Sfifcaat* $B tit 4 ?4 , fy ' ijxm * •;- W& W Mw ■%**' i vr ./IWHIWM^IMW LIBRAKY OF THE University of California. gift OK Received <9£eJf- % . i8tpjr Accessions No. //(?/#. C/./.M No. & $*$.... V\3iS METHOD PHILOLOGICAL STUDY EIGLJSH LANGUAGE. BY FRANCIS A. MARCH, PROFESSOR OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE, AND LECTURER ON COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY IN LAFAYETTE COLLEGE, EASTON, PA. * LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, NEW YORK: HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS, FBANKLIN SQUAB E. 18 6 5. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-five, by Harper & Brothers, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the Southern District of New York. LIBRARY tfKirERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. PREFACE. Classical Philology regards language mainly, as literature, and studies grammar in connection with etymology, rhetoric, poetry, and criticism. A thorough method of philologmal study plainly has ques- tions to ask of psychology, since the general laws of language are on one side also laws of mind ; it includes the study of the history and character of a race and their language, and of the nature in which they have lived, since from these result the peculiar laws and idioms of a language, and the power of special words and phrases over the national heart ; it includes the study of the life and times, and of the character of the author, since his idiotisms are a resultant of the influences of the age and his own genius ; it implies the study of many books in many languages, since it is only by a comparison of works of different nations and ages that we can find out the peculiarities of each nation, age, and person, and trace the influences from which a great work has sprung, and the influences which it has exerted on other minds and on lan- guage. The science of language (Comparative Philology) has a still wider range ; it seeks to know and reduce to system all the facts and laws of speech, and to ground them in laws of mind and of the organs of speech : there is no nook of man's mind, or heart, or will, no part of his nature or history, into which the student of language may not be called to look. An attempt has been made in this book to select such topics as may be taught to students in our high schools in con- nection with the critical study of a few English authors, and to arrange questions upon them, so as to enable a teacher to begin philological study without embarrassment, and to go on with it with success. The method is progressive. Similar questions are iterated and reiterated ; the teacher should reiterate without end, that the dullest may be made to run in the right ruts. In studying the life and times of each author, the students should look up information every where : scraps from novels like Scott's, from reviews and magazines, are not to be despised. The habit of investi- IV PREFACE. gating and writing out results makes the full man and the exact man at once ; it divests composition of ninety-nine parts of its horrors, and it quickens thought ninety-nine times as much as beating the brain for original brilliancies. If, however, books are not to be had, the teacher should give the needed facts and thoughts in a lecture, and the students should take notes and rewrite. There are many questions, especially among the introductory and the synoptical, which may be answered yes or no with little improvement ; essays should be written embodying all these in connected discourse. A large part of the questions call for comparison of the language of different authors, and of mil with the English Bible. It is taken for granted that these greatest of English classics will be always at hand and in use. A special discussion of the language of the English trans- lations of the Bible was to have completed this book, but has been cut off by want of room. The figures often do not refer to any full answer to the questions ; when reasons are asked for, or connection of thought, the student must hope to find little more than explanation of terms, and a starting-point for his own thinking. Fowler's English Language has more philolog- ical matter than his school grammar, and may be used throughout by means of Appendix D. In the study of Chaucer, and once in a while elsewhere, there are references to the fountains. It is a good thing for those who are studying other languages to translate the English text into one or more of them. They should also be plied with questions on Comparative Grammar and Philology. Many college professors wish to teach English, but can not get time for it. The Professor of Rhetoric, into whose hands this study oftenest falls, usually controls the writing of the classes, or some of them. Would not a weekly written exercise embodying answers to the questions in this book or to others like them, continued for a term or two, and fol- lowed by an examination, do something toward a thorough study of the English language and of English literature ? The name and form of this book are taken from the Method of Clas- sical Study, by Dr. Taylor, of Andover, to whom we all owe so much. E aston, Pa., December, 1864. TABLE OF CONTENTS. The method is progressive. Questions on each topic, once begun, are kept up to the end. yn ^ BuNY his Times, Life, Works, PAQKS Grammatical Equivalents.... ! ' ' . , Ehetorical Forms f Language. TheP.lgnms . m +> Progress 7-li> Historical Elements J ' 7 Milton, his Times, etc. Para- ' j dise Lost 16-36 Punctuation Poetical Forms Epic Art Etymology of Pronouns . Pronominal Elements.... Instinctive Forms )■ Shakespeake. Julius Caesar. . Dramatic Art Creative Power in Language - Derivation 4Q -\ Romance of Chivalry > Spenser. Faery Queen 74-87 Spenserian Stanza ) Phonetic Elements ^ Orthographic Elements I Chaucek . Canterbury Tales... 88-109 Historical Elements Criticism of uncertain Text.. J Model of Analysis 111,112 Table of Historical Elements 113,114 Grimm's Law : 115 Collation of Sections in Fowler's Grammars, 12mo and 8vo 116-118 ABBREVIATIONS. V prefixed marks a root ; — prefixed marks a suffix ; - suffixed marks • a prefix ; + suffixed to the number of a page or section means and the following, elsewhere + means together with ; < or > is placed between two words when one is derived from, the other, the angle pointing to the derived word ; < may be read from, > whence; z= means equivalent to; : means akin to ; over words indicates that they are to be treated in some respect as one. Engl. means English. Fr. means French. Ger. means German. Gr. means Greek. It. means Italian. Lat. means , Latin. M. Lat. means Latin of the Middle Ages. O. E. means Old English. O. Fr. means Old French. Sanscr. means Sanscrit. Semi-Saxon means Layamon. Sp. means Spanish. Figures alone refer to sections of Fowler's English Grammar, 12mo. In other cases they refer to volume and page. Becker. A Grammar of the German Language. By K. F. Becker. Bopp. A Comparative Grammar of the Sanscrit, etc. By Prof. F. Bopp. Diez, R. G. Grammatik der Romanischen Sprap|*en. Von Friedrich Diez. 2 te Ausgabe. Divight. Modern Philology. By B. W. Dwight. Fiedler and Sachs. Wissenschaftliche Grammatik der Englischen Sprache. Grimm, D. G, Deutsche Grammatik. Von Dr. Jacob Grimm. Guest, E. R. A History of English Rhythms. By Edwin Guest, Esq., etc. Latham, E. L. The English Language. By R. G. Latham, M.A., etc. 4th Ed. Marsh, E. L. Lectures on the English Language. By George P. Marsh. Marsh, E. L. L. The English Language and its Early Literature. By George P. Marsh. Trench. On the Study of Words. By R. C. Trench, B.D., etc. Trench. English Past and Present. By R. C. Trench, B.D., etc. Unabr. Gram. The English Language in its Elements and Forms, with a History of its Origin and Development. By William C. Fowler, LL.D. (References to Sections.) LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.. METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. THE BEGINNING OF THE PILGRIM'S PROGRESS. Introductory. — Write an account of the life and works of Banyan ; especially of the Pilgrim's Progress, the cir- cumstances under which it was written, its character, its influence and fame. — (See Chambers's Cyclopaedia of En- glish Literature, or Cleveland's Compendium of English Literature, and works there referred to.) What famous Englishmen lived at the same time with Bunyan? Was he an associate of any of them ? How old was lie when the Para- dise Lost was published ? Does he show any knowledge of it ? What important events occurred in England during his life? In America? Did he take part in any of them ? When and where was the Pilgrim's Progress written ? How old was Bunyan then ? What scholastic prep- aration had he for writing a great work ? What preparation from self- culture, preaching, writing ? From religious experience ? Had he, on the whole, been long and well trained for this work ? What external circumstances helped him ? His imprisonment ? What books had he in prison? Was it a good thing that he had those only? Were the times favorable to such a work ? How so? Did the Pilgrim's Progress take rank at once among the great works of genius? Does it now? On what grounds ? What is an allegory ? 432. Had Bunyan scriptural example for this mode of teaching ? What difference between an allegory and a para- ble? 432, 460. Are there any beings in classic mythology analogous to the characters of Bunyan ? What difference between an allegory and a myth ? Did Bunyan write other allegories ? What famous English metrical allegory ? What are the peculiar merits of the Pilgrim's Prog- ress? 8 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. As I walked through the wilderness of this world, I lighted on a certain place where was a (Study Becker's Syntax, 404-415, and Rhetorical Forms, 470-476. Write an analysis. A model is given in Appendix A.) Read the first clause! "As — world." Is it a leading or a depend- ent clause? Read the leading clause! "I— place." What kind of sentence is it — declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory, or optative? 404. What is the verb ? 175, IV. The subject? 174. What words make the predicative combination? 405. On is the sign of a combination between what words? Lighted + on place is what kind of combination ? 407. Does on place complete or extend the predicate ? 408. Why so? Is it an adjunct of time, place, mode, or cause? 408. Certain -f place is what kind of combination ? 406. Is not certain super- fluous ? If so, have we tautology, pleonasm, or verbosity ? 473. A + place is what kind of combination? 406. Colloquial form of lighted? What grammatical equivalent for lighted on a place? 412. Can you give a better expression ? If so, explain why you think it better ! What is the next clause? Why do you give "As — world" before "Where — den f ' What kind of clause — subordinate or co-ordinate ? 409. Sub- stantive, adjective, or adverbial? 411. As an adverb it modifies what? What kind of adverb is it — of place, time, cause, condition, or manner? 411, III. What grammatical equivalents for as I walked? 412 -K What is the connective ? 396, IV. The verb ? 175, IV. Subject ? 174. Predicative combination ? 405. Through is a sign of combina- tion between what two words? Walked -{-through wilderness is what kind of combination ? 407. Does through wilderness complete or ex- tend the predicate ? 408. Why so ? Is it an adjunct of time, place, mode, or cause? 408. The -\- wilderness is what kind of combination ? 406. Which note in 370 describes this use of the ? Of is a sign of combination between what words? Wilderness +ofivorld is what kind of combination ? 406. Why so ? Does of usually connect two nouns in an attributive relation ? Is any other preposition like it in that re- spect? What reason for this in its meaning? This -{-world is what kind of combination ? 406. Is of this world logically a partitive or ap- positivc ? 359, 362, VII. What grammatical equivalent for this clause, using a possessive case ? 357, IV. Using an adjective for wilderness ? for of world ? What is the next clause? "Where — den" What kind of clause — BUNYAN. 9 den, and laid me down in that place to sleep ; subordinate or co-ordinate? 409. Substantive, adjective, or adverbial? 411, II. What noun does it describe? What grammatical equivalent for where containing a relative pronoun ? 412, 396, VIII. What is the connective? 396, IV. The verb? 175, IV. Subject? 174. Predi- cate ? 353, 408. Of the three predications mentioned in 353 as possi- ble, which is this ? Can not position be predicated ? Can an adverb of place be a true predicate ? — (Unabridged Gram., 539, II., 5.) A + den is what kind of combination ? 406. What peculiarity of collocation in this clause? 356. Is this case described in 356? A grammatical equivalent giving the present idiom for this clause ? One reversing the collocation? One abridging this clause so as to include it in the for- mer ? Have the three first clauses the best possible collocation ? Why not put the leading clause first? How could the others be arranged then ? What objection to each arrangement ? Can grammatical equiv- alents be used which will make the clause now first in place the lead- ing clause ? Would it not be better to say, / was walking when I light- ed? Why not? What is the next clause ? What kind of clause — subordinate or co- ordinate? 409. Co-ordinate with what? (Name a clause always by giving its verb; e. g. t in answer to the last question, say, The clause in which lighted is the verb.) Is it copulative, adversative, disjunctive, or causal? 410. What is the connective? 410. The verb? 175, IV. Subject? 174. Direct object? 360. Predicative combination? 405. First objective combination? 407. What kind — completing or extend- ing? 408. Is laid me a true reflective? 286. What grammatical equiv- alents for it ? 374, V., VI. Would not i* assumed a recumbent petition be better? 473. Would not I lay be better ? Why not? 473. What is the second objective combination ? Is it completing or extending ? 408. Why so? An adjunct of time, place, mode, or cause? 408. What is the third objective combination ? What combination is in the sign of? That+place is what kind of combination ? 406. What gram- matical equivalent for in that place ? 412. Would it not be better rhe- torically not to repeat the word place? Why not? What is the fourth objective combination ? What grammatical equivalent for to sleep ? 413, 5. Why is to sleep called an abridged sentence ? Is the grammatical equivalent which you give for it a subordinate or co-ordinate sentence ? 409. Substantive, adjective, or adverbial ? 411. In what government ? A2 10 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. and, as I slept, I dreamed a dream. I dreamed, and, behold, I saw a man clothed with rags, 411,1,5. Does to here have its proper force as a preposition ? What force ? 388, II. Can you illustrate by using a noun and preposition in the clause? Which is better here, rhetorically, to repose or to sleep? Why? 473. Who is the /in this sentence ? Is walked through the wilderness, etc., allegorical? 432. What is the literal meaning? The metaphorical? Is the language drawn from the Bible? (Judges, xi., 16 ; Psalm xxiii., 4 ; and study Cruden's Concordance.) Is lighted on a certain place a biblical expression ? (Gen., xxviii., 11.) Is the use of den allegorical? What are its two meanings ? Is there a biblical association intended ? (Hebrews, xi., 38.) Is / laid me, etc., biblical ? (Psalms iii., 5 ; iv., 8 : Gen., xxviii., 11.) Did Bunyan have Gen., xxviii., 10+ distinctly be- fore him here ? Can you state a simile in which the Pilgrim's Prog- ress shall be compared to Jacob's ladder ? 467. What is the next clause? Is it subordinate or co-ordinate? 409. Co-ordinate with what clause ? (Name the clause by its verb.) What is the connective? 410. The verb ? 1 75, IV. The subject ? 174. Pre- dicative combination? 405. Objective combination? 407. What at- tributive combination ? 406. What name is applied in 385, VIII., 360, to an objective relation like that of dream? Is cognate objective or fac- titive object the better name for dream? Why? Is dreamed a dream a biblical expression ? Gen., xxxvii., 5-10. Is there not tautology, ple- onasm, or verbosity in this clause ? 473. What is the next clause? Is it subordinate or co-ordinate? 409. Substantive, adjective, or adverbial? 411, III. Completing or extend- ing? 411, III. An adjunct of place, time, cause, condition, or man- ner? 411, III. What is the verb? 175, IV. The subject ? 174. The predicative combination? 405. Does slept denote momentary or con- tinued action ? Why not say / ivas sleeping ? 255. Why not say while sleeping ? Why not say during the season of repose ? Why not put this clause after dream ? The next clause ? What kind of sentence — declarative, interroga- tive, imperative, exclamatory, or optative ? 404. What kind of combi- nation ? 405. Is this anadiplosis ? 435. The next clause ? Of what clause is behold the verb ? What is its subject ? 380, VIII. What kind of sentence ? 404. The clause has BUNYAN. 11 standing in a certain place, with his face from his own house, a book in his hand, -and a great burden upon his back. the syntax of what part of speech ? 305. What is the verb in the clause with and? Its subject? 174. Direct object? 360. Clothed combines with what ? What kind of combination ? 406. Bags combines with what ? What kind of combination ? 407. Which word is the sign of this combination ? Standing combines with what ? What kind of com- bination ? 406. Is in a certain place necessary to the sense ? Is there tautology, pleonasm, or verbosity in the clause ? 473. What combina- tion is in the sign of? What attributive combinations with place? 406. What combination is with the sign of? What grammatical equivalent for with his face? 412 + . What combination is from the sign of? Face + house? 406. Does from usually denote an attributive combina- tion? What ellipsis here? 354, 403. Does from his own house mean from home ? Why prefer the former expression ? What attributive combinations with house? 406. Is his own house etymologically an equivalent for his house that he owned? What does hook combine with? What ellipsis with it — with, or having, or who had, or being ? 354, 403. Why so ? What ellipsis between book and hand ? What combination is in the sign of? What does and connect — two sentences, or like parts of the same sentence ? 401 . Supply an ellipsis after and so that it may connect two sentences! What attributive combinations with burden? 406. Burden is parsed like what preceding word? Upon is the sign of what combination — burden -{-back, or borne -{-back? Is upon his back equivalent to an adjective or to an adverb? Are the traits mentioned in a natural order — (1) clothed, (2) standing, (3) facing, etc. ? Why re- peat / dreamed at the beginning of this sentence ? 435. Is it a poet- ical form? (Compare Longfellow's Hiawatha.) What grammatical equivalent to incorporate it in the next clause ? Would not I saw in my dream be better? Grammatical equivalent for clothed with rags? 412 -f. Why not say ragged? Prov., xxiii., 21. What is the meta- phorical sense ? Isaiah, lxiv., 6. What is the rhetorical effect of in a certain place ? 473. Is not place repeated too often? Amend the lan- guage, or defend it ! Metaphorical sense of face from his own house ? Luke, xiv., 33. What book is in his hand ? Metaphorical sense of bur- den upon his back? Psalm xxxviii., 4. What danger from frequent el- 12 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. I looked, and saw him open the book and read therein ; and, as he read, he wept, and trembled ; lipsis? 470. Can you supply, or omit, or alter any words so as to add to the perspicuity or liveliness of the sentence? 470 + . What is the next clause ? What kind of sentence— declarative, in- terrogative, imperative, exclamatory, or optative ? 404. What kind of combination? 405. What is the next clause? Is it subordinate or co-ordinate? 409. Co-ordinate with what clause? (Name it by its verb.) Is it copula- tive, adversative, disjunctive, or causal? 410. What is the connect- ive? 410. The verb? 175, IV. The subject? 174. By what figure is the subject omitted ? 354. What is the rhetorical effect of ellipsis ? 403. What direct object ? 360. What relation has him to open ? Why is the subject of the infinitive put in the objective ? Is it usually the same when expressed as the object of the preceding verb ? 388, VI. Gov- ernment of open ? 388, III. Does it complete or extend the predicate ? 408, I., e. What grammatical equivalent for him open? Which note in 370 describes the use of the here ? Why not say that book ? What does and connect ? Read combines with what ? What kind of combi- nation? 408. *Read+ therein is what kind of combination? 408. Com- position of therein ? Which pronoun is there from ? 236. What gram- matical equivalent for therein containing the pronoun that ? 396, VIII. Next clause? What kind of clause? 409, 410. Co-ordinate with what clause ? (Name it by its leading verb.) What is the connective ? 410. Verb? 175, IV. Subject? 174. Combination? 405. What is wept from? Is it a weak or strong verb? 276. Why not wepd? 85-87. Next clause ? What kind of clause ? Subordinate or co-ordinate ? 409. Substantive, adjective, or adverbial? 411. As an adverb k mod- ifies what? What kind of adverb? Of place, time, cause, condition, or manner? 411, III., 2. What grammatical equivalent for as? 412+. Is not while more precise ? Is it not better ? Does read denote contin- ued action? Is not while he was reading better? Why not put this clause after wept? What effect on the perspicuity of and trembled? What effect on the anadiplosis? 435. Next clause? What kind of clase? 409. Co-ordinate with what clause? Is the order natural — (1) wept, (2) trembled, (3) cried? What rhetorical figure ? 444. Which word is the connective ? 410. The verb? 175, IV. Subject? 174. By what figure is the subject omitted? 354. BUNYAN. 13 and, not being able longer to contain, he brake What rhetorical effect has the ellipsis ? 403. What biblical reference here? Acts, xvi., 30 -h Is it an allusion? 433. Next clause? What kind of clause? 409. Co-ordinate with what clause ? The connective ? 410. The verb ? 175, IV. The subject ? 174. What attributive combinations with he ? 406. Not combines with what ? Kind of combination ? 407. Being combines with what ? Kind of com- bination ? 406. Able combines with what ? Longer combines with what ? What combination is to the sign of? Does to have its usual meaning as a preposition here ? Give a grammatical equivalent for able to contain which shall use some other preposition ? Is contain used now as it is here? What grammatical equivalent for it in use now? 412 + . What is the biblical idiotism? 1 Corinthians, vii., 9. Explain the meaning of contain himself! What does himself mean ? What does out combine with? Kind of combination? 407. Kind of adjunct ? 408. What con- nection of thought between the common meaning of brake and its mean- ing here? What is broken in this case? Connection of thought be- tween the common meanings of out and its meaning here ? Forth from what does it mean ? What combination is with the sign of? Brake-\- with cry is what kind of combination ? 407. With cry completes or ex- tends the predicate? 408. Is it an adjunct of time, place, mode, or cause? 408. What attributive combinations with cry? 406. What does saying combine with? Brake -f saying is what kind of combina- tion? 408. Completing or extending? 408, 2, d. What other name for a participle used adverbially? (Gerund, Unabr. Gram., 539, VI., 2.) How many abridged sentences in this clause? What grammatical equivalents for being, to contain, and saying, will develop this clause into four clauses? 412 + . What rhetorical grounds for preferring the pres- ent form ? Is it favorable to perspicuity ? 470-472. To liveliness ? 473. Next clause? What kind of sentence in form? 404. Direct or in- direct interrogative ? 404. In relation to the former clause is this clause subordinate or co-ordinate? Substantive, adjective, or adverb? 411. How is it parsed as a substantive? 411, 1, 3. What is its verb? 175, IV. Subject? 174. Direct object? 360. Predicative combination? 405. Objective combination? 407. Peculiarity of collocation of what ? 361, 386. Of I? 356, 1 ; 384, 7. What grammatical equivalent for shall do containing an infinitive with to? 271, 3. Analyze shall do ; parse shall alone! 271, III. Does it here have its primitive sense of ought? 14 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. out with a lamentable cry, saying, What shall I do? 256, 272. State its precise meaning ! In what mode is do when parsed separate from shall? 389. Is this the objective or gerundial infinitive? 389, 263. Whence is this language drawn? Acts, ii., 37; xvi., 30. Synoptical. How many verbs in the active voice are found in the extract now analyzed ? How many in the passive voice ? What is the rhetorical effect of the active as compared with the passive ? Which makes the actor more prominent ? Is the actor necessarily mentioned at all with the passive ? Is the management of the verbs in this passage well suited to lively description? How many nouns in the extract? How many descriptive adjectives ? Are they noticeably many or few ? Would it not embellish the style to use more — e. g., u As I walked soli- tary and alone through the waste howling ivilderness of this sin-polluted world," etc. ? How* many descriptive adverbs? Can you point out how more might have been used with good effect ? How many personal pro- nouns in the extract? Are they noticeably many or few? What is the rhetorical effect of using many? 222, 226, 228. Unabridged Gram., 291 + . Are they signs of personality and life? Would it not be bet- ter to put we for It 226. What is egotism ? Is it usually lively ? Why ? How many independent, co-ordinate, and substantive clauses in the ex- tract? How many adjective and adverbial clauses? What is the rhe- torical effect of the substantive clause — e.g., "Saying, What shall I do?" compared with the adjective — e. g., " Inquiring as to the duties which he ought to perform ?" 473, 474. Why is the former more lively than the latter? What connection has this with the remark in 474 about con- junctions? How many points can you specify in which Bunyan's syn- tax is specially suited to allegorical writing? How many words in this extract not of Anglo-Saxon origin? (Cer- tain, place, face, tremble, able, contain, lamentable, cry.) Is this a large number for good English? (See Appendix B.) Do these words con- tribute their share to the expressiveness of the passage? Can you sub- stitute better words from the Anglo-Saxon? Are any of them not bib- lical ? Do 43, 61-64, understate the expressiveness of the Romanic por- tion of English ? Is the monosyllabic character of English (95) inher- ited from the Anglo-Saxon? Should Bunyan be expected to use a very large proportion of Anglo-Saxon words — from his education? from Ijis subject ? from those for whom he wrote ? from his favorite books ? from BUNYAN. 15 any other considerations ? 15-22, 42, 43, 59-65 ? Is Bunyan's diction (his words and phrases) drawn from the Bible ? Is this a merit ? Why ? What intrinsic merits has the language of the English Bible? Is it made more perspicuous by early familiarity ? What of its associations ? How many particulars can you specify in which Bunyan's diction is specially adapted to an allegory like the Pilgrim's Progress ? Does Bun- yan use any poetical forms ? What one is found in "I i^alked through the wilderness of this world ?" 491. What in the repetition of I dreamed? (Compare Longfellow's Hiawatha.) Is a peculiar regular recurrence of accent to be found in the prose of the Pilgrim's Progress? Can you give striking examples of it ? What kind of meter is the following ex- tract? 522. "So they went up to the Mountains, to behold the gardens and orchards, The vineyards and fountains of water ; where also they drank and washed themselves, And did freely eat of the vineyards. Now there were on the tops of those Mountains, Shepherds feeding their flocks ; and they stood by the highway-side. The Pilgrims therefore went to them, and leaning upon their staffs, As is common with weaiy pilgrims, when they stand to talk with any by the way, They ask-ed, Whose Delectable Mountains are these? And whose be the sheep, that feed upon them ?" (The length of these lines is determined by the sense ; both halves of the line usually cut a foot. The incorrect punctuation is copied as showing perception of the meter. As dactylic hexameters the first two verses would be : So' they went I up' to the I Moun'tains X V be|hold' the I gar'dens and I orch'ards, the Vine'yards and I foun'tainsof I wa'ter ; + where I al'so they I drank" and I wash 'ed them-) Does the dactylic cadence run throughout the Pilgrim's Progress? Is it specially suited to this kind of writing ? What likeness in Homer's, Goethe's, Longfellow's use of it ? What likeness to the alliterative me- ters of the North? 491. What of the capacity of English for dactylic meter in view of the Pilgrim's Progress ? Was Bunyan a maker of rhymes and verses ? Did he write any dactylic verses ? Or know any thing of the classic meters? Was he a true poet? If so, why did he not write better verses ? MILTON, THE BEGINNING OF PARADISE LOST. Introductory. — Write an account of the life and works of Milton ; especially of the Paradise Lost, Milton's prepa- ration for it, the circumstances under which it was written, its character, influence, and fame. — (See Chambers's Cyclo- paedia of English Literature, or Cleveland's Compendium of English Literature, and works there referred to.) Was Milton's father an author? Was his mother a remarkable wom- an ? Had he remarkable brothers or sisters for companions in youth ? What religious influences surrounded his childhood? Who prepared him for college? While preparing, did he study hard? Read much? What favorite books ? Is it supposed that Du Bartas already turned his thoughts in the direction of Paradise Lost ? Did he write ? What ? Did his style show " vital signs?" How did he spend his time in col- lege? What friends there? Did he write any thing of note? What in English? In other languages? How long did he stay in college? When did he say that he cared not how late he came into life, only that he came Jit ? When did he visit Italy ? What had he then written ? What illustrious Italians were then living? What acquaintance did he have with any of them ? Did he there become acquainted with works on the same subject as Paradise Lost ? What ? When did he return ? Why so soon ? What eminent Englishmen were his contemporaries ? Was he a friend of Cromwell ? What great events took place in England during his life ? What part did he take in public affairs ? What did he write on such affairs ? When did he become blind ? When is the Paradise Lost supposed to have been first conceived ? Was it origin- ally cast as an epic poem, or tragedy? What are the main points in Milton's description of his calling to greatness in the preface A to the sec- MILTON. 17 Of mans first disobedience and the fruit (Write an analysis. Study Poetical Forms, 477-641, and Punctuation, 542-564, as well as the sections referred to before.) True musical delight consists only in apt numbers, fit quantity of syllables, and the sense variously drawn out from one verse into another. — Milton. In what meter is Paradise Lost written? 500. Why is it called iambic? What is an iambus ? 4S3. Why is the meter called pentameter ? 500. Why is it called blank verse ? 493. What is a caesura ? 483. Scan the first verse ! Is any foot not a pure iambus ? 4S3. What syllables make the fourth foot ? Has either an accent or em- phasis in correct reading? 103. What is a foot of three unaccented syllables called? 4S3. Where is the caesura? 4S3. (After disobedience.) Does it aid the tribrach? How ? Is the second foot a pure iambus ? Is first a simple unaccented syllable ? What is meant by calling the second foot a quasi-spondee ? 483. ond book of his "Reason of Church Government ?" When Milton says that he must use "industrious and select reading" as a means of prep- aration for his great work, what does he mean ? Does he draw thoughts from all quarters for his work ? Does he imitate the diction and syntax of other writers? What-does he owe to Du Bartas? The Adamo of Andreini? Ccedmon ? Other less known writers? Has he taken as much from these as* from the Bible or Homer? What does he owe to the Bible ? Did he use the English Bible ? Under what religious in- fluences did he write ? Did he believe himself inspired ? What traces of his domestic experience are to be found in Paradise Lost? What of his public life? Are any of his characters taken from real life ? What effect had his blindness on his work ? When was the Paradise Lost published ? How was it received ? Has it affected English literature ? The English language? Is it properly called an epic poem? What other epics are there? On what other subject had Milton thought of writing an epic ? How is the maxim that there must be unity in varie- ty in every work of art applied to an epic ? Has the Paradise Lost uni- ty of time ? place ? action? characters? sentiments? language? What variety is there in it in respect to time? place? action? characters? sentiments? language? Has each book a unity in variety of its own ? Can each book be analyzed into parts having unity in variety? How far can such an analysis be carried? To each sentence? Each line? In which respect is it least perfect — unity or variety ? Variety of time, place, character, action, meter? In which is it nearest perfection? Harmony ? What are its greatest excellencies ? What is the first clause? (Of maris first disobedience sing.") What kind of sentence — declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory, 18 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. Of that forbidden tree whose mortal taste Brought death into the world and all our woe Scan the second verse ! Is any foot not a pure iambus ? 4S3. Where is the caesura ? 4S3. Scan the third line! Is any foot not a pure iambus? 4S3. What is the first? 483. The second? Does Milton accent into on the last syllable in other places ? 1, 91, 545 ; 2, 277, 773, 775, 910, 917 ; 6, 614, 703 ; 10, 17. Where is the caesura ? 483. Is this the most musical place for it ? or optative ? 404. In what other forms can prayer be expressed ? What rhetorical difference between the imperative and interrogative form of prayer ? Between the imperative and declarative ? What is the verb ? 175, IV. Subject? 380, VIII. What is its omission called? 403. What is the predicative combination ? 405. Of what combination is of the sign? What kind of combination is sing -\- of disobedience? 407. Does it complete or extend the predicate ? 408. What does man's com- bine with ? Kind of combination ? 406. What does frst combine with ? Kind of combination ? 40G. Is this clause metaphorical ? Who or what is the real singer? What is meant by singing? What common pe- culiarity in collocation? 356, 1. What poetical license in collocation? 386, 494. Should any capitals be used in this clause? What? Rule for each ? 564. Any other marks ? 553. What is the next clause? The connective? 401. What kind of clause — subordinate or co-ordinate? 410. Copulative, adversative, dis- junctive, or causal? 410. What ellipsis? 403. Verb? 175, IV. Sub- ject? 380, VIII. Of what combination is the first of the sign? The second of? Emit + of tree is what kind of combination? 406. What attributive combinations with tree ? 406. Can this clause be parsed as an abridged clause incorporated with the first ? Which way of parsing is preferable ? Why ? Should this clause be separated by a point from the former? What point? What rule? 543. Should any capitals be used? What? What rule? 564. What is the next clause? What kind of clause — subordinate or co-ordinate ? Substantive, adjective, or adverbial? 411. What noun does it describe—; fruit or tree? Can the taste of any thing but the fruit be meant ? What answer to this argu- ment? Why say forbidden tree? In Genesis, ii., 16 + , is it eat of fruit or eat of tree ? What argument from the force of the and that ? Which attracts the relative most ? (See line 8.) Does the fruit of that tree ivhose taste, etc., exactly equal that fruit of the tree whose taste, etc. ? What argument from collocation ? 376, 2. What rhetorical figure in taste of MILTON. 19 With loss of eden till one greater man Scan the fourth verse ! Is any foot not a pure iambus ? 4S3. Where is the caesura ? 4S3L Has the syllable following it any emphasis? 103. Is its metrical accent strong? (Compare the syllable after the caesura in line first.) Is the third foot a pyrrhic ? 4S3. How does one greater differ metrically from a greater? What is the fourth foot ? 4S3. tree ? 469. Is the expression forbidden fruit in the Bible ? Forbidden tree? Mortal taste? Is taste used in Genesis, ii., 16+ ? ■ Does Milton affect unfamiliar words and syntax for poetic effect ? What does mor- tal mean? Is not mortal taste brought death objectionable? 473. What is the connective in this clause? 376, 1. Verb? 175, IV. Subject? 174. Direct object? 360. What does into govern? What combina- tion is it the sign of? What attributive combinations with taste? 406. With world? 406. What is the force of the ? 370. Should this clause be separated from the preceding by a point ? What point ? What rule ? 543, IX. Any capital? Rule? 564. Other marks? What is the next clause? Supply the ellipsis! What is the connective? 401. What kind of clause — subordinate or co-ordinate? 409. Co-ordinate with what clause? 410. Can it be parsed as an abridged proposition making a part of the former clause ? What is the verb ? 175, IV. Sub- ject? 174. Direct object ? 360. Attributive combinations with woe? 406. What combination is ivith the sign of? What kind of combina- tion is brought -f with loss? 407. Can you give any argument for the combination fruit -{-with loss=fi~uit and loss? What attributive combi- nation with loss ? 406. What grammatical equivalent for of Eden ? 359. Should this clause be pointed from the preceding? By what point? What rule ? 543. Should it be cut in two by any point ? Where ? By what point ? Rule ? 543. Any capitals ? Rule for each ? 564. Eden is in Italics in Milton's own editions ; why ? 564. Any other marks ? Is Eden the name of Paradise, or the region in which it was situated? Does Milton so use it in other places? (See end of Paradise Lost). What rhetorical figure is loss of Eden? 469. What is the next clause ? Subordinate or co-ordinate ? 409. Sub- stantive, adjective, or adverb? 411. What objection to calling it an adjective describing loss ? As an adverb, what can it modify ? What ellipsis between loss and till? Is it an adverb of time, place, cause, con- dition, or manner ? 411. Should it be separated from the former clause by a point? What point? Rule? 543. Should it be cut in two? What is the connective? 396, IV. Verb? 245. Subject? 352. Di- 20 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. Restore us and regain the blissful seat 5 Sing heavenly muse that on the secret top Scan the fifth verse ! Is any foot not a pure iambus ? Where is the caesura ? Is there emphasis on the syllable after it? 103. Should it have a metrical accent in reading? (Compare verses 1, 4.) What is a foot of two unaccented syllables called ? 483. 13 there any regularity of movement in the successive caesuras thus far ? What is the effect of this movement of the caesura toward the beginning of the verse ? Is it true that the earlier caesuras give more vivacity and the later more gravity? Is there a change of thought corresponding to the metrical change ? Is this grave open- ing, gradually rising, well suited for an opening to the Paradise Lost? Scan the sixth line ! Is any foot not a pure iambus ? 483. Is sing emphatic ? 103. What is a foot of two accented syllables called ? 483. Is the second foot an anapest ? 483. (In Milton's own editions the printing is "Heav'nly.") Does the sense require more than one pause in the verse? Why does harmony require a second pause if a first is made after sing t Is the third foot a pure iambus ? Is it more like a pyrrhic or a spondee ? Is the meter related to that of the former verses as the sense to the sense ? How so ? rect object? 360. Predicative combination ? 405. Attributive combi- nations with man? 40G. How does one man differ from a man? 216, 369, VI. Greater than whom ? Mode and tense of restore ? Should it not be restores ? Are there any capitals ? Eule ? 564. Milton gives Man a capital ; why ? What is the next clause ? What kind of clause ? 409. Co-ordinate copulative with what clause ? 410. (Name the clause by its verb.) Connective? 401. Verb? 245. Should it not be regains? Fredicative combination ? 405. Objective combination ? 407. Attrib- utive combinations with seat ? 406. What does seat mean ? Is it still used in the same sense? (Country-seat,) Why is Eden called seat? Should not the traditive object of regain be expressed ? 360, II. What one is properly implied where none is expressed ? Should this clause be separated from the foregoing by a point ? What point ? Rule ? 543. Should it be cut in two ? Should it be separated from the following word (sing)? AVhat point? What rule? 543. Any capitals or other marks ? Next clause ! Does heavenly Muse form a combination with any word in any clause heretofore examined ? Should it be separated from the foregoing clause by any point ? What point ? What rule ? 543, IV. How is Muse parsed ? Is heavenly Muse like a separate clause in rela- tion to the following clauses? What part of a true clause does it lack? What fitness in calling it a quasi-clause ? As such, is it declarative, in- terrogative, imperative, exclamatory, or optative? 404. Should it be followed by an exclamation point or comma ? 548, 543. Rule ? What MILTON. 21 of oreb or of sinai didst inspire that shepherd Where should the seventh verse end ? Scan it ! Is any foot not a pure iambus ? What is the second? The fourth? What pauses? Which is the principal caesura? Do the syllables following the csesuras receive emphasis ? (See verses 1, 4, 5.) Where does the eighth line begin and end ? Scan it ! Where is the csesura ? Does the syl- lable (who) after it take the emphasis ? Why is it that a cee3ura and an unaccented syllable may so well take the place of an accented syllable ? Which syllable in the first foot varies from a pure iambus ? In the third ? What fitness in the meters of the last two verses ? kino" of combination is heavenly Muse? 406. Is it a biblical expres- sion ? From what solirce ? Is any real being meant by it ? Is a seri- ous prayer to the third person of the Trinity intended ? (Compare verses 17+.) What precisely is the wish expressed by sing? Why use the word Muse? Any capitals in this clause? Rules? 564. Any other marks? Is heavenly or Heavenly better? Is Heav'nly best of all ? Why? What is the next clause ? What kind — subordinate or co-ordinate ? 409. Substantive, adjective, or adverbial? 411. What noun does it describe ? Should it be separated from heavenly Muse ? By what point ? What rule? Connective? 237. Verb? 245. Subject? 376. First ob- jective combination ? 407. Does it complete or extend the predicate ? Second objective combination ? 407. Is it an adjunct of time, place, mode, or cause? 408. What combination is on the sign of? What combination is of the sign of? What three attributive combinations with top ? 406. Meaning of secret here ? Is it a biblical descriptive ? Is Oreb the word used in the English Bible ? (Nor in the Hebrew, Sep- tuagint, or Vulgate.) Why does Milton use it? Analyze didst inspire! Parse didst alone ! Parse inspire alone ! Is inspire an infinitive the di- rect object of didst ? Give grammatical equivalents for the two words to illustrate their relation? What kind of combination is that + shep- herd? What is the force of that in relation to who? 370, XI. Who is the Shepherd? Exodus, iii., 1. Why call him here Shepherd rathep than, e. g., prophet or lawgiver ? Is he ever called Shepherd in the Bi- ble ? Is it a reference to inspiration given him while keeping sheep ? Inspiration to write what grand poem? Any capitals in this clause? Rules for them? 564. What is the next clause? (Or that on the secret top of Sinai didst inspire that shepherd.') What kind of clause — subor- dinate or co-ordinate ? 409. Copulative, adversative, disjunctive, or causal? 410. Disjunctive from what clause? Should it be separated from foregoing clause by a point? What point? What rule?- 543. 22 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. who first taught the chosen seed in the beginning how the heav ens and earth rose out of chaos or Where does the ninth line begin and end? Where is the caesura? 4S3. What is the first foot? A pyrrhic? 4S3. How many accented and emphatic syllables in the first hemistich? What expression has such a hemistich? What is the fifth foot? (The first and the second edition read "Heav'ns.") Does the expression of the two hemistichs vary with the sense ? Where does the tenth verse begin, and where end ? Caesura where? 4S3. Is rose emphatic? Is rose out a spondee or a trochee? 4S3. What is the effect of having the invocation end in the middle of a verse and middle of a foot ? Does the poet seem to be borne on by weight of thought past the formal stop- ping-place? Does it keep us ready to go on? Is the syllable after the casura em- phatic ? What special reason here for making it so ? Should there be a point between Sinai and didst inspire? What role? 543. What is the verb? 245. Subject? 376. Objective combinations ? 407. What combination is of the sign of? Does Milton mean to ex- press a doubt whether the true name of some mountain on which Moses was inspired is Oreb or Sinai ? What and where is Horeb ? What and where is Sinai? Memorable for what events? Is any reference in- tended here to the giving of the law ? Does or mean and used distrib- utively— I e., of Horeb sometimes, other times of Sinai? Is or a real or nominal disjunctive ? 401, II. What capitals in this clause ? Rule 564 What is the next clause ? What kind of clause ? 409. Substantive adjective, or adverb ? 411. What noun does it describe ? Should it be pointed from the foregoing? What rule? 543. What is the connect- ive?237. Verb? 245. Subject? 376. What kind of combination is taught + seed? Does it complete or extend the predicate? 408. What preposition can be supplied which will make good sense? Does the idiom ever require a to before the personal object after teach? When? What kind of object does to oftenest denote? 360, 2. Why not call seed the traditive object here? What other object has taught? What <&oes Jirst combine with ? What attributives with seed? 406. What is meant by chosen seed? Can you find it in the English Bible? Any capitals? Rule? 564. What is the next clause? What kind of clause-subordinate or co- ordinate? 409. Substantive, adjective, or adverb? 411. Is it the di rect object of taught ? 360, IV. Should it be pointed from the forego- ing? Rule? Any other point? What is the connective? 396 IV Verb? 245. Subject? 381. Give the two clauses which are abridged into this one? What kind of combination is rose + out? What is the MILTON. 23 if sion hill delight thee more and siloas brook 10 Where does the eleventh verse begin? Where end? Scan it! Where is the cae- sura ? Is it a natural place for the caesura in a pleasant line ? What variations from the pure iambus? In the second foot? The fourth? Is the second hemistich im- proved by the anapaest ? How so ? primary meaning of of? (from.) Is it here used in its primary sense? What combination is it the sign of? What objective combinations? 407. Of place? Of time? Of manner? Does the collocation of in the beginning affect the perspicuity ? 470. Is the word Chaos in the Bi- ble ? Of what philosophy is it a term ? What does it mean ? What passage in the Bible is here referred to ? The Muse is invoked as hav- ing inspired Moses to write what ? Is the beginning of Genesis a poem ? At what time in the life of Moses does Milton seem to think it to have been composed? Is this figure of the shepherd Moses composing amid the solitudes of the mountains fitted to stand at the opening of Paradise Lost? Is Milton's thought in this clause different from that of Moses? Is the statement better than that in the English Bible? Any capitals required? Rules ? 564. Any other point ? What is the next clause? Connective? 401. What kind of clause? 409. Co-ordinate with what clause? (That in which sing is the verb.) Should it be separated from the foregoing clause ? What point ? What rule ? 545. Does the principle of 545, 2, apply ? What is the verb ? 245. Subject? 355. Direct object? 3G0. Predicative combination? 405. Attributive combination with aid? 406. What combination is thence -f invoke? What grammatical equivalent for thence containing the pronoun that ? What combination is to the sign of? What attributive combinations with song? 406. Why adventurous? Is there any rhe- torical figure here ? What? Any capitals? Rules? 564. Other point? What conditional clause modifies invoke? 411. What is meant by protasis? 411. What is the connective? 411. Should there be a point before if? If not, why not? If so, what point? What rule? 543. The verb ? 245. Subject ? 352. Attributive combination with subject ? 406. First objective combination ? 407. What kind of combination is delight -{-more? More than what? Where is Sion hill? Why men- tioned as a haunt of the Muse ? What poems of the Bible were there inspired ? Is the word Sion in the English Bible ? Is Zion hill? Why not use Mount Zion ? (Compare verse 15.) Any capitals ? Rules ? 564. Any other point ? What is the next clause? What ellipsis? What kind of clause? 24 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. that flowed fast by the oracle of god i thence invoke thy aid to my adventurous song Scan the twelfth verse! Where is the caesura? What fitness in the first hemi- stich in connection with the second of the former line ? Is the movement such as be- longs to waters " that go softly ?" How so ? Does not the foot fast by injure the gen- eral effect ? How so ? Scan the thirteenth verse ! Where is the cae3ura ? Is the pause purely metrical — i. e., not demanded by the sense? What is the last foot? (Milton's editions read "adventrous." It occurs five times in Paradise Lost, — trous always making only part of a foot, and having an apostrophe only once.) 409, 410. Co-ordinate with what clause? Does it belong with the protasis or apodosis? 411. What connective ? 410. Verb? 245. Mode and tense of the verb ? Subject ? 352. Attributive combination with the subject? Where is Siloa's brook? Why mentioned as a haunt of the Muse ? Is it mentioned by any of the greatest poets of the Bible ? Isaiah, viii., G. What is it called in the Bible ? How is it accented in Milton ? Correctly ? What were the streams sacred to the Muses of Greece ? What group of poets and poems is brought to mind by this invocation ? Did Milton suppose the book of Job to have been written by Moses ? Any capitals ? Rules ? 564. Other point ? 553. Why use the possessive of Siioa and not of Sion ? What is the next clause ? Is it subordinate or co-ordinate ? 409. Substantive, adjective, or adverbial? 411. What noun does it describe? Should it be pointed from the preceding clause ? If so, by what pause ? What rule ? 543, IX. If not, why ? 543, IX. Connective ? 23l Verb ? 245. Predicative combination ? 405, 376, XIX. What does fast com- bine with? What combination does near make in flowed near to the or- acle? What kind of combination is flowed '+ fast? Fast-\-by oracle? What are the biblical expressions for fast by ? Acts, xxvii., 13 ; 1 Kings, . xxi., 1 ; 1 Chron., xix., 4. Connection of thought between the com- mon meaning of fast and its meaning here ? Has not fast unfit asso- ciations for "the waters of Siloah that go softly?" Of what combina- tion is of a sign ? 406. What grammatical equivalent for oracle of God? Where was the temple ? Why use the past tense f 'owed? What fitness here in the word oracle ? Is there a pause at the end of this clause ? What pause ? Hule ? 543, 544. Any capitals ? Eules ? 564. Other points ? (Milton prints flow'd) 553. MILTON. 25 that with no middle flight intends to soar above the aonian mount while it pursues 15 things unattempted yet in prose or rhime Scan the fourteenth verse ! Where is the caesura ? Is the first foot a trochee ? Scan the fifteenth verse ! Where is the caesura ? What is the second foot ? The third ? What fitness in these anape3ts to express the thought? (The anapestic, from its strong movement, was a favorite meter for marching songs. — Greek Gram.) What is the fourth foot ? Why can a trochee be used at the beginning of a hemistich better than elsewhere ? What reason in the thought for using one here ? Scan the sixteenth verse ! Where is the caesura ? What is the first foot ? Why is What adjective clause describes song ? Should it be pointed from the foregoing ? What point ? Rule ? 543 . Any other pauses ? If so, wh at ? Rule? What is the connective ? 237. Verb? 245. Predicative com- bination? 405, 376, XIX. What kind of combination is intends to soar ? 407. Does it complete or extend the predicate? 408. Does to have its usual force as a preposition ? What grammatical equivalent without to for this clause? 412 + . What is the subject of soar ? Why is it not repeated? 388, 6. What grammatical equivalent will develop to soar into a full clause? 413. What combination is above the sign of? What attributive combinations with mount? What combination is with the sign of? What kind of an adjunct is with flight, time, place, mode, cause? ; 408. What attributive combinations with flight? 406. Under what figure is song here presented ? 458, 467. To what winged thing is it compared — e. g., a dove, swan, angel? What is the literal mean- ing of middle flight? The metaphorical? What mountain is meant? Why called Aonian ? Is it a name in frequent use ? What is the lit- eral meaning of soar above the Aonian mount ? The metaphorical ? Why should it have such a metaphorical meaning ? Translate the whole into literal statement ! What poets did Milton have most in mind ? Any capitals? Rules? 564. Other point? (First editions have "th'.") 553. What is the next clause ? What kind of clause ? 409. Subordinate or co-ordinate? 409. Substantive, adjective, or adverb? 411. Of time, place, cause, condition, or manner? 411, III. What word does it mod- ify? Should it be separated from the foregoing clause by a point? What point ? What rule ? 543. Any other pause in the clause ? What connective ? 396, IV. Verb? 245. Subject? 174. Direct object ? 360. Attributive combination with things ? 406. What kind of combination is unattempted-]- yet? 407. What combination is in the sign of? What B 26 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. and chiefly thou o spirit that dost prefer before a spondee better there than an iambus ? What is the effect of the uniform caesuras in the latter part of the three last verses ? Does it express a uniform serious effort ? (See question on verse 5.) Scan the seventeenth line ! How many pauses are required ? Which is the true caesura ? Do syntactical considerations settle it ? Is spirit or thou the antecedent of that ? What kind of foot is the third ? The fourth ? How was spirit pronounced by Milton ? (In Shakespeare and poets of his time it is usually one syllable = sprite. Milton uses it sometimes for two half feet, sometimes for one, as poets .now do.) If spirit is pronounced as two syllables, where must the caesura be ? Can emphasis be laid on dost f Which is best here, spirit or spirit ? kind of adjunct is in prose ? 408. What does or connect ? Rhyme is parsed like what word before it ? "What kind of combination is unat- tempted+in rhyme? What grammatical equivalent will expand unat- tempted, etc., into an adjective clause with a predicative combination expressed? What ellipsis after *r will set forth the abridged clause equivalent to or rhyme? Will it give the sense to repeat or while it pursues, etc., after ? Can you express a predicative combination after or, while unattempted is used before or ? Should there be a pause before or ? If so, what pause ? What rule ? If not, why not ? Does this clause carry out the figure of the former ? What is the literal meaning of it ? Of pursues ? What the metaphorical ? Is not the figure dropped in things unattempted, etc. ? Are the rules in 430 violated here ? Had nothing before been written of inaris first disobedience, etc. ? (It hajl been a frequent subject. See Todd's Inquiry, where many such works in Italian, Spanish, etc., and one in Anglo-Saxon [Caedmon], are men- tioned as probably known to Milton.) "Why, then, does Milton say un- attempted? What is meant by rhime? Is the Paradise Lost rhyme? Any capitals? 543. Prose and Rhime have capitals in the first edi- tions; why? 543. What is the next clause? What connective? 401. What kind of clause? 409. Co-ordinate with what clause? That in which sing or that in which invoke is the verb ? Should it be pointed from the forego- ing clause? What point? What rule? What is the verb? 245. Pre- dicative combination ? 405. Direct object ? 360. What does chiefly combine with? Has it a special relation to thou? What? Should there be a point on either side of chiefly ? Rule ? 543. Any capitals ? 564. How is O parsed? 305, 402. What kind of sentence is it most like — declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory, or optative ? 404. Should it be pointed from the foregoing word ? By what pause ? MILTON, 27 ill temples the upright heart and pure instruct me Scan the eighteenth line ! Where is the caesura ? What kind of foot is the third ? The fourth? How does Milton pronounce upright ? Verses 1, 221; 2, 72; 4, 83T; 6, 82, 270, 627; 7, 632 ; 8, 260. In what cases does he uniformly use upright' t Rule? 543. Should it have a capital? Rule? 564. How is Spirit parsed ? 355, II., 402. Does it enter into any predicative combination ? 405. What name has been given in these questions to such expres- sions ? Should it be pointed from the preceding word ? If so, what rule ? Should it have a capital ? Rule ? 564. Is the spirit here in- voked a diiferent being from heavenly muse in verse sixth ? Explain the two invocations ! Is this a true prayer ? Did Milton believe himself inspired? Exodus, xxxv., 31 ; James, i., 17. What is the next clause ? What kind of clause — subordinate or co- ordinate? 409. Substantive, adjective, or adverbial? 411. What noun does it describe? Should it be pointed from the foregoing? What point? Rule? 543. What connective? 237. Verb? 245. Analyze dost prefer ! Parse dost alone ! Prefer alone ! Give grammatical equiv- alents in which a substantive is used for prefer ! Subject? 376, XIX. Direct object ? 360. Attributive combinations with heart ? 406. What does and connect ? 401 . What grammatical equivalents will give and two predicative combinations to connect? 412. What combination is. before the sign of? Does before temples complete or extend the predi- cate? 408. What attributive combination with temples? 406. Is the thought scriptural? 1 Cor., iii., 16, 17 ; vi., 19. Does Milton mean that the upright heart is a temple preferred among temples ? Is his language correct ? 364, XII. Does the fact that there are similar expressions found in Latin and Greek justify it ? Is it analogous to u God and his son except, Created thing naught valued he. "—Book ii., 678 ; and to "Adam the goodliest man of men since born His sons, the fairest of her daughters Eve." — Book iv., 323? How does the belief that Milton deliberately imitated Greek authors in these passages affect your estimate of his greatness ? Is the language that of the English Bible ? Should this clause be cut in two by a point ? If so, what point ? Rule ? Should there be a point at the end of the clause? What? Rule? 543. Any capitals? Rules? 564. Any other points? (The first editions have "th\") 553. 26 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. for thou knowest thou from the first wa&t present and with mighty wings outspread 20 "Where does the nineteenth line begin? Scan it! What pauses? Which is the principal caesura? 483. la for accented? What kind of foot is me for? 4S3. Does the pause help it fill the place of an iambus ? How so ? Is the third foot a spondee ? 4S3. (Milton prints u know 1 st.") What is the fourth foot ? Amphibrach or trochee ? 4S3. Where is a trochee allowable? Elsewhere than at the beginning of a hemi- stich? Why not? Is this line fit to be used in this meter? What adaptedness in it to the thought and feeling? To the meter of the verses before and after? Scan the twentieth line! Caesura where? What is the second foot? Are all the other feet pure iambics ? What fitness to the sense ? What adjustment to the preceding verse ? What rhythmic effect of the pause each side of and t Effect of outspread ? Next clause? (For thou knowest.) What kind of clause — subordinate or co-ordinate ? 409. Copulative, adversative, disjunctive, or causal ? 410. Should it be separated from the foregoing ? What pause ? What rule? 543. Connective? 301. Verb? 245. Predicative combination ? 405. Any objective combination? 407. Any capitals? What rule? 564. Other point ? 553. Next clause ? What kind — declarative, interrogative, imperative, ex- clamatory, or optative ? 404. Should it be pointed from the foregoing ? What point ? Rule ? 544. Verb ? 245. What kind of combination is thou -f present? 405. What is wast called? 353. Present -{-from first is what kind of combination? 407. How is first parsed? What kind of combination is the first? 406. Is this use of the described in 370? What peculiarity of collocation ? Whence is the thought? Gen., i., 2. Is the language that of the English Bible ? Any capitals ? Rules ? 564. Next clause ? What kind ? (Co-ordinate copulative with the clause in which wast is the verb.) 409, 410. Should it be pointed from the foregoing clause ? What point? Rule? 543. Connective? 410. Verb? 245. Subject? 352. What combination is with the sign of? Does with wings complete or extend the predicate? 408. Is it an adjunct of time, place, mode, or cause ? 408. Attributive combinations with wings ? 406. Should there be points to segregate wings and its attributes? What points ? Rule ? 543. Does dovelike refer to likeness of shape or manner of brooding? What .does it combine with? Is the language warranted by the Bible ? Luke, iii., 22. Parse brooding ! What is a participle used adverbially called? (A gerund. Unabridged Gram., 539.) What does it combine with ? Does it complete or extend the brooding on the vast abyss Ojfc» O and madest it pregnant what in * C yf milton. Vk ^ e -'|9/ dovelike satst me is dark Scan the twenty-first line ! Caesura where ? Does it cut a pyrrhic ? 4S3. "What is the first foot ? The second foot ? Scan the twenty-second verse! Caesura where? 4S3. What is the second foot? (Milton has u mad'st.") Does the making the verse caesura a foot caesura tend to connect or dissever the second hemistich from the foregoing ? Why ? predicate? 408, 2, d. Expand it into a clause having a predicative combination ! On is a sign of what combination ? Attributive combi- nations with abyss ? 406. What is the language in the English Bible which Milton is here giving his poetic equivalents for? Genesis, i., 2. Which gives a more definite picture of creation ? Is definiteness a char- acteristic of the sublime ? Should creation be represented according to the laws of the sublime ? Which is more sublime, the description of Milton or that in the English Bible ? In what particulars ? According to what principles ? What peculiarities of collocation in this clause ? 494. Does it give a different sense to put outspread after wings ? Any capitals ? Rules ? 564. Other marks ? 555, 553. Next clause? What kind of clause? 409, 410. Co-ordinate copula- tive with what clause ? Should it be separated from the foregoing by a point? What point? Rule? 543. Connective? 410. Verb? 245. Subject? 352. Predicative combination ? 405. First objective combi- nation? 407. What is the antecedent oft*? Parse pregnant! 360, 3. What kind of combination is madest -f pregnant? 408, 1, g. Does it com- plete or extend the predicate ? 408, 1, g. Why is pregnant called a fac- titive object? 360, 3. Is the distinction made by Becker worth mak- ing between an adjective as predicate and as factitive object ? Why so ? Is the language of this clause figurative ? Does it carry out the figure of the former clause ? What is the abyss compared to ? With what brood is it pregnant ? What rhetorical form ? 458. Does the language rise to the height of the argument ? Any capitals ? Rule ? 564. Any other point? 553. Next clause as printed ? Next clause ? Which is the leading clause ? (Illumine.') What kind — declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclam- atory, or optative ? 404. Verb ? 245. Subject ? 380, VIII. What kind 30 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. illumine what is low ^aise and support Scan the twenty-third verse ! What pauses ? Caesura where ? What trochee fol- lows it ? Point out how the twenty-second and twenty-third stand related metrically to the foregoing and following verses ? Do they give variety ? Do they prepare the ear for a flowing close of this opening passage ? of combination is illumined thou? 405. What of the collocation ? 356. Should there be a point before illumine? What point? What rule? 543. Any capitals ? Eule ? 564. What kind of clause is ivliat in me is dark? 409, 410. Subordinate substantive in what case and govern- ment ? 411, 1., 3. Should there be any point before it ? What ? Rule ? 544, 545, 546. Verb ? 245. What logical name is given the verb here ? 353. What does dark combine with? What kind of combination? 405. What combination is in the sign of? What-\-in me is what kind of combination ? 406. Does in usually denote an attributive ? Is there an ellipsis here ? Give an equivalent for what in me is dark f using only literal language? P. L., iii., 45-51 ; Psalm lxix., 23 ; Romans, i., 21 ; Luke, xi., 34+ ; Eph., iv., 18. Is illumine used in the English Bible? Is the statement in 376, Rule XX., about what correct ? Is the sentence in fine print that follows the rule correct? Any capitals ? Rule ? 564. Next clause? (What is low.) Next clause ? (Raise.) Next clause ? (And sujyport.) Which is the leading clause of these three? What kind — declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory, or optative? 404. What combination does it contain ? 405, 380, VIII. Any point before it ? What ? Rule ? 543. Any capital ? What clauses does and connect? What combination with support? 380, VIII. Should and have a point before it ? If so, what point ? Rule ? 543. If not, why not? 543. What kind of clause is what is low? 409, 411. As a sub- ordinate substantive, what is its government? 411, I., 3. What is its verb? 245. Subject? 352. What combination is is the sign of ? What name is given is in such propositions? 353. What is the predicative combination? 408. What ellipsis in this clause? Has Milton proba- bly any particular power in his thoughts which he wishes raised and sup- ported? Isaiah, xxix., 4. What point before what is low? Rule ? 543- 548. (After pregnant the first and second editions have a colon, after illumine a comma, after support a semicolon ; no intermediate pauses.) Any capitals? 564. Next clause ? What kind of clause — subordinate or co-ordinate ? 409. r MILTON. 31 that to the highth of this great argument i may assert eternal providence 25 Scan the twenty-fourth verse ! Caesura where ? 4S3. What is the first foot ? 483. Is the fourth a pure iamhus ? The fifth ? Scan the twenty-fifth verse ! Caesura where ? Is it required hy the sense, or pure- ly metrical ? Which has more stress, J or may t What is the first foot ? The fifth ? How many pairs of unaccented, unemphatic syllables in these two lines ? Does Mil- ton often end a line with a pyrrhic ? Can you find two other such lines in succession ? Do not these light feet make the lines weak and prosaic? Do the caesuras help the matter ? Explain ! Substantive, adjective, or adverb? 411, I., 5. Becker calls it adverb- ial ; which is right ? As a substantive, how is it governed ? What el- lipsis may be supplied ? What part of speech is that originally ? 236. Sunport that I may assert, etc. = Support for that purpose; viz., my as- sertion, etc. How is that parsed in the second equivalent? How is as- sertion parsed? That, considered as a demonstrative, belongs in the clause with which verb? I may assert, etc., is in what relation to the demonstrative that ? 362. What do the grammars call that as it stands in the text? 237, III., 4; 401, I. When is that called a conjunction? 237, III. Should this clause be separated from the foregoing? By what point ? Rule ? 544. If parsed as a subordinate adverbial clause, what verbs does it modify ? What kind of adverb — of place, time, rea- son, Condition, or manner? 411, III., 3. What is the verb? 245. Subject? 174. Direct object? 360. Mode and tense of the verb? Analyze may assert ! 272. Parse may alone ! 273. Parse assert alone ! 389. Give grammatical equivalents for may assert such as to show as- sert to be an infinitive ! Is it the objective or gerundial infinitive ? 389. I+may assert is what kind of combination? 405. Who is meant by I? Does I take an antecedent ? 373, 222 -f . Does it represent a name, or a person directly? Is pro-noun a good name for it? How does the / of Milton compare with the I of Bunyan ? (See questions on Bunyan, p. 14.) Which is farthest from egotism? What attributive combination with Providence ? 406. Grammatical equivalent for assert eternal Prov- idence? 412 +. What combination is to the sign of? Does highth com- plete or extend the predicate ? 408. What combination is of the sign of? Highth + of argument is what kind of combination? 406. Great+ argument is what kind of combination? 406. This-]- great argument is what kind of combination? 406. What does argument mean here? Give grammatical equivalents to explain the meaning of verse twenty 32 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. and justify the ways of god to men. Scan the twenty-sixth verse ! Is it all pure iambics ? 483. Caesura where ? In the same place as in the two preceding verses ? "With two light syllables before it ? Where no pause is required by the sense ? What can you say in favor of the meter of the three last verses? How are they suited for a close to this opening passage ? Synoptical. — How many spondees or quasi-spondees are there in these verses? 483. Is there any place in the verse in which no spondee can be found ? Which verses have one in the first place ? The second ? The third ? Fourth ? Fifth ? How many pyr- rhics and quasi-pyrrhics ? In what places in the verse are they found ? Elsewhere than with the caesura or the end of the verse ? How many tribrachs or quasi-tribrachs ? Are they found elsewhere than with the caesura? Are there any anapests? Where? How many trochees are there ? Are they found elsewhere than at the beginning of a hemistich ? Why not ? In what places is the caesura found ? In which place oftenest ? Are any two of the verses exactly alike in meter ? Is any pair of verses exactly like any other pair ? How is the fitness of the variation determined ? Is there any unity in the variety ? Are there other sources of melody besides variation of feet and of cae- suras ? Is there happy arrangement of vowel sounds — as long, short, etc. ? Poinrout any verses that derive special beauty from that source ! Is there metiical arrange- ment of consonants? What marks of Anglo-Saxon verse in the two first lines? 491. {First— fruit— forbidden.) Is there other art used in the disposition of consonants ? Point out verses specially good in this respect 1 Does Milton use repetition as a po- etic form ? Give examples ! B. 3, 178+ ; 7, 184+ ; 10, 850+, etc. Would not rhyme improve the Paradise Lost? Did Milton condemn it on principle? (Yes. See "rea- fourth ! Translate the whole clause, using none of Milton's notional words! 176. What poetic, license in collocation in this clause? 494. Is any thing else in it poetic ? Any pauses within the clause ? If so, where? What? Rules? Any capitals? Rules? 564. Other punc- tuation marks? (The first edition has "th' Eternal;" th 1 was after- ward struck out as erratum.) Next clause? Supply the whole ellipsis ! Is it subordinate or co-or- dinate? 409. Co-ordinate with what clause ? Should it be separated from the preceding by a point ? What point ? What rule ? 543. What is the connective? 410. Verb? 245. Mode and tense ? Analyze way justify! Parse may alone! P 'arse justify alone! What is the predic- ative combination? 405. Direct object? 360. Force of the? 370. Of what combination is of the sign ? What grammatical equivalent for of God? 357 + . What combination is to the sign of? Justify + to men, or ivays + to men? Why? Pope says, "Vindicate the ways of God to man," which is preferable ? Any capitals ? Rules ? 564. (Go on with similar questions through the additional verses : they are reprinted ex- actly from the first edition.) MILTON. 33 Say first, for Heav'n hides nothing from thy view son why the poem rimes not' 1 prefixed to P. L.) Did Milton inherit a musical genius ? How and to what extent was it cultivated ? What was his favorite instrument ? Does the music of his verses resemble that of an organ ? Had he studied the meter of the best poets? In what languages most? What were his habits of composition? Does the music of verses in the mind of a poet keep in advance of his selection and arrange- ment of words ? Does the meter of his early poems resemble that of the Paradise Lost ? Does that of Samson Agonistes ? Does it become more complex in his later works ? Is there a rhythmical movement in Milton's prose ? Is it like the movement of his verse ? Study the cadences of the following extract from u A Speech for the Liberty of unlicensed Printing." It is provisionally divided in hemistichs according to the natural cadences in reading : " Methinks I see in my mind X & noble and puissant nation Rousing herself % like a strong man after sleep, And shaking her invincible locks ; % Methinks I see her as an eagle % muing her mighty youth, £, And kindling her undazzled eyes % at the full mid-day beam.* Purging and unsealing % her long-abus?d sight At the fountain itself % of heavenly radiance ; While the whole noise % of timorous and flocking birds, With those also X that love the twilight, Flutter about; X amazed at what she means, Aud in their envious gabble % would prognosticate A year of sects and schisms." Can you arrange this passage into the same measure as the Paradise Lost? Compare withBunyan's prose. (See page 15.) Is the movement here iambic? Which has the greater variety? Is Milton's harmony to be appreciated by an uncultivated ear or mind ? Or by any oue without long acquaintance with it ? Is there any great musi- cian whose style seems to you to be like Milton's ? Which is the higher work of gen- ius — a grand passage from Beethoven or from Paradise Lo3t ? Why ? Write an es- say on the versification of Milton covering the ground of the foregoing questions. Synoptical. — How many commas have you made in this extract? How many semicolons ? Colons ? Does each semicolon indicate a dif- ferent syntactical relation from any comma or colon ? Have you made any periods ? Does each indicate a different syntactical relation from any other point ? The first edition of the Paradise Lost has in this pas- sage 21 commas, 3 semicolons, 2 colons, 2 periods, 73 capitals, 7 words in italics, 1 apostrophe used to mark the possessive case (not in line 1), 8 to mark contraction. The following words are spelt as here print- ed: "Tast," "adventrous," "Rhime," "highth," "justifie," "wayes." The second edition, which was corrected by Milton, and divided into twelve books instead of ten, is exactly like the first in this passage, ex- cept "illumin" for "illumine," and "th' " erased from line 25. Mil- ton spelt meter with -er, so did Shakespeare, and the Anglo-Saxons, from B2 34 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. Nor the deep Tract of Hell, say first what cause Mov'd our Grand Parents in that happy State, Favour'd of Heav'n so highly, to fall off 30 From their Creator, and transgress his Will For one restraint, Lords of the World besides ? Who first seduc'd them to that fowl revolt ? Th' infernal Serpent ; he it was, whose guile Stird up with Envy and Revenge, deceiv'd 35 The Mother of Mankinde, what time his Pride Had cast him out from Heav'n, with all his Host Of Rebel Angels, by whose aid aspiring To set himself in Glory above his Peers, He trusted to have equal'd the most High, 40 If he oppos'd ; and with ambitious aim Against the Throne and Monarchy of God Rais'd impious War in Heav'n and Battel proud With vain attempt. Him the Almighty Power whom we have it. Can you make out where all the points are, which words are in italics, have capitals, etc. ? Does this extract abound in poetical forms, or is it comparatively plain? Is that in good taste? How many independent and substan- tive clauses in it ? How many adjective and adverbial ? What pecul- iarities of style are suggested by comparing the ratio of these clauses in Milton with that in Bunyan? Is there any thing in the form of the leading verbs in this passage which adds to the liveliness ? Is the im- perative mode an especially forcible form in English ? How many verbs in the extract ? How many nouns ? Descriptive adjectives ? Descrip- tive adverbs? Personal pronouns? Kelative pronouns and conjunc- tions? What is the ratio of each to the whole number of words? Which parts of speech have a greater ratio than in Bunyan ? How is the style affected by each difference, as to perspicuity? 470-472. As to liveliness? 473, 474. Egotism? As to its fitness to express the sublime ? What words in the extract not of Anglo-Saxon origin ? (Disobedi- ence, fruit, mortal, taste, Eden, restore, regain, muse, secret, Oreb, Si- nai, inspire, chaos, Sion, delight, Siloa, oracle, invoke, aid, adventur- MILTON. 35 Hurld headlong flaming from th' Ethereal Skie 45 With hideous mine and combustion down To bottomless perdition, there to dwell In Adamantine Chains and penal Fire, Who durst defie th' Omnipotent to Arms. Nine times the Space that measures Day and Night 50 To mortal men, he with his horrid crew jA^ay vanquisht, rowling in the fiery Gulfe XJonfounded though immortal : But his doom Reserv'd him to more wrath ; for now the thought Both of lost happiness and lasting pain 55 Torments him ; round he throws his baleful eyes That witness'd huge affliction and dismay Mixt with obdurate pride and stedfast hate : At once as far as Angels kenn he views The dismal Situation waste and wilde, 60 ous, intends, soar, Aonian, mount, pursues, unattempted, prose, chiefly, spirit, prefer, temples, pure, instruct, present, vast, abyss, pregnant, il- lumine, support, argument, assert, eternal, Providence, justify.) Is this a large number compared with average good English ? (App. B.) Com- pared with the passage from Bunyan before examined ? Compared with other parts of Paradise Lost ? Compared with Milton's prose writings ? What external circumstances would be likely to make Milton's language abound in words not Anglo-Saxon ? What the effect of the place in which he lived — e. #., city or country, England or elsewhere? What the effect of time — e. g., the habit of the age to use much or little learn- ed language? What the effect of the rank and manners of his family? Which rank use most Norman ? What of his education, habits of study, profession? What of his associates and favorite authors? What of the class of persons for whom he wrote, "fit audience, though few?" What the effect of the subjects on which he wrote ? Was he used to writing in other languages than English ? What internal (subjective) reasons for his use of much foreign diction ? Any qualities of the blood : was he Saxon, Norman, or Celt ? What points in his character affect his language ? Was he, e. g. 9 rather sensitive or reflective ? Simple oi grand ? Humorous ? Ambitious of literary superiority and originali- 36 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. A Dungeon horrible^ on all sides round- . As one great Furnace flam'd, yet from those flames No light, but rather darkness Visible " . Serv'd only to discover sights of woe, Regions of sorrow, doleful shades, where peace 65 And rest can never dwell, hope never comes That comes to all ; but torture without end Still urges, and a fiery Deluge, fed ^ With ever-burning Sulphur unconsum'd : Such place Eternal Justice had prepar'd 70 For those rebellious, here their portion set As far remov'd from God and light of Heav'n As from the Center thrice to th' utmost Pole. ty? Musical? Rhetorical? Will you show how each of these traits worked on his language ? Do the Romanic words add to the beauty of this passage ? Can you substitute a better Anglo-Saxon word for any of them ? Can you substitute a better Romanic word for any Anglo- Saxon word in the passage? Is Milton's language "a new language," as Johnson says ? (Lives of the Poets.) What is meant by saying so ? Did the English language " sink under him," as Addison says? (Spec- tator.) Or did he "form his style by a perverse and pedantic princi- ple," so as to write "no language," but a "Babylonish dialect" "harsh and barbarous?" What is meant by "no language?" By "Babylonish dialect f Is Milton's diction perspicuous to the unlearned? To any one ? Is it lively ? Suited to express the sublime ? (Macaulay's Essay on Milton.) Are his diction and syntax suited to each other ? To his subject? How so? Has his poetic diction been going obsolete since he published, or growing familiar ? Has he added to the wealth of the English speech ? New words ? What ? Phrases ? What ? Current quotations ? What ? Has he taught others to express elevated thought in sonorous diction ? Can you mention great masters of English who have used him besides Burke and Webster? Write an essay on the language of Milton covering the ground of the foregoing questions ! L I B K A K Y UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA \* ■J SHAKESPEARE. JULIUS CAESAR. PERSONS REPRESENTED. Julius Caesar. Octavius C^sar, \ Triumvirs aft Marcus Antonius, >• er the death of M. JEmil. Lepidus, ) Julius Cozsar. Cicero, Publius, Popilics Lena, Senators. Marcus Brutus, Cassius, Casca, Trebonius, LlGARIUS, Decius Brutus, Metellus Cimber, ClNNA, Flavius and Marullus, Tribunes Conspirators against Julius Ccesar. Artemidorus, a Sophist of Cni- dos. A Soothsayer. Cinna, a Poet. Another Poet. Lucilius, Titinius, Messala, Young Cato, and Volumnius, Friends to Brutus and Cassius. Varro, Clitus, Claudius, Stra- to, Lucius, Dardanius, Serv- ants to Brutus. Pindarus, Servant to Cassius. Calphurnia, Wife to Ccesar. Portia, Wife to Brutus. Senators, Citizens, Guards, Attendants, etc. SCENE, during a great part of the Play, at Rome ; afterward at Sardis ; and near Philippi. Introductory. — Write an account of the life and writ- ings of Shakespeare ; a life of Julius Caesar, of Marcus Brutus ; an outline of the narrative in the play of Julius Caesar ; an essay on Rome and the Romans during the times of Julius Caesar. — (See Halliwell's or Hudson's Life of Shakespeare, Craik's English of Shakespeare, and Plu- tarch's Lives.) Is Shakespeare known to have inherited his genius from his father or mother ? Where was he born ? What kind of place is Stratford geo- graphically — e. g., is it by any river, by the sea, by mountains, flat, hilly, 38 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. ACT I. SCENE L— Borne. A Street. Enter Flayius, Marul- lus, and a Babble of Citizens. sandy, marshy, barren, fertile, quiet, stormy, the horizon near or remote, capable of what sunrises, sunsets, storm-scenes, and the like? What kind of place was it botanically — e. g., how wooded, cultivated, how as to wild plants, flowers ? What residences there or hard by — e. g., town- houses, country-seats, castles? What literary opportunities — e. #., li- braries, schools teaching what ? Why are these questions asked ? Have they any thing to do with the development of Shakespeare's genius? How so ? At what age did he leave Stratford ? What is known of his life before that ? What had occurred at Kenilworth to stimulate dra- matic genius? What famous actors from the neighborhood? What did Shakespeare do in London ? Who were his associates there ? Men- tion important contemporary events ! Did he know any thing of Amer- ica? Com. of Errors, iii., 2 : Raleigh. When did he begin to write for the public? What did he write? Was he gradually trained to the height of Hamlet and Lear, or did he write so from the first ? Did he begin by revising the plays of others? Did he study hard? Write much ? What besides plays ? Did he re-write his own plays after try- ing them on the stage ? What of the excellence of such training ? How extensive was his acquaintance with the court ? With the people ? Was he in any sense a learned man ? What did he learn — history of Greece, Rome, England, France ? Any thing of law, medicine, theology, phi- losophy ? Of languages and literature ? Of men and manners ? Was he in any sense one of the unlearned ? In what sense ? How far are his works original ? How far do they embody his own character and experience ? How for are they results of observation ? How far are they characteristic of his age and country ? What is the history of his fame ? In what kind of composition is his fame greatest— tragic or comic, heroic or domestic, prose or poetry ? When was Julius Caesar written ? Was it probably a long time grow- ing in the mind of Shakespeare? What lesson is it intended to teach ? What conspiracies in England during the life of Shakespeare ? On the Continent ? What friends of Shakespeare connected with any of them ? What in his relations to Elizabeth and James would add interest to the matter ? Was it a subject to please the people ? Is there evidence in SHAKESPEARE. 39 Flav. Hence ; home, you idle creatures, get you home ; other plays that the story of Caesar had long made a deep impression on his mind ? Richard III., iii., 1 ; Hamlet, i., 1 ; iii., 2 ; v., 1 ; Cymbe- line, iii., 1 ; Antony and Cleopatra, etc., etc. Study by aid of Clarke's Concordance ! Could not a good drama be written closing with the as- sassination of Caesar ? Could it teach the same lesson as this play? Is the exhibition of the providential results of conspiracy an essential part of the action? Ulrici says that with Shakespeare the tragic element consists in the sufferings and final ruin of ther humanly great, noble, and beautiful which has fallen a prey to human weakness ; in whom does the interest of this tragic element center in this play? Is Caesar or Brutus the hero ? To what weakness does he fall a prey ? Who is his tempter ? Why is Portia introduced ? Why Lucius ? Antony ? Why are the heroic elements of Caesar's character kept so much out of view ? Would they withdraw our sympathies from Brutus ? Does Shakespeare's Brutus agree wholly with the Brutus of history ? Explain any differ- ences by reasons drawn from grounds of imaginative truthfulness, and unity of dramatic effect ! Why are the Roman populace introduced ? Does their character determine the futility of the conspiracy ? How so ? Has this play a proper beginning ? Middle ? End ? A proper unity of action? — of time? — of place? Abundant variety in unity? Mention illustrations of variety ! Show how it is combined into unity ! What rank does this play hold among the works of Shakespeare ? (Write an analysis, filling up all the ellipses : see model in Appendix A. Study the grammatical etymology of pronouns, 214-244, and in- stinctive forms and pronominal elements, 305-309, in addition to the subjects referred to under Bunyan and Milton.) Where does the scene open ? When? (At the Lupercalia, 13th Feb., B.C. 44, after Caesar was made dictator for life.) Who are there? Who speaks first ? Who is Flavius ? What is the first clause? What ellipsis? 403, 380, X.; 396, XI. What kind of clause — declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclama- tory, or optative ? 404. What is the verb ? 245. Subject, 380, VIII. What does hence combine with ? Kind of combination ? 407. Does it complete or extend the predicate? 408. Is it an adjunct of time, place, mode, or cause ? 408. What language is it from ? 296, II. Which is the root letter? 308, 6. Why called a pronominal element? 308, 6. 40 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. Is this a holiday ? What ! know you not, What other words in English of the same pronominal element — pro- nouns? 229. Adverbs? 291, 296, II. Of what case does —ce repre- sent fhe ending ? 292. What other adverbs ending in — ce ? 292, 296. II. How was this genitive ending written in Anglo-Saxon? 192. Was hence ever written hennes, hens ? (Yes, Chaucer and others.) What re- lation of place is expressed by the genitive termination? 189, 396, VI. What grammatical equivalent for hence? 396, VI. Rule for the point after hence? 544. Rule for its capital? 564. Next clause ? (home.') What kind of clause ? 404. Supply the el- lipsis ! 380, X. Verb? 245. Subject ? 380, VIII. What part of speech is home ? What word does it combine with ? Kind of combination ? 407. What noun is it derived from ? From what case ? 292. What preposition would express the relation ? Does our idiom allow the use of to with it ? Rule for the pause after home ? 543. Next clause? Does you idle creatures belong with any predicative combination ? Why call it a quasi-proposition ? Is it declarative, in- terrogative, imperative, exclamatory, or optative ? 404. Pajse you! 355, II. What kind of combination is you -{-creatures? 406. Idle + creat- ures? 406. What language is you from? 227. Which letter of it is a pronominal element? 308. In what cases was it in Anglo-Saxon? (Dative and accusative plural.) 227. In old English? (The same.) Is it ever used as a nominative in the Bible? What is the old nomina- tive ? 227. What English verb of the same root as creature. ? What grammatical equivalent for it containing the verb create ? How comes it to be used as a term of contempt? Rule for the point after it? 543. Next clause? Kind of clause? 404. Verb? 245. Subject? 380, VIII. Direct object? 374, VI. Get+home is what kind of combina- tion ? 407. Is this idiom in use now ? What equivalent for it ? In what respect is it analogous to fare thee well? Act iii., Scene 1 ; v., 3. Get thee gone? ii., 4. P 11 get me to a place? ii., 4. Is you in its proper case according to derivation ? Rule for point after this clause ? 544. Next clause? Kind of clause? 404. Direct or indirect interroga- tive? 404. Verb? 245. Subject? 174. Predicative combination ? 405, 408. What is the sign of predication called in logic ? 353. What lan- guage is this from? 236. What pronominal element has it? 308, 7. What other words of the same element, personal pronouns ? Demon- strative ? Adverbs ? 296, 308. What is the natural significance of this SHAKESPEARE. 41 Being mechanical, you ought not walk, element ? 236, 308, 7. Equivalent to what gesture ? What force has a compared with one? 216. What is the composition of holiday? Con- nection of thought between holy day and holiday ? What point after this clause? Eule? 547. What capital? 564. Next clause? How is what usually parsed in such cases? 376, XX., III. What kind of interjection ? 305. Supply the ellipsis for a com- plete proposition to show how this use originated ! What kind of clause have you made — declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory, or optative ? 404. What verb ? Subject ? What does what combine with ? Kind of combination? What language is what from? 237. Which letters are the pronominal element? 308, 9. What is the natural sig- nificance of this element? 241, 308. What other words of the same element ? Interrogative pronouns ? Relatives ? Adverbs of time ? — place? — manner? — cause? 296, 308. What force has — t in what? (Neuter gender.) 237, 229. Next clause? Kind of clause? 404. Verb? 245. Subject? 174. Rule for collocation? 356. Know + not is what kind of combination? 407. Which letter in you is the pronominal element ? 308. What case is it in Anglo-Saxon ? 227. In old English ? In the Bible ? Next clause ? Kind of clause ? 409. Subordinate or co-ordinate ? 411. Substantive, adjective, or adverb? 411. How governed? 411, 1., 3. Verb? 245. Subject? 174. Is you + being a true combination, or is being merely a sign of the combination between you and mechanical? Expand being mechanical into a subordinate clause ! What equivalent for mechanical? Is it now used in this sense? Does not combine with ought or walk? What kind of combination is ought -f- walk? 407, 408. In what mode is walk ? Does it complete or extend the predicate ? 408, 2, e. What preposition would express the relation between ought and walk? Is to now used for that purpose? What is the form of a verb called which is governed by a preposition in Anglo-Saxon ? 263, 389. Is it as common as the other form ? (No.) Why should it have become more common in English — is it an instance of a general analytic habit of the language? Unabr. Gram., 32. Give other examples of the use of prepositions now in place of old terminations ! 193-195. Do the Erench use a preposition with the infinitive ? Why should that affect the English? 41-43. Whence the form— e.g., for to walk, What went ye out for to see, Matth., xi., 8, 14; Acts, xvi., 4, 10? 388, I. (See 42 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. Upon a laboring day, without the sign Of your profession? Speak, what trade art thou? forward, Chaucer, verse 13.) Why should the form without to hold its ground longest in combinations with auxiliaries ? 389. Are the phrases in most frequent use most stable ? What connection of thought between own, owe, and ought? 242. To what auxiliaries is ought here analo- gous? 271, VII. Upon is a sign of what combination? What attrib- utive combinations with day ? Is laboring here the present participle ? What is it? 313, 5, a. What analogy in its use here to ivalking-stick, church-going bell, leather apron, captive bonds ? What equivalent for la- boring day using a Norman genitive? 357. Without is the sign of what combination? What attributive combinations with sign? 406. What adjective equivalent to of your prof ession ? What language is the from ? What pronominal element in it ? 308. Natural significance of this ele- ment? 236. Unabr. Gram., 167. What other words with the same el- ement — demonstrative pronouns, personal pronouns, adverbs of time, of place, manner, cause ? 308. What historic connection between this, that, and the? 217 + . Is there a similar relation in other languages which have a definite article between it and the demonstrative? 218. Unabr. Gram., 287. What is meant by the following : One : an : : that : the? Does the give notice that sign is to be described, or has been de- scribed ? Why is it called an article — connection of thought between this meaning of article and its other meanings ? Which pronominal ele- ment has your? 308. What case is it in Anglo-Saxon? 227. What does profession mean here ? Connection of thought between it and the verb profess ? Any thing peculiar in the use of the word here ? Why is being mechanical separated from the rest of the clause by a comma? Why is upon a laboring day? 543. Next clause? To whom spoken? Why is this one singled out? Kind of clause ? 404. Verb ? 245. Subject ? 352. Next clause ? Kind of clause? Verb? 245. Subject? 380, VIII. Is art a copula? 353. What is the predicate ? 353. What preposition might be used with trade ? Could of trade be a predicate ? 408. What of expressions like these : A tapster is a good trade, Merry Wives, i., 3 ; Your hangman is a more penitent trade, Measure for Measure, iv., 2? Is the ellipsis — e. g., to be a tapster (=tapster-ing) is a good trade, or a tapster is of a good trade ? In what form is the answer usually given to a question as to what a man's trade is ? May the expected answer modify the form SHAKESPEARE. 43 1 Cit. Why, Sir, a carpenter. of the question — e. #., the expected answer being a carpenter instead of carpentering lead to saying art thou instead of dost thou follow ? Does Shakespeare ever use of in phrases like this? (Once. Measure for Measure, ii., 1.) What + trade is what kind of combination? 40G. Pronominal element in what? 308. Its natural significance? 241. Unabr. Gram., 167. Meaning of — t in what ? 229. What other pro- nouns with the same ending ? Pronominal letters in thou ? 308. Their natural significance ? 228. Other words of same element ? What com- mon idea in thou and that? Is pointing the finger a natural gesture to accompany both? Was thou used in the time of Shakespeare more than it is now? 228. From superiors to inferiors how? From equals to equals how ? From inferiors to superiors ? What illustrations of its use in 228 ? How is it that the same expression should in one case be a mark of contempt, in another of affection, in another of reverence ? Do any class of persons now use it for you ? What reason do they give for it ? Was it ever a serious matter for them to say thou to a magis- trate ? Is thou used here with propriety ? How so ? Is this speech in verse? What kind ? 493. The same as the Paradise Lost ? 500. Does it sound like the Paradise Lost ? Why not ? Scan the first verse ! What kind of a foot is the first ? 483. Where is the caesura ? 483. Scan the second ! Caesura where ? Fourth foot what kind? Scan the third ! Caesura where? First foot what kind? Scan the fourth verse ! Caesura where ? Third foot what kind ? Scan the fifth verse ! Caesura where ? Why after profession rather than speak? Does the tribune put his speech into meter, or does it come so? Next clause? Who speaks? To whom? What does Worcester mean when he calls why a "mere emphatical expletive?" Is it the same word here as the common interrogative why? Supply an ellipsis so as to suggest how this use of why may have arisen ! What kind of sentence? Verb? Subject? Why combines with what ? What kind of combination? 407. Which letters in why are the pronominal ele- ment? 308. Natural significance of this element ? 241. Other words of the same element ? 308. What case is why in Anglo-Saxon ? (Abla- tive. Unabr. Gram., 313.) Grammatical equivalent using what? Next clause ? (Sir.) A complete or quasi-clause ? What kind ? 404. How is Sir parsed ? Next clause ? Supply the ellipsis ! Kind of clause ? 404. Verb? 245. Subject? Predicate? 174. 44 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. Mar. Where is thy leather apron, and thy rule? "What dost thou with thy best apparel on ? — Next clause? Kind? Who speaks? To whom? Subject? 174. Is is a copula ? 353. Predicate ? 353. Is this either of the predicates enumerated in 353? Can not position be predicated as well as quali- ty? Attributive combinations with apron? Grammatical equivalent for leather apron? What analogy with laboring day? What pronominal element in where? 30'8. Its natural- significance ? 241. Other words of the same element ? What case is where in Anglo-Saxon ? (Genitive and dative. Unabr. Gram., 313.) Grammatical equivalent for it using what? Pronominal element in thy? 308. Its natural significance? 228. Equivalent to what gesture? 228. Other words of same ele- ment ? Why do Friends (Quakers) use thou for you ? Why is it used here? What was the old English form of apron? (Najiron.) What connection of thought between n-apron and nap, napkin ? Should we print leather apron or leather-apron ? Why ? 555. Next clause? Connective? Kind of clause? 404, 410. Verb? Subject ? Copula ? Predicate ? Why ask for the apron and rule ? Next clause? Kind? 404. Verb? Subject? 352. Direct object? 360. With is the sign of what combination? Attributive combinations with apparel? 406. What part of speech is on? What ellipsis for it as a preposition ? Is it the sign of an attributive or objective combina- tion? 406, 407. What ellipsis for an objective combination, worn or put? Is apparel-^ on thee an allowable combination? What analogy between this use of on and that of where in the two last clauses ? Do both describe the position of a thing rather than of an act — describe a substantive rather than a verb ? Give other examples of this use of ad- verbs ! Next clause? To whom spoken? What has the carpenter done? Is this a true proposition ? Of what kind — declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory, or optative? 404, Is it a call for attention, or what ellipsis is there? Why is this citizen addressed as you? Is he a different kind of man from the first ? What is you called when thus used? (Pronomen r ever entice. Unabr. Gram., p. 561.) Why should it be considered courteous to say you rather than thou ? What difference in the natural significance of th and y ? 228. In what ways do other languages avoid the use of the demonstrative letters in courteous ad- dress? 230, 228. SHAKESPEARE. 45 You, Sir; what trade are you? 2 Cit. Truly, Sir, in respect of a fine workman, I am but, as you would say, a cobbler. Next clause? How is Sir parsed? Does it couple naturally with you ? Would thou, Sir, be good ? Why not ? Next clause ? Kind of clause? Verb? In what number? Subject? 352. In what number ? Do any grammars call you are singular? 228, 275. Why? Does the reason hold good for Shakespeare's language ? Should we be put as a singular for a similar reason ? 226. Is it true that you are, we are, are in any case destitute of all suggestions or associations of plurality? 226. If so, why does any one say we for I? Is you still a pronomen reverentice ? Which is it that is different, the logical or the rhetorical force ? What is the predicate of this clause? 353, 408. How is trade parsed? Pro- nominal letters in what? 308. Their natural significance? 241. Force of — t ? 229. Other pronouns of same ending ? Is this clause in rhe- torical agreement with the first of the verse ? Does this tribune talk prose ? Scan the verses ! Rule for the pause after apron ? after you ? after Sir ? Next clause ? Who speaks ? To whom ? Does truly modify am, or, e.g., speak understood? — to speak, or I speak? Is it usual for inferiors to preface their speech with some affirmation like the cobbler's " Tru- ly, Sir;" " Indeed, Sir?" Illustrate from the speech of the Irish — the negro ! Of what natural feeling is it the expression ? What relation has it to conversational oaths ? Is it complimentary to a person to feel as if on oath when addressing him ? Which kind of clause does Sir re- semble ? 404. What word is it contracted for? Read the clause in which am is the verb ! Its subject ? Predicate ? A-\-cobbler is what kind of combination? What rhetorical figure in/ am a cobbler? 462. What are the two meanings? Why should cobbler (=7nender of shoes') come to mean clumsy workman? What grammat- ical equivalent for but ? What is the original full form for which / am but a cobbler is an ellipsis ? What part of speech is Anglo-Saxon butan (■=buf)? (Preposition and conjunction.) Does but combine with am or cobbler ? Kind of combination ? Grammatical equivalent for in respect of? How can it mean in comparison with ? What combination is in a sign of? What combination is o/*a sign of? What kind of combina- tion is respect^- of workman? How may in respect of be parsed togeth- 46 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. Mar. But, what trade art thou ? Answer me directly. er ? 299, 7. As a sign of what combination ? What difference between with respect to and in respect of? What attributive combinations with workman t Does Jine literally describe the workman or the article wrought? By what figure is it applied to the workman ? 459. What other words besides a from the Anglo-Saxon an? Does the a with ivorkman mean the same as the a with cobbler ? Which is nearer the meaning, one ivorkman or any workman? — one cobbler or any cobbler? What is the pronominal element in I? 308. Is / a substitute for a de- scriptive name (noun), or a direct designation of a person ? 222. What propriety in calling it a pro-noun ? Which is the more frequent desig- nation of one's self, / or me ? Do children use one for the other ? What is the — m in am? 251, 3. What other clause in this speech ? What kind of clause — subordi- nate or co-ordinate? 409. Substantive, adjective, or adverb? 411. It modifies what ? Connective ? Verb ? Subject ? Any objective com- bination? 407. Mode and tense of verb? Analyze would say ; parse would alone ; say alone ! Is so to speak a grammatical equivalent for this clause ? What does the clause imply as to the use of the word cobbler ? How so ? What number is you ? Why used here in address- ing a single person? 228. Does this citizen talk in iambics? — in any meter ? Rule for the comma after truly ? — after Sir ? — after workman ? — after but ?■— after say ? 543. Next clause ? Who speaks ? To whom ? What kind of clause does but indicate — subordinate or co-ordinate? 409. Copulative, disjunctive, adversative, or causal? 410. What are the two clauses it connects? Read the whole ellipsis ! Next clause ? What kind in relation to the clause supplied after but? 411. Is it a direct object of ask understood ? Verb? Subject? Pred- icate? Parse trade! Pronominal letters in what? 308. Force of — t? 229. Is — t in art a pronominal letter ? Which pronoun does it repre- sent? 251, 4; 308, 4. Pronominal elements in thou? 308. What is indicated by the use of thou here instead of the former you ? What ges- ture naturally goes with thou? 228. Should there be a comma after but? Rule? 543. Next clause ? Kind of clause ? 404. Verb ? Subject ? 380, VIII. What objective combinations? 407. Does answer + me complete or ex- SHAKESPEARE. 47 2 Cit. A trade, Sir, that, I hope, I may use with a safe conscience; which is,. indeed, Sir,.. a mender of bad soles. tend the predicate? 408. Answer+ directly? Is directly an adjunct of time or manner ? Connection of thought between answer and swear ? Pronominal letter in me ? 308. Other words of same element ? What does the tribune understand to have been meant by cobbler? Does he speak in meter? Scan the line ! Name the feet! What is — ly met- rically ? What is meant by hypercatalectic ? Are such verses common ? Next clause? Who speaks? To whom? Kind of clause? 404. Verb ? Subject ? Predicate ? Parse trade I What kind of combina- tion is a-f trade? 406. Next clause? Is Sir connected with any pre- dicative combination? How is it parsed ? Next clause? Subordinate or co-ordinate? Substantive, adjective, or adverb? It describes what noun ? Connective ? 237. Verb ? Subject ? Direct object ? 360. What combination is with a sign of? What attributive combinations with con- science ? Is not this clause a direct object of hope ? Can the same clause be both a substantive and an adjective ? Must every substantive clause containing a relative be so ? Give examples ! What pronominal ele- ment in that ? 308. Its primary meaning ? 236. Connection between that here and the demonstrative that? Force of — t? 229. What was the pronominal consonant of I? 308. Mode and tense of may use ? Analyze it ; parse may alone ; use alone ; give grammatical equivalents to illustrate that use is an infinitive ! What kind of clause is / hope, independent, subordinate, or co-ordi- nate ? Is it part of the description of trade ? What peculiarity in its relations to the clause in which may use is the verb? Connection of thought between science and conscience ? What does the con- mean ? 326, 8. Next clause ? Kind of clause — subordinate or co-ordinate ? Substan- tive, adjective, or adverb? 411. What noun does it describe? Con- nective ? 237. Verb ? Subject ? Predicate ? Is which-]- is mender cor- rect grammar ? With what rule does it conflict ? Can you supply an ellipsis so as to make good syntax? Did Shakespeare mean which is to be a mender?. Whence the confusion ? (Compare former text and ques- tions.) What attributive combinations with mender? — with soles ? What rhetorical figure in this clause ? 462. What are .the two mean- 48 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. Flav. "What trade, thou knave ? thou naughty- knave, what trade ? ings of the sounds represented by soles ? Difference between mend and amend ? Mender of souls means what ? Does the tribune understand him to mean souls or soles? What " menders of souls" were becoming objects of popular ridicule in Shakespeare's time ? Was the Puritan a common character in comic plays a little later? What peculiarities of speech, dress, and manner were given him? — the same which are de- scribed in Hudibras? — the same which are now given in England to the traditional Yankee ? Is this speech to be spoken with a sanctimo- nious snuffle ? Would not that be an anachronism ? Is there any nat- ural connection between sanctimoniousness and snuffling ? What his- torical connection ? How is indeed parsed ? What etymological connection has it with the verb do? Which is more like it in fact or in truth ? Sir is a qua- si-clause of what kind? 404. Next clause ? Who speaks ? To whom ? Kind of clause ? 404. Verb ? Subject ? Predicate ? 353. Next clause ? Is there a predic- ative combination with thou? 405 — with knave? What kind of combi- nation is thou-\-knave ? 406. Next clause ? Is thou naughty knave a true proposition? 174. Parse thou! What kind of combination is thou-\- knave? — naughty -\- knave ? 406. Connection of thought between naughty and naught — what lines from Dr. Watts illustrate it? Is knave in any other place in the play ? (Twice in Act iv., Scene 3 ; Brutus to Lu- cius: u Poor knave, I blame thee not ;" — — u Gentle knave, good-night. 1 ' Connection of thought between the meanings of knave? Next clause? Predicative combination ? 405. Next clause ? Who speaks ? To whom ? Parse nay ! Will it en- ter into combination in a simple sentence? 396, IX. What kind of proposition is it like — declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamato- ry, or optative ? 404. For what proposition is it a grammatical equiv- alent ? 396, IX. Etymological relation between ay and nay? — nay and no? Next clause? Kind? 404. Verb? Predicative combination ? 405. Objective combination? 407. Pronominal letter in you? 308. How related in force to th ? 228. Is you here the pronomen reverentice? Con- SHAKESPEARE. 49 2 Cit. Nay, I beseech, Sir, be not out with me: yet, if you be out, Sir, I can mend you. Mar. What meanest thou by that ? Mend me, thou saucy fellow ? nection of thought between seek and beseech f Force of be-? 315,- 2. What kind of clause does -Sir resemble? 404. Next clause? Kind? 404. Verb? Subject? 380, VIII. What kind of combination is be+out? 407. — be+not? What combination is with the sign of? Meaning of out with me ? — out of what ? Next clause? Kind of clause — copulative, adversative, disjunctive, causal? 410. Connective? What clauses are connected? Verb? Mode and tense? Analyze can mend; parse can alone; mend alone! Give grammatical equivalents for each ! 272, 389. Predicative combi- nation? 405. Objective combination ? 407. Next clause ? Connective ? Kind of clause ? 411. Protasis or apodosis? 411, III., 4. What does it modify as an adverb? Subject? Predicate ? Mode and tense of be ? Why not are ? Parse Sir ! Con- nection of thought between Sir and Senior ? Is the punning kept up ? 462. What are the two meanings of be out? Out of what in each case? What does mend you mean from the mender of souls? — from the mender of soles? Which way does the tribune take him? What rhe- torical form in a cobbler's mend you? 459, 469. Next clause? Who speaks? To whom? Kind of clause? 404. Verb? Subject? Rule for collocation ? 384, 7. Object? 360. What combination is by the sign of? Pronominal letters in what ? 308. Their meaning? 241. Other words of same element — interrogatives, rela- tives, adverbs of time, place, manner, cause ? Pronominal element in thou? 308. Its meaning? 228. In that? 308. Its meaning? 236. Other words of this element — personal pronouns, relative, adverbs, con- junction ? Is thou rightly used ? Why not call him you, as at first ? Next clause? Kind? 404. Verb? Subject? 352. Object? 360. Supply ellipsis to explain the tribune's state of mind ! Next clause ? What syntactical combinations in thou saucy fellow ? What kind of clause does it resemble — declarative, interrogative, im- perative, exclamatory, or optative ? 404. Pronominal letters in thou ? Equivalent to what gesture? 228. Connection of thought between sau- c 50 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. 2 Cit. Why, Sir, cobble you. Flav. Thou art a cobbler, art thou ? 2 Cit. Truly, Sir, all that I live by is with the awl : I meddle with no tradesman's matters, nor women's matters, but, withal, I am, indeed, Sir, a surgeon to old shoes ; when they are in great cy and sauce? — sauce and salt? What is Attic salt? Is this regular meter ? Coleridge reads, "What mean'st by that?" etc.— what need of such a change ? Does not the sense show that the speech on page 48 belongs to the same tribune who speaks on page 49 ? Is it certain which it is ? What reason for giving both speeches to Marullus ? Next clause ? Who speaks ? To whom ? What ellipsis with why ? Pronominal letters in why ? From which case in Anglo-Saxon ? (Ab- lative. Unabr. Gram., 313.) Other words of same element ? 291 . How is Sir parsed ? Next clause ? Verb ? Subject ? Object ? Is you sin- gular or plural ? 228. Cobble you means what here ? What rhetorical form ? 459, 469. Who speaks next? To whom? First clause? Subject? Predi- cate ? Next clause ? Subject ? Predicate ? What rule for colloca- tion ? 384, 7. Why say thou ? Is this regular meter ? Who speaks next ? To whom ? What does truly modify ? Subject of is ? Predicate ? What kind of clause is that I live by ? It describes what? Meaning of the sentence? Read the clause in which meddle is the verb ! What does it mean ? Connection of thought between med- dle and medley? Read the clause after nor! What verbal foolery? (2d Folio reads "woman's.") What pun in withal? When it is understood to be with awl, what is the clause after but ? What point after awl in that case ? 546. What other change in the pointing ? What is the clause after but when the next word is withal? Any reason for changing the reading here (the 1st Folio) to with awl or to with all? Which of the two meanings of any word in a pun should be represented to the eye ? Any principle that decides this case? What kind of combination is surgeon-\-to shoes? What rhetorical form? 458, 452. What is the old form of surgeon? What analogy between chirurgeon and handiwork? Do you suppose SHAKESPEARE. 51 danger, I recover them. As proper men as ever trod upon neat's-leather, have gone upon my handiwork. Flav. But wherefore art not in thy shop to-day? Why dost thou lead these men about the streets? 2 Cit. Truly, Sir, to wear out their shoes, to get myself into more work. Bijt, indeed, Sir, Shakespeare thought of this, and hence said surgeon of old shoes? What is the clause after when ? The next one ? Which is the leading clause ? What does recover mean in surgeon's speech? — in cobbler's? What kind of clause is as ever trod upon neat's-leather? 411, III ; Becker, 337. As an adverb what does it modify ? What two clauses is this clause an abridgment of? Is the latter member of a comparison often abridged after as? Give examples! 401. What is this clause a circumlocution for ? Is it well put in the mouth of this speaker ? How so ? What is the subject of trod? Should not upon be down on? Do English or Americans now use upon most frequently? Meaning of proper men? Hebrews, xi., 23. Who speaks next? To whom? What two clauses are connected by but? (Compare second speech of Marullus.) Clause after where/ore? Grammatical equivalent for wherefore containing what? Meaning of to in to-day ? Analogous uses of the preposition to ? Next clause ? Kind of clause ? 404. Verb ? Subject ? Direct ob- ject? What pronominal letters in why? 308. Grammatical equiva- lent containing what ? How is lead parsed separate from dost ? What pronoun does — st in dost represent? 251, 4. Force of pronominal ele- ment th in thou? 228 — in these? — in the? Singular of these? Is — e the plural adjective ending in Anglo-Saxon ? 236, 2. Does this speech suggest why this citizen was at first addressed as you ? Who speaks next? Does his truly, Sir, introduce more foolery? Clause with truly ? How is Sir parsed ? What ellipsis before to wear ? Meaning of out ? Connection of thought between out here and in out of doors ? Did the Romans wear shoes like ours ? Pronominal ele- ment in their ? 308. Is to get in a separate clause from to wear ? Com- position of myself? Do the other personal pronouns take the genitive with self? 232 + . Did you ever hear his-self? Was it ever in good 52 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. we make holiday to see Caesar, and to rejoice in his triumph. Mar. , Wherefore rejoice? "What conquest brings he home ? use? 233. Is the history of many " vulgarisms" similar? Give exam- ples! What combination is into the sign of? What verbal antithesis here? 438. More work than what? Meaning of get into more ivork? Is there truth in this answer of the cobbler ? What class of men are most forward now in getting up holidays ? If tavern-keepers, why ? What clauses does but connect ? (See before.) Indeed modifies what ? Is it more like in truth or in fact? Pronominal element in we ? Other words of same element ? 308. Can there be a true plural of I? (Bopp, Comp. Gram., § 331.) Does we here mean I and you, or I and they? Do any languages have two forms to express these two meanings ? Connection of thought between holiday and holy day? Meaning of to before see ? 388, II. What does and connect ? Pronominal element in his ? 308. Other words of same element, what three adverbs of place ? Meaning of — s in his ? Describe a Eoman general's triumph ! Did Csesar have a triumph for his defeat of Pompey's sons at Munda, Spain, 17th March, B.C. 45 ? (Yes, his fifth and last.) Is that what is meant here? Is there verisimilitude in making the cobbler a brawler and punster ? How old is the proverb, Let the cobbler stick to his last ? Is cobbling more apt to produce this character than tailoring? — than watch-making or other sedentary trades ? If so, why ? Why should any of them produce it ? Who speaks next ? To whom ? First clause ? Kind of clause ? 404. Verb? 245. Subject? 174, 356. What objective combination? Com- position of wherefore ? Which case of what does where represent ? (Gen- itive and dative, 296, 236.) Grammatical equivalent for wherefore? Pronominal element ? 308. Other words of the same element ? Is it a relative or interrogative element in Anglo-Saxon ? 237, II. Second clause ? Kind of clause ? 404. Direct or indirect ? Verb ? 245. Subject? 174. Eule for collocation ? 356, 1. Direct object? 360. What other objective combination ? Does home complete or extend the predicate? 408. What kind of adjunct is it — of time, place, mode, cause ? 408. What preposition would express the relation of brings to home ? Does our idiom allow the use of it with home alone ? — with his SHAKESPEARE. 53 What tributaries follow him to Rome, To grace in captive bonds his chariot wheels ? You blocks, you stones, you worse tlian sense- less things ! . » home or our home? Parse home ! Meaning of — t in what? 229. Mean- ing of conquest here ? — of brings home ? Did the Roman general have borne before his triumphal chariot the countries he had conquered? Pronominal element in he? 308. Have other words of the same ele- ment occurred in the play ? Who is he ? Third clause? Kind of clause? 404. Verb? 245. Subject? 174. Direct object ? 360. Objective adjunct of place ? 408. Of purpose ? 388, II. What grammatical equivalent will expand to grace into a pre- dicative combination ? Is in the .sign of a combination between grace and bonds, or tributaries and bonds ? What does wheels combine with ? Kind of combination ? Meaning of — s in his ? — of — m in him ? 229. What analogy between captive bonds, and laboring day (verse 4), and chariot wheels ? How does captive bonds differ from captives' bonds? — chariot wheels from chariot's wheels ? What custom is referred to ? Does this speech display rhetorical art? 424. What is its purpose — to per- suade the people to do what ? 424. — to bring the minds of the people to the same state with the speaker's in what respect? 425. Does he be- gin in a skillful manner ? How so — whose triumphal processions would these questions remind the people of? What had been the most brill- iant triumph ever seen in Rome? What other triumphs had Pompey received ? What tributaries had graced Pompey's chariot wheels ? Caj- sar had just conquered whom? Is there anadiplosis here? 435. Ero- tesis? 451. Is the speech in regular meter? What kind of foot is the first ? 483. Csesura where in the first verse ? — in the second ? — in the third ? What is the effect of the regular movement of the caesura to- ward the end of the lines ? (Compare Milton : questions, p. 20.) What is the last foot ? Rule for the comma after Rome? 543. Next clause? What kind of combination is you-j- blocks? 406. You •\-stones? 406. You-\-worse? Is there any predicative combination in the line? Read its clause! What kind of clause? 410,111. Con- nective? 301. What does it connect? Verb after it ? Subject? Pred- icate? 353. What ecphonesis here? 446. What metaphors? 458. Does rhetoric teach the orator to call his audience blocks and stones ? 54 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. O, you hard hearts, you cruel men of Rome, Knew you not Pompey ? Many a time and oft Does a discussion of the rhetorical art of a particular speech imply a consideration of the character of the speaker and of the audience, and of the circumstances of both ? What in the relations of the tribunes to the people carries off such an address ? Were the tribunes popular fa- vorites ? — chosen for any purpose which would make a gift for scolding a popular qualification ? Had the people heard Marullus berate the pa- tricians, and liked it? Do demagogues usually have this gift? Why? Do the populace like to be scolded sometimes? Why? Are good dis- ciplinarians favorites ? Why ? What kind of looking man do you con- ceive this tribune to be — e. g., large, small, loud, gentle, rapid, slow; of what temperament, eyes, nose, dress, manners ? What effect does this line produce on the populace ? Next clause ? 402. is a quasi-proposition of what kind ? 404. A natural expression of what feeling? 305. What difference between and Oh? 305, 548. Next clause? Kind of clause? 404. Has it any predicative combination ? 405. What combinations has it ? What rhe- torical figures? 446? 469? 459? 458? Next clause? What combi- nations ? What rhetorical art in this verse ? How does it follow up the effect of the verse before ? Next clause ? Kind ? 404. Direct or indirect? Verb? 245. Subject? 352. Object? 360. Kule for collo- cation? 356. Rhetorical form? 451. What arj? Have remembran- ces of Pompey been before excited ? What effect has the utterance of his name ? Give illustrations to show the power of a name — e. g. , in love, in hatred ! Is this a question of doubt or appeal? Unabr. Gram., p. 484. It is pregnant with what affirmative proposition ? Next predicative combination ? 405. How many times must it be re- peated to fill out the propositions which are here abridged ? Is up to be repeated with it ? Is many a time and oft ? Your infants in your arms ? Any other adjuncts ? Analyze many a time ; what does a mean ? Home Tooke, p. 592, says it is a corruption of of; how would you go to work to find out whether he is right? Ought the grammars or the dictiona- ries to explain it, or both ? Can you find it explained in either? Fail- ing there, where will you go next — to the Anglo-Saxon ? [In Anglo- Saxon there are two forms of many — a substantive and an adjective. The adjective is often used in the singular with a singular noun, in the same way as the German manch and Latin multus — i. e., manig man = SHAKESPEARE. 55 Have you climbed up to walls and battlements, To towers and windows, yea, to chimney-tops, Your infants in your arms, and there have sat many a man. This use continues abundant in semi-Saxon (Layamon) and in the earliest English (Ormulum) ; it is not uncommon in Robert of Gloucester ; in Chaucer it is rare, except many oon following a plural — e. g., "With him ther wente knyghtes many oon." Cant. Tales, 2120. In the Bible, as af present printed, it is not found. "Many's the good time" (T. Jones, ii., 105) still survives. The same form with the arti- cle inserted is also common in semi-Saxon — e. g., moni ennes monnes bone—many a man's bane (Lay., i., 322) ; in Chaucer it is the establish- ed form; later there is fluctuation — e. g., a many of men, many ofmen } a many sons (Shakespeare) : these last, however, are probably descendants or examples of the noun many, which was in common use down to Shakespeare's time, and still survives in the phrases a great many, a good many: 365, 9; 367, VII., 369.] Why has the article been intro- duced in this phrase ? Is a hundred men in any respect analogous ? Is twenty-Jive dollars a hundred ? Is four times a space ? — double a distance ? 365. Parse time! parse many! Are there any other adjective pro- nouns which take the article between them and the substantive ? 365. What does and before oft connect? Is many a time and of t elsewhere in Shakespeare ? Merch. Ven., i., 3 ; 1 K. Hen. IV., i., 2 : many time and oft, 2 K. Hen. VI., ii., 1. What rhetorical form? 473. Other phrases of emphatic tautology? {forever and ever; again and again.} Is many and many a time a grammatical equivalent? Which is more in use now? Which is more forcible ? Why? Analyze have climbed; parse climbed separately; what does it agree with as a participle? What is the complete proposition for which and battlements stands? — for which to towers stands? — and windows? What kind of quasi-proposition is yea ? 396, IX., 404. Is a whole proposition implied ? If so, give it ! Proposition for which to chimney-tops is abridged ? Reason for attach- ing your infants in your arms only to the last proposition ? Does it in that way better cap the climax? 444. Are not these traits taken from the habit of a London populace? How did the Roman sovereign peo- ple provide for their convenience on such occasions ? Is this an anach- ronism ? What rhetorical art here ? Main purpose of speech is what ? 56 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. The live-long day, with patient expectation, To see great Pompey pass the streets of Rome : Immediate purpose here ? For what secondary purpose does he wish to vividly depict one of Pompey' s triumphs ? To put them in the same state of mind that they were then in ? How will that help to the main purpose ? Is it a skillful way of exciting them against Caesar to revive their old love for Pompey ? Why better than a direct attack on Cae- sar ? What rhetorical maxim can you generalize from this ? Why is the description of a triumph a skillful way of reviving love for Pom- pey ? Can you generalize a maxim from it ? Are the circumstances and the words skillfully picked and arranged to this end ? How so ? Why your infants in your arms ? Is it specially vivid pictorially ? How so ? Vivid to the feelings ? . How so ? Can you generalize ? Would it not be better to have given a formal description — e.g., Remember how Rome looked when Pompey triumphed ; throngs of people climbed the walls, etc., etc. ? Write out such a description! Why is the tribune's way of putting it better ? Connection of thought between window and wind? What does it suggest about the Anglo-Saxon houses? Chimney is from the Latin: what does that suggest about the Anglo-Saxon houses — that they had no chimneys ? Infant is from the Latin : what does that suggest — that the Anglo-Saxons had no infants? Syntax of infants? Next clause? Kind of clause? Subordinate or co-ordinate? 409. Copulative, adversative, disjunctive, or causal ? 410. Connective? And connects what clauses? Verb in this clause? 245. Subject? 352. Objective adjunct of place ? 408 — of time ? — of manner ? — of purpose ? 388,11. Logical object of see ? Subject of pass? Case of Pompey? Expand the last line into two complete propositions ! What kind of combination is pass + streets? What is meant by it? Give illustra- tions of our use of pass with a direct object of place ! Is our use like this ? Which pronominal element is in there ? 308. Grammatical equiv- alent for there containing that ? Pronominal element in the ? 308. What relation has the to that? 217. Is the article a part of speech essential to language? 218. What cultivated languages have none? 218. Is the origin of articles uniform? 218. Composition of live-long? Does it belong to any class of compounds described in the grammar? 316 -K [The German has den lieben langen tagz=the lief (dear) long dayJ] How is day parsed ? What preposition would express the relation ? What SHAKESPEARE. 57 And, when you saw his chariot but appear, Have you not made an universal shout, That Tiber trembled underneath her banks, language is streets from ? 37. What fact about the Roman roads does the history of this word suggest? Are they still to be seen in En- gland ? What rhetorical art in this clause ? What is the state of mind of the people when it begins ? — when it ends ? Explain the effect ! Next clause? Kind of clause? 410. Connective? 410. It con- nects what clauses ? Verb? 245. Subject? 352. Direct object? 360. Analyze have made; parse have alone; made alone! 272. Is made a weak or strong verb? 247. It is contracted from what? What pro- nominal element in you? 308. You was originally in what case? 227. Why an rather than a? Does it follow the rule in 216 ? Which is the original form ? How late is the complete establishment of the rule ? (Angus says printers are still apt to insert an before vocal h and u. — Hand-Book ; London, 1862.) Connection of thought between shout and shoot? x Read the clause after when! Kind of clause? 411. What kind of adverb? 411, III. Modifies what verb ? Connective ? 396, IV. Verb? Subject? Adjunct of time? 408. Logical direct object ? Ex- pand appear into a full clause ! What is its subject ? Parse chariot ! Why is the subject of an infinitive put in the accusative ? Is it usually, when expressed, in the position of an object of the verb on which the infinitive depends? 388, VII. Is the statement in 388, VII., correct throughout? Grammatical equivalent for but? What does but com- bine with ? Meaning of the combination ? Describe a triumphal char- iot; how shaped; how drawn! — the dress of the conqueror! What kind of looking man was Pompey — good for such an occasion ? Pro- nominal element in when? 308. Which case in Anglo-Saxon is when from ? (Accusative.) What adverbs of place from the same element ? — of time? — of cause? — of manner? Pronominal element of his? 308. Meaning of — s in his ? Connection of thought between chariot and cart ? — cart and car ? — car and carry ? What does the present meaning of cart suggest as to the use of wheeled vehicles among the early En- glish? How may it suggest street and the questions asked about it be- fore ? Do you know the story of Sir Lancelot of the Round Table, es- pecially why he was called Lancelot of the Cart ? Next clause ? What other particle is understood before that ? What C2 58 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. To hear the replication of your sounds Made in her concave shores ? kind of clause? Subordinate or co-ordinate? 409. Substantive, ad- jective, or adverbial? 411. What does it modify? Its verb? Trem- ble is from Latin tremulus (= English tremulous) ; can you think of other examples of a euphonic b inserted after accented m followed by I or r ? Any akin to humility? — to numerous? Subject? Underneath is a sign of what combination ? To is a sign of what combination ? What kind of combination is trembled '+ to hear? 407, 408. Does to have its usual meaning here — i. e., purpose or end ? Is at a common meaning of the Anglo-Saxon to before a gerund ? 389. (Yes.) Grammatical equivalent for to hear using at ? Expand to hear into a clause with full predicative combination ! What is meant by replication of sounds ? Do we now say replication or reverberation ? Is reverberation in Shakespeare ? (No.) Milton? (No. Cudworth has il replications [or echoes]," Chaucer has reverberacioun, so Bacon, Shakespeare has reverb and reverberate). Why say her banks, her shores ? What rhetorical figure ? 463. Was Tiber feminine in Latin ? Are names of rivers usually so in Latin and.Greek? Why does Shakespeare make it so ? ft the trembling better suited to a woman ? Would you not like to know, before you accept that ex- planation, whether he uses the same gender in other places ? He does — why? Of what gender is his in Anglo-Saxon? 229. — in the Bible? Exod., xxxvii., 17; 1 Kings, vii., 23; Matt., v., 13; xxvi., 52. — in Shakespeare? Had its become fully established in the time of Mil- ton? (No. He uses it perhaps only twice in Paradise Lost — i., 254; iv., 813. Trench says not at all—English, Past and Present, p. 120.) Did his of itself denote personification in Shakespeare's time ? Is this a reason for frequency of feminine personification down to Milton? (Compare P. L., i., 723 ; ii., 4, 175, 271, 584, etc.) Are names of riv- ers usually feminine in the Germanic languages ? (Yes, and in the Scla- vonic : Grimm, D. G., 3, 386.) Why should these languages so differ from the Latin and Greek ? Is it accident, or something different in the rivers or in the people? 181, 182; and see after: Chaucer, line 7. Meaning of concave shores ? — concave on account of a bend in the river, or the washing out of the banks into caves haunted by the River-god- dess ? If the first, why plural shores ? Distinction between shore and bank? Is it the same here and in the next speech? Connection of thought between shore and shear, and -share and -shire ? Between bank and bankrupt ? SHAKESPEARE. 59 And do you now put on your best attire? And do you now cull out a holiday? And do you now strew flowers in his way, What rhetorical art in the five last lines? The main end in the speech ? The immediate purpose here ? Rome at Pompey's triumph is* here described in relation to which of the senses ? In relation to which had it been before described ? Is it the natural order of description — eye first, then ear? Why? Which affects most profoundly — e. g., sight of pain without hearing, or hearing groans, etc., without seeing? Give illustrative facts ! Are not the last verses rather grandiloquent ? Are they suited to the audience ? How so ? Any peculiarities in the me- ter ? Is the sound well suited to the sense ? What words and phrases aid the effect most? Is Made in her concave shores a whole verse ? Does Shakespeare often use hemistichs as lines ? (Yes.) Why this one? Should there be a comma between and and when? Rule? 543. Should there be one after banks ? Rule? Next clause? Kind? 404 v Direct or indirect interrogative? Is there any thing peculiar in the use of and here ? Are there any co-or- dinate sentences distinctly expressed ? — or conceived ? Is it used to en- force a contrast ? Can you find this use described in your grammar ? What are to be contrasted ? State in full the train of thought, by im- plying which the contrast is enforced? Verb in this clause? Analyze do put ; parse do alone ; put alone ! Give grammatical equivalents for each to show how put is governed ! Put your attire on what ? Next clause ? Kind ? 404. Has and the same force as in the former line ? What is the rhetorical purpose of the repetition ? What is it called ? 437. Analyze do cull; parse do alone ; cull alone ! Give gram- matical equivalents for each ! Connection of thought between cull and collect ? Cull out from what ? Connection of thought between holiday and holy day ? Next clause ? Has and the same force as in the line before ? Why is the anaphora continued ? Verb? Analyze do strew ; parse do alone ; strew alone! Give grammatical equivalents for each! Subject? 352. Collocation? 384. Direct object? 360. What custom is referred to? Objective combination of time? — of place? Connection of thought be- tween flower and flour ? How late is the separation of these two words? 60 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. That comes in triumph over Pompey's blood ? Be gone ! Run to your houses, fall upon your knees, Pray to the Gods to intermit the plague (Johnson's Dictionary has flower with all the meanings; no flour.) Is this a common mode of reproduction among words ? 340. Give other examples! What word generated from antique? — human? — courtesy? From what is generated posy ? — balm ?—pity ? What propriety in call- ing this process fissiparous generation ? Next clause? Subordinate or co-ordinate? 409. Substantive, ad- jective, or adverbial? 411. Describes what noun or pronoun? Any thing unusual in the idiom ? Grammatical equivalent for that ? 237. Connective? 237. Verb? Predicative combination? 405. What com- bination is in a sign of? What word from triumph by "fissiparous gen- eration?" What combination is over the sign of? Pompey 's+blood is what kind of combination? 406. What rhetorical forms? 451. Cli- max? 444. Was the blood of Pompey shed at Munda? Does blood mean offspring here ? If so, as its literal meaning or by special figure ? Has the word rhetorical force for the tribune's purpose? How so? What art in saying his, that comes in triumph over Pompey' 's blood, instead of Ccesar ? Should his have emphasis ? What kind of foot is his way t How many syllables is flowers here ? Rule for the comma after way ? 543. Next clause? Kind? 404. Verb? Subject? What does gone com- bine with ? Parse it ! How does this clause differ rhetorically from im- perative go ? Is this a complete verse ? What fitness in such a bit of a hemistich here ? Is there more propriety in having the pause indicated by the absent hemistich before or after be gone ? Why ? If before it, where should be gone be printed ? Next clause ? Predicative combination ? 405. What combination is upon the sign of ? Are both parts (up-on) significant? Next clause? Kind? 404. Predicative combination? 405. What combination is to the sign of? Gods, why plural? Pray -\- to intermit what kind of combination ? 407. Expand to intermit into a clause with a predicative combination ? Meaning of intermit here ? How different from withhold in shade of idea and rhetorical force ? Connection of thought between plague and flog; — who afflicts (=flogs) whom in a plague? . „■■ SHAKESPEARE. 61 That needs must light on this ingratitude. Flew. Go, go, good countrymen, and, for this fault, Assemble all the poor men of your sort ; Next clause? Subordinate or co-ordinate? 409. Substantive, ad- jective, or adverbial? 411. Describes what? Connective? 376, 'I. Verb? Subject? 352. Light + on ingratitude is what kind of combina- tion? 407. Needs -\- must light? Derivation of needs? 292. Gram- matical equivalent using an analytic genitive ? 194. Analyze must light ; parse must alone ; light alone ! Give grammatical equivalents ! What ingratitude were the people guilty of? Pronominal element in that? 308. Other words of same element? Meaning of — t in that? 229. Other words in which — t has same meaning ? Meaning of — s in needs? 292. Pronominal element in this? 308. Natural significancy of it? It corresponds to what gesture? 228. What rhetorical art in this conclusion? What sentiments are appealed to? Does it give a climax with the foregoing ? 444. Who speaks next ? To whom ? First clause ? Predicative combi- nation? 405. Next clause? Predicative combination? 405. What rhetorical form? 450. Next clause? Has it a predicative combina- tion ? What kind of proposition is it most like ? 404. Meaning of countrymen? Is fellow-countrymen good English? Meaning of good here? Give examples of its similar use! Matt., xx., 11. Does this tribune's manner differ from the other's? In what respect? Next clause ? Predicative combination ? 405. Direct object ? 360. Attributive combinations with men? 406. Does the here direct atten- tion to its substantive as having been before described or as to be de- scribed ? What words constitute the description ? Meaning of sort ? What combination in for the sign of? Pronominal element in this? 308. s Natural significance? 228. Other words of same element; per- sonal pronouns; adverbs of manner? Pronominal element in the? What is meant by one : a : : that : the? Pronominal element in your? 308. How related in natural significance to th ? 228. Meaning of — r in your? 227, 225, 209. Other pronouns in which it has the same force ? Connection of thought between assemble and simultaneous ? Is the b in assemble euphonic or emphatic ? When is it inserted ? (See before, p. 58.) Give other examples ! UNIVERSE* OF 4 1 TimuNlxV. 62 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. Draw them to Tiber banks, and weep your tears Into the channel, till the lowest stream Do kiss the most exalted shores of all. [Exeunt Citizens. Next clause? Predicative combination? 405. Objective combina- tions? 407. Why not Tiber's banks? Pronominal element in them?- Is them a personal pronoun in Anglo-Saxon? 229. Force of — mf 229. Give other words in which it is a sign of the dative case ! Why has the dative termination rather than the accusative survived for our object- ive? Connection of thought between bank and bankrupt? Next clause? Kind of clause? 404, 409. Verb? Subject? 380, VIII. Objective combinations? 407. Is tears a direct or factitive ob- ject ? 360. What fitness in calling it a cognate accusative ? Is it not pleonastic ? 473. Connection of thought between weep and whoop ? What does it suggest about the manners of early ages ? Is weep tears a common idiom in Shakespeare? (No; shed tears, or drop.) — in the English Bible ? — in Milton ? (Yes ; never shed, once drop some tears.) What characteristic of Milton is indicated? Connection of thought be- tween channel and canal? — and kennel? — and cane? — and cannon? — and canon ? Any fissiparous generation here ? Your tears — has you the same meaning here as before ? Does the direct attention to its substantive as well known, or to be described ? Is this the use described in 370, X. ? Next clause? Kind of clause? 411. It modifies what? Its verb? Subject? Object? What is meant by lowest stream? — most exalted shores? Rule for the formation of superlatives ? 202 + . Which is the Anglo-Saxon mode of formation? Why should short words form in the Anglo-Saxon way more than long ones ? Any other reason than that given in 203 ? Of all what ? What relation is denoted by of? 359. Why called partitive ? Connection of thought between shore and shear ? Difference between shore and bank ? Ought not the verb to be does kiss ? Meaning of kiss ? What figure ? 463. Is the tribune in earnest in the substance of this direction ? Do you know any custom which would countenance such a performance ? What is hyperbole ? 453. Is this mighty pathetic? Does it answer its purpose? Is it, therefore, true eloquence ? Next clause? To whom spoken? Predicative combination? 405, 380, VIII. Next clause ? Kind of clause ? 409. Should not the verb SHAKESPEARE. 63 See, whe'r their basest metal be not moved ! They vanish tongue-tied in their guiltiness. Go you down that way towards the Capitol ; This way will I : Disrobe the images, If you do find them deckt with ceremonies. be is moved? Was the use of whether as one syllable common in the time of Shakespeare? . (Yes, printed exactly like the adverb where.') Connection of thought between metal and mettle ? Which is meant here ? The metaphor is taken from the metal of what ? How late is the adop- tion of the form mettle? (It is in Bailey's Dictionary.) Is it a case of fissiparous generation ? What other cases have occurred iri this ex- tract ? Is basest here a partitive or general appellative ? Translate the clause into other language ! Is this the real opinion which demagogues hold of the people they manage ? Next clause ? Predicative combination ? 405. Meaning of vanish ? It suggests a comparison between what? It sounds like what cant word that might be used for it ? What interest has the last question for the scientific linguist ? Meaning of tongue-tied? Whence the word ? — is the tongue ever literally tied? Pronominal clement in they? 308. Mean- ing of it ? Was they a demonstrative in Anglo-Saxon ? 229. Meaning of — r in their? 229, 209. Next clause ? Predicative combination ? 405. Parse way ! How is it known what way he means ? The pronominal element in that ? 308. What gesture is it equivalent to? How does Shakespeare pronounce towards ? How can you tell ? What part of the city could they have been in, so that going to the Capitol would be down? Force of the? 370. Difference between Capital and Capitol? Are these words pro- duced by fissiparous generation? What ellipsis in the next clause? 403. Pronominal element in this? — in I? What kind of clause is disrobe the images ? How does dis- affect the meaning of robe ? 326. Should it not rather be derobe ? Give other words in which dis- has the same sense ! What images are meant ? What is meant by disrobing them ? Next clause? Protasis or apodosis ? 411. Verb? Subject? Direct object? Analyze do find; parse do alone; find alone. Give gram- matical equivalents for both ! What kind of form is do find called ? 280. Is do really emphatic here ? In such cases does it now strength- 64 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. Mar. May we do so ? You know, it is the feast of Lupercal. Flav. It is no matter ; let no images en or enfeeble the expression? Is the unemphatic form common in Shakespeare ? How many times has it occurred in this extract ? Was it then an archaism ? Do young poets often use it now ? Why ? Con- nection of thought between deck here and deck of a ship ? Is decorate of the same root ? Has it perhaps affected the meaning of deck ? How? Meaning of ceremonies? [Insignia, e. g., of royalty or the like. — "His (a king's) ceremonies laid by, in his nakedness he appears but a man," K. Hen. V., iv., 1. — "There were set up images of Caesar in the city, with diadems upon their heads like kings. These the tribunes, Flavius and Marullus, went and pulled down," North's Plutarch.] Connection of thought between the common meaning of ceremonies and this ? (Com- pare — a and th' invisible Glory of him that made them, to transform Oft to the Image of a Brute, adorn' d With gay Religions full of Pomp and Gold, — etc." P. L., i., 369+.) Rule for the point after moved? 548. After Capitol? 544. After If 545. After images? 543. Does this tribune speak in iambics ? Good ones? With more or less variety than the former? Who speaks next? To whom? Verb? 245. Subject? 352. Do + so is what kind of combination? 407. Analyze may do; parse may alone ; do alone ! 272, 389. Is this the common use of do ? Do so represents what clause ? Next clause? Government of it is the feast of Lupercal? 411, L, 3. What does it stand for? 373, XIII. Predicative combination? 405. When was the feast of Lupercal holden ? — in honor of whom ? Why so called ? How does Shakespeare pronounce Lupercal ? How do you find out? With what ceremonies was it holden? How do you recon- cile this statement with the second line in the scene ? Who speaks next? First predicative combination? 405. Connec- tion of thought between the common meaning of matter and the mean- ing here? — between matter and material? Old form of it? 229. What is the pronominal letter in hit? 308. Force of — t in it? 229. It is the neuter of what masculine ? SHAKESPEARE. 65 Be hung with Caesar's trophies. I'll about, And drive away the vulgar from the streets : So do you too, where you perceive them thick. These growingfeathers pluckt from Caesar's wing, Will make him fly an ordinary pitch ; "Who else would soar above the view of men, And keep us all in servile fearfulness. [Exeunt. Next clause ? Verb ? Subject ? 380, VIII. Syntax of images ? Be hung combines with what? Kind of combination? 407, 408. Analyze be hung; parse be alone ; hung alone ! Can let be hung be parsed togeth- er? 271, VIII. (See Paradigms.) What kind of combination is Cce- sar's + trophies ? 406. Meaning of trophies ? — same as ceremonies above ? What kind of clause is Til about ? Its verb ? 289, 380, X. Next clause? Predicative combination? Mode and tense of verb? Analyze it ! Connection of thought between away and way ? Meaning of the vulgar ? Connection of thought between this meaning and that in vulgar fractions ? What questions have been asked about street ? Next clause ? Verb ? Subject ? Does do represent a clause or be- long with a verb understood? Next clause? Kind? 411. Verb? Subject ? Object ? Is thick an attributive adjective ? Is it better called predicative or factitive ? Why ? Next clause ? Verb ? Subject ? What kind of combination is make -\-him? — make -\- fly?— fly -\- pitch? What attributive combinations with feathers? What figure in this clause? 458. Put it in the form of a simile ! 467. There is a metaphor like this in the Letters of Junius, which has been called the best in our literature : do you remember it ? 476, 12. If Junius had this passage in mind while writing, is he guilty of plagiarism ? Meaning of — e in these ? 236. — of — m in him ? Why should the dative sign be kept for our objective ? Is it so in other pro- nouns ? Connection of thought between pitch and pick ? Does point ever mean pick ? — ever mean pitch ? Give examples ! DoeZfly a pitch mean fly to a point on a scale? Whence the phrase " stick a pin there?" Next clause? Kind of clause ? 411. Describes what? Is him em- phatic? What difference would be made in the sense by giving empha- sis to him and omitting the point after pitch ? What connective and personal pronoun would be an equivalent for who ? Is the addition in 66 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. # SCENE II. — The same. A public Place. Enter, in procession, with music, Caesar ; Antony, for the course ; Calphurnia, Portia, De- cius, Cicero, Brutus, Cassius, and Casca, a great crowd following, among them a Soothsayer. ****** Sooth. Caesar. Cces. Ha ! who calls ? Casca. Bid every noise be still : — Peace yet again. [Music ceases. Cms. Who is it in the press that calls on me ? I hear a tongue, shriller than all the music, Cry, Caesar. Speak ; Caesar is turned to hear. Sooth. Beware the ides of March. Cms. What man is that ? Brut. A soothsayer, bids you beware the ides of March. Co3S. Set him before me, let me see his face. this way of a subordinate clause to a sentence which had been com- pleted common in Shakespeare? (Yes.) — common in careful writers now ? What effect on the style ? Does it add to its air of ease and naturalness? Analyze would soar! What figure? 458. The literal meaning. Next clause ? Kind of clause ? Mode and tense of the verb ? Is the figure of the former line carried out ? How is keeping in fearfulness connected with soaring out of view ? Pronominal element in us ? 308. Other words of same element? 225. (Go on with similar questions through the additional extracts !) Synoptical. — Is this a good scene to open with? Why? What is there to attract attention — show, bustle, fun, eloquence? (Is the sec- ond scene a good one to follow ? Why ?) What variety in this scene among the characters ? Difference be- tween the tribunes and the people? Between the tribunes? Between the carpenter and the cobbler ? What variety in looks ? Describe Ma- rullus ! (See above, p. 54.) Describe Flavius ! Do you imagine him large or small ? — loud or gentle ? — of what temperament ? — general shape and size of head ? — phrenological bumps ? — eyes, nose, mouth ? — manners ? Which tribune would use most Anglo-Saxon ? Describe the SHAKESPEARE. 67 Cas. Fellow, come from the throng : look upon Caesar. Cces. What say'st thou to me now? Speak once again. /Sooth. Beware the ides of March. Cces. He is a dreamer : let us leave him ; — pass. [Sennet. Exeunt all hut Brutus and Cassius. (A dialogue follows, in which Cassius works Brutus against Caesar.) Re-enter Caesar and his Train. ****** Cces. Antonius. Ant. Caesar. Cces. Let me have men about me that are fat ; Sleek-headed men, and such as sleep o' nights : Yond Cassius has a lean and hungry look ; He thinks too much ; such men are dangerous. Ant. Fear him not, Caesar, he's not dangerous ; He is a noble Roman, and well given. ! • cobbler! — the carpenter! The dress of the tribunes? — of the people? (Similar questions about the characters in the second scene !) What variety in the action ? The people are doing what at the be- ginning of the scene ? In the middle ? At the end? What change in their feelings? (Similar questions about the second scene.) What variety in the sentiments ? Are there comic and tragic thoughts? Foolery and eloquence? The eloquence runs through what changes? (What additional variety in the second scene? What sentiment comes in with the soothsayer?) What variety in the language? Prose and verse? Cobbler's puns and tribune's tropes ? Is the attention of the audience wholly occupied with the scenic present ? The speech of Marullus adds what variety in this respect ? (Is the language of the second scene different from the first ? What variety in it ?) What unity between the tribunes? Are they a pair with comple- mentary qualities ? — having a common purpose ? — a common position ? What unity between the tribunes and the people ? Are they matched ? Point out the qualities which couple ! Are they members of one body ? What is the fable of Menenius Agrippa? (Coriolanus, i., 1.) How 68 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. Cces. Would he were fatter : — but I fear him not. Yet if my name were liable to fear, I do not know the man I should avoid So soon as that spare Cassius. He reads much : He is a great observer, and he looks Quite through the deeds of men : he loves no plays, As thou dost, Antony : he hears no music : Seldom he smiles ; and smiles in such a sort, As if he mocked himself, and scorned his spirit That could be moved to smile at any thing. Such men as he be never at heart's ease, Whiles they behold a greater than themselves ; And therefore are they very dangerous. I rather tell thee what is to be feared, Than what I fear ; for always I am Caesar. Come on my right hand, for this ear is deaf, And tell me truly what thou think'st of him. many good pictures should the stage present during the scene ? Should a photograph of it at any moment have unity in the grouping ? De- scribe the central object and the grouping — e. #., at the opening; — at "Mend me, thou saucy fellow!" — at "Know you not Pompey?" — at "Be gone!" Tell how each of the characters looks! (Similar ques- tions about the second scene ! Which part of the body politic is repre- sented in it ?) Is there any unity between the comic and serious parts ? In what do they have a common ground ? Does the classic drama admit such con- trasts ? Does nature ? Is it a good reason for using them that they are found in nature ? Doeji- art copy every thing in nature ? To what is the ultimate appeal in questions about the nature of beauty ? How is the blending of prose and verse to be justified ? Are thought and ex- pression intimately united in Shakespeare ? What is the main idea of the play ? How does this scene contribute to its development? What art is shown in preparing the audience for coming scenes ? Are the relations of Caesar to the parties of Rome well brought out ? Any thing which leads us to forebode a Brutus for Cse- sar ? What ? What do we learn from this scene of the character of SHAKESPEARE. 69 THE MERCHANT OF VENICE. Act V.. Scene I. (Reprint of first Folio. Bring it to good sense and meter by correcting punctuation, etc., and by conjectural emendation, if necessary.') Lorenzo. How sweet the moone-light sleepes vpon this banke, leere will we sit, and let the sounds of musicke Creepe in our eares soft stilnes, and the night Become the tutches of sweet harmonie : Sit Jessica, looke how the floore of heauen Is thicke inlayed with pattens of bright gold, There's not the smallest orbe which thou beholdst But in his motion like an Angell sings, Still quiring to the young eyed Cherubins ; Such harmonie is in immortall soules, But whilst this muddy vesture of decay the Roman populace ? Can it be generalized ? What of the character of the Roman demagogue ? Can it be generalized ? How came Shakes- peare by this knowledge of them ? What rhetorical maxims for dealing with the populace may be deduced from the scene ? In what propor- tions and in what order are scolding and cajoling to be mixed ? What rhetorical forms come most into play ? How is the genius of Shakespeare shown in this scene ? What in it is created according to nature ? The characters ? The grouping ? The language? Is there any display of Shakespeare's personal character in the scene ? Can it not be safely inferred from it that he was an ad- mirer of Pompey? — that he was no admirer of "the vulgar?" Why not ? Can we form conclusions from this scene as to the language of Shakespeare ? Does not each character speak a language of his own ? Should you not expect, e. g., the proportion of Anglo-Saxon words to change with the characters ? — the syntactical peculiarities also ? Would you expect the language to change wholly, as much as if the speeches of one character were written by Shakespeare, and those of another by Walter Scott ? Why so ? Would the several speeches have peculiari- ties common to the age of each writer ? How if speeches written by Shakespeare were compared with others written by Ben Jonson ? Would 70 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. Doth grosly close in it, we cannot heare it : Come hoe, and wake Diana with a hymne, With sweetest tutches pearce your Mistresse eare, And draw her home with musicke. Jessica. I am neuer merry when I heare sweet musique. Play musicke. Lor. The reason is, your spirits are attentiue : For doe but note a wilde and wanton heard Or race of youthful and vnhandled colts, Fetching mad bounds, bellowing and neighing loud, Which is the hot condition of their bloud, If they but heare perchance a trumpet sound, Or any ayre of musicke touch their eares, you expect to find peculiarities common to all Shakespeare's writing dif- ferent from those of Jonson? Why so? What words in the speech of Marullus, p. 52 + , are not from the Anglo-Saxon? (Rejoice, conquest, tributaries, Rome, grace, captive, chariot, block? sense, cruel, Pompey, battlements, chimney, infant, patient, expectation, pass, appear, univers- al, Tiber, trembled, replication, concave, put, attire, cull, flowers, tri- umph, pray, intermit, plague, ingratitude.) Why should you expect conquest to be from the Norman ? 43. Which of the other words for the same reason ? What is the ratio of the Romanic words to the whole number of words in the speech ? Is it more or less than usual ? (Bun- yan, Milton, App. B.) Is the reason to be found in the matter or the speaker ? What words used by Flavius in his first and two last speeches are not Anglo-Saxon? (Creatures, mechanical, laboring, sign, profession, trade: country, fault, assemble, poor, sort, Tiber, channel, exalted, basest, met- al, moved, vanish, capitol, disrobe, images, ceremonies : matter, Csesar, trophies, vulgar, perceive, ordinary, soar, view, servile.) What is the ratio of these to the whole? Greater or less than Marullus uses? Which of these words can be classified with conquest, etc. ? What rea- son for mechanical being Romanic ? 43. Of what nation were the me- chanics ? What other words here Romanic for the same reason ? What words of the cobbler's speech not Anglo-Saxon ? (Sir, respect, fine, trade, use, safe, conscience, mender, mend, meddle, matters, surgeon, danger, SHAKESPEARE. 71 You shall perceiue them make a mutuall stand, Their sauage eyes turn'd to a modest gaze, By the sweet power of musicke : therefore the Poet Did faine that Orpheus drew trees, stones, and floods. Since naught so stockish, hard, and full of rage, But musicke for time doth change his nature, The man that hath no musicke in himselfe, Nor is not moued with concord of sweet sounds, Is fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoyles, The motions of his spirit are dull as night, And his affections da ke as JEJrobus, Let no such man be trusted : marke the musicke. recover, proper, Caesar, rejoice, triumph.) Is the ratio greater than in the speeches of the tribunes ? Explain why it is as it is ! How many adjective clauses in the speeches of Marullus? How many in those of Flavius ? How many in the whole scene ? How many substantive clauses? Interrogative? Exclamatory? What syntactical differences from Milton ? (See p. 34.) Is Shakespeare more perspicu- ous? 470-472. More lively? 473, 474. Is this a good extract for drill on the pronouns ? Which part of it best ? What part do personal pro- nouns play in conversation as compared with essays and formal compo- sition ? How do they affect the liveliness of style ? 222. Unabr. Gram., 291. (Similar questions to most of the foregoing should be put, to sum up the results of the study of the other extracts. Let the student be required to write out for himself a complete series of all the additional questions suggested on page 66 and onward.) It is not without significance that the greatest and most sovereign poet of the new time, in distinction from the old classic poetry — I can, of course, only mean Shakespeare — had the English tongue for his fos- ter-mother. — J. Grimm. What is the significance of the above fact ? Point out how his moth- er-tongue is the poet's foster-mother ! u We must be free or die who speak the tongue That Shakespeare spake." Why so? Why say Shakespeare rather than, e. "The pray full Princesse pearst and prickt a prettie pleasing Pricket," etc — Love's L. Lost, iv., 1.) Is it natural to forcible description? Are descriptives beginning with the same sound likely to have something of the same sense ? Why so ? Does this give them power to double the impressiveness of an image ? Are they naturally associated for any other reason ? What ? What alliteration on page 69? — on page 70? — 71? What other repetition of similar sounds was fashionable in Shakespeare's time ? (Euphuism : the bringing into correlation words of similar sound but different sense. See Sir Piercie Shafton, Scott's Monastery.) Does Shakespeare use it? (Sometimes, though he ridicules it — e. (/., M Some say a sore, bu^ not a sore, till now made sore with shooting," etc. — Love's L. Lost, iv., 1.) What example of it on page 73 ? Do the extracts above show that Shakespeare loved music ? — and thought it bad not to love it ? Any more than they show that he admired Pompey ? (See page 69.) Why so? Does he much use any of the minor artifices of versifiers? Is onomatopoeia abundant in his pages? 305. Do his thoughts seem to come to him in such form that their most natural expression is most truly musical ? What part of the current happy harmonious phrases of our language are from Shakespeare? Which has the greater variety and ease in the harmony of his verse, Shakespeare or Milton ? Which is the more wonderful, the human voice or an organ ? Shakespeare or Milton ? Write an essay on the language of Shakespeare covering the ground of the foregoing questions ! D S P E N S E E. THE FAERY QUEEN. Introductory. — Write a life of Spenser : an essay on the Elizabethan Age ; the manners of the court and of the people ; the condition of learning, literature, and religion ; the nature and sources of the greatness of the age : an es- say on the Faery Queen ; its character, its relation to the age, its history. — (See Chambers's Cyclopaedia of English Literature, Drake's Life and Times of Shakespeare, Mot- ley's Rise of the Dutch Republic, Warton on Spenser, Hart's Essay on Spenser and the Fairy Queen.) At which university did Spenser study ? What were then the stud- ies of the universities ? Their usages ? How long was he there ? What did he do after graduating ? What did he publish first ? When ? How came he to live in Ireland ? Was his residence favorable to study and poetic composition ? What were his favorite books ? Did he write much ? What did he publish ? What is known of his person and man- ners? His friends? What mutual friends had he and Shakespeare? Did he write most for the people, or scholars, or the court ? Which of his writings have a puritanic cast ? Are any of them in the meters of the ancients ? When was the Faery Queen composed ? What kind of a work is it ? Give its plan as set forth by Spenser ! Why is it called the Faery Queen ? Is it complete? How much is there of it? Enough for most readers? What is an allegory? 432. Difference between allegory and fable? 440. — and metaphor? 458. — personification? 463. — parable? 460.— a myth ? What is the Faery Queen in external form ? Were romances of chivalry part of the favorite reading of the time ? Mention any ! Who were the most fashionable poets? Did Ariosto and Tasso write SPENSER. 75 A gentle knight was pricking on the plain, romances of chivalry ? Were the artificial manners and gallantries of chivalry still current in the court of Elizabeth ? Were jousts and tour- naments still the fashion? What is the Faery Queen in its internal sense? A book of religious training? Was Spenser accustomed to see the virtues and vices visibly decorated with their proper attributes, and speaking and acting representatively ? What was a pageant ? A masque ? A dumb show ? Was allegory used in these public specta- cles? (Read Scott's Kenilworth and Motley's Rise of the Dutch Re- public.) Do descriptions in the Faery Queen bear marks of being sug- gested by these allegorical figures? F. Q., 3, 12, 5 + . Was the style of dress at court such as to make the varied and splendid costumes in the Faery Queen natural? Was the blending of chivalry and religious earnestness common in the times of Elizabeth ? What other element of fashionable success had Spenser's book? Did the characters repre- sent prominent persons ? For example? What is the effect now of the double allegory ? Is there any great work of chivalry, written as an al- legory, which is more obscure than this ? (Sec Tasso : Jerusalem De- livered.) What other source of obscurity in the poem ? Did Spenser use the current language of his time ? What does Ben Jonson mean when he says that " Spenser, in affecting the ancients, writ no language?" Have other learned poets been fond of the archaic in thought and language? Virgil ? Milton ? Gray ? What reason for it ? How was the Faery Queen received ? Js it as much read as the Pilgrim's Progress ? Why not ? What are its defects ? Its merits ? What qualities make Spen- ser Milton's favorite English poet? " Our sage, serious Spenser, whom I dare be known to think a better teacher than Scotus or Aquinas." — Milton, Liberty of unlicensed Printing . (Write an analysis : see model in Appendix A. Study derivation, 310-34:9, in addition to the subjects before referred to.) What is the first clause ? What kind of clause ? 404. What is its verb? 245. Its subject? 352. What objective combination? 407. What attributive combinations with knight ? 405. What combination is in the sign of? And connects what? Are two propositions abridged in this? If so, give them ! What was the oldest form of a? 216. When is a used for an? 216. Difference in meaning between an and one? 215. What is the meaning of gentle here ? Connection of thought between * 76 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. Yclad in mighty arms and silver shield, Wherein old dints of deep wounds did remain, the two meanings of it? Between gentle and genteel? — and gentile? What root letters common to gentle and generous ? — and generate ? 319, 4. Con- nection of thought between these and kin, kind from the corresponding Anglo-Saxon root ? Force of -t- in gen-t-le ? 321. Force of -le {—-He) ? 324. Other wo/ds from the same Anglo-Saxon root ? Knight and knave originally meant what? (See before, page 48.) Connection between knight =young man and knight here? What kind of verb Js was prick- ing? 279. Analyze it; parse pricking alone! Force of -ing? 266. Connection of thought between the common meaning and this ? Is the use here by special figure, or was it current ? (Current in Chaucer.) Does its use here make a poetical form? 491. Is pricking on the plain an equivalent for spurring over the plain ? Difference between on and over ? — and in ? Meaning of that : the : : one : an ? The plain is what plain ? Is it characteristic of Spenser that his scenes are in no definite place or time ? Connection of thought between plain and plane ? — and plan? — and piano? Meaning of y- in yclad? Unabr. Gram., 339. Is it ever used now ? Meaning of mighty ? Connection of might and may ? Force of-?/ in mighty? 313. Connection of thought between arm and arms ? — arms and armor ? Is the shield part of the arms ? Connection of thought between shield and shelter? What poetic form in silver shield? 491. Who is the knight ? (St. George.) What virtue does he represent? (Holiness.) What are the mighty arms? Ephesians, vi., 11 + . What is the shield? Ephesians, vi., 16. On what adventure is St. George '^pricking?" (To slay a dragon which laid waste the king- dom of the Lady Una's father.) What is represented thereby ? (The Lady Una typifies the Church of England.) What legendary proprie- ty in representing holiness by St. George ? In sending him to slay a dragon? Which of Spenser's friends is depicted in this knight? (Sir Philip Sydney.) Sydney's character and life ? Next clause? Kind — subordinate or co-ordinate? 409. Substan- tive, adjective, or adverbial? 411. What noun or nouns does it de- scribe ? Connective ? 396, IV. Composition of wherein ? Grammat- ical equivalent for it ? 396, VIII. Verb? Subject ? 352. Attributive combinations with dints ? 406. Rule for syntax of marks? 362. What kind of combination is marks -f- of 'field? 406. Pronominal element in wherein ? 308. Other words from same? Its natural significance? 241. SPENSER. 77 The cruel marks of many a bloody field ; Yet arms till that time did he never wield r Connection of thought between old and aldermen ? Between dint and din ? Is the root onomatopoetic ? 305. What kind of blow does it im- itate the sound of? How does it differ from ding? 305, III. Mean- ing of wounds here ? What rhetorical figure ? 458. Analyze did re- main; parse did alone; remain alone! Give grammatical equivalents for both to show that remain is an infinitive! What kind of form is it called? 280. Is it really emphatic here? Is this unemphatic form used now ? Had it become antiquated in Spenser's time ? Why do young poets use it now? Is did a contraction for doed? 273. (No: di- is a reduplication.) Connection of thought between remain and mansion? Force of re- ? 326. Pronominal element of the? 308. Nat- ural significance of it? 228. Connection of thought between cruel and crude? Crude and Latin cruor (—gore, blood)? Force of -el in cruel? Difference between cruel and bloody ? Why are the marks called cruel? What rhetorical figure? 458. In what number is many? Was it used in this sense in the singular in Anglo-Saxon ? (See before, page 54 + .) With or without the article ? What other languages have a similar idiom? When did the article begin to be inserted? What was Home Tooke's opinion about the a? (See also Trench — English, Past and Present, p. 147.) Is it correct? How can we tell that the article in semi- Saxon is not a corruption of of ? Could the oblique cases annes, aenne, etc., be so? How does many afield differ in meaning from many fields? Is it a neat way of distributing many? Why should poets like the sound ? What is meant by field here ? What rhetorical figure is it? 459. Connection of thought between blood and blossom, bloom, blow — is blood so named from its color, or as being that which causes blooming? Force of-// in bloody? 313. What is the allegorical sense of dints ? 432. — of bloody field? Mention some of the fields referred to ! Next clause ? ' Kind ? 409, 410. With what is it co-ordinate ? Con- nective ? Verb ? Subject ? 352. Direct object ? 360. What combi- nation is till the sign of? 407. Does arms mean offensive or defensive, or both? Meaning of -s in arms? Pronominal element in that? 308. Other words of same element ; personal pronouns ; relative ; adverbs of time, place, manner; conjunction? Meaning of -t in that? 229. Other words in which it occurs ? Is did wield a true emphatic form ? 280. Analyze it; parse did alone ; wield alone ! Pronominal element 78 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. His angry steed did chide his foaming bit, As much disdaining to the curb to yield : in he ? 308. Other words of same ? Meaning ? (Weak demonstrative.) Connection between never and ever? Eule for collocation of he? 356, 494. — of arms ? 361, 494. Meaning of wield? Is it proper to speak of wielding a horse? What is the allegorical meaning of this clause? What propriety in it ? Next clause ? Kind ? 404. Verb ? Subject ? 352. Direct object ? 360. Attributive combinations with steed? 406. — bit? As — yield is abridged for what clause ? What part of speech is as ? Is it often fol- lowed by an abridged sentence ? Often a sign of apposition ? Is this one of the cases in which some grammarians call it a pronoun ? What syntax for if as such ? What kind of combination is much + disdaining ? 407. — steed + disdaining ? To is a sign of what combination with curb ? Any peculiarity of collocation in this clause ? Pronominal element in his ? 308. Meaning of it ? Other words from it ? Force of -s in his ? Force of-?/ in angry? 313. Connection of thought between anger and anguish ? Analyze did chide ; parse did alone ; chide alone ! Is it a true emphatic form? Had this form become archaic in the time of Spenser? (Yes, in conversation and prose.) Is Spenser fond of it? — and of other archaisms ? Are poets apt to be ? Why ? Meaning of chide ; does it imply noise ? Its past tense in the Bible ? Genesis, xxxi., 36 ; Numb., xx., 3. Meaning of foaming here ? Is it literally applied ? Force of -ing ? 266. Connection between bit and bite ? Other mean- ings of bit ? The connection of thought between them ? Force of -ing in disdaining? Connection of thought between disdain and deign? — and dignity? Force of dis-f 326, 327, VIII. How different from in- in indignant, indignity? Pronominal letters in the? Their natural sig- nificance ? 308. Is this use of the mentioned in 370 ? Connection of thought between curb and curve ? Would you expect curb to come from the Norman French ? Why ? 43. Steed also ? Why not ? Difference between steed and horse? Is steed in the Bible? Is it any thing more than a sensation synonym for horse ? Which would you expect Shakes- peare to use more, steed or horse? (Horse, five times as often.) Milton ? (Steed.") Why? Which is more expressive in sound? Is steed in An- glo-Saxon a poetic word ? (No, its use is in connection with the raising of horses.) Connection of thought between to and too? — yield and guilt ? (Anglo-Saxon gyldan, to pay.) SPENSER. 79 Full jolly knight he seemed, and fair did sit, As one for knightly jousts and fierce encounters fit. Next clause? Kind? 404. Verb? Subject? What kind of com- bination is he+knight? 405.— full + jolly ?— jolly -\- knight ? Rule for col- location ? 356. Is the peculiarity here mentioned in 494 ? Grammat- ical equivalent for full? 412. Is it obsolete in this use ? What phrases with it survive ? Is it in the Bible ? Shakespeare ? (Yes.) Milton ? (Of course.) Connection of thought between yW/ and fill? Common meaning of jolly? Connection of thought between jolly and yule? Force of-ly? 313. Connection between the common meaning and the meaning here? From what language is the meaning here taken? What trait of French character is suggested by the change in meaning from English jolly to French jolie, pretty, genteel? Has the meaning here ever been current in English ? (Jolly and full jolly are common in Chaucer as descriptive of seemly vigorous young life, but perhaps are never applied to any one who is "too solemn sad." Milton imitates Spenser.) Connection of thought between knight and knave ? Prima- ry meaning of each ? Pronominal element of he ? Its force ? Force of -ed in seemed? What verb is it equivalent to? Is it thought to be historically derived from the ancient form of did ? (Yes.) Next clause? Kind? 409, 410. Verb? Subject? What kind of combination is fair + did sit? 407. How was the adverb formed from an adjective in Anglo-Saxon ? 293. How do we come to have so many adverbs of the same form as adjectives? 293. How is the poetic use of adjectives for adverbs explained ? 293. Would you expect it to be com- mon in Spenser? Why? Is this meaning of fair given in Worcester? Connection of thought between fair when used with complexion and when used with dealing ? — and when used with sit ? What part of speech is as ? What complete proposition can be filled out after it ? Is it often used as a. sign of apposition ? Difference in its meaning when used in apposition and in comparison? What kind of combination is he-\-as one ? 406. Of what combination is for the sign ? Give grammatical equivalents for the line, so that and may connect two propositions ! Connection of an and one ? 216. Force of -ly in knightly? 313. Con- nection of thought between joust and jostle ? 313, 1. — and adjust ? Force of ad- ? 326. Connection offeree and ferocious ? What rhetorical fig- 80 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. II. And on his breast a bloody cross he bore, The dear remembrance of his dying Lord, ure in fierce encounters? Connection of encounter and counteract? — and contradict? 327. Force of en-? 327. Connection* of fit and refit? — and counter-feit ? What peculiarity of collocation in the line ? Can an allegorical sense be seen in all the details of this description ; — the steed ; the chiding ; the bit ? Why depict Holiness as a jolly knight, etc. ? Next clause? Kind? 404. Verb? Subject? Direct object? 360. What combination is on the sign of? Remembrance combines with what ? Kind of combination ? 406. Attributive combinations with remembrance ? 406. Translate the first line into literal prose, using no word beginning with 1) ! Pronominal letter in his ? Other words of same letter ? Force of it? Force of -s? When is a used for an? 216. Relation of an to one? 217. Meaning of-?/ in bloody? 313. Connection of thought be- tween blood and bloom? Between cross and crusade ? — and excruciating? — and curse? Is bloody a better word here than ruddy, or ruby, or scar- let, or blood-red? Why ? Would it not be well to interchange bore and wore ? Why not ? Pronominal element in the ? Other words of same element? 308. Connection between dear and darling? 313, 343. Why should a diminutive form be used to express endearment? What let- ters common to remembrance and memory ? Is the -b- euphonic or em- phatic ? Give other examples of b inserted after an accented m followed by /or r ! (See before, page 58.) Meaning of re- ? 326. — of -ance ? 324. Is remembrance here used in its common sense ? Would not memento, or memorial, or souvenir be better ? Why not ? Other examples of the use of remembrance in this sense? Isaiah, lvii., 8 ; Hamlet, iii. 1. Force of -ing in dying ? 266. What part of speech is dying here ? How do you tell whether an adjective or participle ? Would his Lord's death be an exact equivalent for his dying Lord? What difference ? Next clause? Kind? 411. What noun does it describe? Verb? Subject? Direct object? What combination is^br the sign of? At- tributive combinations with sake? 406. Pronominal letters in whose? 308. Other words of same element ? Is who a relative in Anglo-Sax- on? 237. Explain how an interrogative turns into a relative! Give illustrative sentences ! Meaning of -se in whose ? Other words in which "W. •*# J For whose sweet sake that glorious badge Jhe wore, > ^^Ofr And dead as living ever him adored : ^V/ a Upon his shield the like was also scored, the genitive termination is spelt -se? To which of the senses does sweet primarily refer? Connection of thought between sweet and -suade in persuade ? — and suavity ? Meaning of sake ? Is it ever used now ex- cept with for ? Connection between its meaning here and its old mean- ing — I. e., cause in court, suit at law? — between sake and seek? Pro- nominal element of that ? It is equivalent to what gesture ? 228. What does -ous in glorious mean ? 324. Painters mean what by a glory ? Con- . nection of thought between glare and glory? Why glorious badge? Connection of thought between badge and patch? (Wedgwood's Etym. Diet.) Is the badge here a patch ? Connection of thought between beacon and badge (< old- English bag, bagge — Prompt. Parv. ; bagy — Berners < Anglo-Saxon beacn, a token, sign, especially the cross — e.g., in hoc signo vinces=z mid thys beacne ofersvidhest — Elene, 92. The cross of the Crusaders was by eminence the badge, Candida signa cmcis juve- nuin pr&stantia pingunt pectora — Polit. Songs, Temp. Hen. III., p. 24. Dutch baake; Ger. baake ; Swedish bak ; M. Latin bagia, a token, beacon}? Connection with beckon ? — with beck ? Is wore a weak or strong verb ? . Why so called? 276. Connection between the meaning here and in Job, xiv., 19. Next clause ? Predicative combination ? 405. Direct object ? 360. As is a sign of what combination ? What kind of combination is adwed +as living? 407. Why is living called a factitive object? 360. Sup- ply an ellipsis so as to make a predicative combination after as! What does ever combine with? Should it have a point before or after it? 543. Connection between dead and die ? Force of -ing in living ? 266. Which case is -m in him the sign of? 229. Are the objectives of other pronouns old datives ? Why should the datives thus survive rather than the accusatives ? Which oblique case occurs oftenest ? Why ? Force of -d in adored? What root letters are common to adore and oratory? Connection of thought between the common meaning of oratory and the place called an oratory by the Roman Catholics ? Meaning of ad- in adore? 326. Next clause? Kind ? 404. Verb? Subject? Upon is the sign of D2 82 METHOD OF PHILOLOGICAL STUDY. For sovereign hope, which in his help he had : Right faithful true he was in deed and word ; what combination ? Rule for the use of the here ? 370, V. Of what combination is for the sign ? Composition of upon ? Are both parts significant here ? Do the English now use upon less than Americans ? —than old English? Connection of thought between shield and shelter? Meaning of that : the : : one : an? What termination is equivalent to like? 313. Give examples of its use! Composition of also? 303. Can you parse the parts as separate words here ? So means how?- Analyze was scored; parse was alone ; scored alone ! Connection of thought be- tween score and sheer, shorn? — between score here and score (=20), and on that score? Grammatical equivalent to explain the meaning of for? Why is the word which Spenser spells soveraine, Milton sovran «Fr. souveraine ; It. sovrano