TN 24- C3 A3 amiix fc^ -Vo ,m CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU FERRY BUILDING, SAN FRANCISCO FLETCHER HAMILTON State Mineralogist San Francisco] BULLETIN No. 76 August, 1918 Manganese and Chromium In California By WALTER W. BRADLEY, EMILE HUGUENIN, C. A LOGAN, W. BURLING TUCKER and CLARENCE A. WARING. '•LLl V 38958 CALIFORNIA STATE PRINTING OFFICE SACRAMENTO 19 18 LIBRARY UNIVERSiTY OF CAUFORNIA DAViS CONTENTS. Page LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL, 5 FOREWORD 7 Acknowledgment 7 Part I. MANGANESE. INTRODUCTION 9 Uses of Manganese and Grades of Ore Required 9 Sources of World's Manganese 10 Russia 10 India • 11 Brazil — 11 Other foreign deposits 11 United States 12 Distribution of Manganese Deposits in California 13 Coast Range deposits 13 Soutliern coast counties 14 Counties west of San Joaquin Valley 15 Coast Ranges north of San Francisco Bay 16 Klamath Mountain Region 17 Counties west of Sacramento Valley 17 Sierra Nevada Mountain counties 18 Southern California 19 Possibilities of Concentrating Manganese Ores,. 19 Electric Smelters 20 MINES 24 Alameda County 24 Amador County 29 Butte County 30 Calaveras County . 31 Contra Costa County 31 F"resno County 32 Glenn County . 32 Humboldt County 33 Imperial County 34 Inyo County 36 Lake County 36 Los Angeles County 38 Marin County 38 Mendocino County 39 Merced County — 49 Monterey County 50 Napa County 51 Nevada County 51 Placer County 52 Plumas County 53 Riverside County 54 San Benito County 59 San Bernardino County 61 San Joaquin County 64 San Luis Obispo County 69 Santa Barbara County 74 Santa Clara County 75 Shasta County 80 Siskiyou County 81 Sonoma County 82 Stanislaus County 83 Tehama County 87 Trinity County „ 89 Tulare County 91 Tuolumne County 91 SYNOPSIS OF MANGANESE PROPERTIES IN CALIFORNIA 92 PURCHASERS OF MANGANESE AND MANGANIFEROUS ORES 98 PRODUCTION OF MANGANESE ORES IN CALIFORNIA.., 100 4 CONTENTS. Part II. CHROMIUM. Page INTRODUCTION 101 History .101 Genesis of Chromite Deposits 102 Occurrences in California 102 Southern Coast Range counties 103 Tulare and Fresno counties 104 Counties west of San Joaquin Valley 105 Coast Ranges, nortli of San Francisco Bay 106 Klamatli Mountain region 107 Counties on west side of Sacramento Valley 109 Sierra Nevada Mountain counties 110 Developments During First Half of 1918 113 Increased Importance of Concentration 114 Districts of Promise to the Prospector 115 MINKS 115 Alameda County 115 Amador County 116 Butte County 118 Calaveras County 121 Colusa County 123 Del Norte County 124 El Dorado County 131 Fresno County 144 Glenn County 146 Humboldt County 148 Lake County 148 Los Angeles County 151 Mariposa County 151 Mendocino County 151 Monterey County 156 Napa County 156 Nevada County 157 Placer County 159 Plumas County 165 San Benito County 166 San Luis Obispo County 167 Santa Barbara County 179 Santa Clara County 180 Shasta County 181 Sierra County 189 Siskiyou County -- 189 Sonoma County 201 Stanislaus County 203 Tehama County 206 Trinity County 209 Tulare County 213 Tuolumne County 213 SYNOPSIS OF CHROMITE PROPERTIES IN CALIFORNIA 216 PRICES AND GRADES OF ORE 226 CONSUMERS OF CHROMITE 226 PRODUCTION OF CHROMITE IN CALIFORNIA 226 SUPPLEMENTARY STATEMENT RELATIVE TO CHROMITE MARKET 227 PUBLICATIONS OF CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU 229 INDEX 233 CONTENTS. D ILLUSTRATIONS. riwtographs Page 1. Manganese deposit near Fort Baker, Humboldt County 33 2. Manganese ore on property of I^. M. Bryant, Humboldt County 34 3. Buseh and Bevins manganese mine, Mendocino County 40 4. Loading platform at foot of gravity tram, at Buseh and Bevins mine 41 ,5. Screening manganese ore in open cut at Independent mine, Mendocino County 42 G. Tliirty tons of high-grade manganese ore on dump at Independent mine 43 7. Tunnel at W. P. Thomas manganese mine, near Ulciah 47 N. "Wild I)e\il manganese mine, Mendocino County 48 St. Outcrop at Briggs man.ganese deposit, Merced County 49 10. Open cut at Briggs mine 50 11. Tunnel and open cut on Scliellenger manganese claims. Riverside County 55 12. Open cut at Hendricks mine, San Benito County 60 13. Owl's Hole manganese mine. San Bernardino County 63 14. Ladd mine, looking soutlieasterly from Fabian shaft, San Joaquin County 65 15. White Good-Roads Truck, used by Western Rock Products Company in haul- ing manganese ore 66 16. Aerial tramway on Sec. 13, T. 4 S.. R. 4 E., M. D. M., San Joaquin County— 67 17. Stope in manganese mine — Wiltsee lease 68 17a. Staneuch Ranch or Prefumo Canon manganese deposit, San Luis Obispo County 72 17b. Staneucli Rancli deposit, showing tunnels on top of ridge 73 17c. No. 1 tunnel of Welsh manganese deposit, San Luis Obispo County 74 18. Manganese prospect on Sec. 1, T. 5 S., R. 5 E., M. D. M.. Stanislaus County__ 85 19. Outcrop of manganese ore on Sec. 3, T. 5 S., R. 5 E., M. D. M., Stanislaus County 86 20. Copper Creek chrome mine, Del Norte County 126 21. Tunnel at Copper Creek clirome mine 127 22. Open cut at Tyson chrome mine, Del Norte County 128 23. Dump containing 150 tons of chromite, at Tyson mine 129 24. Wasliing chrome ore at Green property. El Dorado County 134 25. Alpine clirome claim of Hoff group. El Dorado County 135 26. Clirome mines on the Pilliken property. El Dorado County 138 27. Chromite concentrating mill of Placer Chrome Company at Rattlesnake Bar, El Dorado County 142 28. Black Diamond chrome mine, Glenn County 147 29. Open cut at Lucky Strike clirome mine. Lake County 150 30. Ore ready for shipment at Fuqua and Bell chrome mine. Lake County 150 31. Summit of Red Mountain, Mendocino County 152 32. Asbil & Guthrie clirome claims, Mendocino County 153 3 3. Large croppings of serpentine impregnated witli chromite. Red Mountain, Mendocino County 154 34. Tunnel at Noble Electric Steel Company's Red Mountain lease 155 35. Concentrating chrome ore near Sugarpine mill. Placer County 164 36. McCarty chromite deposit on Feather River, Plumas County 165 36a. The 50-ton concentrating mill of the California Chrome Company at the Castro mine, San Luis Obispo 169 37a. Concentrating plant (^50 tons) of Union Chrome Company at Norcross mine, San Luis Obispo County 174 37. Pick and Shovel chrome mine, San Luis Obispo County 175 38. Trucks at Gibson Siding hauling chromite ore from Forest Queen mine, Shasta County -.- - 182 39. Edge of caved ground at surface of Little Castle Creek mine, after e-xtraction of tlie ore by caving system 183 40. Aerial tramway at Little Castle Creek mine 185 41. Ford-motor locomotive and train (30" gauge) for hauling chromite, near Dunsmuir 186 4 2. Jig used for concentrating low-grade chromite at Little Castle Creek mine of California Chroine Company 187 43. Loading bunker for cliromite ore at Little Castle Creek, near Dunsmuir 191 44. Upper working of Coggins clirome mine, near Dunsmuir, Siskiyou County 192 45. 'Bean' ore at Coggins clirome mine, showing effect of weathering on dissemi- nated chromite ore 193 46. Cliromite workings on Dexter Ranch, near Montague, Siskiyou County 195 47. Chromite sacked, ready for shipment, from the Lighthill Ranch, near Fort Jones, Siskiyou County 196 48. Cut in .serpentine, from whicli a small lens (35 tons) of high-grade chromite was taken, at the Grouse Creek mine, Siskiyou County 197 49. Tlie Clirome Mine (Bingham Group), main cut and stope, near Callahan, Siskiyou County 200 50. Meeker clirome mine, near Camp Meeker, Sonoma County 2 02 51. Elder Creek clirome mine of tlie Noljle Electric Steel Company, Tehama County 208 Map— Plates I. Outlini' map of California sliowing locations of cliromium and manganese dejiosits 13 11. Map of a portion of Central Califoi'nia showing locations of deposits of cliiomiuni. ma.gnesite and niangaiiese : 24 HI. Locations of chrome ore depo.'iits in San Luis O))ispo County 167 IV. Sketch plan of underground workings. New London clirome mine, San Luis Obispo County 172 V. Sections of chromite deposit on Little Castle Creek, Shasta County : 1S4 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. To His Excellency, the Honorable Wh^liam D. Stephens, Governor of California. Sir: As stated under date of October 15, 1917, in transmitting Pre- liminary Report No. 3 on INlanganese and Chromium, there is a serious shortage of these metals in the United States at the present time. As they are both vitally necessary in the steel industry, their adequate pro- duction has become a matter of no little concern from the standpoint of the successful completion of the war in which the Nation is now engaged. The contents of the accompanying bulletin represent the labors of five trained field assistants of this Bureau, who were delegated to carry on this work early in the summer of 1917. These data make up an inven- tory of California's manganese and chrome resources, and an attempt has been made to set forth facts relative to the location of all deposits of these metals and to present information which will assist in making them available for early development and utilization. It is believed that material assistance will be hereby rendered to the government of the United States, as well as to all of the parties interested in the development of this branch of the mining industry in California. Respectfully submitted. Fletcher Hamilton, August, 1918. State Mineralogist. FOREWORD. The occurrence of manganese and chromium ores in California has long been known, and a small production of each has been reported to the State JNIining Bureau since as early as 1887.^ Previous to the war with Germany, however, the necessary supplies of these materials which are mainly utilized in the steel producing centers of the East, were imported from foreign sources at a cost which made competition by California producers impossible because of the long railroad haul and the high freight rate from the Pacific coast. Foreign supplies are now considerably curtailed, however, and sources which might otherwise be available are reached with dilficulty on account of lack of ocean transportation.- As a result, the search for manganese and chromium, not only in California, but in other sections of the United States, has been carried on in a manner unprecedented in the history of the Nation. As the production of a sufficient supply of these minerals is not only important to the development of the mining industry of this state, but has assumed the position of a national necessity, the Bureau has made every effort to correlate the following data in the most efficient manner possible, without undue loss of time in making the report available. The subject matter is offered iu two parts. Part I being devoted to Manga- nese and Part II to Chromium, and these divisions have been further subdivided into chapters according to the various counties in which deposits of these minerals occur, arranged alphabetically for convenience in reference. C. A. Waring visited the properties in the Sierra Nevada mountain counties ; W. B. Tucker covered the district south of the Sixth Stand- ard Parallel; and E. Huguenin visited many Coast Range properties. The other authors visited many widely separated properties between San Luis Obispo County and the Oregon line. ACKNOWLEDGMENT. Uniform courtesy was extended to the various field assistants engaged in this work by owners and operators of mines throughout the state, and grateful acknowledgment is hereby made for this co-operation, without which satisfactory results could not possibly have been attained. Assistance has been received from various members of the U. S. Bureau of Mines and the U. S. Geological Survey by exchange of various >For tables of annual protluction of these minerals, see pp. 100 and 226, post. -See supplementary statement on p. 22 7, post, relative to late break in the chromite market. 8 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. data relative to the subject in hand, and it is a jjleasure to hereby acknowledge the aid thus received. Notes kindly furnished by members of the staff of the Department of Geology of the University of California have helped to make the report on manganese more comprehensive than would otherwise have been possible. Special thanks in this connection are due Professor Geo. D. Louderback and his assistants, Messrs. E. F. Davis, F. L. Hud- son and N. H. Taliaferro. Part I. MANGANESE. IiNTRODUCTION. By C. A. Logan. Uses of Manganese and Grades of Ore Required. The paramount use for llie inetal, which overshadows all other requirements, is in steel making. In small percentage manganese serves to remove sulphur and oxygen, preventing brittleness and elim- inating "blow holes." In larger percentage as a constituent of the steel, it imparts toughness and hardness. Two classes of manganese- iron alloys are made for use in steel. Ferro-manganese contains 70% to 80% manganese, 15% to 207c iron and 5% or 6% carbon. A high grade manganese ore, containing preferably 45% or more of manga- nese, not over .225% phosphorus and as little silica, iron and other impurities as possible, is desired in making it, 1)ut ore carrying less than 40% manganese can be used, and if the metallic manganese con- tent is high enough, as much as 25% silica is accepted subject to penalty for each per cent of silica over 8%. INIakers of ferro-man- ganese by the electric smelting method can use ore lower in manganese and higher in silica than can others ; Noble Electric Steel Co.^ stated under date of April 27, 1918, that they could use certain ores carrying as low as 36% Mn, with silica not over ^ the metallic manganese con- tent, and iron not over 10%. Where the silica content is under 8% and 5% a bonus of 50^ to $1 a ton is quoted. For making spiegel- eisen, lower grade ore is allowable. This alloy carries 15% to 20% manganese, about 5% carbon and the balance chietly iron; any ore which gives these proportions and is not otherwise objectionable may be used. Ores as low as 5% jMn are used in "high manganese" pig iron. Ores of less than 35% Mn content are classed as low grade, or as manganiferous iron or silver ore, as the case may be. Such ores are produced annually in this country to the extent of about 1,000,000 tons, of which 6% to 8% contains over 15% manganese. The June, 1918, production of ferro-manganese Avas 29,568 long tons and of spiegeleisen, 16,398 tons, according to Iron Age. Efforts are being made to have manufacturers make spiegeleisen as much as possible. Noble Electric Steel Company was making ferro-manganese in Cali- fornia in June at the rate of 1.000, 000 pounds a month, utilizing ores from California mines. 'Cal. state Min. Bur.: Preliminary Rep. 3, 191S. 10 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. For making dry batteries over 20,000 tons of high-grade ore are reported annually consumed in this country. Specifications for this use call for a high content of available oxygen, which is not always found Avith a high metallic manganese content. The content of man- ganese dioxide should be 80% or more. Any other mineral is of no use. Cobalt, nickel and copper are harmful even in the smallest quantity, and more than 2% iron is not wanted, although not proven objectionable. For glass making an ore of similar tenor to the above is required. Pyrolusite is the best ore for such uses. Smaller quantities of manganese are used to make pigments in paint, coloring for pottery, in varnish and as a drier in paints, for medicinal uses and for fertilizers. Manganese bronze is used in mak- ing ship propellers because of the resistance to corrosion by sea water. The price established May 29, 1918, by the government for manga- nese ore containing 35% to 54% metallic manganese is from 86^ to $1.30 a unit (one per cent), f. o. b. South Chicago. A penalty of 50^; to $1 a ton is levied for excess silica above 8% up to 25%, with a corresponding bonus for ore carrying less than 8% silica. The other impurities which are objectionable in manganese ores for metallurgical use are absent from California ore, or present in such small quantity as to be negligible. SOURCES OF WORLD'S MANGANESE. Production of manganese ores in California has been effectually prevented in the past by cost of mining, prohibitive cost of delivering ore at the market and character of our local deposits, which have seldom appeared of sufficient size or grade to warrant expensive devel- opment. These conditions under which the domestic producer labors will be made clearer by brief consideration of the chief producers abroad. Manganese in Russia. The principal district is in the government of Kutais, near the village of Chiaturi on the southwest side of the Caucasus Mountains.- The ore occurs as a bedded deposit in brown Miocene sandstone, which lies nearly horizontal. The ore has been opened on seven mountains which are residual spurs left by Kvrilli River and its tributaries. The total mineralized area is said to be 55 square miles, of which 22 square miles are underlain by available ore. A thickness of six or seven feet is mined. The ore reserve was estimated by Drake to be at least 80,000,000 long tons, and it was l)eing mininl in 1913 at the rate of about 1,000,000 long tons yearly. Tlie chief ore is pyrolusite. 2Drake, Frank, Manganese ore industry oi' the Caucasus; Trans. A. I. M. E., vol. 28, 1898. MANGANESE AND CPIROMIUM. 11 which powders excessively in course of shipment. Ore is often inter- calated with the sandstone. The product exported runs from 46% to 56% Mn, .16%) phosphorus, and less than 8% silica. Miners received 40^ a day. Ore is extracted by drifting on the bed and pillars are left with little timber and no powder required. Ore cost 92^ a ton at mine portal, but outrageous transportation conditions between the mines and the coast brought the cost to nearly $10 a ton delivered at English ports. Deposits in India.^ Harder cites nine localities in India where manganese occurs. Practically all the important deposits are said to be in pre-Paleozoic metamorphic rocks. The ores are usually interlayered with quartzite and are of good grade, carrying 42%* to 54% Mn, 4% to 10% silica and generally not over .3% P. Production up to the beginning of the war reached nearly 700,000 long tons a year. Deposits in Brazil. Since the opening of the war the production of manganese in Brazil has probably doubled, the figure for 1915 being 350,000 tons.^ In 1915, nine-tenths of the manganese imported into the United States came from Brazil. The Lafayette District is the most produc- tive field, and the Morro da Mina property the largest producer. This mine yielded 200,000 tons in 1915, and is said to have a proven ore reserve of 10,000,000 tons. The ore is chiefly psilomelane and is the residual product of decomposition of an original manganiferous rock made up of varying proportions of manganese carbonate and silicates." The average composition of ore is said to be 50.47% Mn, .069% P, 1.76% SiOo. Other Foreign Deposits. During the period of 20 years ending in 1905 considerable manga- nese ore was shipped to this country from Chile. E. C. Harder^ gives the amount as over 500,000 tons. This ore was driven otf the market by the opening of deposits in India. The Chilean deposits, as de- scribed by Harder, appear in most respects similar to our own Coast Range deposits ; they are relatively narrow ore-bodies in chert which is of approximately the same age as the Franciscan of California, The richest cargo of manganese ore received in the United States is said to have been a shipload of 1400 tons shipped in 1896 from the ^Trails. A. I. M. E. 1917, p. 40. ^L. L. Feimor: Manganese Ore Deposits of India. Memoirs, Geol. Sur. India, Vol. 37. Brazil: Trans. A. I. M. K.. lit 17. •''Singewald and Miller, The manganese ores of tlie Lafayette district, Minas Geraes, '\Singewald and Miller-. Opus cit. page 18. •Manganese Ores of Kussia, India, Brazil and Chile. Trans. A. I. M. E. 1917. 12 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. Nispero and Soledad mines in Panama.* It averaged 57.5% Mn, 4.18% SiOo and .054% P. The deposits are in pockets, sometimes containing as much as 500 tons of ore, and lying in clay, which is said to be the result of decomposition in place of the original sedi- mentary rock. Deposits in the United States. Harder^ characterizes the deposits of manganese in this country as largely secondary concentration deposits. The deposits in the Coast Kanges of California do not belong in this category, as will be indi- cated later. The principal geological horizons in which manganese occurs in the United States are the Cambrian, Silurian and Carboniferous. The original deposition of the manganese is held to have occurred in still Avater. usually in association with limestones and shales. The decom- position of these rocks to clays was accompanied by the concentra- tion of the manganese in nodides and pockets. This applies to the deposits in Virginia, Georgia, Vermont and Arkansas, as well as to Canadian deposits in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. In the present paper these de])osits may be dismissed with the statement that California leads the other states in the i)roduction of manganese ore as far as available statistics indicate. It must be remembered, of course, that there is a large amoiuit of mangauiferous iron ore produced in the Lake Superior iron regions which is utilized. Another source of supply will be the low-grade ore taken from the mines at Butte, Montana. The Anaconda Copper Company plans to utilize liuildings and machinery already available, and newly devel- oped electric power, for the manufacture of ferro-manganese. Pro- duction is expected to begin early in September, 1918. A surprisingly high percentage of manganese is carried by steel slags. Samples of six slags turned out by American steel makers carried from 2.5% to 50% manganese oxide. The highest percentage was from manganese steel slag from converters, but basic open hearth and bessemer slags carried as much as 22%, and one large maker of steel and pig iron claims to recover regularly 10.5% of manganese from open hearth slag.^" This slag is now being utilized in increasing quantity liy makers of ferro-manganese. ^Cliibas, E. J.. Manganese deposits of the Department of Panama, etc. : Trans. A. I. M. B., vol. 2 7. "Harder, E. C, Manganese deposits of tlie United States: U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 427, 1910. ^"Mining and Seientific Press, April 6, 191S. 13 A. , Mild hese. well vada iitain d on i)r()- iscau 1 one ■H are 'se in these us or enees s our )sited mate- re, or xides The n the Qoted man- y the The oxide noted edrin 'Orted d are been .' into i wall ert is ok he )f the '. Bull. o llJ O- -."r. O i'^*< 'o^ -v-l O O X u 389S8 p. 13 MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 13 DISTRIBUTION OF MANGANESE DEPOSITS IN CALIFORNIA. ]\[aiiganese ores have been rcpoitcHl in .{(i counties of tlie State, and commercial production has heen made so far from two-thirds of these. The three principal districts, "which are distinct geologically as well as geographically, are the Coast Range Belt, the Sierra Nevada Counties and the southern desert region. The Klamath ^Mountain region also has many prospects which have been undeveloped on account of their remoteness, but even here mining has l)egun and pro- duction is expected from Siskiyou County in litis. Coast Range Deposits. ^Manganese o.xides occhi- in tliis l)elt iii\<n'ial)ly in tlic Franciscan chert and there is a monotonous simihirit\' in the (k^posits from one end of the belt to the other. The variations in size of ore bodies are generally small, and may be ascribed to local causes. ^Manganese in greater or less amount is present throughout the whole extent of these Franciscan rocks, appearing often as small bunches, minute veins or possibly only as stains. In addition to this multitude of occurrences AA'hich possess no commercial value, the Coast Range Belt contains our best manganese mines. Geology of Coast Range Deposits. ]\Ianganese in the Franciscan cherts has evidently been deposited from solution simultaneously with the deposition of the cherty mate- rial, which occurred either in quiet water a long Avay from shore, or from siliceous springs. Harder's theory^' that the manganese oxides are a replacement of the jasper is now considered untenable. The manganese ore Avas laid down as iuterstratified bodies enclosed in the chert, and has not migrated (except in a very minor way, as noted later) from place, nor has it replaced the jasper. The original man- ganese carlionate or silicate has been altered in situ to oxide by the action of ground water and other terrestrial agents, apparently. The only mine so far opened to the limit of ground water shows the oxide ores running into carbonate, and carbonate ore has also been noted above the limit of ground water, for example at the ]\lount Sanhedrin claims in IMendocino County. The silicate, rhodonite, is not reported from the Coast Ranges ; the siliceous manganese ores so far found are not yet proven to l)e definite manganese silicates and have not been definitel}' named. The ore of shipping grade merges gradually into the siliceous wall rock without definite lines of separation. The wall surrounding the ore is often stained black, and this stained chert is very deceiving to the uninitiated prospector, who is led to think he has a larger ore body than is usually the case. The weight of the "Harder, E. C, Manganese deposits of the United States: U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 427, 1910. 12 Nispe: 4.18% contai said t menta Depos Hai largel Rang( cated The Unite' origin water posit i' tion c depos Canac In slater niang remer iron ( Am mines ntiliz( oped ducti< A i slags, carrit was f and I steel from quani ''Chi A. I. I »Ha 427, !■ MANGANESE AND CIIROMHIM. 13 DISTRIBUTION OF MANGANESE DEPOSITS IN CALIFORNIA. Manganese ores have been rcpoilcd in .'Jti couiilics o[' llie State, and commercial production lias l)een made so far fi-oin two-thirds of these. The three principal districts, which are distinct geolo*j;ically as well as geographically, are the Coast Range Belt, the Sierra Nevada Counties and the southern desert region. The Klamath ^Mountain region also has many prospects which have been undeveloped on account of their remoteness, but even here niiinng has Ix'gun and pro- duction is expected from Sislciyou County in 1!)18. Coast Range Deposits. Manganese oxides occur in tliis belt invaciably in the Franciscan chert and there is a monotonous simihirity in the dei)osits from one end of the belt to the other. The variations in size of ore bodies are generally small, and may be ascribed to local causes. Manganese in greater or less amount is present throughout the whole extent of these Franciscan rocks, appearing often as small bunches, minute veins or possibly only as stains. In addition to this multitude of occurrences which possess no commercial value, the Coast Range Belt contains our best manganese mines. Geology of Coast Range Deposits. ]\Ianganese in the Franciscan cherts has evidently been deposited from solution simultaneously with the deposition of the cherty mate- rial, which occurred either in cpiiet water a long way from shore, or from siliceous springs. Harder 's theory^^ that the manganese oxides are a replacement of the jasper is now considered untenable. The manganese ore was laid down as interstratified bodies enclosed in the chert, and has not migrated (except in a very minor way, as noted later) from place, nor has it replaced the jasper. The original man- ganese carbonate or silicate has been altered in situ to oxide by the action of ground water and other terrestrial agents, apparently. The only mine so far opened to the limit of ground water shows the oxide ores running into carbonate, and carbonate ore has also been noted above the limit of ground water, for example at the Blount Sanhedrin claims in IMendocino County. The silicate, rhodonite, is not reported from the Coast Ranges; the siliceous manganese ores so far found are not yet proven to be definite manganese silicates and have not been definitely named. The ore of shipping grade merges gradually into the siliceous wall rock without definite lines of separation. The wall surrounding the ore is often stained black, and this stained chert is very deceiving to the uninitiated prospector, who is led to think he has a larger ore body than is usually the case. The Aveight of the "Harder, E. C, Manganese deposits of the United States: U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 427, 191U. 14 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. liaud specimen, the luster, hardness, manner of fracturing, and color of the streak left when the specimen is sera t died by steel, are dis- tinguishing characteristics. Psilomelane is the chief mineral in ore of higher grade. This min- eral has an unmistakable bluish black color when of good grade. It is scratched with difficulty by steel and has a shiny, dark streak. It occurs massive, is very heavy and has a conchoidal fracture. It does not have a definite composition and in the California deposits always has one or both of the softer oxides, pyrolusite and wad, associated with it, as' powdery fillings in seams and cavities. One mine in San Luis Obispo Countj^ is producing hausmannite. This is chocolate brown, has a rusty yellowish brown streak, granular structure, and hardness of 5.5. It is an anhydrous oxide, Mn^O^, which changes by hydration to psilomelane. California oxide ore is seldom crystalline or of definite chemical composition, and the application of a mineral name to it can only be approximate. Louderl)ack'- states that iron rarely exceeds 2% in Coast Kange ore; phosi^horus and sulphur are either very low or absent, and silica is apt to run from 10% to 20% in ores which carry 40% to 45% manganese. The latter is the only impurity causing any difficulty, and of course is of constant occur- rence. The cases where manganese oxide occurs deposited secondarily from solution after migration through cracks, fault planes or along eon- tacts, are of no importance in our Coast Range deposits. Sometimes the multitude of tiny cross fractures in thin-bedded chert have been traversed by ground water, carrying manganese oxide which was deposited as a very thin, evenly distributed film on all the surfaces of the chert. Southern Coast Counties. Santa Barbara County has some small, remote prospects about ten miles from Los Olivos where a few tons of ore are reported, but no shipments have been made yet. In San Luis Obispo County lenses of chert occur at frequent inter- vals in the Franciscan area which traverses the Los Osos Mountains, lying between San Luis Obispo and the Coast. Manganese occurs in most of these lenses and two properties have lately been opened which are producing the highest grade ore being marketed from the State. These properties are the southernmost of the prospects so far reported, but the chert lenses are also of frequent occurrence throughout the Franciscan belt which strikes northwest across the entire county on the west slope of the Santa Lucia Range, and no reason is known why ^-Liouderback, G. D., California manganese problem : Mining and Scientific Press, Marcli 30, 1918. Manganese and chromium. 15 the productive area for inangaiiese slioiild not l)e extended by pros- pecting. The two properties which are i)roducing are 8 and 10 miles, respectively, from San Luis Obispo, the shipping point, and ore is hauled down grade all the way in auto trucks. Near the surface the ore was psilomelane chiefly, but at depth is proving to be hausma unite, the anhydrous oxide MngO^. Recently the rate of production from one of these properties was reported to be six to seven cars monthly, and production has also begun on the other property. The best carload from the Staneuch deposit carried 78.1% MnO^. (See description under San Luis Obispo County for complete analysis.) Other prospects have been noted at several places on the west slope of the Santa Lucia Range, but no work has been done yet on any of these. Some of them have been turned dowai on the strength of anah^ses of samples taken from the outcrop. This is poor practice, to say the least. The opening of the tw^o good properties in the Prefumo Canou District seems ample incentive for a closer investigation of other known prospects in the county, as well as for new prospecting which may reveal additional possibilities. The Franciscan area extending northw^estward into Monterey County traverses a rough and sparsely settled district along the coast, w^here only one prospect had been reported to date. Counties West of San Joaquin Valley. Franciscan rocks form the upper portions of the Diablo Range, which extends northw^estward along the line between San Benito and Merced Counties. These Franciscan rocks cover also the eastern hilly portions of Santa Clara and Alameda Counties, the southwest corner of San Joaquin and the western part of Stanislaus. All these counties have producing manganese mines or promising prospects. These properties are geologically similar in all respects to the other Coast Range deposits. Production has been made to date from only one of the properties in San Benito and Merced Counties. This is the Hendricks Mine, 21 miles east of Tres Pinos. Other prospects in the district are best reached by road from that town, which is the railroad terminal. They lie along the summit of the range at distances of from 18 to 30 miles from the town and in most cases would require s.ome road building before ore could be taken out. Aside from this, roads are good and favor traffic to Tres Pinos. The Briggs Mine, 26 miles from town, makes a promising showing. Other prospects have been leased lately. The climate is very mild here and rainfall is light, offering only tem- porary interruption to work or hauling. 16 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. The manganese properties of Santa ('lara, Alameda, San Joaquin and Stanislaus Counties are grouped in a rather small area where the four counties corner in rough, hilly country. Livermore is the shipping point for most of the properties in Santa Clara County, but a narrow guage railroad from Patterson runs near some of them. The total production from this county for the past two years has been about 800 tons from seven properties. The haul to Livermore ranges from 25 to 35 miles. The Patterson and Wcjsteni railroad offers facilities which have stimulated ]U'ospecting near its western terminus, but i)roducti<)n has been small there so far. Production from Alameda County in l!)l(i and 1!)17 totalled a])()nt 170(1 tons, taken largely from two or Ihrce proixTt ics on ]\Ian Ridge, while smaller yield was made by several others. The properties lie from 9 to 22 miles southeast of Livermore. Rainy weather in the higher sections interrupts hauling. The largest producer and the pioneer in manganese mining in the State is the Ladd .Mine in San Joaquin County. Total production here to date has been over 15,000 tons and there is still a good reserve of ore. Except for its size, this property is not considered different geologically from other Coast Range deposits. It is the only one in the State ecjuipped with crushing and screening machinery. Just .south and east of the Ladd Mine a large lens of manganese ore pro- duced about 8000 tons in 1916. These properties are two to three miles from ]\Ianganese Station on the "Western Pacific Railway. Both are maintaining a satisfactory output. Stanislaus County's production has been about 1000 tons in the past two years, and has been chietiy from two properties. Vernalis, the principal shipping point, is 14 or 15 miles distant. Some new development is promised from properties on ]Mt. Oso, and the outlook is generally good for augmented production in 1918, Coast Ranges North of San Francisco Bay. This grou}) includes Marin, Sonoma, Napa, Lake, ]\Iendocino and part of IIum])oldt (^ounties. Lake and Sonoma have yielded a few hundred tons. Mendocino was the leading producer in the State in 1915, with nearly 8000 tons reported, second in 1916 with over 1700 tons, and third in 1917, with over 1500 tons. Most of this ore has come from two properties : the Thomas Mine, and the Foster Mountain Mine. Ore from the former is hauled 6 miles to Redwood Station at a cost of $3.00 a ton ; from the latter, a 14 mile haul to Willits costs $7.00 a ton. Remoteness from transportation hinders the develop- ment of many other properties. Among these may be mentioned the prospects on Mt. Sanhedrin, 25 miles east of Willits, where both oxide MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 17 and carbonate ores liave been fonnd. Two deposits in lIunil)oklt County began production in June, ]f)18. Ore is hauled to Carlotta and Ft. Seward, and several carloads are said to have been shipped already. There are a few undeveloped manganese prospects 3 or 4 miles from the railroad in the southwestern part of Trinity County Avhieh properly belong in the Coast Range province. One had pro- duced a carload of ore up to the end of 1917. Klamath Mountain Region. This includes parts of Trinity, Siskiyou and Shasta Counties. The properties in Trinity County are about 71 miles from the railroad at Redding, and remote from the wagon road. Some prospecting has been done on two of them, but enough ore has not yet been developed to justify the necessary 13 or 14 miles of road to Wildwood. One property, the Caudwell Prospect, is promising and is being prospected this season. Most of the manganese prospects in Siskiyou County are as far from transportation as are those in Trinity. There is a promising prospect near Sawyer's Bar, which is separated from the railroad by a 53-mile haul over a divide about 6000 feet high. The writer also noted several outcrops of siliceous black oxides, super- ficially of low grade and undeveloped, on the Blue Ridge between the Forks of Salmon River at elevations between 5000 and 6000 feet. Chert occupies a great deal of the country between Tanner's Peak, the New River Divide and Orleans Basin, and manganese oxides are apt to be found in it anywhere. Numerous claims have been staked this' spring (1918) on prospects in this territory, which is accessible only by rough pack trails from Sawyer's Bar, Forks of Salmon, and Orleans. If any of these should be developed to the productive stage, ore would have to be packed out, preferably to Orleans, from which a fair road would permit hauling by auto trucks during dry weather to Korbel, 62 miles distant. Two prospects have been opened east of the mountains, one in Cottonwood District from which ore can be hauled to Ager, and the other in Deadwood District, 6 miles from Fort Jones; Early production is promised from both. Shasta County's production of manganese came from a siliceous ore body 1 mile from the Heroult smelter, where an attempt to make silico-manganese from the ore was abandoned as unprofitable. Counties West of Sacramento Valley. Three counties in this group, whose western portions are geologi- cally linked with the Coast Ranges, but which are easiest reached from the east, contain manganese prospects in the Franciscan cherts. In Colusa County some work was done years ago on a prospect near Fonts Springs, but it was abandoned without production. Two 2—38958 18 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. properties in Glenn County, 25 and 30 miles respectively, west of Fruto, have produced a few hundred tons, and one of them is still active. Near the south county line, just within Tehama County and 34 miles from the railroad at Corning, there are two undeveloped claims on which some work seems warranted, to judge by the grade of material exposed on the surface. These are near the east edge of the Franciscan area and just within the California National Forest. Going west toward the summit of the divide and north tow^ard Tom Head Peak, there are reported to be other prospects of manganese. The country in these directions is rugged and little frequented except by stockmen. Sierra Nevada Mountain Counties. In this group of counties, manganese properties have been reported from Plumas, Butte, Nevada, Placer, Amador, Calaveras, Tuolumne and Tulare. The black oxides of manganese occur commonly in irregular shaped bodies enclosed in lenses of quartz, and as far as visited by the field men of this Bureau, appear to differ entirely from the Coast Range deposits. Plumas County has l)een the largest producer of the group, one property having yielded over 1000 tons and another over 500 tons. Properties so far opened are near Crescent Mills, Indian Falls and Quincy. Only one of three properties near Clipper Mills in Butte County has produced. Production from Nevada County so far has been a few carloads from tw^o properties, one 7 miles from Colfax near the west bank of Bear River, and the other about 16 miles from Auburn in the Lime Kiln District. A recent discovery is reported to have been made on South Yuba River, one mile from Washington. Geological conditions are said to be similar to those described under Placer County, where mining is going on in a small way near the side of the road from Col- fax to Yankee Jim. The prospects are 9^ miles from Colfax. The mixed hard and soft black oxides of manganese are found in places as small, irregular bunches enclosed in quartz lenses which strike N. 5° W. and dip nearly vertically, in conformity with the enclosing rocks which have been altered to clay at the surface and are mapped as Calaveras formation (Carboniferous). Twenty tons of ore from one such prospect was said to carry 51.6% manganese. At a depth of 7 feet this ore was merging into rhodonite and carbonate. The indications so far point to the probability of numerous small, super- ficial ore bodies in this Carboniferous area, which extends to North Bloomfield. The long upgrade from the river to Colfax gives an expensive haul and the road is very heavy, though not absolutely impassable, in winter. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 19 Production from Amador Comity has l)eeii from one i)r()i)erty near Defender. Calaveras has made no production, and only one carload has been shipped from Tuolumne County, although new prospects are reported from the southwest end of the county, near the river, above Moccasin Creek. Southern California. The manganese deposits in the counties of Inyo, San Bernardino, Los Angeles, Riverside and Imperial are typically vein deposits, and of these the fissure deposits seem to be the more common, although there are several contact deposits described in the report. In the desert country, intrusive rocks commonly carry the mixed manganese oxides in narrow, well-defined veins. Psilomelane, with its characteristic botryoidal surface, is a prominent ore. The silicate rhodonite has been noted and will probably be found in greater quantity as develop- ment at depth is done. An interesting type of deposit is found in San Bernardino County where a foot of-pyrolusite is reported on a contact of limestone and granite. Pyrolusite is also reported from the Owl Hole Mine in that county in contacts and as fissure filling in a system of parallel veins in granite. It is thought that the lime- stone originally covered most of the granite and that the ore deposi- tion occurred at the same time in the contact and in the underlying fissures in granite, but that the limestone has since been largely re- moved by erosion. Riverside and Imperial Counties have been the principal producers. The Black Jack Mine in Riverside County produced about 1500 tons in 1915 and 1916 and production was resumed in 1917, the ore lately shipped being clean, high-grade oxide carrying from 44% to 54% manganese and from 1% to 6% silica. Mineral Station is the prin- cipal shipping point for Riverside County, the haul being from 2 to 23 miles over desert roads. Glamis, Imperial County, is another import- ant shipping point. The Owl Hole JMine in San Bernardino County was a large pro- ducer in 1916. The ore-body is as much as 6 feet wide. Ore carrying 75% MnOo and less than 1% Fe^Og was shipped for chemical use, while lower grade ore was shipped for steel making. Riggs, 35 miles distant on the Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad, is the shipping point. This property became active again in May, 1918, after being idle in litigation for a year. POSSIBILITIES OF CONCENTRATING MANGANESE ORES. After rather extensive tests carried on under his supervision at the University of California, Professor E. A. Hersam has recently reviewed the possibilities of applying the different methods of concentration 20 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. to California manganese ores^^, and his conclusions are summarized below. As a preliminary step to concentration by other means, dry crush- ing and screening was tried. It was found that the finer material was usually richer than the coarser, at any stage, in the case of pyrolusite or other soft oxide ore, but not in the case of the carbonate and some silicate ores. The separation was in no case sufficiently clean to be termed concentration. Gravity concentration tests were not very satisfactory. The man- ganese minerals as a whole are not greatly superior in density to the gangue minerals ; manganese minerals generally slime excessively in crushing, and are usually not well separated from the gangue. Be- cause of these facts, wet concentration is apt to be imperfect, yielding a large proportion of a middlings product which is hard to handle. The only ores which appear susceptil)le to this mode of treatment are hard, pure ores which will break free from gangue. Author's Note: Certain of the Southern CaHfornia deposits, where high grade ore occurs in narrow but well-dolini'd veins and stringers, divided sharply from the wall rocks, appear to be tlie most promising for tests of this kind. Concentration tests are now being made in tlie south on suili ore from Riverside County. Flotation and electro-static separation were not successful, ])ut mag- netic separation seems to have possibilities. Experiments l\v this method on a carbonate ore gave a concentrate carrying 38.6% man- ganese and a recovery of 96.7%. The same method applied after roasting the ore gave a recovery of 93.4% in a concentrate carrying 50.9% manganese. Here also, it was found that the hard, high-grade material Avas readily attracted and saved, but the softer particles such as pyrolusite, and the minerals which cannot be cleanly separated from gangue, gave less satisfactory results. Solution of the man- ganese minerals by sidphuric acid and deposition by electrolysis apparently would be applicable, as far as the extraction obtainable and equality of product are concerned. ELECTRIC SMELTERS. The Noble Electric Steel Company is operating two electric fur- naces at their Heroult Smelter in Shasta County, making ferro-man- ganese. The electrodes used are 12" and 1500 k.w. are used on each electrode. Furnaces are lined with silica brick. Power is obtained from Northern California Power Company. The ores used come mostly from Californiit, and the contributing properties are scattered from one end of the state to the other. The company develops many properties and also buys ores from producers. They are the largest consumers of California manganese and the mar- "Hersam, E. A., The possible treatment of manganese ores in California: Univ. Calif. Publ. Engin. Vol. 2, No. 1, 1918. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 21 ];ot for their product is well established in the east. There is a great variation in ore, but a general average is 40% manganese, 16% silica, 1% to 3%, iron, with sulphur and ])hosphorus entirely absent or present only in traces. Ore is delivered by rail to the smelter bins. From the ore and fluxes the constituents of the charge are draw^n into a scale car. The make-up of an average charge is a follows for 80% f erro-manganese : 1 Ton 50%' manganese ore (Average tenor of ore is lower). 800# Lime Rock. 60}f Fluorspar (shipped from Colorado). 70# Iron Ore. 550# Charcoal or Coke (crushed fine). From the scale ear the charge is dumped down a gravity chute to the furnace, and mixes on the way, being also hand spread in the furnace. Metal is tapped every 3 hours, at a temperature of 1400° C. The button weighs about 1000 pounds. Each furnace produces 7 to 8 tons of ferro-manganese in 24 hours. The product varies from 70% to 80% manganese. Average content is said to be : F'or 70% product For 80c; product 70%; Manganese ■_ 80% 20% Iron 12%, 6% Carbon 6% 1% to 3% Silicon 1% to 3%, Phosphorus and suljihur absent, or only as traces. A recovery of 65% to 70% of the manganese in the ore is claimed. The slag carries 10%. to 18% manganese. At present there appears to be no way of utilizing this economically. The lowest grade ore which they state they can use is 38% manganese and not over 19% silica. Some time ago they tried to make silico-manganese from ore mined near the smelter. This ore carried 20% manganese, 34% silica, 6.72% iron, and some sulphur, and the attempt to smelt it did not prove financially successful. During the first quarter of 1918 the smelter treated al)out 3000 tons of California manganese ore. Some coke made in California from petroleum residue has been used whenever obtainable at a price war- ranting its purchase. The problem of electrode supply has been temporarily solved by a new supply from the east. As soon as pos- sible it is planned to substitute 20" carbon electrodes for 12". 22 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. Intermittently, small amounts of ferro-silicon are made in a smaller furnace (600 k.w. capacity). The charge for making 75% ferro- silicon is: 1 Ton siliceous material (85% silica, 5%-10% iron). 1000# Charcoal. 400# Iron ore (local ore carries 68% Fe, 1-2%- SiO,). This furnace is lined with silica. Metal is tapped at 1550° C. The market for this product is not regular enough to justify steady pro- duction. Pacific Electro Metals Company, 593 Market St., San Francisco, have a new plant at Bay Point w^here they are making silico-man- ganese. Some ferro-manganese has been made. Additional furnaces will be added and ferro-chrome, ferro-nickel, ferro-tungsten and ferro- molybdenum may be made later. At present one furnace is in opera- tion and can turn out 32 tons silico-manganese daily. Another of ecpial capacity is pai'tly l)uilt. The plant was designed by Beck- man and Linden Engineering (-orporation of San Francisco, and was financed by western capital. California materials are used, and it is gratifying to note that the state is capable of establishing and main- taining such an industry entirely without assistance from the east. With better transportation conditions and more cordial co-operation on the part of government agencies it is said that progress would be better. The main furnace building is of reinforced concrete and 120 ft. x 50 ft. The furnace has a capacity of 3000 k.w. and is 3-phase with open top. The electrodes are 24 inches in diameter, are hexagonal in shape and 7 feet long. Trouble was caused at first by difficulty in getting electrodes. More recently, the company has erected a plant in which experimental work is going on in making electrodes from lamp black residue from local gas plants. Mr. Linden reports (Aug. 5, 1918) that the success of the process is assured, and says that some electrodes made in the plant are being used in the furnaces along with others of eastern manufacture. The charge is shovelled around the electrodes and metal is tapped from the bottom, the process being continuous. In making silico- manganese, an ore carrying not less than 40% manganese and not over 20% silica is used, but one carrying 36% manganese and not over 18% silica could be used. The charge consists of ore, coke and iron turnings up to 3" in diameter. Some of the coke used has been made locally from residue of California oil refineries. The silico-manganese produced carries 50% to 55%; manganese, 20% to 25% silica, less than 1% carbon, not over .18% phosphorus and trace of sulphur. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 23 Sample lots of ferro-manganese made in test runs, carried 80% man- ganese, 3% carbon, 2% silica, balance iron. AVith the completion of the other large furnace and 3 others of 300 k.w. capacity, the company will be in position to make the other ferro-alloys. This plant provides a market for such products as gas plant lamp black and crude oil residue coke, which have heretofore been of little or no value. By shipping to the east a silico-manganese of above analysis, there is also a saving in railroad rolling stock. A much greater actual Aveight of manganese is contained in a carload of the silico-manganese than in an average carload of crude ore; if we consider the average tenor of crude ore shipped from California mines to the east for metallurgical purposes to be 42% manganese, 8 carloads of 55% silico-manganese would represent 9 cars of crude ore. This saving of freight also ought to help the California miner to overcome the handicap imposed by the establishment of a government price on manganese ore, based on delivery at South Chicago. The enterprise certainly deserves co-operation from federal agencies, as well as from local people. 24 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. MINES. ALAMEDA COUNTY. Tesla District. South and east from Tesla in Alameda County is an extensive area of Franciscan formations, consisting mainl}- of sandstones, and serpen- tine with lenses of chert. This Franciscan area is approximately two townships (12 miles) wide at its northern edge along the south side of Corral Hollow Creek, and at three townships south of there it is at least three townships (18 miles) wide. (See Map, Plate II.) It extends into San Joaquin, Santa Clara and Stani.slaus counties. The main ridges of the Diablo Range in this district run nearly NE.-SW. Exploration and development work have revealed three main mineral- ized belts in this area : 1. An eastern belt, largely of chert and contain- ing deposits of manganese, some of them yielding ore of very good grade. This belt is entirely on the east side of the "Divide." that is, on the side of the drainage towards the San Joaquin River. 2. A western belt, largely of serpentine bodies but with chert and sandstone also present. In the serpentine are found the deposits of magnesite, and a few of chromite; while in the chert, deposits of manganese have been noted, and a few of them worked. This belt follows along the line of the Arroyo Mocho and the ridge on its westerly side, but continues on to the southeast beyond the headwaters of the Arroyo Mocho, following the Red Mountains divide for some distance. 3. Between these two above- noted belts, at least in tlie northern part of the area under consideration, there appears to be a third belt, showing deposits of manganese of lower grade than those of the other belts. Llauganese carbonate is found associated with the oxides, at several places in the Tesla district, particularly in the northern part of the eastern belt. The manganese ore bodies, whether veins or lenses, though occurring in somewhat regular belts as noted above, have no regularity of strike nor of dip. The strikes of the individual ore bodies vary through all intermediate angles from N.-S. to E.-W. They occur as interbedded lenses in jaspers of the Franciscan formation, varying in extent and thickness as well as character. In places the ore is deposited as the porous black dioxide, but often merely as stains along cracks in the jasper. A few of the deposits were worked in the seventies and occasional mining has been done since. However, more of them are merely pros- pects and no large mines have been developed except the Ladd Mine in San Joaquin County and, more recently, the Buckeye IMine in Stanislaus County. The total production from 1894 to 1916, inclusive, was only 5264 tons, this total representing the output of several different deposits, some of which are now exhausted. 25 4, T. 4 S., ast of the there is a he largest four feet mnel was developed ■ral strike St. John had been the above opened in work has is deposit is jasper, ers differ The same Most of lish gray few feet itained in as seams are later ill that is s. Forty st of and ; a small T. Over- . 16 miles ., R. 4 E. ig jasper pped and Crocker PLATE II. "MCOMPANYINC BUUETlMW'' - T 6 S.B-81 CALIFORNIA STATE.- MINING -BUREAU' MAP OF A PORTION OF CENTRAL CAUFORNLV SHOWING LOCATIONS OF I)epositsofChroTfflum,Magrieslte&Mangaiiese DECEMBER, I9I7 LEGEND ^^^ WIMSHIP PROP \'''-^''-/\ CROCKER PROP. • CHROMIUM A MASNES1TE. a CROCKER IWIMSMIP ^ MAM&ATIESC MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 25 Bailey Mine. See Newhall Lease. John Beraudiere Mine is in the NE. i of NW. i of Sec. 14, T. 4 S., R. 3 E., 12 miles southeast of Livermore on the ridge northeast of the Arroyo JNIocho at an elevation of 1750 feet. On the surface there is a large outcrop of jasper heavily stained with manganese. The largest of several open cuts made here exposed a bed of ore about four feet wide. Twenty-five feet vertically below the outcrop a tunnel was driven 60 feet and met a small open cut from the top, but develoi)ed no ore, as it was driven to one side of the deposit. The general strike of the bed is north and south with a dip of 50° to the east. John Beraudiere of Livermore is the owner. Forty-seven tons of ore had been produced here at the time of last visit. Black Jack Mine is in the NE. | of the same section as the above Beraudiere IMine adjoining it on the southeast. It was first opened in 1885 and some small shipments made. Very little development work has been done in recent years and no ore shipped since 1896. This deposit is described by E. C. Harder* as follows: "The country rock is jasper, thin layered and separated by seams of shale. The jasper layers differ in thickness from a fraction of an inch to several feet thick. The same h\yer varies in thickness, pinching out locally in many places. Most of the shale seams are thin. Both shale and jasper are greenish gray except where stained red or black by iron or manganese. "The ore occurs in several interbedded lenses or pockets a few feet thick and of small extent. It is a soft, friable black oxide contained in cavities between numerous interesecting quartz seams, or as seams intersecting jasper fragments. Most of the quartz seams are later infiltrations. * * * The deposits commonly have a footwall that is thin-bedded and more shaly than the hanging wall." Development consists of 35-foot tunnel and several small cuts. Forty tons of ore have been produced. There are several small croppings on this propertj- southeast of and below the Black Jack. A couple of shallow trenches expose a small deposit below the road. It was idle at the time visited. Horace T. Over- acker of Livermore is the owner. Bibl.: Bull. 38. p. 335; IT. S. G. S. Bull. 427. pp. 161-162. Buckhorn Claim. Chas. J. Jansou of Livermore has a claim 16 miles southeast of Livermore on the Arroyo Mocho in Sec. 31, T. -4 S., R. l E. A few shallow cuts have been made on a prominently outcropping jasper ledge exposing some high grade ore. No ore has as yet been shipped and only assessment work done ])y owner. Camp No. 9 (formerly known as the Merchant Mine). See Crocker Properties. *U. S. G. S. Bull., 427, pp. 161-162. 24 Tesla Distri South, ar of Francis( tine with 1 townships of Corral ] least three into San t ridges of tl Explorat ized belts i: ing deposit grade. Th on the side belt, largel present. 1 a few of cl noted, and Arroyo Moi southeast 1 Red :\Ionnt noted belts, there appcc grade than Mangane places in t eastern bei though oc( no regular] bodies vary occur as h varying in is deposited cracks in tl A few ol mining has pects and ii San Joaqui County. 1 5264 tons, t some of wh MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 25 Bailey Mine. See Newhall Lease. John Beraudiere Mine is in the NE. i of NW. |- of See. 14, T. 4 S., R. 3 E., 12 miles southeast of Livermore on the ridge northeast of the Arroyo Mocho at an elevation of 1750 feet. On the surface there is a large outcrop of jasper heavily stained with manganese. The largest of several open cuts made here exposed a bed of ore about four feet wide. Twenty-five feet vertically below the outcrop a tunnel Avas driven 60 feet and met a small open cut from the top, but developed no ore, as it was driven to one side of the deposit. The general strike of the bed is north and south witli a dip of 50° to the east. John Beraudiere of Livermore is the owner. Forty-seven tons of ore had been produced here at the time of last visit. Black Jack Mine is in the NE. \ of the same section as the above Beraudiere Mine adjoining it on the southeast. It was first opened in 1885 and some small shipments made. Very little development Avork has been done in recent years and no ore shipped since 1896. This deposit is described by E. C. Harder* as follows: "The country rock is jasper, thin layered and separated by seams of shale. The jasper layers differ in thickness from a fraction of an inch to several feet thick. The same layer varies in thickness, pinching out locally in many places. jMost of the shale seams are thin. Both shale and jasper are greenish gray except Avhere stained red or black by iron or manganese. "The ore occurs in several interbedded lenses or pockets a few feet thick and of small extent. It is a soft, friable black oxide contained in cavities between numerous interesecting quartz seams, or as seams intersecting jasper fragments. Most of the quartz seams are later infiltrations. * * * The deposits commonly have a footwall that is tliin-bedded and more shaly than the hanging Avail." DeA'elopment consists of 35-foot tunnel and several small cuts. Forty tons of ore haA'e been produced. There are several small croppings on this propertj^ southeast of and beloAV the Black Jack. A couple of shallow trenches expose a small deposit beloAV the road. It was idle at the time visited. Horace T. Over- acker of Livermore is the owner. Bibl: Bull. 38. p. 335; U. S. G. S. Bull. 427, pp. 161-162. Buckhorn Claim. Chas. J. Janson of Livermore has a claim 16 miles southeast of Livermore on the Arroyo Mocho in Sec. 31, T. 4 S., R. 4 E. A few shallow cuts haA-e been made on a prominently outcropping jasper ledge exposing some high grade ore. No ore has as yet been shipped and only assessment Avork done l)y owner. Camp No. 9 (formerly knoAvn as the Merchant Mine). See Crocker Properties. *U. S. G. S. Bull., 427, pp. 161-163. 26 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. Crocker Properties, M. I. Crocker, 1023 Insurance Exchange Build- ing, San Francisco, owner. These include a number of patented sections in T. 4 and 5 S., R. 3 E., southeast of Livermore. Indications of manga- nese have been noted at several points, but at only one so far has com- mercial production resulted; that is at the old Merchant Mine in the NW. I of Sec. 9, T. 4 S., R. 3 E., on the Arroyo Mocho road 9 miles from Livermore, also known locally as "Camp No. 9." It was opened first in 1888, and some ore shipped. This section is under lease to James J. Cummings, Livermore, Avho began operations in April, 1916, and he had shipped about 1000 tons of manganese ore up to September, 1917. The vein varies from 6" to 30" in width. The ore consists of both black oxide and rhodochrosite, the carbonate of manganese. The latter is called ' ' gray ore ' ' by the miners. The principal development work has been done through two adit drifts, one being about five feet above the level of the county road, all in oxide ore ; and the second 30'-40' below, in carbonate and oxide ores. Stopes connect the two. Crosby Prospects. Situated in SE. i of SW. i of Sec. 30, T. 4 S., R. 3 E., one-half mile by trail from the Crosby Ranch, which lies 12 miles from Livermore. Owned by the Wm. Crosby Estate. On the northerly prospect a large block containing about 50 tons of siliceous ore is exposed on the surface. On the other prospect, about 500 feet south of the first, there is a bed of massive chert three feet thick, containing a few pockets of manganese oxide. The northerly prospect promises to develop ore. Cummings Lease, See Crocker Properties. Dewhirst Mine. ]Mrs. Amanda Dew^hirst, Livermore, owner. Mc- Donald and Clark of Oakland, lessees. Lies 12 miles southeast of Livermore in NE. 1 of SW. ^ of Sec. 22, T. 4 S., R. 3 E., and is reached by the Cedar Mountain road. A lenticular body of massive manganese oxide ore striking east and dipping 50° south, in radiolarian chert, has been exposed in an open cut and a drift. From the drift ore was stoped nearly to the surface. Thirty tons of ore had been extracted and sacked when the property was visited. Donavan Lease. See Winship Properties. ElHs Ranch Deposit. A small vein of manganese ore has been exposed by an open cut on the ranch of Edward T. Ellis, eight miles southeast of Livermore on the Tesla road, in Sec. 28, T. 3 S., R. 3 E. Two small cuts, about ten feet apart, have been made on the vein which outcrops near the bottom of a gulch one-fourth of a mile south of the road. The ore is hard and blue black in color. Where exposed it was about 18" in width." About ten tons of good ore was lying on the two dumps. The property was idle. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 27 R. Friggel Prospect is in the NW. i of Sec. 22, T. 4 S., R. 3 E., near the Dewhirst ]\Iine. Several blocks of siliceous manganese oxide lie in the soil on this claim. The relation to the country rock is not clear, but the manganese is thought to be landslide material. No commercial ore was seen here. The Jumbo Prospect lies just east of the John Beraudiere Mine, in the NE. I of the NE. i of Sec. l-t, T. 4 S., R. 3 E., and is held by the same owner, John Beraudiere. A small open cut and a short drift revealed siliceous manganese oxides lying within grey radiolarian chert. When visited in September, 1917, the manganese oxides exposed were too siliceous to be of value. Several other exposures of low-grade manganese have been found nearby, south of the Jumbo. Some trenching has been done on these, but no important orebody has been uncovered. Kelly Ranch Deposit, ]Mrs. Kelly, Livermore, owner. Holbrook and ]\IcGuire, San Francisco, lessees. This property lies at an elevation of 1450', in Sec. 5, T. 4 S., R. 3 E., one mile northeast of a point on the Arroyo Mocho Road, eight miles from Livermore. There are two bodies of massive oxide ore here. The northern ore body varies from five to seven feet in thickness and is separated from the southern ore body by six feet of barren jasper. The latter is at least three feet thick, but only one wall was exposed in September, 1917. Such ore as was in sight then was rather siliceous. Merchant Mine. See Crocker Properties. Man Ridge Mine. See Scott and Winegar Mine. Newhall Manganese Lease, sometimes called the Bailey Mine, is sit- uated in the SW. i of NW. -j- of Sec. 10, T. 4 S., R. 3 E., ten miles SE. of Livermore and one-fourth of a mile from the Arroyo Mocho Road, at an elevation of 2,200 feet. The principal workings are on the west side of a small tributary of Arroyo Mocho. Here a body of manganese oxide one to four feet wide in jasper was exposed. Work on the east side of the tributary revealed extremely siliceous manganese oxides. The property was sub-leased to C. F. Wente in the summer of 1917. Up to September, 1917, 200 tons had been produced. Newman Manganese Mine, formerly called the Estacia or Fratis Mine, is on Cedar ^Mountain, 12 miles southeast of Livermore in Sec. 22, T. 4 S., R. 3 E. This deposit has been worked in a small way at long intervals since 1880. Lenses of manganese oxides high in silica occur interbedded in jasper. The croppings have a strike of N. 30° W., and dip about 25° SE. Various shallow cuts reveal some friable black oxides of manganese in small cavities between numerous intersecting quartz seams. On tlie north center of the SW. ^ of the section a small 28 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. open cut exposed two feet of siliceous ore, probably not of commercial grade. Leased to McDonald and Clark of Oakland in September, 1917. Reay Deposit, W. R. Reay, #800 Bush street, San Francisco, owner, is in Sec. 36, T. 3 S., R. 3' P]., M. D. M. On a line between Sec. 35 and Sec. 36 there are crnppings of rather good looking' manganese ore. About 300 yards or so east of the above-mentioned occurrence near the top of the ridge and well within the boundaries of Sec. 36, is a large outcrop of chert mixed with the black oxide of manganese. Undeveloped. An old wagon road, which could be ])ut in repair for a nominal sum, passes nearby via IMitchell Ravine to Corral Hollow near Carnegie, a distance of two and one-half miles. Other occurrences of manganese have been reported from this section also. J. W. Root, Box No. 2, Livermore, reports (May, 1918) that he has, ready to haul, four carloads of manganese ore which he mined from a recently located claim on Man Ridge. His property is on the southwest side of the ridge in either Sec. 7 or 18 of T. 5 S., R. 4 E. Scott and Wineg-ar Mine, sometimes known as the Man Ridge Mine, comprises two claims owned by Chas. Scott and P. S. Winegar of Liver- more. Reached by two and one-half miles of rough road connecting with the Arroyo Mocho Rond, at a point 20 miles southeast of Liver- more. I'he mine is near the summit on the south slope of Man Ridge in unsurveyed land wliich would be in Sec. 7, T. 5 S., R. 4 E. On the south side of a small knul) tliei-e are some caved workings from which the Noble Electric Steel Company produced about 600 tons of ore in the spring of 1917. The elevations of different workings vary and it is not clear if all the exposed ore is in the same or in diff.erent horizons; some faulting is seen, however. In one working two distinct horizons of ore occur, separated by a few feet of barren, thin-bedded chert. On the north side of the same knob, Elliott and Searles of Oakland, have opened new workings, from which 350 tons of ore had l)een produced up to October 31, 1917. The orebody here is 10' to 12' thick, but its relation with the surrounding cherts is obscured. Winegar Manganese Claim, owned by H. V. Winegar of Livermore is 20 miles southea.st of that town, in the ridge east of Arroyo Mocho alongside the Camp Bessie Road. The country rocks are sandstone and shale, enclosing a few stray l)locks of impure manganese oxides. Development work consists of a short tunnel, said to cut a lens of manganese oxide. Vcm-v little work has been done here in recent years. Winship Properties, K. 1). Winship, #350 Post Street, San Francisco, owner. In Alameda County, near Tesla, these properties include the following sections (See map, Plate II) which have manganese prospects or workings : Sec. 35, T. 3 S., R. 3 E. ; Sec. 1 and 3, T. 4 S., R. 3 E., Sec. 31, MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 29 T. 3 8., K. 4 K.. M. I). M.. leased to Joseph P. Donavan, Livennore. Soino indications of manganese liave also Ixn-n noted on Sec. 7, T. 4 S., R. 4 E., and on Sec. 7, T. 5 S., 7\. 4 E. Donavan reports (December 10, ]917) that on Sec. 31, above-noted, he has driven a 250-foot crosscut, and is now in a body of ore of good grade showing at least six feet in width. AMADOR COUNTY. The Crocker-Preston pi-operty is in the SW. | of Sec. 35, T. 7 N., R. 12 E., M. D. M., 1| miles south of Volcano, and is owned by ]M. I. Crocker and J. W. Preston, Jr., 350 Post St., San Francisco. It is 12 miles from the railroad at IMartell. There is a mineralized zone which strikes W. of N., stated to be traceable from Volcano for 2 miles soutli- Avard, and was observed by the writer at two points at least ^ mile apart. This zone appears to be at least 100' wide, and is on a contact between limestone on the hanging-wall (east) and a schist on the west. The dip is steep. The bulk of this material is siliceous, being a quartzite of the C^alaveras series. There is also some cpiartz-mica schist. AVithin this zone and striking more or le.ss parallel with it are lenses of manganese ore, some of which resemble mineral springs' deposits filling fissures in disturbed areas of the enclosing formation. So far as exposed in the limited workings thus far opened up, these manganese lenses vary up to at least 6'-8' in width, possibly wider. The deepest working (August. 1918) is only down to about 25' below the surface. This is in a shaft and crosscut which connects with it. The crosscut is in about 40', aiul has a drift of about 20' along the strike. There are several shallow open cuts. From these workings located on the back- bone of a sharp ridge, about 30 tons of good-looking ore had been sorted and piled up. A grab .sample taken by the writer from each of these piles and combined, showed on anah'sis 46.04^^ ]\fn and 7.25% SiO„. On the eastern edge of this ridge about 100' northeasterly from the above-mentioned workings is an open cut which exposes a body of soft, black ore, interlaced with ciuartz veinlets. Some 60 sacks (6000 lb.) of this material had been gathered ready for shipment. A small sample of this material, taken by the writer from the face of the cut, showed on analysis 51.10% Mn and 12.97% SiO^. JNIuch of this silica could be eliminated by screening. Altogether, this is rather a favorable prospect and worthy of further development. The quality of the ore is good, but the mode of occur- rence is such that considerable care and judgment must be used in adopting such a system of mining as will yield a mininunn of waste to be handled. In such a case, it is best to stick rather close to the ore lenses, at least until the nature and extent of them are better known. 30 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. L. Everett of Mokelumne Hill reports an nndeveloped manganese prospect four miles east of Pine Grove. Peyton et al., Lease. About a half-mile northerly from the Crocker- Preston property noted above, Lee Peyton et al., of Volcano, have a lease on another, similar prospect on the same belt, in the NW. ^ of Sec. 35. There is a shaft down 30', and a short open cut at the mouth of the shaft. About 20 tons of ore had been (August, 1918) sorted out for shipment, and it looked to be high grade. Riihser & Hubberty. A deposit of manganese one-half mile south- east of Defender is reported to have been worked by the Manganese Company of California in 1916. It is reported that 250 tons of ore were shipped and that about 50 tons remained on the dump because it could not be hauled over the roads during the winter of 1916-1917. The property is owned by F. W. Ruhser and Adam C. Hubberty of Jackson. BUTTE COUNTY. The Bear Canyon Mine is located one and one-half miles southeast of Clipper Mills in Sec. 35, T. 20 N., R. 7 E., M. D. M. In 1916 the Noble Electric Steel Corporation shipped 220 tons of 40% ore. The orebod}^ varying from 4' to 20' wide was 50' long. Development work consisted of a cross-cut tunnel. The ledge carrying manganese oxide strikes east, and dips north in amphibolite near an area of serpentine. The property has recently been leased to R. J. Bean of Clipper ]\Iills, and R. C. Darby of Bangor, who are prospecting for more ore and sorting the old dump. Owned by Geo. AV. Woolley of Clipper Mills. The Powell Property consists of a 120-acre patent, located one mile north of Clipper :\lilLs in Sec. 35, T. 20 N., R. 7 E., M. D. M. An 8" siliceous manganese-bearing ledge striking N. 65° E. has been exposed to a depth of 30 feet by a shaft. Another ledge striking east and dipping 30° N. has been developed by a 50' open cut which exposes 30' of ledge matter. The property is now idle and owned by E. V. Powell of Clipper Mills. The View Point Property consists of a 160-acre patent in Sections 34 and 35 of T. 20 N., R. 7 E., M. D. M. The View Point ledge outcrops for 40' and strikes N. 80° E. It is developed by an open cut 3' wide and 6' long on the east end, and is about 12" wide. The westerly 20' of the outcrop is 20' wide, and is rather siliceous. The ore should becomes less siliceous with depth. Approximately 1500 feet east of the View Point ledge and 300 feet from the road is a north-south ledge, very siliceous at outcrop, carrying some manganese. This ledge has been opened in one place by an open cut 6' deep and 20' long, which exposes 12" of silica on the surface, below which is 12" of sugary quartz with some crystallized manganese oxide and 4' of manganese with decomposed rock similar to that at the MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 31 View Point ledge. The south end of this same ledge is exposed within 150' of the road to the Bear Canyon mine. The exposure is very sili- ceous and strikes north south for 20', being 18' wide. The property is idle, but a small amount of development work has recently been done. Owned by E. C. Binet of Clipper Mills. Wooley Mine. See Bear Canyon Mine. CALAVERAS COUNTY. The Fortner Ranch deposit occurs on the top of a ridge two miles northeast of San Andreas. Manganese oxide is associated with lenses of quartz in mica schist. The ore bodies are said to be traceable for over 150' along the ridge, outcropping as irregular lenses a foot or two in diameter which are subdivided into smaller pockets by a network of quartz veins. Little development work has been done. Owned by the Fortner Ranch, San Andreas. The Manilla Manganese Property is in Sec. 27, T. 4 N., R. 11 E., M. D. M., on Bear ^Mountain, six miles southeast of Valley Springs. The extent of the deposit is not known, since no development work has been done. An assay of a sample of the material taken from near the surface shows 25% metallic manganese, 17.3'6% silica, and .055% phosphorus. Owned by Dave Manilla of Angles Camp. CONTRA COSTA COUNTY. Manganese occurs on Red Rock, in San Francisco Bay, just oft' the Contra Costa coast, and included within the county limits. This deposit is described by A. C. Lawson* as follows: "The ore occurs on the southwest side of the island as an integral part of the radiolarian chert. The chert here has a west-northwest strike and a nearly vertical dip, and consists of the usual rhythmical alternation of thin beds of hard, flinty to quartzose chert and partings of shale, the whole having a reddish color. A belt parallel to the strike of the chert includes interstratified layers of psilomelane, which, by reason of their black color, present a bold contrast to the adjoining rocks. Most of the layers are about one-fourth to one-half inch thick and replace locally the usual shale parting, but in places the psilomelane is much thicker. Some of the layers of the chert adjoining these layers of psilomelane are also so charged with that mineral as to be quite black, though they are still hard and siliceous. The psilomelane also occurs in minute particles in the shale between the chert beds, making it black. The borders of the belt in which these layers of psilomelane occur are not sharply defined, but the mineral has been mined in open cuts two to six feet wide. The ore appears to be essentially a primary deposit, con- temporaneous with the depositation of the silica that formed the cherts. *U. S. G. S., San Francisco Folio, No. 193, p. 23. 32 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. although doubtless some of the psilonielaue has since migrated into adjoining beds. ' ' The shale partings north of the manganese ore outcrop on Red Rock are abnormally thick, generally measuring from half an inch to two inches, and at some places the shale is one to two feet thick. It has a soft, earth.y con.sistenee, and a shale structure and is prevailing red, though the color grades locally into yellow. This shale was at one time mined as mineral paint." Same small bunches of manganese ore have been recently found on the southeast side of Mt. Dial)lo. but nothing of connnercial consequence has as yet been developed. FRESNO COUNTY. The Avery manganese property is located nine miles from Coalinga on the road to Paso Robles. An assay of surface ore is said to have run 45% manganese and 20% .silica. No development work has been done. The property is owned l)y George D. Averj^ of Porterville, Tulare County. The Woods manganese property is on government land on Pine Flat near Piedra. The ore is said to carry 26% manganese and $4.00 per ton in gold. The manganese is probalily sui)(M'ti('ial. Owned by "Jake" Rice of Pine Flat. GLENN COUNTY. Black Diamond Mine. This property, embracing two claims, is in Sections 14 and 28, T. 18 X., R. 7. W., 30 miles by a good auto road southwest of Fruto, the shipping point. A body of manganese ore was struck in driving a tunnel on a copper prospect. It was at first thought to be very extensive as a width of 40 feet was exposed. Upon stoping, however, it pinched 'down to a narrow stringer, yielding only about 100 tons of good ore. The ore was shipped last summer by A. II. Noyes of San Francisco, who has a lease on the property. Although located 20 3'ears ago, this was the first ore produced. "Work ceased when the lens pinched down, but the lessees expect to resume development work by driving along the stringer in the near future. The orebody does not outcrop. Owners, A. W. Sehorn et al. of Willows, Cal. Bibl.: Rept. XIV, p. 198. Rattlesnake Manganese Mine. About two miles northwest in an air line from the Black Diamond ]\line, and on the same range of low lying hills, is situated the Rattlesnake Mine. It is in the southeast quarter of Section 6. T. 18 N., R. 6 AV., 25 miles by road from Fruto. The 5-ton auto truck in which ore is hauled to the railroad loads directly at the mine, which has been only recently opened. A deposit of high-grade manganese ore, comprising essentially the oxides, psilome- lane and pyrolusite occurs in red jasper beds, near a serpentine contact. The strike of the beds is, in general, northwest and southeast, the dip MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 33 almost vertical. A shaft, now 20 feet deep, is being sunk and it exposes an ore body four to six feet in width. The ore does not outcrop but the jasper beds outcrop 300 feet to the southeast, showing manganese stains. About 50 tons of shipping ore, over 40% Mn, were sacked and being hauled to Fruto. It is intended to sink on the ore body to a depth of 30 feet and then drift. Four men are employed, producing from five to ten tons daily. Owners, A. H. Noyes, II. B. Chase, and T. Norris, Mechanics Institute Bldg., San Francisco. HUMBOLDT COUNTY. Porter Ranch Deposit. A deposit of high grade manganese ore occurs in the Franciscian jasper in the east central portion of the county, in the SW. ^ of Sec. 32, T. 3 N., R. 4 E., approximately 30 miles by road east of Carlotta, a station on the Northwestern Pacific Photo No. 1. Manganese deposit near Fort Baker, Humboldt County; L. M. Bryant, owner. Showing trench across deposit to expose length. Railroad. The ore, Avhieli is largely pyrolusite, outcrops over a low knoll, covering several acres. It has been so eroded that there are no large croppings, and much of the ore lies broken over the surface. The jasper beds in which the ore occurs are very extensive and can be traced for four miles. Manganese oxides occur in several places along these beds, but the largest and most promising deposit is that in Section 5. At the time visited no work had been done on the deposit, but numerous samples were sent to the steel manufacturers in the East. In no cases did they fall below 40% metallic manganese, and in most eases ran over 50% metallic manganese, with 9% silica. This deposit suffers the dis- advantage, however, of being rather inaccessible and in a rugged region. The elevation is 2150 feet (barometric) above sea level. The present 3—38958 M CALIFORNIA STATE MtNING BtlREAtJ. road from Carlotta, via Fort Baker, Avonld be impossible to truck over, as there are several very heavy grades. By construction of a road ^ mile long, the ore could be hauled out to Eureka over a road which is said to be in good condition and without heavy grades. Ample water for camp purposes is at hand in springs below the deposit. L. M. Bryant and brothers of Grizzly Bluff, are the lessees.* Photo No. 2. Manganese ore on property of L. M. Bryant, Humboldt County. exposes high-grade ore. Crosscut Manganese deposits are reported to occur in the mountains east of Blocksburg, but judging from the samples submitted, the percentage of silica contained in the ore is too high to make them of present commer- cial importance. Woods Prospect. Located 12 miles north-northwest of Blocksburg, in Sec. 3, T. 1 S., R. 4 E. Owned by Wilson Woods of Harris, Hum- boldt County, and under lease to F. M. Doak and Wm. C. Irvin. IMPERIAL COUNTY. The occurrence of deposits of manganese ore within its boundaries, and their acquisition as mining claims, are accomplished factors which point toward a possible production of manganese from Imperial County. Ebony Group. This property, comprising 12 claims, is located in the eastern part of the county, 30 miles due southwest of Blythe, and 6 miles south of Wiley's Well on the road between Blythe and Glamis. * Since this property was visited, the owners have made several trenches at various places across the deposit, and report it to be very extensive and of high grade. However, a depth of only a few feet has been attained. Samples sent to San Francisco for analysis ran 56.62% metallic manganese. The owners are now sinkin^r on the orebody to determine its depth. There has been as yet no commercial production. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 35 Blythe, thoiigli outside the county, is the nearest railroad point. Glamis is on the main line of the Southern Pacific. The typical Colorado Desert country is found here, broken by the Chocolate Mountains and cut by numerous arroyos along their base. The Arroyo Seco extends from the mountains to the Colorado River. In an arroyo about | mile south of the water tanks there is a vein of manganese ore (psilomelane) 2 ft. wide. It has a north and south strike with vertical dip. At an elevation of 1100' on the Chocolate Drop claim, there are two small open cuts developing 6'' to 12" of ore. About 100' west of No. 1 open cut, there is a parallel vein striking north and south and dipping 70 degrees east. On the slope of the ridge west of the arroyo, there is a series of shal- low open cuts which expose streaks of manganese ore 6" to 18" wide, running north and south. West of the arroyo and about i mile south of the first open cut croppings of stringers of manganese minerals can be traced for 100 ft. A number of shallow trenches have been sunk on these stringers. On the Ebony No. 2 claim a vein of manganese ore varying from 8" to 2' in width, can be traced for 200'. This vein has been prospected by several shallow holes. In an arroyo on this claim there is a narrow vein of manganese ore 8" to 12" wide, cutting a rhyolite conglomerate. The showing on Ebony No. 3 claim, which adjoins Ebony No. 1 on the west, is confined to a single vein of manganese ore. This vein, 6" to 8" wide, strikes north and south and can be traced on the surface for a distance of 100 ft. On the Ebony No. 4 claim a bold outcrop of rhyolite conglomerate inti- mately mixed with stringers of manganese ore, strikes north and south. A series of shallow open cuts have been run on this. In a gulch running southeast and northwest ^ mile from the tanks, there is found a scale of high grade ore on a wall of sandstone which dips to the southwest. The hanging wall is a brecciated rhyolite. In general, the manganese occurs on this group in narrow veins of shallow depth, capable of producing but a small tonnage. This, and the distance to shipping point, reached only over a rough and sandy road, appear to be formidable obstacles to development. The Ebony Group is owned by the East Rex Exploration Company, Robt. Kinsie, Secretary, First National Bank Building, San Francisco, Cal., but is under option to J. H. Lightfoot of Blythe. Johnson Claims. A Mr. Johnson, of Glamis, ow^ns two manganese claims located in the Chocolate Mountains about 30 miles northeast of the town. The property is approximately 5 miles west of the Colorado River and 10 miles east of the famous old Paymaster silver-lead mine. The deposit consists of narrow stringers and small kidneys of ore. No development work has been done. 3G CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. INYO COUNTY. Deposits of nianyanese ores are attracting attention in this county, already noted for the great variety as well as for the value of its mineral resources. Connard Bros. Claims. The Connard Bros, of New Jersey o\\ti 3 manganese claims on the northeast slope of the Panamint Mountains, opposite the south end of Death Valley, and 32 miles west of Zabriskie, a station on the Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad. They are near the old Borax road to Death Valley. The deposit consists of streaks of psilomelane 6" to 8" wide on both walls of a bed of calcite striking north and south in rhyolite. A spur vein 2 ft. in width which strikes N. 60 degrees E. and has a dip of 60 degrees, cuts into the main north and south vein at an elevation of 1000 ft. Only a small amount of develop- ment work has been done, but sufficient to show this deposit to be limited to narrow veins from which but little ore could be produced. Death Valley Manganese Claims. These claims are crossed by the old Death Valley Borax road and are located in the immediate vicinity of the Connard Bros, claims. The deposit is of the same general char- acter. On the southwest side of the road there are a number of stringer leads of manganese ore cutting an andesite breccia. The stringers run from a few inches up to 8 inches in width and form a series of parallel veins which strike N. 50° E. The elevation is 1400 ft. Of the nine full claims embraced in this property, six, called the Manganese No. 1, No. 2, No. 3, No. 4, No. 5 and No. 6 are on the northwest side of the road. Through these there extends a series of calcite veins cutting the rhyolite. The strike of the veins is north 50 degrees west, with a dip to the north- east. The ore occurs as streaks 6 to 8 inches wide along both walls of these veins. It is a high grade psilomelane ore but the quantity is small. The owners are E. P. Underwood, L. G. Henderson and associates, of Barstow. LAKE COUNTY. Manganese deposits occur in several localities of Lake County, but the deposits thus far found are in general small and erratic. Its occur- rence is characteristic of most of the Coast Range deposits, the ore being the massive black oxides associated as stringers and lenses with the jasper beds of the Franciscan formation. The largest deposits found are those which occur on Mount Sanhedrin on the border of Men- docino County.* These are at present too inaccessible to be of commercial importance. Of the several prospects visited, only one gave promise of developing into a mine. *See under Mendocino County. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 37 Coleman Prospect. Situated three miles west of Cobb P. 0., in Sec. 29, T. 12 N., R. 9 W. Owned by J. H. Coleman of Cobb and J. D. Sullivan of Kelseyville. The claim is in a body of massive metamor- phosed red chert which trends northwest along High Valley Creek for a distance of about 1400 feet. The chert is stained along fracture planes by manganese oxides and occasionally contains small bodies of good ore, although no body of workable size had been found when the property was visited. A smaller body of chert containing manganese was exposed 1| miles downstream. Herman Prospect is owned by August Hermann and is located in Snell Valley, 11 miles from Middletown. This prospect was not visited, but specimens received from the property at different times indicate rather siliceous manganese oxide. Herrick Prospect. S. B. Herrick, Middletown, owner. Lies three miles west of Middletown, in Sec. 25, T. 11 N., R. 8 W. There is a mas- sive bed of siliceous manganese oxide 3 feet thick, in red radiolarian chert. The material exposed in a small open cut at the time of visit, was not of shipping grade. Van Ranch Deposit. This property, OA\Tied by G. W. Van of Upper Lake, is situated in Sec. 3 and NW. i of Sec. 10, T. 16 N., R. 10 W., on the southwestern slopes of Horse Mountain, at an elevation of about 2700 ft. above sea level, near the head of Middle Creek, which empties into Clear Lake. It is about 10^ miles by road north of Upper Lake and 38 miles northeast of Ukiah, the nearest railroad point. The road which runs to the ranch house has been extended about 2 miles to the foot of Horse Mountain, ^ mile from the mine. It is a road over which auto trucks could operate throughout the year by the construction of a couple of small bridges to span the creek at the crossings. Water for camp purposes is obtained from springs and IMiddle Creek. The orebody occurs as a rather well defined ledge in jasper beds which strike northwest and dip 60 degrees northeast. These beds out- crop prominently over the mountain for several miles, showing man- ganese stainings at many places. The most favorable ore body seen was in NW. I of Sec. 10, where all development work was being done at the time visited. This ledge, or lens, outcrops for 100 ft. along the strike, varying from 5' to 10' in width, and appears to be high in manganese. About 10 feet below each end of this cropping, short tunnels were being driven to cut the orebody, and midway between these tunnels, a crosscut driven 20' from a small open cut had exposed 6' of the porous black oxide. Four men were engaged in this development work. About 20 tons of ore were mined from a lens 1000 ft. northwest of the main out- crop, and 16 tons from another half way between the two. One carload of 40 tons had been hauled out to Ukiah, and it was expected to produce 38 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. from 5 to 10 tons daily. The property is being worked under lease by the Middle Creek Mining Company, a co-partnership between E. E. Holbrook, S. E. Burris and H. W. Sites, with offices at 45 Kearny Street, San Francisco. 1 s LOS ANGELES COUNTY. Manganese occurrences in this county have been prospected in two localities. The black oxides occur in mica schist, accompanied by such high percentages of silica as to render the material of doubtful commer- cial value. Amargosa Group. Comprises nine claims in T. 6 N., R. 12 and 13 W., S. B. M., between four and five miles west of Palmdale. The group was located in January, 1914, by C. L. and A. H. Metzger, R.. H. Gilman, R. Snowden and A. ]\Iayet. Irregular kidneys of manga- nese oxides occur along siliceous outcrops in schist. The most extensive croppings are one mile north of the road on claim No. 5, where the manganese outcrops at intervals for 150 feet, striking east. Here an open pit six feet deep and 12 feet long exposes in the bottom two feet of manganese oxides apparently high in silica. Twenty tons of this material was shipped in 1917. Most work has been done on No. 1 claim, the eastermost of the group, and lying within 500 feet of the road. Here the Noble Electric Steel Company carried on work in 1916 under lease. They made a cut following the orebody for 30 feet, then sank a shaft 20 feet deep. A tunnel was also driven northwest along the body 20 feet below the cut. This exposed very siliceous manganese oxide. One carload was shipped by the above company, but lately only assessment work has been done. Gladwin and Peet Claim lies in Sec. 36, T. 6 N.. R. 14 W., at an ele- vation of 4900 feet (barometric) almost 2000 feet in elevation above the end of the wagon road in the caiion. It was first located years ago and relocated in September, 1917, by G. L. Gladwin and H. G. Peet of Los Angeles. The manganese oxides lie in small pockets along siliceous outcrops in the schist. The material is siliceous and in general low grade. Two small pockets, extending only a few feet deep, have been uncovered. There are several tons of this low grade oxide lying on the dump, but it is doubtful whether it will ever be hauled out. There are several other siliceous outcrops on the claim, but no other manganese croppings were seen. The deposits are too small and of too low grade to be of commercial importance. MARIN COUNTY. On the Mailliard Ranch, eight miles northwest of San Rafael and one-half mile south of Woodacre Lodge, stains and irregular patches of oxide of mangane.se occur in red jasper, which apparently has been MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 39 caught up as blocks in serpentine. The material is high in silica and no work has been done on it. This is on Lot 9, Block 33 of a tract owned by the Lugunitas Development Co., 202 Commercial Bldg., San Francisco. About one mile west of Sausalito Point manganese oxides occur, associated with massive jasper. The oxide is mostly of low grade but one streak has a thickness of 15 inches of fine ore which could be traced only about six feet, as no attempt had been made to open it up. Another deposit of manganese is exposed in a road cut near Fort Baker. It is described by A. C. Lawson,* as follows : "The manganese ore is well exposed as a stratified deposit of hard, clean psilomelane about 18 inches thick, grading off in its upper part into a lean ore consisting of chert and shale highly charged with the black manganese mineral. There is no definite boundary between this lean ore and the normal radiolarian cherts, for the proportion of psilomelane simply decreased till it ceases to color the rock. The thick- ness of the ore-impregnated cherts above the layer of psilomelane is about 12 feet. This body of ore lies within a few feet of an intrusive contact of ellipsoidal basalt with the cherts, the contact plane being parallel to the bedding, and may be traced for 90 feet on the outcrop of the formation which dips about 40 degrees southwest. In several samples taken by D. C. Billick, the psilomelane contains gold not exceeding 40 cents to the ton." MENDOCINO COUNTY. The Franciscan formation occupies about three-fourths the area of the county covering the entire eastern portion from north to south. The jasper beds associated with this formation are very extensive, and their outcrops can be traced for many miles, striking in general north- west and southeast with the trend of the Coast Range Mountains. Associated with these jasper beds many deposits of manganese ores have been found, and undoubtedly more will be uncovered. The greater number of the deposits developed lie in that group of the Coast Range Mountains east of the Northwestern Pacific Railroad, and within easy access of it. Several promising prospects have been located in that mountainous region between Mt. Sanhedrin on the border of Lake Co.unty, and Round Valley. Due, however, to its lack of transportation facilities, combined with the rugged character of this section, there is little pos- sibility of any large production being made in the near future. Roads would have to be constructed and the numerous mountain streams bridged, thus considerable development work is necessary before de- termining whether such expense would be justified. *U. S. G. S., San Francisco Folio No. 193, p. 23. 40 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. Big Bend Claims are situated in SW. ^ of Sec. 28, T. 23 N., R. 11 W., on the Middle Fork of Eel River. The owners are C. V, Brere- ton, W. E. Shields and M. G. and J. D. Morrison. A fair grade of float ore is reported from here, but no development work had been done late in 1917. At Bland's Cove D. D. McLaughlin has nine claims carrying out- crops of manganese which were undeveloped in October, 1917. The Busch & Bevins Manganese Mine, also known as the Lee Mine or Potter Valley Mine, is in Sections 8 and 10, T. 17 N., R. 12 W., five Photo No. 3. Busch & Bevins Manganese Mine, Mendocino County, showing lens of good ore 3'-4' wide, exposed in short tunnel. miles northwest of Potter Valley Postoffice and 22 miles north of Ukiah, the shipping point. It lies on the same range as the Thomas and Wild Devil Mines, at an elevation of about 1500 feet above sea level. The road is in good condition for trucking, with the exception of the last mile. Here it follows the creek and is impassable during the rainy MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 41 season. To date six lenses of oxide ore, one to two feet wide, in red chert, have been found at this property which comprises 500 acres. These are located about 500 feet above the creek bed. The only one mined is now practically exhausted ; it yielded 140 tons of ore which averaged over 45% manganese. The ore was hauled by a gravity trara- way to a loading platform in the canon alongside of the road. Very little development work has been done on the others, so it is impossible Photo No. 4. Loading platform at foot of gravity tram, at Busch & Bevins Manganese Mine, Mendocino County. to determine their extent ; however, in the two short crosscuts, ore bodies were exposed which varied from one to two and one-half feet in width. The other pockets or lenses were exposed by small open cuts. The ore in these appears to run high in silica, as is the condition of all the croppings seen. There are undoubtedly large tonnages of low grade ores here, as these lenses outcrop at intervals for several miles over the ridge. At the time visited, the property was idle, but a lease had just been taken upon it, by F. W. Keeny and associates, wdth offices at 307 Syndi- 42 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. cate Bldg., Oakland. The terms of its lease called for resumption of operations within 10 days. S. H. Busch, J. J. Biisch, and A. P. Bevins of Potter Valley, are the owners. Cleveland Property. It is situated in Sec. 13, T. 16 N., R. 12 W., three miles east of the railroad station at Calpella, on the Potter Valley Road. A small kidney of hard black oxide has been exposed by an open cut for a width of about two feet on a contact of jasper and black shale. Considerable float covers the steep side hill on which this deposit occurs, and the jasper beds are quite extensive, but no other ore bodies were seen. No ore has been produced here, but a fair body might be developed by further work. It has the advantage of being within easy access of the railroad. It is idle. Owner, R. L. Cleveland of Ukiah. Bibl. : Rept. XIV, p. 421. Foster Mountain Mine, also known as the Independent Mine, is in Section 3 or 4, T. 18 N., R. 12 W., 14 miles by road east of Willits. The I Photo No. 5. Screening manganese ore in open cut at Independent (Foster Mountain) Mine, Mendocino County. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 43 mine, discovered over 20 years ago, and relocated in 1914, lies near the summit of Foster Mountain, almost 1000 feet in elevation, above the loading platform at terminus of the truck road. The camp is located alongside of Tomki Creek, which supplies ample water for camp pur- poses. The ore body is developed by a glory hole 60 feet along its strike, showing a width of from three feet to ten feet of ore throughout. Forty feet in elevation above this cut, a shaft is being sunk. At 20 feet depth, the ore body was encountered, here measuring six feet in width. The ore exposed in the shaft is very Photo No. 6. Thirty tons of high-grade manganese ore on dump at Independent Mine, Mendocino County. high grade. Twenty feet southeast of the shaft there is a rich cropping one foot in width. It lies on the strike of the main ore body and is undoubtedl}' a continuation of it. To date 1100 tons of ore which averaged over 45% manganese and less than 7% silica, have been shipped from this one orebocly, and there are at lowest estimate as many tons in sight. To the northwestward there are several promising croppings but they have not as yet been developed. The ore is hauled down to the motor trucks by a team and sled at a cost of $1.50 per ton, then to the railroad at Willits at $5.50 per ton on board the cars. Mining costs are figured at $3.00 per ton. The present production varies from C) to 10 tons daily, witli eiglit men employed. The mine was 44 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. operated under a one-year lease, by James E. Pag€ of Willits. Geo. Busch of Potter Valley, Cal., is the owner. Leased to Noble Electric Steel Co., and idle in October, 1917. Hopper Claim is in the south center of Sec. 16, T. 17 N., R. 11 W., one mile east of Potter Valley. Manganese oxides occur in blocks of chert that have been included in an intrusive mass of Franciscan green- stone. The chert has been metamorphosed by the intrusive and has taken on brilliant orange and vermillion colors. It sometimes shows spherulitic structure. Manganese oxides occur as veinlets cutting the altered chert. Occasionally these veinlets expand, producing a small amount of siliceous ore. There is no apparent possibility of developing ore here. Near the summit of Leech Lake Mountain in a very inaccessible section, an undeveloped manganese prospect is reported. Little Deer Claim lies in Sec. 17, T. 25 N., R. 12 W., 27 miles north of Covelo, and is owned by G. E. Purcell and A. G. Trinkle. There are some manganiferous outcrops here which were undeveloped at the time of last report. There is a small deposit of manganese on the Walter McClendon Ranch about five miles northeast of Calpella, and adjoining the W. P. Thomas property on the south. It is reported that a carload of man- ganese ore was shipped from here during the past year. No work has been done since. Michaels, Roman and Weeks, of San Francisco, have a lease on a manganese deposit in Sections 23 and 30, T. 23 N., R. 11 "W., 20 miles east of the railroad at Dos Rios station. Manganese oxides occur in jasper beds, which outcrop prominently along a steep hillside east of the Middle Fork of Eel River. About 30 tons were mined by open cut and tunnel, and part of it was hauled to Dos Rios. The remainder is lying alongside of the roadway below the deposit. The outcrop extends for several hundred feet, but its ore is in general low grade and only the richer portions have been gouged out. In hauling to the railroad, the ore has to be transported across the river either by an aerial tramway or ferry, as there is no bridge. An attachment was filed against the operators last fall, so that no ore has been shipped and the property has been idle since. Chas. Brereton of Covelo is the owner. Mt. Sanhedrin Claims. This property comprises two groups: the Rhodochrosite Claims and the Black Leases. The Rhodochrosite Claims are located at Impassable Rock, in the SE. i of NE. i of Sec. 6, T. 19 N., R. 11 W. Impassable Rock presents steep cliffs to the southwest, below which there is a talus slope of angu- lar fragments of radiolarian chert. The exposed cherts contain consid- erable manganese oxides, disseminated in fissure fillings and as stains. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 45 Throe definite oxide ore-bodies appear in the clift' faee of Tmpassabh) Koek, and the talus slope carries blocks of manganese ore. The latter are most abundant near the base of the slope. The amount of ore in sight, however, is small. Not far from the base of the talus slope an open cut shows a lens of carbonate ore averaging 4' thick. The lens is exposed for 30' along its strike, but its total extent is not determinable. In a creek below the open cut numerous masses of carbonate ore from 100 pounds to one ton in weight are also found. To reach a shipping point a road might be built from Impassable Eock to Rackout Springs, a distance of 3 miles. Thence it is 6 miles by the Henshaw road to Hearst, and 16 miles from Hearst to AVillits. Black Leases. This group is composed of 9 claims, located 8 miles from Hearst. They are reached by a trail 2^ miles long from Eackout Springs on the Henshaw Eanch road. The entire group is leased by P. C. Black of Oakland, and with the exception of the Lone Indian location (owned by W. Clark of Covelo) all the claims are owned by AV. D. Frey, Jim Jameson and Wm. E. Shields. The leasehold lies in Sec. 30, T. 20 N., E. 11 W., on the spur of a ridge which runs down to Elk Creek from Mt. Sanhedriu. In Sec. 30 this spur is divided into two ridges by a deep canyon running north, tributary to Gulf Creek. Part of the claims are on the east ridge and part on the west ridge. The Lone Indian claim is on the south end of the east ridge near its junction with the west ridge. About 500' north of this is the Original Big Jim claim, and 500' northeast of the workings on the Original Big Jim, is Big Jim No. 1. Continuing down the east ridge toward the north, one encounters several manganese show- ings, but no important ore-bodies have yet been uncovered. Other claims are located on the western ridge. Big Jim No. 6 is near the south end, and Big Jim No. 7 about 500' north. Farther north on this ridge are several showings of manganese, but no important body has been exposed. In general, the workings on the Black Leases are shallow. The ore- bodies are all of the same character, consisting of massive lieds of rather siliceous ore enclosed in radiolariau chert. The ore is chiefly man- ganese oxide, containing considerable silica. Ehodochrosite is encoun- tered in some of the workings, however, and it is probable that other carbonate ore-bodies will be encountered in depth. Development work has been confined mostly to the Original Big Jim claim, on which there are two open cuts, one with a face 15' high and 20' in width, and another smaller cut 50' above. It is not clear whether these are on the same ore body, faulted, or on two separate horizons. There are small open cuts on the other claims. 46 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. No production has been made, but a few tons of sliipping ore have been sacked. New Year Manganese Claims. C. V. Brereton, Covelo, owner. Leased to L. E. Rusner and C. W. Ilynier of San Francisco. The claims are 7 miles northwest of Covelo in SW. J of Sec. 31, T. 23 N., R. 11 W. The property has been developed by open cuts, in two of which oxide ore of good quality has been found. The ore is one to two feet wide, associated with red and green jasper. Fifty tons of ore had been shipped in 1917. Analysis by A. A. Hanks showed 54.16% manganese and 5.75% silica in the best ore. W. D. Rhodes and G. H, Hurt own an undeveloped manganese pros- pect in Sec. 36, T. 23 N., R. 12 W., 5^ miles west-northwest of Covelo. Shell Rock Manganese Deposits. The Noble Electric Steel Com- pany is developing a manganese prospect 6 miles by road west of Spy- rock station on the Northwestern Pacific railroad. The manganese ores occur in lenses interbedded in jasper whose outcrop forms a bluff about 500 ft. in length and 50 ft. high. The deposit has only recently been opened so that very little development work had been done. Two men are employed. Alex Guthrie of Spyrock has located a claim one mile from the Noble Electric Company's property, but no development work has been done on it. Thatcher Creek Claims. A number of claims have been located in Thatcher Creek Canon in the northeastern portion of the county, about 18 miles by road and trail east of Dos Rios station. This region is very inaccessible, as there is no road within eight miles. W. E. Shields and C. C. Packwood of Covelo located a group of 6 claims in 1916 on a mineral deposit here which was said to contain both chrome and man- ganese. The ore body lies within schist walls, striking northwest and southeast and dipping vertically. It outcrops prominently over a ridge for 1300 ft., varying in width from 35 ft. at the creek to 75 ft. near top of ridge, exposing many thousand tons of this material. Analysis of samples taken by C. F. Nourse of San Francisco showed only a little over 7% manganese and no chrome. Thomas Manganese Mine. This propertj% embracing eight claims, is situated in Sections 22, 27, 34 and 35, T. 17 N., R. 12 W., 6 miles by good auto road northeast of Redwood station, on the same ridge and about 3 miles in an air line southeast of the Busch and Bevins mine. The claims were located in 1912, and the first commercial production took place in 1914, the property at that time being worked under a lease by the Noble Electric Steel Company. To date over 3000 tons of high grade ore have been produced. The manganese ore occurs as a ledge Manganese^ and chromium. 47 along heavy jasper ))e(ls, -whieh constitute a large portion of the ridge. In places the ore is bluish black and amorphous, and intermixed with the jasper with no clear line of demarcation between, while again it is deposited in rich pockets with well defined walls. The ore body out- crops at intervals for three-quarters of a mile, striking N. 12° W. and dipping N. 65° to 80° E. ; varying in width from 3 to 15 feet. It has been stripped for over 500 ft. down the ridge by a series of open cuts. Most of the development work has been confined to the north Photo No. 7. Tunnel at W. P. Thomas Manganese Mine, near Ukiah, Mendo- cino County. Orebody at this point above 4' wide. end of the claims, and several tunnels have been driven to crosscut the ore body below the open cuts. As in the case of most of the properties visited, the richer portions of the ore body have been worked out, and very little high grade ore is now exposed. With systematic development, other rich bodies will probably be uncov- ered. The property is easily accessible and could be worked the greater part of the year. The ore is hauled to the railroad at $3.00 per ton. Water for camp purposes is obtained from a group of springs. As the deposit is located about 500 ft. below the roadway, it was neces- sary to haul the ore up the ridge. This was accomplished by a car oper- 48 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. ated by a hoist, using a gas engine for power. A couple of men were doing some development work in an old tunnel when visited and had about 10 tons of high grade ore read}^ for shipment. W. P. Thomas et al. of Ukiah are the owners. Bibl. : Kept. XIV, page 421. Photo No. 8. Wild Devil Manganese Mine, Mendocino County, showing trench opened along vein. The Wild Devil Manganese Mine, also known as the Waldteufel Mine, is in Sees. 10, 15 and 16, T. 17 N., R. 12 W., eight miles from Redwood Station, about two miles by road north of the Thomas Mine and on the same ridge at an elevation of about 2000 feet. This property, embracing 18 mineral claims along top of ridge, was located in 1914, and worked under lease by the Noble Electric Steel Company during 1916. They developed one deposit, in the SW. i of NW. i of Sec. 15, MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 49 from which about 100 tons of ore was shipped. This was mined in a trench, or cut, 150 feet long. The orebody A^ariod from 1' to 3' in width, in red radiolarian chert which strikes N. 30° W. and dips 10° to 45° E. There are several small pockets of high grade ore exposed in the bottom of the cut, which might develop into another body with depth. Fifty feet below the cut, a small lens is exposed by a shallow open cut across a face 5 feet long and V to 2' wide. The ore here appears to carry both lime and silica. No other woi'k has been done on the claims, and there are no other ore bodies exposed. The property is idle. J. C. Wald- teufel of Ukiah, is agent for the owner, Geo. E. Cameron of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, MERCED COUNTY. Briggs Mine. This property is in the S. | of NAV. ^ of Sec. 13, T, 13 S., R. 9 E., in the extreme southwestern corner of the county and 26 miles by road east of Tres Pinos, San Benito County. It is 1^.-- ■ - ■.■!«t" V k Photo No. 9. Outcrop at Briggs Manganese Deposit, San Benito County. owned by Mrs. Anna E. Briggs, of Hollister, and in November, 1917, was under lease to John Burmeister. Mr. Grayson of Hollister was begin- ning development work at that time. Franciscan chert, enclosed in sandstone, outcrops in steep cliffs near the top of the ridge at an elevation of 3550 feet (aneroid) on the north- east side of the Diablo Range. The chert is from 75' to 100' thick 4— .389.';s 50 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. and dips iiortlieast at angles up to 20°. Massive chert, enclosed iu thiu-bedded radiolariaii cliert, carries manganese oxide bodies. Minor faults have disturbed the bedding and have obscured the relation of the manganese oxide to the chert, but at least two horizons, and maybe more, exist. The hard blue-black oxide grades imperceptibly into the red jasper. For a distance of 150 feet along the strike (northwest- ward) indications are very f&,vorable for developing a good deposit. Photo No. 10. Open cut at Briggs Manganese Mine, showing face of high-grade ore 3'-4' wide. There is a trail one-half mile long from the road to the deposit. The slope to the west is too steep for a road and a tramway would have to be constructed to get ore down to the road, unless it was found better . to take ore out via Los Banos. MONTEREY COUNTY. The Santa Lucia Range extends northwest across the southern end of the county, and forms steep, inaccessible cliffs along the Pacific. The district is remote from traveled roads and sparsely inhabited. Only one manganese deposit has been noted in the county. The Ross Ranch Prospect is one mile from the ocean and three miles north of the mouth of San Carpojaro Creek, in the extreme southwest corner of the county. The deposit is similar to those in San Luis Obisj>o County in the same range farther southeast. It is entirely undeveloped, MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 51 but a recent assay of a raiuloin sample gave 40% manganese, and the deposit is said to be promising. If it Avere developed it might be possil)le to load the ore on steamers from shore near the property. J. Dutra Ross, Cambria, owner. NAPA COUNTY. Bacon & Kenney Prospect is five miles west of Oakville by road, in Sec. 19, T. 7 N., R. 5 W. F. W. Kenney and Thos. Bacon of Oakland, did some development work here, but the deposit was too small and of too low grade to warrant exploitation, so that it is idle. I Bibl. : Rept. XIV, p. 276. Cavagnaro Prospect lies in Sec. 3, T. 9 N., R. 6 W., one-half mile west of the ^5^]tna Quicksilver ^Nline, at an elevation of 2200 feet, and is the property of Chas. Cavagnaro of Middletown, Lake County. The small amount of work which had been done in August, 1917, showed a body of manganese oxide 4' to 6' wide, with a length of 100'. It contained considerable iron and silica. No ore had been produced at that time. Moore Creek Manganese Deposit, sometimes culled the Manganese Ridge Prospect, lies on the ridge of the same name, which runs east and west and is a spur of the main ridge separating Conn Valley and Moore Creek. The property is in Sec. 15, T. 8 N., R. 5 W., six miles northeast of St. Helena. An old wagon road runs within 100 yards of the deposit, which is at an elevation of 1200 feet. Some of the samples from this property were high grade manganese oxide. On the south slope of the ridge an open cut has been made ; 100 yards northwest there is another small cut and to the south of the latter a tunnel. NEVADA COUNTY. Bartholf and Veach Mine. Seven miles from Colfax near the west bank of Bear River, E. H. and W. E. Bartholf and J. L. Veach of Golfax mined a carload of ore three years ago and have mined and sold two carloads recently (July, 1918) . Mode of occurrence is similar to that in Placer County. The Wren Ranch property consists of 160 acres in Sec. 20, T. 14 N., R. 8 E., M. D. M., of the Lime Kiln district at an elevation of 1000 feet. It is owned by R. M. Wren of Wolf, Nevada County, and leased by C. E. Loofbourrow of Oakland. A body of manganese 14' thick and 10' long has been exposed to a depth of 20' by an incline shaft. Ten tons or ore mined, up to Novem- ber, 1917, is reported to assay 50% to 60% metallic manganese and 6% silica. 52 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. PLACER COUNTY. Gray Lease. Lee Gray of Colfax has recently leased from the Southern Pacific Company 80 acres of land in Sec. 29, T. 14 N., R, 10 E., adjoining the Tilsley and Coplen Group on the south. He reports promising prospects just south of the American claim. The property has not been developed yet (August 6, 1918), Tilsley and Coplen Group comprises four unpatented claims known as American, Republic, Spokane and Crown Point, which were located in January, 1918, by A. D. Coplen and B. F. Tilsley, but have since been leased to C. S. Simpson of Monrovia, agent for eastern interests. He was opening ore bodies on two of the claims in June. The claims are 9 miles from Colfax and are crossed by the road lead- ing to Yankee Jim. The south end-line of American claim is on the south line of Sec. 20, T. 14 N., R. 10 E., and the other claims lie parallel to and east of American claim. The claims lie at elevations of from 1900' to 2525'. Near the south end-line of American claim in Mexican Gulch, a hole had been sunk 7 feet and a drift driven 25 feet along strike of ■ country rock in ore. Twenty tons or more of ore said to average 51.6% manganese, 5.6% insoluble and .09% phosphorous, had been taken out up to June 13. The country rock is superficially clay, mapped as Calaveras formation. The ore is enclosed in a quartz lens about 100 feet long, which strikes N. 5° W., and dips nearly vertically. As revealed by work done at time of visit, the ore body has a rough elbow shape, plunges south and pitches 75° E. At the north, the short drift passes below tip of ore, but on south ore is going down, showing an increasing proportion of rhodonite. Ore body was nowhere over 4' wide, and was about 35' long. North of the road on the center of the same claim, a small shallow cut on a quartzose outcrop led to a face of ore 3' wide, capped by and enclosed in quartz. A few tons of ore, possibly of shipping grade, had been mined. The Crown Point prospect has been opened near the top of a ridge north of the road at an elevation of 2525 feet. An open cut and a cross-cut tunnel running 50 feet northeast cuts in the order named: (1) 6" to 12" soft powdery oxide, ribbed by quartz stringers; (2) 5' siliceous manganese ore; (3) 5' clay; (4) 4' lean oxide of manganese, intercalated with clay. This zone is crossed by many quartz stringers. The zone strikes N. 5° W. and dips nearly vertically. An assay of ore mined here indicated 39.17% manganese, 20.64% insolu- ble, .07% phosphorus. The prospects on the other claims were lean outcrops which had not been developed at time of visit. The indications point to the probability of there being numerous small shallow ore bodies in this I MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 53 belt of Calaveras rocks, which extends as far as North Bloomfield. Ore from the above claims will be hauled to Colfax over a road which is good in summer. There are 2.8 miles of easy down-grade to American River, the remaining 6.2 miles being a steady up-grade. Two cars of ore are said to be ready for shipment August 6, 1918. PLUMAS COUNTY. The Braito manganese property includes one claim in Sec. 26, T. 26 N., R. 9 E., M. D. M., near Crescent Mills. The exposures of ore are on the slope of a hill which has a good growth of pine timber. The ore body lies in schist and strikes northwest. It is developed by two open cuts and a tunnel. The tunnel is 57' long and shows a small amount of ore in the face. One open cut is 15' long with a face of mixed ore 4' wide and 12' high. Another cut 12' long shows a mixed ore from 6' to 7' wide. About 70 tons or ore piled for shipment was said to assay 50% metallic manganese and 12% silica. From 30 to 40 men were employed by the Noble Electric Steel Corporation, who were going to ship the ore to their Heroult smelter for use in making ferro-manganese. Up to January 1, 1918, 20 carloads of ore were shipped from this property. Owned by Fred E. Braito and T. J. Mason of Crescent Mills. Burch and Woody Prospect is near the line of Sees. 21 and 28, T. 26 N., R. 9 E., four miles west of Crescent Mills. When the property was visited a small amount of manganese oxide, which was too siliceous to sell, had been taken out. The Crystal Lake Manganese Group consists of three claims in Sec. 8, T. 25 N., R. 10 E., on Mount Hough five miles east of Indian Falls and nine miles northwest of Quincy Junction. Most of the ore is on two claims and can be traced for 200' along the strike, which is N. 42° W. The orebody as exposed by two crosscuts showed 6' of ore which pitches 80° southwest. About one-half mile of road would have to be built to reach the deposits. Two springs furnish sufficient Avater for camp purposes. Since this locality was visited the property has been developed by Geo. K. Allen and a JNIr. Robinson of San Francisco, who shipped ten cars of ore to the Heroult smelter, and then sold their lease to Smith Bros, of Taylorsville. The claims are owned by H. A. and R. L. Klop- penburg and H. S. My ton of Quincy. The Diadem Lode is one of a group of three claims which include 20 acres, in the Edmanton district. The property lies 14 miles south of west from Quincy in Sec. 33, T. 24 N., R. 8 E., and is owned by the Edman Estate, Quincy. Manganese oxide and rhodonite (manganese silicate) are reported to occur in a quartz vein associated with iron oxide. The vein strikes 54 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU, J N. 37° "W. and dips 60° N.E. No development work for manganese has been carried on, and it is believed that the deposit is only superficial. Equipment consists of buildings, shop and two Huntington mills. Iron Queen Claim was located by Chas. Devlinn and A. F. Smith, ) in Sec. 8, T. 26 N., R. 9 E., about six miles northwest of Crescent Mills. Two small short open cuts had developed a little good ore, but most of the manganese oxide was too siliceous. The Penrose Mine is located on Mumford Hill, three miles south- west of Meadow Valley, near Edmanton. Manganese occurs as oxides in the gossan of a (piartz vein, similar to that at the Diadem Lode. The deposit is probably superficial. Owned by the Edman Estate of Quincy. RIVERSIDE COUNTY. Ore deposits of this important mineral are found at several points in Riverside County. Shipments of a good grade of ore have been made spasmodically for the past three years from the Schellenger property (Black Jack Mine) in the McCoy IMountains. At this writing, Feb- ruary, 1918, there is considerable activity in this district, and several ])roperties are now shipping ore via Mineral, a station on the California- Southern Railroad. . A number of recent locations have been made here, and there are probably 30 men working. The persistency of the ore bodies thus far developed augurs favorably for a large output from this region. Ten Ford trucks of one and one-half ton capacity are being used to haul the ore to the railroad. The only disadvantage the locality suffers is its lack of water ; this has to be hauled in to camp from the railroad. Black Jack Mine. This property, commonly known as the Schel- lenger Claims, lies near the base of the east slope of the McCoy Mountains, near their north end. The group of five claims lies at an altitude of 1200 feet, and is described as being in Sections 13 and 24, T. 4 S., R. 19 E., 12 miles by road northwest of Mineral Station. The extreme northeastern workings are on Claim No. 1. This consists of two tunnels : one 25 feet long, at an elevation of 1350 feet, driven on a vein which strikes S. 10° E., and dips 65° W., developing two and one- half feet of psilomelane ore; and one 30 feet higher up which has a length of 60 feet, and is stoped out to the surface in places along the vein. The face of this tunnel shows a high grade streak of ore 18" wide, which disappears here, the manganese ore becoming intermixed with brecciated rhyolite. The footwall of the vein is brecciated rhyolite and the hanging wall rhyolite. The ore croppings on this vein can be traced for a distance of 300 feet on the northwest slope of the hill at an elevation of 1000 feet. About 600 feet west of these workings on Claim No. 2, at an elevation of about 1350 feet, two short tunnels and an open cut 20 feet in length I MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 55 have developed four to five feet of manganese ore intermixed with brecciated rhyolite. The main workingjs are on Claim No. 3, which lies south of Claim No. 2. Practically all of the mining is now being done here. The workings consist of an open cut 50 feet long, 25 feet deep and 5 feet wide. Below this cut a tunnel, now about 90 feet from portal, is being driven on a vein of high grade ore which varies from two to six feet in width. The ore occurs along a fault fracture striking S. 10° E., with a dip of 65° N.W. A winze is being sunk on the vein about 50 feet from the portal. It is now 25 feet deep, and the vein appears to be becoming wider and of higher grade with depth. Undoubtedly, a Photo No. U. Tunnel and open cut on Schellenger Manganese Claims, in the McCoy Mountains, Riverside County. large tonnage will shortly be developed in this working. The ore can be .easily traced for a distance of a couple of hundred feet to the southeast along this fracture. The dump at this working, which con- tains several thousand tons, is said to average better than 30% Mn. The manganese ore throughout these claims occurs in a series of parallel fractures along the northeast slope of the hill, which extends through a porphyritic rhyolite, highly brecciated along the fractures. The veins are evidently very persistent as their croppings can be traced at intervals for several thousand feet. During 1915, the property was worked under lease by Robert Kinzie and associates of San Francisco, who shipped out 1500 tons of ore said to average over 40% Mu. In 1917, a bond and lease was taken on it by Chas. F. Bradford and associates of Blythe, the present operators. During the past few months, six ear loads of ore have been shipped out. The assays on these ship- 56 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. njents varied from 44% to 54% Mn, and from 1.30% to 5.58% SiO,. About 1000 tons of ore have been shipped out, which it is reported will average 47% Mn. At present less than a dozen men are employed, but new men are being put to work as fast as they can be obtained, and it is expected to be producing a carload a day within the next few months. "Work is to be started on Claims No. 1 and No. 2 imme- diately. Floyd Brown of Blythe, has the contract for hauling the ore. Chas. F. Bradford is managing the property. Black Horse Group. Floyd Brown, P. H. Bray and W. Simoyne, of Blythe, have located a group of four claims west of the Black Jack Mine described above. The surface croppiugs show narrow veins in the rhyolite striking parallel to tho.se of the Black Jack Group. These locations have only recently been made, and no work has as yet been started. P. H. Bray, of Blythe, is mining a deposit which lies about 1000 ft. south of Claim No. 3 of the Black Jack Group. The vein here appears to be a continuation of the Black Jack No. 3, as it lies along the strike of that vein, and is proving to be very strong with depth. The ore is psilomelane exhibiting the concentric structure and botryoidal surface which is characteristic of the ore of this district. A 25-ft. shaft was sunk on the vein, which at the outcrop consisted of manganese ore inter- mixed with brecciated rhyolite over a width of a couple of feet. The vein has gradually been widening with depth, and becoming richer in manganese. At the bottom of the shaft there is very little of the brecciated material, and the vein is about five feet wide. Drifts are being driven along the vein north and south from this level, and show ore four to five feet wide in both faces. A carload of good ore had been shipped and 30 tons more said to run 447o manganese were on the stock pile in February, 1918. Three men are employed. Brum and Newport Prospect, A deposit of manganese has recently been located seven miles by road southwest of Ferris on the Temecula branch of the Santa Fe Railroad. The deposit occurs on a low ridge 1000 feet west of the railroad. The ore, manganese oxides, occurs as lenses interbedded in jasper. The jasper is thin-bedded and extensive, outcropping for several miles in a northwesterly course. The beds are stained in many places with the manganese but development work has been confined to two rather promising outcrops. The lower working, probably 300 feet above the railroad, consists of a 30 ft. tunnel driven to cut an orebody which outcrops 40 feet above. This ledge or lens dips 45° into the hill, and in the face of the tunnel shows a width of three feet. The ore appears to be quite siliceous, but along the footwall side shows about one foot of the hard black oxide. Throughout the remainder, it is intermixed with the jasper, and varies from the soft ■ MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 57 powdery dioxide to the hard massive ore. The outcrop of this body can be traced only a few feet, but the ore appears to be of fairly high grade. There are about twenty tons on the dump here from which several tons of high grade ore could undoubtedly be recovered by hand sorting. The upper working is a couple of hundred feet above and about 500 feet west of the lower. Here a 50 ft. shaft was sunk on the orebody, which varies in Avidth from three to four feet. The ledge consists of stringers of high grade ore 3" to 8" wide separated by the cherty seams. Twenty feet below the collar of the shaft, a tunnel was driven to cut the vein. On the summit of the ridge, about 30 feet above the shaft, there is a small cropping showing some good ore. There are 20 to 30 tons of ore taken from the shaft on the dump, which appears to be quite siliceous. It is reported that there are some promising outcrops east of the rail- road in a canyon tributary to Railroad Canyon about one and a half miles distant, but no development work has been done upon them. George Brum, Lloyd Newport, et al., of Ferris, are the owners of this property which is covered by a group of several claims. An option has recently been taken on the group by Harford and Greenleaf, of Ferris, Cal. An analysis of a sample from this deposit was made by Smith Emery and Co. It showed 34.42% manganese, 9.52% silica, and 0.140% phosphorus. Doran Manganese Claims. The Doran property is located in the north end of the Falen Mountains, about ten miles northwest of the Black Jack Mine, and 22 miles northwest of Mineral. Fackards "Well lies about six miles to the north. The locations comprise two claims extending end to end in a general northerly and southerly direction. These claims embrace the top of the ridge, whose elevation here, at the point of discovery, is 2500 ft. above sea level, and about 700 ft. above the wash at its base. The road from Mineral to Adams Well lies prob- ably three miles in an air line west of the property. From this point it is accessible only by a hard desert trail. The manganese occurrence here is very similar to that of the McCoy. Mountains, the ore being deposited in a vein, which is a tilling in a fault fracture in rhyolite. The outcrop is first observed about 300 feet below the summit, striking a little east of south. Here it has a width of several feet, but is intermixed with the brecciated rhyolite. A small cut shows about 18" of high grade ore. The vein can be followed over the summit and down the south slope for several hundred feet. At the few places where cuts have been made, it appears to be widening with depth. About 50 feet east of the main vein, a series of croppings were observed w^hich evidently mark a parallel vein. Ore from these claims assayed 44% metallic manganese, and 3.9% silica. 58 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. The locations were made in 1915, but due to their inaccessibility have never been developed. Considerable work must be done before it can be determined whether the veins will yield a sufficient tonnage to war- rant the expense of constructing a road to the property. W. C. Doran et al. of Los Angeles are the owners. Elsinore Manganese Deposits. These deposits long known and located, lie 6 miles northeast of Elsinore, a station on the branch of the A. T. & S. F. R. R., extending south from San Bernardino, and are in Sees. 23 and 24, T. 5 S., R. 4 W. One group of six locations is west of the railroad and another group of nine locations is east of the railroad, and perhaps ^ mile farther north. A portion of the prop- erty reaches the railroad while the farthest point of any location is less than 1^ miles distant. On Sec. 23, what was pointed out as the principal vein was visited, though another parallel vein is said to exist. This vein outcrops at the top of a hill some 1500 to 2000 ft. distant from and approxinuitely 400 to 500 ft. above the railroad. The outcrop here is 3 ft. wide and a hole 3 ft. deep has been sunk upon it. Some 75 to 100 ft. distant, toward the railroad, a 10 ft. shaft has been sunk, showing the vein to be 4 ft. wide at the surface. Below tliis point is a tunnel 20 ft. in length, driven in the footwall, so the width of the vein is indeterminable. The central vein outcrops show an indefinite width, being considerably broken, and covered with detritus. This vein may be 16 to 20 ft. in width as the distance from the apparent foot to the hanging wall would indicate. The width can only be determined by trenching. The manganese occurs in this vein as rhodonite, decomposing to oxide at the surface. The country rock is granite and schist. Chas. P. Carter, of Elsinore, owner. Grosse Manganese Claims. C. E. Grosse, of Blythe, has a group of 5 claims about ^ mile south of the Black Jack group. The workings here consist of several shallow cuts, and two shafts. The veins show up very strongly, but there is more lime in the ore in the form of calcite crystals, than seen at the other properties. At the surface the veins are narrow, but in both of the shafts they are widening with depth. The two shafts are about 300 feet apart, and on opposite sides of a small ravine in which is situated the camp. It is expected to sink each shaft 50 feet and then start drifting on the vein. Two carloads have already been shipped, and there are about 30 tons on the stock pile. Work was started here in January, 1918. Hauser, Martin and Cheeseborough Claims. Hauser, 1138 Oxford Avenue, Los Angeles. These claims, seven in number, are situated 2^ miles from Mineral station on the California-Southern railroad in the eastern end of the county, just south of the Mabery and Brown deposit described below. Three cars of ore were shipped from this MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 59 property by the Noble Electric Steel Co., of San Francisco, a couple of yeai^ ago, and very little ore is now exposed. No work has been done here since. Mabery and Brown Manganese Deposit. This property consisting of 12 claims, lies at the base of the east slope of the Maria IMoiintains, about two miles by road west of IMineral. The manganese ore here occurs as irregular pockets or lenses in a hard, almost marbleized, gray- ish white limestone. Numerous outcrops occur over the claims, the general trend of them being north and south. The croppings are gen- erally large and of irregular shape; the manganese ores being usually intermixed with the limestone of which it is a replacement. Develop- ment consists of a shallow shaft 8 feet deep which was sunk on a very promising cropping. From this shaft, a large chamber has been opened, already yielding 2 car loads w^hich averaged 44.2% Mn, and 2% SiOo. The width of the ore body here is about 8 feet. To the south of this working, probably 300 feet, an open cut is being made on a cropping which shows a couple of feet of high grade ore. "Work was only started in January, 1918, and production now averages 4 tons daily with 6 men emploj^ed. The numerous croppings on this property would lead one to believe that large tonnages of ore will be developed. 11. N. IMabery, 1125 Elza Avenue, Los Angeles, and Chas. E. Brown, of Mecca, California, are the owners. Palo Verde Region Manganese Claims. Messrs. Lugo and Justice Smith of Palo Verde, Imperial County, own some manganese claims, located 8 miles northwest of Palo Verde and 10 miles west of the Colo- rado River. The property is close to the line between Riverside and Imperial Counties. There are reported to be 500 tons of ore, carrying 35% metallic manganese, ready for shipment. Palen Mountains Deposit. Frank Coffey of Mecca owns a number of claims for manganese in the Palen Mountains northeast of Blythe. Schellenger Manganese Claims. See Black Jack Manganese Mine. SAN BENITO COUNTY. Fries Ranch. Several deposits of manganese ore associated with red jaspej: outcrop along a ridge in Sections 5 and 8, T. 13 S., R. 8 E., 18 miles by road east of Tres Pinos. As no development work has been done at the property, it is impossible to justify an opinion concerning their extent. The jasper beds outcrop as bold ledges near the sum- mit of the ridge, striking northwest. It is in a continuation of these beds that the Hendricks Mine and Lewis Ranch deposit are located. The beds are more or less stained with manganese, and prob- ably some fair deposits might be developed. It is idle. Peter Fries of Ilollister, is the owner. 60 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. Hannagan Ranch Deposit. A deposit of manganese ore occurs in the SE. i of SW. i of Sec. 22, T. 15 S., R. 9 E., about 31 miles by road southeast of Tres Pinos, at the base of a low hill at the west end of Big Panoehe Valley. The New Idria road runs within 1000 ft. of the deposit. It does not outcrop but has been exposed by an open cut about 6 ft. across, showing 3 ft. of good ore. The jasper beds in the vicinity are heavily stained with manganese. The deposit is under option to E. T. Stewart of Dos Palos,. and was idle when visited. Hawkins Ranch. The Noble Electric Steel Company developed a deposit of manganese ore on this property, which is in Section 35, T. 11 S., E. 6 E., 13 miles by road northeast of Hollister. The ore was mixed with the jasper, and carried considerable iron so that it had to be hand sorted before shipping. Three carloads were shipped in 1916, which averaged over 1:0% metallic manganese, and the property has not been developed since. T. S. Hawkins of Hollister is the owner. In the fall of 1917, this property was leased to John Burmeister and G. W. Grayson of Hollister was preparing to do development work for the lessee. Hendricks Mine. This property comprising 80 acres of patented land, is in Section 24, T. 13 S., R. 8 E., 23 miles east of Tres Pinos, over a good auto road which runs within one-half mile of the mine. It Photo No. 12. Open cut at Hendricks Mine, exposing ledge 10' high, 3'-6' wide, for a distance of 75'. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 61 lies close to the Merced County line, and less than two miles in an air line from the Briggs Mine. The elevation at the tunnel is 1930 ft. It is reached by a trail from the road, which could be extended up to the workings with little cost. The jasper beds with which is associ- ated a deposit of manganese oxides, outcrop prominently for several hundred feet, striking almost due east. An open cut or trench has been made along the croppiugs for 75 feet. In this trench is un- covered an orebody which varies from 6' to 10' in width. About 50' below this working, a tunnel has been driven for 135 ft. It cuts the deposit at about 80 ft. from the portal, probably a continuation of that exposed in the working above. The ore is psilomelane. It is in the red jasper, and in places is intermixed with it. The deposit is said to have been first worked over 30 years ago, but there is no record of any commercial production. It is one of the most favorable prospects vis- ited and, judging from the ore body now exposed, should develop into a good mine. The only reason that can be attributed for its idleness at the present time, is the high price at which the property was held for many years. This discouraged operators and the owners did not care to develop it themselves. The owners are T. H. Hackett, Mrs. Anna Briggs, and L. E. Thornton. Dan McPhail of Hollister, is agent. Late in 1917 this property was leased to John Burmeister. His local agent, G. W. Grayson, planned early development. Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 336. Lewis Ranch. A small deposit of manganese ore associated with jasper, outcrops near the top of a mountain in Section 7, T. 13 S., R. 8 E. This deposit adjoins that of the Fries Ranch in Section 8, and is of the same character. The road from Hollister and Tres Pinos extends to the ranch house below the deposit. No work has been done on it and the property is idle. William Lewis, Tres Pinos, Cal., is the owner. SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY. Despite the handicaps imposed by desert conditions, the production of manganese ore has made a fair start toward commercial success in San Bernardino County. While the output to date has come largely from a single property, undoubtedly in a highly mineralized area of this size (20,157 sq. mi.) other manganese deposits, now undeveloped, will in due time contribute. Black Prince Group. The holdings consist of four claims situated on the north slope of the Avawatz Mountains, about 35 miles west of Riggs Station, on the Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad. Massive iron stained croppings of brecciated andesite strike east, and are cut by a series of small veins of manganese. There is no possibility of developing any tonnage on the property, and what has been developed 62 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. by a 5-foot shaft .shows a liigh silica content. It is owned by C. S. Van Horn and C. E. Berkhart, of Daggett, California. Emma Manganese Claims. Two manganese claims known as the Emma No. 1 and Emma No. 2 are owned by Euben Stenton of Silver Lake. These claims are located on a ridge one mile north of the Owls Head Manganese Mine in the Owl Mountains, at an elevation of 2800 ft. They are about 36 miles slightly north and west of Riggs, or 45 miles northwest of Silver Lake, both stations un the Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad, north of Ludlov^^ The Owl Mountains are a small group southwest of Death Valley Narrows. A short crosscut tunnel has been driven 20 ft. cutting a contact between limestone and granite, and developing 12 inches of ore on the contact. This ore is a high grade pyrolusite and the outcrop along the contact can be traced for several hundred feet on the surface. Lavic Mountain Deposit. Seven claims are embraced in this prop- erty, which is located five miles by road northwest of Ludlow. The claims are, however, within two miles of the Tonopah & Tidewater tracks. The Lavic Mountains, in which they are situated, are a typical low mountain range of the desert country. A series of parallel veins of manganese ore outcrop in this range, striking N. 60° W. and cutting a rhyolite breccia. The outcrops are strong and may be followed for a distance of a mile in length. On the northwest end of the claims there is an open cut three feet deep on a fracture striking N. 60° W., exposing two and one-half feet of ore. Elevation 2900 ft. Fifty feet southeast of this open cut is a second one showing three feet of pyrolusite ore. On the southeast end of the claims, there are two open cuts on the same veins as the above which show five feet of ore, the manganese, however, being intermixed with a brecciated material which makes it run higher in silica. Three hundred feet east of this vein there is another vein striking N. 60° W., upon which a number of prospect holes show from 12 inches to one and one-half feet of ore. About fifty tons of ore have been extracted from these open cuts but it evidently runs high in silica. The owners of this property are Alf Seymour, T. D. Garringer and L. V. Root, all of Daggett. Owls Hole Manganese Mine. This mine first opened up in 1914, has a substantial production record, and under the name of either the Owls Head or Owls Hole Manganese ]\Iine is probably the best known deposit of manganese ore in the southern counties. The property is in the Owl ]\Iountains southwest of Death Valley Narrows at the southern end of the valley, in the same locality as the Emma manganese claims previously described. It is a little northwest of the Owls Hole Spring, a source of water supply and 35 miles north of west from Riggs, the shipping point on the Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad, The property includes 21 claims, which lie at an average elevation of 2400 ft. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 63 The ore occurs along a series of fault fractures which strike north- west and southeast in a granite formation, and also as lenses along the contact between the granite and overlying limestone or granite eon- glomerate. This limestone at one time probably covered the whole area of the granite formation, but has since been eroded. Along the fractures which are more or less parallel, two shafts have been sunk to a depth of 60 feet. The ore developed in these workings shows a width of four to six feet, and is a good grade pyrolusite. There is also an open cut 50 feet in length on a parallel vein 50 feet west of the north shaft which shows three feet of good ore on its south face. Photo No. 13. Owl's Hole Manganese Mine, San Bernardino County, showing bunkers and glory hole. At contact of limestone and granitic conglomerate. About one and one-half miles northwest of these workings is an open cut showing four feet of ore. This cut is one-half mile from the wagon road. There is also on the ridge above this open cut, a large man- ganiferous iron outcrop 200 to 300 feet long and about 50 to 75 feet wide. First-class ore as shipped carries 70% MnOo and less than 1% of Fe.^Oo. Second class ore carries about 40% MnO.. The ore is trammed from the main shaft to bunkers, where it is loaded in trucks and hauled to Riggs Station. North of the shaft in an arroyo there is an open cut where the manganese occurs on the contact of limestone and a granitic conglome- rate. The croppings at this point are about 50 feet wide and the ore is intermixed with the granitic conglomerate. At the edge of the glory hole a shaft has been sunk to a depth of 60 ft. These workings are on the northeast edge of a wash, the orebody striking N. 45° W. By sorting 64 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. the ore from the glory hole and shaft, a good tonnage could be mined from this point. Owing to litigation, the mine is at present idle. Alexander Yoeman, of Silver Lake, is the owner. An office is maintained at 420 Union Oil Bldg., Los Angeles. SAN JOAQUIN COUNTY. For a general description of the San Joaquin County area, see under Alameda Connty, ^ante, and accompanying map (Plate II). Crocker Properties. M. I. Crocker, No. 1023 Insurance Exchange Building, San Francisco, owner. These include a number of sections of land in the southwest corner of San Joaquin County, among which manganese has been noted on Sec. 3'5, T. 4 S., R. 4 E., M. D. M. Un- ^ developed. i Cummings Lease. See Winship Properties. I Ladd Mine. Providence Exploration Co., owner; M. C, Seagrave, s manager; Balboa Building, San Francisco. The first manganese min- ; .ing in California was done in 1867 at this property which is located in Corral Hollow in Sec. 2, T. 4 S., R. 4 E., twelve miles southwest of v Tracy. It was opened by A. S. Ladd and worked by him until. 1874, ^ during which time about 5000 tons of ore were shipped to England.* In 1874 it was bought by Justinian Caire of San Francisco, but shortly afterwards shipments of California ore to England were stopped by the impossibility of competing with Spanish manganese, so that compar- atively little ore was produced for many years. In 1916 it was taken over by Mr. Seagrave, and has since become the largest single producer in the state. The ore is deposited in a well-defined body between jasper walls, and in previous reports has been described as a filling in a fault fissure. The later and more extensive developments seem to indicate that it is an interbedded deposit with the Franciscan cherts or jaspers similar to the others in this district except that it is more extensive. It strikes N. 10° to 30° W., dipping southwest from quite flat to nearly vertical, the average being 40°. It has been exposed along the strike for about 2000 feet varying in Avidth up to 30 feet, but averaging 4 to 5 feet. The best and largest ore shoots have been found where the dip flattens out. The ore in the main body is the hard massive oxide, black or steel gray in color, and without crystalline structure so that it is impossible to distinguish the particular oxide present, manganite, psilomelane or pyrolusite. In places the walls are clayey. Here the ore is powdery and soft, blue black in color, and generally intermixed with the clay. In the lower ♦Arkansas Geological Survey, Ann. Report 1890, vol. 1. I MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 65 workings of the mine, below water level in the shaft, and in the lowest tunnel known as the water-tnnnel, rhodoehrosite, the carbonate of man- ganese, occurs. This ore, first encountered in the Fabian shaft, was for many years thought to be gangue material and its prevalence there led to the abandonment of the shaft until quite recently. Photo No. 14. Ladd Mine, looking southeasterly from Fabian shaft, showing open cut along strike of orebody. The presence of the carbonate ore at lower depths indicates that the ore was all originally deposited as the carbonate, but in the zone of oxidation is being reduced to the oxides, as the carbonate ore in the presence of air changes over into the soft black oxide. The property is developed by three tunnels in the southeastern por- tion of the section and by the Fabian incline shaft near the north line, the collar of the shaft being 2000 feet northeast of the portal of the 5— 3S958 66 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. "water" tunnel. The shaft is sunk 100 feet on the vein, which here averages from 3 to 4 feet in width throughout its length. Both the oxides and the carbonates occur here, the latter having been deposited along the clay walls. When visited, the shaft had only been unwatered a few days and no drifts had been driven along the vein. The ore body was being stoped both to north and south from a point about forty feet below collar of shaft. Mr. Seagrave states that this has since been worked out, and proved to be only a lens. The "water" or "spring" tunnel (main working tunnel) has been driven about 300 feet along the vein, 359 feet in vertical elevation Photo No. IS. White Good-Roads Truck, used by Western Rock Products Company in haul- ing manganese ore from the Ladd Mine, San Joaquin County. This same truck was used by A. A. Haskins at Hollister for hauling dolomite. below the croppings, and at about the same elevation as the collar of the shaft. The vein here varies up to 30 feet in width, and the ore is high grade, both carbonate and oxides. Considerable stoping is being done above this level. The "Red" tunnel is 75 feet vertically above the water tunnel. It was driven to crosscut the vein, and then follows it for 150 feet. The upper tunnel, 85 feet vertically above the middle tunnel is 400 feet long, following the vein. There is an intermediate tunnel between the Eed tunnel and upper tunnel, 54 feet along the vein, connected with the upper tunnel by a 40-ft. raise, entirely in ore. From the upper tunnel there is a raise to the surface, but it is not in the vein as the ore J MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. {)( ])od\ is I'aiiltcd Iicit, and oll'si-ls scvci-al fe'ct. Tlic outcrops liavc been worked by large open cuts so that little ore remains exposed at the sur- face. Several thousand tons of hi.i;h g:rade ore Avere blocked out in the mine, when visited, and it lias been estimated that there are about 10,000 tons of low grade ore in the dumps, that could be recovered by jigging. The ore was hauled from the mine by motor trucks, later by bottom- dump wagons, 1^ miles to the crushing and screening plant, at ]\Ian- ganese Siding on the Tesla branch line of the AVestern Pacific Rail- Photo No. 16. Aerial tramway on Sec. 13, T. 4 S., R. 4 E.. M. D. M., San Joaquin County, used by Manganese Company of California. road. The capacity of the plant is two tons per hour, the finest ore shipped to glass factories, and the coarse ore to steel companies. The production averages about 25 tons daily with forty men employed. Bibl.: Repts. X, p. 564; XIII, p. 507; XIV, p. 620. U. S. G. S. Bui. 427, p. 166. Arkansas Geol. Surv., Ann. Rep. 1890, Vol. I. Wiltsee Lease, See Winship Properties. Winship Properties. K. D. Winship, 850 Post Street,' San Fran- cisco, owner. These include a number of sections of land in the south- east corner of San Joaquin County, on some of which manganese ore has been developed and shipments made. The following contain man- ganese mines or prospects: Sec. 3, 11, and 13, T. 4 S., R. 4 E., and Sec. 68 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. 19, T. 4 S., R. 5 E., M. I). ^L The above-noted Sec. 11 adjoins the Ladd Mine on the south, and a])parentl3^ the Ladd vein system extends into it. Across on the south side of the canon, opposite the Ladd mine, a tunnel was driven in about 100 ft., on a manganese lead which out- crops on a ridge about 50 ft. above it. There are two or three short Photo No. 17. Slope in manganese mine (Winship) — Wiltsee Lease — Sec. 13, T. 4 S., R. 4 E., M. D. M., San Joaquin County, southeast of Tesla. crosscuts and one small stope from which some ore was shipped unaer the Doak Lease in 1915. There is a chute 17" wide which carried the ore to a wagon road in the bottom of the caiion. On a ridge above the tunnel there are two parallel outcroppings, a few feet apart from which ore has been taken out in shallow, open cuts. About 100 ft. westerly- there is a small outcrop of promising looking material, but no work has as yet been done on it. i MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 69 On Sec. 13, above noted, the Manganese Company of California (Wiltsee Lease) did considerable work during 1916, including roads, aerial tram, and underground developments. The tramway is gravity operated, one bucket on each rope, the loaded one raising the empty to the loading bin, and crosses a deep caiion, saving at least two miles of wagon road. See Photo No. 16. The mine workings consist of about 800 feet or so of drifts and crosscuts, and a stope up to 25' or 30' long, extending from the sur- face down to a depth of approximately 150'. The stulls supporting it are up to 10' in length. See Photo No. 17. This particular lens of manganese ore, so far as developed, appears to have been worked out, the material left around the edges being somewhat mixed with silica, and narrower in width. The strike of the "vein" in the stope at the surface is approximately N. 20° E., and has a dip about 70° NW. Judging from occasional bits of ore lying about, some high grade man- ganese must have been shipped out from here. Along the ridge a short distance to the right from the present workings are some out- croppings of manganiferous chert. Though this particular lens appears to have been worked out, there is no reason to believe that others like it may not be opened up with further exploration work. In fact, in practically all of this Tesla-Franciscan district, the man- ganese ore, where found in commercial quantities is in recurrent lenses. Both of these sections are at present (November, 1917) under lease to James J. and Frank E. Cummings, Livermore, who have begun shipment from Sec. 13. They report having opened up another lens of ore (or a continuation of the other) by crosscutting. They also have a lease on Sec. 3, T. 4 S., R. 4 E., on Corral Hollow, Alameda County; also on Sec. 17 and 19, T. 5 S., R. 6 E., on the South Branch of Ingram Creek, Stanislaus County. SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY. Small deposits of manganese ore have been noticed from time to time in the western part of the county, but the price of ore, previous to the war, did not justify any systematic investigation, and practically no work was done to prove the availability of the deposits. (See Plate III.) Recently the attractive price and strong demand have led to the opening of two properties which are now producing on a small scale, and other prospects are now being developed. The manganese occurs as oxides, both hard and soft, but appar- ently the best of the ore is largely psilomelane, near the surface and hausmannite at greater depth. It occurs as irregular shaped bunches and as seam fillings in tlie Franciscan chert. The chert lentils are common on the east slope of the San Tjuis range from the line of the Pacific Coast railroad northwestward and also along the west slope of 70 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. the Santa Lucia Mountains through the entire length of the count\'. Known deposits of manganese are widel}^ distributed in both these Fran- ciscan belts, and other deposits may be reasonal)ly looked for wherever the chert is found. The known occurrences are rather small and some show a high content of silica. The chert in the vicinity of the ore pockets is usually stained black, giving the impression of greater bodies of ore than really exist. Evans Mang-anese Prospects. W. & J. Evans, San Simeon, owners. There are two prospects located on steep hills above San Carpojaro Creek, one in Section 3, T. 25 S., R. 6 E., and the other two miles dis- tant. While only a short distance from the ocean, the ore would have to be taken down steep sloi)es to reach the road whicli follows the bed of San Carpojaro Creek, and there would be a haul of five and seven miles, respectively, to the creek's mouth, with some road repairing necessary before hauling could be done. San Simeon is about 12 miles from the mouth of the creek, over a fair road. The J. Elvans prospect shows manganese oxides in a jasper lens 100 feet in width, with a strong outcrop that can be traced for a consider- able distance on the surface. The strike of the lens is N. 60° E., and the cropping is heavily stained with manganese for a width of 60 feet. Several shallow holes have been sunk along the outcrop, in which some manganese ore apparently carrying a good deal of silica shows. The W. Evans prospect shows a pocket of manganese oxides five feet wide. Recent assays indicate 48% and 37% metallic manganese, respectively, with 8%, silica. A previous assay indicated much less manganese and a very high silica content. As noted elsewhere, the manganese oxides are in bunches, which grade into material stained black, which resem- bles ore but is nearly all silica. An investigation of such deposits must take into consideration the size of ore pockets. Probably there is some good ore in most of the manganese deposits in the county ; but the ; factors which will determine their availability for mining are the size] and distribution of the bunches of ore. Hearst Ranch Prospect. This is a newly found deposit of man-] ganese oxides in chert. It is located on the Hearst property on San* Simeon Creek, three miles from the wharf at San Simeon. A good! showing is reported, but no analysis has been made. Because of the] short haul to the steamer, it is believed that the prospect will be opened immediately by the owner's agents, with a view to shipping if ore is] developed. Hobson Claims. W. K. Hobson of Cayucos has several claims] originally located for copper and chrome on which there is a cropping] of chert, or jasper, 10 to 15 ft. wide. The jasper strata contains MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 71 bunches and coatings of manganese oxides. The chiinis are 8 miles east of Cayucos on the west side of the Santa Lucia range between Morro and Toro creeks. It is probable that this deposit is a continuation of that found on the Phelan ranch, near Cambria, and described later. Johe Ranch Deposit. On the George M. Johe Ranch in Clark Valley, some large boulders of float have been found in a caiion one- half mile east of the ranch house. The property is ten miles southwest of San Luis Obispo. Five men are employed in prospecting for ore in place. The mineral rights have been leased by the California i\Ian- ganese Co., 180 Sutter Street, San Francisco. No ore has been shipped yet, but an assay indicates 78% MnOa and 1^% silica, which probably represents the very best of the ore. Phelan Ranch Deposits. These deposits are on patented agricul- tural land and are owned by Phelan L. & C. Co. — R. and Jeff Phelan, post office, Cambria. They are situated in the Pine Moun- tain district, in T. 27 S., R. 8 E., 8 miles from Cambria, the nearest town, and 34 miles from San Luis Obispo. It is six miles from the ranch house to the deposit. Deep water transportation is found at San Simeon, about 10 miles distant. The deposit occurs as a bold out- crop on the slope of a hill and as float on top of the hill. The elevation is 1700 ft. A strata, or lens of blue, red, brown and green jasper 12 ft. in width strikes N. 50° W., and dips 20° to 40° north. Three promi- nent outcrops of manganese oxides in irregular masses of comparative purity, alternate with chert or jasper and all percentages of silica and manganese oxides are exposed in the croppings along the vein for 200 yds. The float ore found on the top of the hill above the vein exposure may indicate folding or flattening of the vein, or another parallel lens. Recent assays of samples from this deposit indicated a high silica and low manganese content, but the haphazard method by which some of the manganese prospects in the county are sampled, make it unsafe to place much reliance on the results obtained. Riccioli Prospect. Victor Riccioli, Cayucos, owner. Located one- quarter mile from the road between Cayucos and Cambria, and seven miles southeast of the latter. The prospect is very well located for mining and is within 28 miles of the railroad at San Luis Obispo. The chert outcrop strikes northwest and carries irregular shaped masses of mixed manganese oxides in three places. There are two bunches of apparently fair grade material with a maxinuim width of 4^ ft. at the surface. These outcrop about 50 feet apart, and there is probably some ore under the surface between them. The manganiferous outcrop is about 100 feet long here. Signs of manganese in the chert along the strike to the southeast, and in a stream canyon to the northeast, have been noted but not prospected. A little drilling has been done on the 72 CiULiIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. two bunches mentioned above, but they have not been uncovered, and no work has been done along the outcrop to determine the continuity of the deposit. This property has been leased (April, 1918) by J. A. Faucher et al., of Oakland, and a small force will be put to work at once. Two picked samples assayed by A. A. Hanks showed 56% and 51% man- ganese, with silica not determined. A previous sample, said to carry more than the allowable percentage of silica, may have come from the leaner portion of the chert, which is stained black for several feet on each side of the ore pockets. Photo No. 17a. Staneuch Ranch, or Prefumo Canon Manganese Deposit, San Luis Obispo County, showing lower tunnel. Manganese Company of California, lessee. Staneuch Ranch Deposit. The mineral rights on 200 acres of this ranch have been leased by the IManganese Co. of California, 180 Sutter Street, San Francisco. JMining of manganese ore is going on at three places on a steep hillside, the highest opening being about 850 feet above sea level. The property is in the Prefumo Caiion district, west of San Luis Obispo, to which place the ore is hauled over eight miles of good road. The original strike of the chert lentil has been dis- turbed by sliding and the seams of ore cross it transversely as well as parallel to the strike. The mine workings are small. The largest bunch of ore taken out so far was ragged and irregular in shape, with a height of ten feet and wddth of one to four feet, high grade enough to ship. Several carloads have been shipped. Three tunnels at different elevations below this opening, are being driven to develop similar show- ings, and several short tunnels are also being put into a steep hillside a mile distant where open cuts revealed ore in bunches over a distance of 500 feet. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 73 The best ore noticed was blue-black, has a hardness about 5 to 5.5, and a conchoidal fracture. It was probably mostly psilomelane, although it is said that considerable soft ore is found also. -»i.»*»>>f!^ «#' Vest side of canon. Manganese 49.4 Silica 6.8 Manganese dioxide GO.O Photo No. 17b. Staneuch Ranch, or Prefumo Canon Manganese Deposit, showing tunnels on stope of ridge. The following analyses of car samples by Geo. A. James show the [ quality of ore from two places where mining is going on : East side of canon. Manganese sesquioxide S.8 Manganese dioxide 78.1 Iron sesquioxide 3.04 Moisture 2.1 Organic matter 0.4 Calcium carbonate 0.22 Copper oxide 0.094 Silica 3.32 Alumina .GO Magnesia Trace Water 2.4 Phosphorus .28 Kesults obtained here indicate in a general way what may reasonably be expected from similar prospects in the county. Welsh Ranch Deposit. On Welsh Ranch, eight miles west of San Luis Obispo, a deposit of manganese has been discovered in Lot 74 of Rancho Los Osos. On a ridge south of C'lark Valley Creek, a large lens of jasper outcrops from 300 to 500 yards long. Tlie manganese ore occurs as three parallel veins, with a north and south course. The ore in this lens is exposed in three tunnels and several sur- face workings. In a tunnel on the west end of the jasper lens, a 74 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. thicloiess of two and a half to five feet of manganese ore has been exposed. This vein dips 40° E. Above the tunnel, the vein has been exposed for a distance of several hundred feet. A couple hundred feet east of these workings, in an open cut, another vein of manganese ore has been exposed, showing five feet of manganese oxides. At a lower elevation, a tunnel is being driven south to develop the ore exposed on surface. About 300 feet east of these workings, another vein has been exposed by a short tunnel and open cut. The vein has a thickness of five feet and strikes north and south with a dip to the east. The ore is a black oxide and occurs as a coating of Photo No. 17c. No. 1 Tunnel of Welsh Manganese Deposit, Clarke Valley, San Luis Obispo County, showing 5' vein of manganese. Noble Electric Steel Company, lessee. seams and as nearly pure masses in the jasper. Thirty men are em- ployed on development work and in constructing roads. Owner, Welsh Estate, San Luis Obispo. Under lease to Noble Electric Steel Company. Bibl. : U. S. G. S. Folio 101, H. W. Fairbanks; Bulletin 427, E. C. Harder; California State Mining Bureau, Mines and INIineral Resources of San Luis Obispo and other counties, 1916. SANTA BARBARA COUNTY. Manganese ore deposits in Santa Barbara County are of small dimen- sions. A few occurrences have been noted, but they remain undisturbed. La Lag-una Ranch Deposits. The La Laguna Ranch Company, W. M. Bradley, Secy., 320 Chamber of Commerce Bldg., Pasadena, Cal., is the owner of this property, which is located 10 miles northeast of Los Olivos, two miles beyond and north of the Cavanaugh Ranch. MANGANESE AND CIIKOMIUM. (O From tile latter ranch there is a good wagon road eight miles in length to Los Olivos, where the nearest rail connection is fonnd. On a ridge northeast of Figueroa Canon a number of small chert or jasper lenses outcrop. The most noticeable ore occurrence is along a jasper lens, striking east and west where manganese minerals are exposed in several places. They are the usual commercial ore minerals and appear to be of good grade, but as the jasper lenses are small, there does not seem to be any extent to the deposit. A sample of ore from the outcrop ran as follows: MnO._, 70.62%, metallic manganese 45.5%, silica 12.35%. No development work has been attempted. SANTA CLARA COUNTY. INlanganese ores occur in that mountainous region in the extreme northeast corner of the county, the deposits being similar to those found in the bordering counties, Alameda and San Joacpiin, previously described in this report. Access to this region is gained from Livermore by a good auto road, which follows the Arroyo Mocho, or from Patterson in the San Joaquin Valley, by the Patterson and Western Railroad, a narrow gauge road, constructed to haul ores from the Black Wonder Mine (see below). See also map (Plate II) under Alameda County, ante. Comparatively little ore has been shipped from the various deposits, and they are mostly prospects which have been worked only to a very limited extent. A huge boulder of manganese lies on Penitencia Creek, just below Alum Rock Park. This boulder, la])elled by the City of San Jose "meteorite" was at one time thought to be the outcrop of a large vein. The main ledge or body from which it came has never been discovered and it is probably in the mountainous region at the head of the caiion. The Ala Mountain Mine is 26 miles southeast of Livermore in Sec. 28, T. 5 S., R. 4 E., M. D. B. & M. A body of manganese ore about four feet wide was exposed by an open cut and short tunnel, and some ore hauled to Livermore, years ago. No work has been done here recently. The Merchant Estate of Livermore is the owner. Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 336. Black Bear Mine, 25 miles southeast of Livermore, is in Sec. 34, T. 5 S., R. 4 E., near the summit of the west slope of the Arroyo Mocho A^alley, at an elevation of 3100 feet. Interbedded lenses of manganese ore occur in the jasper, some of them being 3' in thickness and fairly extensive. Development consists of several open cuts and tunnels. Tli(> property has been idle for several years. D. P. Doak, Rialto Bldg., San Francisco, is the ovvnei-. Bibl. : Bull. 38, pp. 336-337. 76 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. Black Bird Prospect is in the center of Sec. 28, T. 6 S., R. 5 E., and is owned by the Mineral Products Co. When visited, some small pits had been sunk, but no production had been made. The Black Wonder Properties comprise the Jones Group in the NW. i of NE. i of See. 27; the Black Wonder in the SE. ^ of SE. ^ of Sec. 27; and the Mexican Prospect, in SW. ^ of SE. i of Sec. 27, T. 6 S., R. 5 E., near the Stanislaus County boundary. It was formerly the property of the California Manganese Mining Company, of which Howard A. Broughton was President, and is now owned by the Mineral Products Company, with offices at 334 Rialto Bldg., San Francisco. This company, organized in 1915, is developing the property in connec- tion with its deposits of chrome in Stanislaus County. A narrow gauge steam railroad, called the "Patterson and Western," was constructed from Patterson 23 miles up the Cafion del Puerto to the foot of Red Mountain, where Camp Jones has been established. Here it connects with a 2 ft. gauge gasoline tramway, five miles in length, which runs to the Jones Mine near the top of the ridge at an elevation of 2750 ft., almost 1000 ft. above the terminus of the Patterson and Western Rail- road. The manganese deposits on this group of claims are the most promising ones thus far discovered in the county, and their' occurrence has been described in Harder 's report* as follows: "The southern part of the area covered by the claims is greenish- gray sandstone of the Franciscan formation ; the northern part is a mixture of jasper and fine shale interbedded. This jasper area extends in a general east-west direction three or four miles between the sand- stone on the south and a large area of serpentine on the north. Where the principal manganese ore deposits occur the jasper shale belt is about a mile wide. The manganese ores extend as discoiltinuous deposits along the jasper belt for more than a mile in a general northwest-southeast direction, the principal deposits being to the southeast and very near the sandstone contact. "The jasper-shale formation consists of beds and lenses of jasper interbedded with fine shale. The jasper may be thin-bedded or very heavy bedded, in the last case forming prominent outcrops. The beds generally strike in the direction of the main jasper belt, but the dips are exceedingly irregular. "The manganese ore occurs along heavy jasper beds. * * * The principal deposits, that is, those at the southeast end, are found along two or three prominent jasper beds 300 to 500 yards long, which arc nearly parallel and 50 to 200 feet ai)art, separated by thin-bedded jasper ♦Harder. B. C, Manganese deposits of the United States: U. g. G. S. Bull. 427. pp. 162-162, 1910. « MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 7/ and shade. Of those, the deposits in tlie bed farthest sonth are most l)rominent. " Development work consists of two tunn(>ls and several small open cuts. At the Jones Mine, the tunnel is in about 50 ft., exposing 5 to 8 ft. of manganese ore with irregular bunches of jasper and quartz. The ore here is bluish black, soft and high grade. About 40 tons of it were lying at the foot of the tramway, ready to be hauled to Patterson. At the Black "Wonder claim, a tunnel was driven on the ore body, but it was caved. The croppings here show a body of hard, black amorphous ore, with numerous intersecting jasper and quartz seams. Twenty men were employed working at various places on the claims. The Black Wonder lies over a mile to the south of the Jones Claim, at an elevation of 3050 ft. Only a trail connects the two. The company erected at Patterson a factory for the manufacture of manganese dioxide, but later developments led them to abandon this idea and according to last reports the plant is to be utilized for making hydromagnesite. Considerably more development work is necessary to determine whether this property will prove a large producer. The company's officers are: A. F. Judd of Honolulu, president; C. G. Bokus, secretary; Robert Anderson, 334 Rialto Bldg., San Francisco, General Manager. Bibl. : U. S. G. S. Bull. 427, pp. 162-163. Camp Bessie Mine. See Fable Manganese Mine. Davenport Prospect is on the Winship properties near the center of the north line of Sec. 27, T. 5 S., R. 4 E., one-half mile east of the Arroyo Mocho Road and 25^ miles from Livermore. Rather siliceous manganese oxide occurs in chert which strikes N. 70° W., and dips 65° S. When visited only one prospect hole five feet deep had been sunk. Davenport and Smith Prospect is on the AVinship properties in the NE. i of Sec. 27, T. 5 S., R. 4 E., one-half mile from the Arroyo Mocho Road and 25 miles from Livermore. At the extreme northwest end of the claim an inclined shaft follows the ore on its dip southwest for 25 feet. Southeast of this, ore is exposed in trenches. Ninety feet south- east of the shaft there is a drift running nearly northwest along the strike of the ore body. Southeast still farther more trenching has been done, and finally, at the extreme southeast end, 300 feet from the shaft, a short tunnel exposes as much as five feet of massive siliceous manga- nese oxide striking N. 50° W., and dipping 25° to 75° S. W. This body is considerably broken by minor shearing, and varies in width, averaging possibly two and one-half feet. Doak Mine No. 2. It is in the Red Mountain District, 25 miles southeast of Livermore on the Camp Bessie Road, in Sec. 22, T. 5 S., 78 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREATT. K. 4 E., ^I. D. M. A few ojx'u cuts and short tiuiiu'ls liaw been driven on some heavy croppings of manganese-stained jasper, developing a vein of manganese ore said to be four feet in width. A few tons of ore were produced from this deposit, but it is now idle. D. P. Doak of San Francisco, is the owner. Bibl. : Bull. 38, p. 337. Fable Manganese Mine, in S.W. 1 of N.E. } of Sec. 34, T. 5 S., R. 4 E., is in a small canon tributary to the Arroyo Mocho, about 26 miles south- east of Livermore. The ore, a soft, black oxide, is deposited in an irregular layer varying from 6" to several feet thick, interbedded in greenish-gray jasper, which has a strike a little west of north, and a dip of 45 degrees to the southwest. Development consists of a series of open cuts along the outcrop and a 100 ft. tunnel driven on the vein, showing six feet of ore. An incline shaft located near mouth of tunnel was .sunk on vein to a depth of 18 feet, but it is now filled up. Idle. Thomas Green of Dublin, Cal., is the owner. Bibl. : Cal. State Min. Bur. Bull. 38, p. 337 ; U. S. G. S. Bull. 427, p. 162. Keller Bros, have a slightly develoi)ed prosi)ect of manganese in Sec. 13, T. 6 S., K. 4 E., in San Antone Valley. No ore had been de- veloped when the property' was last visited. Mammoth Prospect is owned by II. II. Ballantine and leased to John Plattner. The claim is in Sec. 13, T. 6 S., R. 4 E., three-fourths of a mile east of a point which is 32 miles from Livermore on the Arroyo ]\Iocho Road. Several open cuts expose three to six feet of mas- sive, rather siliceous manganese oxide in chert. No production is reported. Mineral Products Co. owns two unnamed prospects one-half mile east of the Black Bird Prospect, near the east line of Sec. 28, T. 6 S., R. 5 E. Large, angular blocks of oxides of managanese occur here. A little work has been done. In the NE. ^ of the same section a trench 60 yards long has been made and a small amount of oxide ore is exposed. No recent Avork has been done here. Mateos Ranch Deposit. It is in Sec. 8, T. 6 S., R. 2 E., eight miles by road east of Milpitas, in Alum Rock Caiion, about two miles beyond the park. There is no road connecting with the terminus of the electric railway at the park, so that, at present, the ore has to be hauled over a mountainous road eight miles to the railroad station at Milpitas. A connection wdth the Alum Rock Caiion road could be made by constructing one-half mile of road. The manganese ore occurs in seams and pockets in the jasper beds. Considerable high grade float is found in the canon and a few large I MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 70 lioiilcU'i's aggregating' sev('i';il tons in wciulil, arc lyiii'i' in a small I'avine near junctions willi the ni;iin canon. The oi'c, however, is intermixed with the jasper, and eonsecpiently low "rade. A tunnel Avas driven 40 years ago in the jasper beds, and it is reported that some high grade ore was shipped. It is now caved and inaccessible. About 200 ft. west of the tunnel and at the same elevation, an open cut was made last year and about 40 tons of ore was shipped. The face of the cut is caved, so that no ore is at present exposed. Judging from the amount of float found in the cafion and the extent of the manganese stained croppings, the property appears favorable for further development. It is idle. John D. Mateos, 165 N. Fifteenth St., San Jose, Cal., is the owner. Newhall Mine ("Great Expectations" Claim), E. P. Newhall, Box 354, Livermore, owner; Horace B. Chase 57 Post St., San Fran- cisco, lessee. It is in Sec. 36, T. 5 S., R. 4 E., on the headwaters of Colorado Creek, a branch of Black Bird Valley 29 miles southeast of Livermore. Some development work had been done by the owner; but he has recently (November, 1917) leased the property. The lessee has some ore out ready to ship showing both carbonate and oxide and said to analyze 42% manganese. The mine is three miles by wagon road from the main Arroyo Mocho Road leading to Livermore. The ore is reported to show three feet in width. Pennsylvania Manganese Mine. The property comprising two un- patented claims is in SE. ^ of Sec. 12, T. 7 S., R. 4 E., 35 miles south- east of Livermore via the Arroyo Mocho Road. The jasper beds with interbedded lenses of manganese ores outcrop for about 500 ft. along the strike, which is northwest, in places showing high grade ore. Development work consists only of a few trenches along the outcrop. About 100 tons of ore, which appears to run high in silica, is lying on the several dumps. The property is worked for assessment only, and the owner is willing to lease on a royalty basis. Sufficient work has not been done to justify an opinion as to its im- portance. Morgan M. O'Day, 58 N. Fifteenth St., San Jose, is the owner. The Noble Electric Steel Co. leased this property but discon- tinued work after shipping some ore. On the Wallace Ranch, in Section 8, T. 6 S., R. 2 E., 6| miles by road east of ]\Iilpitas, a small cropping of high grade manganese ore was observed. This deposit adjoins that of the Mateos Ranch, to the north- west, and is evidently a continuation of the same beds. The jasper here outcrops prominently in bold ledges over large areas, but for the most part it is free from manganese stainings. The only ore observed in place was that exposed for a width of 12" in a small cut, about 100 ft. in elevation above the old tunnel on the Mateos Ranch. Ore taken 80 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. from this deposit is reported to have assayed 50.8% metallic manga- nese. It is undeveloped. Mrs. Graee P. Wnllaec, 164 East San Carlos St., San Jose, is the owner. Winship Properties. K. D. AVinship, 350 Post Street. San Fran- cisco, owner. In the northeast corner of Santa Clara County, in the upper part of the Arroyo Mocho, these properties include the follow- ing sections containing manganese prospects: Sec. 27 and Sec, 35, T. 5 S., R. 4 E., M. D. M. In the SW, I of Sec. 27, on the west side of the Red Mountain- Livermore road, at a point well above and easily accessible to the road is a series of manganese veins covering a width of about 50', These croppings are traceable for a distance of at least a couple hundred yards long, running west of north. It could probably be followed much farther, but the chamise brush is very thick at this point. A little work was done some years ago around these outcroppings, and it is stated a few tons of high grade ore hauled out. Material from there could be easily handled by a gravity tram to a loading point on the Arroyo Mocho road. On the NE. ^ of this same Sec. 27, is a good prospect of manganese ore. Some work was done a few years ago, said to have been by the same parties who worked on the SW. ^. A short tunnel, now caved, is stated to have cut through a 4' vein of high grade ore. The sur- face indications are that it is at least that wide. The strike is west of north. There are other exposures on this same lead, to the south for about 200'-300'. This deposit is on the east side of the Arroyo Mocho road in an ideal location for a gravity tram to handle the ore to bunkers. In April, 1916, E. A. Wiltsee took a lease on these deposits on Sec. 27 and did a little preliminary development work, but nothing further. Holbrook & McGuire, as sub-lessees, shipped a couple car- loads of manganese ore from this section in 1917, but are not now, (December, 1917) working. SHASTA COUNTY. The Pit River Consolidated Group of claims is located in Sec. 36 of T. 34 N., R. 4 W., and in Sec. 1 of T. 33 N., R. 4 W., M. D. M. The property lies at an elevation of 730 feet, about 1 mile southeast of the Heroult smelter. The deposit consists of the oxide of manganese fill- ing the fissures and joint planes in a fractured schist, and no well defined ore body is exposed. Considerable sulphur is liberated, when the material decomposes. The Noble Electric Steel Corporation recently leased the property, but found that the manufacture of silico-mangauese was unprofitable. Development work consists of two tunnels. A main tunnel was MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 81 run S. 40° W. with ore chutes at 50' and 75'. Another tunnel run- ning due west Avas filled with waste. The ore was quarried on the side hill with two faces 20' high and 30' long. The surface was de-soiled for a distance of 50' up and 100' along the hillside. Equip- ment consists of a 50-ton ore bin built of logs, a shop, and ties left from the dismantling of one mile of tramway which led to the smelter. The property is owned by the Shasta Copper Company, of which Sherman T. White is President with office at 29 Swansey Building, 414 Yuba Street, Redding. SISKIYOU COUNTY. Manganese oxid'es mixed with high proportions of silica have been observed at different places in the Salmon River watershed. Their occurrence is possible anywhere in the chert belt which crosses the Salmon drainage from Tanner's Peak to the New River divide. The oxide ores have the same mineralogical character and geological asso- ciations as the ores found farther south in the Franciscan cherts of the Coast Range. Such outcrops were noted on the top and sides of the Blue Ridge at an elevation of 5600 feet, but the exposure there contained a great deal of silica as did those noted on the trail along the South Fork of Salmon River. Dr. W. W. Barham, Yreka, reports he has made locations on a body of somewhat siliceous manganese oxides in Sec. 9 or 16, T. 44 N., R. 8 W., southwest of Yreka. It is near a wagon road, and 11 miles from the railroad. The manganese-bearing material is 10 feet wide. Undeveloped. Davis Prospect. Reeves Davis, Happy Camp, has a manganese prospect 8 miles above Happy Camp and one mile east of Indian Creek. A seven foot body of manganese ore is reported but no development work has been done, and the quality of material has not been determined. Dozier Deposit, M. Dozier, owner, Los Angeles. In Sec. 15, T. 46 N., R. 6 W., M. D. M., 6 miles southwest of Klamathon, between Montague and Hornbrook, there is stated to be a large deposit of siliceous manganese oxide (30% SiOg and 37% Mn) which would be suitable for making silico-manganese in the electric furnace. In May, the Noble Electric Steel Company of San Francisco was reported to have an option on this deposit, but so far as the author is aware, no ore has as yet been shipped. Manganese oxides somewhat siliceous are reported in quantity on the ridge north of Greenview and southeast of Oro Fino, in Sees. 20 and 21 (?), T. 43 N., R. 9 W., M. D. M. Undeveloped. 6-3895S 82 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. Skillen & Means Group. G. G. Skillen and Millard Means of Sawyers Bar have three manganese claims near the head of Callahan Gnlch in T. 39 N., R. 11 W., two miles from a point where the road to Black Bear crosses the snmmit, bearing the same name. The claims lie end to end. Skillen reports a manganese-bearing outcrop 1600 feet long as lenses alternating with silica over a total width of 150 feet. No assays of the material have been made and no development work done. The prospect is about 53 miles from the railroad at Yreka, with a summit 6159 feet high intervening. A wagon road, which crosses the summit is in good condition in the summer months and passes within two miles of the prospect. SONOMA COUNTY. Very few workable deposits of manganese ores have been found in this county. There are a number of localities where manganese oxides occur, but usually they are deposited merely as stains and small pockets in the jasper. In fact, most of the jasper beds seen were stained more or less with the manganese oxides. Wm. Hunter of Cloverdale mined and sold several carloads of man- ganese ore in 1917 from a deposit not visited by the field assistant. The location of the property Avas not stated. W. J. McLean and C. F. Clark of Calistoga report an undeveloped manganese pr()si)ect at Pine Flat, 22 miles by road from Ilealdsburg. Shanks and Copps Lease. This deposit is located in a precipitous cafion 9 miles by road west of Geyserville, and 2 miles east of Skaggs Springs. It was first opened liy the Noble Electric Steel Company, who it is reported took out about 500 tons of high grade ore during 1916. The ore, psilomelane and pyrolusite, is deposted in a well defined ledge between jasper walls. It strikes northwest, dipping verti- cally, and the croppings can be traced over the ridge for 500 ft., vary- ing in width from 3 to 5 ft. An open cut and tunnel, now 30 ft. long, is being driven on the ledge at the foot of the cropping. By driving this tunnel at its present level, it will give a back of 300 feet, providing the ore body persists with depth. The tunnel is entirely in ore and the body at the face is 6 ft. in width. The ore produced by the Noble Electric Steel Company was mined from a deposit which appears to have been faulted from the main ledge, as it lies with a very slight dip about 100 ft. below and west of the main body. It has practically been exhausted as only a stringer of the powdery black dioxide remains in the bottom of the cut. This property was taken over in the early part of May, 1917, by the present operators, and they produced three cars of ore, which is reported to have run from 42% to 50% metallic manganese, and 4% to 14% silica. It was hauled to the railroad at MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 83 (Je.vserville at. ^'^.50 per ton. Fivo men won; oniploycd. Uiulci- loa.se to D. W. Shanks* and A. AV. Copps, 1:502 Merchants National Bank Hldj;., San Francisco. K. K. Asli is .Snperintendent. S. H. I'xtyci- of (Joysor- ville is the owner. Shaw and Matthews Manganese Mine. It is in Section -U, T. 12 N., R. 11 W., 7 miles northwest of Cloverdale, along tiie top of a ridge at an elevation of 850 feet. An old wagon road about 1 mile long connects it with the Hopland-Cloverdale highway. It was first opened abont 30 years ago by J. E. Shaw of Cloverdale, who shipped 20 tons of high grade ore. It then lay idle up to last year when a lease was taken on it by Michael, Roman and Weeks of San Francisco. They worked only a short time and abandoned their lease as the ore was too low grade to be profitably handled. It is now idle. The jasper beds here outcrop for over a mile, showing manganese oxide stains at many places. The develop- ment work consists of an open cut 20' by -10' at the heavier stained beds, showing 4^ to 6 ft. of manganese oxide outcropping for 45 ft. along the strike of red chert and shale which strike N. 15° E. and dip 70° S.E. About 50 to 60 tons of ore have been sacked and are lying on the dump, but the ore appears to contain a high percentage of silica. C. B. Shaw, Cloverdale, is the owner. Bibl.: Repts. XII, p. 330, XIII, p. 507: XIV, p. 104; Bull. 38, p. 337. In the vicinity of Skaggs Hot Springs, there are extensive eroppings of red jasper stained with manganese oxides, but no eroppings were observed rich enough in manganese to warrant exploitation. It is very possible that some rich lenses may be discovered at some future date. The mountains here are very precipitous and covered Avith a dense growth of brush which makes prospecting ditificult. On the Wheeler Prospect, 500 feet north of Shanks and Copps Lease, and on the opposite side of the creek, a small amount of good ore had I been found when the propertv was visited. I STANISLAUS COUNTY. The manganese deposits found in the nortliwestern corner of Stanis- laus County are a southeasterly extension of the bolt beginning near Tesla^ in Alameda County. Crocker Properties, M. I. Crocker, 1023 Insn ranee Exchange Bldg., ' San Francisco, owner. These include a number of sections of land in I the northwest corner of Stanislaus County, among which an occurrence of manganese has been noted on Sec. 33, T. 5 S., R. 6 E. Undeveloped. ♦Since this report was written the partnership has been dissolved, and the property was being operated by Shanl^s in February, 191S. 'See page 24, ante, also map (Plate II). 84 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. Cummings Lease. See Winship Properties. Grummit Ranch, W. M. Griimiiiit, owner, via AVestley. It is in Sec. 6, T. 5 S., R. 6 E., on the north branch of Ingram Creek; and is under lease to the Manganese Products Company, Alex. J. Knox, manager. They have shipped several carloads of manganese ore the past summer (1917), said to be of medium grade, principally from surface cuts. In August, 1917, they were driving a tunnel. The ore body shows from 18" to 2' in width. Hugh Phillips also has a lease on another portion of this Grummit section, but on the opposite side of the eaiion from the above. In August he had out a few tons of manganese ore which he had taken from surface cuts. There is a Manganese Prospect on Sec. 8, T. 6 S., R. 6 E., M. D. M., i on the Arroyo del Puerto, on which some development work has been| done. The writer was unable to learn of the owner's name. Bibl. : Report on M. & M. Res. of Fresno et al. counties, 1915, p. 204 ;l also Report XIV, p. 630. The Mineral Products Company, Rialto Building, San Francisco, in 1915 took over the holdings of the California Manganese Company^ in Sees. 9, 11, 15, 21, 22, 27, 28, 33 and 34, T. 6 S., R. 5 E., at the head of the Arroyo del Puerto. This group includes the Black Wonder group mainly in Santa Clara County (see description under Santa Clara County). Sartorius Lease. See Winship Properties. Sperry- Wright Lease. See Winship Properties. Winship Poperties, K. D. Winship, 350 Post Street, San Francisco, owner. These include a number of sections of land in the northwest corner of Stanislaus County, on some of which manganese ore has been developed and shipments made. The following contain manganese mines or prospects: Sees. 1, 3 and 13, T. 5 S., R. 5 E.; Sees. 17 and 19, T. 5 S., R. 6 E., M. D. M. On See. 1, T. 5 S., R. 5 E., on the north branch of Ingram Creek, there are several manganese prospects which are as yet undeveloped. At one of these outcroppings there is a mineralized zone about 6'-8' wide, showing two or three streaks of manganese oxide about a foot wide which may develop into ore. At another point near the west side of Sec. 1, there is a manganese-bearing zone at least 250' in length, run- ning along the backbone of the ridge. There is much loose material on the surface, so that it is diiScult to tell how wide the ore may be until at least some preliminary development work is done. There are probably ^Cal. State Min. Bur., Report on Mines & Mineral Res. of Fresno et al. counties, 1915, p. 204; also in Report XIV, p. 630. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 85 several streaks of ore, principally on the south (left) side of the reef shown in the photograph. There are manganese indications at several other places in this Sec. 1, and some small bunches of ore. Much of it, liowever, is rather siliceous. A lease was given on this section in August, 1917, and a little work done, but for lack of capital to properly develop it the lessee gave it up.* In the N. i of SE. i, Sec. 3, T. 5 S., R. 5 E., a deposit of ore is being developed under lease by M. A. Wright of Tracy. This deposit was ^^'»j^ -^^•?^r -^ ■ it^'*^- ■*.-'' r-'sSC- -, Photo No. 18. Manganese prospect on Sec. 1, T. 5 S.. R. 5 E., M. D. M., on Ingram Creek, Stanislaus County, owned by K. D. Winship. discovered by U. G. Sperry of Vernalis, who owns a manganese prospect on an adjoining section. It is 14 miles from Vernalis and 2 miles up Buckeye Gulch, easterly above the wagon road on Hospital Creek. There are at least two manganese-bearing zones on the south slope of the ridge, striking in an easterly direction with dip to the north into the hill. The ore exposures are marked by a number of large boulders of ore. The ore, both in the boulders and in place is the massive black oxide, and much of it is high grade. The following analysis is of a sample taken before development work had been started, by chipping ♦Since the above was written, this Sec. 1 has been leased to M. C. Seagrave, Bal- boa Bldg., San Francisco, who has opened up a body of commercial ore in the NW. \ [Sept. 1918]. 86 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. off pieces of ore from various outeroppings and from some of the large boulders : Analysis of Manganese Ore.* Constituent Per cent as received Manganese dioxide (MnO^) Manganese monoxide (MnO) Silica (SiOs) . Insoluble not silica Soluble iron oxide (FesOa) Soluble aluminum oxide (Al-'Oa)... Sulfuric anhydride (SOs) Phosphoric oxide (P2O3)— less than Water (H2O) Manganese (Mn) Available oxygen (O) Iron (Fe) A 62.56 8.26 12.80 1.25 1.21 0.83 0.26 .01 10.94 46.19 11.38 0.85 Per cent water free 7(].2r^ 9.26 14. .-58 1.40 1.36 0.93 0.29 .01 51.80 12.78 0.95 ■\ -»• -■ ir s,-. .jj .-.^^iu Photo No. 19. Outcrop of manganese ore on Sec. 3, T. 5 S., R. 5 E., M. D. M., Stanislaus County. The manganese is below the large chert outcrops. Sperry-Wright lease ; K. D. Winship, owner. Locally referred to as the Buckeye, or Wright Mine,. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 87 "The insoluble material not silica contains about 0.20% of Barium sulfate; also some alumina and calcium oxide and undoubtedly the sol- uble portion contains some calcium and magnesium oxides. The exact amount of these were not determined as they have no particular bearing on the use of the ore." AVith the exception of the silica contained (which, apparently, came mainly from the lower grade pieces included in the sample) the ore is of excellent grade. The availal)le oxygen is high, so that the material would be suitable for electric battery and glass purposes. Under the Wright Lease the lower "vein" has been opened up and to December 1, 1917, over 300 tons of ore shipped, which has averaged 48% Mn, and under 10% SiOo. He expects to ship a car a week, as soon as he can improve transportation facilities. He has about 6 to 10 men at work and has opened up a face of ore from 5'-10' wide. No work has, as yet, been done on the upper ore zone.^ The ore is hauled by motor trucks to the Southern Pacific Railroad at Vernalis. In 1916 the Pacific Coast Manganese Company (Sartorius et al.) operated for a time on Sec. 18, T. 5 S., R. 6 E., on the south branch of Ingram Creek. They also had a lease on the AVinship, Sec. 17 and 19, and a few carloads of ore were shipped. lu 1917 these sections were leased to James J. Cummings, Livermore, who shipped a few carloads of manganese ore. He states that the ore was, so far as developed, irregu- lar and not Avell defined. The hauling was done with teams to the railroad at Westley. On Sees. 11 and 13, T. 5 S., R. 5 E., Donolme& McFarland have a lease on manganese prospects which they are developing; and on Sec. 25, Thompson Bros, of Ingomar are opening up manganese ore under lease. Both these sections are in the upper part of the Hospital Creek caiion. Wright Lease. See Winship Properties. TEHAMA COUNTY. Elva Manganese Mine is in Section 20, T. 23 N., R. 7 W., 10 miles west of Paskenta, and 30 miles southwest of Corning, the nearest railroad station. It lies on the south slope of Beauty View Peak at an elevation of 2700 feet. INlangane.se oxides occur in lenses along a quartzose dike in a ])elt of serpentine. The croppings are extensive, but appear to contain a high percentage of silica. No ore has been produced and the claim is worked for assessment only. C. S. Beuner of Paskenta, is the owner. ♦Analysis by Sidney A. Tibbetts. Berkeley, Cal. 'Since the above was written, the main operations have been transferred to the 'upper zone,' where an orebody over 20' wide has been developed for a length of over 100'. Several hundred tons of excellent ore have been shipped. More recently, (August, 1918), the Sperry and W^right interests in the lease have been taken over by the Suffern Company, of S135 Broadway, New York. 88 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. Lockwood Prospect, Lett Liockwood of Newville, owner. This claim is located in Sec. 9, T. 23 N., R. 7 W., about one mile north of Toms Creek and Success Claim described below. The prospect lies on top of a butte of chert, having an elevation of 2650 feet (aneroid). The occurrence is similar to that described farther on (See Manganese Peak Claim) under Manganese Peak Group. The summit of the hill is covered by broken rock and soil charged by the manganese from the outcrop. The oxide pocket has a width of about 4 feet, but is covered along the strike by debris. No Avork has been done, but some development would seem warranted, as the outcrop is as promising in quality, though some- what smaller, than on Manganese Peak. Manganese Peak Group is owned by Lee Tatham and Alonzo Luce of Willows, Ancil Burrows of Newville, and E. P. Logan of Paskenta. The five claims lie in Sees. 17 and 20, T. 23 N., R. 7 W., between Bowers Creek and Toms Creek, just inside of California National Forest. The property is best reached from Logan Brothers' ranch, which is 10 miles from Paskenta, a stage station 24 miles from Corning. The claims are in the Franciscan area just w'est of the contact with Cretaceous rocks. The manganese oxides occur interbedded wdtli the chert, which occurs as a lens surrounded principally by serpentine. The massive chert forms prominent conical buttes rising considerably above the general surface. | 'Manganese Claim' is on the southwest slope of Beauty View Butte, at an elevation of 2650 feet (aneroid) two miles by trail from Logan Brothers Ranch. A small cut in shaly chert revealed siliceous manga- nese oxides too low grade to be termed ore. This prospect does not seem to offer much promise. 'Manganese Peak Prospect' lies on top of Beauty View Butte at an elevation of 2950 feet (aneroid). Float of manganese oxides can be traced down the south and east slopes. On the east side of outcrop on the very summit, six feet of siliceous oxides lie in chert walls, dipping nearly vertically and striking N. 40° W., in accordance with the enclos- ing chert. Separated from this on the west by about 15 feet of barren chert, is a somewhat wider band of similar quality. This oxide outcrops for a distance of about 20 feet along the strike. No w^ork has been done here, but the indications are promising for the development of ore. The best of the material is probably of shipping grade, and an unknow portion of it has already been scattered by erosion. The third prospect is J mile northwest of the second, on the south! side of the caiion of Toms Creek at an elevation of 1900 feet (aneroid), near Dead Rabbit Spring. A bold outcrop of shaly chert carries man- ganese chiefly as stains. A small cut here revealed no promising grade of material. ■ hi MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 89 The fourth prospect is one mile northwest of Manganese Peak on the south bank of Toms Creek in the NW. I of Sec. 17, at an elevation of 1650' aneroid. Badly broken rhythmically-bedded chert strikes N. 40° W., and dips 40° NE. A trench cut at right angles to the strike shows that the finely fractured chert is stained by a thin film of man- ganese oxide, but close examination failed to reveal any ore. The fifth prospect is on Success Claim, in the SAV. -} of Sec. 17, T. 23 N., R. 7 W., at an elevation of 2050 feet. There are three small outcrops in a width of 40 feet. The west outcrop shows 2^ feet of massive chert carrying hard oxides of manganese. Ten feet east is a seam of soft oxides of good grade, a few inches wide. On the hanging wall (east) side of this seam, a bed of chert carries very siliceous oxides. Thirty feet east is a similar outcrop. This is the most promising prospect of the group. Of the five prospects, the second and last appear to merit develop- ment, but the others are not promising. Some trail would have to be built in each case, totalling about one mile for both. The haul to Corning would be 36 miles. TRINITY COUNTY. Manganese occurs in Trinity County in the region about the head- waters of the South Fork and the Hayfork of Trinity E-iver. It is found as the mixed oxides with traces of rhodochrosite and is inter- bedded with silica in the chert. Several claims have been located recently on these manganese outcrops but no production lias been made yet. Following are the most promising claims : The Caudwell Manganese Prospect is in the N. i of Sec. 21. T. 28 N., R. 11 W., on a mountain side at an elevation of 4000 feet. It lies one mile due north of the mouth of Prospect Creek, a tributary of the East Fork of South Fork; about 71 miles from the railroad at Redding via Wildwood Inn, 14 miles being over trail. The claim is owned by Thomas Caudwell, care of Greenberg's Sons Co., 225 Beale St., San Francisco. There are six parallel lenses of manganese oxide, interbedded with and grading into silica, over a total width of sixty feet. The maximum width noted of a lens was six feet. The alternating lenses of oxides and silica outcrop on the surface for about 300 feet along the strike; these have been further proven for an additional 150 feet by a 10 foot shaft. Assays of samples of the outcrop by A. A. Hanks are reported by the owner to have shown 42% to 64% manganese oxide. Assays of samples taken by an engineer of the Noble Electric Steel Co. are quoted to have run 38% to 58% oxide. The lenses strike north and dip nearly vertically. This prospect is the farthest south of several visited in that 90 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. region, and makes the most promising showing. The other prospects lie approximately in a north line from this one. If development work shows sufficient tonnage on this and the other claims near it, and systematic assays substantiate the quality of ore, it is believed that a road could be built to connect with the highway] at Wildwood for a reasonable sum if the tops of the ridges were followed. The owner has in mind the formation of a company to provide for road building. To make a success of shipping from here it would be necessary to handle a high grade ore only. \ \7 ." - The Johnson manganese prospect, Wm. Johnson owaier, is leased by the Noble Electric Steel Co. of Heroult, Shasta County. It is located near the south corner common to Sees. 9 and 10, T. 28 N., R. 11 W., about one and one-half miles nearly due north of the Caudwell prospect, at an elevation of 4200 feet and a short distance from the South Fork trail. The small amount of work done showed a lens of mixed, oxides of promising quality. It was two feet Avide and uncovered over a total distance of 150 feet. The claim was located by Johnson in 1916 and was leased by the Noble Electric Steel Co. upon payment of a sub- stantial advance royalty. Prospecting with a small crew was planned in September, 1917. Favorable developments on both this and the Caudwell claim are apt to lead to production next season, but from the showing made on this claim in August, it is not likely that its exploitation alone would be warranted, considering the distance from the highway. One road would serve all the prospects in the vicinity. The Naphis Peak Mine is three miles north-northeast of Kekawaka Siding on the Northwestern Pacific Railroad. A sled road has been built to connect the mine with the railroad and a small production had already been made when the property was visited. The Red Cliff Prospect is the property of W. J. Azbill of Covelo. It lies in Sec. 36, T. 25 N., R. 13 W., not far north of the Mendocino- Trinity counties line. When the region was last visited this claim was undeveloped. The Selvester and Wilson prospect, located in 1916 by Joseph Selvester and James Wilson of Beegum, California, is on the South Fork Trail in SE. i of Sec. 34, T. 29 N., R. 11 W., near the top of the divide at an elevation of 5000 feet. There is a small outcrop of mixed manganese oxides apparently of good grade, two feet wide. No work whatever had been done on this when visited. It is similar to the Johnson prospect and lies nearly north from it. Besides these prospects there are others showing manganese, in the region. One on the Hayfork, about three miles north of the last named claim, Avas investigated by the Noble Electric Steel Co. but found MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 91 to be too siliceous for their use. C. R. Moser of Hayfork, Trinity County, reports finding a deposit of considerable size, of unknown manganese content in the same region. J. F. McKnight and G. W. Kindred of Alderpoint, Humboldt County, located a deposit of manganese three and one-half miles north- cast of Jewett siding on the Northwestern Pacific Railroad, just over the line from Humboldt County, in T. 4 S., R. 6 E. About thirty tons of ore which is reported runs only 27% metallic manganese Avas sledded down to the railroad, but has not been shipped out. The jasper beds with which the ore is associated, outcrop for about one and one-fourth miles, but there has been very little development work done upon them. Under lease to R. H. Austin, 1002 Clay St., Oakland, who is sampling the deposit. TULARE COUNTY. The Barbour Manganese Deposit is situated one mile west of Milo, in Sec. 33, T. 19 S., R. 29 E., about eight miles north of Springville, the terminus of the Porterville and Northeastern Railroad. A deposit of pyrolusite 18 inches wide occurs with a quartz vein in granitic rock. A 10 foot prospect shaft has been sunk on the vein, exposing about six tons of mixed ore. The property is idle and owned by Frank Barbour of Stockton. The Cole Property is located 2 miles northeast of Lindsay in Sec. 32, T. 19 S., R. 27 E., M. D. M., at an elevation of 680'. A siliceous ledge of manganiferous iron ore outcrops 25 feet wide and 100' long, striking N. 20° W. and dipping 75° SW., between walls of jasper and slate. Picked specimens of the mineralized ledge in places, assay 35% metallic manganese, but an average is reported to be about 18%. Development oensists of a 30' shaft and an open cut along the ledge 10' wide and 30' long, exposing about 500 tons of mixed ore. The property is idle and owned b}^ R. D. Cole of Lindsay. TUOLUMNE COUNTY. The Madrid Property lies tw^o miles north of Sonora, near Brown's Flat. Manganese oxide and rhodonite (manganese silicate) occur in a quartz vein along the contact of porphyry and schist. The mineralized portion varies up to 12' in thickness. The manganese is probably only superficial, and has not been worked. Owned by John Madrid of Jamestown, Tuolumne County. The Sutton Manganese Property is located on Hog Mountain, four miles northeast of Jacksonville. There is reported to be a deposit of low grade ore which is 40' wide, 40' thick and 1600' long. The ore is reported to assay about 23% metallic manganese. Some development work has been done. Owned by Mr. Sutton of Jacksonville. 92 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. -a a 03 . a be C 2 t* <= "S 5! • o^ k ^ I-l til) c.^ ■ 03 I- uj o ■ o o rr ^ 02 CO Ph v^ O ■M .- to T3 "2 c fc« 9 O H M >■ :3 »H Q t-. O P (^ . to «3 S O-r P ftS ^b fr^ ft > u ^ O o ^ $ a o 3 o n P. .'O M C3 O 03 P "O V O S a 03 o o bt 6m S 03 S E -S S ra -o o O ° M w ID ft.M £ ® ,■ O 11 c o q ■ft'S '-2 ° > 5 P&fi O 'So ft * w O a a a a a "' o 03 . 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O To *. h::i -in « » O CO 03 bo OS ft 00 3 n 1-5 o a o 3 ■a o S3 a >< o t^ ft ft 03 a a> ■a a xi Active Idle Idle Active Active Active Idle Active Active Idle Idle Idle Active Idle Active Active Active Active Active Active Active Idle Idle Idle Idle II 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 II 1 II 11 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II III II 1 1 1 1 1 I ^__* . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 III II I 1 1 1 1 1 ' t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 II III 1 <N ! ' i ' ' « ! $ O 00 ' I ' i 1 1 W 1 1 rH ' eo 1 1 i iiss i i i I i ! i i i i - - 1 1 1 1 -W CO 1 ^_ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I-H I-H 1 1 1 1 1 1 II 1 '^-^--" J j 13 mi. Holllster 23 mi. Tres Pinos. . 19 mi. Tres Pinos.. 35 mi. Riggs 36 mi. Riggs. 5 mi. Ludlow 35 mi. Riggs li mi. Manganese ( Joins Ladd Mine.. 12-14 ml. San Simeon 3 mi. San Simeon. 8 mi. Cayucos |10 mi. San Luis Obispo 10 mi. San Simeon. 26 mi. San Luis 0.. 8 mi. San Luis 0... 8 mi. San Luis 0... 10 mi. Los Olivos.. 26 mi. Livermore... 25 mi. Livermore... ^ Nr. gasoline tram 1 on Co.'s own line 25^ nji. Livermore— 25 mi. Livermore... 25 mi. Livermore... 26 mi. Livermore... CO cc iH I-H 00 i i rH , 1 t~ 1 1 1 1 -rf 1 1 HJH I I *^ 1 1 ■" e-'i 11, 13- 4- 4 19- 4- 5 3-25- 6 Grant lands, not section- ized 28- 5- 4 34- 5- 4 28- 6- 5 27-6-5 27- 5- 4 27- 5- 4 •* IN in a a mn B a a 03 SD OS O O O O a a a a S -c -c "5 . tn (h ^ (.< jj w w 03 ra •-■ a p a a P »_ Ch tH ^ Q^ QJ Q^ Qj ZJ n pq « P5 fq a a a a a ^ 03 03 OS 03 OQ 05 CC OQ 02 O ft 3 C 03 O 1-5 .a 3 D" 03 O 1-5 o 3 ty a .^' o 3 '^ ^4 a a 03 03 K CC o o o ft ft ft CO CO ^co S 5 'B o oo iJ k:i 1-5 a a a 03 ^ C3 02 CC CC o ft ^cn s o a a OQ o ft O a S3 CC O O ft ft .ft .Q 03 .ft t-i OO '5 '5 w J 1-5 03 a a 03 03 X' CC a 03 cc 03 83 t-. !h 03 03 5 3 03 03 a a S3 03 CC' 02 tH kl U tH ^ ^ ^ 03 OO So 03 C3 03 03 +^ +J ^.J +j a a a a 03 03 03 03 CC CC CC OQ S3 O a 03 OQ a S3 cc o o WW 00 . a bo o <; ^_- u a O JS CO I ^ 1 1^ O ' ^ I ^ rl 03 03 •a 4J J 4J J 1^ QJ . 1J ^ S bt > bo > ^ 03 ^-^ « .f^j H P OQ Q OQ a S3 o a C3 a S3 02 a •- i;fe S3 o g O^ mo2 a 03 O 03 O a OJ si c- lr^ si PM 2^ O 03 •^ 03 1-3 GC O O O O o o a u m oj tc w S 'S *S 'S p p p a n d CQ C3 t-i %^ i-i t-i Ph P^ Ph p4 p p p p A Cd GJ StI OQ 02 02 OQ 03 O O a, CO W a s Q) C3 cc 3 o a s g M £' CC' H o >H o o o o IH o o bo a C5 ft ^ b K <,; < g ^ ^§5 "w § o S 03 O OO o O m .a o S . +H o cc O . 1—. 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PURCHASERS OF MANGANESE AND MANGANIFEROUS ORES.' a Purchase manganese ore with 40 per cent or more manganese and less than 2 per cent iron. b Purchase manganese ore with 40 per cent or more manganese and 2 per cent or more iron. Purchase manganiferous ore with 15 to 40 per cent manganese. c Alan Wood Iron & Steel Co., Philadelphia, Pa. c Algoma Steel Corp., Sanlt Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada. c Alleghany Ore & Iron Co., Buena Vista and Iron Gate, Va. a American Carbon & Battery Co., East St. Louis, 111. a American Ever Ready Battery Co., Long Island City, N. Y. he American Manganese Mfg. Co., Bullitt Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. (or Dunbar, Pa.) be American Steel Foundries, McCormick Bldg., Chicago, III. a Anglo-American Flash Light Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. c James B. Bailey, Pine Forge, Pa. b Beckman & Linden Engineering Corp., Bay Point, Cal. v ab Bennett-Brooks, 120 Liberty St.. New York, N. Y. "^ ab Berkshire Iron Wks., Bullitt Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. be Bethlehem Steel Corp., South Bethlehem, Pa. ab Bilrowe Alloys Co., 201 Bcrnice Bldg.. Tacoma, Wash. ab Binney & Smith, 81 Fulton St., New York, N. Y. j ab Chas. A. Burdick, E. M., 15 Broad St., New York, N. Y. [ abc C. F. Burgess Laboratories, Madison, Wis. a L. H. Butcher & Co., Marine Bldg., San Francisco. abc Cambria Steel Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. ab Carnegie Steel Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. be Central Iron & Coal Co., Holt, Ala, be Charcoal Iron Co., Detroit, Mich. a Charles B. Crystal, New York, N. Y. c Cleveland-Clififs Iron Co., Cleveland, Ohio. c Colorado Fuel & Iron Co., Pueblo, Colo. ab W. R. Cuthbert (National Paint & Manganese Corp.), Lynchburg, Va. be Delaware River Steel Co., Chester, Pa. abc W. H. Denison, Cushman, Ark. b Electric Reduction Co., Washington, Pa. b Empire Steel & Iron Co., Catasauqua, Pa. b Fuller & Warren Co., Troy, N. Y. ab Robert Gilchrist, S2 Beaver St., New York City. b Goldschmidt Thermit Co., New York, N. Y. a Charles Hardy, 50 Church St., New York, N. Y. a Harshaw, Fuller & Goodwin Co., Electric Bldg., Cleveland, Ohio. M a Hazel-Atlas Glass Co., Clarksburg, W. Va. " e W. P. Heath & Co., 509 Olive St., St. Louis, Mo. be Hickman, Williams & Co., St. Louis, Mo. ab C. W. Hill Chemical Co., Los Angeles, Cal. ab E. C. Humphrey & Co., Detroit, Mich. a Illinois Pacific Glass Co., San Francisco. ab Illinois Steel Co., 208 South La Salle St., Chicago, 111. a Import Chemical Co., New York, N. Y. be Jones & Laughlin Steel Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. b Juniata Furnace & Foundry Co., 30 West Girard Ave., Philadelphia, Pa. iR«printed from a list furnished by the United States Geological Survey, which appeared in our Prelim. Rept. No. 3. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 99 c La Belle Irou Works, Steubenville, Ohio. (• La Follette Coal & Iron Co.. Lu FolleKc, Tciiii. he Laokawamia Steel Co., IJuflalo, N. Y. a J. S. Lamsoii & Bios., Inc., W Maiden Lane, New York, N. Y. ab E. J. Lavino & Co., Bullitt Bids., riiiladelpliia, Ba. a C. W. Leavitt & Co., 30 Cliureli St., New York, N. Y. b Lebanon Blast Furnace Co., Lebanon, Pa. a Levensaler-Speir Corp., Monadnock Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. ab David Loeser, 1400 Broadwaj-, New York, N. Y. ab Los Angeles Pressed Brick Co., Los Angeles, Cal. lie Low Moor Iron Co. of Va., Lowmoor, Va. b T. L. McCarty, Box 217, Eureka, Utah. c McKeefrey Iron Co., Leetonia, Ohio. a Manhattan Electrician Supply Co., 41-47 Morris St., Jersey City, N. J. abc E. E. Marshall, Bullitt Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. ab The Metalores Corp., 50 Pine St., New York, N. Y. abc Miami Metals Co., Tower Bldg., Chicago, 111. ab Mines & Metals Corp., 77 Broad St., New York, N. Y. c Mississippi Valley Iron Co., 6500 South Broadway, St. Louis, Mo. be National Alloy Co., Philadelphia, Pa. a National Carbon Co., Cleveland, Ohio. abc Noble Electric Steel Co., 905 Market St., San Francisco, Cal. c Northwestern Iron Co., Milwaukee, Wis. , a Nungesser Carbon & Battery Co., Cleveland, Ohio. ab Oakley Paint Mfg. Co., Los Angeles, Cal. c Old Dominion Pig Iron Corp., Roanoke, Va. b Pacific Coast Steel Co., San Francisco, Cal. abc Pacific Electro Metals Co., Balboa Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. ab Pacific Sewer Pipe Co., Los Angeles, Cal. c Perry Iron Co., Erie, Pa. a Pittsburgh Lamp Brass & Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. c Pittsburgh Steel Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. c Pulaski Iron Co., Pulaski, Va. c Republic Iron & Steel Co., Birmingham, Ala. ab A. P. Rice, Spencer, Ohio. b Ricketson Mineral Paint Wks., Milwaukee, Wis. ab Rogers, Brown «& Co., New York, N. Y. be Fi-ank Samuel, Philadelphia, Pa. c John A. Savage <& Co., Duluth, Minn. c Scullin Steel Co., St. Louis, Mo. abc Seaboard Steel & Manganese Corp., DO East 42d St., New Y'ork, N. Y. c Seattle Smelting Co., Van Asselt Station, Seattle, Wash. ab Arthur Seligman, 105 Broadway, New York, N. Y. be Shaffer Engineering Co., Nazareth, Pa. be Sligo Furnace Co., 915 Olive St., St. Louis, Mo. c Sloss-Sheffield Steel & Iron Co., Birmingham, Ala. b C. Soloman, Jr., South San Francisco, Cal. abc Southern Manganese Corp., Anniston, Ala. be Standard Steel Works Co., 11th Floor, Morris Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. ab Oscar Stromberg, Tribune Bldg., New York, N. Y. abc The Suffern Co., Inc., 90 Wall St., New York, N. Y. ab Superior Portland Cement Co., Concrete, Wash. c Tacoma Metals Co., Tacoma, Wash. abc Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Co., Birmingham, Ala. c Thomas Iron Co., Hokendauqua, Pa. c Toledo Fiirnace Co., Toledo, Ohio. loo CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. a U. S. Glass Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. be United States Steel Coip., Empire Bldg., New York, N. Y. b Utah Iron & Steel Co., Salt Lake City, Utah. b Vanadium Steel Alloys Co., Latrobe, Pa. ab Western Reduction Co., Portland, Ore. b Wharton Steel Co., Morris Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. c Wickwire Steel Co., Buffalo, N. Y. c Wisconsin Steel Co., Harvester Bldg., Chicago, 111. c Worth Bros. Co., Widener Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. I Production of Manganese Ore in California. Production of manganese ore in California began at the Lack! Mine, San Joaqnin Connty, in the Tesla District in 1867. AVhen shipments of this ore to England ceased late in 1874, upwards of 5000 tons had been produced by that property. For some years following that, the output was small. The tabulation herewith shows the California out- put of manganese ore, annually, since 1887, when the compilation of such figures was begun by the. State Mining Bureau : year Tons 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 l.OCO 1.500 53 386 705 300 270 523 880 518 504 440 295 131 425 870 1 Value $9,000 13,.500 901 3.176 3.830 3,000 4.050 5,512 8,200 3,415 4,080 2.102 3,165 1,310 4,405 7,140 25 Year ieo4 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 Totals Tons 60 1 1 321 3 265 2 22 150 4.013 13.404 15,515 42,558 Value $900 30 25 5,785 75 4,2;w 40 400 1.500 49,098 274,601 396,659 $810,159 1 MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 101 Part II. CHROMIUM. INTRODUCTION. By C. A. IjOgan. History. Chromium was discovered about 1797 by a French chemist, Louis Nicolaus Vauquelin, in ore from Siberia.^ From that time until 1827 the Urals, in the region of Ekaterinburg, supplied the chromium tised in Europe. In the summer of 1827, as the historian advises us, Isaac Tyson, Jr., saw in a Baltimore market-place a cart containing a eider barrel, which was held from rolling about by some heavy black stones. He had made a study of such stones at the first known American locality, the Bare Hills near his father's home, six miles from Baltimore, and he recognized the black stones as chromite. On inquiry, he found the chromite came from the Reed Farm in Harford County, 27 miles northeast of Baltimore. At this time, Tyson was one of the very few men in the country who knew the value of chromite, and in the next few years he took full advantage of this knowledge. He immediately bought the Reed Farm. He found about 30 tons of float ore on the surface, but there was no outcrop of ore in place. Nevertheless he sank a shaft, and at a depth of eight feet struck an ore- pocket which proved to be 80' long, 25' wide, and 8' in maximum thickness. His next discovery was of placer chromite in the sands in the beds of brooks on an estate called Soldiers' Delight, 16 miles north- west of Baltimore. Thus far, Tyson's observations had shown him that chromite occurred apparently only in serpentine areas. His explorations were now leading him farther afield. In 1828 he found on the Wood Farm, in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, a deposit of float chromite which led him to lease the ore right of the farm, which he finally purchased in 1832. Here he developed the famous Wood Mine, the largest single producer of chromite in the world. This property has yielded about 100,000 tons of ore. Exploring the southern Appalachian region in this way, Tyson shortly obtained control of mineral rights in an area about 60 miles long, extending northward from Soldiers' Delight and including all the paying chromite properties in Maryland, Penn- sylvania and Virginia. The monopoly thus established Avas enjoyed by the Tysons from 1827 to 1860, during which time the Baltimore region produced practically 'Glenn, William, Chrome in the southei-n Appalachian region : Trans. A. I. M. E., vol. 25, p. 482, 1895, 102 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. all the world's supply of chromite. The discovery of chromite near BriLsa in Asia Minor in 1848 by an American geologist, J. Lawrence Smith, led to the opening of several districts which shipped their ores from Maeri and Ghemlek, and finally took the monopoly away from America. Genesis of Chromite Deposits. It is well settled that chromite deposits are the result of magmatic segregation, and this point has been brought out in a rather copious liter- ature, from which only a few salient points can be quoted here. The theorj'-, in brief, is that minerals separate from molten magma in the in- verse order of their solubilities in the fused mass. The more basic, among which chromite is prominent, are the least soluble and separate first, Avhile other minerals remain in a fused state. Fully developed crystals of chromite occur, imposing their outlines on the surrounding mass of other minerals, which are thus proven to have crystallized later than the chromite. While chromite is not an essential miueraP in peridotite and allied rocks, its almost constant occurrence in them is emphasized by numerous writers. The theories dealing with the mechanics of cooling magmas are that the crystallization would first take place on the outer boundaries of the molten mass, which in the case of an intrusive like peridotite or dunite, would be injected into the country rock as a plug, chimney or sill. Convection currents would tend to bring new supplies to the outer boundaries. Chromite, crystallizing first or nearly first of the minerals in the magma, would tend to collect near the outer boundaries of the intrusive. In line with this reasoning, J. II. Pratt- points out that the chromite which occurs as imbedded masses and disseminated parti- cles in all North Carolina peridotite, is seen to be near the borders of the peridotite lenses. Reference to many of our California chromite deposits bears out this theory fully. ^ The point is one that ought to be taken account of by the chrome prospector, who wishes to know where his search is most apt to be rewarded. OCCURRENCES IN CALIFORNIA. Chromite has been found in quantity sufficient to mine in twenty-four counties of California. The records of this Bureau indicate that ship- ments were made from all these counties but two during 1916 or 1917, and both these counties have recently reported production. Outside of certain placer gravels, all the chromite mined here so far, except 'J. V. Lewis — Geol. Survey of North Carolina. Bull. 11. See also the publications of Geol. Surveys of Maryland, Pennsylvania and Georgia. "Pratt, .T. H., The occurrence, origin, and chemical occurrence of chromite: Trans. A. I. M. E., vol. 29, pp. 17-39. 1S99. ■'See also "Chromite." A. Burch and S. H. Dolbear. pages 19-20. Their theory is that folding, faulting and erosion expose the bodies of chromite. I MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM, 103 one body in Plumas County, has occurred in serpentine or in rocks which yield serpentine on weathering. The single exception is said to occur in limestone and has yielded about 200 tons. The serpen- tine areas of California are generally considered to be of various ages; the areas associated with the Franciscan series of the Coast Ranges have been called upper Jurassic, and those in the Klamath region have been considered by some geologists as pre-Cambrian, while the serpentine along the INIother Lode is thought to be of similar age to that in the Coast Ranges. Good producers have been developed in all the three regions, but each district shows interesting features. Southern Coast Range Counties. The principal chromite mines of San Luis Obispo County are grouped in a small area lying six to nine miles north of San Luis Obispo, and ore is shipped from there and from Goldtree. Roads are generally good and largely in favor of traffic, as the mines are between 900 and 2000 feet in elevation, considerably higher than the railroad points. The climate is so mild that mining, even on the surface, can be carried on practically without interruption. Cost of hauling the ore to the railroad ranges from $1.25 to about $5.00 a ton, depending on the season as well as on distance. Up to 1896, when the last of the California chrome miners were forced out of business by cheap imported ores, San Luis Obispo County " had produced 30,000 tons^ of chromite, most of which carried over 50% Cr.O:;. The first plant in the United States for concentrating chromite was built at San Luis Obispo in 1893, as it was realized even then that high grade bodies near the railroad were being exhausted. Recent operators have opened up many old properties, and have also made new discoveries. Present high prices justify extensive underground explora- tion which would have been unwarranted previous to 1915. These prices have also stimulated, here as elsewhere in the state, the search for ore in regions where the cost of hauling M^ould have absorbed all profit at pre-war figures. Principal producers are the New London, Pick and Shovel, Trinidad and Castro, all familiar names 20 years ago. All these but the Castro have been shipping fairly high grade ore. New underground explora- tion in the Pick and Shovel (which had 2500 feet of old tunnels) has revealed new lenses of ore, one said to contain 1000 tons. Similarly, tunnels in the New London have developed numerous lenses. These lenses are often connected by stringers of low grade ore which serve as indicators to the miner. In a given mine, it is sometimes noted that 'Mines and mineral resources of Monterey et nl. counties; Cal. State Min. Bur., 80, 191^. . . Y I' . . .„ . n ^ ^ 104 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. ; lenses thus connected have the same pitch, but there is no concordance in pitch in the lenses at difiPerent properties. No contact deposits are reported here, but many of the best bodies of chromite have occurred near the borders of the serpentine. These deposits should not be confused with quartz veins deposited in "true fissures." The fissure, in \ the case of quartz veins, has been a controlling factor in the deposition of vein material. In the case of chromite in serpentine, the more rational conclusion seems to be that the fissuring, if any is observable, occurred after the mineralization, and was quite likely due to forces of ; expansion and readjustment within the rock, while the increase in ^ volume coincident Avith serpentinization was going on. Concentration is being carried on successfully at the Castro on dis- f seminated ore running from 20% to 25% Cr.,03, and at the Norcross on ; ore of lower grade. The undeveloped and slightly explored area 1 between this group of mines and the northern county line, in a north- ; westerly direction through Pine Mountain, offers possibilities which ; would stand more chance of development if a more liberal policy were exhibited by the large land owners. j Recent advice indicates that the productive San Luis Obispo County chromite belt has been traced northwestward into Monterey County, where a promising prospect is being developed west of Jolon. Ore from this district will be hauled to King City, 28 miles distant, by auto truck, but about eight miles of road-building will be required before liauling is . begun. ' Some snuill l)odies of chromite liad been observed in Santa Barbara County, but no production made previous to 1918. Recently, good- sized bodies of high grade ore have been opened 32 to 15 miles south- east of Los Olivos and one company reports having shipped over 500 tons of ore, averaging about 50% Cr.O;; this year, with much more in sight. Tulare and Fresno Counties. The Tulare County deposits are in serpentine belts striking north- west, in the large area mapped as "Plutonics," by J. P. Smith. ^ This region slopes up sharply from the valley to the highest peaks of the Sierra Nevada and has been only slightly explored by miners and geologists. The principal production in this county came from the Vaughn Mine, four miles southeast of Porterville, in 1916. At present there is little ore being produced ; a reported jdeld of 3435 tons in 1916 was followed by the production of scarcely 500 tons in 1917. About one-half of this came from the Vaughn property which was considered worked out the previous year. 'Smith, J. P., The geologic formations of CaUfornia : Cal. State Min. Bur., Bull. c\ nrfomnnnvine" man 1fl17 and accompanying map, 1917 MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 105 Fresno County has chroinite deposits in the serpentine associated with the Franciscan formation in the extreme southwest corner of the county as well as in the Sierra foothill belt. The former are unim- portant. There is an immense area of serpentine a little farther north along the San Benito-Fresno counties line, just south of New Idria, but it seems to carry only a little chromite, though quicksilver is prominent in it. The principal production of chromite has come from the Watt Valley district. Fresno County was the second largest producer of chromite in the state in 1916, but production dropped from over 9,000 tons that year to scarcely 6000 tons in 1917, and as far as can be judged there Avill be a slight falling oft' again in 1918. There have been several small producers whose total output amounted to 4 or 5 cars each. Ore from the Watt Valley district is hauled to CHovis, about 24 miles distant, at a cost of $4.75 to $6.00 a ton. Other shipping points are Sanger, Piedra and Coalinga. Hauling from the Pine Flat district to Piedra costs about $3.00 a ton. The most expensive haul is to Coalinga, from the areas east of Stone Canyon and south of New Idria. Concentration is being introduced in Fresno County and three plants were projected early this year, but so far as known are not yet com- pleted. The Franciscan area near New Idria and Hernandez holds out some promise of developing a body of disseminated ore but there has not been enough work done here to show what tonnage of such ore is available. Counties West of San Joaquin Valley. The counties of Alameda, Santa Clara, San Benito, and Stanislaus all contain areas of Franciscan rocks with which are associated serpentine carrying chromite. Production from Alameda County has been practi- cally all from the Newman Mine, 15 miles southeast of Livermore. Total production here has been about 3500 tons. Production in Santa Clara County has amounted altogether to about 500 tons, mostly from the Winship properties. Similarly, the amount of chromite so far produced in San Benito County has been insignificant, in spite of the great area of serpentine in the southeastern corner of the county. The Stanislaus chromite dej^osits are in the serpentine belt which includes the chromite properties in Alameda County. Chromite occurs here, as in Alameda County, both as massive hard black ore and soft grayish ore, grading into serpentine. Reported production to date has been about 2000 tons, mostly sold in 1917. Chromite mining was made possible here largely by the building of a narrow gauge railroad westward from Patterson, and the properties so far productive are adjacent to this road, at points from 19 to 23 miles from Patterson. Future develop- ment will no doubt be chiefly in the innnediate neighborhood of the 106 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. road, because of the rough nature of the country. Concentration is already being provided for by the erection of a custom plant of 50 tons capacity, 21 miles west of Patterson on the narrow gauge line. A large tonnage of ore said to assay 25% to 30% Cr,03 has been developed and will be concentrated. Other owners control over 5000 acres of land in the district which has not been thoroughly prospected, but is known to show numerous small outcrops. The county may, therefore, be safely included among the moderate producers for some time, although developments to date do not warrant any hope of a big yield. Coast Ranges, North of San Francisco Bay. The Franciscan area beginning iu Marin County extends thence northwest through Del Norte County, being flanked on both sides by Cretaceous rocks. In the present state of our knowledge, the greater parts of Sonoma, Napa, Lake and Mendocino counties are considered as being covered by the Franciscan, but there are of course through this district many small residual areas of Tertiary rocks as well as minor deposits of Quaternary terrace gravels, and eruptives such as those which flank both sides of Napa Valley and extend to Clear Lake. The region had already been known to geologists principally by reason of the quicksilver deposits of Napa and Lake counties. Mendocino and northern Lake County, as well as the southern part of Humboldt and Trinity counties, comprise a terra incognita where no general systematic geological study has been made. The greatest handicap suffered by this district is lack of transporta- tion. The lenses of massive chromite so far developed have been small, but a great deal of low grade disseminated ore is reported. A little over 500 tons of chromite has been shipped from Cazadero, Guerneville and Geyserville, having been mined in the serpentine in the western part of Sonoma County. There are no other chromite bodies known at present and no definite promise of future production from that county. In Napa County reported production has scarcely exceeded that in Sonoma and at the beginning of 1918 there were only two owners in the county who reported promise of further yield, although prospecting i.s going on in the Franciscan area east of Calistoga. Lake County has yielded about 2500 tons of chromite during the two years of 1916 and 1917, and two-thirds of this production was made in 1917, but there are no promising developments on foot now, and it is problematical Avhether or not production can be maintained at anything like the rate of the past year. The principal producer reports little ore left. Ore shipped so far has been taken out near the surface, with the exception of a few carloads mined on the property of the Great Western Quick- MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 107 silver Mining Co., where the ore body was covered with such an over- burden that mining cost promised to become prohibitive. The ore in general is high grade, and most of it has been used by a local tanning company in making chemicals. The good quality of the ore, which ranges from 45% to 52% Cr.Oj, is attributable to its superficial char- acter, and the removal of impurities by weathering. Ore from the Lucky Strike Mine in Morgan Valley is hauled by trucks directly to the Napa chemical plant, a distance of 60 miles at a cost of $8.00 a ton. Other producers have been hauling their product to Calistoga, the principal railroad shipping point for the county, the cost being around $5.00 a ton. Properties so far reported lie between Lower Lake and the region of Mt. St. Helena. Mendocino county has so far been the smallest producer of this dis- trict, but holds out some promise because of the many prospects located there. Notable among these is the float ore on Big Red Mountain. About 100 claims have been located here, but not enough work has been done to determine the presence of ore at depth, and until such ore is developed we must assume the deposit to be of superficial blanket character resulting from the breaking up and scattering of ore bodies. A road passes one mile west of the prospects and the nearest point on a railroad is Longvale, 30 miles distant. A deposit of disseminated ore four miles northeast of Largo, a station on the railroad, has been prospected by the Noble Electric Steel Co., but they did not develop a large enough body to warrant erection of a concentrating plant. Deposits on Little Red Mountain, just north of Big Red Mountain, show widespread distribution of chromite on the surface, but lenses in place have not been developed. Klamath Mountain Region. This division includes, so far as this report is concerned, Del Norte, Siskiyou, Trinity and part of Shasta counties. Considerations of geo- logical age and structure have led to distinctions being drawn between this region on the one hand, and both the Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada on the other. The countr}^ includes California's portion of the old eroded land surface known as the Klamath peneplain, which is held by Diller^ to have been mostly dry land during Cretaceous and Tertiary times, when the valley on the east and the coastal region on the west were being mantled by sediments. The rocks exposed in the Klamath peneplain region are generally conceded to be Carboniferous and older, but there is such a scarcity of fossils that determinations of age by paleontology are not generally possible. There is strong prob- ability that there are numerous areas of rocks here younger than the ^Diller, J. S., Topographic development of the Klamath Mountains: U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 196, pp. 1-69, 1902. 108 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. Carboniferous system, as the greater part of the district, like the coun- ties to the south, has never been studied in detail, except for small areas in central and eastern Trinity County. Serpentine occurs widely distributed. In Del Norte County there are two broad zones of it. All the producing chromite mines so far opened are in the western area which traverses the entire county at an average distance of 8 to 10 miles from the coast, being over 12 miles wide at the state line. This serpentine is associated with numerous intrusive bodies generally described as diorites, but probably better classified as green- stones, as no work has been done to definitely classify them. The two largest chrome mines in the county are located near the contact of serpentine and the so-called diorite. These are the old Tyson properties known as the French Hill and Low Divide Mines. These mines have produced practically all the ore yet shipped from the county. The chromite is massive, black and of high grade, running from 46% to 51% Cr^.O..;, but appearing to be even higher grade, because of the high iron .oxide content. East of the Low Divide, on the High Plateau, numerous prospects have been located during the past year which promise well. These claims are very inaccessible, being separated by rugged, roadless country from both the Crescent City and Grants Pass roads. It is prob- able that only limited tonnages can be shipped from here for some time to come. East of French Hill another group of new locations is being prospected, and some production will probably be made in 1918. These claims are near forest trails at points from 3 to 18 miles from the nearest road, which ends on French Hill near the Tyson mine. Transportation is a vital question to the miners in this county, and is entirely inadequate as will be seen by reference to the body of this report. Production in 1918 will probably be from the Tyson properties and from the newly located Hawkins and Young properties which are being opened. There remains in this county an immense area of potential chrome producing territory, extending from the Klamath River northward in the west belt, and on the ea.st side of the county. The latter area will probably be opened from the Siskiyou County side, and development there will depend on the degree of success attending efforts to open up deposits on the same belt in Siskij'^ou County. Deposits so far productive in Siskiyou County are in general scat- tered, small bodies, there being only one property, near Dunsmuir, which had yielded over 300 tons up to the end of 1917. There are, however, some new districts being opened near the Klamath River, one being the Gottville district and the other between Happy Camp and Somes Bar. Sixty men are said to be now employed extending the road down the river from Happy Camp to tap the latter region, from which ore will be hauled in trucks to Hornbrook. A considerable I MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 109 tonnago of ore runiiiiig 30% to 45% Cr.O.. is said to he ready for hauling from the two districts. Tlie cost of hauling from (iottville to Hornbrook, 18 miles, is stated to ])e ^A.')0 a ton. Another body of low grade, said to be qnite extensive, has been opened on the north side of the Klamath near Hamburg, 48 miles from the railroad and unfortu- nately separated from the road by the river. A tramwaj^ or bridge will be required, and the haul to Hornbrook would cost probably in excess of $12.00 a ton. Ore from the small mines in the Callahan district is hauled 35 to 40 miles to Gazelle at high cost, and from Scott Valley district ore is hauled to Yreka. The Coggins Deposit, which is an extension of the Little Castle Creek deposit in Shasta County, is near Dunsmuir on the railroad. It has produced more ehromite to the end of 1917 than all the other properties in the county. P Production from Trinity County has been negligible so far, but at the Crow Creek property, 18 miles west of Castella, about 2000 tons is said to be blocked out, with 1000 tons mined early in 1918, awaiting com- pletion of a road. Aside from this property the only other production reported to the credit of the county came from small lenses mined in 1916 on the upper waters of Hayfork near Wildwood, distant about 58 miles by road from Redding, and from property mined for a few months in the summer of 1917 near Auto Rest, from which place ore was hauled 84 miles to Red Blutf by auto truck at a cost of $13.50 a ton. As noted in the description of Trinity County properties, there are a nniltitude of small prospects in the county, but the season for hauling is short and in most cases the properties are so remote from the railroad as to seriously hamper their development. The Crow Creek region may be reasonably looked to for new development this year, in addition to , that at the Crow Creek mine itself. ' The productive area in Shasta County is in the northwestern corner of the county west of the railroad, between Shotgun Creek and the ' Siskiyou County line. Three properties here have produced over 21,000 i tons, of Avhich amount more than 15,000 tons came from the Little Castle Creek Mine. The bulk of this was mined in 1916. The Little Castle Creek ore body has apparently been exhausted. The Shotgun Creek property, which yielded well in the past, was prospected in 1917 but reported no production. The Forest Queen, a big producer in 1916, show^ed a falling off of 65% in 1917. The district is promising for further production but there have been no developments to date during 1918 which warrant us in looking for heavy yield this year. Counties on West Side of Sacramento Valley. Tehama, Glenn and Colusa counties form a group Avhose western por- tions are linked geologically with the coast counties, but are accessible onlv from the vallev to the east. Franciscan rocks form the eastern 110 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. slope of the Coast llan^'os and extend well down toward the valley, the contact with unaltered Cretaceous sedinientari(»s being easily traced. Serpentine is prominent near the contact, in the Franciscan series, and extends for miles in areas broken by frequently occurring buttes of chert, which has proven so resistant to weathering that its massive por- tions form the prominent topographical features. Tehama and Glenn Counties have made considerable production, but Colusa County has so far not reported any ore shipped, although there are numerous prospects in the region of Stonyford and Wilbur Springs, at distances of from 25 to 35 miles from the railroad at Fruto and Williams. The most promising property in Tehama County is in the ex- treme northwest corner on Tedoc Mountain. From here to Red Bluff the haul is 53 miles, over twelve miles of road having been recently built to reach 20 claims which have not been developed much yet, but are known to carry a great deal of float ore. Production in 1917 was from near the surface and the ore averaged 47% Cr.Oa. The haul costs $8.00 a ton. Two properties 32 miles southwest of Red Bluff have prodnced considerable high grade ore in the past two years, being credited with a total of about 2500 tons. The haul from here to Red Bluff costs about $5.00 a ton. A concentrator has recently been erected on the Kleinsorge property in the same district and ore said to average 6% over the entire surface of the mineralized zone {\ mi. x 2 mi.) will be concentrated. Further north, on Toms Head Peak, several hundred tons of 32% ore have been mined. This county will probably be one of the good pro- ducers in 1918. The working season is limited to the dry months. The Black Diamond Mine of Glenn County has been one of the state's best producers, having a record of nearly 6500 tons. Over 3300 tons were shipped prior to 1893, and nearly 3000 tons in 1916. Production languished in 1917 and at last report prospecting was going on in search of new lenses, the ore in sight being about 30% CroOg. Five other properties have yielded one to six carloads each. Ore from the Black Diamond was hauled 18 miles to Fruto. Some ore from other mines has been shipped from Orland. The outlook for 1918 production is not particularly promising. Sierra Nevada Mountain Counties. The counties grouped hereunder are those on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada Mountains beginning with Plumas on the north and extending south to and including Mariposa. Every county in this group has contributed to the production of chromite during the past two years, except Mariposa, which entered the list in May, 1918. It may also be said that production is on the increase in nearly every one of these counties and that the district will be at the front in MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM, 111 the list of producers for 1918. The iiiiiiiiii^ of chroiuitc in lliis di.strict is practically a new industry. Tlie presence of the ore has been known for years but the price obtainable had never been sufficient to justify mining. A few properties had been worked and a little production recorded, notably in Calaveras County, where the total tonnage rained was used in lining copper furnaces at the Campo Seco smelter. The serpentine bodies carrying chromite are of widespread occur- rence and show marked similarity. Tliey are generally long narrow- bodies, rarely over a mile wide, but often several miles long, with greatest length in an approximate north and south direction, conform- ing to the general strike of the country rock. There is no doubt that originally the rocks from which they are derived were in most cases injected as dikes and sills along contacts. Areas sometimes mapped as serpentine may contain a complex mixture of rocks not properly classi- fied as serpentine. Passing through the region of Valley Spring there are several areas of serpentine which extend northwest and southeast clear across the Jackson quadrangle, partly intruded into the Calaveras (Carboniferous) rocks and partly into the contact with the adjacent schists. Similarly in El Dorado County, serpentine dikes are associated with the Calaveras formation. The great serpentine belt continues in this manner across Placer, Nevada, Sierra and into Plumas County. It has the aspect of having originally been intruded as an immense dike into the Carboniferous rocks, and in general follows the strike of these formations. The continuity of the surface of this belt has been broken at frequent intervals by later volcanic flows. The belt is wider here than to the south, and a number of associated rocks, some only slightly serpentinized, are mapped as serpentine. The occvirrence of peridotite only partly altered, has led to the conclusion that this rock has in most cases been the original formation from which the serpentine came. In the southern part of the belt, the occurrences of chromite so far mined have generally proven small. Of sixteen properties reporting production from Tuolumne County in 1916 and 1917, only two yielded over 500 tons each. Of these two, the larger carried ore ranging from 29% to 36% CroOg. No large low grade bodies have yet been opened in the county, but it must be borne in mind that active production of ore did not begin here until 1917. Total reported production is about 3000 tons. The haul to railroad points is short, ranging from one to six miles. Ore bodies in Calaveras County show the same characteristics as those of Tuolumne, and the production to date has been about the same, with only one property reporting over 300 tons shipped. Valley Spring, Mil- ton and Angels Camp are each the terminus of a railroad line, and ore has been hauled to these points chiefly. The cost per mile of hauling ore 112 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. is liigh bceaiise of poor roads. An (^iglit mile haul to Angels Camp costs $H.OO a ton; another prodneei- liauls ore 35 miles to iMilton at a cost of $6.00 a ton. Prospecting is active, and small bodies continue to he found. The mild winters in tiiis belt do not hinder continuous mining but hauling is interrupted by muddy roads. Grade of ore shipped is similar to that in Tuolumne County. One concentrating plant is in operation six miles from Copperopolis. Amador County has been the smallest producer of the group to date and is probably the least promising of them, but prospecting is active, many gold miners having abandoned their old pursuit to search for chromite. El Dorado County has been one of the chief producers of chromite, ranking third in the state in 1!)16, first in 1!)17, and bidding strongly for first place in 1918. While there have been and still are large shipments of good grade crude ore, the county is of special interest because of the extensive application of concentration to low grade chromite ore. The high grade bodies have been usually small chimneys and lenses Avhich could be exhausted by shallow workings, seldom over 100 feet deep. Low grade bodies have been encountered while taking out these small pockets and shipment of crude ore averaging 35% to 45% Cr.O., con- tinues at many properties, while mills are being built to concentrate the disseminated ore. Total reported production in 1916 and 1917 from the county was over 13,500 tons, nearly all crude ore. Folsom and Newcastle are the principal shipping points. It costs $2.50 a ton to haul from the Pilliken property to Folsom, nine miles distant, and about $1.50 a ton to haul eight miles from the Zantgraff district to Newcastle, Five chromite concentrating plants are reported either in operation or in course of construction in the county in July, 1918. The plant of the Placer Chrome Co. near Rattlesnake Bridge on the Middle Fork, American River, has been enlarged to 100 tons capacity with the addi- tion of another Ilendy ball mill and several improved concentrators. Electric power has been installed. Ilolbrook and McGuire have two concentrating plants on the Darrington Lease, eight miles from Folsom, handling ore containing 8% to 15% CroO,. The Noble Electric Steel Co. has one mill nearing completion on the Pilliken Ranch, and one being built on the Burnett Ranch. The product of these four mills will be shipped from Folsom. The ore to be milled is stated to not exceed j 25% CroOg. No figure of tonnage available for milling can be quoted. Production from the last two mills has been delayed by the failure of the crushing machinery originally installed to stand up under the work. ,, The company is now building new mills on the general pattern of the 1 Ellis-Chili Mill, but heavier and sturdier in all respects. AVith all these mills in operation, chrome concentrate averaging 45% CroO,, or better will form probabl}'^ one-half, at least, of the county's 1918 production. I 1 MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM, 113 Placer County was, ia 1917, third among the principal producers in the state, yielding over 4200 tons. Only one producer reported over 1000 tons from a single property, and his production came from a number of small superficial kidneys taken from the surface. The Iowa Hill and Forest Hill districts were then, and continue to be now, the most productive localities, although ore is being mined farther south on the ridges lying between the forks of American River, and on the nortli side of the railroad. Cost of trucking is high. A haul of 27^ miles from the Forest Hill divide to Colfax costs $7.50 a ton. The North Fork of American River flows in a steep canon, and there is a long upgrade to the railroad. Hauling from the mountain districts with trucks is halted by winter and the dirt roads are rapidly ground to deep dust by heavy traffic in summer. One concentrating plant has lately been built near the Auburn-Grass Valley road, about five miles from Auburn. There is said to be a good tonnage of ore averaging 20% Cr^Oj, but the ore body has not been blocked out at last report. There has been about one ear load of concentrate carrying 40% to 45% Cr^O^ produced to date. Changes in crushing and concentrating machinery are contemplated, which are going to delay further production for some time. Nevada County's total production of about 3000 tons in the past two years has been shipped chiefly from Nevada City, having been mined principally near there and in the neighborhood of Washington. The longest haul is 20 to 25 miles. The Oustomah and Champion stamp mills at Nevada City have been put in shape lately for concentrating chromite. An ore carrying 12% to 20% Cr^Og is giving a concentrate containing 32% to 36% chromite, which is used in California for mak- ing chemicals. ' Sierra and Plumas counties have not been heavy producers of chro- mite so far. These counties are not only very mountainous, but are also remote from transportation for the most part, and the season for hauling is not generally over six months. Chromite is now being mined and shipped from the vicinity of Downieville and from near Alleghany. Some shipments are being made from Blairsden in Plumas County. DEVELOPMENTS DURING FIRST HALF OF 1918. No new districts have been opened this year, but the productive areas are being enlarged by the stimulation of prospecting due to sustained demand and good prices.* In the south, small shipments have been made from the vicinity of Los Olivos, Santa Barbara Count}'. In San Luis Obispo County a new concentrating plant is being built by H, H. Noble on the northeast *See supplementary statement on p. 227, post, re late break in the chromite market. 8-38953 114 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. I side of the Santa Lucia Mountains on the Liberty Group of claims four miles from Santa Margarita. This is tlie first development of import- ance on the north side of the range. At the north, Humboldt County has entered the list of producers, the initial shipment of chromite having been reported June 13. The ore comes from near Pecwan Creek and is taken down the Klamath to™ Requa in Indian "dugout" canoes. Early production is probable fromi the Horse Mountain Copper Company's claims, 25 miles by road froiiil Eureka. These properties are in the same belt of serpentine which traverses Del Norte County and the development of chromite was to be expected. In Del Norte County, the High Plateau is being made acces- sible by a new road. Responsible operators have taken hold of the new properties in the Gordon Mountain district (see Young and others) and greatly increased production from the county is probable this year. Improved steamer service or direct connection with a railroad will be found very desiralile, if not imperative, here. Strong interests have also taken hold of new properties three miles from Ham])urg in northern Siskiyou County and a bridge is l)eing put acro&s the Klamath tliere. (See Chromite Group). INCREASED IMrORTANCE OF CONCENTRATION. With nineteen plants for concentrating chromite either in operation or in various stages of construction, it may be seen that concentrates will form a large part of 1918 production. Any prediction of the future of this branch of the industry now would be idle, as little definite develop- ment work has been done, and operators have not generally gone farther than to satisfy themselves that they have enough ore to .justify building a mill. Burch and Dolbear^ estimate the cost of a 50-ton plant at $15,000. To the writer's personal knowledge, four or five plants which were hastily built with cheap crushing machinery are now being re-equipped and will be delayed in entering the list of producers. Slime losses have been serious at some properties where ball mills or Hunting- ton mills were used originally' without appropriate slime tables; but with standard equipment, concentration of chromite offers no particular difficulties. There are some districts where the iron oxide content of the ore is so high as to limit the percentage of chromite in the concen- trate, but usually it is possible to get a product of higher tenor than the crude ore available. Some operators claim to be making concentrates carrying as high as 50% CrjOa. ^Chromite. A. Burch & S. H. Dolbear. Printed by M. & S. P., 1918. MANGANESE AND CUKOMIUM. 115 DISTRICTS OF PROMISE TO THE PROSPECTOR. The serpentine areas of the state have never been mapped in detail and in many eases are too small to indicate on a state map on a scale convenient for publication. The counties north of San Francisco Bay and west of Sacramento Valley probably offer the best field for prospec- tors in search of chromiie. As noted before, most of IMendocino and Lake counties are covered by the Franciscan formations of the Coast Range province. In this province are also located the western moun- tainous portions of Colusa, Glenn and Tehama counties and the cen- tral part of Humboldt. The serpentine areas which are of almost constant occurrence with the Franciscan rocks have not been carefully prospected because of the roughness of the country- and almost entire absence of transportation facilities. The Klamath province, including eastern Humboldt and Del Norte and western Siskiyou and Trinity counties, is still more remote from transportation, and is not accessible in winter except near the large •streams, like the Klamath. Because of these limiting conditions in the above districts a prospect of ehromite must show promise of developing considerable ore in order to justify the expense of opening it and getting ore to market. In this respect, the small producers in the Mother Lode counties have a distinct advantage, as they are usually within a short distance of the railroad and can market part carloads if necessary. MINES. ALAMEDA COUNTY. Chromite occurs in the serpentine areas which are common to the Franciscan group in the southeastern portion of the county. (See Plate II, ante, under Manganese.) Tlie only important deposits known are those which occur on Cedar JNIouutain and which were first mined years ago. It is reported that over 3000 tons were mined from this locality, most of which was produced from the Newman property de- scribed below. Clark Claim, Vernon Clark, Livermore, owner. This is on Sec. 26, T. 4 S., R. 3 E., M. D. M., just east of the Newman ^line. It is worked through an incline shaft, and some chrome ore was shipped in 1916 I by the Noble Electric Steel Company under a lease. Nev^^man Mine, formerly known as the Mendenhall Mine, lies about 15 miles by road southeast of Livermore in See. 26, T. 4 S., R. 3 E. l! E. C. Harder* in his description of this property writes as follows: "The ore occurs in irregular lenticular pockets and stringers in more or less decomposed serpentine. Where the serpentine is much decom- posed it is soft and broken and has a brown stain. The chrome ore that I I occurs in this rock is generally soft and friable and of a dull grayisli- *U. S. G. S. Bull. 430, pp. 17.3-174. 116 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. black color, but that in the fresh serpentine is glossy black in color and contains very little intermixed serpentine. Some masses of fairly compact ore are found within pockets of soft ore, as if they were not yet thoroughly disintegrated. ' ' Development consists of several open cuts and tunnels. The larger lenses or pockets appear to have been exhausted, and the little ore remaining in sight on the working is of low grade. Considerable work was done here by the Noble Electric Steel Company during 1916. Theyl mined and shipped several hundred tons to their smelters at Heroult. In October, 1917, it was under lease to J. W. Clark and D. McDonald,j Livermore, and shipments of ore resumed. S. V. Newman of Livermore is the owner. Bibl.: Cal. State Min. Bur. Reports XII, p. 36, XIII, p. 48; Bull| 38, p. 267. U.S.G.S. Bull. 430, pp. 173-174. AMADOR COUNTY. The Carr and Mefford properties lie in Sec. 34, T. 6 N., R. 10 E., M. D. M., two miles south of the Amador Central Railroad near lone. They include 80 acres on which chrome ore occurs as lenses and chim- neys in serpentine. The ore bodies have been developed by open cuts and shallow shafts. No. 1 workings are on the Mefford property in the W. ^ of the S.W. | of Sec. 34, at an elevation of 900'. These followed an orebody whic struck north-south and dipped 75° west. A cross-cut struck chrome a' 10" below the surface and the ore body was worked southward by ope: cut for 40' and tunneled for an additional 10'. Near the center of the® workings a 20' incline followed an orebody which was 4' wide at iti center. It is reported that 65 tons of 35% ore were shipped from hen during the year 1916. Below these workings at an elevation of 85 about 15 tons of ore were taken from an open cut 20' long, 4' deep, an 6' wide in the center. No. 2 workings, at an elevation of 850', lie south of No. 1 working Chimneys of ore were worked to a depth of 20', and yielded 48 tons i: 1916. No. 3 workings, at an elevation of 830', lie north of No. 1 and consii of a cross-cut tunnel which struck the orebody at 20' and followed for another 20', at which point an 8' raise was run to the surface, body of ore just being opened up measured 2' wide and 8' long, and ha a strike N. 20° W. and pitch 65° E. Approximately 25 tons of ore f< shipment were in a pile on May 26, 1917. On the Carl Froelich property, about 800' southwest of No. 2 work- ings, a 70' incline shaft was sunk by Bauers, Case and Swanson in 1916. The orebody narrowed, and when visited was covered by waste. On the J MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 117 ridge east of this shaft, at an elevation of 920', a 16' incline took the heart out of another ore body which appeared to continue northward along a 4" leader of chrome. On the east side of the ridge at an eleva- vation of 730' another lens of chrome struck N. 15° W. and dipped S.W. into the hill. Approximately 2' of ore is said to have been left in the bottom, and it seems probable that more ore could be taken from the north end of the pit. Approximately 365 tons of ore Avere shipped from these properties in 1916. Owned by J. E. Mefford, i\Ir. Mooney and Carl Froelich, and operated by E. H. Carr and J. E. Mefford of lone. The Courtwrig-ht property adjoins that of Carl Froelich on the south. It lies in Sec. 2, T. 5 N., R. 10 E., M. D. M., at an elevatioa of 875'. The lower workings consist of a 14' incline shaft on an orebody that was 20' long and 6' wide. The lens of chrome struck north-south and pitched 65° E. About 10" of ore, now covered by 4' of Avaste rock, is said to have shown in the bottom when work was abandoned. Approx- imately 500' south of these workings an open cut Avas made 8' Avide and 30' long. Ore is said to have persisted in the bottom of the east end of this cut, but Avork AA^as abandoned. Another open cut, at an elevation of 875' about 40' southeast of the last, folloAved a stringer striking N. 35° W. and pitching 65° E. These A^'orkings are 6' Avide, 8' deep and 16' long, and expose a 4" stringer of chrome in the hangAvall. Approximately 60 tons of ore assaying 40% CroOg and 4% SiO, were shipped in 1916. The Detert ranch is located on the south side of Cosumnes River in Sec. 6, T. 7 N., R. 10 E., about eight miles northeast of Carbondale. Lenses of chrome ore occur in serpentine on a hill northAvest of the ranch house. Ore mined on this property about 22 years ago was left in the dump until recently, Avhen 80 tons Avere shipped by way of Carbondale. More ore could probably be obtained by deeper work. OAvned by W. F. Detert, 995 Market St., San Francisco. Dooley property. About 10 tons of 38% ore has been mined on the property of E. A. Dooley still farther north along the same serpentine belt, as the Wait property. The Wait property consists of 160 acres in the NW. ^ of Sec. 29, T. 7 N., R. 10 E., M. D. M. It lies five miles soutliAvest of Plymouth near Willow Creek. Three parallel lenses of chrome ore, offset one from another, in serpen- tine AA'cre mined by an open cut 20' deep and 60' long. The ore is said to 118 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. have averaged 38.7% CroOg. Float chrome has been found at intervals for one mile southward. Two 40-ton ears of ore were shipped in 1916. Owned by A. L. Wait of Plj^mouth. Mr. Wait mined about 5 tons of 26% ore on the Matthews property adjoining him on the north. This ore was along a contact of serpentine and pink marble. BUTTE COUNTY.' Agard and Stewart of 268 Market Street, San Francisco, hold a lease on railroad land in the E. i of Sec. 36, T. 23 N., R. 4 E., M. D. M. The property lies at an elevation of 2500', more or less, about one mile southwest of Pulga, or Big Bar, on the Western Pacific Railroad. A body of 45-50% chrome ore, striking N. 15° W., was being worked about one-half mile west of the camp, near the road to Big Bar. The lens was 5' wide in the center and 20' long, and had been worked to a| depth of 18'. Ore in the bottom of the workings was exposed 30" widej and 10' long and appeared to be widening. In the south end of thej orebody, down to a depth of 10' about 2 tons of a 28% granular chrome' ore was mined but not shipped. Work was being carried on by two men who carried the ore in powder boxes from the pit to a platform, from which it was hauled by team to a second platform. The ore was hauled to Oroville for $8.00 per ton by two Ford auto trucks, which carried about 2700 pounds each. About 18 tons of 45-50% ore was corded on the platforms ready for shipment. About one-half mile N. 30° W. from the last workings about 80 tons of a lower grade ore, carrying considerable serpentine, has been mined. It lies on the south slope near the summit of the mountain, and a road must be built before it can be hauled. Another deposit of high grade ore, said to be mined out, was located about Ij miles east of the camp and hauled to Big Bar. One car of ore had been mined and shipped from Oroville up to the middle of July, 1917. The Hendricks property lies at an elevation of 1600' one mile east of Yankee Hill in Sec. 34, T. 22 N., R. 4 E., M. D. M. The property is owned by Charles and William Hendricks of Magalia, and leased by Mr. Cashom and F. A. Alexander of San Francisco. A lenticular body of chrome ore in serpentine struck N. 45 W. and dipped 80° NE. It was worked by an open cut 100' long, 5' wide and 20' deep, and by a winze 14' below the tloor of the open cut near the center of the workings. The ore body appeared to have been 5' wide in the center, tapering both ways for 40' in length. In the deepest part of the open cut 30' below the surface, the ore pinched. 'Since the preparation of this report, twcj new concentrating plants iiave been projected. These will be built by A. A. Davis of OroviUe, and John D. Hubbard of 832 Mills Bldg-.. San Francisco. Hubbard's mill will be erected on the Lucky John Mine, at Paradise. I MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. . 119 I The ore was granular and had considerable serpentine frozen to it. i About 50 tons of 35-38% ore was corded, ready for shipment. Hauling to Oroville would cost $8.00 per ton. Mr. Cashom was said to have mined out some ore on the J. G. Curtis J property in Sec. 7, T. 21 N., R. -i E., M. D. M., near the Pacific Gas and j Electric Company's power house. About 100 tons were rained in 1916 I and 28 tons in 1917. Mr. Wm. Hendricks was said to have about 30 tons of 38% ore mined in Sec. 6, T. 21 N., R. 4 E., M. D. M. A road was to be built in order to haul the ore. The Lambert property lies at an elevation of 1270' in Sec. 34, T. 23 N., R. 3 E., M. D. M., about 5 miles southwest of Magalia. The location made by Nat Lambert, was leased by the Union Chrome Com- pany of San Francisco. The northernmost workings are on the east side of Middle Butte Creek. A body of ore striking north-south had been mined, leaving a pit 6' wide, 10' long and 15' deep. The walls of the pit were partly caved because of the fractured nature of the serpentine walls which were insufficiently timbered. This pit Avas to be cleaned out Avith the hope of opening up more ore. On the west side of the creek about 50' south of the aforementioned workings an ore body striking N. 30° W. has been opened up. The main ore body was 16' long, 8' wide in the center, and had been worked to a depth of 12'. Equipment consisted of an 8 h.p. Corliss gas engine directly connected with a hoist at the head of a 1120' tram with ^" steel cable. The tram car will make 22 trips a day, carrying 1500 lbs. to the car. The cost of hauling the ore from the head of the tram to Magalia, a distance of 4.7 miles, was $4.00 per ton. Approximately 100 tons of 45% ore were corded at the head of the tram, and probably there was about as much more ore in sight at the mine on July 16, 1917. About 189 tons of ore were shipped from Magalia in May, 1917. The Lucky Strike proj^erty lies one mile north of Woodleaf. Chrome was located on the properties of the Southern Pacific Railroad and the Butte Pine and Hardwood Lumber Company by Chas. Falk of Woodleaf. Brendt No. 1 claim is located ] mile below the old Townshend mill on the lumber company 's property. About 300 tons of ore are said to have been taken from a lens 8' wide in the center by 50' long, and varying in depth up to 12'. These workings are now caved and filled. The ore struck N. 45° W. and dipped 80^ SW. with a footwall of decomposed 120 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. serpentine and hanging wall of serpentized talc schist ; it probably rani 45% CrjOg. The ore was shipped by Dickey and Driesbach of Oakland.! The same operators have mined about 35 tons of 35% chrome ore] about I mile west of the residence of E. C. Binet, near Clipper Mills. The soil at this deposit was about 6' deep, and the ore was taken from| a pit 8' wide, 10' long and 10' deep. The ore was granular and con- siderable leopard chrome was associated with it. On July 13, 1917, the ore was still in a pile near the road, awaiting shipment. Norris and Noyes of San Francisco were reported in November,^ 1917, to be developing chrome deposits east of Brush Creek in Sec. 11, T. 21 N., R. 6 E., M. D. M. A car or two will probably be shipped ii 1917. The Rohrer and McCrosky property consists of two claims in tliGj SE. i of Sec. 36, T. 23 N., R. 4 E., M. D. M. These, the Twin Cedars claims, lie at an elevation of 3000' and have a fair growth of cedar am yellow pine. A lenticular body of chrome ore striking north and south in serpentine has been developed by open cut. Approximately 27 tons of chrome| ore had been corded for shipment by way of Oroville, 28 miles distant^ Owned by G. C. Rohrer and Jess McCrosky of Big Bar. The Sharrer property is located I mile northeast of Woodleaf in Sec. 10, T. 19 N., R. 7 E., M. D. M., at an elevation of 3050 feet. Float chrome which would probably run 30% has been followed in north-south direction for 30 feet. No development work had been done' Western Ore Co. Mine and mill six miles east of Paradise. A. E.I Vandercook and E. H. Nash, First National Bank Building, OaklandJ ownere. This plant was being completed at the time of our last report.] As then planned, the ore is to be crushed to 1^" in a 6"x8" Dodge crusher and put through a 5-foot Huntington mill with 20-mesh screen.] After classification, sands are to be treated on a No. 4 Deister concentrs tor and slimes on a Johnson vanner. Estimated capacity, 30 to 50 tons! in 24 hours. Power is to be furnished by a 20 h.p. distillate engine.1 Mine ore said to assay 10% to 35% Crj O3. A 45% concentrate is] looked for. The Wakehama tunnel is located near the Lam])ert property iri Sec. 35, T. 23 N., R. 3 E., J\I. D. M., about 5 miles southwest of Magalia^ at an elevation of 1485'. Bowlders of 50% chrome ore were mined from the old drift mine tunnel, and 32 tons shipped by the Union Chrome Co., lessees, in 1917, The Zenith mine is in Sec. 6, T. 19 N., R. 7 E., M. D. M. about 2i ' miles northeast of Forbestown at an elevation of 2940'. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM, 121 Float chrome lias recently been taken from the red soil and about three cars were shipped by Dickey and Dreisbach, the lessees, in 1917. No more ore has been \i\kn\ i'rom an open cut, which was worked in 1916. It is reported that a total of about 300 tons of ore had been shipped from the property. Owned by the California ^langanese Companj^ of San Francisco. CALAVERAS COUNTY. The Bumhajn Ranch lies soutli of the Peri Ranch in T, 1 N., R. 13 E., M. D. M., southeast of Copperopolis on the north slope of the Stanis- laus River. Wm. Burnham and l)ruthi r jire reported to have mined 10 tons of chrome ore, but none has been shi])ped. The Campbell property lies near the Bnrnham Ranch southeast of Copperopolis. It is reported that 30 tons cf chrome ore were mined in 1916 and shipped by the Mineral Resource Corporation of America. The Clary and Langford lease includes the chrome deposits on the property of the Nassau Copper Mining Company in the NAV. ^ of Sec. 10, T. 2 N., R. 12 E., M. D. M. It lies 8 mile,-* south of west from Angels Camp, the shipping point. Chrome ore is being mined near the county road at an elevation of 1800'. A 40' incline shaft has followed the ore body, which strikes N. 30° W., and is exposed 2' in width on both sides of the shaft. The ore shoot has been mined to a depth of 27' for a distance of 30' northwest- ward. It appeared to continue southeast for at least 20'. Two men were working with hand tools and windlass. Three cars carrying a total of 120 tons of ore were shipped to the American Refrac- tories Company in May, 1917. The cost of hauling ore to the railroad Avas $3.00 per ton. Leased by Harry Clary, of Angels, and Geo. Langford, of Murphys, The Davis property is located four miles northeast of Copperopolis in Sec. 14, T. 2, N., R. 12 E., M. D. M., at an elevation of 1740'. High grade chrome ore occurs as lenses in serpentine. An ore body striking N. 60° W., exposed at the face of the workings, was 7' wide and 4' high with a 2' horse of serpentine ; this was 10' from the south- east end of the lens which was being mined. There appeared to ])e about 20 tons of ore in sight at this lens which would assay over 40% Cr, 0,. Hauling to Milton, 15 miles west, cost from $5.00 to $6.00 per ton. The Hinch property consists of five claims located seven miles west of Angels in the SW. i of Sec. 3, T. 2 N., R. 12 E., M. D. M., in the Harmon Peak district. Chrome ore occurs as lenses in serpentine and about 15 tons were mined, for use as furnace lining, by the Calaveras Copper Company 122 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. about 12 years ago. A considerable tonnage of good ore has recently been mined by F. W. Dean and Fred AVilson, who hold a lease from Mr. Hinch of Angels. The Lowry property lies four miles west of Fosteria at an elevation of 1050' in Sec. 23 of T. 5 N., R. 10 E., and Sec. 30 of T. 5 N., R. 11 E., M. D. M. Mining is being carried on by Geo. AVard, who pays royalty to Geo. C. Lowry, the owner. Development work consists of a 16' incline shaft, with windlass, on an ore body striking east-west and pitching N. 75° in serpentine. About 25 tons of 42% ore had been sledded to the top of the hill, while about 20 tons were in sight unmined. One quarter mile southeast of the shaft, at an elevation of 990', is an open cut 5' deep and 40' long on an ore body striking N. 20° W. and pitching 75° E. in serpentine. About 15 tons of 40% ore had been mined and was on the dump. Approximately ^ mile southeast of the Lowry ranch house, at an ele- vation of 1230', about 4 tons of ore had been taken from an open cut 3' deep and 8' long. The ore struck east-west in serpentinized amphi- bolite. Hauling to the railroad at Valley Springs costs $3.00 per ton. The Maxwell ranch located near the Vogelgesang ranch, southeast of Valley Springs, is reported to have considerable low grade chrome ore in sight. The McFaul property lies southeast of Copperopolis. A 30' shaft developed a good grade of chrome ore. It is reported that one car shipped in 1916 carried 49.4% Cr^Oa and 6.5% SiO,, while another car shipped in May, 1917, carried 47% CroOs- Owned by J. McFaul of Angels. The Peri property is in the SE. i of Sec. 6, T. 1 N., R. 13 E., M. D. M., at an elevation of 1300', 4 miles southeast of Copperopolis. It is leased from Frank Peri, of Copperopolis, by Frank Towers, Frank Reddick and Wm. Dixon. Lenticular bodies of chrome ore strike east-west with footwall of ser- pentine and hanging wall of schist and raetamorphic sandstone. The main workings consisted of an open cut 14' deep and 30' long, in the west face of which ore was exposed 2' wide and 4' high. About 40' east of this cut a 20' shaft had been sunk with windlass. This incline followed a lower grade ore body which pitched N. 80° and was exposed 2' wide along the lower 5' of the east side. About 40 tons of 30% ore were on the dump and it was said that 48 tons of ore had been shipped in 1916. Open cuts on top of the hill had yielded 20 tons of ore and only small seams were left exposed. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 123 The True Blue chrome mme lies 10 miles northeast of Angels Camp at an elevation of 2090'. It is owned by Mrs. S. E. Madrid of Angels Camp. A lenticular body of chrome ore striking due east and west had been open cut 50' long and 12' wide in the center. Preparations were being made to run a crosscut tunnel for working the deposit at greater depth. It is reported that 600 tons of 30% ore were shipped from Angels Camp in August, 1916. Approximately 100 tons were ready for shipment with at least 125 tons of ore in sight unmined. The Vogelgesang ranch chrome deposits are about five miles south- east of Valley Springs and one mile south of the Calaveras River. They are owned by G. D. Vogelgesang and Bros, of Valley Springs. A series of lenses of chrome ore occur along a N. 45° W. direction for over 600'. The largest lens was reported to be 10' in width and 40' or more in length. The lenses pitch nearly vertical and lie in serpentine approximately parallel and 25' from its contact with amphibolite schist. The ore is of good quality and some was used in the past for furnace lining at the Campo Seco smelter. It is reported that 150 tons of ore were shipped in 1916 and that the deposit was apparently worked out. Probabl}^ more ore could be obtained by deeper work. The Walker lease includes chrome producing properties in Sec. 15 of T. 2 X., 2 12 E,. :\r. D. :\I., 14 miles east of Milton Station, at an ele- vation of 1750'. Scattered open cuts were being worked about 1 mile east of the road from Angels to Copperopolis and approximately 1^ miles south of the branch road to Milton. A 14" lens striking N. 45° E. and dipping 85° N.AV. had been open cut 10' in depth and 25' in length, and there were 10 tons of ore piled for shipment. Another lens 500' west from the first was worked by open cut 6' deep and 40' long and had produced 20 tons of ore; this lens struck N. 45° E. and was 50' higher than the first. Three other small open cuts had been made, from each of which 10 tons of ore had been mined. An average assay of the ore was 39.7% Cr^Oy and 9.1% SiO,. Hauling to Milton cost $5.00 per ton, and it was said that the ore was going to be shipped to the Union Chrome Co. F. G. AValker, of Angels, superintendent. COLUSA COUNTY. Chrome Wonder Claim. Sam Sites, Stonyford. owner. On this claim near Stonyford, a shaft has been sunk, and about 4 tons of chrome ore are reported on the dinnp. F. C. Innes, Wilbur Springs, has been working on the development of a chrome prospect near Wilbur Springs, since September, 1917. 124 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU, Liberty Chrome Mine, Wesley Bradley, Stonyford, owner. Pros- pect. The Princess Chrome Mine consists of 2 claims on government land 1^ miles northwest of Cook Springs in T. 16 N., R. 6 W., M. D. M. Development work consists of an open cut 18' long and 10' deep from which a small amount of ore carrying over 45% Cr^Og has so far been mined. An ore body 2' wide and 4' long is said to be exposed in ser- pentine. Owned by Jno. J. Sweeney, 1625 Haight St., San Francisco, or Stonyford, Colusa County. Stella Chrome Mine, Elmer & George Evans, Sites, owners. They report a body of ore carrying 20%-40% Cr„Oo. Teathers Chrome prospects. Cy Teathers, Stonyford, owner. Several chromite prospects are stated to have beeen uncovered on this foothill ranch near Stonyford. DEL NORTE COUNTY. Geology of Chromite Deposits. A broad belt of serpentine, serpentinized peridotite, and associated rocks, with numerous tongues of diorite, extends northerly through the county at an average distance of eight to ten miles from the coast, increasing in size from the south till it has a width of over two town- ships where it crosses the state line into Oregon. Farther east, along the Siskiyou-Del Norte counties line, is another belt of serpentine which extends northward through the watershed of the west branch of Illinois River and eastward toward the Klamath. Within these ser- pentine areas are found the producing chromite properties and the promising prospects of the county. There is still a large area of ser- pentine in these belts which has been unexplored by the prospector. The chrome ore occurs as lenses, some of which appear to be very exten- sive, with well-defined walls ; and is the massive black chromite. Its content of chromic oxide varies from 40%to 50%, the ferrous oxide content varying up to 50%. The ore is deceiving in appearance, due to magnetite associated with it, so that it is impossible to approximate its chromic oxide content bj' mere observation. This black ore con- tains very little silica. The ore bodies on the Tyson properties both at French Hill and near Low Divide, are notable because they are contact deposits, lying between well-defined walls of serpentine and diorite. These deposits have been large producers during the past summer. The deposits Avere first mined in the early eighties, but only a few thousand tons were produced. This was all shipped to Baltimore where the chrome indus- try of the United States was started. The difficulty with these deposits is their inaccessibility and for that reason they have lain idle MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 125 until the present demand fur eliromito as a war supply, for refractor- ies, in the manufacture of armament, high speed tools, etc., increased its value. Transportation. The coast highAvaj^ from Eureka passes through Crescent City and thence up the coast to Brookings, Oregon. Auto stages operate daily from Eureka to Crescent City, ninety-nine miles, carrying passengers and mail and requiring eight to nine hours for the trip. A daily auto stage also carries mail and passengers from Crescent City to Grants Pass, Oregon, via South Fork, Gasquet and Patrick Creek, a distance of ninety-five miles. A tri-weekly route operates from Crescent City to Brookings, Oregon. Freight service is furnished by small coast- wise steamers which have no regular schedule. The -two chief chromite properties have roads for hauling, but any production from new pros- pects would have to be packed out over the different forest trails unless sufficient tonnage were developed to warrant new road construction of an expensive nature. Even in the case of those properties in the vicinity of French Hill, there is apt to be difficulty in delivering ore to the steamer at Crescent City in the rainy season (November to June) as there is a stretch of road between South Fork and the coast which became impassable for auto trucks with the fii-st rain this fall (1917), and will probably remain so till summer unless given consid- erable attention. Arriving at the coast, another source of difficulty is found in the fact that the water at Crescent City is deep enough only for the smallest steamers, which are operated for the lumber trade and accommodate ore shippers only when space happens to be available. Copper Creek Mine, also known as the Low Divide Mine, is situated iu the Low Divide Mining District, in Section 35, T. 18 N., R. 1 E., about 15 miles northeast of Crescent City, the shipping point. -This property owned by the Tyson Estate of Baltimore, consists of four claims. Mountain View Nos. 1, 2, 3, and Copper Creek, the latter being situated on Copper Creek about 800 feet in elevation below the other claims. Most of the ore shipped by the Tyson Mining Company was from the Mountain View Group, on summit of the ridge ; but very little ore is exposed in those old workings. The deposit now being mined is on the Copper Creek Claim. A road was only recently constructed 1^ miles, with an average 12% grade, up the ridge to connect with the Low Divide road to Crescent City. Here a large open cut had been made by the old company, and 700 tons of ore which is reported to average 44.6% chromic oxide and 3.2% silica, is piled on the dump. It was never hauled out, due to the decline in the price of chrome shortly after it was mined. 126 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. The ore body, which lies along a contact of diorite and serpentine, is exposed for a distance of 60 feet along its strilce, north and south, vary- ing in width from 6 to 10 feet. It dips eastward about 60 ^ Twenty- two feet below the floor of the open cut, a crosscut tunnel has been driven by the present operators. At 30 ft. it cuts the ore body, show- ing a width here of 16 ft. Thus it may safelj'- be assumed that the ore body is continuous throughout this depth, and if this is so, there are at least 1000 tons in this deposit and probably a great deal more. 4 Photo No. 20. Copper Creek Chrome Mine (old Tyson Mine), Low Divide District, Del Norte County, showing 700 tons of ore on dump, averaging 4 5% CroOa. The mine is being operated under a sub-lease from the American Exploration Company of Portland by R. D. Adams and C. S. Maltby, Humboldt Bank Bldg., San Francisco, who expect to ship at least 50 tons daily during the season from this one deposit. Nine 5-ton auto trucks are hauling the chrome ore from this and the French Hill mine. When visited the first truck-load of ore from the old dump had just been hauled out, and only a few men Avere working at the mine. Twenty men were working on the old road to get it into shape for the auto trucks. Trucking charge to Crescent City is $4.00 per ton. Freight rate from Crescent City to Eureka, $3.50 per ton, with a i MANGANESE AND CllKOMlUM. 127 I wharfage charge at Crescent City of $1.00. Added to this the cost of transporting the ore to the Eastern markets, it can readily be seen that only under tlie present war prices can these properties be profitably exploited. Bib!.: Cal. State Min. Bur., Keports X, p. 1(37, Xll, p. 36, Xlil, p. 48, XIV, p. 380 ; Bull. 38, p. 268. Photo No. 21. Tunnel at Copper Creek Chrome Mine, Del Norte County, 20' below open cut. French Hill Chrome Mine. It is in Sections 5 and 6, T. 16 N., R. 2 E., about 6 miles in an air line south of the Low Divide mine, and 18 miles by road east of Crescent City. The mine lies on the north slope of French Hill, about 300 ft. below the summit, at an elevation of 1750 ft. above sea level. An old wagon road 3 miles in length gives access to the property from the Crescent City-Grants Pass road. The old road is in fairly good condition and very little work is necessary to prepare it for the auto trucks. The occurrence here is very similar to that of the Low Divide mine, but the ore is said to carry a higher percentage of chromic oxide, averaging over 50%. In appearance it is the same heavy black, finely crystalline chromite. Development consists of an open cut 30 feet long, exposing an ore body throughout its length that averages 6 ft. in width. 12.8 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. On the dump at this cut are 225 tons of ore, which was mined over 30 years ago by the Tyson Mining Company. Forty feet south of the cut a tunnel recently driven cuts the deposit at 20 ft., showing 6 ft. of ore. Fifty feet below the cut, a kidney, or lens, was also mined by the old company, yielding 150 tons of high grade ore before being exhausted. This ore was never hauled out, so that there were nearly 400 tons of Photo No. 22. Open cut at Tyson Chrome Mine on French Hill, Del Norte County, showing orebody 6' wide. ore on the various dumps when the mine was taken over in 1917 by the present operators. It was expected to start operations in July and a force of men were repairing the old road so that the ore could be hauled out to Crescent City. R. D. Adams and C. S. Maltby, Hum- boldt Bank Bldg., San Francisco, are also operating this property under a lease. It is owned by the Tyson Estate, for which W. H. Pleasants of Baltimore is agent. Bibl. : Cal. State Min. Bur., Reports X, p. 167, XII, p. 36, XIII, p. 48, XIV, p. 380 ; Bull. 38, p. 268. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 129 Photo No. 23. Dump containing 150 tons of chromite at Tyson Mine, French Hill, Del Norte County. Owl Claim. This property located during the past few months, lies along the summit of French Hill, adjoining the French Hill Chrome Mine on the north. The road to the latter traverses the claim. Several small lenses of chromite have been uncovered. They appear to lie on the strike of the French Hill Mine deposit, and may be a continuation of it. Sufficient work has not been done, however, to confirm this opinion. Development work consists of a few small open cuts, and one shaft or pit. The shaft was down 10 ft. exposing an ore body 7 ft. in width. This was the most promising exposure seen on the claim. Three men are employed in the development work. Very little ore is in sight, and none has as yet been shipped. The owners are W. L. Childers, A. Denning, Silas White, et al., of Crescent City. Chromite also occurs on Gordon Mountain, 10 miles east of French Hill, and in the Rattlesnake Mountains. Claims have been taken up at both of these localities, but as they are extremely inaccessible, there is little likelihood of their being developed until there are better transpor- tation facilities. Between French Hill and Upper Coon Mountain on the east, and thence to Madrona on the south, some fifteen new chromite locations 9—38958 130 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. had been made during the summer of 1917. All these claims lie near the French Hill Cut-off and Gordon Mountain Trails. In September, 1917, development work had been done only on the claims of W. W. Young", where a few men w^ere reported to be prospecting; probably no shipments could be made this season. The properties lie at elevations between 2500 and 4000 feet, three to eighteen miles by trail from the end of the French Hill road at Darnell's mine. A quantity of ore of a fair grade is reported from Young's claims but many of the locations were made on small surface indications which afforded no basis for estimating tonnages. fe In September, George Barton and others of Grants Pass, Oregon, were' taking bonds on several claims, and were considering the possibility of packing out ore with mules. The locators are Mr. A. "W. Lewis, Geo. Rogers, Jack Darnell, Mrs. P. Peacock, Lula Hitter, Melvin Leah, M. Jake, L. L. Lewis, W. W. Young and II. H. IMorrell. The Friday chrome prospect, located by John Hester and H. H. Morrell of Crescent City, lies on the High Plateau in Sees. 21 and 28, T. 18 N., R. 2 E. An outcrop of chromite, six by six feet, was found, but no work had been attempted in September, 1917. t The High Plateau has an elevation of between 2500 and 3500 feet," and pitches sharply on the west into the North Fork of Smith River, which flow'S in a canon only 500 feet above sea level. To take out ore from this and the two properties next described, by way of the Smith I River road, would require about one and one-quarter miles of tramway, ^ beside a mile or more of trail. Patrick Creek Stage Station lies about twelve miles distant by trail, on the Grants Pass Road. Hawkins chromite prospect, owned by AVm. HaAvkins of Crescent Citv, lies one mile west of the Fridav claim, on the High Plateau. There is an outcrop of good chromite with a maximum width of thirty feet and a length of one hundred feet, but no development had been done to permit an estimate of tonnage. A sample taken is said to have shown 56% CroOg. This claim is a mile nearer Smith River and cor- respondingly farther from the Grants Pass Road, than the last claim mentioned. High Plateau chrome prospect consists of four claims located in the south half of Section 30, T. 18 N., R. 2 E., and owned by H. II. Morrell and John Hester of Crescent City, who filed locations in the fall of 1917. Claim No. 1 shows soft chromite float for 1000 feet. No. 2 is said to include an outcrop of chromite, ten feet wide over a distance of one hundred twenty feet ; and No. 3 an outcrop eight feet ; wide for a length of forty feet. The owners found these prospects in September, 1917, and had done no mining. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 131 The Smith Kivcr road coiilcl he reaclu'd tj-oiii these, chiiiiis by one mile and a quarter of traunvay. Ore woidd have to ])e hauled twenty miles to reach the terminus of lTobl)8 AVall Co. 's logging railroad which runs from Crescent City to the logging woods. The Malpas chrome prospect ad.joins the Avest side of the Tyson property on French Hill. There are four claims located in May, 1917, by H. Malpas, county surveyor of Del Norte County, in company with Messrs. Keller, Chapman and Tlotehkiss of Crescent City. Shortly after location the claims were leased to parties who were expected to do development work and pay a royalty on any ore sold. It is stated that the lessees failed to do any development work and soon after the expiration of their lease, the claims were .jumped, on the ground that the original locators had failed to do work showing ore in place. Some forty tons of shipping ore were taken out by the claim jumpers and a deal was made for the sale of it, but when the prospective buyers heard of the dispute regarding title they naturally delayed tak- ing the ore, and further work was halted pending settlement of the dispute. This ease illustrates how production from promising prop- erties may be delayed, and loss incurred, by owners and locators due to failure to carry on proper development work. EL DORADO COUNTY. The Austin mine lies three miles northeast of Georgetown in the SE. i of Sec. 25 of T. 13 N., R. 10 E., M. D. M. The property Avas leased by H. C. AiLstin from the Southern Pacific Railroad. Chrome ore occurs as chimneys in serpentine and has been mined by open cuts and shallow shafts. On the east side of the mountain at an elevation of 2900' is a 10' pit, from which about 60 tons of ore were mined and corded. This orebocly strikes N. 3'0° E. Approximately 60 tons of ore, mainly float, was shipped from dig- gings on the side hill south of the pit. The ore body had been broken up by erosion and practically all scattered down the hill for a distance of 300'. The original ore body had been open cut from 2' to 3' in depth and 40' long along a direction N. 20' E. Other shallow pits along the crest of the hill have yielded a few tons each. On the west side of the hill a 16' shaft, with open cut 10' deep and 50' long for drainage, followed a chimney of ore 3' x 7' which pinched in the bottom of the shaft. Seventy tons of ore were mined of which 10 tons remained on the dump. Over 60 tons of ore were piled by the road near Georgetown where it had been teamed three miles from the mine. The ore was being trucked 19 miles to Placerville. Hauling of the ore from the mine to Placer- ville costs $8.00 per ton. Two cars of ore, a total of 93 tons, had been shipped. 132 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. Tlie Bonetti property includes 20 acres in the S. ^ of Sec. 6, T. 8 N., R. 10 E., M. D. M., four miles east of Latrobe and two and one-half miles southeast of Brandon Station. Lenses of chrome from 5' to 6' wide occur irregularly, in serpentine, along a north-south strike for a distance of 200'. Development work consists of open cut work ¥ deep. Ore mined here by the Union Chrome Company early in 1917 is reported to have assayed from 35 to 45% Cr.Os. Owned by Chas. and Andre Bonetti of Latrobe. The Brandon property is in Sec. 8, T. 8 N., R. 9 E., M. D. M., four miles east of Latrobe. It is owned by the Messrs. Brandon of Latrobe and was leased to J. Burnett. Chrome ore was mined by open cut from 4' to 16' deep. The ore body was from 12" to 18" wide and 50' long. The owners believed that they had bottomed the ore and had abandoned the work. Three cars of ore had been shipped and 30 tons of 45% ore were piled near Flo- nellis siding awaiting shipment. Buzzard Mill. On the Levy-Darrington Ranch, four miles from Mormon Island (near Folsom) an old 5-stamp quartz mill has been remodeled as a test plant for chromite concentration. An Overstrom Concentrator was put in below the stamps. Power is obtained from two gas engines, one of 30 h. p. and one of 7 h. p. F. Gurney, Box 31, Folsom, is in charge. He plans to erect a new plant nearby. The Cassiorni leases include mining privileges on properties owned by C. F. Irish and the Southern Pacific Railroad in the NW. i of Sec. 23, T. 12 N., R. 10 E., M. D. M. The property lies 2 miles south of Georgetown, at an elevation of 2380' on a low ridge. Lenticular bodies of chrome ore had a strike of N. 30° E. and dip E. 60°. They were being mined by 3 pits, one of which was 6' X 8' X 10' deep, another 4' x 4' x 6' deep, and a third 2' x 6' x 4' deep. The property had been gophered for a distance of 75' and very little ore was in sight. Operated by Mr. Cassiorni of Richmond, Alameda County. The Chaix chrome properties are in Sees. 12 and 14 of T. 8 N., R. 9 E., M. D. M., about 3 miles east of Latrobe. They include 195 acres in Sec. 12 and 120 acres in Sec. 14. fl Lenses of chrome ore in serpentine strike N. 20° E. and dip 70° E. : Development work consisted of an open cut 3' to 6' wide, 14' deep and i 60' long at an elevation of 830'. Ore is exposed 3' wide, 4' deep and J 40' long. About 250' south of the main workings four open cuts had been made 4' deep and 14' long. Five cars of 45 to 48% ore had been shipped from these workings in Section 14. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 133 In section 12 about 20 tons of 43-45% ore had been mined and hauled. Owned by S. Chaix of Latrobe. The Cowell property in Marble Valley, near Clarksville, is reported to have yielded 4 cars of ore up to December, 1917. It is owned by the Cowell Lime and Cement Company of San Francisco. The Donnelly chrome workings are on a 160-acre lease, by P. Don- nelly, Wm. Hathaway, J. C. Adams and G. W. Nielson, of property in Sec. 21, T. 11 N., R. 8 E., M. D. M., belonging to the Southern Pacific Railroad. The workings lie 10 miles northeast of Folsom at an ele- vation of 1050' dr. Lenticular shaped bodies of chrome ore were being mined by 8 men provided with hand tools and windlass. The upper workings at an elevation of 1060' consist of a 20' incline shaft on an ore body which strikes N. 45° E., and dips 45° SE. One foot of clean high grade ore was exposed on the hanging wall and 2' of a low grade mixed ore on the footwall. An ore body parallel to the first, lies 50' farther down the slope of the hill. It has been cross-cut by two tunnels, one of which is 30' south of the other. The ore is 16" thick where exposed at a depth of 15' below the surface in both tunnels, but narrows to 12" fifty feet farther south. At an elevation of 1020', farther down the slope of the hill, a 12" vein had been opened up by five 10' pits along a distance of 75' and one incline 16' deep, was equipped with a windlass. An analysis of the ore taken from the various dumps by the Califor- nia Ore Purchasing Company is as follows: I I Cr^Os 40.52% SiOs — 6.60% FeO 17.63% ALOa 11.66% MgO — 15.80% CaO - 1.23% Ignition loss 0.50% ' 99.94% The Forni property lies four miles west of Latrobe in the NW. .{ of T. 8 N., R. 10 E., M. D. M. It was said to be leased to the Union Chrome Company, who intended to develop the prospects. Owned by J. C. Forni of Latrobe. The Freeman property is in the SE. ^ of Sec. 24, T. 8 N., R. 9 E., M. D. M., about eight miles southeast of Latrobe a't an elevation of 590'. 134 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. A lens of chrome, in serpentine, striking north-soutli, and pitching 85° W. was mined by an opencut 2'-3' deep and 30' long. A few tons of ore were shipped. The deposit was small and when the lens nar- roM^ed work was abandoned. Owned by Mr. Freeman of Latrobe. Geisendorfer & Schwartz having opened up chrome properties near Latrobe and Clarksville, w^ere in June, 1918, building a 50-ton concen- trating mill at Folsom to treat their low grade ores. The receiving ore-bin has a capacity of 300 tons, and there is an additional 'service bin' of 40 tons. Ore is received by rail and by auto trucks; and after passing through a jaAv crusher is raised by a bucket elevator to the service bin, where it is fed to the ball-mill. From the ball-mill the pulp passes to concentrating tables. Water is obtained from the Fol- som city mains. The Glenn property adjoins that of P. B. Murphy southeast of Latrobe. It is said to have been prospected for chrome by a 20' open- cut, but the extent of the low grade chrome bearing belt has not been determined. The property is owned by P. E. and Margaret Glenn of Latrobe, who had leased it to R. Nicol of San Francisco for mining purposes. The Green chrome mine, formerly worked as the Neptune Gold Mine, is in the SE. \ of Sec. 19, T. 13 N., R. 11 E., M. D. M., 1| miles Photo No. 24. Washing chrome ore at Green property, near Volcanoville, El Dorado County. south of Volcanoville at an elevation of 2730'. The property consists of 8 claims, on Government land, on one of which chrome has been found. It was located by "W. C. Green of Georgetown and leased to D. C. Norcross, Secretarj^ of the Western Iron and Fuel Company, 430 California St., San Francisco. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 135 A crosscut tiinuel in the old gold mine cut a chimney of chrome ore at a depth of 180' below its outcrop. A 25' winze has been sunk on the ore below the tunnel level. The ore body was 5' x 6' where cut by the tunnel and 2' x 8' in the face of a raise 25' above. The ore appears to be continuous to the surface. Water power is used to run a ventilator fan for the mine. The property is equipped with a blacksmith shop and mine car. A table is used for washing the ore, which is stored in a bin. Two men had mined over 100 tons of 45% ore during the mouth end- ing June 13, 1917. Of this 50 tons were stored in the mine, and about 60 tons were in the ore bin ready to haul. The ore was to be hauled 37 miles to Auburn, costing about 30^ per ton mile. One-half mile of new road had recently been built to the property. The Hoff property is in Sec. 30 of T. 8 N., R. 10 E., M. D. M., five miles southeast of Latrobe at an elevation of 635'. It includes two claims owned by Jas. O'Brien, Peter Hoff and Chas. Ybright. Photo No. 25. Alpine Chrome Claim, of Hoff Group. El Dorado County, showing width of vein, and ore pile at right. A lens of chrome ore on the Alpine claim strikes east-west and the west end swings N. 60° W. The ore body is 10' wide in the center, and 56' long, tapering at both ends. There appeared to be about 233 tons of 33% ore in sight. An ore body on the Cosumnes claim has been developed by a 10' open cut on a side hill from which one-half car of ore had been shipped. •Some ore still remained to be worked. 136 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. Approximately 150 tons of ore had been, or was being, shipped up to June 1, 1917. The ore was said to have been sold to the Union Chrome Company of San Francisco, and to average 33% Cr^Oa. The Irish ranch is five miles southwest of Cummings in Sees. 7 and 8 of T. 9 N., R. 10 E., M. D. M Chrome ore, striking north-south, has been developed by two 20' pits. Three cars of 35% ore w^ere mined and shipped from Cummings in 1917 by the American Refractories Company. The Joerger property is in Sec. 35, T. 10 N., R. 8 E., M. D. M., 1^ miles northwest of Clarksville at an elevation of 990'. It is owned by Ella M. Joerger of 5808 Ocean View Drive, Oakland, and leased to Bert Fitch, John C. Evans and George Rickard of Clarksville. A lenticular body of chrome ore in serpentine was exposed, striking N. 30° W. and dipping east 68°. It had been open cut from 4' to 8' deep and 110' long, being 12' wide near the top. The ore body had pinched in the bottom of the workings and the lessees did not intend to go much deeper, although another ore body could probably be found. It was reported, in December, 1917, that work had been carried to a depth of 48 feet on good ore. The lessees shipped 47 tons of 38% ore to the American Refractories Company and had about 40 tons of ore on the dump in June, 1917, The Kelly property is in the NE. i of Sec. 16, T. 11 N., R. 8 E., M. D. M., near Rattlesnake Bar, 6 miles southeast of Newcastle, at an elevation of 560'. It is oAvned by M. A. Kelly of Auburn. Chromic oxide occurs disseminated throughout a siliceous serpen- tinized rock. About 25 tons of 28% ore have been mined by two pits, one 5' X 12' X 10' deep and another 3' x 5' x 4' deep. There appeared to be about 12 tons of a similar ore in sight. It was said that another prospect on a hill north of these workings might yield ore of a higher grade. i The McCurdy property is in the NW. | of Sec. 8, T. 11 N., R. 10 E., M. D. M., 2 miles north of Coloma at an elevation of 1900'. It is owned by Mr. IMcCurdy of Garden Valley and leased to F. A. Cassiorni of Georgetown and P. Michelsen. Lenticular bodies of chrome ore striking N. 10° E. and pitching 80° E., had been developed. A lens of ore 18" wide and 10' long was exposed by an open cut 30' long. Southwest of this a body of low grade ore was exposed by a 20' opencut. To the north, a pit 8' deep exposes high grade ore, of which 25 tons of 45% ore had been mined and was in a pile. The Murphy property is in the SE. i of Sec. 14, T. 8 N., R. 9 E.", M. D. M., 2 mile^ southeast of Latrobe. Chrome occurs on a 160 acre portion of a 420 acre patent owned by P. B. Murphy, Mrs. T. P. Mur- i MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 137 phy and daughters. The mineral rights had been bonded to R. Nicol of San Francisco, in May 1917, and work was to be commenced in 60 days. A belt of low grade chroiiie-])eariiig serpentine has a N. 20"^ E. direc- tion. It had been prospected by shallow trenches across the center and two ends. The material as exposed is of low grade down to 6' in depth, with stringers, up to 12" in width, of a higher grade ore running up into it. The deposit is about 27' wide across the center and 200' long and there should be approximately 2250 tons of workable material of over 20% CrjO.. down to a depth of 20 feet, allowing for lenticularity. lif At Nig-ger Hill, on the Burnett ranch, the Noble Electric Steel Com- pany has recently completed a chromite concentrating plant. From a Blake crusher the ore goes to a 50-ton ball mill fitted with continuous screen of 12 mesh. The pulp goes without classification to two Wilfley tables, then to a Senn concentrator. This plant has just been put in operation (May, 1918), so no opinion can be expressed as to its success or to run of ore and concentrate. If performance comes up to present expectations, the plant will probably be enlarged to handle 150 tons daily.^ The Ogle property is in the NE. i of See. 18, T. 13 N., R. 11 E., M. D. M., one mile south of Volcanoville at an elevation of 3100'. It is owned by E. C. and W. H. Ogle of Volcanoville, and was worked in May, 1917, by the .Union Chrome Company of San Francisco, whose lease has since expired. Chrome lenses striking north-south in serpentine had been open cut to a depth of approximately 20', irregularly, for a distance of 75'. About 47 tons of 45% ore were shipped from Auburn, a distance of 36 miles. Hauling is said to have cost 30 cents per ton mile. The Pilliken property is in Sec. 28, T. 11 N., R. 8 E., M. D. M., of the Salmon Falls district. It lies nine miles northeast of Folsom at eleva- tions ranging from 800' to 1200'. It will be noted that barometric elevations given here do not correspond with those given for this prop- erty in our report on Sacramento County ; those given here are believed to be more nearly correct since the others were taken during a threat- ening storm. The chrome deposits are owned by Geo. Pilliken and others of FoLsom, but leased to the Noble Electric Steel Company of 995 Market St., San Francisco. Chimneys and lenses of chrome ore in serpentine have been developed by open cuts, incline shafts and tunnels as follows : The No. 1 or lower workings are in the NE. corner of the NW. i of Sec. 28. An orebody striking N. 25 W. has been developed by a 150' 'A new mill of sturdier construction is being installerl here and pi-oduction is delayed. 138 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. tunnel running N. 30° E. Eighty feet from the tunnel entrance a 30' raise extends to the surface and the ore appeared to have been mined out ; this orebodj^ struck east-west and pitched 40° N. and was followed downward by an incline to a depth of 70', below the tunnel level, where ore is exposed 2' wide along 12' of the lower workings ; this incline is 20' east of the tunnel and 90' from its entrance, being connected with it by drift. In the face of the 150' tunnel, at a distance of 80' from the first, is a second parallel ore shoot followed by a 70' raise to the surface; 30' from the surface two 10' drifts have followed the ore for 30' east and west. The ore exposed is somewhat mixed with serpentine, but is from 2' to 4' wide and averages 40% CrjO.. This same orebody has been Photo No. 26. Chrome mines on the Pilliken property, El Dorado County. followed by open cut on the surface, at an elevation of 840' from 3' to 8' deep ; the ore exposed is from 2' to 3' wide and somewhat mixed with serpentine and granular ore. A 10' shaft from this level shows a good lenticular shaped orebody opening up from 6" wide at the tunnel level to 5' in the bottom of the shaft. This ore will probably be worked by a raise from the lower tunnel. At an elevation of 860', 75' northwest of the last described workings, a 50' tunnel has been run due north cutting a body of chrome, striking N. 10° W., and pitching east 45°. The orebody exposed is 12" wide and consists of a high grade ore mixed somewhat with serpentine and tremolite. In the face of the tunnel the ore is exposed 12" Avide for 6' across the face and 24' along the floor of the tunnel. Ore is also exposed 2' wide in a 35' up-raise to the surface on the southeast side of the tunnel; this orebody is offset from the one exposed near the surface. There was 10 tons of ore on the dump. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 139 To the northeast the old upper workings or glory-hole appeared to be about cleaned out, except for a few small stringers which are being prospected to the northeastward. Below this at an elevation of 900' a 50' open cut has been run into the liill along a direction N. 20° E., opening up some mixed ore in the face, which is 20' high. This has been mined by a 50' east-M^est cross-cut, 10' from the entrance of which a cros.s-stringer was being followed, by a drift; this 16-foot west drift had exposed ore 12" wide for a distance of 5' along the face. The same orebody extends eastward, tOAvards the old workings, but has not been developed. It has promise of widening out with depth. About 25 tons of ore were on the dump. At an elevation of 885' about 150' south of the old glory-hole work- ings a large body of 40-45% ore has been exposed. The orebody strikes N. 40° AV. and has been stoped for a distance of 50' following chimnej^s of ore to the surface. The ore is worked through a tunnel below. A 50' incline with entrance at an elevation of 875' follows an orebody which showed a 12' face in November, 1916. These workings have now been extended 10' deeper and chrome ore is exposed 15' thick and 20' wide with no indication of pinching. The footwall strikes eavSt-west. West of the above described orebody is an ore-shoot striking N. 80° E., and pitching 55° NW. The main working tunnel cuts the' ore near its entrance where a 12" vein is exposed. It widens to the northeast and has been followed down 40' by an incline, at the face of which 2' to 3' of ore is exposed. The ore is also cut at a distance of 40' farther north, by a 20' tunnel, and has been followed down by a 25' incline. The ore between these two tunnels has been stoped to the surface, but is blocked out below and the ore would average about 38% Cr^Os. South of the main working tunnel (Elev. 860') an incline has followed this same orebody down to 50' below the surface. The orebody mined was 20' thick and 30' long and 1' of ore was left exposed on the hanging wall. Ore exposed on the south face averaged 2' wide and 20' long. The lens strikes N.-S. wnth a dip of 20° E. and it appears as though it might make an ore-shoot to the south. The No. 2 developments are on the south side of the hill, one-half mile southeast of No. 1, where some old workings are being opened up. At an elevation of 830' a 30' shaft was sunk on a N.-S. orebody, pitching 40° E. The orebody averages 4' thick in the bottom, the greatest width being 10' at the center ; it tapers to 1' wide in 16' down the pitch to the east. About 15 tons of 40% granular ore had been taken out in the last two weeks of May, 1917. A 2' stringer to the east is going to be opened by a new .shaft; old workings were carried only to the water level. At an elevation of 840' about 500' east of the new 30' shaft is an old 20' shaft sunk in the early days; ore exposed in the bottom is said to be 3' thick and 12' long, striking N.-S. and pitching east 35\ 140 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. No. 3 workings lie at an elevation of 995' on the upper slope of the« hill, approximately one-half a mile due north of No. 2 workings. An™ old open cut 10' deep has followed a body of chrome ore for 90' along its strike. The orebody pitched 68° east and was partially worked by a tunnel. About 3' of mixed ore was being opened up in the hanging wall near the center of the old workings and one ton of 45% ore was on * the dump. If the main orebody has not already been worked, by tunnel on the lower level, probabl.y considerable ore remains. This same ore- body has been opened up by an old 20' tunnel for a distance of 30' anc has been traced by two open cuts for 30' farther northward. No. 4 workings are about 500' south of No. 3 at an elevation of 950'.] An 80' incline has followed an orebody striking N. 35° W. The lengj is 4' wide in the center and 20' long, tapering irregularly to 10" inj width at each end. About 275 tons of ore averaging 43% Cr203 had] been taken out. A 16' incline shaft to the north had followed an ore-l body 1' thick and 8' long; a stringer Avas followed eastward for 25'] where another orebody of considerable promise was being opened up. No. 5 workings consist of an old 16' incline shaft, in a ravine, 200'] east of No. 4. It follows a body of leopard chrome which is exposed] on both sides of the shaft. This was not being worked. In the saddle] of the hill about 500' southwest of No. 4 is a prospect of leopard] chrome as yet undeveloped. The ore is hauled nine miles to Folsom in 2|^-ton motor trucks for] $2.50 per ton. Approximately 3750 tons of ore had been produced by the property up to June 6, 1917. Eleven cars per month were being] shipped and 30 men were employed. The last seven cars shipped each] carried over 46 tons of ore averaging over 43% CrjOg and 7% SiOj.] The concentrating plant here will be enlarged by adding two vinits,] giving a total capacity of 150 tons of ore daily. Water for milling will] be taken from American River. The PfeifFer property is in the N. 1 of Sec. 13, T. 8 N., R. 9 E.,j M. D. M., three miles east of Latrobe at an elevation of 500'. It is| owned by Wm. Pfeiffer of Latrobe, and leased to the Union Chrome] Company of San Francisco. A lens of chrome was exposed, striking N. 30° E. and pitching] 85° S.E., in serpentine. It was developed by an open cut 3' to 6' wide,] 6' to 10' deep and 30' long. About 30 tons of ore had been shipped and] there were 50 tons on the dump. The Pilot Hill property is in the S. i of Sec. 6, T. 11 N., R. 9 E.,] M. D. M., nine miles southeast of Auburn, Placer County. It is ownec by John Revoir and Frank Costa of Pilot Hill and had been leased to^ the Union Chrome Company of San Francisco. The lessees are reported t MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 141 lo have shipped about 200 tons of ore from the property in 1010. The development work was shallow. The Placer Chrome Company own or lease properties in Sees. 15, ]6, 21 and 22 of T. 11 N., R. 8 E., M. D. M., 8 miles southeast of New- castle, Placer County. Those interested are R. H. Farmer of Newcastle, superintendent and general manager; W. P. Netherton, treasurer; and Stanley Swanton. The holdings include 950 acres purchased from the Holmes Lime Company; a 1600 acre lease from the Zantgraff Gold Mining Company; a 2880 acre lease of the Steele property ; a 1500-1600 acre lease from Lovejoy and Stevens, and IGO acres of railroad land in Section 21. Lenticular shaped bodies of chrome ore occurring irregularly in ser- pentine have been opened up by tunnels, shafts and open cuts. On the south side of Granite Ravine a 45' shaft has followed a N.-S. vein, which has been stoped for 40'. The ore is exposed 3' wide in the bottom of the workings and in the south face w^iere it appears to extend for from 10' to 20' farther south as indicated on the surface. On the north side of the Granite Ravine, on the southwestern portion of a ridge, elevation 1000', is a shaft 16' deep with a 14' drift to the north. The ore shoot struck N. 20° W., and pitched 35° E. The ore appeared to have pinched, but may open up with deeper work. Four tons of 30% ore were on the dump. A tunnel 150' farther south fol- lowed a stringer of chrome ore for 60', but it pinched out. At a distance of 75' northwest a pit 20' deep and 10' in diameter carried low grade ore, but it was not being worked. Shallow pits have followed this low grade ore for 100' farther north. Approximately 100' northeast a 20' incline was run southwest in ore averaging 38% ; the ore body is banded and granular and strikes N. 30° W. with a pitch 40° SW. p On the east slope of this same ridge in a direction N. 25° E. from the incline last mentioned, is a stope 5' x 26' following an ore body striking N. 30° AV. and pitching 70° SW. The ore consisted of 3' or more of chromite mixed with more or less serpentine. Eight tons of ore were in a pile. Api^roximately 30' SB. of the latter stope is another follow^- ing an ore body, 3' wide, for 16' along the strike ; it is 50' deep and has been stoped for a distance of 30' in the lower 28'. The ore averages 28" wide in both the north and south faces and is exposed at both ends along the lower 20'. The ore shoot appears to persist in the bottom of the workings. Equipment consisted of a windlass. Six tons of ore were in the pile. i||- On the west slope of the same ridge, at an elevation of 980', the northernmost workings consisted of a 30' stope along a NS. ore body which occurred in irregular kidneys. A 26' open cut led from a wind- h 142 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. lass to the ore pile whore 25 tons of 38% ore were corded. Approxi- mately 40' south of this a similar open cut and stope had developetl similar ore and 25 tons were corded. About 60' south of the last work- ings a 30' open cut led to two 20' drifts, north and south, which fol- loAved an ore body. In the south face of the south drift the ore was lenticular, being 4' high and 4' wnde at the bottom. The ore was gran- ular and mixed wdth serpentine. In the north drift the ore was simi- larly streaked and granular and the face showed ore 6' high and 3' wide, w^hich averaged about 38% CroOj. Photo No. 27. Chromite concentrating mill of Placer Chrome Company at Rattlesnake Bar, El Dorado County, June 4, 1918, after enlargement. Equipment at the mines consists of hand tools and windlass. An 1890' gravity tramw'ay was installed in September, 1917, for lowering the ore to two 50 ton ore bins. Ore averaging 35% or over is trucked direct to New^castle for shipment, wiiile the lower grade is trucked a mile and a quarter to a concentration mill, near Rattlesnake Bar. The mill consists of a 3'x6' grizzly, 8"xl2" Blake crusher, Hendy self-feeder and 4'x5' ball mill, 2 Deister-Overstrom concentrators and 1 Deister-Simplex sand concentrator. The crusher and mill are run by a 20 h.p. Fairbanks-Morse engine, while the tables are driven by a 4 h.p. gas engine. AVater for the mill is pumped from the American I i MANGANESE AND .CHROMIUM. 143 jlivcr, iioar Huttlcsiiake l)i'i(l!4('. by a (> h.p. «ins cii'jiiic. 'I'li(> plant cost ill the neighborhood of $18,0U().' The ore being tested by the phint averaged about 20% Cr^O;. and a concentrate better than 40% was being produced, leaving 10% in the tailings. Probably a 50% concentrate and a cleaner discard will be made as the adjustment of the various units of the plant becomes more perfect. Forty-two men were employed, including those at the mill, the last of September, 1917. About 6 carloads of crude ore per month were being shipped. -The mill had not yet been placed on a producing basis. The Schelly property is in the NE. i of Sec. 5, T. 11 N., R. 10 E., M. D. M., two miles north of Coloma at an elevation of 1880'. It is owned by L. M. Schelly, assistant district attorney, Sacramento. A lenticular body of black siliceous, low grade chrome ore strikes N. 20° E. It had been open cut for a width of 16' and a length of 40'. Considerable ore had been mined and hauled by the Union Chrome Company of San Francisco, but the property was idle when visited. It was said that parties had a contract to mine a body of ore which was exposed and held some promise. The Simpson ranch includes some chrome deposits in Sec. 13, T. 10 N., R. 8 E., J\I. D. M., 9 miles east of Folsom at an elevation of 850'. The deposits are leased on royalty basis by F. Fleishbein and L. Kinney of Folsom. Lenticular bodies of chrome ore occur, along a contact of serpentine and schist, striking NS. and dipping 55° E. An ore body being worked was 28" wide, 16' long and 20' deep with ore exposed in the bottom. A 12" body of ore had been traced by shallow shafts for a distance of 75' northward and 200' southward. About 35 tons of 35% ore had been mined and corded for shipment. W. L. Stifle has done some shallow surface work in the SE. | of Sec. 23, T. 12 N., R. 10 E., M. D. M., about 1 mile southeast of the Cassiorni lease, and 3 miles south of Georgetown. About 4 tons of 35% ore had been corded for shipment. The Tropper ranch chrome deposits are in the NE. | of Sec. 32, T. 12 N., R. 10 E., M. D. M., 1^ miles west of Garden Valley at an ele- vation of 1950'. Two claims were located by Dave Shepard on the homestead of Frank Tropper of Greenwood. They had been leased to the Union Chrome Company of San Francisco, who are reported to have shipped 110 tons of ore. 'Since the above was written the capacity of this plant has been doubled to 100 tons per day (see Photo No. 27), by the addition of a gyratory cruslier, rolls, another ball-mill, and 5 'Overstrom Mineral Concentrators' (a new table, built by the Hendy I Iron V^orks). A Frenier sand-dump elevates the middlings for re-treatment. Elec- tric power is used. 144 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. A 40' incline shaft exposed 3' of ore in the hanging wall along the lower 30'. The lens is probably 10' long and pinches at either end. A 16' vertical shaft with a 12' incline, 14' south of the first, shows no ore, but the lens mined appeared to have pitched 50° to the east. The Wiley property consists of a 220-acre patent in Sees 1 and 10, and a lease on a location in Sec 11 of T. 10 N., R. 9 E., M. D. M. It is owned by D. E. Wiley of Folsom and leased to Mr. Gill and others who were prospecting with open cuts and pits. Three men were working in June, 1917, and 15 tons of 45% ore are said to have been mined from Sec. 1 and sold. Zanini Bros, of Latrobc, have a deposit of low grade chrome on their property in the W. -J of Sec. 35, T. 9 N., E. 9 E., M. D. M. A 20' shaft had been sunk, but the ore was of too low grade to ship. FRESNO COUNTY. The Carson and Sweet prospect is near Watts Valley on property owned by Mr. Hyde of the Visalia Bank. It is leased by Frank Carson of the Visalia Land and Investment Company. Two promising chrome ore bodies are reported to have been found, and development work was to be started. The same party is reported to have chrome bearing properties in the Pine Flat district. The Franks property is in the Pine Flat district in Sec. 25, T. 12 S., R. 24 E., M. D. M., 6 miles northeast of Piedra. The workings are on the slope of a hill on the property of J. R. Franks of Piedra. An irregular body of chrome ore 2' thick occurs in serpentine. The ore was being mined by J. Rice W'ho paid 50 cents per ton for sledding of the ore down the hill and $2.50 per ton for hauling it to Piedra. The ore w-as being sold for $13 per ton, loaded on the car at Piedra. Messrs. Woods, Blazel and McGee are said to have shipped 4 cars of ore from the Pine Flat district in 1916. The Mineral Resources Corporation of America, Ralph E. Hyatt, president, Hughes Hotel, Fresno, hold the Lacy property in Sec. 19, T. 11 S., R. 24 E., M. D. M. It was leased by the Union Chrome Company of San Francisco until February, 1917. Chimneys of chrome ore have been mined by open cuts ami pits, and it is reported that 500 tons were shipped in March and 200 tons in April. Eight men were employed in May, four of whom were driving a tunnel 200' long with the idea of cutting ore at a depth of 100' below the surface. The Rhodes, Byles and Gribble mining property is near Condon Peak, at an elevation of 4500', in the SE. corner of Sec. 35, T. 18 S., R. 12 E., M. D. M., about 28 miles northwest of Coalinga. It consists of 1 claim li MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 145 1 on the property of the Aurora Quicksilver Company, leased by L. H. I Khodes, C. N. Gribble and Mr. Byles of Coalinga. I Chromite occurs as shoots and nodules in greenish white serpentine. I The ore varies from small high grade bodies running 45% and over ■ to low grade disseminated, granular deposits. A large tonnage of ore i should be available, but the mining cost will be high on account of the 1 scattered character of the ore. The deposits had been open cut, by hand labor, on the slopes of a I ridge. The ore is hoisted to the top of the ridge in a one-ton car by a ] distillate engine. Approximately 20 tons of ore were taken from one j ore body and a total of 90 tons had been shipped from the property up to May, 1917. It is reported that the costs of mining and hauling to Coalinga were high and that the early shipments being poorly sorted did not pay expenses. The Snyder property, in the Pine Flat District, is reported to have yielded 10 tons of float chrome which had been sledded down to Hughes Creek, but not shipped as yet. Owaied by R. S. Snyder of Piedra. The Watts Valley region had yielded nearly 3000 tons of high grade chrome ore, up to jMay 4, 1917, under the development carried on by the Union Chrome Company of San Francisco. The properties lie mostly in Sec. 19, T. 11 S., R. 24 E., M. D. M. The Clara H. patent is owned by Messrs. Spear and Laffinger of San Francisco. It had been developed by a 100' shaft, and a chimney of ore 6' X 10' had been mined out to within 15' of the surface. Con- siderable open cut work had been done on the surface adjoining the shaft. At least 75 tons of ore nnmined were exposed by the deeper workings. The Camden claim is on government land developed by open cut 3' wide and 20' long along the ore body. The depth of the ore could not be determined, but at least 50 tons were in sight. The Rock Wren claim is on government land. It was being worked by contract for $4.00 per ton for ore carrying 30-35% Cr^Oa and $15 per ton for ore of 35% and over. The ore body was 2' mde and from 50' to 60' long, and at least 83 tons of chromite were in sight. The Second Thought claim is on government land. About 10 tons of ore were exposed by a body 20" wide, 10' long and 4' deep. "When visited in May, 1917, thirteen miners were employed at $3.25 per day. About one ton per man was being taken out each day. Haul- ing to Clovis from the Clara II. patent cost $5.50 per ton, while hauling from the Rock Wren claim cost $4.00 per ton with 75 cents per ton for sledding. 10— 3S958 146 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. New Mills. Since the field work for this report was completed, we", have been advised of plans for the early eonstrnetion of three chromite' concentrating plants. These will be built by C. E. McBride of Sanger, L. R. Payne, Associated Warehouse, Fresno, and C. S. Snow, Academy. GLENN COUNTY. Deposits of chromite occur in the serpentine belt which follows the' eastern slope of the Coast Range Mountains, down through Tehama, Glenn, Lake and Napa counties. All of the chrome produced in Glenn County was mined from the Black Diamond Group described below. Other deposits have been located, but they have as yet yielded no commercial output. Prospecting for chromite will undoubtedly dis- close other bodies, -as the soil in the water courses of the serpentine areas often contains considerable chromite. The belt in which the serpentine occurs is rather rugged and covered with shrubbery, so that prospecting is difficult. The Black Diamond Group, comprising 14 mineral claims, is in Section 25, T. 22 N., R. 7 AV., 18 miles by road northwest of Fruto, the shipping point. The deposits lie near the summit of Red Hill, over 1000 ft. in elevation above the bunkers at the foot of the mountain. Chrome ore was first mined here by J. R. Whitlock and F. Oakes, during the early nineties, and up to 1894 over 3000 tons were shipped out. The property then lay idle until it was taken over by the present owners in 1916. It was worked part of that year and late in the fall all operations ceased. It is again idle. The deposits occur in the form of large irregular lenses in ser- pentine, the chromite often being so intermixed with the country rock that there is no sharp line of demarcation between them. The limits of the ore bodies are determinable solely by their commercial value. Five dififerent deposits have thus far been developed, the richer parts having been exhausted. There now remains considerable ore which probably contains less than 30% chromic oxide, in the several irreg- ular open cuts or quarries. The largest body of chromite now exposed is on the Black Diamond claim. Small crystals of chromite are irreg- ularly disseminated throughout the walls of an open cut, whose face is 25 to 40 ft. high and about 60 ft. across. It is absolutely impossible to determine the amount of this ore available, as there has been no further development. Undoubtedly sufficient tonnages could be devel- oped to warrant concentration of the low grade ore, which would increase its value and make it easily marketable. Water for milling purposes would have to be brought in from the valley below, as there are only a couple of small springs on the claims. ' MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 147 The ore was liauled down the inountaiii sid(> by trains, as tlic grades are too heavy for the operation of motor trueks. It was dumped into bunkers below and there loaded into the trueks for the haul to Fruto. The old wagon road about two miles up the mountaiu side has been washed out and would practically have to be rebuilt before any hauling could be done over it. Owner, California Chrome Company, Kohl Bldg., San Francisco; J. B. Huffard is president. Bibl.: Repts. XII, p. 36; XIV, p. 194; Bull. 38, p. 268. Photo No. 28. Black Diamond Chrome Mine, Glenn County, being worked by the California Chrome Company. Conklin and Williams Claims. Wells Conklin and Ed Williams of Xewville, Cal., located two claims in Sec. 3, T. 22 N., R. 7 W., 30 miles west of Orland. There is a good auto road to the Conklin Ranch house, two miles from the claims, which are reached over a poor trail. The chromite occurs as small bunches or lenses in the serpentine. On the Salt Creek claim, a small open cut 4 ft. across exposes an orebody 2 ft. in width. About one ton of ore is lying on the dump. At the Twin Rock Claim, three-fourths of a mile north of the former, six small ]('n.ses were mined yielding about 100 tons of high grade ore. It is lying on the various dumps. J. A. Heslewood of Oakland, has a lease on these claims but they were not being worked when visited and no <ire had been shipped. I 148 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. HUMBOLDT COUNTY. Horse Mountain Copper Mine. Since the closing of the field work for this bulletin, reports state that a deposit of chromite has been opened up in the serpentine area on the property of the Horse Moun- tain Copper Company, about 25 miles N. of E. from Eureka ; and that shipments of ore are being made. LAKE COUNTY. The occurrence of chromite in Lake County was known previous to 1888* but the deposits up to within the last few j^ears were of no par-l ticular commercial importance, due to their great distance from ship-l ping points. Lake County is not traversed by a railroad, so that all freight to or from the county is hauled by teams or motor trucks from points in the Napa Valley, or from stations along the Northwestern Pacific Ilailroad in Mendocino County. This necessarily makes freight rates high and the deposits could only be worked under the most ad- vantageous market conditions. Commercial production started in 1916, and the county is at present an important producer. Production was stimulated by the Sawyer Tan- ning Companj', who having a plant at tidewater at Napa, use the chromite for acid compounds in tanning purposes. Practically all of, the chromite now mined in the county is shipped to the tannery at Napa, the Sawyer Tanning Company, itself, mining under leases most of the deposits. The chromite occurs as lenses of hard black ore, containing little or no . serpentine and having a sharp contact with the surrounding serpen- ' tine. It is high grade, usually averaging over 45% chromic oxide. The lenses vary in size from small pockets to bodies of several hundred tons. Of the latter, however, only two have thus far been uncovered. As the serpentine areas are very extensive throughout the county, further prospecting will undoubtedly reveal others. Arthur Copsey et al., of Middletown, recently located three claims i in the southwest quarter of Sec. 33, T. 12 N., R. 7 W., 23 miles north of Calistoga, the nearest railroad station, and eight miles east of Middletown. The chromite here occurs in the decomposed serpentine along the top of a ridge, as small stringers varying from 2" to 1' in width. The general trend of these stringers is north and south, and they appear to be entirely superficial. Chromite sand is very abundant in the soil capping over the ridge, particularly in the water courses, due to the disintegration and Avashing away of the weathered serpentine, but no large deposits have been found. The owners are mining the few small deposits by shallow trenches, and have about 25 tons of ore on the *Cal. State Min. Bur., Report VIIL P- 326. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 149 L.„ .„„... ' to the old wagon road, whence it can be hauled by team to Calistoga. No ore has, as yet, been shipped. Fuqua and Bell Mine. See Lucky Strike Mine. Great Western Mine. A deposit of chromite is being developed at . this property which for many years was a large producer of quicksilver. It is in Sec. 16, T. 10 N., R. 7 W., 16 miles by road north of Calistoga. The orebody occurs in decomposed serpentine on the steep slopes of a ii ridge at an elevation of 2350 ft., and several hundred feet above the old j quicksilver mine workings. It is in the form of an irregular lens of black chromite, very much fractured, and it breaks readily, being easily mined by pick and shovel. In the face of the open cut, by which it is being excavated, was exposed from 3' to 5 ft. of ore, over a length of 15 feet, striking east and west. At the east end it divides into three parallel stringers, each about one foot wide. These have been followed for 50 ft. along their strike. There is a very heavy overburden here and as the slope of the hill is over 45°, it is rapidly becoming heavier, so that, for every ton of ore excavated, ten tons or more of dirt have to be moved. Tunneling is impossible, as the country rock is soft and decomposed that heavy timbering would be necessary, and there is not sufficient ore exposed to warrant such expense. To date about 125 tons of ore have been shipped to the Sawyer Tanning Company. It averaged from 45% to 50% chromic oxide. The ore is hauled by six-horse teams to Calistoga at a cost of $5.00 per ton. Four men are employed. Henry Tucker et al., of Calistoga, started operations in January, 1917, under lease from the owners, Newhall Estate of San Francisco. Harp and Sons Ranch. The Sawyer Tanning Company have developed several rich pockets of chromite on this property, which is in Section 20, T. 11 N., R. 7 W., 3 miles northwest of Middletown on the Harbin Springs road. Fifty tons of ore, which is reported to have run from 50% to 52% chromic oxide, were recently mined in open cuts from a few lenses which have been exhausted. The company is pros- pecting in the serpentine areas for other deposits. H. W. "Westendorf is in charge of the mining operations for the company. Lucky Strike Mine. It is in IMorgan Valley, in Section 24, T. 12 N., R. 6 W., 60 miles by road north of Napa, at an elevation of about 2800 ft. above sea level. The deposit was located in 1916, by T. F. Fuqua and R. E. Bell of Lower Lake, and 450 tons of high grade chromite was hauled out to the Sawyer Tanning Company's plant that year. In April, 1917, it was taken under lease by the above mentioned com- pany, who, up to date, have produced over 700 tons of ore which is said 150 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREALT. Photo No. 29. Open cut at Lucky Strike (Fuqua and Bell) Chrome Mine, Lake County. JUa, ^^^ Si— ^i^j^r^^; , C V Photo No. .•^0. Ore ready for shipment at Fuqua and Bell Chrome Mine, Lake County. ^ MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 151 to average over 45% chromic oxide. The greater portion of thi.s was mined in a large cut from one bod^^ The cut is 60 ft. long, and the deposit varied up to 8 ft. in width. AYhen visited, it had almost been exhausted, as there was little ore remaining exposed in that i^^orking. Several smaller kidneys are being developed, and there are numerous small boulders of the chromite lying in the soft soil over the property, which embraces throe mineral claims. About 200 tons of ore were piled at the platform below the mine ready to be shipped. The ore is hauled down the mountainside about :} mile by teams to a loading platform, whence it is loaded into auto trucks and hauled to Napa at a cost of 48.00 per ton. Ten men are employed. II. W. Westendorf is Superintendent. LOS ANGELES COUNTY. ". Chromite is but little known in Los Angeles County. Only two occur- rences have been reported ; one of which is one mile west of Harold Sta- tion on the Southern Pacific Railroad, in T. 5 N., E. 11 W., S. B. B. & M. The owner of one claim located on the deposit is Nick Evert, 1027 W. Sixteenth St., Los Angeles. Another is said to be quite close to the railroad station at Acton, T. 5 N., R. 13 W. The ownership of this is unknown. Bibl. : Cal. State :\Iin. Rept. XV. The Mineral Resources of Los Angeles County, 1916. MARIPOSA COUNTY. Purcell-Griffin Mine. Shipments of chromite Avere begun early in May, 1918, bj^ Thos. Purcell and Geo. Griffin from a deposit near Pleasant Valley station on the Yosemite Valley Railroad, southeast of Coulterville. This is the first production of chromite, of record, from Mariposa County. It is reasonable to expect that others may follow, as there are a number of serpentine lenses associated Avith the Mother Lode gold belt in this county, similarly to the occurrences in the districts to the north of this. MENDOCINO COUNTY. A few deposits of chromite are being developed in this county, but to date there has been no production. The deposits are all rather inac- cessible, usually being located close to the summits of high mountain ranges. The serpentine areas in which they occur are extensive, par- ticularly in the vicinity of Big Red ^Mountain, near the northwestern border of the county. The difficulty with most of the ore is its low grade, the richer ore occurring as small irregular veins or bunches in tiiese low grade bodies. AVithout concentration, these deposits will not become important producers, as the rich pockets are too small and 152 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. irregularly deposited thronghout the serpentine areas to supply any' large demand. Big Red Mountain Deposits. This mountain covering Sections 18, 19, 20, 29, 30, 31 and 32, T. 21 N., R. 16 W., is capped with a soft, red, decomposed serpentine soil in which occur abundant chromite boulders and sand. This has led to the belief that there are large bodies of chromite beneath, and, as a result, over a hundred claims have been located. Those holding claims here at present are: •{ Photo No. 31. Summit of Red Mountain, Mendocino County, showing location of largest lens of chromite found there. Frank Asbil, Alex. Guthrie, and Mrs. Frank Root, Alder Point, Cal., - 45 claims. E. Frazer of Cummings, 16 claims. R. E. Roach of Cummings, 26 claims. E. Winter, 522 Hearst Bldg., San Francisco, 30 claims. During the summer, development work was being done at the Asbil, Guthrie and Root claims. These extend along the summit of the ridge for over a mile, varying in elevation from 4300 to 4700 feet above sea level. The State Highway from Longvale to Garberville (now in course of construction) passes 1 mile west of the group. The claims are now reached by trail, 3 miles long from the Cummings- MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 153 Alderpoint Road. The nearest railroad station is Longvale, approx- imately 30 miles by road to the sonth. Considerable float is found over the mountain, and the soil shows traces of the chromite sand through- out the claims. The owners state that the chromite content in this soil varies from 1 to 2%. Ten lenses of high grade ore have, to date, been uncovered. The largest of tliese is exposed by a shallow cut, over" Photo No. 32. Asbil & Guthrie Chrome Claims, Mendocino County. Trench exposes a lens of high-grade chromite, 4' wide and 10' long. "an area 30 ft. wide and 60 ft. long. The depth is unknown, but it appears to be in the form of a blanket lying almost flat, and will prob- ably not be over a few feet in thickness. The other pockets or lenses are exposed by trenches. They are all small, varying from 1 to 3 feet in width and up to 6 feet in length. About 30 tons of the high grade black chromite are lying on the several dumps. Samples of this ore assayed by the Pacific Coast Steel Company showed 55.38% chromic oxide and 0.68% silica. The owners expect to ship out the high grade 154 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. ore and concentrate the richer portions of the soil. Water for concen- tration purposes can be obtained from a large flowing spring on the property. This is said to flow throughout the year. No concentration tests have, as yet, been made, and it is very doubtful whether this property will develop into a producer in the immediate future. Graham Deposit. A group of nine claims was located in 1916 by W. S. Graham of Ukiah, 4 miles northeast of Largo Station, near the Photo No. 33. Large cropping of serpentine impregnated with minute chromite crystals, on the Noble Electric Steel Company's lease, near the summit of Red Mountain, southeast of Ukiah, Mendocino County. summit of a ridge, which forms the divide between INIendoeino and Lake counties at this point. The elevation is 4200 ft. above sea level, over 3000 ft. above the floor of the valley. An old wagon road leads to Avithin 1 mile of the claims, but it would have to be repaired before any hauling could be done over it. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 155 , The cliromite occurs as small particles disseminated through ser- " pentine, which outcrops along the top of the ridge in well defined ledges, striking northwest and southeast. In places there are stringers ( and kidneys of the gray ore, which appears to be fairly high grade, but these are irregularly distributed and grade imperceptibly into the ser- pentine. Judging from the amount of the low grade ore exposed in the croppings, which can be traced at intervals for about ^ mile, Photo No. 34. Tunnel at Noble Electric Steel Company's Red Mountain lease, driven to crosscut ledge shown in Photo No. 33. this property should offer a good field for concentration. The Noble Electric Steel Company of San Francisco are developing three of the claims under a lease. Development Avork consists of a dozen small cuts and trenches along the outcrops from which about 100 tons of ore, which it is reported assays 26% chromic oxide, were mined. Some rich l>ockets were encountered and probably 20 tons of ore which will go l)etter than 40% chromic oxide, are lying on the dumps. The company is now driving a tunnel to cut a ledge which outcrops for several hun- L 156 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. dred feet, carrying considerable chromite disseminated through it. It is reported that the leaser is trying to block out sufficient low grade ore to warrant the construction of a small concentration plant. Water for milling purposes is available in 2 large flowing springs, a couple of hundred feet below the workings. Three men are employed. Eay Rennick of Ukiah is foreman. Little Red Mountain. Deposits of chromite occur on this mountain which lies directly north of Big Red Mountain, being separated from it by Cedar Creek, a tributary of the Eel River. Conditions here are the same as at Big Red Mountain, and at the present writing, no devel- opment work has been done on the claims located. It is reported that only one lens of ore has been found in place, but chromite float and sand are abundant over the slopes. Charles Artward, George Kindred, and J. M. ]\IcKnight of Covelo, recently located four claims here. W. E. Shields of Covelo, has gathered about 30 tons of high grade chrome ore, said to assay over 50% chromic oxide, that he found lying over the surface in an area of serpentine in Section 11, T. 23 N., R. 11 W., 25 miles northeast of Dos Rios. No ore has as yet been uncovered in place. The region is very inaccessible, being over 5 miles to the nearest road and in a rugged region. Two claims have been located here and the owner expects to do some prospecting work during the summer. The ore has not been shipped out. Occurrences of chrome ore are reported at several localities along the Middle Fork of the Eel River and its tributaries, but they are too inaccessible to be commercially important and are undeveloped. MONTEREY COUNTY. Occasional small masses and float of chromite have been found in the serpentine of Table Mountain near Parkfield. So far, none has yielded a commercial production. There are possibilities of locating chromite deposits in the south- western corner of Monterey County, in the northerly extensions of the serpentine areas noted in San Luis Obispo County to the south.* NAPA COUNTY. Chrome Center Claim. It is in Section 36, T. 10 N., R. 5 W., 22 miles north of Rutherford, the nearest railroad station. The Walters Springs road goes within one mile of the claim, which is reached by trail from the Springs. A fairly high grade body of massive gray chromite occurs in a lens in serpentine. It is developed by an open cut 20 ft. long, show- ing in places, 5 ft. of ore. About 30 tons have been mined and are lying on the dump. Seventy-five yards east of this cut, there is another crop- ping of chrome ore, but it is small and has not been developed. This I *Since the above was written, the Daisy Chrome Co. reports it is developing a body of chromite near Jolon and has 1000-1200 tons in sight. Ben Williams, Jr., is manager. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 157 is a very recent location and the owner expects to do some further work to expose the ore body, with the purpose of selling or leasing it on a royalty basis. Roy W. Wallace, Pope Valley, Cal., is the owner. W Cigarette — Placer Chrome Mine, W. N. Noel, Montebello, owner. This prospect is in the Knoxville district, 35 miles from the railroad at Winters, Yolo County, and was located in the fall of 1917. A depth of 35 feet on the vein has been driven, and the ore is stated to show 48% CroOg. Sullinger Prospect. A small lens of high grade chrome ore occurs on a side hill 300 ft. north of and above Conn Creek, five miles east of Rutherford, on the Pope Valley Road. It is exposed in a pit sunk 6 ft., showing a pocket 3 ft. long and 6 to 18 inches wide. Six feet west of the pit, a small cut was made, this cuts the lens, but no further work has been done on it. About 500 lbs. of ore are lying on the dump. The r)roperty is idle. W. Kilpatrick of Oakville, is agent. I NEVADA COUNTY. The Mount Hill chrome mine is in Sec. 13, T. 17 N., R. 10 E., M. D. M., south of Washington, near the road to Nevada City, at an elevation of 4160'. It is owned by George Scott of Washington. About thirty tons of 45% chrome ore had been taken from a lens striking N. 10° E. and pitching 65° E. Development work consisted of a pit 6' wide, 10' deep and 14' long, showing an ore on the south face 4' wide and 5' high, opened for 5' along the orebody. From a small area 14' farther south, along the strike of the orebody, a 6' pit about 8' square has yielded 6 tons of float chrome ; clay was being worked in the bottom with hopes of striking more ore below. No ore had been shipped. jfe The Moscatelli property, on Poorman's Creek, is in Sec. 1, T. 17 N., R. 10 E., M. D. M., two miles northwest of Washington, at an elevation i of 2960'. It is owned by Peter Moscatelli and H. 0. Kohler of Wash- [ mgton. A lenticular body of chromite in serpentine was striking N. 15° W. on the south slope of a spur ridge on the west side of Poorman's Creek. The ore body was 8' wide in the center, at the surface, and pinched at a distance of 10' to the south ; it took the form of an irregular slabt at a distance of 10' to the north. Twenty tons of ore had been mined, which would probably average 45% CroOg ; considerable wall rock Avas added during the last work, which probably lowered the average percentage considerably. An assay of the surface ore is said to have shown 54% Cr,03. Nevada Comity Chrome Company, Nevada City. F. S. Morgan, mgr. Ten 1200 pound stamps of the old Oustomah mill, on the edge of town, have been pressed into service for crushing chromite ore. The 158 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. stamps are fitted with 15-inesh screens and crush four tons of ore each in 24 hours. From a Ilendy classifier the fines and slimes are sent over two Johnson belt concentrators (also part of the equipment formerly used in quartz milling) and the coarse pulp goes to an Overstrom concentrator. Middlings are to be returned by a bucket elevator to the classifier for concentration on a separate Overstrom table, now being installed. As soon as this mill is in successful operation Mr. Morgan plans to build another plant at the company's mines near Limekiln. The Ous- tomah plant will then be operated as a custom mill. The Redledge chrome mine is in Sec. 13, T. 17 N., R. 10 E., M. D. M., one mile south of Washington, at an elevation of 3740'. It is on the property of the Eedledge gold mine, owned by Williamson Bros, and Cl.yde Cole of Washington. Development Avork has been carried on near the road from Nevada City to Washington. On the east side of the road an open cut has been made on the side hill from 2' to 14' deep and 40' long, along a strike of N. 60° W. About 70 tons of ore, averaging over 42%, were produced and from all appearances the workings should yield a greater tonnage Avith depth. On the west side of the road, on the upper face of the slope of the hill, is an open cut 30' deep and 50' long on a body of ore which was 20' wide at the top and 10" wide in the bottom. About 600 tons of ore had been produced and it appeared likely that the ore body would continue through the hill. An ore .shoot 2' Avide and 8' long Avas ex- posed at a distance of from 6' to 8' northeast of the main Avorkings and looked as though it might unite Avith it in depth. The air compressor at the Redledge gold mine furnishes power for a 150' incline hoist and for drills. The Turtledove chrome property is in Sec. 1, T. 17 N., R. 10 E., M. D. M., at an elevation of 2780', about one mile northwest of Wash- ington. It consists of one claim OAvned by Walter Niles, Fred Miller and H. O. Kohler of Washington. Development AA'ork had been done on a spur ridge on the east side of Poorman's Creek. On the south side of the ridge about 20 tons of good ore had been taken from a lens striking N. 10° E. -, it had been opened up by a cut 4' deep, 2' to 4' Avide, and 25' long. On the north side of the ridge, 75' north of the other AA'orkings, a prospect hole 6' long, 4' AA-ide and 5' deep had found only traces of chromite along a north-south seam in the serppntine. An assay of a sample of ore taken near the surface is said to haA'e run 52.16% Cr^Oa. The Woil property is reported to lie tAvo miles northeast of Grass Valley. Ten tons of ore are said to average 56.68% Cr.Og were pro- MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 159 (luced, but no more ore was found. The ore was purchased by T. F. Ilogan of Grass YalU\v. The Wolf, or Limekiln, elirouie deiiosit is Id Sec. 4, T. 14 X., R. 8 E., at an elevation of 1480', 14 miles northwest of Auburn. The property is owned by H. Thompson of Wolf, and leased by Guy Walsh and Mr. Hall of Auburn. A series of chrome lenses strike N. 40° W. and pitch 80° NE. The main working consists of a pit 4' wide by 8' to 10' long by 10' deep. The ore exposed on the foot wall i.s granular and carries considerable silica. The solid orebody carries a fine grained mixture of chrome and magnetite. About 30' southeast of this is another pit 3' wide by 6' long by 10' deep, in which a cross-stringer has been opened up along the southeast end ; this stringer was exposed 14" Avide by 4' long by 4' deep and struck in a northwesterly direction ; it had been traced for 75' farther northward by an open cut from 2' to 3' deep. About one-half of the ore exposed had been mined. It is reported that H. C. Schrober of Nevada City, shipped 55 tons of 35% ore from this property in 1916. A carload of chrome ore is reported to have been shipped from the Sweet ranch, one mile south of the Thompson ranch, in 1916. It is also reported that there is considerable low grade chrome in the N. ^ of the NE. -1 of Sec. 16, T. 16 N., R. 8 E., three miles northwest of Grass Valley. PLACER COUNTY.' p The Bunker property is in Sec. 21, T. 14 N., R. 11 E., M. D. M., at an elevation of 3260', one mile northwest of Michigan Bluff. It is owned by H. H. Bunker of JMichigan Bluff and was leased by the Union Chrome Company of San Francisco. Lenses and chimneys of chromite occurring in serpentine have been developed by tunnels, shafts, and open cuts. At an elevation of 3260' a 64' tunnel has been run east-west ; 18" of ore is exposed for 12' along the roof. The ore averaged about 40%, of which there was approxi- mately 60 tons in a pile and about 10 tons in sight in the tunnel. At an elevation of 3250' a short 10' tunnel was being run along the same ore body, exposing it 4' wide and 10' long; about 35 tons of ore were in sight. At an elevation of 3280' a 50' tunnel had exposed an ore body 40' long striking east-west. The body pinches out in the face of the tun- nel, but is exposed 30" wide for a distance of 30' along both the floor and roof of the tunnel. About 100 tons of 45% ore were piled and there was at least 65 tons in sight to be mined. At an elevation of 3310' a chimney-like body of ore was opened up by a 10' open cut 6' wide, on whicli some work had been done in former years. The chimney was 3' in diameter and about 10 tons of ore, 160 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. probably averaging from 40-45% CroOj, were in sight. About 15 tons of float chrome had been grubbed from an area 50' long down the slope of the hill. Some of this ore showed fine crj^stals of iivarovite, or chrome garnet. On the nose of the ridge at an elevation of 3360' a shaft had been sunk 50' on an ore body which struck N. 55° W. and pitched 70° SE. Ore carrying from 40% to 45% CroOg was exposed on the northwest face and on the lower 30' of the southeast face which averaged 2' widf. About 60' tons had been taken out, to date, of which 30 tons were on a loading platform. At least 30 tons of ore were in sight. Eight men were employed at the property on June 17, 1917, and 250 tons of ore had been produced. The De Kruse property is in the S. ^ of Sec. 30, T. 15 N., R. 11 E., M. D. M., at an elevation of 3600', 4 miles east of Iowa Hill. E. De Kruse owns 6 claims which are timbered with sugar and yellow pine. Float chrome was being taken from pits and open cuts less than 6' deep. About 10 tons were piled for hauling. The ore occurs in a west- erly continuation of ore bodies being worked by R. L. Turner. The Fiddler's Green property is in the NE. i of Sec. 29, T. 13 N., R. 9 E., M. D. I\r., al)Out 2^ miles south of Dodds and 14 miles northeast of Auburn. It lies at an elevation of 1450' on the rugged, steep, north- ern slope of the Middle Fork of the American River. It was leased by Messrs G. "Walsh and Hall of Auburn, who had men employed to develop it. Lenses of chrome occur along the contact of serpentine and amphi- bolite schist. At the original location a stringer of chrome ore struck N. 80° E. at an elevation of 1450'. It was developed by four open cuts, each 4' deep and 10' long and by a 12' shaft. The ore occurs in bunches along the serpentine talc contact; it is fine grained and carries consid- erable magnetite. About five tons of 32% ore were on the dump. An analysis by Geo. A. James Co. of San Francisco follows: CraOg, 32.3% ; SiO,, 13.0%. At an elevation of 1400' an upper open cut was 18" deep and 30' long. The ore struck N. 60° E., pitched 60° SE. and followed a small veinlet of loAV-grade slip fiber asbestos. About 4 tons of low-grade ore were on the dump. E. A. Garrison of Forest Hill reports prospects of chrome on prop- erties one mile southeast of Forest Hill. No development work had been done. The Gas Canon property is in the Spring Garden district, in Sec. 13, . T. 13 N., R. 9 E., M. D. M., one mile south of Dodd's and 13 mUes north- east of Auburn, the shipping point. It lies at an elevation of 1750' in MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 161 a rugged eanou. Tlie property was being operated by Messrs. G. Walsh and Hall of Auburn. A chimney of chrome ore, in serpentine, had been developed by a shaft 4' X 6' X 10' deep. The ore was of high grade and some uvarovite, or chrome garnet, occurred with it. A car of ore mixed with some from tlie Green property averaged 34% CrgOj. The Green, or American, property is in the Spring Garden district in tlie SE. i of Sec. 12, T. 13 N., R. 9 E., M. D. M. It lies at an eleva- tion of 1850', 13 miles northeast of Auburn. It is on property owned by Jas G. Dodds et al., of Westville, and leased by G. Wal.sh and Hall of Auburn. A lens of chrome striking N. 35° W. had been followed by a 24' shaft with drifts 12' long in a NW.-SE. direction. No ore was exposed in the Avorkings. An analysis, of ore taken out, by Geo. A. James Co., of San Francisco, follows: Cr^Os, 21.1%; SiOj, 12.0%. Some open cut work had been done on the Dodd's property, in the same section, about ^ mile southeast of the house. A small amount of low grade ore was in sight. An assay of ore from the southernmost pit follows: Cr.Oo, 20.4%; SiO„ 18.0%. » In August, 1918, it was stated that this property had been sold. " The Linder and Hodges property lies in Sec. 25, T. 16 N., R. 10 E., M. D. M., about two miles northeast of Alta. It consists of a 320-acre patent owned by R. E. Linder of Alta and J. R. Hodges of Towle. The older workings are in the NW. ^ of Sec. 25 at an elevation of 3560'. Development consisted of a 30' tunnel and 10' raise. About 25 tons of ore were taken from the tunnel and 157 tons are said to have ! been found as float. This ore was shipped in 1916 and the workings had not been opened up since. About ^ mile northeast of the older workings, at an elevation of 3950', a vertical lense of chrome was found to strike N. 20° W. A portion of the ore body exposed had a face 3'x5' and probably carried 40% CroOg. This portion appeared to have slipped from about 10' above, where another body 2'x3' of the same ore was exposed in the gulch. Some ore in stringers to the northward was mottled and granular and probably did not carry over 38% CroOs. About 10 tons of mixed ore, which would carry about 35% Cr^Oa, were piled for hauling. The wall rock is sluiced away by water taken from the Pacific Gas and Electric Co. ditch at an elevation of 200' above the deposit. Ivan H. Parker property. Prospecting on this land, 6 miles north east of Auburn near the Grass Vallej^ road, indicated the presence of a large body of concentratable ore, estimated to carry 18% to 20% chromite and outcropping 300'. Work has not gone far enough to 11—38958 162 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. define the diineiisioiis of the body, but a shaft 31 feet deep, Avith a cross- cut 60 feet from the bottom, Avere in ore. The owner, Ivan H. Parker of Auburn, has leased to F. AV. McNear, 514 Kohl Bldg., San Francisco. McNear has just installed a small open air plant for concentrating. The soft ore is fed without crushing into a Centralized ball mill of 50 tons capacity and the pulp goes without classification to Gates con- centrators. Only trial runs have been made to date (May 8, 1918). On the H. Scheirmeier property at Michigan Bluff a prospect of chrome was found. The ore appeared to follow a contact of serpen- tine and talc just back of the house. The Sugar Pine chrome properties are in Sees. 29 and 31 of T. 15 N., R. 11 E., M. D. M., of the Damascus Mining district. They lie in a wooded portion of the Forest Hill Divide, at an elevation of 3600', about 6 miles northeast of Iowa Hill. The nearest shipping point is Colfax, 27^ miles southwest by way of Forest Hill. Tlie road from Iowa Hill to Colfax is too steep for hauling purposes. The property is owned by the Power Timber Company of San Francisco and leased to R. C. Turner of Grass Valley. Trucking of the ore to Colfax costs $7.50 per ton. Lenses and chimnej^s of chromite in serpentine are being worked by open cuts and inclines. A 40' incline on See. 29 has opened up an ore body striking east-west and pitching 30° S. The ore is 9' thick in the face and carries 45% CrgOg. This same ore continues northward for 50", where it is said to be 3' thick at a depth of 40' ; the old workings were full of water. A steam boiler runs a pump for dew^atering the working incline. Six men were employed at these workings and 1000 tons of ore had been shipped up to June 17, 1917. At an elevation of 3600', in Sec. 31, a 16' shaft exposes soil carrying decomposed chrome for a depth of 10' and solid chrome ore for the lower 6'. The ore bodj^ is 8' wide, has been opened up for a distance of 14', and appears to strike east-west with a pitch of 50° to the south. Ap- proximately 40 tons of ore had been corded, which appeared to carry about 50% Cr^Og. On a ridge about ^ mile above the last workings a 16' incline had been run in weathered chrome. The ore body strikes east- west, at an eleva- tion of 3700', and the upper portion of it has apparently migrated dow^n the hill in course of weathering. The main ore body pitches .rather steeply to the south, at an angle of about 65°, while the upper portion pitches only 10° -20° south. About 40 tons of ore had been taken out up to June 17, 1917. The surface rock carries a great deal of iron oxide, much of which is in shot-like nodules; this is red on the surface and yellow below. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 163 ■Six men wei-c employed in lliese seattei-cd workings. Tlic iii)[)('r, fine ore was more or less mixed with soil and was being conccMil rated by R. L. Turner and C. A. Geisendorfer. A large pit in Sec. 31, at an elevation of 3520' and southwest of the last workings, exposed an ore body striking N. 80° W. and pitching 80° N. The upper 6' of ore had only a slight northerly pitch. About 60 tons of ore were corded. In an old open cut 6' deep and 50' long ore was exposed 2' wide for a distance of 30'. Just south of the pit, open cut work had been done, over an area 20'x40', and considerable float chrome recovered. About 40 tons are said to have been shipped in the fall of 1916 and 30 tons more were piled for shipment from an area 150' farther east. Still farther south is an old shaft, filled with water, which had been worked in 1884-85. Northwest of the pit an open cut, made in early days, had been run N. 40° W. for a distance of 250' ; at the southeast end of it a pit 14' in diameter and 10' deep had been sunk and considerable ore taken out. Farther north in the same section, at an elevation of 3510', an open cut had been made in a line N. 50° W. The open cut was 5' deep and 150' long and 20 tons of ore had been taken out, which assayed 55% GnO, and 2% SiO.. The Sullivan chrome property is in the N. | of the NE. | of Sec. 19, T. 16 N., R. 11 E., -M. D. M., 2 miles by road and trail northeast of Alta. It is on an 80-acre patent purchased from the Central Pacific railroad by D. J. Sullivan of Dutch Flat, and W. F. Hemphill and R. E. Noble of Roseville. Lenticular bodies of chrome ore, occurring along fractures in serpen- tine, were being mined on the southeast bank of Bear River. Develop- ment work consisted of a 65' tunnel which follows a 2' body of chrome ore, striking N. 25° E. A 25' crosscut w^orking tunnel was run to the south and a 10' raise made. A 50' tunnel had been run in a direction N. 60° W. along a 2' cross-vein Avhich pitches 50' S. About 90 tons of ore running from 40-45% CroOo had been mined. About 15 tons of granular ore carrying from 38-40% CroO., had been taken from a 6' pit on the slope about 60' above the tunnel level. The Turner and Geisendorfer Chrome and Concentrator Company hold three claims in the NE. J of Sec. 30, T. 15 N., R. 11 E., M. D. M., 6 miles northeast of Iowa Hill. It lies at an elevation of 3550' about 27^ miles northeast of Colfax. The company consists of R. L. Turner of Colfax and C. A. Geisendorfer of Weimar. Open cuts and pits have yielded over 200 tons of ore. Eighty tons shipped in 1916 carried from 42-47% CroO... The chrome bearing area lies along a westerly extension of deposits on the Sugar Pine property. 164 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. A small coiicentrating plant consisted of two D^^kes tables operated by a 2| li.p. gas engine. Two men were employed, one to screen the material and one to attend the tables and remove the concentrates. The coarser material, which did not pass the screen, was mixed with the concentrate, which probably averaged about 40% CrgOs. No concen- trate had been shipped up to June 17, 1917. Photo No. 35. Concentrating chrome ore near Sugarpine Mill, Placer County, on property of Turner & Geisendorfer. The Williamson and Beck property is in Sees. 19 and 30 of T. 15 N., R. 11 E., M. D. M., 5 miles northeast of Iowa Hill. It consists of two claims, the Iowa Hill Chrome, and Iowa Mine #2, including 80 acres in Sec. 19 and 55 acres on government land in Sec. 30. It lies at an eleva-l tion of 3500 ft., more or less, near an eastern branch of Shirt Tail^ Gallon. It is owned by W. S. Macy and Wm. Haler, and leased to 0. S. Williamson and C. Beck of Iowa Hill. Lenses of chromite, in serpentine, have been developed by shafts and open cuts. On Sec. 19, I mile south of camp, about 5 tons of float had been taken from a 10' pit which was connected with an open cut. Ap-' proximately 100 yards farther east was a 10' shaft, with windlass, fron^ which some ore had been taken. About 2 tons of float chrome were^ piled near by. In Sec. 30 the lessees had worked 9 days, up to June 18, 1917, on an ore body 4'-5' Avide and 16' long. The body was lenticular and struck north-south in serpentine. About 10' farther north was another lens, offset from the last one, striking NW.-SE., and open cut 3' wide and 12' long. About 60 tons of ore were corded for shipment. i MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 165 PLUMAS COUNTY. The McCarty chrome property is in Sec. 14, T. 23 N., K. 9 E., M. D. M., being 10 miles southwest .of Quincy, the nearest railroad sta- tion. It consists of two claims called Jitney J|l and Jitney ^2, owned by Thos. MeCarty of Qnincy and leased on royalty to the Union Chrome Company of San Francisco. The principal ore body exposed was on Jitney #1 claim, located on the east bank of the Middle Fork of the Feather River at an elevation of 3400'. It consisted of a lens of solid chromite 6' wide in the center and 80' long; the southern 20' of the ore body had been offset a dis- tance of 5' by a fault. The ore body struck N.-S. and pitched 80° W. Photo No. 36. McCarty chromite deposit on Feather River, 8 miles south of Quincy, Ph'.mas County, leased to Union Chrome Company. in a fine-grained metamorphic limestone; this appears to be the only record of chromite occurring thus associated. Development work consisted of an open cut 40' long, with 6' face, along the ore body. Four men had been employed for two weeks and had taken out 46 tons of ore said to assay from 45-48% CroOg. About 300 tons of ore appeared to be in si§ht down to a depth of 10' below the outcrop. No definite arrangements had been made for mov- ing the ore, which would have to be packed or trammed to a height of 3000 feet over a very steep, rocky, rugged mountain slope to a very steep road leading from the vicinity of Claremont Hill to Quincy, a drop of 3000 feet in elevation. The property is inaccessible, on account of snow, from December until the middle of June. 166 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. The Valley View chrome property is near Greenville. It is owned by W. P. Boj^den and Fred Koenig of Greenville, and leased on royalty to A. E. Vandercook of Oakland, who is reported to have transferred his lease to the Western Ores Co. It is said that one ear of ore was shipped in 1916 and two cars in 1917, which assayed about 32% CrjOg. The property was idle in July, 1917. Norris & Noyes of San Francisco, Avere reported^ in November, 1917 to be shipping one car of chrome ore per day to Niagara Falls, N. Y., the ore being hauled by motor trucks to Swayne Station. SAN BENITO COUNTY. In the serpentine areas in the Coast Range Mountains, chromite is occasionally found. One such area which is quite extensive occurs south and southeast of New Idria.- Within this area an abundance of chromite is found as small float, especially in the ravines and stream gravels. It does not, so far as observed by the writer, occur in any considerable bodies but seems to be disseminated in boulders and small masses throughout portions of the serpentine. Centuries of weather^ ing and erosion have concentrated this mineral in the stream gravels; About 1875 a party of four men, with teams not otherwise engaged at the time, hauled out to Hollister a carload or two of the coarser of this natural concentrate, shipped it to San Francisco and thence by sailing vessel to Baltimore. The workable deposits were so scattered^ and limited in extent, and the margin of profit was so small (they did actually make a slight profit) that they discontinued the experimenty During 1917, various individuals, mostly Mexicans living in this district, collected small lots of chrome ore which they sold to ore buyers. They carried the ore to the main roads by sleds, pack-mules and wagons, from which points motor trucks transferred it to the rail- roads. Most of it went out via Mendota ; but some also via Coalinga,-' King City and Hollister. In this manner, a total of between 400 and 500 tons was shipped. The chromite here is characterized by .specks and films of a green oxidation product. In early days this was erroneously reported as nickel and also as " hornsilver, " though the color is a more vivid greea than the latter mineral. .• Bibl.: Kept. IV, p. 136; VI, Pt. I, p. 100; VIII, pp. 483, 490; XV, p. 630; Mines and Mineral Res. of Monterey et al., coun-^ ties, p. 36 ; Bull. 27, p. 126 ; Bull. 38, pp. 269, 362 ; Bull. 67, p5 81; Mm. Res. W. of Rocky Mts., 1868, p. 224; Cal. Sen. Doc. No. 9, 1854 (J. B. Trask), p. 18; U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 60.^ p. 208; Mon. ]3, p. 294. ^Min. & Sci. Press, Nov. 24, 1917, p. 770. ^Mines & Mineral Res. of Monterey et al. counties ; Cal. State Min. Bur., chapterg: Of State Mineralogist's Report, biennial period 1915-1916, pp. 36, 197. 167 :nown for its were worked ■s, nothing is je quantities n, it is inter- is largely to c iron mines ve prophesy, ts and their G. S. Bull. An excellent )ispo County of San Luis jeemed advis- hat angle, to a data which ird economic showing the le properties d in Sec. 34, 'ia Range, on unt of devel- irata, et al., . This com- md prospect- .f Section 29, Santa Lucia s been a con- m account of re exhausted, the property. y production Twelve men , via Goldtree ire in sorting /eraging over 01) : U. S. Gool. PLATE in. I MANGANESE AND CnROMlUM. ' 167 SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY. "As a mining county, San Luis Obispo is most widc4y known for its production of chromic iron. In years past many mines were worked here, but, owing to the low prices obtained in recent years, nothing is now being done. Chromic iron occurs, however, in large quantities and, under favorable conditions, will again be mined. "^ At the present time, 13 years after the above was written, it is inter- esting to note that, while quicksilver producti.on also adds largely to Ian Luis Obispo's fame as a mining county, the chromic iron mines ire, under present favorable conditions, fulfilling the above prophesy, ind supplying a steady tonnage of ore to an eager market. A general description of the chromic iron ore deposits and their geological occurrence is given by E. C. Harder, U. S. G. S. Bull. #430, and by H. "W. Fairbanks in the folio quoted above. An excellent review of the geology, and a history of the San Luis Obispo County mines is found in "The Mines and Mineral Resources of San Luis Obispo County," recently issued by this Bureau. It has seemed advis- able to refer the reader who wishes to investigate from that angle, to these publications, and to place emphasis herein, rather on data which it is hoped will be of immediate and practical aid toward economic development. A map (Plate III) has been included showing the location of chrome ore deposits and the list of chrome properties discussed is believed to cover all known occurrences. Alviso and Sunshine Claims. These claims are located in Sec. 34, T. 29 S., R. 12 E., on the western slope of the Santa Lucia Range, on the road to the Pick and Shovel Mine. Only a small amount of devel- opment work has been done on the claims — P. A. H. Arata, et al., owners. Under lease to Noble Electric Steel Company. This com- pany is employing a large force of men in developing and prospect- ing the claims. Castro Mine. This mine is situated in the east half of Section 29, T. 29 S., R. 12 E. It is on the southwestern slope of the Santa Lucia Range, six miles northwest of San Luis Obispo. There has been a con- siderable production from this property in the past, but on account of low prices it was closed down before the ore bodies were exhausted. The Trinidad Mining Company has recently reopened the property. They mined the ore by means of an open cut. Their early production was at the rate of 20 cars, about 1000 tons, per month. Twelve men are employed. Several carloads of ore were shipped from this property, via Goldtree Station north of San Luis Obispo, but in spite of great care in sorting the ore, it was found nearly impossible to got carloads averaging over 'Fairbanks, H. "W., Geologic AUas of U. S., San Luis F'olio (No. 101) : U. S. Geo!. Swrv., 1904. 166 The VaJ by W. P. ] to A. E. ^ his lease ti It is sai ,1917, whic 1917. Norris S to be shi] N. Y., the In the s oceasionall south and of ehromit gravels. ] considerab masses thr ing and ei About 187 the time, ] this natur. sailing ves and limitei actually m During district, co' They carr wagons, fr roads. Mc King City 500 tons "v\ The chn oxidation " nickel and than the la Bibl. : XV, ties, 81; No. p. 2> ^Min. & Sci ^Mines & J Of State Mint MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. ' 167 SAN LUIS OBISPO COUNTY. "As a milling county, San Luis Obispo is most widely known for its production of chromic iron. In years past many mines were worked here, but, owing to the low prices obtained in recent years, nothing is now being done. Chromic iron occurs, however, in large quantities and, under favorable conditions, will again be mined. "^ At the present time, 13 years after the above was written, it is inter- esting to note that, while quicksilver production also adds largely to San Luis Obispo's fame as a mining county, the chromic iron mines are, under present favorable conditions, fulfilling the above prophesy, and supplying a steady tonnage of ore to an eager market. A general description of the chromic iron ore deposits and their geological occurrence is given by E. C. Harder, U. S. G. S. Bull. fl:430, and by H. W. Fairbanks in the folio quoted above. An excellent review of the geology, and a history of the San Luis Obispo County mines is found in "The Mines and Mineral Resources of San Luis Obispo County," recently issued by this Bureau. It has seemed advis- able to refer the reader who wishes to investigate from that angle, to these publications, and to place emphasis herein, rather on data which it is hoped will be of immediate and practical aid toward economic development. A map (Plate III) has been included showing the location of chrome ore deposits and the list of chrome properties discussed is believed to cover all known occurrences. Alviso and Sunshine Claims. These claims are located in Sec. 34, T. 29 S., R. 12 E., on the western slope of the Santa Lucia Range, on the road to the Pick and Shovel Mine. Only a small amount of devel- opment work has been done on the claims — P. A. H. Arata, et al., owners. Under lease to Noble Electric Steel Company. This com- pany is employing a large force of men in developing and prospect- ing the claims. Castro Mine. This mine is situated in the east half of Section 29, T. 29 S., R. 12 E. It is on the southwestern slope of the Santa Lucia Range, six miles northwest of San Luis Obispo. There has been a con- siderable production from this property in the past, but on account of low prices it was closed down before the ore bodies were exhausted. The Trinidad Mining Company has recently reopened the property. They mined the ore by means of an open cut. Their early production was at the rate of 20 cars, about 1000 tons, per month. Twelve men are employed. Several carloads of ore were shipped from this property, via Goldtree Station north of San Luis Obispo, but in spite of great care in sorting the ore, it was found nearly impossilile to get carloads averaging over 'Fairbanks?, H. W., Geologic Atlas of U. S., San Luis F'ollo (No. 101) : U. S. Gcol. Surv., 1904. 168 ■ CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. 33% chromic oxide. The company consequently set about prospecting, in order to see if there was sufficient low-grade ore available to justify construction of a concentrating plant. Work on the hill at the end of the wagon road uncovered a lens 65 feet long and 28 feet thick which has not yet been bottomed, but has been proven to a depth of about 25 feet. This body carries some bunches of shipping ore, but the major part of it is stated to run about 20% CrsOg. No attempt will be made to sort out high grade, but the whole lens will be milled. Three other bodies of low grade ore were also found. When prospecting had revealed enough 20% to 25% ore to give a reserve of over 6000 tons, the management felt justified in putting up a mill. There is still a large unexplored area. The mill has been built on the hill below the large orebody, and a tunnel has been driven to tap the ore at depth, so that tramming from the working face to the mill bin will be possible. The crude ore is delivered to the mill in 14 eu. ft. cars and dumped into a 3'x8' grizzly with 1" openings. The fine falls through the grizzly directly into the mill feed bin. The coarse is put through a 12"xl6" Dodge crusher, crushing to 1", and delivering directly into the 50-ton flat bottomed ore-bin. Power for the crusher is furnished by a 12 h. p. Orr and Sembower gas engine burning distillate. One shift on the crusher is generally sufficient to keep the mill bin well filled with crushed ore. A Challenge feeder fastened to the ore-bin feeds the crushed ore to a 4^x3' Hendy Ball Mill, with a scoop feed. The mill revolves 30 times a minute and carries 2000 lbs. of chrome steel balls. The con- sumption of balls is about one-half pound per ton of ore crushed. I'he pulp from the mill is discharged over a revolving screen with .05 inch openings, and the oversize is returned by a bucket elevator to the mill feed box. Ball mill, feeder and elevator are driven by a Doak gas engine burning distillate. Nominally of 20 h.p., this engine actually develops 21 h.p. at this elevation (about 1500 feet). A clutch pulley on the ball mill pinion shaft enables easy starting of the load. The pulp from the ball mill is delivered by a launder to a two compart- ment launder classifier from which the coarse and fine sands go to two Overstrom Universal Concentrators and the slimes to a 6 ft. Callow de-watering cone. The thickened slime from this cone is put over a Deister slimer. Two products, concentrates and middlings, are taken from the Overstrom tables, and tailings are run to waste. Power for the tables and for a 1^'' centrifugal pump for returning clear water, is derived from a 7 h.p. Hercules engine burning distillate. Water for the mill is pumped from San Luisito Creek, to a 10,000 gallon redwood tank by a 4" Woodin and Little triplex plunger pump, MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 169 driven by a 6 h.p. Orr and Sembower engine. All water from engine cooling systems and clear water from the dewatering cone and settling boxes is collected in a sump below the mill and returned by a 1^" centrifugal pump, running submerged, to a 3000 gallon redwood tank, and is used for ball mill feed water. Three tons of water is required for each ton of ore ground. It is estimated that it will cost about $2 a ton to concentrate the ore. "When properly adjusted, the plant should be capable of making about 30 tons of concentrate a day. A new road has recently been completed to the mill and mine, and conditions favor heavy production. A. A. Wheeler, 1640 Clay Street, San Francisco, is the owner. The Photo No. 36a. The 50-ton concentrating mill of the California Chrome Company at the Castro Mine, San Luis Obispo. property is being worked under lease bj^' the California Chrome Co., Home Office, Kohl Building. San Francisco. Cal. Chisholm Mine. See Pine Mountain Group. Chorro Creek Mine. Located in Section 34, T. 29 S., R. 12 E., near the summit of the Santa Lucia Range, and about 4^ miles north of Goldtree Station on the Southern Pacific Railroad. It contains 86.7 acres and is owned by W. C. H. Dibblee and P. A. H. Arata, of San Luis Obispo. Considerable chromite was shipped from the prop- erty during 1882 and 1883. The workings which are at an elevation of 1900 feet, consist of a few shallow open cuts and prospect holes, and outside of assessment work, no new work was being prosecmted when the property was visited. There is considerable chrome iloat scattered over the surface of the ridge. The wagon road to the property has very steep grades, whieli adds to the cost of hauling ore from the mine. I 170 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. Colorado Chrome Mine. Claims covering 80 acres in the northeast half of Sec. 32, T. 29 S., R. 12 E., owned by George L. Mott and' T. B. Gamble of San Luis Obispo, comprise this property. The' workings consist of a number of shallow open cuts and small prospect tunnels. Cypress Chrome Mine. This property adjoins the Chorro Creek Mine on the north. It contains 80 acres and lies in the northeast quarter of Sec. 34, T. 29 S., R. 12 E. It was located by Dibblee and Arata of San Luis Obispo and is little more than a prospect, no develop-, ment work having been done. | El Divisadero Chrome Mine. It is situated in Section 33, T. 29 S., R. 12 E., 5 miles northwest of Goldtree Station, on patented land belonging to A. A. Wheeler, 1640 Clay St., San Francisco. It is under lease to the Trinidad Mining Co., office, L. H. Butcher Co., 214 Front St., San Francisco. A. A. Arata is superintendent. There is a little;; float chromite in sight. a El Salto Chrome Mine. This claim in the west half of Section 33,/ T. 29 S., R. 12 E., joins the El Divisadero on the south, and, like it, is the propert,y of A. A. Wheeler of San Francisco, and under lease to the Trinidad Mining Co., 214 Front St., San Francisco. A few tons^ of float ore of good grade in pieces up to one foot in diameter are on the surface, and a small amount of prospecting is now being done. From the amount of old open cuts and prospect holes it is estimated that it produced several hundred tons of ore in the early 80 's. Evans Ranch. In Devils Caiion, which runs into San Carpojaro Creek in Sec. 2, T. 25 S., R. 6 E., a good quality of chromite is reported to occur. The deposit is six miles north of San Simeon on the W. J. Evans Ranch. Froom's (Mrs.) Chrome Deposits. Mrs. Froom of San Luis Obispo owns some old chrome properties in the southern part of Rancho Laguna, 4^ miles southwest of the city. There are 5 old tunnels on the property, one of which is still open for 50 feet. This tunnel is driven entirely in serpentine and shows some granules of chrome ore scattered through the rock. There is an old open cut with a face 40 feet high from which it is reported quite a tonnage of ore was extracted in| the past. A small amount of prospecting has recently been done on the property. Dibblee and Arata of San Luis Obispo have an option on the deposits. Johe Ranch Deposit. On the George M. Johe Ranch in the SW. l^ of Sec. 2, T. 31 S., R. 11 E., .some float and a small lens of chrome ore. has been found. The deposit is 10 miles southwest of San Luisj Obispo and 1500' above sea level. No development work has been! attempted, H MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 171 La Primera and La Trinidad Chrome Mines. Situated in the east half of Section 33, T. 29 S., R. 12 E., four miles north of Goldtree Station. The total area embraced is 180 acres of patented land. The mines are one mile west of the New London Mine, and at an elevation of 1500 feet. A tunnel has been driven west 460 feet, and a number of crosscuts have been driven north and south from the tunnel level. Three lenses of chromite have been developed, which have a general east and west trend and dip 40° to 45° to the north. A winze has been sunk on each lens to depths of twenty feet. It is reported that about P 1000 tons of ore has been developed. At the elevation of open cut (1550 ft.) an incline has been sunk to a depth of 100 feet to extract the ore from the ore bodies developed on tunnel level. From the information obtained from underground development, there appears to be a well defined ore zone which is approximately 125 feet wide, and has general north and south course. The ore is hauled to Goldtree siding. A. A. Wlieeler of San Francisco, is the owner. The mines are being worked by the Trinidad Mining Company (L. H. Butcher Co.), 214 Front Street, San Francisco, Cal., F. W. McKee, Superintendent. Lucky Jack Group, includes the Chrome, Lucky Davis, Lucky Chrome, Bonilla, Lookout and Flores claims. They are situated in Sections 29 and 31, T. 29 S., R. 12 E. This is on a ridge west of Tassi- jara Creek, at an elevation of 2000 feet, and about 4 miles west of Santa Margarita on the Southern Pacific R. R. A number of open cuts have developed some small stringers of low grade chrome, mixed with serpentine. To date no deposit of consequence has been opened on the property. S. Aumaier, San Luis Obispo, owner. Middlemast Chrome Deposit. Twenty-five miles northwest of San Luis Obispo, and 4 miles east of Cayucos on the W. C. Middlemast Ranch, chromite has been found in small quantities as float and in small lenses in the serpentine. The deposit is in the north half of Section 25, T. 28 S., R. 10 E., at an elevation of 450 ft. above sea level. Mutual Chrome Mine. This is a holding of 80 acres owned by Dibblee and Arata of San Luis Obispo. It lies west of and adjoins the Chorro Creek Mine and is situated in Section 35, T. 29 S., R. 12 E., 4^ miles from Goldtree. No development work has been done on the property with the exception of several old prospect holes. I New London Chrome Mine is situated in the SW. -} of the SE. I of Sec. 33, T. 29 S., R. 12 E., G miles northwest of San Luis Obispo, and three miles from Goldtree Station in a westerly direction. The prin- cipal workings are situated on the slope of a ridge northwest of a branch of Chorro Creek. There are two tunnels on the property. At 172 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 173 an elevation of 050 feet tlie upper tunnel was driven N. 51° W., and 40 feet from the portal encountered a lens of ehi'orae with a strike of N. 36° W. and a dip of 60° NE. This lens of ore is 50 ft. in length Avith an average width of 12 ft. and ore shipped from the lens gave an average of 38% chromic oxide. On this general course the tunnel follows leaders of chrome which run into two smaller lenses, 27 ft. and 14 ft. in length respectively, and about 8 ft. in width. The main tunnel level is 208 feet in length. At a point 92 ft. from the portal a drift has been nm N. 27° E., a distance of 67 ft., and a large lens of ore, 50 ft. in length and 25 ft. in width, developed. This large lens also dips 60° NPl At a point 19 ft. from the intersection of the drift with the main tunnel level, a raise has been made in the lens a distance of 20 ft. and a drift run NW. 40 ft. in the ore, thus giving an ore body 50 ft. long, by 25 ft. wide, by 20 ft. above the tunnel level. At an elevation of 920 ft. and 133 ft. west of the upper tunnel, a lower tunnel has been driven NW. 214 ft., without developing any ore. At a point 105 ft. from the portal of the tunnel, a drift has been driven N. 10° W., a distance of 19 ft., where an in.cline raise 50 ft. in height Avas made, developing a small lens of chrome 6 ft. in Avidth. From this raise a drift runs N. 30" W. for a distance of 20 ft., where a small lens of ore Avas cut and Avhich was drifted on a distance of 16 ft., Avith a course N. 30° W. This lens is 16 ft. long and 6 ft. wide and of good grade ore. In the main tunnel level at a point 50 ft. Avest of the intersection of tunnel and drift, another drift bearing N. 30° W. has been driven a distance of 39 ft. From this drift an incline raise is being driven at an angle of 50° to develop the large lens of ore that has been opened up on the upper tunnel level. There is also a raise at the intersection of this drift Avith the main tunnel level, and both of these raises have developed ore. Quite a tonnage of fair grade ore has been exposed on the property, together Avith shipping ore, and a certain tonnage of Ioav grade ore that could be concentrated. The lenses so far mined have a general northwest strike and a uniform dip of about 60° NE. With systematic development, a large tonnage of ore should be disclosed on the property. Tavo hundred tons per month are noAv being shipped from the mine. It is reported to average 38% chromic oxide, with 8 to 10% silica content. Fifteen men are employed. The ore is hauled a distance of three miles to Goldtree Sta- tion at a cost of $1.25 per ton. The sketch map hei'eAvith shows the underground Avorkings and ore bodies developed. Chas. Waters of San Luis Obispo is the OAvner. It is being Avorked under lease by Dibblee and Arata of San Luis Obispo, P. A. H. Arata, Mgr. 174 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. Norcross Chrome Mine. It is loeatecl ten miles northwest of San Luis Obispo in Section 13, T. 29 S., R. 11 E., on the southwest slope of the Santa Lucia Range. At an elevation of 1200 feet, there is an open cut 150 feet long by 150 feet wide and 50 feet deep. A number of small lenses of chromite were extracted from these workings in the past. The ore zone is about 150 feet wide, in which the chromite is impregnated throughout the serpentine, and has a general north and south strike. From samples taken from these workings, the ore bear- ing zone will carry about 15% chromic oxide. The dump from this open cut contains 1000 tons of ore, carrying 15% chromic oxide. The ore from dump and open cut is being treated in a 50-ton concentrating plant. The ore is trammed to a 50-ton stor- ^m Photo No. 37a. Concentrating plant (50-ton) of Union Chrome Company, at Norcross Mine, San Luis Obispo County ; showing dump, bins, and mill. age bin, from which the ore is conveyed by belt conveyor to Ellis-Chili ball mill, and crushed through 20 mesh sci'een. The product from mill goes direct to hydraulic classifiers, and then to two Gates concen- trators. The tables are producing about fifteen tons of concentrates running 44% chromic oxide. From the results obtained, it is planned to increase the capacity of the plant by the addition of another table. Twenty men are employed. Owner, E. Biaggini, Cayucos, Cal. Under lease to Union Chrome Company, ofiices, Adams Building, San Fran- cisco, Calif. Pick and Shovel Mine. This mine is located four miles north of San Luis Obispo" on the western slope of the Santa Lucia Range, about half way to the summit. It contains 83.2 acres which are in the SE. quarter of Sec. 34, and the SW. quarter of Sec. 35, T. 29 S., R. 12 E. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 17^ This property was worked more extensively in tlie past lliaii any chrome deposit in the district, and produced a large tonnage between 1880 and 1890. The old workings consist of 2500 feet of tunnels, the long- est being 900 feet. It bears N. 60° E., and is driven at an elevation of 1840 feet. The ore occurred in lenses and stringers in a crushed zone. It has been stated that, from one lens of ore encountered at a ^ distance of 560 feet from the tunnel portal, there was extracted 800 tons of chrome. The dip of the kidneys of ore was 30 degrees to the north- west. The chromite was found impregnating the serpentine as well as in almost pure masses. Recently the workings from this tunnel have been reopened, and some new lenses of ore developed. At a lower ' Photo No. 37. Pick and Shovel Chrome Mine, San Luis Obispo County. level, another tunnel has been driven which has opened up a lens of chromite fifty feet in length by twelve feet thick, and fifteen feet deep, containing approximately 1000 tons, and it reported that the ship- ments made from this lens runs 50% chromic oxide. Twenty men lare employed. P. A. H. Arata, et al, owners. Under lease to L. H, Butcher Co., 214 Front Street, San Francisco, F. W. McKee, Supt. Pine Mountain Group. These locations cover what w-as formerly iknown as the Chisholm mine. About 400 tons of good chromite are said to have been produced here in the '80s, but work was sus- pended when the price of chromite fell to $8. The ore came entirely from shallow trenches and off the surface. There are three claims which adjoin the Hearst Ranch in Sections 3 and 10, T. 26 S., R. 8 E. They are on the flank of Pine Mountain at an elevation of over 2000 feet and ilie 11 miles from San Simeon, wdth a road across the Hearst Ranch to 176 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. ^vithill a mile of the clainis. They were rt'loeated in Deeemljer, 1917, and January, 1918, by Joe Pereira of Cambria. Mr. J. A. Faucher recently bought one and leased the other two on a royalty basis. Sub- sequently, two of the claims, named the Lucky Strike and the Old Timer, were sold to Mrs. P. A. Hearst for $1500. The claims are in the serpentine near a contact with diorite. There has been a wide distribution of ehromite over the claims, as indicated by the old trenches. There is a series of outcrops on the lower claim which indicates the presence of a good sized lens of ore, and there are also promising indications of ore in place farther uphill. Geological conditions are favorable for the development of a good producer, because of the pro.ximity to the diorite-serpentine contact. Extensive mineral- ization appears to have occurred and early production may be reasonably expected. Pereira Group. Joe and Pablo Pereira, Cambria, Locators, J. A. Faucher, Oakland, lessee. Consists of three claims located January, 1918, in T. 25 S., R. 8 E., three to four miles north of Pine IMountain by trail, and lying at an elevation of about 2500 feet. On the Beauty Spot claim two and one-half tons of fine grained, high grade ore was taken from a shallow trench in greenish clay, and this was all th% ehromite in sight, althougli there was a chance of more being found hy, following a well defined parting at the bottom of the trench. On the; Potrero claim, a mile farther soutii, a few hundred pounds of ore have" been dug out near the surface, but prospecting has failed to disclose even a stringer which might serve as an indication of other lenses. On the Red Rock Ocean View claim a small lens in place in serpentine?^ has yielded about 20 tons of good ore and there are some stringers of ehromite in the ends of the pit which amply justify further worl^ as they are apt to lead to other kidneys of ore which do not outcrop. This claim is the southernmost of the group. It is notable that con- ditions appear to become more favorable for the occurence of ehromite as one goes soutli along this serpentine zone. This last named claim, comprising 40 acres, was purchased ]\rarch 19, 1918, by Mrs. P. A, Hearst for the sum of $1000. Rancho Piedra Blanca. On this ranch, owned by Mrs. Phoebe Hearst, of San Francisco, ehromite is reported to' occur, but no develop"-;! ment of the deposits has been attempted. The property is located in- Sec. 4, T. 25 S., R. 7 E. Rancho Santa Manuela. A deposit of good grade ehromite is founc on this property, six miles northeast of Arroyo Grande, along the creek of the same name. T. Steele, Arroyo Grande, owner. Rancho Santa Rita. Eight miles northeast of Cayucos, on this ranch, ehromite of good quality is found on the surface. Some ore MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 177 was shipped from here hctwoeii 1880 ;nul 1890 l)ii1 no mining has been (lone since. Russ Deposit. On a ranch owned by Antone D. Russ in See. 4, T. 25 S., K. 6 E., a small deposit of chrome is being developed by the owner. It is stated that a good grade of chromite is being extracted. San Carpojaro Creek and Arroyo La Cruz Deposits. Two claims known as the Owl #1 and Owl $2 have been located l)y Francisco J. Estrada and C. iNIarcel Garcia of San Simeon, Cal. These claims are situated in See. 12, T. 25 S., R. 7 E., on the divide between San Carpojaro Creek and Arroyo La Cruz. They are at an elevation of 2150 ft. and about eight miles north of San Simeon, and 30 to 40 miles southwest of Bradley, a station on the Southern Pacific Railroad. The chromite occurs in a serpentine belt which strikes N. 50^ W. Along this belt considerable float ore is found and on the north slope of the ridge a small open cut has exposed an outcrop of massive chromite of good grade. The orebody is about five feet wide and the possibilities are that a large lens of ore could be developed. The inaccessibility of the deposit, due to the roughness of the country, and its distance from railroad transportation, makes it a difficult matter to get the material out, and no development, outside of assessment work, has been at- tempted. Sweetwater Chrome Mine. Located in Sec. 12, T. 29 S., R. 11 E., approximately 17 miles northwest of San Luis Obispo, and five to seven miles northeast of Morro Rock in an air line. This group, also known as the Pierce and Benadom groi;p, embraces the Chromic Acid, Chromic Acid Extension. Rocky Road, Last Hope, Sweetwater No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3 claims. On the Sweetwater claims which lie on the northwest slope of the hill at an elevation of 1600 ft., a series of tunnels have been driven southeast, at different elevations, on a well defined fissure in the serpen- tine. At different points along the general strike of this fissure a succession of kidneys or chromite have been developed by this work. These kidneys of ore vary in size, but three well defined lenses have been opened up which have a length of 60 ft. and a width of from 4 to 6 ft. The general strike of the fissure is N. 60° W. with a dip of 60° to the northeast. On top of the ridge there is an open cut 60 ft. long which connects with a tunnel of equal length. These workings show two well defined lenses of ore of good quality. A cross-cut has been driven whjch cuts the lenses 30 ft. lower down. The surface workings on these claims extend for 100 ft. along the general strike of the fissure, and about 1000 tons of ore running 45% chromic oxide and 8% silica have been developed. The ore is hauled to Goldtree Station, 12— 38f)5S 178 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. on the Southern Pacific Railroad, a distance of 18 miles at a cost of $4.50 per ton. From 100 to 150 tons per month are being shipped and returns show the average of shipments so far made to be 46% chromic oxide. The other claims have been somewhat developed by shallow open cuts and short tunnels and a small amount of ore has been uncovered. With systematic work a large tonnage of good grade chrome could be de- veloped on these claims. Six men are employed. The property is under lease to Wm. Hollister of San Luis Obispo. W. W. Pierce, G. W, Benadom and Annie Pierce of Morro, are the locators and owners. Welsh Ranch Deposit. On the Joseph C. Welsh Ranch, in Sec. 4, T. 31 S., R. 11 E., eight miles west of San Luis Obispo, a trench has uncovered a small lens of good grade chromite. James Wheeler, and associates of Santa Margarita, have recently located a number of claims for copper and chromite along the summit of the Santa Lucia Range, extending about two miles along the ridge at a distance of four to seven miles south of Santa Margarita. Such of the ore as has been developed by shallow cuts, is rather low grade, being mixed with a good deal of serpentine, but the region is so hard to prospect that bodies of good ore might easily be present without having been found. About one and one-half miles from the Marquart Antimony Mine, on government land, massive chromite of good quality is reported to have been found, the largest boulders being about one ton in weight. Zerfing Ranch Deposit. A deposit of chrome occurs on the prop- erty of Arthur L. Zerfing of Cayucos. The deposit is located five miles east of Cayucos in the SE. i of Sec. 24, T. 28 S., R. 10 E., at an elevation of 500 ft. A streak of chromite, striking N. 60° E., and dip- ping to the south, crosses the Old Creek and Santa Rita Road. The vein varies in width from 8" to 2' and has been opened up along the strike for a distance of 60 ft. It is planned to drive a tunnel below the road which will give some depth below the open cut on the upper side, as the course of the vein is across the hill on the upper side of the road. About 10 tons of ore have been extracted, and reported to run 46% chromic oxide with 8% silica. The cost of hauling the ore to San Luis Obispo, the nearest railroad point, a haul of 25 miles, is from $4.50 to $5.00 per ton. The property is leased to E. J. Wear of Paso Robles, who is doing the development work. Bibl. : U. S. G. S. Bull. No. 430. U. S. G. S. San Luis Folio No. 101. Cal. State Min, Bur., Report on Mines and Mineral Resources of San Luis Obispo County, 1916. « MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. ^ 179' SANTA BARBARA COUNTY. Santa Barbara County adjoins and closely resembles San Luis Obispo in geographic and geologic structure. Chromic ii'on deposits for which the latter county is noted are by no means absent from Santa Barbara, but they have not been eltensively developed yet. Satis- factory production of chrome ore has been made during 1918, and there are attractive possibilities, especially in the San Rafael range. Los Olivos Deposit. There is a deiiosit of chromite in the San Rafael range of mountains, 16 miles east of Los Olivos. The chromite occurs in a serpentine belt which strikes northwest and southeast about } mile north of the Happy Cafion and Acachuma wagon road. This territory is included in the Santa Barbara Forest Reserve. A number of years ago P. B. Montanaro of Los Olivos opened up a lens of chrome which strikes north and south, and by means of a shal- low open cut extracted about 20 tons of ore, which still lies on the dump. In those days the price was too low to pay for hauling the material to the railroad, and, besides, in this instance, the lens mined was a small one and no other ore was developed. On the same ridge considerable tioat chrome was noticed and with further prospecting it is quite possible that other lenses of ore will be found in this locality. La Lagnna Ranch Chrome Deposit. The deposit is situated in the San Rafael Mountain range on the ridge between Figueroa and Coral- les Creek, at an elevation of 2500 feet. It lies on the north corner of the La Laguna Ranch about 1 mile southeast of the F. M. Tunnel ranch and 12 miles northeast of Los Olivos. A large amount of chrome float is found in the serpentine areas on the ridge and in the gulches. On the southeast slope of the ridge there are 7 large boulders of massive chromite which weigh about 1 ton each. Three of these boulders lie in a line with northwest and southeast strike, giving the impression that a large lens of chromite might be developed. The country where the chromite occurs is rough and almost inaccessible, which accounts for the deposit not being developed, as the cost of building a road to the prop- erty would be large. It is owned by the La Laguna Ranch Co., W. H, Bradley, Secy., 320 Chamber of Commerce Bldg., Pasadena, Cal. O'Donnell and Burns Mining Co. of Santa Ynez, took a 5-year lease early in 1918 of mineral rights on 70,000 acres of land east and south- east of Los Olivos and Santa Ynez. Active prospecting by 'Donnell resulted in the discovery of lenses of high grade chromite, and pro- duction has continued since, a force of 30 to 40 men being employed at present (September, 1918). Six miles of new road had to be built. Ore so far shipped has come from points 12 to 15 miles southeast of Los Olivos, the rail point, and the haul is said to cost $7 a ton. Mr. O'Donnell reports that none of the ore sold has carried less than 45% CrjOs and that the last three cars averaged 49%, 51% and 53% Cr^Os, 180 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. respectively. One lens yielded 2(')i) tons. At present a large lens is being mined by a drift, which has been driven 60 feet in ore. Devel- opment at this property is expensive, as the lenses of ore do not outcrop and considerable unproductive prospecting has l)een found necessary. The high grade of the ore makes a good profit possible, however, in | spite of high costs. The operators expect to make a total production i of about 1000 tons for 1918. Teams and one auto truck are used for hauling, the truck being kept in practically continuous service, day and night. Pt. Sal. Deposits of chromite occur in the hills southwest of Pt. Sal, and in the San Rafael Mountains, south of Santa Inez. As these occur- rences are small and inaccessible, they have never been developed. Bibl. : Cal. State Min. Bur., Report on Mines and Mineral Re- sources of Santa Barbara County, 1916. SANTA CLARA COUNTY. Kilday Ranch Deposit. Several small lenses of chromite have been developed on this property which lies along the top of a ridge, pro])ably 1000 feet in elevation above Guadalupe Caiion and eight miles south- east of Los Gatos. The ridge here is capped with a decomposed ser- pentine, and chromite has been found at several different places, but thus far no large deposit has been uncovered, and there is very little ore now exposed. About eighty tons of the ore was shipped out by the Farish Co., Insurance Exchange Bldg., San Francisco, during 1916, but no work has been done since. M. J. Kilday of Los Gatos is the owner. 3! Laurel Lake Ranch Deposit. J. A. Ferbrache of Gilroy, is develop- ing a deposit of high grade black chromite on his property seven miles northwest of Gilroy. The serpentine in which the chrome ore occurs outcrops prominently along the ridge south of Uvas Creek. Associated with the serpentine is a peridotite, thin sections of which have been examined microscopically and show phases high in olivine, and also approaching augite picrite. Although still retaining its original out- lines, much of the olivine is seen to be altered to serpentine. One large boulder was uncovered in the loose soil capping and a tunnel is being driven to cut some leaders which occur in the serpentine above. There have been some shipments since the property Avas visited. Winship Properties, K. D. Winship, #350 Post Street, San Francisco, owner; C. W. Rose and M. J. Gates, lessees, :tf211 Pacific Street, Santa; Cruz. Chromite occurs on Sec. 11, T. 6 S., R. 4 E., and. on SW. | Sec.; 7, T. 6 S., R. 5 E., M. D. M. Holbrook and McGuire, as sub-lessees in! the summer of 1917, shipped several carloads of high grade chroraitCj from this property.* *Since the above was written, T. & S. O'Brien et al., 75 Fremont St., San Francisco, have leased this Sec. 11, and are building a 50-ton concentrating mill (September, 1918). MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 181 I ^m SHASTA COUNTY. ^■Tn the northwestern corner of Shasta County there is an area in which WR-pentine and l)asic igneous rocks more or less altered to serpentine 'occur abundantly. They are contained within the area mapped- by ' Smith^ as "Paleozoic metamorphics undifferentiated: including lime- stones, slates and associated igneous and metamorphie rocks of the Klamath ^Mountains, " which extends from near Lamoine, northeasterly to and beyond Dunsmuir. Though this metamorphie area appears on both sides of the Sacramento River north of Gibson, no serpentine nor chromite have as yet been reported east of the river. From the north- ern end of this serpentine belt has come the second largest single lens of chromite thus far developed in the United States. From the Little Castle Creek mine on the creek of the same name near Dunsmuir, on the Shasta-Siskiyou County line, the records of the State Mining Bureau show that upwards of 15,000 tons of chromite were shipped from 1900 to the end of 1916. Much of the chromite in this district is massive and high grade, but some disseminated orebodies have been noted in at least one locality. Andrews Claim. Asa E. Andrews, Lamoine, in June, 1917, was developing a chrome prospect northwest of Lamoine, but the Bureau has no data to hand as to whether any shipments of ore have as yet been made. Davis Group. (Including Sunshine Claim of Davis and Miller in Sec. 13; and the Live Oak claim of Davis in Sec. 24.) J. A. Davis, Hazel Creek, post otfice, and San Rafael, has claims located on a govern- ment 40 A. in Sec. 13, T. 37 N., R. 5 W., M. D. M., also in Sec. 24, and a lease on railroad land in portions of Sees. 13, 23 and 25 in the same township. In June he had taken out a small tonnage of medium grade chromite ore; but had not as yet made any shipments, which would go via wagon road to Sims station (Hazel Creek, post office) on the main line of the Southern Pacific Railroad. It is stated that some ore was shipped from this Sec. 13 several years ago. Some sericite and chro- mium chlorite are associated with the chromite. Deick Claims. AValter Deick, Hazel Creek, has locations on a chromite prospect west of Sims station. Forest Queen and Gray Eagle Chrome g-roups. Union Chrome Com- pany, owner, #180 Sutter Street, San Francisco; E. A. Wiltsee, Presi- dent and Manager. These properties on Boulder Creek, west of Gibson siding, were bought in 1916 from the locators, by the above named company, who operated quite extensively during that year. The Forest 'Queen :\Iine is in the NW. j of Sec. 22, T. 37 N., R. 5 W., M. D. M. 'Smith, J. P., Geological map of California, accompanying The geologic formations of California: Cal. State Min. Bur. Bull. No. 72, p. 9, 1910. 182 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. Irregular shaped ore bodies occurring in peridotite have been opened by inclines and tunnels. The main workings consisted of a 50' cross-cut at an elevation of 4420', to an orebody striking N. 40° E. and pitching 45° NW. The ore had been stoped for 150' in length and 100' in depth. The body varied from 0'-4' in width. The stopes are con- nected by a 60' incline shaft just west of the tunnel entrance. At an elevation of 4450' is a 50' tunnel with a 16' incline showing ore from 12" to 18" wide and from 6' to 10' high. The ore appeared to run about 50% CraOg. 38. Trucks at Gibson Siding hauling chromite ore from the Forest Queen MinCj Shasta County. Photo No. The Jumbo, or lower tunnel, at an elevation of 4400', had been run N. 33° W. for a distance of 135'. A drift on the 30' level had been ml east for 15' and one on the 40' level had been run east for 25'. Only about 15 tons of ore were said to have been taken from the first drift ant none from the second. . The ore from the different workings was dropped to the tram levelj at an elevation of 4300', in a 150' incline chute. About 1000 tons of on averaging 43% CroO, and 5 to 6% SiO, were reported to have beei produced from the property, 100 tons of which were shipped in 1917 Gill et al. had a small tonnage of medium-grade chromite on th freight platform at Gibson siding north of Lamoine, shipment of whic! it was stated was being held up on account of litigation. This ore cam< from a deposit on Shotgun Creek about a mile above the Sacramentc Eiver. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 183 Grafton Claim. George Grafton, Lamoine, is reported to have a chrome prospect eight miles northwest of Lamoine. Hearst Property. Mrs. Phoebe A. Hearst, Hearst Building, San Francisco, owner; F. J. Solinsky, Jr., lessee, #729 New Call Building, San Francisco. Some ore has been shipped by the lessee from lenses opened up on land owned by Mrs. Hearst, southwest of Dunsmuir, and near the Little Castle Creek properties. From two to eight men were employed. Hauling to the railroad is done with teams. tr Hoy Claims. E. K. Hoy, Dunsmuir, in June had 2 men at work ■ developing a chromite prospect on Sec. 15, T. 37 N., R. 5 W., three miles ■south of west from Sims. The chromite is massive and apparently high grade. Hauling would be done via Gibson. Ida Chrome Group. Locations in this group on Sec. 25, T. 37 N., R. 5 W., M. D. M., on Campbell Creek near Sims are stated to have lapsed and are now included in the Davis group (see ante.) Little Castle Creek Mine (formerly also known as the Brown Mine), California Chrome Company, owner; E. F. Price, president. Forty- second St. Building, New York, N. Y. ; Geo. H. Lindsay, assistant secre- tary; J. B. Huffard, vice-president and manager, Kohl Building, San Photo No. 39. Edge of caved ground at surface of Little Castle Creek Mine, after extraction of the ore by caving system, li fa) Plan seco NO LE ^EL -•'";-fl--rr"'?^^^ A., -^ \ 1 ^ 0" PLATE V H'"5. ,f?5 b«^ tf. (b) Longitudinal Section through A -A rcrop. ^inf-ef Diseorcrf CCOND LEVCL ^^r^^^^^^_ LorycK ruNHLL (c)Transverse Section through B-B FIRST LLVEL COND LBVEL Loiyer Tunnel bCALE CALIFORNIA STATE MINING-BUREAU' ' I Sections OF Chromite Deposi ON Little Castle Creek SHASTA CO, CAL. ACCOMP*"lN6 8uLLCT)li HfTS ATTCR i MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 185 Francisco. This property is in Sec. 2, T. 3f8 N., R. 4 W., about three miles south of west from Duusnuii.', on the ridge on the south side of Little Castle Creek, and on the Shasta-Siskiyou county line. Most of the ore has come from the Shasta side of the line. The claims were located in 1906 by L. H. Brown of Dunsmuir, who operated them more or less continuously up to July. 1^1-''. ^vl^^^n he sold to the present owners. Photo No. 40. Aerial tramway at Little Castle Creek Mine of the California Chrome Company, Shasta County. This deposit has yielded the largest tonnage of any single lens or segre- gation of chromite yet developed in the United States (except one at Lancaster, Pa., early in the 19th century), the records of the State Mining Bureau showing a production of approximately 15,000 tons to the end of 1916. The lens apexed at the surface and Brown worked it through adit crosscuts and stopes. The present owners drove a lower crosscut, which 186 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. bottomed the lens, through to the farther wall of the ore body; then stoped the ore out by adopting a system of allowing the ground to cave behind them. The effect of this at the surface is seen in part in Photo No. 39. Amphibole asbestos is associated with the orebody on one wall and a talc gouge up to 2' thick on the other wall. On the asbestos side some disseminated ore occurs. Outside of the talc gouge the country rock is an enstatite peridotite in part altered to serpentine. Occurring in vesicles or vugs in the chromite, in places were found some beautiful wiue-eolored crystals of the chromium chlorite mica (kammererite or kotzchubeite.) Photo No. 41. Ford-motor locomotive and train (30" guage) for hauling chromite to main-line railroad, by California Chrome Company, near Dunsmuir. J The following description and accompanying drawings are taken fro a recent report by Diller^ from material furnished through the courtesy of Mr. J. R. Van Fleet,' engineer in charge for the California Chrome Company : "The ore body on the first mine level is 146 feet long in a direction N. 40° E. and 40 feet wide, with a height of 54 feet. On the second mine level 30 feet below, the length increased to nearly 160 feet but decreased by half in width and thickness. "The country rock of the chromite ore body is in part peridotite but chiefly pyrox- enite, which exhibits large cleavage surfaces often several feet in extent. These cleavage surfaces are sometimes spotted with grains of olivine, giving the surface a decidedly greenish color. Along the east wall the pyroxenite has been altered into serpentine, which gradually merges into the parent rock in a few feet. On the south 'Diller, J. S., Chromite in 1916: U. S. Q. S., Min. Res. of U. S., 1916, Part I, pp. 28-30. 1917. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 187 end of the ore body there was a mass of heavy black rock, probably dunite, which to the uninitiated was easily mistaken for chromite. Along the east wall there was a decided line of cleavage between the ore and the wall, the ore coming away freely and clean; while on the west side there was no line of demarcation, the ore grading off into the wall rock and often large masses of the wall rock intruding into the ore body This same occurrence also existed on the top 10 feet of the south end. The ore body was characterized by numerous seams throughout. These seams were filled with a clay gouge containing fine particles of chromite and olivine, were from the thickness of a knife blade to several inches in width, and the surfaces of the chromite adjacent were smooth but showed no striations due to faulting. There was no system of these seams apparent except that they were generally wedge-shaped, always with the large end down, making the ore exceedingly hcavv and hard to hold with timbers. There was one well-defined fault, which penetrated the ore body about through its center of mass in a northwesterly direction, and like the ore body dipped to the northeast about 75°. The position of this fault is shown at both levels on the plan of the deposit submitted. No evidence of any vertical throw was found, but there was a transverse or horizontal throw of about 5 feet on the first level. On the second level there was no throw observed. Along this fault plane there was a zone of about 4 feet in thickness of muddy clay containing fragments of chromite from fine particles to several hundred pounds in size. The walls of the adjacent chromite were smooth." Photo No. 42. Jig used for concentrating low-grade chromite at Little Castle Creek Mine of California Chrome Company, Shasta County. The shipping- ore averaged 45%-48% CroOj. An aerial tramway 1600' in length (see photo No. 40) transported the ore from the mine to the loading bunker at the creek, whence it was hauled over a 30-inch gauge railroad one mile to the main line of the Southern Pacific, south of Dunsmuir. A Ford-motor locomotive, geared down, furnished the power (see photo No. 41) and side-dump cars were used. The operat- ing cost for oil and gasoline is stated to have been $1.00 per day for hauling 50 tons, the distance of one mile. The topography is very steep, the elevation at the creek level being 3000' (U. S. G. S.), and approxi- 188 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. mately 4000' at the upper terminal of the tram. A jig (see photo No. 42) , such as is used at the electric smelter at Niagara Falls, New York, for cleaning ferro-chrome slag, was being used to concentrate low grade and disseminated ore from the waste dumps. This jig handled 10 tons ])er 8 hours, and was driven by attaching a lower-gear wheel to the drive shaft of the Ford locomotive, above-mentioned. The sand (hutch) c(mcentrate assayed 38% Cr.O^, and the coarse concentrate 43%. Be- ing a large orebody and favorably situated, mining and transportation costs were here much lower than the average obtaining for chrome min- ing in California. While this main lens appears to have been worked out, it is thought that further development work may yet reveal others, as there are others in the same belt nearby. Bibl. : Mines & Mineral Res. of Shasta et al. counties, p. 11, 1915; also in Report XIV, p. 755, 1916. U. S. G. S., Min. Res. of U. S., 1916, Pt. I, pp. 28-30. Lone Pine Claim. E. A. Curtis has a claim located on a chromite prospect in Sec. 13, T. 37 N., R. 5 W. Miles & Westover Claims. I). E. Miles, #1515 Lafayette street, Alameda, and Wm. Westover, Hazel Creek, have claims located on chromite prospects in Sees. 14 and 34, T. 37 N., R. 5 W., near Sims station. Miller Claims. Fred Miller et al.. Hazel Creek, have a group of four or five claims located on chromite prospects near Gibson siding, and some ore has been shipped this year. The Noble Electric Steel Company (formerly Priem & Dougherty group; also known as Shotgun Creek Mines) #995 Market Street, San Francisco, has two patented claims in Sec 24, and one in Sec. 13, T. 37 N., R. 5 W., on Shotgun Creek south of west from Sims station. Sev- eral years ago when these claims were operated by the former owners, a total of approximately 3000 tons^ of chromite was shipped for use in furnace bottoms at a number of copper smelters in several western states, particularly at the Bully Hill and Keswick smelters in Shasta County. The ore is massive, high-grade chromite, occurring in irregu- lar lenses in serpentine. The present owners have reopened these mines and resumed shipments in 1917. Bibl. : Bull. 38, pp. 270-271, 1906 ; Mines & Mineral Res. of Shasta et al. counties; p. 11, 1915; Report XIV, p. 755, 1916. Shotg-un Creek Mines— See Gill ; also Noble Electric Steel Company. Sperry Prospect. P. and Clarence Sperry, Lamoine, have a chro- mite prospect on Shoemaker Mountain near Lamoine. ^Forstner. Wm., et al., Structural and Industrial Minerals of California: Cal. State Min. Bur., Bull. 3S, p. 271, 1906. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 189 SIERRA COUNTY. The Camptonville clnomc property is si.\ miles northeast of Caiiip- lonville on the road to Brandy City. Chrome ore occurring in serpen- tine was mined and hauled to Oroville. About 180 tons of ore, averaging over 45% CroOg are said to have been shipped in the fall of 1916. The Gibsonville chrome property is in Sec. 29, T. 22 N., R. 10 E., M. D. M., two miles east of Gibsonville, at an elevation of 5800'. It includes five claims called Chrome Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, owned by W. T. Baldwin of Oroville, and Leon Cluff and G. W. Chamberlain of Quincy. Bodies of chrome ore occur in serpentine and peridotite. The work- ings on No. 1 claim are 300^ west of the road to llowland Flat, on the east side of Slate Creek at an elevation of 5300'. An orebody striking east-west and pitching 85° south had been open cut 10' deep and 16' long on the west face of the hill. The deposit looked as though it might open out if followed eastward into the hill. Approximately 20 tons of ore had been corded for shipment. Development work on No. 2 claim had been done on a ridge NE. of Gibsonville above the road to Rowland Flat. A lens of chromite 4' wide, 5' deep and 10' long had been mined, which struck N. 45° E. and pitched 80° NW. About eight tons of 38-40% ore had been piled for shipment. A claim owned b}^ Leon Cluff on the southeast slope of the same hill, had yielded 35 tons of 45% ore. The chrome occurred in form of a chimney, 6' by 8', which narrowed at a depth of 10 feet. An assay of ore taken from the three claims is said to have averaged over 40% CrgOs. Three men were employed. SISKIYOU COUNTY. The districts in Siskiyou Countj^ in which chromite has so far been developed commercially are in the vicinity of Callahan, Etna Mills, Fort Jones, Yreka and Gazelle. In addition, occurrences as yet un- developed have been noted near Hamburg and west of Sisson. These are found in disconnected areas of serpentine all of which appear to be within the areas mapped by Smith^ as "Paleozoic metamorphics un- differentiated ; including limestones, .slates and associated igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Klamath INIountains." So far as developed, the best grade of ore in this county has come from the Callahan district, where the chromite occurs more in the massive form and in larger lenses. The writer also noticed that in the Callahan district the alteration of the original peridotites to serpentine seems not to have pro- ceeded to as advanced a stage as in the districts to the north. In the region about Yreka, particularly, considerable sericite and chromium (1) Smith, J. P.. Geological map of California, accompanying. The geologic forma- tions of California: Cal. State Min. Bur., Bull. No. 72, p. 9, 1916. 190 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. chlorite witli some ehronie ochre are associated with the chrouiite. At Callahan the principal avssociated secondary mineral is the green chrome-garnet, nvarovite, some beautiful crystals of which were obtained, by the writer at The Chrome Mine of Alonzo Bingham, south- west of Callahan. Geologically, the Coggins mine on Little Castle Creek south of Dunsmuir belongs with the district north from Lamoine in Shasta County^ though this one mine of that belt is on the Siskiyou side of the county line. The railroad shipping point for the Etna Mills and Fort Jones districts is Yreka, which is the terminus of the Yreka Railroad con- necting with the Southern Pacific at Montague. The deposits are from 15 to 35 miles from Yreka. Ore from the Callahan district reaches the Southern Pacific Railroad at Gazelle, which is 28 miles from Callahan. Bibl. : Cal. State Min. Bur., Bull. 38, pp. 272, 363 ; Report on Mines and Mineral Resources of Shasta et al. counties, p. 72, 1915; Report XIV, p. 816, 1916. Ball Ranch, IMrs Ball, owner, Etna Mills; G. S. Marks, lessee, Etna Mills. From this prospect in Sec. 16, T. 41 N., R. 9 W., M. D. M., near Etna Mills, the lessee had, when visited in May, 1917, shipped a few tons of medium-grade chromite from two small open-cuts. The lenses of ore appear to be small. Bingham's Mine. See The Chrome Mine. Burns Ranch (formerly Harris Ranch). W. L. Burns, owner, Gazelle. Patented. This is on Willow Creek, in Sec. 16, T. 42 N., R. 6 W., M. D. M., four miles west of Gazelle. The Shasta River irri- gation ditch passes through the ranch a few yards below the chromite deposit. The lens so far as developed is flat-lying and small, and there is also some disseminated chromite in the serpentine surrounding the main orebody. One carload of ore was shipped in 1916 by lessees, a portion of which is stated to have analyzed 56%, but most of the material in sight when visited by the writer was of only medium grade. There is still some loose float scattered over the hillside in the vicinity, so that there may be other lenses not yet uncovered. About one-fourth of a mile to the w^est of the chrome ore is an occurrence of chrysotile asbestos, in which a shallow, prospecting cut has been made. The material is somewhat hard and brittle, but fibres up to one and one- fourth inches were noted. Butcher Hill Deposits. Messrs McNulty and Wurster of Yreka, each own 40 acres on W' hat is know'n locally as ' ' Butcher Hill ' ' about one mile east of town. On the east side of the hill on the Wurster ground there is an open cut from which a few tons of medium to low-grade •See p. 181, ante. MANGANEvSE AND CHROMIUM. 191 chrome ore have been dug, but none shipped. At least three small lenses had been uncovered. Tlie ehromite is mixed with black sei-pen- tine and serieite. There is a bod}'' of limestone on the northwest side of the hill apparently in contact with the serpentine. In a saddle at the west side of the hill, on the McNulty ground a shallow shaft had been sunk in the serpentine, and about two tons of a fair quality of ehromite found. It was characterized bj^ veins of the green ehrome- chlorite. The railroad passes within one-fourth mile of these deposits. Coggfins Deposit. iVrthur L. Coggins, owner, Dunsmuir. This deposit is three miles south of west from Dunsmuir, on the opposite Photo No. 43. Loading bunker for ehromite ore at Little Castle Creek near Dunsmuir, for the California Chrome Company and Coggins mines. (north) side of the canon and one-third of a mile below the Little Castle Creek mine of the California Chrome Company,^ which is mainly on the Shasta side of the Shasta-Siskiyou County line. The ore is transferred by an aerial tramway from the workings on the steep mountain-side to 'a loading platform beside the narrow-gauge tracks of the California Chrome Company, whence it is hauled to the bins on the Southern Pacific main line (see Photo No. 43). The ehromite occurs both mas- sive and disseminated in the peridotite noted in the description of the 'See p. IS 3, ante. 192 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. neighboring property across the canon. The average grade of the fir.st 1000 tons of ore shipped by Coggins was 40% Cr^Oa; but it had to be hand-picked to maintain the grade. lie reports the following analysis of a representative sample : Constituent. Cr.Oa — MgO SiO, ALOs FeO Per cent. * 38 20 32 !) 19 Photo No. 44. Upper working of Coggins Chrome Mine on Little Castle Creek, near Dunsmuir, Siskiyou County. The deposit was being Avorked on two levels, and of approximately 1500 tons shipped previous to June, 1917, nearly all was from the upper cut and adit. (See Photo No. 44.) In the lower cut another lens of apparently higher grade material was being opened up when visited. In the disseminated ore at the upper H ^Pdi MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 193 rkings, the small nodules and segregations of elironiite average about ^ inch in diameter to f inch long. At the surface where the ferro- j magnesian minerals have weathered to a red soil, these ehromite nodules ! from an aggregate resembling beans, and it is known locally as 'bean' ore. (See Photo No. 45.) Coggins stated that tests were being || made toward concentrating this material, as a sample of the washed j nodules had shown an analysis of over 40% Cr^Oa- Photo No. 45. 'Bean' ore, at Coggins Chrome Mine, showing effect of weathering on dis- ^ seminated chromife ore. IB Cramer Ranch, Chas. Harris, owner ; Edward F. Harris, lessee, Wmna, Mills. This prospect is in Sec. 22. T. 44 N., R. 8 W.. M. D. M., on fi branch of Scott River near Fort Jones and about 14 miles from Yreka. The lessee was developing a lens of ehromite in serpentine, and had taken out a few tons of medium grade ore. He reported that he had found ehromite also on the SW. ^ of SW. ] of Sec. 23, T. 44 N., R. 8 W., and had applied to the Southern Pacific Railroad Compan}', the owner, for a lease. Chromjte Group, J. F. Dwyer, owner. Yreka. This group of 13 claims, designated as Chromite #1-P3 inclusive, is in Sees. 15, 22 and 23, T. 46 N., R. 11 W., M. D. M., three miles west of Hamburg on the north 13— 3S958 194 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. side of the Klamath River, and 48 miles from the railroad at Horn- brook. It is on the opposite side of the river from the county road. The deposit was found by an Indian in 1912, but development work was only begun the past summer. The property was not visited by the writer, but Dwyer reported that both massive high-grade ehromite and a large body of low-grade disseminated ore occur. The latter resembles the 'leopard ore' described at the Pilliken mine in El Dorado County.^ It is proposed to concentrate this material. The country rock is an altered peridotite. The orebody is exposed 20 feet wide at the surface and is traceable for a length of 1200 feet. An 18-foot shaft has been sunk (December 3, 1917) on high-grade ore, and a cross-cut tunnel is stated also to have cut the ore at 30 feet below the surface. An aerial tramway could readily transfer the ore across the river to the county road, from which point Dwyer estimates that the haul of 48 miles to Hornbrook can be made with motor trucks at a cost of 25^ per ton-mile.^ Dwyer also has a bond on a group of chrome claims on the south side of Eddy Mountain, southwest of Sisson. About six miles of wagon road will have to be built before shipments can be made. Davis Prospect, 11. L. Davis^ owner, Callahan. This claim located in May, 1917, is on the western side of Blue Jay Meadows, in Sec. 10 ( ?), T. 39 N., R. 9 W., M. D. M., about 10 miles from Callahan. Elevation, 6000 feet. It is about a mile west of Bingham's mine; and development work was just starting on a small outcrop of high-grade ehromite, when the district was visited by the writer late in May. There was still some snow on the ground at that time. Dexter Ranch, Geo. Dexter, owner, Montague. A deposit of ehro- mite on this ranch, four miles west of north from Montague, was opened up under lease by C. F. Dougherty of Porterville in 1916 and several carloads shipped. The ore occurred in a series of small lenses in serpentine more or less connected, and was worked by an open cut and drift (see Photo No. 46) about 50 feet long. The ore shipped aver- 'See p. 140, ante. ==Since the above was written, S. H. Dolbear of San Francisco has taken over oper- ation of this property (also referred to as the Klamatli Chrome Mine). A bridge has been built over the Klamath River, and ore shipments began in Julv, 1918. (See Min. & Sci. Press, Aug. 24, 1918, pp. 252-253). i MANGANESE AND CnROMIUM. 195 H^ed 36% Cr._,0.;. The crystal agfi;rvgat('s of jlic chromito arc somewhat separated and surrounded with partings of sericite mica, an alteration product from the serpentine. It was stated that the property would be reopened this year (1917) by the Union Chrome Company of San Francisco, as lessee. Photo No. 46. Chromite workings on Dexter Ranch, near Montague, "Siskiyou County. Dozier Deposit, Mr. Dozier, owner, Los Angeles; Noble Electric Steel Company, lessee, #995 Market St., San Francisco; C. F. Dough- erty, superintendent at mine. This is 12 miles from Gazelle, on agricul- tural patented land in Sec. 2, T. 41 N., R. 7 W., M. D. M., on the north side of the basin at the head of Scott Creek, and' about one mile southeast lof where the Gazelle-Callahan road crosses the summit of the ridge. A lens of chromite in the serpentine was opened up here in 1900 and 247 tons of high grade ore shipped. The old cut was 8' wide and 15' 196 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. i long, and })artly caved. When visited, a little ore was being taken out from the edges of the old cut and an adit being driven to ge^ under it. Bibl. : Cal. State Min. Bur., Bull. No. 38, p. 272; Kep. on Mines and Mineral Res. of Shasta et al. counties, p. 72, 1915 ; Report XIV^ p. 816, 1916. Dwyer Group. See Chromite Group. Flederman Claims, A. G. & R. Fledernian, et al., owners, Yreka. This chiim located in 1917, is in the S. i of SW. i, Sec. 10, T. 41 N, R. 9 W., three miles from Etna Mills, and adjoins the Marks lease on the Ball ranch. The chromite occurs in small lenses in serpentine. When, visited, one man was working and had taken out a few tons of or^ from an open-cut. The ore was sledded one-half mile to the auto-truck road. Flederman also reports having made locations on a new find of chromite in Sees. 4 and 8, T. 43 N., R. 8 W. Specimens of the ore submitted to the writer appear to be of medium grade. Flederman Leases, R. and A. G. Flederman, Yreka; W. H. Gasso- | way, et al., Fort Jones; have leases on chromite deposits on the Light- hill, King and Sharpe ranches near Fort Jones, in the hills on the Photo No. 47. Chromite sacked, ready for shipment, from the Lighthill Ranch, near Fort Jones, Siskiyou County. About 10 tons of ore came from this lens. I I MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 197 east side of the Scott River Valley. The Lighthill ranch is in Sec. 28, T. 43 N., R. 8 W., M. D. M. The chromite lenses are in serpentine, and are worked by open cuts. These lenses were all small, the largest one on this ranch up to the time visited having yielded 10 tons of chromite (see Photo No. 47). The ore is sledded down the hill to the auto-truck road. A 3|-ton Packard truck makes two round trips daily to Yreka. The Frank Sharpe ranch is to the north of Lighthill 's, and the Antone King ranch is next east of Sharpe 's. On both of these, promising chromite prospects have been found, and preparations were being made at the time of the writer's visit, to begin development work. On some of the Lighthill ranch chromite, a white efflorescence I appeared after exposure to the weather for a few days. A qualitative i| analj'sis showed this white material to be hydromagnesite, doubtless derived from the serpentine mixed with the chromite. The ore shipped is stated to have assayed 47% Cr203. Grant Chrome Prospect, Southern Pacific Railroad Company, owner ; J. M. Grant, lessee, Etna Mills. The lessee was preparing to start development on a chromite prospect in Sec. 25 (?) T. 42 N., R. 9 W., M. D. M., two miles east of Etna ^Nlills, and near the county road. The writer picked up some high-grade float on this prospect. Grouse Creek Chrome Mine, E. C. Latchem, owner, via Gazelle or Callahan. This is on a patented placer gold property at the junction Photo No. 48. Cut in serpentine, from which a small lens (35 tons) of high-grade chromite was taken, at the Grouse Creek Mine, Siskiyou County. 198 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. of Grouse Creek with the east fork of Scott Kiver in Sec. 13, T. 40 N., R. 8 W., and Sec. 19, T. 40 N., R. 7 W., M. D. M. Most of the chrome has been found in Sec. 13. It is four miles east of Callahan and 25 miles from the railroad at Gazelle. The chromite occurs in lenses in a serpentinized pyroxenite or peridotite. The lenses thus far developed have been small (see Photo No. 48) but of massive, high-grade chromite. Latchem states that some samples have assayed as high as 64% CrgOg, and that no shipments yet sent out had averaged under 50%. The ore is sacked and sledded a quarter-mile to the wagon road, then two miles in wagons to where the auto trucks pick it up. The mining is done by contract. Harris Lease. See Cramer Ranch. King- Ranch. Sec Fledennan Leases. Lighthill Ranch. See Flederman Leases. Marks Lease. See Ball Ranch. Martin-McKeen Chrome Mine. Ilughey ^Martin and Stewart McKeen, owners; in Sec. 34 (?), T. 40 N., R. 9 W., M. D. M., eight miles from Callahan, on the South Fork of Scott River. This claim was' located in 1916, and one carload of ore had been shipped up to June' 1st, 1917. The ore was packed on mule-back to a point three milas above Callahan, and then hauled to Gazelle by motor trucks. The ore is high- grade, averaging over 50% CroOg. The first orebody at the start of work appeared to be large, but on extraction proved to be a shallow lens lying with the slope of the hill, and yielded only about 30 tons. There wer6^ several other 'prospects' not yet developed when visited. The green chrome-garnet, uvarovite, and chrome ochre are as.sociated with the. chromite. » Masterson Group. C. J., Joseph, and Mrs. A. C. Masterson, owners!' Callahan. This group in Sec. 14 (?) T. 40 N., R. 8 W., M. D. M., is oJ a branch of the East Fork of Scott River at an elevation between 6000' and 7000' above sea level ; and was under snow when the district was visited by the writer in May, 1917. It was located in 1916, and thet' owners stated their intentions to begin development work as soon agg the snow was off. They reported a large outcrop of disseminated' chromite ore, with some high-grade material. It is six miles from the main road, but wagons can get to within two miles, wdiere pack mules will be used. IMasterson estimates that it will cost at least $10 per ton to transport the ore to the railroad. C. J. Masterson reports he^ also has a small prospect at Mountain House, 12 miles from Gazelle, an^ near the main road. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 199 McCarthy Claims. D. W. McCarthy of Scott Bar reports he has chromite eroppings on two claims between Fort Jones and Scott Bar, at 14 and 24 miles, respectively, distant from Fort Jones. Undeveloped. New Mills. Eugene C. Belknap of Yreka is reported to be con- sidering the erection of a plant for the concentration of low grade chromite ores (May, 1918). Sharpe Ranch Deposit. See Plederman Leases. Souza Ranch Deposit. Geo. Souza, OAvner; L. A. Milligan, lessee, Yreka. It is one mile southwest of the post office at Yreka. From small lenses of chromite in serpentine, the lessee had dug out about 10 tons of medium-grade ore from two shallow trenches. No ore had been shipped. Silica appears principally in the form of serieite and a pinkish chro- mium-chlorite, separating the grains of chromite. These occurences of chromite near Yreka are in an area of serpentine and peridotite which is from ^ to f mile wide and at least seven miles long extending NE.-SW., and passing through the northwestern part of the town of Yreka, Sugar Creek Chrome Claim. G. H. Cory and Rex Sexton, owners, Callahan; 12 miles northwest from Callahan. A number of small lenses of chromite have been extracted. It is stated that 12 such segregations were required to yield 7200 pounds of ore. A total of 12 tons were shipped in the spring of 1917. When the district was visited by the writer, they were idle, but Sexton was preparing to resume. The Chrome Mine, Alonzo Bingham, owner, Callahan. This group consists of two claims, in Sec. 12, T. 39 N., R. 9 W., M. D; M., on the ridge between Fox Creek and the South Fork of Scott River, eight miles from Callahan, five miles of which is by trail; elevation, approximately 6000 feet (U. S. G. S.). The locations were made in 1916, and nearly 200 tons of high-grade chromite ore were shipped that year, stated to have analyzed 50%-54% CrjOg. There are several lenses of chromite in serpentine, the three from which commercial production had so far come being in alignment, but so far as developed not shown to be actually connected. The main open-cut and stope are on the lowest of these (see Photo No. 49). From this lowest lens, considerable chromite float was noted by the writer for some distance down the mountain-side. When visited the stope was 4'x6' wide, with chromite still showing in the face and sides. The chromite is mostly massive and high grade, but there is some disseminated ore on the edge of the lens. Crystals of the green chrome-garnet, uvarovite, occur in some of the fractures in the chromite. There are other lenses nearby not yet developed. The ore 200 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. is sacked and packed by mules to the motor-truck road for transporta- tion to the railroad at Gazelle. Transportation costs were $12 per ton to pack to Callahan and $5 per ton by motor-truck, 28 miles, Callahan to Gazelle. Photo No. 49. The Chrome Mine (Bingham Group), main cut and stope, near Callahan, Siskiyou County. Bingham also has a claim located on a chromite prospect on Sec. 35, T. 40 N., R. 9 W., near the trail to his upper mine. Valine Ranch Prospect, Antone Valine, owner, Yreka, adjoining the Souza Ranch on the north. T. W. "Williamson and Geo. C. Erwin, as lessees, were preparing to start development work at a point where several small bunches of chromite showed in a shallow trench. Wilson Ranch Prospect. On the Wilson Ranch on Moffit Creek near Fort Jones, Joe IMorris and a Mr. Wilson were preparing to develop a chromite prospect. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 201 Wurst Prospect. Wm. Wurst, Callahan, reports lie has located chromite a short distance south of Bingham's group described above. SONOMA COUNTY. Several deposits of chrome ore occur in a belt of serpentine that strikes northwestward through the western portion of the county. It is along this serpentiuized area that some of the large magnesite deposits occur, notably those in the Red Slide district, north of Cazadero. It is reported that a large tonnage of chromite was shipped from the land of the Asti Colony, three miles southwest of Cloverdale, over 20 years ago. This was the only production made until quite recently, when several other deposits were located. These have all proven to be small, and very little chrome ore is now being developed in this county. Geo. Madeira of Healdsburg, located a deposit of chromite adjoin- ing his magnesite claims in Sec. 31, T. 9 N., R. 10 W., eight miles north of Guerneville. The chromite occurs as small lenses in decomposed serpentine along the summit of a ridge at an elevation of 1400 ft. above sea level. A good road runs within a mile of the deposit which is reached by a trail. About 100 tons of chromite were mined in 1916 from several small superficial kidneys by open cut and trenches. The ore said to assay 34% chromic oxide, is lying on the dumps and no further work has been done. The owner wishes to dispose of this property, which comprises 40 acres. Meeker Chrome Mine. M. C. Meeker Estate, of Camp Meeker, owner ; S. H. Dolbear, Merchants National Bank Bldg., San Francisco, lessee. There are 1400 acres under lease, but the principal develop- ment, thus far (July. 1918) has been in Sec. 16, T. 7 N., R. 10 W., M. D. M., 2^ miles W. of N. from Camp Meeker station. There are several lenses of chromite in a belt of serpentine, from one of which Meeker dug out several tons of ore about 30 years ago but made no shipments. The present lessee began operations in November, 1917. Most of these lenses are small, yielding from 5 to 10 tons, so far. The largest one had yielded 150 tons up to July, 1918 (see Photo No. 50), and still showed a face of 4' of ore in the bottom of the stope. A few feet beyond this lens, one of 75 tons had been mined out. The ore assays 39%-40% Cr^Og. The serpentine belt here strikes northwest, and chromite float has been found in at least 50 places, of which 8 or 10 had yielded as much as a w^agon-load each. In addition to the above operations, a hand- jig was used to wash the chromite out of an old dump. A shaft had been sunk at the side of the ravine about 50 feet from the large open cut, and a crosscut was being driven to get under the orebody. There were 12 men, on 202 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. Photo No. 50. Meeker Chrome Mine, near Camp Meeker, Sonoma County, showing open cut and stope. Photo by C. J. Lyser. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 203 one shift, at work. There is plenty of timber at hand for mining purposes. Parmeter Ranch Deposit. Several small lenses of chromite were developed on thi.s ranch, in 1916 by B. M. Bawman of Cazadero. It is eight miles by road north of Cazadero near the Red Slide. Four car- loads of ore, which is reported varied from 38% to 60% chromic oxide, Avere shipped and the deposits were exhausted. Shanks and Copps, 1302 Merchants National Bank Bldg., San Fran- cisco, hold a lease on a property in Section 13, T. 10 N., R. 11 "W., nine miles west of Geyserville on the ridge north of Skaggs Springs. The ridge is capped with serpentine, in which a few small lenses of chromite have been uncovered. Abundant float occurs along the slopes. Prob- ably 20 tons of fairly high grade ore, that was mined from the several pockets, is lying alongside of the road at the foot of the ridge. No large lenses have been encountered and at the time visited, the property was idle. J\Iiss L. Hallingren of Geyserville is the owner. The Wanderer Mining Company, of 530 Hearst Bldg., San Fran- cisco, is operating the Arcloin chrome mine, between Cloverdale and Asti, west of the Skaggs Springs road. They report (September, 1918) having shipped one carload of ore. This deposit is of chromite boulders in a bed of old river gravels, and is being worked through a shaft. The extent of the deposit is not yet fully determined. STANISLAUS COUNTY. Stanislaus County became a producer of chrome ore early in 1916, its existence, up to a short time previous, being unsuspected. A couple of thousand tons have since been shipped out of the county, principally to the plants of the Carnegie Steel Company. I The deposits that are now being developed are situated on the east slopes of the Coast Range Mountains, in the Arroyo del Puerto Caiion, and its branches. The construction of the Patterson and Western Railroad to reach the manganese deposits of the Mineral Products Company* is mainly responsible for the development of these chromite deposits, which, due to their inaccessibilit}^, could not otherwise be mined upon a commercial basis. The occurrences of chrome ore in this region may be grouped under two heads: (1) Lenses of hard massive black ore, containing little or no serpentine and having a Avell defined contact with the surrounding serpentine, and, (2) Deposits of gray ore mixed with the serpentine and grading into it. *See report on manganese deposits, Santa Clara County, p. 76, ante ; also, general flescrlption and map of district, under Alameda County, p. 24, ante. 204 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. The serpentine belt is fairly extensive here, striking northwestward with the trend of the mountains, and being evidently a continuation of that in which the Cedar Mountain deposits of Alameda County occur. In this same region are located the Red Mountain magnesite deposits, as well as several old quicksilver mines, namely the Adobe Caiion, Deer Park and Phoenix Mines. "With shipping facilities close at hand, water for mining and milling purposes, available throughout the year in Arroyo del Puerto, and a temperate climate, this region offers considerable inducements to the prospector, and undoubtedly other deposits will be located and de- veloped. Chrome Concentrating Co. San Francisco office, 501 First National Bank Building. Owners, F. E. Harrison, W. R. Stuck and J. T. Carter, The mill is located 21 miles west of Patterson near the Patterson and Western N. G. R. R., over which concentrate will be shipped. On March 8, the equipment comprised one 12" Blake crusher, two 5-foot Huntington mills, with 40-mesh screen, a homemade hydraulic classifier and two Overstrom concentrators. Sands and slimes alike were being treated on the Overstrom machines, and some slime losses were being] observed, which were to be overcome by the addition of a Dorr thick- ener and slime table. Only one mill was in operation. This was found capable of crushing one ton an hour when working at 72 revolutions a minute. A 35 h.p. distillate engine furnished power. Ore carrying from 15% to 20% Cr.Og gave a concentrate close to 53% . The owners planned to complete the two units of the plant so that they would have a capacity of 50 tons of ore daily. They anticipated doing custom work for adjacent mines. Lucky Girl .Prospect. It is in Sec. 22, T. 6 S., R. 5 E., one-half mile by trail south of Camp Jones, the terminus of the Patterson and Western Railroad, at an elevation of about 2000 ft., and 500 ft. above Peach Tree Creek, a tributary of the Arroyo del Puerto. A small open cut exposes an ore body 2 ft. wide and 9 feet high. The ore is high grade, having a sharp contact with the serpentine. De- velopment work had only recently started, so that no ore had been produced. G. L. Fenster of Patterson was doing the development work for the owner, ]\Irs. Zona Vaughan of Turlock, Cal. McGuire, Holbrook, and Springer, Crocker Bldg., San Francisco, have a ten-vear lease on two chrome claims in Adobe Cailon, about 1000 ft. south of a siding on the Patterson and Western Railroad, 23 miles west of Patterson. Development work started in November, 1916, and MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM, 205 date over 300 tons of ore, Avhieli is reported to liave contained over )% chromic oxide, have been shipped out from one deposit. It occurs the form of an irregular lens in decomposed serpentine, varying from le heavy gray ore to finel}^ disseminated particles in the serpentine. This orebody has been developed for a length of 60 ft. by a tunnel, width of 25 ft. by an open cut and drifts off of the tunnel, and a depth ^f 40 ft. by a winze sunk in the tunnel near the portal. A few rich pockets were encountered in these workings, and several thousand tons ^f the low grade ore are exposed. It is said to run from 25% to 30% jhromic oxide, not a sufficiently high percentage to be marketed with- out concentration. Ninety feet below the tunnel, an adit is being driven cut the lens from below. The shipping ore is hauled in 1-ton ears by a lorse to a bunker at the railroad siding. The low grade is not being mined at present, as it is expected to erect a concentration plant in the near future. Water is available for milling purposes in Adobe Creek, below the mine. Twelve hundred feet southwest of this deposit, a tunnel is being driven to develop a stringer of rich ore, which varies from 1 to 2 feet in width, and appears to lie almost flat. It is now in 30 feet and several tons have been sacked ready for shipment. There is only a narrow trail connecting the two deposits. Six men are employed. J. S. Carter, Patterson, Cal., is superintendent. Mineral Products Company. A. F. Judd, Honolulu, president, C. G. Bokus, secretary, Robert Anderson, Gen. Manager, home office, Rialto Bldg., San Francisco. This company developed two lenses of massive black chromite that occurred near the top of a ridge 500 ft. in elevation above the Patterson and Western Railroad, at a point 19 miles west of Patterson. Over 1200 tons of chromite were shipped from these two deposits before they were exhausted. Two small deposits are now being mined in the Caiion del Puerto near Camp Jones, yielding several tons daily. They occur in the form of high grade stringers, varying from a few inches to a foot in width. The ore has to be hand sorted. Tunnels are being driven along these stringers and it is possible that they may open out into larger liodies. Other .small eroppings of chromite occur on the property of the company, which embraces over 5000 acres, but they have not as yet been developed. J. H. Platner of Patterson is developing a small deposit of chromite in Hide Out Caiion, about ^ mile east of Camp Jones. No ore has been shipped. 206 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. TEHAMA COUNTY. The clironie ore deposits of Tehama County oecur in that belt of serpentinized peridotite which follows the east slope of the Coast Ranges from north to south throughout the western portion of the county, at elevations which range from 2000 to 4000 ft. above sea level. Access to the several deposits in this mountainous region is gained by several good roads from Red Bluff, the shipping point. The deposits are all located at distances which vary from 25 to 50 miles from the railroad, and are inaccessible during the winter months. The occurrences of chromite in this region may be grouped under two heads; (1) lenses of hard massive black ore free from serpen- tine and having a sharp contact with the surrounding country rock, and (2) finely disseminated particles of black chromite in decomposed ser- pentine. Chromite was first produced in the county in 1886, and deposits were mined spasmodically up to 1899, the production during that period being over 5000 tons. No further work was done until 1915, when the demands for chrome ore imposed by the war increased its value. Several large deposits are now being developed, and with the successful con- centration of the low'-grade ores, grouped under the second head, Tehama County should become a dependable producer of this necessary metal for years to come. S. W. Hill of Red Bluff, Cal., is mining a deposit of chromite, for- merly owned by the Tehama Consolidated Chrome Company, in Sec. 16, T. 25 N., R. 7 W. It is situated near the summit of a ridge between the north and south forks of Elder Creek at an elevation of 2800 ft. above sea level, 32 miles by road southwest of Red Bluff. The work is confined to drifting along several narrow high grade lenses of black chromite, exposed in the old "workings. There are no large orebodies exposed. Four men are employed and the production varies from 1 to 5 tons daily. The ore is hauled down the mountain-side in a 5-ton Jeffery Quad truck, then transferred to a loading platform, three miles west of the mine to other trucks which haul it to Red Bluff, where it is shipped to the Noble Electric Steel Company's smelter at Heroult. Bibl. : Cal. State Min. Bur., Reports X, p. 692, XII, p. 38, XIII, p. 50 ; Bull. 38, p. 272. Kleinsorge Chrome Mine. This property discovered in 1916, embraces Sections 22 and 27, T. 25 N., R. 7 W., and is 30 miles by road southwest of Red Bluff. MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 207 Small crystals of chroinite arc disseininated tliroughout a zone of de- composed serpentine, which is api)roxiniately one-fourtli of a mile wide, extending north and south for two miles along a precipitous ridge that lies at the head of the middle fork of Elder Creek, about one mile south of the Hill and Noble Electric Company 's deposits. Numerous samples have been taken throughout the zone, and it is reported that the ore will average over the entire surface area 6% chromic oxide. Occasional pockets or kidneys of massive black chromite are encountered in this zone. Several such deposits are being worked as quarries, and from one there was mined in an open cut 100 tons of ore which is reported to assay 45% chromic oxide. This was piled on the dump awaiting the completion of the 800 ft. aerial tramway, which was being constructed to transport the ore from the upper workings to bunkers alongside of the road. It is expected to erect a concentration mill in the near future at the tramway terminal to treat the low grade ores.^ Sufficient water for milling purposes is available throughout the year in the middle fork of Elder Creek. The road to the camp, four miles in length from the main county road at Lowrey, has just been completed and the first ship- ment of ore was to be made that week. Five ton auto trucks are to be used to haul the ore to Red Bluff. Mining costs here should be very low, as the work will be done entirely by quarrying and due to the decomposed nature of the ore, very little powder will have to be used. With the erection of the con- centration plant, this property will become one of the most important producers of chrome ore in the state. Twenty men are now employed. W. E. Kleinsorge, 605 Peoples Bank Bldg., Sacramento, Cal., is the owner. C. Jerrott is superintendent. The Noble Electric Steel Company is mining a large deposit of chromite adjoining the Hill deposit in Sec. 16, T. 25 N., R. 7 W. It, too, was formerly the property of the Tehama Consolidated Chrome Company, later being worked by J. A. Heslewood of Oakland, who sold it in November, 1915, to the present operators. The deposit, which occurs as a large irregular lens of high grade chromite in the serpentine, is on the same ridge as the Hill deposit, at an elevation of about 1000 ft. above the north fork of Elder Creek. It is being mined by a large open cut, the face of which is some hundred feet across and from 6 to 30 feet in height, exposing an orebody which varies from 3 to 10 ft. in width. There is a heavy overburden here, which must be stripped 'This plant is now (August, 191S) in operation. 208 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. before mining the chrome, otherwise considerable sorting is necessary. Another orebody, known as the No. 1 working, occurs several hundred feet lower down the ridge. It was from here that most of the chromite was mined by the old company, and only a few small stringers are now exposed in the old workings. Five men are employed, the production varying from 10 to 20 tons daily. The ore is hauled in motor trucks to Red Bluff, under contract by S. W. Hill of Red Bluff. G. A. Eaton is foreman at the mine. l^ibl.: Cal. State Min. Bur., Reports X, p. 092, XIT, p. 8S, XUI,} p. 50; Bull. 38, p. 272. Photo No. 51. Elder Creek Chrome Mine of the Noble Electric Steel Company, Tehama County. Tedoc Chrome Mine. A group of 20 mineral claims have recently been located to cover some chromite deposits which occur on the slopes of Tedoc Mountain, at an elevation of over 4000 ft. in Sec. 28, T. 28 N., R. 9 W. They occur in the form of lenses of massive black chromite, which is evidently of high grade. Deposits have been found on several of the claims, but very little development work has been done on them. The larg&st deposit thus far uncovered is on the IMountain View Claim. It appears to be a blanket, extending north and south down the ridge. A series of trenches has been cut across it, showing a width of from MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 209 LO to 20 feet, throiigliont a length of 250 feet. Its thickness or depth las not been determined. Th(^ iie.xi l)est showing is on the Dead Pine paim, which lies to the east of, and ad.joining, the ^Mountain View. [ere, two shallow cuts spaced 20 feet apart expose an ore))ody six feet ide, which appears to be at right angles to the larger body. Small nilders of chromite are found over the slopes on practically all of the jlaims. A 12 mik' road is being ])uilt to reach these deposits, from the Red Unff-Beegum Road, which will make the haul to the railroad 53 miles. )uring the summer 50 men were engaged in road building, and the irst 5 miles of the new road had been completed. Motor-trucks are to [aul the ore to Red Bluff, on a contract basis of $8.00 per ton. It is ■xpected to start shipments not later than September 15th. The prop- erty is owned by the Tedoc ^Mining Comi)any, under management of Agard and Stewart, 268 ^Earket St., San Francisco. C. H. Philpot is superintendent. Toms Head Chrome Mine. It is located on the slopes of Toms Head Peak, about midway between the Tedoc ]\Iine on the north, and the i^lder Creek mines on the south, 35 miles by road west of Red Bluff. Three to four hnndred tons of ore have been mined from a deposit liy an open cut, and are lying on the dump. The ore is said to run only 32% chromic oxide, and none has, as yet, been shipped from the jn-operty, which is at present idle. J. A. Heslewood, 3908 Randolph Ave., Oakland, is the owner. TRINITY COUNTY. In the region from Plummer Spring Ranger Station on the northwest' to the headwaters of the South Fork of Trinity River and to Tedoc Mountain there is an extensive occurrence of cherts and associated bodies of serpentine. This area varies from two to six miles wide. Within its boundaries there are a multitude of chromite occurrences. The largest of these deposits is on Tedoc Mountain and is described elsewhere in this report. A number of small deposits have been worked on the upper course of the Hayfork. In 1916 the Manganese Compan}^ of California built about three miles of road through very rocky country to tap some chromite prospects on the upper Hayfork. They took out about 216 tons of ore and have apparently suspended work. The writer observed several such prospects in the area ; some were being held with- out development work and others were open to entr3^ The district is largely unprospected and little known and while parts of it are remote from transportation there is a possibility that it may be made more I 14—38958 210 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. accessible if manganese prospects recently found there come up to expectation. The chromite occurs in the serpentine as a rule in the vicinity of the contact with the surrounding chert. Crow Creek Group, (also known as the McConnell-Kirby, and as the Chapman-Kirby claims), Neely Bros., owners, #70 Fremont St., San Francisco. There are several claims in this group in Sec. 14, T. 38 N., R. 6 W., M. D. M., on Crow Creek, a branch of the North Fork of East Fork of Trinity River and 18 miles west of Castella. An 11-mile road to connect with the motor-truck road of the Trinity Asbestos Mining Co., to Castella is now [December, 1917] 70 per cent completed. De- velopment work consists of a number of open cuts and one adit cross-cut. Several lenses of chromite have also been revealed by clearing off the surface soil. In the cross-cut, a face of ore has been opened up 10' wide and 18' high. Some of the chromite is massive and high grade. The green chrome-garnet, uvarovite, is associated with the fracture planes in the chromite. It is estimated that there are at least 2000 tons of 40%-42% ore available. This includes approximately 800 tons already broken and ready to ship as soon as the road is completed, the coming spring. One carload (42 tons) analyzing 44% CrjOj and 7% SiOg was packed five miles to the road, and delivered by truck to the railroad at Castella in December. There is also stated to be apparently a large body of disseminated chromite in these claims, which could be concentrated; and ample water for milling purposes is available. The electric power line of the California-Oregon Power Company to the Coffee Creek dredge passes within two miles of these deposits. Bibl. : Cal. State Min. Bur., Bull. 38, p. 272; Mines and Min. Res. of Shasta et al. counties, p. 133, 1915 ; Report XIV, p. 877, 1916. Dodge Ranch Deposit, Trumbull Bros., owners. A deposit of chromite is reported on this property on the Trinity River, 16 miles from Callahan. Specimens of the ore, shown the writer, appear of good grade. The Highland Lake Chrome property was being worked under the management of Mr. Woolsey of Lamoine. It lies six miles west of the Forest Queen Mine and the ore was being hauled by wagon, 14 miles to Gibson siding. The ore appeared to carry about 50% CroOg and was being sold to the Union Chrome Co. of San Francisco. The Integral Chrome Mining Company was preparing to mine chrome on the property of the Integral Quicksilver Mining Company in Sec. 23, T. 38 N., R, 6 W., M. D. M. The owning company consists MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 211 of Wm. J. Simpson of New York, and the Anglo-California Trnst Company of San Francisco. A ten-year permit to mine chrome on the property is held by J. R. Logan of 400 George St., Vallejo, California. The property lies on the west slope of Crow Creek 21 miles west of ('astella, and consists of 3000 acres, patented. Float chrome assaying nver 40% CroOg is stated to have been found over an area 50' wide and 2000' long, along an east- west direction. No development work had been (lone. The property adjoins the Crow Cr(\k group on the south. Mmnbo Creek Group, (formerly Russell Group), Mrs. Luella Beau- champ, owner, fl591 Turk St., San Franci.sco. This group of four claims is in Sec. 4 ( ?) or 11, T. 38 N., R. 6 W., something over a mile north of the Crow Creek group, and about 19 miles from Castella. They ,will utilize the same road, now under construction. The ore so far ex- posed is high grade, but only a small amount of development work has been done, as yet. Phillpot Deposit, C. H. Phillpot, owner. Knob. The owner made some shipments of high-grade chromite in 1916 from a deposit near Hay- fork. Bil)l.: Cal. State Min. Bur., Bull. 38, p. 272; Mines and Min. Res. of Shasta et al. counties, p. 133, 1915; Report XIV, p. 877, 1916. Picayune Lake Group, II. C. Beauchamp, owner, care Columbia Hotel, San Francisco. This group of 14 claims is in Sees. 23, 26, and 27, T. 39 N., R. 6 W., M. D. M., several miles northeast of the Crow Creek Group, and 16 miles southwest from Sisson. Of the latter, 10 miles is by trail. This group was located in July, 1917, covering several outcrops of high-grade chromite. The Black Jack chrome property located by Wm. Pratti of Peanut, California, lies in south half of Sec. 28, T. 30 N., R. 12 W., at the side of the State Highway, about nine miles from Peanut. A small tonnage of ore was taken from a lens about two feet wide, and was sold in the summer of 1917, since which the property has been idle. The Compass chrome prospect lies in the southeast quarter of Sec. 21, T. 30 N., R. 12 W., one-quarter a mile from the State High- way and eight miles from Peanut. It is owned by Roy Shiell and Wm. Pratti of Peanut, California. Only a small amount of chromite is exposed and it had not been prospected when visited. The Eureka chrome prospect is in the N.E. | of Sec. 18, T. 30 N., R. 12 W., three miles by trail from the State Highway and nine miles from Peanut. Frank Cummins, owner. This appears to be one of the most promising undeveloped chromite claims in the region. There is an 212 CAhIL<\)RNlA STATE MINING BUREAU. outcrop 3|- feet wide, apparently in place, showing al)Out 20 tons of shipi)ing ore of a massive character. The outcrop strikes N. 30 W., and there is a good grade of float ore along the strike at intervals for 150 feet. The claim is on a plateau about 1500 feet from the trail, and the grade of the trail to the State Highway is easy and would permit the building of a road at moderate cost. There are other smaller expasures of chromite in the serpentine near this claim, which might develop a small tonnage of ore. The Peewee chrome claim is near the south corner common to Sees. 21 and 22, T. 30 N., R. 12 W., less than one-half mile from the State Highway and eight miles from Peanut. Roy Shiell and Wm. Pratti, of Peanut, were the original locators. The outcrop shows a lens of chromite of very good grade, four feet wide by twenty feet long; it had been trenched to a depth of one and one-half feet. The prospect is at an elevation of 4500 feet and is so situated that ore could be hauled from it to the State Highway with very little road building expense. The quality and (piantity of ore in sight justifies mining. There was, however, a dispute as to the ownership. The original location notice was defective and the claim was jumped before Shiell and Pratti filed their amended notice. The Federal Chrome Company, of Red Bluff, is developing some deposits of chromite, near the south fork of Trinity River, in Sec. 33, T. 1 N., and Sees. 4 and 6, T. 1 S., R. 12 W., H. M. This property, consisting of 12 claims, is about midway between Carlotta, on the Northwestern Pacific Railroad, and Red Bluff, being about 65 miles from the railroad at either point. Seven pockets or lenses of massive black chromite in serpentine have thus far been found, but development work had only just been started in two of them. Probably 30 tons of ore were exposed in each of these, by small open cuts. The pockets appear to be small, and are widely scattered, being from one-half to two miles off of the road. The claims were located in 1916, and only recently taken over by the present owners, who have three men employed. The ore was being hauled in Septem- ber, 1917, to Red Bluff by auto trucks at a co.st of $13.50 a ton. Florence Brewer, A. S. Dennis and Chas. Scurlock, owners. These claims are situated in a region of heavy snowfall, and the roads are passable foi trucks only about five months in the vear. MANGANESE AND ClIROiJIUM. 213 TULARE COUNTY. Vaughn Ranch Deposit; Vaughn Estate, Porterville, owner. A nsiderable tonnage of cliromite was shipped from lenses on this prop- rty, in ]01H, and a smaller amount in lOlT. The Waddell ehrome mine is in Sees. 17 and 20, T. 19 S., 11. 27 E., at an elevation of 800', four miles northeast of Lindsay. The property : is owned by Frederic Gill of Exeter. Lenses of-ehrome, striking in a direction X. 40 E.. occurred in ser- I pentine. These had apparently been worked out down to the lower ' workings. K The property was idle in 1917 save for about 50 tons of ore which had I been sorted from the dump, for shipment, by a lessee. TUOLUMNE COUNTY. The Don Pedro property is in See. 6, T. 2 S., R. 14 E., M. D. M., 10 miles southwest of Jamestown. It is owned by the Preston Estate and was leased, for a period of two years, to Levensaler-Speir Corporation. The nearest point on a railroad is Rosasco, one mile west ; however, since there is no road to Rosasco, some ore was hauled to Keystone, eight miles northwest, in 1916. Development work consisted of two shafts, one 90' and one 70' deep. Hughes Group. John. Thonuis, Charles and James Hughes, have recently found chromite on their property at Marsh Flat, southeast ' of Jacksonville, a part of which they are working themselves, and in part leased to others. All told, there are (June, 1918) about 12 li asers operating. Hughes Brothers have so far shipped 2 carloads ji of chrome ore. ' The Kahl chrome mine is in the SE. i of Sec. 6, T. 1 N., R. 14 E., I M. D. M., at an elevation of 1450', six miles west of Jamestown. It is |i on a 40-acre patent owned by Joseph Kahl of Jamestown. i A lenticular body of chromite occurred, in peridotite, striking X. 40° 'W. and pitching 80° S. About 400 tons of ore were taken out, in 1915, from a pit 16' deep by 30' wide by 50' long. A small 14" stringer of i' ore was exposed along the north face of the pit. Mr. Kahl reports that there are two other small chrome prospects on his property and also one on government land adjoining, which might , yield some ore. C. F. Lighthold and Geo. Adams have located claims near the Hughes group, above described. i The Mackey pi-operty is in the SE. 1 of Sec. 21, T. 1 N., R. 14 E., M. D. M., three miles south of Jamestown. It consists of one claim at 214 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. an elevation of 1325'', within 50 yards of "Woods Creek, owned by Peter Mackey of Jamestown, Old workings indicate that an orebody 14' wide, 14' deep and 40' long was taken out. Three small open cuts about 4' deep and 6' long had been made. Seventy tons of ore were taken from the open cuts and sold by the owner in 1916. The Pereira property is in the SW. ^ of Sec. 25, T. 1 N., R. 13 E., M. D. M., at an elevation of 1150', three miles north of McCormiek siding. It includes 540 acres in claims held by the Pereira Bros, of Jamestown. jM Development work consists of open cuts and shallow shafts. About 55 tons of low grade ore, carrying about 24% CroO;,, had been taken out of an open cut in serpentine. The cut was from 2' to 8' deep and 100' long and had followed the ore in a direction N. 80°. E. Work being car- ried on, during the middle of May, 1917, consisted of opening up several small stringers at a new location about 500' south of the open cut. The ore taken out appeared to carry about 35% CrgO,, but mining was slow because of the leaders being so small. About 15 tons of this ore were piled for shipment. The Rough and Ready chrome mines are in See. 25, T. 1 N., R. 13 E., M. D. M., at an elevation of 1300', about three and one-half miles north of McCormick siding. They are owned and operated by Thos. and Geo. A. Richards of Oakdale. Lenticular bodies of chrome, in serpentine, strike east-west and pitch 80° North. A 100' open cut, made below the cabin, has exposed a body of ore 10' wide and 50' long which should yield over 60 tons of ore down to a depth of 6'. Analy.ses of this ore showed 29.9% CroOg and 18% SiOo, also 26.3% CroO^ and 12.6%, of SiOo. On a serpentine hill a quarter of a mile west of the cabin a 25' incline shaft had exposed a lens of ore 4' wide and 6' long which should have yielded a few tons of higher grade ore. An assay of this ore showed 36.7% CrgO., and 8.8% SiOj. About 20 tons of ore were piled for shipment. Two fifty-ton cars of or^l were shipped during the middle of May, 1917. Seven men were em- ployed at $3.00 per day. The Sims property is in the NE. i of Sec. 5, T. 1 S., R. 14 E.| M. D. M., at an elevation of 1320', about one mile northwest of Chinese| It is owned by Henry Sims of Chinese Camp, and was being workec on royalty by Egiin and Gouge of Jamestown. Lenticular bodies of chrome ore had been followed to a depth of 25' in serpentine, by an incline shaft. The ore exposed in the bottom of the shaft was 6" wide and struck east-west with possibilities of opening out into another orebody. About 27 tons of ore were corded for shipment, which appeared to average about 40% Cr^Og. i I ^ MANGANESE AND CHROMIUM. 215 The Terry and Sell mine is in See. 2, T. 1 S., R. 13 E., M. D. M., at an elevation of 1100', about one mile north of McCormick siding. It is on property leased from the McCormick Cattle Company of Sonora. A 14' shaft has followed a lens of chrome 4' thick and 8' wide, striking N. 35° W. The bottom of the shaft was all in ore when the property Avas visited on May 18, 1917. Twenty tons of ore had been mined and corded and there was as much more in sight. Old workings, adjoining the shaft, 10' to the northwest, consisted of stopes 3' wide and 30' long, which had been worked from a 65' shaft several years ago. In addition to the properties above described, Geo. Mapes and J. O'Hara were stated to be leasing (June, 1918) on the Beckwith land near Chinese Camp. Henry Kiaupat had also taken out a few tons from a prospect in the same district. C. E. Wilcox of Jamestown, was opening up a chromite deposit on the Stanislaus River, near Burns Ferry, and had shipped one carload of 45% ore. This deposit Avas exposed by the river wash. 21G CALirORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. S a C.2 is 1— t 2 a >< U c . -c -'g S B O t< -2^ > o 4^ -O CO o c o a Ph 'z-.'^. tj .M o -• o «i bo ■^ C3 P ^. w O tuo s o P._2 c is ? Si £■ 5! w == o S o g 0. o ft a; ft « £ -a £ -C t; "c o t; o 5 a o a o cc & C tj C o o ■a o o w o . ft u 2 ■=■ o « ft •M ft =3 _ "u! 'J . ,. 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Silica in excess of 8% is often penalized, but by special agreement an ore fairly high in chromite may be saleable even if it carries as much as 15% silica. Consumers of Chromite. The following list contains names furnished by the United States Geological Survey, with a few additions: American Refnutories Co Pittsburgh, Pa., and Mercliants National Bank Bldg., San Francisco Binney & Smith 81 Fulton St., New York, N. Y. California Chrome Co . Kohl Bldg., San Francisco Carnegie Steel Co Pittsburgh, Pa. Colorado Fuel and Iron Co Denver, Colo. Crucible Steel Co. of America Pittsburgh, Pa. A. C. Daft Oliver Bldg., Pittsburgh, Pa. Electro-Metallurgical Co Niagara Falls, N. Y. Foote Mineral Co 107 North 19th St., Philadelphia, Pa. Ilarbison-Walker Refractories Co Pittsburgh, Pa. E. J. Lavino & Co P.ullit Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. Lukius Iron and Steel Co Seattle, Wash. A. D. Mackay 130 Pearl St., New York, N. Y. Metal and Thermit Corporation 120 Broadway, New York, N. Y. Mutual Chemical Co 55 John St., New York, N. Y. National Electrolytic Co Niagara Falls, N. Y. Noble Electric Steel Co 995 Market St.. San Francisco Otis Steel Co Cleveland, Ohio Pacific Coast Steel Co San Francisco, Cal.. and Seattle, Wash. Pacific Electro Metals Co Balboa Bldg., San Francisco Frank Samuel Harrison Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. Sawyer Tanning Co Napa, Cal. Sherwin Williams Co Cleveland, Ohio St. Louis Refractories Co Title Guaranty Bldg., St. Louis, Mo. The Ferro-Alloy Co 603 Symes Bldg., Denver, Colo. Younstown Steel and Tube Co Youngstown, Pa. PRODUCTION OP CHROMITE IN CALIFORNIA. Production of chromite in California began, apparently about 1874, principally in San Luis Obispo County. There was considerable activ- ity from 1880 to 1883, inclusive, and a total of 23,838 ton.s, valued at $337,904, was shipped from that county up to 1887.* Some ore also was shipped from the Tyson properties in Del Norte County. The tabulation herewith shows the California output of chromite, annually, *Logan, C. A., Mine.? and mineral resources of San Luis Obispo: Cal. State Min. Bur., chapters of State Mineralogist's report, biennial period, 1915—1916, p. 80, 1917. I MANGANESE AND CHRO:MIUiI. 227 since 1887, when the compilation of such figures was begun by the State Mining Bureau : 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1W3 Year Tons 3.000 1,500 2,000 3,599 1.372 1,500 3,319 3,680 1,740 786 Value $40,000 20,000 30,000 53,9&5 20,580 22,500 49,785 39,980 16,795 7,775 Year 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 Totals -. Tons 123 40 317 302 350 436 749 935 1,270 1,180 1,517 3,725 48,943 52,379 1.3.5,497 Value $1,845 600 2.859 6,040 6.195 5,309 9,707 14,197 11,260 12,700 9,434 38,044 717,244 1,130,298 $2,277,557 SUPPLEMENTARY STATEMENT RELATIVE TO CHROMITE MARKET. November 1, 1918. Since the main text of this bulletin was put in type, the ehromite situation has undergone a very radical change. The break came late in September, when some of the large Eastern consumers refused to buy ore, claiming a sufficient supply to be on hand, and that they had : already taken up their allotments permitted by the War Industries Board. This came 'like a thunderbolt out of a clear sky' to the West- < ni producers who had been most strongly urged as "a patriotic duty ^1 to mine chrome, on account of its military necessity and shortage in '' nvailable domestic supplies." Following this there ensued a series of telegrams and other corre- ; spondence between Western producers, on the one hand, and the Eastern consumers and War Industries Board, on the other. The producers nppealed to the Governmental agencies for relief. Two telegrams, quoted herewith, from the AVar Industries Board to 11 Mr. Albert Burch, their representative in California, reveal the situation as it now stands: "It is the present intention of the War Industries Board to arrange for continued ehromite production in the United States for the first half of 1919 at a rate proportionate to the rate of 1918 production, and the trade will be asked to purchase ehromite of suitable grade produced in the United States during the first half of next year at this rate. We believe the tonnage of domestic ehromite produced the balance of this 228 CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. year of suitable grade can be sold at the average price paid this summer by the California Chrome Co. If unable to find ready market for ore, wire this office, giving tonnages ready for immediate delivers'^ and guar- anteed analysis and prices wanted, and to whom already offered and refused. Signed: Hugh "W. Sanford, Chief, Chemicals Division. Ferro- Alloys Section, War Industries Board, Washington, D. C.'Sept. 27." Telegram Sent by the War Industries Board to Mr. Albert Burch, Crocker Building, San Francisco, Special Representative of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, Regarding Chrome Production on the Pacific Coast. (Published in San Francisco Chronicle, Nov. 1, 1918.) "Referring my telegram September 27, which you had published. This seems to have caused misconception in minds of some chromite purchasers who have interpreted this telegram to mean that the Gov- ernment was guaranteeing not only full consumption of chromite for balance of this year and first half of next year, but also that the guar- antee was for sales during either or both periods at the price prevailing during the summer of 1918. This interpretation can not properly be gotten from the language of the telegram. In order to clear up any misconception please have this complete telegram published. The War Industries Board does not at this time guarantee any sales of chromite for balance of this year or the first half 1919 at any prices. The War Industries Board has asked chromite users to buj^ as much domestic chromite as possible during the remainder of this year and may decide to request buyers to purchase domestic chromite for the first half of 1919 on some new price basis. It is impossible to say how fully the buyers will co-operate with such requests. Stocks in hands of users are large, particularly stocks in hands of users of high-grade ores, these stocks probably averaging ten to twelve months' suppl}'. The over- supply of chromite today is due more to decreased domestic consumption than any other one factor, the domestic consumption being about 35,000 tons less than anticipated for 1918. This is due chiefly to the recent changes that have been made in the industries for the necessities of the war programme, such as reduction in manufacture of automobiles, which industry formerly absorbed large quantities of ferrochrome and also the use of less chrome tanning in the leather trade on account of vegetable tanned shoes being used largely in the Army for trench work. A programme has been recommended to the War Trades Board by the War Industries Board for a reduction of imports from all countries to the lowest practicable minimum and their decision will probably be announced in a few days. The War Industries Board has also removed all restrictions on conservation of use of chromite and is not denying proper exports of chrome products. Serious consideration is being given by all Governmental departments to this problem but at present it is doubtful whether additional aid can be given to the domestic chromite situation beyond the procedure stated above. If any furthe^ developments will advise you. Signed: Hugh W. Sanford."' INDEX. Page Acknowledgment 7 Adams claims 213, 225 Adams-Maltby leases 126, 128 Adobe Canon quicksilver mine 204 Aerial tramway at Little Castle Creek mine 185 in handling manganese ore 67 Agard and Stewart mine — 118, 216, 209 Alameda County, chromite in 24,105,115-116,216 magnesite in 24 manganese in , 15, 16, 24-29, 92 production in 16 Ala Mountain deposit 95 mine 75 Alan Wood, Iron & Steel Company 98 Algoma Steel Corporation 98 AlUghany Ore & Iron Company 98 Allen-Robinson lease 53 Alpine chrome claim 135 Altshuler mine 220 Alum Rock Park "meteorite' 75 Alviso and Sunshine claims — 167, 221 Amador Central Railroad 116 County, chromite in 112, 116, 216 manganese in IS, 19, 29-30, 92 Amargosa group 38, 93 American Carbon & Battery Company 198 chrome prospect 161 Ever Ready Battery Company 98 Exploration Company 126 Manganese Manufacturing Company 98 Refractories Company 136 Steel Foundries 98 Anaconda Copper Company 12 Analyses of chromite 133, 192 of manganese ores 57, 73, 86 Analysis of ferro-manganese smelted at Heroult 21 Andrews claims 181, 222 Anglo-American Flash Light Company 98 Appalachian Range, chromite in 101 Ardoin mine 203, 223 Arkansas Geological Survey publications, reference to 64 manganese in 12 Arroyo del Puerto, chromite on 203, 204 manganese on 84 Arroyo La Cruz deposit 177 Artward et al. claims 156 Asbestos, chrysotile 190 Asbil et al. claims 152-153 Asia Minor, chromite in 101 Asti Colonv land, chromite on 201 A., T. & S. F. Railroad 58 Augite picrite 180 Austin lease 91 mine 131, 217 Aurora Quicksilver Company 145 Avawatz Mountains, manganese in 61 Avery manganese property 32,92 Bacon and Kenney prospect 51, 93 Bailey, James B 98 mine , 25, 27 Baldwin mine 221 Ball Ranch deposit 190, 222 B. & S. group 222 Barbour manganese deposit 91, 97 Barham, W. W., deposit 81, 96 Bartholf and Veach mine 51 Barton et al. claims 130, 217 Bawman lease 203 Bean-Darby lease 30 Bear Canyon mine 30, 31, 92 Beauty View Butte, manganese on 88 Beck and Williamson property 164 Beckman-Linden Engineering Corporation 22, 98 Beckwith property 215, 225 Belknap mill : 199 Bennett-Brooks Company 98 Beraudiere. John, mine 25, 92 Berkshire Iron Works 98 230 INDEX. Page Bethlehem Steel Corporation 98 Big Bend claims i. 40, 93 Red Mountain, chromite on 107, 151!, 2l;t Biggs prospect 225 Bilrowe Alloys Company 98 Bingham's mine 190, 199-200 Binney & Smith 98, 226 Black Bear mine 75, 95 Bird prospect 76, 95 Diamond group 146-147, 219 mine (chrome) 110 (manganese) 32, 92 Horse group 56, 94 Jack mine (manganese) — 19, 25, 54-56, 92, 94 prospect (chrome) 208, 224 leases • 45 Prince group 61, 95 Wonder mine 75, 76, ft.'i properties 76-77 Bland's Cove deposit 40, 93 Biocksburg, manganese near 34 Bonettl property 132, 217 Bradford lease , 55 Bradley, W. W 1 Braito property 53, 94 Brandon property 132, 217 Bray, P. H., claims 56, 94 Brazil, manganese in 11 Briggs mine 15, 49-50, 93 Brovvn-Bray-Simoyne group 56 mine (Shasta County) 183 Brum and Newport prospect 56. 94 Bryant chrome prospect (El Dorado County) 217 mine — 33, 34 Buckeye mine 24, 86 Buckhorn claim 25, 92 Bugg property 220 Bunker property , 159-160 Burch, Albert 102, 114, 227, 228 and Woody prospect 53, 94 Burdick, Chas. A 98 Burgess, C. F., Laboratories 98 Burmeister lease 49, 60, 61 Burnett Ranch mine 112, 137, 217 Burnham Ranch deposit 121, 216 Burns Ranch deposit 190, 222 Burrows prospect 219 Busch and Bevins manganese mine 40-42, 93 Butcher, L. H., and Company 98, 170, 171, 221 Hill deposits 190, 222 Butte County, chromite in 118-121,216 manganese in 18, 30, 92 Pine and Hardwood Lumber Company 119 Buzzard mill 132, 217 Caire, Justinian, development of Ladd mine by 64 Calaveras Copper Company, use of chromite by, as a furnace liner 121 County, chromite in 111, 121-123,216-217 manganese in 18, 19, 31, 92 formations, manganese in 18, 53 California, central, map of a portion of : 24 Chrome Company 147, 169, 183, 186, 191. 219, 221, 222, 226. 227 chromite in 101-227 Manganese Mining Company — 76, 84 map of, showing locations of chromium and manganese deposits 13 National Forest 18 -Oregon Power Company 210 Ore Purchasing Company 133 production of chromite in 226-227 manganese ore in 100 Southern, manganese in ' 19 -Southern Railroad 54, 58 State Mining Bureau 9, 185 publications of 229-232 reference to : 148, 166, 167 Callahan district, chromite in 109 (Zlamtaria Steel Company 98 Camden claim 145 Campbell property 121, 216 Camp Bessie mine 77 No. 9 25, 26, 92 Campo Seco copper smelter, chromite used at , 123 Camptonville chrome deposit 189. 222 Canada, manganese in 12 INDEX. 231 Page Carbonate of manganese 13, 17, 45 in Ladd mine 65, 66 in Tesla district 24, 26 Carboniferous formation, manganese in 18 Carnegie Steel Company 98, 203, 226 Carr and Mefford properties 116, 216 Carson and Sweet prospects 144 tCashom lease 119 ^assiorni leases 132, 217 3astro mine 103, 104, 167-169, 221 concentration of chromite at 104, 168-169 Caudwell prospect 17, 89, 96 Cavagnaro prospect 51, 94 Caving system used at Little Castle Creek mine 183, 186 Cedar Mountain, chromite on 115 Central Iron & Coal Co 98 Chaix chrome property 132, 217 Champion mill converted to a chrome concentrator 113 Chapman-Kirby claims 210 Charcoal Iron Company 98 Charge, furnace, at Heroult 21 Chase lease 79 prospect 219 Chastain deposit , 223 Chert, Franciscan, manganese ore in _- 24 Chibas, E. J 12 Chile, manganese in , 11 Chisholm mine 169, 175, 221 Chlorite, purple chrome 186, 190 Chocolate Mountains, manganese in 35 Chorro Creek mine 169, 221 Chrome Center claim 156, 219 Concentrating Company 204, 224 garnet 190, 198, 199 Mine, The 190, 199-200,223 ochre associated with chromite 190, 198 Wonder claim 123, 217 Chromi'te, analysis of . 133 concentration of 103, 106, 110, 112, 113, 114, 134, 140, 142-143, 146, 157-158, 162, 163, 164, 168, 169, 174, 180, 204, 207 consumers of 226 deposits, genesis of 102 geology of 101-113 group 193-194, 223 in Alameda County.-- 115-116, 216 Amador County 116, 216 Asia Minor 101 Butte County 118-121, 216 Calaveras County 121-123, 216-217 California 101-227 production of 7, 226 Colusa County 123-124, 217 Del Norte County 124-131, 217 El Dorado County 131-144, 217-218 Fresno County 144-146, 218-219 Glenn County . 146-147, 219 Humboldt County 148, 219 Lake County 148-151, 219 limestone 103, 165 Los Angeles County 151, 219 Mariposa County -" 151, 219 Maryland ^ 101 Mendocino County 151-156, 219 Monterey County 156 Napa County 156-157, 219 Nevada County 157-159, 219-220 Pennsylvania 101 peridotite 102 Placer County 159-164, 220 placei- gravels 101, 166,203 Plumas County 165-166, 220-221 San Benito County 166, 221 San Luis Obispo County 167-168,221-222 map of 167 Santa Barbara County 179-180, 222 Santa Clara County ISO, 222 serpentine 103, 111 Shasta County 181-188, 222 Siberia 101 Sierra County 189, 222 Siskiyou County 189-201, 222-223 Sonoma County 201-203, 223-224 Stanislaus County 76,203-205,224 Tehama County 206-209, 224 Trinity County 209-212, 224 Tulare County 213, 225 232 INDEX. Chromite, analysis of — Continued. Page Tuolumne County 213-215, 225 Virginia 101 market, supplementary statement on 227-228 prices and grades of ore 226 production of, in California 226-227 situation, supplementary statement on 227 use of, in copper smelter 111, 122, 123, 188 Chromium chlorite mica 186, 190 deposits, map of California showing 13 history of 101 in California 101-227 war necessity of 5, 7 Chrysotile asbestos . 190 Cigarette-Placer chrome mine 157, 219 Clara H. claim 145 Clark claim 115 -McLean prospect 82 Clary and Langford lease 121, 216 Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company 98 property 42, 93 Coast Range manganese deposits 13 geology of 13-14 ores, composition of 14 Coast Ranges, Franciscan formations in 115 northern, manganese in 16 north of San L'rancisco Bay, chromite in 106-107 Cobalt in manganese ore 10 Coggins mine 109, 190, 191-193, 223 analysis of ore from 192 'bean' ore at 193 Cold Spring claims 217 Coleman prospect 37, 93 Cole property 91, 97 Colorado chrome mine 170, 221 Fuel and Iron Company 98, 226 Colusa County, chromite in 123-124, 217 manganese in 17 Compass prospect 311, 224 Composition of Coast Range ores 14 of ferro-manganese 21 furnace charge at Heroult 21 Concentration, increased importance' of , for chromite yield 114 of chromite 103, 106, 110, 112. 113, 114, 134, 140, 142-143. 146, 157-158, 162, 163, 164, 168, 169. 174, 180, 187, 188, 204, 207 by jig 187, 188 of manganese ores '. 19-20 plant, cost of 114, 143 Conklin and Williams claims 147, 219 Connard Bros, claims 36, 93 Consumers of chromite 226 of manganese 98-100 Contact deposit of manganese ore 19 deposits at Tyson chrome mines 124, 126 Contra Costa County, manganese in 31, 92 Coplen-Tilsley group 52 Copper Creek mine . 125-127, 217 in manganese ore 10 smelter, use of chromite in 111, 122, 123, 188 Copsey, Arthur, et al., claims 148, 219 Cory property 225 Cost of concentration plant 114, 143 mining 43 production 11 transportation 43, 103, 105, 107, 109, 110, 112, 113, lis, 119. 121, 131. 135, 140, 145, 149, 151, 162, 173, 178, 187, 194, 198, 200. 209 Courtwright property 117, 216 Cowell property 133 Cramer Ranch deposit 193, 223 Crisle deposit _• 218 -Rilfle deposit 218 Crocker-Preston property — 29, 92 Crocker properties 26, 29, 64. 83, 92, 95, 96 map showing l 24 Crosbv prospects 26, 92 Crow Creek group 109, 210, 224 Crucible Steel Company of America 226 Crystal, Charles B 98 Lake manganese group 53, 94 Cummings leas-^ 26, 64. 69. 84, 87 Curran prospect 218 Curtis property 119, 216 Cuthbert, W. R 98 Cypress chrome mine 170, 221 Daft, A. C 226 Daisy Chrome Company 156 INDEX. 233 Page Darrington lease 112 Ranch deposit 217 Davenport and Smith prospect 77,95 Davis, A. A., concentrating plant 118 E. F. 8 group 181, 222 property (Calaveras County) 121, 216 prospect 81 Deer Park quicksilver mine 204 Death Valley manganese claims 36, 93 Deick claims 181, 222 De Kruse property 160, 220 Delaware River Steel Company 98 Demasters prospect 218 Del Norte County, chromite in 107, 108. 124-131, 217 early production of chromite in 226 geology of chromite in 124 transportation in 125 Denison, W. H 98 Detert Ranch deposit 117, 216 Development in chromite situation in 1918 113-114, 227 Dewhirst mine 26, 92 Dexter Ranch deposit 194-195, 223 Diablo Range, Franciscan formations in 24 manganese in 15 Diadem Lode 53, 94 Dibblee and Arata lease 170, 173 Dickev and Driesbach lease 120, 121, 216 Diller, J. S 107, 186 Disseminated chromite ore 140, 154, 192, 193, 194 Districts of promise to the prospector 115 Doak-Irvin lease 34 lease 68 Mine No. 2 77-78, 95 Dodge Ranch deposit 210, 224 Dolbear lease 194, 201 S. H. 102, 114 Donavan lease 26, 29, 92 Donnelly mine 133, 217 Donohue and McFarland lease 87 Don Pedro property 213, 225 Dooley deposit ■ 117,_216 Doran manganese claims 57, 94 Dougherty lease 194 Dowden property 216 Doyle deposits 218 Dozier deposit (chrome) 195, 223 deposit (manganese) 81, 96 Drake, Frank 10 Dreisbach-Dickey lease 121, 216 Dry batteries, high-grade manganese ore for 10 Dugout canoes, hauling chrome ore in 114 Dunsmuir. chromite near 181, 190 Dwyer claims 194, 196 East Rex Exploration Company 35 Ebony group 34-35. 93 Eel River, chromite on 156 Egling-Gouge lease 214 -Williams property 225 Electric Reduction Company 98 smelters oo Electro-Metallurgical Company 226 Elder Creek chrome mine 208 El Divisadero chrome mine ■__170, 221 El Dorado County, chromite in 112, 131-144. 217-218 Elliott and Searles deposit 28 Ellis-Chili mill cell Ranch deposit a oo El Salto chrome mine 170, 221 Elsinore manganese deposits 58, 94 Elva manganese mine °'> "6 Emma manganese claims 62, 95 Empire Steel & Iron Co 98 Enstatite peridotite, chromite in 186 Estacia mine 27 Eureka prospect 211-212, 224 Evanis prospect 217 Evans manganese prospects . 70, 95 Ranch deposit 170, 221 Everett, L., prospect .30, 92 Evert, Nick, prospect 151, 219 Fable manganese mine 77, 78, 95 Fairbanks, H. W 167 234 INDEX. f I 'age Faucher lease 72, 176 Federal Chrome Company 1 , 212, 224 Ore Company 216, 219 Fenster lease 204 Fermor, L. L 11 Ferro-Alloy Company, The 226; Ferro-alloys, various, electric smelting of 22, 2S -manganese, analysis of 21 composition of 9 electric-smelting of 20-23 production of S -silicon, electric smelting of 22 Fertilizers, use of manganese in 10 Fiddler's Green prospect 160, 220 Flederman claims 196, 223 leases . 196, 223 Folsom district, chromite in 112 Foote Minei-al Company 226 Foi-d-motor locomotive for hauling chromite 186 Foreign supplies curtailed 7 sources of manganese ore 11 Forest Hill district, chromite in 113 Hill Divide, chromite on 162 « Queen mine 181-182, 22^J I Foreword 7 " F'orni property 133, 217 Forstner, Wm. 188 Fort Baker, manganese at 39, 93 Fortner Ranch deposit — 31, 92 Foster Mountain mine 16, 42-44, 93 Franciscan formations, chromite in 105, 106 formations in Coast Ranges 115 in Diablo Range 24 manganese in 13, 14, 15, 17, 36, 39, 49, 64, 76 serpentine in 115 Franks property 144, 218 Fratis mine 27 Frazer claims 152 Freeman property 133, 217 Freight-car space, saving of, in shipping ferro-alloys 23 French Hill, chrome mine 108,127-129,217 Fresno County, chromite in 104-105, 144-146, 218-219 ; manganese in 32, 92 Friday prospect 130, 217 Fries Ranch deposit 59. 94 Friggel, R., prospect 27. 92 F'room's chrome deposits 170, 221 Fuqua and Bell mine 149-150 Fuller and Wfirren Company 98 Furnace charge at Heroult 21 Garrison prospect 160.220 i Gas Caiion property 160, 220 I Genesis of chromite deposits 102 I Geisendorfer and Turner mill 163, 164 t and Schwartz properties 134 1 Geological horizons in which manganese occurs 12 ( Geologj', Department of. University of California 8 ' general, of Shasta County chromite deposits 181 i of chromite deposits 101-113 I chromite in Del Norte County 124 Coast Range manganese deposits 13 I Tesla district 24 Georgia, manganese in 12 I Gibsonville chrome deposit 1S9. 222 Gilchrist, Robert 98 Gill et al. prospect 182 Gillis (Madrid) prospect 225 Gladwin and Peet claim 38, 93 Glamis, Imperial County, manganese ore shipped from 93 Glenn County, chromite in 110, 146-147, 219 manganese in IS. 32, 92 property 134, 217 William 101 Goldschmidt Thermit Company 9 Gold Stripe deposit 221 Gordon Mountain, chromite on 114, 129 Grades of chrome ore 226 manganese ores required 9 Grafton claim — 183, 222 Graham deposit 154-156, 219 Granite-limestone contact, manganese on — _ 19 Grant prospect 197. 223 Gravel, chromite in 166, 203 INDEX. 235 Page ('.ray claims ^4 Eagle chrome group — 181, 222 lease 52 (Ireat Expectations claim , 79 Western mine 149, 219 Quicksilver Mining Company 106 I 'rieen chrome mine 134, 218 property (Placer County) . 161. 220 Grosse manganese claims 58, 94 Grummit Fiiinch prospects 84, 96 Guthrie, Alex., claim 46, 93 et al. claims 152-153 Hallingren property 203, 224 Hamilton, Fletcher 5 Hampton prospect 224 Hausmannite 14 Hannagan Ranch deposit 60, 94 Harbison-Walker Refractories Co 226 Harder, E. C 11, 12, 13, 25, 76, 115, 167 Hardy, Charles 98 ' ITarp and Sons Ranch deposit 149, 219 Karris lease 193, 198 Ranch deposit 190 IHarshaw, Fuller and Goodwin Companj' 98 Haskins, A. A., use of White Good-Roads, truck by, in hauling dolomite 66 Hauser, Martin and Cheeseborough claims 58, 94 I Hawkins property 108 prospect . 130. 217 Ranch deposit 60. 95 ; Hazel-Atlas Glass Company 98 Hearst property 183,222 ' Ranch deposits (San Luis Obispo County) 175,176 prospect 70, 95 lieath, W. P., and Company 98 Hendricks mine (manganese) 15, 60-61, 95 property (chrome) 118-119, 216 Herman prospect 37, 93 Heroult smelter 20 Herrick prospect 37, '93 Hersam, E. A 19. 20 i Heslewood chrome deposits 207, 209 [j lease 147 Hickman, Williams and Company 98 Highland Lake chrome property 210, 224 High Plateau prospect 130, 217 road built to 114 Hill, C. W., Chemical Company 98 S. W., deposit 206, 224 ; Hinch property 121, 216 j History of chromium 101 Hobbs Wall Company, logging railroad 131 I Hobson claims 70, 95 'i Hodges and Linder property 161, 220 I Hoeft properties 219 I Hoff group 135 I Hogan property 220 llolbrook and McGuire concentrating plants 112 and McGuire lease 80, 180, 222. 217 et al. lease 204-205 FTollister lease 178 j Holmes Lime Company 141 I Hopper claim 44. 93 Horse Mountain Copper Company 114 copper mine, chromite in 148, 219 i Hospital Creek, manganese on 85. 87 iHothersall property 220 Hoy claims 183, 222 Hubbard, J. D., concentrating plant of 118 Hudson, F. L 8 Hughes group _213, 225 ' Huguenin, Emile , 1, 7 Humboldt Countv, chromite in 114, 148. 219 manganese in 16.33-34,92.93 i Humphrey, E. C, and Company 98 Hunter, Wm., mine 82, 96 Hydromagnesite associated with chromite 197 Tda chrome group 1 183, 222 Illinois Pacific Glass Company l 98 Steel Company 98 Imperial County, manganese in : 19, 34-35. 93 I Import Chemical Company 98 Independent mine 42-44 I India, manganese in 11 Indian dugout canoes, transportation of chrome ore by 114 ' Ingram Creek, manganese on 60, 84, 85 236 INDEX. I Page' Innes, F. C, claim 123, 217 Integral Chrome Mining Company 210-211, 224 Quicksilver Mining Company 210 Inyo County, manganese in 19, 36, 93 Iowa Hill district, chromite in 113 Irish Ranch deposit 136, 218 Iron Age 9 Queen claim 54, 94 James, Geo. A., Company 161 Jasper, P^ranciscan, manganese ore in 24- Jens deposit 222 Jig, concentration by 187, 188 Joerger property 136, 218 Johe Rancli chrome deposit 170, 221, manganese deposit 71, 95. Jolinson claims (Imperial County) 35,93 prospect (Trinity County) 90, 96. Johnston prospect 218 Jones group 78 and Laughlin Steel Company 98 Joyner deposit 225 Jumbo prospect 27, 92 Juniata Furnace and Foundry Company 98 Kahl mine 213, 225 Kammererite 186 Keeny et al. lease 41 Keller Bros, prospect 78, 96 Kelly property 136, 218 Ranch deposit 27, 92 Kern County, manganese in 93 Kiaupat, Henry, prospect 215 Kilday Ranch deposit 180, 222 Kindred and McKniglit manganese claims 91 et al. chrome claims 156 King Ranch deposit 196, 197, 198 Kinzie lease 55 Klamath chrome mine 194 district, chromite in 115 Mountain region, chromite in 107-109, 189 manganese in 17 River, chromite on , 108, 109 Kleinsorge chrome mine , 110, 206-207, 224 Kotzchubeite 186 La Belle Iron Works 99 Lackawanna Steel Company 99 Lacy property 144 Ladd mine 24, 64-67, 95, 100 carbonate ore in 65,66 production of 16 La Follette Coal and Iron Company 99 Lagunitas Development Company 39 Lake County, chromite in 106, 148-151, 219 manganese in 16, 36-37, 93 La Laguna Ranch deposit (chrome) 179,222 deposits (manganese) 74, 95 Lambert property 119 Lamson, J. S., and Bros., Inc 99 Langford and Clary lease 121,216 La Priniera mine 171, 221 Laurel Lake Ranch deposit 180, 222 Lavic Mountain deposit 62, 95 Lavino. E. J., and Company 99, 226 La Trinidad chrome mine 171, 221 Lawson, A. C 31, 39 Leavitt, C. W., and Company 99. Lebanon Blast Furnace Company 99 Leecli Lake Mountain, manganese on 44 ; Lee mine 40 LeMay deposit , 223 'Leopard' ore 140, 194 Letter of transmittal 5 ' Levansaler-Speir Corporation 99, 213, 219'^ Lewis, .1. V 102 Ranch deposit 61, 95 Liberty chrome mine 124, 217 group ^, 114 Lighthill Ranch deposit 196, 197, 198 Lightliold claims 213, 225 Lime Kiln deposit 159 district, manganese in 18 Limestone, chromite in 165 -granite contract, manganese on 19 Linder and Hodges property 161, 220 INDEX. 237 Page Little Castle Creek mine ___109, ISl, 183-188, 222 geology of 1 86-187 jig concentration at 187, 188 map of 184 production of 181, 185 Deer claim 44, 93 Red Mountain, chromite on 156 hive Oak claim 181 Loading bunkers for chromite 191 Lockwood prospect -- 88 Loeser, David 99 Logan, C. A 1, 7, 9, 101, 226 lease 211 prospect 219 Lone Pine claim 188, 222 Los Angeles County, chromite in 151, 219 County, manganese in 19, 38, 93 Pressed Brick Company 99 Los Olivos deposit 179, 222 Louderback, G. D 8. 14 Lovejoy-Stevens property 141 Lovett and Sullivan group 93 Low Divide mine 108, 125, 126 Low Moor Iron Company of Virginia 99 Lowrey chrome deposits 207-208 Lowry property 122, 216 Luce prospect , 219 Lucky Girl prospect 204, 224 Jack group 171, 221 Strike mine 107, 119, 149-150. 216, 219 Lukins Iron and Steel Oompany 226 Lyser, C. J 202 Maberry and Brown manganese deposit 59, 94 Mackay, A. D 226 Mackey property 213-214, 225 Madeira deposit 201, 223 Madrid chrome property 225 manganese property 91, 97 Madrona, chromite near 129 Magmatic segregation, formation of chromite by 102 Magnetic separation of inanganese ores -- 20 Mailliard Ranch deposit 38, 93 Malpas prospect 131 Maltby and Adams leases 126,128,223,225 C. S. 225 Mammoth prospect 78, 96 Manganese . 9-100 bronze 10 carbonate of 17, 45 in Ladd mine 65, 66 in Tesla district 24. 26 Company of California 67, 69, 72, 209, 224 deposits, map of California showing 13 in Alameda County 24-29, 92 Amador County 29-30, 92 Brazil 11 Butte County 30, 92 Calaveras County 31, 92 California, production of 7, 100 Chile 11 Contra Costa County 31-32, 92 Fresno County 32, 92 Glenn County 32, 92 Humboldt County 33-34. '*'>.. 9S Imperial County 34-35, 93 India 11 Inyo Courttv 36, 93 Kern County 93 Lake County •_____ 36-37, 93 Los Angeles County 38, 93 Marin County 38, 93 Mendocino County 31-49. 93 Merced County 49-50, 93 Monterey County 50, 93 Napa County 51, 93. 94 Nevada County 51, 94 Panama 12 Placer County 52, 94 Plumas County 53-54, 94 Riverside County 54-59, 94 Russia 10 San Benito County 59-61, 94, 95 San Bernardino County 61-64, 95 San .Joaquin County 64-69, 95 San Luis Obispo County 69-74, 95 238 INDEX. Manganese— Continued. Page Santa Barbara County 74, 95 Santa Clara County 75-80, 95, 96 Shasta County 80-81, 96 Siskiyou County 81-82, 96 Sonoma County 82-83, 96 Stanislaus County 83-87, 96 Tehama County 87-89, 96 Trinity County 89-91, 96, 97 Tulare County 91, 97 Tuolumne County 91, 97 United States 12 minerals 13-14 on Mt. Diablo 32 ore, analyses of 57, 73, 86 foreign deposits of 11 in dry batteries 10 production of, in California 100 ores, grades of, required 9 possibilities of concentrating 19-20 prices of 10 purchasers of 98-100 secondary concentration deposits of 12 Peak group 88-89, 96 percentage recovery of, in ferro-manganese 21 of, in steel slags 12 Products Company ■ 84 prospect on Arroyo del Puerto 84 Ridge prospect 51 uses of, and gi-ades of ore required 9 Avar necessity of 5, 7 world sources of 10-12 Manhattan Electrician Supply Company 99 Manilla manganese property 31, 92 Man Ridge mine 27,28, 92 mines, production of 16 Map of a portion of Central California, showing deposits of chromium, mag- nesite and manganese 24 California, showing locations of chromium and manganese deposits 13 chrome ore deposits in San Luis Obispo County 167 Little Castle Creek mine 184 New London mine 173 Mapes-O'Hara lease 215 Market for chromite 227-228 Marin County, manganese in 16, 38, 93 Mariposa County, chromite in 110, 151, 219 Marks lease 190, 198 Marshall. E. B ^9 Martin-McKeen mine 198, 223 Maryland, chromite in 101 Masterson group 198, 223 Mateos Ranch deposit -- 78-79, 96 Matthews Ranch deposit 118 Maxwell Ranch deposit 122 McBride mill 146 McCarthy claims 199, 223 McCartv property 165, 221 T. L. 99 McClendon, W.. Ranch deposit 44. 93 McConnell-Kirby claims 210 McCormack mine 225 McCoy Mountains, manganese in 54 McCurdy property 136, 218 McFaul property 122, 216 McGuire, Holbrook and Springer lease 204-205, 224 McKeefrey Iron Company 99 McKnight and Kindred claims 91, 97 et al. chrome claims 156 McLean-Clark prospect 82, 96 McNear lease 162 McNulty deposit I 190 Medicinal uses of manganese 10 Meeker chrome mine 201-203. 223 Mefford property 116. 216 Mendenhall mine 115, 216 Mendocino County, chromite in 151-156, 219 manganese in 13, 16, 36, 39-50. 93 Merced County, manganese in 15, 93 Merchant Estate mine 75, 92 mine 25, 26, 27 Metal and Thermit Corporation 226 Mexican prospect 76 Miami Metals Company 99 Michaels. Roman and Weeks lease 44, 93 Middle Creek Mining Company 38 Middlemast chrome deposit 171, 221 Miles and Westover claims 188, 222 INDEX. 239 Paie Milkr claims j^gg 2''2 Milligan lease !!_" ~I~_ ' 199 Mineral Products Company TerTi.si, 96,'203r205, 224 Resources Corporation of America 121 144 2I6 219 Minerals of manganese ~ ~~ ' '_ i:»_i4 Mines and Metals Corporation ~ IIIII" ' ng Mining costs I._I_1_I ~1_ 4:5 and Scientific Press ~~~ III_III~12, 166 194 Mississippi Valley Iron Company ~ I_I2Z L ' 99 Mitchell mine ~~ ~~ "IIII 96 Montana, manganese in ~"~" III_~IIII_I \-i Monterey County, chromite in ~I I.IIZZI 104, 156 manganese in Z I-IIIIIl5 50, 93 Moore Creek deposit I" II_I_ ' 5li 94 prospect II_I I" •ii9 Moscatelli pi-operty "I 157, 2'/i> Mother Lode district, chromite in IZZII_I IZ_ " 115 Mount Diablo, manganese on ZZZZZ 32 Hill mine • ZZI ZZ_Z_157, 220 Sanhedrin claims ZZZZ_44-4'5'93 manganese carbonate in Z ZZ__ ' 13 Sanhedrin, manganese on Z I 16 Miniibo Creek group ZZZZ-211, 224 Mundrini mine Z ZZ _" ' 218 Murphy property Z ZZ 136-137, 2IS Musgrave prospect 223 Mutual Chemical Company ZZ 226 chrome mine Z 171, 221 Napa County, chromite in 106, 156-157, 219 manganese in , 16,51,93,94 Kaphis Peak mine 90, 96 Nassau Copper Company 121, 216 National Alloy Companj' . 99 Carbon Company 99 Electrolytic Company 226 Paint and Manganese Company 98 Neill prospect 219 Neptune gold mine 134 Nevada County, chromite in 113,157-159,219-220 Chrome Company 157. 220 Manganese in 18, 51, 94 Xf-whall Estate 149 manganese lease 25, 27, 92 mine 79, 96 Xew Idria district ! 105 London chrome mine 103, 171-173, 221 map of 172 Year manganese claims 46, 93 X-vsTnan chrome mine 115, 116 manganese mine 27. 92 Xichelini mine 219 Nickel in manganese ore 10 Nigger Hill chrome mine 137,218 Nnble Electric Steel Company__9, 20-22, 28, 30, 44, 46. 48, 53, 5!). 60, 74, 79. 80, 81, S2, 89, 90. 99, 107, 112, 115, 116, 137, 154, 155, 167. 188. 195. 206, 207-208, 222, 224, 226 X'orcross chrome mine 174, 221 concentration at 174 lease 134 Norris and Noyes mine 120, 166, 221 Northern California Power Company 20 Xorthwestern Iron Company 99 Pacific Railroad 90. 212 Noves lease (manganese) 32 prospect 120. 216 prospect (Glenn County) 219 Null prospect 225 Nungesser Carbon and Battery Company 99 Oakley Paint Manufacturing Company 99 (I'Brien Mine __^ 218 T. S. et al. lease 180 O'Donnell and Burns Mining Company 179-180. 222 Ogle property 137. 21S Old Dominion Pig Iron Corporation 99 Olsen mine 216 prospect 220 Oregon, chromite in 124 Oustomah mill, chrome concentration in 113, 157-158 Overstroni Mineral Concentrator 143 Owl claim 129, 217 Hole mine 19 Owls Head mine 62 Hole Manganese Mine 62-64, 95 Otis Steel Company 226 240 INDEX. Page ' Pacific Coast Railroad 69 Coast Manganese Company 87' Steel Company 99, 153,226 Electro Metals Company 22, 99,226 smelter of 22-23 Sewer Pipe Company 9ft, Page lease 44: Paints, use of manganese in lOi I Palen Mountains deposit 59?] manganese in 5T' Paleozoic formations, chromite in 181, 189'- Palo Verde region manganese claims I_ 59, 94 < Panama, manganese in 12". Parker, Ivan H., property 161-162,220 Parkhurst prospect 221^ Parmeter Ranch deposit 203, 22Sj Patterson deposits 22S ' and Western Railroad 75, 76, 203, 204, 208 Payne mill • 14( Peewee chrome claim 212, 224 Pennsylvania, chromite in 101 manganese mine , 79, 96 Penrose mine 54, 94 Percentage of manganese in steel slags 12 Pereira group (San Luis Obispo County) 177,221 property (Tuolumne County) 214, 225 Pericone property 225 Peridotite, alteration of, to serpentine 186, 189 chromite in 102,180,186, 189 Peri property 122, 217 Perry Iron Company 99 Peyton et al. lease 30 Pfeiffer property 140, 218 Phelan Ranch deposits 71, 95 Phillips lease 84,96 Phillpot deposit ^ 211, 224 Phoenix Mines (quicksilver) 20431 Phosphorus in manganese ore 14a Picayune Lake group 211, 224 Pick and Shovel mine 103,174-175.221 Picrite 180 Pierce and Benadom group 177 Pig iron, 'high manganese' 9 Pilliken mine 112, 137-140, 194, 218 mine, concentration at 140 Rancii mine 112 Pilot Hill property 140, 218 Pine Mountain group 169, 175-176, 221 Pit River Consolidated group 80, 96 Pittsburgh Lamp Brass and Glass Company 99 Steel Company 99 Placer Chrome Company 112, 141-143, 218 County, chromite in 113, 159-164, 220 manganese in 18, 52, 94 gravels, chromite in 101, 166, 203 Plainer, J. H., prospect 205, 224 Plumas County, chromite in 103, 113, 165-166, 220-221 manganese in 18, 53-54, 94 Point Sal, chromite near 180, 222 Porter Ranch deposit 33-34, 92 Portervllle and Northeastern Railroad ' 91j Potter Valley mine 401 Pottery, use of manganese in 10^ Powell property 30,92 et al. lease 225 Power Timber Company 162 Pratt, J. H 102 Prefumo Caiion deposit 72-78 district — 15 Preliminary Report No. 3 5 Preston Estate 213 Prices and grades of chrome ore 226 of manganese ores 10 Priem and Dougherty group 188. Princess chrome mine 124, 217 Production costs 11 of chromite in California 7, 226-227 ferro-manganese — 9 manganese in California 7, 100 spiegeleisen 9 Prospector, districts of promise to 115 Providence E.xploration Company 64 Psilomelane 14, 19 Puerto Creek, chromite on 203, 204 manganese on 84j Publications of State Mining Bureau 229-2321 INDEX. 241 ■e Page ^Pulaski Iron Company 1(9 Purcell-Griffin mine 1')!, Ul'.i Purchasers of manganese ores 98-100 Pyrolusite 14, 19 best for batteries 10 Rancho Piedra Blanca 176, 221 Santa Manuela 176, 221 Santa Rita 176, 221 Rattlesnake Bar, concentration plant at 142 manganese mine : 32, 92 Reay deposit 28, 92 Recovery, percentage of, in ferro-manganese 21 Red Cliff prospect : 90, 96 g^ Mountain, chromite on 154, 155 m magnesite deposits 204 P Rock 31-32, 92 Slide district, magnesite in 201 Redledge mine 158, 220 Reed Farm chrome mine 101 Replacement theory now considered untenable 13 Republic Iron and Steel Company 99 Rhodes, Byles and Gribble property 144-145, 219 -Hurt prospect 46, 93 Rhodochrosite 13, 45 claims — 44 Rhodonite 13 Rice, A. P 99 Riccioli prospect 71-72, 95 Riflle-Crisle deposit 218 Ricketson Mineral Paint Works 99 Riverside County, manganese in 19, 54—59, 94 Roach claims 152 Rock Wren claim 145 Rogers, Brown and Company 99 Rohrer and McCrosky claims 120, 216 Root et al. claims 152-153 J. W., deposit 28, 92 Rose and Gates lease 180 Ross Ranch prospect 50, 93 Rough and Ready chrome mine 214. 225 Riihser and Hubberty deposit — 30, 92 Rusner-Hymer lease 46 Russell group 211 Russ deposit 177, 221 Russia, manganese in 10 production cost of manganese ore in 11 Sacramento Valley, chromite on west side of 109-110 Salmon River, manganese on 81 Samuel, Frank 99, 226 San Benito County, chromite in 105, 166, 221 manganese in 15, 59—61, 94, 95 I San Bernardino County, manganese in 19, 61—64, 95 ! San Carpoiaro Creek deposit — 177, 221 Sanford, H. W 227,228 I San Joaquin County, manganese in 15, 16, 24, 64-69, 95 County, manganese production in 16 I Valley, chromite on west side of 105 I manganese in counties west of 15 I San Luis Obispo County, chromite in 103. 113. 167-178, 221-222 I early production of chromite in 226 I first chrome concentrator in 103 mangane.se in 14, 69—74. 95 map of chrome ore deposits in 167 Santa Barbara County, chromite in 104, 113, 179-180, 222 manganese in 14, 74, 95 Santa Clara County, chromite in 24, 105, 180, 222 magnesite in 24 manganese in 15. 16, 24, 75-80, 95, 96 production in 16 Santa Fe Railroad 56,57 Santa Lucia Mountains, manganese in 15, 50, 70 Sartorius lease 84, 87 Sausalito Point, manganese on 39, 93 Savage, John A., and Company 99 Sawyer Tanning Company 148, 149, 219 Scheirmeier, H., prospect . 162, 220 Schellenger claims 1 -- 54-56, 59 Schelly property 143, 218 Schoettgen prospect 225 Scott property 220 and Winegar mine 27, 28, 92 Scullin S-teel Company 99 Seaboard Steel and Manganese Corporation 99 le— 38966 t 242 INDEX. Page Seagrave lease 85 Seattle Smelting Company 99 Secondary concentration deposits of manganese ores 12 Second Thought claim 145 Seligman, Arthur 99 Selvester and Wilson prospect 90, 96 Sericite associated with chromite 189 Serpentine, chromite in 103, m, 115 derived from peridotite '_ ' 189; in Franciscan formations lis Sonoma County 201 Shaffer Engineering Company 99 Shanks and Copps lease (chrome) 203, 224 lease (manganese) 82, 96 Sharpe Ranch deposit 196, 197"i99 Sharrer prospect 120,' 216' Shasta (Copper Company I_ " ' gi County, chromite in 109, lSl-188, 222 general geology of chromite deposits in 181 manganese in 17, 80-81, 96 Shaw and Matthews manganese mine 83, 96 Shell Rock manganese deposits . 46[ 93 Sherwin Williams Company 226 Shields and Packwood 93 W. E., prospect 156, 219 Shotgrun Creek mines ' 188 Siberia, chromite in 101 Siebert mine 219: Sierra County, chromite in 113, i89, 222 Nevada Mountain counties, chromite in '_110-113| Silico-manganese, electric smelting of 22 Simmons property 216 Simpson lease 52; Ranch deposit 143, 2I8 Sims, chrome deposit 214,225 Singewald and Miller II_I ' n Siskiyou County, chromite in 107, 108-109, 114, 189-201. 222-223 manganese in __17, 81-82, 96 transportation in Z 1_ 190 Skaggs hot springs, manganese near 83 Skillen and Means group 82, 96 Sligo Furnace Company 99 Sloss-Sheffleld Steel and Iron Company 99 Slags, steel, manganese in 12 Smith Bros, lease 53 J. Lawrence , 102 J. P. 104, 181, 189 Snow property 146, 219 Snyder property 145, 219 Soloman, C, Jr 99 Sonoma County, chromite in 106, 201-203, 223-224 manganese in 16, 82-83, 96 Southern California, manganese in 19 Coast Range counties, chromite in 103-104 Manganese Corporation — 99 Pacific Railroad 87, 119, 132, 169, 178, 181, 197 Souza Ranch deposit 199, 223 Sperry prospect 188, 222 -Wright lease 84, 85, 86 Spiegeleisen, composition of 9 production of 9 Springer et al. lease.. 204-205 Standard Steel T^^orks Company 99 Staneuch Ranch deposit 15, 72-73, 95 analyses of manganese ore from 73 Stanislaus County, chromite in 24, 105, 203-205, 224 magnesite in 24 manganese in 15, 16, 24, 83-87, 96 production in 16 State Mining Bureau, publications 229-232: Steel Ranch chrome mine 141, 218! slags, percentage of manganese in 12; Stella chrome mine 124, 217 Stewart lease 60 Stifle, W. L., prospect 143, 218 St. Louis Refractories Company 226 Stokes property 216 Stope in Winship manganese mine 68 Strickland. C, deposits 223 Stromberg, Oscar 99 Suffern Co.. Inc.. The 87, 99 Sullinger prospect 157, 219' Sullivan property 163, 220 Sulphur in manganese ore 14 Sunshine claim 181 I INDEX. 243 Superior Portland Cement Company 99 Supplementary statement relative to chromite market 227-228 Sutton manganese property 91, 97 Sugar Creeli chrome claim 199, 22:? Pine properties 162-163, 164, 220 Swayne chrome mine 216 Sweet Ranch deposit 159, 220 Sweetwater chrome mine 177-178, 222 Swerer prospect 225 Table of chromite production 227 manganese production 100 Tacoma Metals Company 99 Taliaferro, N. H S Taylor property ■ 93 Tedoc chrome mine 208-209, 224 Mountain, chromite on 110, 208,209 Tehama Consolidated Chrome Company ■ 206, 207 Countj', chromite in 110, 206-209, 224 manganese in 18, 87-89, 96 Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company 99 Terrill, Wm., prospect 219 Terry and Sell mine 215,225 Tesla district, clirome. magnesite and manganese in 24 early production of manganese in 100 general geology of 24 map of 24 Tethers chrome prospects 124, 217 Thatcher Creek claims 46 The Chrome Mine 190, 199-200, 223 The Metalores Corporation 99 Thomas Iron Company 99 manganese mine 16, 46-48, 93 Thompson Bros, lease 87 Thorne deposits 219 Lew, lease 93 Tibbetts, S. A 87 Tilsley and Coplen group 52, 94 Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad 19. 61, 62 Toms Head chrome mine 209, 224 Peak, chromite on 110 Toledo Furnace Companj' 99 Transportation costs 43, 103, 105, 107, 109, 110, 112. 113, 118, 119, 121, 131, 135, 140, 145, 149, 151, 162. 173, 178, 187, 194, 198, 200, 209 difficulties 115 in Del Norte County 125 Siskiyou County 190 of chrome ore by Indian dugout canoes 114 Trask, J. B 166 Trinidad mine 10^ Mining Company — 167, 170. 171 Trinity Asbestos Mining Company 210 County, chromite in 109, 209-212. 224 manganese in 17, 89-91. 96. 97 Tropper Ranch deposit 143. 218 True Blue chrome mine — 123. 217 Tucker lease 149, 219 W. B. 1.7 Tulare County, chromite in 104. 213. 225 manganese in 18. 91. 97 Tuolumne County, chromite in 111,213-215.225 manganese in 18, 19. 91. 97 Turner and Geisendorfer Chrome and Concentrator Company 163, 164. 220 Turner lease 162 Turtle Dove property 158. 220 Twin Peaks mine 219 Tyson chrome mines in Maryland 101 Estate mines 125-129.217 Isaac, Jr. 101 Mining Company 128 properties 10°. 124 Upper Coon Mountain, chromite near 129 Union Chrome Company 119, 120. 132, 136. 142. 143. 144, 145, 159, 165. 174, 181, 195, 210, 216. 219, 220, 222, 223, 22|i U. S. Bureau of Mines 7 Glass Companv 100 Geological Survey 7, 9S, 226 manganese in Ij- Steel Corporation 100 University of California 19 Department of Geology 8 Uses of manganese 9 Utah Iron and Steel Company Tqa~iqo iqq Uvarovite associated with chromite 190, 198. 199 244 INDEX, Page "Valine Ranch pi-ospect 200, 223 Valley View mine 166, 221 Vanadium Steel Alloys Company ' loo Vance prospect 219 Vandercook lease • i66 Van Fleet, J. S -- • i86 Van Ranch prospect 37, 93 Varnish,' use of manganese in 10 Vauquelin, Nicolaus lOi Vaughn Ranch deposit 104, 213, 225 Vermont, manganese in ' 12 View Point property 30, 92 Virginia, chromite in 101 manganese in . 12 Vogelgesang Ranch deposits 125. 217 Wad 14 Waddell mine 213, 225 Wait property 117, 216 Wakehama tunnel 120, 216 "Waldteufel mine 48 Walker lease 123, 217 Wallace Ranch deposit 79, 96 "V\''alsh-Hall lease 159, I6O, 161 Wanderer Mining Company 203, 223 Ward deposit 217 War Industries Board 227, 228 Waring, C. A 1, 7 War necessity of manganese and chromium 5, 7 Watts Valley chromite deposits 105, 145, 219 Wear lease 178 Wells mine 216 W^elsh Ranch deposit (chrome) 178, 222 deposit (manganese) 73-74, 95 Western Iron and Fuel Company 134 Ores Company 166 Ore Company -. 120 Pacific Railroad 16. 67 Reduction Company 100 West prospect 220 Wharton Steel Company 100 Wheeler et al. claims 178. 222 prospect 83, 96 White Good-Roads Truck 66 Wickwire Steel Company 100 Wilcox, C. E., deposit 215 Wild Devil manganese mine 48, 93 Wiley property 144, 218 Williamson and Beck property 164, 220 -Erwin lease 200 Wilson Ranch prospect 200, 223 Winegar manganese claims 28 Wiltsee lease 67, 68, 69, 80 Winship properties 28, 67-69, 77. 80, 84-87, 92, 95, 96, 105. 180, 2->2 map showing 24 Winter claims 152 Wisconsin Steel Company 100 Woil property 158, 220 Wolf deposit 159, 220 Wood et al, prospect 219 Farm chrome mine 101 Woods prospect (Fresno County) 32,92 prospect (Humboldt County) 34,93 Wooley mine 31 "World sources of manganese 10-12 "V^'^orth Bros. Company 100 Wren Ranch deposit 51, 94 Wright lease — 85, 86, 87 mine 86 Wurster deposit 190 j "Wurst prospect 201, 223 Tosemite Valley Railroad 151 1 Young et al. claims 130, 217i property 108 1 Youngstown Steel and Tube Company 226] Zanini Bros, deposit 144. 2181 Zantgraff district, chromite in 112] Gold Mining Company 141 Zarr prospect 217j Zenith Chrome Company 220 mine 120. 216 Zerfing Ranch deposit 178, 222j SSa'iS 10-18 2500. O LIST OF PLHl. RATIONS. 245 PUBLICATIONS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU. Publications of this Bureau will be sent on receipt of the requisite amount. Only stamps, coin or money orders will be accepted in payment. Money orders should be made payable to the State Mixing Bureau. Personal checks will not be accepted. REPORTS. Asterisk (*) indicates the publication is out of print. ♦Report I. Henry G. Hanks. 1880. ♦Report II. Henry G. Hanks. 1882. ♦Report III. Henry G. Hanks. 1883. ♦Report IV. Henry G. Hanks. 1884. ♦Report V. Henry G. Hanks. 1885. ♦Report VI. Part 1. Henry G. Hanks. 1886. ♦Report VI. Part 2. Wm. Irelan. Jr. 18S6. ♦Report VII. Wm. Irelan, Jr. 1887. ♦Report VIII. Wm. Irelan, Jr. 1888. ♦Report IX. Wm. Irelan, Jr. 1SS9. ♦Report X. Wm. Irelan, Jr. 1890. Price Report XI. Wm. Irelan, Jr. 1892. (First biennial) $1.00 "^Report XII. J. J. Crawford. 1894. (Second biennial) *Report XIII. J. J. Crawford, 1896. (Third biennial) Chapters of State Mineralogist's Report, Biennial period, 1913-1914, Fletcher Hamilton: Mines and Mineral Resources of Imperial and San Diego Counties — F. J. H. Merrill. 1914 .35 Mines and Mineral Resources, Amador, Calaveras and Tuolumne Counties — W. B. Tucker. 1915 , .50 Mines and Mineral Resources. Colusa. Glenn, Lake, Marin, Napa, Solano, Sonoma and Yolo Counties — Walter W. Bradley. 1915 .50 Mines and Mineral Resources, Del Norte, Humboldt and Mendocino Counties — F. L. Lowell. 1915 .25 INIines and Mineral Resources, Fresno, Kern. Kings, Madera, Mariposa, Mer- ced, San Joaquin and Stanislaus Counties — Walter W. Bradley, G. C. Brown, F. L. Lowell and R. P. McLaughlin, 1915 .50 Mines and Mineral Resources, Shasta, Siskiyou and Trinity Counties — G. C. Brown. 1915 .50 Report XIV. Fletcher Hamilton, 1915, Biennial period 1913-1914. (The above county chapters combined in a single volume) 2.00 Chapters of State Mineralogist's Report, Biennial Period, 1915-1916, Fletcher Hamilton: Mines and Mineral Resources, Alpine. Inyo and Mono Counties, with geological map — Arthur S. Eakle, Emile Huguenin, R. P. McLaughlin, Clarence A. Waring. 1917 1.25 Same as above, without geological map .65 Mines and Mineral Resources, Butte, Lassen, Modoc, Sutter and Tehama Counties — W. Burling Tucker, Clarence A. Waring. 1917 .50 Mines and Mineral Resources. El . Dorado, Placer, Sacramento and Yuba Counties — W. Burling Tucker, Clarence A. Waring. 1917 .65 Mines and Mineral Resources, Los Angeles, Orange and Riverside Counties — Frederick J. H. Merrill. 1917 .50 Mines and Mineral Resources, Monterey, San Benito, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara and Ventura Counties — Walter W. Bradley, Emile Huguenin, C. A. Logan, Clarence A. Waring. 1917 .65 ]\Iines and Mineral Resources, San Bernardino and Tulare Counties — H. C. Cloudman. Emile Huguenin, F. J. H. Merrill, W. Burling Tucker. 1917 .65 Report XV. Fletcher Hamilton, 1918, Biennial period, 1'915-1916. (The above county chapters combined in a single volume) (In press) BULLETINS. ♦Bulletin 1. Dessicated Human Remains. — Winslow Anderson. 1888 ♦Bulletin 2. Methods of Mine Timbering.— W. H. Storms. 1894 'Bulletin 3. Gas and Petroleum Yielding Formations of the Central Valley of California.— W. L. Watts. 1894 •^Bulletin 4. Catalogue of California Fossils (Parts 2, 3, 4 and 5).— J. G. Cooper. 1894 ♦Bulletin 5. The Cyanide Process: Its Practical Application and Economical Results— A. Scheidel. 1894 Bulletin 6. California Gold Mill Practices.— E. B. Preston. 1895 $0.50 ♦Bulletin 7. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1894. — Chas. G. Yale. (Tabulated sheet) 'Bulletin 8. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1895. — Chas. G. Yale. (Tabulated sheet) ♦Bulletin 9. Mine Drainage, Pumps, etc. — Hans C. Behr. 1S96 ♦Bulletin 10. A Bibliography Relating to the Geology, Palfeontology, and Mineral Resources of California. — A. W. Vogdes. 1896 ♦Bulletin 11. Oil and Gas Yielding Formations of Los Angeles, Ventura and Santa Barbara Counties.— W. L. Watts. 1896 ♦Bulletin 12. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1896. — Chas. G. LYale. (Tabulated • sheet) 17- 38058 246 CALIFORNIA MINING BUREAU. PUBLICATIONS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU— Continued. Asterisk (*) indicates the publication is out of print. Price. ♦Bulletin 13. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1S97. — Chas. G. Yale. (Tabulated slieet) •Bulletin 14. Mineral Production of Caliiornia, by Counties, 1S98. — Chas. G. Yale. (Tabulated sheet) Bulletin 15. Map of Oil City Oil Fields, Fresno County. — J. H. Means •Bulletin IG. The Genesis of Petroleum and Asphaltum in California. — A. S. Cooper. 1899 •Bulletin 17. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, - 1899. — Chas. G. Yale. (Tabulated sheet) •Bulletin 18. The Mother Lode Region of California. — W. H. Storms, 1900 •Bulletin 19. Oil and- Gas Yielding Formations of California. — W. L. Watts. 1900 •Bulletin 20. Synopsis of General Report of State Mining Bureau. — W. L. Watts. 1900 •Bulletin 21. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1900. — Chas. G. Yale. (Tabulated sheet) __ •Bulletin 22. Mineral Production of California for Fourteen Years. — Chas. G. Yale. 1900. (Tabulated sheet) Bulletin. Reconnaissance of the Colorado Desert Mining District.- — Stephen Bowers. 1901 Bulletin 23. The Copper Resources of California. — P. C. DuBois, F. M. Ander- son, .1. H. Tibbits. and G. A. Tweedv. 1902 $0.50 •Bulletin 24. The Saline Deposits of California. — G. E. Bailey. 1902 •Bulletin 25. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1901. — Chas. G. Yale. (Tabulated sheet) •Bulletin 26. Mineral Production of California for Fifteen Years. — Chas. G. Yale. 1901. (Tabulated sheet) •Bulletin 27. The Quicksilver Resources of California. — Wm. Forstner. 1903 •Bulletin 28. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1902. — Chas. G. Yale. (Tabulated sheet) •Bulletin 29. Mineral Production of California for Sixteen Years. — Chas. G. Yale. 1902. (Tabulated sheet) ■'Bulletin 30. A Bibliography of Geology, Palaeontology, and Mineral Resources of California. — A. W. Vogdes. 1903 •Bulletin 31. Chemical Analyses of California Petroleum. — H. N. Cooper. 1903. (Tabulated sheet) Bulletin 32. Production and Use of Petroleum in California. — P. W. Prutzman. 1904 .25 •Bulletin 33. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1903. — Chas. G. Yale. (Tabulated sheet) •Bulletin 34. Mineral Production of California for Seventeen Years. — Chas. G. Yale. 1903. (Tabulated sheet) •Bulletin 35. Mines and Minerals of California for 1903. — Chas. G. Yale. 1904. (Statistical) •Bulletin 36. Gold Dredging in California. — J. E. Doolittle. 1905 Bulletin 37. Gems. .Jewelers' Materials, and Ornamental Stones of California. — George F. Kunz. 1905: First edition (without colored plates) .25 •Second edition (with colored plates) •Bulletin 38. The Structural and Industrial Materials of California. — Wm. Forstner. T. C. Hopkins, C. Naramore, U H. Eddy. 1906__ •Bulletin 39. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1904. — Chas. G. Yale. (Tabulated sheet) •Bulletin 40. Mineral Production of California for Eighteen Years. — Chas. G. Yale. 1904. (Tabulated sheet) •Bulletin 41. Mines and Minerals of California, for 1904 — Chas. G. Yale (Statistical) •Bulletin 42. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1905. — Chas. G. Yale. (Tabulated sheet) •Bulletin 43. Mineral Production of California for Nineteen Years. — Chas. G. Y?le. 1905. (Tabulated sheet) •Bulletin 44. Mines and Minerals of California, for 1905. — Chas. G. Yale. (Statistical) •Bulletin 45. Auriferous Black Sands of California. — J. A. Edman. 1907 Bulletin 46. General Index to Publications of the State Mining Bureau. — Com- piled by Chas. G. Yale. 1907 .30 •Bulletin 47. Mineral Production of California, bv Counties, 1906. — Chas. G. Yale. (Tabulated sheet) •Bulletin 48. Mineral Production of California for Twenty Years. — Chas. G. Yale. 1906. (Tabulated sheet) •Bulletin 49. Mines and Minerals of California, for 1906. — Chas. G. Yale. (Statistical) Bulletin 50. The Copper Resources of California. — A. Hausmann, J. Krutt- schnitt, Jr., W. E. Thorne, J. A. Edman. 1908 1.00 •Bulletin 51. Mineral Production of California, by Counties. 1907. — D. H. "Walker. (Tabulated sheet) •Bulletin 52. Mineral Production of California for Twenty-one Years. — D. H. Walker. 1007. (Tabulated sheet) •Bulletin 53. Mineral Production of California for 1907, with County Maps — D. H. Walker. 1908. (Statistical) ♦Bulletin 54. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1908. — D. H. Walker. (Tabulated sheet) , "Bulletin 55. Mineral Production of California for Twenty-two Years. — D. H. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. 247 PUBLICATIONS OF THE CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU— Continued. Asterisk (♦) indicates the publication is out of print. Price. ♦Bulletin 56. Mineral Production for 1908, County Maps, and Mining Laws of California. — D. H. Walker. 1909. (Statistical) •Bulletin 57. Gold Dredging in California. — W. B. "Winston, Charles Janin. 1910 •Bulletin 58. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, 1909. — D. H. Walker. (Tabulated sheet) •Bulletin 59. Mineral Production of California for Twenty-three Years. — D. H. Walker. 1909. (Tabulated sheet) •Bulletin 60. Mineral Production for 1909, County Maps, and Mining Laws of California. — D.H.Walker. 1910. (Statistical) •Bulletin 61. Mineral Production of California, by Counties, for 1910. — D. H. Walker, Statistician. (Tabulated slieet) •Bulletin 62. Mineral Production of California for Twenty-four Years. — D. H. Walker, Statistician, lliin. (Tabulated sheet) Bulletin 63. Petroleum in Southern California. — P. W. Prutzman. 1912 $0.75 •Bulletin 64. Mineral Production for 1911. — E. S. Boalich. Statistician, 1912-_ ♦Bulletin CS. Mineral Production for 1912. — E. S. Boalicli. 191,"? •Bulletin 66. Mining Laws, United States and California, 1914 Bulletin 67. Minerals of California.— A. S. Eakle, 1914 •Bulletin 6S. Mineral Production for 1913. — E. S. Boalich, 1914 Bulletin 69. Petroleum Industry of California, with Folio of Maps (18x22 in.) — R. P. McLaughlin and C. A. Waring, 1914 2.00 •Bulletin 70. Mineral Production for 1914, with Mining Law Appendix. 1915 r *Bulletin 71. California Mineral Production for 1915, with Mining Law Appen- ; dix and Maps. — Walter W. Bradley. 1916 I *BuIletin 72. Geologic Formations of California. — James Perrin Smith. 1917 (For Map, see below) .25 ^Bulletin 73. Report of Operations of Department of Petroleum and Gas for 1915-1916.— R. P. McLaughlin. 1917 Bulletin 74. California Mineral Production for 1916, with County Maps. — Walter "W. Bradley. 1917 Bulletin 75. Mining Laws, United States and California, 1917 Bulletin 76. Manganese and Chromium in California. — Walter W. Bradley, Emile Huguenin, C. A. Logan, W. Burling Tucker, C. A. Waring, 191S t Bulletin 77. Catalogue of the Publications of the California State Mining Bureau, 1880-1917.— E. S. Bo.alich. 1918 Bulletin 7S. Quicksilver Resources of California. — Walter W. Bradlej', 1918 % 1 ;ulletin 79. Magnesite in California. (In preparation) Kiilletin SO. Tungsten, Molybdenum and Vanadium in California Bulletin S2. Second Annual Report of the State Oil and Gas Supervisor, 1916-1917. — R. P. McLaughlin. 1918 Bulletin S3. California Mineral Production for 1917, with County Maps. — Walter W. Bradley. 191S Preliminary Reports. *rreliminarv Report No. 1. Notes on Damage by Water in California Oil Fields, Dec, 1913. By R. P. McLaughlin •Preliminarj' Report No. 2. Notes on Damage by Water in California Oil Fields, Mar., 1914. By R. P. McLaughlin •Preliminary Report No. 3. Manganese and Chromium, 1917. By E. S. Boalich Preliminary Report No. 3. Manganese and Chromium. By E. S. Boalich. (Second edition) Preliminary Report No. 4. Tungsten. Molybdenum and Vanadium, 1918. By E. S. Boalich and W. O. Castello '— Preliminary Report No. 5. Antimonv, Graphite, Nickel, Potash, Strontium, Tin, 1918. By E. S. Boalich and W. O. Castello ■ ■ Registers of Mines with Maps. f Amador County $.25 t Butte County .25 •Calaveras County •El Dorado County •Inyo County •Kern County Lake County .25 Mariposa County .25 •Nevada County •Placer County •Plumas County •San Bernardino County •San Diego County Santa Barbara County .25 •Shasta County •Sierra County •Siskiyou County Trinity County •Tuolumne County Yuba County .25 Register of Oil Wells (with map), Los Angeles City .35 + Write for lu'ice list. 248 CALIFORNIA MINING BUREAU. OTHER MAPS. ♦California, Showing Mineral Deposits (50xGO in.)— Price Mounted $1.50 Forest Reserves in California — Mounted .50 Unmounted ,30 ♦Mineral and Relief Map of California El Dorado County, Showing Boundaries of National Forests .20 ivladera County, Showing Boundaries of National Forests .20 Placer County, Showing Boundaries of National Forests .20 Shasta County, Showing Boundaries of National Forests .20 Sierra County, Showing Boundaries of National Forests .20 Siskiyou County, Showing Boundaries of National Forests .20 Trinity County, Showing Boundaries of National Forests .45 Tuolumne County, Showing Boundaries of National Forests .20 *Mother Lode Region Desert Region of Southern California .10 Minaret Region, Madera County .20 Copper Deposits in California .05 Calaveras County .25 Plumas County .25 Tuolumne County .25 Geological Map of California (mounted) — 50x60 inches 2.50 DETERMINATION OF MINERAL SAMPLES. Samples (limited to three at one time) of any mineral found in the state may be sent to the Bureau for identification, and the same will be classified free of charge. No samples will be determined if received from points outside the state. It must be understood that no assays or <iuantitative determinations will be made. Samples should be in lump form if possible, and marked plainly with name of sender on out- side of package, etc. No samples will be received unless delivery charges are prepaid. A letter sliould accompany samplo, giving locality wliere mineral was found and the nature of tlie information desired. w 7 f CALIFORNIA STATE MINING BUREAU FERRY BUILDING, SAN FRANCISCO lETCHER HAMILTON, .... State Mineralogist ^ San Francisco BULLETIN No. 77 December, 1917 CATALOGUE OF THE Publications of the California State Mining Bureau 1880 . 1917 LIBRARY mVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA CAUFOROTA STATE PRINTING OFFICE SACRAMENTO 1918