 
 
 231,820 
 
 52,016 
 
 
 
 ]07,?97 
 
 7,104 
 
 New York 
 
 
 1,448,103 
 
 535,834 
 
 
 
 1,417,332 
 
 45,635 
 
 Oporto 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 280 
 
 288 
 
 Salem 
 
 
 387,976 
 
 196,802 
 
 
 
 502,080 
 
 17,074 
 
 Surinam 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 Trieste 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3,769,056 
 
 1,953,843 
 
 
 
 3,477,445 
 
 976,333
 
 EXPORTS OF INDIA-RUBBER FROM PARA. 165 
 
 Ports of Destination. 
 
 Total, 1836 to 1856. 
 
 Native 
 Shoes. 
 
 Different Shapes. 
 
 Fine and 
 Mixed. 
 
 Coarse 
 and Ser- 
 namby. 
 
 Antwerp 
 
 Baltic 
 
 Baltimore 
 
 Barbadoes . 
 
 Barcelona 
 
 Bordeaux 
 
 Boston 
 
 Bremen 
 
 Cayenne 
 
 Copenhagen , 
 
 Cowes 
 
 Falmouth 
 
 Genoa 
 
 Gibraltar 
 
 Guadaloupe . 
 
 Hamburg 
 
 Havre 
 
 Leghorn 
 
 Lisbon 
 
 Liverpool 
 
 London 
 
 Marseilles 
 
 Nantes 
 
 Newhaven 
 
 New York 
 
 Oporto 
 
 Salem 
 
 Surinam 
 
 Trieste 
 
 Pairs. 
 8,146 
 
 14,555 
 
 19 
 
 8,610 
 
 575,904 
 
 18,193 
 
 4,473 
 
 300 
 
 21,440 
 
 1,200 
 
 157 
 
 7,749 
 
 302,972 
 77,490 
 12,860 
 
 119,977 
 38,862 
 78,273 
 23,741 
 97,353 
 
 1,518,532 
 
 17,871 
 
 1,792,098 
 
 400 
 
 100 
 
 lbs. 
 95,234 
 
 10,720 
 
 3,200 
 
 32 
 
 20,192 
 
 14,390 
 
 825,472 
 
 2,048 
 
 23,762 
 
 1,152 
 
 10,112 
 
 31,712 
 
 65,598 
 
 24,416 
 
 5,446 
 
 781,008 
 
 1,037,657 
 
 125 
 
 416,977 
 
 5.822,683 
 
 1,961,579 
 
 210,492 
 
 818,653 
 
 737,758 
 
 9,641,175 
 
 11,548 
 
 4,738,886 
 
 191,441 
 
 51,451 
 39,667 
 
 6,120 
 
 3,566,805 
 
 303,659 
 
 2,126 
 
 32,264 
 
 174,308 
 
 1,817,097 
 
 288 
 
 635,942 
 
 4,741,275 27,312,027 6,821,168 
 
 M 3
 
 166 BIPORTS AND EXPORTS FOR THE UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 Imports of India-Ruhher to the United Kingdom for the Years 
 1842 to 1855 inclusive. 
 
 IMPORTS. 
 
 From 
 
 1842. 
 
 1843. 
 
 1844. 
 
 1845. 
 
 1846. 
 
 1847. 
 
 1848. 
 
 1849. 
 
 East Indies 
 
 lbs. 
 42,112 
 
 lbs. 
 7,504 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 1,568 
 
 lbs. 
 13,776 
 
 lbs. 
 45,472 
 
 lbs. 
 62,608 
 
 United States - 
 
 33,936 
 
 17,024 
 
 13,664 
 
 1,232 
 
 55,552 
 
 2,576 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 Brazil - 
 
 222,432 
 
 306,320 
 
 422,576 
 
 329,952 
 
 440,272 
 
 630,336 
 
 417,200 
 
 515,760 
 
 Java 
 
 
 27,664 
 
 2,240 
 
 ... 
 
 224 
 
 11,760 
 
 6,608 
 
 8,400 
 
 Elsewhere 
 
 18,704 
 
 784 
 
 10,416 
 
 9,408 
 
 54,096 
 
 1,120 
 
 2,016 
 
 9,968 
 
 Total 
 
 317,184 
 
 359,296 
 
 448,896 
 
 340,592 
 
 551,712 
 
 659,568 
 
 471,296 
 
 596,736 
 
 From 
 
 1850. 
 
 1851. 
 
 1852. 
 
 1853. 
 
 1854. 
 
 1855. 
 
 Total. 
 
 East Indies 
 
 lbs. 
 32,480 
 
 lbs. 
 66,864 
 
 lbs. 
 356,272 
 
 lbs. 
 391,216 
 
 lbs. 
 663,936 
 
 lbs. 
 940,128 
 
 lbs. 
 2,623,936 
 
 United States - 
 
 61,488 
 
 181,88? 
 
 ... 
 
 21,392 
 
 277,200 
 
 284,928 
 
 950,880 
 
 Brazil - 
 
 668,304 
 
 I,237,93€ 
 
 1,435,056 
 
 1,143,520 
 
 1 ,660,960 
 
 2,395,344 
 
 11,825,968 
 
 Java 
 
 35,504 
 
 191,96£ 
 
 293,888 
 
 77,280 
 
 184,912 
 
 203,304 
 
 1,060,752 
 
 Elsewhere 
 
 55,328 
 
 31,47S 
 
 110,768 
 
 307,104 
 
 302,848 
 
 1,166,032 
 
 2,080,064 
 
 Total 
 
 858,104 
 
 1,710,128 
 
 2,195,984 
 
 1,940,512 
 
 3,089,856 
 
 5,006,736 
 
 18,541,600
 
 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS FOR THE UNITED KINGDOM. 167 
 
 Exports of India- Rubber from the United Kingdom for the Years 
 1842 to 1855 inclusive. 
 
 EXPORTS. 
 
 Destination. 
 
 1842. 
 
 1843. 
 
 1844. 
 
 1845. 
 
 1846. 
 
 1847. 
 
 1848. 
 
 1849. 
 
 Russia 
 
 lbs. 
 8,624 
 
 lbs. 
 35,392 
 
 lbs. 
 10,080 
 
 lbs. 
 15,904 
 
 lbs. 
 18,704 
 
 lbs. 
 54,320 
 
 lbs. 
 77,616 
 
 lbs. 
 87,472 
 
 Hanse Towns 
 
 13,440 
 
 11,536 
 
 26,880 
 
 13,216 
 
 3,696 
 
 24,528 
 
 224 
 
 32,368 
 
 Holland 
 
 6,272 
 
 43,232 
 
 29,792 
 
 37,184 
 
 112 
 
 26,432 
 
 112 
 
 61,040 
 
 Belgium 
 
 4,592 
 
 38,752 
 
 74,816 
 
 120,736 
 
 13,552 
 
 4,032 
 
 ... 
 
 3,024 
 
 France 
 
 ... 
 
 1,008 
 
 22,064 
 
 448 
 
 ... 
 
 224 
 
 
 
 United States 
 
 112 
 
 ... 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 18,256 
 
 
 ... 
 
 Elsewhere ... 
 
 672 
 
 2,576 
 
 1,232 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 6,384 
 
 896 
 
 2,688 
 
 Total 
 
 33,712 
 
 132,496 
 
 ] 64,864 
 
 187,488 
 
 36,064 
 
 134,176 
 
 78,848 
 
 186,592 
 
 Destination. 
 
 1850. 
 
 1851. 
 
 1852. 
 
 1853. 
 
 1854. 
 
 1855. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Russia 
 
 lbs. 
 39,088 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 28,784 
 
 lbs. 
 14,896 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 390,880 
 
 Hanse Towns 
 
 49,392 
 
 57,904 
 
 52,528 
 
 25,038 
 
 163,520 
 
 300,496 
 
 774,816 
 
 Holland 
 
 6,160 
 
 60,704 
 
 88,592 
 
 1 22,640 
 
 72,464 
 
 5,936 
 
 560,672 
 
 Belgium 
 
 22,176 
 
 57,344 
 
 232,512 
 
 290,752 
 
 135,856 
 
 36,400 
 
 1,034,544 
 
 France 
 
 560 
 
 
 
 
 193,984 
 
 475,776 
 
 694,064 
 
 United States 
 
 
 168,448 
 
 189,616 
 
 210,784 
 
 638,736 
 
 103,040 
 
 1,328,992 
 
 Elsewhere 
 
 ... 
 
 2,576 
 
 5,488 
 
 6,384 
 
 13,104 
 
 13,552 
 
 55,552 
 
 Total 
 
 117,376 
 
 346,976 
 
 597,520 
 
 670,544 
 
 1,217,664 
 
 935,200 
 
 4,839,520 
 
 M 4
 
 168 
 
 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS AT SINGAPORE. 
 
 Imports and Exports of India-Rubber at Sincapore, for the Years 
 1849-50 to 1854-55. 
 
 IMPORTS. 
 
 
 1849 
 
 1850 
 
 1851 
 
 1852 
 
 1853 
 
 1854 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 1850 
 
 1851 
 
 1852 
 
 1853 
 
 1854 
 
 1855 
 
 Java 
 
 lbs. 
 20,608 
 
 lbs. 
 17,248 
 
 'lbs. 
 37,856 
 
 lbs. 
 175,616 
 
 lbs. 
 57,904 
 
 lbs. 
 49,504 
 
 Ibg. 
 358,736 
 
 Sumatra 
 
 1,344 
 
 448 
 
 
 1 94,096 
 
 139,104 
 
 428,288 
 
 763,280 
 
 China 
 
 ... 
 
 1,680 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 
 1,680 
 
 Manilla 
 
 ... 
 
 14,896 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 14,896 
 
 Borneo 
 
 
 ... 
 
 
 2,688 
 
 224 
 
 112 
 
 3,024 
 
 Malay Peninsula ... 
 
 
 
 
 448 
 
 
 ... 
 
 448 
 
 Penang and Malacca 
 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 127,120 
 
 126,448 
 
 253,568 
 
 Elsewhere ... 
 
 
 
 
 96,544 
 
 ... 
 
 33,712 
 
 130,256 
 
 Total lbs. 
 
 21,952 
 
 34,272 
 
 37,856 
 
 469,392 
 
 324,352 
 
 638,064 
 
 1,525,888 
 
 EXPORTS. 
 
 Destination. 
 
 1849 
 1850 
 
 1850 
 1851 
 
 1851 
 1852 
 
 1852 
 1853 
 
 1853 
 1354 
 
 1854 
 1855. 
 
 Total. 
 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 lbs. 
 
 Great Britain 
 
 21,840 
 
 37,856 
 
 109,200 
 
 538,8;?2 
 
 449,120 
 
 390,768 
 
 1,547,616 
 
 North America 
 
 21,280 
 
 6,832 
 
 3,136 
 
 18,592 
 
 133,952 
 
 341,040 
 
 524,832 
 
 France 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 10,080 
 
 63,392 
 
 42,560 
 
 1 1 6,032 
 
 Hamburg ... 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 60,032 
 
 60,032 
 
 Java 
 
 ... 
 
 
 
 ... 
 
 ... 
 
 1,344 
 
 1,344 
 
 Total lbs. 
 
 43,120 
 
 44,688 
 
 112,336 
 
 567,504 
 
 646,464 
 
 835,744 
 
 2,249,856 
 
 The above Statement shows an Export during six years, in excess of tlie Imports, of 
 723,968 lbs., the produce of Sincapore.
 
 169 
 
 MECHANICAL APPLICATIONS OF 
 VULCANIZED INDIA-RUBBER. 
 
 Note. — A, Quality is the most elastic. It weighs about 60 lbs. per cubic 
 foot, or l-29th of a lb. per cubic inch. 
 
 D, Quality weighs about 82 lbs. per cubic foot, or l-21th of a lb, 
 
 per cubic inch. 
 
 E, Quality more elastic than D — weighs about 92 lbs, per cubic 
 
 foot, or l-19th of a lb. per cubic inch. 
 
 F, C. — Fibrous compound, used for flange washers, valves, 
 
 and pump buckets. Weight l-25th of a lb, per 
 cubic inch. 
 
 The following list describes some of the applications of 
 india-rubber. Many of these articles are formed of pure 
 vulcanized rubber, and others prepared with various pig- 
 ments according to the required colour, quality, or in- 
 tended application of the article, each modification of 
 quality being distinguished by a letter, thus enabling the 
 consumer to select either pure vulcanized rubber or any 
 of the stated compounds. 
 
 Buffer and Bearing Springs. {Fuller and UBergueh 
 Patent.^ 
 
 A patent application of the vulcanized india-rubber 
 to the purposes of draw springs, buffers, and bearing 
 springs of railway carriages ; more efficient, durable, 
 and economical than any modification of steel springs 
 for such purposes. 
 
 Cylinders. 
 
 These are made of any dimensions of bore and thick- 
 ness ; they are supplied for the formation of buffers, 
 washers, and springs, where enormous compression is 
 used, and to relieve the concussion of steam hammers, 
 fulling mills, &c. &c.
 
 170 MECHANICAL APPLICATIONS OF 
 
 Foot and Pump Valves for Ocean Steamers. 
 
 These valves are rapidly superseding the metallic 
 valves ; concussion is avoided ; a perfect joint formed 
 under the most rapid motion of a steam engine ; 
 they are extensively used in steam ships constructed 
 with paddle wheels ; for screw steamers they are 
 quite indispensable. 
 
 Valve Canvass. 
 
 This is a modification of the above ; it is prepared for 
 various mechanical purposes, and is much less elastic 
 than the vulcanized india-rubber, in which canvass 
 or other fibrous materials are not incorporated. 
 
 Engine Packing. 
 
 This article, being a compound of india-rubber and 
 fibrous materials, is eminently adapted for packing 
 pistons, stuffing boxes, and the various parts of steam 
 engines that require packing ; it is supplied in sheets, 
 slips or rings, and the fibres are so arranged in the 
 compound as to give the greatest possible amount of 
 durability and relief from friction. 
 
 Washers for Flange and Socket Joints. 
 
 By means of these washers an Instantaneous joint 
 may be made for every purpose, and in every con- 
 ceivable situation in manufacturing establishments ; 
 they are made to any figure or size, from that of 
 the smallest pipe to the largest chemical cistern. 
 
 Wheel Tires. 
 
 For this purpose the vulcanized india-rubber is finnly 
 attached to a metal hoop or tire, of the usual width, 
 or an endless band of rubber Is sprung on to an 
 ordinary wheel tire, and kept in position by a flange 
 on either side; the rubber, projecting from the 
 flanges, rests on the ground, and this prevents the 
 concussion to which the wheels are ordinarily sub- 
 jected, and altogether increases the durability of the
 
 VULCANIZED INDIA-RUBBER. 171" 
 
 carriage. Carriages having these tires roll along 
 without the slightest noise, and in an extraordinarily- 
 soft and easy manner. They are particularly valu- 
 able for trucking goods in warehouses, railway 
 stations, and for bath and invalid chairs. 
 
 Rolling Piston for Lifting and Forcing Pumps. 
 
 (^Woodcock's Patent.^ 
 
 A patent application of the vulcanized india-rubber. 
 The rolling pistons prevent all friction in pump 
 barrels and water meters, and they are economical, 
 enduring, and cannot " choke," whatever be the fluid 
 they are employed to pump. 
 
 Rings, Strips, and Cords for Elastic Purposes. 
 These may be applied to the most delicate or most 
 powerful mechanical purposes. 
 
 Flexible Pumps for Forcing or Exhausting Aik, 
 Gases, &c. &c. 
 
 Pump Buckets. 
 
 These are made of various forms, and their advan- 
 tages are, durability, and the facility with which 
 water, liquid manures, and chemical liquids of any 
 temperature may be pumped Avithout injury to the 
 vulcanized india-rubber. 
 
 Plug Valves. 
 
 These are conical valves for ships, chemical and water 
 cisterns, and as plugs for hot or cold water baths ; 
 they never corrode, or fail in forming a perfect joint. 
 
 Coach Loops or Round Robbins. 
 
 These are used by coachmakers instead of those of 
 combined iron and leather, as being more safe, quiet, 
 and durable for the support of carriage bodies. 
 
 Teagle or Hoist Straps. 
 
 These are more enduring, safe, and economical than 
 the ordinary hempen rope.
 
 172 MECHANICAL APPLICATIONS OF 
 
 Gas Bags. 
 
 A useful and certain apparatus for the repair or 
 alteration of gas mains ; by its aid a town need no 
 longer be placed in darkness during the laying of 
 pipes. 
 
 DiAPHRAMS. 
 
 These are made of vulcanized india-rubber, for dry 
 gas meters, and for measuring the supply of water 
 to towns, manufactories, or private dwellings. 
 
 Door Springs. 
 
 These are used in a variety of ways: one of Its 
 simplest applications is, as a strong loop slipped over 
 two hooks, one in the door and one in the jamb or 
 door frame. 
 
 Corrugated Rubber Felt. 
 
 This article is extensively used for manufacturing and 
 railway purposes ; in the latter, its peculiar properties 
 are exhibited when placed under the chairs or flat 
 rails ; concussion is prevented, and wear and tear of 
 the rails and carriages much diminished ; it is also 
 used extensively for the bottoms of vulcanized India- 
 rubber over-shoes. 
 
 Hose Pipes and Tubing. 
 
 These are made of any bore and length, suited to the 
 delivery hose and suction pipes of fire engines, and 
 for the conveyance of gas, steam, acids, alkalies, 
 and other fluids ; they are also soft and pliable, and 
 not Injuriously affected by heat or cold. 
 
 Locomotive Piping. 
 
 This is a modification of the above class of articles ; 
 for this purpose the ordinary strength Is increased. 
 
 Rollers for Letter-Press Printing. 
 
 A substitute for the ordinary glue and treacle rollers. 
 The chief recommendations are their permanent 
 elasticity and durability.
 
 VULCANIZED INDIA-RUBBER. 173 
 
 Blankets for Calico Printing. 
 
 These are formed of alternate layers of india-rubber 
 and cloth ; by their use, a printer can produce fine 
 and delicate patterns, that could not result from the 
 ordinary woollen blanket. These patent blankets 
 are capable of printing 25,000 pieces of cloth, and 
 the power required is much diminished, in conse- 
 quence of their peculiar elasticity requiring less 
 pressure to produce the pattern. 
 
 Furnishers for Calico Printing. 
 
 These are formed of vulcanized india-rubber, with 
 a roughened surface which takes up the colour, and 
 applies it to the engraved roller. The same furnisher 
 can readily be applied to any colour without waste ; 
 the composition of printing colours has no injurious 
 effect on these furnishers, which perform their work 
 for a series of years. 
 
 Sieves or Furnishers for Surface Printing. 
 
 These are found to be a great improvement on the 
 ordinary woollen sieve, especially in an economical 
 point of view, as they prevent the absorption of the 
 colour. 
 
 Artificial Leather for Card Backs. 
 
 This article is too well known to cotton and woollen 
 manufacturers to need comment or explanation ; 
 suffice it to say, that its chief advantages are 
 cheapness, evenness, large size of sheets, and elasti- 
 city. 
 
 Moulded Articles — Elastic. 
 
 Under this head is comprised the endless variety of 
 forms in which the vulcanized india-rubber is pro- 
 duced for manufacturing, surgical, domestic, and 
 fancy purposes, which may require moulds for their 
 production. It is the peculiar property of vulcan- 
 ized india-rubber to retain, permanently, the form in 
 which it is vulcanized.
 
 174 MECHANICAL APPLICATIONS OF 
 
 Moulded Articles — Hard Vulcanized. 
 
 Under this head is included all the before-mentioned ; 
 the degree of hardness is adapted to the purposes 
 to which the substance is required to be applied. 
 
 Hard vulcanized rubber is supplied in the form of 
 sheets, slabs, bars, tubes, and can be moulded to any 
 desired figure. 
 
 It is a substitute for bone, ivory, whalebone, hard- 
 woods, &c., and is capable of being worked by the 
 ordinary tools used for those substances. 
 
 It can be worked in the lathe, sawn, planed, drilled, 
 screwed, or engraved. 
 
 The properties of this material are : — resistance to 
 the action of hot and cold acids, alkalies or chemically 
 impregnated solutions, the sulphur in gas; and it is 
 suited to any uses in which metals are objectionable. 
 
 Cushions for Billiard Tables. 
 
 These are an improvement upon the original india- 
 rubber cushions, which in cold weather were hard, 
 and in that state useless. 
 
 The patent cushions never alter in their elasticity, 
 and consequently are to be depended upon ; they are 
 highly approved of by scientific players. 
 
 Sewer and Sink Valves. {Dr. C. BeWs Patent) 
 These effectually prevent the escape of eflfluvium in 
 all situations ; they are simple in application, and the 
 vulcanized india-rubber is not injured by contact 
 with any fluids that may pass through the valve into 
 the sewer. 
 
 CUMULATORS, OR ELASTIC PoWER PURCHASES FOR 
 
 Projectile and Lifting Apparatus, &c. {Hodge s 
 
 Patent.) 
 
 Here the vulcanized india-rubber is used in the form 
 of tubes or cords. Simple or compound springs are 
 brought to bear upon harpoons, arrows, balls, shot, 
 and other missiles, and made to project them with
 
 VULCANIZED INDIA-RUBBER. 175 
 
 immense velocity and precision. In case of lifting 
 and suspending great weights, an assemblage of 
 these springs are brought into use, by which a child 
 may lift an enormous weight. 
 
 Thread — Vulcanized India-Rubber. 
 
 This article, by reason of its great strength and 
 permanent elasticity, has greatly extended the trade 
 in elastic woven and knitted fabrics. It is prepared 
 of several degrees of fineness, and supersedes the 
 original native, or common india-rubber thread. 
 
 Vulcanized Sheet Rubber. 
 
 These sheets are supplied in grey or black of any 
 thickness from the 70th of an inch upwards, and 
 varying from 5 to 50 yards in length, by 50 inches 
 and upwards in width ; from these may be cut 
 bandages, springs, strips for joints, and linings for 
 chemical and other vessels, &c. 
 
 Rubber and Cloth Combined in Sheets. 
 
 This is commonly known as "insertion" rubber; 
 where required, the cloth is made highly elastic, so 
 as to stretch to the extent of the rubber; where 
 this material is required not to stretch, a non-elastic 
 cloth is used. 
 
 Fine Cut Sheet Rubber. 
 
 These sheets are supplied to any thickness, and are 
 capable of being joined up for the manufacture of 
 various articles. 
 
 Fine Sheet Rubber, 
 
 Made of any thickness from 36 inches wide and 
 
 upwards, and from 5 to 50 yards long. 
 India-Rubber Solution, or Varnish.
 
 176 SURGICAL PURPOSES. 
 
 SURGICAL PURPOSES. 
 
 Hydrostatic Beds. 
 
 These beds afford great relief to the afflicted — 
 fiicilitate their movement, and supply a soft support 
 to every part of the person. 
 
 Iron Bedsteads with Elastic Sacking. 
 
 These are adapted for hospitals and public insti- 
 tutions generally; they afford the greatest facility 
 for attendance on the sick; are much cheaper than 
 hydrostatic beds, and very simple in construction. 
 
 Mattresses, Beds, and Pillows. 
 (^With bellows for inflation.^ 
 
 These articles are prepared from air-proof materials, 
 and when inflated assume their figure of mattress, 
 bed, pillow, &c. ; they are very easy, light, and 
 portable, and made to any size and figure. Bellows 
 are supplied for the inflation of the larger articles, 
 and the operation is at once simple and easy. 
 
 Elastic Woven Bandages. 
 
 Are formed as stockings, knee-caps, leggings, thigh 
 pieces, anklets, armlets, Avristlets, &c. ; they are 
 extensively used for the relief of glandular swellings, 
 and varicose veins, abdominal belts, &c. ; nothing 
 can be more easy and efficacious in use, or more 
 elegant in appearance, than these applications of the 
 vulcanized india-rubber thread. 
 
 Bed Sheets. 
 
 Applied as a cover, so that in cases of Hemorrhage, 
 &c., a valuable bed is entirely protected from injury. 
 
 Water Pillows and Beds. 
 
 Are exceedingly elastic, either inflated for reclining 
 on, or for the application of hot or cold water to any 
 part of the body ; to bed-ridden patients they are
 
 SURGICAL PURPOSES. 177 
 
 invaluable, as they entirely prevent the friction pro- 
 duced by ordinary cushions or pillows. 
 
 Chemical Aprons, Sleeves, and Gloves. 
 
 Are used by surgeons in dissecting operations, and 
 prevent all risk from contact with poisonous fluids. 
 They are also valuable for manufacturing chemists, 
 dyers, and others, as they protect the person and 
 clothing from the action of caustic, alkalies, acids, 
 and other dangerous liquids. 
 
 Gas Vessels. 
 
 Are made in the form of bags of any size or figure. 
 They are used for the purposes of illumination, and for 
 containing separate gases for chemical and experi- 
 mental purposes ; as, for instance, the oxy-hydrogen 
 microscope, &c. 
 
 Tubing, Braided or Plain. 
 
 For the conveyance of gas or other fluids, for 
 moveable lights and general use in manufactories, 
 chemical works, &c. 
 
 Ligatures, &c. 
 
 These are made in the forms of thread, cords, 
 bandages, rings, &c., and are useful in cases of dis- 
 location, for the tourniquet and various other purposes 
 in surgical operations. 
 
 Injection Bottles, Breast Bottles, Exhausting 
 Bells, Enemas, Pessaries, Urinals. Pic Nics, 
 Ear Pads, Truss Pads, Corn Protectors, Finger 
 Stalls, &c. 
 
 Appliances for medical and surgical purposes : their 
 uses are indicated by their names, and are well 
 adapted to their varied purposes. 
 
 N
 
 178 DOMESTIC APPLIANCES. 
 
 DOMESTIC APPLIANCES. 
 
 Inflated Cushions and Beds. 
 
 Are made of any form and to any dimensions : they 
 are useful for chairs and sofas, or for the purposes of 
 travelling — particularly in second class carriages on 
 railways. 
 
 Chest Expanders. 
 
 Afford agreeable and healthful exercise to children 
 and persons engaged in sedentary employment : they 
 strengthen the muscular powers, expand the chest, 
 and promote health. For schools and families they 
 are particularly useful. 
 
 Sponging Baths. 
 
 A portable and efficient accompaniment of the modern 
 bed-chamber : no water is absorbed by the material, 
 and the bath can be packed away immediately after 
 use ; hence its value to persons travelling. 
 
 Jar Covers and Capsules. 
 
 For pickles, preserves, and anatomical specimens. 
 They can be removed in a moment, and soundly re- 
 placed, afford protection from the atmosphere, and 
 are perfectly self-fastening. 
 
 Gum Rings, Corals, Nipples. 
 
 Crib Sheets. 
 
 Nursing Aprons. 
 
 Arm Gussets. 
 
 Sponge Bags. 
 
 Straps for Baby Jumpers. 
 
 Dress Dilators. 
 
 Bathing Caps. 
 
 Tobacco Pouches. 
 
 Bottling Corks and Bungs. 
 
 Decanter Stoppers. 
 
 Table Mats.
 
 WEARING APPAREL. 179" 
 
 Seats and Backs for Chairs and Stools. 
 
 Playing Balls. 
 
 Foot Balls. 
 
 Cricket Gloves and Bat Covers. 
 
 Gloves of all Sizes. 
 
 The names of the above articles indicate their use, 
 and they are found safer and better adapted to their 
 several uses than the articles they have superseded. 
 
 WEARING APPAREL. 
 
 Piece Goods, Waterproof Fabrics. 
 
 Cambric, Sheeting, Linen, Stuff, Alpaca, 
 
 Silk, Woollen, &c. &c.. Double and Single 
 
 Texture. 
 Capes. 
 
 Capes with Sleeves or Loose Coats. 
 Chesterfield Wrappers. 
 Coachmen's Coats. 
 Ladies' Paletots. 
 Bonnet Hoods with Short Cape. 
 Overalls. 
 Braces. 
 Vest Backs. 
 Garters. 
 Gaiters. 
 Trouser Straps. 
 Over Shoes. 
 Webbing for Gussets. 
 
 " Braces. 
 
 " Elastic Boots. 
 
 " Bandages and Rollers. 
 Sandling. 
 Apron Bands. 
 AVristlets. 
 
 N 2
 
 180 NAUTICAL AND AGRICULTURAL ARTICLES. 
 
 Ladies' Pages. 
 
 Elastic Belts. 
 
 Gloves. 
 
 Any explanation or statement of properties possessed 
 by the above, is rendered almost supei'fluous by their 
 general use by the public ; but it may be observed, 
 that of late years, the fashion has very much re- 
 vived the use of waterproof clothing : the loose, 
 open, easy character of the pi*esent dress renders a 
 waterproof overcoat unobservable, made as they 
 now are of materials such as are regularly worn in 
 an unproof state, and consequently unobjectionable 
 in appearance, whilst at the same time all the ad- 
 vantages of being kept perfectly dry in rain, is due 
 to the india-rubber fabric alone. 
 
 NAUTICAL AND AGRICULTURAL 
 ARTICLES. 
 
 Ship Sheets. 
 
 Are used for the purpose of passing under a ship's 
 bottom in case of leakage or accident at sea. They 
 eflPectually stop the ingress of the water, and enable 
 the ship to proceed on her voyage without repairing 
 the leak ; on arriving at a port, the damage can be 
 effectually repaired without taking the ship into dock, 
 — advantages that have been appreciated by the Go- 
 vernment and private traders. 
 
 Safety Tubes. {Holdsworth's Patent.) 
 
 Are used for life boats, life buoys, watching buoys, 
 &c., and are peculiarly adapted for giving buoy- 
 ancy to boats of all descriptions. They can be 
 placed fore and aft, secured by nettings to the 
 raisings or rails fitted for the purpose, or be secured 
 across the boats under the tliwarts, as the judgment
 
 NAUTICAL AND AGRICULTURAL ARTICLES. 181 
 
 of the owner may direct, thus converting any boat 
 into a life boat. As life buoys, they may be thrown 
 to the assistance of persons falling overboard : they 
 are so light as not to do injury to the person who 
 may be struck with them, while their buoyancy is 
 such, that they are capable of supporting three 
 persons in the water until assistance arrives. 
 
 Life Belts, or Life 'Preservers. 
 
 Are made light, portable, and efficient for the pro- 
 tection of life and property in cases of wreck or 
 other accidents at sea : many valuable lives have 
 been saved by their use ; and it is not too much to 
 say, that in ordinary cases of shipwreck, the whole 
 of the passengers and crew might be saved, if the 
 properties of these valuable articles were more gene- 
 rally knoAvn. 
 
 Boats Inflated. 
 
 Are intended for pleasure purposes on lakes, for 
 fishing, and for exploring parties going abroad. They 
 can be packed in small compass while travelling, and, 
 when required, can be converted into a boat in five 
 minutes. 
 
 Sou'-Westers, Deck Boots, Over Sfits, &c. 
 
 Are essential to officers, and sea-faring persons gene- 
 rally, as they preserve the usual clothing perfectly 
 dry in the roughest weather. 
 
 Diving Dresses. 
 
 These entirely envelope the person, and enable 
 divers and others engaged in submarine operations 
 to perform their work in security. 
 
 Cart, "Waggon, and Rick Covers. 
 
 Are thoroughly waterproof, very light, portable, and 
 . do not crack in use.
 
 182 TRAVELLING AND SPORTING ARTICLES. 
 
 Malting Shoes. 
 
 Are used by persons engaged in malting, and similar 
 operations. They can be attached to common shoes, 
 and enable persons to walk upon the grain without 
 crushing or otherwise injuring it. 
 
 Hose and Suction Pipes. 
 
 For the conveyance of liquid manure, and the general 
 purposes of land irrigation. 
 
 Horse Stockings, Brush and Ring Boots, Knee 
 Caps, and Shoe Pads. 
 These are found to answer the purpose much better 
 than the ordinary leather ones, to which they are 
 now preferred. 
 
 TRAVELLING AND SPORTING ARTICLES. 
 
 Travelling Cushions, Beds, Rugs, Bags, &c. 
 
 Gig Aprons. 
 
 Driving Gloves. 
 
 Canteens and Bottles. 
 
 Drinking Cups. 
 
 Horse Cloths. 
 
 Mud Boots. 
 
 Handles for Sticks, Umbrellas, &c. 
 
 Shooting Boots. 
 Gun Covers. 
 Game Bags. 
 Shooting Hats. 
 Riding Belts. 
 Fishing Boots. 
 Fishing Stockings. 
 Fishing Trousers. 
 Fishing Coats. 
 Yachting Trousers. 
 Tents.
 
 STATIONERY PURPOSES. — ORNAMENTAL. 183 
 
 STATIONERY PURPOSES. 
 
 Elastic Bands for Papers, Letters, &c. {Perry 
 
 and Daffs Patent.) 
 Inkstands with Elastic Bottle. 
 Writing Tablets. 
 Parcel Bands. 
 Book Covers. 
 Erasing Rubber in Squares and Bottles. 
 
 ORNAMENTAL. 
 
 Enamelled Sheets. 
 
 Embossed " 
 
 Marbled " 
 
 Prints from Engraved Plates. 
 
 Maps. 
 
 Bas Reliefs. 
 
 Medallions. 
 
 Embossings, Flowers, Figures, Animals. 
 
 Coloured Thread, Plain and Braided. 
 
 Some of these articles exhibit the applicability of 
 the vulcanized india-rubber to the Arts in cases 
 where durable embossing of any degree of hardness, 
 of fineness, of execution, susceptibility of colouring 
 or elasticity are required. Among the applications 
 of embossing are the production of durable books 
 for the Blind, and both hard and elastic type for 
 printing.
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS 
 
 FOURTEEN PATENTS 
 
 Granted by Geo. IV., Will. IV., and Victoria, 
 FROM April 29. 1820, to Dec. 30. 1847, 
 
 THOMAS HANCOCK, 
 
 OF STOKE NEWINGTON, 
 FOR THE TREATMENT AND APPLICATION OF 
 
 INDI A-EUBBER.
 
 SYNOPSIS. 
 
 Articles of Dress 
 Pitch and Tar 
 Leather by Liquid 
 Leather by Solution 
 Ropes and Cordage 
 Ornaments, etc. by Liquid 
 Expanding Cushions 
 Dough "Waterproofing ... 
 
 Dough Sheets 
 
 Vulcanising 
 
 Obtaining Forms by Moulds, etc 
 Converting Applications 
 Printing 
 Vulcanised Solutions 
 
 DATE OF SPEClFICATIOy. 
 
 PAGl; 
 
 .. April 29. 
 
 1820 . 
 
 .. 189 
 
 .. Mar. 22. 
 
 1823 . 
 
 .. 192 
 
 .. Nov. 29. 
 
 1824 . 
 
 .. 196 
 
 .. Mar. 15. 
 
 1825 . 
 
 .. 204 
 
 ... 3Iar. 15. 
 
 1825 . 
 
 .. 208 
 
 .. Aug. 0. 
 
 1830 . 
 
 .. 211 
 
 ... Jjine 4. 
 
 1835 . 
 
 .. 218 
 
 ... April 18. 
 
 1837 . 
 
 .. 224 
 
 .. Jan. 23. 
 
 1838 . 
 
 .. 231 
 
 .. Nov. 21. 
 
 1843 . 
 
 .. 236 
 
 re. 3Iar. 18. 
 
 1846 . 
 
 .. 247 
 
 ... Nov. 19. 
 
 1846 . 
 
 .. 256 
 
 ... Nov. 2. 
 
 1847 . 
 
 .. 271 
 
 ... Dec. 30. 
 
 1847 . 
 
 .. 273 
 
 With reference to Native Shoes, in the Statistical Tables, it should be 
 mentioned that, in this country these shoes wei'e mostly used as rawmaterial ; 
 in America, on the contraiy, they were worn as over shoes.
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 SPECIFICATIONS 
 
 ARTICLES or DRESS. 
 
 Specification of Patent granted to Thomas Hancock, Stoke 
 Newington, Middlesex, Esquire, for an Improvement in 
 the Application of a certain Material to various Articles 
 of Di-ess and other Articles, that the same may he ren- 
 dered more Elastic. — Dated April 29. 1820. 
 
 The material I use is caoutchouc : I cut it into slips of 
 a convenient length and thickness, according to the purpose 
 for which it is to be used, and the degree of elasticity 
 necessary. If the quality of the caoutchouc is not the best, 
 or the spring is not required to be very substantial, I pre- 
 pare those slips by putting them into hot water, and steeping 
 them awhile, to prevent their cracking on the edges ; when 
 the substance of the spring is required to be more con- 
 siderable, or the quality of the caoutchouc better, I use it 
 without such preparation. I apply the caoutchouc spring to 
 gloves in the following manner. A case or pipe of leather, 
 linen, or cotton, or other similar material, is made, as long as 
 it is necessary the spring should stretch ; the spring is then 
 fastened at the extremities of the pipe or case, by sewing or 
 otherwise, in such a manner as that the pipe may contract 
 or gather up very considerably. The case or pij)e is then 
 fixed in the wrist of the glove, so as to contract the glove 
 to the size of the wrist, care being taken not to make the 
 spring so strong but that the glove will easily draw over 
 
 p
 
 190 THOMAS Hancock's patents. 
 
 the hand. The case or pipe may be made in the glove 
 itself, and the spring introduced in the manner I have 
 described. Attention must be paid in fastening the caout- 
 chouc that it is not pierced anywhere between the extre- 
 mities by the needle, otherwise it will be liable to tear and 
 break. In a similar manner I apply the caoutchouc spring 
 to any article of dress where elasticity is desirable at any 
 particular part. I apply the caoutchouc springs to waist- 
 coats and waistbands, to make them contract and sit close to 
 the body ; to coat-sleeve linings, to draw them closer round 
 the wrist ; to the mouth of pockets, to prevent their con- 
 tents from falling out when in an inverted position, and to 
 prevent their being easily picked; to trowser and gaiter 
 straps, to enable them to lengthen and shorten to the bend 
 of the knees and ankle-joints; to braces, instead of wire 
 and other springs, as now commonly used ; to stockings, to 
 prevent their slipping down the leg ; to garters, to shirt- 
 wrists, to the knees of drawers and breeches ; to wigs, false 
 curls and fronts, to keep them tight on the head; to 
 pocket-books and purses, instead of the strap and loop, and 
 wire springs ; to riding-belts, to stays, and such parts of 
 the apparel and dress of women as require to be kejit close 
 to the person, and yet to be elastic as fastenings ; to boots, 
 shoes, clogs, and pattens, when the object is to take them off 
 and on without any lacing or tying. I apply caoutchouc to 
 the soles of boots, shoes, and clogs, by making either the 
 whole sole of caoutchouc, or the inner or outer sole only, or 
 by fastening a piece of caoutchouc between the soles ; and 
 in either case boots, shoes, and clogs, are rendered more 
 elastic to the foot. I apply the caoutchouc spring to stiff- 
 eners for neckcloths. I use caoutchouc in stirrups to render 
 them elastic to the feet, by forming a piece to the bottom of 
 the stirrup, which I fasten on by having holes drilled in the 
 stirrup, and sewing on the caoutchouc with wax thread, or 
 wire, or by riveting or screwing it on with iron. In this 
 specification I do not insist upon any particular mode of
 
 ARTICLES OF DRESS. 191 
 
 applying or fastening the caoutchouc to the various articles 
 described, as that may be varied as convenience may re- 
 quire ; my object being to produce and apply a better kind 
 of spring than any now in use for the purposes above- 
 mentioned. — In witness, &c. 
 
 Thomas Hancock. 
 Enrolled August 8. 1820. 
 
 p 2
 
 192 THOMAS Hancock's patents. 
 
 PITCH AND TAR. 
 
 Specification of Patent granted to TnOMAS Hancock, Stoke 
 Newington, Middlesex, Esquire, for an Improvement in 
 the Preparation for various useful purposes of Pitch and 
 of Tar, separately or in union, by an Admixture of other 
 Ingredients icith either or both of them. — Dated March 
 22. 1823. 
 
 My Invention consists in the mixing caoutchouc and its 
 solvent with pitch or tar, or with pitch and tar combined 
 together in various proportions, and thereby rendering these 
 substances, namely, pitch and tar, whether separately or in 
 combination with each other, less soluble in water, tougher, 
 more elastic, and more durable than pitch or tar, or pitch 
 and tar mixed together, and used in their natural state, are 
 found to be. Previously to describing my method of pre- 
 paring the solution of caoutchouc, &c., it is necessary for 
 me to state that caoutchouc is the substance which is more 
 generally known by the names elastic gum and Indian 
 rubber. Many, if not all, of the essential oils will dissolve 
 the Indian rubber ; but for the sake of cheapness I prefer, 
 and therefore employ, the essential oil of turpentine, or the 
 essential oil of tar, either of which is a good solvent of the 
 Indian rubber. I make the solution by first cutting the 
 Indian rubber into very thin slips, in order to increase the 
 quantity of surface of the said rubber and thereby to expe- 
 dite its solution when it is immersed in the essential oil ;
 
 riTCII AND TAR. 193 
 
 and I immerse it in the said essential oil either in a warm or 
 cold state, and occasionally stir it until the solution of the 
 Indian rubber is effected. I find by experience that the 
 solution is effected in a shorter time by exposing the essen- 
 tial oil and Indian rubber to a moderate degree of heat, that 
 is, not exceeding 180° of Fahrenheit's thermometer. To 
 make a solution of Indian rubber of about the consistence 
 of tar, when at a temperature of 60° I put about one pound 
 of the Indian rubber into one gallon of the essential oil of 
 turpentine. I mention this only by way of example, and 
 not as the definite proportions which I uniformly adhere 
 to, for I vary these according to the nature and value of 
 the object to which the composition is to be applied. If 
 the composition is to be made of pitch and of a solution of 
 Indian rubber, I mix them together, by submitting them 
 to such a degree of heat as is just sufficient to melt and 
 keep the pitch in a fluid state, and by stirring it until the 
 union is complete. Tar, so long as it is sufficiently fluid 
 (and it generally is so except in very cold weather), mixes 
 very well with the solution of Indian rubber without being 
 heated. In making a composition of both pitch and tar 
 and the solution of Indian rubber, I first melt the pitch, 
 and mix it with tar in the required proportion, and then 
 add the solution of Indian rubber. In preparing a com- 
 pound to be applied to wooden buildings or wooden fences, 
 &c., by paying or smearing the same therewith, I have 
 found the following proportions to answer very well ; 
 namely, to one gallon of the essential oil I put one pound 
 and a half of Indian rubber, mixing with it eight or nine 
 pounds of tar. If the compound is to be employed in 
 making ropes, or for covering canvas, &c., I use a solution 
 of one pound and a half of Indian rubber in one gallon of 
 essential oil, mixing with it about one pound of pitch, and 
 six or seven pounds of tar. If the compound is to be used 
 in paying the bottoms of ships, or to be employed in pre- 
 paring sheathing for ships, or paper or other substances 
 
 P 3
 
 194 THOMAS Hancock's patents. 
 
 for covering the bottoms of ships or the roofs of houses or 
 other buildings, I dissolve three pounds of India rubber in 
 one gallon of essential oil, and mix it with six pounds of 
 pitch. And, lastly, with regard to the proportions or 
 relative quantities of the materials to be employed, namely, 
 of the essential oil, of the caoutchouc or Indian rubber, of 
 the pitch, of the tar, or of pitch and tar mixed, as have 
 hereinbefore been described, it is evident that such pi*o- 
 portions or quantities may be infinitely varied at the dis- 
 cretion of the operator ; and I have only to remark that, 
 in making any of the compounds hereinbefore mentioned, 
 that the elasticity, toughness, and durability of such com- 
 pound will be increased by increasing the quantity of 
 Indian rubber. I would here also observe that I prefer 
 making use of the best Stockholm tar and Stockholm pitch. 
 Any of the hereinbefore-mentioned compounds, when suffi- 
 ciently thin and fluid, may be laid on cold with a brush ; 
 those which are thicker require tobe moderately warmed, so 
 as to produce the required fluidity : they may then be spread 
 upon wood, paper, canvas, &c., with a brush or trowel, or 
 by any other of the well-known methods for spreading or 
 laying on compositions of a similar nature. In using the 
 trowel, or any other instrument of a similar kind, to spread 
 the composition, I occasionally dip it in water, to prevent 
 the adhesion of the composition to the trowel or instrument. 
 The composition, when employed in making ropes, is applied 
 in the same manner as is commonly practised in making 
 tarred ropes. In all the before-mentioned processes I take 
 care to avoid exposing the composition to a greater degree 
 of heat than about 180° of Fahrenheit's thermometer. 
 Lastly, I do declare that, although I have hereinbefore 
 described the method I employ for making a solution of 
 caoutchouc, or Indian rubber, in essential oil of turpentine, 
 or in other essential oil, I lay no claim to the method of 
 making such solution as forming any part of my invention, 
 the same having been heretofore known and used, but that
 
 PITCH AND TAR. 195 
 
 my invention consists in the admixture of caoutchouc and 
 its solvent with tar, or with pitch, or with both tar and 
 pitch, so as to form a compound possessing the properties 
 of being less soluble in water, of being more tough, of 
 being more elastic, and of being more durable when ex- 
 posed in the open air, or under water, than tar or pitch, 
 or any mixture of tar and pitch (without the aforesaid 
 admixture) possess when similarly exposed. — In witness, 
 &c. 
 
 Thomas Hancock. 
 
 Enrolled September 17. 1823. 
 
 p 4
 
 196 THOMAS Hancock's patents. 
 
 LEATHER BY LIQUID. 
 
 Specification of Patent granted to Thomas Hancock, 
 Stoke Newington, Middlesex, Esquire, for Improvements 
 in the Method of Making or Manufacturing an Article 
 which may be, in m.any instances, substituted for Leather , 
 and be applied to various other useful purposes. — Dated 
 Nov. 29. 1824. 
 
 The nature of my invention consists in combining to- 
 gether the fibres or filaments of various matters, such as 
 flax, hemp, cotton, wool, hair, or other matters of the like 
 flexible nature, by saturating them, in connexion or in con- 
 tact with each other, with a liquid which, when partially 
 evaporated, becomes a flexible and adhesive substance ; 
 such fibres being previously arranged or disposed, as to shape 
 and dimensions, according to the purpose to which they are 
 afterwai'ds to be applied, so as to produce a uniform com- 
 bination of the fibres and the substance, or in such a manner 
 as that every individual fibre may be so surrounded with 
 the said substance as that the whole of the fibres composing 
 the mass, when united by the substance, may form a com- 
 pound or article somewhat resembling leather, and which 
 said compound substance or article may in many cases be 
 substituted forleather, more or less advantageously ; namely, 
 for harness, straps, belts, accoutrements, boots, shoes, flexible 
 pipes, air-tight bags, and a variety of other things, which
 
 LEATHER BY LIQUID. 197 
 
 have heretofore been made of leather ; and the said sub- 
 stance or article may also be applied to various other use- 
 ful purposes, such as in parts of wearing apparel which it 
 may be desirable to have waterproof, and which commonly 
 are made of other substances than leather. The article may 
 also be applied for the roofs of verandahs, awnings, tent 
 coverings, and to other similar purposes. I shall now pro- 
 ceed to describe the method of making the said article, and 
 the manner in which my said invention is to be performed ; 
 and in order the more clearly to describe the same, I will 
 premise that the choice of the particular kind of fibres to 
 be used, and the manner of preparing the said fibres, will 
 depend upon the use or purpose to which the article is to 
 be applied when made. Many of the substances I have men- 
 tioned, such as hair, wool, cotton, flax, and others, having 
 i?hort fibres or filaments, are capable of being carded in the 
 same manner as is commonly practised in carding wool and 
 cotton for making yarn or thread ; I therefore employ the 
 carding machine (a machine well known and in common 
 use, and therefore needing no further description) to card 
 the aforesaid fibres, and those which are capable of being 
 felted may have that operation performed. And by tliis 
 means I am enabled to obtain a layer of fibres of uniform 
 thickness, and of any convenient dimensions as to length 
 and width. I take one or more of such layers of fibres, 
 according to the required thickness of the article when made, 
 and spread it or them upon a flat board. When the thick- 
 ness of the article to be made requires more than one of 
 such layers of fibres, I spread them out upon a flat board, 
 as before mentioned, layer upon layer, until the number is 
 completed ; I then sprinkle the whole Avith cold or warm 
 water (but the latter answers best), at the same time I press 
 the layers together, until the whole becomes uniformly 
 wetted. In this state they are placed bet ween two flat boards, 
 or flat plates, of any suitable metal, and exposed to strong 
 pressure in a screw or other press, or by passing the said
 
 198 THOMAS Hancock's patents. 
 
 boards and plates, together with the layers of fibres between 
 them, through or between a pair of rollers. By this means 
 the whole of the fibres become more uniformly wetted, and 
 the superfluous water is expelled, or got rid of. The said 
 layers having been thus wetted are now ready, or in a 
 proper state to be saturated with the liquid which forms the 
 flexible and adhesive substance hereinbefore mentioned. 
 At the time of applying the same it is in a liquid state, and 
 I saturate the layer or layers of fibres therewith, by first 
 pouring a proper quantity of it upon the surface of the said 
 layer or layers ; and I spread the same over the said layer 
 or layers with a smooth spatula, or other suitable instru- 
 ment, made of wood, or other proper material, and by gently 
 pressing the said layer or layers of fibres with the spatula, 
 or other suitable instrument, the liquid is made to sink into, 
 and mix with, and pervade the whole mass of fibres through- 
 out the said layer or layers. I also perform the said opera- 
 tion of saturating in a more convenient manner, by placing 
 the said layer or layers of fibres in a shallow trough, with 
 a flat and level bottom, and by this means a greater quantity 
 of the said liquid may be poured over the layers, as the 
 sides of the trough will prevent its running to waste ; and 
 the fibres are thus more easily saturated, by dabbing or 
 pressing them with the hand or a spatula. A trough may 
 also be advantageously used for placing the layer or layers 
 of fibres in when they are to be wetted with water, as before 
 described : when the layer or layers of fibres have been 
 suificiently saturated with the liquid, I place them upon a 
 flat board in an inclining position, and in order to squeeze 
 or press out any excess of the liquid, I pass a wooden roller 
 over the surface of the layer or layers of fibres, at the same 
 time applying a sufl&cient force by hand, or otherwise, to the 
 roller, to force or squeeze out the liquid : this operation may 
 be carried on by exposing the layers to a strong mechanical 
 pressure, if necessaiy. The process having been carried on
 
 LEATHER BY LIQUID. 199 
 
 SO far, the layer or layers of fibres now require to be dried. 
 I therefore now place the said layer or layers of fibres in a 
 room heated to eighty or ninety degrees of temperature, and 
 and allow them to remain there till they are nearly dry, or 
 until the liquid becomes viscous, glutinous, and adhesive. 
 The layer or layers of fibres having been thus dried, I ex- 
 pose them again to a strong pressure, by which the whole 
 of the fibres are brought into closer contact with each other 
 and with the interposed substance, so as that the said fibres 
 are made to adhere firmly to each other. If on exposing 
 the layer or layers of fibres to pressure for the first time 
 after being dried, I perceive that any water or fluid matter 
 exudes, or is driven out by the pressure, I conclude that 
 the first drying has not been continued long enough; I 
 therefore place the layer or layers of fibres in the warm 
 room a second time, and afterwards subject the said layer 
 or layers to a second pressure. It is, in some cases, re- 
 quisite to give a smooth surface to the article, and this I 
 effect by polishing the surfaces of the plates between which 
 the dried layers are pressed for the last time. The liquid 
 I use for the purpose hereinbefore mentioned is brought 
 into this country, and said to be the juice obtained from 
 certain trees which grow in several parts of South America, 
 the East Indies, and other places abroad. It is stated in 
 Mr. William Nicholson's translation ofFourcroy's" Gene- 
 ral System of Chemical Knowledge," that this juice is ob- 
 tained in South America from a tree called the hevaea. The 
 juice or liquid I have made use of was obtained from South 
 America ; and from my own experience I find that the 
 said juice or liquid, when exposed to the open air in the 
 sun, or in a warm room, becomes inspissated, or dried, and 
 then forms a substance exactly resembling, and which I 
 believe to be identically of the same nature and to possess 
 the same properties with the substance well known by the 
 names of caoutchouc, or Indian rubber, or elastic gum, and
 
 200 THOMAS UANCOCK's PATENTS. 
 
 it is employed abroad for that purpose. Its colour and 
 consistence very much resemble cream. In manufacturing 
 any article where the colour is not an object, I employ this 
 liquid in its natural state, without any previous prepara- 
 tion, excepting that of freeing it from ligneous or other 
 substances by straining it through a sieve or open cloth. 
 But if the article is intended to be of a light or delicate 
 colour, it is necessary to free the liquid from the colouring 
 matter combined with it, and for this purpose I put it into 
 a glass bottle, or other vessel of an appropriate size, and 
 add to it three or four times its bulk of clean water. I 
 then stop or cork the mouth of the bottle or vessel so as to 
 prevent evaporation, and after well shaking the liquid and 
 water together, I allow it to stand undisturbed till I perceive 
 the Avhole of the water has subsided to the bottom of the 
 vessel, which it does in a few hours, and leaves the liquid 
 floating at the top. The vessel which I employ for this 
 purpose has a hole through its side, at or near the bottom, 
 and through this hole, which is provided with a cork or 
 stopper, I draAv oif the water after it has completely sepa- 
 rated from the said liquid above. This operation of wash- 
 ing or cleansing the liquid I repeat as often as I find 
 necessary for rendering it sufficiently clear and colourless. 
 As the method of manufacturing the article intended to be 
 employed as a substitute for leather, which I have herein- 
 before described, applies only to the formation of pieces of 
 uniform texture and strength in every direction, I will 
 now proceed to describe the method I employ in manufac- 
 turing any article such as a strap or band, or such as 
 require the greatest strength in one direction only. In 
 such cases I make use of longer fibres, as the long wools, 
 hemp, flax, &c. ; and instead of subjecting the said fibres 
 to the carding operation, I cause them to be combed or 
 hackled, and thus lay the greatest number of the said fibres 
 nearly parallel with each other. In the operation of comb- 
 ing wool or hackling flax it necessarily happens that you
 
 LEATHER BY LIQUID. 201 
 
 obtain a quantity or bundle of long and short fibres, mixed 
 together in such a manner as to cause the bundle to con- 
 tain more fibres, and therefore to be thicker, in the middle 
 than at the ends ; or, in other words, the bundle tapers off 
 from the middle towards the ends. In order, therefore, to 
 obtain a layer of such fibres of unifoi*m thickness, of a 
 proper length and width required for the strap I intend to 
 make, and ultimately to produce a strap of uniform 
 strength, or nearly so, throughout its length, I first make 
 a wooden trough of the required length and breadth, with 
 a flat bottom. In this trough I place in succession small 
 bundles of such fibres as are proper for the purpose, taking 
 care that the end of each consecutive bundle shall be laid 
 upon, or over, the middle of that which preceded it ; and 
 thus filling the trough from side to side, and from end to 
 end, I obtain a uniform mixture or splicing of the fibres 
 one with another. The layer being thus completed, I 
 proceed to wet it, saturate it with the liquid, to dry and 
 press it in a similar manner to that hereinbefore described. 
 But although straps and bands require the greatest strength 
 in the direction of their length, I also find it necessary to 
 strengthen them in the lateral direction, by interposing 
 between the layers of longitudinal fibres several layers of 
 shorter fibres, lying across the strap. If great stiffness, 
 solidity, and firmness be required in the article to be made, 
 I saturate the layer, or layers, of fibres with the liquid, as 
 hereinbefore described, and afterwards press it very lightly 
 with the roller, in order that a considerable quantity of 
 the substance may remain incorporated with the layer of 
 fibres, because the comparative solidity, stiffness, and firm- 
 ness of the article will depend upon the quantity of the 
 elastic and adhesive substance remaining: in combination 
 with the fibres, as well as upon the degree of pressure to 
 which the layers are subjected when dried ; and if after 
 saturation a great portion of the liquid be pressed out, the 
 softer and more flexible will be the article when finished.
 
 202 THOMAS Hancock's patents. 
 
 Consequently, when I intend to manufacture an article to 
 be substituted for the softer kinds of leather, I expose the 
 layer of fibres, after being saturated with the liquid, to a 
 greater degree of pressure, so as to drive out a greater 
 proportion of the liquid. In making an article of the kind 
 last mentioned I find it convenient, before I use the liquid, 
 to mix with it about one fourth of its bulk of water. After 
 adding the water to the liquid, they must be shaken to- 
 gether until a uniform mixture is produced, and it must 
 be used while in this state of mixture. From what I have 
 hereinbefore stated, and from the nature of the process, 
 any competent manufacturer will be led to make a proper 
 choice of the fineness, coarseness, and kind of fibre to be 
 used for the various kinds and qualities of the articles in- 
 tended to be made. It is necessary for me to mention 
 here, that when I make use of the liquid in a washed or 
 purified state, I take care to place the layers of fibres to 
 be saturated therewith in a trough made of some of the 
 whiter woods, such as sycamore or American pine, or such 
 as will communicate no tinge or stain to the liquid or fibres ; 
 and I also use the same precaution in pressing out the 
 superfluous quantity of liquid, by effecting the pressure 
 between boards of the same kind. And I have also to state 
 that the liquid acts upon, or is acted upon, by iron, copper, 
 and brass, and even tin in a slight degree, and that these 
 metals communicate a stain or tinge, more or less, to the 
 liquid in contact with them. But for pressing the layers of 
 fibres after being saturated and dried, metal plates may 
 safely be used, and are necessary to give a smooth or glossy 
 surface. It will often happen, on account of the great 
 variety of purposes to which the article may be applied, 
 that it may, or will, require a combination of the fibres of 
 several substances to be mixed together, and formed into 
 one layer, or the combination of two or more layers, in 
 which the fibres of one layer may be of a different sub- 
 stance from the fibres of another layer : for instance, in 
 makino; the article as a fit substitute for leather harness.
 
 LEATHER BY LIQUID. 203 
 
 where it would be desirable to combine a neat, smooth 
 surface, to great strength, I interpose one or more layers 
 of flax or hemp between two layers of cotton ; and other 
 combinations may be made, according to the properties 
 which it may be desired to give to the finished article, or 
 as economy may dictate. — In witness, &c. 
 
 Thomas Hancock. 
 
 Enrolled May 28. 1825.
 
 204 THOMAS HANCOCK'S PATENTS. 
 
 LEATHER BY SOLUTION. 
 
 Specification of Patent granted ^oThomasHancock, Stoke 
 Newington, Middlesex, Esquire, for a New or Improved 
 Manufacture, which may, in many instances, be used as a 
 Substitute for Leather, and othericise. — Dated March 15. 
 1825. 
 
 My said invention consists in filling, saturating, and com- 
 bining various fibrous substances, in their manufactured 
 and unmanufactured state, with a composition, which leaves 
 to the fibres sufficient flexibility, and at the same time 
 unites and consolidates them into one mass, thereby in- 
 creasing their strength and durability, and producing by 
 these means a manufacture which may be, in many in- 
 stances, substituted for leather, and be applied to other use- 
 ful purposes ; such as soles for shoes and boots, hose, pipes, 
 pails, and other articles which have heretofore been made of 
 leather ; and also to other useful purposes, such as the roofs 
 of verandahs, corn and flour-sacks, packing-cloths, and tar- 
 paulins. The fibrous substances I employ in this manu- 
 facture are wool, cotton, hair, silk, flax, hemp — carded, 
 combed, or hackled, and combined with the same substances, 
 woven and manufactured. As the same process is applic- 
 able to all the combinations, it will be necessary to describe
 
 LEATHER BY SOLUTION. 205 
 
 the method I pursue in one case only, as any variation 
 may be made in arranging the different substances at the 
 discretion of the operator. I take a piece of cotton cloth, of 
 any convenient size, and strain it on a board, and spread 
 over it, with a spatula or other convenient instrument, a 
 full coating of one of the compounds to be hereinafter de- 
 sci'ibed. I then spread on, or over, the compound a layer 
 of carded cotton, somewhat similar to the article known by 
 the name of wadding, spreading over this again another 
 piece of cotton cloth, prepared as the first. I then submit 
 the whole to sufficient pressure between boards, or plates of 
 metal, either passing them through or between rollers, or 
 otherwise, to force the composition quite through the layer 
 of carded cotton ; I then carefully remove it from the 
 boards, or plates, and leave it to dry, either in the open air 
 or in a warm room heated to 80° or 90° of temperature, 
 and proceed to make others in the same manner. When I 
 perceive that they are nearly or quite dry, I again sub- 
 mit them to the press ; or if one of these strata is not 
 sufficient to make up the thickness I require, I put two, 
 three, four, or more together, spreading the said compound 
 on the surfaces again if necessary, and increasing the 
 pressure. After they have been in the press some hours 
 they may again be exposed to the air, or returned to the 
 warm room to complete the drying, and if necessary 
 pressed again. AVhen I wish to have the carded cotton 
 for either, or both surfaces, I carefully separate, at the 
 end of two or more pressings, the last layer or layers of 
 cloth from the cotton below it ; soon after I take it out of 
 the press, as it will then separate, and proceed as before 
 described. In this manner I introduce into this manufac- 
 ture hair, wool, silk, hemp, and the like, or any mixture 
 of these fibrous substances, or any or all of them, mixed 
 with chopped hemp or tow, and carded together; or I 
 hackle or comb hemp or flax, and lay the fibres parallel 
 with each other, and combine any intermixture of these 
 
 Q
 
 206 THOMAS HANCOCK'S PATENTS. 
 
 different materials with the different kinds of manufactured 
 wool, silk, linen, cotton, and the like, according to the 
 purpose to which the article is to be applied, or as economy- 
 may dictate. For soles of boots and shoes I prefer wool, 
 hair, and cotton, in about equal proportions. For hose, 
 pipes, pails, and accoutrements, chopped hemp, tow, or 
 cotton. I prefer the woven materials to be made of wool or 
 cotton, and these of an open, loose, coarse texture, except- 
 ing where it is intended for a finer surface ; in such cases 
 I choose the fabric of a finer quality. If the article is re- 
 quired to have a smooth surface, I produce it by using 
 polislied metal plates the last time the article is pressed. 
 I make the compound, or compounds, with which I unite 
 or combine the said substances, as follows. (No. 1.) I take 
 two pounds of caoutchouc, dissolved in one gallon of equal 
 parts of oil of turpentine and highly rectified coal-tar oil, 
 six ounces of black resin, two pounds of strong glue size, 
 and one pound of ochre, powdered pumice, or whiting, and 
 mix the whole together ; or (No. 2.) one pound and a half 
 of caoutchouc, dissolved as before stated, one pound of 
 strong glue size. I melt and mix the resin and size in a 
 water or steam bath, and then add the other ingredients, 
 stirring; the whole until it is mixed thi'ouo-hout. The solu- 
 tion of the caoutchouc is expedited by a water or steam 
 bath, and the undissolved portions may be separated by 
 straining it through a fine wire or other sieve. The mix- 
 ture No. 1. is applicable to articles where stiffness and 
 cheapness are required ; No. 2. is preferable where pliancy 
 and strength are more required. But I think it proper 
 here to state that the proportions above mentioned may 
 be varied according to the different applications of the 
 article to be manufactured. If varied qualities of stiffness 
 or cheapness should be desired, the proportion of size and 
 whiting may be increased till they make up one-third of 
 the mass : if flexibility be required, the quantity of dis- 
 solved caoutchouc in the compound No. 2. may be in-
 
 LEATHER BY SOLUTION. 207 
 
 creased, and especially where great strength and pliancy 
 are required. This last is also preferable for articles 
 that are to be much exposed to the weather. — In wit- 
 ness, &c. 
 
 Thomas Hancock. 
 
 Enrolled September 14. 1825. 
 
 Q 2
 
 208 THOMAS nANCOCK'S PATENTS. 
 
 EOPES AND COrvDACxE. 
 
 Specification of Patent granted to Thomas HanCOCK, Stoke 
 Neiuington, Middlesex^ Esquire, for an Improvement or 
 Improvements in the Preparation or in the Process of 
 Making or Manufacturing of Ropes or Cordage, and 
 other Articles from Hemp, Flax, and other Fibrous Sub- 
 stances. — Dated March 15. 1825. 
 
 The nature of my said improvement, or improvements. In 
 the preparation, or in the process of making or manufac- 
 turing of ropes or cordage, and other articles from hemp, 
 flax, and other fibrous substances, consists in the mixing, 
 or covering, the said fibrous substances when they are 
 formed into yarns, strands, ropes, or cordage, or woollen, 
 cotton, or silk threads, with a liquid which I shall herein- 
 after more particularly describe, so as to render the said 
 substances, when formed into ropes, cordage, or other 
 articles, less liable to injury from air or moisture, and 
 thereby increasing their durability. The liquid I use for 
 the purpose hereinbefore mentioned is brought into tliis 
 country, and is said to be the juice obtained from certain 
 trees which grow in several parts of South America, the 
 East Indies, and other places abroad. It is stated in Mr.
 
 ROPES AND CORDAGE. 209 
 
 William Nicholson's translation of Fourcroy's " General 
 System of Chemical Knowledge," that this juice is ob- 
 tained in South America from a tree called the hevrea. 
 The juice, or liquid, I have made use of was obtained 
 from South America; and from my own experience I 
 find that the said juice, or liquid, when exposed to the 
 open air in the sun, or in a warm room, becomes in- 
 spissated, or dried, and then forms a substance exactly 
 resembling, and which I believe to be identically of the 
 same nature, and to possess the same properties with, the 
 substance manufactured into bottles and other articles, 
 and well known by the names of caoutchouc, or Indian 
 rubber, or elastic gum. In colour and consistence the 
 said juice very much resembles cream. The application 
 of the said liquid to the aforesaid fibrous substances, when 
 formed into yarns, strands, ropes or cordage, or Avoolleu, 
 or cotton, or silk threads, is easily effected ; and to this 
 end I employ a process (as being a convenient one) exactly 
 similar to that employed by ropemakers in making tarred 
 ropes, or in saturating the strands of the rope with tar, 
 and which process is well known to persons employed in 
 rope-making, with this difference only, that I employ the 
 said liquid instead of the tar ; but the said liquid is not 
 heated, and the strands, yarns, or threads must be separated 
 whilst in their wet state, or they will become more or less 
 united. If it is wished to increase the quantity of the 
 liquid on the yarns, threads, or ropes, I effect this by 
 repeated coatings, until the required thickness is obtained, 
 laying it on always just before the previous coating is quite 
 dry, and keeping them separated. The substances having 
 been thus saturated, or coated, with the liquid, I then place 
 them in a warm room, or in the open air, until tlie evapor- 
 able part of the liquid has been completely dissipated. I 
 lastly declare, that my invention consists in the application 
 of the liquid hereinbefore described to ropes or cordage, 
 and other articles, such as woollen, yarn, silk, and cotton 
 
 Q 3
 
 10 THOMAS Hancock's patents. 
 
 thread, or to ropes, cordage, strands, yarns, or threads 
 made from other fibrous substances, so as to render the 
 ropes, cordage, strands, yarns, or threads, less liable 
 to injury from exposure to air or moisture. — In wit- 
 ness, &c. 
 
 Thomas Hancock. 
 
 Enrolled September 14. 1825.
 
 ORNAMENTS, ETC., BY LIQUID. 211 
 
 ORNAMENTS, ETC., BY LIQUID. 
 
 Specification of Patent granted to Thomas HancOCK, 
 Stoke Newington, Middlesex, Esquire, for Improvements 
 in the Manufacture of certain Articles of Dress or Wear- 
 ing Apparel, Fancy Ornaments, and Figures, and in the 
 Method of rendering certain Manufactures and Sub- 
 stances in a degree, or entirely, impervious to Air and 
 Water, and of protecting certain Manufactures and Sub- 
 stances from being injured by Air, Water, or Moisture. 
 — Dated August 5. 1830. 
 
 The improvements in the manufacture of certain articles 
 of dress and wearing apparel, fancy ornaments, and figures, 
 consist in making them of a certain fibrous material, as 
 hereinafter described, and coating them, where necessary, 
 with a certain liquid composition, or varnish, as hereinafter 
 also described. 
 
 The principal ingredient used in the improvements for 
 which this patent is granted is liquid caoutchouc, which is 
 obtained from South America, the East Indies, and other 
 places, and when dried forms the substance called Indian 
 rubber, and is more particularly described in the specifica- 
 tion enrolled in the Petty Bag Ofiice in the Court of Clian- 
 
 Q 4
 
 212 THOMAS HANCOCK'S PATENTS. 
 
 eery, under a patent for an invention granted to me, dated 
 the 29th day of November, in the year 1824, to which I 
 hereby refer. The fibrous compound, or material, is made 
 by mixing hair, wool, cotton, or other fibrous substance, 
 with liquid caoutchouc, to which should be added certain 
 substances, according to the intended object, such as 
 whiting, ochre, brickdust, emery -powder, or other such sub- 
 stances. The following proportions may be advantageously 
 used : 10 lbs. of liquid caoutchouc, 10 oz. of whiting, 10 oz. 
 of Oxford ochre, and 10 oz. of hair, wool, cotton, or other 
 similar fibrous substances. The whiting and ochre should 
 be first mixed with a very small quantity of w^ater ; and the 
 hair, avooI, or cotton, or fibrous substance, is generally 
 better cut very short, averaging about one-eighth of an inch 
 in the staple. The whole should be well mixed together. 
 Sheets may be made of this compound by spreading some 
 of it on a flat surface, such as a stone, or on plaster cast, and 
 leaving it to dry, either in the open air or in a warm room; 
 when dry it may be made more compact and firm by pres- 
 sure. This maybe effected bypassing it between rollers, 
 or pressing it in a common screw-press between plates ; and 
 the operation will be facilitated by the temperature of the 
 plates and rollers being kept Avhile used at about blood- 
 heat. These ingredients may be altered or varied very 
 considerably, according to the purposes to which it is in- 
 tended to apply the material when made. If intended for 
 purposes where sewing is required, the quantity of fibrous 
 ingredients should be increased, and the fibres used some- 
 what longer. If greater stiffness is required, a small quan- 
 tity of glue-size, thin starch, or paste, or a thin solution 
 of gum-arabic, may be added. For some purposes the wxt 
 pulp of rags, such as is used by papermakers, may be used 
 instead of the before-mentioned fibrous substances. The 
 colour may be varied by adding a little lamp-black, chrome 
 yellow, blue verditer, Venetian red, or other colouring 
 matter. With these, sheets, gaiters, goloshes, boots, shoes.
 
 ORNAMENTS, ETC., BY LIQUID. 213 
 
 hats, caps, and other articles of dress and wearing apparel, 
 may be manufactured in the usual manner. Hats, shoes, 
 caps, and other such articles of dress and wearing apparel 
 which may be moulded, and also fancy ornaments and 
 figures, may be manufactured by preparing moulds of plas- 
 ter of Paris, or other substances. The fibrous compound 
 should be poured into the mould, and allowed to stand a 
 few minutes, and all the compound that will then run out 
 should be poured from it, and the mould be allowed to 
 stand till that which remains is nearly dry. The mould 
 should be again filled, and so from time to time till the 
 proper thickness is obtained for the article or purpose re- 
 quired. In forming large figures, such as the human figure, 
 anatomical subjects or busts, that part of the figure which 
 forms the aperture by Avhich the compound is poured into 
 the mould, should be formed into a neck, in which a valve 
 or stop-cock should be inserted, by which sufficient air may 
 be introduced into the figure when it is taken out of the 
 mould to fill out its form. Or the aperture may be made 
 larger, so that the figure may be filled with bran, fine saw- 
 dust, or any other such material ; or it may be filled, before 
 it is taken out of the mould, with glue dissolved in equal 
 parts of water and treacle, by boiling. For shoes, hats, 
 caps, and other articles requiring strength, the quantity of 
 fibrous matter may be increased, and the thickness of any 
 part may be increased by pouring into the mould a small 
 quantity of the compound, and allowing it to cover that part 
 only, and repeat the operation as before stated. The soles 
 of shoes or boots may be thickened in the same manner, or 
 they may be formed of the sheets before described, and 
 cemented on to the other part of the shoes or boots by a 
 fresh application of the compound, or liquid caoutchouc. 
 In forming the sheets for soles of shoes, or other articles 
 requiring great firmness, it is better to substitute for the 
 ochre and whiting harder substances, such as brickdust or 
 fine emery. If from any cause so great a quantity of
 
 214 THOMAS HANCOCK'S PATENTS. 
 
 fibrous or other ingredients should have been mixed with 
 the liquid caoutchouc, that the compound formed should be 
 too porous for the designed purpose, coatings of the liquid 
 caoutchouc may he applied in sufficient quantities to bring 
 it to the desired closeness. The improvements in the me- 
 thod of rendering certain manufactures and substances in 
 a degree, or entirely, impervious to air and water, and of 
 protecting certain manufactures and substances from being 
 injm^ed by air, water, and moisture, consist in the appli- 
 cation, in the manner hereinafter described, of liquid caout- 
 chouc, having mixed with it as much of the colouring 
 matters hereinbefore mentioned, or others, such as extract 
 of cochineal, logwood, indigo, lake liquor, or red or black 
 ink, as should be thought desirable to give it any required 
 tint, Avell stirring and mixing it together, and using no more 
 of the colouring matter than is necessary. The colouring 
 substances, when solid, must be first ground very fine in 
 water, and the whole composition well stirred and mixed 
 together ; but no more of the colouring matter must be 
 used than necessary to give the colour required. If a light 
 colour should be required, and the liquid caoutchouc should 
 be too dark, it may be washed by adding to it pure Avater, 
 in a proper vessel, and shaking it well together. It should 
 be then left undisturbed ; the pvu'e caoutchouc will separate 
 and float on the top, ^nd the one may be drawn off from tifie 
 other. Most of the colours require that tl i s last-mentioned 
 composition or varnish should be used immediately it is 
 mixed ; and where the article is intended to be used under 
 any exposure to the rays of the sun, the colour should be 
 black or dark, as otherwise caoutchouc when so exposed is 
 liable to soften and crack. When the sheets before de- 
 scribed are required (from the use to which it is intended 
 they should be applied) to be exposed to the sun's rays, 
 or to be rendered more completely waterproof, the coloured 
 composition or varnish should be applied to them after they 
 have been rolled or pressed, spreading it on them as uni-
 
 ORNAMENTS, ETC., BY LIQUID. 215 
 
 formly as possible with a spatula, or other convenient instru- 
 ment ; or by diluting it with water, and laying it on with a 
 brush or other suitable instrument, and when nearly dry 
 repeating the coating either over the whole or a part, as 
 the case may require. When a fine surface is required, the 
 sheets should be again pressed, when dr.y, between smooth 
 or polished rollers or plates. The various other manufac- 
 tured articles may be made waterproof by applying the 
 varnish in the same manner as to the sheets, except that 
 in some cases they cannot be conveniently subjected to 
 pressure. Where articles of the fibrous compound which 
 are formed in moulds require to be protected from moisture 
 or air, and it is wished to give them a fine surface, the 
 coloured composition or varnish should be first poured into 
 the moulds and allowed to dry, and then as many coatings 
 of the fibrous compound, or of the liquid caoutchouc, added 
 as may be necessary. To render articles made of linen, 
 cotton, woollen, silk, leather, and also packing-cases, tanks, 
 and other articles of wood or metal, impervious to water 
 and air, more or less, as may be required, they are to be 
 coated on one or both sides in such thickness as may be 
 necessary with the coloured composition or varnish ; and in 
 the same manner, by coatings of the varnish, substances 
 such as metals, paper, plaster casts, walls and the interior 
 of rooms may be protected from being injured by air, water, 
 or moisture. If one part of any article is not required to be 
 so perfectly impervious to water as another, the coloured 
 composition or varnish may be diluted by mixing with it 
 one third of its weight of water, or more or less, according 
 to the degree of protection required, and giving that part 
 only one or two coatings. A boot or shoe, for instance, 
 made of woollen or other cloth, felt, or leather, may first 
 have applied one or two coatings of the diluted varnish; and 
 then, beginning at the sole, as many coatings of the thicker 
 varnish as shall be necessary, according to the substance of 
 Avhich the boot or shoe is formed, may be applied as high as
 
 216 THOMAS Hancock's patents. 
 
 it may be wished tbat the boot or shoe should be more 
 perfectly impervious. If the article is required to be im- 
 pervious to water throughout, such as fishing-boots, or 
 stockings, gloves, hose, pipe, or bags to contain liquid, they 
 may be filled with the thicker varnish, which should be 
 allowed to remain lono; enough within the article to satu- 
 rate the material of which it is composed. The varnish 
 should then be poured out, its sides being kept from col- 
 lapsing until the varnish is dry. The article may then be 
 immersed in the varnish, so as to saturate the outside, and 
 the external coating allowed to dry ; and this proceeding 
 may be continued from time to time until the article is 
 waterproof. The operation may be carried on and com- 
 pleted on one side only, either within or without. Articles 
 intended to contain air, such as beds, pillows, or cushions, 
 may be formed of linen, cotton, silk, or other suitable 
 material. They must be sewed strongly together, and 
 made with the necessary partitions, so as to preserve their 
 form, and an aperture or apertures should be made by 
 which they may be inflated. They should be immersed in 
 the liquid caoutchouc, and then withdrawn, or it should be 
 spread over them ; and this should be repeated as each 
 coating becomes dry, or nearly so, until the material is well 
 saturated. The article should then be finished with the 
 coloured varnish, adding as many coatings as may be neces- 
 sary to render them air-tight. Cloths of all kinds, leather 
 or other materials for great-coats, cloaks, gaiters, travelling 
 bags, portmanteaus, wrappers, flour-sacks, cart-covers, and 
 other purposes required to be rendered waterproof by the 
 varnish, may be strained on frames, and the varnish ap- 
 plied in repeated coatings until they become impermeable 
 to moisture. If it is wished to form any impression of 
 figures, letters, or ornaments, on the surface of any of the 
 articles for which the fibrous compound or varnish is used, 
 it may be done with a stamp appropriate to the purpose 
 before the composition is quite dry, when a slight pressure
 
 ORNAMENTS, ETC., BY LIQUID. 217 
 
 is sufficient. Although certain proportions of materials 
 have been hereinbefore stated as those which may be ad- 
 vantageously used, it is evident that such proportions may 
 be considerably varied, according to the discretion of the 
 operator and the quality of the liquid caoutchouc ; but it is 
 to be observed that the elasticity and toughness of the com- 
 pound is increased with the proportion of the caoutchouc. 
 Lastly, I hereby state that I only claim as the subject 
 of this patent the manufacture of various articles as herein- 
 before mentioned, of the combination or compound of liquid 
 caoutchouc with fibrous and other matters, as hereinbefore 
 described, and the application of the coloured composition 
 or varnish to the various purposes as hereinbefore also 
 described. — In witness, &c. 
 
 Thomas Hancock. 
 
 Enrolled October 5, 1830.
 
 218 THOMAS Hancock's patents. 
 
 EXPANDING CUSHIONS. 
 
 Specification of Patent granted to Thomas Hancock, Stoke 
 Neicington, Middlesex, Esquire, for an Improvement or 
 Improvements in Air-Beds, Cushions, and other Articles 
 manufactured from. Caoutchouc or Indian Rubber, or of 
 Cloth or other flexible material, coated or lined with Caout- 
 chouc or Indian Rubber. — Dated June 4. 1835. 
 
 The nature of the said invention consists in the application 
 of strips of Indian rubber to caoutchouc, or to India rubber 
 cloth or other material of which the said air-beds, cushions, 
 or other articles intended to be inflated with air are made, 
 so as to contract or gather up the cloth, India rubber, or 
 other material, in order to cause or increase elasticity 
 therein. And the manner in which the same invention is 
 to be performed is as follows (that is to say) : If the ma- 
 terial to be used in making the said air-beds, cushions, or 
 other articles, be India rubber only, a flat piece of India 
 rubber should obtained suflicient to form one side, or half 
 of the article. For this purpose India rubber in sheets 
 may be conveniently used, such as are sold in the shops ; 
 and if the sheets are not sufficiently large, two or more 
 sheets may be joined by the well-known process of cutting 
 their edges straight, and, after making them quite warm,
 
 EXPANDING CUSHIONS. 219 
 
 bringing the edges into contact, and pressing tlicm to- 
 gether. The piece or sheet of India rubber should be then 
 laid upon a flat board or surface, of somewhat larger 
 dimensions than the sheet of India rubber itself. Some 
 of the best India rubber should then be procured, and that 
 known by the name of Bottle India rubber, being of good 
 quality, will answer the purpose. This should be cut 
 into thin strips, which may be called contractile strips. 
 For cushions and other articles requiring a similar elas- 
 ticity, the strips may be one sixteenth of an inch thick, 
 and three eighths of an inch wide ; for beds and articles 
 requiring a similar elasticity one quarter of an inch thick, 
 and half an inch wide. The particular dimensions of these 
 strips are not essential. If the thickness be increased, and 
 the width diminished in the same proportion, the effect will 
 be nearly the same ; and by diminishing the sum of the 
 dimensions the force of contraction will be diminished, and 
 by increasing the dimensions it will be increased. These 
 strips should then be heated to a temperature of from 150° 
 to 200°, by which means they become less liable to crack 
 or break when extended or stretched ; this may be easily 
 accomplished by putting the strips into water heated to that 
 temperature. This temperature is not essential, as the 
 effect may be accomplished, but not so well, without the 
 high temperature mentioned. The strips when dry, and cut 
 of the proper length, should be extended or stretched almost 
 as much as they can bear without breaking, and should be 
 laid across the flat piece or sheet of India rubber, and 
 fastened in their state of extension, which may be easily 
 effected by a nail or tack driven through each end, carried 
 beyond the flat piece or sheet of India rubber and the upper 
 surface of the board into the sides or edges, or to the 
 underside of the board on which it may be placed. The 
 number of conti'actile strips must vary according to the 
 elasticity or contraction required. For cushions and articles 
 requiring similar elasticity the strips may be placed from
 
 220 THOMAS HANCOCK'S PATENTS. 
 
 three to four inches apart, and for beds and articles re- 
 quiring similar elasticity from six to eight inches apart, and 
 for other articles in proportion. The distance and arrange- 
 ment of the strips may be varied as the manufacturer shall 
 choose to vary or increase or diminish their contractile 
 effect. The contractile strips being thus placed upon the 
 said flat piece or sheet of India rubber, they should be 
 pressed down upon it with a moderate force until they 
 become united to it, which Avill be effected in a short 
 period. The piece or sheet of India rubber must then be 
 coated with thin glue, size, and whiting, leaving uncoated, 
 for cushions and similar articles, about half an inch round 
 the edge, and half an inch across where each strip is placed 
 (and of which half inch the strip will be better in the 
 middle) ; except that across or over each strip one or more 
 spaces or lines, of about an inch broad, must be coated with 
 the whiting, so as to form a coated or protected communi- 
 cation from space to space between each strip. For beds 
 and similar articles the space uncoated may be an inch 
 broad, instead of half an inch. To complete the article 
 another piece or sheet of India rubber similar to the first 
 should be prepared in the same manner, with the same 
 number of strips, placed in the same relative situations, and 
 coated in the same manner. The two pieces or sheets of 
 India rubber, while remaining upon the boards, must be 
 placed one upon the other, accurately bringing into contact 
 the coated and uncoated parts respectively of each sheet, 
 and the whole submitted to moderate pressure by weights 
 or otherwise. After remaining about an hour, the parts 
 which were uncoated will have become united, and those 
 parts should be further well rubbed down with the hand ; 
 the parts which were coated will remain disunited, and 
 form receptacles for the air. The article may then be 
 taken from the board, and the ends of the strips cut off. If 
 the India rubber used is not perfectly clean, or has been 
 long exposed to the air, or from any other cause does not
 
 EXPANDING CUSHIONS. 221 
 
 readily unite, the parts upon which the contractile strips are 
 to be laid, and all the parts intended to be united should be 
 coated with a solution of India rubber, taking care that such 
 coatings are nearly dry before the parts are brought into 
 contact. Instead of thin glue, size, or whiting, <yther similar 
 preparations may be used, or the spaces intended to remain 
 disunited may be lined with cloth or thin kid, or other 
 similar leather ; such lining being made to adhere to the 
 India rubber by coating it with a varnish or cement formed 
 of a solution of India rubber, and applied when the coating 
 is nearly dry. Articles lined in this manner will be much 
 stronger, but their flexibility will be lessened. In some 
 cases, where greater ease is intended, free admission of air 
 throughout the whole cushion or other article may be in- 
 sured by keeping open the passages across the contractile 
 strips by a tube formed of coiled wire, and covered with 
 sheet India rubber, put into the said passages. For some 
 articles, such as pillows, when it is not necessary or advan- 
 tageous that the two opposite sides should be united, except 
 at the edges, the whole pieces or sheets, except the edges, 
 should be coated with the whiting, or other preparation, 
 when upon the boards, before the pressure to unite the edges 
 is applied. If it be intended that the article should remain 
 permanently inflated, a small tajjer tube of metal may be 
 introduced into or through any part of the edges intended to 
 be joined, and air forced in by the mouth or any other 
 convenient means, and when filled sufficiently the tube 
 may be withdrawn, and the opening left by the tube quickly 
 closed by pressure ; great care must be taken to prevent 
 wetting the opening. Or if the article is intended to be 
 occasionally inflated, a small cock may be fastened into the 
 united edges, by covering the part to be inserted with sheet 
 India rubber bound tightly round it, and introducing it 
 either at the time the union of the edges is effected, or 
 a slip of stiff paper may be laid, to prevent the union until 
 the other parts are finished, and the slip of paper then with- 
 
 n
 
 222 THOMAS HANCOCK'S TATENTS. 
 
 drawn, and the cock, prepared as before directed, inserted ; 
 and in order to facilitate the introduction of the said cock, 
 and more effectually insure its perfect junction to the side 
 of the aperture into which it is inserted, the surface of that 
 part of the said cock which is to enter the said aperture 
 should be coated with a solution of India rubber, and the 
 cock introduced whilst the solution yet remains in the 
 moist state, or previously to its becoming dry. In an hour 
 or two after this operation, or when the said solution becomes 
 dry, care must be taken to make the junction secure by 
 pressure all round the inserted parts of the said cock. The 
 article being completely manufactured, except as to this 
 last operation, must be exposed for some time to a moderate 
 heat (and the placing or holding it near a fire will produce 
 the desired effect), when the strips of India rubber, which 
 will have been previously in an extended state, will exert 
 their contractile force, and gradually contract or gather up 
 the sheet of India rubber, and give the intended elasticity. 
 Instead of the sheet or flat piece of India rubber, the patent 
 India-rubber cloth, or leather, or any other flexible mate- 
 rial coated or lined with India rubber, may be used. In 
 such cases the solution of India rubber may be used as a 
 cement, where the parts are intended to be united in the 
 same manner as is hereinbefore directed when the India^ 
 rubber sheet has been long exposed to the air. Cushions or 
 other articles may be made exactly in the form and manner 
 in which they are now made with the patent India-rubber 
 cloth or leather, only first applying the contractile strips of 
 India rubber to the inside or varnished side of the India- 
 rubber cloth or leather, in the manner hereinbefore de- 
 scribed; and when the said cushions or beds are com- 
 pleted, applying the same to the fire, or a moderately high 
 temperature, to produce the conti'actile action of the strips 
 in a manner hereinbefore described. Contractile strips of 
 India rubber may also be applied to articles already made of 
 patent India-rubber cloth or leather, or other flexible mate-
 
 EXPANDING CUSHIONS. 223 
 
 I'ial lined or coated with India rubber. For this purpose 
 the article should be coated with the solution of India 
 rubber where the contractile strip and the ribbon or tape 
 hereinafter mentioned are intended to be applied ; and the 
 contractile strips may then be laid acJross the outside of the 
 said article in the same manner as across the sheets of India 
 rubber hereinbefore described : and the contractile strips 
 should be covered with ribbon or tape, which may be made 
 to adhere by means of the cement of the dissolved India 
 rubber, and then the contractile force of the India rubber 
 may be excited by the fire or heat in manner hereinbefore 
 mentioned. The solution of India rubber is Avell known, 
 and may be made for the purposes hereinbefore mentioned, 
 by cutting sheet India rubber into shreds, and putting It 
 into essential oil of turpentine, in the proportion of about 
 eighteen or twenty ounces of the India rubber to one gallon 
 of the oil of turpentine, and stirring it occasionally for one 
 or two days, when It is fit for use. The benefit of this 
 patent is not claimed to extend to the manufacture of the 
 solution of India rubber, nor to the method of inflating 
 articles with air by means of tubes or cocks, as hereinbefore 
 described ; but it is claimed only to extend to the use or 
 appllcatlonof strips of India rubber to air-beds, air-cushions, 
 and other articles to be inflated with air, manufactured from 
 caoutchouc or India rubber, or of cloth or other flexible 
 material, coated or lined with India rubber, in order to 
 produce contraction in the manner hereinbefore descrlbed. 
 And for this purpose the said use or application is not 
 intended to be limited to the specific dimensions, distances, 
 or directions of the said contractile strips ; these may be 
 varied to a considerable extent at the pleasure of the manu- 
 facturer. — In witness, &c. 
 
 Thomas Hancock. 
 
 Enrolled December 4, 1835. 
 R 2
 
 224 THOMAS HANCOCK'S PATENTS. 
 
 BOUGH WATERPROOFING. 
 
 Specification of Patent granted to Thomas Hi^NCOCK, Stoke 
 Nercington, Middlesex, Esquire, for an Improvement or 
 Improvements in the process of rendering Cluth and other 
 Fabrics partially or entirely impervious to Air and Water 
 by means of Caoutchouc or India Rubber. — Dated April 
 18, 1837. 
 
 India Rubber has for some time past been prepared and 
 manufactured into masses for the purpose of being cut into 
 sheets, and for other purposes, and has been called or known 
 by the name of prepared, manufactured, or patent India 
 rubber. A method of preparing or manufacturing the same 
 is shown in the annexed drawing.* Fig. 1 is a cross section, 
 and Fig. 2 is a side-view of the apparatus, with a portion 
 removed in the latter to show the shaft in the interior. The 
 letters refer to the same parts in both these figures. A is a 
 hollow iron cylinder, with closed ends fixed to a frame. 
 B C is a door in the cylinder, about one-third its circum- 
 ference, and of its whole length. D is a fastening to keep 
 it closed. E is a shaft passing through the cylinder A, 
 
 * This drawing is not given here, as it has been previously described as 
 the " Masticating machine."
 
 DOUGH WATERPROOFING. 22.) 
 
 and filling about two-thirds of its internal diameter ; this 
 part of the shaft is grooved, so as to form projections about 
 half an inch square along the whole of its length within the 
 cylinder; the ends of this shaft are turned of a suitable 
 size to pass through the ends of the cylinder, and to run 
 upon bearings on the frame B ; this shaft may be driven at 
 the rate of about thirty revolutions a minute, — it is not 
 necessary to heat the apparatus, as it speedily becomes 
 heated in use. The India rubber should be cut in rather 
 small pieces and well cleaned and dried, particularly the 
 white cake India rubber ; the whole is then to be warmed 
 to about from 100° to 150° Fahrenheit, and passed through 
 rollers, which will also soon become .sufficiently warm in 
 use. This operation will, in some measure, unite the pieces 
 into sheets or lengths, and may be repeated two or three 
 times, after which the India rubber is to be put into the 
 cylinder A, and the door fastened. Motion being now 
 given to the shaft, it is communicated to the India rubber ; 
 and in the course of half an hour, more or less, according to 
 the speed of the shaft and the quantity of India rubber 
 employed, the combined action of heat and friction, occa- 
 sioned by the motion and pressure on the India rubber, 
 has the effect of uniting it into one compact mass or roll 
 (as shown at F), of the length of the interior of the cylinder. 
 The perfect uniformity of the whole mass may be ascer- 
 tained by cutting a thin piece off and holding it up to the 
 light, when, if there are any granular particles to be seen* 
 the operation must be resumed until they disappear. The 
 quantity or charge of India rubber to be operated on at one 
 time may be regulated according to the size of the appa- 
 ratus and speed of the shaft. By the addition of more 
 India rubber the pressure is increased, and the operation 
 quickened. Increasing the speed has a similar effect, but a 
 little practice will soon enable the workman to ascertain the 
 quantity proper for the apparatus, and the power at his 
 disposal. The length of the cylinder is not material, when 
 
 R 3
 
 226 THOMAS Hancock's patents. 
 
 tlie mass or roll formed by this apparatus is intended to be 
 rolled into sheets for making the softened India rubber ; 
 but when intended for spreading on the cloth without sol- 
 vent, I prefer that the length of the cylinder, and of course 
 the roll of India rubber produced, should be of the width of 
 the cloth upon which it is to be spread. This method of 
 preparing India rubber has been some time in use, and is 
 not claimed to be protected by this patent. This manu- 
 factured or prepared India rubber is well adapted to be 
 used in the processes hereinafter described. A portion of 
 this prepared or manufactured India rubber (and for this 
 purpose about sixteen pounds will be a convenient quantity) 
 must be warmed in a stove heated to about 100° of Fahren- 
 heit, at which temperature it should be passed between 
 metal rollers, heated also to about the same temperature, 
 and so formed into rough sheets of about one-sixteenth of an 
 inch or less in thickness. The ordinary sheet India rubber 
 may be used, but it is more expensive, and less fitted for 
 the purpose. The raw or unprepared India rubber may 
 be used after being passed a sufficient number of times 
 between the heated metal rollers, till it is reduced into 
 sheets ; but the prepared or manufactured India rubber 
 I consider the best for the purpose. Heated metal rollers 
 are now so commonly used that no description is necessary. 
 To these sheets about eight pounds of coal oil, or other 
 solvent of India mbber, must be applied, so that the whole 
 surface of the sheets shall be wetted as equally as possible, 
 and so that the eight pounds of the solvent shall be absorbed 
 by the India rubber. This may be effected by passing the 
 sheets through the solvent^ placed in a vessel, or by apply- 
 ing the solvent to the surface by brushes, or other suitable 
 means. If it is wished to add any colouring matter, it may 
 be sifted on during, or immediately after, this operation. 
 The sheets so prepared should be left in a covered vessel for 
 ten or twelve hours. The whole should then be mixed 
 and blended together, and the apparatus in which the com-
 
 I 
 
 ^
 
 DOUGH WATERPROOFING. 227 
 
 mon India rubber is manufactured, or prepared to be cut 
 into sheets, as hereinbefore described, is well adapted for 
 the purpose. By this process the India rubber will be 
 brought into a state more soft, and less tenacious and elastic 
 than the ordinary India rubber. It will be rather more 
 firm than dough or putty, and have still somewhat of the 
 adhesive or elastic character of India rubber, but it may be 
 compressed and moulded by the hand India rubber thus 
 softened by, and combined with, a solvent, may be spread or 
 applied in manner hereinafter described on any of the fabrics 
 now in general use for such purposes ; but should it be 
 required to be applied to any fabric more than usually 
 delicate, and liable to be injured by the force necessary to 
 be used, a somewhat greater proportion of the solvent should 
 be used, according to the delicacy and fragility of such 
 fabric. The India rubber thus softened is to be applied to 
 the fabric to be made waterproof by the spreading machine 
 or instrument delineated in the annexed drawing, Figs. 
 3 and 4. E is a frame fixed, with suitable bearings, to sup- 
 port the rolling and other machinery attached to it. B is a 
 hollow piece or box of metal fixed firmly in the frame E, 
 which hollow piece I have denominated the bed. That 
 part of the bed B immediately under the lower edge of the 
 spreader A, hereafter described, is elevated a little above the 
 rest of the bed, and is about three or four inches wide, and 
 perfectly straight, flat, and smooth. C C are uprights, firm 
 and strong, intended to hold and guide the spreader A. 
 L L are screws fixed on the uprights C C, passing through 
 grooves in the spreader A, to keep it steadily in its place 
 as it is required to act. The spreader A is a hollow box of 
 metal, brought down at the bottom nearly to an edge, not 
 quite sharp, but somewhat rounded. The bottom line 
 should be perfectly straight, so as accurately to coincide 
 Avith the elevated part of the bed B ; and by means of the 
 screws D D, it may be fixed firmly at any deteraained dis- 
 tance therefrom. The length of A and B between the 
 
 K 4
 
 228 THOMAS HANCOCK S TATENTS. 
 
 upriglit3 C C, should be rather greater than the width of 
 the cloth intended to be made waterproof, and the spreader 
 A should be screwed down so close to B as just to allow 
 the fabric, covered with a film of India rubber, of any 
 determined thickness, to pass through. In order to prevent 
 the India rubber spreading beyond the width of the cloth, 
 two pieces of metal, fitted to A and B, and working in 
 grooves, and capable of being adjusted by screws, should be 
 attached to B, as shown at I, Figs. 3 and 4. The fabric 
 intended to be made waterproof must then be attached at 
 one end to a tacking-cloth of a suitable material, which 
 must be tacked to and rolled round the roller G, with the 
 fabric to be made waterproof. The other end of the fjibric 
 is to be brought up to, and just passed through beneath the 
 spreader A, and there attached to another tacking-cloth of 
 similar material, which latter tacking-cloth should be tacked 
 to the roller H. If the fabric to be made waterproof be of 
 delicate texture, another cloth should be attaclied to it, so 
 as to line or cover the underside throughout, and prevent 
 any injurious strain, and pass under the spreader with it. 
 The metal spreader A, and the bed B, should be lieated to 
 a temperature of from 85° to 100° of FahTenheit, and the 
 spreader A should be adjusted by means of the screws to 
 the intended thickness of the coating of India rubber. A 
 warm roll of the softened India rubber F is then to be 
 pressed down on the fabric to be made waterproof, and 
 in contact with the heated spreader. A slow motion is 
 then to be given to the fabric by any mechanical power at 
 the roller H, and the fabric drawn beneath the spreader, 
 by which means a smooth, thin coating of the India rubber 
 v.'ill be spread upon it, which process may be repeated vmtil 
 the coatins of India rubber is of sufficient thickness. The 
 speed at which the fabric should pass beneath the spreader 
 may require to be varied in using softened India rubber of 
 difterent temperatures, or when formed of different propor- 
 tions of materials; two minutes to the yard will be found
 
 DOUGH WATERPROOFING. 220 
 
 generally to answer very well. After the fabric has been 
 drawn beneath the spreader, it must be passed over a heated 
 cylinder, or other heated surface, as shown at K, in Fig. 3, 
 raised to a temperature of from about 100° to 1/50° Fahren- 
 heit, of sufficient extent to dry the India-rubber film before 
 it is rolled up. It is obvious that the form of the spreading 
 machine may be varied without affecting the principle of the 
 process. Instead of the metal box, B, a revolving hollow 
 cylinder, heated to the same temperature as the spreader A, 
 and adjusted to the proper distance from it, may be used; to 
 which cylinder motion may be given by any ordinary 
 means, and this form of the machine will answer the pur- 
 pose very well. By means of the spreading machine herin- 
 before described, when heated to a sufficient temperature, 
 the prepared or manufactured India rubber hereinbefore 
 first described, Avithout any solvent, may be spread upon the 
 cloth or fabric in the manner hereinbefore described for 
 the softened India rubber. But the prepared India rubber 
 does not adhere with certainty so firmly to the cloth without 
 the temperature of the spreader being greatly raised, which 
 it is desirable to avoid; as in case of any accidental stoppage 
 of the process the India rubber in so thin a film may become 
 in some degree decomposed. Two textures are united by 
 coating each with the India rubber as before described, and 
 passing them Vv^ith sufficient pressure between iron or wooden 
 rollers, Avith the coated surfaces in contact. I have now 
 described the method of making cloth and other fabrics 
 waterproof: but I do not claim as any part of my improve- 
 ments the use of the machine for the preparing of India 
 nibber, delineated in Figs 1 and 2, which has been for 
 some time in use, nor the use of the prepared or manu- 
 factured India rubber, as hereinbefore first described, for 
 the purpose of making fabrics waterproof; nor the use of 
 India rubber rendered fluid or semifluid by means of any sol- 
 vent. But I claim as my invention the use and application 
 of India rubber, softened to the consistencv hereinbefore de-
 
 230 THOMAS Hancock's patents. 
 
 scribed, by intimately combining therewith a small quantity 
 of solvent, for the purpose of making the said cloth and 
 other fabrics waterproof, in manner hereinbefore described ; 
 by which means much less expense is necessary than in the 
 manufacture of waterproof cloth and other fabrics by means 
 of fluid or semifluid India rubber. And I also claim the 
 method of applying the India rubber softened as herein- 
 before mentioned, or the prepared India rubber herein- 
 before first mentioned, by the use of the spreading machine 
 hereinbefore described, heated as hereinbefore mentioned, 
 together with the use of the conducting cloth, where the 
 texture of the fabric is thin or delicate, for rendering cloth 
 and other fabrics partially or entirely imjjervious to air 
 and water. — In witness, &c. 
 
 Thomas Hancock. 
 
 Enrolled October 17, 1837.
 
 DOUGH SHEETS. 231 
 
 DOUGH SHEETS. 
 
 Specification of the Patent granted to Thomas Hai^COCK, 
 of Goswell Meics, in the County of Middlesex, Patent 
 Waterproof Cloth Manufacturer, for Improvements in 
 the Method of Manufacturing or Preparing Caoutchouc, 
 either alone or in Combination icith other Substances. — - 
 Sealed January 23, 1838. 
 
 To all to whom these presents shall come, &c. &c. — Noio 
 know ye, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the 
 said Thomas Hancock, do hereby describe and ascertain 
 the nature of my said invention, and the manner in which 
 the same is to be performed by the following description 
 thereof (that is to say) : — 
 
 My improvements in the method of manufacturing 
 caoutchouc consist in forming this substance into sheets and 
 into long uniform slips or threads, in the manner following: 
 I prepare the caoutchouc for forming these sheets in the 
 manner fully described in the specification of a patent 
 granted to me for an improvement or improvements in the 
 process of rendering cloth and other fabrics partially or 
 entirely impervious to air and water, by means of caout- 
 chouc or India rubber, bearing date the 18th day of April,
 
 232 THOMAS Hancock's pate>7ts. 
 
 1837, and to tliat sj)ecification I refer for the particulars 0/ 
 sucli process. 
 
 I will now describe the manner in which I form this 
 prepared caoutchouc into sheets. I take linen, silk, cotton, 
 or other suitable cloth, and saturate or fill the texture with 
 common glue, size, gum, paste, or any other similar sub- 
 stance easily removable by Avater, and when dry I pass this 
 cloth through a calender, or otherwise smooth the surface 
 of it more or less, as the case may require. I then spread 
 the prepared caoutchouc upon this cloth by means of a 
 machine similar to that described in my said former speci- 
 fication as suitable for this purpose. If one coating is not 
 sufficient, I repeat the operation, and when the coating 
 is dry I immerse the whole in moderately warm Avater, 
 and let it remain until the gum or size is sufficiently 
 softened to allow the caoutchouc to be separated from the 
 cloth. If the sheets are required of greater thickness than 
 can be conveniently made by successive coatings upon one 
 cloth, I spread the caoutchouc upon two cloths, and unite 
 the two coated sides together before they are quite dry, 
 and I then strip off the cloth from one side, and apj)ly 
 a third coating, which has been spread upon prepared 
 cloth, in the manner before described, on that side, and 
 continue to add fresh coatings in the same manner, until 
 the required thickness is obtained. Instead of filling the 
 cloth with gum or size, one side of it may be covered with 
 paper pasted on, and caoutchouc spread ujoon it, and the 
 cloth and sheet separated by immersion in water, as before 
 stated. If it is desired to attach the sheets permanently 
 to cloth, leather, &c., I spread a coating or two of the 
 well-knoAvn common solution of caoutchouc upon it by 
 way of cement, and Avhen nearly dry unite the sheets 
 thereto by pressure, and then strip off the gummed cloth 
 by immersion in Avater, as before described. Any suitable 
 pattern or graining may be given to tlie sheets of caout- 
 chouc by raising figure^ previously on the prepared cloth,
 
 DOUGH SHEETS. 233 
 
 either by embossing or otherwise. Colouring matter may 
 be added to the caoutchouc in the manner described in 
 the aforesaid specification ; or the sheets may be coloured 
 by laying on with a brush any of the common pigments, 
 such as flake white, vermilion, lamp black, blue verditer, 
 &c., mixed with a very thin solution of caoutchouc, com- 
 posed of about ten ounces of manufactured caoutchouc 
 to one gallon of rectified coal oil, or turpentine. The 
 sheets may be printed with the same colours by means 
 of plates, type, blocks, or stencilling, in the manner com- 
 monly practised. I also form sheets to be used as tablets 
 for writing or drawing on, Avith crayons, French chalk, &c., 
 by adding pumice powder, fine emeiy, or other similar 
 gritty substances, either in the manner described in my said 
 former specification, with reference to colouring matters 
 during the preparation of the caoutchouc, or by coatings of 
 these substances mixed with a thin solution of caoutchouc 
 after the sheets are made, as befcTTe described. I also form 
 sheets from the original native and liquid caoutchouc as 
 imported from South America, by preparing the cloth with 
 gum or size, as before stated ; and I find a convenient 
 mode of doing this is by attaching tAvo of the gummed 
 cloths together by means of paste or gum, and then im- 
 mersing the cloths in the liquid caoutchouc, and allowing 
 the superfluous liquid to run off. I then hang up the cloth 
 to dry, and Avhen dry immerse it again in the contrary 
 direction, and again allow it to dry, and continue the opera- 
 tion until the sheet has acquired the desii'ed thickness ; I 
 then separate the cloth from it by immersion in water, in 
 the manner before described. The edges must be trimmed 
 or cut off, if necessary, to allow the Avater to penetrate 
 into the cloth. The surface of the cloth may be either 
 plain or figured, as before described, and colouring matter, 
 or emery, or pumice powder, introduced into the first or 
 subsequent coatings. If the sheets are required to be only
 
 234 THOMAS HANCOCK'S PATENTS. 
 
 of a comparatively small size, or of particular shapes, I 
 form the flat or figured surface upon which I make them 
 of plaster of Paris, and pour on the liquid caoutchouc. If 
 required of considerable thickness, I find it best to pour 
 on a thin coating first, and allow it to dry, and continue to 
 do so until the desired thickness is obtained. If a very 
 smooth surface is wished, I spread it upon plate-glass. In 
 some cases I employ a raised edge of wood or other mate- 
 rial as a guide to regulate the required thickness of the 
 sheet, and to prevent the caoutchouc from spreading too 
 far. I also find for some purposes that a coating of native 
 liquid caoutchouc improves the sheets formed of manu- 
 factured caoutchouc first described ; in such cases I apply 
 it either by dipping the sheets in the liquid, or spreading 
 it on with a spatula, or other convenient instrument. I 
 manufacture the long uniform slips or threads from the 
 native liquid caoutchouc upon cylinders of wood or metal, 
 by turning or otherwise forming a spiral groove of the 
 width and depth of the required slip or thread. I fill this 
 groove by immersing the cylinders in the liquid, and with 
 a straight piece of wood or metal clear the liquid from 
 the projecting parts ; and when dry I immerse it again, 
 and continue so to do until the groove is filled, when, by 
 immersing the cylinder for some time in moderately warm 
 water, the slip or thread of caoutchouc may be drawn off, 
 and will be of the length and size of the spiral groove. I 
 also follow the same process of coating a plain cylinder with 
 the liquid, until a uniform substance of the required thick- 
 ness is obtained ; the cylinder is then put into a machine 
 attached to a screw motion, and the slips or threads cut 
 with a circular knife to the required size. As this machine 
 is well known to persons conversant wdth this manufacture, 
 I need not further describe it. And, lastly, I do further 
 declare that I do not, under the said first-recited patent, 
 claim as new the processes described by my said former
 
 DOUGH SHEETS. 235 
 
 specification, nor the mixing of colouring matters with the 
 caoutchouc, nor the common solution of caoutchouc as a 
 cement, nor the use of calenders, or of any other machinery, 
 matters, or things that have been previously used or prac- 
 tised. — In witness whereof, &c. 
 
 Thomas Hancock. 
 Enrolled July 23, 1838.
 
 236 THOMAS Hancock's patents. 
 
 VULCANISING. 
 
 Specificatiori of the Patent granted to Thoma.S PIan- 
 COCK, of Gosicell Meios, Gosivell Road, in the Count)/ 
 of 3Tiddlesex, IFaterproof Cloth Manufacturer, for 
 Improvements in the Preparation or Manufacture of 
 Caoutchouc in Comhination with other S^ihstances, 
 which Preparation or Manufacture is suitable for 
 rendering Leather Cloth and other Fabrics Waterproof, 
 and to various other purposes for ivliich Caoutchouc is 
 employed. — Sealed November 21, 1843. 
 
 To all to whom these presents shall come, &c. &c. — The 
 nature of my improvement or improvements in the pre- 
 paration or manufacture of caoutchouc in combination with 
 other substances, consists in diminishing or obviating their 
 clammy adhesiveness, and also in diminishing or entirely 
 preventing their tendency to stiffen and harden by cold, 
 and to become softened or decomposed by heat, grease, and 
 oil. 
 
 I will first describe the means by which I correct, 
 obviate, or lessen, the clammy adhesiveness of caoutchouc, 
 and caoutchouc in combination with other substances. And 
 I would first premise, that as the essential oils employed in 
 softening and dissolving caoutchouc are ultimately almost
 
 VULCANISING. 237 
 
 entirely evaporated, I wish to be understood wlien speaking 
 of proportions, that the dry materials are meant, more or less 
 solvent may be used, according as it may be convenient 
 to employ the combination in a stiff and plastic state, or 
 diluted in any degree down to the consistence of painters' 
 varnish. I take ten pounds of caoutchouc, and pass it two 
 or three times between iron rollers, until a roughly uniform 
 sheet is obtained ; I then take twenty pounds of silicate 
 of magnesia (sometimes called Venetian or French chalk 
 and talc), and reduce it to a fine powder, and I continue 
 rolling the sheet, shifting the silicate upon it as it passes 
 through or between the rollers, and I carry on this opera- 
 tion until the whole is well mixed in. I then Avork uj) 
 the mass into a state of uniform consistence by means of 
 the machine or apparatus commonly employed in making 
 what is called manufactured caoutchouc, which machine 
 is fully described in the specification of a patent granted to 
 me on the 18th day of April, 1837. If the mass is in- 
 tended for cutting into sheets or other forms, I press it in 
 moulds, and cut it up in the manner commonly practised, 
 and well known to persons acquainted with such manufac- 
 tures. When I require this combination in the form of 
 large sheets, and they are not required of very fine quality, 
 I pass it between rollers, beginning with them rather wide 
 apart, and gradually closing them each time of passing 
 through, until they produce the thickness I want. The 
 rollers may be used cold, or heated to about 80° Fahren- 
 heit. When it is required to spread the combination on 
 cloth, either for the purpose of rendering a previous coating 
 of caoutchouc unadhesive or upon the surface of the cloth 
 itself, I proceed to soften the combination by the application 
 of a small quantity of solvent, so as to make it of the 
 consistence of dough or putty, in the manner set forth in 
 the before-mentioned specification of a patent granted to me 
 in 1837, in respect to caoutchouc ; and I spread it also in 
 the manner and by a spreading machine similar to the one 
 
 s
 
 238 THOMAS Hancock's patents. 
 
 therein described. If very thin sheets or fihns are re- 
 quired, I spread the combination on cloth previously satu- 
 rated with size, and proceed with this operation in the same 
 manner as is set forth with respect to caoutchouc sheets, 
 under a patent granted to me, bearing date the 23rd day of 
 January, 1838. The combination in this state, if not of 
 too soft a consistence, may be spread by means of iron 
 rollers into sheets, either alone or upon cloth, so as to 
 remain permanently attached to the same, or upon sized 
 cloth, to be afterwards stripped off; the surface of the iron 
 in contact with the sheet should be kept wet, to lessen or 
 prevent adhesion. Instead of a smooth even face, I some- 
 times obtain impressions on the surface by pressure between 
 plates previously engraved of the desired pattern, or by 
 means of rollers, by engraving one or both, so as to pro- 
 duce the required graining, or device ; these plates or 
 rollers may be used cold, or if the consistence of the com- 
 bination is hard and stiff, they may be heated to any re- 
 quired degree. If a dead or dull matted appearance is 
 required, I pass woollen cloth or other suitable fabric 
 through or between the rollers, in contact with the coated 
 surface of the cloth or sheet, and afterwards strip off the 
 fabric, which should be previously sized, as before stated. 
 By these and similar means, I frequently give to sheets 
 of the combination, or to fabrics coated with it, a very close 
 resemblance to a variety of woven and other manufactures, 
 some of which may be used as substitutes for the article 
 imitated. For coarse and cheap articles a proportion of 
 washed lime or fullers' earth, dried, and sifted very fine, 
 may be mixed with the silicate, and the quantity of the 
 latter proportionably reduced. I sometimes make the ex- 
 terior of an article of a combination that will be inadhesive, 
 and of fine materials, and the interior with a combination 
 containing either more caoutchouc, or more of the lime or 
 fullers' earth, as the case may require. The combinations 
 hereinbefore described Avill be of a light drab coloiu', or
 
 VULCANISING. 239 
 
 of a darker shade, according to the proportion of the sili- 
 cate ; but if required of other colours, I mix with the sili- 
 cate any suitable pigment commonly used for such pur- 
 poses. If patterns are required to be printed on these 
 manufactures, I mix the colour with a thin solution of 
 caoutchouc, as mentioned in the specification of my patent 
 of the 23rd day of January, 1838. When a dark colour is 
 not objectionable, I employ asphalte instead of, or combined 
 with, the silicate. The combination of asphalte with caout- 
 chouc may be effected in the dry state by reducing the 
 asphalte to a fine powdei', and treating it in the same 
 manner as before stated in respect to the silicate. Plum- 
 bago may also be introduced when the colour is dai'k. I 
 find that from six to seven pounds of asphalte, according 
 to its quality, to eight pounds of caoutchouc answers the 
 purpose ; if silicate also is used, the quantity of asphalte 
 should be proportionably less. When this combination 
 is required for spreading on cloth, or for thin sheets, I 
 soften it, and treat it in the same manner as before de- 
 scribed for the silicate ; if it is wished, more asphalte 
 or silicate may be added during this operation. Nearly 
 the same results are obtained by dissolving the asphalte in 
 coal naptha, and employing such solution instead of naph- 
 tha, or other solvent, in softening the caoutchouc, to bring 
 it to a suitable consistence for the spreading machine ; and 
 if silicate is employed with the asphalte, it may be sifted 
 in, as directed in respect of colouring matters, in the speci- 
 fication before referred to, of 1837. Raised patterns may 
 also be produced on the surface by the means before de- 
 scribed. These combinations may be manufactured into 
 sheets and various other articles, or applied generally to 
 caoutchouc and caoutchouc manufactures, where it is de- 
 sirable to obviate the clammy adhesiveness of the surface ; 
 and I apply them for the purpose of rendering cloth more or 
 less waterproof by means of the spreading machine before 
 alluded to, and to other purposes, by means of a spatula, or 
 
 s 2
 
 240 THOMAS HANCOCK'S PATENTS. 
 
 other convenient instrument, and in a more diluted state, in 
 the manner of painting, or varnishing with a common brush. 
 Of course the different proportions may be varied accord- 
 ing to the purposes to which the combinations are to be ap- 
 plied. Itmay be necessary here to observe that all the sub- 
 stances employed in the before-mentioned combinations have 
 a tendency to weaken, more or less, the elastic properties 
 of caoutchouc, and in particular the proportion of silicate of 
 magnesia may be increased until the caoutchouc is nearly 
 deprived of those properties. Any person practically ac- 
 quainted with caoutchouc manufactures will be able, from 
 the descriptions already given, to obtain the proper con- 
 sistence and quality, and to adapt the combinations to the 
 various purposes for whicli they may be required. 
 
 It is well known that caoutchouc stiffens and becomes 
 hard when exposed to a cold temperature ; and that it is 
 liable to become soft and decomposed by heat and ex- 
 posure to the atmosphere ; and by contact with oil or 
 grease ; that it is easily acted upon by solvents, and its 
 elastic properties weakened by the means usually employed 
 for its manufacture. I diminish or obviate these effects 
 by intimately blending sulphur Avith caoutchouc during 
 the process of its manufacture or preparation, and then 
 treating the combination in the manner hereafter described. 
 Sulphur may be blended with caoutchouc in various ways, 
 but the following I find to answer the desired purpose : — 
 I melt in an iron vessel a quantity of sulphur, at a tem- 
 perature ranging from about 240° to 250° Fahrenheit, and 
 immerse it in the caoutchouc, previously rolled into rough 
 sheets, or cut to any convenient form or size, and allow it 
 to remain until the sulphur has penetrated quite through 
 the caoutchouc, which may be ascertained by cutting a 
 portion of it asunder with a wet knife ; if the operation is 
 complete, the colour of the caoutchouc will be changed 
 throughout to a yellowish tint : if there is only a mai'gin 
 of yellow around the cut part the operation must be con-
 
 VULCANISING. 241 
 
 tinued longer, until the colour of the whole is changed ; 
 the sulphur adhering to the surface being scraped off, the 
 caoutchouc will then have taken up a quantity of sulphur, 
 from one-sixth to one -tenth of its weight. With caoutchouc 
 thus prepared, I proceed with the further manufacture of 
 it into the consistence of dough or putty, or making solu- 
 tions of it, and spread it on cloth or into sheets in the 
 manner already stated or referred to. Sulphur may also 
 be blended with caoutchouc by reducing the former to a 
 fine powder, and mixing it mechanically in the manner and 
 by the means before mentioned for silicate of magnesia. 
 Sulphur may also be blended with the surface of some 
 articles, such as sheets of caoutchouc, by heating the 
 latter to about 200°, and sifting and rubbing flour of sul- 
 phur on it. Instead of the preceding, I sometimes blend 
 sulphur with caoutchouc by means of a solvent. In that 
 case I saturate the solvent I mean to employ with as much 
 sulphur as it will take up by boiling, and employ as much 
 of this saturated solvent as will, after evaporation, leave 
 the requisite proportion of sulphur before indicated blended 
 with the caoutchouc. Wiien this saturated solvent is 
 allowed to cool, any excess of sulphur will fall down in 
 crystals ; if, therefore, for any purpose, it is wished to 
 employ a larger proportion of sulphur, it must be kept hot. 
 I prefer in this case to use oil of turpentine as the solvent. 
 Either of the foregoing, or any other convenient mode, may 
 be adopted for blending the sulphur and caoutchouc to- 
 gether, care being taken to ensure as much as possible a 
 uniform mixture. The silicate of magnesia and the other 
 substances mentioned in the first part of this specification 
 may, if wished, be mixed Avith the combination of sulphur 
 and caoutchouc in such proportions as may be necessary to 
 obviate or correct the clammy adhesiveness before men- 
 tioned ; but I wish it to be clearly understood that the 
 combination of the silicate of magnesia with caoutchouc has 
 the effect in all cases of lessening Hs elastic properties in 
 
 s 3
 
 242 THOMAS Hancock's patents. 
 
 proportion to the quantity of silicate employed. This 
 combination of sulphur and caoutchouc, and of sulphur 
 and caoutchouc mixed with the silicate of magnesia and 
 the other substances before mentioned, may be applied to 
 various purposes in the manner hereinbefore stated or 
 referred to, and introduced by similar or other convenient 
 means into caoutchouc manufactures. 
 
 Having described the methods by which I blend sulphur 
 with caoutchovic, and the manner in which I apply the 
 same to various purposes, I would here observe that the 
 combination is still as soluble as before, and has not yet 
 undergone the change or modification by which the im- 
 provement or improvements contemplated in this portion 
 of my invention are carried out. When caoutchouc alone 
 is to be operated upon, I find that the desired effect, which 
 for brevity's sake I will hereafter call the change, may be 
 produced by immersing the caoutchouc in melted sulphur, 
 as hereinbefore mentioned ; I then raise the temperature 
 to 300°, or from 300° to 370°, and continuing it so im- 
 mersed for a longer or a shorter period, according to the 
 thickness or bulk of the caoutchouc or the extent to which 
 the change is to be carried ; for instance, if sheet caout- 
 chouc one-sixteenth of an inch thick is continued in sul- 
 phur at 350° to 370° from ten to fifteen minutes, the change 
 before alluded to is produced; or, instead of so high a 
 temperature, the sulphur is raised only from 310° to 320°, 
 and the caoutchouc immersed in it from fifty to sixty 
 minutes, the result will be much the same ; and if con- 
 tinued for two hours at the same temperature, the eftect 
 will be proportionably increased : and if continued longer, 
 the caoutchouc becomes of a darker colour, and nearly 
 loses its property of stretching ; and if carried still farther, 
 turns nearly black, and has something the appearance of 
 horn, and may be pared with a knife similarly to that sub- 
 stance. By the effect of this high temperature such a 
 change in, or modification of, the properties of the caout-
 
 VULCANISING. 243 
 
 choac and most of its combinations will be produced, that 
 tlie elastic force or property of manufactured caoutchouc 
 to recover its form after being extended is greatly in- 
 creased, and it will, after being so treated, resist to a con- 
 siderable extent the action of heat, oil, and grease, as well 
 as the effect of cold, and be more capable of resisting the 
 menstrua by which caoutchouc is commonly dissolved. 
 I would here observe that the temperature and the time 
 which have been stated produce a degree of change suit- 
 able for many purposes, but may be varied discretionally. 
 And I would here make this general remark, tliat the higher 
 the temperature the shorter is the time required ; and, on 
 the contrary, a lower temperature requires a longer time. 
 And I would here observe that the proportion of sulphur 
 is, to a certain extent, increased by contiued immersion ; 
 and the time and temperature just indicated is equally 
 applicable to the combinations of caoutchouc and sulphur 
 with the silicate of magnesia and other substances men- 
 tioned in the first part of this my specification. The sul- 
 phur which adheres to the surface may be easily removed 
 by friction or scraping. I employ this mode of operating 
 in preference generally where practicable, particularly for 
 articles made of manufactured caoutchouc, such as sheets 
 and thread for elastic manufactures, whether made from 
 manufactured caoutchouc or of the raw material as im- 
 ported. When the combination is spread upon cloth, or 
 attached to other substances capable of enduring the ne- 
 cessary temperature, I pass such articles over plates or 
 cylinders heated sufficiently to effect the change ; if the 
 side on which the combination of caoutchouc and sulphur 
 is sj)read is brought into contact with the heated surface of 
 the plate or cylinder, the temperature and the time in 
 contact formerly indicated in respect of melted sulphur 
 will answer the purpose ; and this is the mode I prefer in 
 cases where substances, such as leather, coated with the 
 combination, will not so well endure a high temperature ; 
 
 S 4
 
 244 THOMAS Hancock's patents. 
 
 but when the combination is spread on cloth or other sub- 
 stance which is to be brought into contact with the heated 
 surface, the temperature will require to be raised, or the 
 article longer exposed to it, according to the extent to 
 which the heat is impeded by the thickness or quality of 
 the intervening substance, which may be easily ascertained 
 by testing small pieces as a guide. In some cases, such as 
 for the strapping on the seams of garments, it may be useful 
 to employ hot irons to effect the change. Another mode of 
 submitting the articles to the necessary temperature, is 
 by means of a stove heated to the required degree, which 
 degree, and the proper period for the article to remain in 
 it, must, as before stated, depend on the nature of the case : 
 if it is sheet caoutchouc, or thread, or any similar article, 
 the time and temperature before indicated will answer, 
 according to the extent to which the change is to be car- 
 ried, or the size or bulk of the articles to be operated on. 
 If the article is partly composed of cloth coated on one side, 
 as, for instance, a single texture of calico, rendered water- 
 proof by a very thin coating of the combination, a tempera- 
 ture of from 290° to 300" will be sufficient, and the period 
 for remaining in or passing through the stove from one and 
 a half to two minutes. If a thicker coat of the combina- 
 tion is laid on the calico, a somewhat longer time must be 
 given ; and so in respect of a union of two plies of cloth, the 
 time and temparature must be regulated according to the 
 thickness of the textures and the interposed coating of the 
 combination. When a greater number of plies of cloth are 
 required to be united, as in the manufacture of artificial 
 leather for straps, card-backs, hose-pipe, and the like, I pro- 
 ceed as in the case just mentioned ; but if, from the thick- 
 ness of the cloth, or the number of plies required, I conceive 
 the heat will not readily or sufficiently peneti'ate the mass, 
 I unite two folds of the cloth first, and pass them through 
 the stove until the change is effected ; I then unite another 
 fold to the former, and pass it again through the stove.
 
 VULCANISING. 245 
 
 and so proceed until the required number of folds are 
 united ; and, if required, I lastly coat the surfaces in the 
 above manner, and finish by again submitting the whole 
 to the stove. Another mode of obtaining the temperature 
 for effecting the change is by immersing the articles in 
 water or steam, under pressure, raised to the required 
 temperature. I find that a very small quantity of boiled 
 linseed oil, stearine, or spermaceti, introduced with the 
 sulphur, communicates an agreeable smoothness to the sur- 
 face. I would here also remark, that when surfaces are to 
 be united, the union should be effected before the change 
 takes place. When the combination is required for pur- 
 poses where it could not be conveniently used of the con- 
 sistence of dough, such as for saturating cloth, felt, or other 
 similar purposes, or for coating uneven surfaces, I dilute 
 it with solvent to any required consistence, and apply it 
 with a brush, or other convenient means, and afterwards 
 submit the articles to the influence of heal, in the manner 
 already described, or by any other that may be convenient. 
 The sulphur may, if required, be more or less discharged 
 from the caoutchouc, after it has undergone the change, 
 by submitting it to the known solvents of sulphur, of 
 which I prefer a solution of the sulphite of soda in water, 
 kept to a temperature of about 200°. Other and similar 
 modes may be devised for carrying these improvements 
 into effect. But enough has now been said to enable any 
 person of common skill, and practically acquainted with 
 caoutchouc manufactures, to follow out these operations 
 with success. What I claim as my invention and dis- 
 covery is. 
 
 Firstly, The combination of caoutchouc with silicate of 
 magnesia, whereby manufactured caoutchouc is rendered 
 free from that clammy and adhesive character which it 
 usually possesses. 
 
 Secondly, I claim the modes herein described of com- 
 bining asphalte with caoutchouc ; and.
 
 246 THOMAS Hancock's patents. 
 
 Thirdly, I claim the treating of caoutchouc (either alone 
 or in combination with other substances) with sulphur 
 when acted on by heat, and thus changing the character of 
 caoutchouc as herein described. — In witness, &c. 
 
 Thomas Hancock. 
 Enrolled May 21. 1844.
 
 FORMS BY VULCANISING. 247 
 
 FOR OBTAINING FORMS BY MOULDS AND 
 VULCANISING. 
 
 Specificationof Patent granted to TuoMk^ Hancock, Stoke 
 Newington, Middlesex, Esquire, for Improvements in the 
 Manufacturing and Treating of Articles made of Caout- 
 chouc, either alone or in Combination with other Substances, 
 and in the Means used or employed in their Manufacture. 
 Sealed March 18. 1846. 
 
 To all to whom these presents shall come, &c. &c. — My 
 improvements consist in manufacturing articles made of 
 caoutchouc, either alone or in combination with other sub- 
 stances, also in forming and giving to such articles specific 
 and permanent shapes or forms ; also in producing a per- 
 forated, perflable, or vesicular manufacture, and also in 
 certain compounds of caoutchouc with other substances. 
 
 I would first premise, that in all the compounds and 
 most of the articles comprised in this specification I em- 
 ploy sulphur and heat, as describe'd in the specification of my 
 patent of November 21. 1843, which process is now com- 
 monly designated " Vulcanising," and I shall, for brevity's 
 sake, use that term in this specification, whether it is api^lied 
 to the whole process described in my said specification, or 
 only to the completion thereof by heat when sulphur has 
 already been introduced into the compounds ; and by the
 
 248 THOMAS Hancock's patp:nts. 
 
 term compound, I wish to be understood always to mean 
 any of the combinations comprehended in this specification 
 that may be severally most suitable for each purpose. 
 
 When I manufacture these compounds into articles re- 
 quiring to be of a permanent shape or form, I make such 
 articles in or upon forms, moulds, plates, or engraved sur- 
 faces or patterns, by pressing, fitting, placing, or moulding 
 such compounds, previously prepared in sheets or otherwise, 
 in or upon such moulds or forms, and allowing the* articles 
 to remain there whilst exposed to the vulcanising process, 
 which effectually sets them permanently to the respective 
 forms. In order to prevent adhesion to the mould, I 
 employ silicate of magnesia, either by dusting it on in the 
 form of a powder, or with a brush when mixed with water, 
 applied either to the mould or the compound, as may be 
 most desirable. In some cases I find it convenient to re- 
 move the articles from the moulds before vulcanising, in 
 which case I submit them for a short time before removal 
 to a temperature of from 220° to 300°, according to the 
 size or bulk of the article, for which purpose I prefer a 
 water or steam bath, under sufficient pressure to produce 
 the required heat. When cold, I remove them from the 
 moulds, and afterwards vulcanise them to make their forms 
 permanent. The same process of obtaining ornamental 
 surfaces by moulds may be resorted to with advantage when 
 caoutchouc, without the process of vulcanisation, is em- 
 ployed. For some articles that are not of much bulk, I 
 take sheets composed of caoutchouc only, and obtain im- 
 pressions from moulds, in manner just mentioned, in respect 
 of compound sheets which I remove from the moulds, and 
 then apply a thin solution of caoutchouc, containing a large 
 proportion of sulphur, to the surfaces of such articles, or I 
 rub dry powdered sulphur upon them, or immerse them in 
 a sulphur bath and then vulcanise them, or I saturate any 
 suitable solvent of caoutchouc with sulphur, and apply suc- 
 cessive coatings to these articles, and when dry vulcanise
 
 FORMS BY VULCANISING. 249 
 
 them. The same proceeding may be followed in making 
 similar articles in moulds from solutions of caoutchouc only. 
 If the solvent employed is previously sufficiently saturated 
 with sulphur at a temperature of from 300° to 320°, these 
 articles will be thereby sufficiently vulcanised for some 
 purposes Avithout carrying the process farther, but I prefer 
 applying heat afterwards. I sometimes employ a solution 
 of caoutchouc, or caoutchouc softened to the consistence of 
 dough by the addition of a small quantity of solvent, as 
 described in the specification of my patent of April, 1837 
 (blending or mixing sulphur therewith). I pour the solu- 
 tion or press the dough into moulds, forms, or patterns, and 
 allow them to dry and then vulcanise them. The thinner 
 solutions answer well for hollow moulds, into which I pour 
 a sufficient quantity to cover all the parts. I then allow the 
 solution to drain out, and place the mould in a stove or 
 Avarm room ; and when this first coat is dry I repeat the 
 operation until the desired thickness is obtained, and, when 
 perfectly dry, I vulcanise them. If necessary, the moulds 
 may be made in parts, as is well known and understood. 
 In some cases I make the figures in or on parts of moulds, 
 and then cement the parts together, and replace the entire 
 fio'ure in or on the moulds and vulcanise it. In some cases 
 I make the first coating with the solution, and thicken up 
 parts or the whole with dough, prepared as before men- 
 tioned. Instead of the foregoing, I sometimes make these 
 figures of the compound prepared in sheets of any desired 
 thickness, and join them up to the form of the mould. 
 When for an internal figui*e, the opening being secured, I 
 apply internal pressure, by admitting through a stop-cock, 
 steam, or air, or by any other convenient mode, so as to 
 obtain the requisite pressure to bring up the pattern, and 
 continue such pressure during the process of vulcanising. 
 Instead of steam, or air, I sometimes fill the interior of the 
 hollow figure with mercury, or any metal that will fuse at 
 the temperature employed in vulcanising the article; as the
 
 250 THOMAS Hancock's patents. 
 
 pressure in these cases is obtained simply by the weight of 
 the metal, the sheet of compound forming the hollow figure 
 should be proportionably thin. It is generally necessary to 
 make small holes in the mould for the escape of air from 
 between the mould and the article or figure. In cases where 
 great pressure can be applied, I find that in shaping the 
 figure before it is put into the mould an approximation only 
 is required to the form of the mould, the heat and pressure 
 being sufficient to bring up the finer parts. Bottles, and 
 other vessels of capacity, I make in the same way. These 
 hollow moulds require to be made strong in proportion to 
 the size of the work and the required internal pressure. 
 Casts from flat moulds, such as bas-reliefs and engravings, I 
 also sometimes make of sheet compound, and force it into 
 the moulds by heat and pressure, and then vulcanise them. 
 This mode, amongst other uses, is particularly applicable 
 to produce printing surfaces ; I press the material into the 
 moulds with screw-cramps, or by presses, or other well- 
 known means ; these or any other convenient modes may be 
 adopted. I mention these as examples sufficient to show 
 the workman what is my design, and how it may be carried 
 out. I raise figures on or emboss cylindrical and other 
 similar forms or articles, by engraving or otherwise, pro- 
 ducino; raised or sunken designs on the external surface of 
 cylindrical moulds. I then form tubes of the sheet com- 
 pound of such a size as will draw closely on the mould. I 
 then wind very tightly over the whole a strip of cotton or 
 linen cloth, so as to produce sufficient pressure to obtain the 
 impression, or the requisite pressure may be applied by any 
 other convenient means, and I then vulcanise them ; and 
 when the article is withdrawn from the mould, I turn it 
 inside out, which brings the pattern to the outside. I find 
 that impressions perfect enough for some purposes may be 
 obtained on sheets of the compound, and sufficiently set for 
 vulcanising by means of engraved rollers heated to about 
 240°. The pressure must be as light as the nature of the
 
 FOKMS BY VULCANISING. 251 
 
 article will allow, and the motion of the rollers slow, and I 
 prefer them of large diameter. AYhen I wish to prevent 
 extensibility in any of these articles, I either mix fibrous 
 matters with the compound, or I attach, by means of the sul- 
 phured solution beforementioned, previously to vulcanising, 
 any suitable fabric, preferring cotton or linen. For some 
 of the purposes to which the compound is applied, it is 
 desirable that articles formed of it should be so manu- 
 factured as to admit of air or perspiration passing through it. 
 To effect this in sheets or articles made of the compound 
 that are not very thick, I take out, by means of hollow 
 punches of any required form, as much of the substance as 
 the case requires ; and I do this either before or after vul- 
 canising, but I prefer the former. Instead of punching, I 
 sometimes make incisions in the articles, and keep these in- 
 cisions a little on the strain, or open in the required direction 
 during the process of vulcanising, or I otherwise puncture 
 the sheet or article and follow the same treatment. The 
 punching, incising, or puncturing, maybe done by hand or 
 by machinery, the chief care being required in preventing 
 any closing of the openings during the vulcanising process ; 
 if the articles are ornamented by embossing, and it is de- 
 sirable to conceal or obviate the appearance of these per- 
 forations, I form my design for such ornament so as that 
 the openings may form part of such design. If it is wished 
 to make any part of an article weaker at certain points, I 
 find perforating or punching out the material a convenient 
 mode of effecting this object to any required degree; the 
 parts so weakened will be less liable to tear out if the per- 
 forations are made previously to vulcanising. 
 
 If for any purpose it is required that the sheets or 
 articles should be punctured to a certain depth, but not 
 through, I take two sheets, one punctured and the other 
 plain, and unite them face to face before I vulcanise them. 
 If for any purpose articles require either to be sewn to- 
 gether, or to any other material, I make the compound
 
 252 THOMAS Hancock's patents. 
 
 thicker in the part where the needle is to pass ; or, pre- 
 viously to vulcanising, I place or insert a strip of cotton or 
 linen coated with solution upon or between them. 
 
 For low-priced articles, I sometimes combine caoutchouc 
 and sulphur with vegetable or Stockholm pitch ; and when 
 spread into sheets, or made up into other forms, I vulcanise 
 the compound. The proportions may be varied very con- 
 siderably, as well as the temperatures at which they are 
 vulcanised, but I find the following to answer well : eight 
 parts caoutchouc, two sulphur, three pitch ; or eight parts 
 caoutchouc, two sulphur, one pitch, submitted to a tem- 
 perature of 290° for an hour, to prevent blistering and 
 porosity if necessary, I employ pressure, by means of 
 screw-cramps and plates, or otherwise, during the vul- 
 canising. This material is applicable to railway packing, 
 and other rouo-h uses. I also combine and vulcanise in 
 the same manner caoutchouc, sulphur, and resins, pre- 
 ferring, on account of its cheapness, the common resin of 
 commerce. The proportions and temperature, as in the 
 case of pitch, may be varied, but the following I find to 
 be useful for many purposes : sixteen parts caoutchouc, 
 two parts sulphur, six parts resin ; or sixteen caoutchouc, 
 four sulphur, two resin. These compounds may be sub- 
 mitted to the same treatment as in the case of pitch, and 
 are applicable to similar uses. 
 
 For some purposes I also combine caoutchouc and 
 sulphur with wood or cork dust, or fibrous substances, 
 such as hemp or flax, and any other suitable material, cut 
 into short lengths, and vulcanise such compounds, either 
 in blocks, or spread, or otherwise wrought into sheets, or 
 formed into figures, or embossed or ornamented, as before 
 described. 
 
 When it is desirable to obtain from caoutchouc a great 
 amount of elasticity, to counteract the collision of g-reat 
 forces, or heavy bodies, as in the case of carriage-springs, 
 and the buffers of railway-carriages, and for other similar
 
 FORMS BY VULCANISING. 253 
 
 purposes, I form the material in sucli a manner as to obtain 
 a large amount of divisions or openings, so as to expose and 
 bring into action a great extent of moving or movable sur- 
 face ; and I do this either by cutting or otherwise shaping 
 any given quantity of material into parallel or suitable 
 forms, either square, hexagonal, or octagonal, or into solid 
 or open hollow cylinders, corrugated sheets, or any other 
 suitable forms ; and before vulcanising, build them up and 
 cement them together, either across each other at right 
 angles, or diagonally or otherwise, always leaving as much 
 space between each as to admit of the free action of the 
 surfaces when compressed. Hollow cylinders, or other 
 hollow forms, I sometimes cement together, laying them 
 longitudinally side by side, and in either case continue to 
 build up, until I obtain the dimensions necessary to pro- 
 duce the required amount of elasticity. Similar struc- 
 tural forms may be advantageously applied to other uses. 
 When it is desirable that extensibility in any direction 
 should be prevented, I apply, by cementing on or be- 
 tween some of the layers, when building up the structure, 
 linen cloth of suitable strength, coated with solution, as 
 before mentioned. 
 
 I have in a former part of this specification described a 
 mode of manufacturing figures in strong hollow moulds ; I 
 pursue the same methods in forming chambers to contain 
 air for resisting pressure and blows, when used for carriage- 
 springs, buffers, and other elastic surfaces for railways, and 
 when stuffing or padding beds, seats, cushions, and other 
 surfaces requiring elasticity. 
 
 In some cases, such as railway buffers, it may be neces- 
 sary to make provision against accidental ruptures in these 
 chambers, which may be done by enclosing several one 
 within another. 
 
 I effect this by making them in parts, with flanges at 
 the joints ; and after vulcanising, riveting, or bolting the 
 parts together, or in any other convenient way, the sizes 
 
 T
 
 254 THOMAS uancock's tatents. 
 
 of such chambers to be so regulated as to leave sufficient 
 space for the projection of the flanges : when necessary, I 
 make apertures for the purpose of inflating these chambers 
 to any required degree, in the manner well known in 
 similar manufactures. A series of cylindrical or other 
 forms for containing air may be cemented together, and 
 then vulcanised, the openings by which they are to be in- 
 flated being left open during the process of vulcanisation. 
 
 For mattrasses, beds, life-preservers, cushions, pads, 
 carriage-linings, parts of saddles, and horse-collars, and 
 other the like purposes, I apply these air-chambers, of 
 cylindrical or other forms, by enclosing them in cloth or 
 leather cases, divided into compartments to receive them, 
 or in cases of the vulcanised material, either plain or orna- 
 mented. I have mentioned in a former part of this spe- 
 cification that I combine pitch, resin, and various other 
 substances with caoutchouc, previously to vulcanising ; 
 and I wish now to state that I do this by the means de- 
 scribed in my former specifications, to Avhich I would add, 
 that in combining pitch and resin with caoutchouc by me- 
 chanical power, I find it useful to introduce water into 
 the machine during the operation. 
 
 Tlie moulds I make of glass, when it can be conveniently 
 applied, tin, type-metal, porcelain, and highly-vulcanised 
 caoutchouc. They may be made of any other suitable 
 material, but I prefer the above. If for smooth or polished 
 surfaces, I use sheets of plate glass ; if for ornamental pur- 
 poses, I cast them of glass of the required pattern or form. 
 
 I have now stated the manner in which I manufacture 
 articles of caoutchouc, either alone or in combination with 
 other substances ; the means by which I give permanency 
 of shape or form to such articles, and the compound sub- 
 stances employed in the various manufactures. I have 
 mentioned also, in several instances, the purposes to Avhich 
 the compounds are suited, and modes of application ; yet I 
 have done so only by way of example, the modes and com-
 
 FORMS BY VULCANISING. 255 
 
 pounds being well adapted to a great variety of other 
 articles and purposes, such as embossed fancy articles of 
 dress, bracelets, collars, ornamental edgings and borders, 
 military epaulettes, belts, and other similar articles. Imita- 
 tions of crape, and of cord lace and fringe, for coach-linings 
 and other purposes, picture and other frames, ornaments 
 for the decoration of cabinet furniture, and hangings and 
 draperies, either elastic or attached to cloth. 
 
 AYhat I claim as my invention is. 
 
 Firstly, the making, forming, or shaping articles from 
 the combination of caoutchouc with other substances, as 
 hereinbefore described, in or upon moulds, plates, or forms, 
 and retaining such articles in or upon such moulds, plates, 
 or forms, during the process described in my specification 
 of 1843, and now commonly called vulcanising, whereby 
 the form of such articles is rendered permanent. 
 
 Secondly, the making, forming, or shaping articles of 
 caoutchouc in or upon engraved or otherwise ornamented 
 plates or moulds ; and after forcing the caoutchouc into 
 such moulds by pressure and heat, submitting the whole, 
 by means of a water or steam bath, or any other suitable 
 mode, to a high temperature, whereby the articles are 
 sufficiently set to be removable from the moulds, and which 
 may be afterwards, if desired, subjected to the vulcanising 
 process. 
 
 Thirdly, the manufacturing articles, by combining caout- 
 chouc with vegetable pitch, resin, wood, and cork dust, 
 and fibrous substances, and subjecting them to the process 
 of vulcanisation. — In witness, &c. 
 
 Thomas Hancock. 
 Enrolled September 18. 1846. 
 
 X 2
 
 256 THOMAS Hancock's patents. 
 
 CONVERTING APPLICATIONS. 
 
 Specification of the Patent granted to WiLLlAM Brockedon, 
 of Devonshire Street, Queen Square, Gentleman, and 
 Thomas Hancock, of Stoke Newington, Gentleman, 
 for Improvements in the Manufacture of Articles where 
 India Rubber or Gutta Percha is used. — Sealed Novem- 
 ber 19. 1846. 
 
 To all to whom these presents shall come, &c. &c. — The 
 improvements we have made in the manufacture of articles 
 where India rubber or gutta percha is used, consist of 
 peculiar means of applying these substances to a variety of 
 purposes to which they have not heretofore been so applied, 
 by means of the processes described in the specification of a 
 patent granted to Mr. Alexander Parkes, dated the 25th of 
 March, 1846, entitled, "Improvements in the preparation 
 of certain vegetable and animal substances, and in certain 
 combinations of the same substances, alone or with other 
 matters." The processes enumerated in this patent produce 
 certain changes in the qualities of caoutchouc and gutta 
 percha, some of them similar to those produced by sulphur 
 and heat in the process now termed "vulcanising," in others 
 purifying and colouring those substances, and by these 
 means rendering them suitable to a great variety of pur- 
 poses. 
 
 In this specification we propose to follow ]\Ir. Parkes 
 generally in calling these substances by the names of
 
 CONVERTING APPLICATIONS. 257 
 
 caoutchouc and gutta percha, which will be found con- 
 venient ; but we wish to be understood, that when using 
 these terms we intend to comprehend all those peculiar 
 hydro-carbon substances known to botanists as a vegetable 
 constituent under the various names by which caoutchouc 
 or India rubber is known. Some of these are derived from 
 the country from which they are obtained, as Para, Assam, 
 West Indian, Madagascar, Java, &c. ; some are names given 
 by the natives, such as saikwah, jintarvan, gutta tuban, 
 gutta percha, doll, &c. ; others from the condition in which 
 it is received, as liquid, cake, bottle, root, sheet, scrap, &c. ; 
 and they differ also in colour, some being black, others 
 white, red, brown, yellow, mottled, &c. ; many of these 
 varieties are reported by Dr. Roxburgh, Lieutenant Veith, 
 and others, in the " Transactions of the Agricultural and 
 Horticultural Society of India ; " and these products also 
 vary in their hardness, from that of the solidity of wood 
 to that of the soft and viscous state of birdlime, which does 
 not harden naturally. And we would state that India 
 rubber, or the peculiar property of the vegetable matter 
 first introduced into this country under that name, consists 
 in this, that it is tapped from a tree or plant, and for the 
 most part it coagulates ; part of the fluidity being evapo- 
 rated, the product thus obtained is not soluble in water, and 
 in this particular it differs from ordinary gums, sugar, and 
 starch ; and, further, India rubber and all other of the 
 vegetable products having the properties above mentioned 
 will, on distillation, produce caoutchoucine. These sub- 
 stances, under whatever name and however mixed and 
 compounded, are all liquefied by the same solvents, and all 
 require, in their preliminary manipulations and manufacture, 
 the same or simple modifications of the same modes of 
 treatment as ordinary India rubber, these being solvents ; 
 also destructive distillation, to obtain the spirit called caout- 
 choucine ; also to rollers, masticating, spreading, cutting, 
 and other machines ; also to processes for colouring, em- 
 
 T 3
 
 258 THOMAS Hancock's patents. 
 
 embossing, printing, moulding, &c. &c., which are well 
 known, and been before described in the specifications of 
 other patents; amongst others, in the specifications of the 
 patents granted to the within-named Thomas Hancock, 
 dated the 18th April, 1837, 23rd January, 1838, 21st 
 November, 1843, and the 18th March, 1846, as well as 
 to the first-named patent of Mr. Parkes. The details of 
 manijiulation, which are described in these patents, will be 
 found amply sufficient for the guidance of any workman 
 conversant with such manufactures, and we have found 
 the proportions enumerated therein to answer well for 
 general operations and for the several purposes for which 
 they may be required. AYith regard to dissolving varieties 
 apparently different, such as ordinary India rubber and 
 gutta percha, it may be necessary to mention, that the 
 process is precisely the same in all respects with both 
 during summer ; and although the former may be dissolved 
 at any of the ordinary temperatures of the atmosphere, 
 yet the process is facilitated by heat, and may, therefore, 
 at all times be carried on advantageously in the same room 
 with gutta percha, which should have a temperature of 
 Irom 80° to 90° of Fahrenheit. It is also necessary to 
 keep both the spreader and the bed of the spreading 
 machine heated when using gutta percha or compound, 
 and the same remark applies to the masticating machine, 
 say from 190° to 200° Fahrenheit. The principal defect 
 of gutta percha consists in this, that although much harder 
 than ordinary India rubber (meaning by that name that 
 description which was first brought into this country), when 
 at low temperatures, it becomes inconveniently yielding 
 and plastic at comparatively low temperatures when com- 
 pared with ordinary India rubber ; but it is found, by 
 treating it according to Mr. Parkes's patent, this j^roperty 
 is materially obviated, both in respect to its hardness and 
 capability of bearing heat. 
 
 We would here observe, that when we hereafter adopt
 
 CONVERTING APPLICATIONS. 259 
 
 from Mr. Parkes's specification the word " change," we use 
 it to denote the same process or processes, and also that by 
 the word " immersion," the mode of producing the change 
 by immersing articles in solvents capable of producing such 
 " change " is meant, Avhich process we generally prefer. 
 We render leather, cloth, linen, silk, and other f ibrics and 
 materials partially or entirely waterproof by coating their 
 surfaces or uniting two or more of them tosfether with 
 caoutchouc, gutta percha, or a compound of these matters 
 in a state of solution or otherwise, as described in the 
 patents of the said Thomas Hancock before referred to ; and 
 we make the coated surfaces of these cloths either plain, 
 coloured, embossed, printed, or otherwise ornamented, and 
 then produce the "change" by " immersion; " these manu- 
 factures differing from those of Mr. Parkes and Mr. Han- 
 cock's inventions only inasmuch as operating on the manu- 
 factured article in place of acting on the raw material of 
 caoutchouc, gutta percha, or the compounds of those 
 materials. A convenient mode of immersion with printed 
 or dyed fabrics coated on one side only is to join up the 
 selvages the whole length and the ends, and render the seam 
 Avaterproof, and then immerse it in this bag-like form. When 
 it is necessary to protect fibrous and other substances liable 
 to injury by contact with the changing solvents, we coat or 
 saturate them with glue-size, and remove it afterwards by 
 rinsing in warm water, or we employ an aqueous solution 
 of lac, which we remove afterwards by any suitable alkaline 
 solution. By the same means we stop out the efiect of 
 the changing solvent in any part of an article formed of 
 caoutchouc, gutta percha, or a compound thereof. These 
 manufiictures we introduce into a great variety of articles, 
 such as cloaks, capes, overalls, fishing stockings, collars, 
 stocks, hats, caps, bonnets, hat linings, hat bands, aprons, 
 and other articles of dress, or to be worn about the person ; 
 also, table covers, wrappers, carriage roofs, seats, and linings, 
 portable baths, diving dresses, life preservers, beds, cushions, 
 
 T 4
 
 260 THOMAS Hancock's patents. 
 
 pads, and other pneumatic articles, printers' blankets, sieve 
 cloths, card backs, draperies, hangings, covering walls. 
 
 These articles are made up by modes similar to these 
 commonly practised in making up caoutchouc goods. 
 When these articles require seams, or to be otherwise 
 sewed together, the waterproofing substances (solutions of 
 the above materials) employed to such parts will require 
 afterwards to undergo the " change " by applying the 
 converting solvent with a brush or otherwise. We some- 
 times make up garments or other articles of dress, such as 
 gloves, gaiters, shoes, boots, leggings, galoshes, overalls, 
 aprons, portmanteaus, and other similar articles, either of 
 leather, cloth, or other material, and then apply coatings of 
 caoutchouc, gutta percha, or of their compounds, in a state 
 of solution, coloured or plain, by dipping or by hand, with 
 a brush, or other means, and afterwards immerse them to 
 obtain the change. 
 
 We would here remark, that although gutta percha is 
 improved by the '^ change," in respect to its elasticity, it is 
 still inferior in that respect to ordinary India rubber, and 
 ■5till possesses so little elasticity that it should be intro- 
 duced sparingly, if at all, when that quality is required. 
 
 Articles intended for inflation, such as beds, cushions, 
 pads, and other similar manufactures, we first make in the 
 manner commonly practised in similar caoutchouc manu- 
 factures, employing either that substance or gutta percha, 
 or a compound thereof, and " immerse " them afterwards. 
 We prefer caoutchouc to gutta percha, the latter being too 
 rigid for most of these purposes. AVhen the exterior of the 
 article is required to be of cloth or other texture, we protect 
 the fabric when producing the " change" from the action of 
 the changing agent, by forming the air-j^roof lining in such a 
 manner as to cover the whole interior surface of such fabric, 
 and obtain the "change" by pouring in the changing 
 solvent, allowing it to remain only for the necessary period. 
 When the exterior of the article is to be formed of
 
 CONVERTING APPLICATIONS. 261 
 
 caoutchouc, gutta percha, or a compound thereof, we stop 
 up the orifice and immerse the article. And in all cases the 
 colouring, embossing, printing, or otherwise ornamenting, 
 we prefer to execute previously to effecting the " change." 
 We also manufacture vessels intended to contain air, 
 water, or other fluids, composed entirely of caoutchouc or 
 gutta percha, or of a compound thereof, by the modes 
 described in the patents before referred to of the within- 
 mentioned Thomas Hancock, and afterwards we immerse 
 them to produce the change. 
 
 We also manufacture caoutchouc, gutta percha, or a 
 compound thereof, with or without gritty or colouring 
 matters and fibrous substances, and form them into sheets 
 of any required thickness, by means similar to those de- 
 scribed in the patents of the said Thomas Hancock before 
 referred to, and employ them in the formation of any of the 
 articles herein described, producing the " change," either 
 when in the form of sheets, or after making them up into 
 such articles as may be thought most convenient. From 
 these sheets, whether combined with fabrics and fibrous and 
 other substances or not, we manufacture straps for driving 
 machinery ; deckle straps, reins, traces, and other parts of 
 harness, horse collars, horse-shoe linings, horse furniture, 
 such as knee-caps, fetlock boots, parts of saddles, and sad- 
 dlery ; soles of shoes and boots, portmanteaus, balls, belts, 
 gaiters, trouser straps, braces, shoulder straps for stays, 
 waistcoat and waistband springs, shoe and boot fastenings, 
 shoes, boots, galoshes, uppers, quarters, and vamps; air- 
 chambers, bottles, and other vessels for containing fluids ; 
 printers' furnishers, covering and lapping rollers, bowls, 
 and other similar articles ; roofing, sheathing, washers for 
 water, steam, and other joints; hose pipe, and tubing; 
 railway valves ; and packing block or springs, to prevent 
 the recoil of guns, pump valves, and buckets ; covering 
 stoppers and bungs; covers of pickle jars; capsules for 
 bottles ; bandages, knee-caps, ligatures, and other surgical
 
 262 THOMAS Hancock's tatents. 
 
 apparatus ; a variety of embossed articles, such as fancy 
 articles of dress, bracelets, ornamental edgings and borders, 
 imitations of crape, fringe, and lace ; picture frames, orna- 
 ments for the decoration of furniture, forms and impres- 
 sions to print from type. 
 
 We also manufacture cushions for billiard tables, by 
 uniting any number of sheets together, either entirely of 
 caoutchouc or of a compound of caoutchouc, gutta percha, 
 or intermixtures of sheets of both in alternate layers, to 
 modify the degree of elasticity, and immerse them to pro- 
 duce the change. These sheets we also apply to cover and 
 l^rotect plates of metal, and to the lining of metallic and 
 other vessels, and to chests and tanks of wood or other 
 material, effecting their union either by heat or by means of 
 the ordinary solution of caoutchouc, or of the compounds, 
 and produce the change after the sheets are applied, or if 
 the " change " be first produced to the sheets, we apply 
 the cement hereafter described. 
 
 From these sheets we also manufacture springs for 
 carriages and railway buffers, in the forms and by similar 
 means to those described in the patent of the said Thomas 
 Hancock of 1846, uniting the parts by means therein 
 directed ; or, as regards gutta percha and the compound 
 thereof, by the means hereafter mentioned ; and we then 
 " immerse" them to produce the change. 
 
 "VYe also manufacture caoutchouc, gutta percha, and 
 compounds thereof with thread, and produce new manufac- 
 tures of such threads by combining the changing process 
 of Mr. Parkes's patent in this manufacture ; and we produce 
 different degrees of elasticity by varying the proportions of 
 the compound. The time of applying the changing process 
 may be either before or after cutting the substance used 
 into thread. We prefer, however, to make sheets of the 
 desired thickness of the thread, then to obtain the 
 " chano-e," and then to cut tlie same into thread ; vrliich avc 
 do by coiling a sheet thereof around a cylinder of wood, or
 
 CONVERTING APPLICATIONS. 263 
 
 other fit material, using a solution of shellac over the whole 
 surface of the sheet, by which the coiled mass will be 
 retained together. This cylinder we put on centres and 
 cause it to revolve against a knife constantly supplied with 
 water, by which successive discs of thread are cut off, the 
 cement being afterwards discharged by boiling in a solution 
 of potash. When the sheets are of considerable thickness 
 for coarse thread, we find it only necessary to use the 
 cement towards the outer coil or end of the sheet ; India 
 rubber or gutta percha thread, or thread of their com- 
 pounds, may be made into cords, ropes, braidings, plaitings, 
 webs, whips, and other similar articles, and then immersed ; 
 by which we not only effect the change, but firmly unite all 
 tlireads into one mass, and in doing so different coloured 
 threads may be combined. The handles of whips or parts 
 of the articles may have wood or other material introduced 
 during their manufiicture, to give those parts additional 
 strength or stiffness. If elastic thread is first woven up 
 with other thread of animal fibre, we take the woven fixbric 
 in the elastic state and extend its length, and retain it 
 stretched during the immersion, and also after it is removed, 
 until the solvent taken up is evaporated ; the thread when 
 liberated will contract considerably. 
 
 We manufacture caoutchouc, gutta percha, and the 
 compounds thereof, into various forms and patterns, by 
 making such forms in or upon moulds, plates, and engraved 
 or otherwise wrought and figured surfaces, sunk or in re- 
 lief, by means similar to those described for caoutchouc in 
 the aforesaid specification of Thomas Hancock, and after- 
 wards immerse them, either before or after removing them 
 from the moulds or forms. When immersing moulded or 
 other articles which have fine impressions, or are of a 
 delicate or light construction, we find it convenient to 
 give them a dip in the changing solvent, and out again 
 immediately, to harden the surface, and when dry to im- 
 merse them for the required period.
 
 264 THOMAS HANXOCK's PATENTS. 
 
 We manufacture gutta percha or compounds thereof 
 into gun or pistol-stocks, umbrella, knife, sword, and other 
 handles, by means of moulds, on which we engrave any 
 pattern or design ; or we make them of any desired colour, 
 or colour them after leaving the mould. We sometimes 
 form a foundation of wood, or metal, or other material, 
 which we introduce into the interior of such articles before 
 it is moulded, and when all is completed we immerse them. 
 If the article is made entirely of gutta percha, without the 
 use of solvents, we proceed to operate in the manner directed 
 in the notice issued by Dr. Montgomery, in November 
 1843, when he introduced this substance into this country 
 through the Society of Arts, by whom several manufac- 
 turers and other persons were furnished with samples and 
 an account of his mode of treating it. We cannot give it 
 better than in his own words : — 
 
 " The gutta percha when dipped in water near boiling 
 can then be readily united, and becomes quite plastic, so 
 as to be formed, before it cools to 130° or 140°, in any re- 
 quired form, which it retains at any temj)erature below 
 110°. We take as much of it as is necessary, throw it 
 into hot water, when it soon softens and becomes as plastic 
 as putty, when it can be moulded as required." 
 
 It is desirable to warm the moulds to about a blood- 
 heat. When simple gutta percha is required to be made 
 into sheets, the process is of the most simple kind ; as it is 
 only necessary to bring it to this plastic state by heat, and 
 treat it by the means directed in similar operations with 
 compounds in the specification of the said Thomas Hancock's 
 patents of 1837 and 1838, before referred to ; they may 
 then be immersed, or they may be first employed for making 
 up any article, and immersed to produce the " change :"' 
 thus, by combining the mode of making sheets invented by 
 the said Thomas Hancock with the process of ]\lr. Parkes, 
 an improved manufacture of sheets of gutta percha will 
 result.
 
 CONVERTING APPLICATIONS. 265 
 
 Black-lead, gritty, or colouring matters, and fibrous 
 substances, may, if wished, be worked in previously. To 
 prevent the gutta percha or its compounds adhering to the 
 rollers, we cover them with calico or other fabric, and keep 
 the fabric moistened with a solution of soap or soda. The 
 sheets are more evenly rolled and buckle less when the 
 gutta percha contains colouring matters, such as ochre or 
 plaster of Paris. We sometimes use gutta percha not 
 previously formed into sheets, and when softened by heat 
 to the consistence of putty as recommended by Dr. Mont- 
 gomery, and employ it in the formation of a great variety 
 of articles by moulding with the hand or otherwise, and 
 then immerse them to produce the "change." When 
 gutta percha alone or compound thereof containing but a 
 small proportion of caoutchouc is formed into blocks by 
 the means before referred to, shavings and sheets can be 
 readily taken therefrom with a common joiner's plane, and 
 such planes may be made of any required size and strength, 
 and set to produce varied thicknesses of sheets. We form 
 gutta percha or compounds into cylindrical blocks, and 
 cut, by the plane or other cutter, straps helically there- 
 from; these narrow sheets when immersed, and thereby 
 *' changed," form straps for driving machinery and other 
 uses : but we would state, that the fault of gutta-percha 
 driving-straps is their being liable to suflTer by abrasion 
 and heat; this, however, is much obviated by the 
 "change," and, in some cases, these articles may with 
 advantage receive a coating of caoutchouc or compound 
 thereof previously to immersing them. 
 
 Blocks of this material cut up more freely when they 
 contain a considerable portion of finely-pulverised pigment 
 or earthy matter, such as ochre or pipe-cJay. 
 
 These blocks may be drilled with a common drill ; por- 
 tions of them may be turned in a lathe ; screws cut out, 
 and holes tapped for them, by common screw tools. Gutta 
 percha and compounds thereof may be carved and morticed.
 
 266 THosiAs Hancock's patent?. 
 
 and various articles of furniture made from it, and then 
 immersed to produce the " change." 
 
 We find that some articles formed of gutta percha are 
 improved by being coated with caoutchouc, coloured or 
 plain, and then immersed to produce the " change," and 
 the same remark applies to the coating of caoutchouc with 
 gutta percha or compound. 
 
 For any articles of great delicacy, and when a light 
 colour is desirable, we purify the gutta percha in the 
 manner described in IMr. Parkes's patent. 
 
 We employ caoutchouc, gutta percha, or compound, in 
 binding books, portfolios, and similar articles, in the manner 
 commonly practised with caoutchouc, and immerse the 
 necessary parts or otherwise apply the changing solvent to 
 them. By this means we obviate the great defect in caout- 
 chouc bookbinding, that of stiffening in cold weather, as we 
 render the backs always alike flexible and elastic. Leather 
 or cloth coated and embossed, coloured, printed, or other- 
 wise ornamented, as before described, we employ for the 
 surface of the covers of books and other similar articles. 
 We manufacture a material from caoutchouc, gutta percha, 
 or compound, suitable for many purposes, by cutting out 
 with punches or by other means, from sheets of diiferent 
 colours, patterns or designs, so formed and arranged that 
 the pieces cut from one sheet of one colour, say red, shall 
 exactly fit and coincide with that cut from another, say 
 black, in the manner of buhl-work ; these pieces of different 
 colours are placed one within another and cemented to 
 cloth or other material, and submitted to pressure with a 
 gentle heat, and then immersed to produce the " change." 
 Instead of placing these pieces within each other, they 
 may be placed singly upon plain or coloured sheets, or 
 coated cloth, so as to form patterns sunk or in relief, and 
 then immersed to produce the "change;" any of these 
 when cemented to cloth are suitable for table-cloths, or to 
 be glued or attached to furniture and other uses. AYhen
 
 CONVERTING APPLICATIONS. 267 
 
 made thicker and from bolder designs and of cheaper 
 colours, or cloth or other material, some of them are 
 suitable for covering floors, staircases, &c. 
 
 We cover or completely case and envelope, so as if 
 necessary to seal hermetically, articles or vessels made of 
 wood, metal, leather, paper, cast, plaster, cord, string, and 
 other substances, by dipping them in a thin solution of 
 caoutchouc, gutta percha, or compound ; and, when dry, 
 immerse them to produce the " change." The coatings may 
 be repeated before immersion until any required thickness 
 is obtained. Other articles variously compounded, such as 
 of treacle and glue, or the like matters, after being made of 
 the required form, may be dipped into the solutions of 
 caoutchouc, or of gutta percha, or of their compounds, and 
 thereby rendered impermeable, and then immersed to pro- 
 duce the " change." Various substances, such as wood- 
 shavings or dust, cork, leather, pulp, and similar matters, 
 mixed and cemented with glue, paste, or gum, and formed 
 into any desired shape, and, when dry, may be dipped in a 
 solution of caoutchouc, gutta percha, or compound thereof, 
 to produce the " change." "We manufacture an article very 
 much resembling sponge by mixing with a solution of 
 caoutchouc, gutta percha, or a compound thereof, a solution 
 of chloride of sulphur, as described by Mr. Parkes ; after a 
 short time the whole becomes coagulated or gelatinised, it 
 is then to be exposed to a temperature of about 212°, in 
 water or otherwise, until the solvents are evaporated, and 
 if greater stiffness is desired it may be immersed in the 
 changing solution. We prefer caoutchouc to gutta percha 
 for these purposes. Another mode of proceeding is to 
 subdivide into larger or smaller pieces either caoutchouc or 
 a compound, or both, preferring the former, and filling 
 rather loosely with these pieces a vessel of any open or net- 
 like construction of the required form and immerse it to 
 produce the " change," allowing the superfluous solvents 
 to run ofi"; by which means the pieces will be sufficiently
 
 268 THOMAS HANCOCK'S PATENTS. 
 
 united to form a compressible and elastic mass suitable for 
 cushions, pads, and other purposes. We manufacture 
 hose-pipes and tubing of caoutchouc, gutta percha, and 
 compound in various ways. We take threads made of 
 either of the above, of a size proportioned to the hose, and 
 braid it upon a core formed of rope which has previously 
 been coated with treacle and glue, or glue and whiting, 
 and made perfectly smooth. The braiding may be repeated, 
 or a coating of either of the solutions may, if necessary, 
 be given, and when dry rolled under pressure with a gentle 
 heat ; we finish by immersing the whole, and thereby pro- 
 duce the " change " and unite all the coatings ; the core it 
 afterwards removed by boiling in water. For fancy tubing 
 the threads may be of various colours. By another mode 
 we take woollen or worsted yarn, of a size proportioned to 
 the strength of the required hose or tubing, and saturate 
 and coat it with a solution of caoutchouc, gutta percha, or 
 a compound thereof, until the fibres are all covered, and 
 when dry we braid it upon a core as above ; we then roll 
 it under pressure with heat, or, if necessary, give it a pre- 
 vious coat or two of either of the solutions, and then im- 
 merse it to produce the " change." We manufacture these 
 articles also by winding these threads or narroAV strips 
 spirally round the core, keeping the edges quite close, and, 
 if necessary, wind another tape or thread over the first in 
 the contrary direction ; we then roll them well under pres- 
 sure and heat and immerse them to produce the " change," 
 removing the core as before mentioned. Woven hose and 
 hose and tubing manufactured of leather or felt, coated or 
 lined with the above or any other mode in which caout- 
 chouc or gutta percha are employed, we treat by immer- 
 sion to produce the "change," either during their manu- 
 facture or when finished. We also coat the exterior or 
 interior surface of ordinary caoutchouc hose and tubing 
 with either of the above solutions in their ordinary state 
 or coloured, and immerse them afterwards to produce the
 
 CONVEKTING APPLICATIONS. 269 
 
 " change." Silk or wool, or other animal fibre, is most 
 suitable when used in combination with these substances 
 in articles intended for subsequent immersion to produce 
 " the change." 
 
 For some purposes we cover or coat the surfaces of 
 caoutchouc, gutta percha, or compound, with ground flock 
 or other suitable powdery substance by giving the article 
 to be flocked a coating of caoutchouc varnish, and then 
 dusting or spreading the flock or powder over it; when 
 dry we immerse the article to produce the " change." Such 
 surfaces, among many other uses, are particularly suitable to 
 the lining of vamps and the interior of shoes, galoshes, &c. 
 
 Sheets or other articles formed wholly or in part of vul- 
 canised or ordinary caoutchouc, we colour by dipping, or 
 otherwise coating them with coloured caoutchouc varnish, 
 and then immerse them for a short period ; thus producing 
 coloured surfaces to vulcanised India rubber or caoutchouc. 
 As the union of these substances, caoutchouc and gutta 
 percha, can be so readily effected before the " change," we 
 prefer to do so when convenient; but when joinings are 
 necessary to be made after the ** change," we employ the 
 cement by Avhich we unite vulcanised caoutchouc, composed 
 of vulcanised caoutchouc melted by heat, and when nearly 
 cold, add to and mix with it an equal quantity of the 
 changing solvent. These are to be well stirred together at 
 a gentle heat. We prefer to apply it warm in thin coatings, 
 and when dry, if necessary, we give both surfaces a second 
 coat; the union should take place when the cement is nearly 
 dry, and the parts kept under gentle pressure for some 
 time in a warm place : it is difficult to describe the exact 
 condition required in the state of the cement as the best 
 moment of junction, but it should be nearly dry ; a little 
 practice will, however, enable a workman to accomplish the 
 object. When articles made of caoutchouc, gutta percha, 
 or a compound thereof, are required of considerable thick- 
 ness, Mr. Parkes recommends a weaker solution of the 
 
 u
 
 270 THOMAS HAXCOCK's PATENTS. 
 
 chloride of sulpliur, and the article to be immersed for a 
 somewhat longer time ; and we have also found that 
 caoutchouc and the compounds may for many purposes be 
 made of any required thickness, by uniting sheets or other 
 forms together, by pressure, as they come wet or only 
 partially dried out of the immersion. 
 
 If the surface of any inflexible or other article, coated or 
 otherwise treated with or made of caoutchouc, gutta percha, 
 or a compound thereof, requires in whole or in part to be 
 more or less indurated, this may be done by frequently 
 immersing the article in the changing solvent (allowing it 
 to become nearly dry each time), until it becomes, if 
 necessary, as hard or harder than ivory, and may then be 
 filed and wrought with tools, and highly polished for such 
 purpose. We have found that the proportion of chloride 
 of sulphur in the changing solvent may be increased so as 
 to expedite the hardening. 
 
 For producing the " change," we wish always to be 
 understood to prefer employing the chloride of sulphur, 
 dissolved in bisulphuret of carbon or other fit solvent of 
 caoutchouc, in the proportions mentioned by Mr. Parkes ; 
 but do not confine ourselves thereto, immersing the articles 
 for the periods mentioned by him, varying them in both 
 respects according to tlie thickness of the articles or the 
 degree of change we wish to produce. 
 
 We have also found that equal parts of bisulphuret of 
 carbon and coal naphtha answer well, but in this case the 
 naphtha must be very pure. — In witness, &c. 
 
 William BROCKEDOisr, 
 Thomas Hancock. 
 
 > 
 
 Enrolled May 19, 1847.
 
 PRINTING. 271 
 
 PRINTING. 
 
 Specification of a Patent granted to Thomas Haxcock, 
 Stohe Neioington, Middlesex, Esquire, for Improvements 
 in Fabrics elasticated by Gutta Percha or any of the 
 Varieties of Caoutchouc. — Dated 2nd November, 1847. 
 
 Gutta Percha, and all the varieties of caoutehouc and 
 combinations of these varieties, are in their natural state 
 more or less affected by differences of temperature, but 
 means have been discovered by which such variations in 
 their elasticity are overcome, and the improved substances 
 are thereby better suited to the manufacture of fabrics 
 elasticated by gutta percha or any of the varieties of 
 caoutchouc. 
 
 Elastic, braided, woven, or other fabrics, whether of 
 cotton, wool, silk, or other substances, have hitherto been 
 generally manufactured either white or of some dyed or 
 undyed ground, or if ornamented, the colours were intro- 
 duced in the coui'se of weaving, either in stripes by the 
 common loom, or having patterns produced by looms of a 
 more complicated character and at a proportiouably in- 
 creased cost, in which patterns were of necessity formal 
 and often ill-suited to the articles to which they were ap- 
 plied. 
 
 My improvements in these manufactures consist in 
 printing their surfaces, and thereby enabling the manu- 
 facturer to produce at much less cost ornaments of a 
 superior quality and of every variety of taste or pattern, 
 colour or design. 
 
 U 2
 
 272 THOMAS Hancock's patents. 
 
 Sometimes elastic fabrics are formed by cementing to 
 caoutchouc, when in an extended state, silk, cotton, leather, 
 or other covering, the surfaces of which I ornament also 
 by printing them. 
 
 Although caoutchouc which has been rendered perma- 
 nently elastic is much more suitable for these manufac- 
 tures than ordinary caoutchouc, yet articles, when elasti- 
 cated by the latter, I also ornament by the same means. 
 
 These fabrics or articles may be printed by any of the 
 well-known means employed in printing manufactured 
 goods, such as blocks, cylinders, or any suitable apparatus, 
 and with the colours and processes ordinarily used in 
 printing the various materials of which the exterior of the 
 combined' fabric may be formed. 
 
 These fabrics or articles I generally print when in their 
 contracted state ; the effect of which is that the pattern is 
 always the same, when after extension the article is 
 allowed to recover its original dimensions. 
 
 I do not, however, always print these fabrics when In a 
 state of contraction, but extend them, more or less, and 
 print them when in the extended state ; by which means 
 I obtain from some designs a novel effect ; the articles on 
 being allowed to contract concentrating parts of the design 
 or pattern and changing its figure. 
 
 There is another advantage in this mode of proceeding. 
 — Elastic articles, such as garters, bracelets, bands, &c., 
 are, when actually In use, generally somewhat extended ; 
 if, therefore, the pattern presents its most perfect phase, 
 when of the dimensions or proportions originally designed, 
 I stretch the article when printing it to about the same 
 extent It would assume when In use, and thereby secure 
 the desired result. — In witness, &c. 
 
 Thomas Hancock. 
 
 Enrolled May 2, 1848.
 
 VULCANISED SOLUTIONS. 273 
 
 VULCANISED SOLUTIONS. 
 
 Sj)ecification of a Patent granted to Thomas Hancock 
 and Reuben PuiLLirsybr improvements in the Treat- 
 ing or Manufacture of Gutta Pcrclia or any of the Va- 
 rieties of Caoutchouc. — Dated December 30, 1847. 
 
 Our improvements consist in dissolving gutta percha or 
 any of the varieties of caoutchouc, or reducing them to a 
 soft, pulpy, or gelatinous state, after they have undergone 
 the process of " vulcanisation " or " conversion ; " and also in 
 heating unvulcanised solutions, or preparations of these 
 substances, so as to bring them to a vulcanised state. Also 
 in improvements in moulds employed in the manufacture 
 of articles from these substances. 
 
 The terms *' vulcanising " and ** converting," as applied 
 to these matters, are now well known as designating certain 
 improvements in the manufacture of caoutchouc, whereby 
 it is rendered less liable to be affected by variations of 
 temperature; and our improved solutions, when dried, 
 partake, more or less, of the same property ; the first- 
 named process is described in the specification of a patent 
 granted to the said Thomas Hancock, dated the 21st 
 November, 1843 ; and the second, in the specification of a 
 patent granted to Alexander Parkes, dated 25th March, 
 1846. 
 
 "When using the term " gutta percha," or any of the 
 varieties of caoutchouc, we wish to be vmderstood as com- 
 prehending all those substances known by the Indians or 
 
 " u 3
 
 274 THOMAS Hancock's patents. 
 
 natives in the country where it is produced under the 
 names of saikwah, jintawan, gutta tuban, gutta percha, 
 dollah, &c. ; and in the markets of this country by similar 
 names, and others, such as caoutchouc, liquid, cake, bottle ; 
 and for the sake of brevity we will, in this specification, 
 designate the different varieties under the general terra 
 " caoutchouc," and our improved solutions by the term 
 " vulcanised solutions." In operating on these substances, 
 when in a vulcanised or converted state, we generally take 
 the waste or cuttings of these materials and pass them 
 between rollers, or otherwise reducing them to shreds or 
 sheets, and boil them in oil of turpentine until they are 
 dissolved, keeping the mass well stirred during the opera- 
 tion. 
 
 Other solvents may be used, such as coal naphtha and 
 other of the essential oils ; but the necessary temperature 
 in such cases cannot well be attained without employing 
 closed vessels : we, therefore, prefer using the oil of tur- 
 pentine. 
 
 As these cuttings and waste vary greatly in quality, it 
 is scarcely possible to state any precise rule as to the pro- 
 portions of substance and solvent ; nor is it at all material. 
 A good mode of proceeding is to put into the vessel, in 
 which the vulcanised solution is to be made, as much 
 solvent as will cover the shreds of caoutchouc, and then 
 add about one third, more or less, of the solvent ; and when, 
 in the course of dissolving, the solution becomes of the 
 desired consistence, to pour it off, and then make up the 
 next charge according to the remaining deposit, or an 
 estimate of the results obtained. In general we find that, 
 although a thick pulpy or gelatinised solution may be ob- 
 tained by one operation, we prefer making the solution of 
 moderate consistence, and, if necessary, evaporate aAvay 
 the superfluous solvent by any of the well-known means. 
 
 With regard to varieties in the qualities of the cuttings 
 or waste, we can only furnish some general remarks for the
 
 VULCANISED SOLUTIONS. 275 
 
 guidance and discretion of the workman, who will soon 
 acquire sufficient experience to enable him to carry on the 
 operation with success. If the vulcanising or converting 
 processes have been carried so far as to render the sub- 
 stances hard and horny, they may be nearly insoluble, or 
 require so long a time as to render them scarcely worth 
 operating upon ; but if the vulcanising or converting has 
 been carried so far only as to render the substance 
 strongly elastic, or if it retain a degree of flexibility not 
 very different from its original state, it will dissolve at 
 the boiling-point of oil of turpentine. 
 
 Variations in vulcanised or converted vv'aste are some- 
 times also occasioned by its having been originally formed 
 of two or more of the varieties of caeutchouc, and we have 
 found that those samples that contain any considerable pro- 
 portion of the softer kinds, or those that in their ordinary 
 state are more readily liquefied by heat, produce solutions 
 that are proportionably more fluid. 
 
 Although we have stated that boiling oil of turpentine 
 answers the purpose very well, yet we would observe that a 
 lower temperature may be employed in some cases, such as 
 last mentioned ; for instance, when, if the vulcanising or 
 converting has been carried only to a moderate extent, a 
 temperature as low as 250° may suffice, and probably in 
 some cases still lower. * The degree of heat employed does 
 not, however, require any nice adjustment ; a range from 
 250° to 312° will not prove injurious in any case, and a 
 little experience will enable the workmen to regiilate it 
 according to circumstances. 
 
 These vulcanised solutions may be diluted, if desired, 
 with oil of turpentine or coal naphtha ; they then become a 
 good and elastic medium for mixing and combining colours. 
 Instead of operating upon the cuttings or waste of 
 vulcanised or converted caoutchouc, we sometimes take a 
 solution of unvulcanised or unconverted caoutchouc, and 
 mix sulphur with it in the proportion of from 8 to 12 parts 
 
 U 4
 
 276 THOMAS Hancock's patents. 
 
 of sulphur to 100 parts of dry caoutchouc, and then submit 
 the mixture to a temperature of about 300°, or from that to 
 the boiling point of oil of turpentine, for a period vaiying 
 from 15 to 30 minutes, and we thereby obtain a somewhat 
 similar result; or the caoutchouc, the solvent, and the 
 sulphur, may be heated in the same manner without 
 previously dissolving the caoutchouc : but we prefer em- 
 j)loying the vulcanised or converted waste, the appro- 
 priating of which to a useful purj)ose being the chief 
 object we have in view. 
 
 When the proportion of dry material predominates in 
 any of these vulcanised solutions so as to form a thick and 
 plastic mass, they generally become gelatinous, ropy, and 
 intractable. We hav^ found that this condition may be 
 considerably ameliorated or entirely obviated by grinding 
 or levigation, employing any of the well-know means used 
 for grinding colours. 
 
 We apply these vulcanised solutions to a great variety 
 of purposes, by coating therewith leather, cloth, and other 
 fabrics, and thereby rendering them air and waterproof; 
 and we manufacture from those materials so prepared 
 various articles, such as pneumatic beds, cushions, and other 
 similar articles ; also cloaks, capes, boots, shoes, and other 
 articles. When it is wished to prevent too great an absorp- 
 tion of the more fluid of these vulcanised solutions into 
 cloth or other materials, we mix or combine with them a 
 thicker solution of unvulcanised or unconverted caout- 
 chouc, and first apply to the cloth, or other materials, one 
 or two coatings of such mixture. 
 
 We also saturate with the vulcanised solutions, leather, 
 cloth, felt, and other substances, and manufacture articles 
 from materials which have been so saturated. We also use 
 the vulcanised solutions or cements for uniting together 
 vulcanised or converted caoutchouc, and fabrics and other 
 articles. We also coat with them wood, metal, paper, 
 plaster casts, and other articles and substances requiring
 
 VULCANISED SOLUTIONS. 277 
 
 to be protected from the effects of air and wet. We also 
 employ these vulcanised solutions for taking impressions, 
 by pouring or pressing them into moulds, preferring to use 
 moulds of glass. 
 
 We have before mentioned that we mix colouring 
 matters with these vulcanised solutions, and we employ 
 such coloured vulcanised solutions to coat the surfaces of 
 articles and for colouring and printing leather, calico, and 
 other fabrics, and for walls and decorations. 
 
 For some purposes we mix with these vulcanised so- 
 lutions boiled drying oils, black japan, and oil and spirit 
 varnishes. For inferior purposes, or in order to harden or 
 impart other qualities to these vulcanised solutions, we mix 
 or compound with them gums, resins, pitch, asphalte, 
 metallic oxides, earths, wood and cork dust, and fibrous 
 and other substances. 
 
 These vulcanised solutions may be applied in any of the 
 modes practised in respect of ordinary paints, varnishes, and 
 solutions of caoutchouc. As they dry somewhat slowly, we 
 prefer exposing them to a temperature of about 180^. 
 
 Our improvements in the moulds employed in the manu- 
 facture of articles from the vulcanised solutions consist in 
 making such moulds of materials capable of being dissolved 
 or melted, at temperatures so low as not to be injurious to 
 the manufacture ; such as the fusible metal known as 
 Darcey's alloy, which melts in boiling water, or compounds 
 of gum, glue, &c. The object in employing these moulds 
 beino" to facilitate their removal after the vulcanised solu- 
 tions are dry, by melting or dissolving such moulds as are 
 undercut, or such as have delicate or intricate designs. — 
 In witness, &c. 
 
 Thomas Hancock, 
 Keuben PiiiLLirs. 
 
 Enrolled June 30, 1848.
 
 INDEX TO SPECIFICATIONS. 
 
 Accoutrements, 196. 206. 
 Air-chambers, to apply to beds, &c., 
 
 249. 251. 254. 261. 
 Aprons, 259, 260. 
 Articles for inflation, 260. 
 Articles, to protect, Avhen exterior is 
 
 of cloth, 260. 
 Articles, to immerse delicate, 263. 
 Articles, compound, required thick, 
 
 269. 
 Articles to be indurated, 270. 
 Articles, printed in contracted state, 
 
 272. 
 Assam rubber, 257. 
 Asphalte, 239. 245. 277. 
 Awnings, 197. 
 
 Bags, travelling, 106. 216. 
 
 Balls, 261. 
 
 Bands, 272. 
 
 Bandages, 261. 
 
 Bas-relief, 250. 
 
 Baths, 259. 
 
 Beds, air, 215. 218, 219, 220. 223. 
 
 254. 259. 276. 
 Belts, 196. 255. 261. 
 Billiard tables, cushions for, 262. 
 Bisulphuret of carbon, 270. 
 Black colour, 214. 
 Black lead, 264. 
 Blankets, printers', 259. 
 Blocks, printing, 233. 272. 
 Blocks of rubber, 265 
 Blue verditer, 212. 233. 
 Bonnets, 259. 
 Bookbinding, 266. 
 Book covers, 266. 
 Boots, 190. 196. 212, 215. 217. 260, 
 
 261. 276. 
 Bottoms of ships, 193. 
 Bottles, 250. 261. 
 Bottle rubber, 257. 274. 
 Braces, 190. 261. 
 
 Bracelets, 255 272. 
 
 Braidings, 263. 268. 271. 
 
 Bran, 213. 
 
 Brass, 202. 
 
 Breeches, 190. 
 
 Brickdust, 212,213. 
 
 Brush, 194. 215. 226. 233. 240. 245. 
 
 248. 260. 
 Busts, 213. 
 Buffers, 252,253.262. 
 
 Cake rubber, 257. 274. 
 Calender, 232. 235. 
 Canvass, 193, 194. 
 Caoutchoiicine, 257. 
 Caoutchouc, cementing, to extend 
 
 cotton, &c., 272. 
 Caps, 212,213. 259. 
 Capsules, 261. 
 Carriage springs, 252, 253. 
 Carriage linings, 254, 255. 
 Carriage roofs, 259. 
 Card backs, 244. 259. 
 Carded cotton, 205. 
 Carding machine, 197. 200. 
 Cart covers, 216. 
 Casts, 250. 
 Chrome yellow, 212. 
 Cloaks, 216.259.276. 
 Cloth, 2i>l. 224. 232. 237, 238. 241. 
 
 259,260. 276. 
 Cloth, to unite plies of, 244. 
 Cloth, conducting, 230. 
 Coat to surfaces, 268. 
 Coating, 209. 211. 215, 216. 220, 
 
 221, 222, 223. 228. 232, 233, 234. 
 
 237. 243, 244, 245. 249. 259, 260. 
 Coal- oil, 226. 233. 239. 270. 274, 
 
 275. 
 Cochineal, 214. 
 Converting, 273. 275. 
 Collision, to prevent, 252. 
 Collars, 254. 259.
 
 280 
 
 INDEX TO SPECIFICATIONS. 
 
 Colour to sheets, 269. 277. 
 Colouring substances, 214, 215. 217. 
 
 226. 233. 235. 256, 257. 259. 261. 
 
 264,265. 277. 
 Combed fibres, 200. 204, 205. 
 Compound, 248, 249, 250, 251. 
 Copper, 202. 
 Cord, 261. 
 
 Cord lace and fringe, 255. 
 Corlc dust, 252.255.277. 
 Corn and flour sacks, 204. 214. 
 Corrugated, or sliirred cushions, 
 
 beds, &c., 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 
 
 223. 
 Cotton, 196, 197. 203, 204. 206. 208, 
 
 209. 212.215,216. 232.251. 271. 
 Cotton cloth, 205. 250. 
 Crape, 255. 261. 
 Cushions, 216. 254. 259. 276, 
 Cushions, bed, &c., extending, con- 
 tractile, or corrugated, 218,219, 
 
 220,221,222,223. 
 Cutting machine, 257. 
 
 Darcy's alloy, 277. 
 Dark colours, 239. 
 Different degrees of elasticity, 262. 
 
 271. 
 Distillation produces caoutchoucine, 
 
 257. 
 Diving dress, 259. 
 Dollah, 257.274. 
 Double texture, 244. 
 Dough or putty, 237. 241, 245. 249, 
 Drab colour, 238. 
 Draperies, 259. 
 Drawers, 190. 
 Dress, 211.255. 
 
 Earths, 277. 
 
 Embossing, 233. 250, 251, 252. 255. 
 
 257.259.261.266. 
 Emery, 202. 233. 
 Engraving, 238. 248. 250. 263. 
 Engraved rollers, 250. 
 Epaulettes, 255. 
 
 Fancy tubing, 268. 
 
 Fastenings for shoes, &c., 261. 
 
 Felt, 215.245,276. 
 
 Fibrous compound, 212, 213. 215. 
 
 251. 
 Fil)rous compound, to protect, 259. 
 Fibres and filaments. 196, 197, 198, 
 
 199. 204, 205. 211, 212. 252. 255. 
 
 264.277. 
 
 Figures, 211. 213. 216. 232, 233, 
 
 2.34. 249, 250. 252, 253. 
 Films, or thin sheets, 229, 230, 231. 
 Fishing-boots, 216. 259. 
 Flake white, 233. 
 Flax, 196, 197. 200, 201, 202, 203, 
 
 204. 208. 252. 
 Floor covers, 266. 
 Forms, 248, 249. 262, 263. 
 Frames, 216.262. 
 Fringe, 261. 
 Fuller's earth, 238. 
 
 Gaiter straps, 190. 216. 260, 261. 
 
 Garters, 190. 272. 
 
 Glass moulds, 254. 276. 
 
 Gloves, 189.216.260. 
 
 Glue, 211.213.232. 268.277. 
 
 Glue size, 206. 212. 220. 233. 
 
 Goloshes, 260, 261. 
 
 Graining, 232. 238. 
 
 Grease, 240. 243. 
 
 Gritty matters, 264. 
 
 Gum arable, 212. 232. 277. 
 
 Gun or pistol stocks, 263. 
 
 Gutta percha, 256, 257, 258, 259, 
 
 260, 262, 263, 264, 265, 271. 273, 
 
 274. 
 Gutta percha blocks, 265. 
 Gutta percha furniture, 265. 
 Gutta percha machinery straps, 265. 
 Gutta percha, softness obviated, 258. 
 Gutta percha sheets, 264, 265. 
 Gutta perclia sheets, to roll evenly, 
 
 265. 
 Gutta percha, to prevent adhering 
 
 to rollers, 265. 
 Gutta percha, to purif}^, 266. 
 Gutta percha, to dissolve, 273. 
 Gutta tuban, 257. 274. 
 
 Hair, 196, 197. 204, 205. 212. 
 Handles of whips, 263. 
 Handles of umbrellas, swords, 
 
 263. 
 Hardening, to expedite, 270. 
 Harness, 196. 
 Hard converting, 270. 
 Hats, 212,213.259. 
 Heat, 193. 205. 219. 225, 226. 
 
 229. 243. 245, 246. 249, 250. 
 
 266. 
 Heating unvalc.anised solutions, 
 Hemp, 196. 200. 203, 204, 205, 
 
 208. 252. 
 Hermetically to seal, 266. 
 
 Sic, 
 
 228 
 2G5, 
 
 27.3. 
 
 206.
 
 INDEX TO SPECIFICATIONS. 
 
 281 
 
 Hevaea, 199. 209. 
 
 Hollow moulds, 249, 250. 253. 
 
 Hollow punches, 251. 
 
 Horn, or hard vulcanising, 142. 
 
 Horse collars, 254 261. 
 
 Hydro-carbon substances, 257. 
 
 Incisions, 251. 
 
 Indigo, 214. 
 
 India-rubber cloth, 222. 224. 226. 
 
 229. 
 Ink, red or black, 214. 
 Immersion, 259, 260. 262, 2G3, 20-1, 
 
 265.268.270. 
 Immersion, mode of, with printed or 
 
 dyed fabrics, 259. 
 Iron, 202. 
 Ivory, hard as, 270. 
 
 Japan black, 277. 
 Jarva rubber, 257. 
 Jintawan, 257. 274. 
 Joinings after the cliarge, 209. 
 
 Kid, 121. 
 Knee-caps, 261. 
 
 Lac, 259. 
 
 Lace, 261 
 
 Lake liquor, 214. 
 
 Lamp black, 212. 233. 
 
 Leather, 196. 200, 201. 204. 215, 
 
 216. 221. 232. 243, 244. 259, 200. 
 
 266.276,277. 
 Leather harness, 202. 
 Leggings, 260. 
 Letters, to form, 216. 
 Ligatures, 261. 
 Life-preservers, 254. 259. 
 Linen, 206. 216. 232. 250,251.259. 
 Linings of vamps, shoes, &c., 269. 
 Linseed oil, boiled, 245. 
 Liquid caoutchouc, 212, 213, 214. 
 
 216, 217. 233,234. 257. 274. 
 Logwood, 214. 
 
 Madagascar mbber, 257. 
 Manufactm-ed rubber, 233, 234. 243. 
 Masticator, 224. 237. 257. 
 Mattrasses, 254. 
 Mercuiy, 249. 
 
 Metal, 215. 221. 249. 264. 276. 
 Metallic oxides, 277. 
 Montgomery, Dr., 264, 205. 
 Moulds, 213. 215. 237. 248, 249, 
 
 250. 254, 255. 258. 263, 264. 265. 
 
 277. 
 Moulds, improvements in, 273. 
 Moulds, to facilitate removal of, 277. 
 
 Names given to rubber, 257. 
 Neckcloth stiffness, 190. 
 
 Ochre, 206. 212,313. 265. 
 
 Oil, effects of, on rubber, 240. 243. 
 277. 
 
 Ornaments, 211. 213. 216. 248. 251, 
 252. 254. 259. 262. 271, 272. 
 
 Ornamental edges, 255. 261. 
 
 Ornaments for cabinet furniture- 
 hangings. Sec, 255. 259. 
 
 Overalls, 259, 260. 
 
 Packing-blocks for guns, 2G1. 
 Packing cases, waterproof lining, 
 
 215. 
 Packing- cloths, 204. 
 Pads, 254. 259. 
 Padding or stuffing, 253. 
 Pails, 204. 206. 
 
 Paper, 194. 215. 221. 232. 270. 
 Paste, 232, 233. 
 Pattern, 232. 238, 239. 248, 249. 
 
 254. 263. 266. 271, 272. 
 Para rubber, 257. 
 Parkes, Mr. A., 256. 258, 259. 262. 
 
 204. 273. 
 Peculiar property of rubber, 257. 
 Perforated manufacture. 257. 
 Permanent shapes, 247, 248. 255. 
 Pickle-jar covers, 261. 
 Picture-frames, 255. 
 Pillows, 210. 221. 
 Pipes, 190. 204. 200. 216. 244. 261. 
 
 267. 
 Pitch, 192, 193, 194, 195. 254, 255. 
 
 277. 
 Pitch, Stockholm, 194. 252. 
 Plaister casts, 212, 213. 215. 276. 
 Plaister of Paris, 234. 265. 
 Plaitings, 261. 
 Plate-glass, 234. 254. 
 Plates, metal, 238. 243. 248. 252. 
 
 255. 
 Plates, metal, to protect, 202. 
 Plumbago, 239. 
 Pockets, 190. 
 Pocket-books, 190. 
 Polished articles, 270. 
 Porcelain moulds, 254. 
 Portmanteaus, 216. 200. 261.
 
 282 
 
 INDEX TO SPECIFICATIONS. 
 
 Pressing, 248. 255. 
 
 Presses, 250. 
 
 Printing, 233. 239. 250, 258, 259. 
 
 261, 262. 266. 272. 277. 
 Printers' furnishers, &e., 261. 
 Pulp of rags, 212. 
 Pumiee, 206. 233. 
 Puncturing, 251. 
 Puncturing, not through, 251. 
 Purses, 190. 
 
 Railway packing, 252. 
 
 Reins, 261. 
 
 Resin, black. 206. 252. 254, 255. 
 
 277. 
 Ribbon, 223. 
 Riding-belts. 190. 
 Rollers, 198. 201. 205. 212. 215. 
 
 225,226. 229. 237, 238. 251. 257. 
 Roofs of houses or buildings, 194. 
 
 261. 
 Root-rubber, 257. 
 Ropes, 193, 194. 208, 209. 263. 
 Ruptures to prevent in chambers, 
 
 253. 
 
 Saddles, 254. 261. 
 
 Saturating, 196. 198. 201, 202. 204. 
 
 209. 216. 232. 241. 245. 248. 276. 
 Sawdust, 213. 
 Scraping, 243. 
 Screw-press, 197. 212. 
 Screw-cramps, 250. 252. 
 Seams required, 260. 
 Scams, strapping on, 244. 
 Sheathing, 261. 
 Sheets, cut rubber, 212. 215. 218, 
 
 219, 220, 221. 224, 225, 226. 231. 
 
 232, 233, 234. 237, 238. 240, 241. 
 
 243, 244. 248. 250, 251, 252. 261, 
 
 262. 265. 
 Shellac, 262. 
 Shirt-wrists, 190. 
 
 Shoes, 190. 196. 212,213. 215. 260, 
 
 261. 276. 
 Shoulder-straps, 261. 
 Sieve-cloths, 259. 
 Silicate of magnesia, 237, 238, 239, 
 
 240, 241. 243. 245. 248. 
 Silk, 204, 205, 206. 208,209.215, 
 
 216. 232. 259. 271. 
 Single texture, 244. 
 Size, 221, 232, 233. 
 Sleeve-linings, 190. 
 Soda, 264. 
 
 Soles, of boots, &c., 190. 204. 206. 
 
 215.261. 
 Solutions, vulcanised, 274. 
 Solutions, urivuleanised, 275. 
 Spatula, 198. 205. 214. 234. 239. 
 Spermaceti, 245. 
 Sponge, article like, 267. 
 Spreading machine, 227. 230. 232. 
 
 237. 239. 257, 258. 
 Spring, 189. 
 Stair-covers, 268. 
 Starch, 212. 
 Stays, 190. 
 Stamp, 216. 
 Steam, 249. 
 
 Steam-bath, 206. 248. 255. 
 Stearine, 245. 
 Stencilling, 233. 
 Strands, 208, 209. 
 Straps, 196. 200, 201. 261. 
 Strips of rubber, 218, 219, 220, 221, 
 
 222, 223, 231. 234. 
 Stirrups, 190. 
 Stocks, 259. 
 Stockings, 190. 216. 
 Stop-cock, 221, 222, 223. 
 Stop out the effects of solvent, 259. 
 Stoppers and bungs, 261. 
 Sulphur, 240, 241, 242, 243. 245, 
 
 246. 248, 249. 252. 256. 275. 
 Sulphur bath, 248. 
 Sulphur, chloride of, 267. 269. 
 Sulphite of soda, 245. 
 Sulphured solution, 249. 251. 
 Surfaces, printed, 271. 
 Surgical apparatus, 261. 
 
 Table covers, 259. 
 
 Tablets, 233, 
 
 Tanks, watertight, 215. 
 
 Tanks, to protect, 262. 
 
 Tar, 192, 193. 194, 195. 209. 
 
 Tar, oil of, 192, 193, 194. 
 
 Tar, Stockholm, 194. 
 
 Tar, oil of coal, 206. 
 
 Tarpaulings, 204. 
 
 Temperaturo, high, 219. 
 
 Tent coverii!gs, 197. 
 
 The change, 242. 244, 245. 258, 
 
 259, 260, 261, 262. 264, 265, 266. 
 
 268, 269, 270. 
 The change, to produce, 270. 
 Thread, 243. 244. 262, 263. 267. 
 Tin, 202. 254. 
 Traces, 261. 
 Treacle, 213. 268.
 
 INDEX TO SPECIFICATIONS. 
 
 283 
 
 Trowel, 194, 
 
 Trowser straps, 190. 261. 
 Tubing, 261. 
 
 Tubing, to manufacture, 267. 
 Turpentine, oil of, 192, 193, 194, 
 206. 223. 233. 241. 274, 275,276. 
 Types, 233. 254. 262. 
 
 Valve, 213. 261. 
 
 Vamps, 261. 
 
 Varieties of rubber dissolving, 258. 
 
 Varnish, 214, 215, 216, 217. 221. 
 
 240. 277. 
 Venetian red, 212. 
 Verandahs, 197. 204. 
 Vermilion, 233. 
 
 Vessels to contain air or fluids, 261. 
 Vulcanising, 240. 247, 248, 249, 
 250, 251, 252. 254, 255, 256. 273. 
 275. 
 Vulcanising hard, 242. 
 Vulcanised solutions, 274. 
 diluted, 275. 
 to make, 274. 
 to prevent too great absorption, 
 
 276. 
 to obviate when gelatinous, 
 
 276. 
 to coat with, 276. 
 to saturate with, 276. 
 
 Vulcanised solutions, to impart other 
 qualities, 277. 
 
 to take impressions with, 276. 
 
 applications of, 276. 
 
 how applied, 277. 
 
 if so as to be hard or horny, 275. 
 
 if to a moderate extent, 275. 
 
 Walls, 215. 259. 277. 
 
 Waistcoat springs, 190, 261. 
 
 Waistband, 190. 261. 
 
 Washers, 261. 
 
 Waste or cuttings, quality in, 274, 
 
 275. 
 Waste, vulcanised, 276. 
 Weakened, any article, 251. 
 Webs, elastic, 263. 
 West Indian rubber, 257. 
 Whips, 263. 
 
 Whiting, 212, 213. 220, 221. 268. 
 Wigs, 190. 
 Wire coils, 221. 
 
 Wood, 194. 215. 234. 255. 276. 
 Wooden buildings, or fences, 193. 
 Wooden trough, 201. 
 Wool, 196, 197. 200. 204, 205, 205. 
 
 208, 209. 212. 215. 271. 
 Wrappers, 216. 259. 
 
 Yams, 208, 209. 
 
 THE END.
 
 London : 
 
 Printed by Spottiswoode & Co., 
 
 New-street-Square.
 
 nST of WORKS in GENERAL LITERATURE, 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 Messrs. LONGMAN, BROWN, GREEN, LONGMANS, and ROBERTS, 
 
 39, PATEBNOSTEE EOW, XONDON. 
 
 CLASSIFIED INDEX 
 
 Agriculture and Rural 
 
 Affairs. Pages. 
 
 Bavldon on Yaluins Rents, &c. - i 
 
 Caird's Letters on Agriculture - 6 
 
 Cecil's Stud Farm . - - 6 
 
 Loudon's Agriculture - - . 13 
 
 Low's Elements of Agriculture - 13 
 
 Arts, Manufactures, and 
 Architecture. 
 
 Arnott on Ventilation - - - 3 
 
 Bourne on the Screw Propeller - 4 
 
 Brande's Dictionary of Science, &c. 4 
 
 " Orpanic Chemistry- - 4 
 
 Chevreul on Colour - - - 6 
 
 CresY's Civil Enaineerins - - 6 
 
 Fairiiairn's Informa. for Engineers H 
 
 Givilfs Encyclo. of Architecture - 8 
 Harford's EngrAvirgs after Michael 
 
 Angelo 8 
 
 Herring on Taper-Making - . 9 
 
 Humphreys's Purahles Illuminated 10 
 
 Jameson'sSacredft Legendary Art 11 
 
 ** Commonplace-Book - H 
 
 Konis's Pictorial Life of Luther - 8 
 
 Loudon's Rural Architecture - 13 
 
 MacDougall's Theory of War - U 
 
 Malan's Aphorisms on Drawing - 14 
 
 Moseley'sEngineering - - - 16 
 
 Piesse's Art of Perfumery - - 17 
 
 Richardson's Art of Horsemanship 18 
 
 Scrivener on tl>e Iron Trade - - 19 
 
 Stark's Printing - - - - 23 
 
 Steam-Engine,by the Artisan Club 4 
 
 Ure's Dictionary of Arts, &c. - 23 
 
 Young on PrK-RafnielUtism - 24 
 
 Biography. 
 
 Arag 
 
 - 13 
 
 - 19 
 
 Autobiography 
 Lives of Scientific Men - 
 Bodenstedt and Wagner's Schamyl 
 Buckingham's (J. S.l Memoirs 
 Bunsen's Hippoljtus - 
 Clinton's (Fynes) Autobiography 
 Cockayne's Marshal Turenne 
 Dennistoun's Strange & Lumisden 
 Forster's De Foe and Churchill - 
 Fulcher's Life of Gainsborough - 
 Harford's Life Of Michael Angelo - 
 Haydon's Autobiography ,by Taylor 
 Hayward's i hesterfield and Selwyn 
 Holcroft's Memoirs 
 Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopsedia 
 Maunder's Biographical Treasury - 
 Memoir of the Duke of Wellington 
 Memoirs of James Montgomery - 
 Merivale's Memoirs of Cicero 
 Rogers's Life and Genius of Fuller 
 Russell's Memoirs of Moore - 
 
 " Life of Lord Wm. Russell 
 St. John's Audubon 
 Southey's Life of Wesley 
 
 •' Life and Correspondence 2( 
 
 " Select Correspondence - C( 
 
 Stephfen's Ecclesiastical Biography 2 
 Sydney Smith's Memoirs - - 21 
 Taylor's Loyola - - - - 2: 
 
 " Wesley - - . - 2 
 Waterton's Autobiography &Essaye 2' 
 Wheeler's Life of Herodotus - 1, 
 
 Books of General Utility. 
 
 Acton's Bread-Book . - - I 
 
 " Cookery - - - - ; 
 
 Black's Treatise on Brewing - - ' 
 
 Cabinet Gazetteer - . - - i 
 
 " Lawyer - - - - f 
 
 Cusfs Invalid's Own Book - - ' 
 
 Gilbart's Logic for the Million - i 
 
 Hints on Etiquette - - - ! 
 
 How to Nurse Sick Children- - 1( 
 
 Hudson'sExecutor's Guide - - 1( 
 
 " on Making Wills - - 1( 
 
 Kesteven's Domestic Medicine - 11 
 
 Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopsedia - V. 
 
 Loudon's Lady's Country Compa- 
 
 nion 
 
 Maunder's Treasury of Knowledge 
 •' Biographical Treasury 
 
 " Geographical Treasury 
 " Scientific Treasury 
 
 Maunder's Treasury of History - 15 
 
 " Natural History - - 15 
 
 Piesse's Art of Perfumery - - 17 
 
 Piscator's Cookery of Fish • - 17 
 
 Pocket and the Stud ... 9 
 
 Pycroffs English Reading - - 18 
 
 Reece's Medical Guide - - - 18 
 
 Rich's Comp. to Latin Dictionary 18 
 
 Richardson's Art of Horsemanship 18 
 
 Kiddle'sLatin Dictionaries - - 18 
 
 Roget's English Thesauius - - 18 
 
 Rowton's Debater - - - - 18 
 
 Short Whist 20 
 
 Thomson's Interest Tables - - 21 
 
 Webster's Domestic Economy - 22 
 
 West on Children's Diseases - - 23 
 
 Will.ch'B Popular Tables - - 24 
 
 Wilmot's Blackstone - - - 24 
 
 Botany and Gardening. 
 
 Hooker's British Flora - - - 9 
 " Guide to Kew Gardens - 9 
 '* " " Kew Museum - 9 
 Lindley's Introduction to Botany 13 
 " Theory of Horticulture - 13 
 Loudon's Hortus Britannicus - 13 
 " Amateur Gardener - 13 
 Trees and Shrubs - - 13 
 " Gardening . - - 13 
 " Plants - - - - 13 
 ** Self Instruction for Gar- 
 deners, &c. - - - - 13 
 Pereira's Materia Medica - - 17 
 River.s Rose-Amateur's Guide - 18 
 Wilson's British Mosses - - 24 
 
 Chronology. 
 
 Blair's Chronological Tables - 4 
 
 Brewer's Historical Atlas - - 4 
 
 Bunsen's Ancient Egypt - - 5 
 
 Haydn's Beatson's Index - - 9 
 
 Jaquemet's Chronology - - 11 
 Johns & N icolas'sCalendar orV'ictory 1 1 
 
 Nicolas's Chronology of History - 13 
 
 Commerce and Mercantile 
 Affairs. 
 
 Gilbart's Treatise on Banking - 8 
 
 Lorimer's Young Master Mariner 13 
 
 ■ Macleod's Banking . . . H 
 M*Culloch'sCommerce & Navigation 14 
 
 Scrivenor on Iron Trade - - 19 
 
 Thomson's Interest Tablet - - 21 
 
 Tooke's History of Pi ices - - 23 
 
 Tuson's British'C-nsul's Manual - 23 
 
 Criticism, History, and 
 Memoirs. 
 
 Blair's Chron. ana rfistor. Tables - 4 
 
 Brewer's Historical Atlas - - - 4 
 
 Bunsen's Ancient Egypt - - 5 
 
 " Hippolytus - - - 5 
 
 Burton's HistoryofScUland - 5 
 
 Chapman's Gustavus Adolphus - 6 
 
 Conybeare and Howson's St. Paul 6 
 
 Erskine's History of India - - 7 
 
 Gleig's Leipsic Campaign - - 23 
 
 Gurney's Historical Sketches - 8 
 Haydon's .\utobiograDhy,by Taylor 9 
 
 Jefi'rey's (Lord) Contributions - 11 
 Johns & Nicolas'sCalendar of Victory 11 
 
 Kcmble's Anglo-Saxons - 11 
 
 Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopsedia - 13 
 
 Macdulay'6 Crit. and Hist. Essays 13 
 
 " History of England • 13 
 
 " Speeclies - - - 13 
 
 Mackintosh's Miscellaneous Works 14 
 
 '* HistorT of England - 14 
 
 M^Culloch'sGeograpnicalDictionary 14 
 
 Maunder's Treasury of History - 15 
 
 Memoir of the Duke of Wellington 23 
 
 Merivale's History of Rome - - 15 
 
 " Roman Republic - - 15 
 
 Milner's Church History - - 15 
 
 Moore's (Thomas) i\Iemoirs,&c. - 16 
 
 Mure's Greek Literature - 16 
 
 Normanby's Year of Revolution - 17 
 
 Raikes's Journal - - - - 18 
 
 Ranke's F'erdinand & Maximilian 23 
 
 Riddle's Latin Dictionaries - - 18 
 
 Roberts's Southern Counties - IS 
 Rogers's Essays fromEdinb. ReyiewlB 
 
 Roget's English Thesaurus - - 16 
 
 Russell's Life of Lord W. RusseU IS 
 
 Schmiti's History of Greece - IS 
 
 Smith's Sacred Annals - - - 20 
 
 Southey's Doctor . - - - 20 
 
 Stephen's Ecclesiastical Biography 21 
 
 " Lectures on French History 21 
 
 Sydney Smith's Works - - . 20 
 
 " Select Works - 23 
 
 " Lectures - - 20 
 
 " Memoirs - - 20 
 
 Taylor's Loyoli - - - - 21 
 
 " AVesley - - . - 21 
 
 Thirlwall's History of Greece - 21 
 
 Thornburv's Shakspeare's England 21 
 
 Townsend's State Trials - - 22 
 
 Turkey and Christendom - - 23 
 
 Turner's Anglo-Saxons - - 22 
 
 " Middle Ages - - - 22 
 
 " Sacred Hist, of the World 22 
 
 Vehse's Austrian Court - - - 23 
 
 Wade's England's Greatness - 22 
 
 Whitclocke's Swedish Embassy - 24 
 
 Woods's Crimean Campaign- - 24 
 
 Young's Christ of Hist-ory - - 24 
 
 Geography and Atlases. 
 
 Ari-owsmitli's Geogr. Diet, of Bible 3 
 
 Brewer's Historical Atlas - - 4 
 
 Butler's Geography and Atlases - S 
 
 C.ibinet Gazetteer - - - - s 
 
 Cornwall: Its Mines, &c. - - 23 
 
 Durrieu's Morocco - - - 23 
 
 Hughes's Australian Colonies - 23 
 
 Johnston's General Gazetteer - 11 
 
 Maunder's Treasury of Geography 15 
 M'CuUoch's Geographical Dictionary 14 
 
 " Russia and Turkey - 23 
 
 Milner's Baltic Sea - - - 15 
 
 *' Crimea - - - - 15 
 
 " Russia - - - - 15 
 
 Murray's Encyclo. of Geography - 16 
 
 Sliarp's Britisli Gazetteer - - 19 
 
 Wheeler's Geography of Herodotus 24 
 
 Juvenile Books. 
 
 Amy Herbert ----- 19 
 
 CleveHail - - - _ _ ig 
 
 Earl's Daughter (The) - . - 19 
 
 Experience'of Life - - - 19 
 
 Gertrude - - - - 19 
 
 Gilbart's Logic for the Young - 8 
 
 Hewitt's Boy's (Country Book - 10 
 
 " (Mary) Children's Year - 10 
 
 Ivors ------ ig 
 
 Katharine Ashton - - - 19 
 
 Laneton Parsonage - - - 19 
 
 Margaret Percival - - - - 19 
 
 Medicine and Surgery. 
 
 Brodie's Psychological Inquiries - 4 
 
 Bull's Hints to Mothers - - - 5 
 
 " Managementof Children - 5 
 
 Copland's Dictionary of Medicine - 6 
 
 Cust's Invahd's Own Book - - 7 
 
 Holland's Mental Physiology - S 
 " Medical Notes and Reflect. 9 
 
 How to Nurse Sick Children - - 10 
 
 Kesteven's Domestic Medicine - 11 
 
 Pereira's Materia Medica - - 17 
 
 Reece's Medical Guide - - - 18 
 
 West on Diseases of Infancy - - 22 
 
 Wilson's Dissector's Manual - 24 
 
 Miscellaneous and Gener 
 Literature. 
 
 Carlisle's Lectures and Addresses 
 Defence of if/ipseo/ f«i(/i - 
 Di"b) 's Lover's Seat 
 Eclipse of Faith - - _ . 
 Greg's Political and Social Essays 
 Gurney's Evening Recreations 
 Hassall on Adulteration of Fc o i - 
 Haydn's Book of Dignities - 
 Holland's Mental Physiology 
 Hooker's Kew Guides - 
 Howitt's Rural Life of England - 
 " iVisitsto RemarkablePlacci 
 Jameson's Commonphice Book 
 Jeffrey's (Lord) Contributions 
 Last of the Old Squires 
 Macaulay's Crit. and Hist. Essays 
 ** Speeches - - - 
 
 Mackintosh's Miscellaneous Works 
 Memoirs of a Maitre-d'.\rme3
 
 2; 
 
 CLASSIFIED INDEX., 
 
 Maitland's Church in the Catacombs 14 
 
 Martineau's Miscellanies - - 14 
 
 Pascal's WorkSj by Pearce - - 17 
 Pillans's Contributions to Eclucationl7 
 
 Pinney on Duration of Human Life 17 
 
 Printing: Its Origin, &c. - - 23 
 
 Pycroft's Englisli Reading - - 18 
 
 Rich's Comp. to Latin Dictionary 18 
 
 Riddle's Latin Dictionaries - - 18 
 
 Rowton's Debater - - 18 
 
 Seaward's Narrative of his Shipwreclil9 
 
 Sir Roger de Coverley - - - 20 
 
 Smith's (Rev. Sydney) Works - 20 
 
 Southey'sCommon place Books - 20 
 
 " The Doctor &c. - - 20 
 
 Souvestre's Attic Philosopher - 23 
 
 " Confessionsof a Working Man 23 
 
 Spencer's Psychology - - - 21 
 
 Stephen's Essays ... - 21 
 
 Stow'8 Training System - - 21 
 
 Strachey's Hebrew Pulitics - - 21 
 
 Thomson's Laws of Thought - 21 
 
 Townsend's State Trials - - 22 
 
 "Willich's Popular Tables - - 24 
 
 Yonge's English-Greek Lexicon - 24 
 
 " Latin Gradus - - 24 
 
 Zumpt's Latin Grammar - - 24 
 
 Natural History in general. 
 
 Catlow's Popular Conchology - 6 
 Ephemeraand Young on the Salmon 7 
 Gosse's Natural History of Jamaica 8 
 Kemp's Natural History of Creation 23 
 Kirby and Spence's Entomology - 11 
 Lee's Elements of Natural History 12 
 Mann on Reproduction - - 14 
 Maunder's Natural History - - 15 
 Turton'sShellsoftheBritishlslands 22 
 Yan dcr Hoeven's Handbook of 
 
 Zoology 22 
 
 Von Tschudi's Sketches in the Alps 23 
 
 Waterton's Essays on Natural Hist. 23 
 
 Touatts The Dog - - . - 24 
 
 " The Horse ... 24 
 
 1-Volume Encyclopaedias 
 and Dictionaries. 
 
 Arrowsmith's Geogr. Diet, of Bible 3 
 
 Blaine's Rural Sports - - - 4 
 
 Brande's Science, Literature, and Art 4 
 
 Copland's Dictionary of Medicine - 6 
 
 Cresy's Civil Engineering - . s 
 
 Gwilt's Architecture - - - 8 
 
 Johnston's Geographical Dictionary 11 
 
 Loudon's Agriculture - - - 13 
 
 " Rural Architecture - 13 
 
 *' Gardening - - - 13 
 
 " Plants - - - . 13 
 
 " Trees and Shiubs - -13 
 
 M'CuUoch'sGeographicalDictionary 14 
 
 *' Dictionary of Commerce 14 
 
 Murray's Encyclo. of Geography - 16 
 
 Sharp's British Gazetteer - - 19 
 
 Ure's Dictionary of Arts, &c. - - 22 
 
 Webster's Domestic Economy - 22 
 
 Religious & Moral Works. 
 
 Amy Herbert - - - - 19 
 
 Arrowsmith's Geogr. Diet, of Bible 3 
 Bloomfield's Greek Testament - 4 
 Calvert's Wife's Manual . . 6 
 
 Cleve Hall 19 
 
 Conybeare'3 Essays ... 6 
 Conybeare and Howson's St. Paul 6 
 Cotfon's Instructions in Chris'.ianity 7 
 Dale's Domestic Liturgy . - 7 
 Defence o( Eclipse 0/ Faith . - 7 
 Discipline - . ... 7 
 Earl's Daughter (The) - . .19 
 Eclipse of Kaith .... 7 
 Englishman's Greek Concordance 7 
 " Heb.&Chald.Concord. 7 
 
 Ztherid.e's Jerusalem ... 7 
 Experience (The) of Life . .19 
 Gertrude ..... 19 
 
 Harrison's Light of the Forge . 8 
 Hook's Lectureson Passion Week 9 
 Home's Introduction to Scriptures 10 
 " Abridgment of ditto . 10 
 Hutnphrcys's Parables Illuminated 10 
 
 Jameson's Sacred Legends - .11 
 " Monastic Legends - .11 
 .'.' Legcndsof the Madonna 11 
 Lectures on Female Em. 
 
 pl.yment H 
 
 Jeremy Taylor's Works - . . 11 
 Kalisch'sCommcntary on Exodus- 11 
 liatharine Ashton - - -19 
 
 Konigs Pictorial Life of Luther . 8 
 Laneton Parsonage - .19 
 
 Letters to my Unknown Friends . 12 
 " on Happiness - . - 12 
 Lynch's Rivulet .... 13 
 Lyra Germanica .... 5 
 Macnauglit on Inspiration . - 14 
 Maitland'sChurch inCatacombs . 14 
 
 Martineau's Christian Life . .14 
 
 " Hymns - • - 14 
 
 Milner's Churcli of Christ - . Ij 
 
 Montgomery's Original Hymns - 15 
 
 Moore on the Use of the Body - 16 
 
 " " Soul and Body - 16 
 
 " '6 Man and his Motives - 18 
 
 MoTinonism ..... 23 
 
 Neale's Closing Scene - - . 16 
 
 Newman's (J. H.; Discourses - 17 
 
 " on Universities . .16 
 
 Ranke's Ferdinand & Maximilian 23 
 
 Readings for Lent ... 19 
 
 '* Confirmation - - 19 
 
 Robinson's Lexicon to the Greek 
 
 Testament 18 
 
 Saints our Example - - .19 
 Sermon in the Mount . .19 
 
 Sinclair's Journey of Life - .20 
 Smith's (Sydney) Moral Philosophy 20 
 " (G.) Sacred Annals - . 20 
 " Harmony of Divine Dis- 
 pensations . - ... 20 
 " (J.) Voyage and Shipwreck 
 of St. Paul - - - . 20 
 Southey's Life of Wesley . - 20 
 Stephen's Ecclesiastical Biography 21 ' 
 Tayler's (J. J.) Discourses - - 21 
 Taylor's Loyola - . - - 21 
 " Wesley . - - - 21 
 Theologia Germanica ... 5 
 ■Thomson on the Atonement - - 21 
 Thumb Bible (The) - - 21 
 
 Tomline's Introduction to the Bi6!e '22 
 Turner's Sacred History- . - 22 
 Twining's Bible Types - - . 22 
 Wheeler's Popular Bible Harmony 24 
 Young's Christ of History - . 24 
 " Mjstery - - - .24 
 
 Poetry and tlie Drama. 
 
 Aikin's(Dr.l British Poets - - 3 
 
 Arnold's Poems .... 3 
 
 Baillie's (Joanna) Poetical Works 3 
 
 Bodc's Ballads from Herodotus - 4 
 
 Calvert's Wife's Manual . . 6 
 
 " Pneuma .... 6 
 
 Flowers and their Kindred Thoughts 11 
 
 Goldsmith's Poems, illustrated - 8 
 
 L.E.L.'s Poetical Works - - 12 
 
 Linwood's Anthologia Oxoniensis. 13 
 
 Lynch's Rivulet - - • . 13 
 
 Lyra Germanica .... 5 
 
 Macaulay's Lavs of Ancient Rome 13 
 
 Mac Donald's Within and Without 14 
 
 Montgomery's Poetical Works . 15 
 
 " Original Hymns - 15 
 
 Moore's Poetical Works - - 16 
 
 •* Epicurean ... - 11 
 
 ■' Lalla Rookh - . . 16 
 
 ** Irish Melodies - - - 16 
 
 " Songs and Ballads . - 16 
 
 Reade's Man in Paradise . - 18 
 
 Shakspearc.by Bowdler - .19 
 
 Southey's Poetical Works 
 
 British Poets . 
 Thomson's Seasons, illustrated 
 
 Political Economy antl 
 Statistics. 
 
 Caird's Letters on Agriculture . 6 
 
 Dodd's Food of London . . 7 
 
 Greg's Political and Social Essays 8 
 
 Jennings's Social Delusions - - 11 
 
 Laing's Notes of a Traveller- . 23 
 
 M'Culloch's Geog . Statist. &c. Diet. 14 
 " Dictionary of Commerce 14 
 
 ** London - - - 23 
 
 Tegoborski's Russian Statistics - 21 
 
 Willich's Popular Tables - - 24 
 
 The Sciences in general 
 and Mathematics. 
 
 Arago's Meteorological Essays - 3 
 
 *' Popular .Astronomy - - 3 
 
 Bourne on the Screw Propeller . 4 
 Catechism of the Steam- 
 
 Eng 
 
 i Dictionary of Science, &c, 4 
 
 " Lectures on Organic Chemistry 4 
 
 Brougham and Roiith's rriiicipia 4 
 
 Butler's Rolls Sermons - . . 5 
 
 Cresy's Civil Engineering - - 6 
 DelaBeche'sGeologyofCornwall,&c. 7 
 
 De la Rive's Electricity . . 7 
 
 Faraday's Non Metallic Elements 8 
 
 Grove's Correla. of Physical Forces 8 
 
 Herschel's Outlines ot' Astronomy 9 
 
 Holland's Mental Physiology . 9 
 
 Humboldt's Aspects of Nature . 10 
 
 " Cosmos ... 10 
 
 Hunt on Light .... 10 
 Kemp's Phasis of Matter . .11 
 
 Lardner's Cabinet Cyclopteuia . 12 
 
 Mann on Reproduction - - . 14 
 
 Marcet's (Mrs.) Conversations - 15 
 
 Morcll's Elements of Psychology - 16 
 
 Moseley'sEngineering&Architecturen 
 Nomos ...... 17 
 
 Our Coal Fields and our Coa'.-Pits 23 
 Owen's Lectureson Comp .Anatomy 17 
 Pereira on Polarised Liglit . .17 
 Peschel's Elements of Physics . 17 
 Phillips's Fossils of Cornwall, &c. 17 
 ** Mineralogy - - .17 
 " Guide to Geology . - 18 
 Portlock's Geologv of Londonderry 18 
 Powells Unity of 'Worlds - - 18 
 Smee's Elcctro-MetiiUurgy . .20 
 Steam-Engine(The) ... 4 
 Wilson's Electric Tel ?graph - - 23 
 
 Rural Sports. 
 
 Baker's Rifle and Hound in Ceylon 3 
 Blaine's Dictionary of SporU - * 
 Cecil's Stable Practice ... 6 
 " Stud Farm .... 6 
 The Cricket Field - ... 7 
 Davy's Piscatorial Colloquies - 7 
 Ephemera on Angling - . - 7 
 " Book of the Salmon - 7 
 Hawker's Young Sportsman - . 9 
 The Hunting Field ... 9 
 Idle's Hints on Shooting - - 10 
 Pocket and the Stud . . - 9 
 Practical Horsemanship . - 9 
 Richardson's Horsemanship - .18 
 Ronalds's Fly-Fisher's Entomo- 
 logy 18 
 
 Stable Talk and Table Talk - - 9 
 
 Stainton's June - - . - 21 
 
 Stonehenge on the Grevhound - 21 
 
 Thacker's Courser's Guide - - 21 
 
 The Stud, for Practical Purposes- 9 
 
 Veterinary Medicine, &c. 
 
 Cecil's Stable Practice . - 6 
 
 " Stud Farm ... 6 
 
 Hunting Field (The) - . - 9 
 
 Miles 's Horse-Shoeing - . - 15 
 
 " on the Ho-se's Foot - -. 15 
 
 Pocket and the Stud - - - 9 
 
 Practical Horsemanship - - 9 
 
 Richardson's Horsemanship - 18 
 
 Stable Talk and Table Talk • - 9 
 
 Stud (The) .... 9 
 
 Youatts The Dog .... 24 
 
 " The Horse . - - 21 
 
 Voyages and Travels. 
 
 Auldjo's Ascent 0.'' Mont Blanc . 23 
 
 Raines's Vaudois of Piedmont . 23 
 
 Baker's Wanderings in Ceylon . 3 
 
 Barrow's Continental Tour - - 23 
 
 Earth's African Travels . - 3 
 
 Burton's East .\frica - - - 5 
 
 " Medina and Mecca - - 5 
 
 Carlisle's Turkey and Greece - 6 
 
 De Custine's Russia - - 23 
 
 Eothen 23 
 
 Ferguson's Swiss Travels - - 23 
 
 Flemish Interiors - - - - 8 
 
 Forester's Rambles in Norway - 23 
 
 " Sardinia and Corsica - 8 
 
 Gironiire's Philippines . . - 23 
 
 G regorovius's Corsica . . - 23 
 
 Halloran's Japan ... - 8 
 
 Hill's Travels in Siberia - - 9 
 
 Hope's Brittany and the Bible - 23 
 
 " Chase in Biittanv - - 23 
 
 Howitfs Art-Student in Munich - 10 
 
 " (W.) Victoria - . . 10 
 
 Hue's Chinese Empire - - - 10 
 
 Hue and Gabet's TarUry & Thibet 23 
 Hudson and Kennedy's Mont 
 
 Blanc 10 
 
 Hughes's Australian Colonies - 23 
 
 Humboldt's Aspects of Nature - 10 
 
 Hurlbut's Pictures from Cuba . 23 
 
 Hutchinson's African Explor.ation 23 
 Jameson's Canada - - - .23 
 Jerrmann's St. Peteri>burg - .23 
 
 Kennard's Eastern Tour . - 11 
 
 Laing's Norway .... 23 
 
 " Notes of a Traveller - 23 
 
 M*Clure's North- West Passage . 14 
 
 Mason's Zulus of Natal - - 23 
 
 Mayne's Arctic Discoveries - - 23 
 Miles's Rambles in Iceland - -23 
 
 Pfeiffer's Voyage round the World 23 
 
 *' Second ditto - - -17 
 
 Scott's Danes and Swedes . - 19 
 Seaward's Narrative - - .19 
 
 Welds United States and Canada- 22 
 
 Werne's African Wanderings . 23 
 
 Wheeler's Travels of Her.dotus - 24 
 
 Wilberforce's Braiil &Slave-Trade 23 
 
 Works of Fiction. 
 
 Arnold's Oakfie'd ... 3 
 
 Macdonald's Villa Verocchio - 14 
 
 Sir Roger de Coverley - . - 20 
 
 Southey's The Doctor &c. . . 20 
 
 I Trollope's Warden - - - 22 
 
 I
 
 ALPHABETICAL CATALOGUE 
 
 of 
 
 NEW WORKS and NEW EDITIONS 
 
 PUBLISHED BX 
 
 Messrs. LONGMAN, BEOWN, QEEEN, LONGMANS, and EOBEETS, 
 
 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON. 
 
 Miss Acton's Modern Cookery, for Private 
 
 Families, I'educed to a System of Easy Pi-ae- 
 tice in a Series of carefully-tested Receipts, 
 in ■which the Principles of Baron Liebig and 
 other eminent Writers liave been as much as 
 possible ai^plied and explained. Newly re- 
 vised and enlarged Edition ; with 8 Plates, 
 comprising 27 Figures, and 150 Woodcuts. 
 Tcp. 8vo. 7s. 6d. 
 
 Acton.— The English Bread-Book, for 
 
 Domestic Use, adapted to Families of every 
 grade: Containing plain Instructions and 
 Practical Eeceipts for making numerous 
 -varieties of Bread ; with Notices of the 
 present System of Adulteration and its Con- 
 sequences, and of the Improved Baking Pro- 
 cesses and Institutions established Abroad. 
 By Eliza Acton. [/« the press. 
 
 Arago (F.)— Meteorological Essays. By 
 
 Francis Aeago. With an Introduction by 
 Baeon Humboldt. Translated under the 
 superintendenceof Lieut.-Colonel E. Sabine, 
 R.A,, Treasiu-er and V.P.E.S. 8vo. 18s. 
 
 Arago' s Popular Astronomy. Translated and 
 Edited by Admiral W. II. Smyth, For. Sec. 
 E.S. ; and Eobeet G-eant, M.A., F.E.A.S. 
 In Two Volumes. Vol. I. 8vo. with Plates 
 and Woodcuts, 2l3. 
 
 Arago's Lives of Distinguished Scientific Men. 
 Translated by the Eev. Baden Powell, 
 M.A. ; Eear-Admu-al W. H. Smyth ; and 
 E. Geant, M.A. Svo. {Nearly ready. 
 
 Aikin. — Select Works of the British 
 
 Poets, from Ben Jonson to Beattie. With 
 Biographical and Critical Prefaces by De. 
 Aikin. New Edition, with Supplement by 
 Lucy Aikin ; consisting of additional Selec^ 
 tions fi'om more recent Poets. Svo. price 18s. 
 
 Arnold.— Oakfield ; or, Fellowship in the 
 
 East. By W. D. Aenold, Lieutenant 
 58th Eegiraent, Bengal Native Infantry. 
 Second Edition. 2 vols, post Svo. price 2l8, 
 
 Arnold.— Poems. By Matthew Arnold. 
 
 Second Edition of the First Series. Fcp. 
 Svo. price 5s. 6d. 
 
 Arnold.— Poems. By Matthew Arnold. 
 
 Second Series, about one-third new ; the rest 
 finally selected from the Volumes of 1849 and 
 1852, now withdrawn. Fcp. Svo. price 5s. 
 
 Arnqtt.-On the Smokeless Fire-place, 
 
 Chimney- valves, and other means, old and 
 new, of obtaining Healthful Warmth and 
 Ventilation. ByNEiLAfiNOTT, M.D.,F.E.S., 
 F.G.S. Svo. 6s. 
 
 Arrowsmith. — A Geographical Dic- 
 tionary of the Holy Scriptures : Including 
 also Notices of the chief Places and People 
 mentioned in the APOCEYPHA. By the 
 Eev. A. Aeeowsmith, M.A. Svo. 153. 
 
 Joanna Baillie's Dramatic and Poetical 
 
 Works : Comprising the Plays of the Pas- 
 sions, Miscellaneous Dramas, Metrical Le- 
 gends, Fugitive Pieces, and Ahalya Baee. 
 Second Edition, with a Life of Joanna 
 BaiUie, Portrait, and Vignette. Square 
 crown Svo. 2l3. cloth ; or 42s. bound in 
 morocco by Hayday, 
 
 Baker. — Eight Years' Wanderings in 
 
 Ceylon. By S. W. Bakee, Esq. With 
 6 coloured Plates. Svo. price 15s. 
 
 Baker.— The Rifle and the Hound in Ceylon. 
 By S. W. Bakee, Esq. With eoloui-ed 
 Plates and Woodcuts. Svo. price 14s. 
 
 Dr. Earth's Travels and Discoveries in 
 
 Africa. With Maps and Illustrations. Com- 
 prising Jom-neys from Tripoli to Kouka ; 
 from Kouka to Yola, the Capital of Ada- 
 mawa, and back ; to Kanem, accompanying 
 a Slave-Hunting Expedition to Musgo ; and 
 his Journey to and Eesidence in Bagirmo. 
 Also, a Journey from Eouka to Timbuctoo ; 
 Eesidence in Timbuctoo j and Journey back 
 to Kouka. Vols. I., II., and III. Svo. 
 
 {Nearly ready. 
 
 B 2
 
 NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 Bayldon's Art of Valuing Rents and 
 
 Tillages, and Claims of Tenants upon 
 Quitting Eai-ms, both at Michaelmas and 
 Lady-Day ; as revised by Mr. Donaldson. 
 Seventh Edition, enlarged and adapted to the 
 Present Time : With the Principles and 
 Mode of Valuing Land and other Property 
 for Parochial Assessment and Enfranchise- 
 ment of Copyholds, under the recent Acts of 
 Parhament. By Eobeet Baker, Land- 
 Ageut and Valuer. S\o. 10s. 6d. 
 
 Black's Practical Treatise on Brewing, 
 
 based on Chemical and Economical Princi- 
 ples : With Formulae for Public Brewers, and 
 Instructions for Private Families. New- 
 Edition, with Additions. 8vo. 10s. 6d. 
 
 Blaine's Encyclopgedia of Rural Sports; 
 
 or, a complete Account, Historical, Prac- 
 tical, and Descriptive, of Hunting, Shooting, 
 Fishing, Racing, and other Field Sports and 
 Athletic Amusements of the present day. 
 New Edition, revised by Haeet Hieotee, 
 Ephemeea, and Mr. A. Geaham. With 
 upwards of 600 Woodcuts. 8vo. price 50s. 
 half-bound. 
 
 Blair's Chronological and Historical 
 
 Tables, from the Creation to the Pi'esent 
 Time : With Additions and Corrections from 
 tlie most authentic Writers ; including the 
 Computation of St. Paul, as connecting the 
 Period from the Exode to the Temple. 
 Under the revision of Sie Henet Ellis, 
 K.H. Imperial 8vo. 31s. 6d. half-morocco. 
 
 Bloomfield. — The Greek Testament, 
 
 with copious English Notes, Critical, Phi- 
 lological, and Explanatory. Especially 
 adapted to the use of Theological Students 
 and Ministers. By the Rev. S. T. Bloom- 
 field, D.D., F.S.A. Ninth Edition, revised 
 throughout ; with Dr. Bloomfield's S/<pj}7e- 
 mentary Annotations incorporated. 2 vols. 
 Svo. with Map, price £2. 83. 
 
 Dr. Bloomfield's College and School Greek 
 Testament: With brief EngUsh Notes, chiefly 
 Philological and Explanatory, especially 
 formed for use in Colleges and the Public 
 Schools. Seventh Edition, improved ; with 
 Map and Index. Fcp. Svo. 7s. 6d. 
 
 Dr. Bloomfield's College and School Lexi- 
 con to the Greek Testament. Fcp. Svo. 
 price IDs. 6d, 
 
 Bode.— Ballads from Herodotus : With 
 
 an Introductory Poem. By the Rev. J. E. 
 Bode, M.A., late Student of Christ Cliurch. 
 Second Edition, with fom- additional Pieces. 
 16mo. price Ts. 
 
 Bourne.— A Treatise on the Steam-En- 
 
 gine, in its Application to Mines, Mills, 
 Steam-Navigation, and Railways. By the 
 Artisan Club. Edited by JohnBouene, C.E. 
 New Edition ; with 33 Steel Plates and 349 
 Wood Engravings. 4to. price 27s. 
 
 Bourne's Catechism of the Steam-Engine in 
 its various Applications to Mines, Mills, 
 Steam-Navigation, Railways, and Agricul- 
 ture: With Practical Instructions for the 
 Manufactui'e and Management of Engines 
 of every class. Fourth Edition, enlarged ; 
 with 89 Woodcuts. Fcp. Svo. 6s. 
 
 Bourne.— A Treatise on the Screw Pro- 
 peller: With various Suggestions of Im- 
 provement. By John Bouene, C.E. New 
 Edition, thoroughly revised and corrected. 
 With 20 large Plates and numerous Wood- 
 cuts. 4to. price 38s. 
 
 Brande.— A Dictionary of Science, Litera- 
 ture, and Ai-t : Comprising the History, 
 Description, and Scientific Principles of 
 every Branch of Human Knowledge ; with 
 the Derivation and Definition of all the 
 Terms in general use. Edited by W. T. 
 Beande, F.R.S.L. and E. ; assisted by De. 
 J. Catjvin. Third Edition, revised and cor- 
 rected ; with numerous Woodcuts. Svo, 60s. 
 
 Professor Brande's Lectures on Organic 
 
 Chemistry, as applied to Manufactures ; 
 including Dyeing, Bleaching, Calico-Print- 
 ing, Sugar-Manufacture, the Preservation 
 of Wood, Tanning, &c. ; delivered before the 
 Members of the Royal Institution. Arranged 
 by permission from the Lecturer's Notes by 
 J. ScoFFEEN, M.B. Fcp. Svo. with Wood- 
 cuts, price 7s. 6d. 
 
 Brewer.— An Atlas of History and Geo- 
 graphy, from the Commencement of the 
 Christian Era to the Present Time : Com- 
 prising a Series of Sixteen coloured Maps, 
 arranged in Chronological Order, with Illus- 
 trative ilcmoirs. By tlie Rev. J. S. Bbe'\vi;b, 
 M.A., Professor of English History and 
 Literature in King's College, London. The 
 Maps engraved by E. WeUer, F.R.G.S. 
 Royal Svo. 12s. 6d. half-boimd. 
 
 Brodie. — Psychological Inquiries, in a 
 
 Series of Essays intended to illustrate the 
 Influence of the Physical Organisation on 
 the Mental Faculties. By Sie Benjamin C. 
 Beodie, Bart. Third Edition. Fcp. Svo. 5s. 
 
 Brougham and Routh.— Analytical View 
 
 of Sir Isaac Newton's Principia. By Henbx 
 LoED Beougham, F.R.S., Member of the 
 National Institute of France and of the 
 Roval Academy of Naples; and E. J.Routf, 
 B.A., Fellow of St. Peter's College, Cam- 
 bridge. Svo. price 14s.
 
 PUBLISHED BY LONGMAN, BROWN, and CO. 
 
 Buckingham.— Autobiography of James 
 
 Silk Buckingham : Including his Yoyages, 
 Travels, Adventui-es, Speciilations, Suc- 
 cesses and Failures, frankly and faitlifully 
 narrated ; with Characteristic Sketches of 
 Pubhc Men. A^ols. I. and II. post 8vo. 21s. 
 
 *** Vols. III. and IV., editeil by the Author's Son, a:nT 
 completing the work, are preparing for publication. 
 
 Bull. — The Maternal Management of 
 
 Children in Health and Disease. By 
 T. BuiL, M.D., Member of the Eoyal 
 College of Physicians ; formerly Physician- 
 Accoucheur to the Finsbury Midwifery 
 Institution. New Edition. Fcp. 8to. Ss. 
 
 Dr. T. Ball's Hints to Mothers ou the Manage- 
 ment of their Health during tlie Period of 
 Pregnancy and in the Lying-in Boom : With 
 an Exposure of Popular Errors in connexion 
 with those subjects, &c. ; and Hints upon 
 Nursing. New Edition. Fcp. 8ro. Ss. 
 
 Bunsen. — Christianity and Mankind, 
 
 their Beginnings and Prospects. By 
 Christian Chaeles Josias Bunsen, D.D., 
 D.C.L., D.Ph. Being a New Edition, cor- 
 rected, remodelled, and extended, of Hip- 
 polytvs and his Age. 7 vols. 8vo. £5, 5s. 
 
 *** This .Second Edition of the HippoJyttis is composed 
 of three distinct works, which may be had separately, as 
 follows :— 
 
 1. Hippolytus and his Ape ; or, the Beginnings and 
 Prospects of Christianity. 2 vols. 8vo. price £'1. los. 
 
 2. Oatline of the Philosophy of Universal Historj- ap- 
 plied to Language iind Religion : Containing an Ac- 
 count of the Alphabetical Conferences. 2 vols. Svo. 
 price £1. 13s. 
 
 3. Analccta Antc-Xica?na. 3 vols. Svo. price £2. 2s. 
 
 Bunsen.— Lyra Germanica: Hymns for 
 
 the Sitndays and chief Festivals of the 
 Christian Year. Translated from the 
 German by Catheeine Winkwobth. 
 Second Edition. Fcp. Svo. 5s. 
 
 *«* This selection of German Hymns has been made from 
 a collection published in Germany by the Chevalier Bun se:x ; 
 and foiTus a companion volume to 
 
 Theologia Germanica: WMch setteth forth 
 many fair lineaments of Divine Truth, and 
 saith very lofty and lovely things touching 
 a Perfect Life. Translated by Susanna 
 WiNiCTVOETH. With a Preface by the Eev. 
 Chaeles Kingsley ; and a Letter by Cheva- 
 lier Bunsen. Second Edition. Fcp. Svo. 5s. 
 
 Bunsen. — Egypt's Place in Universal 
 
 History : An Historical Investigation, in 
 Five Books. By C, C. J. Bunsen, D.D., 
 D.C.L., D.Ph. Translated from the Ger- 
 man by C. H. COTTEELI,, Esq., M.A. 
 With manv Illustrations. Yol. I. Svo. 28s. ; 
 Vol. II. 8vo. 30s. 
 
 Burton.— First Footsteps in East Africa ; 
 
 or, an Exploration of Harar. By Eichaed 
 F. BUETON, Bombay Army ; Autlior of A 
 Filgrimage to Medina and Mecca. With Maps 
 and coloured Plates. Svo. ISs, 
 
 Burton. — Personal Narrative of a Pil- 
 grimage to El-Mediuah and Meccah. By 
 Eichaed F. Burton, Bombay Army. With 
 Map, Plates, and Woodcuts. 3 vols. Svo. 
 price £2. 3s. 
 
 Burton (J.H.)— The History of Scotland, 
 
 from the Eevolution to the Extinction of the 
 Last Jacobite Insm-rection (1689-174S). By 
 John Hill Bueton. 2 vols. Svo. 263. 
 
 Bishop S. Butler's General Atlas of 
 
 Modern and Ancient Geography ; compris- 
 ing Fifty-two full-coloured Maps ; with 
 complete Indices. New Edition, nearly all 
 re-engraved, enlarged, and greatly improved. 
 Edited by the Author's Son. Eoyal 4to. 
 24s. half-bound. 
 
 [ The Modern Atlas of 28 full-coloured Maps. 
 -coloured Maps. 
 
 Separately 
 
 ( The Modern Atlas of 28 full-c 
 . ) Koyal Svo. price lis. 
 ' J The Ancient Atlas of 21 full-c< 
 
 I Koyal Svo. price 12s. 
 
 Bishop S. Butler's Sketch of Modern and 
 
 Ancient Geography. New Edition, tho- 
 roughly revised, with such Alterations intro- 
 duced as continually progressive Discoveries 
 and the latest Information have rendered 
 necessary. Post Svo. price 7s. 6d. 
 
 Bishop J. Butler's Fifteen Sermons 
 
 preached at the EoUs Chapel. With Notes, 
 Analytical, Explanatory, and Illustrative, 
 and Observations in reply to Mackintosh, 
 Wardlaw, and Maurice, by Eev. Egbert 
 Caeiiichael, M.A., Fellow of Trinity Col- 
 lege, Dublin. Svo. 9s. 
 
 The Cabinet Lawyer : A Popular Digest 
 
 of the Laws of England, Civil and Criminal ; 
 with a Dictionary of Law Terms, Maxims, 
 Statutes, and Judicial Antiquities ; Correct 
 Tables of Assessed Taxes, Stamp Duties, 
 Es^cise Licenses, and Post-Horse Duties ; 
 Post-Office Eegidations ; and Prison Disci- 
 phne. 17th Edition, comprising the Pubhc 
 Acts of the Session 1S56. Fcp. Svo. lOs. 6d. 
 
 The Cabinet Gazetteer: A Popular Expo- 
 sition of All the Countries of the World ; 
 then' Government, Popvilation, Eevenues, 
 Commerce, and Industries ; Agricultural, 
 Manufactured, and Mineral Products ; Ee- 
 ligion. Laws, Manners, and Social State : 
 With brief Notices of their History and An- 
 tiquities. By the Author of The Cabinet 
 Laicger. Fcp. Svo. 10s. 6d. cloth j or 13s. 
 bound in calf. 
 
 b3
 
 NEW WOEKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 Caird.— English Agriculture in 1850 and 
 
 1851 : Its Condition and Prospects. By 
 James Caied, Esq., of Baldoon, Agricultural 
 Commissioner of The Times, The Second 
 Edition. 8vo. price 14s. 
 
 Calvert.— Pneuma ; or, the Wandering 
 
 Soi-d : A Parable, in Rhyme and Outline. 
 By the Rev. "William Calveet, M.A., 
 Minor Canon of St. Paul's Cathedral. With 
 20 Etchings by the Author. Square crown 
 Bvo. 10s. 6d. 
 
 Calvert. — The Wife's Manual ; or, 
 
 Prayers, Thoughts, and Songs on Seyeral 
 Occasions of a Matron's Life. By the Rev. 
 W. Calveet, M.A. Ornamented from De- 
 signs by the Author in the style of Queen 
 Elizabeth's Prayer-Book. Second Edition. 
 Crown Bvo. lOs. 6d. 
 
 Carlisle (Lord).— A Diary in Turkish and 
 
 Greek Waters. By the Right Hon. the 
 Eael of Carlisle. Fifth Edition. PostSvo. 
 price 10s. 6d. 
 
 Catlow.— Popular Conchology ; or, the 
 
 Shell Cabinet arranged according to the 
 Modern System : With a detailed Account 
 oi the Animals, and a complete Descriptive 
 List of the Families and Genera of Recent 
 and Fossil Shells. By Agnes Catlow. 
 Second Edition, much improved ; with 405 
 Woodcut Illustrations. Post Bvo. price 14s. 
 
 Cecil — The Stud Farm; or, Hints on 
 
 Breeding Horses for the Turf, the Chase, and 
 the Road. Addressed to Breeders of Raee- 
 Horses and Hunters, Landed Proprietors, 
 and especially to Tenant Farmers. By 
 Cecil. Fcp. Bvo. with Frontispiece, 5s. 
 
 Cecil's Stable Practice ; or, Hints on Training 
 for the Turf, the Chase, and the Road ; 
 with Observations on Racing and Hunt- 
 ing, Wasting, Race-Riding, and Handi- 
 capping : Addressed to Owners of Racers, 
 Hunters, and other Horses, and to all who 
 are concerned in Racing, Steeple- Chasing, 
 and FoxHunting. Fcp. Bvo. with Plate, 
 price 5s. half-bound. 
 
 Chevreul On the Harmony and Contrast 
 
 of Colours, and their Applications to the 
 Arts : Including Painting, Interior Decora- 
 tion, Tapestries, Carpets, Mosaics, Coloured 
 Glazing, Paper- Staining, Calico-Printing, 
 Letterpress-Printing, Map-Colouring,Dress, 
 Landscape and Flower-Gardening, &c. &c. 
 Translated by Charles Martel. Second 
 Edition ; with 4 Plates. Crown Bvo. 
 price 10s. 6d. 
 
 Chapman.— History of Gustavus Adol- 
 
 phus, and of the Thirty Years' War up to the 
 King's Death : With some Account of its 
 Conclusion by the Peace of Westphalia, in 
 1G48. By B. Chapman, M.A., Vicar of 
 Letherhead. Bvo. with Plans, 12s. 6d. 
 
 Clinton.— Literary Remains of Henry 
 
 Fynes Clinton, M.A., Author of the Fasti 
 Hellenici, the Fasti Rotnani, &c. : Comprising 
 an Autobiography and Literary Journal, 
 and brief Essays on Theological Subjects. 
 Edited by the Rev. C. J. Fynes Clinton, 
 M.A. Post 8vo. 9s. 6d. 
 
 Conybeare.— Essays, Ecclesiastical and 
 
 Social : Reprinted, with Additions, from the 
 Edinburgh Review. By the Rev. W. J. 
 Conybeare, M.A., late Fellow of Trinity 
 College, Cambridge. Bvo. 12s. 
 
 Conybeare and Howson.— The Life and 
 
 Epistles of Saint Paul : Comprising a 
 
 complete Biography of the Apostle, and 
 
 a Translation of his Epistles inserted in 
 
 Chronological Order. By the Rev. W. J. 
 
 Conybeare, M.A. ; and the Rev. J. S. 
 
 Howson, M.A. Second Edition, carefuUy 
 
 revised and corrected, and printed in a more 
 
 convenient form ; with sevei-al Maps and 
 
 Woodcuts, and 4 Plates. 2 vols, square 
 
 crown Bvo. 3ls. 6d. cloth. 
 
 *** The Oiisinal Edition, with more numerous Illustra- 
 tions, in 2 vols. 4to. price 488. — may also be had. 
 
 Dr. Copland's Dictionary of Practical 
 
 Medicine : Comprising General Pathology, 
 the Nature and Treatment of Diseases, 
 Morbid Structures, and the Disorders es- 
 pecially incidental to Climates, to Sex, and 
 to the different Epochs of Life ; with nume- 
 rous approved FormulsB of the Medicines 
 recommended. Vols. I. and II. 8vo. price 
 £3 J and Parts X. to XVII. 4s. 6d. each. 
 
 *** Part XVIII., completing tlie -n-ork, is preparing for 
 publication. 
 
 Cresy's Encyclopssdia of Civil Engi- 
 
 neermg. Historical, Theoretical, and Prac- 
 tical. Illustrated by upwards of 3,000 
 Woodcuts. Second Edition, revised and 
 brought down to the Present Time in a 
 Supplement, comprisingMetroiJolitan Water- 
 Supply, Drainage of Towns, Railways, 
 Cubical Pi-oportion, Brick and Iron Con- 
 struction, Iron Screw Piles, Tubular Bridges, 
 k,2. Bvo. 63s. cloth. — Tlic Supplement 
 separately, price 10s. 6d. cloth. 
 
 Cotton.— Instructions in the Doctrine 
 
 and Practice of Christianity. Intended 
 chiefly as an Introduction to Confirmation. 
 By G. E. L. Cotton, M,A., late Fellow of 
 Trinity College, Cambridge. ISmo. 2s. 6d.
 
 PUBLISHED BY LOKGMAK, BEOWN, aitd CO. 
 
 The Cricket- Field ; or, the Science and 
 
 History of the Game of Cricket. By the 
 Author of Principles of Scientific Baiting. 
 Second Edition, greatly improved ; -with 
 Plates and Woodcuts. Fcp. 8to. price 5s. 
 half-bound. 
 
 Lady Gust's Invalid's Book. — The In- 
 valid's Own Book : A Collection of Recipes 
 from various Books and various Countries. 
 By the Honourable Lady Cust. Second 
 Edition. Fcp. 8vo. price 2e. 6d. 
 
 Dale.— The Domestic Liturgy and Family 
 
 Chaplain, in Two Parts : Paet I. Church 
 Services adapted for Domestic U&e, with 
 Prayers for Every Day of the Week, selected 
 from the Book of Common Prayer ; Part 
 II. an appropriate Sermon for Evoiy Sunday 
 in the Yeai\ By the Bev. Thomas Daxe, 
 M.A., Canon Eesidentiary of St. Pavd's. 
 Second Edition. Post 4to. 21s. cloth ; 
 31s. 6d. calf ; or £2. lOs. morocco. 
 
 Separately | 
 
 The Family Chaplaix, 123. 
 The Domestic Liiprgt, 10s. 6cI. 
 
 Davy (Dr. J.) — The Angler and his 
 
 Friend ; or. Piscatory Colloquies and Fish- 
 ing Excursions. By John Davy, M.D., 
 F.E.S., &c. Fcp. 8vo. price 6s. 
 
 Delabeche.— Repoii on the Geology of 
 
 Cornwall, Devon, and West Somerset. By 
 Sir Henry T. DsLABEcnE, F.R.S., late 
 Director- General of the Geological Survey. 
 With Maps, Plates, and Woodcuts. Svo. 
 price 14s. 
 
 De la Rive.— A Treatise on Electricity, 
 
 in Theory and Practice. By A. De la Eive, 
 Professor in the Academy of Geneva. Trans- 
 lated for the Author by C. Y. Waleek, 
 F.R.S. In Three Volumes ; with numerous 
 Woodcuts. Yol. I. Svo. price IBs. ; Yol. II. 
 price 28s. 
 
 Dennistoun. — Memoirs of Sir Robert 
 
 Strange, Knight, Engraver, Member of 
 several Foreign Academies of Design ; and 
 of his Brother-in-law, Andrew Lumisden. 
 By James Dennistoun, of Dennistoun. 
 2 vols, post Svo. with Illustrations, 21s. 
 
 Digby.— The Lover's Seat: Kathemerina; 
 
 or, Common Things in relation to Beauty, 
 Yirtue, and Truth. By Kenelm Henry 
 Digby, Author of Bfores Catholici, &o. 2 vols. 
 fcp. Svo. 12a. 
 
 Discipline. By the Author of " Letters 
 
 to my Unknown Friends," &e. Second 
 Edition, enlarged. ISmo. price 2s. 6d. 
 
 D odd.— The Food of London : A Sketch 
 
 of the chief Yarictics, Sources of Suj-iply, 
 probable Quantities, Modes of Arrival, Pro- 
 cesses of Manufacture, suspected Adultera- 
 tion, and Machinery of Distribution of the 
 Food for a Community of Two Millions and 
 a Half. By George Dodd, Author of 
 British Manufactures, kc. Post Svo. 10s. 6d.- 
 
 The Eclipse of Faith ; or, a Visit to a 
 
 Eeligious Sceptic. Ith Edition. Fcp. Svo. 5s. 
 
 Defencs of The Eclipse of Faith, by its 
 Author : Being a Rejoinder to Professor 
 Newman's Repli/ .- Including a full Exami- 
 nation of that Writer's Criticism on the 
 Cliaracter of Christ ; and a Chapter on the 
 Aspects and Pretensions of Modem Deism. 
 Second Editin, revised. Post Svo. 5s. 6d. 
 
 The Englishman's Greek Concordance of 
 
 the New Testament : Being an Attempt at a 
 Yerbal Connexion between the Greek and 
 the English Texts ; including a Concordance 
 to the Proper Names, with Indexes, Greek- 
 English and English Greek. New Edition, 
 ■with a new Index. Royal Svo. price 42s. 
 
 The Englishman's Hebrew and Chaldee Con- 
 cordance of the Old Testament : Being an 
 Attempt at a Yerbal Connexion between 
 the Original and the English Translations ; 
 with Indexes, a List of the Proper Names 
 and their Occurrences, &c. 2 vols, royal 
 Svo. £3. 13s. 6d. j large paper, £4. 14s. 6d. 
 
 Ephemera's Handbook of Angling; 
 
 teaching Fly-Fishing, Trolling, Bottom- 
 Fiihing, Salmon-Fishing ; -with the Natural 
 History of River-Fish, and the best Modes 
 of Catching them. Third Edition, corrected 
 and improved; with Woodcuts. Fcp. Svo 5s. 
 
 Ephemera. — The Book of the Salmon: Com- 
 prising the Tlieory, Principles, and Prac- 
 tice of Fly-Fishing for Salmon ; Lists of 
 good Salmon Fhes for every good Eiver in 
 the Empii-e ; the Natural History of the 
 Salmon, its Habits described, and the best 
 ■way of artificially Breeding it. By Ephe- 
 mera ; assisted by Andrew Young. Fcp. 
 Svo. with coloured Plates, price 14s. 
 
 W. Erskine, Esq. — History of India 
 
 imder Babcr and Humayun, the Fu'st Two 
 Sovereigns of the House of Taimur. By 
 William Erskine, Esq. 2 vols. Svo. 323. 
 
 Etheridge. — Jerusalem and Tiberias ; 
 
 Sora and Cordova : A Yiew of the Eeligious 
 and Scholastic Learning of the Jews. De- 
 signed as an Introduct'on to Hebrew Lite- 
 rature. By J. W. Etheridge, M.A., Ph.D. 
 Post Svo. 7s. 6d. 
 
 B 4
 
 NEW WOEKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 Fairbairn— Useful Information for En- 
 gineers : Being a Series of Lectures delivered 
 to the Working Engineers of Yorkshire and 
 Lancashire. With a Series of Appendices, 
 containing the Results of Experimental In- 
 quiries into the Strength of Materials, the 
 Causes of Boiler Explosions, &c. By 
 WiLLiAir Fairbaien, F.E.S., F.G.S. With 
 Plates and Woodcuts. Eoyal 8vo. price 15s. 
 
 Faraday (Professor). — The Subject- 
 
 Matter of Six Lectures on the Non-Metallic 
 Elements, delivered before the Members 
 of the Eoyal Institution, by Peofessoe 
 Faeaday, D.C.L., F.E.S., &c. Arranged by 
 permission from the Lectm-er's Notes by 
 J. ScoFFEEN, M.B. Fcp. 8vo. price 5s. 6d. 
 
 Flemish Interiors. By the Writer of 
 
 J Glance hehind the Grilles of Relujious 
 Houses in France. Fcp. 8vo. 7s. 6d. 
 
 Forester.— Travels in the Islands of Cor- 
 sica and Sardinia. By Thomas Foeestee, 
 Avithor of Raiuhles in Norway. With nume- 
 rous coloured Illustrations and Woodcuts, 
 from Sketches made during the Tour by 
 Lieutenant- Colonel M. A. Biddulph, E.A. 
 Imperial 8vo. \In the press. 
 
 Fulcher.— Life of Thomas Gainsborough, 
 E.A. By the late GEOEaE Williams 
 Ftjlcher. Edited by his SoK. With 4 
 Illustrations. Neiv Edition. Fcp. 8vo. 
 
 [Nearly ready. 
 
 Gilbart.— A Practical Treatise on Bank- 
 ing. By James William Gilbaet, F.E.S., 
 Genei'al Manager of the London and West- 
 minster Bank. Si.rth Edition, revised 
 and enlarged. 2 vols. 12mo. Portrait, I63. 
 
 Gilbart. — Logic for the Million : a 
 
 Familiar Exposition of the Art of Eeasoning. 
 By J. W. Gilbaet, F.E.S. 4th Edition ; 
 ■with Portrait of the Author. 12mo. 3s. 6d. 
 
 Gilbart.— Logic for the young: Consisting of 
 Twenty-five Lessons in the Art of Eeasoning. 
 Selected from the Logic of Dr. Isaac Watts. 
 By J. W. Gilbaet, F.E.S. 12mo. Is. 
 
 The Poetical Works of Oliver Goldsmith. 
 
 Edited by Bolton Coenet, Esq. Illustrated 
 by Wood Engravings, from Designs by 
 Members of the Etching Club. Squai'e 
 ci'own 8vo. cloth, 21s. ; morocco, £1. 16s. 
 
 Gosse. — A NaturaUst's Sojourn in 
 Jamaica. By P. H. Gosse, Esq. With 
 Plates. Post 8vo. price 14s. 
 
 Mr. W. R. Greg's Contributions to The 
 
 Edinbm'gh Ecview. — Essays on Political and 
 Social Science. Contributed chiefly to the 
 Edinburgh Review. By WiLLIAM E. GeeG. 
 2 vols, 8vo. price 24s. 
 
 Grove. — The Correlation of Physical 
 Forces. By W. E. Geote, Q.C, M.A., 
 F.E.S., &c. Third Edition ; with Notes and 
 Eeferences. 8vo. price 7s. 
 
 Gurney.— St. Louis and Henri IV. : Being 
 
 a Second Series of Historical Sketches, 
 By the Eev. J. Hampden Gueney, M.A. 
 Fcp. 8vo. 6s. 
 
 Evening Recreations ; or, Samples from 
 
 the Lccture-Eoom. Edited by the Eev. 
 John Hampden Gtjeney, M.A., Eector of 
 St. Mary's, Mai-ylobone. Crown 8vo. 5s. 
 
 Gwilt.— AnEncyclopsediaofArchitecture, 
 
 Historical, Theoretical, and Practical. By 
 Joseph Gwilt. With more than 1,000 
 Wood Engravings, from Designs by J. S. 
 Gwilt. Third Edition. 8vo. 42s. 
 
 Halloran.— Eight Months' Journal of 
 
 Visit to Japan, Loochoo, and Pootoo. By 
 Alfred Laurence Halloean, Master 
 E.N., F.E.G.S., Polperro, Cornwall. With 
 Etchings and Woodcuts from Designs by 
 the Author. Post 8vo. [Nearly ready. 
 
 Hare (Archdeacon).— The Life of Luther, 
 
 in Forty-eight Historical Engravings. By 
 Gttstav Konig. With Explanations by 
 Archdeacon Haee and Susanna Wine:- 
 WOETH. Fcp. 4to. price 28s. 
 
 Harford.— Life of Michael Angelo Buo- 
 
 narrotti ; comprising Memoirs of Savonarola 
 and Yittoria Colonna, and much Contem- 
 poraneous History. By John S. Haefoed, 
 D.C.L., F.E.S., Member of the Eoman Aca- 
 demy of Painting of St. Luke, and of the 
 Archfeologieal Society of Eome. 2 vols. 
 Svo. with Portrait of Michael Angelo, and 
 numerous Illustrations. [In the press. 
 
 Also, to be sold separately, in folio, 
 Engravings illustrative of the Works of Michael 
 
 Aiiselo, botli in Painting and Architecture; with Ex- 
 plauatorv Descriptions of the latter, by C. E. COCK- 
 EEiiLL, Esq., R.A. 
 
 Harrison.— The Light of the Forge ; or, 
 
 Counsels dra^vn from the Sick-Bed of E. M. 
 By the Eev. W. Haeeison, M.A., Domestic 
 Cliaplain to H.E.H. the Duchess of Cam- 
 bridge. Fcp. Svo. price 5s.
 
 PUBLISHED BY LOiVGMAN, BROWN, and CO. 
 
 Harry Hieover.— Stable Talk and Table 
 
 Talk ; or, Spectacles for Young Sportsmen. 
 By Haeet Hieovee. New Edition, 2 vols. 
 8vo. with Portrait, price 24s. 
 
 Harry Hieover.- The Hunting-Field. By Harry 
 HiEOTEE. With Two Plates. Fcp. 8vo. 
 5s. half-bound. 
 
 Harry Hieover.— Practical Horseman- 
 ship. By Haeey Hieovee. Second Edition ; 
 with 2 Plates. Fcp. 8vo. 5s. half-bound. 
 
 Hany Hieover.— The Stud, for Practical Pur- 
 poses and Practical Men : Being a Guide 
 to the Choice of a Horse for use more than 
 for show. By Haeet Hieovee. With 2 
 Plates. Fcp. 8vo. price 5s. half-bound. 
 
 Han-y Hieover.— The Pocket and the Stud ; or, 
 Practical Hints on the Management of the 
 Stable. By Haeet Hieovee. Second 
 Edition ; with Portrait of the Author. Fcp. 
 8yo. price 5s. half-bound. 
 
 Hassall (Dr.)— Food and its Adultera- 
 tions : Comprising the Reports of the Ana- 
 lytical Sanitary Commission of The Lancet 
 for the Years 1851 to 1854 inclusive, revised 
 and extended. By Aethue Hill Hassall, 
 M.D., &c., Chief Analyst of the Commission. 
 8vo. with 159 Woodcuts, 283. 
 
 Col. Hawker's Instructions to Young 
 
 Sportsmen in all that relates to Guns and 
 Shooting. 10th Edition, revised and brought 
 down to the Present Time, by the Author's 
 Son, Major P. AV. L. Haweee. With a 
 New Portrait of the Author, and numerous 
 Plates and Woodcuts. 8vo. 21s. 
 
 Haydon.— The Life of Benjamin Robert 
 
 Haydon, Historical Painter, from his Auto- 
 biography and Joiu'nals. Edited and com- 
 piled by Tom Tatloe, M.A., of the Inner 
 Temple, Esq. 3 vols, post 8vo. 31s. 6d. 
 
 Haydn's Book of Dignities : Containing 
 
 Rolls of the Official Personages of the British 
 Empire, Civil, Ecclesiastical, Judicial, Mili- 
 taiy, Naval, and Municipal, from the Earliest 
 Periods to the Present Time. Together 
 with the Sovereigns of Europe, from the 
 Foundation of their respective States ; the 
 Peerage and Nobility of Great Britain ; &c. 
 Being a New Edition, improved and conti- 
 nued, of Beatson's Political Index. 8vo. 
 25s. half-bound. 
 
 Herring. — Paper and Paper-Making, 
 
 Ancient and Modern. By Richaed Hee- 
 EING. With an Introduction by the Rev. 
 Geoege Crolt, LL.D. Second Edition, 
 with Plates and Specunens. 8vo. 7s. 6d. 
 
 Sir John Herschel.— Outlines of Astro- 
 nomy. By SiE John F. W. Heeschel, 
 Bart., &c. New Edition; with Plates and 
 Wood Engravmgs. 8vo. price 18s. 
 
 Hill.-Travels in Siberia. By S. S. Hill, 
 
 Esq., Author of Travels on the Shores of 
 the Baltic. With a large Map of European 
 and Asiatic Russia. 2 vols, post Svo. 24s. 
 
 Hints on Etiquette and the Usages of 
 
 Society : W^ith a Glance at Bad Habits. 
 New Edition, revised (with Additions) by a 
 Lady of Rank. Fcp.8vo. price Half-a-Crown. 
 
 Holland.— Medical Notes and Reflec- 
 tions. By SiE Henet Holland, Bart., 
 M.D., F.R.S., &c., Physician in Ordinary 
 to the Queen and Prince Albert. Third 
 Edition, with Alterations and Additions. 
 8vo. 18s. 
 
 Holland.— Chapters on Mental Physiology. By 
 SiE Henet Holland, Bart., F.R.S., &c. 
 Founded chiefly on Chapters contained in 
 the First and Second Editions of Medical 
 Notes and Hejleclions by the same Author, 
 Svo. price 10s. 6d. 
 
 Hook.— The Last Days of Our Lord's 
 
 Ministry : A Course of Lectures on the 
 principal Events of Passion Week. By 
 the Rev. W. F. Hook, D.D. New Edition. 
 Fcp. 8vo. price 6s. 
 
 Hooker.— Kew Gardens; or, a Popular 
 
 Guide to the Royal Botanic Gardens of 
 Kew. By Sie William Jackson Hookee, 
 K.H., &c., Director. New Edition; ^vith 
 many Woodcuts. 16mo. price Sixpence. 
 
 Hooker.— Museum of Economic Botany ; 
 
 or, a Popular Guide to the UsefLd and Re- 
 markable Yegetable Products of the Museum 
 in the Royal Gardens of Kew. By Sie W. J. 
 Hookee, K.H., &c.. Director. With 29 
 Woodcuts. 16mo. price Is. 
 
 Hooker and Ai-nott.- The British Flora ; 
 
 comprising the Phajnogamous or Flowering 
 Plants, and the Ferns. Seventh Edition, 
 with Additions and Corrections ; and nu- 
 merous Figures illustrative of the Umbelli- 
 ferous Plants, the Composite Plants, the 
 Grasses, and the Ferns. By Sir W. J. 
 Hookee, F.R.A. and L.S., &c. ; and G. A. 
 Walkee-Aknott, LL.D., F.L.S. 12mo. 
 with 12 Plates, price 14s. ; with the Plates 
 coloured, price 21s.
 
 10 
 
 NEW WOEKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 Home's Intro duction to the Critical 
 
 Study and Knowledge of the Holy Scrip- 
 tures. Tenth Eilition, revised, corrected, 
 and brought down to the present time. 
 Edited by the Rev. T. Haetwell IIokne, 
 B.D. (the Author) ; the Eev. Samuel 
 Datidson, D.D. of the University of Halle, 
 and LL.D. ; and S. Peideaxtx Teegelles, 
 LL.D. AVith 4 Maps and 22 Vignettes and 
 Facsimiles. 4 vols. 8vo. £3. 13s. 6d. 
 
 *,* The Fom- Volumes may also be had separately as 
 follows : — 
 
 Vol,. I.— A Snmmaiy of the Evidence for the Genuineness, 
 Authenticity, Uncomipted Preservation, and Inspiration of 
 the Holy Scriptures. By the Rev. T. H. Home, B.D. . 8vo. los. 
 
 Vol. II.— Tlie Text of tlie Okl Testament considered : With 
 a Treatise on Sacred Interpretation ; and a brief Introduc- 
 tion to the Old Testament Books and the Apocrypha. By S. 
 Davidson, D.D. (Halle) and LL.D 8vo. 253. 
 
 Vol. III.— A Summary of Biblical Geography and Anti- 
 quities. By the Rev. T. H. Home, B.D 8to. 18s. 
 
 Vol. I v.— An Introduction to the Textual Criticism of the 
 New Testament. By the Rev. T. H. Home, B.D. Tlie 
 Critical Part re-written, and the remainder revised and 
 edited by b. P. Tregelles, LL.D 8vo. 18s. 
 
 Home. — A Compendious Introduction to the 
 Study of the Bible. By the Eev. T. Haet- 
 well HoENE, B.D. New Edition, with 
 Maps and Illustrations, 12mo. 9s. 
 
 How to Nurse Sick Children : Intended 
 
 especially as a Help to the Nurses in the 
 Hospital for Sick Children ; but containing 
 Directions of service to all who have the 
 charge of the Young. Fcp. 8vo. Is. 6d. 
 
 Howitt (A. M.) — An Art- Student in 
 Munich. By Anna Maey Howiti. 2 
 vols, post 8vo. price 148. 
 
 Howitt. -The Children's Year. By Mary 
 
 Howitt. With Four Illustrations, from 
 Designs by A. M. Howitt. Square 16mo. 5s. 
 
 Howitt. — Land, Labour, and Gold ; 
 
 or, Two Years in Victoria : With Visit to 
 Sydney and Van Dicmen's Land. By 
 William Howitt. 2 vols, post 8vo. 21s. 
 
 Howitt.— Visits to Remarkable Places : 
 
 Old Halls, Battle-Ficlds, and Scenes illustra- 
 tive of Striking Passages in English History 
 and Poetry. By William Howitt. With 
 about ,80 Wood Engravings. New Edition. 
 2 vols, square crown 8vo. 25s. cloth, gilt top. 
 
 William Howitt' s Boy's Country Book: Being 
 the Eeal Life of a Country Boy, written 
 byhiirself ; exhibiting all the Amusements, 
 Pleasures, and Pursuits of Children iu the 
 Country. New Edition ; with 40 Wood- 
 cuts. Fcp. 8vo. price 63. 
 
 Howitt. — The Rural Life of England. By 
 William Howitt. New Edition, cor- 
 rected and revised; with Woodcuts by 
 Bewick and Williams. Medium Svo. 21s. 
 
 Hue— The Chinese Empire: A Sequel 
 
 to Hue and Gabet's Journey through Tartary 
 and Thibet. By the Abbe Hue, formerly 
 Missionary Apostolic in China. Second 
 Edition ; with Map. 2 vols. Svo. 243. 
 
 Hudson's Plain Directions for Making 
 
 Wills in conformity with the Law : With a 
 clear Exposition of the Law relating to the 
 distribution of Personal Estate in the case 
 of Intestacy, two Forms of Wills, and much 
 useful information. New and enlarged Edi- 
 tion ; including the Provisions of the Wills 
 Act Amendment Act. Fcp. 8vo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Hudson's Executor's Guide. New ard 
 
 enlarged Edition ; with the Addition of 
 Directions for paying Succession Duties on 
 Real Property under Wills and Intestacies, 
 and a Table for finding the Values of Annui- 
 ties and the Amount of Legacy and Succes- 
 sion Duty thereon. Fcp. 8vo. 63. 
 
 Hudson and Kennedy.— Where there 's 
 
 a Will there 's a Way : An Ascent of Mont 
 Blanc by a New Route and Without Guides. 
 By the Rev. C. Hudson, M.A., St. John's 
 CoUege, Cambridge ; and E. S. Kennedy, 
 B.A., Caius College, Cambridge. Second 
 Edition, with Two Ascents of Monte Rosa ; a 
 Plate, and a coloured Map. Post Svo. 5s. 6d. 
 
 Humboldt's Cosmos. Translated, with 
 
 the Author's authority, by Mrs. Sabine. 
 Vols. I. and II. 16mo. Half-a-Crown each, 
 sewed ; 3s. 6d. each, cloth : or in post Svo. 
 12s. each, cloth. Vol. III. post Svo. 
 12s. 6d. cloth : or in 16mo. Part I. 2s. 6d. 
 sewed, 3s. 6d. cloth ; and Part II. 33. sewed, 
 4s. cloth. 
 
 Humboldt's Aspects of Nature. Translat 
 
 with the Author's authority, by Mes. Sabine. 
 16mo. price 6s. : or in 2 vols. 3s. 6d. each, 
 cloth ; 2s. 6d. each, sewed. 
 
 Humphreys. — Parables of Our Lord, 
 
 illuminated and ornamented iu tlie style of 
 the Missals of the Renaissance by Heney 
 Noel Huitpheeys. Square fcp. Svo. 21s. 
 in massive carved covers ; or 303. bound in 
 morocco by Hay day. 
 
 Hunt. — Researches on Light in its 
 
 Chemical Relations ; embracing a Con- 
 sideration of all the Photographic Processes. 
 By RoBEBT Hunt, F.R.S. Second Edition, 
 with Plate and Woodcuts. Svo. 10s. 6d. 
 
 Idle.— Hints on Shooting, FisLing, &c., 
 
 both on Sea and Land, and in the Fresh- 
 Water Lochs of Scotland : Being the Expe- 
 riences of C. Idle, Esq. Fcp. Svo. 5s.
 
 PUBLISHED BY LONGMAN, BROWN, akd CO. 
 
 n 
 
 Mrs. Jameson's Legends of the Saints 
 
 and Martyrs : First Series of Sacred and 
 Legendary Art, Second Edition ; witli nu- 
 merous Woodcuts, and 16 Etchings by the 
 Author. Square crown 8ro. 28s. 
 
 Urs. Jameson's Legends of the Monastic 
 Orders, as represented in the Fine Arts : 
 Second Series of Sacred atid Legendary Art. 
 Second Edition, enlarged ; with 11 Etchings 
 by the Author, and 88 Woodcuts. Square 
 crown 8vo. price 28s. 
 
 Mrs. Jameson's Legends of the Madonna, 
 
 as represented in the Fme Arts : Third 
 Series of Sacred and Legendary Art. With 
 55 Drawings by the Author, and 152 Wood- 
 cuts. Square crown 8vo. 283. 
 
 Mrs. Jameson's Commonplace-Book of 
 
 Thoughts, Memories, and Fancies, Original 
 and Selected. Part I. Ethics and Character ; 
 Part II. Literature and Art. Second Edit. 
 revised and corrected ; with Etchings and 
 Woodcuts. Crown 8vo. 18s. 
 
 Mrs. Jameson's Two Lectvires on the Employ- 
 
 l ment of Women. 
 
 1. Sisters of CKARiir, Catholic and Protestant, 
 
 Abroad and at Home. Second Edition, with new 
 Preface. Fcp. 8vo. 4s. 
 
 2. The CoMMTjNiojf of Laboub : A Second Lecture ou 
 
 the SociiU Employments of.V/omen. Fcp. 8vo. 3s. 
 
 Jaquemet's Compendium of Clironology : 
 
 Containing the most important Dates of 
 General History, Political, Ecclesiastical, 
 and Literai'y, from the Creation of the 
 World to the end of the Year 1854. Edited 
 by the Eev. J. Alcobn, M.A. Post Sto. 
 price 7s. 6d. 
 
 Jennings.- Social Delusions concerning 
 
 Wealth and Want. By Richaed Jeis^nikgs, 
 M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge ; Author 
 of Natural Elements of Folitical Economy. 
 Fcp. 8vo. 4s. 
 
 Lord Jeffrey's Contributions to The 
 
 Edinbvirgh Review. A New Edition, com- 
 plete in One Volume, with a Portrait en- 
 graved by Henry Robinson, and a Vignette. 
 Square crown 8vo. 21s. cloth j or 30s. calf. 
 — Or in 3 vols. 8vo. price 42s. 
 
 Bishop Jeremy Taylor's Entire Worts : 
 
 With Life by Bishop Hebee. Revised and 
 con-ected by the Rev. Chaeles Page Eden, 
 Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford. Now 
 complete in 10 vols. 8vo. 10s. 6d. each. 
 
 Johns and Nicolas's Calendar of Victory : 
 
 Being a Record of British Valour and Con- 
 quest by Sea and Land, on Every Day in 
 the Year, from the Earliest Period to the 
 Battle of Inkermann. Fcp. 8vo. 12s. 6d. 
 
 Johnston.— A Dictionary of Geography, 
 
 Descriptive, Physical, Statistical, and Histori- 
 cal : Forming a complete General Gazetteer 
 of the World. By A. Keith Juhnston, 
 F.R.S.E., F.R.G.S., F.G.S., Geographer at 
 Edinbiirgh in Ordiiiary to Her Majesty. 
 Second Edition, thoroughly revised. In 1 
 vol. of 1,360 pages, comprising about 50,000 
 Names of Places. 8vo. 36s. cloth ; or half- 
 bound in russia, 41s. 
 
 Jones (Owen).— Flowers and their Kin- 
 dred Thoughts : A Series of Stanzas. By 
 Maey Anne Bacon, With beautiful Illus- 
 trations of Flowers, designed and executed 
 in illuminated printing by Owen Jones. 
 Reprinted. Imperial 8vo. price 31s. 6d. calf. 
 
 Kahsch.— Historical and Critical Com- 
 mentary on the Old Testament. By De. 
 M. Kalisch, M.A. First Portion — Exodus : 
 in Hebrew and English, with copious Notes, 
 Critical, Philological, and Explanatory. 
 8vo. 15s. 
 
 *»* An edition of the Ea-odtis, as above (for the use of 
 English readers), comprisuig the English Ti-anslation, and 
 an abridged Commentary. Svo. price 12s. 
 
 Kemble.— The Saxons in England : A 
 
 History of the English Commonwealth till 
 the Norman Conquest. By John M. Kem- 
 ble, M.A., &c. 2 vols. Svo. 28s. 
 
 Kemp.— The Phasis of Matter : Being 
 
 an Outline of the Discoveries and Applica- 
 tions of Modern Chemisti-y. By T. LiiiD- 
 XET Kemp, M.D. With 148 Woodcuts. 
 2 vols, crown 8vo. 21s. 
 
 Kennard. — Eastern Experiences col- 
 lected during a Winter's Tour in Egypt and 
 the Holy Land. By Adam Sxeinmetz 
 Kennaed. Post 8vo. 10s. Gd. 
 
 Kesteven.— A Manual of the Domestic 
 
 Practice of Medicine. By W. B. Kesteten, 
 Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of 
 England, &c. Square post 8vo. 7s. 6d. 
 
 Kirby and Spence's Litroduction to 
 
 Entomology ; or, Elements of the Natui-al 
 History of Insects : Comprising an Account 
 of Noxious and Useful Insects, of their Meta- 
 morphoses, Food, Stratagems, Habitations, 
 Societies, Motions, Noises, Hybernation, 
 Instinct, &c. Snrnt/t Edition, with an Ap- 
 pendix relative to the Origin and Progress 
 of the work. Crown 8vo. 5s. 
 B G
 
 ■A2 
 
 NEW WOEKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 LARDNER'S CABINET CYCLOP/EDIA 
 
 Of History, Biography, Literature, the Ai-ts and Sciences, Natural History, and Manufactures. 
 
 A Series of Original Works by 
 
 Sir John Herschel, 
 Sir James Mackintosh, 
 Robert Southky, 
 Sir David Brewster, 
 
 Thomas Keiohtley, 
 John Forster, 
 Sir Walter Scott, 
 Thomas Moore, 
 
 Bishop Thirlwali,, 
 The Rev. G. R. Gleiq, 
 J. C. L. De Sismondi, 
 John Phillips, F.R.S., G.S. 
 
 And other Eminent Writers. 
 
 Complete in 132 vols. fcp. 8vo. with Vignette Titles, price, in cloth, Nineteen Guineas. 
 
 The Works separately, in Sets or Series, price Three Shillings and Sixpence each Volume. 
 
 A Lint of the Works composing the Cabinet Cyclopjedia: — 
 
 - . Bell's History of Russia 3 vols. lOs. Cd. 
 
 i. Bell's Lives of British Poets 2 vols. 7s. 
 
 3. Brewster's Optics 1 vol. 3s. 6d. 
 
 4. Coolej's Maritime and Inland Discovery 3 vols. lOs. 6d. 
 
 5. Crowe's History of France 3 vols. 10s. 6d. 
 
 li. De Morgan on Probabilities 1 vol. 3s. 6d. 
 
 7. De Sismondi's Histoiy of the Italian 
 
 RepubUcs 1 vol. 3s. 6d. 
 
 8. De Sismondi's Fall of the Roman Empire 2 vols. 7s. 
 
 !). Donovan's Chemistry 1 vol. 3s. 6d. 
 
 10. Donovan's Domestic Economy 2 vols. 73. 
 
 11. Dunham's Spain and Portugal 5 vols. 17s. 6d. 
 
 12. Dunham's History of Denmark, Sweden, 
 
 and Norway 3 vols. lOs. 6d. 
 
 13. Dunham's History of Poland 1 vol. 33. Cd. 
 
 It. Dunham's Germanic Empire 3 vols. 10s. 6d. 
 
 15. Dunham's Europe during the Middle 
 
 Ages 4 vols. 143. 
 
 Ifi. Dunham's British Dramatists 2 vols. 7s. 
 
 17. Dunham's Lives of Early Writers of 
 
 Great Britam 1 vol. 3s. 6d. 
 
 IS. Fergus's Historj' of the United States , . 2 vols. 73. 
 10. Fosbroke's Grecian & Roman Antiquities 2 vols. 7s. 
 
 20. Forster's Lives of the Statesmen of the 
 
 Commonwealth 5 vols. 17s. 6d. 
 
 21. Gleig's Lives of British Militarj- Com- 
 
 maudei'S 3 vols. 10s. 6d. 
 
 22. Grattan's History of the Netherlands ... 1 vol. 3s. Gd. 
 
 23. Henslow's Botany 1 vol. 3s. 6d. 
 
 2t. Herschel's Astronomy 1 vol. 3s. Cd. 
 
 25. Herschel's Discourse on Natural Philo- 
 sophy 1 vol. 3s. 6d. 
 
 ?<5. History of Rome 2 vols. 7s. 
 
 27. Historj- of Switzerland 1 vol. 3s. Cd. 
 
 28. Holland's Manufactiu-es in Metal 3 vols. 10s. 6d. 
 
 29. James's Lives of Foreign Statesmen 5 vols. 17s. Cd. 
 
 30. Kater and Lardner's Mechanics 1 vol. 3s. 6d. 
 
 31. Keightley's Outlines of History 1 vol. 3s. 6d. 
 
 32. Lardner's Aritlmietic 1 vol. 3s. 6d. 
 
 33. Lardner's Geometry 1 vol. 3s. 6d. 
 
 34. Lardner on Heat 1 vol. 3s. Od. 
 
 35. Lardner's Hydrostatics and Pneumatics 1 vol. 3s. 6d. 
 
 36. Lardner and Walker's Electricity and 
 
 Magnetism 2 vols. 7s. 
 
 37. Mackintosh, Forster, and Courtenay's 
 
 Lives of British Statesmen 7 vols. 24s. 6d . 
 
 38. Mackintosh, Wallace, and Bell's History 
 
 of England 10 vols. 353. 
 
 39. Montgomerj- and Shelley's eminent Xta- 
 
 li.m, Spanish, and Portuguese Authors 3 vols. 10s. Gd. 
 
 40. Moore's History of Ireland 4 vols. 14s. 
 
 41. Nicolas's Chronology of History 1 vol. 3s. Cd. 
 
 42. Phillips's Treatise on Geologj- 2 vols. 7s. 
 
 43. Powell's Historj- of Natural Philosophy 1 vol. 3s. Gd. 
 
 44. Porter's Treatise on the Manufacture of 
 
 SUk 1 vol. 3s. G-d. 
 
 45. Porter's Manufactures of Porcelain and 
 
 Glass 1 vol. 3s. Gd. 
 
 46. Roscoe's British Lawyers 1 vol. 3s. Gd. 
 
 47. Scott's Historj- of Scotland 2 vols. 7s. 
 
 48. Shelley's Lives of eminent French 
 
 Authors 2 vols. 7s. 
 
 49. Shuckard and Swainson's Insects 1 vol. 3s. Gd. 
 
 50. Southey's Lives of British Admirals 5 vols. 17s. 6J. 
 
 51. Stebbing's Church History 2 vols. 7s. 
 
 52. Stebbing's Historj- of the Reformation. . 2 vols. 7s. 
 
 53. Swainson's Discourse on Natural History 1 vol. Ss. Gd. 
 
 54. Swainson's Natural History and Classi- 
 
 fication of Animals 1 vol. 3s. Gd. 
 
 55. Swainson's Habits and Instincts of 
 
 Animals 1 vol. 3s. Gd. 
 
 56. Swainson's Birds 2 vols. 7s. 
 
 57. Swainson's Fish, ReptUes, &c 2 vols. 7s. 
 
 58. Swainson's Quadrupeds 1 vol. 33. Gd. 
 
 59. Swainson's Shells and Shell-Fish 1 vol. Ss. Cd. 
 
 CO. Swainson's Animals in Men.igeries 1 vol. 3s. Cd. 
 
 61. Swainson's Taxidermy and Biography of 
 
 Zoologists 1 vol. 3s. 6d. 
 
 G2. Thh-lwaU's Historj- of Greece 8 vols. 28s. 
 
 Mrs. R. Les's Elements of Natural His- 
 tory ; or, First Priaciples of Zoology : Com- 
 prising the Principles of Classification, inter- 
 spersed with amusing and instructive Ac- 
 counts of the most remarkable Animals. 
 New Edition; Woodcuts. Fcp. 8vo.7s. 6d. 
 
 Letters to my Unknown Friends. By 
 
 a Ladt, Author of Letters on Ilajqnness. 
 Fom-th Edition. Fcp. 8vo. 5s. 
 
 Letters on Happiness, addi-essed to a Friend. 
 By a Lady, Author of Letters to vuj Unknown 
 Friends. Fcp. 8to. 6s. 
 
 L. E. L.— The Poetical Works of Letitia 
 
 Elizabeth Landon ; comprising the Impro- 
 visafrice, the Venetian Bracelet, the Golden 
 Violet, the TroubaJour, and Poetical Remains. 
 New Edition ; with 2 Vignettes by R. Doyle. 
 2 vols. 16mo. 10s. cloth ; morocco, 21s. 
 
 Dr. John Lindley's Theory and Practice 
 
 of Horticidture ; or, an Attemjit to explain 
 the principal Operations of Gardening upon 
 Pliysiological Grounds: Being the Second 
 Edition of the Theory of Horticulture, much 
 enlarged ; with 98 Woodcuts. 8vo. 21s.
 
 PUBLISHED BY LONGMAN, BROWN, Aim CO. 
 
 13 
 
 Dr. John Lindley's Introduction to 
 
 Botany. New Edition, with Corrections and 
 copious Additions. 2 vols. 8vo. with Six 
 Plates and numerous Woodcuts, price 248. 
 
 Linwood.— Anthologia Oxoniensis, sive 
 
 Florilegium e Lusibus poeticis diversorum 
 Oxonieusium Gi'secis et Latinia decerptum. 
 Cui-ante Gulielmo Linwood, M.A., .^dis 
 Christi Alumno. 8vo. price 14s. 
 
 Lorimer's (C.) Letters to a Young Master 
 
 Mariner on some Subjects connected with 
 his Calling. New Edition. Fcp. 8vo. Ss. 6d, 
 
 Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Gardening: 
 
 Comprising the Theoi'y and Practice of Hor- 
 ticulture, Floriculture, Arboricidture, and 
 Landscape- Gardening. With many himdi-ed 
 Woodcuts. New Edition, corrected and 
 improved by Mrs. Loudon. 8vo. SOs, 
 
 Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Trees and 
 
 Shrubs, or Arboretum et Fruticetum Britan- 
 nicum abridged : Containing the Hardy Trees 
 and Shrubs of Great Britain, Native and 
 Foreign, Scientifically and Popularly De- 
 scribed. With about 2,000 Woodcuts. 
 8vo. 503. 
 
 Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Agriculture : 
 
 Comprising the Theory and Practice of the 
 Valuation, Transfer, Laymg-out, Improve- 
 ment, and Management of Landed Property, 
 and of the Cultivation and Economy of the 
 Animal and Vegetable Productions of Agri- 
 culture. New Edition ; with 1,100 Wood- 
 cuts. Svo. SOs. 
 
 Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Plants : Com- 
 prising the Specific Cliaracter, Description, 
 Culture, History, Application in the Arts, 
 and every other desirable Particular respect- 
 ing all the Plants found in Great Britain. 
 New Edition, corrected by Mes. Loudon. 
 With upwards of 12,000 Woodcuts. 8vo. 
 £3. 13s. 6d. — Second Supplement, 21s. 
 
 Loudon's Encyclopaedia of Cottage, 
 
 Farm, and Villa Arcliitecture and Fui-niture. 
 New Edition, edited by Mes. Loudon ; with 
 more than 2,000 Woodcuts. 8vo. 63s. 
 
 Loudon's Self-Instruction for Young 
 
 Gardeners, Foresters, Bailifls, Land Stew- 
 ards, and Farmers ; in Arithmetic, Book- 
 keeping, Geometry, Mensuration, Practical 
 Trigonometry, Mechanics, Land-Surveying, 
 LeveUing, Planning and Mapping, Architec- 
 tural Drawing, and Isometrical Projection 
 and Perspective. Svo. Portrait, 7s. 6d, 
 
 Loudon's Hortus Britannicus ; or, Cata- 
 logue of all the Plants found in Great 
 Britain, New Edition, corrected by Mes. 
 LouDOK. 8vo. 31s. 6d. 
 
 Mrs. Loudon's Lady's Country Compa- 
 nion ; or. How to Enjoy a Country Life 
 Rationally. Fourth Edition, with Plates 
 and Woodcuts. Fcp. 8vo. 5s. 
 
 Mrs. Loudon's Amateur Gardener's 
 
 Calendar, or Monthly Guide to what should 
 be avoided and done in a Garden. 16mo. 
 with Woodcuts, 79. 6d. 
 
 Low's Elements of Practical Agriculture ; 
 
 comprehending the Cultivation of Plants, the 
 Husbandry of the Domestic Animals, and 
 the Economy of the Farm. New Edition ; 
 with 200 Woodcuts. Svo. 2l3. 
 
 Lynch.— The Rivulet : A Contribution 
 to Sacred Song. By Thomas T. Lynch, 
 Author of Memorials of TheojjJtilus Trinal, &c. 
 Second Edition, printed in a more convenient 
 form. Royal 32mo. 2s. 6d. 
 
 Macaulay.— Speeches of the Right Hon. 
 
 T. B. Macaulay, M.P. Corrected by Him- 
 self. Svo. price 12s. 
 
 Macaulay. — The History of England 
 
 from the Accession of James II. By 
 Thomas Babington Macaulay. New 
 Edition. Vols. I. and II. Svo. price 32s. ; 
 Vols III. and IV. price 36s. 
 
 Mr. Macaulay's Critical and Historical 
 
 Essays contributed to The Edinburgh 
 Review, Foiu" Editions, as follows : — 
 
 1. A LiBEAET Edition (the Eiyidh), in 3 vols. Svo. 
 
 price SOs. 
 
 2. Complete in One VoLmrE, with Portrait and Vig- 
 
 nette. Square crown Svo. price 21s. cloth; or 
 308. calf. 
 
 3. Another New Edition, in 3 vols. fcp. Svo. price 
 
 21s. cloth. 
 
 4. The People's Edition, in 2 vols, crown Svo. price 
 
 8s. cloth. 
 
 Macaulay.— Lays of Ancient Rome, with 
 
 Ivrtj and the Armada. By Thomas 
 Basington Macaulay. New Edition. 
 16mo. price 4s. 6d. cloth ; or 10s. 6d. 
 bound in morocco. 
 
 Mr. Macaulay's Lays of Ancient Rome. 
 
 With numerous Illustrations, Original and 
 from the Antique, drawn on Wood by 
 George Scharf, jun., and engraved by Samuel 
 Williams. New Edition. Fcp. 4to. price 
 21s. boards ; or 42s. bound in morocco.
 
 14 
 
 NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 MacDonald.— Within and Without: A 
 
 Dramatic Poem. By GrEOHGE MacDonald. 
 Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. 
 
 Macdonald. — Villa Verocchio ; or, the 
 
 Youth of Leonardo da Vinci : A Tale. By 
 the late Miss D. L. Macdonaid. Fcp, 8vo. 
 price 6s. 
 
 MacDougall.— The Theory of War illus- 
 trated by numerous Examples from Mili- 
 tary History. By Lieutenant -Colonel Mac- 
 Dougall, Superintendent of Studies in the 
 Eoyal Military College, Sandhurst. Post 
 8vo. with Plans. \_Just ready. 
 
 Sir James Mackintosh's Miscellaneous 
 
 Works : Including his Contributions to The 
 Edinburgh Review. Complete in One 
 Volume ; with Portrait and Vignette. 
 Square crown Svo. 21s. cloth ; or 30s. bound 
 in calf: or in 3 vols. fcp. Svo. 21s. 
 
 Sir James Mackintosh's History of England 
 from tlie Earliest Times to the final Esta- 
 blisliment of the Reformation. Library Edi- 
 tion, revised. 2 vols. Svo. 2l3. 
 
 Macleod.— The Theory and Practice of 
 
 Banking: With the Elementary Principles 
 of Currency, Prices, Credit, and Exchanges. 
 By Heney Dunning Macleod, of the 
 Inner Temple,Esq., Barrister-at-Law. 2 vols, 
 royal Svo. price 30s. 
 
 M'Clure.— A Narrative of the Discovery 
 
 of the North-West Passage by H.M.S. 
 Investigator, Capt. SiE Robert M'Cluee, 
 R.N. Edited by Capt. Sheeaed Osboen, 
 C;B., from the Logs, Journals, and Private 
 Letters of Sir R. M'Clure. With Chart and 
 4 Views. Svo. 15s. 
 
 Macnaught.— The Doctrine of Inspira- 
 tion : Being an Inquiry concerning the In- 
 fallibility, Inspiration, and Authority of 
 Holy Writ. By the Rev. John Mac- 
 naught, M.A. Second Edition, revised. 
 [Just readij. 
 
 M'CuUoch's Dictionary, Practical, Theo- 
 retical, and Historical, of Commerce and 
 Commercial Navigation. Illustrated with 
 Maps and Plans. New Edition, corrected 
 to the Present Time ; with a Supplement. 
 Svo. price 50s. cloth j half-russia, 55s. 
 
 M'CuUoch's Dictionary, Geographical, 
 
 Statistical, and Historical, of the various 
 Countries, Places, and principal Natural 
 Objects in the World. Illustrated with Six 
 large Maps. New Edition, revised; with a 
 Supplement. 2. vols. Svo. price 63s. 
 
 Maitland.— The Church in the Cata- 
 combs : A Description of the Primitive 
 Church of Rome. Illustrated by its Sepul- 
 chral Remains. By the Rev. Chabies 
 Maitland. New Edition ; with several 
 Woodcuts. Svo. price lis. 
 
 Out-of-Doors Drawing.— Aphorisms on 
 
 Drawing. By the Rev. S. C. Malan, M.A. 
 of Balliol College, Oxford ; Vicar of Broad- 
 windsor, Dorset. Post Svo. 3s. 6d. 
 
 Mann.— The Philosophyof Reproduction. 
 By Robeet James Mann, M.D., F.R.A.S. 
 Fcp. Svo. with Woodcuts, price 4s. 6d. 
 
 Mrs. Marcet's Conversations on Chemis- 
 try, in wliich the Elements of that Science 
 are familiarly explained and illustrated by 
 Experiments. New Edition, enlarged and 
 improved. 2 vols. fcp. Svo. price 14s. 
 
 Mrs. Marcet's Conversations on Natural Phi- 
 losophy, in which the Elements of that 
 Science are familiarly explained. New Edi- 
 tion, enlarged and corrected ; with 23 Plates. 
 Fcp. Svo. price 10s. 6d. 
 
 Mrs. Marcet's Conversations on Vege- 
 table Physiology ; comprehending the Ele- 
 ments of Botany, with their Application 
 to Agriculture. New Edition ; with 4 
 Plates. Fcp. Svo. price 9s. 
 
 Martineau.— Endeavours after the Chris- 
 tian Life : Discourses. By James Mae- 
 tineau. 2 vols, post Svo. 7s. 6d. each. 
 
 Martineau.— Hymns for the Christian Church 
 and Home. Collected and edited by James 
 Maetineau. Eleventh Edition, 32mo. Ss. 6d. 
 cloth, or 5s. calf; Fifth Edition, 32mo. Is. 4d. 
 cloth, or Is. Sd. roan. 
 
 Martineau.— Miscellanies. Comprising Essays 
 
 on Dr. Priestley, Arnold's Life and Corre- 
 spondence, Chm'ch and State, Theodore 
 Parker's Discourse of Relir/ion, "Phases of 
 Faith," the Churcli of England, and the 
 Battle of the Churches. By James Mae- 
 tineau. Post Svo. 9s. 
 
 Maunder's Biographical Treasury ; con- 
 sisting of Memoirs, Sketches, and brief 
 Notices of above 12,000 Eminent Persons of 
 AU Ages and Nations, from the Eai-liest 
 Period of History : Forming a new and com- 
 plete Dictionai-y of Universal Biogi'aphy. 
 Ninth Edition, revised throughout. Fcp.Svo. 
 10s. clotli ; bound in.roan, 12s. ; calf, 12s. 6d.
 
 PUBLISHED BY LONGMAN, BROWN, Airo CO. 
 
 15 
 
 Mauncler's Geographical Treasury. — 
 
 The Treasury of Geography, Physical, Ilis- 
 toi'ical, Descriptive, and PoUtical ; contain- 
 ing a succinct Account of Every Country in 
 the World : Preceded by an Introductory 
 Outline of the History of Geography ; a 
 Familiar Inquiry into the Varieties of Race 
 and Language exhibited by different Nations; 
 and a View of the Relations of Geography 
 to Astronomy and the Physical Sciences. 
 Commenced by the late Samuel Mattnder ; 
 completed by William Hughes, F.R.G.S., 
 late Professor of Geography in the College 
 for Civil Engineers. With 7 Maps and 16 
 Steel Plates. Fcp. 8vo. 10s. cloth; roan, 
 a2s. ; calf, 12s. 6d. 
 
 Maunder's Historical Treasury ; com- 
 prising a General Introductory Outline of 
 Universal History, Ancient and Modern, 
 and a Series of separate Histories of Every 
 principal Nation that exists ; their Rise, 
 Pi'ogress, and Present Condition, the Moral 
 and Social Character of their respective In- 
 habitants, their Religion, Manners and Cus- 
 toms, &c. New Edition ; revised through- 
 out, with a new Gexeeal Index. Fcp. 8vo. 
 10s. cloth ; roan, 12s. ; calf, 123. 6d. 
 
 Maunder's Scientific and Literary Trea- 
 sury : A new and popular Encycloptedia of 
 Science and the BeUes-Lettres ; including 
 all Branches of Science, and every subject 
 connected with Literature and Art. New 
 Edition. Fcp. 8vo. price 10s. cloth ; bound 
 -in roan, 12s. ; calf, 12s. 6d. 
 
 Maunder's Treasury of Natural History; 
 
 or, a Popular Dictionary of Animated 
 Nature : In which the Zoological Character- 
 istics that distinguish the different Classes, 
 Genera, and Species, are combined with a 
 variety of interesting Information illustrative 
 of the Habits, Instincts, and General Eco- 
 nomy of the Animal Kingdom. With 900 
 Woodcuts. New Edition. Fcp. Bvo. price 
 10s. cloth ; roan, 12s. ; calf, 12s. 6d. 
 
 Maunder's Treasury of Knowledge, and 
 
 Library of Reference. Comprising an Eng- 
 lish Dictionaiy and Grammar, an Universal 
 Gazetteer, a Classical Dictionary, a Chrono- 
 logy, a Law Dictionary, a Synopsis of the 
 Peerage, numerous useful Tables, &c. New 
 Edition, carefully revised and corrected 
 throughout : With Additions. Fcp. Bvo. 
 10s. cloth ; bound in roan, 12s. ; calf, 12s. 6d. 
 
 Merivale. — A History of the Romans 
 
 under the Empire. By the Rev. Charles 
 Meeitale, B.D., late Fellow of St. John's 
 College, Cambridge. Vols. I. to III. 8vo. 
 price £2. 2s. — Vols. IV. and V. (from 
 Augustus to Claudius), price 32s. 
 
 Merivale.— TheFall of theRomanRepub- 
 
 lie : A Short Histoi-y of the Last Century of 
 the Commonwealth. By the Rev. C. Meri- 
 vale, B.D , late Fellow of St. John's College, 
 Cambridge. New Edition. 12mo. 7s. 6d. 
 
 Merivale.— An Account of the Life and Letters 
 
 of Cicero. Translated from the German of 
 Abeken ; and Edited by the Rev. Chaeles 
 Merivale, B.D. 12mo. 9s. 6d. 
 
 Miles.— The Horse's Foot, and How to 
 
 Keep it Sound. Eighth Edition ; with an 
 
 Appendix on Shoeing in general, and Hunters 
 
 in particular, 12 Plates and 12 Woodcuts. 
 
 By W. Miles, Esq. Imperial 8vo. 12s. 6d. 
 
 *** Two Casts or Motlels of OfifFore Feet, No. 1, S/wdfor 
 AH PurxMses, No. 2, Shod with Leather, on Mr.Miles's plan, 
 may be Lad, price 3s. each. 
 
 Miles.— A Plain Treatise on Horse-Shoeing. 
 By William Miles, Esq. With Plates and 
 Woodcuts. Small 4to. price 5s. 
 
 Milner.— Russia, its Rise and Progress, 
 
 Tragedies and Revolutions. By the Rev 
 T. Milner, M.A., F.R.G.S. Post 8vo 
 with Plate, price 10s. 6d. 
 
 Milner.- The Crimea, its Ancient and Modern 
 History : The Khans, the Sultans, and 
 the Czars : With Sketches of its Scenery 
 and Population. By the Rev. T. Milner, 
 M.A. Post 8vo. with 3 Maps, price 10s. 6d. 
 
 Milner.— The Baltic; its Gates, Shores, and 
 Cities : With a Notice of the Wliite Sea. 
 By the Rev. T. Milner, M.A., F.R G.S. 
 Post 8vo. with Map, price 10s. 6d. 
 
 Milner's History of the Church of Christ. 
 
 With Additions by the late Rev. Isaac 
 Milner, D.D., F.R.S. A New Edition, 
 revised, with additional Notes by the Rev. 
 T. Grantham, B.D. 4 vols. 8vo. price 52s. 
 
 Montgomery.— Memoh's of the Life and 
 
 Writings of James Montgomery : Including 
 Selections from his Correspondence, Remains 
 in Prose and Verse, and Conversations. By 
 John Holland and James Everett. With 
 Portraits and Vignettes. 7 vols, post 8vo. 
 price £3. 13s. 6d. 
 
 James Montgomery's Poetical Works : 
 
 Collective Edition ; with the Author's Auto- 
 biographical Prefaces, complete in One 
 Volume ; with Portrait and Vignette. Square 
 crown 8vo. price 10s. 6d. cloth ; morocco, 
 21s. — Or, in 4 vols. fcp. 8vo. with Porti-ait, 
 and 7 other Plates, price 14s. 
 
 James Montgomery's Original Hymns 
 for Public, Social, and Private Devotion. 
 18mo. price 5s. 6d.
 
 16 
 
 NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 Moore— The Power of the Soul over th « 
 
 Body, considered in relation to Healt li and 
 Morals. By Geoege Mooee, M.D. Fifth 
 Edition. Fcp. 8ro. 63. 
 
 Moore— Man and Ms Motives. By George 
 Mooee, M.D. Third Edition. Fcp. 8to. 6s, 
 
 Moore.— The Use of the Body in relation to the 
 Mind. By Geoege Mooee, M.D. Third 
 Edition. Fcp. 8vo. 68. 
 
 Moore's Epicurean. New Edition, with 
 
 the Notes from the Collective Edition of 
 Moore's Poetical Works ; and a Yignette en- 
 graved onWood : Uniform with Moore's Irish 
 Melodies and Lalla Rookh, and witli the first 
 collected edition of Moore's Sonr/s, Ballads, 
 and Sacred Songs. 16mo. [_Iii the press. 
 
 Moore's Irish Melodies. A New Edi- 
 tion, with 13 highly-finished Steel Plates, 
 from Original Designs by 
 
 C. W. Cope, R.A.; 
 T. Cheswick, R.A.; 
 A. L. Egg, A.R.A.; 
 W. P. Fbith, R.A.; 
 "W. E. Fkost, A.R.A. 
 J. C. HOESLET ; 
 
 D. Maclise, R.A. ; 
 
 J. E. MiLLAis, A.R.A. ; 
 W. Mdxeeady, R.A. ; 
 J. Sant ; 
 F. SIOXE, A.R.A.; and 
 
 E. M. Wakd, R.A. 
 
 Square crown 8vo.price21s. cloth ; or 31s.6d. 
 handsomely bound in morocco. 
 
 Moore's Irish Melodies. Illustrated by D. 
 Machse, E.A. New Edition ; with 161 
 Designs, and the whole of the Letterpress 
 engraved on Steel, by F. P. Becker. Super- 
 royal 8vo. 31s. 6d. boards ; £2. 12s. 6d. 
 morocco by Hayday. 
 
 Moore's Irish Melodies. New Edition, printed 
 in Diamond Type ; with the Preface and 
 Notes from the collective edition of Moore's 
 Poetical Works, the Advertisements originally 
 prefixed to the Melodies, and a Portrait of 
 the Author. 32mo. 23. 6d. — An Edition 
 in 16mo. with Yignette, 5s. ; or 12s. 6d. 
 morocco by Hayday. 
 
 Moore's Lalla Rookh : An Oriental 
 
 Romance. With 13 highly-finished Steel 
 Plates from Original Designs by Corbould, 
 Meadows, and Stephanoff, engraved imder 
 the superintendence of the late Charles 
 Heath. New Edition. Square crown 8vo. 
 price 15s. cloth ; morocco, 28s. 
 
 Moore's Lalla Rookh. New Edition, printed 
 
 in Diamond Type ; with the Preface and 
 Notes from the collective edition of Moore^s 
 Poetical Works, and a Frontispiece from a 
 Design by Kenny Meadows. 32mo. 2s. 6d. 
 — An Edition in IGnio. with Yignette, 5s. ; 
 or 12s. 6d. morocco by Hayday. 
 
 Moore's Songs, Ballads, and Sacred 
 
 Songs. New Edition, printed in Diamond 
 Type ; with the Notes from the collective 
 edition of Moore's Poetical Works, and a 
 Yignette from a Design by T. Creswick, R.A. 
 32mo. 2s. 6d. — An Edition in IGmo. with 
 Yignette by E. Doyle, price 5s. ; or 12s. 6d. 
 morocco by Hayday. 
 
 Thomas Moore's Poetical Works : Com- 
 prising the Author's recent Introductions 
 and Notes. Complete in One Yolume, 
 printed in Ruby Type ; with a Portrait. 
 Crown 8vo. 12s. 6d. cloth ; morocco by 
 Hayday, 2l3. — Also an Edition complete in 
 
 1 vol. medium Svo. ■n-ith Portrait and Yig- 
 nette, 21s. cloth ; morocco by Hayday, 42s. 
 — Another, in 10 vols. fcp. 8vo. with Portrait 
 and 19 Plates, price 355. 
 
 Moore.— Memoirs, Journal, and Corre- 
 spondence of Thomas Moore. Edited by 
 the Riglit Hon. Loed Johx Rcssell, M.P. 
 With Portraits and Yignette Illustrations. 
 8 V0I3. post Svo. price 10s. 6d. each. 
 
 Morell.— Elements of Psychology : Part 
 
 I., containing the Analysis of the Intellectual 
 Powers. By J. D. Moeell, M.A., One of 
 Her Majesty's Inspectors of Schools. Post 
 Svo. 7s. 6d. 
 
 Moseley.— The Mechanical Principles of 
 
 Engineering and Arcliitecture. By H. 
 MosEiET, M.A., F.R.S., Canon of Bristol, 
 &c. Second Edition, enlarged ; with nu- 
 merous Corrections and AYoodcuts. Svo. 24s. 
 
 Mure.— A Critical Histoiy of the Lan- 
 
 gnage and Literature of Ancient Greece. 
 By William Muee, M.P. of Caldwell, 
 Second Edition. Yols. I. to III. Svo. price 
 36s. ; Yol. lY. price 15s. 
 
 MuiTay's Encyclopeedia of Geography ; 
 
 comprising a complete Description of the 
 Eai-th : Exhibiting its Relation to the 
 Heavenly Bodies, its Physical Strncture, the 
 Natiu-al History of each Country, and the 
 Industry, Commerce, Political Institutions, 
 and Civil and Social State of All Nations. 
 Second Edition ; with 82 Maps, and upwards 
 of 1,000 other Woodcuts. Svo. price 60s. 
 
 Neale.— The Closing Scene ; or, Chris- 
 tianity and Infidelity contrasted in the Last 
 Hours of Remarkable Persons. By the 
 Rev. Eeseixe Neale, M.A. New Editions. 
 
 2 vols. fcp. Svo. price 6s. each. 
 
 Newman. — The OflEice and Work of 
 Universities. By Jonx Hexrt Newman, 
 D.D., of the Oratory. Fcp. Svo. price 6s.
 
 PUBLISHED BY LONGMAN, BROWN, and CO. 
 
 17 
 
 Newman. — Discourses addressed to 
 
 Mixed Congregations. By John Henet 
 Newman, D.D. Second Edition. 8vo. 12s. 
 
 Nomos : An Attempt to Demonstrate a 
 
 Central Physical Law in Nature. Post 8vo. 
 price 7s. 6d. 
 
 Lord Normanby.— A Year of Revolution. 
 
 From a Journal kept in Paris in the Year 
 1848. By the Maequis of Noemanby, 
 K.Gr. 2 vols. 8to. [Jusi ready. 
 
 Oldacre.— The Last of tlie Old Squires. 
 
 A Sketch. By Cedeic Oldacee, Esq., of 
 Sax • Normanbury, sometime of Christ 
 Church, Oxon. Crown 8vo. price Os. 6d. 
 
 Owen. — Lectures on the Comparative 
 
 Anatomy and Physiology of the Invertebrate 
 Animals, delivered at the Royal College of 
 Surgeons. By RiCHAED OwEN, F.R.S., 
 Hunterian Professor to the College. Second 
 Edition, with 235 Woodcuts. 8vo. 21s. 
 
 Professor Owen's lectures on the Comparative 
 
 Anatomy and Physiology of the Vertebrate 
 Animals, delivered at the Royal College of 
 Sm'geons in 18-44 and 1846. With numerous 
 Woodcuts. Yol. I. 8vo. pi'ice 14s. 
 
 The Complete Works of Blaise Pascal. 
 
 Translated from the French, with Memoir, 
 Introductions to the various Works, Edito- 
 rial Notes, and Appendices, by Geoege 
 Peaece, Esq. 3 vols, post 8vo. with Por- 
 trait, 25s. 6d. 
 
 VOIi. 1. PASCAIi'S PROl'SarCIAIi L,ET. 
 
 ters : with M. Villemaiu's Essay on Pascal prefixed, and 
 a new Memoir. Post 8vo. Portrait, 8s. Gd. 
 
 VOL. S. PASCALS TH05J0HTS 0.\ RIi:- 
 
 ligiouand Evidences of Clu-istianity,witli Additions from 
 original MSS. : from JI. Faugdre's Edition. Post 8vo. 
 inice 8s. Gd. 
 
 VOIi. 3. PASCAIi'S MlSCEliIiAKEOlJS 
 
 Writings, Correspondence, Detaclied Thouglits, &c. : 
 from M. Faui^re's Edition. Post 8vo. 8s. Cd. 
 
 Dr. Pereira's Elements of Materia 
 
 Medica and Therapeutics. Third Edition, 
 enlarged and improved from the Author's 
 Materials, by A. S. Tatloe, M.D., and 
 G. O. Rees, "M.D. : With numerous Wood- 
 cuts. Yol.I.Svo.28s.; Yol. II. Part 1. 2l3. ; 
 Yol. II. Part II. 24s. 
 
 Dr. Pereira's Lectures on Polarised 
 
 Light, togctlicr with a Lecture on the 
 Microscope. 2d Edition, enlarged from 
 Materials left by the Author, by the Rev. B. 
 Powell, M.A.,' &c. Fcp. 8vo. with Wood- 
 cuts, 7s. 
 
 Peschel's Elements of Physics. Trans- 
 lated from the German, with Notes, by 
 E. West. With Diagrams and Woodcuts. 
 3 vols. fcp. 8vo. 2l8. 
 
 Ida Pfeiffer's Lady's Second Journey 
 
 round the World : From London to the 
 Cape of Good Hope, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, 
 Celebes, Ceram, the Moluccas &c., Cahfornia, 
 Panama, Peru, Ecuadoi", and the United 
 States. 2 vols, post 8vo. 21s. 
 
 Phillips's Elementary Introduction to 
 
 Mineralogy. A New Edition, with extensive 
 Alterations and Additions, by H. J. Beooke, 
 F.R.S., F.G.S. ; and W. H. Millee, M.A., 
 F.G.S. With numerous Wood Engravings. 
 Post 8vo. 183. 
 
 Phillips.— A Guide to Geology. By John 
 Phillips, M.A., F.R.S., F.G.S., &c. Fourth 
 Edition, corrected to the Present Time ; 
 with 4 Plates. Fcp. 8vo. Ss. 
 
 Phillips. — Figures and Descriptions of the 
 Palseozoic Fossils of Cornwall, Devon, and 
 West Somerset ; observed in the course 
 of the Ordnance Geological Survey of that 
 District. By John Phillips, F.R.S., F.G.S., 
 &c. 8vo. with 60 Plates, price 9s. 
 
 Piesse's Art of Perfumery, and Methods 
 
 of Obtaining the Odours of Plants : With 
 Instructions for theManufactureof Perfumes 
 for the Handkerchief, Scented Powders, 
 Odorous Yinegars, Dentifrices, Pomatums, 
 Cosmetiques, Perfumed Soap, &c. ; and an 
 Appendix on the Colours of Flowers, Ai'ti- 
 ficial Fruit Essences, &c. Second EditioJi, 
 revised and improved ; with 46 Woodcuts. 
 Crown 8vo. 8s. 6d. 
 
 Pillans.— Contributions to the Cause of 
 
 Education. By J. Pillans, Esq , Professor 
 of Humanity in the University of Edinburgh. 
 8vo. 12s. 
 
 Pinney.— The Duration of Human Life, 
 
 and its Three Eras : When Men attained to 
 be more than 900 Years of Age ; When they 
 attained to only 450; and When they reached 
 to only 70. Showing the probable Causes 
 and material Agents that have Shortened the 
 Lives of th « Human Race ; and the Bar- 
 riers that prevent a return to the Longevity 
 of the Early Pat:iarchs. By Joel Pinney, 
 Esq. 8vo. 7s. 6d. 
 
 Piscator.— The Choice and Cookery of 
 
 Fish : A Practical Treatise. By Piscatoe. 
 Fcp. 8vo. price Ss. 6d.
 
 18 
 
 NEW WORKS A2fD NEW EDITIONS 
 
 Captain Portlock's Report on the Geology 
 
 of the County of Londonderry, and of Parts 
 of Tyrone and Fermanagli, examined and 
 described under the Authority of the Master- 
 General and Board of Ordnance. 8vo. with 
 48 Plates, price 24s, 
 
 Powell.— Essays on the Spirit of the 
 
 Inductive Philosophy, the Unity of Worlds, 
 and the Philosophv of Creation. By the 
 Eev.BADExPowELi,M.A.,r.E.S.,F.R.A.S., 
 F.G.S., Savilian Professor of Geometry in the 
 University of Oxford. Second Edition, re- 
 vised. Crown Svo. witli Woodcuts, 12s. 6d. 
 
 Pycroft's Course of English Reading, 
 
 adapted to every taste and capacity : With 
 Literary Anecdotes. New and cheaper 
 Edition. Fcp. Svo. price 5s. 
 
 Raikes.— A Portion of the Journal kept 
 
 by Thosias Raiees, Esq., fromlSSl to 1847 : 
 Comprising Reminiscences of Social and 
 Political Life in London and Paris during 
 that period. Second Edition. Vols. I. and 
 II. post Svo. with Portrait, price 21s. 
 
 V Vols. III. and IV., with Portraits of Count Mon- 
 troiid and Prince Talleyrand, after Sketches by Count 
 D'Orsay, and completing the work, are in the press.. 
 
 Reade.— Man in Paradise : A Poem in 
 
 Six Books. With Lyrical Poems. By 
 John EoMrxn Reade, Author of " Italy," 
 "Revelations of Life," &c. Second Edition. 
 Fcp. Svo. 53. 
 
 Dr. Rsece's Medical Guide : Comprising 
 
 a complete Modern Dispensatory, and a 
 Practical Treatise on the distinguishing Symp- 
 toms, Causes, Prevention, Ciu-e, and Pallia- 
 tion of the Diseases incident to the Human 
 Frame. Seventeenth Edition, corrected and 
 enlarged by the Author's Son, De. H. Reece, 
 M.R.C.S., &c. Svo. 128. 
 
 Rich's Illustrated Companion to the 
 
 Latin Dictionary and Greek Lexicon : Form- 
 ing a Glossary of all the Words representing 
 Visible Objects connected with the Arts, 
 Manufactures, and Every-Day Life of the 
 Ancients. With about 2,000 Woodcuts 
 from the Antique. Post Svo. 21s. 
 
 Horsemanship ; or, the Art of Riding 
 
 and Managing a Horse, adapted to the Guid- 
 ance of Ladies and Gentlemen on the Road 
 and in the Field: With Instructions for 
 Brcaking-in Colts and Young Horses. By 
 Captaix Richardson, late of the 4th Light 
 Dragoons. With 5 Plates. Square crown 
 8ro. 14s. 
 
 Riddle's Complete Latin-English and 
 
 English-Latin Dictionary, for the use of 
 Colleges and Schools. New and cheaper 
 Edition, revised and corrected. Svo. 21s. 
 
 cpn-patolv /TlieEngliih-Latin Dictionary, 78.. 
 separateij •j^.j.j^^ Latin-ilngUsh Dictionary, 158. 
 
 Riddle's Diamond Latin-English Dictionary 
 A Guide to the Cleaning, Quality, and 
 right Accentuation of Latin Classical Words, 
 Royal 32mo. price 4s, 
 
 Riddle's Copious and Critical Latin- 
 
 Enghsh Lexicon, founded on the German- 
 Latin Dictionaries of Dr. William Freund. 
 New and cheajier'Kdiiiow. Post 4to. 31s. 6d. 
 
 Rivers's Rose- Amateur's Guide ; contain- 
 ing ample Descriptions of all the fine leading 
 varieties of Roses, regularly classed in their 
 respective FamUies ; their History and 
 Mode of Culture. Fiftli Edition, corrected 
 and improved. Fcp. Svo. 3s. 6d. 
 
 Roberts. — The Social History of the 
 
 People of the Southern Counties of England 
 in Past Centuries, illustrated in regard to 
 th.eir Habits, Municipal Bye-Laws, Civil 
 Progress, &c., from the Researches of 
 Geoege Robeets, Author of Life of the 
 Euke of MonmoKth, &c. Svo. with Woodcuts, 
 price 18s. 
 
 Dr. E. Robinson's Greek and English 
 
 Lexicon to the Greek Testament. A New 
 Edition, revised and in great part re- written. 
 Svo. price 18s. 
 
 Mr. Henry Rogers's Essays selected from 
 
 Contributions to the Edinburgh Review. 
 Second and cJieapei-'KAxiioM, with Additions. 
 3 vols. fcp. Svo, 21s. 
 
 Dr. Roget's Thesaurus of English Words 
 
 and Phrases classified and aiTanged so as to 
 facilitate the Expression of Ideas and assist 
 in Literarj' Composition. Tliird Edition, 
 revised and improved. Crown Svo. 10s. 6d. 
 
 Ronalds's Fly-Fisher's Entomology : 
 
 With coloured Representations of the 
 Natiu-al and Aitificial Insect, and a few Ob- 
 servations and Instructions on Trout and 
 Grayling Fishing. Fifth Edition, thoroughly 
 revised by an Experienced Fly-Fisher ; with 
 20 Plates coloured after imp oved patterns. 
 Svo. 14s. 
 
 Rowton's Debater : A Series of complete 
 
 Debates, Outlines of Debates, and Questions 
 for Discussion ; with aTiiple References 
 to the best Sources of Information. New 
 Edition. Fcd. Svo. 63.
 
 PUBLISHED BT LONGMAN, BEOWN, and CO. 
 
 19? 
 
 Letters of Rachel Lady Russell. A New 
 
 Edition, including several unpubli-shed Let- 
 ters, together with those edited by Miss 
 Beeet. With Portraits, Yignettes, and 
 Facsuuile. 2 vols, post 8to. price 15s. 
 
 The Life of William Lord Russell. By 
 
 the Eight Hon. Loed John Eusseli, M.P. 
 Tourth Edition ; with a Portrait after Sir 
 Peter Lely, Pogt 8to. 10s. 6d. 
 
 St. John (Mrs.)— Audubon the Natu- 
 ralist in the New World : His Adventures 
 and Discoveries. By Mes. Hobace St. 
 John, Fop. 8vo. price 2s. 6d. 
 
 The Saints our Example. B^ the Author 
 
 oi Letters to my Vnknown Friends, &c. Fcp. 
 Svo. price 7s.. 
 
 Dr. L. Schmitz's History of Greece, from 
 
 the Earliest Times to the Taking of Corinth 
 by the Eomans, B.C. 146, mainly based upon 
 Bishop Thu'lwaU's History. Fuiirth Edition, 
 with Supplementary Chapters on the Lite- 
 ratm-e and Arts of Ancient Greece; and 
 illustrated with a Map of Athens, and 137 
 Woodcuts, designed from the Antique by 
 G. Scharf, jun., F.S.A. 12mo. 73. 6d. 
 
 "The fourth edition of Dr. Schmitz's History of 
 Greece has heen miproveJ by the addition of chapters on 
 Greek art and literatiu'e,— a want wliich we had occasion 
 lately to notice in our review of a rival manual. Dr. 
 Schmitz's book must now be considered the most complete 
 English history of Greece in a single vohune, and well 
 calculated to fomi either an introduction or a companion 
 to the great works of Bishop Thirlwall and Mr. Grote. Its 
 value is enhanced by numerous woodcuts by Mr. G. Scharf, 
 jiui., of much higlier quality than we usually meet witli in 
 elejnentarj' books." Guardiaij, Oct. 22, 1850. 
 
 Scott.— The Danes and the Swedes: 
 
 Being an Accoiint of a Visit to Denmark, 
 includmg Schleswig-Holsteiu and the Danish 
 Islands ; with a Peep into Jutland, and a 
 Journey across the Peninsula of ST\'eden. 
 Embracing a Sketch of the most interesting 
 points in the History of those Countries. 
 By Chaeles Heney Scott. Post 8vo. 
 price 10s. 6d. 
 
 Scrivenor's History of the Iron Trade, 
 
 from the Earliest Eecords to the Present 
 Period. New Edition, corrected. 8vo. 
 price lOs. 6d. 
 
 Sir Edward Seaward's Narrative of his 
 
 Shipwreck, and consequent Discovery of 
 certain Islands in the Caribbean Sea. 
 Third Edition. 2 vols, post 8vo. 21s.— An 
 Abeidgment, in 16mo. price 23. 6d. 
 
 The Sermon in the Mount. Printed by 
 
 C Whittingham, luiiformly witli the Thumb 
 Bible ; boimd and clasped. 6-imo. Is. 6d. 
 
 Sewell.— Amy Herbert. By a Lady. 
 
 Edited by the Eev. William Sewell, B.D., 
 Fellow and Tutor of Exeter College, Oxford. 
 New Edition. Fcp. 8vo. price 6s. 
 
 Sewell.-The Earl's Daughter. By the 
 
 Author of Amy Herbert. Edited by the EcT. 
 W. Sewell, B.D. 2 vols. fcp. 8vo. 9s. 
 
 Sewell. — Gertrude : A Tale. By the 
 
 Author of Amy Herbert. Edited by the Eev. 
 W. Sewell, B.D. New Editio'n. Fcp. 
 8vo. price 6s. 
 
 Sewell.— Laneton Parsonage : A Tale for 
 
 Children, on the Practical Use of a portion 
 of the Chiu"ch Catechism. By the Author 
 of Amy Herbert. Edited by the Eev. W. 
 Sewell, B.D. New Edition. 3 vols. fcp. 
 8vo. price 16s. 
 
 Sewell. — Margaret Percival. By the 
 
 Author of Amy Herbert. Edited by the Eev. 
 W. Sewell, B.D. New Edition. 2 vols 
 fcp. 8vo. price. 12s. 
 
 By the same Author., 
 
 Ivors. 2 vols. fcp. 8vo. price 12s. 
 
 Cleve Hall. 2 vols. fcp. 8vo. price 12s. 
 
 The Experience of Life. New Edition. Fcp. 
 8vo. price 7s. 6d. 
 
 Katharine Ashton. New Edition. 2 vols, 
 fcp. 8vo. price 12s. 
 
 Readings for Every Day in Lent : Compiled 
 from the Wi-itings of Bishop Jeeemy 
 Tatloe. Fcp. 8vo. price 5s. 
 
 Headings for a Month preparatory to Confirma- 
 tion : Compiled from the Works of Writers 
 of the Early and of the English Church. 
 New and cheaper Edition. Fcp. 8vo. 4s. 
 
 Bowdler's Family Shakspeare : In which 
 
 nothing is added to the Original Text ; but 
 those words and expressions are omitted 
 which cannot with propriety be read aloud. 
 New Edition, in Pocket Volumes ; with 36 
 Woodcuts, from Designs by Smirke, Howard, 
 and other Artists. 6 vols. fcp. 8vo. 30s. 
 
 *t* A LiBBABT Editiox, with the same Illustrations, in 
 I vol. medium Svo. price 21s.. 
 
 Sharp's New British Gazetteer, or Topo- 
 graphical Dictionary of the British Islands 
 and Narrow Seas : Comprising concise De- 
 scriptions of about Sixty Thousand Places, 
 Seats, Natural Features, and Objects of Note, 
 founded on the best authorities. 2 vols. 
 Svo. price £2. 168.
 
 20 
 
 NEW WORKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 Short Whist; its Rise, Progress, and 
 
 Laws : With Observations to make any one a 
 Whist-Player. Containing also the Laws of 
 Piquet, Cassino, Ecarte, Cribbage, Back- 
 gammon. By Major A. New Edition ; to 
 which are added. Precepts for Tyros, by 
 Mrs. B. Fcp. Sro. 3s. 
 
 Sinclair. — The Journey of Life. By 
 
 Catheeine Sixciaie, Author of The Busi- 
 ness of Life. New Edition, coiTected and 
 enlarged. Ecp. 8to. Ss. 
 
 Sir Roger De Coverley. From The Spec- 
 tator. With Notes and Illustrations, by 
 W. Hexet Wills ; and 12 Wood Engrav- 
 ings from Desigiis by F. Taylee. Second 
 and cheaper Edition. Crown 8to. 10s. 6d. j 
 or 21s. in morocco by Hayday. — An Edition 
 without Woodcuts, in 16mo. price Is. 
 
 Smee's Elements of Electro-Metallurgy. 
 
 Third Edition, revised, corrected, and' con- 
 siderably enlarged ; with Electrotypes and 
 numerous Woodcuts. Post 8vo. lbs. 6d. 
 
 Smith (G.) — Harmony of the Divine 
 
 Dispensations : A Series of Discourses on 
 Select Portions of Holy Scripture, designed 
 to show the Spirit uahty, Eflicacy, and Har- 
 mony of the Divine Revelations made to 
 Mankind from the Begmning. By Geoege 
 Smith, E.A.S., &c. Crown 8vo. 7s. 6d. 
 
 Smith (G.)— Sacred Annals ; or, Researches 
 into tlie History and Religion of Mankind. 
 By Geoege Smiih, E.A.S., &c. 3 vols, 
 crown 8vo. price £1. 143. 
 
 Vol. I. — THE PATRIARCHAL AGE, from tlie Cre- 
 ation to tlie Death of Isaac. Crown 8vo. price 10s. 
 
 Vol. II.-THE HEBREW PEOPLE, from the Origin 
 of the Israelite Xation to the Time of Christ. Crown 
 Svo. in 2 Parts, price 123. 
 
 Vol. III. - THE GENTILE NATIONS — Egj-ptians, 
 AssjTians, Babylonians, JJedes, Persians, Greeks, 
 and Romans. Crown Svo. in 2 Parts, price 12s. 
 
 Smith (J.) — The Voyage and Shipwreck 
 
 of St. Paul : With Dissertations on the Life 
 and Writings of St. Luke, and the Ships and 
 Navigation of the Ancients. By James 
 Smith, of Jordanhill, Esq., F.R.S. Second 
 ISdition, with additional Proofs and Illus- 
 trations ; Charts, Yiews, and Woodcuts. 
 Cro^ra Svo. 8s. Gd. 
 
 A Memoir of the Rev. Sydney Smith. 
 By his Daughter, Ladt Holland. With 
 a Selection from his Letters, edited by 
 Mes. Austin. New Edition. 2 vols. Svo. 28s. 
 
 The Rev. Sydney Smith's Miscellaneous 
 
 Works : Including his Contributions to The 
 Edinburgh Review. Three Editions : — 
 
 1. A LiBBAKT Edition (the Fourth), in 3 vols. Svo. 
 with Portrait, 36s. 
 
 2. Complete in One VoLtniH, witli Portrait and Tig- 
 r.ette. Square crown 8vo. price 218. cloth ; or 30s. 
 bound in calf. 
 
 3. Another New Ediiiox, in 3 vols. fcp. Svo. price 2l8. 
 
 The Rev. Sydney Smith's Elementary 
 
 Sketches of Moral Philosophy, dehvered at 
 the Royal Institution in the Years 1804, 
 1805, and 1806. Thu'd a7id cheaper Editicm. 
 Fcp. Svo. 7s. 
 
 Robert Southey's Complete Poetical 
 
 Works ; containing all the Author's last In- 
 troductions and Notes. Complete in One 
 Volume, with Portrait andYignette. Medium 
 Svo. price 21s. cloth ; 42s. bound in morocco. 
 Or in 10 vols. fcp. Svo. with Portrait and 
 19 Plates, price 35s. 
 
 Select Works of the British Poets ; from 
 
 Chaucer to Lovelace inclusive. With 
 Biographical Sketches by the late RoBEET 
 SouTHEX. Medium Svo. price 30a. 
 
 Southey's Correspondence. — Selections 
 
 from tlie Letters of Robert Southey, &c. 
 Edited by his Son-in-Law, the Rev. John 
 Wood Waetee, B.D., Yicar of West 
 Tarring, Sussex. 4 vols, post Svo. price 42s. 
 
 The Life and Correspondence of the late Robert 
 Southey. Edited by his Son, the Rev. 
 C. C. Southey, M.A., Yicar of Ardleigh. 
 With Portraits and Landscape Illustra- 
 tions. 6 vols, post Svo. price 633. 
 
 Southey's The Doctor &c. complete in 
 
 One Yolume. Edited bv the Rev. J. W. 
 Waetee, B.D. With Portrait, Yignette, 
 Bust, and coloured Plate. New Edition. 
 Square crown Svo. price 21s. 
 
 Southey's Conunonplace-Books, complete in 
 
 Four Yolumes. Edited by the Rev. J. W. 
 
 Waetee, B.D. 4 vols, square crown Svo. 
 
 price £3. 18s. 
 
 Each CommonpJace-Boolc, complete in itself, may be 
 had separately, as follows : — 
 
 FiKST Seeies — CHOICE PASSAGES, &c. 18s. 
 
 Second Series — SPECLVL COLLECTIONS. 18s. 
 
 Thibd Series -analytical READINGS. 21s. 
 
 FoCBin Sebibs— ORIGINAL MEMORANDA, &c. 21s. 
 
 Southey's Life of Wesley ; and Rise and 
 
 Progress of Methodism. New Edition, with 
 
 Notes and Additions. Edited by the Rev. 
 
 C. C. Southey, M.A. 2 vols. Svo. with 
 2 Portraits, price 28s.
 
 PUBiiSHED BY LONGMAN, BROWN, and CO. 
 
 21 
 
 Spencer.— The Principles of Psychology. 
 By Heebeet Spencee, Author of ibocial 
 Statics. 8vo. I63. 
 
 Stainton.— June: A Book for the Country 
 
 in Summer Time. By H. T, Stainton, 
 Author of The Eniomologisfs Manual, and va- 
 rious other popular Works on Natural His- 
 tory. Fcp. 8vo. 3s. 
 
 Stephen.— Lectures on the History of 
 
 France. By the Eight Hon. SiE James 
 STEPHEN,K.C.B.,LL.D.,Professor of Modern 
 History in the University of Cambridge. 
 Second Edition. 2 vols. 8vo. price 24s. 
 
 Stephen.— Essays in Ecclesiastical Bio- 
 graphy ; from The Edinburgh Review. By 
 theRight Hon. Sib James Stephen, K.C.B., 
 LL.D., Professor of Modern History in 
 the University of Cambridge. Third Edi- 
 tion. 2 vols. Svo. 24'8. 
 
 Stonehenge.— The Greyhound: Being a 
 
 Treatise on the Art of Breeding, Rearing, 
 and Training Greyhounds for Public Run- 
 nuig ; their Diseases and Treatment : Con- 
 taining also Rules for the Management of 
 Coursing Meetings, and for the Decision of 
 Courses. By Stonehenge. With Frontis- 
 piece and many Woodcuts. Square crown 
 Svo. 21s. 
 
 Stow. — The Training System, Moral 
 
 Training School, and Normal Seminary for 
 preparing Schoolmasters and Governesses. 
 By David Stow, Esq., Honorary Secretaiy 
 to the Glasgow Normal Free Seminary, 
 Tenth Edition ; with Plates and Woodcuts. 
 Post Svo. price 63. 
 
 Strachey.— Hebrew Politics in the Times 
 
 of Sargon and Seiniacherib : An Inquu-y into 
 the Historical Meaning and Purpose of the 
 Prophecies of Isaiah, with some Notice of 
 their Bearings on the Social and Political 
 Life of England , By Edwaed Steachex, 
 Esq. Cheaper Issue. Svo. price 8s. Gd. 
 
 By the same Aiithoi; 
 
 Miracles and Science. Post Svo. price Is. 
 Tayler.— Christian Aspects of Faith and 
 
 Duty : Twenty Discourses. By John 
 James Tatlee, B.A. Second Edition. 
 Post Svo. price 7s. 6d. 
 
 Taylor.— Loyola : And Jesuitism in its 
 
 Rudiments. By Isaac Tayloe. Post Svo. 
 price 10s. 6d. 
 
 Taylor.— Wesley and Methodism. By 
 Isaac Tayloe. Post Svo. Portrait, 10s. 6d. 
 
 Tegoborski.— Commentaries on the Pro- 
 ductive Forces of Russia. By L. De 
 Tegoboeski, Privy-Councillor and Member 
 of the Imperial Council of Russia. Vols. I. 
 and II. Svo. price 14s. each. 
 
 Thacker's Courser's Annual Remem- 
 brancer and Stud-Book : Being an Alpha- 
 betical Rctui'n of the Running at all the 
 Public Coursing Clubs in England, Ireland, 
 and Scotland, for the Season 1855-56 ; with 
 the Ped'ujrees (as far as received) of the 
 Dogs. By Robeet Abeam Welsh, Liver- 
 pool. 8vo. 21s. 
 
 *** Published annually in Octoher. 
 
 Thirlwall.— The History of Greece. By 
 the Right Rev. the Loed Bishop of St. 
 David's (the Rev. Connop Thirlwall). An 
 improved Library Edition j with Maps. 8 
 vols. Svo. price £3. 
 
 *^* Also, an Edition in 8 vols. fcp. Svo. 
 with Vignette Titles, price 283. 
 
 Thomson's Seasons. Edited by Bolton 
 
 COENEY, Esq. Illustrated with 77 fine 
 Wood Engravings from Designs by Mem- 
 bers of the Etching Club. Square crown Svo. 
 21s. cloth ; or 863. bound in morocco. 
 
 Thomson (the Rev. W.)— The Atoning 
 
 Work of Christ reviewed in relation to some 
 current Theories ; in Eight Bamptou Lec- 
 tures, with numerous Notes. By the Rev. 
 W. Thomson, M.A., Provost of Queen's 
 College, Oxford. Svo. 8s. 
 
 Thomson.— An Outline of the Laws of Thought: 
 Bemg a Treatise on Pure and Applied Logic. 
 By the Rev. W. Thomson, M.A. Third 
 Edition, enlarged. Fcp. Svo. price 7s. 6d. 
 
 Thomson's Tables of Interest, at Three, 
 
 Four, Four-and-a-Half, and Five per Cent., 
 fi-om One Poimd to Ten Thousand, and from 
 
 1 to 365 Days, in a regular progression of 
 single Days ; with Interest at all the above 
 Rates, from One to Twelve Months, and 
 fi'om One to Ten Years. Also, numerous 
 other Tables of Exchanges, Time, and Dis- 
 coiiits. New Edition. 12mo. price Ss. 
 
 Thornbuiy.— Shakspeare's England; or, 
 
 Sketches of Social History during tlie Reign 
 of Elizabeth. By G. W. Thoenbuby, 
 Author of Historij of the Buccaneers, &c. 
 
 2 vols, crown Svo. 2l3. 
 
 The Thumb Bible ; or, Verbum Sempi- 
 
 ternum. By J. Tayloe. Being an Epi' 
 tome of the Old and New Testamcnts_ m 
 English Verse. Reprinted from tlie Edition 
 of 1693; bound and clasped. 61mo. Is. 6d.
 
 NEW WOEKS AND NEW EDITIONS 
 
 Bishop Tomline's Introduction to the 
 
 Study of the Bible : Coutaiuing Proofs of 
 the Authenticity and Inspiration of the 
 Scriptures; a Summary of the History of 
 the Jews ; an Account of the Jewish Sects ; 
 and a brief Statement of Contents of seve- 
 ral Books of the Old Testament. New Edi- 
 tion. Fcp. 8vo. 5s. 6d. 
 
 Tooke.— History of Prices, and of the 
 
 State of the Circulation, from 1847 to the 
 close of 1855. By Thomas Tooke, F.E.S. 
 With Contributions by William New- 
 MAECH. Being the Fifth and concluding 
 Volume of Tooke's History of Prices, with an 
 Index to the whole work. 8vo. 
 
 Townsend.— Modern State Trials revised 
 
 and illustrated with Essays and Notes. By 
 W. C. Townsend, Esq., M.A., Q.C. 2 vols. 
 Svo. price 30s. 
 
 TroUope.— The Warden. By Anthony 
 Teollope. Post Svo. 10s. 6d. 
 
 Sharon Turner's Sacred History of the 
 
 World, attempted to be Philosophically 
 considered, in a Series of Letters to a Son. 
 New Edition, edited by the Eev. S. Tuenee. 
 3 vols, post Svo. price 31s. 6d. 
 
 Sharon Turner's History of England 
 
 during the Middle Ages : Comprising the 
 Eeigns from the Norman Conquest to the 
 Accession of Henry YIII. Fifth Edition, 
 revised by the Eev. S. TrENEE. 4 vols. 
 Svo. price 50s. 
 
 Sharon Turner's History of the Anglo- 
 Saxons, from the Earliest Period to the 
 Norman Conquest. Seventh Edition, revised 
 by the Eev. S. Ttjenee. 3 vols. Svo. 368. 
 
 Dr. Turton's Manual of the Land and 
 
 Eresh-Water Shells of the British Islands. 
 A New Edition, with considei'able Additions 
 by John Edwakd Geay : With Woodcuts, 
 and 12 coloiu-ed Plates. Post Svo. price 15s. 
 
 Tuson.-The British Consul's Manual : 
 
 Being a Practical Guide for Consuls, as well 
 as for the Merchant, Shipowner, and Master 
 Mariner, in all their Consular Transactions; 
 and containing the Commercial Ti'caties 
 between Great Britain and Foreign Coun- 
 tries, brought down to the present date. By 
 E. W. A. TusoN, of the Inner Temple ; 
 Chancellor of the Imperial Austrian Con- 
 sulate-General in London. Svo. price 15s. 
 
 Twining.— Types and Figures of the 
 
 Bible, illustrated by the Art of the Early 
 and Middle Ages. By Miss Louisa 
 Twining. With 54 Plates, comprising 207 
 Figures. Post 4to. 21s. 
 
 Dr. Ure's Dictionary of Arts, Manufac- 
 
 tm'cs, and Mines : Containing a clear Expo- 
 sition of their Principles and Practice. 
 Fourth Edition, much enlarged ; most of 
 the Articles being entirely re-written, and 
 many new Ai-ticles added. With nearly 
 1,600 Woodcuts. 2 vols. Svo. price 60s. 
 
 Van Der Hoeven's Handbook of Zoology. 
 
 Translated from the Second Dutch Edition 
 by the Eev. William Claes, M.D., F.E.S., 
 &c., late Fellow of Trinity College, and Pro- 
 fessor of Anatomy in the University of 
 Cambridge ; with additional Eeferences fur- 
 nished by the Author. In Two Volumes. 
 Vol. I. Invertebrate Animals; with 15 Plates, 
 comprising very numerous Figm-es. Svo. 
 price 30s. 
 
 Vehse.— Memoirs of the Court, Aristo- 
 cracy, and Diplomacy of Austria. By De. E. 
 V£hse. Translated from the German by 
 Feanz Demmlee. 2 vols, post Svo. 21s. 
 
 Wade. — England's Greatness : Its Rise 
 
 and Progress in Government, Laws, Eeligion, 
 and Social Life ; Agricultui'e, Commerce, 
 and Manidactures ; Science, Litf rature, and 
 the Arts, from the Earliest Period to the 
 Peace of Paris. By John Wade, V.P. 
 Institut d'Afrique (Historical Section), 
 Paris ; Author of Histoi-y and Political Phi- 
 losophy of the Productive Classes, of the 
 Cabinet Lawyer, &c. Fcp. Svo. 
 
 Waterton.— Essays on Natural History, 
 
 chiefly Ornithology. By C. Wateeton, Esq. 
 With an Autobiography of the Author, and 
 Views of Walton Hall. New and cheaper 
 Edition. 2 vols. fcp. Svo. price 10s. 
 
 Webster and Parkes's Encyclopaedia of 
 
 Domestic Economy ; comprising such sub- 
 jects as are most immediately connected with 
 Housekeeping : As, The Construction of ■ 
 Domestic Edifices, with theModes of Warm- 
 ing, Ventilating, and Lighting them — A de- 
 scription of the various articles of Furniture, 
 with the natui'e of their Materials — Duties of 
 Servants — kc. New Edition ; with nearly 
 1,000 Woodcuts. Svo. price 50s. 
 
 Weld.— A Vacation Taur in the United 
 
 States and Canada. By C. E.Weld, Barris- 
 ter-at-Law. Post Svo. with Map, 10s. 6d, 
 
 West. — Lectures on the Diseases of 
 
 Infancy and Childhood. By Chaeles West, 
 M.D., Physician to the Hospital for Sick 
 Children ; Pliysician-Aceoucheur to, and 
 Lecturer on Midwifery at, St. Bartholomew's 
 Hospital. Third Edition. Svo. lis.
 
 PUBLISHED Bx LONGMAJS", EROWTf, autd CO. 
 
 23 
 
 COMPLETION 
 
 THE TRAYELLER'S LIBRARY. 
 
 Summary of the Contents of the TRAVELLER'S LIBRAE,!, now complete in 102 
 Parts, price One Shilling each, or in 50 Volumes, price ^s. &d. each in cloth. — 
 To be had also, in complete Sets only, at Five Guineas per Set, bound in cloth, 
 lettered, in 25 Volum£s, classified asjollows : — 
 
 } BY F. MAYNE. 
 
 BT S. LAING. 
 
 VOYAGES AN 
 IN EUROPE. 
 
 A CONTINENTAL TOUR bt J. BARROW. 
 
 ARCTIC VOYAGES AND 
 
 DISCOVERIES . 
 
 BRITTAJTT AND THE BIBLE bt L HOPE. 
 
 BRITTANY AND THE CHASE bt I. HOPE, 
 
 CORSICA bt F. GREGOROVrUS, 
 
 GERMANY, btc. : NOTES OP -i 
 
 A TRAVELLER J 
 
 ICELAND BT P. MILES. 
 
 NORWAY, A RESIDENCE IN BT S. LAING. 
 
 NORWAY, RAMBLES IN bt T. FORESTER. 
 
 RUSSIA BT THE MARQUIS DE CUSTINE. 
 
 RUSSIA AND TURKEY . . BT J. R. M'CULLOCH. 
 
 ST. PETERSBURG bt M. JERRMANN. 
 
 THE RUSSIANS OF THE SOUTH, by S. BROOKS. 
 SWISS MEN AND SWISS i _ T,rT>r>TTcr>xT 
 
 MOUNTAINS } =^ ^- FERGUSON. 
 
 MONT BLANC, ASCENT OF BT J. AULDJO. 
 
 SKETCHES OF NATURE i yON TSCHUDI 
 
 IN THE ALPS j-BXl. VON XbCUUDl. 
 
 HISTORY AND 
 
 MEMOIR OF THE DUKE OF AVELLINGTON. 
 THE LIFE OF MARSHAL -i bt the REV. T. 0. 
 
 TURENNE / COCKAYNE. 
 
 SCHAMYL .... bt BODENSTEDT axd WAGNER. 
 FERDINAND I. AND MAXIMI- -i 
 
 LUNII / ^^ ^^^I^^- 
 
 FRANCIS ARAGO'S AUTOBIOGRAPHY. 
 THOMAS HOLCROFT'S MEMOIRS. 
 
 } BX E. BAINES. 
 
 D TRAVELS. 
 
 VISIT TO THE VAUDOIS 
 OF PIEDMONT 
 
 IN ASIA. 
 
 CHINA AND THIBEf. bt the ABBE' Hl'C. 
 
 SYRIA AND PALESTINE "EOTHEN." 
 
 THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, bt P. GIRONIERE, 
 
 IN AFRICA. 
 
 AFRICAN WANDERINGS bt M. WERNE. 
 
 MOROCCO BT X. DURRIEU. 
 
 NIGER EXPLORATION. .BT T. J. HUTCHINSON. 
 THE ZULUS OF NATAL bt G. H. MASON. 
 
 IN AMERICA. 
 
 BRAZIL BT E. WILBERFORCE. 
 
 CANADA BT A. M. JAMESON. 
 
 CUBA BT W. H. HURLBUT. 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN WILDS .... btC.LANMAN. 
 
 IN AUSTRALIA. 
 AUSTRALIAN COLONIES bt W. HUGHES. 
 
 ROUND THE WORLD. 
 
 A LADY'S VOYAGE bt IDA PFEIFFER. 
 
 BIOGRAPHY. 
 
 CHESTERFIELD & SELWT^N, bt A. HAYVi^ARD. 
 SWIFT AND RICHARDSON, btLORD JEFFREY. 
 DEFOE AND CHURCHILL .... BT J. FORSTEE. 
 ANECDOTES OF DR. JOHNSON, bt MRS.PIOZZL. 
 TURKEY AND CHRISTENDOM. 
 LEIPSIC CAMPAIGN, bt the REV. G. R. GLEIG. 
 AN ESSAY ON THE LIFE ANDi bt HENRY 
 GENIUS OF THOMAS FULLER i ROGERS. 
 
 WARREN HASTINGS. 
 
 LORD CLIVE. 
 
 WILLIA3I PITT. 
 
 THE EARL OF CHATHAM. 
 
 RANKE'S HISTORY OF THE POPES. 
 
 GLADSTONE ON CHURCH AND STATE. 
 
 ADDISON'S LIFE AND WRITINGS. 
 
 HORACE WALPOLE, 
 
 LORD BACON. 
 
 WORKS OF FICTION. 
 
 ESSAYS BY MR. NIACAULAY. 
 LORD BYRON. 
 
 COMIC DRAMATISTS OF THE RESTORATION. 
 FREDERIC THE GREAT. 
 HALLAM'S CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY. 
 CROKER'S EDITION OF BOSWELL'S LIFE OF 
 JOHNSON. 
 
 MR. MACAULAY'S SPEECHES ON PARLIA- 
 MENTAJRY REFORM. 
 
 SLR ROGER DE COVERLEY. . 
 
 THE LOVE STORY fbom SOUTHEY'S DOCTOR. 
 
 -I FBOM THB 
 
 J SPECTATOR. 
 MEMOIRS OF A MAITRE-D'ARMES, bt DUMAS. 
 
 CONFESSIONS OF A -| „ cr.TnM^o-njf 
 
 WORKIxNGMAN.. ) ^t E. SOU^-ESTRE. 
 
 AN ATTIC PHILOSO- -, SOUVESTRF 
 
 PHER LN PARIS.. / BTJi. bOL\LbTB,E.. 
 
 SIR EDWARD SEAWARD'S NARRATIVE OF 
 HIS SHIPWRECK. 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY OF 
 
 CREATION 
 
 INDICATIONS OF INSTINCT, bt DR. L. KEMP, 
 
 NATURAL HISTORY, &c. 
 
 ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH, &c. bt DR. G. WILSON. 
 OUR COAL-FIELDS AND OUR COAL-PITS. 
 CORNWALL, ITS MINES, MINERS, &c. 
 
 } BT DR. L. KEMP. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS WORKS. 
 
 LECTURES AND ADDRESSES } ' 
 
 BT THE EARL OF 
 
 CARLISLE. 
 SELECTIONS FROM SYDNEY SMITH'S 
 
 WRITINGS. 
 PRINTING BX A. STARK. 
 
 BT H. SPENCER. 
 
 RAILWAY MORALS AND i 
 
 RAILWAY POLICY / ' 
 
 MORMONISM . . BT THE REV. W. J. CONYBEARE. 
 LONDON BY J. R. M'CULLOCH.
 
 24 
 
 NEW Vv^ORKS PTTBLiSHED BY LONGMAN and CO. 
 
 Wheeler (H. M.)— A Popular Harmony 
 
 of the Bible, Hist orically and Chronologically 
 arranged. By Henry M. Wheelee, Author 
 oi Hebrew f 07- Ailidts, &c. Fcp. 8vo. 53. 
 
 Wheeler (J.T.)-The Life and Travels of 
 
 Herodotus in the Fifth Century before 
 Christ : An imaginary Biography, founded 
 on fact, illustrative of the History, Manners, 
 Keligion, Literature, Arts, and Social Con- 
 dition of the Greeks, Egyptians, Persians, 
 Babylonians, Hebrews, Scythians, and otlier 
 Ancient Nations, in the Days of Pericles 
 and Nehemiah. By J.Talboys Wheeler, 
 F.R.G.S. 2 Tols. post 8vo. with Map, 21s, 
 
 Wheeler.— The Geography of Herodotus De- 
 veloped, Explained, and Illustrated from 
 Modern Kesearches and Discoveries. By 
 J. Talboys Wheelee, E.E.G.S. With 
 Maps and Plans. 8vo. price 18s. 
 
 Whitelocke's Journal of the English 
 
 Embassy to the Court of Sweden in the 
 Years 1653 and 1654. A New Edition, 
 revised by Heney Eeeve, Esq., F.S.A. 
 2 vols. 8vo. 24s. 
 
 Willich's Popular Tables for ascertaining 
 
 the Value of Lifehold, Leasehold, and Church 
 Property, Eenewal Fines, &c. Third Edition, 
 with additional Tables of Natural or Hyper- 
 bolic Logarithms, Trigonometry, Astronomy, 
 Geography, &c. Post 8vo. price 9s. — 
 Supplement, price Is. 
 
 Wilmot's Abridgment of Blackstone's 
 
 Commentaries on the Laws of England, in- 
 tended for the use of Young Persons, and 
 compi'ised in a series of Letters from a Father 
 to his Daughter. A New Edition, corrected 
 and brought down to the Present Day, by 
 Sir John E. Eaedley Wilmot, Bart. 
 12mo. price 6s. 6d. 
 
 Wilson (E.) — The Dissector's Manual 
 
 of Practical and Surgical Anatomy. By 
 Erasmus Wilson, F.R.S. Second Edition, 
 corrected and improved ; with 25 additional 
 Woodcuts by Bagg. 12mo. 12s. 6d. 
 
 Wilson(W.)—BryologiaBritannica: Con- 
 taining the Mosses of Great Britain and 
 Ireland systematically ai-ranged and described 
 accordhig to the Method of Bruch and 
 Schimper ; with 61 illustrative Plates. Being 
 a New Edition, enlarged and altered, of the 
 Muscologia Britanyiica of Messrs. Hooker and 
 Taylor. By William Wilson, President 
 of the Warrington Natural History Society. 
 Bvo. 42s.; or, with the Plates coloured, 
 price £4. 4s. cloth. 
 
 Woods.— The Past Campaign : A Sketch 
 
 of the War in the East, from the Departure 
 of Lord Raglan to the Fall of Sebastopol. 
 By N. A. Woods, late Special Correspon- 
 dent to the Morning Herald at the Seat of 
 War. 2 vols, post 8vo. price 2l3. 
 
 Yonge.— A New English-Greek Lexicon": 
 
 Containing all the Greek Words used by 
 Writers of good authority. By C. D. 
 Yonge, B.A. Second Edition, revised and 
 corrected. Post 4to. price 2l8. 
 
 Yonge's New Latin Gradus : Containing 
 
 Every Word used by the Poets of good 
 authority. For the use of Eton, West- 
 minster, Winchester, Harrow, Charterhouse, 
 and Rugby Schools ; King's College, Lon- 
 don ; and Marlborough College. Fourth 
 Edition. Post 8vo. 9s. — Appendix of Epi- 
 thets classified according to their Englisk 
 Meaning, price 3s. 6d. 
 
 Youatt.— The Horse. By William Youatt. 
 
 With a Treatise of Draught. New Edition, 
 with numerous. Wood Engi'avings, from 
 Designs by William Harvey. (Messrs. 
 Longman and Co.'s Edition should be or- 
 dered.) 8vo. price lOs. 
 
 Youatt.— The Dog. By William Youatt. 
 
 A New Edition ; with nvmierous Engi-avings, 
 from Designs by W. Harvey. 8vo. 63. 
 
 Young.— The Christ of History : An 
 
 Argument grounded in the Facts of His 
 Life on Earth. By the Rev. John Young, 
 LL.D. Edin. Post 8vo. 73. 6d. 
 
 Young.— The Kystery; or, Evil and God. By 
 
 the Rev. John Young, LL.D. Edin. Post 
 8vo. 78. 6d. 
 
 Young (E.) — Prse-Raffaellitism ; or, a 
 
 Popular Inquiiy into some newly-asserted 
 Principles connected with the Philosophy, 
 Poetry, Religion, and Revolution of Ai*t. 
 By the Rev. Edward Young, M.A. of 
 Trinity College, Cambridge; Author of J/-/, 
 JJs Constitution and Capacities. Post 8vo. 
 \_Just ready. 
 
 Zumpt's Grammar of the Latin Lan- 
 guage. Translated and adapted for the J 
 use of English Students by Dr. L. Schmitz, I 
 F.R.S.E. : With numerous Additions and 
 Corrections by the Author and Translator. 
 4th Edition, thoroughly revised. 8vo. 143. 
 
 [Novemler 1856. 
 
 PRINTED BY SrOTTISWOODK AND CO., NEW-STREET-SQUARE, LONDO.N.
 
 ^3li
 
 University of California 
 
 SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY 
 
 305 De Neve Drive - Parking Lot 17 • Box 951388 
 
 LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90095-1388 
 
 Return this material to the library from which it was borrowed.
 
 IJC SOUTHERN HEGlOriAL I IBRAR < FAlJLITv 
 
 A 000 099 354 3