SANSKRIT PRIMER: BASED ON THE LEITFADEN FUR DEN ELEMENTAR-CURSUS DES SANSKRIT OF PROFESSOR GEORG BUHLER OF VIENNA BY EDWARD DELAVAN PERRY, OF COLUMBIA COLLEGE, NEW- YORK. v BOSTON: GINN AND COMPANY r. , if- tS£ Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1885, By E. D. PERRY, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. 24.9 (ffamposition lip GEBRUDER UNGER, SCHONEBBRGBR StRASSE, I'/ A, BKRTtN, SW. Jprrssto-ir!*. ij) JOHN WILSON AND SON, university press. Cambridgf, Mass. t c (OI Preface. In the preface to the work* of which the following is a revision, Prof. Bithler writes as follows: "The following Leitfaden was written last winter [1881 — 82], and, printed in manuscript form, was used in the instruction of quite a large number of scholars. It is based upon the purely practical method of Sanskrit instruction, which was introduced at Haug's and my own instance into the Indian secondary schools, and has become established there by means of R. G. Bhandarkar's text-books. The attempt to transfer this method to European uni- versities is justified by the practical success which, as my ex- perience shows, is to be gained thereby. For I have found that beginners master the first difficulties of Sanskrit very rapidly, and that learners take the most lively and continued interest in the study, if opportunity for activity on their own part is given them from the very first, and they are. introduced at once into the living language. Moreover, the question of economy of time is made the more weighty by the fact that the elements of Sanskrit form an * Leitfaden fur den Elementarcursus des Sanskrit; mitUebungs- stiicken und zwei Glossaren. Von Georg Buhler. Wien, 1883. — I have translated above a little freely. iv important aid to students of Classical and Germanic Philology, yet to a large number of such are accessible only when the subject can be mastered in a short time. On the other hand, the disad- vantages necessarily entailed by the purely practical method may readily be removed later by a short methodical exposition of the grammar The verses in the exercises are taken chiefly from Boehtlingk's Indischen Spruchen; the sentences are in part derived from various Sanskrit works, or modelled after passages contained in them. To the last lessons no Sanskrit exercises have been appended, since the reading of the Nala or of some other easy Sanskrit work may very well be begun as soon as the form- ation of the perfect has been learned." After using the Leitfaden for some time in the instruction of a class, I was convinced of its great merits as a practical intro- duction to the language; while on the other hand it seemed very unfortunate that it held throughout to the native system of grammar, which, since the appearance of Prof. Whitney's work, we in America at least have learned to distrust. Under these circum- stances it seemed advisable to attempt a combination of Buhler's practical exercises with Whitney's theory; and to this end the book has been really rewritten. An introduction has been added, giving a general view of the structure of the language; the exer- cises have been pruned here and there, chiefly to remove forms which seemed too unusual or doubtful to have a just claim on the beginner's memory; and the number of lessons has been re- duced from forty-eight to forty-five, by condensing the description, needlessly full for beginners, of the aorist, precative, and second- ary conjugations. I have endeavored to retain nothing but what would supply the real wants of those for whom the book is de- signed; yet here and there, having in mind those who may take up this study without a teacher, I have added explanations which I should otherwise have left for oral communication by the instructor. A detailed explanation of the changes in the grammatical part of the book would require too much space to be given here. They may be summarized in the statement that I have striven to remove all forms at present "non- quotable". In the explication of the rules I have sought to be brief, but never to the sacrifice of clear- ness. In very many cases not only the substance but also the words of Prof. Whitney's rules have been incorporated into those of the Primer, which was done with his sanction. It seemed quite needless to designate all such borrowings by quotation-marks. Many acknowledgments are due to those whose aid has made possible the appearance of the work. Prof. Buhler's ready gene- rosity in consenting to the rendering of his book into a very different form from that which he gave it deserves most grateful mention. To Prof. Whitney I owe deep gratitude for many valu- able suggestions; he was kind enough to look over the work in manuscript, and, later, to put at my disposal the advance sheets of his invaluable collection of verb -forms. To Prof. Lanman I am equally indebted ; as well for many useful hints as for the arduous task of looking over proof-sheets, which he imposed on himself with characteristic readiness. My pupil, Mr. A. V. W. Jackson, assisted me not a little in the compilation of the Glossaries. My acknowledgments are also due to the printers, Gebr. Unger (Th. Grimm) of Berlin, for the careful manner in which their part of the work has been done. From V. S. Apte's "Guide to Sanskrit Composition" I have derived occasional examples. VI The appearance of the book has been delayed considerably beyond the date originally planned for it. The printing was begun in November last, but was interrupted by my illness, and a resulting stay of considerable length in the West Indies. I shall esteem it a favor if any who may use this book will notify me of misprints or inaccuracies of any sort which they may remark. E. D. P. Berlin, August, 1885. NOTE TO THE SECOND EDITION. In this edition errors have been corrected in the plates wherever possible, otherwise noted in a list of corrections and additions at the end of the book. My thanks are due to Prof. Lanman and Prof. H. F. Burton of Rochester for corrections furnished. E. D. P. New York, September, 1886. NOTE TO THE THIRD EDITION. The revision of the book for the new impression I owe to Dr. Louis H. Gray, to whom I am glad to express my hearty thanks for his kindness in undertaking and performing this irksome task. E. D. P. Munich, July, 1901. Table of Contents, in systematic grammatical arrangement. The figures iu heavy type refer to paragraphs. Introductory suggestions, p. xi. I. Alphabet and Sounds. Characters, 1—20. — Classification of Sounds, and Pronunciation, 21—47. — Light and Heavy Syllables, 48. — Accent, 56. II. Changes of Sounds. Guna and Vrddni. 49—54. III. Bales of Euphonic Combination. Rules of Vowel Combination, 105, 106, 156—161, 164. — General Laws concerning Finals, 239—242. — Deaspiration, 242. — Transferral of Aspiration, 244, 249, 428. — Surd and Sonant Assimilation, 147, 148, 266, 267. — Combinations of Final s and r, 95, 117—123, 129. — Conversion of s to », p. 27 (note**), 191, 192, 342. 352. — Conversion of n to n, p. 32 (note**), 166. — Conversion of Dental Mutes to Linguals and Palatals, 149, 150, p. 99 (note), 342. — Combinations of n, p. 29 (note), 138—140, 184. — Change of ch to cch, p. 27 (note*), 165. — Combinations of m, p. 29 (note). — Final n [and n] 184. — Final k, t, p, 266. — Final t, 148—151. IV. Declension. Gender, Number, Case, 83—89. — Case-endings, 90, 91. — Paefo-endings, 91, 241. V. Substantives and Adjectives. Vowel-stems: Stems in a, m. n., 103, III. — Stems in i, m., 113, 115; n., 114, 115. Vlll — Stems in u, m., 128; n., 136, 137. — Stems in i and w, f., 185—187. — Stems in a, z, u: (a) Root-words. In a, 212, 213; in i, 189, 212, 214; in fi, 197, 212, 214. (b) Derivative Stems, f. In a, 162; in I, 183; in u, 198. — Stems in r, 201—205, 208. — Stems in Diphthongs: go, 209; nau, 211; rai, 277. Consonant-stems : General, 237—242. — (a) Root-stems, 243, 244, 246—250. — (b) Derivative Stems. In as, is, us, 252—254. In an (an, man, van), 265. — In in (in, rain, vin), 251. — In ant (ant, mant, vant) 256—264. — Perfect Participles in vans, 268. — Comparatives in yas, 255. Irregular Nouns: 269 — 284. Comparison, 337 — 345. Formation of Feminine-stems, 187, 251, 255, 262—264, 268. VI. Numerals. 328—336. VII. Pronouns. 223—236, 285—288, 413. VIII. Conjugation. (fM) Voice, Tense, Mode, Number, Person, 57—65. — Verbal Ad- jectives and Nouns, 66—68. Secondary Conjugation, 69 — 70. — Mode and Tense-stems, 71. IX. Present-System. Conjugation Classes, 72 — 80. First Conjugation. General, 383—387. I. Root-class (Hindu second or ad-class), 404—412, 414 —429. II. Reduplicating Class (H. third or Au-class), 430—440. III. Nasal Class (H. seventh or rudh-c\a,ss), 441 — 446. IV. Nu and ^-Classes (H. fifth and eighth, or su and tan- classes), 388—395. V. iVa-Class (H. ninth or &n-class), 399-403. IX Second, or a-Conjugation. VI. a-Class (H. first or Mu-class), 92—94, 97—102, 134, 135. 152—154, 178—182, 188, 193—196, 199, 200. 206, 207, 210, 222, 260. VII. Accented a-Class (Hindu sixth or tad-class), 107 — 110, 152—154 etc. (as for a-class). VIII. va-Class (H. fourth or tfw-class), 124—127, 131—134, 152 — 155 etc. (as for a-class). IX. Accented yd-C\ass or Passive Conjugation, 168 — 176, 188, 199, 200, 210, 222. [Causative and Denominative Conjugation (partly = H. tenth or cur-class), 141 — 146, 152 — 154 etc. (as for a-class); also 215—221.] X. Perfect-System. 447—471, 474. Periphrastic Perfect, 472, 473. XI. Aorist-System. General, 486. — Simple Aorist : Root-aorist, 487; a-aorist, 488. — Reduplicated Aorist, 489, 490. — Sibilant Aorist: s-aorist, 491; is-aorist, 492; m-aorist, 493; sa-aorist, 494. — Aorist Passive, 495, 496. XII. Future-System. General, 475. — Simple Future, 476—481. — Conditional, 482. — Periphrastic Future, 483—485. Xm. Verbal Adjectives and Substantives: Participles, Infinitive, Gerund. Passive Participle in ta or «a, 289 — 301. — Past Active Par- ticiple in tavant or navant, 302, 303. — Gerunds : Absolutives, 304—313. — Infinitive, 314—322. — Future Passive Participles: Gerundives, 323—327. XIV. Derivative or Secondary Conjugations. General, 497. — Passive, 498. — Causative, 507, 508. — Intensive, 499 — 502. — Desiderative, 503 — 506. — Denomina- tive, 509, 510. XV. Periphrastic Conjugation. Perfect, 472, 473. — Future, 483-485. XVI. Vcrhal Prefixes: Adverbs and Prepositions. 81, 82, 167, 190, 395—397. XTII. Formation of Compound Stems. Classification, 346—353. — Copulative Compounds, 354—357. — Determinative Compounds, 358; Dependent, 359—361; De- scriptive, 362—365. — Secondary Adjective Compounds, 366— 370; Possessive, 371—377; with Governed Final Member, 378. — Adjective Compounds as Nouns and Adverbs, 350, 379—381. [Z?t;awGfoa-compounds, p. 136 (note); Ta^wrusa-compounds, p. 137 (note **) ; A'armaJAara^a-compounds, p. 137 (note *) ; Dvigu-com- pounds, 380; Bahuvrlhi-compounds, p. 142 (note); Avyayibhava- compounds, 381.] XVIII. Syntactical Rules. Position of Modifiers, p. 35 (note). — Repetition of Words, p. G7 (note*). — Agreement of Adjectives, 245. — Force of Cases, 104, 112. — Prepositions with Cases, 82, 130. — kirn with Instrumental (and Genitive), p. 89 (note). - Construction with Comparatives, 345. — Numerals, 333. — Pronouns, 225, 234 —236. — iti, p. 47 (note). — Force of Tenses: Present, 96; Imperfect, 182; Perfect, 474; Aorist, 486. — Force of Modes: Imperative, 194—196; Optative, 207. — Causative, 221. — Passive, 177. — Past Passive Participle, 290. — Past Active Participle, 303. — Gerund, 311—313. — Infinitive, 320—322. — Future Passive Participle, 327. Appendix. Hindu Names of Letters. — Modern Hindu Accentuation of Sanskrit. Suggestions for using the Primer. The Primer can be finished by earnest students in sixteen or seventeen weeks, reckoning three lessons per week, with here and there an hour for review. After that Lanman's Sanskrit Reader, an introduction to which this work is partly intended to be, should be taken up. Students are strongly recommended to provide themselves with Whitney's Sanskrit Grammar at the outset. It seemed advisable to leave the Introduction undivided into lessons, as different teachers may prefer to impart the alphabet, etc., to their scholars at different rates of speed. Some of the exercises for translation may be found rather too long to be com- pleted in one lesson. In such cases it will probably be better, after requiring the translation of only so many sentences as the pupil may reasonably be expected to master in the preparation of one day's lesson, to proceed directly to the next lesson in. the following hour, leaving the untranslated sentences for a review. The vocabularies prefixed to each exercise are not exhaustive, since words which have been treated of immediately before are sometimes omitted from them. The glossaries at the end of the book will, it is hoped, be found complete for the exercises; but the meaning of compound words must in most cases be learned from their elements; and proper names have often been omitted, their Sanskrit forms being discernible from the transliteration. The table of contents in systematic grammatical arrangement is designed to facilitate the finding of any desired article; it may also be found useful as an outline for a rapid grammatical review. Arrangement of Vocabularies. The vocabularies are arranged >:n in strict alphabetic order (see below). All nouns, whether sub- stantives or adjectives, are given in the stem-form. All verb-forms are placed under the root; prepositional compounds of verbs like- wise, and not in the alphabetic place of the preposition. Of verbal adjectives and nouns, some important ones have been given in their alphabetic places, but the meaning of most of them must be learned from their respective roots. Pronouns are given generally in the form of the nominative. • Alphabetic Order. The alphabetic order is that given in § I, but the following points are to be noticed here: The visarga stands next after the vowels; but a visarga re- garded as equivalent to a sibilant and exchangeable with it has the alphabetic place of that sibilant. The sign n, representing "the anusvdra of more independent origin", has its place before all the mutes etc.; thus dang and danstrd stand before daksa. The sign m, representing an assimilated m, is placed according to its phonetic value. 1. If m, resulting from the assimilation of m to a semivowel, sibilant, or h, represent a nasal semivowel or anusvdra, then its place is like that of n. Thus purhs comes before punya and samgaya before sakrt. 2. But if m be the product of m assimilated to a mute, representing n, n, n, n, or m, then its place is that of the nasal so represented. Introduction. Alphabet. I. Sanskrit is commonly written in what is called the Devanagarl alphabet. The characters of this, and the European characters which will be used in transliterating them, are as follows^ simple diphthongs Vowels. short ^ a & palatal ^[ i labial ^ u lingual ^ r dental *J / palatal labial long ^ u a=n Visarga : h. Anus vara — n or m. a. +7* TJ e \| at 3*1 Consonants. surd sr.rd asp. sonant sonant asp. nasal guttural ^ k T§ kh 7[ g Ti gh >gp w palatal ^ c ^ c£ ^ j ?J jh "5f n lingual *[ n labial T( p qj ph ; b M M * »» Perry, Sanskrit Primer. 1 f I 3 * 9 2 Introduction. c ,1 palatal *J y lingual T r Semivowels s r/ " V-' w» r \ dental ^ I labial ^ v. Sibilants: palatal If p; lingual If -y, dental ^J 8. Aspiration ^ //. 2. The above order is that in which the sounds are catalogued by native grammarians ; and European scholars have adopted it as the alphabetic order, for dictionaries, etc. The writing runs from left to right. 3. The theory of the devanagari mode of writing is syllabic and consonantal. That is, it regards as the written unit, not the simple sound, but the syllable; and further, it regards as the sub- stantial part of the syllable the consonant (or the consonants) pre- ceding the vowel — this latter being merely implied, as is the case with short ^J a, except when initial, or, if written, being written by a subordinate sign attached to the consonant. 4. Hence follow these two principles: A. The forms of the vowel- characters given above are used only when the vowel forms a syllable by itself, or is not combined with a preceding consonant: that is, when it is initial, or preceded by another vowel. In combination with a consonant, other modes of representation are used. B. If more than one consonant precede a vowel, forming with it a single syllable, their characters must be combined into a single character. 5. According to the Hindu mode of dividing syllables, each syllable must end in a vowel, or visarga. or anusvdra, except at the end of the word; and as ordinary Hindu usage does not divide the words of a sentence in writing, a final consonant is combined into one syllable with the initial vowel or consonant of the following word, so that a syllable ends in a consonant only at the end of the sentence. Introduction. Thus the sentence ksetrem siktdbhir meghdndm adbhir dhdnyarh ■ prarudham — ' by the water which drops from the clouds upon the - tields the grain grows tall' — would be considered as consisting of the syllables kse tre m si kta bhi rme ghd nd ma dbhi rdhd nyam pra ru dham. Each of these syllables would be indicated by a single group of signs, without any reference whatever to the di- vision of the words composing the sentence; and the syllables are always written independently, with more or less closeness of approach; either like this: %%|jfa WrfaW^T IT *T f^ ^T *J "H ^^^ — or thus:^J- ftnfrrfaifV w ru te 3rau^s*c- 6. In Sanskrit works printed in Europe, the common practice is to separate the words so far as this can be done without any alteration of the written form. Thus, ^«£j«[ 5W indrdya namah ; but 7f(^f f^ rf^^ igj T^ tat savitur varenyam, because the final ?^ I and T" r are not written with their full forms. But some few works have been printed, in which, by a free use of a sign called virdma (see below, § 8), the individual words are separated. In translite- rated texts there is no good reason for printing otherwise than with all the words separated. 7. Under A. Vowels combined with preceding consonants are written as follows: 1. a: Short a has no written sign at all; the consonant-sign itself implies a following «, unless some other vowel-sign is attached to it (or else the virdma — see below, § 8). Thus the consonant-signs given above are really the signs for ka, klc ca, clta, etc. (as far as ^ ha). 2. a: cRT & '^T cd. \tf dha etc. r 3. i and I: f^R hi. fx? pi. f** dhi. — eft kl. tft pi. \ft dhx. The hook above, turning to the left or to the right, is histori- cally the essential part of the character, having been originally 1* 4 Introduction. the whole of it: the hooks were only later prolonged, so as to reach all the way down beside the consonant. Observe that the i-hooks and the M-hooks, respectively above and below the line, are analogous in turning to the left for the short vowel and to the right for the long. 4. u and u: TJ stha; and the compounds of ^ h, as ^ hna, jj" hna. 12. In a case or two, no trace of the constituent letters is recognizable; thus, ^ km, "^ jna, 13. The semivowel "^ r, in making combinations with other consonants, is treated in a wholly peculiar manner, analogous with that of the vowels. 1. As the first of a group of consonants it is written with a hook above, opening to the right (like the subjoined sign of r) ; thus, ^ rka, J( rpta. When a compound consonant 6 Introduction. thus containing r as its first member is followed by one of the vowels i, I, e, o, ai, au, with or without a nasal symbol, the r- sign must stand at the extreme right; thus, T%rke, %f rko, %f r&aw, fsjj rki, ^f rki, ifi rkam, oRt1% r£a?i«, *ff rbhim. 2. If pronounced after another consonant or consonants, r is indicated by a slanting stroke below, to the left; thus, Tlgra, If pro, ?jf sra, jj£ rfra. And, with modifications of the preceding consonant- sign like those noted above, "^ tra, ^r gra. In the middle of a group, r has the same sign as at the end ; thus, JZf grya, ^ srva. 3. "When "^ r is to be combined with a following ^J r, it is the vowel which is written in full, with its initial character, and the consonant in subordination to it; thus, ^g rr, fa-'ttfa nirrti. 14. Combinations of three, four, or even five consonants (this latter excessively rare) are made according to the same rules; thus, ^ ttva, ;gr ddhya, gr dvya, 51 drya, X^ psva, fljr tsya, *gr ?c ?/a, Wf sthya; ~\|? nksva, SJJ s?r#a, r^Rr tsmya; cfzH rtsnya. 15. Both MSS. and type-fonts differ considerably in their management of consonant-combinations, but a little practice will enable one who is thoroughly familiar with the simple signs and with the principles of combination to decipher, as well as to make for himself, all such groups. 16. A sign ($) called the avagraha, or 'separator', is used in printed texts to mark the elision of initial a after final e or (see below, § 119, 158): thus % SW^l. te 'bruvan. But some texts, especially those printed in India, dispense with this sign. In our transliteration this sign will be represented by the inverted comma, as in the example just given. In the MSS. the $ is also used as a hyphen, and sometimes as a mark of hiatus. 17. The sign • is used to mark an omission of something easily understood (whether from the context, or from previous knowledge), Introduction. 7 and thus becomes a mark of abbreviation ; thus, 1RR£ ° *i> ID •' ■•> ""• But °ft en tne horizontal stroke is made first, and the perpendicular stroke added without raising the pen from the paper; thus, "T, ^; 1, ^u, System of Sounds: Pronunciation. 21. The Sanskrit is used in India to this day very much as Latin was used in Europe in the previous century : it is a common medium of communication between the learned, be their native tongues what they may, and it is not the vernacular of any district whatever. Hence it is not strange that the pronunciation of San- skrit words varies greatly among scholars from different parts of India ; and probably no one system represents the true ancient mode of utterance with much exactness. I. Vowels. 22. A. The a, i, and u-vowels. These three occur both short and long, and are to be pronounced in the ' Italian ' manner — as &t(or-)gan and father, pin and pique, pull and rule, respectively. The 8 Introduction. a- vowel stands in no relation of kindred with any of the classes of consonantal sounds. But the i- vowel is distinctly palatal, and the w-vowel as distinctly labial. 23. B. The r and /-vowels. Both of these are plainly the result of abbreviating syllables containing a "^ r or ^T I along with another vowel: r is to be sounded like the re in the English fibre, I like le in able.' 24. C. The diphthongs. 1. The e and o, which are always long, should receive the long e and o-sounds of the English they and bone, without true diphthongal character. In their origin, both were doubtless in the main pure diphthongs (e = a + ?', o = a + u); but they lost this character at a very early period. 2. The ai and au are spoken like the ai in English aisle and au in German Baum (ou in English house) ; that is, as pure diphthongs with long prior element. They were originally, doubtless, distin- guished from e and o only by the length of the first element. II. Consonants. 25. A. Mates. In each series of mutes there are two surd members, two sonants, and one nasal (also sonant); e. g., in the labial series, the surds p and ph, the sonants b and bh, and the sonant m. 26. The first and third members of each series are the ordinary corresponding surd and sonant mutes of European languages; thus, k and g, t and d, p and b. 27. Nor is the character of the nasal any more doubtful. What m is to p and b, or n is to t and d, that is also each other nasal to its own series of mutes: a sonant expulsion of breath into and through the nose, while the mouth-organs are in the mute- contact. 28. The second and fourth of each series are aspirates; tj " Introduction. 9 beside the surd mute k we have the corresponding surd aspirate kh, and beside the sonant g, the corresponding aspirate gh. It is u9ual among European scholars to pronounce both classes of aspi- rates as the corresponding non- aspirates with a very closely fol- lowing h; e. g., th nearly as in boathouse, ph a6 in haphazard, dh as in madhouse. This is inaccurate ; but the question of the original pronunciation of this entire group of sounds is one of great difficulty, and still unsettled. 29. The aspirates are not double letters. The several mute-series will now be taken up in detail. 30. 1. Gutturals: k, kh, g, gh, n. These are the ordinary English k and g (' l hard")-sounds, with their corresponding aspirates and nasal; the last, like ng in singing. 31. 2. Palatals: c, ch, j, jh, n. This whole series is derivative, being generated by the corruption of original gutturals. (The palatal mute c and the sibilant c often represent two successive stages of corruption of A;; the corresponding degrees of corruption of g are both represented by j.) For this reason the euphonic treatment of the palatals is in many respects peculiar. The palatal mutes c and j are pronounced with the compound sounds of English ch and j, as in church and judge. See also § 28. 32. 3. Unguals: t, th, d, dh, n. The lingual mutes are said to be uttered with the tip of the tongue turned up and drawn back into the dome of the palate, somewhat as the English (or rather American) smooth r, e. g. in very is pronounced. In practice European Sanskritists make no attempt to distinguish them from the dentals : t is pronounced like t, d like d, and so on. 33. 4. Dentals: t, th, d, dh, n. These are practically the equivalents of our so-called dentals t, d, n* * But the Hindus generally use Unguals to represent the English dentals; thus, u "^TT ar 51. Theoretically the changes of r would coincide with those of r, and the vrddhi of / would be al; but actual cases of these are quite unknown. The guna of / is al (just as that of r is ar), but it occurs only in one root, kip. As will be seen in the sequel, the <7wna-sound coincides with the result of the combination of an ^ a with the simple vowel corresponding to that guna; thus, ^J a combines with a following f; i or ^ l into TJ e, which is also the guna of ^ i and ^ *• The vrddhi, in like maimer, is identical with the result of combining an ^ a with the corresponding guna; thus, ^J a combines with a following XJ e into X[ ai, the vrddhi of ^ i and ^[ I. For the present the table is to be learned outright. 52. In all gunating processes ^ a remains unchanged — or, Introduction. 13 as it is sometimes expressed, ^J a is its own guna; ^n & remains unchanged for both guna and vrddhi. 53. The guna- increment does not, except in exceedingly rare instances, take place in a heavy syllable (see § 48) ending in a consonant: e. g., f%t^ tit may become %<^ cet, and «ft nl may become % ne; but f^«fT tint or fa«^ mntf or iffa 7'w may not become ^fnf cent or ipB wenrf or ^^ jev. V V N 54. Other changes of vowels and consonants occur very fre- quently, in the making-up of single words from roots, by means of suffixes and endings, and in the formation of compound words by the union of two or more stems — a process of the very greatest frequency in Sanskrit. Furthermore, in the form in which the language is handed down to us by the literature, the words composing a sentence or paragraph are adapted to and combined with each other by nearly the same rules as those which govern the making of compounds, so that it is impossible to take apart and understand the simplest sentence in Sanskrit without understanding those rules. The most important of the rules for such combination will be given piecemeal in the lessons. Roots and Stems. 55. A knowledge on the student's part of the meaning and application of the terms root, stem, personal ending, etc., is pre- supposed. The formative processes by which both inflectional forms and derivative stems are made, by the addition of endings to bases and roots, are more regular and transparent in Sanskrit than in any other Indo-European language.* In the present work, which aims preeminently to give the student considerable practical acquaintance with the language within a brief compass of lessons, not every given form will be explained by analysis. But wherever any explanation of forms is given, it will of course be according to this method. 14 Introduction. Accent 56. The phenomena of accent are, by the Hindu grammarians of all ages alike, described and treated as depending on a variation of tone or pitch; of any difference of stress involved, they make no account. These accents are marked only in certain Vedic texts, and employed only in their recitation, whereas the accents used nowadays by Hindus in the pronunciation of Sanskrit (and left undenoted in writing) are mainly ictus-accents, i. e. variations of stress. The principles of the latter system will be given in an appendix. The older system of accents has great etymological im- portance; the latter none whatever; and only the older system will be referred to in the following. Here it will be enough to state that the primary tones or accent-pitches of the older system are two: a higher, or acute; and a lower, or grave. A third, called svarita, is always of secondary origin, being ordinarily the result of actual combination of an acute vowel and a grave vowel into one syllable. It is uniformly defined as compound in pitch, a union of higher and lower tone within the limits of a single syllable. It is thus identical in physical character with the Greek and Latin circumflex, and fully entitled to be called by the same name. Whenever, in the sequel, accent is mentioned, without further de- finition, the acute accent is to be understood; and it will be de- signated by the ordinary acute sign. Conjugation of Verbs. 57. The Sanskrit verb exhibits the closest analogy with that of Greek, being developed in tense-systems, as outgrowths of certain tense-stems. In the older stage of the language, i. e. in the so- called Vedic period, the modal ramifications of each tense -stem are as numerous as in Greek; but in the later stage, the Sanskrit proper (also called the classical language), these outgrowths have Introduction. 15 been lopped off to so very great an extent, that with one insigni- ficant exception, the precative or aorist optative, only the present- system still retains any modal variety whatever. 58. There is a simple or ordinary conjugation of verbal roots, which we call primary; and there are certain more or less fully developed secondary or derivative conjugations (§ 69). 59. Voices. There are two voices, active and middle, which extend throughout the whole system of conjugation. For the present- system alone there is a special passive inflection; the middle forms outside that system, and sometimes even within it, are liable to be used likewise in a passive sense. An active form is called by the Hindu grammarians parasmdi padam 'word for another'; a middle form, atmane padam 'word for one's self.' Some verbs are conjugated in both voices, others in one only; sometimes some of the tenses are inflected only in one voice, others only in the other voice, or in both ; of a verb usually inflected in one voice sporadic forms of the other occur; and sometimes the voice differs as the verb is compounded with certain prepositions. 60. Persons and Numbers. There are three persons: first, second, and third; and, as with substantives, adjectives, and pro- nouns, three numbers: singular, dual, and plural. All these persons and numbers are made from every tense and mode — except that the first persons of the imperative are really subjunctive forms. 61. The native grammarians denote as the first person what we call the third; and as we are wont to speak of the verb Xeyuj, the verb ^o^uou, the verb aino, etc., so the Hindus use for instance M tnere * s 9een a distinction of stem- form in different cases. Sometimes the stem-forms are two, when they are called strong and weak respectively; sometimes three: strong, middle, and weakest. As is the case with verbs, this variation of stem-form often goes hand-in-hand with a shift of accent. 88. In the masculine and feminine, the strong cases are the nom. and ace, both sing, and dual, and the nom. pi. The rest Introduction. 23 are weak ; or, if there be the distinction of three stem-forms, then the instr., dat., abl., gen., and loc. sing., the gen. and loc. du., and the gen. pi. (all of which take endings beginning with a vowel), are weakest; and the instr., dat., and abl. du., the instr., dat., abl., and loc. pi. (whose endings begin with consonants), are middle. 89. In the neuter, the only strong cases are the nom. and ace. pi. ; if there be the triple distinction, then the nom. and ace. sing, are middle, and the same cases in the dual are weakest. Otherwise the cases are classified as in the masculine. 90. Case-ending's. The normal scheme of case -endings, as recognized by the native grammarians (and conveniently to be assumed as the basis of special descriptions), is this: Singuli ir Dual Plural m. f. n. m.f. n. m. f. n. N. s m au i as i A. am du * bhydm as i I. a bhis D. e bhydm bhyas Ab. as bhydm bhyas G. as OS dm L. i OS su It applies entire to consonant-stems, and to the radical division of I and w-stems ; and to other vowel-stems, with considerable variations and modifications. The endings which have almost or quite unbroken range, through stems of all classes, are bhydm and os of the dual, and bhis, bhyas, dm, and su of the plural. 91. Pada-endings. The case-endings bhydm, bhis, bhyas, and su — i. e. those of the middle cases — are called pada ("word")- endings. The treatment of stem-finals before them is generally the same as in the combinations of words with one another. I 24 Lesson I. Lesson I. 92. Verbs. Present Indicative active. Unaccented a-class. A number of roots conjugated in this class have medial short ^ a. Inasmuch as "^ST a is its own guna", these roots merely add an ^Jf a to form the present-stem; e. g., ^? vad, present-stem ?T? vdda. The final ^| a of the stem is lengthened in the three first persons. Sing. Dual. Plural. i* «ldlPH vddfcmi c(rf M^ vdddvas ^d\MH^ vdddmas 2. W. v*U»' 95 Euphonic rule. At the end of a word standing in the final position of a sentence, or alone, ^ s and T r always become visarija ', h; and generally also before 3 k, *§f kh, T£ p, VH p/i, and before sibilants [T([ p, IT s, ^T s], whether these stand in the same word, or as initial in the following word; e. g. ef^cTO tj«fT vadatas punar becomes always eftf iff: q*H vadatah punah. 96. Force of the present. The present indicative signifies 1. Present time. 2. Immediate futurity. 3. Past time, in lively narration ("historical present"). -» *. Lesson I. 25 Vocabulary I. Verbs to be conjugated like ^^ vad: ^"^ oar (intr.) go, wander, graz (ofcattle);(tr.) perform, commit. Sffa jlv live. f€T5T tyqj leave, abandon. 5TB dah burn. \JT^ dhav run. •p^ nam (intr.) bow, bend one's self*; (tr.) honor, reverence. TJ^r pac cook. ■^ pat fall ; fly. "STSf yaj sacrifice (c. ace. pers. et instr. rei). "5TJW raks protect. ^Z vad speak, say. ^^ vas dwell. ^^ vah (tr.) carry, bear; (intr.) flow, blow, proceed. ■5^ <;ans praise. *MTU{ atas hence TTfT?^ t°t a Adverbs and Conjunctions. J thence therefore thereupon ^T^ atra • here ^ iha j hither X^^ittliam f in this way so «pra; kutas \ whence? why? ^SSWTT a'ihuna now ^SRI adya to-day Tr^T^ eram so, thus TP^ eva just, exactly fpl tatra TTOT tatha ara kutra gi kva I ( Iwhe whi there thither y<» titer in that way so ere? ther? ^fff^ yatas ^m yatra whence wherefore where whither I in w as: which way r\d\ tada then ORT^ sarvatra everywhere ^f?T iti so, thas ^ ca (postpos.) -que Ifzn yalh t%*4*y katham how? ^RTf kada when? Qd\ yadd wl 't ...»n .akes pla* **^1 a stem, whether *T 'f as converted into M vr** instead of ^f*T<^ 26 Lesson I. II. Exercise I. 15. *Today x they abandon 2 . 16. Now 1 ye go 2 . 17. Always 1 / protect 2 . 18. We two bow 1 again 2 . 19. Whither 1 runnest 2 thouJ 20. We sacrifice. 21. They ttoo cook. 22. Ye abandon. 23. He burns. 24. Now 1 we live 2 . 25. Ye two praise. 26. Why 2 do ye bend 1 ? 27. There 1 they fly 2 . 28. Where 1 do ye dwell 2 ? Lesson II. 97. Verbs. Unaccented a- class, cont'd. Roots of this class ■which end in a vowel, and consonant- roots not forming heavy syllables (§53), gunate their vowels in forming their present-stems; J-* e e. g., faji and «ftni fc> rm %./ e an d % 7' 3" dru and *1 Mw form ~> ^ jft rfro and ^t bho; ^ff smr forms *jq"^ smar; f^ft^ cit and ^\^ budh I ' **** form %c^ cet and ^t^ *orf/f; oT^ vrs forms ^^ wars. 98. With the class- sign tQ a, a final TJ e of the gunated root unites to form ^STO aya — see § 159; so ^ff o with ^ « becomes ^f ava; ^fT ar with ^ a yields ^n; ara. Thus, f^ ji, 3rd sing. >l WSTR!i%«-^; 1 °^ Wm bkdvati; ^T smr W^m smarati. 99. Roots in consonants: ^ST^ 6wdA, 3rd sing. ^farf?T bodha'i ; f^<^ c#, %rTf?T cetati: efq wrs, cmfrT vdrsati. * The superior figures indicate the position in the Sanskrit sentence of equivalents for the words so designated. By this indi- , , aiao - s pyojdej tne necessity of applying euphonic rules wh.ch 96. Force <> en stated. The order of words in Sanskrit is very , „ . influences the meaning of the sentence. From the l resent i ini (b . ^r of words required in the Sanskrit sentence will narration ("histori Words in Ital ; M are QOt t0 be trans i ate d. / Lesson II. 27 100. The roots IPR^ gam and 7f1{ yam make the present-stems If^ gdccha and HvQ ydccha*. 101. The root ^fT sac/, 'sit', makes the present-stem ^fte sida. The root ^J^ at/A, 'hide', makes *I«frl guhati. 102. Several roots in final t5U a form their present-stem by a peculiar process of reduplication ; thus, ^fT sthd, 3rd sing, frf8(d ththati**; TTT pa f^f?T pibati ; 1JT ghrd fayfd jighrati. 103. Masculines and Neuters in ^ a. a. Masculines: <*^ deva, 'god'. Singular. Dual. v Plural. N. ^^^ devas %^ devdu \^TT^ devas Ace. ^"?RF^ devam „ ^^T'l, devdn Voc. ^ deva " Je » » Voc. Ttf^f phala. t* " — -v - l <*^ <% a-// Ae* 1 * "*'">** soc^f.'c * As a rule, the grammarians do not allow ^ ch to stand in that form after a vowel, but require it to be doubled, becoming x§g" cch. An aspirate is doubled by prefixing the corresponding non-aspirate. Cf. § 165. ** The dental sibilant ^ s is changed to the lingual H «, if 5-*$ immediately preceded by any vowel save ^Sf a and tJIT a, or by "a k or T t — unless the ^ s be final, or followed by "^ r. Thus, f/d^lTd ti-stha-ti becomes fjfgffff tisthati (the change of ^T th to "S th — a process of assimilation — will be explained below). So ■^rf^TO agni-su becomes <*|ftlM agnisu; and V*nHT dhanus-d becomes \HMI dhanusd. The nasalization of the alterant vowel, or in other words, its jg followed by anusvdra, does not prevent its altering effect upon o own s ibii an t. thus, ^cHffq havimi. And the alteration takes place in the initial of an ending after the final "8 s of a stem, whether the iatter be regarded as also changed to H s or as converted into rga; thus, ff%^ havu-su or ^Tfa:*| havih-su instead of fftT^J vtso havis-su 28 Lesson II. Mom- Ace. CX+ e ■ at- o %\ at 104. Force of cases. 1. The nominative is casus mbjectivus. 2. The accusative is casus objectivus, denoting chiefly the nearer or direct, sometimes however the more remote, object; sometimes also the terminus ad quern, and extent of time and space. 105. Euphonic combination of vowels. 1. ^f a or^a+^lor "31T = "^ff- e. g. l[r{J ^fa gata api = IfTTfa gataJpi. 2. ^or^fl+S; * ort^i = X[e. e. g. TOTT + tfTT^ = ifftfftgateZii. 3. "^T or "?rr + ^ m or ^3> S = ^ o. e.g. iffU + ^r{ uta = Tfftfl gatoHa. 4. "% or "9HT + ^J T = ^TJ a,r. e. g. UfT rnaha + ^-rfa: rsih = *T^"fa. maharsih. 5. ^ or ^IT + TJ e or TJ a/ = t[ at. e. g. T[<{\ + ^ ewa = Jfrfa gatdi 'ua. 6. ^1 or ^TT + ^ o or -^ft a« = ^ft au. e. g. 3T7TT + ^qfvr. osadhih - Jlfff^f^H gafau ''sadhih. 106. It will be the practice everywhere in this work to separate independent words in transliteration, but not in the deva- nagarl text; and if an initial vowel of a following word has coalesced with a final of the preceding, this will be indicated by an apostrophe — single if the initial vowel be the shorter, double if it be the longer, of the two different initials which in every case of combination yield the same result. To aid the be- ginner, a point ♦ will sometimes be placed, in the devanagarl, under a long vowel formed by two coalescing vowels; thus, ^rfa- •nO*!!'IJi agnina 'rtnam. Verbs, a- class : 1&{ gam {gdechati) go. VTT ghrd (jighraii) smell. Vocabulary II. r^- fSfiji (tr. and intr.) conquer, to j| dru run. '<}****** / the •ft nl lead, guide. ( nij/**' ' ^ / Lesson II. 29 XH pet (pibati) drink. 9f bhu become, be, exist, fciuix^i 1 Tff^ yam (ydechati) furnish, give. ■gTf vrs rain, give rain; (fig.) shower down ; overwhelm. TfH smr remember, think on. e. ^rj s th® (tisthati) stand (intr.). Subst. Masc: 3T5J gaja elephant. J[9^ gandha odor, perfume. TTW grama village. •T^ nara man (vir and homo). •TXf nrpa king. tr^ pnira son. Neut. : ^H"^ kxira milk. *r^ grha house. ^^ jala water. ^TT dana gift, present. •TTT nagara city. Interj.: ^ he O, ho. Exercise II. ^t^t ^rpi ^iTf^T i q i *i * *\T*k\*\: Ri^ra fxRfTf 5^: i ^ i ^n fsrarfa i^pr: i <=io i ^ ^ttt. i e. g., oR kr, 'strew', f^RTTfiT kirdti. The roots in ^ i and ^ u and ^J u change those vowels into fit iy and ^t uv, respectively, before the class-sign ; thus, f^J ksi, f^j^rfTJ ksiydti; Jf su, *raf?f suvdti : \J dhu, \sT^HT dhuvdti. 109. For the root ^[^ ?.s, 'desire', «j[^ ich is regarded as a substitute in the present-stem; thus, ^$frT icchdti (§ 100, note). Likewise, ^J r makes its present -sfj-^frf rcchdti ; and T(T§ prach, sometimes given as XJ^ prch, makes H^fa prcchdti. HO. A number of roots following this class are strengthened in the present by a penultimate nasal; thus, f^ra sic, present ind. f^fijffTT siiicdti. The nasal is always assimilated in class to the following consonant; thus "31 n is used before palatals, «^ n before dentals, ?^ m before labials ; and _L n before sibilants and jf h. III. Masculines and Neuters in ^ a, cont'd, a. Masculines : Singular. Dual. Plural. L ^^•T devena rf^l^jJ^ devdbhydm ^q^ devais D. ?<(|{{ devdya » » ?c(M]^ devebhyas Ab. d«!T*^ wherewith? and whereby? and expresses accompaniment, agent, or means. 2. The dative denotes the remoter object, and direction. D"?- It is also used as dativus commodi ; very frequently also to denote end or purpose. Sometimes (and oftenest with copula omitted) it is predicative, in the sense of 'makes for, tends toward'. 3. The fll>i. ablative answers the question whence ?^ and very frequently denotes cause. 4. The genitive is casus adjectivus, denoting all kinds of $*"• belonging (e. g. gen. subjectivus, objectivus, partitivus). 5. The lo- *<><.• cative denotes the place where, or the time when, an action occurs. It is often used absolutely, in agreement with a participle expressed or understood, as the ablative is used in Latin and the genitive in Greek. ' (?*"£?£. ■ e i > r> i nus siH * t,i c-0*>r\. Verbs, a-class: ^TO is (icchdti) wish, desire. ^Jff krs (krsdti) plough. f%pj ksip (ksipdti) hurl, cast, throw. fTT\ die (diedti) show, point out. Tf^prach (prcchdti) ask, ask about. f^TT vie (viedti) enter. Vocabulary III. ffjT^ sic (sinedti) drip, drop Subst. Masc: efi'J kata mat. ^*ft kunta spear. "^T^f bala> child, boy. ^"PT marga road, way, street. %^f megha cloud. IJ"^ cava arrow. moisten. ^T5f srj (srjdti) let go; create, Sjpr (sprcAli) touch; (in certain connections) wash, a-class: 1[%guh (guhati, § 10I) hide, conceal. T$Z sad (sidati, § I0I) sit. ^TsT hasta hand. Nent.: %"^ ksetra field. \J«T dhuna money, riches. ^fT^H langala plough. f^TO visa poison. .,„«.*/ T^sukha fortune ' H csf* .**»"• 32 Lesson III. IV. Exercise III. it* i m srer f^rfTT ^ i i i ^t iprf*r^fnT itt: i ^ i I- ^nft: ^ir fire 'fire'. N. A. I. Singular. ■^rftreL a 9 nis D. -4IM'4| agnaye Ah^C^ agues L. ^|M1 agnau Dual. ^TfrWR^ agnibhydm •n n Plural. ■^T^ agnayas ^^rfqf^^ agnibhis ^rfq«I^ agnibhyas r 1) ^'•fHlH agnlnam ^jf^J agnisu* ** * See note to § 102. The dental nasal ^ n, when immediately followed by a vowel, or bv «l n or Jf in or ^f w or ^ v. is turned into the lingual > v ""» n if preceded in the same word by the lingual sibilant or semi- r v»*i abo» s _ J, [ D y xf ?) y r, ^J f, or ^[ r: and this, not Lesson IV. 33 114. Neoters in ^ ?'. ^TTT vari, 'water'. Singular. Dual. Plural. N. ^ifT v< ^ n cUf^uH vdrini ^lOHU vdrini A. n d w » » r» I- «1 I f\ „ n » G. » « TTfTTlft^ vdrinos << 1 0^1*1 warffmm L. «dfXfUj vdrini » » <||P^li vdrim v. ^nr y<5re or ^rfr y< ^ n 115. Masculine and neuter adjectives in T i are declined like t-~*dS' the substantives above. But neuter adjectives (never substantives) may, in the dat., abl., gen., and loc. sing., and the gen. and loc. dual, substitute the corresponding forms of masculines. 116. Euphonic changes of ^ s and "^ r. These two sounds stand to each other in the practical relation, in external combination, of corresponding surd and sonant: in countless cases ^ s becomes "^ r in situations requiring or favoring the occurrence of a sonant; and, less often, "^ r becomes ^ s where a surd is required. In internal combination the two are far less interchangeable. The s is extremely common as an etymological final, the r not common. 117. A. Final ^C. s. 1. Before a sonant, either vowel or conso- $•** nant (except f r — see below), ^ s is changed to the sonant T r — unless, indeed, it be preceded by ^S( a or ^STT d; thus, 41 fa^ only if the altering letter stands immediately before, the nasal, but at whatever distance before the latter it may be found: unless, in- deed, there intervene a palatal (except If y), a lingual, or a dental. Thus, •fJfl'^TJJ' nagareua, f{\J^ mdrgena, TjT,q"jfx?r puspani. * See preceding note. c ch j fh .V Perry, Sanskrit Primer. ' fj t >j j t /V ■ I* o t m a n WW^M an?<6 %as Ab • WTt^ bhdnos n r> W fl G. y> » HT^t^C. bhdnvos *tt"«MIH. bhdnundm L. M\*\\ bhdndu n » in 'ike manner, it would become lingual H s, but the case almost never occurs. 3. Before the dental surd mutes [?^ t, W th], since it is already of the same class with them, it of course remains unchanged; thus, ^HTOt f*i»fa rdmas tisthati. S-*S 130. The preposition ^STT « is sometimes used with the ablative (much less often with the accusative), in the sense of 'hither from', 'all the way from'; but far more usually to signify 'all the way to', 'until'. As a prefix to verbs, ^TT « means 'to', 'unto', 'at'. Vocabulary V. Verbs: ■^T^ as (dsyati) throw, hurl. ^|T^ kup (kupyati — w. gen. or dat.) be angry. W^jJ krudh (kriidhyati — w. gen. or dat.) be angry. 1(J{ gam -f ^STT a (dgdcchati) come. 7T tr (tdrati) cross over. * *)■**}-! TT1 rcap (ndgyati) perish. XHT V ac (pdfyati) see. ^| ruh (rdhati) rise, spring up, grow. + "Vl « (drdhati) climb, mount, ascend. fay Mich (likhdti) scratch; write, gpi lubh (lubhyati — w. dat. or loc.) desire, covet. in gus (gusyati) dry up. fj^m snih (mihyati — w. gen. or loc.) feel inclined to, love. f[ hu or JT hva (hvdyati) call. ^fTO vayu, m., wind. f^XJjr visnu, m., nom. pr. name of a god. 38 Lesson V. Subst.: |f^[ fetou, m., sun. ^r^j anna, n., food, fodder. Tfl!!' raani, m., jewel i ^pg apya, m., horse. "^^ ratna, n., jewel. ^rffVsJ udadhi, m., oeean. TTT3T r< M? m -5 heap. 3T^ guru, m., teacher. in^ pattra, n., leaf, letter. TT^J parapu, m., axe. TJ"P? pada^ m. , foot; quarter ; j 1T3 f a ^", m? enemy ray, beam. f^PUT pikhara, m., summit. ^TC 6aAu, m., arm. \ f^H gisya, m., pupil, scholar. fcj'rf bindu, m., drop. ^^} sukta, n., Vedic hymn. Exercise V. cRcf^ft \pi *j«rfnT i <* i ^^1^: fwrfa wf?f m ^ fij- tq^t: ^rerrr: i $ i •pnr 'srfw fswf^r 1 8 1 ^fat^vf* firef* i m i *jtt. ftr^Tnrf fwf^r i i 3i%: ipfr ^nr^r *rr*f T*i xnsra: ii qc n 19. Now 4 the sun's 1 rays 2 climb 5 the mountains 3 . 20. A drop 2 of water 1 falls 4 down from the cloud 3 . 21. O 1 men 8 , we see 4 the city 3 . 22. Both kings 1 love 3 poets 2 (gen. or loc). 23. The wind 1 blows 4 (^W) from the summits 3 of the 'mountains'. 24. The Icing 1 hurls 4 spears 3 at his enemies 2 (dat. or loc). 25. The scholar 1 bows 3 before his teacher 2 (ace). 26. Tiro men 1 come with their sons" (instr.). 27. The two kings 1 desire 4 the poet's 2 jewels 3 (dat. or loc). 28. O 1 seer, 2 we sacrifice 4 to Visnu 3 {ace). 29. The two * Orthodox Hindus maintain that the Vedic hymns, etc., were revealed to their reputed authors, who thus 'saw' them. K Lesson V. VI. 39. cook 3 food 1 with fire 2 . 30. The seers 1 praise 4 Visnu 2 with hymns 3 . 31. In the city 1 the king 2 calls 4 his enemies 3 . Lesson VI. 131. Verbs, //a-class, cont'd. The roots of this class which end in ^S[^ am lengthen their ^J a in forming their present-stem ; thus, "retain, rll*4jfd tdmyati; Vf^ bhram, ?JTRrf?T bhrdmyati — but this last makes ,some forms with short ^ a. The root UW mad has the same lengthening: *n««jf?T mddyati. 132. Certain a-roots (five — by the Hindus written with final 6) make present-stems with an accented yd; thus, ^T das ' forms ^rT^TTWin acdmati. 136. Neuters in ^ u. ?ffc| madhu, 'honey'. Singular. Dual. Plural. $T. ?TO madhu Ttpf) madhuni ^TOf'T madhuni A I. ^VTT madhuna ?T\WI7^ madhubhydm ^TOTH^ madhubhis D. *?*J«J madhune B „ TT^R^T madhubbyas • Ab. ?TO«T^ madhunas „ „ „ „ G. „ „ T^ft^ madhvnos fT%PTTI( madhundm L. ^r^ffvf madhuni „ M ***J9 ma dhia, m., anger. tt!miq if- *tpr: i ^> i ^r^ft ^trt ^gf*r frt^T i c i *nft ^5*^ c(^ij(7f veddyati ; but iffe pld, lfl\gtjfrT piddyati. 144. 2. A final vowel has the rreWfa'-strengthening ; thus, \jj dhr, \nTTfH dhdrdyati. Before "^S^aya, T£di and njn" au become VJIT*! ay and ^TTW dv respectively; thus, *ft bin, HfmZfflf bhaydyati ; V bhu, ^TT^SlfTT bhavdyati. 145. 3. Medial or initial ^!J a in a metrically light syllable is sometimes lengthened, and sometimes remains unchanged; thus, ^J^ ksal, caus. ^M"*lffT Jcsdldyati; but ^T^ jan, caus. WRjfrf jandyati. 146. The inflection is the usual one of a-stems. 147. Rales of euphonic combination. In external combination an initial sonant of whatever class (even a vowel or semivowel or nasal) requires the conversion of a preceding final surd to a sonant. Lesson VII. 43 148. Final <^ r. 1. Final ^ t becomes W d, before any initial £~->J753|'f?r bhramyati or ^ftHl^fTT gopdyati becomes trrqT- gT^fffT pdpdd raksati or MIlfl^T+trfrT pdpdd bhramyati or M I M IsTt MT~ Vffl pdpdd gopdyati. 149. 2. Final c^ t is assimilated to an initial palatal, lingual, y- v ^ SSl or *f I in the next word ; thus it becomes tE^ c before x^ c and H? ch, ^ j before ^ j, and W I before ^T I: e. g., *mid s ^ meghdt ca becomes +(V1|^f meghdc ca; "i\i%\<\^ 5f^f*^ meghat jalam becomes *jy |T3JHH meghdj jalam; XJTXn?^ ^tefc|<^ papdt lokdt becomes papal lokdt. 150 3. Before initial ^T c, final <^ t becomes ^ c, and the t* c <* C-¥ch T\ c then becomes ^ ch; thus, HMIc^ !£% nrpat catruh becomes ,rch ^1||t^^; nrpdc chatruh. 151. 4. Before initial nasals ?(_ t becomes «^n: thus, *J^T?^ ^"^^L "Rlf?f gvhat nayati becomes OTTT?Rlf?V gfhan nuyati. But the change into 7d is also permitted, though hardly used; thus, J|^| %5f stena, m., thief. Adverb: ^ iva as, like (postpos.). Exercise VII. * %?r. ^t| w^t prqfrcqfft iqi ^^ flrqtqrnwrfmi wrt Tqf^ 1 m 1 «nft ^mifui ww i$ 1 yrrowri ^^ ^^rf^i^iTW^^^^TTJrRiw^Rm: i c i f^if iirfor- ^qrff ^far: winfd 11 9? 11 14. Thieves 1 steal 4 the people's 2 money 3 . 15. The two boys wash 3 their mouths 2 . 16. The father 1 tells 5 his sons 2 (dat.) the reward 4 of sin 3 . 17. The scholars 1 honor 3 and 5 reverence 4 their teacher 2 . 18. Ye both bring 3 fruits 1 in your hands 2 and 5 count 4 them. 19. Merit 1 protects 3 from misfortune 2 (abl). 20. The char- ioteers 1 strike 4 the horses 2 with sticks 3 . 21. In anger 1 (abl) the king 2 pierces 5 the thief 3 with a spear 4 . Lesson VIII. 152. Verbs, a- conjugation. Present Indicative Middle. The present indicative middle of verbs whose stems end in a is inflected as follows: Lesson VIII. 45 Singular. Dual. Plural. 1. ^£ vdde rcFV^ vdddvahe 1^TO% vdddmahe 2. ^ST% vddase ^179 vddethe 33^q vddadhve 3. of the 1st sing, the .stem-final is dropped. ^^^ ethe and XJTf ete are hard to explain. 154. With verbs inflected in both voices, the chief force of the middle is this, that the action is performed for the benefit of the actor himself; thus, ^JWfjf ydjati 'he sacrifices' (for some one else); ^J^% ydjate 'he sacrifices for himself. But many verbs are conjugated only in the middle, like the Latin and Greek deponents. 155. The verb J{ mr, 'die', makes fjytjd mriydte in the pres- ent; and 5T«^ jan, 'give birth', substitutes as present mid. 9TRra jayate, 'be born'. 156. Combination of final and initial vowels. Two simple i*~i ■ vowels, either or both of them short or long, coalesce and form ?< the corresponding long vowel. For the a-vowels, see above, § 105. Thus : 1. ^ % or \% + ^ % or \% — \ ?; e. g. ^T^f^T ^f?T gacchati iti becomes ?T^£r?Vf?T gacchati 'ti. 2. ^Mor^M+^Mor^fM = ^i u; e. g. ^TTV ^HHWC sddhu uktam becomes Q | y JRIf^ sadhu ''ktam*. 157. The /-vowels, the u- vowels, and ^Jr, before a dissimilar y^^^y vowel or diphthong, are regularly converted each into its own &*-•* corresponding semivowel, Jly or ^ v or \r. Thus, KlTTm ^S(% ' tisthati atra becomes ffRTftPI tisthaty atra (four syllables); •fiJT'^r^ nadl atra becomes «RI^ nady atra; *ra ^SC^ rnadhu atra becomes Hl^l madhv atra; ^JTT ^^ kartr iha becomes Zfff^ug kartr iha. * And theoretically 3. ^S r + ^gr= "^f. but probably this has no occurrence. / I 46 Lesson VIII. *a.'' &oe-z, 158. Final TJ e and "^ft o remain unchanged before an initial short "^ a, but the "% a disappears. Thus, ^T ^J^ ^cme otfra be- comes ^?f $^ wane 'fra; ){|«ft ^5^ Marco afra becomes WTt S^f 6/fdno 'Jra. By far the commonest case of final ^ft o is where it ," 7> " W Represents final ^ a* (see §118). ^*-*ay 159. The final ^ < or ^ w-element of a diphthong is changed + h-0 to its corresponding semivowel T( y orrHp, before any vowel or diphthong, except when the rule of § 158 would apply. Thus, TJ e becomes ^1 a y, an ^ \ di, ^SIT?! ay; ^SCt o becomes tJT^ av -> aQ d ■^ aw, ^1«| dv. Thus, in internal combination, ^-"^f ne-a becomes •f^J«ay/a; ^fif- - ^ bho-a becomes ^^ bhava ; so •T-^r^I nai-aya yields STRT3 ndy-aya y and ^ft-^^pjr bhdu-aya yields VTT^!? bhdv-aya. cxtcrnd owi). |60. In external combination, the resulting semivowel is in gen- *+/ < ->>A.+i eral dropped; and the resulting hiatus remains. Thus, ^% ^m - , ^^.^J vfl rne ift' becomes ^*T ^fTT *?««« to' (through the intermediate stage apw, m., beast, ^f bala, n., strength, might. ¥Mm manusya, in., man (homo). ^JyT yajna, m., sacrifice. ^TT uana, n., woods, forest. fc|«Jif vinaya, m., obedience. cfVf^" vici, m., wave. IJf^f pos£ra,n., science; text-book. Tjj^ pudra, m., man of the fourth caste. f^TT Aito, n., advantage. Adverb: «T na, not. Exercise VIII. ^rt *rnre i * i ^n Tnf^f wt^R^fr &fcrfi i 3 i ht# (§ iei) ^tto i ^ i t^wt: (abi.) ^% ^ft *wi i ^ i ^fWi«f ^^ i q i wtft t^ ^t*t: i qo i vfci v*l *m^ ^t?i i w I ¥^r «nrt: Tjr^t ^tpsit: %*r#t i -n G. j> » %T^t^ senayos %*fl*IIH. sendydm » » %TT*ITH sendndm L. 4MI4J sendsu V. %% sene 163. Adjectives in ^Sf a are declined in the raasc. like flT^, in the fern, like > verbal prefix containing ^, either original or representing ^; such as ^RT?C 'between', f^, l?TX etc. Thus, jpprf*> f*n!!TOfiT. 167. The following prefixes are often used before verbs: TOT 'after, along, toward'; TO^I 'down, off'; ^3^ 'up, up forth or out'; TO^J 'to, toward'; fsf'down; in, into'; f^TTO. 'out, forth'; HXj 'to a distance, away'; tJTT 'round about, around'; TJ 'forward, forth'; TOTO 'along with, completely.' rVefue Vocabulary IX. icef - ,r.S - pari' pro. - Actire Verbs: 3JTO + TO^" (avagdcchati) under- stand. H + TOTO (avatdrati) descend. *ft + ^f (upandyati) introduce, consecrate. *-> ~ + Tff^(parindyati) lead about; marry. ^<^ + ^^ (utpdtati) fly up. TO^ + TO?T (avardhati) descend. Hl'sw«0Myd' Deponents: 3TTO. + ^C (saingdcchate) come together, meet. (•*• ** a ^ rM j Subst. : X^ m., arrow. t-SU. TOTOT t't daughter, maiden. Perry, Sanskrit Primer. f^J t T^CT (pardjdyate) be con- quered (rarely w. act. sense: conquer). Xf% + J( (prapddyate) flee for re- fuge (ace.) to (ace. of person). f*?q(bhiksate) beg, get by begging. Sra|l| (denom. — mrgdyate) hunt for, seek. W<^ (vdrtate) exist, subsist, be, become. "mi (cdbhate) be brilliant, shinej be eminent. ipfj gaiigd {., n.pr., the Ganges. n^TOT m -i householder, head of family. ffdt&ffi&S 50 Lesson IX. ^"PETT f., shade. 1HTP1 m «? nom. pr., Prayaga (a city, Allahabad). ^T?T n., fear. ifj^T f., wife, woman. *fTGrj f., speech, language. ■fir^T f., alms. ^rjTTT f-) n.pr., Yamuna (a river, the Jumna). "^TJf m., n., battle. <*HJ f., street. f^ETT f-j knowledge, learning. ■fa^J m., bird. ^TTO m - 5 hunter. t-* ^"^T![ n., protection. WW[ f., twilight. tj£» *cf3J m., heaven. ^*{ n., heart. hrda.y«- Adj.: "spm, f. ©tSTT, black. UTTj, f. ©^jt> bad, wicked. TRTfT- f- ^TT, much, abundant; Os. ' pl. many. Adv.: ^f^ together with (postpos. , w. insir.). ■HlfSrT suddenly, quickly. Exercise IX. rqTff^T I * I *raf f^J JpTCTnT ^^?: I $ I fT^ ^TT TW *rft- ■ag^ <«ii»ui
    4U|ri; ^tild (see note to § 102), ^pSHJ. Similarly, ^J^T makes ^stjfl, and 1X\ and TJ^ make ya, ^ u *TU^ and ^Pffi; TTCI: makes f^ffi. T tV ^ ¥• 52 Lesson X. \Oo+ channel -tot- p*~ts/ve CenJ. h-^n 172. Final ^ and ^ of roots are generally lengthened; thus, 173. Final ^B is in general changed to fT> thus, ^, f?Rint; h -*>Zr but if preceded by two consonants it takes guna; thus, ^H, 4£J«H- The roots in "variable r", which the natives write with "^ f, change ^J to %"^, or, if a labial letter precede, to ^TT; thus, H, iftftfi; $, ' strew', ^t$ft; but 9, xHjft. fi^Z '74. Final "^n" of roots is usually changed to ^; thus, «?T, ^JfajTT; TT> wWf ; VT, VW^- But MR makes WT*Rh and so some other roots in ^. ' ' 175. The roots i ^w 54 Lesson X. XL (Use passive constructions throughout.) 20. Grain 2 is scattered 3 for the birds 1 . 21. Garlands 1 are twi- ned 3 (use ^5tj ) by the maidens 2 . 22. Again 2 Hari 1 is praised 4 by Rama 3 . 23. Visnu 1 drinks 4 water 3 from his hand 2 . 24. 'Pleas- antly 1 («^j*t) one sleeps in the shade 2 '; so 4 say 5 the people". 25. Both seers 1 sacrifice 2 . 26. The father 1 sets 4 hopes 2 on his child 3 (loc). 27. The scholar 3 neglects 4 the teacher's 1 command 2 . 28. The two scholars 1 think 3 about their text-book 2 (nom.). 29. Grain 2 is sown 3 in the fields 1 . 30. They play 2 with dice 1 (impers. pass.). 31. The king's 1 commands 2 are received 5 by the obedient 3 servants 4 . 32. The man 1 digs 3 in the field 2 . Lesson XI. 178. Verbs. Imperfect Active, a- con j ligation. The imperfect is formed from the pre^nt-stem by prefixing the augment ^f, and adding a set of secondary endings. 179. If the present-stem begin with a vowel, the augment unites _ with it to form always the crddhi-vowe\, not the guna: thus^-r^ or X or TI = "5; ^ + ^ or ^f = ^jt; ^ + ^ - ^TTT- 180. If a preposition be prefixed, the augment comes between preposition and verb, as in Greek ; thus, from ^JT?-«ft, impf.-stem jgM H, i. e. ^T? + ^ + «W5 f^Mfc impf.-stem ^JVf^r. is? 181. The inflection in the active is as follows: Sing. Dual. Plural. 1. -*H^*i tivac pm ^SR^T^ dfackjm. *RR[T*T dvad p,ma_ _ 2. ^R^. dvadhs ^STW^fTt dvad Ltam ^R«£cl dvadfita 3- "SR^ dvadtrt. ^R^ WTH dvadatam "^R^t dv adjhn^ 182. The imperfect is the tense of narration ; it expresses past time simply, without any further implication. 183. Polysyllabic Feminines in $" i. declined like ?T^L 'river.' !c(ysy \\a\tic Y*VAiv\yy\es Sing. •T?\ nadi *\d\l{ nadtm «f » 184. Final nasals. The nasals ^. HI , and «^, occurring as finals q/Yer a sfor£ vowel, are doubled before any initial vowel: thus, t£- "firet ^5R becomes ^rf?r?9% 7r } *m n. ) nn Verbs: qjf^ + TJI^f (avakrntdti) cut off or down. TfS (pdthati) recite, read. Vocabulary XI. fsfTl + T[ (pravi^dti) enter. + ^XJ seat oneself. H + "^TT (dhdrati, -te) fetch, bring. Snbst.: ^TSjm., purpose; meaning; wealth. ^«£ m., worn, pr., the god Indra. ^•j^JUfj f., 7*om. j?r., the goddess Indranl. ^iT^ n., poem. ^J«SI m., literary work, book. Ql^ln) f-i mother. ^|+J| f-? female slave, servant, rfcft f, goddess, queen. ^TTt f-, city. ITT^ £j woman, wife. xjj^7 f., wife, consort. I XT^t f., daughter. TT^^j n.. book (manuscript). TJ^ m., flood, high water. mH!|41 f-j earth ; ground. ^TI|JW na., priest, Brahman, ♦irtjsj m-j fish. «| IMl f, cistern. ^T^JT f, council, meeting. %«n f-, army. ^jft^T n., song of praise. 56 Lesson XI. XII. Exercise XI. HMfd^JlO *H hearing ; holy writ. CTfrT f., tradition; law book. ^?T m., sleep; dream. f^J f., jaw. Adj.: «ffa, f. o^TT, low. gigr, f. o^rr, principal, first, mukhu^ v%& m., f., n., or f. °^^, light. ~" ( M *1 £" C ov4 1^ c{ £ OpiA^ov- Exercise XII. ^TT: ^^Tff»?^f^rT ITTf*rTf*r^f*rT OTTO II S II ^% i r i Tnsn ^rcr t ^wrf i $ i srifT ^VfS ^srrfa^w^- frr: 1 8 1 3^ Tffm *nra i m i ^^f^T% ^XmNm^cjHt: i $ i ? ^T^rgt *rf t irsrMi^ mwFl f«= i y^ri *nn*n *fhn *pti?r% i o. i fswnffai wrf( -./ f •" HP 188. Verbs, (/-conjugation. Imperfect Middle. The imperfect middle of verbs in a is as follows: ^ r~ff ."?•-•«. »*& *iw.:wV| *»* { *«■*■ • aiijVv Clftt^Att' receive- t ta.ke^ rjeT Sing. Dual. Plural. •**" 1. ^R dlabhe (a + i) °^T^ff dlabh avahi °*TFflf% dlabh amahi i. d 2. TOPTOTTOC dlabh athds 5fsn$^ dlabh etham °lf^R^ dlabha dhvam ff ^ 3. <4H+(r| dlabhata °5^ the pres. ind. mid. ft Sing. Dual. Plural. N. V. tsTftC «*^Js f^Rft dhiyau f^RC. dhiyas A. fSRHl c?%ow? „ „ „ „ I. f^RIT dhiyd TSftWYf^ dhlbhydm MTf^EI. dhlbhis D. f\J% d%e (~y5i) „ „ ^^T^. dhlbhyas Abl. ftPTSt d%«* 0« 3) » » » » G. « ft J.y» ftRfftt d % os t^raTR: d%aw f-r«s»i) L. f^rf^T aVu'^' -yi* ft « ^jfal ^ifM In the D., Ab. -Gen., and L. sing., and G. pi., these stems sometimes follow •frf 7 | ; thus, dhiyai, dhiyas, dhiydm, dhlnam. Cf. § 185. Observe that where the case- ending begins with a vowel the stem -final i is split into iy. 60 Lesson XIII. g reat kin g- ^f^f m., sage; ascetic. ^T^TT f-, girdle. *ft^ m., infatuation. T^l ni., wagon^ c koth hoys with the girdle. 20. When the scholar's modesty disappeared, then the law was offended against. I ± ^3 > 21. Whence did ye get (<5W ) the white cows? 22. The whole earth was ruled by the greafking. 23. For prosperity (dat.) we % 1- *. ' took refuge with the king (JT-T*«f). 24. Two law-books were com- posed by Visnu. 25. The milk of the black cow is drunk by both children. Lesson XIV. 193. Verbs, a- conjugation. Present Imperative Active. The inflection of this mode is as follows: Sing. Dual. Plural. 1> ^d'lfa vdddni SRTTO vdddva ~^d\*\ vddama 2. ^»" vdda c|ddH. vddatam e|«^r1 vddata 3. cj^'fi vddatu <4<2dlH. vddatdm ej*iA » •> ^cm. hhuvos L. *rf*T 6Aut7 bhltvXrn fl „ Plural. *T^TT bhuvas n n *TfHTT bhubkis *p?r^ bhubhyas TOTTOt bhuvam hhunZ.™ are &M.vu In the D., Ab.-G., and L. sing., and G. pi., these stems some- times follow «T 7) ^333^ vadhubkyas Ab. ^cTPEC. vadhv>ds n r> r> n G. •n i) ^\£ftj^ vadhvos srejTTFt vadhunam L. ^fe^TH. vadhvam n n d\re vadhwu V. ^TV vadhu Vocabulary XIV. Verbs: ?^T in pass. (dr<;ydte) seem, look. ^TO^ + ^STfa (abhydsyati) repeat, ^^+ f*\ (nivdsati) inhabit ; dwell, study, learn. ^R^ + "R (pravdrtate) get a-going, + H (prasyati) throw forward or | break out, arise. ' into. *pT (j,6cati) sorrow, grieve. Rjm + ^JT (adigdti) command. *T^ + f*T (nisidati) seat oneself. 64 Lesson XIV. on. Subst.: "^rf?Tf^T m., guest. ■^•HT n., untruth. 3PSTTO Q1m study; recitation ^T^ST m --> command, prescript i -4(1 4H n., seat, chair. 5fgf f. , spoon, esp. sacrificial spoon. VTS Q3-5 lecture, lesson. TTWT f-> creature; subject. W f., earth, ground. 9TC1Q n., ornament. ?J f., eyebrow. ^U f., woman, wife. %f? f., altar. ' s 3^r f., mother-in-law. ■^ffH f., song of praise; praise. ^jj^T f-> daughter-in-law. Adj.: ^?R^, f. o^SIT, lower; other. TJX\ f. °tSTT, highest; other, ^sjf, f. °"^rT, crooked, bent. ^•^ <, f. %, beautiful. Adv.: ~Mm$ I founder, underneath (gen.). ^T*{ l° n g (°f time). ^1*1*^ far, afar. ?JT prohibitive particle, like Greek ^t>j, Latin ne. ^T (postpos.) or. £MH near by. Exercise XIV. %?| 'q cf? fr 204. The nouns of agency are sometimes used participially, or with adjective value. The corresponding feminine-stem is made in ^t, and declined like «nft; thus, cR^fif kartri. 205. The grammarians prescribe a complete neuter declension also for bases in ?T, precisely analogous with that of cfrfT or Ttjs but such forms are rare. Vocabulary XV. Verbs: TF^ + ~W*\ (ami(jdcchati) follow. ^"^+^^-■^7 (samdcdrati)commh, perform, do. "SfZ + f^ (viv ddate) dispute, argue. t^T + ^TT (dcrdyate) go for pro- tection to. take refuge with (ace). Lesson XV. Snbst.: •4JMl4 m., teacher. oficT m , doer, maker, author: as d adj., doing, making. chM m., time. XJ? n., step. UTZrf^TT n., penance, expiation. pvvi«j*Mj**1fc }f?T m., supporter, preserver ; lord, '^fy-fcjjtt*. husband ; master. "^f^TH m., protector. SPTOT n., honor, glory (o/ten as cfitrr f-. graciousness, pity. fc^f>*ejr^|T^ m., trial, law-suit. Vua^ cxhckVO^ 3TTT m., giver; as aa}'., generous. 9J[*rl ra., punisher. governor. ^^ « S^«f m., scamp, rogue. <5fu*jaVm^5n| m., creator. JrASf/' 5*"g m., seer, author (of Vedic books); as adj., seeing. "VTTf m-, creator. <*"«*'•. VH^Q m., decision^ certainty. %ff m-j leader. frie-XTir MfU^ f - °^rr> poor. &**'<< Lk& -' cp^, f. ^TT, best, most excellent : si/vsta^ 1 w ^irfrT ^rr%^ 1^1^ ^ ^ :: ii 8 n rTft* * f%T TT^T ^^f^rT I 8 I >^R ^TRTSTRfT WRJ ^T^ *pro (da«.) 3^ : ^% : ^ T ^^^|^rr l^rar** i % i «p«TC: wrt Tfwrft ^trt ^ Trwrft ^tfnrro; i ^ i m^rer 3F% n mfiin*! t5r: i ^ i ^rar^r ^wt ^*p*f ^Tm^r ^^ft *r*ft *m: ii e ii * Words are often repeated, to give an intensive, a distributive, or a repetitional meaning. So here: "at every step". The po- sition of ^ is very unusual; it would naturally follow 4ll|4g. ** Loc. absol. — supply " being''. 68 Lesson XV. XVI. 10. Let the wife love her husband. 11. Let the warriors follow their leaders and fight with the enemy (pi). 12. At the river the boy is to meet his two sisters (instr.). 13. The world was created by the creator. 14. In the houses of pious givers alms is given to ascetics. 15. King Bhoja was (^J^cT) generous toward the author (loc.) of the eulogies. 16. Let servants always be useful to (%cTj their masters (ace). 17. For protection 4 (ace.) betake yourselves 5 to the gods 3 , the protectors 2 of the pious 1 . 18. Men live by the graciousness of the creator. 19. O generous one, the poor bend before thee\ 20. The man leads his sisters to the city (pass, constr.). Lesson XVI. 206. Verbs, a-conjugation. Present Optative Active. The present optative is formed from the general present-stem by the addition of a mode-sign, after which are used secondary end- ings (in 3rd pi. act. ^^ us, in 1st sing. mid. ^ a, in 3rd pi. mid. ^•^ ran). After an a-stem, this mode-sign, in all voices, is % t, unaccented, which blends with the final a to XT e (accented, or not, according to the accent of the a) : and the TJ is maintained unchanged before a vowel-ending (^(^, ^^, "411^1*^, -*IMIH) b y means of an interposed euphonic T( y. The inflection in the active voice is as follows: Sing. Dual. Plural. 1. «=(^^H vddeyam cf^ vddeva "3%*f vddema 2. ^^C vddes ^HH vddetam ^rf vddeta 3- «T<|f(, vddet ^dl*t vddetam ^T^C vddeyus Similarly, fallt^ vigeyam, Sfffc?{ ndhyeyam, ^\{^\m^ cordyeyam, etc. Lesson XVI. 69 207. The optative expresses: 1. wish or desire; 2. request or entreaty; 3. what is desirable or proper; 4. what may or might, can or could be. It is also largely used in conditional sentences. The subject is often indefinite and unexpressed. The negative used with the opt. is «T na. Both the prescriptive and the prohibitive optative are very common. 208. The nouns of relationship in ^J (except ^*? and •TJf — see § 203) gunate ^J in the strong cases; thus, fxjTT m., 'father', 4-f Tr| f., 'mother', declined as follows: Dual. twf( *rnrft Plural. Sing. n. frjTrr Tmrrr A. (MHT*i *IHKH I. 1W W[WI etc. V. ftr^^TfT^ 209. The stem Jf\ m., f., 'bull' or 'cow', is declined thus: etc. etc. Sing. NV. ^ft^ gaus A. JJ|4^ yam I. TTT oawa D. ife gave Ab. ^ft^ gos G"- » » L. *rf^ aar< Dual. iftHTPH gobhydm T*faj. 0flwo« Plural. jfl^H. gobhyas *PFPH gavam T^gosu Verbs: JT"^ (mdnyate) think, suppose. ?T7 (modate) rejoice. lf^ (pdnsati) proclaim (see also in Vocab. I.). Vocabulary XVI. B (smdrati; p. smarydte) re- member; think of; teach, asp. t'n pass, 'it is taught', i.e. 'tra- ditional'. 70 Lesson XVI. Sabst.: ift m., f-> bull, steer, cow ; f., speech. 4\\^ n., ox-nature; stupidity. VJT4J ™., fodder, hay. STTTTC "i-j son-in-law. <|fl£ the fabulous Won- der-cow. ^U^rfti f. °^TT, badly arranged or used. TTmS- f. °^T, arranged, used. %¥, f- ^TT, best. Pron.: OT f-, she, it. Adv. and Conj.: %<^ if. f«lrt|*^ always, daily. ^ if. ^4^'cfi well, properly. Exercise XVI. *ft*ff: chi^^yi* ^tr^r wmT ^rat ^v: I ^rgirr u«iiit^ iRfr^: ffa ^rfn 11 m ii *ffiTt ** good, pleasant, dear; as n. subst., fortune. ^Tf^rej, f. o^TT, doubtful; un- steady. Exercise XVII. ^^ ITrft^rT f^t ^^t ^T* II $ II vn rif t fNn: irrprawu * i ^ *TO ^ ^"^ twN^frft- $. 222. Participles. The general participial endings are ^f«rl (weak form ^fT) for the active, and "il^Vf for the middle. But after a tense -stem in ^ST, the active suffix is virtually «fT, one of the two "^T's being lost; and the middle suffix is fTVH (ex- cept ^rrT sometimes in causative forms). Thus, ^q«rl bhdvant, Tl^nT tuddnt, <^"3|«fr dlvyant, y^\ <*J«rT^ cordyant; \{d(i\\*[ bhdva- mdna, etc. For the declension of the participles in ^fT see below, Less. XXIII. 223. Pronoun of the First Person. The pronominal declension exhibits some striking peculiarities which are not easily explained. The pronoun of the first person is declined thus: Sing. Dual. Plural. N. c|*l*i A. *n«K, ^ I. *r?n ^jttwtr; ^^nf^c D. ^H^, * r> . *ft ^W*> T*C Ab. ^ n vws* G. ^XX^Btt^ 'ft ^r^i«**i, *rcr_ L. •n ^ i° caus. (-dhdpdyati) Jmake put on, clothe in(two ace). •ft + ^SR load away (caus. apa- ndydyati). WS[ in caus. (prathdyati) spread, proclaim. dhaydti, -te) make grow; bring up. qEPZT in caus. (vyathdyati) torment. i& hear ; in caus. (cravdyati) make hear, i. e. recite, proclaim (ace. of pers.). TUT stand; in caus. (sthapdyati) put, place; appoint; stop. + IT (pratisthate) start off; in caus. (prasthapdyati) send. * The priest who performs sacrifice for the benefit of another person is said to "make that person sacrifice", as though the latter (who is called nom - P r ~> a noted poet. «M3fl f., nom. pr., the city of Benares. TTOr m., quality ; excellent quality, excellence. ^IJTTf m., nom. pr. (Rama's father). dm m., slave, groom. ^1[ m., messenger, envoy. HTZtiPni n., nom. pr., the city of Patna. ^<3 n., garment. f^f\J m., Brahman (the deity). ^efi m., wolf. ife m., science, knowledge ; esp. sacred knowledge, holy writ. Adj.: «n?H f. o^JT, new. ^, f. °^rT, own, one's own. Exercise XVIII. *ra i ^t^rt mw T?m i 9 i ^«niiiM*«f5T %^: n * ii *ti- w^TT^prcf^: i m i ^m*H ^TFrraffaTfa «^ifin qtrvT- ti^g: i $ i >rr?rfr TOiwrt irrcgntr*r^ i vo i ^?*rn: ^n»i^«n> fa IT® «*M<*Jd I *= I ^l*fl4*R fTTTt S^T^nf i a i ^fwr *j% ^O^K^^ T I 90 I ^5^ft S^?T3i Jj(lllrH^^: W\f% ^ ^RPJ- frfa ^rrf^tfr^m i 99 i ^i wr*r fawrfa ttt: ^rwt fra- f G. T

    according to the English idiom. 235. The relative word may stand anywhere in its clause; thus, f*Jcf MU fifflM T % ^Tr: "the gods whose chief is Qiva". Sometimes relative or demonstrative adverbs are used as equivalents of certain case-forms of relative or demonstrative pronouns; thus, 236. The repetition of the relative gives an indefinite meaning: 'whosoever, whatever'. The same result is much more commonly attained by adding to the relative the interrogative pronoun, with (or, less usually, without) one of the particles % ^«T, f^[, ^"fa ■^T- Sometimes the interrogative alone is used with these particles in a similar sense. Thus ; ^T^T ^T^fa '' whatever this woman relates''; ^ff ZJ^f Vfm: ^TR^ "whatever any one's disposition may be"; ^TO ^i^ fxf^^fd "he gives to some one or other"; <<: cfimf^Rmr^ 11 qg 11 15. The husband 6 of that 5 (gen.) Kausalya 2 (loc), of whom 1 (loc.ftm.) Rama 3 was born 4 , is called 8 Dacaratha 7 . 16. The teacher 4 rejoices 3 at thy 1 diligence 2 (abl). 17. Why ( cft^ | <^ ) speakest thou so? 18. Others than we could not endure this suffering. 19. The teacher teaches** us holy- writ and the law-books. 20. May all 8 those 7 kings 2 who 1 protect 6 their subjects 5 according to 4 (^rw, post- pos.) the law 3 {ace.) be victorious 9 . 21. The fruits of all these trees are sweet. 22. May the glory of all women, who honor their husbands, increase (imv.). 23. In this kingdom the king's punishment terrifies the wicked. 24. Which of the two fruits do ye wish? 25. My father had gold given to me, cows to thee, to the other brother nothing. Lesson XX. 237. Declension of Stems iu Consonants. All noun -stems in consonants may well be classed together, since the peculiarities shown by some concern only the stems themselves, and not the endings. Masculines and feminines of the same final are inflected precisely alike; and neuters are peculiar (as usually in the other 1 "Other than thou". With ^pjj, as with comparatives, the ablative is used. ** "Makes us read" (^rf^Ho caus.). Lesson XX. 83 declensions) only in the nom.-acc.-voc. of all numbers. But the majority of consonantal stems form a special feminine stem by adding % (never tSTT) to the weak form of the masculine. 238. Variations, as between stronger and weaker forms, are very general in consonantal steins: either of strong and weak stems, or of strong, middle, and weakest. The endings are throughout the normal ones (Introd., § 90). 239. The general law concerning final consonants is as follows: 1. The more usual etymological finals are ^, X!? 1> "l,* sacred cord (worn by the three higher castes). BTCFZ f., stone. firafTTf., contentment, happiness. T^ERi ni., supporter, maintainer. VTO skilled, learned. f^raW m., f., n., threefold, triple. cpfo, f. °^S(J, hard to find or reach; difficult. *T3f, f. otSTT, devoted, true. Indecl. : <4|(t| also; even. Xjjy |f^ behind (w. gen.). Exercise XX. f ftps *rf*ret ^TT^Tfr i ^ i ^rf«ra r> i. f^n i f^rfT ii fwfftm i f^ffa* i t^f^: ii l. f^-fa I fsrff ii ftg* i fwz* i fa^J II Dual. ff^ft i "f%#t ii fl^lT^ I f^l^TR: II f^fta i f^rf-ra: ii 248. But '"gf^Jt ni., priest*, though containing the root H^ , 88 Lesson XXI. makes 3gf^R etc.; and ^5T f., 'garland', though containing i/*!U , makes ^^ etc. 249. 1. Nouns having the roots Y^, 'burn', and T^, 'milk', 5^ 'be hostile', with others, as final element, and also ^fuil^' f. (name of a certain metre), change the final ^ into ^{ and It. Thus, <#iy instr. du. "TgTR, loc. pi. ©•fig. Verbs: <*T{ in caus. (damdyati) tame; compel. 5^ (druhyati) be hostile; offend. >J in caus. (dhdrdyati) bear. V{ (bhdrati, -te) bear, support (lit. and Jig.). Vocabulary XXI. *TW + ^? (utsrjdti) let loose or out; raise (the voice). ^T^ +lTfT(P an ^4/ a * e *) em brace. tf + 3? (prahdrati) strike out ; smite. Subst.: ■^Ti^J m. pi., n. pr., a people in India. -^£-e^ f., verse of the Rigveda ; in pi., the Rigveda. -slflMViJ n., medicine. <^Tt «r|«| m., nom. pr. ^TJ f., look, glance; eye. f^TO m., enemy. ^T^q m., tears. Jreflre m., bee. VTTOqf n., sweetness. "^51 f., sickness, disease. GHETTO ™., great king, emperor. ^!3" and a few other roots, whose nasal is not constant throughout their inflection, lose it in the present-system. Les9on XXI. 89 CTTTnT m., vassal. n -> 'rich'. Masculine. Neuter. Singular. Dual. Plural. Singular. Dual. Plural. A. Vfii«t*i „ » „ „ y, I. Vf*Ml ^rf^WT^ ^f*rf*TCC as in the masculine l. \rf^t*i ^nffa; ^fsre v. ^rfat 252. Derivative stems in tJT^- T^t> ^^C.- The stems of this division are mostly neuter; hut there are a few masculines and feminines. Their inflection is nearly regular (for ^t, ^"^, ^T be- fore Vf see § 241 ; for the loc. pi. , p. 27, bottom of page). Masc. [and fern.] stems in ^R^ lengthen the ^f in nom. sing.; and the nom.-acc. pi. neut. also lengthen ^ or ^[ or ^ before the inserted nasal (anusvdra). Thus, Jf*RT n., 'mind'; ^fa^ n«, 'oblation'; VT^ n., 'bow'. Singular. Dual. N.A.V. *t-to; i ^f^ | ^r^ || jt^ \ ^fcpft \ \*«pft II i. *wr i f f^Ti i ^R^r u *Rt«rro; i ffwro i v^t^ ii l. *r*rfs i ffafa i \i*rfa n *wfa; i ifafrtc i ^*jtTt^ ii Plural. n.a. jnrifa i f^-rq i vrfcr ii i. T^tt^: i ff^ra: i ^fn^ ii L *w i ff^f i v^*3 n <>r *nr:g I or ffeng I or ^«j:j || 253. ^^rf^f"^^ m. (name of certain mythical characters): nom. sing- VftHTO, ace. ^rf^^H,, instr. ^f^^T, voc. ^P^<^; nom.-acc. pi. ^STf^fT^^.- the suffix ^•Tj thus, from ^f n., 'strength', «jf^«^, 'having strength, strong'. Stems in fa^ and fc|«^ are very rare. 92 Lesson XXII. 254. Adjective compounds having nouns of this class as final member are very common. Thus, 4J*H^ 'favorably-minded.' Singular. Dual, m. f. n. m. f. n. N. «*HI*t °T^ 3*M*H °# a. ^^rr: °*to; , ^IVJI^y 'long-lived': Singular. Dual. A. moon. ^tt m -> s py- W\ f-, bowstring. sii^fim. n., light; star; heavenly body. rf^T^I m., pond. ^["IT f., door, gate. \sl«r^ n., bow. «J|<4J f., pipe, conduit. H^J^ n., milk. Y^ f., city. TO»^Rc(, m., n. pr., Pururavas. Snf^PC ni., (living) creature. H g lor y» fame - ^fllRT m., merchant. ^"^T^ n., age. HH*\H {., flower. Lesson XXII. i)3 ^pf in., sun. asceticism; asm. subst., ascetic. Cs ^(M n., place, spot, locality; TTSff^^ courageous. stead. JOTftVT, m -? possessor, lord. ^f%^ n., oblation. Adj.: ■^n^re, f- °^rr (part, of ot +^n)- drawn, bent (as a bow). inaw, f. o - ^, first. f{rf, f. °^rT (part, of *?), dead, fallen. f^pT, f. o^jj (part, of ^JT), standing. Indecl.: w*'' TPTf^pr suffering, doing acts of! cf to be sure, in sooth. Exercise XXII. r ^ ^ smmri i m i ifnwm v-rft wrjt: wt s*rt: htwt -5nr% q+nqfamfrd i $ i infxprr +nifa wtf^m *r*rf% i ^ i du. fsfr^cfT or fi*<«r H | wrO . Participles of all other verbs, and all other stems in ^HT.? leave out the «^ in the du. neut.; thus, ^JfiJ<^ (^R^ 'eat', root-class), du. t5T<^ cT^. 261. The adj. ?T^«fT , 'great', takes in strong cases the stem- The grammarians, however, allow these verbs to insert the ■^ in the nom.-voc.-acc. pl. neuter of the present participle. 96 Lesson XXIII. form *i^i«n: nom.-sing. masc. *Tf "R; (see § 239, 2), ace. iffT^ n ^, voc. JTpl; da. neut. JTftft, pi. JTfTf^rT Otherwise the inBection is like that of participles. 262. The feminine of participles and adjectives in ^|nT (or ~^7[) is always made with j[, and the form is always identical with the nom. dual neuter. Vocabulary XXIII. "Verbs; 1$ + "'sSfXf (apasdrati) go away; in f«l«^ (nindati) blame. caus. (apasdrdyati) drive away. JJB(r&jate) shine; rule. Nonns (subst. and adj.): Wf«((4| m., sun. TT^TRC. (comp.) very honorable. ^c^ (pr. part, of ^T) giving. «*K 264. A stem *T^nT* (to be carefully distinguished from *f«Tn^, pres. part. act. of W) is frequently used in respectful address as a substitute for the pronoun of the second person. It is con- strued with the verb in the third person. Its nom. sing. masc. is *T3Tt (fem. *T^*ft); and Ht^ 5 the contracted form of its older voc. ^^^, is a common exclamation of address: "you, sir!", "ho, there!"; and is often doubled.** 265. Derivative stems in "^r 5 ^- These are made by the suffixes ^rs^, *p^, and ^^, and are, with one or two exceptions, masc. and neut. only. The stem has a triple form. In the strong cases of the masc. the vowel of the suffix is lengthened to ^JT, in the weakest cases it is in general dropped; in the middle cases the final ^ is dropped, and it is also lost in the nom. sing, of all genders. In the neuter, the nom.-acc. pi., as being strong cases, lengthen the vowel of the suffix;- the same cases in the dual (as weakest cases) lose ^ — but this only optionally. After the ^ or ^ of J^ and ^^, when these are preceded by a consonant, the •*% is retained in all the weakest cases, to avoid too great an accumulation of consonants. Examples: TT^ffi m '» 'king'; «TT*T*t n., 'name'; ^||4H m., 'soul, self; sTlF* n., 'devotion'. * Probably contracted from *J7R^ 'blessed'. ** ^fr^ loses its final ^ before all vowels and all sonant con- sonants; thus, *ft *ft ^pj(. Lesson XXIV. Masculine. Singular. Dual. Plural. Singular TT^T ashes. Tffft m., ascetic. kin g« ^tT 5 !. n«j hair. ^"Bf n., year. ^TTTTT m., meeting, encounter. ^fl^*^ f., border, boundary; oat- skirts. tpfT m., slayer, killer. Adj.: nSJTEWrT long-lived (often used in respectful address). ^ f - °^T, second. fH«J«MH kind - fil^qi-e^ saying pleasant things, sociable. <4^c(«rl v strong, mighty. *f?TcjnI,f.^ gen- du.) names. 18. The world-spirit is described in many Upanisads. 19. It is said by the seers that the world- spirit is omnipresent (use or. recta). 20. That part of the world-spirit, which is encompassed by the body, is called the soul of man (cf. § 234). 21. Candragupta was the mighty emperor of the whole earth. 22. All the mighty warriors who fought in Krsna's army were killed in battle by the enemy. 23. In the Rigveda (^Jr[ pi.) occurs (f^TT pass.) also the Tristubh. 24. The king of Pataliputra is by birth a Qudra; let him not marry the beautiful daughter of the ascetic Mitratithi. 102 Lesson XXV. Lesson XXV. 268. Declension. Perfect Active Participles in ^t^. The active participles of the perfect tense-system are quite peculiar as regards the modifications of the stem. In the strong cases the suffix is TRiC.? which hecomes ^Tt. in the nom. sing, masc, and is shortened to ^«^ in the voc. sing. In the weakest cases the suffix is contracted into \JU ; and in the middle cases it i3 changed to ^cT- A union-vowel ^, if present in the strong and middle cases, disappears before ^11 in the weakest. Radical ^[ and f^, if preceded by one consonant, become JJ before ^, but if preceded by more than one consonant, become ^TJ ; whereas radical ^3 always be- comes ^ before ^3TJ , and radical ^?, "^. Thus, f^«Tlqn^, f*T- fU T^"^' WJ ^ITr^i ^^- The feminine stem is formed with % from the weakest stem -form; thus, fa«gqV Examples: 1. f^T^ 'knowing': Masculine. Singular. Dual. Plural. n. fa^Tt; f^rcft f^ranw^: a. f^fwi; „ f^ra: i. t^^rr f^srro; f^rf^r l. fa^fa fwf^c f^i v. f^r. '2. wf*H ej i^[ 'having gone'* Neuter. Singular. Dual. Plural. n.v. f%^ "fa^fr ft$ \ UA -n y> n as in the masculine. Another form of pert. part, of this verb (3TJRQ makes the strong and middle stems OIJMJ^ and SRP^; the weakest form is as above, KTira . Lesson XXV. 103 Masculine. Neuter. Singular. Dual. Plural. Singular. Dual. Plural. n. wft^Tt ^fuHjtO °^"Rra: *tft*H 'generous' (in the later language almost exclusively a name of Indra), has as strong stem JJTPfpT, mid. o^T, weakest T^ffr Norn. sing. «|V|c|'|, voc. °^«^. Fem. 271. The stem ^^5^ n., 'day', is used only in the stroug and weakest cases, the middle, with the nom. sing., coming from ^WT or ^STf^ Thus : Singular. Dual. Plural. N.A.V. ^f^ (o^) ^ft or ^[f\ ^^Tf«I L. ^Tft«T or ^rf> H£\*{ ^TfW or ^f TO 272. Compounds with \W^ or ^T^- The adjectives formed from this root with prepositions and other words are quite irregular. Some of them have only two stem-forms : a strong in ^SH3 and a weak in ^pr^; while others distinguish from the middle in <4|-d a weakest stem in x^, before which the tR is contracted with a pre- ceding ^ (T( ) or ^ (^) into $" or ^f. The fem. is made with ^ from the weakest (or weak) stem ; thus , fefM-41- The principal stems of this sort are as follows : 104 Lesson X Strong. TTT^ 'forward', 'eastward' 3JT1I ^K^ra 'downward' ^RTTOf XV. Middle. Weak (weakest) ^^w 'northward ^J^W IT^TW 'backward '/westward' TTSf^r JSTtf 'low' *^L ^5P3^ ' following V^[ fff^n? ' going horizontally ' fTT^f^ Vocabulary XXV. Verbs : ^m + " ! M*j(*i (astamgdcchati) go down, set (lit'ly "go home" — used of the heavenly bodies). + "&£ (udgdcchati) rise. ^jr^ (sprhdyati) desire (dat.). Snbst. : *fft;^ n., weight; dignity. Q|9|7f n., that which lives. f- °HT, (part, of ^TfT ) bitten. "^•!ass.) by Magbavan and the Maruts. 13. Young women sang a song. 14. Two learned Brahmans dispute. 15. Sarama is called in the Rigveda the dog (/.) of the gods. 16. Great forests are found in the west (expr. as pred., nom. pi). 17. In the assembly let the best among the learned teach (^J-ftpTT) the law. 18. Those who have committed evil deeds must stand by day (ace.) and sit by night. 19. Glory was attained by the young warrior. 20. Turned toward the east (nom. sing.) let one reverence the gods; the east (Hm1) is the quarter (t^T() °f the gods. 21. Day by day one must worship (VR) the sun. 22. The gazelle has been killed by dogs. 23. The lion is king of forest- dwelling animals. Lesson XXVI. Some Irregular Substantives. 273. 41Jcj| f., k mother': voc. sing. ^ OTft*U pi- nom. ^r^T^C., ace. *«|^, instr. ^rNfij^; the rest like ilfa- — 2. trfff m., is declined regularly (like ^ifM) in composition, and when meaning 'lord, master'; when meaning 'husband', it follows ^rf^f in the following forms: inst. sing. VRll, dat. Tfiif, abl.-gen. M<*|^, loc. T^ft. 275 . The neuter stems tJ(^J«^ ' eye ' , -4|*-vy«^ ' bone ' , ^VJ«^ ' curds ' , fl^^T 5 ! 'thigh', form only the weakest cases; thus, -^tI^T? 3"W3C.i ^r=r1|f^T or 4ffcf>U{, etc. ; the rest of the inflection is made from cor- responding stems in X; thus, nom. sing. TjrfW etc. 276. 1. ^p^ft f« ? 'goddess of fortune', makes nom. sing. Ht^TI^- — 2. ^jsftf., 'woman', follows a mixed declension; thus, nom. sing, ■%ft, ace. f^q*^ or ^fr{, instr. f^TT- dat.f^ff, abl.-gen. f^qit^, loc. fM f^foU pl. nom - f^RH> ace. fijKI^ or ^^, instr. ^t^t., etc. ; gen. *$Tl«m*v 277. 1. ^|T^ f., 'water', only pi.; its final is changed to <*" be- fore W; thus, nom. -4Hm^, ace. ^PHJ., i nstr - ^f^^ dat.-abl. ^T?H> g en - ^^TTR;, loc. ^n§- — 2. f^ f.,* 'sky', makes nom. sing, ^ffa^, du. ^TTTt pl- (sometimes) ^TT^^; the endings are the normal ones , but the root becomes ^T before consonant-endings : thus, ace. sing. f<^1, nom. -ace. pl. f^^, instr. ^"f^l- Not all the cases are found in use. — 3. Stem "^ m. (rarely f.), 'wealth': sing. -*J*[, ^TCI, TT^TTetc.; du. Tj^ft, TTWT^, TTOtl; pl- T^l (nom. and ace), ^ff^^ etc. 278. 1. "SR^f or ^Pff m., (from ^R^ + ^Bff ' cart-drawing', i.e.) 'ox': strong stem -4M^li£\ mid. ^5f«f^2 , weakest •«f«i^|! ; nom. sing. "4T*f^fT«^, voc. ^SRIOT. — 2. The stem TJ«SR m., 'road', makes all the strong cases, with irregular nom. sing. M««Ht^; the corresponding middle cases are made from nf%J, and the weakest from TJ^; thus, ace. sing. tJ38n«}^, dat. XJ%, ace. pl. TO^b In the older language oftener masculine. Lesson XXVI. 107 dat. qf^|ttf{^. [The stems JR^^ ra., 'stirring-stick', and Vft*^ m., an epithet of Indra, are said to follow l|d!|«^.] 279. The stem tfaj m., 'man', is very irregular. The strong stem is MtUt^, mid. TJ*^, weakest xj^. Thus, sing. l|4J|«^, M^l^^l q^rr, etc., voc. tpr^ ; du. iprftfT, jj*«rm;, Y^t^c; pi- ^Ti^, 5^^, ijftns; etc., ij*. 280. For the stem 5RJ f • , 'age', may be substituted in the cases with vowel -endings forms from ace. °flp^*, instr. WisT^T, etc., loc. W^f^ or °ffl»r, voc. °f^; du - TOlHlft °f«IT^ etc.; pi. nom. fTTJ^, ace. °^^. 284. The stems UM«^ m., n. pr., and 3r$RT*t. na. , n. pr. (both personifications of the sun), make the nom. sing, in ^tt, but otherwise do not lengthen the ^J; thus, nom. VRJ, ace. TjpEpTJ?^, instr. In compound words, an altering cause in one member some- times lingualizes a «^ of the next following member. But a guttural or labial in direct combination with «^ sometimes prevents the combination, as in the instr. S^f^TT. 108 Lesson XXVI. Vocabulary XXVI. Verbs: ■^ move ; in caus. (arpdyati) send ; put; hand over, give. if^ (guhati) in caus. (guhdyati) hide away, conceal. ?m (tfpyatO De pleased or satis- tied, satisfy or satiate oneself. «jTt^ -f f^ (vildpati) complain. Subst.: "^rWl (^rN) n., eye. ^STsTtta m., faithfulness. n!|W^ m., demon. f^rT n., notice, thought, mind. l»'t|lfll f., divinity, deity. THHQ (weakest \$faQm.,w./w\, a Vedic saint. TfZ m., foot. M|t«M n., protection. ITTT3 m., man (homo). sT?T n., vow, obligation, duty. Adj.: •qjTW f- 3 °^TT, one-eyed. ^ff^T^ four-footed, quadruped, fl^ m., biped. f^ffi, f- °^n (part, of f*!-*nO, ordained, fixed, permanent, ftp?, f. ^TJ, beneficent, gracious, blessed. Exercise XXVI. wt *rfw^ft ^HuiHsfti^ *ifcwii sTtto; i WRf *TT*TC %W f^RIff £^fTi sTTTO; II «*8 II «H<4«riicH^i£) hi^H wi Masculine. Feminine. Sing. Dual. Plural. Sing. Dual. Plural. N. n T^* n TTPEC A. **HH n I. 1'«R ^1*11+1 ^M*ll -H\*U IH D. ^r# n TO*t r> uwra: Ab, ^stwnt r> n "^^rr^ y> y> G. ^ro *M*fitl UMIH n *M*ft*l ■*II*IIH L. ^ifaK » ^ ^ ^^IIH y> *"3 110 Lesson XXVII. Neuter: Nom.-acc. sing. <^H> du. ^^t pi. ^** ff*t 5 the rest is like the masculine. ©■» 287. ^raTO*^:): Masculine. Feminine. Sing. Dual. Plural. Sing. Dual. ©\ A. TMH „ W^ ^RHl i. ^nprr ^ijjuiih wffiro: ^r^n d. w^ „ wM^: ^^m^ l. -^rgfispt „ -sufttj ^nn; Plural. ©v ©•» ©sN» Neuter: Nom.-acc. sing. HdU, du. ^Sfjf, pi. ^5TTF*T; the rest ^ ©\ ©s like masc. — The final $^ of ^l^ft is unchangeable (cf. § 161). 288. There is a defective pronominal stem 1J«T , which is accentless, and hence used only in situations where no emphasis falls upon it. The only forms are the following: Sing. ace. m. inj^, n. TT«n?> f- IpTl^C; instr - m -> n -> ^T> f - 11*1*1 1- Du. acc - m. T|^T, f .) n -> TJ%; gen.-loc. m., f., n., ^«i«Ti^. PI- » cc - m - H.ii«l,> n. Tpn'f'I, f. TpTT^- — These forms may be used only when the person or object to which they refer has already been indicated by a form of HM*{ or TJ^. Thus, ^[Sr ^JT^JH^IT^'T «MI«h<*U- H m 1 M *| "this one has read the art of poetry ; teach him grammar". 289. Past Passive Participle in TTor «T. By the suffix 7f — or, in a comparatively small number of verbs, «T — is formed, di- rectly from the root of the verb, and unconnected with any tense- stem, a verbal adjective called the past passive participle. The fern, ends always in °^S[J. When this participle is made from transitive verbs, it qualifies something as having endured the action expressed by the verb; thus, ^tT dattd, 'given'; ^5 uktd, w spoken'. When made from an intransitive or neuter verb , the same par- Lesson XXVII. Ill ticiple has no passive, but only an indefinite past, sense; thus, JHTt gone', Wf, 'been'; TJTffrT, 'fallen'. 290. This participle is often used as an adjective. Very com- monly, also, it supplies the place of a finite verb, when some form of nfl^, 'be', or ^ is to be supplied; thus, ^ *fcf: 'he is gone"; *niT Wft fcfRsId^ "by me a letter was written". The neuter is frequently used as a substantive ; thus, ^tH^ ' a gift ' ; ^7^1*^ ' milk ' ; and also as nomen actionis. Sometimes it has a present significa- tion, particularly when made from neuter verbs ; thus, f^gHT (from ^gn) often 'standing'. 291. A. With suffix «f M> The suffix «T is taken by a number of roots. Thus: 1. Certain roots in tSTT, and in i and u- vowels; thus, X5fT or ift 'swell, be fat', lft«T; TfT 'abandon', |JT*T; ^T 'wither', ^TPf; f^ destroy', ^\U[; ^J or f% 'swell', *T*T; «T 'cut', 5R. 2. The roots in variable ^ (so-called f-rootsj, which before the suffix becomes ^^ or ^f^\ as in the pres. pass.; thus, 2effi (fa$, ^; H, life of holiness, i. e. religious studentship. *ft*l«l n., meal-time, meal. H^Tni., n.pr., a Vedic personage. *^l|e$ m., sweet drink. JpffT t, pearl, ^l^jtl na.., demon. mJH na.j acquisition, gain. f«J ^f{ from ^T^, 5Rf|from^T^, ^f5 from^^; ^gfrom"?^ (the same form from ^151 ); f^U from ^T^j ; rrg from JH£. 3. Final ^SR is weakened to %■ in ifVtT from 1[J 'sing', tfttf from 1X(J 'drink'; to ^ in f^StH from 1&1> f^fi fr° m ^TT 'put' (with \J also changed to ^), f^T thus, ^T«rT> ^»TnT, TRT, clTnT, ^TnT, HT«rT- ^TTnT, from cfi^ etc. 2. Sf^, ^«^, and ^pf^ make WTTT etc. 3. The root l^T, 'give', forms ^TtT (from the derivative form 'S'Z)- The contracted form ^f is widely found in composition, especially with prepositions; thus, JfZy\ or TTrf, f^^TT or «?TtT> e tc 297. II. With union- vowel ^. The suffix with ^, or in the form \J{, is regularly used with the derivative verb-stems in se- condary conjugation, also often with roots of derivative character (like fll^ , f^^), and not infrequently with original roots. 298. When \t{ is added to causative and denominative verb- stems the syllables ^J are dropped ; thus, rT^, pass. part, ^tf^tf; *I«!!*J, Tftpf; caus - P ass - P a,t - *lll\ci; ft, caus. ^TfTCfH, ^TfacT 299. Among the original roots taking ^7J may be noticed the following: TI^ 'fall', TjfacT; ^, ^[fxjcf; ^ 'dwell', ^f^cf; ^1, ^m; ^\ 'thirst', ^fer?f ; f^ x , f^ff^rT; t^ s , tf^rT; ^Tf, ^t^ 5^ 'expanded' (3*0- 8* 116 Lesson XXVIII. 302. Past ActiTe Participle in rH^ (or «fqvO - F ron » the past pass. part, is made, by adding the possessive suffix ^*f^ (f. •qrfr), a secondary derivative having the meaning and construction of a perfect active participle ; thus, ^d^t^, TTf^JT?^'?^. 303. This participle is almost always used predicatively, and generally without expressed copula, i. e., with the value of a per- sonal perfect-form. Thus, *TT 1 «*Py£ S^l^ "no one has seen me"; or, with copula, tngtftT^g MIH^^f^f "thou (fem.) hast come into great misery". This participle comes to be made even from intransitives; thus, ^T 4| Delhi. T^ m., ass. 5TTfT f-, cave. ^rfT*T n > behavior, life. Tre citizen. nmn^ m -> palace. ^J^»f m., Greek, barbarian. ■sjTTT^f m., jackal. ^Tf^r^i m., soldier. %f?I n., army. ^f*JTt m -> elephant. A ^u2> i xrf^r «Ji^«tff^ft: *rf trg^ pm i ■« i Trf^PTTwr the citizens equipped themselves for battle. 12. The Ya- vanas approached and besieged the city (pass.). 13. Finally the Yavanas , proving victorious {past act. part.), entered the city by force. 14. The young and old men were mostly murdered; the women made slaves ; the great possessions of the citizens plundered, the palaces and houses burnt with fire. 15. The end of Prthvlraja has been described by the Yavanas, and his previous life sung by the poet Canda. Lesson XXIX. 304. Gerund, or Absolutive. The gerund is made in classical Sanskrit by one of the suffixes ^T and Jf. 118 Lesson XXIX. 305. A. ^X To uncompounded roots is added the suffix <3T. It is usually added directly to the root, but sometimes with the vowel ^ interposed. With regard to the use of \, and to the form of root before it, this formation closely agrees with that of the participle in rf or »f. A final root-consonant is treated as before 7J. Roots which make the past pass. part, in «T generally reject ^ before ^J. Examples. 1. Without inserted ^: -sJMI, fw&H, •ft^T, ^*TT> H^T; f^f^T from ^n, ffWT from l^T 'place' (cf. ffTf) and from fT, ^WT from ^T (cf. ^tT), ?ft^T from *TT; ^^[ from ^, -g^iT from ^3fj *I^T from *r*t, *?^7 from J?^, f%T^T from 2f^ 'find'; cTtdl from 7{ (cf. tffaf), TJ^ft from TJ (cf. tnjf); "SJH from 1*1' ITT from f* i TTT from ^ (cf. § 295, 2), ^fT from ^Sf , *f®«rT from ^f*^, ^Tt^T fr° m ^f- 2. With inserted^: f^f^TTfrom lf^^'know', ^f^T from TO 'dwell', Iff^T from ^ (cf. Iff^rT), nftWi from Tf^ (cf. 306. Some verbs make both forms; thus, from T^«^ either 1^- f^T or ^HT; from ?^ either >*f*?WT or **T^T- 307. Causatives and denominatives in ^f make ^jf^I^T ; thus, ttt, ^tTf^^rr; fT3, ft*mt *- fn=mimiwi yif*i3 f^^r *pft f*nsi»T«T: i 3 i *n§rr f^mr- %g ^»fxrf*i: *rorfr ^n *refr % 3 Final «* becomes <^, and final J{, \; thus, n5T|[, -*tj+U f^Tcf 'know', %rpt (also %f\ 317. Causatives and denominatives in "^J have ^rftirj*^ the root being treated as iu the present; thus, ^"^, ^V TT^T (^)- e. Initial or medial i, u, and r- vowels are sometimes unchanged, sometimes have the (/Una-strengthening; thus, f^J, T?T, *T^T; %3T, ^^TST ^THf- /• The root ^JT^C makes f^TSJ. A form ^8f (from the defective root ^J ) is assigned to ^«^. < 3TT- drama, play. »PtT n., dance, dancing. ^TJ^ n., body, figure. CTTT3I m -> convention, company. 3J"TO«^ n., Vedic melody, song; pi., the Samaveda. Adj.: Tppr, f. °t, young, delicate. XTg stout, fat. fM^cj|f^«^ acceptably speaking. Ifi^rq^ fruitful. ^f-sj?! destined or suitable for sacrifice. f^ffcf (part, of f%-\TT) ordained. ^Tr^f, f., o^|T, capable, able. *^^W self-existent; as m. subst., epithet of Brahma. Adv.: "^JJ^H enough, very; iv. instr., enough of, away with; w. dat., suitable for. *<^H at pleasure. Exercise XXX. f^t mwwi ^g ^mft **r^ Tfn fJrenrrf^fr wr or WT^WT etc. 96 is XfT^fTT. 330. There are other ways of expressing the numbers between the tens. Thus: 1. By the use of the adj. ^Tf 'deficient', in com- position; e. g. T|cfft»jf^jfrT '20 less 1', i. e. 19. This usage is not common except for the nines. Sometimes TJejj is left off, and ^STTf^nrfTI, etc., have the same value. 2. By the adj. ^srfV«G or ^tR[ 'more', also in composition; e. g. , ^HntVofi'T^f?! (also ^lETfW 'Pffa) 98. Lesson XXXI. 127 331. The same methods are used to form the odd numbers above 100. Thus, J^f^T^lOl, TOnpff('0#< ugTfSRi 71^105, 332. Inflection of cardinals. 1. T^} is declined like vT^T, at §231 (pi.: 'some', 'certain ones'). The dual does not occur. TJ^j sometimes means 'a certain'; or even 'an, a', as an indefinite article. 2. \ (dual only) is quite regular; thus, nom.-acc.-voc. m., ^\ f. n. \, 3T*rR, 3*fr*:- 3. f^ is in masc. and neut. nearly regular; the fern, has the stem "ffTO. Thus, nom. m. ^i|{^, ace. m. "^ft"!, nom.-acc. n. ■^frrf; instr. fV*i^, dat.-abl. fw^, gen. ^TnWT^, loc. f^TJ. Fem.: nom.-acc. ffT^t- instr. t^T^f*ra^- dat.-abl. frT^Wl^, gen. 4. xj«i< has ^^TT in strong cases; the fem. stem is ^7T*T. Thus, nom. m. ^cTn^, ace. m. ^TTT^.; nom.-acc. u. ^STTfT; instr. ^7lfifo[ etc. Fem.: nom.-acc. ^rT^^ instr., etc., ^rRTfH^, A w G ™ (5 — 19.) These numbers have no distinction of gender. They are inflected with some irregularity as plurals. Thus: 5. 7, 9, 10. V^, H^f^ra:, °«ra\ -q^T^T^. tfWf • ^ ^ ^Jl, and compounds of <^r, are similarly declined. 6. t5jt^ as follows: T3c$, T^ffa^, ^wrac, wr*k ^Zf- 8. " ! ?rS may follow TRj|\ or be declined thus: ^Tlft ^T2TfK^» 20, 30, etc. f^ljfTT, f^^, etc -> are declined regularly as fem. stems, in all numbers. 100, 1000. 1J7? and ^J^f are declined regularly as neut. stems, in all numbers. 333. Construction of numerals. 1. The words from 1 to 19 are used as adjectives, agreeing in case (and in gender, if possible) 128 Lesson XXXI. with the nouns. 2. The numerals above 19 are usually treated as nouns, either taking the numbered noun as a dependent genitive, or standing in the sing, in apposition with it; thus, ^T?t ^(tJlii*!. or ^Jff SUffc "a hundred female slaves"; H&U 3| ^ TO, ^7T*J, ^TS*T, ^TT, ^5TT, U«M<^U| (to iM, the same as the cardinals, but declined like descendant of Pandu. TJ I * nw *f? ^ iptoi^ susiuiMTOHtaun. ii w ii 11. The wagon of the Acvins is fitted (^pj , part, pass.) with three wheels. 12. The Acvins are praised by the seer with four * i. e., in the seven stars of the Great Bear. Perry, Sanskrit Primer. 1 30 Lesson XXXI. XXXII. Rik-verses. 13. Krsna is the eldest of six brothers. 14. Arjuna is the third among the five Pandavas. 15. Some think there are eight sorts of marriage (pi.); others, six (model after 2nd sentence in Sanskrit above). 16. Twenty-seven or twenty-eight lunar mansions are mentioned in astronomy. 17. One should consecrate a Brahman in his eighth year, a Ksatriya in his eleventh, a Vaicya in his twelfth. 18. Two great lights shine in the sky. 19. The teacher, having taught the fifth Rik- verse, recited the sixth. 20. Qakyamuni Buddha died in the eightieth year of his age (life). 21. Sometimes 33 gods are reckoned in the Veda, sometimes 3333. Lesson XXXII. 337. Comparison of Adjectives. Derivative adjectives having comparative and superlative meaning — or often, and more origin- ally, a merely intensive value — are made either (A.) directly from roots (by primary derivation), or (B.) from other derivative or com- pound stems (by secondary derivation). 338. A. The suffixes of primary derivation are ^J^ for the comparative, and ^J for the superlative. The root before them is accented, and usually strengthened by guna (if capable of it), or sometimes by nasalization or prolongation. — In classical Sanskrit few such formations are in use; and these attach themselves in meaning mostly to other adjectives from the same root, which seem to be their corresponding positives. In part, however, they are connected with words unrelated to them in derivation. 339. Thus %tffajW and ^fTO (j/f^PO attac ^ themselves to f^n? 'quick'; ^0*1*1. and «rf<8 (V^t 'encompass'), to "^ 'broad'; (TptY^Rit an( * TTpTOj 'worse' and 'worst', to the subst. ^TO; M«il*J^ and Tjfe^, to q^ skilful'; ITffta^ and jffgg to LessoD XXXII. 131 TffTj qJqHqH, and ^f^TO, to «|fa^ or ^t^jt ; ^T^T^ and *?Tfa¥ to KTV 340. The following are examples of artificial connections: •^rf^^fi'near', %^t*r^, %T^¥ ; ^F3I ' little', ^sfaTCt, ^fTO (but also ^^f| i\^, ^rf^i^); ^ heavy', ^"O^C. ifT*; T^ 'long', ^ivfttj^ ^TfaS; "H^I^ 'praiseworthy', 'good', fr^ 'better', %^ 'best'; fTRf 'dear', ifaw, jftj; ^1T 'much', *RIH **f*re; g^: 'young', *xft^, *rf?re; ra 'ow, ^flfaret, ^- fa^J. Sl| l^fff ano - ^HJ correspond sometimes to 1T9P3T or ^TT^' sometimes to ^njJ. 341. The stems in Jj% are inflected like ordinary adjectives in ^Sf, with the fem. in 1R; those in f"ST3[. ha\e a peculiar de- clension, with a strong stem in l^jf^, and fem. %^RTt, for which see § 255. So also 5STTTH an d WTO.« 342. B. The suffixes of secondary derivation are cfT and <\H, They are of almost unrestricted use. That form of stem is usually taken which appears before an initial consonant of a case-ending. Stems in ^^ are always unchanged; final ^-^ and ^-^ become ^BF and ^'q' , after which the c^ of the suffix becomes ^. Thus, firenrr^, frrsnrnsT °wt; ^rf*f*t, ^Trn;, °cw; fa- 343. Some stems which are substantives rather than adjectives are found to form derivatives of comparison; thus, JTTfTrffl 'most motherly ', ipfR ' most manly ' , *HfrT*T ' most like an elephant. ' 344. Comparison of Adverbs. Adverbs are compared by adding the suffixes in the forms cHT^ and r|4{|^; thus, ^ 'well', *TcT- 345. Construction. With a comparative (and sometimes with other words used in a similar way) the ablative is the regular construction; thus, lH|r+«4JT rT^T TTEI?ft "a daughter is dearer to him than a son"; *rfa^ «? the world-spirit. jft^J m -j deliverance, salvation. OR*lH f-, n. pr. ^"^ n., metal; iron. eH'tJH m., crow. ^^T«ff m., a system of philosophy . TT<5«fl such. ipTO f. o^rr and o^, old. ^ffl«^ abiding, being. Indecl.: ^ sometimes in sense of if. Exercise XXXII. #ft WTT fUcTT TTfa ^ f^T ITO^fTT I *t^to^ i $ i ^ThroY w*if ^trw^er. i 8 i ^ #bhtt *rr- *TR1T 3if^re: 3ft 5rr% ^&, an initial ^ often becomes lingual. 4. Pronouns generally take the stem-form of the neuter; for the personal pronouns are oftenest used Zfe and t^f in the sing., ^T9?^ an d ^P*^ in the pi. 5. For Tj|f»rT , in the prior member of descriptive and possess- ive compounds, is used J(^\. 6. A case-form in the prior member is not very rare. 136 Lesson XXXIII. 353. In all classes of compounds, certain changes of finals are liable to appear in the concluding member; generally they have the effect of transferring the compound as a whole to the a-declension. Thus: 1. A stem in ^pr^ often drops the final *^, as in °^TW, "^l^ °T*t, °TT5T- 2. An ? or f is changed to ^J, as in ©Wf, °TT% °^RT, •TTSJ. 3. An ^ is added after a final consonant, sometimes even after an w-vowel or a diphthong, as in °^T|f (^HpO, T^ (^ft)- The separate classes of compounds will now be taken up. (Part II.) 354. I. Copulative compounds. Two or more nouns — much less often adjectives, and once or twice adverbs — having a co- ordinate construction, as though joined by ' and ', are sometimes com- bined into a compound.* 355. The noun-compounds fall, as regards their inflective form, into two classes: A. The compound has the gender and declension of its final member, and is in number a dual or plural, according to its logical value as denoting either two, or more than two, individual things. Examples are: sTtf^TO^" 'rice and barley'; "^TT«R- XU^" 'Rama and Krsna'; -3|3||c(' 6) ' forest-dwelling'; *lf%lfST 'firm in battle'; ^T- fj-TSf k born in the heart' (i. e. 'love'). 362. B. Descriptive compounds. In this division of tbe deter- minatives, the prior member stands to the other in no distinct case- relation, but qualifies it adjectively or adverbially, according as the final member is noun or adjective. Thus, fl|4KIrTT) a beautiful-prince, named Bharata, was born to her (loc). Lesson XXXIV. 366. III. Secondary Adjective Compounds. A compound with a noun as final member very often wins secondarily the value of an adjective, being inflected in the three genders to agree with the noun which it qualifies, and used in all the constructions of an adjective. The two divisions of this class have been given above (§ 349). 367. Certain changes are sometimes necessary in the stem of the final member to make possible the inflection in different genders. Masc. and neut. stems in ^f, and fem. in "^Sfj, generally interchange; thus, from Tf + ^T comes the compound tftftgl 'with excellent hands ', nom. sing. 4j^H- °^T, °^R. ; so also (from f^ + f^JTT) faf*!£f*,, °£T, °^ ; and (from *J + "qj^r n.) Sp?t^, °^T, o*nR\ The same holds good for masc, fem., and neut. stems in ^ and ^, and stems in consonants. 368. But often a fem. in f^ is used by the side of a masc. and neut. in ^f; thus, f^tnjj - 'two-leaved', f. f^THlfT. 369. Very frequently the suffix c?; (attenuated into an element of indefinite value) is added to a pure possessive compound , to help the conversion of the compounded stem into an adjective; especially tojfem. stems in %" and ^Jf, and to stems in ^J; and in general, where the final of the stem is less usual or manageable in adjective inflection. Thus, ^^fe^cfi 'rich in rivers'; ;RrT*n^JTf., 'whose husband is dead', i. e. 'widow'; H^I^Jir^ (nom. masc. and fem. °?fTQQ or *T^Rrer^ff. 370. Sometimes the possessive-making suffix ^^ is added to secondary adjective compounds, without effect upon the meaning; thus, J|^*Hlf^«t (= °«TR£) ' having an ass's voice. ' 142 Lesson XXXI V. 37!. A. Possessive compounds. The possessives are determin- ative compounds to which are given both an adjective inflection (as just shown) , and also an adjective meaning of a kind best defined by adding 'having' to the meaning of the determinative. Thus, the dependent ^^^TJ n., 'beauty of a god', becomes the possessive Y^?|JJ, °^TT, m. f. n., 'having the beauty of a god'; the descriptive ^"^T^Tjf m. , 'long arm', becomes the possessive ?|^ 131 m. f. n , 'having long arms'.* 372. Dependent compounds are, by comparison, not often thus turned into possessives. But possessively used descriptives are extremely frequent and various; and some kinds of combination which are rare in proper descriptives are very common as pos- sessives. 373. An adjective as prior member takes the masculine stem- form, even though referring to a feminine noun in the final member; thus, ^M <=l ^ I M (from ^TT^T) 'possessing a beautiful wife'. 374. As prior members are found: 1. Adjectives proper; thus, <3|«iq^»q ' of other form'. — 2. Parti- ciples; thus, ^r|J4H 'another region' (lit. 'that which has a difference of region '). 376. In appositional possessives , the final member, if it de- signate a part of the body, sometimes signifies the part to which belongs what is designated by the prior member : that on or in which it is. Thus 2TfTT}^ffa with necklace on neck'. Such com- pounds are commonest with words meaning hand ; thus, ^f f4j M | fUJ 'with sword in hand'; ^T3^I 'with club in hand'. 377. The possessives are not always used with the simple 144 Lesson XXXIV. value of qualifying adjective. Often they have a pregnant sense, and become the equivalents of dependent clauses; or the 'having' implied in them becomes about equivalent to our 'having' as a sign of past action. Thus, JJIH^JT^R 'possessing attained ado- lescence', i. e. 'having reached adolescence'; ^MfcHM9i IfcJ 'with unstudied books', i.e. 'one who has neglected study'; ■JTrTTTTCT 'whose breath is gone', i. e. 'lifeless'; ^TRTWT(2J 'to whom death is come near'. 378. B. Compounds with governed final member. 1. Participial compounds, exclusively Vedic. 2. Prepositional compounds. Thus may conveniently be called those compounds in which the prior member is a particle with true prepositional value, and the final member a noun governed by it. Thus, , ?rf?RT^ 'lasting over night'; ^STf^WT"^ 'beyond measure', 'excessive'; 3|flJcfiT!J 'next the ear'. 379. Adjective compounds as nouns and adverbs. Compound adjectives, like simple ones, are freely used substantively as ab- stracts and collectives, especially in the neuter, and less often in the feminine ; and they are also much used adverbially, particularly in the ace. sing, neuter. 380. The substantively used possessive compounds having a numeral as prior member, with some of the strictly adjective com- pounds, are treated by the Hindus as a separate class, and called dvigu*. Examples of such numeral abstracts and collectives are: f^pi n., 'the three ages'; f^ft^PT n., 'space of three leagues'. Feminines of like use occur in the later language ; thus fatsfteft (by the side of °^i n.,) 'the three worlds'. 381. Those adverbially used accusatives of secondary adjective The name is a sample of the class, and means 'of two cows' (said to be used in the sense of 'worth two cows'). Lesson XXXIV. 145 compounds which have an indeclinable or particle as prior member are considered by the Hindus a separate class of compounds, and called avyayibhdra . 1. The prepositional compounds are especially frequent in this use; thus, TTfa«(tM*^ ' at evening'; CTTOTT 'in sight'; ^njpr^ (=^^7^ "3R) 'along the Ganges'; ^W§^ 'on the G. '; Hfd^MH. 'every year'. — 2. A large class of avyayi- bhdvas is made up of words having a relative adverb, especially *reT, as prior member. Thus, ^rt^r^, ^^ToRTW;, ^I«j^*i' 'as one chooses'. And, with other adverbs: ^TN^D'ciT^ 'as long as one lives'; ^T^3il*IH 'whitbor one will'. 382. Occasionally quite anomalous compounds will be met with. For such, cf. Whitney, § 1314. Verbs: Vocabulary XXXIV. | 2cf (vardyate) choose, select. f^f + f'TO determine, decide. ^T + f^( in caus. (viddrdyati) tear open. try (pdtdyati) split open. *T + ^?f*T overpower. ^T^T + ^T (dsidati) approach. + l$Wl in caus. (samdsdddyati) meet with, encounter. H"ET (hdrsati; hfsyati) rejoice, be delighted. Sobst.: "3J"3? n., limb, member, body. 4II4K m > form > fi S ure - ^=ar m., moon. ■^7; n., belly. ififT m., banner. cR^tZ f- 5 peak; point, tip. ^gT f.. top-knot, scalp. On. ^fT«T n., knowledge; insight. \ f., tooth. 3lfrT f-, brilliancy. Tjrq'ff m., mountain. uRi«d m., a tribe in India. U^TT m «, stroke, shot; wound. TTTW ni., breath, life (often pi.). mni n., head. * The word means 'conversion to an indeclinable'. Perry, Sanskrit Primer. .n 146 Lesson XXXIV. *fi«! m., fish. ZT^CT n., chest, breast. ^TTf ™~> boar. juncture (§ 375, 4.) TJ^ skilled. ^t*t, f- °^rr, young. q^TI *•> pain. ^Tra m., tendon; bowstring. Adj.: ^«T^I, f. °^rr, blameless, fault- less. Indecl.: ^TSJ then, thereupon. 7T? (adw. ace.) therefore. ?TRRr so long; often merely = done, dock. VTOra, f- 4II , favorable; as neut. subst., favor. WCi f- °^5T> inner; as neut. subst., the interior, middle; interval, difference; occasion, Exercise grpfgr as long as, while; as soon as. ^J asseverative particle; gives to the present the force of an historical tense. XXXIV. o c ^f^ina^r yfa«^: jif and -*MIH. are substituted ^frf, ^Tff, and -4MIHJ and after reduplicated stems (and a few others) ^SffH, ^ffi, and ^^ are substituted for the Secondary adj. cpds., fem. in %. Dep. cpd, "skilled in speech". For a comprehensive view of the ways of forming the present- stems of verbs following this general conjugation, see Introduction, §78. 10* 148 Lesson XXXV. active endings "4|f«ri> ^|«n, and "^Sf^ (impf.). The 2nd sing. imv. often takes the ending f^ or f^. Otherwise the endings are the same as in the a-conjugation. 386. Optative mode-sign. The sign of the opt. act. is JR yd, with secondary endings; but ^£ is the ending in the 3rd pi., and , 3STT is dropped before it; thus, °TH{. 387. Present participle middle. In the first conjugation this participle is made with the suffix -4JM [^TTWL before which the stem takes the same form as before the 3rd pi. pres. ind. The fem. is always in ^J. 388. Class IV. A: nw-class. The present-stem is made by adding to the root the syllable if nu [W nu\ , in strong forms «ft no [^t ?d]. The ^3 of the class-sign may be dropped before ^ and J^ of the 1st du. and 1st pi. endings, except when the root ends in a consonant; and the ^ before a vowel-ending becomes ^f or 1T3" , according as it is preceded by one or by two consonants. The ending f^ of the 2nd. sing. imv. is dropped if the root end in a vowel. 389. I. Roots in vowels. JS 'press'. Indicative. Active. **^ Middle. »v 1. IN* *3W $3*^ N»N» ^ sundmi sunuvds sunumds sunve sunuvdhe sunumdhe 2. ?pTtfa 13^ 3T* ffl^ 33^ sundsi sunuthds sunuthd sunuse sunvdthe sunudhve 3. q«ltfd *!W vsati sundti sunutds sunvdnti sunute mnvate sunvdte The forms ^P3^, ^EPSTOj ^«^%» ^^Wi a re alternative with those given above for 1st du. and pi., and occur oftener. Lesson XXXV. 149 QUOAAr^ '""W Imperfect. 2. ^ijpfta: w^tw; ^HJ a Brahman in the third period of his life. f^TT m., Brahman. 1(5^ m., sound; noise; word. Adj.: •TO, f. o^T, new. TJTgi, f. °^n, meritorious, holy, auspicious. °^T*I sharing. JRtfT> f- 0- ^lT, entrancing, agree- able. T?ER«fl , f. ^tft, tasteful. ^7J, f. •%, similar; worthy. Exercise XXXV. ^rRTTTf^Tt RTTT ^ ^tR*|*npf I TOir: JTOTf § *Rci: *TfT*rR7^R ^n^TT ^iT^^jpn Tj&fa- f^fT^: irofa 1 8 1 ^rw^^-r^j ^r«fr: ^^ tot** *r£*ttr- •jto i m i TO^wftrw ^it>(5r *rt: ^*f ^^nnrr ^ f%3rr^n- ^TCrRTTRR I $ I ^f%^ ftrp^f^fTT ^^m *ftlj ^^"R I 9 1 W^R TTTR lifter ^$f^?TO WBHJ RTTflT^T*RTO- q en c i **p?i*nf^ to ^twttto irf^MK^MfeR: i Q. i *jf^cf: 11. Having entered the temple of the worshipful(H*R<^)- Visnu we heard the ear-entrancing 03Tf?T*Rt^T) song-of-the-young- women (use *r*T at end of cpd). 12. Listen to this word of a de- voted (f%^, pass, part.) friend. 13. The greedy (wT*T , pass, part.), who are always gathering riches, never attain the enjoyment of * Infin. of 1st pi. 71*3?^ (or 7f«J*T*0; mid. TT^T, cT^%. cTfT%, etc. — all like a vowel-root of the raj-class. 394. The root lcfi, 'make', makes the strong stem cjf^t, weak 3^; the class-sign ^ is always dropped before ^ and ?^ in 1st du. and 1st pi., and also before ^T of the opt. active. Thus : Indicative. Active. Middle. l- ^iftfa ^pf*c «5^ *b^ $$% ^r% 2. ^RTtfci 44|V!|^ ^^r f^ ^#t§ ^^ 3. ^iftffT $M«i ^NT 3g^ ^^TH ^frf Imperfect. i. ^ran^m; ^^f ^$* ^^ ^ra^ff *$tfff 2. ^«*0h. ^gVR ^<*M ^<*W*l ^*4l«ll^ ^f^^R* Lesson XXXVI. 153 Imperative. 1. <*TTTftr sfiTTR *RTWT* *fiT% ^T^N% W^T^Tf 3 3rfT 'forth to sight', 'in view'; f?R3J. 'through', 'out of sight'; XR^ 'in front, forward'; and the purely adverbial "^^T^ 'enough, sufficient', are often used with cG, and with one or two other verbs, oftcnest ^r^ 'be' and H 'become'. 397. Any noun or adjective-stem is liable to be compounded with verbal forms or derivatives of the roots cfj and W, in the manner of a verbal prefix. If the final of the stem be an a- vowel or an e-vowel, it is changed to f"; if an w-vowel, to ^ Conso- nantal stems take the form which they have before consonant- endings — of course with observance of the usual euphonic rules; but stems in ^S^ change those letters to f^. Thus, ^T«fiO fd ' ne makes his own', 'appropriates'; ^^chOfa (*PH i O ' he CDan g es to ashes', i. e. 'burns': ^roft^frT 'becomes a post' 05RT); ^r^jf^ffi 'becomes pure' ("Tf^); ^TT^r^ttfT 'makes holy'. 398. The suffixes TfT (f.) and ^ (n.) are very extensively used to form abstract nouns, denoting 'the quality of being so- * Also sometimes after XJT\ and "^t|. 154 Lesson XXXVI. and-so', from both adjectives and noons. Thus, ^rf^WTI ^i ^ff^SI^ D-> 'the rank of a Ksatriya'. Verbs: ^R (karoti, kurute) do, make. + nJIXJ do evil to , harm (gen., loc, or ace). + ^F5TH P re pare. adorn Vocabulary XXXVI. + MI4H. make known, or visi- ble. + WC (§ 395) prepare, adorn ; consecrate. ^•^ (ksanoti, ksanute) wound. + "^Tf^^ (dviskardti) make cT«^ (tanoti, tanute) stretch, ex- known, exhibit. tend (tr.); perform (a sacrifice). + xJTJ do good to, benefit (gen., + tJJT cause, bring about. loc). + jj spread abroad (tr.). + f^T^T. hide; blame, find fault with (ace). + *n^ put at the head. + T?fFT pay, recompense; punish (ace. ret, gen., dat.orloc. pers.). T^f (diisyati) be defiled. T\*{ (manute) think, consider. Subst.: ^ffa '»•• fault. ^fvTjftf^ rn., priest of a cer- •ftfW f.. conduct of life; ethics; tain kind. politics. ^Ttf^J m., progeny, descendant. ! VTWH m., king. ^jfHlTmni-5 plan; view; opinion. *T*TT«T^r n-» kitchen. <3^^ n., breast. cRf%^ m., name of a tribe. oRTf^cT f-, charm, grace. ^It^FFT m., astonishment. ^T«J*H«$| n., a certain sacrifice. ^nfra m -> name of a tribe. fHT^rftTjft f-, veil. HTfH n., flesh. ^f^TJT n., salt. <*l3H n., spice. 3J^TT m -> trade. TiT^Ef m., doubt. JfS m--, cook. Adj.: ^}*1, f. «^IT, blind. ^TCTO, f. °^, necessary. °ir, f- °^n^ knowing. °"H^ enjoying. Lesson XXXVI. 155 ^WT, f- °1- dear. =5^5, f. °^JT, wrong, false. *T*f. f. o^, good, proper. ^l^T. f. o^STT, ready. Exercise XXXVI. ^wft 3j*ftarT"fa tj: firsr: fr?^r to* w. i *?r tt^r: ^fttlwrf ?rf^jrr*rfwrRt "sj*n ^rf^r fTc^f^M 131 f^fWT ^rfaT^J^T ifa-sjMUM *4H«IIHM|J|^f^T II ^ II 8. Every-year an Agnihotrin must perform the Caturmasya (pi.)- 9. Mayest thou, O Great-King, protect thy kingdom, benefitting thy friends and harming thy enemies. 10. Brahmans find fault with the trade-in-salt. 11. What thou didst (mid.), that distresses thy friends even now. 12. May I recompense him (dat.) who has done me a service. 13. By the command of the great-king consecrate the four princes according to the law (f^TO, instrS). 14. The Caulukyas held sway (TJ*$ ^d) in Anahilapataka 247 years. 15. By-the-charm-of-her-face the lotus-eyed eclipses (fflTTfO even the moon. 16. If one consecrates a scholar , teaches him , makes * Poss. cpd, cf. § 374, 5. 156 Lesson XXXVI. XXXVII. him holy, then this one becomes his child (H^l). 17. The king- of-the-Kalingas wounded his enemy in the breast with an arrow. Lesson XXXVII. 399. Verbs, rca-class. The class-sign is in the strong forms the syllable «TT ^a [TJJT ?a], accented, which is added to the root; in the weak forms it is «ft m [TJ^ nt] ; but before an initial vowel of an ending the ^ l of «ft nt [Tjft nl] disappears altogether. 400. Thus, ^ft 'buy': strong stem sflUJJ krind, weak shl^jfl krtni (before a vowel, sffan krln). Indicative. Active. Middle. «fW^i «tIHu^ Imperfect. °Wfaff °'U!MIH WrI 2. wftrra: ^to; ^sflufld °wt«ito: 3- WfarTri; 4|shli ^rrcra: *nf*?r ^?n |#rTT^I <\ I ^%^ M^?l«ijdg ^53 T^WNfsrT II * II ^"PTT «*lMlfM w 2^*J ii m ii n^vjsra ^T^rr^f WT"nrr ^ viM f?rr \^V~ 1TT **m3 ^Tt^RTT^: II $ || *raT H^ ^^ HTfa cTOT TTMMM^rtJ JI^UNI^ffT TTT fwf'rT II ^ II ^fcT*T^P^f JJ^ snfftj; sfTR etc.; 3rd pi. 5pT*J. Mid. : sT%, sj^ etc. Optative. Act. : $H\t{ etc. Mid. : Wcffa etc. Participle. Act. : JC^ift . Mid. : WTI«T- 413. Emphatic Pronoun. The uninflected pronominal word «S«4*^ signifies 'self, 'own self. It is oftenest used as a nomin- ative, along with words of all persons and numbers; bnt not seldom it represents other cases also. Verbs: + ^TTV (adhUe) repeat, read. + Um (apditi) go away, depart. + '^rf^ approach. + ^1 *sm set (of heavenly bodies). + ^^ rise (of heavenly bodies). + ^TJ approach. ^f (braviti, brute) speak, say, state. Vocabulary XXXVIII. + Tf explain, teach ; announce. + fa explain, etc. "^ (rduti) cry, scream. + fa scream. ^ (fete) lie, sleep. + ^lf\sl lie asleep on (ace). ?J (sute) bring forth, bear. + TJ bring forth. ■*jl (stautt) praise. Special irregularities in this verb are occasionally met with, such as sj[f*T W^fa- Some of the verbs in ^J are allowed to be inflected like 3\ but forms so made are rare. Lesson XXXVIII. 1G3 Subst.: f^i«Tm., n.pr., a name of Buddha. f^^T f., tongue. ^(TJf m., logic. tjtti n., flower. JT*r m., question. *TP f rcr n- 5 sense, understanding. ■^V m., killing, murder. "^•rfpT m., n. pr. wife. companion >ft f., ^nf^T'l. m » witness. ^TT^I m -> crane. Adj.: ^ *(flfi (only these three forms used). 416. Root lf^^ 'know, (act. only): Indicative. Imperfect. i. %fa fa^e; f^ret w§%*t ^3 ^if%?r Imv.: %^Tf5T, f%rfe, %^j; %^R, f^rTR;, f^TR*; %^T*, f%rt, f^J- — Opt.: f%3TPR;, etc. * In the inflection of roots with final consonant, of this class and the reduplicating and nasal classes, euphonic rules find very fre- quent application. The student is therefore advised at this point to read carefully the chief rules of euphonic change in Whitney's Grammar, §§ 139 — 232 (the two larger sizes of print). Lesson XXXIX. 165 417. This root also makes a perfect without reduplication (but otherwise regular) which has always the value of a present. The forms of the indie, are: Sing. 1.%^, 2. ^f, 3.%^; du. 1. f%^, 2. f^J^, 3. f^fT^; pi. 1. fro 2. f^, 3. f^^. The participle is f^^T^, f. faf^ (cf. §268). 418. The root tJT?, 'eat' (act.), inserts If before the endings of the 2nd and 3rd sing. impf. ; thus, -41 1 <^, ^TT^fl.- 419. The root ||^, 'kill' (act.), is treated somewhat as are noun-stems in ^f^ in declension (§ 283). Thus: Indicative. Imperfect. 2. ffa f^RC f^ ^WK ^cH* ^frT 3. ff^rT frTO: ^Tf*rT ^1^ ^ffTm; ^^ Imv.: f^TTfa, *rff*, f^s f^T^, fcP*, fcTO*; fTR, f 3f 5 %^T^ etc. 421. ^, 'see' (mid.): Pres. Ind.: ^%, ^%, ^TJ; ^T^f%, ^nrra, ^T?h TOf, ^ff. ^W — Im P f - : *Wfa> w*»k«u * Anomalous dissimilation. 166 Lesson XXXIX. 422. 1. $"*^, ' rule ' (mid.), inserts ^ before endings beginning with ^ and \r ; thus, 2nd sing, ffipt — 2. ^*^, ' wish ' (act.), is in weak forms contracted to xj*^ ; thus, 3rd. pi. ^Sjf^J. 423. *T5f , 'rub', 'clean' (act.), has vrddhi in the strong forms, and optionally also in weak forms when the endings begin with a vowel. In the treatment of the root-final this verb follows the roots in *T. Thus, ind. 3rd sing. JTrfSj du. 3TH^, pi. 4J?|f*f or Verbs: %t (*>'? e ) ru ' e 5 own ( w - gen.). ^5T (ca'.ste)+^TTrelate ; call, name + cf(\ explain. f$^( (dvesti, dviste) hate. + TI hate extremely. ff^t (mdrsti) rub, wipe. + ^m wipe away, off. Vocabulary XXXIX. +■ TT wipe off. ^TTO + "^PJ (aparadhnoti) do wrong. ^*^ (vdsti) wish. lf^(Z (vetti; veda) know, consider. Tpt+^rfH smite. + fif kill. Subst.: ^t^ m., lip. ~^H m., decay, destruction. ^^ n., eye. %7f m., conqueror. ^■€TT £ } compassion, pity. vmif m., destruction. *f«T ni., n. pr., a name of (piva. 7T«ftm., sacred text; spell, charm. ^HU m., watch (of the night). ^TtT d-i conduct. *. 3JT3iTW n -s grammar. CQ1J3 m.j n. pr., a Rishi. ^IWT f-, hesitation. ■^Tq m., n. pr., a name of Qiva. ^Tc! n., learning. JfT[ m., creation. f^lfff f., condition, existence. Adj.: ^r^T, f. °^n, blameworthy, cul- pable. Lesson XXXIX. 167 Exercise XXXIX. n%fH ^rrwwrrrg *r ^i^nif^r «i^dTH ii ^ 11 tjw TO*ra ffsR TIT ff*W 'NM3 I TtrWgT-pT fT>T *^T ^MHd* II **= II *HI ^TTTnT ^TT| -d^N^g*i II q II irf Tt^ THW> fipRT- ^^ w t<*K3: ii % ii xrf^qcft" *rretf f^ *ri %^T- fa*rn ii g. n it wen' ^t# *nwta u qo u ^*fa tpftrn* fa^JT (§ 374, 6) zr^TT ^TWI^ II ^rrir, ^rr%; ^rrefetc.; ^rr^ff, ^n^*, wm% impf. ^rrf^, "^rr^rT^, ^rx^r etc. im?. ^rr%, ^rre^r, ^i^ih etc. Part. irrafcT (unique). 425. The root 3Jf^, 'command' (act.), substitutes in the weak forms with consonant- endings the weakened stem fj^f ; thus, indie, sing. mf^I etc.; du. f^risg^ etc.; but 3rd pi. U}iqfi f. Iinpf.: ^ntTOt, WRT^ W^**; ^rf^ etc.; but 3rd pi. Wrercr- Imv. 2nd sing. ^TfV; 3rd pi. STTOrT- 426. The extremely common root l^f^, 'be' (act.), loses its vowel in weak forms, except when protected by the augment. The 2nd sing. imv. is TjfV; in the 2nd sing, iudic. one ^ is omitted; in the 2nd and 3rd sing. impf. ^ is inserted before the ending. Thus: Indicative. 1- "?fW ^ ^ 2. 'STfa ^T*t W Imperative. 1. ^WTf^T ^TCTR ^TCTR Opt.: ^TR etc.; 3rd pi. ^\ 2 ITfa ^W[ ^1 Part.: ^nT , f. ^rft. 3. wm wm. *r*r 427. Roots in ^ (except f^^ and ^^) combine ^ with <^, ^ and >J into , ^ or °^rT; ^^f^ etc.; 3rd pi. ^q[^\ Imv.: ^t- ^lf% ^[f%, Ttf^ etc. Opt.: ^n^Cetc. (^TT being mode-sign). Verbs: ^St% (dniti) breathe. + TT (prdniti) live. ^R^ (dsti) be. Vocabulary XL. ^m. (aste) sit. -f ^TJ sit by ; wait upon ; at- tend; reverence. * cf. §§ 244, 249. * When the final sonant aspirate of a root is followed by ?^ or 7f of an ending, the whole group is made sonant, and the aspir- ation of the root-final is not lost, but is transferred to the initial of the ending. 170 Lesson XL. ^^ + JT-fa (pravicdlati) move, stir (tr.). fe? (degdhi) smear. «T^ (dogdhi, dugdhe) milk. *fl«jl v + f^f (nimllati) shut (the eyes). ■^^ (roditi) weep. f^T^f (ledhi, lldhe) lick. + ^m lick. f%TT v + ^iWT approach. ^JT^C. (f&ste) command, govern. ^^ (gvdsiti) breathe. + ^SfT or J&HJ breathe gently, revive. + f% be confident, trust (w. gen. or loc. of pers.) TfTT + ^^* (uttisthati) arise. Subst.: ^XJJ^J m., enjoyment. ■^■Jf m., hair. ^7T n., gift, generosity. mm f., girl, maiden. 3flre^T m., n., club, pestle. T$ftpt n -> blood. TUtH n., sacrifice. *jfacT m. , n. pr., the sun -god Savitar; the sun. 33ff*CT m., shoulder. Adj.: \JYT!i f- 0, ?IT firm, resolute. RlUlj , f - °^n, shrewd, skilled. ^TRZT, f- 0, ?rr, right, proper. H+ITI, f- ° , ?n', careless. Iudecl.: 3?TfT?3 ear b r > m toe morning. VTSP^ greatly, much. Exercise XL ^le^lrM^: TTfT^jffirT ^ ^ *ftTT: II ^Q. II %*fr Tpoti ^u% f *rr BrJi^sft TT5rr*mw Trfa *Tfa- fm*n in pres. opt.). Lesson XLI. 430. Verbs. Reduplicating Class. This class forms the present- stem by prefixing a reduplication to the root.* 431. The rules governing the reduplication are as follows: 1. The consonant of the reduplicating syllable is in general the first consonant of the root; thus, 27, <^2JT- But, (a) a non-as- pirate is substituted for an aspirate; and (b) a palatal for a guttural * Only a small proportion of the roots of this class retain the accent on the root-syllable in the strong forms. In the great ma- jority, the accent is on the reduplication, both in the strong forms and in those weak forms whose endings begin with vowels. 172 Lesson XLI. or ^; thus, V[\, ^TT; f^Tf, f^f^; jft, f«n£t; (<0 if the r00t begin with a sibilant followed by a non-nasal mute, the latter is repeated (with observance of a), not the sibilant; thus, ^gfT, fT^T- 2. A long vowel is shortened in the reduplicating syllable; and ^g is replaced by T; thus, <*^T and ^TT above; *ft, f%*ft; **, fw 432. The present-stem gunates the root-vowel in the strong forms; thus, f^ft, strong f&; fro, strong f^TT- 433. The verbs of this class lose the «^ from the endings of the 3rd pi. in the active as well as in the middle; and in the 3d pi. impf. act. always take ^^, before which a final radical vowel has guna; thus, ^f^T^t- 434. Root W, ' bear, carry '. For 2nd and 3rd sing. impf. act., cf. §§ 122, 414. Indicative. Active. Middle. i.f*re?3 f^ra; f%wr^ f^ f^f| f*w*% 2.f%i*f^ fwrs; faare fkm fwro fa*ra 3.f^Hf(i f^HtT^ fsrefa f*WT f*Wm f%**H Imperfect. i. 'srfsFRTc ^if*npr ^rf^^fl ^srfafsr ^rfa^rff °*|*rff Imperative. G O G O C 3.f^Hg f^Hcn^ f^rag f^jfni fsraicroR: f^rem*; Opt. act.: f^rj^rf^ etc -5 mid.: fsr^T^T etc. Part, act.: fsp*^ (§ 259), f. f^nffr; mid.: f^WTCT- 435. Thp roots l^T, 'give', and i.Tjrr, 'put', lose their radi- cal vowel in the weak forms, leaving the weak stems ^^ and ^el . Lesson XLI. 173 In the 2nd sing. imv. act. they form ^f^ and vtlf- The inflection of >n is as follows :* Indicative. Active. Middle. l- ^nfa ^ret ^*?s; ^v ^wf| ^r% 3. ^rrfa ^ttto: ^^rfTT \r% ^erra ^m Imperfect. i. ^«r\n^ ^^^ ^^*rr ^fa ^^cf% ^^rff 2. ^^*T*t ^hiti^ ^nrrr ^rawr^ ^^nm*c ^ras*t 3. ^^Tfi: ^ttpr: ^^ ^^rarr ^vTcrnR: ^r«^ra Imperative. l- ^rrfa ^tr ^nw ^ ^rnrf ^nrf Opt. act.: 438. HIT, 'measure' (mid.), and 2^f, 'move, go' (mid.), form * In combination with <^ or H of an ending, the TI of ^y( does not give U, but follows the general rule of aspirate and of surd and sonant combination ; and the lost aspiration is thrown back upon the initial of the root. 174 Lesson XLI. f*Tift and "fal^D before consonant-endings, f*i*^ and f^nf before vowel-endings; thus, 3rd persons indie. fij*ft%, f*f*n%, fWJffi. 439. ^ 'pour, sacrifice' (act. and mid.), makes the 2nd sing. imv. 5prf%i; 3rd persons impf. "SpSpft^, ^ksMUH,, ^^1^^- 440. 1. }ft, 'fear' (act.), may shorten its vowel in weak forms; thus, -faHtos: or t%fa*^, fwftrm: or Wotr^- — 2. #, < be ashamed' (act.), changes its weak stem f5frjf^ to fafg^I before vowel-endings; thus, indie. 3rd persons f^ffa, fajfl f- °^T> excellent, remark- able. Adv.: ^ ^rf^rR; ^xTi *rc; Ind. 2nd persons: ftRf%, ftfe^, fTO; — ff^fW, fiNR;, fTO- ImT * 2nd persons: fwft, ftfe^, ftfe; — fff**, ff^R,, 446. 7{% 'crush' (act.), combines HUfff with f?f and H into <1%f% and rf%S- Verbs: ^J (inddhe) kindle, light. fl^ {chindtti, chinddhe) cut, cut off. + "^JT take away, remove. + ^3^ exterminate. oTRPC^l ( caus - stem) awaken. fcrq (pindsti) grind, crush. ^^ (bhandkti) break, destroy. f^fi? (bhindtti, bhinddhe) split. *Hf (bhundJcti, bhunkte) eat, enjoy. Perry, Sanskrit Primer. Vocabulary XLII. ^J3T (yundkti, yunkte) join; yoke, harness. + f^ appoint, establish. T^f (rundddhi, runddhe) obstruct, check; besiege. ftra (find.sti) leave, leave re- maining. + f^ set apart, distinguish. f^ + ^ unite. f^^ (hindsti) injure, destroy. 12 178 Lesson XLII. Subst.: •^cJ^IT f-, condition, state, ^q*^ f., dawn ; also personified, Usas, the Dawn. ^jT^^R m., thorn; enemy. ^"PE! m., bite, mouthful. M i fa^^MI 3. Mm\K ; du. TOft^ *H4K«|«l> etc. — the ^ being gunated. 460. IV. Roots in ^TT (including those written by the natives with TJ or ^ or Tjft). These take ^ft i" 1st and 3rd sing, act.; and the ^5T is lost before vowel-endings and X- 1- 1^TT : i. ^ft ^ftre ^P** ^ % etc. - -?r^: Act. sing. 1. JZ(^ or {t||4> 2. J^ or ^£*rf^ 3. fin*!; du. ^fsre etc. Mid. ^% etc. 467. 4. Several roots which have medial ^ between single consonants, but cannot follow the rule of § 465, drop out the ^J from the weak forms. These roots are, in the classical language, ?|[*^, TTj^, ^T^, ||«^; and also of«^, which might be expected to follow § 465. They form the weak stems ^f, ^JTJ^, ^IW , 5f^J ; and 5fU . Thus, ^SfW^ or ^"sTTT etc., ^fri^ etc. lp^ makes its strong stem ^JV|«^ and ^J^TT^- 468. 5. The roots ^J\iJ , ^t^, and one or two others, redupli- cate from the semivowel, and contract If and cT to ^ and ^ in weak forms. Thus, strong ^TEgf 1 ^ or ' from ^> ^rf^rfafc *fa«H, ^* > from ^r, ^f^rrct, ^f^*C> ^T* • But ' from *ft> f*rofarrcfc f*~ ^&! t^~ fH^rfa;, f^f*T3[cT\ faf*l$H/ — 6. The root ^ makes as its strong stem of pf. part. arflTTTfar, or 3R7crfcr^ mid. arfTinRC or gjTf;^, weakest only 3f7*pr Similarly, from *T, S^TR; 3> ^^TW; *ft f^RTR; Periphrastic Perfect. 472. Most roots beginning with a vowel long by nature or po- sition adopt a periphrastic formation in the perfect tense; the same is also taken by the secondary conjugations, and optionally by a few primary roots not falling in the above category. It is made as follows: 473. To the accusative of a derivative noun-stem in ^TT, made from the present-stem which is the general basis of each conjugation, are added, for the active, the perfect active forms of "^j or ^f^ (or, very rarely, of if); for the middle, only the perfect middle forms * Mechanically, the weakest participle-stem is identical with the 3rd pi. act. (of course, ^ instead of ^). 186 Lesson XLIII. XLIV. of|i. Thus, from '-^Hl'trf*, pf- ^fH«n«TO or ^TT^ri^^n:; from ^, t^t^%- 474. Force of the Perfect. In classical Sanskrit the perfect coincides in meaning with the imperfect, as a tense of narration, but is less often met with. Lesson XLIV. 475. Verbs. Future-System (aud Conditional). The verb has two futures: I. The simple, or s-future, which is by far the older, and much more common, than the other; and II. the periphrastic future. 476. I. Simple Future. This tense contains an indicative mode and a participle, active and middle. It may be made from all verbs. The tense-sign is the syllable Tgg, added to the root either directly, or by the union-vowel ^ (in the latter case becoming ^5J). The root has the gwna-strengthening when possible; and some roots with medial ^g gunate with ^ instead of ^. The inflection is precisely like that of the present indicative of a verb of the a-conjugation ; thus, from *?, ^rf^raf^, o^. 477. When ^ is not taken, final radical consonants suii'er the same changes before ^J as before ^ in the inflection of the root- class or reduplicating or nasal class. Thus, from ^f, \ftwffT; %^fff7l; ff* , l^lfrT; ft, ^^Tf!f. The root cf^ ' dwell ', makes 478. 1. Most roots ending in vowels reject \; thus, TT, 37- ^Tfa; JTT, TT^rfTT; fa, %t*rf?T; ^T, ^TTSTflT. 2. But all roots in ^T take Xi thus, ^, ^f*TqfrT; Hf^*r; **, ^fij; ^rcre, <*«ilej7T. 485. The inflection is then as follows: The Hindus also prescribe a middle formation ; it has, how- ever, practically no existence. 188 Lesson XLIV. 1- Wrf% ^j% ^rercr^ ; w^ s , w^; ^, ^RP^; ^> "**!«* ^QPl» ^T- WScl; Tim, ^rf%T^^; 2 ^RC 'throw', ^T- ^fc^ (anomalous). ^^ s makes ^|^tx|c^, and TJc^, ^5m^c^, which, with one or two others, were doubtless originally reduplicated aorists. 489. II. Reduplicated Aorist (3). This aorist differs from all others in that it has come to be attached nearly always to the deriv- ative (caus., etc.) conjugation in 'Optf, as its aorist. The connection is not formal, as the aorist is not made from the stem in ^f, but from the root. Its characteristic is a reduplication, of quite pe- culiar character. 490. The reduplicated aorist is very unusual in classical San- skrit, and it will be sufficient for the present to give an example or two of its formation. Thus, ^«^ makes ^ftSTTc^ ; W^, ~^Xf^- ^JTCpt > WTi ^rffff^Rt,- The inflection is the usual one of imper- fects of the a-conjugation. 491. III. Sibilant Aorist, of four varieties. (4) The s- aorist. The tense-stem is made by adding ^ to the augmented root, which usually has its vowel strengthened. E. g. «ft: Act.: sing. 1. ^J%- VP%, 2. ^1%^^, 3. ^3mH; du. 1. W3, 2. ^3?%^ 3. ^tefPR;; pi. 1. ^R*Jf, 2. ^r%, 3. ^%^- Mid.: sing. 1. ^Rfa, 2. ^f%T^, 3. ^?te; du. i. ^Tzrff, 2. ^^t^to;, s. ^sRimrra;; p 1 - l ^* ^ff, 2. ^%!*t, 3. -41^ Md- — *TW (mid.only): sing. 1. wf^, 2. ^MdcJItt 3. ^JS* etc. 492. (5) The *s-aorist. The tense-stem is made by adding ^ by means of an inserted ^[. The root is generally strengthened. E. g. TJ 'purify': Act.: sing. 1. ^TOff^R^, 2. "^tn^W, 3. WT- ^; du. 1. WFf^zr, 2. WTfa^, 3. o^rjrj pi. i. of^, 2. °Ore, 3. f^^. — Mid. sing. 1. WTfrfa 2. ^nif^"^, 3. ^- 190 Lesson XLTV. XLV. inf^re; du. i. »f^ff, 2. °fcpn*rw;, 3. °cnra;; pi. i. °f*nwff, 2. °fcjd*^, 3. °"ftffc(cf. — This is the only aorist of which forms are made in the secondary and denominative conjugations (but for causatives and denominatives in Iffi, cf. § 489). 493. (6) The sw-aorist is active only, the corresponding middle being of the s-forra. An example will suffix here. JJJ: sing. 1. "^J- qiRjMH. etc., quite like the inflection of the ts-aorist. 494. (7) The sa-aorist. f«j^: Act. sing. 1. '-4|f 2. ^WTTJ, 3. 1M|J|^; du. WRp T etc. So 192 Lesson XLV. also rf(\j* |, intens. of "gj 'run', used as a present with the sense 'be poor', fsf^ 'wash', and some others, use the intensive present -system in the same way, and are assigned to the re- duplicating class; thus, 3rd sing. ^%fr?i, 3rd pi. %f%«rffT- Intensive forms outside the present-system are very rare. 503. III. Desiderative. By this conjugation is denoted a desire for the action or condition denoted by the simple root; thus, fxRrrfrr 'I drink', desid. fwnnf*T 'I wish to drink'. 504. To form the desiderative-stem the root is reduplicated, and adds ^f, sometimes ^[^ . The consonant of the reduplication is determined by the usual rules: the vowel of reduplication is ^ if the root has an o-vowel, an ^-vowel , or ^g, and \3 if the root has an u-vowel. Thus, ^JT, t%RT^rf7r; *ft f^P^fafTT; W, ^g^ffl; w, f^reHfa; fire, fafa(*rf?r; f?r^, fafirw 505. A number of roots form an abbreviated desiderative- stem ; thus, W^> t^ff^; ^T> f^rfa- 506. The conjugation in the present-system is like that of other a-stems. Outside of that desiderative forms are quite in- frequent. The perfect is the periphrastic. The aorist is of the t's-form; thus, %"^J, Tjf^Plft.; ^TffTf^f^ 2- The futures are made with the auxiliary vowel \; thus, ^f^'RlffT, frfWcTTf^- The verbal nouns are made with ^[ in all forms where that vowel is ever taken. A passive may be made; thus, ^x^ffi 'it is desired to be obtained'; part. %f^J7?. 507. IV. Causative. 1. The present-system of the causative has been treated of already. 2. The perfect is the periphrastic, the derivative noun in ^TT being formed from the causative-stem; thus, ^nT^rf ^^TFX' 3. The aorist is the reduplicated, made in general directly from the root, and formally unconnected with the causative-stem; thus, \J, ^3T*JT^> ^PfW^t- ^ n a ^ ew instances, where the root has assumed a peculiar form before the causative- sign, the reduplicated aorist is made from this form, not from the Lesson'LXV. 193 simple root; thus, ^TT, ^I'R^fTT, ^f^f^^ft.. 4. Both futures are made from the causative-stem, the auxiliary ^[ replacing the final ^; thus, \nTj^rsrf?T » \TTTf*J ft I !%• 5 - The verhal nouns and adjectives are in part formed from the causative-stem in the same manner as the futures, in part from the causatively strengthened root-form; thus, pass. part. ^nf%cT; fat. pass. part, (gerundive) fTOf^rra, ^J"TO; inf- sftWftnpi; gerund fM^fiMI, °^?TO, °1- VTQ (§ 310). 508. Cansative passive and desiderative. These may be made from the causative-stem as follows. 1. The passive-stem is formed by adding the usual passive sign ^J to the causatively strengthened root, the syllables ^§Rl being omitted; thus, \sTT3ffi- 2. The desider- ative-stem is made by reduplication and addition of the syllables ^q, of which the ^ replaces the final ^f of the causative-stem; thus, f^jTfcnxf^T^f^T, f^HT^T^ff^- This is a rare formation. 509. V. Denominative. A denominative conjugation is one that has as basis a noun-stem. In general, the base is made from the noun-stem by means of the conjugation-sign Jf , which has the accent. Intermediate between the denominative and causative con- jugations stands a class of verbs plainly denominative in origin but having the causative accent. Thus, from ?Tn^, iTn^T cf mantrdyate ; from ^ftfr?, «$Yr|i|fii klrtdyati. See § 76. 510. The denominative meaning is of the greatest variety; e. g. 'be like', 'act as', 'regard or treat as', 'make into', 'desire, crave' — that which is signified by the noun-stem. Examples: from ?TM^ 'penance, asceticism', rfmirfH 'practise ascetism'; from «f*{^, «T7T^rf?T 'honor'; c(iUyi*J% 'blacken'; ^■^"T^rfH 'seek horses'; ^TTTT^jf?! 'play the herdsman, protect'; ^^4j(7T ' desire wealth ' ; fH^WfrT ' pl a y the physician, cure' ; M^«*i- 5Rrf?T 'desire a son', from the poss. cpd. (PTOFR 'desiring a son'* Perry, Sanskrit Primer. 13 194 I. Sanskrit-English Glossary. Glossary to the Exercises. For the alphabetic order of Sanskrit words see p. xii. I. Sanskrit-English. Adjectives in -a form their feminine in -a, unless otherwise stated. aksa m., die, dice. aksan (aksi:275) n., eye. agni m., fire ; as n. pr., Agni, the god of fire. agnihotrin m., a kind of priest. agra n., front; tip. end. anga n., limb; body. angiras (253) m., certain mythical characters. anjali m. , a gesture (Voc. 37). anu a., small; as n., atom. atas adv., hence. ati adv., across, past; in cpds, to excess. atithi m., guest. atra adv., here, hither. atha adv., then ; thereupon. atharvaveda m., the fourth Veda. adas (asdu : 287) pron., that one ; so-and-so. adya adv., to-day. adyatana adj., of to-day. adroha m., faithfulness. ad /tar ma m., injustice, wrong. adhas adv., below, down. adhastat adv., below; prep., w. gen., underneath. adhi adv., over, above, on. adhika a., additional ; superior. adhita part, of adhi-i. adhuna adv., now adhvaryu m.. priest who recites the Yajurveda. \ an (dniti: 429) breathe; h pra breathe; live, an, before cons. a. negative prefix. anaduh (278) m., ox. anantaram adv., after, immediately afterward ; as prep., w. abl., right after. anartha m., misfortune. anavadya a., faultless. anahilupataka n., n. pr., a city. ami adv., after, along, toward. anukula a., favorable ; as n., favor. anujna f., permission. anurupa a., suitable. aneka a., several. I. Sanskrit-English Glossary. 195 anrta n., untruth. anta m., end ; in loc, at last. antara a., inner ; as n., interior, middle; interval, difference; oc- casion, juncture. Cf. 375, 4. andha a., blind. ondhra m., n. pr., a people. anna n., food, fodder. any a (231) pron. adj., other. anyatra adv., elsewhere. anvanc (272) a., following. anvaya m., descendant, progeny. ap (277) f. pi., water. apara (233) pron. adj., hinder; other. apt (190) adv., unto; further; as conj., also, even. apsaras f., heavenly nymph. abhaya n., feeling of safety ; safe- ty- abhi adv., to, unto. abhipraya m., plan, design ; view. abhydsa m., study, recitation. amrta a., immortal; as n., nectar. amba (273) f., mother. ay am same as idam. ari m., enemy. artha m., purpose; meaning; wealth. y arthaya (den. : artlidyate) ask for (w. two ace); + pra idem. aryaman (284) m., n. pr. ]/ arh (drhati) deserve; have a right to ; w. inf. (320), be able. alam adv., enough; very; w.instr., enough of, away with; w. dat., suitable for. ali m., bee. ava adv., down, off. avagya a., necessary. avastha f., condition, state. avanc (272) a., downward. \/ lap (apnute) acquire, obtain; 1- nam-upa idem. j/ 2af (agnati) eat; caus. (dedya- ii) make eat, give to eat. afiti (332) num., eighty. agru n., tear. agva m., horse. agvin m. du., n. pr., the Acvins (the Indian Aioc, xovpoi). asta (332) num., eight. astadaga (332) num., eighteen. astavingati (329,332) num.,twenty- eight. I las (dsti : 426) be, exist. V 2as (dsyati) throw, hurl; -1- abhi repeat, study, learn ; — -I- m entrust; — + pra throw forward or into. a si m., sword. asura m., demon. asau same as adas. asthan (asthi: 275) n., bone. asmad same as vayam; as stem in cpds, cf. 352, 4. ahan (ahar, ahas : 271) n., day. aham (223) pron., I. ahita a., disagreeable. aho excl., oh ! ah I ahoratra n., a day and a night. a (130) adv., hither, unto; as prep., w. abl., hither from; until. akara m., form, figure. akdga m., air, sky. akrsta part, of a-krs. akranta part, of a-kram. 13* 196 I. Sanskrit-English Glossary. dgamana n., arrival. dcdra m., "walk and conversa- tion"; conduct; observance. deary a ra., teacher. djiid f., command. dtman m., soul, self; often simple reflexive pronoun. ddi m., beginning; in cpds, cf. 375, 1. aditya m., sun. ddega m., command, prescription. Y dp (dpn6ti,dpnute) acquire, reach; r ava, pra, or ami pra, idem ; + sam idem ; finish. opad f., calamity. dpta part, oi dp, trustworthy; fit. dyusmant (263) a., long-lived. avista, part, of vig + d, entered (by), i. e. filled (with). dgd f., hope. dgu a., swift. dgrama m., hermitage. \' as (dste: 424) sit; caus. (a- sdyati) place; \- upa sit by; wait upon; reverence. dsana n., seat, chair. dharana n., bringing. dhdra m., food. dhuti f., oblation, offering. \/i (eti [-tie: 408]) go: — + adhi mid., go over, repeat, read; caus. (adhydpdyati) teach; — 4- anu follow ; \- apa go away ; \- abhi approach ; h astam (lit'ly go home) set (of the sun, etcj ; \- ud rise ; + upa ap- proach; y pra go forth; die. icchd f., wish. tiara (231) pron. adj., other. tias adv., hence. iti adv., thus, so. ittham adv., in this way, so. idam (285-286) pron., this, this here. \'idh, indh (inddhe: 444) kindle, light. indu m., moon. indra m., n. pr., the god Indra. indraprastha n.. n. pr., Delhi. indrdni f., n. pr., a goddess. iyant (263) a., so great ; so much. iyam fem. of idam. iva adv., postpos., as; like. y'lis (icchdti: 109) wish, desire. isu m., arrow. iha adv., here, hither. ]/ iks (iksaie) see, behold ; — 1- upa neglect; \-prati expect. tdrg, f. -J, a., such. \l\g (iste: 422) rule, own (gen.). igvaram., master; lord; rich man. ucchrita part, of ud-gri, high. ud adv., up, up forth or out. udaiic (272) a., northward. udadhi m., ocean. udaya m., rise. udara n., belly. udyata part, of ud-yam, ready. udydna n., garden. udyoga m., diligence. udyogin a., diligent, energetic. upa adv., to, toward. upanayana n., initiation. upanisad f., certain Vedic works. upabhoga m., enjoyment. I. Sanskrit-English Glossary. 197 upavtta n., sacred cord of the three higher castes. updnah (249) f., sandal, shoe. ubha a., du., hoth. uras n., breast. uru, f. urvi, a., wide. urvaci f., n. pr., an Apsaras. usas f., dawn; as n. pr., Usas, goddess of the dawn. \r (rcchdti: 109) move; go to; fall to one's lot, fall upon; caus. (arpdyati) send; put; give. rksa m., bear. rgveda in., the Rigveda. re f., verse of the Rigveda; in pi., the Rigveda. rna n., debt. rtvij ni., priest. rsi m., seer. eka (231) num., one; pi., some; eke • • eke, some • • others. ekadd adv., once upon a time. ekddaca (332) num., eleven. ekddaca (334) a. eleventh. etad (231) pron., this, this here. eva adv., just, exactly. evam adv., so, thus. esa same as etad. ostha m., lip. ausadha n., medicine. ka (232) pron. 1. interrogative, who, what; kim w. instr., cf. note on p. 89. — 2. indefinite, adj. and subst., chiefly w. parti- cles ca, carta, rid, api, some one or other; so also w. relatives; oftenest in neg. clauses : no one whatever (236). kata m., mat. kantaka m., thorn, enemy. kantha m., neck. kanva m., n. pr. katham adv., how ? \kathaya (den.: kathdyati) relate, tell. kadd adv., when ? (- cana, rid, api, at some time, ever; often w. neg. kanistha a., youngest. kaniyas a., younger. kanyd f., daughter, maiden. kapi m., monkey. kapota m., dove. yjkamp (kdmpate) tremble. kara m., hand ; trunk (of elephant) ; ray; toll, tax. karin m., elephant. karuna a., lamentable. karna m., ear. kartr m. , doer, maker (202); author. karman n., deed; ceremony; fate. \/ kal + sam (samkaldyati) put together, add. kalaha m., quarrel. kald f., crescent. kalinga m., n. pr., a people. kaliyuga n., the "Iron Age" of the world. kalydna n., advantage; salvation. kavi m., poet. A-«Wi",,»'. p»ei kana a., one-eyed. kdnti f., charm ; grace. 198 I. Sanskrit-English Glossary. karna m., desire, love ; as n. pr., the god of love. kdmadugha a., granting wishes; as f. subst., 8c. dhenu, the fab- ulous Wonder-cow. kdmaduh a., idem. kdya m., body. karana n., reason, cause. -kdrin a., causing, making. kdrya n., business, concern. kola m., time. kdliddsa m., n. pr., a poet. kdvya n., poem. frap* f., n. pr., a city, Benares. kastha n., fagot; wood. kdsthamaya a., made of wood. kirn neut. of &a ; w. tu, however. kiyant (263) pron. adj. , how great ? klrti f., glory. &utas adv., whence? why? kutra adv., where? whither? kunta m., spear. Y kup (kupyati) be angry (gen. or dat.). kumdra m., boy, prince. kugala a., able; clever; learned. {/ ikr(karoti, kurute: 394-5) make, do, perform; 1- adhi put at the head, make ruler over (loc.) ; h apa do evil to, harm (gen., loc, ace); — + apa-d pay; — + alam prepare, adorn ; \- avis (dviskarotf) make known, ex- hibit; \- upa do good to, be- nefit (gen., loc); \-tiras (<«'- rask.) hide ; blame ; 1- puras put at the head ; 1- prati pay, recompense, punish (ace rei, gen., dat., or loc. pers.); — +prddus make known or visible ; 1- sarn (395) prepare, adorn. ]/2kr (Jcirdti) strew, scatter; — + vi, idem. ]/krt (krntdti: 110) cut, cut off; — + ava idem. krti f., work (literary). krtrima a., adopted. krtsna a., whole, entire. krpana a., poor; niggardly. kfpd f., graciousness, pity. ]/ krs (Jcdrmti) draw ; V a draw on or up; — (krsdti) plough. krsi f., agriculture. krsivala m., husbandman, peasant. krsna a., black; as m., n. pr., the god Krsna. ^ kip (kdlpate) be in order; tend or conduce to (dat.); caus. (kal- pdyati, -te) ordain, appoint. ketu m., banner. ke$a m., hair. kdildsa m., n. pr., a mountain. koti f., peak ; point, tip. kopa m., anger. kosa m., treasure ; treasury. kdunteya m., n. pr. kdusalyd f., n. pr. ]/ kram (kramati, krdinate: 134) step; — + ati pass beyond; transgress; pass (of time); — + d stride up to, attack; — -I- nis go out. \/ krl (krlnati, krintte) buy. krldd f., game, sport. tfkrudh (krudhyati) be angry (gen. or dat.). krodha m., anger. » I. Sanskrit- English Glossary. 199 kva adv., where? whither? + cit sometimes, ever. ksana m. n., moment; time. ksatriya m., warrior, man of the second caste. kmya m., decay, destruction. ) ksan (ksanoti, ksanute) hurt, wound. \/ksal (ksaldyati) wash; \- pra idem. ksatra a., suitable for Ksatriyas. \/2ksi (ksindti) destroy. ksitipa m., king. yksip (ksipdti) hurl, throw. kstna part, of 2ksi, reduced, de- cayed, ruined. kstira n., milk. ksudra a., little, small. ksudh f., hunger. ksetra n., field. V khan (khdnali) dig. khara m., ass. gangd f., n. pr., the Ganges. gaja m., elephant. }' ganaya (den.: gandyati) number, count; — + ava despise. gaii f., gait; course. gandha m., odor, perfume. gandharva m., a Gandbarva, one of a band of celestial singers. V gam (gdcchati : 100) go ; f- anu follow; h abhi visit, attend; 1- ava understand ; Y astam go down, set (cf. i + astam) ; — + a come; — + ud rise; — + nis come forth; proceed from; h sam (mid.) come together, meet (instr.). gariyas comp., very honorable. \/2gd (ghyati) sing. gandharva, f. -i, a., in the manner of Gandharvas. \l gah (gdhate) plunge; — + ava dive or plunge -under (ace). gir f., voice, song. giri m., mountain. glta n., song; singing. guna m., quality, excellence. guru m., teacher. y guh (guhati: 101) hide, conceal; cau8. (guhdyati) idem. guha f., cave. grha n., house. grhastha m., householder, head of family. grhya a., domestic. go (209) m., f., bull, steer, cow; as f., 6g., speech. gotva n., ox-nature, stupidity. gopa m., cowherd, shepherd; guardian. 1 9°Vdya (den. : goptdyati) be keep- er ; guard. gdurava n., weight; dignity. ]/ granth (grathn&ti) string to- gether; compose. granth a m., literary work, book. ] ' grah (grhnati, grhnlte) receive, seize ; — + ni hold, restrain, check ; 1- prati take. grama m., village. grdsa m., bite, mouthful. ghafa m., pot, vessel. 200 I. Sanskrit-English Glossary. ghdsa m., fodder, hay. ghrta n., clarified batter; ghee. \fghrd (jighrati: 102) smell. ca encl. conj., and, also, re, -que; sometimes =if. cakra rc., wheel. Y cafes (caste: 421) see, behold; — + a relate; call, name; — + vi-d explain. caksus n., eye. catur (332) num., four. caturtha, f. -I, a., fourth. caturdaca (332) num., fourteen. catuspad (282) a., quadruped. catvdrincat (332) num., forty. candra m., moon. candramas m., moon. \/cam, used only with a (dedmati), sip; rinse the mouth. camatkara m., astonishment. \' car (cdrati) go, wander; graze (of cattle); tr., perform, commit; Yd perform, complete, do; — + sam-d idem ; \- ud caus. (uccdrdyati) pronounce, say. -cava a., moving, going. carana m., n., foot, leg. carita n., behavior, life. carman n., hide, skin; leather. carmamaya a., leathern. \' cal (cdlati) stir; — + pra move on, march ; [-pra-vi, tr., move, stir. cdturmdsya n., a certain sacrifice. camtkara n., gold. car a m., spy. cdru a., beautiful. \ ci (cinoti, cinute) gather; \- nis or vi-nis decide, conclude ; + pra gather; — + vi idem ; — + sam collect. citta n., notice ; thought; mind. i cint (cintdyati) consider. ciram adv., long, a long time. j/ cud + pra in caus. (pracoddyati), impel. y cur (cordyati) steal. cudd f., top-knot, scalp. ced adv., postpos., if. \/cest (cestati, -te) stir, be alive. cdulukya m., n. pr., a people. \/cyu (cydvate) totter, fall ; \-vi fall away. chattra n., umbrella. chdyd f., shade. \' chid (chindtti, chinddhe) cut, cut off; — + ava idem ; f-« take away, remove ; — + ud exter- minate. jagat n., that which moves ; men and beasts; the world. ,. • ffsljj* . , trey fas. Vjan (jdyate : 155 ; janayati) trans. (jandyati and active forms) beget, produce; intrans. (jdyate and middle forms) be born (mother in loc), arise, spring up; (- ud (ujjdyate) be born, arise (abl.); h pra or sam idem. jana m., man; pi., and coll. in sing., people, folks. janaka m., father. janam f., mother. janman n., birth, existence. jaya m., victory. jaras (280) f., old age. I. Sanskrit-English Glossary. 201 jara (280) f., old age. jala n., water. X'jalp (jdlpati) speak; chat. j jdgaraya (caus.) awaken. jati f., birth; caste; kind. jamatr m., son-in-law. jaya f., woman, wife. jala n., net. \ ft (jdyati) trans, and intrans., conquer, win; — + para, mid., be conquered (cf. in Voc. 9). jina m., n. pr., a name of Buddha. jihva f., tongue. \ jiv (jivati) live. jivita n., life. juhu f . , spoon, esp. sacrificial spoon. jetr m., conqueror, victor. -jna a., knowing. \ jna (janati, jdnite : 403) know; — + anu permit; Yd caus. (djnapdyati) command ; \- vi recognize. jndna n., knowledge; insight. jya f., bowstring. jyestha (340) a., best; oldest. jyotisan., astronomy; astronomi- cal text-book. jyotis n., light; star; heavenly body. ta (228-230) pron., he, etc. ; that, both subst. and adj. ; also as def. article. taksapild f., n. pr., Taxila, a city. \/ tad (tdddyati) strike, beat. tadaga m., pond. tadit f., lightning. tandula m., rice. tatas adv., thence, therefore; there- upon. tatra adv., there, thither. tatlid adv., in that way, so. tad nom. and ace. s. n. to ta; as adv.. therefore. tada adv., then. tadyatha adv., namely, to wit. \ tan (tanoti, tanute), tr., stretch, extend; perform (a sacrifice); Yd cause, bring about; — -f pra extend. \/tap (tdpati, -te), tr. and intr., burn; pain; in pass., suffer, do penance. tapas n., heat; self-torture. tapasvin a., practising ascetism ; as m., ascetic. ]/ tam (tdmyati: 131) be sad. taru m., tree. taruna, f. -I, a., young, delicate. tasthivans pf. part, of stha; as n., the immovable. tadrg a., such. talu n., palate. tdvant adj., so great, so much; tavat as adv., so long, so much ; often concessive, like done, dock, tiraskarinl f., veil. tiryanc (272) a., going horizontally; as subst., animal. tilaka m., ornament (often fig.). fir a n., bank, shore. tirtha n., bathing-place; place of pilgrimage. tivra a., great, strong, violent. tu conj., but, however. \/tud (tuddti) push; strike. ytul (toldyati) weigh. 202 I. Sanskrit-English Glossary. y'tus (tusyati) rejoice, take pleasure in (w. instr.). y'tr (tdrali) cross over; \- ava descend; + ud emerge; — + pra in caus. (pratdrdyati), deceive. trtiya, f. -d (335), a., third. V trp (tfpyati) satisfy oneself. trsnd f., thirst, desire. tejasvin a., courageous. \/tyaj (tydjati) leave, abandon; + pari leave off, give up. trayodaga (332) num., thirteen. tri (332) num., three. tringat (332) num., thirty. triloka n. , -kl f. , the threefold world. trivrt a., triple, threefold. trigtrsan a., three-headed. tristubh f., name of a metre. tryaglti num., eighty-three. tva stem of pron. of 2d pers. (226 ; cf. 352. 4). tvad so-called stem of pron. tva. tvastr m., n. pr., a god, Tvastar. \/ dang (ddgati) bite. danstrd f., tooth. daksa m., n. pr. daksina a., right-hand; southern. danda m., stick; punishment. y dandaya (den.: danddyati) pun- ish. dadhan (dadhi: 275) n., curds. dadhyanc (weakest -d/ric) m., n. pr. ]/ dam (damyati : 131) control ; caus. (damdyati) tame; compel. dayd f., compassion, pity. daridra a., poor. dargana n., philosophical system. daga (332) num., ten. dagaratha m., n. pr. dasta part, of dang. ]/ dah (ddhati) burn. j/lrfd (dddati, datte : 436) give; in caus. (ddpdyati) make give or pay; Yd take (312); — +pra entrust; give in marriage. ]/ 2da (dydti : 132) cutj qvve ddtr m., giver; as adj. (204), gen- erous. ddna n., gift, present; generosity. ddnava m., demon. ddsa m., slave, groom. ddsi f., female slave, servant. dina n., day. div (277) f. (rarely m.), sky. divasa m., day. divya a., heavenly, divine. y/ dig (digdti) show, point out; — 4- a command ; — + upa teach, instruct. dig f. , point, cardinal point; quarter, region ; direction. j/ dih (degdhi : 428) smear. dlrgha a., long; — am adv., afar. dlrghdyus a., long-lived. Y div (divyati) play. \ du (dunoti), intr., burn, feel dis- tressed; tr., distress (ace). duhkha n., misery ; misfortune. dugdha n., milk. durjana m., scamp, rogue. durdagd L, misfortune. durlabha a., hard to find or reach; difficult. \' dus (dusyati) be defiled. dusprayukta a., badly arranged. dus&anta m., n. pr. I. Sanskrit-English Glossary. 203 dus insep. prefix, bad; hard. yduh (dogdhi, dugdhe: 428) milk. dukitr f., daughter. duta m., messenger, envoy. |/ dr in caus. (ddrdyati) + vi tear open. \'drg (127) see; cans, (dargdyati) show ; pass, (drgydte) seem, look. drf f., look, glance; eye. deva m., god; f. -I, goddess; queen. devakl f., n. pr. devakula n., temple. devata f., divinity, deity, ctefa m., region, land. ddiva, f. -i, divine. dosa m., fault. dyuti f., brilliancy. dravya n., property ; object. drastr m., seer; author (ofVedic hymns, etc.). X 1 dru (drdvati) run. \S druh (driihyati) be hostile, offend. d«a (332) num., two. dvahstha m., doorkeeper. dvdr f., door, gate. ; fpaV^/^^' i?t/6 « po?aka m., supporter, maintainer. 206 I. Sanskrit-English Glossary. pdutra m., grandson. pdura m., citizen. \'pyd (pydyate) swell, get stout. pra adv., forward, forth. prakdgxn a., bright, glistening; act., illuminating. \/prach (prcchdti) ask, ask about. praja f., creature, subject. prati adv. and prep., back, back again ; towards (postpos. , w. ace.). pratikula a., unfavorable. pratyanc (272) a., backward, west- ward. pratyaham adv., daily. \lprath in caus. (prathdyati), spread; proclaim. pralhama (335) a., first. prabhdva m., might, power. prabhuta a., much ; many. pramatta a., careless. praydga m., n. j)r., Allahabad. prayukta part, of pra-yuj. prayoktr m., arranger, user. pralaya m., destruction. pragna m., question. prasanna, part, of pra-sad, well- disposed. prahdra m., stroke, shot; wound. prdnc (272) forward, eastward. prdna m., often pi., breath, life. prdnin m., living creature. prdtar adv., early, in the morning. prdyagcitta n., penance, expiation. prdyena adv., commonly. prdsdda m., palace. pn?/a a., dear. priyakarman a., kind. priyavdc a., saying pleasant things, sociable. priyavddin a., idem. V'jjri (prindti, prtnlte), act., de- light; mid., rejoice; caus. (pri- ndyati), make glad, please. \/plu (pldvate) + a drench. phala n., fruit, reward. phalavant a., fruitful. ]' bandh (badhndti, badhnlte) bind; entangle, catch; join; com- pose. bandhu m., relative. bala n., strength, might. balavant a., strong, mighty. balistha a., strongest. bahu a., much, many. bdla a., young; as m., child, boy; f. -a, girl. bdspa m., tear, tears. bdhu m., arm. bindu m., drop. buddha part, of ftucM, awakened ; enlightened. buddhi f., prudence, intelligence. buddhimant a., prudent. Y budh (bodhati, -te ; budhyati,-te), wake ; know. budha m., wise man, sage. brahmacarya n., life of holiness, esp. religious studentship. brahmacdrin a., studying sacred knowledge; as m. , Brahman student. brahman n., devotion; sacred word (of God); sacred knowledge; world-spirit. brahman (a personification oibrd- I. Sanskrit-English Glossary. 207 hman)m., the supreme All-Soul; Brahma, the Creator. brahmahan (283) m. , killing a Brahman. brahmana m., priest, Brahman. y'bru (braviti, brute), speak, say; \pra explain, teach, announce; — +vi explain, announce. bhakta a., devoted, true. bhakti f., devotion; honor. \'bhaks (bhaksdyati) eat. bhaksana n., eating. bhagavant a., honorable, blessed. y'bhaj (bhdjati, -te) divide; — +vi distribute. \'bhanj (bhandkti) break, destroy. bhadra a., good, pleasant; as n., fortune. bhaya n., fear. bharatakhanda m., n. pr., India. bliartr m., supporter; preserver; lord, master; husband. bhava m., n. pr., a name of Civa. bhavant, f. bhavati; in voc. bhos, f. bhavati; used in respectful address instead of pronoun of 2nd person. Cf. § 264. bhasman n., ashes. ] bhd (bhkti) gleam, glance; — -I- a or vi idem. bhdga m., part, piece, share. -bhaj a., sharing. bhanu m., sun. bhara m., burden. bharyd f., wife, woman. \ bhds (bhdsate) speak; — +prati answer (ace. of pers.); \-sam converse. bhdm f., speech, language. bhdwant a., shining, brilliant. \' bhiks (bhiksate) beg, get by beg- ging- bhiksd f., alms. bhiksu m., beggar; ascetic. }'bhid (bhindtti, bhinddhe) split. \'bhl (bibheti) fear; in caus. (bh'i- sdyate, bhdydyate) terrify. [ 2bhuj (bhundkti, bhunkte) eat, enjoy; caus. (bhojdyati) feed ; — + upa enjoy. -bhuj a., enjoying. bhujyu m., n. pr., a Vedic persorf. bhuvana n., world. \/bhu (bhavati, -te) become; be, exist; — + abhi overpower; — + pari despise; 1- pra arise; be mighty, rule; valere. bhu f., earth, ground. bhuta part, of bhu; as n. subst., being, creature. bhuti f., prosperity, blessing. bhubhuj m., king. bhubhrt m., king; mountain. bhumi f., earth, ground, land. bhuyas (340) comp. adj., more; -yas adv., mostly. bhusana n., ornament. \ bhr (bhdrati, -te) support (lit. and fig')- bhrgukaccha n., n. pr., Baroch, a holy place in India. bhrtaka m., servant. bhrtya m., servant. bhr^am adv., greatly, much. bheka m., frog. bhoga m., enjoyment. bhojana n., meal. 208 I. Sanskrit-English Glossary. bhos see bhavant. )'bhram (bhrdmyati : 131) wander about, flit ; 1- pari idem. bhrdtr m., brother. bhru f., eyebrow. maksikd f., fly, gnat. maghavan (270) m., Indra. I majj (mdjjati) sink ; — + ni id em. mani m., jewel. mati {., mind. matimant a., shrewd, prudent. matsya m., fish. mathi same as manthan. mad called stem of aham; cf. 352, 4. \/mad (mddyati) get drunk; — + pra be careless. madhu n., honey. madhuparka m., sweet drink. madhulih m., bee. madhyaa., middle; as n., middle; waist. ]/man (mdnyate; manute) think, suppose ; 1- sam honor. manas n., mind. manusya m., man (homo), manoratha m., wish. manohara a., agreeable; entranc- ing. mantra m., sacred text; spell, charm. mantrin m., minister; councillor. \' manth (mathnati) stir. manthan (278) m., stirring-stick. mandara m., n. pr., a mountain. marana n., death. marut m., wind; pi., n. pr,, the Storm-gods. mastaka n., head. mahant (261) a., great. mahdnasa n., kitchen. mahardja m., great king. mahisa m., n. pr. mahisi f., queen. j/lma (jndti; mimite: 438) mea- sure; J- nis work, create. m a adv. and conj., not; used in prohibitions, etc., like Lat. ne, greek ^uvf; cf. 195. mdhsa n., flesh. mdtr f., mother. madhurya n., sweetness. mdnava m., man (homo). manasa n., sense; understanding. mdnusa, f. -£, human. marga m., road, way, street. mfl/« f., garland. fflajB m., month. mitra n., friend. mitradruh (249) a., friend-be- traying. mina m., fish. tfmtl (milati) wink; + ni close the eyes. muktd f., pearl. mukti f., salvation, deliverance. mukha n., mouth, face. mukhya a., principal, first. \/muc (muncdti: 110) free, release; muktvd, without (312). ]/mud (modate) rejoice; h anu allow. muni m., sage; ascetic. [' mus (musndti) steal, rob. musala m. n., club, pestle. \/muh (muhyati) be confused or dazed or stupid. I. Sanskrit-English Glossary. 209 murdhaga a., on the head. murdhan m., head. mula n., root. \'mr (mriydte: 155) die; caus. (md- rdyati) kill. mrga m., wild animal; gazelle. \lmrgaya (den.: mrgdyate) hunt for, seek. mryayd f., chase, hunting. y/mrj (rndr&ti: 423) rub, wipe; caus. (mdrjdyati) rub off, polish; h apa, pari or pra, wipe off. mrta, part, of mr, dead, fallen. mrtyu m., death. »nrrf f., earth, dirt. mekhala f., girdle. megha m., cloud. moksa m., deliverance; salvation. »(ess n. pr., goddess of fortune ; as prefix to proper names, famous, honorable, etc. grlmant a., rich ; famous. \ ' gru (grnoti, grnute: 391) hear; in caus. (gravdyatf) make hear, i. e. recite, proclaim (ace. pers.). gruta part, of gru; as n., learning. gruti f., hearing; holy writ. greyas a., better; best; greyas as n., salvation. gvan (269) m., dog. gvagura m., father-in-law. gvagru f., mother-in-law. gvas adv., to-morrow. y gvas (gvdsiti : 429) breathe ; — ■\-sam-d breathe gently: revive; \-vi be confident; trust (gen. or loc.). gveta a., white. sattringat (329) num., thirty-six. sadag'iti (329) num., eighty-six. sas (332) num., six. sasti (332) num., sixty. j saslha, f. -7 (334), a., sixth. 214 I. Sanskrit-English Glossary. sodaca (332) num., sixteen. samyukta part, of sam-yuj, pro- vided with. sairwatsara m., year. sampaya m., doubt. sakrt adv., once. sakthan (sakthi: 275) n., thigh. sakhi (274) m., friend. sakhi f., female companion, friend. sajja a., ready. y sanj {sdjati ; sajjdte: cf. in Voc. 22) hang on, be fastened on (loc). satkdra m., hospitality. sattra n., sacrifice. mtya n., truth, righteousness. \' sad (sidati) sit; settle down; be overcome or exhausted ; \- a approach; \-sam-d seat one- self; caus. (saddyati) meet, en- counter; \- ni sit down; — + pra be favorable. sadd adv., always. sadrpa, f. -e, a., similar; worthy. sathdigdha a., doubtful; unsteady. samdhyd f., twilight. sant, part, of las, being, existing ; good ; as m., good man ; as f. satl, good woman, especially a widow who immolates herself. sapta (332) num., seven. saptati (332) num., seventy. saptadapa (332) num., seventeen. sabhd {., council, meeting, court. sam adv., along with; completely. samaksam adv., before, in the presence of (gen.). samartha a., capable, able. samagama m., meeting, encounter. samdja m., convention, company. samidh f., fagot. samlpa a., near; as n., vicinity, nearness, presence. samudra m., ocean. samunnati f. , height , elevation ; high position. sameta a., provided with. sampurna part, of lpr + sam, full. samyak adv., well, properly. samrdj m., great king; emperor. sarit f., river. sarga m., creation. sarpa m., snake. sarva (231) a., all. sarvatra a., everywhere. savitr m., n. pr., the Sun-god Sa- vitar; sun. l/saA (sdhate) endure, sa^a adv., together; prep., often postpos. , with , along with, (instr.). sahacara m., companion; -l f., wife. sahasa adv., suddenly, quickly. sahasra n., a., thousand. sahaya m., companion, helper. saksin m., witness. sddhana n., means, device. sddhu m., holy man, saint. sdman n., Vedic melody, song; pi., the Samaveda. sdmanta in., vassal. sdmpratam adv., at present. sdijam adv., at evening. sdrasa m., crane. smk m., lion. I. Sanskrit-English Glossary. 215 y sic (sincdti) drip, drop, moisten ; \-abhi anoint as king. yisidh (sedhati) repel; — +prati hold back; forbid. V 2sidh (sidkyati) succeed ; in caus. (sddhdyati) perform; acquire. sindhu m., n. pr., the Indus. siman f., border, boundary; out- skirts. su adv., well ; easy ; very. \ su (sunoti, sunute) press. sukha n., fortune, luck, happiness. sundara, f. -z, a., beautiful. sumanas a., favorably-minded ; as f., flower. surdpa m., drunkard. suvarna n., gold. suhrd m., friend. y su (sute) generate, bring forth; — +pra generate. sukta n., Vedic hymn. suta m., driver, charioteer. suda m., cook. surya m., sun. ]/ sr (sdrati) flow; — -\-anu follow up; \-apa go away; in caus. (-sdrdyati) drive away. \/ srj (srjdti) let go, create; — + ud let loose or out ; raise (the voice,). y srp (sdrpati) move ; — \-pra idem. srsti {., creation. setu m., bridge, dike. send f., army. y'sev (sevate) serve, honor; — + ni dwell; devote oneself to; attend. sdinika m., soldier. sdinya n., army. soma m., the intoxicating ferment- ed juice of the Soma-plant. skandha m., shoulder. y stu (stduti: 411) praise. stuti f., song of praise; praise. | str (strnoti, strnute; strnati, strnite) scatter, strew ; — 4 upa scatter, bestrew. stena in., thief. stotra n., song of praise. strl (276) f., woman. y sthd (tisthati) stand, intr. ; be in or on, etc., be situated; caus. (sthdpdyati) put, place; appoint; stop; — + adhi mount, stand over; rule, govern; — + anu follow out, accomplish ; (cf. also p. 96, last note); 1- ud arise, rise (cf. Voc. 40); \- upa ap- proach, reach; — + pra mid., start off; in caus. (act.), send ; — + sam in caus., cause to remain sthdna n., place, locality; stead. sthita part, of sthd; cf. 290, end. sthiti f., condition. }' snd (snati) bathe. sndtaka m., one who has perform- ed the ablutions customary at the end of religious pupilage. sndna n., bathing, bath. sndyu m., tendon, bowstring. snigdha part, of snih, affectionate. y snih (snihyati) feel inclined to, love (gen., loc). snusd f., daughter-in-law. y sprg (sprgdti) touch. ysprh (sprhdyati) desire (dat.). sma encl., slightly assev. ; often accompanies a present tense, 216 I. Sanskrit-English Glossary. giving it the force of an histor- ical tense. y smr (smdrati) remember; think on ; call to mind ; teach ; esp. in pass, smaryate 'it is taught, i. e. traditional'. smrti f., tradition ; law-book. sraj f., garland. srasjr m., creator. sva a., own ; one's own. V svanj (svdjate) embrace; \- pari (Cf. Voc. 21) idem. svadrq a., similar. y svap (svdpiti: 429) sleep. svapna m., sleep, dream. svayam pron., own self, self. svayambhu a., self-existent; asm., epithet of Brahma. svarga m., heaven. svasr f., sister. svddu a., sweet. svadhyaya m., private recitation of sacred texts. svdmin m., possessor, lord. svdiram adv., at pleasure. hata part, of han. y han (hdntix 419) kill; caus. (gha- tdyati), have killed; — + apa remove; — + abhi smite; — -1- sam-d wound; h ni kill; \-prati hinder; injure, offend; — + sam write. -han (283) a., killing. hanu f., jaw. hanumant m., n. pr., a monkey- king. hantr m., killer, slayer. hari m., n. pr., a god. harina m., gazelle. hala m. n., plough. havis n., oblation. hasta m., hand. hastin m., elephant. y lhd (jdhdli) abandon, give up; neglect. ChTytx^e (f <•**.) )/2hd (jihite: 438) move. ]/hi (hinoti) send; \-pra idem. hi assev. particle, surely ; causal, for, because. \' hins (hindsti) injure, destroy. hita part, of ldlid; as adj., ad- vantageous ; as n., advantage. himavant a., snowy; as m., the Himalaya Mts. hma part, of \hd, abandoned; wanting in; w. instr., without. ]/ hu (juhoti, juhute) sacrifice. hutabhuj (nom. -bhuk) m., fire. y hu see hvd. \ hr (Jidrati) take away ; steal ; plunder; — + apa idem; — + a act. and mid., fetch, bring; h ud-d cite, mention; h praty-a bring back; — + ud save, rescue. hrd (281) n., heart. hrdaya n., heart. y hrs (hdrsati, hfsyati) rejoice, be delighted; h pra idem. he interj., O, ho. hemanta m., winter. hrasvam adv., near by. \'hri (jihreti) be ashamed. hrl f., modesty, bashfulness. yhva (hvdyati) call ; in caus. (hvd- ydyati) have called ; — +d call, summon. II. English-Sanskrit Glossary. 217 II. English -Sanskrit. abandon, to: tyaj; Ihd. able: samartha; galcya. able, to be: cak. according to : anu, postpos. acquire, to: labh ; dp. Acvins: acvindu, du. address, to: bru. adore, to: nam + pra. adorn, to: \kr + alam. advantage: hita n. ; kalyana n. adversity ; duhkha n. afraid, to be : bhl. afterward : tatas. again: punar. against : prati. age: vayas n. all: sarva; (entire) vicva. all-protecting: vicvapd. allow, to: jiid + anu. alms : bhiksd f. alone (adv.) : eva. also : api. altar: vedi f. although : api. always : sadd, nit yam. amuse oneself, to : ram. ancient: pur ana. and : ca, postpos. ; tathd. anger: kopa m.; krodha va. animal: tiryanc m. announce, to: Ivid+ni, caus. answer, to: bhds + prati. appoint, to: kip, caus.; yuj + ni. approach, to: gam + d; yd+d. argument (reason): vac f. arise, to: bhu; (get up) sthd+ ud. arm: bdhu m. army : send f. arrive, to: gam + d. arrow : gara m. ; isu m. Aryan: dvija m.; dvijdti m. ascetic : muni m. ; yati m. ; pari- vrdj m.; tapasvin m. ; — to be- come an a., vraj+pra. ashamed, to be: hrl. ashes: bhasman n. ask, to (inquire): prach. ask for, to: arthaya. assembly : sabhd f. ; parisad f. astronomy : jyotisa n. attain, to: labh ; 2vid; lac; dp; Qp -\-ava or pra. attainment : labha m. author: kartr in.; (of Vedic hymnns, etc.) drasfr m. axe; paracu m. bad : papa. \ V\ ^ w bank : tira n. banner: ketu m. barbarian : yavana m. bathe, to: ma. 218 II. English-Sanskrit Glossary. battle: rana m. n. ; yuddha n. be, to: bhu; vrt; (be situated) sthd. bear, to: bhr ; (bring forth) su; su +pra. bear : rksa va. beat, to: tad. beautiful: sundara; rupavant. beauty : rupa n. become, to: bhu; vrt. bee: alt va. ; madhulih m. beg, to : bhiks. begin, to: rabh + d. behind : pagcdt (w. gen.), behold, to: tks. Benares : kdfi f. bend, to: nam. benefit, to; lkr + upa. beseech, to: pad+pra. besiege, to: rudh; rudh + upa. best : crestha; jyestha. betake oneself, to: yd; cri + d. better : creyas ; jydyas. bind, to: bandh. biped : dvipad. bird : vihaga va. ; paksin m. birth : jdti f. ; janman n. black : krsna. blame, to: nind; lkr + tiras. blessed : bhagavant ; (as prefix) prf. blood: rudhira n. blow, to (intr.) : vah. boat: ndu f. body: garira n.; vapus n. ; kdya m. ; (heavenly : sun, etc.): jyotis n. bone: asthan n. book: (manuscript) pustaka n.; (work) grantha m. born, to be: jan; jan + ud. both : ubha du. bow, to : nam. boy : bdla m. ; kumdra m. Brahman : brdhmana m. ; dro/'a m. ; drijdti m.; y/pra m. branch : Qdkhd f. brave: dhira. breast: «ras n.; vaksas n. bridegroom : uar« m. bring, to: m + a; hr + d. broad : prthu ; uru. brother: bhratr m. burn, to : dah. business: kdrya n. but: tu; kimtu ; punar. call, to: hvd; (name) vac; vad. capable: samartha. caste : jdti f. cattle : go va. pi. cease, to: gam; ram + vi. celebrated : vicruta ; crimant. chain : hdra m. charioteer; suta m. charm : kdnti f.. check, to: dam, caus. ; rudh. chest: vaksas it.; uras n. child: bdla m.; cicu m. choose, to: 2i\r. cistern : vdpi f. citizen : pdura m. city : nagara n. ; -j f.; pur f. cleverness: buddhi f. climb, to : ruA + a. close, to : lur + sam ; lcMa + apt. cloud: megha m. coachman: suta m. come, to: graw + a; ya + 6; t -f II. English-Sanskrit Glossary. 219 abhi or a; come out: gam + nis; yd + nis. command, to: dig+d; jnd+d caus. command : Txjnd f. ; nideca m. commit, to : car + a ; \kr. companion: sahdya m.; sahaca- ra m. company: samdja m. compose, to: rac. conduct: vrtta n. confine, to: rudh + ni. conquer, to: ji. consecrate, to: ni + upa. consider, to : cint ; Ivid. consort : patnl f. cook, to: pac. copying: lekhana n. cord, sacred: upavita n. count, to : ganaya. courageous : tejasvin. course: gati f. cover, to : \vr (mid.) ; \vr + sam (mid.), cow: dhenu f. ; go f. cowherd: gopa m. create, to : srj. creator: dhdtr m.; srastr m. creature: prdnin m. ; jagat n. crescent: kald f. cross, to: tr. crow: vdyasa m. curds: dadhan n. cut, to: krt; chid. ■ t di,-?(i cut off, to : kft + ava; chid + ava. daily: nitya; (adv.) nityam ; pra- tyaham. dancing: nrtta n. daughter: kanyd f . ; putri f . ; f/u- tor f. day: divasa m. ; rfma n. ; ahan n.; d. by d. : dine dine ; pratyaham ; a day and a night: ahordtra n. dead: mrta; vipanna. decide, to (settle) : nl + nis. deed : karman n. deity : devatd f. delicate: taruna. delight, to (tr.): tus, caus. deliverance : mukti f. demon: rdksasa m. depart, to : i -f apa. describe, to: varnaya. desire, to : lubh. destroy, to: bhanj. despise, to : man + ava ; bhu -f pari. determine, to: ci + nis or vi-nis. devoted: bhakta; snigdha. devotion: bhakti f. die: aksa m. die, to : mr ; i + pra ; pad + vi. difficult: durlabha; duskara. dig, to: khan. diligence: udyoga m. diligently: bhrcam. disappear, to : nac + vi. disease : ruj f. ; vyddhi m. dismount, to : ruh -f ava. disown, to: khyd -f- prati-d. dispute, to: vad + vi. distress, to : du. distribute, to : bhaj + vi. divine : divya. do, to: \kr ; car -f sam-a. domestic: grhya. dog : cvan m. ; cum f. door: dvar f. 220 doorkeeper: dvdhstha m. dove : kapota m. draw, to: vah. drink, to: \pd. j.t<\ driver: suta m. drop, to: sic. drop: bindu m. dwell, to: Bvas; vas + ni; dwell on (fig.) : sanj. II. English-Sanekrit-Glossary. p. 7? ear: karna m. earth : prthivi f. ; bhu f. ; bhumi f. east, eastern : prdnc ; the E. : prdcl f., 8c. die. eat, to; ad; 2ac; bhaks; bhuj. eating: bhaksana n. eclipse, to : \kr + tiras. eight: asta. eighth: astama. eighty: aciti f. eightieth: acltitama. eldest: jyestha. elephant : gaja m. ; hastin m. eleventh : ekadaca. emerge, to : tr +• ud. eminent, to be: cubh. emperor: samraj m. encompass, to: Icr ; chid + ava. end: anta m. endure, to: sah. enemy : ari m. ; catru m. ; dvis m. enjoy, to: bhuj. enjoyment: bhoga m. enter, to : vie -f pra. entrancing : manohara. envoy: data m. entrust, to: Ida + pra. equip, to : nah + sam. eulogy: stotra n. even (adv.): api. every: sarva. evil (adj.): pdpa\ (subst. ) papa n. exceedingly: ati. explain, to: bru + vi\ \vr + vi; caks + vi-d. exterminate, to : chid + ud. eye: netra n. ; caksus n. ; aksan n.; locana n. face: mukha n. fagot : samidh f. fair: sundara. fall, to: pat; pat + ni ; fall to one's lot: r; fallen (killed): patita; mrta. fame : kirti f. ; yacas n. family: vahga m. famous: vicruta. fast (firm): drdha. fasten, to: bandh. fat: pina; pusta. father: janaka m. ; />?7r m. fault, to find : Ikr + tiras. faultless: anavadya. fear: bhaya n. field : ksetra n. fifth: pancama. fight, to: #«dA. filled: puma; sampurna. finally: ante. find, to: 2y»d. finish, to: dp + sam. fire: agni m.; hutabhuj m. firewood: samidh f. first: prathama; at first thamam. fish : tnatsya m. ; mina m. fit, to : «/w;'. 2?ra- II. English-Sanskrit Glossary. 221 five: paiica. flee, to : paldy. flit, to: bhram. flock : papu m. pi. flower: puspa n.; sumanas f. fly, to: pat; fly up : pat + ud. fodder : ghdsa m. foe: ari m. ; catru m. follow, to: <7a?w + anu; i + anw. fond, to be: tus. food : anna n. foot : pada m. ; pad m. force : bala n. foreign: para. forehead: lald{a n. forest: vana n. forest-dwelling: vanavdsin. form, to : lwd + nw. formula (sacrificial): yajus n. generous : ddtr. get, to: /aM; lac; dp. gift: dana n. gird, to: nah + saw*. girdle: mekhald f. girl : kanyd f. ; 2>a7a f. give, to: yam; Ida. giver: ddtr m. glance: drc f. glory : ktrti f. ; yacas n. go, to: car: yd; gam; i; go on (continue): vrt + pra. god : deva m. ; goddess : devl f. gold: suvarna n. govern, to: pas; rajyam kr. good: sddhu; sant. gracious: civa. graciousness : krpd f. grain : dhdnya n. fortune : crl f., often pi. ; goddess grammar : vyakarana n. of f. : crl f. forty: catvarincat f. four: catur. free, to: muc. friend: mitra n.; sakhi m.; su- hrd m. friend -betrayer : mitradruh. front: agra n.; in f. of: agre, samaksam (gen.), fruit: phala n. fruitful: phalavant. full: purna; sampurna. gain, to: ZaM. garden: udydna n. garland: «ao/a f. ; sraj f. gate: drar f. gather, to: ci + sam. gazelle: harina in. ; wroa m. grasp, to . grah. graze, to : car. great: mahant. great king: mahdrdja m. greater: mahlyas; adhika. greatly: bahu; bhrcam. greedy : lubdha. Greek: yavana m. greet, to : vand ; vad + abhi, caus. grieve, to: du. ground ; bhumi f. ; on the g. : adhas. grind, to: pis. guard, to: raks; gopdya. guest: athiti m. guilt: papa n.; enas n. hand: kara m.; pdni m.; hasta m. hang, to : sanj ; lag. happiness: sukha n. 222 II. English-Sanskrit Glossary. happy, to be: mud. hard to find : durlabha. harm, to : \kr + apa. hate, to : dvis ; dvis + pra. hear, to: gru. heart : hrdaya n. ; hrd n. heaven : svarga m. heavy : guru. hell : naraka m. here: atra; iha. hero : gura m. ; vtra m. hesitation: gankd f. high: ucchrita. high water: pura m. hold shut, to: Idha + apt. holy: sddhu. holy writ: gruti f. home (adv.); grham. honey : madhu n. honor, to: puj; nam; sev. hope: dgd f. horse: agva m. house : grha n. : master of the h., grhastha m. householder : grhastha m. house-priest : purohita m. how?: katham. human: mdnusa. hunter: vyddha m. hurl, to: 2as; ksip. husband: pati m.; bhartr m. hymn: swfcto n. injustice: adharma m. intelligence: buddhi f. iron: io^a n. I : aham. impart, to : Void + ni, caus. inclined, to be: snih. increase, to: vrdh. India: bharatakhanda m. initiate, to: ni + upa. jaw: hanu f. jewel : mani m. ; rafria n. ; bhu- sana n. kill, to : mr, caus. ; han ; Aan, caus. kindle, to: idh. king: nr/ja m.; nrpati m.; pa- rthiva m. ; ra/an m. ; bhubhuj m.; bhubhrt m. kingdom : rdjya n. know, to: lvid;jnd. knowledge: m'cfya f . ; jnana n. lament, to: Jap + tri. land: depa m. language: bhdsd f. last, at: ante. law: dharma m. ; w'dfo" m. law-book: «mrti f.; dharmagd- stra n. law-suit: vyavahdra m. lead, to: m. leader: netr. learn, to: #«?« + ava; Ivid; i + learned : vidvdhs ; pandita ; kugala. learning: wicfya f. leather: carman n. leavings: ucchista n. lesson: adhydya m. lick, to: &7t; fo'A + ara. life : jivita n.; ayws n.; carita n. light: jfyoft's n. light (not heavy): laghu. like: ioa. II. English-Sanskrit Glossary. 223 limb: afiga n. lion: sinha xa. lip : ostha m. listen, to: cru. live, to : jlv ; vrt ; an + pra. long: dirgha; (adv.) dram. look at, to: Iks + pra. lord: icvara m. ; pati m. lotus: padma m. n. love, to : snih. love, god of 1. : kama m. lanar mansion : naksatra n. maiden : kanyd f. ; bald f. maidservant: ddsl f. make, to: \kr. man (w>): nam m.; pumdns m.; purusa m.; (homo): jana m.; mdnava m. ; manusya m. ; wara m. mankind: jiawa m. pi. many: 5aAw; prabhuta. march, to: cal+pra. marriage: vivdha m. marry, to : rat + pari. master: bhartr m. ; pafi m. mat : Acta m. means: sddhana n. medicine: dusadha n. meet, to (intr.) : jam + sam (mid.), meeting: samdgama m. melted butter: ghrta n. mention, to : hr -f urf-a. merchant: vanij m. merit: punya n. mighty: balin; balavant; vibhu. milk, to: for 83 only ^nfffil; ^H #i M^RujfH 26, etc.; ^TTT- f^hrfa 2#, ^Tf^nrct 38, ^anflOi 88. Corrections and Additions. P. 135, 1. 5. For: ^^ read: 41 <*R . P. 137, 1. 2. Bead: yrWTf fi Pft- P. 138, 1. 1'2. Z)eZt! ^fcrfST 'firm in battle'. P. 180, 1. 17. For: f^rf^ read: f%f^. P. 182, 1. 1. For: fM5*rf read: fafacQ. P. 186, 1. 1. .Kead: ^T^fff. P. 190, 1. 6. For: suffix read: suffice. P. 192, 1. 13 from below. For: qf^jM^ read: \*1$ \ \ . P. 196, col. 1. S. v. \fi, insert: + sam-d come together, join. P. 197, col. 1. Insert: rsabhadatta m., n. pr. P. 199, col. 1. S. v. \/gam, insert: + upa-a come near. P. 205, col. 2, 1. 2 from below. Read: ]< lpr (piparli; caus. purdyati) fill. Also insert in Vocab.: j/2 pr (pardyati) overcome (evils); prevail. P. 207, col. 2, 1. 5. Read: bhiksa f., begging, alms. P. 208, col. 1, 1. 2. Read: \/bhram (bhrdmati, -te; bhramyati: 131). — Col. 2, 1. 11. Read: Greek w ; cf. 195, 486. — L. 9 from below. After: release insert: let fly. shoot. P. 209, col. 2, 1. 2. Insert: + pra give, give in marriage. — S. v. \/yuj + ni, add: caus. set (as jewels). P. 212, col. 1, 1. 5. Insert: + pra idem. — Col. 2,1.15 from below. Read: + pra wander forth. L. 9 from below. Read: + pra idem. P. 214, col. 2, 1. 9. Read: sameta (| i + sam-a) a., followed by, pro- vided with. F * "I " 7P /*VIAY u 9 ■ - LD 21-40m-2,'69 (J6057sl0)476 — A-32 General Library University of California Berkeley IN U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES CD3TS7bTD^ ! ¥>. .' hi 7\