'^5 ?) I n^i THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES ANEW UNIVERSAL HISTORY O F ARTS and SCIENCES, ' SHEWING THEIR ORIGIN, PROGRESS, THEORY, USE and PRACTICE, AND EXHIBITING The Inventio7ty StruBure, Improveme?tt, and UfeSy Of the mofl: confiderable Instruments, Engines, and Machin£s, WITH Their Nature, Power, and Operation^ DECYPHEREDIN FIFTY TWO COPPER-PLATES. IN TWO VOLUMES. L ON D ON: Printed for J. Coote, at the King's Arms, in Pater-Noller-Row. MDCCLIX, ^ ■ V, I I'jf^*^'^*'^-'^*^'^*'-^'^*'^'^**^'^***^^'^*'^'^ THE INTRODUCTION CONCERNING Academies, and Academical Learning. v^^ * )i^)§C T is a general Obfervation, that all Men retain a certain innate AfFeflion for the Place •^ '^ of their Nativity. And fhall it be faid that a Genius can forget the Place of hislmprove- ,*, J .*^ ment in Knowledge ? Are not the Endowments of the Mind as valuable, as the Gratifi- w ^ cations of Senfe in the Enjoyment of our natural Soil? Therefore it would be an unnatural 3w'*'wS Contempt of thofe Nurferies of Learning, fhould we enter upon a Work of this Kind, SKt^ # /=\/=^ without paying due Tribute to Academies, to which we are greatly indebted for moft of the ufefullmprovemcnts in the feveral Arts and Sciences. Academy in its fimple and primitive Senfe, was no other than the Houfe of a certain Nobleman, named Jcademus, fituate without the Walls of the famous Univerfity of Athens ; to which he invited all Men of Learning : And it was honoured by Plato and others, who reforted thither to hold private Phi- lofophical Conferences ; which perhaps, were preparatory for, or not allowable to be difputed in, the Areopagus. — A Cuftom, which afterv/ards prevailed in other Countries near the Seats of Learning, as we are informed by Hiftory ; till at laft we have feen fuch Societies of learned Men regularly inftituted, under the Protection of Princes, for the Cultivation and Improvement of Arts and Sciences, under the Name of Academies, in memory of their Founder Academus the Athenian. Cicero iikewife had his Academy, or Country-houfe for the Entertainment of his Philofophical Friends : to whofe Conferences the World is indebted for his Academical ^ejlions, and for his Books on the Nature of the Gods. But the Academies in after Ages extended the Subjects of their Enquir}'. For the Members of that inftituted by Charlemaigne at Paris, under the Direction of Alcidn (an Englifn Monk) and compofed of the firft Wits of the Court, were employed in making judicious and learned Refledtions upon forrie ancient and claffical Author in every Branch of Literature. We have fuice found this Name appropriated to Places fet apart for the Improvement of fome par- ticular Sciences. In England we have the Royal Society, whofe Bufmcfs is to make faithful Records of all the Works of i^atwe and Art, which come within their Reach. And how well they have executed this Plan is eafily difcovered by a Perufal of their Philofophical TranfaSiions, containing a vaft Colle£lion of Experiments and Obfervations on moft Parts of the Works of Nature ; Hiftcries of Ajts, Manufactures, Engines, i3c. and Improvements in civil, military and naval Archite^ure; Navigation, Trade and Agriculture. Thefe Franladions, are in great Efteem, and, with a few Intermiffions, have been regularly publiflied fince 1665. A 2 This ^ rtCN ,";,.". Q-:' il The INTRODUCTION. This Society feems to owe its Origin to the Nectflity of the Times ; when Party Zeal and civil Difcord obrtrucfled the free Intercourfe of the Learned in our Univerfities. For, it began, Hke that in the Houfe of Academus, in JVadham College, Oxford, where Dr. JVilkvn entertained the brighteil Genius's of his Time for the Promotion of natural and experimental Philofophy, in his private Apart- ment J till the Jealoufy of Oliver's Protectorate obliged them to difcr>ntinue their Meetings. However many of the Members taking up their Abode in London, we find them reviving at Grefitim College in that Metropolis, about the Year 1658 ; where they acquired fo much Reputation, that in the beginning of the Year 1663, King Charles II. incorporated this Academical Society by the Name and Stile of The Prefident, Council, and Fellows, for the promoting the Knowledge of natural Things and ufeful Experiments. This illuftrious Body confifts of Pcrfons eminent for their Hirth, and for their Knowledge in the Arts and Sciences they profefs ; amongft whom we find feveral Princes. Each of thefe Members at his Ad- miffion fubfcribes an Engagement, That he will endeavour to promote the Good of the Society: Whicji fincc its Incorporation is, by way of Eminence, diftinguillied by the Name of The Royal Society; King Charles himfelf defigning to become a Member thereof. The Reputation of this Eftabliftiment raifed an Emulation in the Promoters of other Branches in the Arts and Sciences ; efpecially amongfl the Mafters of Mufic and Painting. For we find upon Record s. Royal Academy for M'fic, and another for Painting, eftablilhed by Letters Patents, and put under proper Directions ; though at prefent they feem to have dwindled away. Some Attempts have, of late Years, been made to form an Academy in London for promoting Sculpture. And there is a flourifhing Society for promoting Arts owr/ Manufactures, which is ilipported by Gentlemen of great Eminence for Birth and Learning, and begun with a noble Defign to encourage ^rt and Indujlry, and to difcover the neceffary Means to improve Agriculture and the Manual Arts, as well as other Branches of ufeful Knowledge : Tho' neither of thefe Societies, which are con- dueled upon v/tWifw/iT Principles, and for pz/W/c Utility, have the Sandtion of a Royal Charter. The Society of Antiquarians in London, is an Academy or Meeting of Men learned in all curious Pieces, which are capable of giving any Light into the Lives, Actions, Cuftoms, Maiiners, Buildings, ISc, of the Ancients. It is feid to have been founded by Mr. Camden, in Company with Sir Robert Cotton., Stow, and others ; and we find that R. Carew was admitted a Member thereof in 1589. Thefe Gentlemen applied to Queen Elizabeth for a Charter, and the Grant of a Houfe for holding their Meetings, erecSling aLibrar)-, dffr. but her Death deprived them of their Expectations. We hear no more of (his excellent Inftitution till the Year 17 17, when this Society was revived by a fele£t Number of the Nobility, Gentry, Clergy and other learned and ingenious Men, whofeBufinefs is to difcover the Antiquities of our own, as well as of other Nations. There has been no Interruption fmce its Revival ; but it now flourifhes under favour of a Royal Charter, dated 2 November 175 1, by which the Number of its Members is limited to one Hundred and Fitty. The College of Phficians in London is mentioned by the Author of Mein. de Trev. under the Name of Academy : And the Inftitution of Grejham College in the fame Metropolis defcrves the fame Appel- lation : The former being eflablifhed for the Improvement of Phyf.c ; the latter for Lectures in Divinity, Civil Law, Ajlronomy, Geometry, Rhetoric, Phyftc and Muftc ; founded by Sir Thojnas Grefoam in 1581, with fufficient Salaries for the feveral Profeflbrs, and genteel Apartments for their Lodging. In France we meet w^ith Academies of various Kinds : The principal is the ^cj^?/ Academy of Sci- ences at Paris ; which owes its Exiftence to F. Merfenne in the Beginning of the 1 7th Century, who enter- tained Gaffend, des Cartes, Hobhs, Robenfal, Pafcal, BlondA and other eminent Philofophers, and propofed to each of them certain Problems to examine, or Experimsnts to be made. Thefe private Meetings were followed by more public ones under the Dire£lion of Mr. Montfort and M. Thevenot, the celebrated Traveller ; till, in the Year 1666, it obtained the Royal Sanction, and was conftituted a Society for the Improvement of Phyftcs, Mathematics and Chemifiry. But this Society was not honoured with the Name of Royal till the Year 1699, ; when his Majeity, by a Regulation, dated on 26 January of that Year, gave it a new Form, and placed it upon a more folemn Footing : By which it v/as ordained that the Academy fhould be compofed of ten Honorary and ten Ehves Members, and of twenty Penfionary and twenty ^cw/^ Members. — That the i/anorar)' Members fnould be ill Reciprocales, and all the Eleves and Penfionarles, Inhabitants of Parls^ and that eight Ajjociates might be Foreigners : To be go- verned by a Prefident, named yearly by the King out of the Honorary Members, and by a Secretar)' and Treafurer, who were to be perpetual. It was alfo ordained that the Secretary and Treafurer fhould be chofen out of the Penftonaries, and that the remaining eighteen of that Clafs fhould be divided into three Geometricians, three AJlrommers, I three The I N T R O D U C T I O N. iii three Mechanics, three yfnatomijls, three ChemiJIs and three Botani/h : — That two AJfidatis fiiould apply themfelves to Geometry ; two to Botany, and two to Chemijiry : — That all the Eleves fhould appl?" themfelves to fome kind of Science ; but never fpeak, except called up thereto by the Prefident : — That no Regular nor Religious (hould be admitted, except an Honorary Member ; nor any one admitted a Penfionaty or Ajjiciate, who had not diftinguifhcd hinifelf by fome confidcrable VVork in Print, or by fome ufeful Machine or Difcovery. The Academy thus compofed was allowed to meet twice a Week in the King's Library ; and after- wards in a more convenient Apartment in the Louvre ; where they tranfacted literary Bufinefs for two Hours at lead : And every Pcnfwnary, at the Beginning of the Year declared in Writing, what Woric he intended to profecute chiefly in that Year, with an Invitation for the Affiflancc of every Member. His Majefty not only dignified them with his Royal SancSlion ; but to encourage them in the Purfuit of the Sciences, he gave befides their ordinary Penfions, fome extraordinary Gratuities for Performances of fuperior Merit ; bearing alfo the Expence of Experiments, Printing, Engraving, and of other Enquiries and Incidents neceffary for improving the Subjefts undertaken by the Acaclemijh ; if approved and figned by the Prefident. But as this Regulation, in courfe of Time, was found too confined, and excluded many foreisrn Artificers and Mechanics, who excelled in Profeflions not yet brought to Perfection in France ; the Duke of Orleans, Regent of the Kingdom, in the Year 1716, in order to invite over Foreigners, aug- mented the Number of Honorary Members and of AJJbciates capable of being Foreigners : Admitted Regulars amongfl: fuch Afibciates : Supprefled the Clafs oi Eleves, and in Lieu thereof, eflablifhed twelve AdjimSfs to the fix feveral Sciences cultivated principally by the Academy. He alfo appointed a Vicc-pre- ftcknt to be chofcn annually by the King out of the Honorary Clafs; and a DireSior and Sub-dircSior from amongfl the Penfianaries. Their Motto is Invenh ^ Perfecit : and their Proceedings are publi/hed under the Title of Hijlolre de I' Academie Royalc, he. But no Member is allowed to make u'ie of his Quality of Academijl, in any private Work he ftiall publifli, before it has been read to, and approved by, the Academy. Before this Inftitution we meet with another under the Name of the French Academy, which was at firft a private Afiembly of the Learned in the Houfe of M. Cotaant at Paris, Anno 1628. and afterwards eftabliflied in 1635 by Cardinal iJ/VMtv^, under LnvisXlll. for refining and afcertaining the /'r^wA Language and Style. The Number of its Members was confined to Forty ; who have generally been Perfons of the greateft Diftinftion in the Church, the Army, and at the Bar. The primary Objed of the Labours in this Academy was the compiling of a Diaionary for a Standard of the French Tongue : But that Performance was fo long in Embryo, that the Public had almoft loft all Hopes of ever feeing it : And when after Forty Years ar.d upwards, thefe Forty Members were lampooned into the Neceflity of publilhing their Diftionary, the learned were extremely diiappointed in their Expeftations. Its modern State maybe gathered from a humorous Writer, who in the Year 1737 informs his Cor- refpondent, " That the French Academy had then produced nothing but a Syftem of Compliments, " and confifted of Forty Perfons, who met three times a Week, and paid their Attendance very reoMt fifty Years before M. Foucault procured their Incorporation into a per- petual Academy. Their Charter nominated M. Foucault Proteftor thereof for his Life, with Power for him to chufe thirty Members ; after his Demife, the Choice of Proteftor and Members was left to the Society, with Leave to add fix more Members to be elected out of the Ecclefiajiical Communities in the City of Caen. At Lyons in the fame Kingdom is an Acadejny of the Learned. It confifts of twenty Members, a Director and a Secretary ; who have ftiewn themfelves inferior to none of the Royal Academies, by their learned Differtations ; amongft which is one upon Infinity by F. Lombard, a Jcfuit : See Nouv. Liter. T. 2. p. 82. . _ , The French have alfo Academies at Montpelier, Nifmes, Aries, Anglers, Sec If we travel over the Alps, it will be feen that Italy, the ancient Seat of Literature, has abounded nioft with Academical Injiitutions. At Bologna there was eftabliflied an Ecchfiafiical Academy in 1687, for the Examination of the Doftrine, Difcipline, and Hiftory of each Age of the Church. Here v/as the Academy Degl' Inifuieti, which united with the Academy Delia Traccia. They met in the Houfe of the Abbot Stut. Sampieri, and were highly entertained with the Phyfical and Mathema- tical Diicourfes of Geminiana Montanari, one of the Members, publiflied in 1667, under the Title Penfieri Fifica Matematici. The Members afterv/ards met in the Houfe of Eufiachio Manfredi ; then in that of facob Sandri, but arrived at its greateft Luftre in the Palace of Marfilli. I In The I N T R O D U C T I O N. v Jn this City z\fo Is an Jcarinny of Arts and Sciences, cMqA the Injlitute of Bokgtia, founded in 1 7 12 by Count Marfigli for cultivating of Phyftcs-, Mathematks, Medicine, Cljcmijlry, and Natural Hiftor)-. Whofe Hiftory is publiflicd by M. dc Limiers in 8vo. 1723, at Amjierdam. To this add the Sitientes in the fame City, who apply themfelves particularly to Law. At Venice is a Cofmographical Academy, called the Argonauts., inftitutcd for the Improvement of Geography by the Intereft of F. CoroneUi. Their Plan was to make and publifli exadl Maps, both Geographical, Topographical, Hydrographical, and Ichnographical of the Ccleftiul and Terreftrial Globes, and the feveral Regions and Parts thereof, together with Geographical, Hiftorical, and Aftro- nomical Defcriptions. Each Member in order to fupport the Expence of fuch a Society, is obliged to fubfcribe a proportionate Sum towards raifing the Money for publifhing their Improvements. And for the more effectual Execution of this grand Defign they eftablifhed two correfponding Societies, one at Paris and the other at Rome. In all three, the Argonauts number 196 Members ; and their Device Is the Terraqueous Globe with the Motto, Plus ultra. Here are alfo three Academies of Sciences : One called La Veneta, founded by Frederic Badoara, 1 noble Venetian : Another, which acknowledges Campegio, Bifliop of Feltro for its Founder : And a third named Confenza or la Confentina; amongft: whofe Members are numbered the celebrated Philofo- phers Telefto, ^latromannu Paulus Aquinas, Cavalcanti and Fabio Cicali. At Naples we read of the firfl: Academy of Sciences. It was known by the Name of the Academy Secretorufn Naturts, firft form'd for the Improvement of Natural and Mathematical Knowledge in the Houfeof Baptijla Porta, about the Year 1560. In the fame Kingdom we meet with the Academy of Rojfano, called La Societa Scicntifica Rcffanefe. DegF Incurioft, which was founded about the Year 1540, by the Title A'awlg-^w//, and changed its Name to Spenfterati about the Year 1600, when it was renewed hy Camillo Tufcano. This Academy underwent another Change in 1695, when Don Giacinto Gimma, its Prefident got it transformed from an Academy of Belles Lettres into an Academy of Sciences ; at which Time he gave them a new Set of Regulations, and divided the Members into Grammarians, Rhetoricians, Poets, Hif- torians, Phyficians, Mathematicians, Philofophers, Lawyers, and Divines ; with a Provifo for the Ad- miffion of Cardinals and Perfons of Quality. The Academy of Arcadi eftablifhed at Rome in 1690 for reviving the Study of Poetry and the Belles Lettres, has been honoured by many Princes, Cardinals, is'c. and confifts of the moft polite Wits of both Sexes in Italy ; who to avoid Difputes about Precedence, were obliged to come all maficed in Drefles refembling the Shepherds of Arcadia : and at their firft fetting oft', they ufed to meet feven Times in the Year in a Meadow or Grove ; but now they are entertained in the Gardens of the Duke of Sal- viati ; where they recite the Compofitions of the Members. The fix firft Meetings are allotted for reciting the Poems and Verfes of the ^rrijr// refiding at Rome; and every one reads his own Compofition; except Ladies and Cardinals, who are allowed to depute another Shepherd in their ftead : And at the feventh Meeting are read the Compofitions of foreign or abfent Members. It does not appear how many Members this Academy comprehends } but we know that their Number amounted to 600 within ten Years from its firft EftabliJhment. At Rome feveral learned Men under the Name of Lyncei eftabiiflied an Academy of Sciences, foon after that at Naples. Several of whofe Members, amongft whom was the celebrated Galileo Galilei, arc famous for their Difcoveries. At YLOKEKCEisthe Academy ofUmidi, known alfo by theJ^^inie of Floreniina, in Honour of the Grand Duke Cofmo I. its Protedlor in 1549. It is illuftrious both for the Works it has produced and for its Members, who for more than two Ages have been Perfons of the moft Eminence in all Italy. Their chief Attention is bent to the Italian Poetry ; fo that they fpend much Time in commenting, yc on Dante and Petrarch, their chief Authors in that kind of Learning. Neverthelefs this Academy has contributed greatly to the Progrefs of the Sciences by giving excellent Italian Tranflations of the ancient Greek and Latin Hiftorians. In the fame City and in the Year 1582 arofe the Academy dclla Crufca, which has eternized its Name by the famous Diftionary of the Italian Tongue. And the Difcourfes delivered in this Academy by Torricelli, the celebrated Difciple of Galileo, concerning Levity, Wind, Power of Percuffion, in Ma- thematics and Military Architedure, convince that thefe Acadcmifts did not confine their Labours to Words only. At vi The I N T R O D U C T I O N. At Florence alfo is the Academy delC'nnento under the Protedion of Prince Z,f»/>«/i Cardinal de Mc- Jicis. Red! was one of its chief Members ; and the Studies purfued by the reft may be colledled from ihofe curious Experiments publifhcd by Count Laurence Magulotti, their Secretary in 1667, under the Title of Sagg! di naturali Efperienze, prefented to the Royal Society in London, and publiihed in EngUJh by Mr. Waller in 410. I could tire your I'atience in the Recital of the Number and Variety of Academies in Italy, which has more Academies than all the reft of the World : For the Italians are very vain of the Title of Academijis^ which to them feems an eftential Part of a regular Coiiftitution. At Milan only there are twenty-five Academies, and not lefs than Five Hundred and Fifty in all Italy ; but none of them very famous, except thofe fet apart for Miific, Painting and Sculpture : And even tlicfe are much degenerated from the Skill of their Anceftors. Let us give due Honour to the Academy of Filarmonici at Verona ; whofe Members, though they apply themfelves to the Belles LettreS, don't negletSl the Sciences. The Academy of Ricovrati at Padua exifts with Reputation, as may be collected from the Difcourfc on the Origin of Springs, by Artt. ValUfnieri one of its Members ; who alfo has given the learned World a Sample of the Studies of his Colleagues in the Academy of the Alonti de Reggio at Modena, in his excellent Difcourfe on the Scale of Created Beings, inferted in his Hiftory of the Generation of Man and Animals, printed at Venice in 1723. Germany is not deftitute of Academies : And perhaps that called the Leopoldine differs from all others. It is named alfo the Academy of Natura Curioft, begun by private Conferences in the Houfe of fo. Laur. Baufchius, who invited all Phyfcians to communicate their Obfervations of extraordinary Cafes. His Aflbciates meeting with Encouragement, chofe him Prefident. But the Society was not fully cftabliftied till the Prefidentfliip of Jo. Mich. Fehr. Their Works were originally publiflied feparately. But in 1670 it was agreed to publifh their Ob- fervations periodically, by a Volume every Year. 1 he firft annual Volume did not make its Appearance till the Year 1684. It had the Title of Ephemerides. This Publication has been continued under fome Interruptions, and under various Titles, iJc, In 16S7 the Emperor Leopold g\zx\X.<:L^\!ci\% Academy kvtxA Privileges j particularly that their Prefidents fhould be Counts Palatine of the Holy i?ffm(?« Empire. It confifts of a Prefident, two Adjunifls or Secretaries, Colleagues or Members without Reftriftion : Who at their Admiffion engage to handle fome Subjedt in the Animal, Vegetable, or Mineral Kingdom, not treated of by any other College, and to furnifh Materials for the Annual Ephemerides. Each Member alfo is to wear a Gold Ring, whereon inftead of a Stone is a Book open, and on the Face thereof an Eye ; and on the other Side the Motto, Nunquam otiofus. The greateft Peculiarity in this Academy is its inconftant Situation. It has no fixt Refidence or regu- lar Affemblies. It is confined to a Bureau or Office firft eftabliflied at BreJJau, and afterwards removed toNurembcrg; where Letters, &c. from its Members and Correfpondents are acceptable, till it be necef- i'ary to remove to fome other Place of Safety. At Berlin, Fredericl. the late King oi Pruffta in the Year 1700 founded a Royal Society, which be- fides the Improvement of natural Knowledge, is engaged in the promotion of the Belles Lettres. By the Charter, which was amended in the Year I710, it is granted, that the Prefidentfhall be nominated by the King, and be one of the Counfellors of State. The Members are divided into four Clafles : I. For Phyfic, Medicine and Chemijlry; II. For Mathe- matics, Ajironomy -^nA Mechanics : III. For the German Language and the Hijlory of the Country ; and the IVth. For the Oriental Learning, particularly as it may concern the Propagation of the Gofpel amongft Infidels. Each Clafs clefts a Direflor for themfelves, who is continued for Life. They meet once a Week al- ternately by their Claffes in the Caftle called the New Marjlml. The Members of any of the Clafles have free admiffion into the AfTcmblies of any of the reft. The great Promoter of this Foundation was the celebrated M. Leibnitz, who was made the firft Direftor. The prefcnt King, Frederic U. is faid to be a Member thereof ; and has thereby occafioned many to give it the Name of the Academy of Princes. By his Countenance and Influence many learned Men from all Nations have raifed its Reputation throughout the Literary World. Before The INTRODUCTION. vii Before wc leave the Northern Climes let us travel to Russia, and wc fliall find an Academy of a parti- cular and excellent Inftitution, founded by Czar Peter the Great, at Peterjhurg, who modelled it upon the Plan of the Academy of Sciences at Pa^ is, but did not live to finifh his Defign : which was carried into Execution and completed by Catherine his Relict and Succeflor upon the T'hrfjjie. This Academy held its fufi- Public Meeting in December 1^2^, and was favoured with the Piefence of the Duke of HoljJeiii, and a large Number of other noble Perlbnages. The Czar invited hither the Learned from all Parts of Europe, and eftabliflied regular Profeflbrs with good Salaries to read flated Lectures in the feveral Faculties. The ordinary Meetings are twice a Week, in a very fumptuous Building, furnifhed with a good Li- brary, and an Oblervatory, isV. and thrice in the Year thcie is a public or fulemn Meeting, in which is rendered an Accout of what has been done in the common Afleniblics. Their Bufinefs is not only to promote the Study of the Arts and Sciences; but they are employed in Compiling a Russian Dictionary, Grammar, &c. John V. King of Portugal founded i. Royal Academy for the colleftlng and afcertaining the Hi/lory of his own Kingdoms and Dominions. It was inltitutcd in the Year 1 720, and the Marquis de Allegrette was appointed Secretary thereof. This Inftitution was honoured by a Medal with the Effigy of King John V. on one Side, with the Legend Joannes V. Lusitanorum : and on the Reverfe is the fame Prince ftanding, fupporting and railing HrsTORY almoft proftrate before him, with the Legend Historia Resurges: and below is this Infcription Reg. Acad. Hist. Lusit. Instit. VI. Idus Decembris MDCCXX. This Academy confilts of fifty Members, a DireiStor, four Cenlbrs, and a Secretary. None arc admitted to be Members, who have not given great and public Examples of their Abilities, and after Admiffion. every Member is obliged to treat of fuch part of the.Ecclefiaftical or Civil Hiftory of tTie Nation, as fhall be prefcribed by the Direftor. The Method obferved in compiling Church Hijlory, the Hiftoriographer is to relate diflin<£lly in twelve Chapters, an Account of the Prelates, Synods, Councils, Churches, Monafteries, Academies, Pcrfons illuflrious for Sanctity or Learning, Places famous for Miracles or Relicks, to be found in each Dioccfe. And in the' purfuit of the Civil Hijlory, he is to relate the Tranfaftions of the Romans, Gothsy and Moors during their Government in this Country : the Genealogies of the Kings; the Wars and Acquifitions in Jfia, Africa, and America, and to give the feveral Treaties, and other Matters relating to the Political and Military State of the Kingdom. The Meetings for carrj-ing on this ufeful Inftitution, are to be held once in fifteen Days. And thofe Members, who are dilperfed in the Country, are enjoined to employ their Time in making Extracts and Collccf ions of all the Regifters i5c. within the particular Diftrids, where they refide. This Foundation was, in the next Year, followed by a fimilar Inftitution of an Academy for .y?/a/j/V7« ITijUry atTOiiiNGEN ; where feveral Gentlemen eminent for Letters aflbciatcd with an Intention to Puhlifh the beft Hiftoric.d Writings, the Lives of the chief Hiftorians, and for Compiling new Memoirs, on the feveral Points and Periods thereof. Spain alfoboaftsof \\tx Royal Academy at Mad; id. This Foundation was laid by Don JoanEma- nvel Fernandes Pacheco, Duke d' Efcalona, in his own Palace, v/ith fsvcn Aflbciates ; who held their fiift Meeting in y-uly 1713. Their Number was prefently incrcafed to Twenty-two Academi/ls ; and the. Founder being chofe Prcfident or Director, and Don Vincent Squarcajigo Secretary, they petitioned for, and obtained the King's Confirmation and Protedtion in 1 7 14. In this Charterthey are enjoined to cultivate and improve the National Language. In order to whidr, they are to begin with chufing carefully fuch Words and Phrafes, as have been ufed by thu beft Spa- K///) \\^riters; noting the low, barbarous or obfolete ones, and compiling a Diifionary in which thefe nuiy be diftinguiflicd from the former, isfc. by which Method, adds that Prince, it will clearly appear that the Cajiilian Tongue is inferior to none of tliofe moit efteemed in the World ; and may be employed with Advantage either in teaching the Arts and Sciences, or in expreffing the moft pcrfeft Latin or Gr-eek Originals in exaft T^-anflations, when the Didtionary fliall be finiflied, they arc to compile a Grammar, and Hiftory of the Spanijh Tongue. The X^aV-s d' Efcalona was conliitutcd Director for Life: But it was onlaincd that, after his Dcceafe, the Members, who were confined to Twenty-four in Number, ihould chufc a Dnxclor annually. [ a J For via The INTRODUCTION. For greater Encouragement the Academijlj are favoured with the Privileges and Immunities enjoyed.by the Domeftic Officers, who are actually in the King's Service, and in the Royal Palace. Tlie Secretarj' is for Lii^c ; and their Motto is Lhnpia, Fja, y da EJ'plendor, i. e. It purif.cs, Jixis, mid gives Brightmj's. AcADEMlA, in an exalted Degl-ee,' lias been commonly iifcd to fignify aUNivER^iTY, zs Acddemia Oxcnier.fis, the Umverfity . oi Oxford ; zi\A Jcademta Cantalri^lsnfts., t\ifi Univerfity of Cambridge ; be- raufe in each Univerfity are iifually taught Theology, Medicine, Law, Arts and Sciences But thcfe Repofitoi iv :; of Learning ought rather to be confidercd as Univcrfal Sch:ols, not only becaufe they im- prove the whole Compafs of Literature ; hut on Account of their being an AfTemblage of feveral Col- leges ox Academical Societies eftabliflied under one form of Government, and partaking of the fame Pri- yileges and Tmrhuhrties'; wherein Students in the feveral Sciences are trained up by eftablifhed Profefibrs; a/id Academical Degrees or Certificates of Study, in the divers Faculties, are granted on certain Conditions : thbai>;ii, it is certain, this Inftitution, in the Literary World, took its rife from a Cuflom, in or about the eighth Century, fet a foot by the MoriajVu Orders, of creating Seminaries or Public Schools m fome pleafant and happy Situation for training up not only their own Novices, but for the InftruiStion of the Ciiildren of the Nobility, and Gentry. In this State they continued till almoft the thirie'enth Century. For, though the Univerfity of Paris endeavours, to carry its Origin up to the Year of Christ 814, when four EngUJIwmi Difciples of Ve- nerable Bed:, read public Leifhures on the Sciences in certain Places afllgned to them by Charlemaign ; it can be proved beyond all Difpute, that it was not confulered under the Acceptation of an Univerfity, till about the middle of the twelfth Century, when Peter Lombard Bifliop of Paris, is fuppofed to have ob- tained the Incorporation of all the public Schools or Colleges under the fmgle Denomination of an Uni-' VjERsiTY : For which Benefadion his Anniverfary is kept in that Univerfity to this Day. The molT; celebrated Colleges in this Univerfity for Theological Learning are the Sorbonne and Navarre. The College of Sorbonne takes its Name ([om Robert de Sorbonne, v^'ho dedicafed his ovr-n Houfe to the Study of Divinity in 1254 ; which owes the prefent Magnificence of its Building, great Halls for Dif- putations, isfc. and of its Church, to the Magnificence of Cardinal Richelieu. There are fix Refidentiary DotStors or Profeflbrs in the Sorbonne, v.'ho each give a Ledlure of half an Hour every Day ; three in the Morning, and three others in the Afternoon. The College of Navarre was founded by "Jane of Navarre, Countefs Palatine of Champagne and Brie, Wife of Philip the Fair, King of France in 1304, with an Obligation upon the Profeflbrs to read two Lectures m Divinity, Morning and Evening daily. In this City are found fifty three other Colleges, many of which Philip the Fourth in 1295, and Leii)is Hutin his Son, and Philip de Valois in 1340, incorporated into one Body, and honoured with very great Privileges and Immunities. Thefe are confined to the fludy of Divinit}'. . But there arc other Colleges for the Study of the Canonical and- Civil Law, and for Medicine. In the Street of St. John de Beauvcis are fix Profeflbrs, who read public Ledlures, each of them once a Day, befides a Profeubrfliip for the French Law in particular, founded in this College by Le'Jvis XIV. In the Street de Bucherie is a College for the fiudy of Medicine, founded in 1469, in which is a large Anatomical Theatre, and it is famous for the Education of feveral eminent Phyficians, amongft whom the Faculty mentions the learned perrel,- with-R^fpeft,- who was Phyfician to Henry II. of France. However, the Faculty of Arts is the Mother of all the other Colleges. From this Foundation is al- ways taken the Rci'ior, who is an elective Dignitar}-, that fcldom continues more than three, and never yond nine Months. The Re£ior is the higheft Poft or Office in the Univerfity of Paris ; whofe Privilege is to take Place of all Pcrfonages, except the Princes of the Blood. In public Arts he has a Right to precede the Pope's Nuncio, and Foreicrn AmbaiTadors, as well as the Dukes and Peers of France ; and at the King's Fune- ral-he walks a-breaft with the Archbifhop of Paris. His Robes are, a Violet Gown tied with a Violet Salh, adorned at both Ends with Gold Glands ; at his Side hangs the Efcarcellc, an old fafhioned Violet coloured Velvet Purfe trimmed with Gold Lace and Buttons. Over all flows a Mantelet of white Ermine, which reaches to the middle of his Arms. The Faculty of Arts is divided into four Nations : I. The Nation of France : II. The Nation of Picardy: III. The Nation of Normandy: IV. The Nation of Germany; which includes Englijh, Irijh, Scotch, Italians, &c. and is divided into very large Provinces. The Provofl of Paris, for the Time being, is Confervator or Chancellor of this Univerfity i and it is worthy of Notice, that almoft all thefe Colleges have been founded for poor. Students both Natives and Foreigners ; The INTRODUCTION. IX -Foreigners ; antl that none can be admitted to enjoy the Benefits of their Foundation, but fuch as are not in a Capacity to pay tlie Expcnces of an Univerfity Kducation : All others who ftudy in thofe Col- Jcges being obliged to pay for their Board, Lodging, isfc. except Learning, which is given to cvury Body- without Diftinclion, that arc defirous to attend the public Ledlures. FRANCE has alfo its Univerfieics. At TouUu/e founded by — Bourdesux, • PoiSliers, — — > Orleans., — — Bourges, — — jifigicrs. Pope Gregory XL King Lewis XL Charles VIL Pope Clement V. King Leivis XL — A. D. Caen m Normandy, Alontpcllier, — Cahors, — Nantes, ■ Rheims, — — Valence, — Jix, ■ — Perfignmt, •■ ■ Befancon, — — Orange^ • AricT, Avignon, • Dhtiay,- Louvain, ■ ■ Dde, — Fleche, — ■Mowitahan and !^oi[fons, Pont'O-Moi/JJon, — Richelieu, —^ Tmirnoii, — — — Charles V\l., -, — Pope Nicholas IV. _ Pope John XXIL Charles Cardinal of Lorrain. — King Leviiis XL when Dauphin. Pope Alexander V. ■■■■ ■- - King Peter of Arragon. Emperor Ferdinand L ■ Pope Boniface VIIL John Duke of Brabant Philip Duke of Burgundy King Henry IV. . - Charles Cardinal of Lorrain, King Lewis XIII. Francis Cardinal de Tournon, 12.33 U73 i43» 1305 1465 i34(i 1452 J289 1332 14-60 1548 1458 1409 1349 1564 1365 1303 1426 1426 1573 1640 At Montpclier is ftudied the Faculty of Medicine with greater Applaufe than in any Place throughout all Ewofe : infomuch that not only the King of France, but feveral other Potentates have granted the Graduates of ihi's Univerfity the Privilege to praftife Medicine in their Dominioiis without any Interruption. At Orleans the Univerfity is founded on the Model of that at Paris. It enjoys the fame Dignities. There -is' Sn Eftablifhment of fbur Profeflbrs to teach the Civil and Imperial Law; to the Study of which. Philip the Fair, in 1312, anrrexed many Privileges in favour of the Students, which were con- firmed by the Bull of Pope Clement V. in 1367, who was a Native of Bourdedux, and had ftudied at" Orleans. By this Means here was a very great Conflux of Scholars from all Nations ; who by certain Regula- tions, were comprifed under fen Nations: But thefe in 1538, were by an Arret of the Parliament of ' Paris, in the Rergii of Francis tlje Firjl, rcductd to four, viz. The French, which includes the Bourgonois, Gafcons, and Teurangeaux : The German which includes Lorjw/?: Picardy,- which includes the Champanois : and Normandy, which includes the Scotch. But The German Nation enjoy the greateil Privileges granted by former Kings, and confirmed by the Le^ ters Patent of Henry IV. dated July 15, 1608, and in June 1616, at Paris. At Anglers, Louis II. Duke of Anjou, founded an Univerfit)' in 1348, and obtained for it feveral Pri- ' vileges and Immunities both from the King and the Pope. Its firil: Inilitution was for the Study of Law only ; but Henry Diike of Anjou, and Brother to Ki^g; Charles IX. added the Faculty of Me- " dici'ne, and procured for it new Privileges. Th'e fiimoirs R'iyp', ChaOcrflor of Fratitf., John Bodin -Ami 'other cmhient Lawvers were Memfes of this LTnirerfityv which nov/ has three Colleges in great Elleem. The other Univcrfiti"s difperled through this Frenxb DiGBTiinioriS are in creat Reputation for their good Difcipline and Care of their Students ; bat as thev are all modelled on t\\z Parijian Plan, it v/ill be o.k- [a 2] " cufaWe X Tlie INTRODUCTION. cufable to paP^ them over; I fliall onlyrcmnrk, That the ErgUJh Secular Pric/l^ have a very flourifhin'<»' College in the Univerfity of Douay, founded by Cardinal Allen, immediately after the Reformation took Place in Fngland, for the fugitive Students and Profefibrs that retired beyond Seas from the Englijli Uni- verfities. The Learning in this College is in great Reputation amongft the Roman Catholicks : But it is confined too much to Chijfical Knowledge, jiri/htdian Philofophy, Mctaphyfecks, and Polemical Divi- nity; which laft feems to be the greateft Objcil of its Inflitution, Namely, to make the Members thereof expert Contravertifts in defence of the Ciiurch of Rome, and to breed up Mijfionaries for draw- ing Protejlants into their Communion. Here v/as written and printed the Douay Bible by the felf fame.Men, who had juft before publiflicd their Annotations on the New Teilament at Rheims : nevcrthelefs, thefe Collegians have not for many Years been able to preferve thcmfelves from aSufpicion and Charge of Janfenijm; becaufe in the grand Difpute amongft tiie French Clergy and Laity, they would not implicitly run into all the Extremes of theFautors of the Bull Unigenitus ; as the Englijh Jcfuits feated at Liege and St. Omers have done. The Advantages of Univerfal Schools or Academical Societies uniting under one Governqient becoming very obvious to other Nations, they began prefently to multiply throughout Europe. So that at prefent there is not to be found fcarce any one fovereign State, where this Inftitution has not taken Root, and he- come almofl an cfTential Part of its Exiftence ; fo far as Univcrf.tics are defigned to finifh the Education ©f fuch, as are devoted to the Church and State, or to any Branch of Literature. For, in England in particular the Statute Law has made the Academical Degrees of her own Univcrfities a Condition (f>ne qua turn) for the Tenure of certain Church Benefices, i^c. Pampelon, — — — 1608 Saragofa, by the Emperor Charles V. Sigi2e77za, by Cardinal Ximenes. Taragona, by King Philip \l. Valladolid, by Pope C/^/a«/f VL I34& Sevilly Toledo, Avila, Compoflella, Gandia, Huefca, Valencia, Tudela, and Murcia, v/hofe Dates of Inftitution and Founders are not come to our Knowledge. Spain in America has theUniver^ties of Mexico, founded by the Emperor Charles ? V. in the Year. S'55^ Guatimale', by King Philip IV. ] 628 Lima in Peru, by King Philip III. 16 14 ^uito, by King Philip ll. I58'6 St. Domingo in Hijpaniola, by King? _q In the U N ITED ProvIN c E 8 are the Vniverfities of Leyden founded by the States in the Year 1575 Utrecht. 1616 Franeker ^ 1585 Groeninghen — — — , 1684 Flarderwick Spain in 1648 fof I Europe has the Vm 'verfitie. Salamanca founded by Alphonfus IX ■ King 1239 of Leon in the Year Alcala or Com plutum by Cardinal Ximenes 1517 Granada, by the Emperor Charles ' W. 1537 Palencia — 1200 Baeza _ 1538 f^rtntp 1543 \jnuic Lerida, by P ope Calijlus III. OJfioia — 154-9 Oviedo, by Ferdinando Valdcs. 1536 Philip II. Portugal rh'als her Neighbours with the Vniverfities of Evora, Coimhra and Lifhon. The Commentaries on Ari/iotle's Philofophy by the Conimhricenfes have done their Nation great Ho- nour ; and were formerly a Tutor's Book recommended to the perufal of the Under-graduates in Oxford. At Lijhon is an Univerfity founded by Pope Nicholas IV. A. D. 1290, and before the late Earthquake laid that City in Ruins it had many Colleges, but none in greater efteem for Learning and Difcipline thajt the Englifh College of SecuLr Priefts dedicated to the Apoftles St. Peter and St. Paul. This College by particular Privilege is exempt from the Jurifdiftion of the Univerfoty of Lijhon, which till lately was under the Government or Diredlion of the Society of Jefus. This Inftitution is a Branch of the Secular Engliflj Clergy detached from Douay, who were invited to Lifbon and fixed in a convenient Situation, in Bairo Alto, by Don Lewi: d' Acunha, to be a Seminary for Mijfionaries to be fent to obftrudt the Progrefs of the Reformation in England. The Founder did little more than find them a Houfe and fpacious Gardens in the moft confpicuous and pleafanteft Part of the City, But what by private Donations and Subfcriptions both iii Portugal and in England, they foon improved their Habitations with a Church and proper OiEces, At The INTRODUCTION. yi At the Time of the Enrtht]ii;ikc moft of the o'd decayed Buildings had been replaced with a capa- cious Stone Dormitory, agreeable Apartments for the Prefident and other Officers; towards which the late King John V. had contributed by a large annual Penfion for many Years. There arc none admitted into this College but fuch as are Natives of England ot Wales, or born of Ennlijh or IFihh Parents ; except they pay for their Board, Lodging, ls\-. The Number of SchotarJIjips are no more than twenty-five, all founded (except two or three) by Ro- man Catholic Families, and paid out of their Eflates in England. So that as thefe Scholarfliips depend upon a Variety of Accidents, it fometimes happens that they are not regularly paid, and fomctimcs drop ; as in the Cafe of two Scholarfliips founded in this College by the RatcUff Family ; which arc lo'l in the Forftiture of the Deriventwater Eftates. The Government of this College is by a Prefidunt, Vice-Prefident, ConfelTor, Procurator, a PrefecSl of Studies, two Profellbrs in Divinity, one in Philofophy, and one in Humanity; who are fubjedt to a Chapter of fccular Clergy eftabliftied in London, and are under the Protedlion of the InquifUor-General at Lijbcn for the Time being. The Prefident of this College was buried in the Ruins occafioned by the late Earthquake. Thefe Seminarijls are diftinguifhed from all other Students in that Univerfity by a Piece of Cloth, Coloris Leonini, of a kind of Brick colour, which, cut in the fliapeof an Oar, doubles on the Breaft and hangs over the Shoulders with each End as low as the bend of the Knee behind, upon a black Serge Gown without Sleeves, with a Caflbck of the lame Stuff underneath; the Collar whereof is made of ftiff Pafteboard covered, and edged with a Piece of Cambrick, which they call a Band. In this Drefs they pretend to preferve the old Fafhion of the Students of Oxford : and they alfo tell you that they are governed by the Statutes brought by their firfl: Profellbrs from the fame Univerfity. In I T A L Y are the Univerjitics of Rome, Bologna, Padua, founded by the Emperor /r^'imf II. 1222 Fcrrura, hy the E.m'pQxoT Frederic. 1316 Florence, by Cofmo de Aledicis. Pavla, Siena — i — 1 3^7 Pifa, — 1339 Turin, by Pope BenediSf XII. 1 4^5 o ; ' f by Frederic II. bale mo, J •' Venice, Verona, Jl:'anti:a, Alilan, Pel ugla, by Pope Clement V. Macerata. by Pope Paul III. Catania, in Sicily, Cagliari, in Sardinia, In Switzerland are the Univerjitics of Baftl, — 1459 Geneva or Colonia Allohrogum, founded by 7 ^ the Emperor Charles IV. J ■^ ^ In Germany are the Univerfities of Cologne or Colonia Jgrippina, founded by f qq ¥0-?^ Urban \' I. |'383 Leipjick, hy 'Llt&.ox Frederic 1. 1408 Francfort upon Oder, by Joachim Eleflor 7 . of Brandcnburgh, J Strajlur^, — — . „^ 1 538 Erfurt, .— — y— 1391 Heidelberg, hy Rupert \\. Eledf or Palatine. 1346 "Jena, by John Frederick "EleStor ot' Saxony. 1558 Jngoljlad, hy Lewis, Duke of Bavaria 1472 Liege before — — — 1 129 Tubingen, by Eberhard Count of IFur- iemburg. S ^'' Vienna, hy JlbcrilU. Arch Duke of ^a/?r;a. 1365 IVittemberg, hy Frederic 111. Hh&oi of Saxony. 1502 Mentz, — 1482 Triers or Treves, — 1558 Friburg in Brifgavj, by Albert Duke of 7 , Auflria. 5 ^'^^3 Rojlock, — 1490 Marpurgh, by Philip, Landgrave. GiJJen., by ifiw'j Landgrave of HeJJe iboj Gripfwaldhy Philip Duke of Pomeren, 1547 Dillir.ghen, by Otho Cardinal Truchfes Kiel, by Albert Duke of HolJh':n. 1669 MtorJ, hy Y.m.^eiox Ferdinand II. \b'ii. Helm/lad, hy Julius Duke of Brunfwick. 1$"!^ Paderborn, — 15Q2 Sigen, hy John Count of NaJ/au, 'S'^^ Lazvengen, by Wolfgangus Count Palatine. Graix,. Wurtzburgh.. Duijturg.. In Bohemia is the Vniverjity of Prague, fouiulcd by the Emperor Cha'lts V. 1358 In Poland are the Univerjlties of Cracow — ^364. IFilna in. Lithuania - IS';9 Kcningflerg >xii The INTRODUCTI: Q N. . Koninfjherg and Elhing in PruJJia, by Albert \ ., I" Denmark is the Un'iverfity of Duke o*" PiuJJla. J ^''^''' Ccpenhagen^ founded in the Year H^>7 III SwEDJ-LAMD nre the Univerjitiei of In Transilvania is the Unlverftty of l/pfal. ■^^^" J"^'" o'' Waifembuig, founded by Prince 'Liinrien or Londiium Scanorum founded by Rn^otzi. King Charles IX. In Asia is the IJniverfity of y/'/», by Qunen Chri/i ilia, 1640 Ga^, founded by a King of Portugal in the ■ ZX"/'/, by Gujiavus Jdoiphusin Livonia, 1632 fixtecnth Century. Butiet us look now at home. No Nation goes.iicfore our own either in the point of the Antiquity, •" Magnificence, or Learning of our Univerfities of Oxford and Cambridge. For, whatever France may boait of her Par'fiun Foundations, we find it more certain and eminent in thefe. As to their Antiquity, it is beyond Contradi£tion,. that the Foundation of Vniverfity, Baliol and Ahrton Colleges in Oxford^ an J St. P^ti-r's in Cambr'd^e, were .ill made fuch in the thh-teenth Century; f and therefore claim their Title amongft the firft regular Endowments of the Kind in Ewope. i-' We might contend for a Priority in favour of TJ/Jverfitx College, which was a Place for Students in the Year 872 ; and fome Authors infilt upon King Alfred'^ Foundation thereof. Yet as thefe Students • <\m\ ndt live in Society, but at their own Charge at private fJoufes, their Places of meeting for Improve- ment in Learning were not called C-jUge.', but Inns and Halls ; and are not to be accounted Univerfities 'lillthofe Inns arfi Halls were endowed and made Collegiate for the Reception, Diet, Apparel, i^c. of the Students, and with Salaries for Profi;florr.- Dr. Ncuto'i's Account of the Orii^inai of this Univerfit}- is this, " That in ancient Times, certain learned ' *' Men riefided in the City of Oxford', and there taught thofe Arts and Sciences^ which are called liberal to *' fuch as vs'credifpofed to learn them. 'I he Reputation of their Skill, and the fine Situation of the; Place, . *■' invited fuch' a ^.eneral Refoxt of Sdiolars to it from all Parts, that it foon obtained the Name of an " Univerfitv. The Citizens for the better Accoinmodafion of the Students, from Whofe Refidence " araongfl: them they received great Bcnofit, let out (uch of their Houfes, as they did not themfelves in- " habit, to the Teachers of thefe Arts ; who again let out the feveral .Roorps thereof to their refpcc- " live Scholars, as to Under-Tenants. Such Houfes, from the Time they were applied to the Pur- '■'• pofes of liberal Education, were called Halls ; and the feveral Gkivernors of tlicfe. voluntary Socie- -' ^' ties, Principak of Halls. Long before any of thefe Halls wcfcxonvertcd into Colleges, the Uni- '" verfity, by Prefcriptien, ufcd a public Seal, received Lands, was pofltfll'd of Cuftoms, and made " Laws for the (jovernment of its-own Body, as a Corporation." The Schools eftablifhed at Oxford vere entirely burnt and dcftroyed by the Danes about the Year 1 000, and all Learning banifhed from ■ thc'nce for many Years. £dward the ConfefloPireftored the Students to their Seats and Privileges iabout the Year 1050, according to fome Writers ; while others afTure us, that the LTniverfities lay in a mife- ' rable Condition, almoft expiring, till the Time of the Conqueit Anno 1066. It is not a Point to be debated here whether Oxford or Cambridge is the eldeft Univerfity. But we v.i!l begin with Oxford, as Culiom always gives it the Precedence, when thofe two Univerfities arc mentioned together. The Univ-.rfiiy of Oxford is governed by a Chancellor; whofe Office is to fuperintend the Govern- ment of the whole Univerfity; to maintain the Privileges and Liberties thereof; to call Aflemblies; to learn and determine Controveifics where Scholars are concerned ; to fummon Courts; punifh Delin- •.qiients; to prove Wills; to grant Adminiitration, iSc.' He is always a Per-Jon of the firft Rank, and holds his Office for Life, into which he is elected. by a Maiority of Fellows or Regents, and Non-Regents in Convocation. ^'he prefent Chancellor was ele£ted on the fourth Day of 'January 1759. The jiext Office in Dignity is the High Steward ; whofe Office enjoins him to affifl the Chancellor, Vice-Chnncellor, and the ProSlors in the due Execution of their refpcctive Offices ; and alio to hear and determine capital Caufes, where a Scholai-, or privileged Pcrfon is the Ofi^ender, when required fo to do > by the Chancellor, who alio may appoint him to keep the Court-Leet. He is nominated by the Chan- cellory but muft be approved by the Univerfity in Convocation. This O.ffi.ce.alfo is for Life. There i.s alfo a Vice-Chancellor, nominated annually, but commonly continued for three Years, by the Chancellor, from amongft the Heads of Colleges. This Officec may be faid to bear the grcatcft Burden in the Government of the Univerfitv. He is obfigid to refide at Oxford, fo that he may be always at hand fo fupply the Place of the Chance'lor, ■ who The INTRODUCTION. xiii who never attends but upon fome very fpccial Occafion. He liceiifes Books printed at theUniverrit5'-Prcfs. He is particularly to take Care that Sermons, LcfSlures, Difputations, and other Exercifes be per- formed ; that Hereticks, Fanaticks, Non-Conformifls, Panders, Bawds, Whores, i£c. be expelled from the Univerfity, and kept from the Converfation of the Students: To licenfc Taverns, Ale-iioufts,' Coachmen, Carriers, i^c. To fee that the Profiors and other Officers, and public Servants of the« Univerfity perform their refpedlive Duties ; that Courts be called, and Law-Suits be determined without" Delay. N. B. The Chancellor of the Univerfity, and in his Abfence, the Vice-ChanccUor is fuperior to the ' M'Jyir of the City in Affairs of Moment ; even where they concern the City itfelf. And the A'Inyor and BurgcfTes, and the High-SherifF of Oxfordfliire take an Oath in a folemn Manner before the Vice- ' Char.ceUor to obfcrve and prefcrve the Rights, Privileges, and Rights of the Univerfity of Oxford. The other Oificers concerned in the Goveniment of the Univerfity are. Two ProSiarSt chofen by all the Doftors and Maflers of Arts in College, out of the feveral Col- Icrres bv Turns : Thev muft be Mailers of Arts, whofe particular Duty is to aflifl in what regards Scholaftic Exercifes and taking of Degrees : To punifh all that break the Statutes : To examine Weights and Mcafures, and to puniHi common Strumpets, i^c. to infpcft the Publicans, fc. ■'" The Public Orator is next in Office. His Bufinefs is to write Letters by Order of the Convocation, dnd to make public Speeches on folemn Occafions. He muft be a Mafrer of Arts or Batchelor of Law. His Eleflion is for Life, and made in Convocation, There is a Keeper of Records, chofen in Con\'Ocation, who keeps the Charters, and other public Papers belonging to the Univerfity; and is to be ready to plead thofe Rights and Privileges when called in Qucflion. Next to him is the Regijlerer, who is chofen (as all other Officers of the Univerfity) are by Scrutiny in Convocation ; and ough*: td be a Mafter of Arts, or a Batchelor of Law, and aPublic Notary at the Time of FJeclion ; his Bufinefs being to regifier all Afts and Deeds, which pafs under the public Seal of the Univcdiy ; and all Afts injudicial Caufes before the Delegates of Appeal. For the better Regulation of Provifions the Univerfity has a Right to chute two Clerks to infpefl: the lihrkets. They mufl: be of the Degree of a Mafter of Arts, or Batchelor of -D/wW/y, Laiv, ov Phyfc, and are nominated, one by the Chaiice'lor ; the other by the Vice-Chancellor, yearly. Thefe Ckrks are to take care of the Affize of Bread, Beer and Wine, of Weights and Meafures, the Prices and Qualities of Viftuals and other Provifions : For which End, they are often obliged to ■Cveigh the Bread, a.id once a Year (at leaft) to gauge all Brewers Veffcls, and to break or burn the fame, if wanting of the Statutable Meafure ; befides an arbitrary Mulcl to be iiiflidled on the Brewer by the Vice-Chancellor : Their Bufinefs is alfo to take care of Hay, and all kind of Horfes Provender, of the fuft Meafure of Faggots and Coals, and if defe£tive, to diftribute them among the Poor ; and laftly, to fee that all Things belonging. to the Market be expofed to Sale therein ; to amerce Regrators, Fore- ftallers, ^c. For the better Execution of the Laws of the Univerfity there are fix public Servants called Beadles, Cryers, and Foot MefTeagers. Three of thefe are called Squire Beadles ; the other three Yeomerr . Beadles. Every College has its Vifitor alfo, who takes Cognizance of fuch Matters as particularly relate to Breaches of .the diftinft Statutes of each Houfe or Society : This Officer is nominated by the Will of the Founder, and is empov\ered to deprive or fufpend any Member under his local Jurifdiclion for Con- ttanacy, or any Crime of a high Nature, committed againft' the Laws of God or the Statutes of the ' College ; provided he always governs hiinfelf by the Rules and Order of his Founder : Where he exceeds his Pbv.er the injured Party ha^ a Right of Appeal to the Crown. Under this Government there are nineteen Colleges dinA five Halls. 1. Univerfity College cl.iims the Precedence in Point of Antiquity ; it being commonly faid to derive its Foundation from the Munificence of King Alfred, the firfl Monarch of England ; and has by various Revolutions and BenefaiStions arrived to its prelent flourifliing Condition. Amongft thefe Eenefaftors we find TViUiam Archdeacon of Durham, who foon after the N'orman Conqueft endowed it fo largely, that he is numbered amongft its Founders., In this College is one Mafter, twelve Fellows, and feventeen Scholars. Dr. R/ticliff has eftablifhed two travelling Fellowships at the' Charge of 600 /. /fr y/?2«:/7;7, in this College. 2. Baliol College was founded by _%"/;« Baliol Fatlier to fohn Baliol, King of Scctljnd, about the Year 1263, and by numerous Eenefaciions it is now provided with Eftates for the Support »f a Mafter, twelve Fellows, fourteen Scholars and eighteen Exhibitioners. f ^ 3. liert:^ xir The INTRODUCTION. 3. Mcrton College fo called from TFalter de Mrrton, its Founder, Lord Chancellor of England and Rifhop of Rochejier, was founded, cndouxd and chartered in 127?. It has been favoured with many Benefactions ; and is governed by a Warden. Here are twenty-four Fellows and fourteen Exhibitioners called Poft-nLificrs, and tv/o Clerks. 4. Exeter College is a Foundation fo early as 1316, by Walter Stapledon, Bifliop of Exeter. It for many Years palTcd ttiidcr the Name of Stapledon- HalU till there rofe up another ]}i.'hop of Exettr^ Ediivnui Stafford, who became a llicond Founder, and changed its Name, by Authority, to Exeter Colk-ge. The Government of this College is in a Redlor, and twenty three Fellows Here is a Beadle Clerk and three Exhibitioners. 5. O'vV/ College founded in 1323, by Adam dc Broome, takes its Name from a large McfTuage named Le Or'icU granted to this College by King Ediuard III. It has had many great and royal Bcnefaclions ; and at prefcnt maintains a Provoft-, eighteen Fellows, and fourteen Elxhibitioners. 6. ^tcens College was founded and endowed in the Year 1340, by Robert EngVifnfield^ by Dircflion from Queen Philippe!, Confort to Edward III. Robert wa.s then Chaplain, and gave this Foundation the Name Aula Seholarium Regina: de Oxoii, or ^leen S~holars Hall of Oxford. By the Charter of Incorporation of this College it appears, that the Founder had made Proyifion for a Provofi and twelve Fellows to be chofen out of feventy poor Children or Scholars, to be alfo maintained and educated here. It alfo appoints, that the Society fhould be called together at their Meals by the Sound of a Horn ; and that wheu the Fellows in their Purple Gowns had placed themfelves on the further Side of the Table, with the Provoft in the Middle thereof, the poor Scholars fhould kneel before them on the oppofite Side, and anfwer fuch Queftions in Philofophy, as fhould be put to them by the Fellows, before Dinner began. The Number of Members upon the Books of this College at a late public A(5t, were one Provofl-, fix teen Fellows, eight Chaplains, nine Taberders, hxteen poor Scholars, two Clerks and twenty Ex- iiibitioners, befides Cicntlemen Commoners. 7. New College is a Monument of the Munificence of that great Prelate and Statefman TFillian Long, born at TVukhatn in Hanipjlnre, by which Name he is mod generally known : Who before he t,TCvl:ed this College, in 1379, maintained for feven Years, feventy Students in feveral Halls in Oxford. The Foundation was laid on the 5th of Alareh 1379, and the Building being completed in the begin- ning of 1 380, his Warden and Fellows took Poffeilion of it by a folcmn Proccfnon. This Foundation was made for a Warden, feventy Scholars, ten Chaplains, three Clerks and fixtecn Choirifters with handfome Stipends ; on Condition that fifty of the Scholars fhould apply themfelves to Arti and Divinity, ten to the Study of the Civil Laiv, and ten to the Study of the Canon Laxv. The prefent Members of this Society are one Warden, feventy Fellows, ten Chaplains, three Clerks, and one Sexton. 8. Lincoln College, this Foundation was begun in 1430, by Richard Fletnming Bifhop of Lincoln, who obtained a Charter for its Eli:ablifhment, and left a Sufficiency to complete his Defign not finifhed at his Death. It has had a Succcffion of valuable Bcnefaflors ; amongft whom is Thomas Rotheram, Bifhop of Lin- coln alio, afterwards ArchbiQiop of York and Chancellor of England. Who by his Donations, and his Body of Laws for their better Regulation, is efleemed a fecond Founder. The prefent Members are aReftor, twelve Fellows, nine Scholars, and twenty Exhibitioners. 9. All-Souls College was founded and endowed by Archbifhop Chicheley in 1437, *^°'' forty Fellows ; of whom twenty-four were ordained to ftudy Divinity and Philofophy, and the other fixteen the CanoUy and Civil Law. But Henry VI. was fo largious in his Royal Favours to this Foundation, that he has been fuppofcd to be the real Founder of the Fellowfhips, though the Archbifhop expended near 50CO t. in the Buildings, isc. Colonel Codrington, fome time Fellow of this College, and Governor of the Leward Ifands, in the beginning of this Century bequeathed 6000 /. for building a Library, and not only left his own valuable Study of Books to be depofited therein ; but gave 4000 /. more to purchafe new ones. The prefent Members are one Warden, forty Fellows, two Chaplains and nine Scholarlhips. 10. Magdalen College was another Foundation in the Reign of HetiryVl. An. Doni. i-;56, ercifted and endowed by Jf'^tlUam Patten of JFainfeet, ufually called JFilliam of Wainficet. He was Bifhop of fVincheJlcr d,ni Lord High- Chancellor of England. This College is founded on the Site of the dilTolved Hofpifal of St. John, and endowed with the Revenues of thofe Hofpitallers ; which were fettled by Charter for a perpetual Maintenance ot poor and ijidigent Clerks in the Univerfity of Oxford, ik\x and Phyfick, on the folemn Day of their Creation, fupplicate to be admitted into the Congregation Houfe, and to their Regency in each Faculty, /. e. to all and every AtSl of their necefiary Regency before the third Congregation, unlefs fome grievous Crime be objected to them, which may draw a Scandal on the Univerfity ; and if they be deferred any longer, the Chancellor, or his Locum-tenent, may fummon and admit them thereunto by his own proper Authority : \Vhich Dolors znd Ala/iers are neceflarily Regents for tivo Yea.rs ; unlefs they be difpenled with for the fecond Year's Regency (as ufual) after theCreation of other Doctors and Mafters the next A^, and admitted to their Regency in the like manner, in the Congregation : Then the Doctors and Mafters admitted to their Regency, take an Oath not to reveal the Secrets of that Houfe, and alfo fwcar, that they will not pro- mote unfit Perfons, nor hinder thofe, who are fit, from proceeding to their Degrees, &c. Every Mafter, for this Admiffion, pays 12 d. to the Regifter, and 4 d. to the Beadle of his Faculty, and a Doctor gives 12 d. to be djftributed among the Poor, at the Pleafure of the Vice-chancellor and Prodors. All ^x The I N T R O D U C T I O N. All publick ProfefTors and Leflurers, Royal, as well as others, are accounted Regents adplacitum; fo are all RefiJcnt Dodlors, of what Faculty foever, and all Heads of Colleges and Halls, who have been for fome time Regents in Arts, and (in their Abfcnce) their Deputies, all Maftcrs of Schools, and Deans and Ccnfors of Colleges, together with all Mailers during the fecond Year of their Regency, if they are difpenfed with for the iecond Year of their neceflary Regency, as aforcfaid. The Scholars are obliged to be in their rcfpeftive Colleges by nine of the Clock at Nigh-, immediately after the Tolling of the great Bell at Chriji-Church, and if any Perfon fhall be found in the Streets, or ill any Houfe in the Town ; unlefs on his lawful and neceflary Occafions, he is muldtcd in the Sum of i.0 J. being a Graduate ; which Sum the Vice-chancellor demands, if he be a Mafler of Arts, or a Batchelor of Law ; otherwife the Prodlors may do it, and imprifon him for Contumacy, Sufpicion of Fli'^'ht, or any rebellious Behaviour : If the Perfon offending be an Under-graduate, he is left to the difcretionary Punifhment of the Vice-chancellor. All Plays and Gaming (cfpecially /o?- Motiey) are prohibited, under the Pain of 6 x. 8 d. if a Graduate, and if not, then he is punifhed according to the Vice-chancellor's Pleafure, befides Rellitution of Money fo won ; and 20 i. inflidled on all Gaming Houfts, and Imprifonment, till they find Sureties not to receive any Scholars upon the like Account. Scholars are alfo forbid to carry Guns, Bows, ^c. to keep Dogs, Ferrets, Nets, bfc. under the Pain of 6 s. 8 d. toties quotles, and to forfeit and lofe the fame. Rope Dancers, Stage-Players and Sword Fighters are alfo prohibited the Univerftty, unlefs they get the Vice-chancellor's Leave to come, under Pain of Imprifonment ; and all Graduate Scholars, attending them, are punifhed 6;^. 8 ^, and Under graduates are correigland^ivl Walls, and two Irijli Bifliops. It The INTRODUCTION. xxx-iii • It has educated feveral Statefnien, many of whom are ccle-biatcd for their learned Works ; as Do6lor Harilyff'ct M. D. who was chief Phyfician to King Henry VI. eminent in his Faculty, and Secretary of State to King Edward IV : — Lord Chief Juftice Con'ingjby in the King's Bench, temp. Hewy Vlfl. — Yiodior: Thomas TVilfon Principal Secretary to Queen ElirMlcih, and Author of two Difcourfes on the Art of Rhetoric and Logic : — Do;^l.or Giles Fletcher, Author of the Hi/lory of Riijfia, Mafter of the Requcfts, and EmbafTador into Rujjia : — i\v Thomas Ridley, Knt. Vicar General, and the learned Author of ihc View of the Civil and Eccleftajlical Law : — Sir Robert Morton Principal Secretary of State to King James 1. — Sir Francis Walfingham, Knt. Principal Secretary of State to Queen Elizabeth. The Number of its learned Members would be too long to enumerate. Thefe may feri'e for a Specimen. At the Foundation we find Thomas Siaecy and TVilUam Sutton, both famous for AJlrology : — Do(£lor Richard Croke Public Orator and Creek Profeflbr, in which Language he greatly excelled : William Buckley, an eminent JMatliematician and Author of Arithmetica Memor. — Do6tor Alle^, Author of a Hebrew Grammar, and one of the Tranflators of Qiieen Elizabeth's Bible : — Richard Muncajier, an eminent Grecian and Grammarian. —Anthony JVotton, firfl: Profeflbr of Divinity in Crefham Colle'>€. IVilliam Oughtred, B. D. Author of Clavis M thcmaticce, and moil renowned for jkfathematical Learning : t — Edmund Waller, Efq; that admirable Poet, who fivdrcRned EngliJ?} Verfe : — Bifhop Montague a great Antiquary, and Author of Apello Ccefarsm, &c. for which he underwent great Perfecution from the Fanatics and Repiddicans. He alfo wrote againfl: Sel.'en's Hi/lory of Tythes, and a new Gage for the Old Gofpel; and he publifhed Photius's Epijllcs and Nazianzen's Inveilive againfl Julian : — Doftor Whichott a ce- lebrated and pious Preacher : — Doilor Pearfon, Bilhop of Chefter, well known for his elaborate Writings both in Hijhry and Divinity : — Dofbor Cajlel, the laborious and moft learned Author of the Lexicon Heptaglot : — Doftor Stanhope Dean of Canterbury, and Author of the Paraphrafe on the Epijilcs and Go/pels : — Bifhop Hare, Editor of Terence: — Dodlor Kitig, Editor of Eurypides, and DoiSor Battle, Editor of Ifocrates. The Chapel is one of the moft fumptuous Gothic Edifices in the whole World ; it meafures 304 Feet from Ea/l to JVeJl, 73 from North to South, and from the Ground to the Top of the Battlements gi ; carrying an OiStogon Tower at every Corner, each of which terminates in a Dome, with winding Stairs leading into the fame. The whole is built of Free-ftone, and is thought to be the largeft Room in the World, whofe Roof is not fupported by Pillars. It is covered with a Stone Arch ; above which is another made of Timber well leaded, with Space enough between the two Arches, as to permit a tall Man to walk upright between them. On the North and South Side is a Porch and nine fmall Chapels, each of which had its Altar, before the Reformation ; but they now are ufed as burial Places, except thofe on the South Side, where one is converted into a Library, another into a Vejlry, Sic. T)o£ior Fuller tells us, that the Stone-work, Wood-work and Glafs- work in this Chapel, con tnd, which moft deferves Admiration. Here Prayers are read three Times a Day; at half an Hour paft fix in the Morning, and again at ten, and then at five in the Afternoon. 8. ^een's College is another Royal Foundation by Margaret of Anjou, Queen Confort to Henry VL of E?igland, in the Year of Chrift 1448. Her Majefty dedicated this College to St. Margaret and St. Bernard, and endowed it with 20 /. per Anvum. And though this Work received fome Interruption by the Troubles brought upon her Hufband and Family by the Lancajhian Party ; it was finifhed Anno Domini 1465, by her Succefibr on the Throne, Elizaheth'W'ik to Edward IV . moved thereunto by her ConfelTor Andrew Ducket, a Minorite Friar : Whofe Care for this College, and his Intereft amont'ft: the Great, obtained many large Donations from other Hands for its Support. Amongft the numerous Benefattions (in all 150) we find Richard III. who having feized upon the great Foileffions of John Vere the thirteenth Earl of Oxford, gave them all to this Foundation. But King Henry VII. reftored them again to the Earl. At prefent it maintains a Mafter, twenty Fellows, forty- five Scholars, and eight Exhibitioners. From hence the Church has received one Archbifliop of Canterbury ; one Archbifhop of Tork, feventeen Bifhops in England TinA JVales, and one Bifhop in Ireland. The Learned World have received from hence alfo, the learned Bifhop Fijher, the firfl: Lady Af^i-~ garefs Profeflbr in Divinity : — Erafmus Rotteroda?nui, an Author of the greatert Repute in Critical, Theological znd Grammatical hczming : — Dodtor Haynes and Dodtor May, Compilers of the Liturgy : — Sir Thomas Smith, Knt. Secretary of State, and Greek Profeflbr, ^c. and the firft Introducer of the new way of pronouncing that Language : — Bifhop Davinant, Reprefentative for the Anglican Church at the Synod of Dsrt, and Author of Annotations, i^c. — The famous Antiquarian John JVecvsr., [da] Author xsxiv The INTRODUCTION. Author of the Funeral Monuments : — The Hiflorian Doctor Jc'ri Fuller, Author of the Church Hiftory and Worthies of England, Sic. — The great Mathematician Doctor John IVallii : — Bifhop Sparrow, Author of the Rationale on the Common Pra\cr, and other Pieces : — Bifhop Patrick., Author of the very learned Commentary on great Part of the Old Teftamcnt ; — Do£tor James IVindlett, M. D. an inge- nious Latin Poet, an excellent Linguijl, and a facred Critic: — Dodtor Davycs, Editor of fcveral Claffics, and of AJenutius Felix, and LaSfantius : — And Doc^tor Thomas Brett, the learned Author of the Diicourfc on Church Gcvernricnt, and of a DilTertation on Liturgies. ■ 9. Katharine Hall is the Monument of a private Charity ; being the Foundation of Doflor Rohert IVoodlark or IVodclarke, Char.cellor of this Univerfity. He began this Work in 1457, ^""^ '^''^ ""' obtain 2. Licence for its Endowment with Revenues to fupport a Mafter and three Fellows, till the Year 1475. Many Benefaftions have fince enabled this Hall to fupport a A'lailer, fix Fellows, one Fellow-Chap- lain, one Bye-Fellow, thirty five Scholarlhips', and about forty Exhibitioners. Amon<;ft the Benefactions none appears with a better Grace than a Gentlewoman, named Ma>y Ramfdin of Norton in Yorkfliire, who a few Years ago appropriated an ample Donation for maintaining fix Fellowlhips and ten Scholarlhips, to be Natives of Yoi kJIAre, and to be named kyrne's Fellows and Scholars, in Memory of Mr. Robert Siytie her Relation, and a former Bcncfailor to this Hall. This Hall has produced tv/o Archbifliops of Tori and one of Armagh ; nine Bifliops in England, one Bifliop of Sodsr and A'jan, and one Bifhop in Ireland. Amongft the Men of diflinguilhed Learning in this Hall, we read of the eminent Preacher Archbifhop Sandys, who was one of the Tranflators of Qiieen Elizabeth's Bible : Of Bilhop Overall, a ! ranflator of King James's Bible, and Author of the Co and to t':e Glorious Fir- gin St. Rhadtgund. ' ■■": '.'_■.: ' ■ . ■ This Alteration for the Adv.mcement of Piety and Learning was prifently fucceeJed by feveral large Benefaiftions ; fo that at prefent here are Foundations fufEcient to fupport a Mafter, fixtaen Fellows, and fifteen Scholars ; befides twenty-fi'i-e Exhibitions. Prom this College we can produce four Archbifhops of Canterbury, and three Archbifhops of York : Ten Eifhops in England and If'alfs ; and two lliflicps in Ireland. N. B, Both the prefent and the late Archbifhops of Cantirbury were Scholars of this Foundation. Here alfo was educated the great Light of oilr Church, Archbifhop d-anmet-, who was burnt at Oxford for adhering to the ProteJiant Faith .• — Bifhop Bale, Author of Libri de fcriptoribus Britannids. iic. — Sir Thomas tlliot, Knt. who wrote zDiilionary, Sic. — LJOCiorl)uport and Doftor A drews, con- cerned in the Tranflation of the Bible : — S'lv IFidiam Brjv lie, Knt. Embaflador in Holland: — Sir Richard Hutton, Knt. Judge of the Common Pleas, and Writer of Reports : — Sir RiJjaid FenJhaiVy an elegant Poet, Mailer of the Requefls, and Embaltador to Spain : — The celebrated Ajirmomtr Do£tor Johi Flumjlcad, Royal ProfcJTor of Jjlroncmy, kc. he. Here is a tolerable large Library well furnifhed with ufeful Boaks. 1 1 . ChriJl -College was another Foundation by King H m yV\. for the Reception of the Scholars, ls?c. whom he removed hither from the Houf of God, which he intended to include within the Bounds oi King's-CoUcge, He placed here a Provoft and four Fellows and Scholars, intending to increafe tbeSchor ,' lars to fixty, had not the fatal War that followed obftruded his pioits Defign. Howi:\'cr Margaret Countefs of Richmond, and Mother to King Henry Vll. arofe like a tutelar Deity to this Houfc, and got Leave of her Son to comjilete the Proved of the Royal Founder Henry VI. 2 " And The INTRODUCTION. xxxv And ihc accordingly endowed it with Rc\'C!iues for the M;iintcnaiicc of a Maflcr, twelve Follows, and forty fcven Scholars ; which Number Jiave fmce encrcafcd by t'th(.r J;cncfacHons. So thai iWc prclcnt Members arc a Ma(t:er, fifteen Fellows, and fifty-four Scholars. The Regard paid to the Credit of this Society by the State, car.not be more properly indicated than by the Number of Bifhops taken from thence; tliey being no lefs than twenty-four, viz. two Archbiihops oi Canterbury ; three Archbifhops of ll^r,^ ; one Primate of /?v/fl«^ ; one Archbifhop of Z?2^i'//« ; four- teen Bifliops In Enghrid M\Ji JValcs., and three Bifliops in Ireland. Here was educated fohn LelanJ.^ whofe Memory is highly revered amongft the Antiquarians : — Hugh Bro-'g' ton the Oriental!/} : — Doiftor Andrnv U'ilh-t, Autlior of Synopfn Pcipifmi, i\C. — Doctor Richard Clarie and Frafu-is Dillingham, B. D. both Tranflators of ihc Bible, and learned in the Eaftern Tongues : DoiSor Henry More a deep Divine and Philofopher : DoiStor Laurence Ecliard, an eminent fiif- torian and Author of the Hiifory of England. 12. St. Johns College, as it now ftands, is another Foundation begun by the Caid hs-dy Margaret. She creifted this Houfe of Learning, upon the Ruins of a very antient Hotel or Monaftery of Regular Canons, founded by N-gellus, F'ifliop of Ely, and Trea^'urer to King Henry I. in 1134, and afterwards ew at Paris, and a Commentator on Proverbs : Doftor Bullock, Author of the Concordance : - - ■ Sir John Chcke, Preceptor to King Edward VL -- Sir ThctTias Wyat, Ki\t the Poet : pyHliam Cecil Lord Rurgley, Lord l^reafurcr ; DoHor John Dee, a noted Philofopher and Mathematician : 7ho a> Gatacre, B. D. well eftetmcd for his O, era Critics, and. Annotations on the Bible : - - - Bifhop Mor an, u ho firft tranllated the Bible into IFeUh : John Hall, a celebrated Poet, Hi/lorian, &c John Cleveland, ^ renowned Poet : Henry Brigges the noted Matheii.a:ician, the firft Savilian Lecturer in Ge mstry at Oxon ; Geometry Profcllbr at Grejham College ; and Author of many curious Mathimatical, Logorithmet cid and Geometrical Tables ; and of a Trcatife concerning the North-iye/i Pafiage to the South Seas through the Ccniinent of Virginia : John Serjeant and ^oc\orTh-mas Gcdden, two of the moft able Conlroverii. s on the Popifh Side ; who left this College and entered themfelves in St. Peter and Paul s College fcr the E'jgiijh Nation at Lijion, of which they both became Prefidcnts : Thomas Wentworth, Ear] of Strafford, Prime Miniller to King xxxvi Tlie INTRODUCTION. Khig Charles I. - - - Lucius Carey, Lord Vifcoiint Faulkland, Secretary of State to the tiiJ King : - » - Jmhiofe Philips, Efq; a telebmtcdPoef, and Author of tlxeP^;'«rfl/f under his Name: Doflor IVilliam Cave, y\uthor oi Hijlorlca Liiemria, the Lives of the Apoflles, and of other Works in the Service of Reli- gion and Learning : — Bifhop Stillingjleet, that eminent and learned Author and Prelate : — Do(Sor Peta' Berwick the celebrated Phyjician : Martyn Lyflcr the famous Naturalifl and Prefident of the College oi Phyf.ciaiis : - - V)oS\.oi- John Smith, eminent for his Knowledge in Divinity and Hiftory : Bithop BcveriJgr', who at 20 Years of Age publlfhcd a Latin 'JVcatifc on the Ufe of the Oriental Languages : Then his Chronclogical Lijtitutions in the fame Language : The Panclex of the Canons cf the Apoftles : The Code of the Canons of the primitive Church vindicated and illuflrated, alfo in Latin : His Privat-e Thoughts : An Expcjition of the thirty-nine Articles : Two Volumes of Sermons, t^c. Doctor Thomas Bemiet, Author of an Hebrew Grammar : Of a Piiraphrafe on the Common Prayer, and of fevcral Trails agaiiift the Dijfcnters : Matthi-w Pricr, Efq; the celebrated Poet; Minifier in Q^cen Jnti's Reign; and Author of feveral Poclical, Hiftorical and Political Pieces : Doctor Je>^yns, Author of the Rcafonahlenefs and Certainty of the Chriftian Religion : Doflor Richard Bentley, accounted the moft learned Writer and Critic of his Age, as may be colleded from the Variety and Correttnefs of his Works: - - - Thornas Baker, B. D. a celebrated Antiquarian, and the Author of Re- flexions on Learning : f-Filliam Lee, A. M. the ingenious Liventor of the Stocking Weavers Loom or Engine : DoiSlor Samuel Croxal, an ingenious Poet, and Author of Fables, lately printed under his Name. There is a very good Library : It is fpacious and well fupplied with Books, and decorated with original Pivltures of the Benefa£lors. 13. Mary Magdalen's College is the Foundation of Thomas Lord Audley of TVclden, Lord Chan- cellor of England, Knight of the Garter, and Privy Counfellor to Henry VIIL upon the Site of an antient Houfe, known in the Year 1092, by the Name of St. Giles's Priory, for fix Canons. Put thefe Canons being removed, the Hoftel or Priory was purchafed by certain Monafleries for a Hotel to ac- commodate their young Broods fent to (luJy at Cambridge. From which Licident it gained the Name of Monks-College ; till Ediuard Stafford Duke of- Buckingham, having purchafed the Premifles, built thereon a new College and called it 5«ci/;;_f^i7/n-Conege, Anno Domini 15 19: And in 1521 this Duke being attainted of High Treafon, before the Foundation thereof was perfedled, this College, as Pait of his Eftates, fell to the Crown ; and as fuch was granted by Henry VlIL to Lord Audley afore- faid, in 1 542 ; who refounded the fame by the Name of St. Mary Magdalen's College, endowed it with Parcels of the Priory of Holy Trinity near Algatc in London, for a Mafter and four Fellows ; referving to himfeif and Succeflors the Patronage of the Mafterfhip and vifitorial Power over the College. But fuch have been the good Will of the Opulent towards this poor Foundation ; that it has now a Mafter, fixteen Fellows, and twenty-five Scholarfhips and Exhibitions ; with a very grand newLibran,', well filled with Books neatly clafled. Amongfl: which is the valuable Collection made by Samuel Pepys, Efq; Se- cretary to the Admiralty, and Prefident of the Royal Society, valued at 4000 /. many of which are Manufcripts, relating to Maritime Affairs in feveral Reigns. Here alfo is a curious and extenfive Collection of Prints and Drawings by the moft celebrated Mafters and Artifts in Europe, placed by themfelves. From hence have fprung one Archbifhop of Canterbury, and feven other Bifhops ; befides a great Number of eminent Scholars in different Branches of Literature ; amongfl whom we find Henry Lord Stafford who was an ingenious Latin Poet: Sir Orlando Brldgeman, Lord Chief Juftice of the Com- mon Pleas and Lord Privy Seal ;— -Sir Robert Sawyer Attorney General ■y—Do&.orlFllllainHowelihcHif- iorlan ; Bifhop Cumberland, who wrote de Leglbus Natuns, is'c. and publifhed the Phanlcian Hljlory; Samuel Pepys, Efq ; one of the greateft Ornaments of the Age, and Secretary of the Admiralty under King Charles IL and James IL He wrote the Hiftory of the Navy; Dr. JVaterland well known as an eloquent and powerful Preacher and Defender of the Catholic Dodliine of the Trinity againft the Arlan Herefy. 14. Trinity ColLgc is the Work of King Henry VIIL' v.'ho built it upon the Site of St. Michael's Houfe, King's Hall and Phifwlck's Hojiel, and the fix antient Hojlels or Inns of Gregory, Ovlngs^ Mar- garet, Gerard's, Katherlne's and Tyler's. Michael's Houfe had been founded in the Year 1324 and well endowed, fo as to be accounted as com- plete a College, as any in the Univerfity, about tha: Time; and before its Diflblution, became famous for the Education of three Bifhops, and feveral Men of Learning, among whom was DoCtor Mullet, who tranflated Erafmus' s Paraphrafe on St. fohn. I King's The INTRODUCTION. xxxvil King's Hall was founded by King Edward III. at the Defire of his Father deceafed, for a Mafter and thirty-two Scholars. On whom his Majefly's Charter dated 0«,75i^^r 27, 1337^ fettled 40/. per AnHum, to be paid out of the Exchequer. From hence proceeded five Bifliops in England; and an Archbifliop of Dublin, and a Lord Chancel- lor; alfo that elegant X<7//k OxaXar John Gunthorpe, and Bifhop 7»;j/?fl/, a great Divine and Mathe- matician. King Henry VIII. out of all thcfe Nurferies of Learning compofed the ftatejy College dedicated to tht Holy and undivided Trinity; and by his Charter of D^av/z^^'?- 19, 1546, endowed it with 1300/. per Annum, to maintain a Pvlafter, fixty Fellows, forty Scholars, and ten Almoner Orators or Beads- men ; referving the Right of nominating a Mafter. Queen Mary his Daughter began a moft grand Chapel for its Ufe, and augmented its Revenue with 338/. per Annum, for the Maintenance of twenty Scholars, ten Chorifters, a Mafter for them; four Chaplains, thirteen Poor Scholars, and two under Sizars. But this Queen dying before the Chapel was finiflied; her Sifter and Succeflbr Elizabeth took Meafures for completing both the Chapel and a Library. There have been many and moft liberal Donations to this College; which now maintain a Mafter, Vice-Mafter, fixty Fellows, (including the Vice-Mafter) and feveiity-one Scholars. But we have an Account that in the Year 1641, the State of this College was much more flourifhing, when there be- longed thereunto a Mafter, fixty Fellows, fixty-two Scholars, thirteen Poor Scholars, four Chaplains, ten Chorifters with their Mafters, fix Singing-Men, twenty-four Alms Orators ; befides as many Of- ficers and Servants as in all amounted to about 440. And there is annually paid out of the Treafury of this Houfe the Sum of 120/. to three Public and Royal Profeflbrs founded by King Hetiry VIII. at 40 /. each. . The Advantages of this Foundation, and of the Numbers educated therein, have given it the Pre- ference both in the Favour of the Court and in a Variety of eminent Scholars. For, Here we find no lefs than thirty-fix Bifliops fince the Year 1555, of whom one was Archbifliop of Canterbury, two Archbiftiops of York, two Archbifliops of Dublin, twenty- feven Bifhops in England and Wales, and four Bilhops in Ireland. Amongft the State/men, who ftudied in this College, were Sir Francis Bacon, Vifcount St. Albans, Lord Chancellor of England, and Author of many learned Works in Pbilofophy, Divinity, ^c. — Sir EdvjardCoke, Chief Juftice of both Benches fuccefllvely, and Author of feveral Books of Law : — Robert Devereux Earl of EJfex : — Sir John Coke Principal Secretary of State: — Charles Montague Earl of Hallifax, Knight of the Garter, and a noted Poet, Orator, and Statefman; and his Cotcm- porary George Stepney, Efq; employed abroad by King TJllUarii, and admired for his poetical Genius. Here were educated many eminent Critics ; no lefs than fevcn of thofe that were employed to tranflate the Bible, who were diftinguiflied for their Accuracy in the Knowledge of Greek, Hebrew, and other Languages : and William IP'alker Author of the Idioms and Particles, thecompleteft Work of its Kind. It has had many celebrated Poets, vi%. The divine Herbert, whofe facred Poems are in great Efteem : — Doiftor John Donne, a facred Poet and eminent Preacher: and Giles Fletcher Bachelor ot 'in Divinity, a facred Poet : — The Comedians Walter Hau-kjivorth, Thomas Randolph, tir AJhton Cccka. Nathaniel Lee, and George Grenvile Lord Lanfdowne : and John Dryden, and Mr. Enefden, Poets Laurcat. The Number of other learned Men on this Foundation, who have publifhed their Wo.'ks would be too tedious to be recited. I fhall only mention Sir Henry Spehnan in the higheft Efteem for his Skill in Antiquities : The excellent divine Herbert. — Thortidyle : — Doftor Anthony Seaterwood, Editor of Cntici Saeri : — Bifhop Wilkins, a profound Philo'opher and Divine : — Doftor Barrow, rendered immortr.l by his Treatife againjl the Pope's Supremacy, and upon the Unity of the Church : — Doftor Thomas Gale, the Antiquarian and Editor of feveral Greek Authors: • — John Le Neve, Efq; Author of the Fajli Ec- clefta Anglican^ and Lives of the Protejlant Bijhops : — Doftor John Mapleioft the pious Author of the Principles and Duties cf the Chrijlian Pwligion : — Roger Cotes, Profeflbr of Ajlronomy zndE.vperi- . mental Pbilofophy, and moil: eminent in his Faculty : — Sir Thomas MilUngton Knight, Doctor of Phy- fick, Prefident of the College of Fhyficians, and Author of a Book of Anatomy: — Dodor Thomas Comber, Author of the Church Hiftory and the Right of Tythes: — Sir Ifaac Newton the celebrated Founder of the Newtonian Pbilofophy : — Dodor Cor.yers Middlcton, who has propagated his Memory by his Life of Marcus Tnllius Cicero ; and a free Enquiry into the Miracuhus PozverSy i^c. and fever.'.I other learned Pieces : — Dodtor Richard Eentley, of whom before, was Mafter of this College. The Library is reputed the greateft of its Kind in the three Kingdoms : and both its Floor an.i Stair- Cafes are moft elegantly laid with black r.i;d white Marble; and it is wej! furnifhed with a grand Col- kilton xxxviii The INTRODUCTION. Icflion of fcarcc and valuable Books in Print and Manufcript, btfidcs other Curiofitiej, all mofl beau- .tifully clafled. Here is alfo an Obfervatory well fituated and furnifhcd, with a Variety of Inftruments for Obfcrvaticn. 15. Emanuel College was founded by IVdtcr Mildmay Chancellor of the Exchequer, upon the Site ot an ancient Monaftay of Dominican Friars, founded in 1280 by Alice Wife to Robert Vcre, Earl of Oxford. This Monaftcry being dillblved by Houy VIII. it became the Dwelling Houle of Mr- Sber- ivood a private Gentleman, who purchafed it of the Crown, and afterwards ibid the Prcmifcs to Sir /^;/iftr aforefaid. Sir IValter obtained a Charter to incorporate this Purchafe by the Name of Emmiuel College to the Glory of (tod, in the Year 1584., and placed in it a Maf^cr, three Fellows, arid four Scholaj's, intended for a Nurfcry of Pinitans, to which Sir IValtcr was much addifted. This Houfe ;cceived in courfe of Time fuch Beiiefadlions, that we now find in it a Ma{ler, fifteen }*'ellows, fifty Schol.irfliips, ten Sizars, and thirty-l'even Exhibitioners ; and a very good Library well claficd and ftocked with Books, i^c. William Sandcrcfi, Archbifhop of Ccinlerlury, was Mafter of this College; befidcs w'lom this So- rietf has fent oft" ilve Bifhops to the Church of England, and two Bifbops to the Church of Irelmid. Bifliop Hall, that pious and learned Divine, who was at the Synod of Dort, ajid publifhed many Pieces in Divinity: — Samuel Cyadick, B. D. Author of the Harmony of the Evangeliits : — Matthe-M Poole, Author of the Syriopfis : — Bifliop Kidder, whofe Memory is revered for his Piety an 1 learned \Vorks ; — JVilliam Eyre the famous Hcbrecian : — Samuel Fojicr, Jjlronomy Profeffor of Grc/ham, and Author of the life of the ^tadrant : — Sir Robert Twyfden, Bart, an excellent Antiquary, and Author of the Hiftorical Defence of the Church of England : — Sir JVilliam Temple, Bart, the great Statefman and pjiibaflador : — Anthony Blachvall, Author of Sacred Claffics, and the late Doftor Nathaniel Mar- Jliall the ingenious Tranflator of St, Qyprian's Works, and Author of a Difcourfe on the Penitential Dijcipline of the primitive Church. 16. Sidney-S''Jpx-Cc/llcge is built upon the Site of an ancient Convent of Fr'ancifcan, or Grey Frian ; wherein the yearly Aflcmblies of the Univerfity were formerly kept. This Convent being difToIved at the Reformation from Popery, was given by Henry VIII. to Trinity College ; from whom the Executors of Lady Frances Sidney, Countefs of Suf/ex, Widow of Thomas Rackliffe, third Earl of Suffex, purchafed it in Fee Fartn, under the Authority of an Aft of Parliament obtained for that Purpofe ; and thereupon, purlijant to the Will of the faid Lady Frances built a College by the Name of Sidney SuJ/ex, for the Maintenance of feven Fellows, and ten Scholars, A. D. 1596. And by future Benefadions v/e find the Addition of ten Fellowfhips, fixteen Scholarfhips, and eight Exhibitioners, at leaft , though the prcfent Members do not exceed eight Fellows, ten Scholars, and two Exhibitioners, befides Servants. Here is a Foundation for a Hebrew Lefture, and another for a Mathematical Lefture within the Colleg;e. Hence have been advanced, one to the Archbifhoprick of Artnagh in Ireland ; three to Bifliopricks in England; one to Sodor and Man ; and one to a Biflioprick in Ireland. Amongi^ the learned Members of this ^ociety we have Archbifhop 5rp«/W/, a celebrated Writer in Divinity : — Seth Ward one of the moft cffeemed Mathematicians and Divines of his Time : — Sir fohn Ent, Knt. M. D. Prcfident of the College of Phyficians : — William Wollafton, the Author ct the Religion of Nature delineated ; to whom may be added Thomas Woclftan, whofe crazy Dil'courfes on our Saviour's Miracles, have blafled that good Charaftcr, which he had before jultly dcfcrved for his well knov/n Parts in Literature. Flere is a pretty Library well filled with ufeful Books. The Foundations for Public LcSlures in this Univerfity are, I. The LzAy Margaret's, who was Foundrefs of Chrifts and St. John's CoWzges. 1. Lady Margaret^ Sermon. It was inftituted to inftruct the Ignorant not only in and about Cam- hidgc but in many other Places. Butfince learned Preachers have abounded in thofe Parts, this Infti- tution is exchanged for a Latin Sermon, called Concio ad Clerum before the Univerfity, the Day before the Term begins ; and for others in Englijh at ftated limes before that learned Body in the Church of Great St. .Mary's. The Preachers by the Charter ought to be chofen every Year : But this Choice has alfo fufi'crcd an Alteration ; being now chofen every three Years. 3. Regius Profejorjhip in Divinity foundfd by King Henry VIII. for the Benefit of Bachelors in Di- vinity and M.nftcrs of Arts, 4. King's The INTRODUCTION. xxxix 4. Kii?g's Lam Profcflbrfliip, for the Benefit of a]] Students in Law ; and of the fame Royal Foun- dation. 5. King's Profefforfliip of Phyfic, founded alfo by King Henry VIII. 6. King^s Hebrew Profefl'orfliip, founded by the laid King Henry VIII. 7. King's Greek ProfefTorfhip of the lame Foundation. Thotnas Smith and ydn Cheke, the fecond and third Profedbrs, undertook to reform the corrupt Pronunciation, which then prevailed of the Greek Lan2;uage. But Biihop Gardiner, the Chancellor, in his own Name and in the Name of the Senate, for- bid them by a public Order to proceed in their new Method (which was proved to be the ancient and true way of pronouncing Greek.) In this order it is faid ^lifquis no/tram poteftatem agmj'cis J'onosLite- ris, five Gracis, five Latinis, ab ufu Publico prafcntis fectili alienos, frivato judicio, ajffingere ne atideto. i. e. " Of all who acknowledge my Authority, let none dare to give Sounds according to his own pri- " vate Judgment, different from the Cuftom of the prefent Age, to Letters either Greek or Latin." Again, )), (, V, U7J0 eodemque Jono cxprimito, i. e. " Exprefs the Gr^^X' Letter »i, i, v." And the whole Order runs in the fame Strain. To which they were obliged to fubmit till his Authority fubfided, and the Reformation of Language was introduced with the Purity of Religion. 8. yfr^^/c ProfefTorfhip. This was founded in 1632 by ^11 Thomas Adams, Bart, with a Salary of 40 /. per Annu7n to be paid by the Company of Drapers of London. It is for the Benefit of Majters of Arts. g. Mathematical'?toiz^ox^\^. This was founded by one i/^«r)' Zac^iJ, Efq; in 1663. Dodlor M- cholas Sanderfon, who was blind from his Birth, enjoyed this Profefforfliip twenty-eight Years, and complied with its Inftitution with great Applaufe. 10. Plumian Profefforfliip, fo named fromDodtor Thomas Plume its Founder in 1704. 11. Natural Philofophy, commonly called the IVoodwardian VrokSoxfti\\), founded by T>o&or John Woodward, M. D. at 150/. per Annum for Salary and to purchafe Foffils. 12. Profefforfliip for Modern Hiftory and Modern Languages. This was founded by the late King George I. in 1724, with a Salary of 400 /. per Annum. 13. Ci7//^//?/(rytery in that Kingdom, the Government is committed to a Re£lor chofen an- nually from amongfl: the Heads of the Colleges, and invefted with the Power and Authority of the Vice-Chancellor in the Englijlj Univerfities. Here are three Colleges, viz. St. Salvator's, founded by James Kennedy Archbifliop of St. Andretvs, and endowed by him for the Maintenance of a Provoft, Mafters and Profeffors, viz. a Doftor, Batchelor and Licentiate in Divi- nity ; four Profeffors in Philofophy, and eight Poor Scholars, called Surfers, to be inftru(aed^ri7//V. St. Leonard's College, founded by John Hepburn, Prior of St. Andrews, A. D. 1524, who endowed it with Revenues for the Maintenance of a Principal or Warden, who muft be a Doctor in Divinity; four Profeffors called Regents, and eight Poor Scholars. Sir John Sott did afterwards add a Profeffor of Philofophy with a handfome Stipend, and favoured it with other Benefaftions. St. Mary's College is the Monument of Archbifliop Beaton's Regard for Literature. He founded this College in 1536, and endowed it with a Maintenance for two Profeffors in Divinity, befidcs other [ e ] Members xl The INTRODUCTION. Members. Here is no Provifion for Philofophlcal Studies : But there is a fine Obfcrvatory and a Pro- fcflorflilp of a Modern Foundation for Mathcmat'ual Impro\'eiTitnts. The Univerfity of Glasgow was firft ereded by a Bull from Pope Nicholas V. 7 nfj. Calend Jan. A. D. 1451, at the Rcquelt of King James II. of Scotland, and at the Expence of Doctor Turnbull, Biihop of Glafcow. By this Bull, the Bifhop of Glnfcoiv, pro Tempore, was conflitutcd perpetual Chancellor of this Univerfity, with the Power of the Redlors of the Univerfity of Bononia in Italy; and the Univerfity of G If »''-':-■-■ vas to enjoy all the Powers, Privileges and Immunities, which had at any Time been granted by the Holy See to the faid Univerfity of Bononia. In 1543 Kinu- James hy his Royal Charter confirmed the Pope's Inftitution, and added many ample Privileges to this Foundation. Which was followed by ano'.her Inflrument, by which the Bifliop, Dtdti and Chapter granted the Members thereof divers Ecclefiaflical Immunities. All thefe Inftru- meiits were confirmed by fucceeding Kings and Archbifhops. The Officers of this Univerfity is a Chancellor, who is eleded for Life, and vvhofe Power is chiefly to confer Academical Honours. A Reilor, eleded annually in Comitiii by a Majority of Voices of all the matriculated Members. This Officer anfwers to the Vice-Chancellor's Power in an EngUJlj Univerfity. The Dean of the Faculty elected annually by the ReiSor and all the Regents and Profeffors in Senatu Jcademico, or in Convocation, His Duty is to prefide in all AfFairs of Literature and in public Exami- nations. Thirteen Profeflbrs in different Branches of Literature : The Principal, and the fecond Profeffor in Divinity have the Right of Precedency; the others take Place according to Seniority. Here is a Library Keeper, a Beadle, a Janitor or Porter, and about thirty Burfers. Here is but one College, whofe Profeffors (except the Principal, and thofe in Anatomy and Hiflory) are elefted by the Faculty. The Buildings of this College and its Endowments are not inferior to any in that Kingdom. It contains nine large Houfes for the Profeflbrs; a very fpacious and well finilhed Univerfity Hall -^ a common Hall ; two Libraries ; fix convenient Schools for teaching ; forty Apartments for Students to lodije in ; a Printing Houfe, and a public Kitchen : Eefides other capacious Apartments, and a Gar- den" of nine Acres incloted with a hewn Stone Wall, and a Phyfic GurdeiL. It was generoufly endowed by the Founder for the Entertainment of the mofl learned, and fome of the moft noble in his Time; amongfl whom is found matriculated in 1457, -^"dreiv Steixard, Dean of Glafcow Univerfity, and Brother to James II. King of Scotland. And all its firfl Regents were emi- nent Clergymen taken from the Cathedral, or neighbouring Counties. But in 1560, when the Kirlc prevailed, this Univerfity fuflered greatly in the lofs of its Revenues, and of its valuable Members, who fled to France. The College was almoil entirely delerted by thefe Means, till Queen Mary in July 1563 encouraged them to re-fettle, by a Grant of Lands and An- nuities, together with the Houfes and Dwellings of the Dominican Friars of Glafgozu, for the Mainte- nance of Scholars or Burfers ; which Grant was a few Years after, followed by another of the Lands, Houfes, Annuities, f*-. of all Churches or Monafteries found in Glafgow. King James, her Son, not only confirmed thefe Donations, but gave to this College the Tythcs of the Parifhes of Govan, Renfrew and Kilbridge ; which Gifts were confirmed by Parliament. To thefe let us add the Donations or Eenefadlions Of the Reverend Mr. Zachary Boyle • ■ 1 600/. Sterling. — JVilliamV.a.r\ oi Dondenal — — bo per Annum. — Ann Dutchefs of Hamilton » ' 1 000 — King IViUiam III. —— ■ 300 per Annum, — Queen Anne • 210 per Annum, — KingGeorgel. a handfome Fund for a Profeffor in £iT/^^/- cal Hijhry Mr. John Snell four Sholarfhips at 40 /. per Annum, each to be fen; to Baliol College Oxon. — The late Duke of Chandos for building a Library ■ 500 /. Sterling. — Mr. y«A« y/rr for buying of Books ■ 500/. — Mt. John Sterling ioxDMo ■ • • 165/. t . The The INTRODUCTION. xli^ The Schdarsof Glafgovj wear Red Gowns, while they are Under-graduates ; and the ProfcfTors wear black GowiiSy like thofe of Doftors of Civil Laiu. T-he University of Aberdeen, by fomc called the Car'oUne Univerfity, was erected by the Bull of Pope JUxander Vl. dated 4 id. February, A D. 1494, at the Inflance of King Jatnes IV. in the City of Old Jl>,;rdecn by the Stile of Vnivcrfitas fludil geiui alls, i. e. an Univerfity for the Study of Divinity, the Canon 3.nd Civil Laivs. Medicine, Philofophy, unA all Liberal Arts Tind Sciences; with the Privik-tjcs, ts'c of the UnivLifities of Paris and Bononia, and all other Univeifitics. Whicli the King himfelf confirmed by his Royal Charter. But Bifliop Elpl/mjion is to be-efteemed its Founder. For it is to his Generofity this Univerfity owes the firft liitablifhments for forty-two Undtors, Profeflbrs, Mafters and Students, viz. Four Dollars, one in Divinity and Principal of tlic vvhole Collfge ; one in Common Law, one in Civil Laxv ; and one in Medicine. ■ Eight Majlers of Arts ; one to be Sub-Principal; the fecond Trofeflbr in Humanity; the other Jix to be Students of Divinity. Out of thel'e were to be chofen the Rege ts, who together with the Sub- Principal were enjoined to teach Philofophy and the Arts. Tiiree Bachelors ; two to ftudy the Civil Law; and one the Canon Law. Thirteen Students in Phitcf:phy and Arts. Eight Prebendary Priefis or Chaplains, viz. a Chantor, a Sacrijl, an Organijt, and five Choir Chaplains. Six Singing Boys to aflift the Friefts at Divine Service. Thus flood the Conditio n of this Seat of Learning, confidered only as one Society by the Name of King's College in Old Aberdeen, when George Earl Marefchal in the Year 1593 founded another or College Society by the Name of the Marejchal College, and endowed it for the Maintenance of a Principal, three Regents to teach the Lan- guages and Philofophy, fix Burfers, a l-teward, Butler and Cook. The Government was ordained to be in the Power of a Chancellor, Re£lor, Dean of the Faculty, and four Aireflbrs ; the P.eftor to be chofen annually by all the Members of the Univerfity. This College continued in this Form as a diftindt Univerfity from King's College in Old Aberdeen till King Chm-les I. in the laft Parliament held by him in Scotland, united them by the Name of the Caro- line Univerfity, and annexed to them the Revenues of the Bifliopritk of Aberdeen. But This Royal A£l: was reverfed at the Redoration of King Charles II. when the Parliament, in i66r put the two Colleges again upon their original Foundation of two Ueiverfities: fincc which Time this College has been augmented bv feveral Benefadlions, which have encreafed the Number of Burfers, and (befides the Magiftrates) the Marefchal College confifls of a Principal, a Profeflbr of Divinity, another of Medicine, another of Mathetnaticks, three Profeflbrs of Philofophy, one of Greek, and one of Orl- tntal Languages, a Librarian, a Porter and his Deputy, isc. By the P'orfeiture of the Earl Marefchal' s Eftates and Privileges the Prefentation to his Founda- tion of the Profefibrfhips of Medicine, Philofophy, and Greek, is in the King. The ProfeiFor of Divinity by the Foundation is in the Nomination of the Magiflrates and Town Council. The Principal and Profeflbrs wtdx black Gowns; the Students wctl': red Gowns. The University of Edinburg founded by King James VI. in 1 582, was endowed by the Royal Founder with all the Privileges enjoyed by any other Univerfity in his Dominions. It was to confilt of a Principal, a Profeflbr in Divinity, four Profeflbrs in Philofophy, a Profeflbr in Humanity and Rhetoric, and five Regents; under tlie Government of the Magilcrates and Council of the City of Edinburg. who are perpetual Curators: and the Lord Provofl: is the Chancellor of the Univerfity. The Advantages, which this Univerfity had by its Situation in the Metropolis and Place ot Refidence of the Kings of Scotland, and by its Royal i'oundation, prefcntly gave it a Reputation ; and invited great Numbers of Students, and excited many and great Benefadlors to promote its good intention ; (0 that in a little Time the Uniuerfity of Edinburg, though it confifl:ed but of one College, v/as deemed the chief in that Kingdom. Here is an extraordinary Provificn made for the promoting of Learning; for tncre arc in Divinity, three Profeffors ; the firft is always the Principal of the College, and, ex Officio, prc- fides in the Academical Meetings, confers Degrees, in the Prefence, and by the Appoiniment ot thr [ c 2 ] Faculties, xlli The INTRODUCTION. Faculties, appoints the public Exercifes, vifits the Claflcs, and takes an Account of the Behaviour of the Students. The fecond is Ordinaiy ProfefTor, and attends the public Schools five Days in the Week, reads Lec- tures in Divinity, appoints Exercifes, propofes Queftions, and folves Difficulties. The thh d is Regius Profeffor-, whofe Duty is to read public Ledlures on Church Hiftory during the Term or Scfiion. Oriental Languages one Profeflbr, Vi'ho teaches the Students in Divinity the Hebrew^ Jrabic, Syriac, &c. without Fee or Reward. Fhilosofhy three Profeflbrs, who have each their peculiar Branch allotted, and receive the Stu- dents from on(i another, as they rife from Logic to Phyficks ; from Phyificks to Ethicks and Mctaphyficks. Humanity one ProfelTor, to inftruft Beginners to read and write Englijb and Latin, and in the un- derllanding of the beft Roman Authors. Greek one Profeflbr, to inftruft Youths in that ufeful Language. Mathematicks one Profeflbr, who ufually teaches Algebra, Geometry, i^c. to three or four Ciafles. Law three Profefl!brs ; one of the Law of Nature and Nations ; founded by Queen Anne, and is in the Gift of the Crown ; Another of the Civil and Canon Law ; and a third of the Municipal or Com~ mon Laiv. UtJivERSAL History and Roman Antiquities one Profeflbr. N. B. Thefe three Profeflbr- fhips lafc mentioned were founded and endowed by Aft of Parliament ; and each Profeflbr is chofen by the Town Council of Edinbttrg out of two prcfented to them by the Faculty of Advocates. Anatomy, one Profeflbr. Phvfic or Medicine four Profeflbrs, who confult together, and contrive the mofl: proper Order and Method to teach Medicine, and go through a compleat Courfe of it, once a Year, in all its Branches j beginning about the middle of October. In Seflion or Term Time the Principal orders divers Latin Difcourfes in the Common Hall in the Prefence of all the Profeflbrs and Students ; which are followed every Wednefday till the Month of May bv Speeches from the Profeflbrs in Rotation. Then the public Difputations and Examinations take Place ; when the Candidates for Academical Degrees are approved or rejected, according as they are found qualilied by proper Examiners. The Kingdom of Ireland has but one Univerfity, and that confifl:s of no more than one College, viz. Trinity College in Dublin, faid to be founded as a Place of Academical henming by Dodor Alex- ander Bicknor Archbifhop of Dublin, about the Year 1320 : But we don't find it of any repute till it was endowed and favoured with the Privileges of an Univerfity by Queen Elizabeth in 15913 fmce which Time it has given feveral eminent Scholars both to the Church and State. The Province of New England has already adorned the Northern Continent of America with a Univerfity called Cambridge, in which are two Colleges. Neither mufl: be pafled in Silence the Seat of Learning founded in the Ifland of Barbadoes under the Britijh Dominion, by the learned and generous Codrington, Governor of that Ifland, commonly known by the Name of Codrington College in Barbadoes, where we are told the Profeflbrs give remarkable Examples of their Learning and Induftry in, their feveral Profeflions. The Name Academy is alfo applied by the Jewijh Dodtors or Rabbins to the Schools in which they in- ftruiSi Youth in the Hebrew Tongue, read the Law, explain the Talmud, teach the Caballa, (Sc. It is become the general Name of the private Seminaries, which the DiJ/enters have raifed in divers Parts of Englandiox thefiniftiing the Candidates for the Miniilry, and others, in Divinity, Philofophy, and Mathematical Learning. Even fome of our Boarding Schools of the beft note in and about the Metropolis, have prefumed to dif- tinguilh themfelvcs by the Name of Academy, and we have feen Fencing and Riding Mailers prefump- tuous enough to dignify their Schools with the fame Appellation. We might with much greater Propriety confider the Inns of Court and Chancery in London and TVeft~ minjier for the Study of the Law under this Name. Sir Edward Caoh is of the fame Mind, where he 1 writes The INTRODUCTION. xlili writes that thefe Inns are the moft flourifhing and moft honourable Academies of Gentlemen that ever was eftablifhcd in any Nation for the Study and Learning of the Municipal Laws thereof; and that they al- together, (faith another eminent Lawyer) make the moft famous Univerfity for the Profeffion of the Laws only, or of any one human Science in the World; and advance itfelf above all others, ^an- ium l^iburna cuprejftis. See Blount's Law Di£i. Art. Inns of Court. Thefe Academies retain the ancient Name of Inns from the Cuflom of our Forefathers, who gave it to the Habitations of the Eminent either in Dignity, Title, or Learning : and has the Signification of the Latin Word Hofpitium, and the Modern French Name Hoftel. The firft Commencement of thefe Inns is afcribed to feveral Caufes. Some Incline to think they were eftablifhed for the Sake of the Public, who might more eafily find the learned in the Law on their different Occafions. But it is moft rational to give into the Opinion, which afcribe, their Foundation to the Cultivation and Improvement of the Law, by fecial Conferences and public Leflures read in their refpedtivc Halls. We date this Inftitution, according to Sir John Fortefcue., in the Reign of King Edward III. about which Time the Common Law began to flourifli upon the Ruins of the Canon and Civil Law Schools ; which till then were publickly kept in London, i£c. Sir ''^fohn alfo makes this Remark, That thefe Communities for the Study and Practice of the Com- mon Law are omni Univerfitate co/ivenientiora et frcniora, more convenient and better appropriated for fuch Purpofes than any other Univerfity; there being no Univerfity in any Nation, that can produce the like Number of Students in the Law of fo ripe an Age, and of that high Quality, as are to be found in our Inns of Court and Chancery ; in which they live, not upon Exhibitions and Salaries, as Scholars and Fellows in other Academical Inftitutions ; but at their own, or Friend's, Expence : where, befides the Knowledge of the Laws, they may learn all other Accompliftiments fit to form die Gentleman, as well as the Lawyer ; their Study being de optimis Difciplinis et Artihus, that they may be more capable of pleading and prefiding in the Courts of Judicature ; from which Circumftance they were originally named the Inns of Court. Thefe Inns are known by the Names of Serjeant's Inn, in Chancery-Lane. Serjeant's Inn, in Fleet-Street. The Inner-Temple, 7 r p; , c,„ * en TiA-jji T // \ In Fleet-Street, The Middle-Temple, J Lincoln's Inn, In Chancery- Lane. Gray's Inn, in Holborn. Clifford's Inn, in the Parifti of St. Dunflans, Fleet-Street. Ihave's Inn, in the Parifti of St. Andrew's, Holbar7i, Furnival's Inn, Ditto. Barnard's Inn, Ditto. Staple Inn, Ditto. Clement's Inn, in the Parifti of St, Clement Danes. Nezu Inn, Ditto. Lyon's Inn, Ditto. Simond's Inn, Chancery-Lane. The two firft mentioned take their Names from their being appropriated originally to the Lodging and Entertainment of Serjeants at Law and the fudges. The Temples retain the Name of their firft Founders, who were the Knights Templars, and for many Years enjoyed great Eftates and a large Houfe of Refidence on this Spot ; fome of whofe Monuments are ftill to be feen, well preferved in the Temple Church. Upon the DifTolution of this Houfe, called the netv Temple, and the SupprelTion of the Knights Templars, it was given to Valence Earl of Pembroke, by King Edward II. But his Eftates being for- feited to the Crown by the Attainder of that Earl's Son, King Edward III. granted the fame to the Knights Hcfpitallers of St. John of ferufalem here in England. And they in the fame Reign devifed the PremlfTes to certain Profeflbrs of the Common Law, for a Quit-rent of 10 /. per Annum, m whofe PofiblTion it has remained ever fince, with this Diftinftion, that what was called the Nnv Temple is now divided into two Inns of Court, known by the Names of the inner and the middle Temple j and each of them pay 10 /. per Annum^ into the Exchequer, by a Grant from King fames the Firjl, Thefe xliv The INTRODUCTION. I'hcfe two Inns of Court are the mod lenowned and famous both for thoir Studies, Dirciplihe, aad Antiquity.'.": ■»-•*-•'* "iV. *.v-( - rit , ;l. Lrncoln's-lnn is (o called from Henry Lacy, Earl of i.imoln, Conftable of Chi-flcr, and Cufto^ of En- gland; who, in his great Affection (or tlic Advancement of the Study of ihe common Law, founded this Inn for its Profellors and Students. But we read very little of their Proceedings and fiouriftiing State till the Reign of Henry VI. when it produced that great Light of the Law Sir John fortefiw. It is a fpacious Building confifting of four Squares, and large Gardens, pleafainly fituated ; and this So- ciety is in great Reputation for the Study of the Common Law, and for good Difcipline. Grays-Inn, once the Manfion-Houfe of the Family of Lord Grey rf Wilton, begun to be inhabited by Students in the Law in the Reign of King Edward III. who leafed the fame from the Lord Grey. But at this Day the Honourable Society of Grafs-Inn hold the Premifles by a Grant from King Henry VIII. in Fee-Farm at the yearly Rent of 6 /. 13^. /^d. payable into the Exchequer. It confifts of three fpacious Squares, and a very large and agreeable Garden, much frequented by the Citizens and Gentry to take the Air, and for agreeable Converfation. - The other Inns are known by the Name of Inns of Chancers, being the Hofpitia Minora or lejfer Hojiels oi the municipal and common Laws of this Kingdom, for the Refidcnce and Improvement of Students, Attornies, Solicitors and Clerks. Thus I have laid before you the feveral Seats and Nurferics of the Arts and Sciences throughout the known World ; To whom we are indebted for tlie many and great Improvements in every Part of Literature. We flial! di mifs tliis Subje<£l by giving fome Account of thofe learned Men, who are properly diftin- guiihed by the Name of Academics. Academics were thofe Philofophers, who adhered to the Dodlrine of Socrates and Plato, concerning t^ncertainty of Knowledge and Incomprehenfibility of Truth. For, Their original Maxim was, I am ce? tain of n^jthing \ no, not even that I hiciv nothing : And there- fore infifted that the Mind ought always to remain in Sufpenfe. This Doftrinc to doubt and diftrufl: at every Step, we take in our Refcarchcs after Truth, was incul- cated to his Difciples by Plato, not to deter them from the Purfuit of Knov/ledge, or to keep them fluftuating always between Truth and Error ; but to curb them from thofe prefumptuous and rafh De- cifions to w-hich young Minds are fubjedl to in their Studies and Arguments ; and to engage them to at- tain to a more perfeft Underftanding of Things, and to avoid Error, by duely examining every Thing ■with Candour and Impartiality* According to the Advice of that infpired Writer, who advifeth, Til at, we proie all Things, and hold fafl tvhat ive Jhall find to be good. So that Vi'hatever might be the Sceptic Notions of fome Philofophers, the Academics only doubted, that their Determinations afterwards might be the more certain and unalterable : Which I apprehend is the only Method to arrive at Truth and found Knowledge in all Arguments and Parts of Literature. And upon this Principle is grounded the Practice of both private and public Difputations in all Univerfities ; before any Scholar can be admitted to the Academical Degrees. All which is agreeable to what Cicero, who was an Academic himfelf, fays ; viz. That all the Dif- ference between the Academic Philofophers and thofe, who imagin'd themfelves poflefled of the Know- ledge of Things confiiled in this : ' That the Latter were fully perfuaded of the Truth of their Opi- ' nions, without putting them to Trial ; whereas the former held many Things to be only probable, ' which might very well ferve to regulate their Conduft, though they could not pofitively aflert ttie ' Certainty of them,' And he adds ; ' In this we have greatly the Advantage of the Dogirati/ls, as ' being more difengaged, more unbiafTed, and at full Liberty to determine, as Reafon and Judgment ' fhall direct.' Which alludes to the common prudential Maxim, ^i nihil dtihitat, nil capit inde boni. Upon which Occafion the Orator and Philofopher niakes this Refledlion : ' Yet the Generality ' of Manl^ind, I know not how, are fond of Error ; and chufe rather to defend with the utmoft: Ob- ' flinacy, the Opiiiion, they have once taken up, than with Candour and Impartiality, fubmit to ' examine which Sentiments are moft agreeable to Truth.' After \o clear a Declaration, as this from Tvlly himfelf, who was a rigid Academic, there appears the greateft Probability, That the firft Academics were frequented by Philofophers, isc. who met to examine thofe Sentiments, with that Candour and Impartiality, which was denied them by the Dogmatijls, that ruled the Areopagus, &c. ANEW 1 6m^ «^^*%« ^^"'^ ^t:^*^t^ ^t^*^'*^ ^f"^ ^f^ ^yf^ t *^M* d^^?^ 6^}f^^ ^-^c^ '^^^ %'^^ ^^^ (M)^ eW^ «^^* o % *m'^* Hsi^v^^^o Q^^M ^^% ^^^ 4?^3. €^^ e^^ (iii<^ *p?^^* I 1 ^i^ ^jr^'fe. ^*'>fe. ^4-^*^4-^ ^^55*3^4-5^ ^*=fe» ^2^»^'t&. Q§^^-49 o ANEW UNIVERSAL HISTORY O F ARTS and SCIENCES. COO0>OOOOOOOO<><& OO<50O00OOO<5OO'S'<^ ^ L c H r M r. f^}^^%yP^ LCHYMY or Akhhny, (which ^JHI k,)^ the modern G/Vt'/f J write Yfn7;^/«;a-, fe^ A ^S^ and others contend that Halchymia ft^ )^ is the moft genuine Orthography) ^"^ jUT);^ denotes the more fecrct parts of iBL)iK^^)5^J*il Chemljiry \ this art being confined, ift, to the making of Gold ; 2d, to the difcovery of an univerfal inedicine, or Pana- cea •; 3d, of an univerfal dijfolvent, or alkahcft. How far thefe may be accounted proper objecSs of our ftudy, the diiuppointments, which ail the praftitioners in this art have met with, will readily certify. For, after a fucceilion of labour and vail expence, for many ages, and in different regions, not one of the pretenders to this art has been able to make GsA/, or to produce any one medicine, dif- folvent, oxfertnent, capable of operating effedlually on every body or fubjeit. Yet we find the names of very learned men in the lift of authors, who have efpoufed the ftudy of Alchymy : and fome of them vain enough to imagine the poffibility of difcovcring an univerfal menjlruum, to which fome have given the name of '["he Philo- fopher\ Stone ; for performing the fecret myfteries of this art. This Philofopher' s Stone, therefore, is the greateft oV^zSt oi Alchymy : becaufe without this menltruum there can be no tranfmutation : but by cafting a little quantity thereof upon metals in infufion, it will convert all the true mercurial part of metal into pure gold : there being nothing more required, fay they, than to do that by art, which nature does in many years and ages ; for, as Gold and Lead do but differ little in weight, there cannot be much in lead befides Mercury and Gold. Consequently, if any body could be found, which would fo agitate all the parts of Lead, as to burn all th'at is not Mercury therein, having alfo Sulphur to fix the Mercurj-, would not the mafs remaining be converted into Gold ? Such is the foundation for the opinion of the Philofopher's Stone, which the y//f^;iOT//?f contend to- be a moft fixed, concenterated iiic, v/hich, as foon as it melts with any metal, does, by a magnetic virtue, immediately unite itielf to the mercurial body of the metal, volatilizes and cleanfes off all that is impure therein, and leaves nothing but a mafs of pure gold. Upon this principle many have fet out to try their fortunes in the Alchymiji's furnace : fome have at- tempted the trmifmutation of the moft imperfect into perfe