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MONTEITirS FIRST LESSONS IN GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 VIEWS IN NORTH AMERICA. 
 
NATIONAL GEOGRAPHICAL SERIES. 
 
 FIRST LESSONS 
 
 GEOGRAPHY: 
 
 PLAN OF OBJECT TEACHING, 
 
 DESIGNED FOR BEGINNERS. 
 
 BY JAMES MONTEITH, 
 
 AUTHOR OF A SERIES OF GBOGkAPHIES, MAPS, ATLASES, AND A POPLLAR SCIENCE READER. 
 
 NEW YORK •:• CINCINNATI •:. CHICAGO 
 
 AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 DEFINITIONS. 
 
 PAGB 
 . . 12 
 
 MAPS. 
 
 Western Hemisphere 13 
 
 Eastern Hemisphere 20 
 
 North America 22 
 
 United States 26 
 
 Eastern States 34 
 
 Middle States 38 
 
 Southern States 42 
 
 Western States 46 
 
 South America 50 
 
 Europe 54 
 
 Asia 58 
 
 Africa » . 62 
 
 ' OBJECT 
 
 PAGE 
 
 The Earth 6-11 
 
 Natural Divisions 15, 16 
 
 North America 25 
 
 United States 32, 33 
 
 Eastern States 37 
 
 Middle States , 41 
 
 Southern States 45 
 
 LESSONS. 
 
 PAGB 
 
 Western States 49 
 
 South America 53 
 
 Europe 57 
 
 Asia 61 
 
 Africa 65 
 
 Plants 66, 67 
 
 General Review 68 
 
 'AAA 
 
 Copyright, 1884, 1889, by 
 JAMES MONTEITH. 
 
 I St Les. Geo. 
 
 T * U W. P ft 
 
PREFACE. '? ^'^^ 
 
 The plan of this little work is such, that the subject is pre- 
 sented in the most simple form. (<Uir 
 
 It treats of general features, such as the locality and 
 ilescription of Continents, Countries, States, Rivers, Mountains, 
 vc, without dwelling prematurely upon details which embarrass 
 I he learner in his first effort. 
 
 The Maps are free from all meridians, parallels of latitude, 
 and any superabundance of names; thereby giving a greater 
 prominence to the general divisions of land and water. 
 
 The plan of Object Teaching, by which the mind re- 
 ceives impressions through the medium of the eye, is here so 
 combined with the Map Exercises, that a child just able to read 
 is at once interested and instructed. 
 
 BARNES'S GEOGRAPHIES. 
 
 Edited by James Monteith. 
 
 BARNES'S ELEMENTARY GEOGRAPHY ^0.55 
 
 BARNES'S COMPLETE GEOGRAPHY 1.25 
 
 A complete and thoroughly modem two-book series. 
 
 Other Text-Books by James Monteith. 
 
 NATIONAL SERIES OF GEOGRAPHIES: 
 
 First Lessons in Geography $0. 25 
 
 Introduction to Geography 40 
 
 Manual of Geography 75 
 
 INDEPENDENT SERIES OF GEOGRAPHIES: 
 
 Elementary Geography 55 
 
 Comprehensive Geography x . 10 
 
 MONTEITH'S PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY i.oo 
 
 MONTEITH'S PHYSICAL AND INTERMEDIATE GEOGRAPHY x.20 
 
 MONTEITH'S PHYSICAL AND POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY x.15 
 
 MONTEITH'S POPULAR SCIENCE READER 
 
 035 
 
 •75 
 
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FIRST LESSONS 
 
 IN 
 
 GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 LESSON I. 
 
 This is a picture of the World or Earth upon 
 which we Hve. It is a great ball. The part you see 
 is the outside or surface, and is either land or water. 
 
 The parts of this picture which appear smooth and 
 light represent the water ; the rough and dark parts, 
 the land; and you may know that on the Earth's 
 surface, there is more water than land. 
 
 Look at the picture, and you will observe ships 
 sailing on the water. That great body of water is 
 called an Ocean, and ships can sail on any part of 
 it, and in any direction. The spots you see in the 
 Ocean are portions of land, called Islands, because 
 there is water all around them. 
 
 If you look at the land, on this picture, you will 
 notice black, rough places in it : these are the highest 
 
8 LESSON II. 
 
 part of the land, and are called Mountains. The 
 low places between the mountains are called Val- 
 leys. 
 
 On the land, you will see white places ; these rep- 
 resent Lakes, which are bodies of water surrounded 
 by the land ; and Rivers, which are streams of water 
 flowing through the land. 
 
 The land is higher than the rivers, and the rivers 
 are higher than the ocean ; therefore, the rain that 
 falls on the land runs into the rivers, and the rivers 
 flow toward the ocean. 
 
 There are five oceans on the Earth, named the 
 Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Northern or Arctic, 
 and Southern or Antarctic. The largest is the 
 Pacific or mild Ocean, which is the one you see be- 
 fore you in the picture. 
 
 The water shown at the upper part of the picture 
 is the Northern or Arctic Ocean, and that at the 
 lower part, the Southern or Antarctic. 
 
 There are two oceans on the side of the Earth 
 not shown in the picture; they are the Atlantic 
 Ocean, and the Indian Ocean. 
 
 Ships sail on all these oceans, as you see them 
 here on the Pacific — just as flies travel around an 
 orange. A fly travels on the outside or surface of 
 an orange; people and ships move on the surface 
 
LESSON 111, 
 
 of the Earth. The fields, hills, roads, rivers, and 
 ponds, are parts of the Earth's surface. 
 
 Look again at the picture, and you wiU see land 
 all along the right hand side, stretching from the 
 upper part of the picture almost to the lower, or 
 from the North to the South. That land is Amer- 
 ica. At the middle, or Center, the land is very 
 narrow, and because it is a narrow neck of land it is 
 called an Isthmus. The land from this isthmus 
 toward the north is North America, and that from 
 the isthmus toward the south is South America. 
 North America and South America are joined to 
 each other by the Isthmus of Darien or Panama. 
 
 Point to North America, — to South America." 
 
 On the right hand side of this picture or illustra- 
 tion you may observe a steamship sailing on the 
 Atlantic Ocean. That is but a small part of the 
 Atlantic. From what land does the steamship ap- 
 pear to be sailing? To what land is it sailing? Is 
 it sailing north, or south ? 
 
 The land which you see on the left hand side of 
 this picture is a part of Asia. The other part of 
 Asia is on the side of the earth opposite that which 
 is here represented ; also Europe and Africa. North 
 America, South America, Europe, Asia, and Africa 
 are Grand Divisions of the land on the Earth. 
 
lo LESSON IV. 
 
 ABOUT DAY AND NIGHT. 
 
 The right hand side of the picture appears light, 
 and the left hand side, dark. That is because the 
 Sun is represented to be shining on the right hand 
 side, where it is day ; the opposite side being in the 
 shade, has night. 
 
 On the picture, in North and South America, it is 
 day ; in Asia, it is night. To cause day in Asia, the 
 Earth must turn around so as to bring Asia toward 
 the Sun. Now, any Httle boy or girl can tell whether 
 America will have day or night, when Asia has day. 
 
 The side of the Earth which is toward the Sun has 
 day, and the opposite side has night ; therefore, as the 
 Earth turns around, or whirls like a top, every place 
 will have day, then night, then day again, and so on 
 continually. The Sun shines on one half of the Earth 
 at a time. If the Earth did not whirl about, it would 
 be day continually on the side toward the Sun, and 
 continual night in all countries on the opposite side. 
 
 As God caused the Sun to shine upon the Earth to 
 give day, what change would take place with day and 
 night, if He should cause the Sun to cease shining? 
 
 Look again at the picture, and you will notice the 
 Sun shining on one side of the Earth, and the Moon 
 shining on the opposite side, where it is night. The 
 
LESSON V. II 
 
 world is at that time between the Sun and Moon, 
 which is always the case when you see the Moon full 
 and bright. The stars you see at night are large 
 shining bodies like the Sun, but appear smaller than 
 the Moon or the Sun, because they are much further 
 from us. The Earth is larger than the Moon, and 
 the Sun is much larger than the Earth. The Moon 
 is nearer to us than the Sun. 
 
 On the picture you see clouds. Very few little 
 children know what clouds are, and how rain comes 
 from them. So a few words will be here said about 
 them. You have all seen rising from boiling water, 
 something that appears like smoke. It is not smoke, 
 but VAPOR, to which the water is changed by the heat; 
 and if you would hold a cold basin over that vapor, 
 you would see the vapor turn again to water. In the 
 same way, heat causes vapor to rise from the ocean, 
 lakes, rivers, ponds, etc.; and float in the air, until it 
 meets cold air, when it is changed back to water, and 
 returns in the form of drops, and is called rain. 
 
 So the VAPOR rises from the water; and, while in 
 the form of clouds, the wind blows it over the dry 
 ground, until it is turned into drops, when it comes 
 down to water the grain, the grass, and the flowers; 
 which, by their bright looks and sweet odors, express 
 their joy and thankfulness to God, who alone can do 
 such wonders. 
 
12 
 
 LESSON VI. 
 
 
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LESSON VII 
 
 13 
 
 What are the divisions 
 of the Western Con- 
 tinent ? 
 
 North America 
 and South 
 America. 
 
 ^^Tiat are the divisions 
 of the Eastern Con- 
 tinent ? 
 
 Europe, Asia, and 
 Africa. 
 
 What is an Ocean? 
 The largest divi- 
 sion of the wa- 
 ter. 
 
 How many Oceans are there ? 
 
 Five; Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern or Ant- 
 arctic, Northern or Arctic. 
 
 Which is the largest Ocean ? 
 The Pacific Ocean. 
 
 What is an Island ? 
 
 A portion of land entirely surrounded by water. 
 
 What is a Peninsula ? 
 
 A portion of land almost surrounded by water. 
 
 What is a Lake ? 
 
 A body of water almost surrounded by land. 
 
14 LESSON VIII. 
 
 What is an Isthmus ? 
 
 A neck joining two larger portions of land. 
 What is a Strait ? 
 
 A passage connecting two larger bodies of water. 
 What is a Cape ? 
 
 A point of land extending into the water. 
 What is a Mountain ? 
 
 A vast elevation of land. 
 What is a Hill ? 
 
 A small elevation of land. 
 What is a Volcano ? 
 
 A mountain which sends out fire, smoke, and lava. 
 What is a Valley ? 
 
 The low land between hills or mountains. 
 What is a Plain ? 
 
 A level tract of land. 
 
 What is a Desert ? 
 
 A barren region of country. 
 What is a Sea ? 
 
 The division of water next in size to an oceaUo 
 What is a Gulf or Bay ? 
 
 A body of water extending into the land. 
 What is a River ? 
 
 A Stream of water flowing through the land. 
 
 By what are Rivers formed ? 
 
 By Springs. 
 What is a Cataract or Waterfall ? 
 
 Water flowing over a precipice. 
 
LESSON IX. 
 
 15 
 
 i lie pupii:^ will, Upon this illustration, point out the 
 different divisions of land and water. 
 
 Point to a Mountain. Why? Ans, Because it is 
 a vast elevation of land. Point to a Volcano. Why ? 
 Ans. Because it is a Mountain which sends out fire, 
 smoke, and lava. Point out the following, and give 
 the reason: — A Hill — Valley — Island — Penin- 
 sula — Lake — Isthmus — Strait — Cape — Plain — 
 Bay — River. In which of these do you see a church ? 
 Show which house stands on a hill — on a mountain. 
 On which division are the cattle grazing*^ 
 
i6 
 
 LESSON X. 
 
 What is a Map ? 
 
 A picture of the whole, or a part, of the Earth's 
 Surface. 
 
 What are the directions on a Map ? 
 
 Toward the top. North ; toward the bottom, South ; 
 to the right. East ; to the left, West. 
 
 In what direction from the center of the picture is the Island ? 
 North. 
 
 In what direction is the volcano ? The Cape ? 
 
 The Bay ? The Lake ? The Strait ? The Mountains ? 
 
 The Isthmus ? 
 
 What is in the East ? In the West ? In the South ? In the 
 North? In the Northwest? In the Southeast? In the 
 Northeast ? In the Southwest ? 
 
LESSON XI 
 
 17 
 
 Here is shown a part of a River with a sail-boat 
 on it. A man is sitting in the stern of the boat, and, 
 by means of the helm or rudder, he steers it in any 
 direction. The forward part of a boat is called the 
 bow. A sloop has one mast ; a schooner, two. 
 
 On the BANK or edge of this river is a windmill, 
 with its long arms spread, which, being broad and 
 light, are blown by the wind round and round, like a 
 great wheel. In the mill are two large flat stones, 
 one of which is moved against the other, face to face, 
 by the arms ; so that whatever the miller places be- 
 tween the stones is ground fine like flour. 
 
 Corn when ripe and dry is ground into Indian 
 meal or corn meal ; oats when ground we call oat 
 meal ; wheat or rye ground, is flour. Tell how corn 
 is planted, and when it ripens. 
 
VVESTEKN HEMISPHEK.T? 
 
LESSON XII 
 
 19 
 
 In what Division of the Earth do 
 we live ? 
 In North America. 
 
 What Division south of North 
 America ? 
 South America. 
 
 When ^ you look at the rising 
 Sun, what Ocean is before 
 you ? 
 The Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 Where does the sun rise? 
 In the East. 
 
 Where, then, is the Atlantic 
 Ocean ? 
 East of America. 
 
 When you look at the setting Sun, 
 what Ocean is before you ? 
 
 The Pacific Ocean. 
 Where does the Sun set? 
 
 In the West. 
 Where is the Pacific Ocean ? 
 
 West of America. 
 What Ocean north of America ? 
 
 The Northern Ocean. 
 
 LESSON XIII. 
 
 \N nat btrait connects the Pacific 
 Ocean with the Northern 
 Ocean ? 
 
 What Ocean south of America? 
 
 What Isthmus joins South Amer- 
 ica to North America ? 
 
 Which is the most northern 
 Country of North America ? 
 
 What Bay west of Greenland ? 
 
 What Mountains in N.America? 
 
 ^^'hat Mountains in S. America -^ 
 
 Do you live in North America or 
 
 in South America ? 
 What Ocean east of America ? 
 What Ocean west of America ? 
 Where is the Northern Ocean ? 
 Where is the Southern Ocean ? 
 In what Ocean are the Hawaiian 
 
 Islands? The Cape Verde 
 
 Islands? 
 Mention the principal products 
 
 of North America, — of South 
 
 America. 
 
EASTERN HBMISPHEBB 
 
LESSON XIV. 
 
 21 
 
 What are the Divisions of the 
 Eastern Continent ? 
 Europe, Asia, and Af- 
 rica. 
 
 Which is the largest ? 
 Asia. 
 
 Which is the smallest ? 
 Europe. 
 
 Which is furthest to the right, or 
 east? 
 Asia. 
 
 Which is furthest south ? 
 Africa. 
 
 What Ocean east of Asia ? 
 Pacific Ocean. 
 
 What Ocean south of Asia ? 
 Indian Ocean. 
 
 What Ocean west of Africa ? 
 Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 What Sea south of Europe ? 
 Mediterranean Sea. 
 
 LESSON XV. 
 
 What Seas southeast of Europe ? 
 
 What Sea northeast of Africa ? 
 
 What Desert in Africa ? 
 
 What Country in the southeast 
 of Asia? 
 
 What Country in the southwest 
 of Asia ? 
 
 What Islands in the west of 
 Europe ? 
 
 Which is the largest Island in 
 the World ? Australia, 
 
 What Oceans do you find on the 
 Eastern Hemisphere? 
 
 What Division between the At- 
 lantic and Indian Oceans ? 
 
 What Division west of Asia ? 
 
 What Division south of Europe ? 
 
 Between what Divisions is the 
 Mediterranean Sea ? Red Sea ? 
 
 Where is Cape of Good Hope ? 
 
 What do we get from Asia ? 
 Africa ? Europe ? 
 
KORTH 
 AMERICA 
 
LESSON XVI 
 
 23 
 
 What three Oceans around 
 North America ? 
 \rctic, Atlantic, and Pa- 
 cific. 
 
 What Country furthest north ? 
 Greenland. 
 
 What Country furthest south ? 
 entral America. 
 
 what Country do we live ? 
 In the United States. 
 
 What Country north of the 
 United States ? 
 The Dominion of i^anada 
 
 What Country south of the 
 United States? 
 Mexico. 
 
 What Territory in the north- 
 western pait of N. America ? 
 
 Alaska. 
 What Peninsula in the south ? 
 
 Yucatan, 
 
 LESSON XVII. 
 
 Between what two Oceans is the 
 United States? 
 
 What Bay west of Greenland ? 
 
 What Bay in Canada ? 
 
 What large Gulf south of the 
 United States? 
 
 What large sea southeast of 
 North America? 
 
 What Mountains 
 America ? 
 
 in North 
 
 What Isthmus south of North 
 America ? 
 
 Name the Countries of North 
 America, and their products. 
 
 Which are the largest two Coun- 
 tries of North America? 
 
 Between what two Countries is 
 the United States? 
 
 In what Country is Hudson 
 Bay? 
 
 Between what two Countries is 
 Baffin Bay? 
 
 What large Island southeast of 
 the United States? 
 
 Where is Cape Farewell? 
 
LESSON XVII 
 
 Map-Picture of North America. 
 
 By whom was America discov- 
 ered? 
 By Columbus ; in the 
 year 1492. 
 
 What kind of People did he find 
 here? 
 Dark-colored Savages. 
 
 What did Columbus name them ? 
 Indians. 
 
 Afterwhom was Am erica named? 
 A man named Ameri- 
 cus, or Amerigo. 
 
 What can you say of the Northern 
 part of N. America ? 
 It is very cold. 
 
 What of the Southern part of 
 N. America ? 
 It is very warm. 
 
LESSON XIX 
 
 25 
 
 Greenland. 
 
 This picture represents icebergs, and ships near 
 them. Icebergs are great bodies of solid ice, reach- 
 ing much higher than the masts of a ship, and ex- 
 tending downward to a great distance below the 
 surface of the water. They will float in the water, 
 and every year some ships are wrecked by coming 
 in contact with them. 
 
 Icebergs are most numerous in the Arctic Ocean. 
 
 Men have sailed through Baffin Bay, and as far 
 north as the ship you see in the map. 
 
 The names of those men who have become famous 
 for their adventures in the frozen regions north of 
 North America, are Sir John Franklin, Dr. Kane, Dr. 
 Hayes, Hall, De Long, Greely, and Schwatka. 
 

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LESSON XXIV. 
 
 29 
 
 THE UNITED STATES. 
 
 George Washington. 
 
 Who governed this country about 120 years ago? 
 The king of England. 
 
 How did the Americans obtain their freedom ? 
 
 By a war which lasted nearly eight years. 
 
 What great man led the American army ? 
 
 George Washington, who became the first Presi- 
 dent of the United States. 
 
30 
 
 LESSON XXV. 
 
 The United States comprises forty-five States, five Terri- 
 tories, and one District, and also owns Puerto Rico in the West 
 Indies, and the Hawaiian Islands and other possessions in the 
 Pacific Ocean. 
 
 CAPITAL OF THE UNITED STATES. 
 Washington, on the Potomac River, 
 
 EASTERN OR NEW ENGLAND STATES. 
 
 States. 
 
 Capitals, 
 
 Situation. 
 
 Maine, 
 
 Augusta, on the 
 
 Kennebec River, 
 
 New Hampshire, 
 
 Concord, on the 
 
 Merrimac, 
 
 Vermont, 
 
 Montpelier, on the 
 
 IVi/woski or Onion, 
 
 Massachusetts, 
 
 Boston, on 
 
 Boston Harbor. 
 
 Rhode Island, 
 
 ( Providence, on 
 ( and Newport, on 
 
 Providence Bay. 
 Narragansett Bay. 
 
 Connecticut,* 
 
 Hartford, on the 
 
 Connecticut, 
 
 LESSON XXVI. 
 
 MIDDLE STATES. 
 
 States. 
 
 Capitals. 
 
 
 Situation. 
 
 New York, 
 
 Albany, 
 
 on the 
 
 Hudson River, 
 
 New Jersey, 
 
 Trenton, 
 
 on the 
 
 Delaware, 
 
 Pknnsylvania, 
 
 Harrisburg, 
 
 on the 
 
 Susquehanna. 
 
 Delaware, 
 
 Dover, 
 
 on 
 
 Jones Creek, 
 
 * kon-net' e-kut. 
 Note. — The capital of a state or a country is the city in which its laws are made. 
 
LESSON XXVIl, 
 
 31 
 
 SOUTHERN STATES. 
 
 States. 
 
 Maryi-and, 
 
 Virginia, 
 
 North Carolina, 
 
 South Carolina, 
 
 Georgia, 
 
 Florida, 
 
 Alabama, 
 
 Mississippi, 
 
 Louisiana, 
 
 Texas, 
 
 West Virginia, 
 
 Capitals. 
 Annapolis, 
 Richmond, 
 Raleigh, 
 Columbia, 
 Atlanta, 
 Tallahassee, 
 Monti^omery, 
 Jackson, 
 Baton Rouge, 
 Austin, 
 Charleston, 
 
 on the 
 on the 
 
 near the 
 on the 
 
 near the 
 
 on the 
 on the 
 on the 
 on the 
 on the 
 
 Situation. 
 Srveni River, 
 James. 
 Neiise, 
 Congaree. 
 Chattahoochee, 
 Inland. 
 Alabama. 
 Pearl. 
 Mississippi, 
 Colorado. 
 Kanawha, 
 
 LESSON XXVIII. 
 
 Arkansas, 
 
 Tennessee, 
 
 Kentucky, 
 
 Ohio, 
 
 Michigan, 
 
 Indiana, 
 
 Illinois {py), 
 
 Wisconsin, 
 
 Iowa, 
 
 Missouri, 
 
 California, 
 
 Minnesota, 
 
 Oregon, 
 
 Kansas, 
 
 Nevada, 
 
 Nebr.aska, 
 
 Colorado, 
 
 North Dakota, 
 
 South Dakota, 
 
 Montana {mon td' 
 
 Washington, 
 
 IDAHO, 
 
 Wyoming, 
 Utah, 
 
 WESTERN 
 Little Rock, 
 Nashville, 
 Frankfort, 
 Columbus, 
 Lansing, 
 Indianapolis, 
 Springfield, 
 Madison, 
 Des Moines, 
 Jefferson City, 
 Sacramento, 
 St. Paul, 
 Salem, 
 Topeka, 
 Carson City, 
 Lincoln, 
 Denver, 
 Bismarck, 
 Pierre, 
 wJ\ WtY e na, 
 Olympia, 
 Boise, 
 Cheyenne, 
 Salt Lake City, 
 
 STATES, 
 on the 
 on the 
 on the 
 on the 
 on the 
 on the 
 near the 
 
 on 
 on the 
 on the 
 on the 
 on the 
 on the 
 on the 
 on the 
 
 on 
 
 on 
 
 on 
 
 on 
 near 
 
 on 
 
 on 
 
 on 
 
 OQ 
 
 Arkansas River, 
 
 Cumberland. 
 
 Kentucky. 
 
 Scioto. 
 
 Grand. 
 
 IV. Fork of White R, 
 
 Sangamon, 
 
 Fourth Lake, 
 
 Des Moines, 
 
 Missouri. 
 
 Sacramento, 
 
 Mississippi. 
 
 Willamette. 
 
 Kansas River, 
 
 Carson River, 
 
 Salt Creek. 
 
 Cherry Creek, 
 
 Missouri River, 
 
 Missouri River, 
 
 Missouri River. 
 
 Puget Sound, 
 
 Boise River, 
 
 Crow Creek. 
 
 lordan River, 
 
32 
 
 LESSON XXIX. 
 
 More than 200 years ago, this country, now called 
 the United States, was a wilderness, inhabited by 
 Indians, who subsisted upon fish, and the flesh of wild 
 animals which they killed in hunting, and who lived 
 in huts made of bark and the skins of animals. 
 
 No cities were built until the country was settled 
 by white men, who came from Europe ; and, probably, 
 where your house now stands, Indians once chased 
 the buffalo, bear, or some other wild animal. 
 
 Many of the white settlers of this country suffered 
 great cruelties from the Indians, who burned their 
 houses and murdered men, women, and children, as 
 you see in the picture. The Indians now live mostly 
 in the Indian Territory. 
 
 The first inhabitants of a place arc called settlers, 
 or colonists. 
 
LESSON XXX. 
 
 r 
 
 33 
 
 The people of the United btates are famous for 
 perseverance and inventive genius. Some years ago, 
 people rode in stage-coaches over rough and hilly 
 roads ; but now they travel by steamboat or railroad. 
 
 A Steamboat is moved along by two large paddle- 
 wheels revolving in the water. The wheels are 
 moved by steam, which rises from boiling water. 
 Traveling by steamboat began about eighty years 
 ago ; and by railroad, more than sixty years ago. 
 
 A Steamship differs from a Steamboat in having 
 sails besides the steam power. A Sailing Vessel is 
 moved by the wind blowing against the sails. 
 
 The Telegraph you see in the picture is a long 
 iron wire supported by tall poles. At each end of 
 the wire there is an instrument, by which men send 
 messages with lightning velocity. The telegraph was 
 invented by Morse ; the steamboat, by Fulton. 
 
W -jlPMANCHES/fER 
 
 Lowell 
 
 
 f/ f \ Worcester o >i9 v 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 ^trlymoiiiih 
 
 Cape Corf 
 
 4^V^''«-'^ 
 
 ''^^.^ 
 
 STATES 
 
LESSON XXXI. 
 
 35 
 
 How many Eastern or New Eng- 
 land States are there ? Six. 
 
 What two States north of Massa- 
 chusetts ? 
 New Hampshire and 
 Vermont. 
 
 What two States south of Massa- 
 chusetts ? 
 Connecticut and Rhode 
 Island. 
 
 What State west ? 
 New York. 
 
 What large River between Ver- 
 mont and New Hampshire ? 
 Connecticut River. 
 
 Through what States does it 
 flow? 
 
 Massachusetts and Con- 
 necticut. 
 What Rivers in Maine ? 
 
 Kennebec and Penob- 
 scot. 
 
 What River in New Hampshire ? 
 Merrimac River. 
 
 LESSON XXXII 
 
 Which of the Eastern States 
 touch the Atlantic Ocean ? 
 
 Which touch New York ? 
 
 What Lake between Vermont 
 and New York? 
 
 What Country north of the East- 
 ern States ? 
 What Country east of Maine? 
 
 What large Island south of Con- 
 necticut ? 
 
 What water between Connecti- 
 cut and Long Island ? 
 
 Name the Eastern States. 
 Which is the largest ? 
 Which is the smallest ? 
 Where are the Green Mountains? 
 
 Where are the White Moun- 
 tains ? 
 
 What large River flows into 
 Long Island Sound? 
 
 What Cape in the eastern part 
 of Massachusetts? 
 
 What three Rivers flow into the 
 Atlantic Ocean ? 
 
36 
 
 LESSON XXXIII. 
 
 Many Vessels are engaged in Fishing off the Coasts of New E.nulanu and 
 Newfoundland. 
 
 What are these six States called ? 
 
 New England. 
 Who first came to New England ? 
 
 People from England, called Puritans, also Pil- 
 grims. 
 In what does Massachusetts excel every other State ? 
 
 In the manufacture of cotton and woolen goods, 
 and of boots and shoes. 
 Where was the first cotton-mill in the United States built ? 
 
 In Rhode Island. 
 For what is Connecticut noted ? 
 
 For the manufacture of woolen and cotton goods, 
 iron and wooden wares, clocks and buttons. 
 
LESSON XXXIV. 
 
 Z7 
 
 .^•■.■*t>- X 
 
 
 This is a view of a canal and a iiiaiiuiauLuiy. In 
 the foreground are sheep and cattle, which are raised 
 in Vermont in large numbers. 
 
 Cotton is a soft, white substance obtained from the 
 cotton-plant, which grows in the Southern States. It 
 is brought in bales to the manufactories of the East- 
 ern States; where, by means of machinery, it is drawn 
 out and twisted into threads, and then it is woven into 
 cloth. It can be dyed or printed in colors. Muslins 
 and calicoes for ladies' dresses are made of cotton. 
 
 Wool grows upon sheep, and is cut in warm wea- 
 ther. It is made into threads by spinning, then woven. 
 Blankets and winter clothing are made of wool. So, 
 cotton is obtained from a plant; wool, from an animal. 
 
 A Canal is like a great ditch filled with water, so 
 that boats may be drawn along by horses or mules 
 which walk on a tow-path at the side of the canal. . / 
 
MIDDLE STATES 
 
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LESSON XXXV, 
 
 39 
 
 How many Middle States .are 
 there ? Four, 
 
 Which is thelargest ? 
 New York. 
 
 Which is next in size? 
 Pennsylvania. 
 
 Which is next ? 
 New Jersey. 
 
 Which is the smallest ? 
 Delaware. 
 
 What Country north of New 
 York? 
 
 Canada. 
 What two Lakes on the West ? 
 
 Ontario and Erie. 
 
 What large River in the eastern 
 part of New York ? 
 Hudson River. 
 
 What large River in the west- 
 ern part of New York ? 
 Genesee River. 
 
 LESSON XXXVI. 
 
 What River between Pennsyl- 
 vania and New Jersey ? 
 
 What large River flows through 
 the eastern part of Pennsyl- 
 vania ? 
 
 W^hat two Rivers meet in the 
 western part? 
 
 What large River flows north- 
 east from Lake Ontario ? 
 
 What Mountains in Pennsy 
 vania ? 
 
 VVHiat Mountains 
 York? 
 
 New 
 
 What Bay between New Jersey 
 and Delaware ? 
 
 Namfe the Middle States. 
 What States south of New York ? 
 What States east of New York ? 
 Where is Lake Erie? 
 Where is Lake Ontario ? 
 Where is the Hudson River ? 
 Where is the St. Lawrence ? 
 
 Into what Lake does the Gene- 
 see River flow ? 
 
 \\ hat Lake northeast of New 
 York? 
 
 • / 
 
40 
 
 LESSON XXXVII 
 
 A Train of Cars.— A Canal. 
 
 For what are the Middle States noted ? 
 For Canals and Railroads. 
 
 What can you say of New York ? 
 
 It has more inhabitants than any other State 
 
 For what is Pennsylvania celebrated ? 
 For Coal and Iron. 
 
 What does New Jersey produce ? 
 Fine fruits and vegetables. 
 
 What does Delaware produce ? 
 
 Excellent wheat, Indian corn and peaches. 
 
 What does the word Pennsylvania mean ? 
 Penn*s Woods, 
 
LESSON XXXVIII. 
 
 4> 
 
 William Penn, a Quaker, came from England to 
 this country, more than two hundred years ago, 
 with many other Quakers, and formed a colony or 
 settlement in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Penn was very wise and kind in his dealings with 
 the Indians, and paid them for all the land which his 
 people occupied ; consequently, the Indians respect- 
 ed and loved the Quakers very much ; and Pennsyl- 
 vania was the only American colony formed without 
 bloodshed. It has now more inhabitants than any 
 other State in the Union, except New York. 
 
 On the left of the picture are Indian women, called 
 SQUAWS, carrying their pappooses, or babies, which 
 hang on their backs like soldiers' knapsacks. . / 
 
LESSON XXXIX. 
 
 43 
 
 How many Southern Stales are 
 there ? Elevfn, 
 
 Which is the largest ? 
 
 Texas. 
 
 Which is furthest south ? 
 Florida. 
 
 What division of land is Florida ? 
 A Peninsula. 
 
 What Island south of Florida ? 
 
 Cuba. 
 
 What States north of Florida? 
 Georgia and Alabama. 
 
 What Bay east of Virginia ? , 
 Chesapeake Bay. 
 
 What River flows through the 
 northern part of Alabama ? 
 Tennessee River. 
 
 Into what River does the Ten- 
 nessee flow ? 
 Into the Ohio River. 
 
 LESSON XL. 
 
 What River between South Caro- 
 lina and Georgia ? 
 
 Into what Ocean and Gulf do 
 the Rivers of the Southern 
 States flow ? 
 
 In what Mountains do most of 
 them rise ? 
 
 What three ranges of Mountains 
 on this map ? 
 
 Which are the most mountainous 
 of the Southern States ? 
 
 What two Western States be- 
 
 tween the Southern States 
 and the Ohio River? 
 
 Name the Southern States. 
 
 Which of them touch the Atlan- 
 tic Ocean ? 
 
 Name the States that touch the 
 Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 What two Southern States touch 
 the Mississippi River? 
 
 Between what Ocean and Gulf 
 
 is Florida ? 
 Where is Cape Sable ? 
 
44 
 
 LESSON LXI. 
 
 The Sea Shore. The waves of the ocean constantly roll against the soft, sandy beach, 
 and form low sand hills which line the coast for many miles. 
 
 What is the dimate of the Southern States ? 
 Very warm. 
 
 What are raised on the plantations of the Southern States ? 
 Cotton, Corn, Sugar-cane, Rice, and Tobacco. 
 
 What State excels in the production of Sugar? 
 Louisiana. 
 
 What Presidents were born in Virginia? 
 
 Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Willian? 
 Henry Harrison, Tyler, and Taylor. 
 
LESSON XLII. 45 
 
 :^.^i''-M.M 
 
 On the left of this picture you see the tall Sugar- 
 cane growing; in the front, Cotton; and on the right, 
 Tobacco. The sugar-cane is cut and taken to the 
 crushing-mill, where the juice is pressed out, and after- 
 wards boiled, — the sugar settling to the bottom of the 
 kettles, and the molasses remaining at the top. 
 
 The leaves of the tobacco-plant arc dried before 
 they are ready for use. (See page 67.) 
 
 Cotton is a plant which is extensively cultivated in 
 the Southern States. It is formed in a kind of nut- 
 shell, which bursts, and the cotton appears. It is then 
 picked from the covering, and taken to the mill, to be 
 separated from the seeds contained inside. It is after- 
 wards spun into threads, then woven into cloth. The 
 soft, white substance which you have seen growing 
 on the top of a thistle, resembles cotton on the plant 
 
AVESTERN 
 
 ^ STATES 
 
 -4 
 
 31 E X I C O 
 
LESSON XLIII 
 
 47 
 
 What States are furthest north 
 and northwest? 
 
 Minnesota, North Da- 
 kota, Montana, Idaho, 
 Washington (seep. 26). 
 
 What four are on the west side 
 of the Mississippi River ? 
 Minnesota, Iowa, Mis- 
 souri, and Arkansas. 
 
 What three He on the north side 
 of the Ohio River? 
 Ohio, Indiana, IlHnois. 
 
 What two south of tife Ohio ? 
 Kentucky and Tennes- 
 see. 
 
 What Lake north of Michigan ? 
 Lake Superior. 
 
 What Lake east of Michigan ? 
 Lake Huron. 
 
 What Lake west of Michigan ? 
 Lake Michigan. 
 
 What Lake north of Ohio ? 
 Lake Erie. 
 
 LESSON XLIV. 
 
 Into what River do nearly all 
 the other Rivers of the 
 Western States flow ? 
 
 Which flow into the western side 
 of the Mississippi ? 
 
 Which into the eastern side ? 
 
 In what State does the Missis- 
 sippi rise? 
 
 \N hat rivers flow into the 
 Ohio River? 
 
 What Western States do not ap- 
 pear on this map? (See p. 3 1.) 
 
 What States border on Lake 
 Superior ? On Lake Michi- 
 gan ? On Lake Erie ? 
 
 What River in Ohio? In Illinois? 
 
 What River between Indiana 
 and Illinois? 
 
 What States south of Tennes- 
 see ? 
 
 What States east of Kentucky ? 
 
 Which is the coldest, or most 
 northern, of the Western 
 States ? 
 
 Which is the warmest ? 
 
48 
 
 LESSON XLV. 
 
 Which is the largest section of the Union ? 
 The Western States. 
 
 In what are the people chiefly engaged ? 
 
 Farming in the East and mining in the West. 
 
 What are raised on their extensive farms and fields ? 
 
 Corn, wheat, oats, rye, and fruit ; besides millions 
 of horses, cattle, sheep, and hogs. 
 
 What States are noted for gold and silver? 
 
 California, Montana, Colorado, Utah, and Nevada. 
 
 Which are the most populous 
 of the Western States ? 
 
 Ohio and Illinois. 
 
 What State is noted for corn, 
 wheat, and oats ? 
 
 lllmOlS. ^ Farmer Cutting Wheat. 
 
LESSON XLVI 
 
 49 
 
 This is a picture of an overflow of the Mississippi 
 River. Look at your map of the United States, 
 and observe that the greater part of our country is 
 drained by that river; that is, the rain that falls in 
 the States and Territories between the Alleghany 
 and Rocky Mountains, runs into rivers which flow 
 directly or indirectly into the Mississippi. This is 
 caused by the land sloping downward from these 
 two chains of mountains where the land is highest, 
 to the Mississippi River where it is lowest 
 
 To prevent inundations or freshets, which do great 
 damage to houses, farms, and cattle, the people have 
 raised banks, called levees, along the riven 
 

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LESSON XLVII, 
 
 51 
 
 \\ liaL natural division ol land is 
 Soutli America ? 
 A Peninsula. 
 
 What Division of the Earth is 
 north of South America ? 
 North America. 
 
 What Ocean east ? 
 Atlantic Ocean. 
 
 What Ocean west ? 
 Pacific Ocean. 
 
 What Sea north ? 
 Caribbe'an Sea. 
 
 What Bay northwest? 
 Bay of Panama. 
 
 Which is the largest River in 
 South America? 
 Amazon River. 
 
 How long is the Amazon ? 
 Four thousand miles. 
 
 What River further north than 
 the Amazon ? 
 Orinoco River. 
 
 What Rivers in the southeast ? 
 Parana and La Plata. 
 
 LESSON XLVIII, 
 
 Into what Ocean do nearly all 
 
 the Rivers of South America 
 
 flow? 
 Which is the largest Country in 
 
 South America? 
 Which are further north ? 
 Which further south ? 
 What great chain of Mountains 
 
 in South America ? 
 Near what Coast do they extend ? 
 What Mountains in Brazil ? 
 What precious stones are found 
 
 there ? 
 
 Between what two Oceans is 
 South America ? 
 
 Where is the Caribbe'an Sea ? 
 What Countries border on that 
 
 sea ? 
 What Countries border on the 
 
 Atlantic ? 
 Which on the Pacific ? 
 Which are inland ? 
 What Cape on the North ? 
 
 East ? South ? 
 What Strait north of Tierra-del- 
 
 Fuego ? 
 
LESSON XLIX 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 ^^^S^V^> 
 
 mmm 
 
 ^m 
 
 For what 
 is South Amer- 
 ica noted ? 
 For the large 
 rivers and 
 longest moun- 
 tain-chain in 
 the world. 
 What precious stones 
 are found in Brazil? 
 
 Diamonds. 
 What has been ob- 
 tained in Bolivia? SS^B^^HiV/ 
 Silver in large 
 quantities. 
 What animals tortoise, 
 roam over the 
 
 The Condor is the largest bird of flight in the world. The 
 vast grassy plams jaguar is like a leopard; the Tapir, like a large hog; 
 
 of South America ? ^"^ ^^ iguana is a kind of lizard. The Llama is a 
 
 J J beast of burden. 
 
 Horses and 
 
 cattle in immense numbers. 
 
 
 M' 
 
 What remarkable species of serpent 
 in South America ? 
 
 The Boa Constrictor, which is able 
 to destroy animals as large as deer. 
 
LESSON L. 
 
 53 
 
 Here is a view of the Andes Mouniaiii.-^, vvm^n nse 
 sixty times as high as the highest church steeple you 
 ever saw ; they are so high that their tops are contin- 
 ually covered with snow. Some are volcanoes. 
 
 Earthquakes sometimes occur, and destroy whole 
 cities, killing many of the inhabitants. An earthquake 
 is a violent shaking of a part of the Earth. 
 
 Travelers cross the Andes on the backs of mules, 
 which are much safer than horses in such dangerous 
 places. Indians, with chairs fastened on their backs, 
 sometimes carry travelers over the mountains with 
 safety. 
 
 Immense birds, called Condors, are found here, 
 which often destroy sheep and cattle, tearing them 
 with beak and claws. 
 
LESSON LI 
 
 55 
 
 \\ hat Ocean north of Europe ? 
 
 The Arctic Ocean. 
 What Ocean west of Europe ? 
 
 The Atlantic Ocean. 
 What Sea south of Europe ? 
 
 The Mediterranean Sea. 
 What is the Mediterranean Sea ? 
 
 The largest Sea in the 
 
 world. 
 W hat Bay west of France ? 
 
 The Bay of Biscay. 
 
 Which is the largest Country in 
 Europe ? 
 Russia. 
 
 Which is the smallest ? 
 Switzerland. 
 
 What two countries touch Rus- 
 sia on the southwest ? 
 Austria and Roumania. 
 
 What Country south of Tur- 
 key ? 
 Greece. 
 
 LESSON LII 
 
 What two Countries west of the 
 North Sea ? 
 
 What Country west of England ? 
 
 What Country south of England? 
 
 What Country south of France ? 
 
 What Country west of Spain ? 
 
 Where are the Alps Mountains ? 
 
 Where are the Pyrenees Moun- 
 tains ? 
 
 Where is the coldest part of 
 Europe. 
 
 Where is the warmest part ? 
 
 What two Oceans touch Europe ? 
 
 What five large Seas do you find 
 on the map of Europe ? 
 
 What four Rivers ? 
 
 What Strait connects the Mediter- 
 ranean Sea with the Atlantic ? 
 
 What Cape in the northern part 
 of Europe ? 
 
 What Sea eastof Italy ? 
 
 Where is the White Sea ? 
 
 Mention all the Countries of 
 Europe. 
 
56 
 
 LESSON L I I I 
 
 William Tell, a heroic Swiss, in his efforts to obtain liberty for his country, was cap- 
 tured; and, for punishment, was cruelly ordered to shoot an apple placed on the head 
 of his own little son. The arrow cut the apple in two, without injuring the child. 
 This occurred more than 500 years ago. 
 
 What can you say of Europe ? 
 
 It is the smallest Grand Division of the Earth. 
 
 Which are the most important divisions of Europe ? 
 England, Germany, Russia, and France. 
 
 What are the inhabitants of Europe called ? 
 Europeans. 
 
 What does the southern part of Europe produce extensively ? 
 Grapes, Oranges, Lemons, Figs, and Olives. 
 
 What important School-law in Prussia and some other countries ? 
 All the boys and girls are compelled to attend 
 school regularly. 
 
LESSON LIV. 
 
 57 
 
 tiw^is*^ 
 
 \ 
 
 Here is a view in the northern part of Europe, 
 which is noted for the great length of its winters, 
 and of its winter nights and summer days. 
 
 For several weeks in winter, the people there do 
 not see the sun ; but for the same length of time in 
 summer, the sun does not set. 
 
 The man you see in the picture is called a Lap- 
 lander, because he lives in Lapland. Laplanders 
 travel from place to place in sleds drawn by reindeer. 
 The milk and flesh of these animals are used for food, 
 and their skins for clothing. A Laplander's wealth is 
 known by the number of reindeer he owns. 
 
 In the southern part of Europe the climate is mild 
 and pleasant; oranges, lemons, figs, olives, grapes, and 
 other fruits being raised in abundance. 
 
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 LESSON LVIl 
 
 
 ^-T^^^M 
 
 The Great Wall of China was built more than two thousand years ago, to protect the 
 Chinese from their enemies on the north. It extends over hills and plains, is about 
 thirty feet high, and so broad that six horses can walk abreast on the top of it. Its 
 length is 1,500 miles, or about the distance between Maine and Texas. It is strength- 
 ened by large square towers. 
 
 What can you say of Asia ? 
 
 Asia is the largest and first inhabited Grand Divi- 
 sion of the Earth. 
 Who were our first parents ? 
 
 Adam and Eve, who lived in Asia. 
 Where was our Saviour born ? 
 
 In the western part of Asia. 
 Of what does the Empire of Japan consist ? 
 
 Of Islands, the largest of which is Hondo. 
 What articles come from Asia ? 
 
 Furs from Siberia, Tea from China, and Coffee 
 from Arabia and Java. 
 
LESSON LVIIl. 
 
 61 
 
 This is a picture of a 
 
 HEATHEN TEMPLE Or 
 
 place of worship. It 
 contains frightful 
 looking objects, 
 before which peo- 
 ple fall on their 
 knees and faces 
 and pray. They 
 are idols, or 
 false gods, which 
 these people wor 
 ship. They are made 
 chiefly of stone or 
 wood. Such people 
 are called idolaters. 
 
 PAGANS, or HEATHENS. 
 
 They believe these idols can hear their prayers, and 
 
 grant what they ask. 
 
 You will be surprised to learn 
 that there are millions of idola- 
 ters. They live in Asia, Africa, 
 and the islands of the Pacific 
 Ocean. 
 
 Missionaries have been sent 
 from the United States and 
 Europe to teach these ignorant 
 people about the true God 
 who says, in his command- 
 ments, ** Thou shalt have no 
 
 OTHER GODS BUT ME.'' 
 
"^ORESrS. 
 
 Strait of Gibraltar 
 V, MADEIRA IS. 
 
 AT^TtlCA 
 
LESSON LIX. 
 
 63 
 
 \\ luit Divibion ot land is Africa? 
 A Peninsula. 
 
 Between what two Oceans is 
 Africa ? 
 Atlantic and Indian. 
 
 What Division of the Earth 
 north of Africa? 
 
 Europe. 
 What Sea north of Africa ? 
 
 Mediterranean Sea. 
 What Sea northeast of Africa ? 
 
 Red Sea. 
 
 i What Division of the Earth ? 
 Asia. 
 
 What Isthmus between Africa 
 and Asia ? 
 
 The Isthmus of Suez. 
 
 What Gulf west of Africa ? 
 Gulf of Guinea. 
 
 What large Island southeast of 
 Africa ? 
 
 Madagascar. 
 
 What Cape in the south ? 
 
 Cape of Good Hope. 
 
 LESSON LX. 
 
 Which are the largest Rivers in 
 Africa ? 
 
 What Plain in the north ? 
 
 What Region south Oi the Great 
 Desert ? 
 
 What Country west of Soudan ? 
 
 What Region east of Guinea ? 
 
 What Mountains in the eastern 
 part of Africa ? 
 
 What Lake in Soudan ? 
 
 What Cities in Northern Africa ? 
 
 With what Ocean is the Mediter- 
 ranean Sea connected ? 
 
 With what Ocean is the Red Sea 
 connected ? 
 
 What Countries of Africa touch 
 the Red Sea? 
 
 What large River flows through 
 them into the Mediterranean 
 Sea? 
 
 What large River flows into the 
 Gulf of Guinea ? 
 
 On which side of Africa is Gui- 
 nea ? 
 
64 
 
 LESSON LXl. 
 
 What can you say of Africa ? 
 It is the hottest 
 Grand Division of 
 the Earth. 
 
 What animals in Africa ? 
 
 The Elephant, Lion, 
 Leopard, Hyena, 
 Zebra, and others. 
 
 What dangerous Reptiles in 
 Africa ? 
 Crocodiles and Ser- 
 pents. 
 
 What Trees abound in the 
 forests ? 
 
 Cocoa-nut, Date, and 
 other Palm-trees. Palm-oil 
 is used in making soap and 
 candles. 
 
 What storms sometimes overtake Caravans in the Great Desert ? 
 Storms of scorching sand, raised by the wind. 
 
 The 
 
 :!/-^=?x<r^^ i>c^' 
 
 i^m^^ 
 
 A Sand-storm. Men and camels must lie on the ground till it is over. 
 
LESSON LXII, 
 
 ^5 
 
 J-Af. 
 
 Africa is noted for its 
 extreme heat, ferocious 
 animals, and Great Des- 
 ert. 
 
 The Great Desert i 
 about 3,000 miles long, 
 and 1,000 miles wide. 
 It contains vast, sandy 
 plains which are dry, hot, 
 and barren, except in 
 some green places, 
 called Oases. People 
 cross the desert in large 
 companies, called Cara 
 VANS, in order to defend 
 themselves from robbers. Cam- 
 els are used in crossing the 
 desert. 
 
 Lions, elephants, and other wild 
 animals are found in Africa as 
 
 well as in Asia. 
 
 Elephants are hunted 
 for the ivory, of which 
 their tusks are composed. 
 Many have been tamed, 
 and are very gentle. 
 
 Rlins and Palm-trees in Egypt. 
 
66 
 
 LESSON LXIII, 
 
 Coffee. 
 
 Tea. 
 
 The Tea 
 Plant grows 
 
 to the height 
 of five or six 
 feet, and is cul- 
 tivated in Chi- 
 na and Japan. 
 The leaves are 
 gathered when 
 green, and dried 
 on heated pans. 
 The color of 
 green tea is due 
 to a coloring 
 matter that is 
 dusted over it 
 in the pans. 
 
 The branches of the Coffee Tree are loaded with berries, which look 
 like red cherries. Each berry contains two grains or seeds of a light green 
 color, which resemble beans cut into halves. These are roasted and ground 
 before the coffee is ready for use. 
 
 Coffee comes from Arabia, Java, South America, and the West Indies. 
 
 Wheat, 
 Rye and Oats 
 
 grow on the top 
 of the plants or 
 stalks. When 
 ripe they are cut 
 something like 
 grass; then the 
 grain is removed 
 from the husk, by 
 being thrashed 
 or beaten. The 
 stems or stalks 
 we call st7'a'Wo 
 Wheat is ground 
 into flour, oats 
 Wheat. into oatmeal. Oats. 
 
LESSON LXIV. 
 
 07 
 
 Indian Corn. 
 
 Indian Corn, or 
 
 Maize, grows upon 
 a stalk higher and 
 thicker than that of 
 the other grains. It 
 is found in ears on 
 the plant. When 
 ripe and dry, the 
 grain is ground into 
 Indian^ or com meal. 
 
 The Tobacco 
 
 Plant, when fully 
 grown, is cut, and 
 hung up to dry. From 
 the leaves are made 
 smoking and chewing 
 Tobacco was first used in America. 
 
 Tobacco. 
 
 tobacco, cigars, and snuff. 
 
 The Cotton Plant is extensively cultivated in our warm Southern 
 States. It grows from seeds sown in the spring. In the autumn the soft, 
 white substance called cotton is taken from the pod or shell and separated 
 
 from the seeds inside. It is then 
 ready to be spun 
 into threads, and 
 woven into mus- 
 lin, etc. 
 
 Flax is a plant 
 which has a slen- 
 der stalk, and 
 grows to the 
 height of two or 
 three feet. The 
 skin or bark con- 
 sists of fine fibers 
 that may be sep- 
 
 into thread, then 
 
 into cloth, called 
 
 arated 
 woven 
 
 and spun 
 or made 
 
 Liutttf Cambrict Lawn Lace, &c. The 
 Cotton. seeds yield an oil called Linseed Oil, 
 
 Flax. 
 
68 
 
 GENERAL REVIEW. 
 
 COUNTRIES. 
 
 Where situated? Bound them* 
 
 United States ? 
 Greenland ? 
 Russia ? 
 China? 
 England? 
 Venezuela ? 
 Hindostan ? 
 Arabia? 
 Turkestan ? 
 Austria ? 
 France ? 
 
 British America? 
 iMorocco ? 
 
 Brazil? 
 
 Spain ? 
 
 Siberia'! 
 
 Mexico ? 
 
 Persia ? 
 
 Central America? 
 
 German Empire? 
 
 Scotland ? 
 
 Ireland? 
 
 Turke>r? 
 
 Argentine Republic? 
 
 Italy? 
 
 Egypt? 
 
 MOUNTAINS. 
 
 Where are they situated? 
 
 Rocky? 
 Himalaya ? 
 Andes? 
 Alleghany? 
 Sierra Nevada ? 
 
 Blue Ridge? 
 White? 
 Altai? 
 Pyrenees ? 
 Ural? 
 
 CAPES. 
 
 Where are they ? Into what waters do 
 they project? 
 
 Cod? 
 
 Good Hope? 
 
 Hatteras? 
 
 Farewell ? 
 
 Horn? 
 
 St. Roque? 
 
 ISLANDS. 
 
 Where are they ? By what waters are 
 they surrounded? 
 
 Greenland ? 
 
 Iceland? 
 
 Australia ? 
 
 Madagascar? 
 
 West Indies? 
 
 Japan Is.? 
 Sicily? 
 
 Cuba? 
 
 TierradelFuego? 
 
 Hawaiian ? 
 
 SEAS, GULFS AND BAYS. 
 
 Where are they ? 
 
 j7ito what waters do 
 
 tJiey open ? 
 
 Mediterranean S.? 
 
 G. of Guinea? 
 
 G. of Mexico? 
 
 B. of Panama? 
 
 Arabian S.? 
 
 G. of California? 
 
 Hudson B.? 
 
 Yellow S.? 
 
 Black S? 
 
 Bering S.? 
 
 China S.? 
 
 Baffin B.? 
 
 B. of Biscay? 
 
 Delaware B.? 
 
 S. of Japan? 
 
 G. of St. Lawrence? 
 
 White S.? 
 
 Baltic S.? 
 
 STRAITS. 
 
 Between what lands a7'e they ? What waters 
 do they connect? 
 
 Davis? 
 Magellan ? 
 Florida? 
 
 Hudson? 
 Bering ? 
 Gibraltar? 
 
 RIVERS. 
 
 Where do they rise? What courses do they 
 take? Into what waters do they flow? 
 
 Amazon ? 
 Nile? 
 Missouri ? 
 Susquehanna ? 
 Genesee ? 
 Mackenzie? 
 St. Lawrence? 
 Potomac ? 
 Kennebec ? 
 Niger? 
 Onnoco ? 
 Connecticut ? 
 Kongo ? 
 
 Mississippi ? 
 Delaware ? 
 Rio Grande ? 
 Ohio? 
 Hudson ? 
 Savannah? 
 La Plata? 
 Columbia? 
 Tennessee ? 
 Cumberland ? 
 Danube ? 
 Arkansa<5 ? 
 Zambezi.' 
 
 LAKES. 
 
 Where are they ? What are their outlets ? 
 
 Superior? 
 Great Bear? 
 Great Salt? 
 Ontario? 
 Great Slave? 
 
 Huron ? 
 Champlain ? 
 Marayi ? 
 Michigan? 
 Erie? 
 
 CITIES. 
 
 In what Countries or States are they? On 
 or near what waters? 
 
 London ? 
 
 New York? 
 
 Constantinople? 
 
 Mexico ? 
 
 Lima? 
 
 Lisbon? 
 
 Boston? 
 
 Washington ? 
 
 Paris? 
 
 Buffalo? 
 
 Montgomery? 
 
 Madrid? 
 
 Dublin ? 
 
 Albany ? 
 
 St. Petersburg? 
 
 Montreal ? 
 
 New Orleans ? 
 
 Philadelphia? 
 
 Cairo? 
 
 Richmond? 
 
 Rio Janeiro? 
 St. Louis? 
 Galveston ? 
 St. Paul? 
 Atlanta? 
 Montpelier? 
 Harrisburg ? 
 Havana ? 
 Cincinnati y 
 Charleston ? 
 Nashville? 
 San Francisco? 
 New Haven ? 
 Calcutta? 
 Jefferson City? 
 Annapolis ? 
 Trenton ? 
 Santa Fe? 
 Tallahassee* 
 Pittsburg? 
 
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