■> 
 
THE BRITISH ACADEMY 
 
 William Cunningham 
 
 1849-1919 
 
 \From the Proceedings of the British Academy, VoL /X] 
 
 London 
 
 Published for the British Academy 
 
 By Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press 
 
 Amen Corner, E.G. 
 
 Price One Shilling and Siocpence net 
 
\ \ 
 
WILLIAM CUNNINGHAM 
 
 1849-1919 
 
 Is it one of the secrets of personality, that there are some characters 
 which refuse to be classified, and that seem to defy analysis ? To 
 the merely superficial observer it may appear possible to force them 
 into some mould or category, but one can scarcely avoid the con- 
 viction that, in this process, the finer meaning of the life has been 
 lost. We may say of William Cunningham that he was the greatest 
 historian of the social and economic life of England, but at the same 
 time he was very much more. If one adds that he was an ecclesias- 
 tic, an active man of affairs, a politician, and a traveller, it is perhaps 
 difficult to avoid producing the impression that in him there was 
 a certain dispersion of energy. Yet this would be to assume that in 
 all cases a man can make the best of himself by concentration. 
 While that is so in the main, there are instances of an overflowing 
 vitality which undoubtedly realizes itself in many-sided activities — 
 the unity of such lives is only to be attained through diversity. There 
 can be little doubt that Cunningham was one of these. As to the 
 intensity of his energy, there can scarcely be difference of opinion. 
 Any one who observed him closely could not fail to be impressed by 
 the remarkable contrast between the man in repose and when 
 aroused by some interest or emotion. His frame was powerful, with 
 a face lightly bearded, such as one sees sometimes in the pictures of 
 Scottish churchmen before the Reformation, But when he looked up 
 his eyes had an intensity and brightness as if they were lit from 
 within. Also he had the faculty, which is given to very few, of 
 turning from one subject to another, and taking up the next interest 
 at the point at which he had left it previously with full mental alert- 
 ness. It was this power which enabled him to accomplish an 
 immense amount of work in varied fields, and, at the same time, to 
 appear always unhurried. It was another side of his character, or, 
 perhaps more truly, a consequence of his qualities, that he was the 
 last to decline controversy ; rather one guesses that he met it half- 
 way. Life to him was an endless striving, and if opposition was 
 encountered it was to be overcome — aUl ydp rot Ipis t€ (/)tA.rj, Yet 
 under it all was an intense devotion to the causes which he upheld. 
 In him the passionate loyalty, which is so prominent in the Scottish 
 IX s 
 
 436407 
 
2 .;.BR{?EGJEE©'IN:Gg .QF'-THE BRITISH ACADEMY 
 
 character, was very marked. Had he lived in the first half of the 
 eighteenth century it might be conjectured that he would have been 
 a force among the Jacobites. 
 
 In the light of these clues as to the whole character and temper of 
 the man it becomes possible to see the purpose and purport of his 
 life. Perhaps more than most men he realized the fine saying of 
 Plato — ^Otti; yap av iinOviJifi kol ottoIos tls cov r-qv "v/^vx^i^, ravTrf a-\^ehbv 
 
 €Kd(TTOT€ KOL TOLOVTOS yiyV^Tai CLTTaS r)fX(OV 0)9 rd 7T0\V, 
 
 Cunningham's Scottish ancestry had no little influence on his 
 character and outlook on life. He was born at Edinburgh on 
 December 29, 1849, the third son of James Cunningham, W.S., and 
 Elizabeth Boyle, daughter of Alexander Dunlop of Keppoch. On 
 both sides of his family there was a record of varied interests and of 
 public work, the most notable names being those of Principal Dunlop, 
 of Glasgow University, and of an earlier William Cunningham, 
 a Colonel who fought in India under Wellington. His grand- 
 father was a friend of Robert Burns, some of whose letters remain 
 in the possession of the family. As a boy he was delicate, suffer- 
 ing much from recurring attacks of asthma. For this reason he 
 was educated at home for a period by visiting masters. Becoming 
 stronger, he was sent to the Edinburgh Institution in 1861 (where he 
 remembered Dr. Ferguson as a stimulating teacher) and three years 
 later to the Edinburgh Academy. Though unable to join fully in 
 school life, he appreciated the esprit de corps of the Academy, and 
 made many lasting friendships. Most of his holidays were spent at 
 Gretna Hall, his father's summer residence. In view of the future, 
 Cunningham's interest in rural life was significant. He became 
 acquainted with agriculture and rural industry, just when the transi- 
 tion to machinery was beginning, and when the old customs, such as 
 the kern supper, still survived. Gretna called forth his first literary 
 effort, which consisted of a collection of tales relating to the district. 
 
 Cunningham, like so many of his contemporaries, went to the 
 University at a comparatively early age, matriculating at Edinburgh 
 in 1865. There he was most interested in the classes of Eraser, 
 Blackie, and Tait. Though an Arts student, he attended classes in 
 Chemistry, Comparative Anatomy, and Zoology. Apart from his 
 class work, he was a member of the University Company of the 
 Queen's Edinburgh Rifle Brigade, and of the Musical Society. In 
 1868 he went to Tubingen to study German, and this visit marked 
 a turning-point in his career. His intention had been to enter the 
 ministry of the Presbyterian Church, his father being a member of 
 the Free Church. At TiAbingen he took part with American friends 
 
WILLIAM CUNNINGHAM 3 
 
 in reading the Book of Common Prayer, which attracted him through 
 the sense of catholicity and historic continuity associated with litur- 
 gical forms of worship, and, on his return from Germany, he decided 
 to enter the Church of England. Though this decision disappointed 
 his father, the latter facilitated Cunningham in his change of plans. 
 In other directions the visit to Tiibingen left a permanent impression 
 upon him. It influenced his conception of the State, and to it may 
 be traced his tendency to emphasize order and discipline in social life. 
 The same visit brought him into contact with the Milner family, and 
 his early acquaintance with Lord Milner was afterwards renewed in 
 consequence of a mutual friendship with Arnold Toynbee, and during 
 the Tariff controversy. 
 
 In the year 1869 Cunningham entered Caius College, and, from 
 that date till his death (with the exception of a few years spent in 
 the north of England) he was closely associated with Cambridge. He 
 read Moral Science, being particularly attracted by Sidgwick and 
 Maurice. He was specially influenced by the latter, both as regards 
 Theology and the treatment of social questions. As at Edinburgh, 
 his interests were wide. He took part in the debates at the Union, 
 served on the Committee, and held the various offices, including that 
 of President. To his great joy, he found that rowing did not bring 
 on asthma, and he rowed in the Lents and Mays in his first year. 
 The next year his boat made the first bump ever recorded above the 
 railway bridge, but he collapsed after the strain of the race, and 
 thereafter his athletic activities were much restricted. Election to 
 a Moral Science Scholarship at Trinity in 1872 caused him to migrate 
 from Caius, but he continued his relations with friends there, and it 
 was a source of much gratification to him later when he was elected 
 to an honorary Fellowship at his first college. In the same year he 
 was bracketed top in the Moral Science Tripos, dividing the honour 
 with his great friend, Maitland. His dissertation on ^ Descartes and 
 his Influence on England ^ did not secure his election to a Fellowship. 
 This was a great and lasting disappointment. His concentration on 
 Philosophy had made him hope that he might find a career in this 
 subject : but though he applied for several chairs on the subject, his 
 only encouragement was an examinership at Edinburgh. In the long 
 run, it was one of those disappointments which reserved his great 
 energies for another field of work. And though, till the end of his 
 life, he still wished for time to devote to Philosophy, his own words 
 in a passage in The Gospel of Work explain the greater gain : — - 
 ^ A self-centred life would not be worth having, if we could attain 
 it. . . . It is in accepting the ties that bind us to other men, and sub- 
 
4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY 
 
 niitting to these limitations, that we can realize our true selves. . . . 
 Every human being may find his life, by trying to play the part as- 
 signed him, even at the sacrifice of the capacities and tastes on which 
 he prides himself most highly.' 
 
 The interval from 1872 to 1878 was one of varied experiences, in 
 which one feels that Cunningham was seeking his life work. In 1870 
 he and Moore Ede, of St. John's, now Dean of Worcester, were sent 
 by the University of Cambridge to organize the newly-formed scheme 
 of University Extension lectures in Yorkshire. Cunningham lectured 
 in Leeds, Bradford, and I think Saltaire. His subject was Political 
 Economy and his lectures were well attended. There were also 
 lectures on History and Literature. The success w^hich attended these 
 lectures largely contributed to the decision of the University of Leeds to 
 add the Humanities to its curriculum, which had previously been con- 
 fined to scientific and technical subjects. Cunningham took a leading 
 part in organizing Sunday afternoon lectures for men in churches of 
 towns in which University Extension lectures were held. This was 
 at that time an entirely new departure. It drew many from the 
 Secularist Halls and was by no means favourably regarded by 
 Mr. Bradlaugh. One of Cunningham's lectures on the Bengal 
 famine^ in which he discussed the question of the beneficence of the 
 Deity, was published. The following year the Cambridge Syndicate 
 requested him to undertake the organization of University Extension 
 work in Lancashire. He then settled at Liverpool, which he made 
 his headquarters and where he remained for three years. During 
 this period he acted as voluntary curate of St. Saviour's, Everton, 
 where he was in charge of a district with a population of 5,000. In 
 1872 he had been offered a title for the following Trinity Ordinations 
 by Dr. Pearson, of St. John's College, Vicar of Horningsea, a parish 
 five or six miles from Cambridge. Here he renewed his acquaintance 
 with agricultural and rural life, which he felt of real use to him later 
 in his work in Cambridgeshire as Archdeacon of Ely. 
 
 In 1876 he married his first cousin, Adele Rebecca Dunlop, and he 
 and his wife gave demonstrations of cookery which proved very 
 attractive to considerable audiences. Side by side with his varied 
 work, he came into contact with Labour and other allied movements, 
 as, for instance, the Co-operative Congress at Halifax in 1874, and 
 the Trades Union Congresses at Liverpool (1877) and at Edinburgh 
 (1879). In this way he extended his knowledge of social questions 
 by supplementing academic discussion through acquaintance at first 
 hand with the workers. 
 
 In October 1878 Cunningham returned to Cambridge as assistant 
 
WILLIAM CUNNINGHAM 5 
 
 secretary to G. F. Browne (iifter wards Bishop of Bristol) in the 
 organizing of local examinations and lectures. Soon afterwards 
 he was appointed 'examiner in the History Tripos, which had been 
 established three years earlier. In that Tripos a paper had been 
 assigned to Political Economy and Economic History, but there 
 was no one in residence who professed to teach the latter subject, 
 and Cunningham undertook the work. Not long afterwards he was 
 elected Chaplain at Trinity, and assisted as curate at Great St. Mary^s 
 Church. From 1879 to 1898 he acted as Cambridge correspondent 
 to The Guardian, and reviewed many economic books for the 
 Cambridge Review, In the winter of 1881-2 he visited India. This 
 was the first of his longer expeditions. Later, he travelled to Italy 
 (1887), to Germany and France (1897), to Sweden and the Hanse 
 Towns (1906), to the United States (first as Lecturer on Economic 
 History at Harvard in 1900, and again as Lowell Lecturer in 1914), 
 to South Africa with the British Association (1905), and to the Holy 
 Land (1911). After his return from India he found himself com- 
 pelled to give up some of his work, and concentrated his activities 
 more on his duties as Chaplain of Trinity and Lecturer in the 
 University. The best of his time and thought was given to the study 
 and teaching of Economic History, in which he was hampered by the 
 want of a suitable text-book. While it was too often a national 
 reproach that England is careless of her history, there was scarcely 
 any department of the national life of which that reproach was more 
 true than in relation to the economic development of the country.. 
 Though Adam Smith had availed himself freely of the historical 
 method, it had been neglected during the next hundred years. It is 
 significant that the section entitled * History of Commerce ' in 
 ^cCwWocW^ Literature of Politic at Economy (1845) contains men- 
 tion of histories of the trade of Carthaginians, Ethiopians, Egyptians, 
 Venetians, Russians, the Levantine peoples, Florentines, aiid Spaniards, 
 but the only general title relating to England, of any importance, is 
 the Annals of Commerce of Anderson and McPherson. Between 
 McCuUoch and Cunningham there appeared Rogers's monumental 
 History of Agriculture and Prices to 1400 (1866), and Levi's History 
 of Commerce (1872). Thus, it is not difficult to conceive the magni- 
 tude of the task with which Cunningham was confronted. A new 
 field of study, as he planned it, had to be surveyed ; and its fruitful- 
 ness must be demonstrated in the face of the traditions of the 
 Classical School. Further, it was Cunningham's aim to give actuality 
 to his work, by first-hand study of the writings of the men who 
 recorded the changes of their times, in order to penetrate as far as 
 
6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY 
 
 possible, behind their acts, into their minds and motives. Also his 
 treatment of Economic History was purely British. While he was 
 far from neglecting any sources made available by the students on 
 the Continent, his investigation showed independence, and aimed at 
 being a national history in the best sense. It was with these objects 
 that The Growth of English Industry and Commerce was written, 
 which was published in 1882. The title was happy, for the book 
 itself was subject to growth. It first appeared as a single volume of 
 some 500 pages, but this was no more than the foundation of what 
 was destined to be an imposing structure. As Cunningham himself 
 said, ^ I had little idea at first of the wide range of the subject, or of 
 the amount of time that must be spent in order to depict any incident 
 in its proper colouring, and to draw their full significance from 
 illuminating details.^ By 1896 material had accumulated to such an 
 extent that it became necessary to divide the whole work into two 
 volumes, the first of which, dealing with the early and middle ages, 
 was issued in 1890, and subsequent editions with further revisions 
 and additions in 1896, 1905, and 1910. The second part, covering 
 the modern period, appeared in 1892, and, in the later editions of 1903 
 and 1907, this in its turn was divided into two volumes. The work 
 involved was enormous ; for, on the one hand there were great stores 
 of material to be examined, while on the other hand, as the subject 
 became established, many monographs began to appear. The task 
 would have been beyond the strength of any man, however energetic 
 and enthusiastic, but Cunningham had the power of attracting col- 
 laboration and inspiring other workers with his own zeal. Miss 
 Elizabeth Lamond was one of his early helpers, to whom he dictated 
 a large part of the book in its original form. Later, Miss Lilian Tomm 
 (now Dr. L. Knowles, of the London School of Economics) aided 
 him in the study of sources, besides contributing the chapter on 
 Lord Burleigh in later editions. Besides these, there were Miss Maud 
 Sellers and Dr. E. A. McArthur, of whom the latter collaborated in 
 the summary of the larger work issued as Outlines of English Indus- 
 trial History (1895, 1904, 1910, 1913). In the course of his investi- 
 gations, he greatly appreciated his meetings with Arnold Toynbee 
 and Hubert Hall. 
 
 Up to 1882 Cunningham had published little. After that date his 
 writings were numerous. One side of these activities consisted in 
 developing his study of economic history. Not only were there fre- 
 quent new editions of his Growth of English Industry and Commerce, 
 each of which in all probability involved more labour than the writing 
 of an entirely new book, but from time to time he printed mono- 
 
WILLIAM CUNNINGHAM 7 
 
 graphs dealing in greater detail with some special aspect of the sub- 
 ject. Amongst these may be mentioned Christian Opinion on Usury 
 (1884), Use and Abuse of Money (1891), Modern Civilisation in some 
 of its Economic Aspects (1896), Alien Immigrants to England (1897), 
 Essay on Western Civilisation in its Economic Aspects, Ancient 
 Times (1898), Mediaeval and Modern Times (1900), English Influence 
 on the United States (1916), Progress of Capitalism in England (1916). 
 These volumes, though they represented an immense amount of work, 
 were far from exhausting the list of his publications, but the remain^ 
 ing books belong to other phases of his many activities, which have 
 yet to be narrated. 
 
 It will have appeared that the success of The Growth of English 
 Industry and Commerce in the eighties had an important influence 
 upon the course of Cunningham's literary work. But, at the time, 
 he had several anxious decisions to make. He had been Birkbeck 
 Lecturer and Hulsean Lecturer, the latter in 1885 ; and two years 
 later he accepted with reluctance the duties of Vicar of Great St. 
 Mary's, Cambridge. It seemed, at first, to involve the sacrifice of 
 further research in economic history, while, on the other hand, it 
 offered scope for his impulses to religious and social service, which 
 would have been difficult to realize to a similar degree in a life of 
 scholarship. From 1887 to 1908 was a time of great and varied 
 activity. As Vicar of Great St. Mary's he interested himself in the 
 restoration of the church. The tower was pointed and imperfect stones 
 replaced. Glass was placed in the clerestory windows according to 
 a scheme he drew up. A new choir organ and vestry were provided, 
 while the North Chapel was fitted for use. It is possible that this close 
 practical acquaintance with Church architecture originated the studies 
 which resulted in the paper contributed to the Transactions of the 
 Academy on ^ The Mason's Craft in England '. He gladly acknow- 
 ledged the valued help he received from Canon Slater, of St. Giles's 
 Church, who was his ideal of a parish priest, and from Dr. Nairne, 
 Fellow of Jesus College, who was his first curate. The Guildhall was 
 in the parish of St. Mary's, and he frequently acted as Mayor's 
 Chaplain. In 1881 he had been initiated as a Freemason, and he 
 became Grand Chaplain of England. From 1901 to 1905 he was 
 Proctor for the Clergy in Convocation, and took a great interest in 
 the influence of the Church in social and political questions. He 
 also endeavoured to secure an improvement in the financial position 
 of the clergy, and took a leading part in the drawing up of the Report 
 of Committee of the Lower House of Convocation on Clerical Poverty 
 (1902). 
 
8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY 
 
 Though a vicar, he had retained his College Lectureship, and, in 
 addition, delivered lectures on religious subjects, i. e. the ^ Compara- 
 tive Study of Religion^ and ^Christian and Unchristian Politics^. 
 In 1891 he was elected Tooke Professor of Economics and Statistics 
 at King^s College, London, and was considering moving to London 
 when his election to a Fellowship at Trinity resulted in his continuing 
 to reside at Cambridge. He held his Professorship at London till 1897. 
 
 In addition to these various duties, Cunningham took an active 
 part in congresses, meetings, and public affairs. He was one of those 
 who started the Trinity College Mission at St. George^s, Camberwell. 
 He acted as Secretary of the Industrial Remuneration Conference, 
 where he met Arthur Balfour, John Burns, Sir Charles Dilke, and 
 Frederick Harrison. As far back as 1883 he had been a secretary 
 of the Economic Science Section of the British Association, and he 
 served in this capacity up to the time he was President of the Section 
 at Cardiff in 1891. He was again President of the Section in 1905. 
 He attended most of the meetings, and welcomed the opportunity of 
 meeting both his contemporaries and the younger men. He was one 
 of the original members of the British Academy, a contributor to the 
 Transactions, and Chairman of the Section of the Politieal and 
 Economic Sciences at the time of his death. 
 
 The South African War appealed to his sense of patriotism, and 
 stimulated him to aid in evoking it amongst a people that had seemed 
 to have become inert, and perhaps provincial. Both his bent of 
 mind and his travels had made the British Empire very real to him, 
 and he was one of the first to support the campaign of the late 
 Joseph Chamberlain in favour of Imperial Preference. There fol- 
 lowed several years of active controversy. At the meeting of the 
 British Association at Southport he read a paper on the ' Failure of 
 Free Traders to attain their Ideals ' (printed in Economic Review, xiv, 
 p. 39). This was followed by the Rise and Decline of the Free Trade 
 Movement (1904), The Wisdom of the Wise (1906), The Case against 
 Free Trade (1910). The most interesting aspect of this controversy 
 was its effect on the edition of The Growth of English Industry and 
 Commerce in Modern Times, which was in the press in 1903. The 
 book had ended at 1850, but Cunningham added a ^ Postscript^ which 
 in its original form was frankly polemical. It asserted that the 
 laissez faire movement had been a failure, and went on to discuss the 
 means by which that failure could be corrected, thereby ranging itself 
 definitely on one side of the most acutely debated political controversy 
 of the time. This method of treatment was open to the objection 
 that the book had given no historical account of the movement which 
 
WILLIAM CUNNINGHAM 9 
 
 the Postscript, in its original form, criticized. Indeed, it was curious 
 that one of the opening sentences stated ' that it does not come 
 easy to every one to hold himself severely aloof from the interests and 
 sentiments of his own day, so that he can hope to form the dis- 
 passionate judgement which is possible in tracing the course of 
 affairs in bygone times ^. Some of his friends urged that the 
 Postscript, as it stood, was unhistorical, and eventually he yielded, 
 with some reluctance, to the extent of modifying it, so that it 
 appeared as a statement of a tendency which had found expression at 
 the beginning of the century, but without giving a final Judgement 
 on it. 
 
 In 1907 the offer of the Archdeaconry of Ely came as a complete 
 surprise to him. It opened up a n^w sphere of work, though one 
 that was of a somewhat indeterminate character. He remained Vicar 
 of Great St. Mary^s for about a year, and also of the neighbouring 
 parish of St. MichaePs, in order to effect a union of these parishes — 
 a project which had been in contemplation since the sixteenth century. 
 The discharge of his new duties as Archdeacon and those of Vicar of 
 a combined parish, in which services had to be provided in two 
 churches, involved very heavy work, and he owed much to the very 
 efficient help he received in the parish from the Rev. A.. H. Walker, 
 Vicar of Sedbergh, then his curate. As Archdeacon he derived great 
 satisfaction from that part of his duties which related to the care of 
 the fabric of churches. During his period of office as Archdeacon 
 a question was decided, which had been unsettled for some hundred 
 years, as to the respective jurisdictions of the Bishop and Archdeacon 
 in certain parishes. The boundaries of the Archdeaconry were 
 rearranged, partly on this account, and partly in consequence of the 
 erection of the new diocese of St. Edmundsbury and Ipswich. 
 Several reforms were effected through his agency in the payment of 
 fees, which were to the advantage of the clergy. It was a great 
 pleasure to him to co-operate with the clergy in the Archdeaconry, 
 by helping with the Sunday services ; thus in the summer he some- 
 times took duty for one or two Sundays, to enable the incumbents to 
 secure a much-needed holiday. Another side of his work was con- 
 cerned with Convocation and Church Congresses. He was Secretary 
 of Section B of the Pan-Anglican Congress of 1908, and the Jubilee 
 Congress at Cambridge in 1911 made many claims upon his powers 
 of organization. These and allied interests called for another series 
 of works, viz. : The Moral Witness of the Church on the Investment 
 and Use of Wealth (1909), Christianity and Social Questions (1910), 
 Causes of Labour Unrest (1912), Christianity and Economic Science 
 
10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY 
 
 (1914), Report of Committee of Lower House of Convocation on 
 Dilapidations (1915), Christianity and Politics (1916). 
 
 After becoming Archdeacon, he still retained his rooms at Trinity, 
 and it gave him much pleasure to entertain those who touched any of 
 his numerous and wide interests. He had a passion for life and for 
 discussion. Though he had ceased to lecture on Economic History 
 he continued to do a certain amount of teaching designed to help men 
 preparing for Holy Orders. He was Examining Chaplain to the 
 Bishop of Peterborough from 1911. He had a long connexion with 
 Girton College, and was, for some years, Chairman of the Council. 
 It is to him that the College owes its Publication Fund, which has, as 
 one of its objects, the giving a start to students by publishing their 
 first book. 
 
 When he had been President of the Royal Historical Society (1911), 
 and had completed his Progress of Capitalism, he himself regarded 
 his historical work as closed. It may, however, be questioned whether 
 the progress of events would not have caused him to return to it from 
 time to time. In this connexion it is significant that, not very long 
 before his death, he spoke of his great interest in the Board Meetings 
 of the Cambridge University and Town Water Works Company, of 
 which he had been elected a Director in 1912. His own scheme of 
 work in the later years of his life was directed towards Philosophy 
 and Theology, which he had started by contributing articles on 
 F. D. Maurice to the Ely Diocesan Gazette, and he was contemplat- 
 ing a life of Maurice just before his death. There is a possibility 
 that this material may be published in book form. The war brought 
 great strain and personal grief to him. He had a serious illness in 
 1915, and he suffered much through the loss of his only son, who had 
 come from abroad to join the Army, and who fell at Albert in March 
 1918. Still, in spite of personal sorrow, he found comfort in the 
 thought that the principle of active patriotism (which he had advo- 
 cated for many years) had found expression and development through 
 the war. It was fitting that the last work published during his life- 
 time bore the title of The Common Weal, thereby summing up, as far 
 as is possible in a single term, the essentials of the prinqiples of 
 citizenship for which he had long contended. 
 
 He died, after a short illness, on June 10, 1919, being the first of the 
 Fellows of the Academy specially interested in economic questions to 
 pass away. He is survived by his widow and daughter, both of whom 
 shared his tastes, and the latter was his companion on several of his 
 journeys. 
 
 W. R. Scott. 
 
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