LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 University of California. 
 
 Class 
 
Currents of High Potential 
 
 of High and Other Frequencies 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM BENHAM SNOW, M. D. 
 
 Author of "A Manual of Electro-Static Modes of Application, Therapeutic!, 
 Radiography and Radiotherapy," "Currents of High Potential of High 
 and Other Frequencies," "Therapeutics of Radiant Light and 
 Heat and ConvectiTe Heat," Editor of the Journal 
 of Advanced Therapeutics, and Late Instruc- 
 tor in Electro-Therapeutics in the N. Y. 
 Post-Graduate School, Etc. 
 
 SECOND EDITION 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 SCIENTIFIC AUTHORS' PUBLISHING CO. 
 191 1 
 

 Copyright, iqii 
 
 BY 
 
 WILLIAM BENHAM SNOW, M. D 
 
 THE BRANDOW PRINTING COMPANY 
 ALBANY. N. Y. 
 
PREFACE OP FIRST EDITION 
 
 The study of the application of currents of high pot<'n- 
 tdal associated with variations in current strength and 
 frequency as applied in therapeutics is engaging the at- 
 tention of the medical profession as never l>efore. Many 
 valuable treatises have been contributed to the subject 
 of currents of high frequency and gi^at potential, but in 
 no work publishcnl has due attention been accorded to 
 great potential in association with the lower rates of 
 frequency. 
 
 In view of the marked contrast in the physiological 
 effects, in many essential particulars, of the different 
 fre<iuencies and for the purpose of calling attention to 
 the relative actions of currents derived from different 
 types of apparatus, it is pur^xMsed here to consider the 
 high-jM)t(Mitial currents broadly. 
 
 The author is sensible of the fact that in a tield to which 
 so many able writers are contributing, there is certain 
 to be a diversity of opinion ami development of new 
 methods and apparatus. Noting that the value of many 
 features and methods which have been denionstrat<'d in 
 his private and clinic practice has not been recognized 
 by other writers, he is induced to add the same to the 
 literature. Enough consideration has not been accorded 
 by previous writers to the high-potential currents of the 
 lesser rates of frecjuency, which have been demonstrat<Ml 
 
 v 
 
vi PREFACE 
 
 to exert the most favorable effects upon acute and chronic 
 inflammatory conditions, especially those in which no 
 germs are present. It is the writer's object to show the 
 reasons for contrasting these currents, and to endeavor 
 to call attention to the importance of a degree of dis- 
 crimination in other particulars not generally observed. 
 The vacuum tul>es which have come into .such general 
 use during the past two years as one of the mediums for 
 administering high-potential currents call for more con- 
 sideration than has been previously accorded them. With 
 the object of calling to the mind of the profession the 
 broad scope of indications for their employment, many 
 designs for special cases are presented as suggestions, 
 with the realization that they will, in a few years, be 
 replaced by others in many instances better adapted to 
 many conditions. 
 
 William Benham Snow. 
 
rUEFAC'l': OF SFCONl) FDITrON 
 
 Devem)1»mknts ill mctluxls, apparatus, and tlio tliera- 
 peiitics of hi<ili fi'tHjuent-y cnrreiits since the publication 
 of the first edition of this work, has made it neei'ssary to 
 revi;!ie it throujihout, and to add numerous cut.s of the 
 types of hi<j:ii freijuency transformers and other apparatus 
 now in usi\ 
 
 Of supreme importance in electro-therapeutic methods 
 as in others is the estahlishment upon an accurate basis 
 of wstandards as to the piiysioloj^ical action, ettects and 
 indications for the employment of the various modalities. 
 
 The physiological actions of the electrical currents and 
 other ph^'sical a«;ents when once clearly demonstrated and 
 detined, iH'come tixed laws for their practical and scientific 
 employment. The writer has made every ettort in his 
 power in this direction in his study and employment 
 of all nuKlalities, with a view to determining? the scientific 
 relation of each m(>dality to therapeutics. 
 
 In a pajHT re<id before the American Electro-Thera- 
 peutic Association in Ho.ston, on S<'])tember 18, 1907, at- 
 tention was called by the writer to the iinj»ortance (►f tlie 
 estiiblishment t>f pht/siolof/icdl laws in thcraprutics. The 
 followin*; year a committee devoted to the Standardization 
 of riiysical TheraiM'utic Mea.sures l>e;;an its laboi-s. In 
 this wx)rk the written had the co-operation of able collabora- 
 tors \v]\i* have continued to assist in establishing a scien- 
 titic iKisis f(>r the employment of el<M-tricity and <»thej' 
 
 vii 
 
viii PREFACE 
 
 modalities. In this work the findings and standards 
 adopted by that committee have been closely adhered to; 
 and we believe will be found generally iscientific and 
 acceptable. 
 
 The writer wishes to express his appreciation of the 
 cordial reception given the previous edition of this work. 
 
 William Benham Snow. 
 
C () X r E N T s 
 
 SECTION I 
 Static Modalities 
 
 CHAFfER I 
 
 Introduction 
 comparison of the effects of currents of various frequency 
 Study of High Potential Currents. I^oeal Effects of High Poten- 
 tial Currents. Characteristics of Electricity .... 1-5 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 THE STATIC WA\*E-CURRENT, PRINCIPLES OF ACTION AND THERAPEUTIC 
 
 INDICATIONS 
 
 Arrangement for Administering the Wave-current, Description of 
 Characteristics, Physiological Effects upon Metabolism, Muscular 
 Contraction Vibration, and Contraction of Cell Protoplasm; The 
 Action of a Current of One Polarity Explained; Constitutional 
 Effects upon Arterial Tension, the Nervous System, Heat Produc- 
 tion, and the Secretions; Indications for Its Employment in Con- 
 gestion and Local Hyperemia, Acute Ix)cal Congestion, Deep- 
 seated Conditions, and Syphilitic Processes; Relief of Pain, Mus- 
 cular Spasms or Contractions. In Conditions of Nervous Irrita- 
 bility. For Errors of General Metabolism. For Activity of 
 Special Functions. In Conditions of Nervous Inertia .6-24 
 
 CHAPTER III "^ 
 
 THE STATIC INDUCED CURRENT 
 
 History and Arrangement; Its Use during Periods of Humidity; 
 Adjustment of Leyden Jars to Regulate Intensities, etc., . . 25-32 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 DISRUPTIVE DISCHARGES, SPARKS 
 
 Sparks, Indirect Sparks, the Resonator Spark, Therapeutic Indi- 
 cations, Various Apparatus Used for the Production of the 
 Resonator Sparks 33-40 
 
 ix 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER V 
 
 THE CONVECTIVE DISCHARGES OR EFFLEtWE 
 
 Character of the Discharges, Brush-discharge, Method of Admin- 
 istering Brush-discharge, Accidents that Might Occur, Effleuve 
 from a Coil, Physiological Action of the Convective Discharges, 
 Action Upon the Tissues, Rubefacience, Antiseptic Action; Effects 
 Upon Local Stasis ; Indications for Use ; Range of Application ; In 
 Acne, Ulcers, and to the Cavities of the Body . . . 41-53 
 
 CHAPTER VI 
 
 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS WITH VACUUM TUBES 
 
 Various Color Effects; Effect of Frequency upon the Phenomena; 
 Clinical Effects of the Vacuum Tube Discharges; Physiological 
 Effects; Stimulating Effects; Rubefacient Effects; Antizymotic 
 Action; Analgesic Effects; Effects upon Metabolism; Muscula,r 
 and Tissue Contraction and Local Vibration; Local Heat Produc- 
 tion; Therapeutic Indications, and Relief of Local Congestion; 
 Muscular Contraction ; Restoration of Secretion, Treatment of Spe- 
 cific Conditions; Cataphoric Action; Relief of Pain . . 54-72 
 
 SECTION II 
 
 High Frequency Currents and Types of High 
 
 Frequency Apparatus 
 
 chapter i 
 
 COMPARISON OF CURRENTS OF HIGH FREQUENCY AND HIGH PERIODICITY 
 
 An Oscillatory Current; High Frequency Current; Types of 
 Pulsatory Current; The d'Arsonval Current; The Tesla Current; 
 Tlie Oudin Current; Variations in Quality of High Frequency 
 Currents 73-84 
 
 CHAPTER II 
 
 APPARATUS 
 
 The Rhumkorff Coil; Methods of Winding Rhumkorff Coils; Dif- 
 ferent Types of Interrupters; Closed Magnetic Circuit Trans- 
 former; High Potential Rotary Rectifier; Interrupterless Trans- 
 former; Tesla Apparatus; Types of Tesla Coils, so Called; Ap- 
 paratus for Use with the Alternating Current; Methods of Cur- 
 rent Transformation; High Frequency Resonator . . . 85-111 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 d'arsonvalization 
 Method Known as Auto-Condensation; Auto-Condensation Cush- 
 ion; Hot Wire Meter; Auto-Conduction Method; Direct d'Arson- 
 valization 112-120 
 
CONTENTS xi 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 TESLA. AND OUUIN CUUKKNTS 
 
 The Tesla Current; So Styled Tesla Current-^; The Oiuiin Chir- 
 rent; Another Arrangement for the Oudin CUirrent; Fiilguration 
 as Applied from the Oudin Current .121-124 
 
 SECTION III 
 
 Physical and Physiological Effects and Tiifuai'kutics 
 OF llioii I'otential Currents 
 
 chapter I 
 
 PHYSICAL AND I'll YSIOI.OOICAL ACTIONS IN TITERAPKUTICS 
 Physical Effects of High Potential Currents; Pliysical Effects of 
 Electricity; Nerves not Essentially Electrical Conductors; Varia- 
 tion in Effects of Currents of Different Potential ; Cauterant Ac- 
 tion; Electrolytic Action; Cataphoresis; General Diffusion of 
 Current; Relative Effects of Different Methods, Depending upon 
 Current Characteristics; Effects of d'Arsonval Current; Effects 
 of Static Wave Current; Contraction of Cell Protoplasm; The 
 Effleuve; Ix)cal Oxidation and Other Germicidal Actions; Vibra- 
 tory Action; Polarization; Ionization .... 125-136 
 
 CHAl^ER ir 
 
 CONSIDERATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIONS 
 
 Mechanical Effects; Explanation of Potential of Delivery; Tis.sue 
 Contraction from Therapeutic Point of View; Comparison of 
 various ways of Inducing Tissue Activity; Thermic Effects of 
 High Potential Currents; Therapeutic Point of View of Hype- 
 remia; Treatment of Trauma and Joint Sprains; Treatment of 
 Chronic Conditions; Radiant Energy and the Cathode Stream; 
 Inducing Hyperemia; Roentgen Ray in Treatment of Infection; . 
 Ix)oal Anti.septic and Ciermicidal Action of High Potential Cur- 
 rents; Radiant Energj' of High Potential Currents . 137-158 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 HIGH POTENTIAL CURRENTS IN DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATOKY SYSTEM 
 
 In Parenchj-matous Nephritis; The Study of Hypertension; Nor- 
 mal Blood Pressure; The Causes of Hypertension; Electrical 
 Treatment of Hypertension; Classification of Types of Hyperten- 
 sion; Treatment of Parenchymatous Nephritis; Dry Mot Air 
 Bath; Conip«»n>atory High Arterial Tension, How Maintained; 
 Treatment of Hypertension by Diet, Exercise and Higii Frequency 
 Currents; Heart Not Depressed by d'Ar.sonvalizaticm ; C'onsidera- 
 tion of the Frequency Factor; Methoil of Employing Auto-Con- 
 duction for Treatment of High Blood Pressure .159-180 
 
xii CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 
 
 Treatment of the Central Neurons; Treatment of Apoplexy; Tu- 
 mors of the Brain; Diseases of the Spinal Cord; Anterior- Polio- 
 myelitis; Treatment of Tabes Dorsalis; Treatment of Spastic 
 Paraplegia, Lateral Sclerosis and Syringo Myelia; Chorea Major; 
 Peripheral Nervous Affections; Treatment of Neuritis, Tic Dou- 
 loureaux, and Herpes Zoster; Attitude of Neurologists; Neuras- 
 thenia; Hysteria; Functional Epilepsy and Chorea; Treatment of 
 Functional Neuroses ........ 181-205 
 
 CHAPTER V 
 
 THERAPEUTICS OF NON-INFECTED INFLAMMATION 
 
 Resolution of Stasis; Sprained Ankle; Management of Rheumatoid 
 Arthritis; Stills' Disease; Infectious Arthritis; Pelvic Inflamma- 
 tions; Uterine Subinvolution; Urethral Caruncles; Prostatitis; 
 Prognosis in Prostatitis; Vessiculitis ; Orchitis and Epididymitis; 
 Varicocele; Malignant Disease; The Types of Nephritis; Cirrhosis 
 of the Liver; Enlarged Spleen; Diabetis Mellitus; Atonic Condi- 
 tions; Constipation; Phlebitis; Varicose Ulcers; Affections of the 
 Eye; Glaucoma; Congestions of the Nasal Passages; Fissure in 
 Ano; Hemorrhoids; Contusions ...... 206-235 
 
 CHAPTER VI 
 
 TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATION CAUSED BY INFECTION 
 
 Indications for Treatment; Method of Applying the Vacuum Tube; 
 Direct d'Arsonval Method of Treating Infection; Hyperemia Im- 
 portant Measure in Treating Infection ; Treatment of Otitis Media 
 and Other Infections of the Ear; Pelvic Cellulitis and Other In- 
 fections of the Pelvis; Abscesses of the Liver, Adenitis, Pulmonary 
 Tuberculosis; Tubercular Arthritis; Acute Epididymitis; Acute 
 and Chronic Appendicitis; Salpingitis .... 236-248 
 
 CHAPTER VII 
 
 METHOD OF EFFLUVATION OTHERWISE DESIGNATED FULGURATION 
 
 Indications and Technique ....... 249-251 
 
 Glossary 253-262 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Page 
 Plate I. Frontispiece. Auto-condensation 
 
 Fig. 1. Arrangement for the Static Wave Current 6 
 
 2. Arrangement of the Wave Current with an Insulated Capacity, 12 
 
 3. Glass Muffler 21 
 
 4. Static Induced Current 29 
 
 5. Arrangement for Indirect Spark 34 
 
 Plate II. Author's Method for Localizing Sparks 35 
 
 Fig. 6. Author's Spark Director 35 
 
 7. Chain Holder Used as Spark Director 36 
 
 8. Authors Pear Shaped Ball 39 
 
 Plate III. Method of Administering Resonator Sparks 39 
 
 Fig. 9. Single Point Electrode 42 
 
 10. Multiple Point Wire Brush 42 
 
 11. Brush Discharge Electrodes Including Glass Glycerine Filled 
 
 Electrode 43 
 
 12. Glass Sleeve for Use with Static Brush Discharge 52 
 
 13. Elongated Tip for Use with Brush Discharge with Glass 
 
 Sleeves 52 
 
 14. Illustrating an Oscillatory Impulse 74 
 
 15. Jerome Kidder Magneto 75 
 
 16. d'Arsonval Current 78 
 
 17. Arrangement for Auto-Condensation 79 
 
 18. Arrangement for Tesla Current 80 
 
 19. Arrangement for Oudin Current 81 
 
 20. Wehnelt Interrupter 87 
 
 21. Caldwell Interrupter 88 
 
 22. Mercury Jet Interrupter 89 
 
 23. Centrifugal Interrupter 90 
 
 24. Mechanical Interrupter 91 
 
 25. Closctl Magnetic Circuit Transformer 92 
 
 26. High Potential Rotary Rectifier and Interrupted Transformer, 93 
 
 27. Tlie McCaa Transformer 95 
 
 28. So Called Tesla Coil 97 
 
 29. So Called Tesla Tj-pe for Administering Auto-Condensation 
 
 and Other Treatments 99 
 
 .•^0. Rheostat 101 
 
 31. Inductive Rheostat 102 
 
 X i i i 
 
xiv ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Page 
 
 32. Motor Dynamo 102 
 
 33. Cooper-Hewitt Rectifier 103 
 
 34. Electrolytic Rectifier 104 
 
 35. Types of Condensers, Leyden Jar and Glass Plate 106 
 
 36. Winding of Rhumkorff Coil 107 
 
 37. Complete Coil Apparatus for High Frequency and X-Ray 109 
 
 38. The Step-up Solenoid 110 
 
 39. Bowen Static Chair Designed by Author 113 
 
 40. Austrian Bentwood Chair 114 
 
 41. Hot Wire Meter 116 
 
 42. Arrangement for Employing Direct d'Arsonvalization 119 
 
 43. Arrangement for Dr. deKraft's Method for Employing the 
 
 Oudin Current 122 
 
 44. Showing the Paths of the Static Wave Current Through the 
 
 Tissues 131 
 
 45. Arrangement for Auto-Conduction 177 
 
 46. Vacuum Electrode for Mouth Treatment 197 
 
 Plate IV. Static Treatment of Pelvic Conditions 213 
 
 Fig. 47. Common Metal Rectal Electrode 214 
 
 48. Author's Rectal Electrode 214 
 
 49. Curved Electrode Designed by Dr. Arnold Snow 215 
 
 50. Glass Vacuum Vaginal Electrode 215 
 
 51. Urethral Electrode 216 
 
 Plate V. Method of Holding Rectal Electrode 218 
 
 Fig. 52. Long Rectal Electrode 222 
 
 53. Surface Electrode with Concave Face 222 
 
 54. Single and Double Eye Vacuum Electrodes 229 
 
 55. Variously Curved Vacuum Tubes for Nasal Treatment 230 
 
 56. Eustachian Electrode 231 
 
 57. Electrode for Treating Turbinates and Meatus of Eustachian 
 
 Tube 232 
 
 58. Dr. Tice's Nasal Electrode 232 
 
 59. Dr. Arnold Snow's Hemorrhoidal Electrodes 232 
 
 60. Dr. Cannon's Effluvation Electrode 250 
 
 61. Wappler Fulguration Electrode 251 
 
 Figs. 62 and 63. Diagrams of Parts of the Holtz Machine 260 
 
SECTION I 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 AND 
 
 STATIC MODALITIES 
 
SECTION I 
 
 HIGH POTENTIAL CURRENTS OF HIGH 
 AND OTHER FREQUENCIES 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 The study of currents of high potential has opened a 
 fieUl of far reaching scope and possibilities in therapeutics 
 unrecognized by most physicians. This is true, and par- 
 ticularly to be regretted, of most of those who stand high 
 in the councils of the profession. 
 
 A new science has l>een in process of development ; em- 
 ploying technical means and principles witli wliich physi- 
 cians are not generally familiar — subjects requiring an 
 extent of investigation which busy men are generally un- 
 willing to pursue, preferring to devote their time to re- 
 search in other directions. 
 
 Tlie study of the employment of electrical current*?, 
 while technical, is not so difficult of comprehension that 
 it would 1k' a task for any medical man to acquire the 
 requisite knowledge for their scientific em])loyment. The 
 consefjuenc<', however, with those who begin to use them 
 without lu'cessary investigation is fre(inent accidents or 
 failures, resulting in subsequent prejudice. 
 
 It is not possibb' in a work of the scope of this volume 
 to enter into the details of the physics or the .sources of 
 electrical energy'. For such information the reader is 
 referred to numerous works on [ihysics such as (lanot'.s. 
 
 Before the preparation of the previous edition, the 
 tendency was marke<i for men to put stress upon the use 
 
2 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 of high frequency currents, ignoring the importance of the 
 static currents administered with lower frequencies. It 
 is with pleasure that at this time the author notes that 
 the drift is to consider the subject broadly, attaching to 
 each class of currents its specific indications for the relief 
 of particular conditions. 
 
 The writer's investigation of currents of high frequency 
 and high periodicity and the scientific progress that has 
 been made by eontemporary observers during the past five 
 years, has led to a fuller conception of the importance of 
 these modalities, and to the differential study of the vary- 
 ing qualities and effects of currents produced under dif- 
 ferent conditions with so-called high frequency apparatus. 
 
 The establishment of the claims of Prof. d'Arsonval with 
 reference to the treatment of hypertension by the methods 
 which bear his name fully justifies the claims of a few 
 early observers, and it is probable that they will soon be 
 recognized, if not adopted, by the profession at large. 
 
 Another action of high frequency currents associated 
 with the induction of hyperemia on account of the thermic 
 action of the eurrent is now recognized by those familiar 
 with the subject. The details of technique in this par- 
 ticular require careful study and consideration. 
 
 The study of the high potential currents from the stand- 
 point of frequency and periodicity, especially for heat pro- 
 duction, induction of hyperemia, and metabolic effects, 
 seems to have established a scientific standard away from 
 the theoretical; and the outlook at present is not in the 
 direction of the production of particular frequencies so 
 much as for the character of the current as to direction 
 and thermic action. The establishment of this observation 
 is in accord with the production of special physical effects; 
 
INTRODUCTION 3 
 
 not a« to the vibrations piixlin'od, but as to the actions 
 thermic, stimulating and alterative, which are due to con- 
 ditions of i'urrent strength, and frequency. 
 
 The superficial actions of the currents in the induction 
 of light frequencies, when passed through vacuum tubes, 
 is a phase of the subject which calls for consideration as 
 to the effects of the high«'r frequencies upon the blood. 
 
 Local tissue destruction is another indication for the 
 use of the high potential currents, which has acquired a 
 recognition by the adoption of successful tecliuique dur- 
 ing recent yeaTS. The employment of these currents for 
 their destructive action upon abnormal tissue was first 
 describe<I by Riviere and termed by him effluvation. Kae- 
 ting-PIart, a student of Riviere, adopted this method, to 
 whieh he applied another name — fuUjuration — the tech- 
 nique being the same. Later differential considerati(m of 
 the discharges from the static current seem to have demon- 
 strated a difference in quality to w^hich Dr. Clarke of 
 Philadelphia has called attention in a recent paper. The 
 methods <'niployed are of considerable importance; their 
 value having been demonstrated for the removal of neo- 
 plasms, adventitious growths, ajid in the treatment of 
 various conditJons of the mucous cavities. 
 
 The d'Arsonral methods, or the modem methmls of using 
 the d'Arsonval current, occupy a very important place iu 
 the therapeutics of high potential currents. The auto- 
 conduction and auto-condensation methods with the im- 
 provements by the manufacturers of apparatus by the 
 increa.si' of capacity of stiitic machines, by increase in the 
 number of revolving plates and the intnxluction of high 
 spee<l machines, also with a larger nunilicr of revolving 
 plates, has made it pitssihle to produce upwards of 300 
 
4 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 milliamperes as indicated by tlie hot wire meter wliea 
 employed in connection with a resonator. Likewise with 
 the improvement in coils and resonators, it is possible to 
 produce currents of a milliamperage ranging from 300 to 
 3,000 milliamperes. With these currents it is possible to 
 so affect arterial pressure by the auto-conduction and auto- 
 eondensation methods, as to render a most valuable ser- 
 vice in the therapeutics of hypertension and arterioscle- 
 rosis ; a place in therapeutics not adequately filled by any 
 other measures. 
 
 The increased recognition of these currents for the relief 
 of these conditions is one of the greatest advances made 
 in the use of high potential currents in recent years, and 
 demands the attention not only of electro-tlierapeutists, but 
 of the profession at large, and the public as well. 
 
 The thermic action of the d'Arsonval current by the 
 djirect method is another important effect which is receiv- 
 ing more and more attention, particularly in the treatment 
 of infectious processes, by inducing active hyperemia where 
 infection is present. This method, likewise, is certain to 
 receive a deserving general recognition, and should be 
 investigated and employed in hospitals, research labora- 
 tories, and by the profession at large. Under the term 
 diathermy, some recent investigators have enlarged con- 
 siderably upon its use advising its employment in the 
 treatment of neoplasms and other malignant growths. In 
 this particular the effects resemble the methods by efflu- 
 vation and oscillatory desiccation. 
 
 The place of static currents in therapeutics, still holds 
 the important field for the treatment of non-infected in- 
 flammations; a field which from present indications can 
 never be filled by other electrical methods. 
 
INTKODUCTION " 5 
 
 These subjects are cerUiin each to deniaiid iviiiiisite 
 attention and recoj^nition, each in its own particular 
 field, in conformity with the indications from a scientific 
 professional point of view, and not from the point of view 
 of the manufacturer who is often apt to assert incorrect 
 opinions. Too often i)hysiciaus in the past have been led 
 into wrong notions or conceptions as to the met hods and 
 indications for employing the various currents by over 
 zealous salesmen, who are often r<'ady to take advantage 
 of the credulity and Hatter the conceits of the uninitiated 
 who are disposed to investigate these subjects. Very often 
 the manufacturers' suggestions in these partictilars are 
 erroneous and misleading to the physician who would suc- 
 ceed were he to adopt them in a properly scientific manni^ 
 — first to know what he wants from those who are familiar 
 with the subject, and then to select his apparatus, and 
 adopt scientific methods. 
 
 Though fully conscious of the present status of scien- 
 tific opinion as to the direction and other characteristics 
 of electric currents as recognize<l by authorities, who 
 teach that there is one electricity, and the o])posit(^ ]>ha.se 
 is the aftinity of the non-charged atoms or inoh'cnles for 
 the electrified j)articles or ions; the writer finds t(M> many 
 phenomena antl physical effects that are derivetl from the 
 employment of electricity, which do not substantially ac- 
 cord will) the present theor}' to wair;iiit its accei)tance. 
 The writer will therefore in this work treat the subjiM't 
 from the standpoint of jK)sitive and negative polnrities, 
 but recognize the jnodern view Ci)ncerning cummt dir<'c- 
 tion, which is clearly demonstrat^nl to flow with the cathode 
 stream from negative to positive as demonstrated in x-ray 
 and vacuum tulies. 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 THE STATIC WAVE-CURRENT, PRINCIPLES OF ACTION AND 
 THERAPEUTIC INDICATIONS 
 
 This valuable electric modality has been known to the 
 profession for so short a time that we believe that rela- 
 tively few have appreciated its pronounced effects and 
 scope of general utility. 
 
 Fig. 1. Arrangement for the Static Wave Current, S. G. Spark-gap; 
 E. Electrode: P. Patient: G. Grounding. 
 
 The arrangement for the current as shown in Fig. 1 was 
 described by Jenks and Clarke in the report of the Com- 
 
 6 
 
THE STATIC WAVE-CURRENT 7 
 
 mittee on Nomenclature as follows: *' In this arrange- 
 ment, which the Committee believes originated with Dr. 
 W. J. Morton, one prime conductor of the static generator 
 is grounded ; the other is connected with an electrode ap- 
 plied to the patient, who is on an insulated stand. The 
 current received by the patient is due to the spark dis- 
 charge between the knobs of the prime conductors. The 
 patient forms one coating of a Leyden jar condenser, the 
 other coating of which is the earth and surrounding ob- 
 jects and walls connected electrically therewith." 
 
 " The greater part of the charge and resulting strain 
 on the dielectric, air, will be found at those parts of the 
 patient and floor or walls of the room that are nearest 
 together." 
 
 " If the spark-gap be long, the time of charging by the 
 small continuous current will also be comparatively long, 
 because the potential must be raised to a high point in 
 order to produce a long spark. The duration of the dis- 
 charge, which will probably be an oscillatory one of rela- 
 tively high frequency, because of the small capacity of the 
 condenser, will be short. The small continuous charg- 
 ing current will flow through the patient without causing 
 appreciable sensation. The sudden oscillatory discharge 
 may flow over the surface of the patient because of 
 its high frequency, and therefore without disagreeable 
 effects. As the length of the spark-gap is diminished, 
 the time and amount of charge becomes less, with a result- 
 ing diminution of sensation." 
 
 It will be observed that in the arrangement for the ad- 
 ministration of this cunont the following provisions are 
 
8 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 made: (1) An insulated platform, for best results hav- 
 ing legs 8 to 9 inches in length, and being about two and 
 one-half by four and one-half feet in size, should be pro- 
 vided. (2) A grounding chain or metallic cord connected 
 to some metallic path to damp earth, for which the house 
 gas or water pipes are usually employed. In cases where 
 such facilities are not convenient, a wire running to a rod 
 driven deep into the cellar bottom will prove equally as 
 good. (3) A spark-gap — the current regulator of po- 
 tential of delivery — the distinctive feature of the static 
 currents — is usually allowed to discharge between the 
 balls of the discharging rods. When, therefore, the 
 spark-gap is referred to, it is usually considered to be in 
 this position. (4) The connecting cord and a metallic 
 electrode connecting the patient directly to one side of 
 the Holtz machine — the side opposite the grounding — 
 completes the provisions. 
 
 The static machine should give a steady, uniform out- 
 put of current and be operated at a rate of speed which 
 will not give a great frequency as suggested in the above 
 paragraph; lest " a sudden oscillatory discharge might 
 flow over the surface of the patient because of its high 
 frequency." Because in the administration of this cur- 
 rent the physiological effects sought are those derived 
 from the passing to and fro of the current, between the 
 surface of the electrode and the whole surrounding sur- 
 face of the body of the patient, surging back and forth, 
 and from the local vibratory effects and muscular con- 
 traction induced in the tissues beneath the electrode. 
 
 The distinctive characteristics of the wave-current, ii 
 
THE STATIC WAVE-CURRENT 9 
 
 will be obsen'ed from the above description, are peculiar. 
 (1) It is a current of one polarity (preferably the i)osi- 
 tive), administered to the patient from one side of the 
 static machine, passing to and fro from the whole surface 
 synchronous with the discharge at the spark-gap. (2) 
 The intensity of the discharge depends to a marked de- 
 gree upon the character of the grounding — a condition 
 which it is not possible to effect with any current con- 
 nected with a Kuhmkorff coil. (3) The general diffusion 
 of this current, during the intervals between the charge 
 and discharge of the current, are greater than from a 
 current administered in any other manner with safety to 
 the patient. (4) The current, when properly applied, is 
 administered to the patient with the absence of any dis- 
 agreeable effects, passing in and out of his body without 
 any appreciable sensation except the moving of the hair, 
 the vibratory influence, and the effects of muscular con- 
 traction. Care should be exercised to administer the 
 treatment with the metallic electrode next to the skin of 
 the patient, an intervening ganuent causing disagree- 
 able burning sensations due to the passage of myriads of 
 short sparks through the fabric. If the skin of the i^a- 
 tient is very dry, at the commencement of an administra- 
 tion, there may be a burning sensation, due to the pas- 
 sage of short sparks through the dry epidermis. This 
 is easily obviated by starting the administration with a 
 short spark-gap, when shortly sufficient secretion will be 
 induced to moisten the integument, or by first moistening 
 the surface beneath the electrode. 
 
 The physiological effects of the wave-current suggest a 
 
10 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 very wide range of application to therapeutics. In the 
 first place, the current is absolutely innocuous, — harmless 
 to the patient, — which makes it one of the most popular 
 methods of applying electricity. This will be easily ex- 
 plained when we realize that the amperage is relatively 
 so small that the possible damage to the patient from the 
 quantity of current is reduced to a minimum — and that 
 with a current of one polarity, though surging to and fro 
 through the tissues, the electrolytic action is practically 
 nil. Its effect, then, is purely mechanical with the added 
 characteristics of electrical discharges. These effects 
 are the induction of contractions which restore relaxed 
 tissues to a condition of tonicity, in which condition they 
 will persist for hours after the administration. 
 
 Upon metabolism, both local and general, the actions 
 of this current are remarkable. The vibratory influence 
 and recurrent intervals of contraction induce mechanic- 
 ally an activity of the end organs beneath the electrode 
 stimulating secretion and excretion and tissue-building 
 to a marked degree, and without harmful effects. Lo- 
 cally, conditions of stasis and stagnation are overcome, 
 a local tonic condition of the arterioles is induced, pro- 
 moting restoration to normal conditions where stasis has 
 been present. These effects are not merely superficial 
 but varied in their depth of penetration in proportion to 
 the amplitude of the current, which is varied by increas- 
 ing or slowing the speed of the machine and by lengthen- 
 ing or shortening the spark-gap. The physiological 
 action, other things being equal, will depend to a large 
 extent upon the character of the underlying subcutaneous 
 
THE STxVTIC WAVE-CURRENT 11 
 
 tissues. Layers of adipose or cellular tissue, owing both 
 to the fact that they are poor conductors and muffle 
 vibration, tend materially to interfere with tlic ef- 
 fects on the underlying muscular and glandular struc- 
 tures. 
 
 Muscular contraction, as suggested, may be induced to 
 varying degrees from a slight vibratory tremor to a con- 
 dition of extreme tetanus. The degree of contraction 
 may be perfectly controlled by the operator, by varying 
 the length of the spark-gap and to some extent by regulat- 
 ing the speed of the machine. 
 
 Vibration of a distinctly mechanical character is in- 
 duced in consequence of the tissue contractions and by 
 the influence of surrounding oppositely charged capac- 
 ities, i. e,, the walls of the room and objects surrounding 
 the insulated platform, and may be intensified either by 
 connecting the patient with any external insulated capac- 
 ity, as a plate of metal suspended upon an insulated 
 stand (see Fig. 2), or even by movements of the patient, 
 as of the extremities, towards an oppositely charged 
 capacity, as the opposite pole of the static machine, or 
 walls of the room. The vibratory effect is undoubtedly 
 also influenced by the sudden impact of the current dis- 
 charging against the resisting skin, and the impulses of 
 vibration are always synchronous with the discharge at 
 the spark-gap. The depth to which vibratory impulses 
 are transmitted, as with muscular contraction, will be 
 varied by altering the length of the spark-gap, and the 
 effect produced will depend largely upon the conditions 
 of the underlying tissues, — a thick layer of fat offering 
 
12 
 
 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 resistance to the current, and limiting the effects upon the 
 muscular tissues. 
 
 Contraction of cell protoplasm is another undoubted 
 effect produced by high-potential discharges at the site 
 of administration. The degree or extent to which it is 
 possible to carry this effect must depend upon the capac- 
 ity for diffusion of the currents employed. Probably no 
 current administered in therapeutics so universally per- 
 vades the tissues of the body as the static wave-current 
 
 Fig. 2. Showing Arrangement with an Insuhited Capacity. 
 
 I, Insulated Platform; P, Patient; E, Electrode; E\ Second Electrode; 
 
 G, Ground Connection; S. G., Spark Gap. 
 
 administered by means of an electrode applied to a small 
 area. It must immediately pass through the body in 
 every direction and surround the whole surface of the 
 patient, passing in nearly straight lines. In its passage 
 it produces universally effects, whatever they may be, 
 peculiar to electricity, upon the tissues. The most in- 
 tense effect of the current, however, upon protoplasm 
 
THE STATIC WAVE-CURRENT i3 
 
 must be in tlio tissues immediately beneath the elec- 
 trode. 
 
 The action of a cur rent of one polarity in i)assiu<2: 
 through the tissues produces effects which differ from 
 the other currents, which alternate between the two op- 
 posite polarities. During the to-and-fro i)assage of the 
 wave-current all cells are like charged. While it is dif- 
 ficult to reconcile the idea of the separation of cells in 
 tissues which are relatively homogeneous, still there is 
 reason to believe that the cells, on account of this condi- 
 tion, are temi)orarily polarized, assuming different sha])es 
 and acting in ways which arouse activities caj^able of i)ro- 
 ducing various alterative effects upon the tissues which 
 they compose. 
 
 The constitutional effects of the static wave-current 
 are pronounced, and from the study of a large number of 
 clinical results, it has been demonstrated beyond question 
 to be of great utility in the treatment of many conditions. 
 The action will be best understood from the foregoing 
 description of the modus operandi of the vibratory and 
 other effects of the current as described. Undoubtedly 
 these constitutional effects are largely due to the mechan- 
 ical influences of the discharges and peculiar actions of 
 electricity as described. 
 
 The evidences of an increase of general metabolism are 
 marked by the restoration of normal functions, notably 
 the activity of the secretions, followed by increased ap- 
 petite and gain in weight and nmscular strength, when 
 properly associated with exercise during courses of treat- 
 ment. The increased elimination of solids in the urine in 
 
U HIGH-POTENTIAL CUEEENTS 
 
 excess of tissue combustion is demonstrated in patients 
 who have been inactive, and in whom the general nutri- 
 tive functions are sluggish. With these cases it is the 
 general rule that during the first weeks of treatment the 
 percentage of solids in the urine is much greater than 
 after the effects of poor metabolism have been eliminated. 
 After some time this high percentage gradually falls off, 
 but still a larger per cent, will persist than that present 
 prior to the institution of the regular administration of 
 the current. This is due to the fact that the general activi- 
 ties which have been restored produce an increased oxida- 
 tion of tissue, coincident to normal healthy metabolism. 
 
 On arterial tension there will be, as indicated above, an 
 increase locally during an administration, but the effect 
 upon the general system, if the administration is pro- 
 longed, is to lower the arterial tension, noticeable in the 
 changed character of the pulse. Coincident with this 
 condition will be a lessened frequency and fuller rhythm 
 of the heart's action and the normal associated changes 
 in respiration. 
 
 Upon the nervous st/stem the static wave-current pro- 
 duces changes in condition coincident with the altered 
 nutrition and changes of circulation, as well as markedly 
 diminished nervous irritability, and associated high ten- 
 sion, which is noticeable in the relief of muscular spasm 
 and, to a marked degree, of nervous tension. 
 
 Heat production due to a greater degree of tissue oxi- 
 dation coincident to general increase of metabolism is one 
 of the remarkable effects of this modality, and one of the 
 strongest evidences of its positive action upon a human 
 
THE STATIC WAVE-CURRENT 15 
 
 organism. In order to demonstrate this fact, which the 
 writer had always observed to be pronounced when ad- 
 ministering the current to patients for periods of twenty 
 minutes to one-half hour, he made the following experi- 
 ment: A patient was placed upon the static platform in 
 a room having a temperature of 30° F, When the ])a- 
 tient seated herself she was feeling chilled and her feet 
 were cold. A large metal electrode was placed over the 
 liver and solar plexus and the wave-current was admin- 
 istered in the usual manner, employing a spark-gap of 
 four or five inches ; at the end of ten minutes, the patient 
 was feeling no discomfort, and at the end of twenty min- 
 utes was thoroughly warmed and comfortable. This 
 experiment practically demonstrated the energetic effects 
 of this current upon tissue metabolism and heat produc- 
 tion. 
 
 Upon the secretions, the action of the wave-current 
 is very pronounced. During the first administrations, 
 when instituting a series of treatments of a patient hav- 
 ing general sluggishness of the functions of the skin, 
 there may be little or no secretion of perspiration during 
 the first few treatments. There will, however, be a 
 marked increase of the perspiration and other secretions 
 in most such cases after several administrations. The 
 evidence of the increased secretion of other glands, which 
 as a rule resume coincidently with return of the secretion 
 of perspiration, is demonstrated by the better perform- 
 ance of the functions upon which they depend. 
 
 Tt is easily shown with a patient whose digestion is 
 impaired by giving a test breakfast, and two hours after 
 
16 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 the meal taking the contents of the stomach for examina- 
 tion. On the following day give another test meal and 
 at the expiration of one-half hour apply a flat metal 
 electrode over the epigastrimn, and administer the wave- 
 current at this site for fifteen or twenty minutes. Two 
 hours after taking the meal withdraw it for examination 
 and compare them. Whereas the second meal will 
 be well digested, the first will be found to be not nearly 
 so completely digested unless the patient's digestion is 
 normal. It is also observed with patients in whom the 
 secretion of the liver has been pronouncedly deficient, 
 that when the wave-current is applied over the organ, 
 within a few days there will be marked evidence of an in- 
 creased functional activity. The same is true of the kid- 
 neys, pancreas, and intestinal secretions. These results 
 demonstrate the great utility of this current upon condi- 
 tions in which the functions are inactive. 
 
 There are no evidences of fatigue or over-stimulation 
 of the organic structures when administrations are given 
 in normal individuals for from twenty to thirty minutes, 
 but, on the contrary, increased functional activity, and 
 in congested conditions a degree of inhibition is in- 
 duced which deserves consideration from all earnest ob- 
 servers. A very prolonged administration, over forty 
 minutes, may however produce a feeling of fatigue, which 
 is always followed after a brief rest by a sense of well- 
 being. No effect is produced that can be considered in- 
 jurious even after very prolonged administrations. 
 
 A wide range of therapeutic indications for the use of 
 the wave-current is suggested by an increasing evidence 
 
THE STxVTTC WAVE-CURRENT 17 
 
 of its worth, and probably no one therapeutic agent to-day 
 occupies a field of usefulness so large, especially in condi- 
 tions of local congestion and in its beneficial effects upon 
 local and general metabolism. It has been frecjuently 
 suggested to the writer that in his previous work on 
 " Electro-Static Modes of Application and Therapeu- 
 tics " he has not been sufficiently full in the explanation 
 of this valuable modality, which is the apology for devot- 
 ing so much space to its application here. 
 
 The indications for its employment in therapeutics, as 
 suggested from the foregoing, are as follows: (1) the re- 
 lief of k)cal congestion and induration, and tlic elimina- 
 tion of inflammatory exudates; (2) the relief of pain, 
 which is usually coincident with the effect upon the pre- 
 ceding conditions; (3) to relieve muscular spasm; (4) 
 to lessen nervous irritability; (5) to correct errors of 
 metabolism; (6) to generally increase functional activity, 
 (a) by its action upon the secretory and excretory func- 
 tions, (b) by the restoration of local muscular tone, 
 thereby relieving atony, (c) by overcoming nervous and 
 muscular inertia. 
 
 Upon congestion and local hyperemia, as present either 
 with acute processes or conditions of functional inactivity 
 associated with sluggish metabolism, the effect is most 
 pronounced. Probably muscular and tissue contraction 
 and the induced activity of cell j^rotoplasm excited by the 
 action of this current by overcoming stasis, are especially 
 effective in relieving congested and hyperaemic condi- 
 tions. It induces with the recurrent contractions and 
 relaxations an expression of the fluids and increased 
 
18 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 activity, with the re-establishment of circulation in the 
 tissues coincident with an increase locally of the meta- 
 bolic functions of elimination and repair. The best re- 
 sults are obtained in these conditions by the employment 
 of low rates of frequency. Probably discharges of one 
 hundred and fifty to three hundred are the limit at which 
 the interruptions should be permitted for the best thera- 
 peutic results in the treatment of inflammatory proc- 
 esses. It is appreciated by all who are familiar with 
 the modus operandi of this current, in the conditions 
 under consideration, that periods of rest between the in- 
 tervals of contraction are essential to the attainment of 
 the best results. 
 
 When we appreciate that congestions and hyperaemic 
 conditions, associated with pressure upon the venous cir- 
 culation, — acute and subacute congestions, — are the most 
 common concomitants or causes of diseased conditions, 
 we must admit the indications for the emplojTuent of cur- 
 rents of moderate frequency producing the mechanical 
 effects of vibration and recurrent contractions. It is a 
 draining process, the recurrent vis-a-tergo exciting activi- 
 ties that are invaluable in the treatment of inflammatory 
 conditions. When the fact is realized that few diseases 
 with pain, muscular spasm, functional neurosis, or other 
 pathological conditions are not induced by inflammatory 
 processes, the importance of the recognition of currents 
 such as the wave-current and other modalities which in- 
 duce resumption of circulatory drainage and repair, must 
 be appreciated. A local lesion should be suspected and 
 its character considered in all painful and functional de- 
 
THE STATIC WAVE-CURRENT 19 
 
 rangements, for in most instances the conditions may be 
 referred to a coexisting inflammation. It matters not 
 with the employment of tlir wave-current whether the 
 congestion or hyperaemia is located beneath superficial 
 muscular structures, as in sciatic neuritis, or in the 
 deeper viscus or great glands of the body, under proper 
 treatment. The am})litude of the oscillations of this cur- 
 rent, when induced by a machine of proper capacity, is 
 sutKcient to penetrate remote parts and influence the 
 denser, deeper tissues of the human organism except in 
 very obese subjects. The author's familiarity with the 
 work of many who have employed this modality with dif- 
 ferent measures of success, induces him to urge a more 
 energetic and intelligent emplojTuent of the wave-cur- 
 rent; for those who have not succeeded as they should, 
 have employed it in an inefficient manner. The following 
 rules of dosage, if carefully followed, are a sufficient 
 guide for its successful administration. 
 
 I. When employing the eurrent for the relief of aeute 
 local congestion, over the inflammatory area at the begin- 
 ning of the first application, with but a short spark-gap, 
 severe pain will be produced, which is caused by the con- 
 traction of the muscular structures including the muscular 
 ccats of the arterioles in the inflammatory area, pro- 
 ducing pain by pressure. In a few moments, however, as 
 the fluids are expelled, a longer spark-gap can be adminis- 
 tered with not greater discomfort than was at first ex- 
 perienced. In this way, liy gradually lengthening the 
 spark-gap, and thereby increasing the amplitude and 
 deeper penetration of the current, the more remote tis- 
 
20 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 sues are reached, and the entire congested region more or 
 less completely drained and the tissues left in a state of 
 tonic contraction. The length of spark allowed to pass 
 at the spark-gap during an administration will depend 
 therefore largely upon the degree of discomfort produced 
 at the time of the application and should be lengthened as 
 the patient, tolerating a moderate degree of pain, per- 
 mits it. 
 
 II. In the treatment of deep-seated conditions , where 
 the congestion is not sufficiently intense to cause pain in 
 connection with the administration of the current, and in 
 atonic conditions, the guide as to dosage will be the de- 
 gree of muscular contraction produced; avoiding the in- 
 duction of an unpleasant or tetanic muscular contraction, 
 but crowding it up to the limit at which this effect will 
 begin to be produced. 
 
 It must also be remembered that an electrode large 
 enough to cover considerable surface relatively diffuses 
 the current, so that, when it is desired to get an intense 
 local vibratory effect upon some lazy viscus, it will be 
 necessary to make the electrode small enough that the 
 maximum spark-gap to be obtained will produce an 
 intense local effect. Many in the past have been neg- 
 ligent in giving the proper amplitude and intensity with 
 the administration because of the noise of the discharge 
 at the spark-gap or want of a proper appreciation of the 
 requirements. The unfortunate disadvantage of the 
 noise may be overcome by a properly constructed muffler, 
 which will relieve this unsatisfactory feature of the ad- 
 ministration (see Fig. 3). In the writer's experience, 
 
THE STATIC WAVE-CUKRENT 
 
 21 
 
 however, uervous patients tolerate the noise much better 
 than some physicians who treat them. 
 
 These observations on dosage apply not only to the ad- 
 ministrations to inflammatory conditions, but to the ap- 
 plications of the current in all cases. It should be farther 
 
 Fig. 3. Glnss Muffler. 
 
 added that the wave-current cannot be used entirely to 
 the exclusion of the more rigorous static modality, — 
 sparks. In some cases, as of deep-seated congestion and 
 conditions associated with the presence of inflammatory 
 exudates and when it is desirable to get a i)rompt re- 
 sponse of the perspiratory function, the application of 
 sparks and the superficial action of friction sparks will 
 afford an additional benefit to the condition. 
 
 Attention must be called to the fact that there are cer- 
 tain inflammatory ])rocesses and conditions duo to or 
 associated with the i)resence of germs in which those 
 static modalities will fail and are also contra-indicated, 
 that is, in the treatment of local septic processes where 
 pus is present, or where some other germ process is 
 present beneath the integument. In such cases no static 
 modality has proved efficacious. When pus is walled off 
 
22 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 by surrounding induration, stasis is a protection against 
 the extension of infection and must not be disturbed by 
 the wave-current or any influence which will remove the 
 wall of safety. 
 
 In syphilitic processes, gonorrheal rheumatism, tuber- 
 cular processes, and infectious disease this modality fails, 
 but will be found a valuable aid to diagnosis by exclusion 
 in tubercular arthritis and gonorrheal rheumatism. If 
 success follows the administration, such processes may be 
 eliminated, as has been the writer's experience with 
 tubercular joint affections. In all other than infected 
 conditions positively beneficial effects are certain to 
 result. 
 
 Pain is probably relieved by this and the other high- 
 potential modalities which produce perceptible muscular 
 contraction as by no other agent except morphine, because 
 the presence and pressure of local congestion are relieved. 
 In these cases, the relief is associated with a curative 
 process due to the removal of inflammation; first, by over- 
 coming local stasis, and, second, by the removal of in- 
 flammatory exudates, while with anodynes the relief is 
 but temporary and never curative. The writer's ob- 
 servation in the treatment of painful neuroses has led him 
 to believe that many of the pains of so-called '' neural- 
 gia " are not reflex but associated with remote inflam- 
 matory conditions. Pains, however, due to low grades 
 of toxaemia arising from improper evacuation of the 
 alimentary tract, imperfect metabolism, or malarial 
 poisoning, cannot be strictly referred to inflammatory 
 conditions. Such pains, however, are remarkably re- 
 
THE STATIC WAVE-CURRENT 23 
 
 lieved by overcoming the conditions which caused them; 
 for the relief of wliich, except mahirial cases, i)robably no 
 agent will contribute more than the static wave-current. 
 
 Muscular spasms or contractions of the skeletal mus- 
 cles are certain to occur in connection with inflammatory 
 conditions of the joints, disappearing upon removal of the 
 causative conditions. Contractions, however, of cerebral 
 origin, such as those of atlietosis, do not respond to treat- 
 ment. Many of the contractures associated with the 
 functional neuroses, as of the uterus in cases of dys- 
 menorrhea, respond very promptly to the administration 
 of the wave-current, vacuum tubes, or static sparks. 
 
 In conditions of nervous irritability the origin of the 
 trouble is found usually to be an inflammation located 
 somewhere in the organism. It is therefore necessary 
 to carefully diagnose the original condition and then 
 make the appropriate administration. If this is done in 
 a thorouglily systematic manner, there will be little dif- 
 ficulty in relieving most of the functional and many 
 organic nervous conditions. 
 
 General errors in metaholistn whenever present, either 
 local or not, unless some organic condition precludes the 
 possibility of restoring the normal condition, may be 
 greatly relieved by these modalities. It may be wise, 
 however, to combine with it in many cases the administra- 
 tions of dry heat, light, or mechanical vibration. If, how- 
 ever, but one method of treatment were to be used in the 
 treatment of sluggish conditions, there is no modality 
 that oifers so much for their relief as the static wave- 
 current. For the treatment of these affections, the ad- 
 
24 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 ministration should always be made over the organs 
 which are the seat of the difficulty, or in doubtful cases 
 it may be applied with comparative uniformity over the 
 abdomen, employing an electrode about five by eight 
 inches in size, placing it over the anterior portion of the 
 liver, the epigastrium, solar plexus, and pyloric end of 
 the stomach and pancreas, with a view to effecting an 
 active metabolism and improving the nutritive functions. 
 
 Activity of special functions may be gradually ac- 
 celerated by this energetic modality, bearing in mind that 
 wherever muscular structures are present in glands, 
 arteries, and other structures, the effect of inducing 
 muscular and other tissue contraction, causing an ex- 
 pulsion of fluidis locally, and coincidentally InK^reases the 
 general activity of the functions of the body, especially 
 of those organs immediately beneath the electrode. Un- 
 der this heading will be included an increase of secretion 
 and excretion, restoration of normal blood circulation, 
 relief of muscular atony, and the restoration of tone to 
 the structures of the body. 
 
 Conditions of nervous inertia or general inactivity of 
 function, so common in persons who lead sedentary lives 
 without sufficient muscular exercise, will be generally 
 overcome and their lives lengthened. These observations, 
 which have been demonstrated by the therapeutic results 
 in the treatment of hundreds of cases in the clinics and 
 practice of the writer, are sufficient to warrant the gen- 
 eral adoption of the wave-current and other high- 
 potential modalities, especially those which produce a 
 well-marked degree of perceptible tissue contraction. 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 THE STATIC INDUCED CURRENT 
 
 This current, the oldest of the high-freqnency currents, 
 "vvas discovered by Dr. Wm. J. Morton of New York. It 
 is described by the author as follows: 
 
 '* From the earliest medical electrifications by the Abbe 
 Nollet in 1734 — we become familiar with the breeze, 
 spray, sparks, and shock, but no mention is made of a cur- 
 rent disassociated from the spark delivered to the person, 
 nor prior to my own had any electrodes been shown by 
 which a current, except in spark form, could be delivered 
 from a Holtz or any other influence machine. When, in 
 general, nerve and muscle reactions were spoken and writ- 
 ten of, reference was had to galvanic and to faradic cur- 
 rents from coils and voltaic cells, or from coils and 
 magnets, but not to any current derivable from frictional 
 electricity. The sj)ark and static electricity had become 
 sjTionymous terms. That no one during one hundred and 
 fifty years should have sought out the kinetic or current 
 feature of the static discharge (in other than spark form) 
 and harnessed it to an electrode capable of bringing it 
 into use, seems most remarkable. . . . 
 
 " My new system, published and unpublished, com- 
 prises the development by an influence machine of a 
 rapidly interrupted and graduated current, by means of 
 a circuit-breaker, introduced into a circuit with and with- 
 
 25 
 
26 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 out condensers, and in the medical applications of this 
 current without and within the human body by moistened 
 sponge or other electrodes, just as in the case of the 
 ordinary galvanic and faradic currents. 
 
 " It involves the removal of the spark, in itself more 
 or less disagreeable and painful and often difficult to 
 localize, especially about the face and neck, away from 
 the patient's body, and yet retaining all the physiological 
 effects of the kinetic or current part of the circuit. The 
 spark is no longer a direct feature of the administration ; 
 it occurs at some distant part of the necessarily closed 
 circuit, and in modified form now becomes mainly a 
 regulator for timing the discharge of the equalizing 
 potentials. 
 
 '' The circuit-breaker is a pair of adjustable metallic 
 ball electrodes, introduced at any point of the circuit, hav- 
 ing a narrow air space between the balls; the circuit 
 makes when a small spark overcomes the resistance of 
 the air, and breaks when it fails to do so, and the current 
 is due to rapidly successive equalizations of the differ- 
 ences of potential of opposite charged condensers, with 
 either the prime conductors or the addition of Leyden 
 jars. . . . 
 
 ' ' Accepting the fact that the rapidity of succession of 
 impulses of the new current is in itself sufficient to pro- 
 duce a steady circuit, we may now go a step further and 
 say that each impulse in itself consists of a vast number 
 and range of oscillations or alternations (of one hundred 
 millions per second), and, putting all the facts together, 
 we may doubtless willingly concede that a current must 
 
THE STATIC INDUCED CURRENT 
 
 :n 
 
 possess eciually i)Ositive and differiug })hysiological 
 properties." . . . 
 
 " Id bis earliest publication ujmn tbis subject appear 
 tbe following for i)bysical results tben noted. Tbe event 
 has sbown tbat many of tbese were tben imperfectly 
 understood and ai>i)reciated, but tbe question before us is 
 wbetber or not these observed results were in fact novel." 
 
 1. '' By means of the spark-gap at the discharging rod, 
 the imperceptible physical effects * may be regulated to 
 a nicety,' " from an almost imperceptible tingle up to the 
 extreme rigid flexion of the arms. 
 
 2. '* Tbe effect is soft and agreeable and accompanied 
 by no shock," while the inner coating of tbe jars gives a 
 series of discharges which, even when slight, are '' too 
 painful to be borne." 
 
 3. " Capable of causing physiological tetanus," while a 
 connection between the inner coating of the jars " in 
 silent current forms produces no muscular contractions 
 or sensations of any kind." 
 
 4. '' When compared with the galvano — or magneto — 
 induced current, both produce more efficient contractions 
 and give less pain to the patient, when pain would be 
 produced by any of the three. ' ' 
 
 5. " Renders a static machine capable of producing 
 all the effects of faradism, doing * all the work of the best 
 faradic machines ' in addition to the ordinary static 
 effects. * In its general cbaracteristics ' tliis current i 
 
 * cannot be distinguished from the ordinary faradic cur- i f 
 
 rent.'"* i 
 
 * Fxfrart from Rppnrt of the Committpr on tlie Static Currents of the Ameri- 
 can Electro Therapeutic Association. 
 
28 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 The acknowledgment of Morton's priority in the dis- 
 covery of this current has been recognized by all recent 
 writers upon the subject of high-frequency currents, in- 
 cluding Tripier, Bourgoni, Leduc, Paschles, Ranney, 
 Williams, Weil, Bordier, Freund, Jenks, Thompson, 
 Herdman, and others. 
 
 The footnote from Freund * explains itself. 
 
 The following description of the method of employing 
 the current and its physics by the Committee on Cur- 
 rent Classification and Nomenclature was published 
 in the Journal of Advanced Therapeutics for January, 
 1904: 
 
 " The patient is directly in circuit with the outside 
 coatings of two Leyden jar condensers in series. The 
 spark-gap and machines are in multiple with each other. 
 With the patient included in circuit in the manner shown 
 in the diagram we do not know the value of the inductance 
 and resistance offered by him. The arrangement of two 
 condensers of small capacity is conducive to the produc- 
 tion of oscillatory currents of relatively high frequency, 
 and such currents will be produced if the patient offers a 
 
 * Extract from " Radio-Therapy," Freund : " In the year 1881 Morton de- 
 scribed a method of using electricity for the local treatment of muscle and 
 nerve disorders. He brought the terminals of the discharger of an electrical 
 machine so near together that sparks passed between them. He then put his 
 patient in the circuit connecting the tin-foils of the condensers. Morton was 
 the first to produce by means of this arrangement and to therapeutically apply 
 high-frequency currents, for he had used the oscillating character of the con- 
 denser-discharge to increase the frequency of an alternating current. The con- 
 densers were charged in this case through an induction apparatus. Morton's 
 high-tension oscillating currents have been used by Leduc and F. Winkler in 
 similar affections, and, of course, with results similar to those produced by 
 other forms of high-frequency apparatus." 
 
THE STATIC INDUCED CURRENT 
 
 29 
 
 sufficiently low resistance and inductance. In the July, 
 1903, issue of Medical Electrology and Radiology, Dr. 
 Manders expressed the opinion that the impedance (sum 
 of the resistance and inductance) of the circuit including 
 the patient may be so great as to render the current 
 unidirectional by damping out the oscillations which the 
 condensers of small capacity tend to ])roduce." 
 
 " The term * static-induced ' apj)lied by Dr. W. J. Mor- 
 ton to this arrangement, made by him in 1881, is techni- 
 
 Fl'i. 4. Amiiguineut for tliu .*?l;ilic liiducocl C'urifUt. 
 
 cally accurate (Report of this Committee, see Journal 
 of Advanced Therapeutics, Vol. XXII, Jan., 1904, j). 29). 
 This term expresses the arrangement by which, as is now 
 generally understood and conceded, currents of the char- 
 acter technically known as high-frequency currents were 
 first produced, and ajiplied to therapeutic purposes in 
 such a way as to be tolerable to the patient; and on the 
 
30 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 basis of which arrangement some subsequent arrange- 
 ments are founded; for example, that of d'Arsonval, also 
 those more recently devised by Dr. Morton. ' ' 
 
 The physiological actions of the static induced current 
 include the actions described by Dr. Morton in his de- 
 scription of the current as given above. A wider concep- 
 tion of the effects of the current characteristic of the 
 action of the high-potential discharges in the production 
 of tissue contraction, however, widely enlarges the scope 
 of its application. In this respect it is analogous to the 
 local actions of the wave-current as given in the preceding 
 chapter. An alternating current employing two metal 
 electrodes, however, produces chiefly local effects — the 
 electrical and mechanical effects upon the tissues beneath 
 the electrodes and in the interpolar region between the 
 two surfaces covered. The local actions, however, of this 
 current are to effect in the same manner the relief of local 
 stasis and sluggish metabolism as those of the wave- 
 current. 
 
 The static induced current, however, possesses certain 
 advantages over the wave-current which will arise in the 
 experience of every practitioner. 
 
 During periods of humidity, when it is impossible to 
 administer a spark-gap of sufficient length to produce the 
 indicated local vibratory effect beneath an electrode, 
 necessary to overcome local congestion with the wave-cur- 
 rent, the static induced current having a more limited and 
 localized field of action, and the added intensity of the 
 characteristic condenser discharges, produce with a 
 shorter spark-gap a much more profound local effect. 
 
THE STATIC INDUCED CURRENT 31 
 
 It is necessary, when employing this current, to make 
 the applications to two different parts of the body. One 
 may be placed over some i)art as an indifferent electrode, 
 or may be valuable in the treatment of two parts, as both 
 knees, in a very stout i)atient. In such a case an intense 
 local effect will be demanded. 
 
 The application of two electrodes may also be of partic- 
 ular value in the treatment of a local inflammatory con- 
 dition in one part and at the same time an additional ap- 
 plication over some other part of the body where the 
 functions are particularly sluggish, as over the liver or 
 intestinal tract. 
 
 The static induced current may be used with two glass 
 vacuum electrodes applied over two different parts of 
 the same patient or to two patients at the same time, 
 or with the vacuum tube at one part of the body and a 
 metal electrode on another part. This plan of treatment 
 will be found very convenient in the treatment of certain 
 pelvic conditions where it is desirable to employ the metal 
 electrode over the abdomen and the glass tube internally. 
 (See Plate I, Frontispiece.) 
 
 Whenever two electrodes arc a]iplied at different parts 
 of the body the local effect may be disagreeably un- 
 ])leasant over one surface to produce sufficiently energetic 
 effects over another. This may be easily regulated either 
 by regulating the size of the metal electrode or by ])lacing 
 a larger-sized Leyden jar in connection with the machine 
 on tlie side where a more energetic action is indicated. 
 By this means, with the three usual sizes of Leyden jars 
 that are provided with the static machine, it is possible to 
 
32 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 make very fine adjustments of the effects of the current 
 in connection with each electrode. (See Plate I.) 
 
 It must be borne in mind that the static induced current, 
 as indicated above, does not produce the constitutional 
 effect upon the organism that is produced by the wave- 
 current. It is not therefore indicated, except when neces- 
 sary on account of atmospheric humidity, in cases for 
 which there is no special indication for the improvement 
 of constitutional conditions, or when time may be saved 
 by treating two parts requiring an application of too 
 great intensity to be treated at one time with the wave- 
 current. 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 
 DISRUPTIVE DISCHAEGES, SPARKS 
 
 The high-potential spark discharged either with or 
 without the iuterveution of a resonator in connection 
 with a coil or static machine, is one of the most valuable 
 of the modalities employed in therapeutics; from the 
 entire surface of a patient to the point of discharge the 
 currents focus and escape, forming a vortex, as it were, 
 leaving the tissues behind in a state of perturbation. Of 
 this method of administration, but two modes, the usual 
 ones, deserve consideration, — tlie indirect spark and the 
 resonator spark. 
 
 The indirect spark is derived only from the static 
 machine and may be described as follows : The patient is 
 seated upon the platform, which is connected usually by a 
 shepherd's crook from a metal ])late placed upon the ])lat- 
 fonn beneath the chair to the positive side of the machine 
 (the negative connection is preferred by some oper- 
 ators). The opposite side should be grounded by means 
 of a metallic connection with moist earth. (See Fig. 5.) 
 The operating ball is connected from the screw eye of the 
 metallic ])ortion with another chain or other metallic con- 
 nection also to the earth. With this ])rovision it is not 
 necessary that the operator be insulated from the metal 
 connection, as no effect is i)roduced upon him when ad- 
 ministering the snark if the connection to the earth is 
 
 83 
 
34 
 
 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 direct, as no appreciable part of the current will leave tlie 
 better conductor to the earth for a poor one, as the 
 operator standing upon the floor. It is customary there- 
 fore for the operator to hold the chain in his hand against 
 the handle of the ball and at the same time, with the other 
 
 Fig. 5. Arrangement for Indirect Spark. 
 
 hand, hold it in such a manner that it will not be con- 
 stantly thrown to and fro against the platform or the 
 patient, interfering with the administration. The sparks 
 may be administered of any desired length according to 
 the indications — the longer spark for the deeper perturb- 
 atory effect upon the tissues. To regulate the length of 
 the spark either move the shepherd's crook to the rear end 
 of the platform, remove the metal plate which acts as a 
 condenser, slow the speed of the machine, thereby dimin- 
 ishing the output, or close the discharging rods so that the 
 
DISKrPTIVE Dl^;OHAR(iES, SPAKKS 35 
 
 balls are si-parated to a ilit^iaiice a little j;i'ealer than the 
 length of the spark desired. By these means we will de- 
 termine the potent idl of deticcri/, or llic l('ii«:tli of si)ark 
 [xjssible to administer, which slionhl always he regulated 
 to the depth of tissue which it is desirable to affect. The 
 length of si)ark should vary usually from tme-half inch 
 for aj>j)licatlon to the tingei-s to lour or live inches over 
 the glutei and IkuU of the patient, according to the depth 
 of the tissue, taking into account also the amount of 
 adipose overlying the muscular structures, the latter act- 
 ing as a resistance and at the same time breaking up !he 
 vibratory effect and the influence of contraction upon the 
 structures affected. 
 
 A spark director designed by the author. Fig. 0, is a 
 
 Fig. 6. Author's Spark Director. 
 
 practical device for a})plyiug sparks. It is provided with 
 a long vulcanite or glass handle and two terminals of 
 metal to be adapted to different surfaces and to admit 
 of a varying degree of concentration or disi>ersion itf the 
 current to larger or smaller surface areas. A small ball 
 and a disc, flat on one side, and convex on the other, which 
 can l)e screwed to tlie end of the terminal, are provided 
 for this puri)0se. The spark may be applied to the metal 
 band at the lower extremity of the vulcanite handle or to 
 the metal terminal in contact with the patient. See Plate 
 II. The only dis;idvantage of this tyjx' of s]»ark-director 
 occurs when the sparks are applied over the clothing when 
 if the handl«> is a partial con<luctor, as a wooden handle 
 is, short sparks pa.'is from the operator to the patient, be- 
 
36 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 tween the terminal and the skin, when it is put in contact 
 with the skin, or constantly while held over intervening 
 clothing. This is generally obviated by the long vulca,nite 
 handle. Another device used for making the application 
 of spajrks in this manner is the crooked chain holder which 
 has been supplied with most static machines, Fig. 7. By 
 placing the curved end upon the surface to be treated 
 so that the metal is in contact with more or less surface, 
 it is possible to vary the intensity of the local effects, 
 without changing the length of the spark. In other words 
 when a larger surface of metal is applied to the skin, the 
 same length of spark-gap produces relatively less intense 
 
 O- 
 
 m 
 
 Fig. 7. Chain Holder Used as Spark Director. 
 
 effects upon the tissues. By means of these various de- 
 vices, it is possible to administer sparks with varying 
 intensity, and in the hollows or clefts or within the cavities 
 to which it would be otherwise impossible to apply sparks. 
 Another advantage in applying sparks in this way is that 
 the moral effect upon the patient who sees a spark escap- 
 ing from his person is often alarming, whereas, when the 
 spark escapes to the metal part of the spark-director, 
 though the effect is the same, the patient has not the same 
 concern. 
 
 The therapeutic indications for the employment of static 
 sparks cover a very wide range of conditions; for they 
 include most of the inflammatory affections, excepting 
 those associated with an infectious process. They are par- 
 ticularly efficacious in treating inflammations of the large 
 
73 
 
DISRUPTIVE DISCHAKGES, SPARKS M 
 
 and small joints, aiul for relieving the muscular tension 
 and local infiltration of neuritis. 
 
 The idea so often expresstnl by physicians that static 
 sparks aiv too painful, ami that their patients will not 
 submit to them, is mainly the fault of the oi^erator and 
 his method of employing them. In cases of brachial 
 neuritis the infra scapular, triceps, deltoid and pectoral 
 muscles are to varying degrees in a condition of muscular 
 spafim, occasioning the patient discomfort, and pain on 
 moving the arm. If in such a case the oj^erator will apply 
 sparks to these muscles directing him to move the arm 
 or the part contracted following the application of a few 
 sparkss the patient will soon become enthusiastic owing 
 to the relief which they afford. There is no modality in 
 which the matter of technique is of so much importance 
 as in the emplojTnent of static sparks. The knowledge 
 of the relation of inflammatory conditions to the induc- 
 tion of muscular s-pasm must always be considered as an 
 indicatiim for the application of sparks. 
 
 In brachial neuritis groups of muscles, as previously 
 stated, are in a state of spasm. The application of sparks 
 following the wave current for the purpose of relieving 
 this tensi(m, judiciously applied first to one muscle and 
 then to another is remarkabi}' elective; and the patient 
 soon appreciates the value of the application; f(>r day 
 after day the pain becomes less, and th<* limb is moved 
 with more freedom; and, following each application of 
 well directe<l sparks the part is fre*- from pain and tension, 
 and a fe<'ling of lightness n'places the sense of weight 
 and the painful condition of the part. 
 
 In cases of rlu imuitoid (irt)iri(is, and (►thor con<lition8 
 of nniltiple arthritis or arthritis of a singb' j(Mnt, the 
 
38 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 tension of the muscles in the vicinity of the joints and 
 of the long muscles of the arm which pass to the fingers, 
 is remarkably relieved from the discomfort and rigid con- 
 dition in the joints involved by the application of sparks, 
 conveniently applied by passing the sparking ball parallel 
 to the tense muscles. This coincidently relieves the joint 
 from the pressure thus exerted upon the iuterarticular 
 cartilages. 
 
 In the case of a sprained ankle, within the first thirty- 
 six hours after the accident the long muscles are in a 
 state of marked tension; and in the chronic condition 
 which follows the improper treatment of the sprain certain 
 movements of the joint will be painful due to pressure 
 upon the infiltration present between the bones particu- 
 larly the malleoli and the astragalus, which will not be 
 relieved except the spark be also judiciously applied along 
 the contracted muscles. Long sparks applied by quick 
 movement in which the ball is passed parallel to muscles 
 in a state of tension or short sparks in rapid succession 
 promptly relieves the tension and adds greatly to the 
 comfort of the patient. The same is true of muscular 
 spasm associated with neuritis ; and the same treatment is 
 indicated. No measure is so effective as the static spark 
 in promptly relieving muscular tension. 
 
 Applications of sparks to the joints should always be 
 directed to the internal tissues in the spaces between bony 
 prominences, as around the patella in inflammations of 
 the knee joint. A spark applied indirectly over the bone 
 gives practically no relief to the joint inflammation; 
 whereas, a spark applied to the soft structures over the 
 intervals between the bony prominences lessens the infil- 
 tration and relieves the condition. The treatment of rheu- 
 
DI8KI PTIVE DISCHARGES, SPARKS 
 
 39 
 
 matoid arthritis bv the employment of the static sparks 
 painful th()ujj:h they are, calls forth expressions of grati- 
 tude from the patient when they are judiciously and con- 
 siderately applied. 
 
 The regulation of the spark length in making these ap- 
 plications is of most importance. To apply large sparks 
 to small sensitive joints is painful and inexcusable. Sparks 
 applied to the tiugers and wrists should not exceed one- 
 half to three-quarters of an inch in length; the former to 
 the lingers, and the latter to the wrist joints. These are 
 capable of producing all the good with a minimum of 
 discomfort to the patient. 
 
 I'lu. 8. Author's IVur-Shapcd Jiall. 
 
 /// fhr trattment of chronic inflammations of joints and 
 all cases of neuritis, there is little danger of applying too 
 many sjtarks, except that they fatigue the patient; whereas 
 in acute sciatica and other types of neuritis, the applica- 
 tion of too great a number will often bring on a relapse, 
 when a case had been satisfactorily progressing. This has 
 occasionally occni-rt'd in the writer's expericnec, through 
 the injudicious use of sparks by assistants. 
 
 For administering static sparks the pear-shaped ball, 
 Fig. 8, designed by the author, is the most practical type. 
 It was designed for the additional purpose of admin- 
 istering friction sparks to convex snrfa<es, for whicli 
 purpose the so-called massage roller served awkwardly 
 the purpose. 
 
40 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 Resonator sparks. See Plate IV. Resonator sparks, 
 or the sparks administered from a static resonator with 
 a ball electrode, are generally indicated in conditions in 
 which it is sought to bring about active hyperemia; but 
 are in no respect equal in efficiency to indirect sparks in 
 the treatment of inflammatory conditions. Whereas they 
 were previously employed by the writer, they have been 
 generally abandoned except in the treatment of skin affec- 
 tions. 
 
CHAPTER V 
 
 THE CONVECTIVE DISCHARGES OR EFFLEUVE 
 
 The electrical discharges tbat.are given off from metal 
 points or from a relatively non-conducting material, as a 
 wooden stick, either from a i)oint or convex surface with- 
 out the passage of a spark or disruptive discharge, are 
 known as convectiue discharges, or the effleuve of the 
 French. 
 
 These discharges are of a warm or hot burning charac- 
 ter in proportion to the amperage of the current that is 
 passing or the proximity to which the electrode is held 
 from the surface of the body. The direct coil effleuve is 
 consequently relatively hot, and unless held at consider- 
 able distance will generally produce, in a very short time, 
 distinctly cauterant effects. 
 
 The static discharges of this character have been 
 designated as the spray or brush discharge. The former 
 is administered from a metal point, and the latter either 
 from a metal or wooden terminal is passed through or 
 over a wooden electrode. The latter material, offering a 
 distinct resistance, prevents the current passing in a 
 smooth discharge except when discharged from a point, 
 when, other things being equal, it is much the same, but 
 less irritating than the discharge from a metal point. 
 
 The sprag is the oldest fonn of convective discharge 
 and has been used by many operators in the past, both 
 
 41 
 
42 
 
 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 from single and multiple point electrodes. (See Figs. 9 
 and 10.) Its characteristics, however, for the relief of 
 inflammatory conditions, in which affections these dis- 
 
 FiG. 9. Single Point Electrode. 
 
 charges are usually employed, is not as effective as those 
 of the brush-discharge, which is therefore the elected 
 means of employing the convective methods of treatment 
 from a static machine. This method may also be admin- 
 istered from a low-frequency coil resonator. 
 
 Fig. 10. Multiple-point Wire Brush Electrode for Administering Spray. 
 
 The brush-discharge (a therapeutic expression in tech- 
 nical variance with physics), administered preferably 
 from a green, unseasoned wooden electrode about 3-4 
 inches in diameter (see Fig. 11), serves a valuable pur- 
 pose in therapeutics. The discharge has a distinctly dis- 
 ruptive characteristic, as if multitudes of little sparks 
 were passing in rapid succession, producing a feeling 
 when projected against the surface as if sharp particles 
 of sand were thrown against the skin. This characteris- 
 
CONVECTIVE DISCHARGES OR EFFLEUVE 43 
 
 tic led Dr. liuiiipliries to designate it * as a disrupto-con- 
 vective discharge, wliicli practically explains the charac- 
 ter of its action. To this disruptive feature or impulsive 
 character of the discharge is largely due its greater 
 
 KiG. 11. Autlior's Set of Brusii-Diseharge Plli'ctro.lt-. 
 
 2 and 3, Wooden Terminals; 8, Insulati-il Metal Terminals, and Dr. Xealy'a 
 
 Glass Glycerine Filled Brusii-Discharge Klectrode. 
 
 degree of beneficial action in the treatment of su})erficial 
 inflammatory conditions, to which it is so well ada})ted. 
 
 This modality is administered uniformly with the ])a- 
 tient seated upon the insulated platform. The discharg- 
 ing rods should be widely separated and the patient hold 
 the shepherd's crook in the hands or having the feet bare 
 upon a metal plate, connected with the negative side of 
 the machine, and the ])ositive side should be grounded. It 
 is demonstrated, and a wcll-recogiiizcd fact that when the 
 patient is connected to the positive side, the effect is dis- 
 tinctly irritating, as well as aggravating to inflammatory 
 conditions. The object in having the i)atient brought 
 thus in direct connection with the machine is that the cur- 
 rent may not be diffused too much over the platform and 
 other part of the insulated portion of the apparatus be- 
 
 * See Dr. Humphries' Chart of Static Modalities, published by mc Ilospilal 
 Supply Co. New York. 
 
44 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 fore passing to the patient, thereby permitting a much 
 more energetic administration with a lower rate of speed, 
 which latter may be varied to the demands of the case. 
 If the wooden electrode does not permit a discharge of 
 two or three inches between the surface of the patient 
 and the end of the electrode, which is desirable for most 
 administrations, the speed of the machine may be accel- 
 erated or the surface of the electrode may be dampened 
 from time to time with a wet cloth held for the purpose in 
 the hands of the operator. By the emplojTnent of mois- 
 ture in this manner it is possible to apply these dis- 
 charges from an old seasoned stick, but the discharge is 
 never as smooth and satisfactory as when administered 
 from an unseasoned stick. The wood of which these 
 electrodes are made should be of some uniform texture 
 not having a coarse grain, such as cottonwood, whitewood, 
 basswood, or what is still better, the white portion of the 
 sugar maple. The maple sticks do not dry out or season 
 so rapidly as the whitewood or other soft woods. 
 
 When administering the current the operator should 
 hold the sliding metal collar provided with the screw eye 
 for attachment of the hook of the grounding chain upon 
 the surface of the electrode, so that it reaches just beyond 
 the finger, elsewise the discharges will produce a disagree- 
 able, burning sensation to the hand. In lieu of a prop- 
 erly made collar, a few windings of a strip of soft metal 
 upon the end of the stick, with the grounding chain pass- 
 ing to the metal, will answer the same purpose. The 
 operating chain may or may not be connected to the earth, 
 the current passing through the operator. This will de- 
 
CONVECTIVE DISCHARGES OR EFFLEUVE 45 
 
 pend upon the intensity of the discharge tliat is re(|uired. 
 If it is desirable to get a pronounced effect the current 
 should be grounded, otherwise, as in making applications 
 about the eye, or within the ear or fauces, the machine 
 may be run slowly and the current grounded through the 
 person of the operator to the floor of the room. In this 
 event the operator should avoid contact with metal con- 
 ductors or suffer unpleasant shocks. 
 
 A condition which may arise when the static machine 
 is running rapidly and prove unpleasant to the patient, 
 will result from the passage of sparks arcing across on 
 the interior of the machine which will cause very dis- 
 agreeable contractions at the wrist. Under these condi- 
 tions, the machine should be run at a lower rate of si)eed, 
 and, if necessary to get the desired effect, the outer sur- 
 face of the electrode may be made more moist. An un- 
 pleasant circumstance which may occur with the unini- 
 tiated, will arise from the passage of a spark between the 
 balls of the discharging rods, which have not been widely 
 sei>arated. Another point to be observed is that when ad- 
 ministering the brush-discharge the patieu*^ should sit di- 
 rectly opposite the pole to wliich he is connected, — the 
 negative side; — otherwise the current will arc across, 
 producing a burning sensation ii])<)ii the surface of the 
 patient nearest the positive prime conductor. 
 
 During thr adminisf ration, the electrode in the hands 
 of the oi)erator should never be held in a fixed position, 
 but should be moved about constantly over the surface 
 to which he is making the a]iplication. This is done for 
 two reasons: — (1) because the interrupted character of 
 
46 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 the discharge administered in this way produces impulses 
 of contraction in the underlying tissues, and (2) because 
 the application from an electrode held in a fixed position 
 is too severe to be borne by the patient. Under most 
 conditions a wooden electrode after a time becomes carbon- 
 ized through its length or certainly for a portion of the 
 length, at the end nearest the patient. The discharge will 
 then become similar to the spray given off from a metal 
 point electrode. Under these conditions, the electrode 
 should be thoroughly moistened over the extremity, when 
 the discharge will again assume the disrupto-convective 
 character producing the sense of hot sand thrown against 
 the surface. The brush-discharge is one of the most val- 
 uable high-potential modalities, and the technique of ap- 
 plication is not difficult if the above suggestions are fol- 
 lowed literally. 
 
 The effleuve from a coil may be administered either 
 from the coil direct or from a resonator. In the latter 
 case the amperage is considerably diminished and the hot 
 burning sensation much lessened. It may be adminis- 
 tered from a metal point or carbon electrode, as the dis- 
 charges of this character will not pass through the 
 wooden electrode with sufficient efficiency to be of value. 
 These discharges will vary in length and potency with 
 the potential of the apparatus from which they are de- 
 rived, and should be held at a distance at which the effect 
 produced may be borne by the patient, when moved rap- 
 idly over the surface, the effect of which, as stated, is to 
 produce a superficial hypersemia. The effectiveness of 
 these discharges in therapeutics, while valuable in pro- 
 
CONVECTIVE DISCHAKGES OR EFFLEUVE 47 
 
 duciiij? a condition of bypeni'niia, is rather too severe 
 for application to most inHanunatory conditions, except 
 those conditions where a local cauterant action is desir- 
 able, as in the destruction of a local septic process which 
 is superficial in character. If the coil current is used 
 for the relief of inHanunatory conditions, it is much more 
 desirable to use tlie sharj) resonator spark, which has been 
 described in the preceding chajjter; or from a modern 
 electrode having a metal collar connected with a low- 
 frequency resonator discharge, a brush-discharge may 
 be administered if the surface of an electrode of wood is 
 kept thoroughly moistened. 
 
 The phiis'iological action of the convective discharges 
 is of considerable importance. 
 
 Bubcfacience — the production of a distinct redness 
 — occurs when the application is made to one surface 
 for a considerable time, occasioned by the irritation of 
 the superficial capillaries. The effect of the discharges 
 is very distinctively antiseptic on account of the heat 
 produced, and also owing to the action of ozone and 
 nitrous acid and the intense vibration effects of the 
 discharges of light frequencies upon organic germ life. 
 
 The action upon the tissues of the interrujited con- 
 vective discharges over inflammatory conditions is to 
 relieve local stasis, softening the underlying tissues, by 
 rciin)ving the induration that is pre.«v<'nt, tlien-by 
 restoring normal circulation to the parts and institut- 
 ing an active local metabolism. This effect is also 
 followed naturally by a resumption of tone in the arte- 
 rioles beneath the skin, which is shown from the fact 
 
48 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 that there is no disposition to relapse, which would 
 otherwise occur. When these discharges are applied 
 over oozing ulcerated surfaces, the surface becomes 
 covered witli a coating or film, shiny in appearance — as 
 if the surface had been brushed over with collodion. 
 This is due to evaporation and the contraction of the 
 superficial cells and forms a protection to the surface 
 which will persist for a considerable time. When applied 
 too intensely and for too long a time to a small surface, 
 the discharges will produce a blister or an eschar, burn- 
 ing the tissue. These effects are produced most 
 promptly by the larger ampere discharges from a coil 
 eflfleuve. The only purpose that this effect will serve in 
 therapeutics is the destruction of small areas, as warts, 
 moles, or angiomata, and in cases in which there is 
 a suspicion of local sepsis or the bite of a snake, or 
 where an abraded surface has been exposed to septic 
 infection. 
 
 Rubefacience. The general application of the dis- 
 charges to the surface of the body, producing a dilata- 
 tion of the superficial capillaries, will greatly relieve 
 arterial tension and lessen the labor of the heart under 
 various conditions, as those present in arteriosclerosis. 
 It also acts as a local counter irritant, relieving deep 
 congestion under the general principles of the use of 
 counter irritants. The indications for its use are in 
 arterio-sclerosis as suggested, and over inflammatory 
 conditions where, in addition to the effects, to be shown 
 later, upon the deep congestion, the additional effects of 
 counter irritation are produced. 
 
CONVECTIVE DISCHARGES OR EFFLEUVE 49 
 
 llie antiseptic action due to the cauteraiit oxidizing and 
 chemical effects of nitrous acid and the intense vibrations 
 of the violet discharges, though very superficial in their 
 action, are sufficiently energetic to destroy certain types 
 of infection, notably in superficial cases of lupus vulgaris 
 and lupus erythematosus. The author has relieved a case 
 of lupus vulgaris in six weeks and with no other ai)plica- 
 tion than that of the brush-discharge, which had been 
 under treatment by various local applications for a year 
 and a half. It must not be presumed that these convective 
 discharges transmit the products of decomposition pro- 
 duced in a spark discharge or effleuve beneath the surface, 
 or that it is possible to carry an ionizing influence beneath 
 the integument. It must be also understood that the 
 discharges are from the patient and not towards the 
 patient as the appearance might lead the casual ob- 
 server to suspect. Also, as stated above, these dis- 
 charges are effective for the relief of local infection in 
 the superficial layer of the skin when applied energeti- 
 cally enough to produce an almost cauterant effect upon 
 the tissues, as over an infected, abraded surface, as sug- 
 gested above. Another effect, which might be considered 
 in a sense antiseptic, in that it admits the leucocytes and 
 phagocytes to free access to an infection where an abscess 
 will form, is explained in the following paragraph. 
 
 The effect upon local stasis of the convective dis- 
 charges, when aiii)lied interru])tedly passing the dis- 
 charge to and fro, l)a('k and forth over the different 
 parts of the surface where swelling and induration are 
 present, is to generally soften the tissues. This is due 
 
50 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 to the action of the discharges producing recurrent con- 
 tractions of the tissues, thereby inducing an onward 
 movement of the blood current through the vessels. 
 Over superficial oedema as present in some cases of 
 eczema and the swelling associated with bruises and 
 sprains and where ecchymosis is present, the effect of 
 these applications, systematically applied, is remarkable 
 in its results. In conditions where local infection has 
 set up an abscess process, as in felons (whitlows) and 
 boils, the effect of the early application by overcoming 
 local stasis and softening the tissues permits the blood 
 to flow in freely through the area, enabling the leuco- 
 cytes and phagocytes to destroy the infecting germs 
 and restore the conditions to normal, where otherwise 
 would supervene a painful abscess process. Nothing 
 could be more gratifying than the results in these cases. 
 The action upon local stasis is not only to relieve the 
 conditions, but also to restore tone to the arterioles fol- 
 lowing the application, thereby preventing prompt re- 
 lapse of the condition and furthering prompt and 
 complete recovery. The application also undoubtedly 
 stimulates end-organ metabolism and the elimination of 
 effete materials, tending thereby to restore normal con- 
 ditions in the shortest possible time. 
 
 The indications, then, for these applications are for 
 the relief of all swollen and indurated conditions in 
 which pus is not present in sufficient quantity to induce 
 general infection by its escape into the general circula- 
 tion, nature having provided induration for the walling 
 off of a pus cavity. In cases, however, in which the in- 
 
CONVECTIVE DISCHARGES OR EFFLEUVE 51 
 
 fection is but slight the effect is, as suggested, to assist 
 the leucocytes and phagocytes to relieve the system of 
 the infection. It will require some careful discrimina- 
 tion on the part of the operator to determine the stage 
 of the condition he has to deal with. As a rule, within 
 the first two days of a felon or boil the relief of local 
 stasis portends no harm to the patient from dissemina- 
 tion of the infection. In cases of tonsilitis, the result is 
 most happy, if applied at the early stage, during the 
 first day of the lesion, directly over the indurated spot, 
 externally. The application should be continued until 
 no induration remains, and repeated on the following day. 
 
 The range of application of these modalities also in- 
 cludes the superficial skin diseases, lu})us vulgaris, 
 lupus erythematosus, eczema, psoriasis, lieri)es, sycosis, 
 favus, and numerous non-infected conditions associated 
 with interference in the normal metabolism of the skin. 
 
 In acne, however, the application of the brush-dis- 
 charge is not indicated, as the condition is not a local 
 one, and it seems to cause a thickening of the skin with- 
 out relieving the process when ap])lied for a long time. 
 In furunculosis it is also dangerous, as it is likely to 
 drive the infection elsewhere, as it will if the applica- 
 tion is made energetically to the surface. For these 
 conditions, there are other means at hand, — light and 
 the X-ray, which are as a rule effective. 
 
 To ulcerated surfaces the api)lication of these modali- 
 ties is one of the most valuable in therapeutics. Ap- 
 plied over the indurated margin, where it has a positive 
 effect in removing stasis, it proves to be of the greatest 
 
52 
 
 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 value for the relief of those conditions. The circula- 
 tion is restored throughout the zone of induration which 
 surrounds the ulcer, when a reparative process is im- 
 mediately instituted. 
 
 For application ivithin the cavities of the body the 
 brush-discharge may be administered in connection 
 with the glass sleeves that are shown in Fig. 12. These 
 
 Fig. 12. Glass Sleeves for Use with Brush-Discharge. 
 
 sleeves are slipped over the small prolongation tip (Fig. 
 13) which is placed in the end of the ordinary wooden 
 stick electrode, and are designed for application to the 
 
 Fig. 13. Prolongation Tip for Use with Brush-Discharge. 
 
 cervix, in the fauces, and in the clefts as about the anus, 
 where it is impossible to cause the discharge to pass 
 directly from an electrode by other means. The sleeve 
 may be moved to or fro on the end of the wooden stick, 
 permitting a discharge of varying lengths to pass. The 
 sleeve with tapered end is made for application to 
 the ear, either for treatment of furuncles or for applica- 
 tion to the drum or in otitis media, or the discharge may 
 
CONVECTIVE DISCHARGES OK EFFLEUVE 55 
 
 be thrown into the middle ear for treatment of the affec- 
 tions present in sui)purative otitis media. In these 
 conditions, success must depend upon the extent of the 
 lesions present and upon the proximity to which the dis- 
 charges may be brought to them and the dexterity of 
 the operator. 
 
CHAPTER VI 
 
 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS WITH VACUUM TUBES 
 
 Vacuum tubes employed in connection with high-poten- 
 tial currents were first constructed of the Geissler type, 
 having a wire passed from without to the interior of the 
 tube. A later type which serves the same purpose is the 
 plain vacuum tube without any metallic connection with 
 the interior. Both types of tubes are made in various 
 forms suited to the treatment of special conditions, and 
 also having various degrees of vacuum. They may be 
 employed with any high-potential apparatus provided 
 with an interrupter, and do not necessarily require that 
 the discharges be of high frequency. The term so often 
 employed of '^ high-frequency vacuum tubes " is there- 
 fore technically a misnomer. While it is necessary that 
 there be interruptions somewhere in the circuit of a 
 current of high potential to produce these effects, high 
 frequency is not essential. The term which should be 
 employed in therapeutics with reference to these tubes 
 should therefore be high-potential vacuum tithes if re- 
 ferred to therapeutics, or vacuum tubes for use in con- 
 nection with high-potential currents. The tendency for 
 terms to creep into medical literature which are unau- 
 thorized and unscientific, and which call for corrections 
 and establishment later of a different nomenclature, has 
 led to much confusion in the past. 
 
 54 
 
VACUUM TUBES 55 
 
 The phenomena of the liigh-i)oteutial discharges having 
 various degrees of interruption in connection with 
 vacuum tubes are unique. That the effect upon a hollow 
 tube having an attenuation of gases in the interior is as- 
 sociated with peculiar electrical phenomena, whereas one 
 containing the ordinary atmosi^heric air is void, has led to 
 a study of electrons as excited under conditions which are 
 peculiar to the different degrees of vacua of the various 
 tubes. That the vacua of these tubes may also be so 
 highly attenuated that no phenomena are produced leads 
 to another conclusion — that these effects are not due to 
 the action of the current upon the ether, but upon the 
 gases in the ether under definite conditions of attenua- 
 tion, showing that it is necessary to the phenomena that 
 there be present within the tubes gases of proper den- 
 sities. 
 
 When a tube of the requisite attenuation is brought in 
 proximity to a high-potential source of electrical energy, 
 even when a short air-gap intervenes, it is illuminated by 
 the phenomena of the cathode rays giving evidence of the 
 presence of negative electrons within the tube, demon- 
 strating an affinity of cathodal high-potential electricity 
 for the attenuated gases within these tubes. 
 
 The fact that the negative electrons of high-potential 
 currents are attracted to certain degrees of atmosjiheric 
 attenuation may ex])lain some of the ])henomena in the 
 rarefied jiortions of the atmos])here. 
 
 The chnracteristics of these electrons are described by 
 Sir Oliver Lodge in speaking of the cathode rays * as 
 
 * Archives of the RoeDtgen Rny for April, pages 185, 186. 
 
56 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 follows: " It is from these rays (the cathode rays) that 
 most of the others are derived. It is owing to a study of 
 their nature that so much advance, almost of a revolution- 
 ary character, has been made recently in the science of 
 electricity — advance which must have a perfect bearing. 
 The cathode rays are flying electrical particles called elec- 
 trons — actually particles — I cannot say particles of mat- 
 ter because they appear to he particles of ivhich matter is 
 composed, they are particles of electricity. We now know 
 that electricity is really an atomic thing in the sense of 
 having actual particles, and these particles are called elec- 
 trons. They fly along in the cathode rays. Their motion 
 constitutes all electrical currents. They go round in 
 magnets and are in fact the substitute, the substratum of 
 the whole electric science. When they are intercepted 
 they give rise to radiation; when they revolve they also 
 give rise to radiation. It is their acceleration which ex- 
 cites all radiation, and when they are suddenly stopped, 
 as when impinging on a solid target, they give rise to X- 
 rays. Wherever you have these flying electrons, these 
 cathode rays, sometimes called Beta rays, where they con- 
 stitute one variety of radiation from radium — wherever 
 you have these rays striking and stopped suddenly — the 
 X-rays take their origin." The positive ions are 
 described by the same writer as '' slow-moving ions of 
 large size, " or ' ' heavy things which we are beginning to 
 consider as quite a massive sort of thing, — they get to the 
 cathode and in that way complete the circuit. ' ' It seems, 
 therefore, that the important element in the etfects of 
 these vacuum tubes is the negative ion or cathode elec- 
 
VACUUM TUBES 57 
 
 tron, and that the positive ions, while essentials to the 
 presence of tlie inductive and electrical phenomena, are 
 far less significant than the rapidly moving negative 
 electrons. 
 
 There has been much argument and controversy as to 
 whether electrons pass through the glass of the vacuum 
 tube. Sir Oliver Lodge in the same paper afTirms that the 
 '' negative electrons do pass through the glass." He says 
 that, " these electrons in the cathode rays themselves 
 may be emitted through the tube, too, and as a matter of 
 fact, in addition to the X-rays, a certain number of Beta 
 rays or cathode rays are emitted." " It is owing to the 
 escape of these electrons that the vacuum has a tendency 
 to go up gradually as the tube is used, and the tube thus 
 has a tendency to become practically useless." Again he 
 says that, '' matter seems really to escape through the 
 glass in the shape of atoms of electricity, for it cannot get 
 through except in the forms of electrons. The constit- 
 uents of the matter escape, and thus the matter itself 
 escapes. If you hold an electroscope near the bulb, 
 you will get the effects showing that these electrons are 
 escaping." 
 
 He gives another explanation of the phenomena as fol- 
 lows: *' It appears that some of the electrons pass 
 through the glass, for if a proof-plane be held anywhere 
 in its neighborhood negative electricity can be collected, 
 provided the proof-plane is removed quickly enough, or 
 the tube simultaneously stopped, so that its ionizing 
 power shall not discharge the proof-plane." 
 
 It may be easily demonstrated that the phenomena pro- 
 
58 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 duced either within a vacuum tube having no leading-in 
 wire 01 a Geissler tube, are exactly the same when con- 
 nected with a high-potential source of energy, indicating 
 that the discharges which pass to the collar of the tube 
 holder connecting the vacuum tube to the source of energy 
 must pass through the glass to the interior of the tube, 
 the same as when a metallic connection enters at the cor- 
 responding end of a Geissler tube. For example: if a 
 vacuum tube, having no leading-in wire, be connected by 
 the usual method with a connecting wire to the negative 
 side of a Holtz machine, or a Ruhmkorff coil, the dis- 
 charge — the cathode stream that passes to the opposite 
 end of the tube — will produce a green spot of fluorescence, 
 if the vacuum of the tube is of sufficiently high vacuum, 
 at the end where the cathode rays impinge, indicating the 
 presence of the X-ray. The same effect will be produced 
 in the end of a tube of the same vacuum having a leading- 
 in wire connected, also, to the negative pole. If either 
 tube is placed against some substantial object, the green 
 fluorescence is immediately transferred to the side of the 
 vacuum tube opposite the place of contact. Another ex- 
 periment may be made by connecting the positive pole of a 
 Holtz machine or a Ruhmkorff coil with the two kinds of 
 vacuum tubes. The green fluorescence appears at the 
 other extremity of the tube beneath and around the metal- 
 lic holder of the vacuum tube, or at the place where the 
 wire enters the Geissler tube. It would seem, therefore, 
 that these two experiments produce precisely the same 
 phenomena, whether the current is conducted to the in- 
 terior of the tube by a metallic connection or not, indicat- 
 
VACUUM TUBES 50 
 
 ing that the electrons are admitted through the glass of 
 the tube. These demonstrations and the experiments of 
 Sir Oliver Lodge seem to demonstrate that the negative 
 electrons do pass through the glass of the tube, not ex- 
 ceptionally but invariably. 
 
 The various color effects that are produced within the 
 vacuum tubes when the negative electrons are i)assiug, 
 depend upon the degree of the vacuum, except that the 
 volume or richness of the color will be greatest from the 
 sources of large amperage. The color produced, there- 
 fore, will be the same in any tube, from whatever source, 
 regardless of quantity or the range of potential that will 
 induce them. It will depend upon the vacuum of the tube, 
 which indicates that various rates of ether vibration are 
 induced by the passage of the cathode rays through media 
 of varying resistance, up to the point where the vacuum 
 becomes so high that these rays cease to pass, when no 
 effect whatever seems to be produced. At this point it 
 is probable that the electrons cease to pass. 
 
 2 he effects of frequency upon the phenomena are evi- 
 denced by the observer in recurrent waves of color, which 
 pass synchronously with the rate of the interrujition. 
 These waves of discharge are capable of exciting vacuum 
 tubes, which are made to revolve or oscillate back and 
 forth, showing groujis of discharge in lines the size of 
 the hollow of a revolving or oscillating tube, varying 
 in number with the rate of the condenser discharges 
 at which these interruptions occur. To demonstrate this 
 effect take in the hand a narrow vacuum tube connected 
 with a high-potential source, having means of varying 
 
60 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 the rate of condenser discharges, and cause it to oscil- 
 late back and forth, and note the effect. G-roupings of 
 one, two, three, four, or five, or more of these lines of color 
 may be made to appear by varying the frequency and 
 rates of oscillation. 
 
 The waves of cathode rays passing with the negative 
 electrons will flow, if the tube is connected to a source of 
 suflicient energy, in recurrent clusters or groups of oscil- 
 lations passing through the dielectric to the object. These 
 waves are synchronous with the interruption at the spark- 
 gap of a static machine or resonator, or a mechanical in- 
 terrupter of a RuhmkorfP coil. For making this experi- 
 ment a very small vacuum tube may be attached to the 
 stem of a metronome, which may be regulated to oscillate 
 at a given rate. 
 
 The chemical effects of these vacuum-tube discharges 
 are the production of various combinations characteristic 
 of electrical discharges in the atmosphere — derived from 
 the expenditure of energy upon the air, and a change in 
 the conditions of electrons now known to be substantial 
 things — producing NO3, O3, H^O — and other products of 
 less significance. The color of these discharges as they 
 pass through the air is usually violet, but varies some- 
 what with the intensity of the discharges to almost white. 
 Various other physical effects are produced which depend 
 upon the sources. When connected directly to the static 
 machine, discharges through short air-spaces produce a 
 decidedly irritating and stinging sensation as they escape 
 from the surface. The discharge is in bunches or multiple 
 oscillations, in number relative to the length of the air- 
 
VACUUM TUBES 61 
 
 gap between the tube and the i)atient, tlie frequency of tlie 
 spark-gap discharge, and the volume of current passing. 
 When discharged from a resonator, however, the poten- 
 tial of delivery, the spark length that can be administered, 
 will be slightly longer than the spark-gap between the con- 
 densers of the resonator and be accomi)anied by a multi- 
 tude of less intense oscillations and freciuencies. These 
 discharges will vary with the type of resonator or sole- 
 noid and current source employed. 
 
 The convective discharges from the vacuum tubes, when 
 derived by direct connection with a Ruhmkorff coil, are 
 very numerous and produce a severe burning sensa- 
 tion, unbearable when held at a short distance from the 
 skin. 
 
 The color of the convective discharges varies with the 
 intensity, i. e., the color of the discharge between the tube 
 and the body. 
 
 By connection with resonaters and solenoids the inten- 
 sity of these discharges may be greatly varied and the 
 number of oscillations greatly multiplied, giving these 
 currents, as well as those of the static machine, the right 
 to be termed high-frequency discharges, i. e., from the 
 standpoint of the great number of oscillations emanating 
 from the apparatus. 
 
 The physiological effects of these vacuum-tube dis- 
 charges are varied, dej^ending u})on the source of elec- 
 trical energy and the character of the resonator or sole- 
 noid, which intervenes between the exciting apparatus 
 and the surface to which the discharges are ap]ilied. 
 
 (1) The effects are of a stimulating character, produc- 
 
62 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 ing a local irritating action which stimulates the super- 
 ficial tissue when applied, because of the immediate 
 irritating effect of the discharges, and are distinctly rube- 
 facient. Locally there are also the effects of the chemical 
 action of the discharges which are produced by the pas- 
 sage through the air or dielectric. These stimulating 
 effects to the periphery, especially when applied to motor 
 points, produce reflex muscular contraction, as well as 
 other reflex effects, to which undoubtedly the constitu- 
 tional, clinically demonstrated, action of the discharges 
 from vacuum tubes may be largely attributed. When, 
 however, the application is made to the surface of the 
 body, either with the patient holding an electrode con- 
 nected with the resonator, or when the electrode is applied 
 without such contact, the patient receives inductively and 
 conducts from the surrounding capacity to the point of 
 discharge currents of equal potential of the opposite 
 polarity throughout the tissues of the body from the 
 p«'iphery to the electrode. 
 
 (2) The rubefacient effects of these discharges are pro- 
 nounced in character, and when excited by the vacuum 
 tube held a short distance from the surface or from the 
 spark of the resonator, they produce a marked degree 
 of local counter irritation and more, because the local ef- 
 fects of these discharges are clinically demonstrated to in- 
 fluence metabolic processes in the integument, restoring, 
 to a remarkable degree, normal conditions. The action 
 may be carried, however, so far as to produce distinctly 
 cauterant effects. 
 
 They may be so administered as to cauterize the tissues 
 
VACUUM TUBES (33 
 
 from almost any source, the time required varying with 
 the am})erage of the current, other things being e(iunl. 
 That this action should be considered as comparable to 
 the X-ray, as one author has suggested, is a serious mis- 
 take. That necrotic conditions are exerted by both is ad- 
 mitted, but as well say that the application of an actual 
 cautery produces the same effects as the X-ray when they 
 arise from entirely different conditions. 
 
 (3) The antiseptic action of these discharges is due to 
 the influence of the chemical products of the discharges 
 produced by the passage of electricity through the air- 
 gaps, and the action of the actinic rays associated with 
 the diseharjjcs. The radiations Iiave been reported by 
 various authorities as penetrating the tissues from one to 
 three millimeters. They are peculiarly etfective in the de- 
 struction of germs which are susceptible to the influences 
 of light, as are the gonococci. The extent, however, of the 
 antiseptic action has not been fully demonstrated. The 
 chemical effects of the products of atmospheric and elec- 
 tric decom])osition are fairly energetic, when brought in 
 close relation with the tissues, as when vacuum tubes are 
 placed in the cavities of the body, when, to obtain the best 
 results, the glass should be large enough to smooth out 
 the rugip of the mucous membrane in order to bring the 
 discharges in immediate contact with the germs that may 
 be present. The nascent nitrous acid (NO,) is i)roduced 
 in such infinitesimal jiarticles that even when it imme- 
 diately unites with the water (H,0) present and forms 
 nitric acid (H, NO,), it is not in sufficient quantity to cause 
 disagreeable irritation to the tissues unless the adminis- 
 
64 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 trations are prolonged. The time of application may be 
 varied, however, from five to fifteen minutes according to 
 the amperage of the current employed. The current of 
 larger amperage produces a much richer discharge and 
 consequently one which is productive of a greater degree 
 of chemical effect. 
 
 (4) The analgesic action is due largely to the effect 
 upon local inflammatory conditions. There is also an 
 anaesthetic or numbing influence upon the superficial 
 tissues, which relieves to a large extent local irritability, 
 and by causing an ulcerated surface to become super- 
 ficially covered with a glossy film (resembling a coating 
 of collodion) which remains after the applications, 
 thereby protects the surface from local irritation. 
 
 (5) The effects upon local metabolism are due largely 
 to the induction of muscular and tissue contraction and 
 the vibratory influences, coincidently affecting local stasis 
 and congestion. These effects are most marked when the 
 vacuum electrodes are in contact with the tissues, and the 
 current is produced by direct connection with the static 
 machine (with coil currents active contraction is not pro- 
 duced). By this means existing induration and infiltra- 
 tion are dissipated, the tissues become softened, and the 
 circulation is restored as to the margin of an ulcer and 
 local repair is instituted. The same influence produces an 
 increased elimination of the products of inflammation, 
 thereby assisting the process of reconstruction. Conges- 
 tion is relieved and restoration of ulcerated and indurated 
 regions to a normal condition is effected, in cases which 
 are not malignant or too chronic or deeply seated in char- 
 
VACUUM TUBES 
 
 65 
 
 aeter. When application is made repeatedly, with vac- 
 uum-tube discharges, to the surface of the body, the skin 
 beneath the epithelium becomes pigmented, a condition 
 which may persist for considerable time, but is, as a rule, 
 finally absorbed as is tanning by the sun's rays, to which 
 it is analogous. 
 
 (G) Aluscithir and tittsuc contraction and local pulsation 
 are priKlucnl by these vacuuiii-tuhe discharges to a 
 marked degree when derived directly from one side of the 
 static machine, when a spark in the circuit is discharging 
 at the spark-gap. These effects of muscular and tissue 
 contraction and local vibration, so valuable in therapeu- 
 tics for the production of increased local metabolism and 
 elimination, as well as the restoration of muscular tone, 
 are not so well produced by connection in any other man- 
 ner or to any other apparatus that has been produced, as 
 to the static machine in the manner above described. It 
 should be understood that it is not necessary that the pa- 
 tient be insulated during the administration of this mo- 
 dality. 
 
 The muscular contraction and vibration produced in 
 the above manner is greatly accentuated by grounding 
 the opposite side of the machine — the one not connected 
 to the patient. Muscular and protoplasmic contractions 
 reflex in character may also be induced by convective 
 discharges when applied to the surface from the tube held 
 at a short distance. The sparks administered from a res- 
 onator, or solenoid, either with a coil or static machine, 
 will produce marked muscular and protoplasmic con- 
 traction. 
 
66 HIGH-POTENTL\L CURRENTS 
 
 The indications for superficial application are for the 
 treatment of local skin and superficial inflammatory af- 
 fections. The administration of the coil or resonator cur- 
 rents from the vacuum tubes in close contact with the tis- 
 sues produces to a very slight extent, if any, appreciable 
 muscular contraction, and they are not sufficiently ener- 
 getic to be of therapeutic value. 
 
 There is a marked contraction of superficial cell proto- 
 plasm from the resonator sparks from either of these 
 sources, and owing to the larger amperage of current, this 
 is more marked in a given length of time from the coil 
 than from the static machine. The etfect of this modality 
 makes the coil current valuable, also, in the treatment of 
 superficial inflammatory conditions. 
 
 Those who employ coils, as shown in the reports of re- 
 sults in the writer's possession, obtained from numerous 
 observers employing vacuum tubes, are having a smaller 
 percentage of success from the treatment of inflammatory 
 conditions — either those employing the coil or static cur- 
 rents from resonators — than those who employ the cur- 
 rent directly from one side of a static machine, employing 
 the usual grounding to the opposite side. In this connec- 
 tion it should be emphasized, then, that whenever it is de- 
 sirable to produce this etfect of tissue and muscular con- 
 traction and vibration for the relief of local inflammatory 
 conditions, the current should not be derived from a res- 
 onator or step-up coil, but when possible directly from the 
 static machine, one side of which is provided with a good 
 metallic grounding. This is an important observation in 
 connection with the application of vacuum tubes and is 
 
VACUUM TUBES 67 
 
 the indication for the choice of methods for the treatment 
 of non-malignant, suppurating, or tubercular conditions 
 when not too deeply seated. The latter demand the 
 more energetic modalities — the wave-current or indirect 
 sparks. 
 
 (7) The local production of heat arising from the 
 action of the current is due to the chemical inHuence of 
 the discharges in the very minute air-spaces which exist 
 in the tissues, and to the eifect of the heating of the glass 
 from the i)assage of the discharges. Some heat is also, 
 undoubtedly, produced by the passage of the current 
 through the tissues and is insignificant or marked, rela- 
 tive to the amperage employed. 
 
 The thernpeiitic indications for the employment of the 
 vacuum tubes, as suggested by the foregoing physical and 
 physiological effects, is important, especially, for the 
 treatment of superficial skin conditions and ulcerative 
 and inflammatory processes in the cavities of the body. 
 
 (1) For the relief of superficial local congestion and 
 induration, as suggested above, satisfactory results are 
 obtained. The method is especially adapted to affections 
 of the mucous surfaces and is usually administered by 
 applying the vacuum tubes in close contact with the tis- 
 sues. The current of the static machine, when (Mni)loyed 
 in these cases as the source of the high-potential current, 
 accomplishes the best results. Those who em]>loy coils 
 may obtain excellent results, though not ecjually good, 
 from the use of the vacuum tubes in these conditions. 
 AVitli the static machine these vacuum tubes may be used 
 either as described, connected directly to one side of the 
 
68 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 Holtz machine, the opposite side being grounded, or it will 
 be found convenient in many cases, and equally good re- 
 sults may be obtained by connecting it directly with the 
 outer coating of one of the Leyden jars, when using the 
 static induced current. A metal electrode may then be 
 placed, if desirable, upon one part of the body of the pa- 
 tient, and the vacuum tube in position in the rectum or 
 vagina, or, if desirable, two vacuum tubes may be used 
 simultaneously. When this is done, either with one metal 
 electrode or two vacuum tubes, the local effects may be 
 regulated by varying the sizes of the Leyden jars, which 
 are connected to the two electrodes; for example, if a 
 metal plate has been placed upon the abdomen, or over the 
 liver of the patient, and another one in the rectum for 
 the treatment of a local condition in that region and the 
 machine started. (See Plate IV.) When regulating 
 the current to the demands of the case, a distinct vi- 
 bratory effect should be appreciated in the rectum. If to 
 induce this effect too great muscular contraction is pro- 
 duced beneath the metal plate which has been placed upon 
 the abdomen, a smaller-sized Leyden jar should be placed 
 upon the side to which the cord connected with the elec- 
 trode on the abdomen is attached, or a larger one may be 
 placed upon the other side and a shorter spark-gap em- 
 ployed. By using the three sizes of Leyden jars provided 
 with static machines and varying them to suit the condi- 
 tions, it will often be possible to produce desirable local 
 conditions without discomfort to the patient. By vari- 
 ously regulating the application of the current, two 
 patients may be treated at the same time with the static 
 
VACUUM TUBES 69 
 
 induced current, ii" it should be desirable to do so for 
 economy of time. 
 
 Another method of producing muscular contraction for 
 the relief of local congestion — the method which is em- 
 ployed successfully to the surface — is to apply the sparks 
 from a high-potential resonator in connection with a coil 
 or static machine. The application of these short sparks, 
 from either source, should be made to the parts affected, 
 but should never be made too painful. For using this 
 method with either high-potential resonators or solenoids, 
 the apparatus should be capable of delivering sparks one- 
 half to one and one-half inches in length. These may as 
 well be applied when using a static resonator from a small 
 brass ball, when the sparks are more energetic. The effect 
 of contraction from these applications is most marked^ 
 especially of cell protoplasm, the tissues taking on a 
 condition of marked contraction expressing serous con- 
 tents from the cedematous tissue or pustule, thereby ren- 
 dering a valuable service in the treatment of various skin 
 conditions. These a^iplications are valuable in the treat- 
 ment of felons, tonsilitis, and other abscesses in the early 
 stages; for the relief of congestion in the small joints, as 
 in cases of the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, for the 
 production locally of small blisters, for the removal of 
 moles and freckles, and in the treatment of numerous skin 
 diseases, notably the types of lu])us, eczema, su])erficial 
 ulcers, angiomas, etc. 
 
 (2) For the restoration of normal secretion in the skin 
 and mucous cavities to which the application is made, 
 these high-potential modalities are valuable. The same 
 
70 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 rule obtains here as in the treatment of inflammatory 
 conditions with reference to the production of local tis- 
 sue contraction and vibration, the vacuum tubes with 
 static current and relatively painless resonator sparks, 
 static or coil, producing the best results. 
 
 (3) To relieve excessive secretion, restoring tonic con- 
 ditions to the tissues by the production of contraction 
 of cell protoplasm with the expression of redundant se- 
 cretions such as are found in eczema, no measure is more 
 valuable than the short resonator sparks applied exten- 
 sively over the affected region. The parts will continue 
 to ooze for a considerable time after the cessation of the 
 administration, so that subsequently the reduction of the 
 oedema will be marked. For the increase of superficial 
 local metabolism the application of the resonator sparks 
 is effective by the induction of vibration and muscular 
 contraction. 
 
 The relief of swelling and induration and institution 
 of tissue repair are remarkably demonstrated in the treat- 
 ment of ulcerations of accessible mucous cavities. The 
 administrations are especially valuable in the treatment 
 of various ulcerative and congested conditions in the cav- 
 ities of the body with the vacuum tube in contact with the 
 affected areas. Externally the application of the short 
 resonator sparks p'roduced by the so-called high-potential 
 apparatus, alone or in connection with a solenoid, are to 
 be preferred if the vacuum tubes are to be employed. 
 
 (4) To the treatment of local specific conditions in 
 which the parts affected are superficially located, no mo- 
 dality affords better promise of success than the small 
 
VACUUM TUBES 71 
 
 resonator spark, either from the vacuum tube or a metal 
 or carbon electrode. In the treatment of these conditions 
 the necessity for a current which will i)roduce muscular 
 contraction and vibration is not so important. Where 
 conditions of impaired metabolism are present, vibratory 
 and contraction effects, however, do promote the elim- 
 ination of effete and toxic materials, and increase local 
 leucocytosis, thereby facilitating the restoration of nor- 
 mal conditions. The antiseptic effects are due, as ex- 
 plained above, to the chemical products of the discharges, 
 as they are produced in the interstices in the su])erficial 
 structures by the decomposition of gases, to the action of 
 the rays of light upon the tissues and the germs, to which 
 in many cases they are destructive, and to the increased 
 resistance of the tissues. By these methods the processes 
 which are acting as local sources of irritation are de- 
 stroyed and reparative action instituted. 
 
 (5) The cataphoric action of the vacuum-tube dis- 
 charges when the tubes are ]ilaced in close relation to the 
 tissues, or from the a])])lication of the resonator si)arks, 
 has been demonstrated by Drs. Francis B. Bishop and J. 
 H. Burch, and may be verified by anyone who wishes to 
 make the experiment. The extent, therefore, to which this 
 sort of action is valuable, is one open to careful study. 
 The indication for the use of iodine or other local germi- 
 cides in the treatment of specific conditions will depend 
 ujion the failure to succeed by simj)ler methods. Failing to 
 relieve the conditions by the a])plication of high-potential 
 discharges alone, it will ('crtniiily be ]iro})er and scientific 
 to resort to tiie emplojTnent of cataphoric methods, mild 
 
'/O 
 
 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 though they be. Marked success has been obtained in the 
 treatment of Riggs ' disease by this method. 
 
 (6) For the relief of pain, the same general principles 
 obtain as for the relief of inflammatory conditions, with 
 the advantage also that these applications produce, as 
 stated above, a coating upon the outside of the surface 
 due to the contraction of the superficial protoplasm. This 
 effect in a large measure resembles a coating of collodion 
 which protects the ulcerated surface against irritating 
 secretions. Conditions of neuralgia, arising from im- 
 paired elimination of toxins, due to various causes, may 
 be relieved by either general or local applications of these 
 modalities. For the improvement of local metabolism, 
 these and other high-potential methods of application 
 afford a valuable means. For the effects upon general 
 metabolism local applications of this sort, however, are 
 not of nearly so great value as other methods of applying 
 these currents. 
 
 The field of indications for the employment of vacuum- 
 tube discharges as suggested is large indeed and worthy 
 of general recognition by the medical profession. 
 
SECTION II 
 
 HIGH FREQUENCY MODALITIES 
 
 AND 
 
 APPARATUS 
 
SECTION II 
 
 HIGH FREQUENCY CI RRENTS 
 AND APPARATUS 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 COMPARISON OF CUKUENTS OF HIGH FUEQUEXCY AND HIGH 
 
 PERIODICITY 
 
 Thk professional understanding of high potential cur- 
 rents of high frequency and high periodicity, is so vague 
 in the minds of the rank and file, as to the exact quality 
 or character of current considered under the designation, 
 that the writer will attempt to make clear the relationship. 
 
 The Committee on Current Classification and Nomen- 
 clature consisting of thi' distinguished physicists Dr. A. E, 
 Kennelly, Prof. Eliliu Tliomi)st)n, Dr. Samuel Shehlon, 
 l»rof. William Uerdman, :M. D., Mr. W. J. Jenks, and Mr. 
 Charles L. Clarke, in their report before the American 
 Electro-Therapeutic Association in 1004, on page 81 of 
 the published reports of the Committee, fully outlined and 
 dcfiniHl the conditions under which oscillatory currents 
 and pulsatory currents are pnnluced. 
 
 An oscilhitonj current is defined in the report of Jonks 
 and Clarke ius "A current which periodically flows in 
 opposite directions, but not necessarily in both directions 
 for the siime length of time, and in which the maximum 
 valuers or amplitudes, of successive waves (irrespective 
 of the direction of flow) change in regular order. In an 
 oscillating current of so-called jMirc sine wave form, the 
 
 73 
 
74 HIGH-POTENTIAL CUREENTS 
 
 current flows in successively opposite directions for the 
 same length of time, and the amplitudes of successive 
 waves bear to each other a constant ratio ; that is, so vary 
 that from beginning to end of the oscillations each fol- 
 lowing amplitude bears the same ratio to the next pre- 
 ceding amplitude. Fig. 14, represents an oscillating cur- 
 rent of pure sine wave form consisting of a series of 
 waves of constant length, decreasing in amplitude or 
 strength, in constant proportion." 
 
 Fig. 14. Illustrating an Oscillatory Impulse. 
 
 A current to be designated a high frequency current, 
 must have a high rate of alternation. In a completed cycle 
 each wave crosses the neutral line, completing a double 
 curve from a neutral line across that line and back, mak- 
 ing a complete sine wave as of the sinusoidal current which 
 is an alternating current of uniform cycle. 
 
 The term high frequency current approximately desig- 
 nates a rate of oscillation exceeding 10,000 per second, 
 at w^hich point muscular response or contraction ceases, 
 and run as high as millions per second. An appa- 
 
C0M1»AUI80X OF CURRENTS 
 
 75 
 
 ratus to produce a current of tliis character, must derive 
 a current from a source of hijj:li potential — a static 
 machine, Ruhmkorff coil or transformer — which is oper- 
 ated in association witli a resonator, consisting of con- 
 densers in arrangement with solenoids as elsewhere 
 described. 
 
 The oldest type of alternating current apparatus was 
 manufactured for therapeutic pui*poses in 1848 by the 
 Jerome Kidder Co. of New York, as shown in Fig. 15. 
 
 Fig. 15. Jerome Kidder ^^apneto. 
 
 This electro magnetic apparatus, antedated the alternat- 
 ing current dynamo and the sinusoidal machine as later 
 constructe<l. This type of apparatus may be pointed to 
 as the father of the present type of great generating 
 dynamos. While this apparatus produced a distinctly 
 alternating cai*rent, .such as the sinu.soidal current now 
 produced by the more modern apparatus, the potential was 
 low and the effects painful and disagreeable. 
 
 The typ<' of arrangement which first produced currents, 
 that were correctly designated as high frefjuency currents, 
 was the static induced current as previously d<'.scribed, 
 and first published by Dr. William James Morton of New 
 
76 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 York in 1882. The oscillations produced by the spark- 
 gap in the arrangement of this current (See Fig. 4), were 
 the first so recognized oscillatory currents of high fre- 
 quency. 
 
 A modification in the arrangement of this current was 
 made by Prof. d'Arsonval which consisted in connecting 
 the outer coatings of the two Leyden jars with the two 
 ends of a solenoid. 
 
 By this arrangement when the current from the two 
 poles of either a static machine, coil or other transformer 
 is caused to pass to the inner side of the tw^o Leyden jars, 
 and when an arrangement with a controllable spark-gap 
 provision is made for interrupting the circuit, oscillations 
 are set up in the solenoid connecting the two outer coats 
 of the Leyden jars or other condensers. Connections 
 tapped off from the two ends of the solenoid or from any 
 of the intervening turns convey a high frequency current 
 of relatively low voltage and high frequency, and a current 
 of a larger amperage or heat producing quality than 
 currents produced by other arrangements (see Fig. 16). 
 By this arrangement it is possible to vary the current 
 strength by increasing the speed of the static machine, 
 or regulating the resistance in the circuit between the 
 street current and the transformer and adjusting by 
 lengthening or shortening the spark-gap. It is also pos- 
 sible by varying the length of the spark-gap and the 
 additional resistance in the circuit, when placing the 
 cushion between the patient and the metal condenser. 
 When the patient — a capacity — is then connected with the 
 other terminal of the solenoid, the current is converted 
 into a practically unidirectional current of high periodicity 
 as was clearly set forth in the report of Jenks and Clarke 
 
COMPARISON OF CURKENTS 77 
 
 ill till' CDiiimittei' rt'j)ort referred to, pages 83 to 95. The 
 oscillations are damped down by the resistance of the 
 cireiiit, to the ext*^nt tiiat the predominajit strength of the 
 current is flowing in one direction, losing to such a large 
 degree its oscillatory character, that the current becomes 
 practically « unidirectional current of high periodicity. 
 In other words, a high frequency oscillat4)rj' current in 
 which the sine waves of either side of the neutral line 
 are approximately e<iual is to such an extent damj>ed out 
 that the alternating quality is changed to that of a uni- 
 directional current of high periodicity. In other words 
 a current produced by the same apparatus by varying the 
 resistance or spark-gap, and capacity and the resistance of 
 the couch cushion added to the resistance of the skin of 
 the hands and arms of the patient, his body being the 
 capacity, is converted into a pulsatory current — unidirec- 
 tional in character — of high periodicity. Definitely stated, 
 a high frequency current is oscillatory and alternating; 
 and a current of high periodicity is pulsatory and unidi- 
 rectional. 
 
 A distinct type of pulsatory current is the static wave 
 current, which is also to the greatest extent unidirectional. 
 The current however, from a resonator under the condi- 
 tions stated, in the preceding paragraph, also becomes 
 practically unidirectional and pulsatory. This may be 
 readily demonstrated by holding in the hands a vacuum 
 tube of fairly high vacuum one end of wliich is in contact 
 with the body of a patient, seatinl upon an auto-condensa- 
 tion couch and ccmnecttnl in a d'Arsonval circuit. When 
 contact is made under these conditions with the patient 
 connected to the positive side of a resonator a green 
 fluorescence will immediately appear at the patient's end 
 
78 
 
 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 of the tube, the cathode stream of negative electrons, pass- 
 ing to the point of contact with the patient's body, results 
 in a production of the x-ray which causes the green fluor- 
 escence. Reverse the poles and the fluorescence occurs 
 at the opposite end of the tube. 
 
 The differences as to variations of conditions and effects 
 arising from changes in the circuit, require consideration 
 for therapeutic reasons, particularly so if the currents 
 
 Fig. 16. d'Arsonval Current. 
 
 are to be employed conductively for effects upon nutri- 
 tion and metabolism. These will be considered in a sub- 
 sequent chapter. When, however, a current is employed 
 for the induction of hyperemia, either by means of the 
 thermic effects of the current, or by the superficial stimu- 
 lating effects of the discharges from the effleuves or 
 vacuum tubes to the skin, it will be relatively alternating, 
 
COMPARISON OF CURRENTS 
 
 79 
 
 though not to the same degree as the d'Arsonval luiiuin- 
 istration by the direct method wliea the current passes 
 directly through the tissues of the patient without other 
 resistani'e. 
 
 Coufusion is apt tu vdist in the mind of the student as 
 to the relative quality and indications for the employment 
 of the various high frequency modalities, particularly of 
 
 Fig. 17. Arrangement for Auto-Condensation. 
 A. Dialettric; B, Metal Plate; C, D, E, Points of greatest Condensation. 
 
 the d'Arsonval, Tcshi and Oudin currents. It seems 
 that those who are not informed are lial>U' to consider 
 these currents much as they do certain drugs of the phar- 
 niJieopoeia ; as producing distinctly 4linerent therajHMitic 
 etTrrts, and possessed of distinctly ditferent qualities of 
 action, which is generally not so. Variations in enrrent 
 strength or amix'rage and potential or voltage, together 
 with tlir characteristics of tlie current as U^ frequency or 
 
80 
 
 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 periodicity, are the differences generally to be considered 
 in treating with these modalities. 
 
 The static induced current, the first of the high fre- 
 quency currents, is considered in Chapter III, Section 
 II of this work (q. v.). 
 
 The d'Arsonval current, Fig. 16, produced under the 
 peculiar conditions of arrangement as shown in the cut, 
 is the current of largest amperage and lowest potential 
 of the high frequency currents. It has, consequently, the 
 
 7 
 
 o 
 
 Fig. 18. Arrangement for Tesla Current. 
 
 greatest capacity to induce heat in its passage through 
 the tissues, and at the same time produces a minimum of 
 other disturbing effects. It is administered to the patient 
 either upon the auto-condensation couch (Fig. 17), or 
 within the solenoid by the method of auto-conduction 
 (Fig. 45). 
 
 The Tesla current is a current stepped up from the 
 d'Arsonval ; i. e., a current in which the voltage has been 
 raised by passing it through a second solenoid at the 
 expense of the amperage. It comprises a completely insu- 
 
COMPARISON OF CURRENTS 
 
 81 
 
 lated and unconnected solenoid, either within or surround- 
 ing a d'Arsonval solenoid (see Fig. 18). The resulting 
 current as stated is reduced in amperage and the voltage 
 is increased. The variations in voltage are measured by 
 the difference in the length of spark or effleuve, the poten- 
 tial of delivery, which will pass to a capacity when brought 
 into the field of the discharge as compared with the length 
 
 UU 
 
 Fio. 19. Arrangement for Oudin Current. 
 
 of the discharge from the d'Arsonval circuit. This cur- 
 rent, like the d'Arsonval current, is administered from 
 two terminals, or from one terminal when fi'oni a static 
 machine with the other terminal of the resonator grounded, 
 when the discharges are more penetrating and stimulating 
 in character. The effect of grounding one side of the 
 Tesla is very different when the apparatus — the resonator 
 — is in connection with a Iloltz machine than with 
 the Ruhmkorff coil or other transfonner. The current 
 
S2 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 from the static macliine is rendered very similar in effect 
 to the Oudin current from the same source, when one 
 side of the Tesla is grounded. 
 
 The Oudin current is produced with a solenoid con- 
 nected to one end of a Tesla or d'Arsonval solenoid, and 
 operated with an electrode attached to the solenoid; 
 and the current is properly speaking a one pole current, 
 the circuit being completed through the body of the 
 patient, which acting as a capacity, stores and con- 
 ducts the opposite polarity to the discharging electrode. 
 The current may be varied in the quality of the oscillations 
 under varying conditions of regulation of the spark-gap 
 and control of the current which passes into the resonator, 
 and the character of the grounding (see Fig. 19). 
 
 When employed in connection with the static machine 
 the Oudin, as with the Tesla current, discharges a pulsa- 
 tory current the pulses of which are synchronous with 
 the discharges from the Ley den jar at the spark-gap with 
 a more positive and marked effect than when discharged 
 from the solenoid connected with a coil or transformer. 
 
 These modalities will be treated in separate chapters 
 but are here considered for the purpose of showing the 
 differences as to the quality and character of the current 
 produced. 
 
 The variations in quality of the currents of high fre- 
 quency and high periodicity must be considered from the 
 standpoint of the physical effects produced which depend 
 upon the method of administration and the variations in 
 current strength and potential employed. It should be 
 understood, that the current strength and potential can 
 be varied with any of these modalities, either by varying 
 the spark-gap in the resonator, or the speed of the static 
 
COMl'AIMSnX or cruiiENTs 83 
 
 machine, or the amouiit of ciii'i-ent allowed to pass into 
 the primary of the Klmiiikortr eoil or other transformer. 
 It will then l»e understood that the variations in the 
 matter of eurrcnt streniitii and iiotcnt i;il is uiidci" (•ontr<d 
 of The operator; and that under tlu's<' conditions a cur- 
 rent may he j)ro<luced in a d'Arsonval circuit which under 
 ditlerent conditions would simulate a current from a 
 Tesla transformer. Also that a current administered from 
 a Tesla or d'Arsonval from one pole mijz;ht be varied to 
 produce a similar etlect if it is discharged from an Oudin 
 under varied conditions. It is necessary then to study 
 the eti'ects of these currents, from the point of view of the 
 amount of current and potential acting u]K)n the tissu'es; 
 whether the d'Arsonval, Tesla, or Oudin is employed ; for 
 the character of effect which is induced under varying con- 
 ditions from either of these nn)dalities may be much the 
 same, with no particular advantage in either case, except 
 when extremes indicate a greater or less effect to be pro- 
 duced. The effects that (ire prodiiccil witli cnrreiits of 
 high iK'riodicity or liigh fre(|nen(y are ( 1) tonic effects, or 
 effects ui)on general metal)olisni and nutrition; (2) hyper- 
 emic effects, superficial hyperemia being induced by 
 vacuum tub<'s, or deeji h}T)eremia by tli«' tliennic elTects 
 of pa.ssinga high fre<iuency current of considerable amper- 
 age between two electrodes ])laced upon the body at 
 opposite surfaces, when the d'Arsonval by the direct 
 method is the current to be pn^ferred ; l>ecause with a 
 similar potential and larger aiiijierage as well as being 
 a more conveni«»nt method of administration, the current 
 is more satisfactorily produced. Other <'ffects are (3) 
 local skin stimulation, and (4) an extreme cauterant or 
 destructive action as produced by the method of Riviere 
 
84 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 first called effluvation, designated by Kaeting Hart under 
 the name fulguration. 
 
 For the induction of these effects, either of the currents 
 may be chosen, preferably the d'Arsonval or Oudin cur- 
 rents which meet all requirements. The currents of the 
 so-called " Tesla transformers " meet the last two indi- 
 cations. 
 
 The methods of application and specific indications will 
 be specifically considered in the chapters devoted to each 
 of the modalities. 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 APPARATUS 
 
 The different types of apparatus now in use for the 
 production of currents of high potential of high frequency 
 and high periodicity are the Kulinikorff coil (oi>en mag- 
 netic circuit transformer) apparatus, closed magnetic 
 transformer with condenser or motor converter, the three 
 types of static machines, Holtz, Toepler Holtz and Wims- 
 hurst, and tlie so-railed Tesla apparatus. 
 
 Tlie Ruhmkorff coil. Fig. 3t>. In comparing the different 
 types of Ruhmkorff coil, we have to consider both the 
 method of winding the primary and the construction of 
 the secondary. In all of this type of apparatus a large 
 bundle of soft iron or sheets of soft iron constitutes the 
 core over which is wound the primary coil. The primary 
 winding may be of (1) the series, (2) the multiple series, 
 (3) the parallel or (4) variable inductance con^struction. 
 
 I7i the scries there is a continuous winding of one, two, 
 three or four layers of heaA-v- copp<M' wire in seriei*. 
 
 In the multiple series the windings are arranged in such 
 a manner that there are four or more sections connected 
 in such a way that part of the current passes through two 
 of the st'ctions, while the n'mainder passes through the 
 remaining two factions. 
 
 The parallel consists of two sections of primary wind- 
 ing, in which a part of the current passes through each 
 section. 
 
 85 
 
86 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 The variable inductance primary consists of a long con- 
 tinuous winding, tapped out at different points in such a 
 manner that the current will pass through as many sec- 
 tions as are brought into the circuit by the variable in- 
 ductance switch. Any one of these primaries can be used 
 in connection with any of the different types of secondary. 
 
 The secondary of the Rhumkorf transformer or coil, 
 may be wound in the bobbin form, which consists of two 
 long sections of fine wire passed over the primary in such 
 a position as to be brought into the strongest field of the 
 magnetic flux set up in the primary. 
 
 Another method of icinding is the so-called wide section 
 secondary which consists of winding I14 inch across each 
 layer, and each layer separated by rings of paper. A 
 set of these are placed over the primary, and connected 
 in series, and then either immersed in oil or semi-solid 
 insulation. The third type which is by far the most 
 efl&cient, is the thin section construction which consists 
 of flat discs of 14 inch connected in series, and placed over 
 the primary in such a position as to receive the strongest 
 magnetic flux from the entire length of the primary. In 
 order to accomplish this and reduce the resistance in the 
 secondary winding, the end is wound much shorter than 
 those in the central portion. 
 
 A very important feature in the construction of these 
 coils is the character of insulation employed particularly 
 the insulation over the primary core, between it and the 
 secondary. The best evidence of the quality of construc- 
 tion of these coils is the character of guarantee which the 
 manufacturer is willing to give as to the endurance of 
 the apparatus. 
 
 In order to excite the Rhumkorff coil, it is necessary to 
 
CUM I'AKl SOX OF (M'KinCNTS 
 
 87 
 
 use some fonn of intcrnipter, and tlio onlinary *'<iiiipiiHMit 
 consists of the voW, intt'rru])t(*i", rlHM>stat, annnctcr for 
 nieasui'inj; the circnit whicli ]»ass('s from tlic street eircnit 
 into the ]»i-iniarv, and in ad<litinn for tlicraiMMitic uses, 
 the proi)er types of resonator and a hot w ire niilliampere- 
 meter. 
 
 The different types of iiitrrrnptt rs now in use are (1) 
 
 1- " 
 
 T3- 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 Fiu. -10. Woliiu'lt ]ntorni|>tor. 
 A, Positive Connection to Line; B, Adjustinjij Screw; C, Porcelain Tube; 
 D, Platinum Point; E, Negative Connection to Line; F, Lead Plate 
 or Spiral; G, Electrolyte H,SO, and H,0 or Mg. S^ an<l H,0. 
 
 the electrolytic, (li) nuM hanical, (ii) mercury jet, and (4) 
 the centrifugal. 
 
 There are two types of electrolytic interrupter; namely, 
 the Wehnelt (Fig. 20), ami the Caldwell; the former 
 depending upon the formation and the breaking of a 
 hubhh* of gas arouml the platinum point, immersed in some 
 form of electrolyU% as diluted suljdiuric aciij, which is of 
 high electric conductivity. The Cahlwell (Fig. 21) in- 
 
88 
 
 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 terrupter depends upon forcing the bubbles of gas through 
 an aperture in a diaphragm, having an electrolyte and 
 electrode on either side, each electrode being connected to 
 the two opposite poles of the exciting current in series 
 with the coil or transformer. 
 The disadvantage of this type of interrupter for use in 
 
 Fig. 21. Caldwell Interrupter. 
 A and B, Positive or Negative Terminals; C, Lead Plate or Spiral; D, 
 Porcelain Beaker; E, Electrolyte; F, Aperture Through Beaker (One 
 or More). 
 
 connection with d'Arsonvalization and other high potential 
 currents is the fact that when used continuously or for 
 long treatments the fluid becomes heated, and must be 
 rested, except very large tanks are employed, or a series 
 of interrupters. Another objection is that the irritating 
 hydrogen gases evolved in the process of interruption 
 escape into the atmosphere of the room, thereby vitiating 
 
C0M1»AUIS0N OF CURRENTS 
 
 89 
 
 the air, as evidenced by a constant disposition of those 
 in the room to cough. 
 
 There are several types of mercury jet interrupters all 
 of which depend upon a fine stream of mercury projected 
 against a conductor at intervals, the conductor being con- 
 
 FiG. 22. Mercury Jet Interrupter. 
 A, Pulley to be Driven by Motor; B, Terminal Connecting with Mercury; 
 C, Insulated Revolving Contacts; D, Oil; E, Mercury; F, Terminal 
 Connecting with Revolving Contacts; G, Segments Cut Away to Show 
 Jet Tube; H, Mercury Pump. 
 
 nected in series with the coil and part of the apparatus 
 which delivers the stream of nicrcury. The objection to 
 these interrupters is ;i constant disposition of the mer- 
 cury to iM'comc oxiilizctl by the current, requiring frequent 
 cleaning if much used. Tiiis may I)e overcome by passing 
 illuminating gas into the chamber with the mercury. 
 The centrifugal interrupter (Fig. 23) •consists of a 
 
90 
 
 HIGH-POTENTIAL CUEREXTS 
 
 revolving conductor so formed that the mercury is forced 
 into a groove in the periphery of the container, in which 
 a paddle or bar of metal is mounted eccentric to the shaft 
 of the container, and an insulated external connection 
 brought to one side of the line while the container itself 
 is connected through the primary of the transformer, and 
 
 Fig. 23. Centrifugal Interrupter. 
 A, Connection to Eevolving Contact; B, Insulating Bushing; C, Oil; D, 
 Groove for Mercury; E, Lower Bearing; F, Grooved Pulley for Belt 
 to Motor; G, Chamber Made to Eevolve; H, Mercury. 
 
 thus to the opposite side of the lines. As the body of the 
 interrupter is revolved, the mercury is forced into a groove 
 which also causes the paddle to revolve, thereby setting 
 up interruptions in the circuit. 
 
 The same objection — the oxidation of mercury — prevails 
 with this interrupter as with the mercury jet interrupter. 
 
 The mechanical interrupter (Fig. 24), the choice of in- 
 
COMPARISON OF CURRENTS 
 
 91 
 
 ternipters for therapeutic purjxjses, may have for its [>oint 
 of bi-eak two small surfaces of j>latiiiiiiii or as in the later 
 types the platinum points as used are usually ojK'ratetl by 
 au auxiliary make anil break, or ori.uiually the eoutact was 
 actuated on the well known vibration principle as in the 
 primitive " Faradic battery." These latter were calle<l 
 vibrators and to-day are cpiite satisfactory in small bat- 
 teries and in so-called hiijh tension coils, with which low 
 volt currents are to be used for certain classes of treat- 
 
 Fui. 24. Mechanical Interrupter. 
 A, CoDoections for Primary of Coil; B, Mapnct Winding; C, Magnet Core. 
 
 ment. There is one great advanta«,^e in all of the so-called 
 mechanical interi'upter.s, namely, they require very little 
 attention and do not have to be freinieiitiy cleaned and 
 re-charged. They are particularly valuable in ciuinection 
 with the therapeutic employnuMit of high p(>tential cur- 
 rents as they may be used constantly without becoming 
 overheate<l or re(iuiriiig any attention whatever, exc<'pt 
 oiling the l)ejirings. The »cope of the mechanical inter- 
 rupters having the motor and wide contact, however, is 
 much broader than the early tyi>es of iuterruf)ter, in that 
 
92 
 
 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 the larger currents can be used and very satisfactory 
 results obtained with both the x-ray tube and the d'Arson- 
 val and Oudin currents. The only attention which these 
 require is an occasional oiling of the motor and other 
 moving parts together with the proper adjustment of the 
 interrupter to the work in hand. 
 
 Fig. 25. Closed Magnetic Circuit Transformer. 
 
 The closed magnetic circuit transformer — interrupter- 
 less transformers — (Fig. 25), consists of a soft iron core 
 so constructed that the magnetic flux can follow a course 
 of low magnetic resistance. In order to accomplish this 
 the core is constructed of laminations or layers of soft 
 iron which form a rectangle or square with the corners 
 built up in such a manner as to approach complete mole- 
 cular or metal continuity as nearly as possible. 
 
COMPARISON OF CURRENTS 
 
 93 
 
 In transforming the commercial current, engineering 
 calculations can i-eadily be made to produce any desired 
 potential in the secondary from a given voltage in the 
 primary where the construction of the core is such that 
 magnetic leakage and resistance are reduced to a mini- 
 mum. Therefore the magnetic circuit must be as short 
 
 ^4- 
 
 M 
 
 \ / (H»g'<'«'oleMTkil) V T 
 
 
 fW 
 
 WlndiMg 
 lOO,ooo1o 2oo OooV 
 
 nsn 
 
 Pig. 26. High Potential Rotary Rectifier. 
 
 as po.ssiltlc ;m<l the magnetic leakage low, to a.<^sure 
 accuracy in calculation. This method of generating high 
 potential <'urrents for both x-ray and high p<>tential thera- 
 IK'Utic purjH)S(.'s, produces most .^itisfactnry results as a 
 much longer range of effects can be produced, and at the 
 same time a nun li larger output. Th(Te has been ditTi- 
 culty however in constructing this type of apparatus, 
 
94 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 owing to the fact that it is difficult to properly insulate 
 the secondary and at the same time produce sufficient 
 voltage for the purpose intended. This, however, has been 
 to a great extent overcome, and transformers are now 
 being constructed which meet the requirements admirably. 
 
 The introduction of this i)owerful machine has had the 
 effect of revolutionizing radiography. It is no longer 
 difficult to make a radiogram of any part of the body in 
 an instant of time. 
 
 There are three types of apparatus entirely different in 
 the'ir construction, in which the closed circuit type of 
 transformer is used, — (1) the high potential rotary recti- 
 fier or so-called interrupterless, (2) the Tesla, and (3) 
 the condenser and alternating type, called the McCaa 
 transformer. 
 
 The high potential rotary rectifier and interrupterless 
 transformer is operated by an alternating current gener- 
 rated from a motor-converter — a rotary transformer — with 
 an extension of the shaft of the motor-converter operating 
 a high potential pole changing switch (Fig. 26). This 
 switch is set in such a position as to catch the peak of the 
 alternating wave from the secondary, in such a manner 
 as to bring the positive impulses to one discharge post 
 and the negative impulses to the other. 
 
 In this manner a unidirectional current is produced, and 
 all inverses are avoided. The apparatus is particularly 
 valuable on that account for radiography and radio- 
 therapy, and adaptable as all other transformers are when 
 used in connection with the proper resonator, for the in- 
 duction of high potential therapeutic currents, thereby 
 combining in one apparatus the best type of x-ray appa- 
 ratus with an apparatus in every way capable for the 
 
COMPARISON OF CURRENTS 
 
 95 
 
 induction of currents of high frequency and high peri- 
 odicity. 
 
 The condenser and alternating type called the McCaa 
 transformer equipment, consisU of an alternator driven 
 by a small m(>t4)r, and connected in s<^'ries with a large 
 condenser primary of the transformer and the line cur- 
 rent (Fig 27). Oscillations are thus set up in the 
 primary from the discharging of the condenser, which 
 
 Laroc C-C)r>d«int>e.r 
 
 Fig. 27. McCaa Transformer. 
 A, Alternator; I, Inductamcc Switch; R, Rheostat; M, Meter. 
 
 cause by induction the high potential discharge at the 
 secondary terminals. With this construction either an 
 alternating or pulsiiting high potential current can be 
 generate at the will of the operator. Tlie number of 
 these oscillations can be varied from 60 to 800 per second, 
 and can \ye used through an x-ray tube or high frequency 
 resonator. 
 
96 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 Mixed types of high p'equency apparatus have been 
 placed upon the market by different manufacturers, which 
 have various arrangements for administering different de- 
 grees of potential, amperage and frequency under modi- 
 fications produced by varying the condenser capacity, 
 spark-gap, and their arrangement with solenoids or coils 
 in circuit with the patient. Most of these devices are 
 made for use ^Ith the alternating current. When the 
 direct current is used, a rotary transformer is provided 
 in the circuit for changing to the alternating current. 
 These combination coils are generally so constructed as 
 to vary the current from the sharp stinging discharges of 
 the Tesla, to the softer heating effects as of the d' Arson val 
 current. With these devices it is possible often to be very 
 much misled by the variations pix)duced in readings of 
 the hot wire meter in circuit ; for in these various current 
 conditions that are produced, the hot wire meter is not an 
 accurate guide as to the current amperage, because in- 
 creasing the frequency of the discharges increases the read- 
 ings without increase of amperage. The test as stated else- 
 where, of the efficiency, will be the extent to which the 
 usual seance will low^er arterial tension in cases of hyper- 
 tension. For the induction of hyperemia the current 
 strength will be as in all cases regulated to the toleration 
 of the patient and the indication for a case in question. 
 
 The Tesla apparatus^ so-called, consists of a compara- 
 tively low voltage rotary converter, for changing the cur- 
 rent from direct to alternating, connected in series with 
 the primary of an oscillation transformer and a compara- 
 tively low capacity condenser. This apparatus delivers a 
 high frequency alternating current of relatively low 
 amperage and must be used in connection with a valve tube 
 
COMPARISON OF CUKKENTS 
 
 97 
 
98 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 or bifocal x-ray tube for producing the Roentgen ray. The 
 aboye described construction is called the Tesla coil. The 
 method however, in which Mr. Tesla constructed his equip- 
 ment was somewhat different in that much higher initial 
 frequencies could be taken into the primary of the trans- 
 former and he also used a transformer which delivered 
 a much higher voltage than the apparatus made to-day, 
 besides building the oscillation transformer in a different 
 way. (Fig. 18.) 
 
 Other types of so-called Tesla coils are being manufac- 
 1 d of various features of construction, and are called 
 Tesla apparatus. These coils step up the voltage and pro- 
 duce currents alternating in character which while not 
 true Tesla currents, are capable of producing some of the 
 therapeutic effects of the high potential currents. Fig. 
 28 represents the arrangement in one of this type of 
 apparatus. 
 
 These devices are not adaptable to use for administer- 
 ing auto-condensation or auto-conduction, but suffice well 
 to meet other indications for high frequency treatment; 
 viz. : the stimulating effects of the vacuum tube discharges 
 and effluvation or fulguration. It is a very convenient 
 portable x-ray outfit combining means for applying the 
 high frequency referred to. Manufacturers in general 
 have used the term Tesla current for nearly every type 
 of construction from the resonator excited by a coil to 
 the resonator operated by a static machine; but this is 
 generally erroneous; in that the resonator ordinarily used 
 in connection with the various coils and static machines 
 delivers frequencies of moderate rates while the oscilla- 
 tions from the small Tesla apparatus which is made up 
 in portable and semi-portable form delivers frequencies 
 
C0MPAKI80N OF CURRENTS 
 
 99 
 
 approximately fifty times as great per sectmd, whicli con- 
 sequently represents a very different type of current. In 
 
 tOO^OOOVolf^ 
 
 1 .0 OQ o o o Osci I laTioYi^ 
 
 i 
 
 3o,oooVolt^ 
 
 mmm- 
 
 ^6 
 
 a»idCcxACh 
 
 Flo. 29. So-called Tesla Typos for Administering Auto-Condensation 
 and Other Treatment. 
 
 fact if it were not for these very rapid oscillations in the 
 condenser, the effectiveness of the so-called Tesla appa- 
 ratus wonld be v<*rv low. 
 
100 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 The particular advantage of the Tesla over the other 
 types for use, is in cases in which small currents are 
 necessary and the alternating current alone at the dis- 
 posal of the operator. The portability of the apparatus 
 also renders it possible to employ it at the houses of 
 patients in which either of the commercial currents is 
 furnished. 
 
 There has recently been placed upon the market other 
 new types of transformer apparatus for treatment work 
 only, where the alternating current can be used directly 
 into the primary without the interception of a rectifier, 
 interrupter, or synchronizer (Fig. 29). 
 
 This apparatus consists of a closed magnetic circuit 
 transformer capable of delivering a two to three inch 
 discharge, the secondary being connected to Leyden jars 
 and a resonator in circuit constructed along the lines of 
 the ordinary Oudin. The d'Arsonval current is taken 
 from the end of the spiral and the point which taps out 
 the different turns, precisely as is done when the coil or 
 static machine generates the initial high potential current. 
 
 Apparatus for use tcith the alternating current: The 
 alternating current is so rapidly displacing the direct 
 current in commercial circuits, that new problems are 
 constantly arising for solution, particularly with the phy- 
 sicians who employ to far greater advantage the direct 
 current for apparatus operated by motors, and Ruhm- 
 korflf coils and wall plates; and many others are placed 
 at a great disadvantage when power companies change 
 the current from direct to alternating. The static machine 
 to be successfully operated requires a means of speed 
 control whereby the volume of current flowing into the 
 motor can be regulated for which purpose the direct cur- 
 
COMPARISON OF CURRENTS 
 
 101 
 
 rent resistance ei>ntr(»ller is the best met hod for speed 
 control. The nnclianical si>icd controller is (he best sub- 
 stitute Itut not so well adapted for the employment of 
 hijih speed in connection with the production (vf the static 
 current. 
 
 This subject has also handicapped, in many instances, 
 the manufacturers of apparatus, in that the direct current 
 has been most jicncrally in demand Ity the profession, and 
 
 I'll,. l^U. Kheustat. 
 
 that, now the ai»|>aratus nn(h'r process of construction are 
 oftrn of tlie direct <-urrent type. 
 
 Variou.s means of current transformation have been 
 devised iov th(» purfH^se »)f rectifyinfj^ (►r chanijing the 
 alternatinj; into the direct current, including ( 1 ) the motor 
 dynanu), (2) the Cooper Hewitt rectifier and (^1) the 
 electrolytic rectifier. Any device that can succeed in this 
 form of transformer will 1m' most arcept4il)le to the medi- 
 cal profession and to the manufacturers of apparatus. 
 
102 
 
 HIGH-POTENTIAL CUKRENTS 
 
 The motor dynamo, though expensive is the most prac- 
 tical means of current transformation. It consists of an 
 alternating current motor (Fig. 32), which actuates a 
 direct current dynamo, and is constructed in the most 
 
 Fig. 31. Inductive Rheostat. 
 A, Iron Core; B, Terminal of Winding. 
 
 economical type upon a continuous shaft. A physician's 
 outfit comprising a motor-dynamo of ten to fifteen amperes 
 capacity or less for smaller plants, is capable of trans- 
 
 FiG. 32. Motor Generator. 
 A, A. C. Motor; B, D. C. Generator. 
 
 forming a current for use with the direct current, Ruhm- 
 korff coil Tvith the motors used for operating static ma- 
 chines and vibrators as well as for connection with the 
 wall plate. This is undoubtedly the most practical type 
 
COMPARISON OF CURRENTS 
 
 103 
 
 uf trausformer, but add.s au expeuso of fllOO to |000 to 
 the physician's outfit, whicli is to be considered only as 
 an element of first cost, as the ai)paratus will last for 
 an indefinite time with ordinary pre<*autions as to oiling 
 and care in not makin<2; exeessiv<' demands on the gener- 
 ator. The apparatus is also economical in principle as 
 
 Fig. 33. Cooper Hewitt Rectifier. 
 
 the current drawn for consumption will regulate the cur- 
 rent taken from the commercial circuit for excitintr the 
 actuating motor. The current generated and power con- 
 sumed is relative to the demand — the speed and actuating 
 capacity increasing up to the full demand (►f the direct 
 current generator to actuate current. 
 
104 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURKEXTS 
 
 The Cooper Hewitt rectifier^ Fig. 33, is probably the 
 next best means of transformation. It has however, the 
 disadvantage of necessitating a continuous flow of current 
 through the bulb whether it is being used into the prim- 
 ary of a transformer or not, during the short intervals 
 in which the operator is obliged to shut off his current 
 from the apparatus. It has the advantage however, of 
 giving a continuous flow of unidirectional current up to 
 its full capacity and is very satisfactory for charging 
 
 Fig. 34. Electrolytic Eectifier. 
 A, Aluminum Plate; C, Lead or Carbon Plate. 
 
 storage batteries, which requires a direct current; for in 
 this case some means can be employed to shut off the 
 current when the apparatus is temporarily disconnected. 
 The electrolytic rectifier, Fig. 34, consists of aluminum 
 and lead or carbon electrodes immersed in a saturated 
 solution of bi-carbonate of soda, sulphate of magnesium, 
 sodium, potassium, or ammonium phosphate. For the 
 best results four cells are used and connected in such a 
 way that the positive current can be taken from one side 
 
COMPARISON OF CURRENTS lo:. 
 
 and the iic.i^alive frimi the other and have both sideJi of 
 the line effective. For some purposes a one-cell rectifier 
 is used, in whii-li ease one side of the line is suppressed, 
 while the other delivers a unidirectional current up to forty 
 or tifty volts, but is not suitaltle for oi)oratin.i; motors 
 or galvanic or Faradic switchboards or under conditions 
 when a contiinunis cun-cnt is necessary. The action of 
 this instrument or apparatus depends upon the rajiid for- 
 mation of an aluminum compmind on the aluminum plate 
 when the current is passinji; from the ir()n or carbon 
 toward the aluminum, the compound offerinfj a very high 
 resistance and for the time checking the current from 
 making a complete circuit. At the interval when the cur- 
 rent is j)assing from the aluminum to the carb(»n this film 
 of aluminum compound no longer retains its insulating 
 quality and allows the current to pass. It can be readily 
 seen that the combination of four of these can be so con- 
 nected that each cycle fi*om the line can be taken advan- 
 tage of. The most desirable compound to use due to its 
 cheapness especially, is bi-carbonate of soda in the pro- 
 portion of one part of bi-carbonate of soda to twelve parts 
 of water. l)oth by measure. It has also the important 
 advantage of not crystalizing and in forming insoluble 
 compounds which partially reduce the capacity of the 
 outfit by clinging to the metallic parts. 
 
 The liifjh frequency resonator. The apparatus com- 
 mercially known as the high frecpiency resonator can be 
 operate<I from the Ruhmkorff coil, the high potential 
 rotary rectifier (so-called interrupterless apparatus), the 
 McCaa transformer e<|uipment or the static machine and 
 is constructed <ui practically the same plan for all these 
 types of apparatus. The length and size of the d'Arsonval 
 
106 
 
 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 solenoid for the Rhumkorff and other types of transformer 
 require from six to fifteen turns from eight to twelve inches 
 in diameter of coarse wire, while the d'Arsonval solenoid 
 for the static machine should be of coarse wire having from 
 thirty-five to forty turns in the solenoid wound from four to 
 six inches in diameter. Another part which necessitates 
 
 Fig. 35. Types of Condensers: Leyden Jar and Glass Plate. 
 Leyden Jar: A, Conductor for Inner Armature or Layer of Foil; B, Con- 
 nection for Outer Armature; C, Dielectric; D, Tinfoil or Copper 
 Plate; E, Band Around Jar for Outer Connection. Glass Plate: A, 
 Terminal; T>, Dielectric; T, Plates of Tinfoil or Select Metal. 
 
 variations, is the capacity of tlie condensers, which is a 
 very simple matter. The condenser capacity in the type 
 of static resonator constructed to produce the pulsatory 
 Oudin or Tesla discharges should be of approximately 
 three times the capacity as measured by the extent of the 
 surface coating of metal on the outer and inner surfaces 
 
COMPAIUSON OF CURUENTS 
 
 107 
 
108 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 of the Lejden jars or glass plate type of condensers used 
 in connection with the same apparatus for inducing 
 d'Arsonval current as employed for the auto-condensation 
 or auto-conduction. 
 
 The essential parts of a resonator consist of a solenoid, 
 condenser, and the spark-gap over which may be placed a 
 second solenoid and insulated for the induction of the Tesla 
 current and an additional solenoid for connection with 
 the Tesla or d'Arsonval for stepping up to the Oudin 
 current. (See Figs. 16 and 18.) Although there are two 
 ways of winding a solenoid, it really consists of numerous 
 turns of wire, as previously described, the turns separated 
 by at least % inch, one end terminating in a binding post 
 from which is taken the Oudin current, Fig. 19. The other 
 end of the resonator is attached to the outer coating of 
 the condenser while the outer coating of the other con- 
 denser terminates in a clamp, which makes it possible to 
 tap out any number of turns desirable for varying the 
 d'Arsonval circuit. The inner coatings of the jars are in 
 direct metallic connection with the coil or static machine 
 while at some convenient point in the circuit is placed 
 the spark-gap or discharger, which has the effect of 
 charging and discharging the Leyden jars when the ap- 
 paratus is in action. When it is required to operate the 
 apparatus the variable tap connection is attached to one 
 of the turns of the solenoid which will produce the best 
 resonance and effleuve at the Oudin end of the solenoid. 
 When however it is desired to use the d'Arsonval current 
 connection is made from one end of the solenoid to the 
 metal strip under the cushion of the auto-condensation 
 pad and the other is brought out from the point which 
 governs the number of turns. This is connected to the 
 
COMPAKISON OF CURRENTS 
 
 10!) 
 
110 
 
 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 bifurcated cords with the electrodes to be held in the 
 hands of the patient at the two extremities. There have 
 been several deviations from this construction, but the 
 above describes the resonator in its most simple and satis- 
 factory form. 
 
 Fig. 38. The Step-up Solenoid. 
 A, Selective Eheostat; B, Winding of Eesonator. 
 
 An important feature in the construction of a resonator 
 is the size of the box or detonating chamber in which the 
 spark discharges. The tendency for moisture to constantly 
 accumulate in this chamber often interferes with the pro- 
 duction of the required milliamperage by the occurrence 
 
COMPARISON OF CURRENTS 111 
 
 of short circuits due to dampness in the walls of the 
 niuttler or detonating chamber. It should have therefore, 
 at least a capacity of 1,500 cubic inches with a door on 
 one side which can be opened, for ventilation when not 
 in use, and may be provide<i with some drying material 
 for absorbing the moisture. This is one of the most 
 important featui-es to be considered in tiie construction 
 of a resonator. 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 d'aesonvalization 
 
 The current of d'Arsonval which is destined to play 
 such an important role in therapeutics, was first pub- 
 lished by Prof. d'Arsonval in the year 1893, Subsequently 
 he developed methods of employing the current in con- 
 nection with couches and solenoids under the terms auto- 
 condensation and auto-conduction. These methods have 
 been materially varied since their introduction by d'Arson- 
 val; but the principles of action and their effects were 
 well studied by him. The profession however have been 
 slow in appreciating the significance of these modalities 
 and adopting them in the treatment of numerous condi- 
 tions for which they are so remarkably adapted; notably 
 in conditions of high arterial tension, mal-nutrition and 
 malassimilation, and more recently the employment of the 
 direct-method for its thermic effects for the induction of 
 hyperemia and other effects. These have placed humanity 
 under a lasting obligation to the great physiologist. 
 
 The method known as auto-condensation (see Fig. 17), 
 would seem in its designation to be a misnomer; for the 
 current is passed in and out of the patient who becomes 
 passively, not actively, a condenser. If the term body 
 condensation or patient condensation were to be em- 
 ployed, it would better explain the conditions. The term 
 thermic condensation has been suggested, because of the 
 heat produced by this method. This title also has the dis- 
 
 112 
 
COMPAKISON OF CURRENTS 
 
 113 
 
 advantage of not being distinctive, heat being induced in 
 numerous other ways. 
 
 The devices used in connection with auto-condensation 
 treatment to be considered aiv the couch, the condenser, 
 the cushion and the electrodes. 
 
 It matters little what is used for the auto-condensation 
 couch. It may often he thought that the couch should 
 be of a non-conducting material, which is not necessary, 
 
 
 Fig. 39. Bowen Static Chair Designed by Author. 
 
 ijecause the two oi)posite ciiarges of the (l'Ar.st)nval cur- 
 rent are certain to occupy tields of condensation as near 
 as possible to each other. Two styles of couches shown 
 in Figs. 39 and 40, are excellent for use with this method 
 of treatment, because the patient rests relax<Hl in a com- 
 fortable attitude with tiie limbs extrn<lcd, which is de- 
 sirable. A table or ordinary lounge in lieu of a chair 
 will answer every purpose of efficiency for the administra- 
 tion of auto-conden.sation treatment. 
 
114 
 
 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 The cushion should be approximately three inches in 
 thickness, six feet long and twenty inches wide and may 
 be made of any non-conducting material, cotton, felt, or 
 silk waste, ans^'ering the purpose equally w^ell. The 
 cushion should be firmly tied and of a material that will 
 not too readily pack together, because wherever the 
 cushion is thinnest, most of the current must accumulate. 
 
 Fig. 40. Austrian Bentwood Chair. 
 
 The covering of the cushion may be of denim, silk or 
 leather or other non-conducting material. Patent leather 
 imitations, which contain mineral paints, are objectioni- 
 able as they are too good conductors of the current. 
 
 The metal condenser which may be made of wire mesh 
 or metal plates jointed or otherwise, should be of a size 
 that will lay about three inches within the margin of the 
 cushion on all sides. A very convenient w^ay of arranging 
 
COMPARISON OF CURRENTS 115 
 
 the condenser sheet, is to place a wire mesh, not too fine 
 or too coarse on the under side of the felt l^neath a 
 layer of fiber. If this is done, a chain which should 
 pass out at one corner of the cushion, must be well soldered 
 to the metal condenser as if there is for any reason spark- 
 ing, as there is certain to he if the connections are loose, 
 it would ignite the cushion. The advantage of the wire 
 mesh is that the cushion and condenser combination is 
 flexible and fits the different styles of chairs with the 
 backs in different positions. The advantage of having 
 the condenser beneath the cushion extend nearly the full 
 length of the cushion is apparent for purposes of current 
 condensation the intent being to bring as much of the 
 body of the patient as possible into the field of opposite 
 electrical condensation. 
 
 The electrodes to be held in the hands of the patient 
 may be either two electrodes attached to a bifurcated cord 
 which is connected to one side of the d'Arsonval solenoid, 
 or a single cord connecting a single electrode long enough 
 to place the two hands upon it. Arrangements are also 
 made by which the electrodes are fastened to the chair, 
 the patient upon the couch placing the hands upon the 
 electrodes. Any of these devices are practical. It is only 
 to be borne in mind that the patient should hold both 
 hands upon the electroile or eliH^trcxles so that the current 
 will pa.^s unifoi-nily to the two sides of hi.'^ ])ody. 
 
 A hot icire meter, Fig. 40, is another indispensable fac- 
 tor to l>e used in connection with d'Arsonvalizat ion. While 
 these meters may not be entirely reliable and do not com- 
 pare with a definite standard, if differences are not too 
 great, they serve for general purposes as a practical means 
 of measuring the relative heat production of the current 
 
116 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 employed. An accurate standard should be adopted based 
 upon a relative heat production by the constant cui'rent. 
 In these instruments the heating effect of the electric 
 current in a wire of suitable resistance is by a special 
 mechanism made to serve the purpose of indicating the 
 current or potential in the measjuring apparatus. The 
 quantity of heat developed by the unit of current in the 
 unit of time is the same for any kind of current, direct or 
 
 Fig. 41. Hot Wire Meter. 
 
 alternating (of any periodicity) and is quite independent 
 of the phase or method of generation. The instruments 
 should be made without magnetic fields or solenoids, in 
 order that they will be entirely free from self-induction. 
 The measuring or hot-wire is of platinum silver which is 
 stretched between the two terminals; in the centre of 
 this wire another wire of phosphor bronze is attached 
 at right angles and held taut by a third terminal; near 
 
COMPAKISON OF CURRENTS 117 
 
 the conti-e of tlu' phasphor bronze wii-f, a cotton tibre 
 is tixtnl on one end at ri.ulil anj^los, at the other end 
 passing iH)und a special grooveil metal a roller is lixed 
 on a pivote<l steel spindle, nionntinl in jewels and 
 finally terminating in a small eyelet attaehmeiit to a Hat 
 steel spring. The whole arrangement of the fibre wire 
 is thus subjected to tension and ajiy slackening or " sag" 
 of the measiiring wire is immediately taken up by the steel 
 spring and is transmitted by the phos])lK)r bronze wire and 
 tibre to the grooved roller which can-ies the ix)inter. By 
 this method the smallest extension of the wire is greatly 
 magnified and conveyed to the pointer, thus rendering 
 the deflections easily perceptible. The means provided to 
 reset the pointer to the zero position in case of need con- 
 sist of a very fine pitched screw passing through one of 
 the supports of the measuring wire. This screw wiiich is 
 iwljustable from a hole in the case, moves very slightly 
 an ai'm of the measuring block to which the wire is 
 attached. 
 
 Auto-conduction possesses the same error as to signifi- 
 cance of terminology as auto-condensation, the patient 
 being the conductor of the current passively not actively, 
 but acted upon by the current in its passage. lUuli/- 
 conduction and hody-condcnsution would bettor convey the 
 idea of these modalities, and cause less obscurity in the 
 minds of students as they would convey correct impressions 
 as to the methcnl in which the physiological effects are 
 produced. 
 
 I'hc method of bodi/-candensatio)i <»r duto-condcnsatitni 
 is appli<Hl by the arrangement shown in Fig. 17. The 
 patient is seated uiM>n the auto-condensation couch, insu- 
 lateil by the cushi(>n fi-oin a ni«*tal she^'t plac<'d beneath, 
 
118 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 which is connected to one side of the d'Arsonval circuit, 
 the other side of which is connected to the patient usually 
 by two electrodes to be held in the hands, which are con- 
 nected by a bifurcated cord. When employed in this 
 manner the patient's body is successively charged and 
 discharged by the oscillatory or pulsatory discharges 
 passing through the resonator. (See Frontispiece.) 
 
 The current in its passage under existing conditions has 
 a tendency to accumulate with greater condensation to the 
 surfaces or parts of the body nearest the condenser beneath 
 the cushion. The d'Arsonval current however, is one of 
 so low potential, that the charge in passing against the 
 resistance of the body tissues seems to be largely diffused. 
 Whether this warmth is due to an action upon the heat 
 centers, or direct action of the current upon the tissues, 
 or to the general diffusion of heat from the parts of the 
 body which have become heated in the path of the current, 
 during the administration, is a subject for consideration. 
 If any part of the body is subjected to current condensa- 
 tion with the consequent hea.t production, the effort to 
 maintain a body equilibrium of temperature quickens the 
 general circulation, with the dissipation of the heated 
 blood to all parts of the economy, as evidenced by a con- 
 sequent glow of warmth at the surface. The tendency 
 as indicated is greater under the relatively low potential 
 of the d'Arsonval current for it to diffuse to considerable 
 extent throughout the tissues and indicates that the effect 
 may be largely due to the passage of the current through 
 the tissues. The effects of the current upon general 
 metabolism and blood pressure are very marked; and 
 likewise indicate an effect which may be due to the general 
 diffusion of the current. 
 
COMPARISON OF (^IRKENTS 
 
 119 
 
 Auto-vonduvtioii is administered with the patient lying 
 or standing within a large solenoid. The passage of lines 
 of electrical energy between the opposite sides of the 
 solenoid, creates numerous currents in every direction 
 throughout the body of the patient which becomes a con- 
 ductor between the opposite sides of tiie solenoid. It is 
 easily demonstrated physically, that a piece of metal 
 placed within a small solenoid through which a current of 
 
 i^imiininni . 
 
 mimium 
 
 Fig. 42. Arrangement for Employing Direct tl'Arsonvalization. 
 
 fairly large ami)erage and high frequency is pa.ssing, will 
 be heated to a red or white heat. This is the principle of 
 action, under regulation when a patient within a large 
 solenoid experiences the thermic efifect <»f the current 
 generally throughout his person. While clinically 
 demonstrated to be inferior to auto-condensation, it is 
 evident that general etfeet^s must be produced throughout 
 the economy by its unifonn passage. The heat accumu- 
 lated within the body under tht^se conditions is quite 
 uniform, but the effects upon blood pressure while 
 
120 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURKENTS 
 
 marked are not so reliable as auto-condensation. It is 
 difficult however to determine as in auto-condensation just 
 how this procedure affects blood pressure, for the modus 
 operandi can not be readily demonstrated. AVith both 
 methods the thermic effects are so manifest that there is 
 strong evidence that it may be due to thermic action. 
 
 Another method of employing the d'Arsonval current 
 may be designated the direct method of d' Arsonvalization 
 The arrangement (Fig. 42) consists in placing two elec- 
 trodes upon surfaces removed from each other ; such elec- 
 trodes being connected by rheophores to the two sides of 
 the d'Arsonval circuit. This method may be employed 
 either with two metal or two glass vacuum electrodes or 
 one of each for the purpose of meeting various indications. 
 The object of this method is chiefly for its thermic effects 
 upon the tissues; induced for the purpose of producing 
 hyperemia. It has been demonstrated that by this method 
 a current of sufficient milliamperage, as measured by 
 the hot wire meter, may be passed through a piece of liver 
 or other meat, to actually cook it. Under these condi- 
 tions, the greatest thermic effect is near the center between 
 the opposite electrodes employed. 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 
 THE TESLA AND OUDLN CURRENTS 
 
 The Teshi currvnt as produced hy the originator, con- 
 sisted of the arrangement of a primary coil the same as 
 for the d'Arsonval current; and tlie swondary coil was 
 placed around the primary and insulatcnl from it within a 
 vessel of oil. (See Fig. 16.) By this arrangement a step 
 up current of high potential is produced, the tension of 
 the current depending upon the amperage, length of wire, 
 and numl)er of windings in the primary, and the number 
 of the same in the secondary. For therapeutic purposes, 
 this current possesses very much the same qualities as the 
 Oudin current, particularly so when the source is fix)m a 
 static machine, and one terminal of the Tesla is groundcnl. 
 This current may be of very high potential an<l freciucncy. 
 The potential in Tesla apparatus is of higher potential 
 than the d'Arsonval current. The therapeutic effects are 
 very imich the same as of those of the Oudin and d'Arson- 
 val currents for the induction of superficial hyiHTcmia, and 
 wiien administereil from a static nuichiue with large con- 
 densers, the discharges, synchronous with the spark dis- 
 charge within the resonator are capable of producing 
 considerable contraction in the tissues — effei-ts very simi- 
 lar ti* those of the static brusli discliarge. The Tesla cur- 
 rent is the least used of the high fre<iuency discharges 
 except as a step up between the d'Arsonval and the Oudin 
 currents. Wlien it is desin^l as in some tyjtes of resona- 
 tors, particularly those employed with the static machine, 
 
 121 
 
122 
 
 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 Fig. 43. DeKraft's High Frequency Resonator. 
 Ai, Aj, Large Leyden Jar Condensers ; Ti, Tn, Tesla Terminals ; Li, Ln, 
 Line Terminals to Source of Supply; Di, Dn,, d'Arsonval Terminals; 
 S. G., Spark Gap; M, Mica Tube. 
 
 to produce a maximum potential, the Oudin solenoid is 
 connected to one side of the Tesla instead of the d'Arson- 
 val as shown in Fig. 43. 
 
 The so styled Tesla current produced with various styles 
 of apparatus of the portable type, and so-called Tesla 
 
COMPARISON OF CURRENTS 123 
 
 coils, Fig. 2(1, have in many respocts the characteristics 
 of the true Tesla current. The discharges from these coils 
 under regulation may be li(>t or mild with a regulated 
 potential of delivery depending upon the length of the 
 spark-ga]) permitted in the circuit. The field for this type 
 of p()rtable apparatus which are manufactureil also for 
 use with specially designed x-ray tubes for radiographic 
 and therapeutic purposes, and in addition for the induction 
 of local hyperemia, is the stimulation of local metabol- 
 ism, and for the relief of mild types of congestion. They 
 are also employed for the application of the efliuvation 
 method of destroying neoplasms for which purpose they 
 are well adapted. It has also been stated that these ap- 
 paratus are adapted for the auto-condensation method, 
 which is an error, for the d'Arsonval current of lower 
 potential and greater amperage cannot be duplicated by 
 the portable type of apparatus. They may, however, to 
 a degree lower high blood pressure, but do not produce 
 the characteristic etfects of the d'Arsonval current. 
 
 The Oudin current. The Oudin current, Fig. 19, de- 
 signed by Professor Oudin, is a one pole modality; that 
 is, the administrations are made from the extreme term- 
 inal of a solenoid the other end of which is connected 
 either with a Tesla or d'Arsonval solenoid. The imped- 
 ance and inductance of the numerous insulated windings 
 of this solenoid, step up the current to a potential de- 
 pending upon the source and number of windings which 
 may be very great. 
 
 This current administered as steppetl up from the Tesla 
 of a static resonator, is very much accentuated or intensi- 
 fied if the other Tesla terminal is grounded. Under these 
 conditions the current is to a very large degree pulsatory 
 
124 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 or polar in effect. The method of Dr. Frederick deKraft 
 of New York for administering this current is one of the 
 important methods of employing this modality; applying 
 it from a static resonator. 
 
 The arrangement employed hy Dr. deKraft with the 
 Oudin currents is valuable. When it is desired to pro- 
 duce the most profound effect constitutionally upon the 
 patient, the application is made as connected in Fig. 43. 
 An electrode, either a ring or a multiple point device, is 
 placed in a tube holder or held in the hands of the 
 operator, at a distance at which the pulsating effleuves 
 will be perceptibly discharged against the patient. In 
 order to intensify the effect a grounded metallic electrode 
 may be placed upon the back or opposite side of the 
 patient. By this arrangement it is possible to produce 
 successive fibrillary and mass contractions of the muscular 
 structures of the body, which remarkably stimulate meta- 
 bolism and to a degree effect the resolution of local stasis. 
 By varying the size of the electrodes and output of the 
 machine, it is possible to localize this modality to any 
 part of the body as, for the treatment of ulcerated surfaces 
 with small ball or multiple point electrodes. The object 
 of this form of treatment is two fold : ( 1 ) for the induc- 
 tion of local hyperemia in which it is peculiarly energetic ; 
 and (2) for the induction of active local or general meta- 
 bolism. It is possible also by this method to lower high 
 arterial tension. 
 
 Fulguration is another method which employs the Oudin 
 current from various sources. The same method may also 
 be employed with the Tesla or d'Arsonval current, the 
 higher potential of the Oudin not being requisite for the 
 application of fulguration. 
 
SECTION III. 
 
 PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIONS 
 
 AND THERAPEUTICS OF HIGH 
 
 POTENTIAL CURRENTS. 
 
SECTION III 
 
 THERAPEUTICS OF HIGH POTENTIAL 
 CURRENTS 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 TlIK THYSICAL EFFECTS OF THE IIICII-l'OTENTIAL CUUKENTS 
 
 The physical effects of electrical discharges as applied 
 in therapeutics depend largely upon their capacity to 
 penetrate the body and the nature of their behavior when 
 brought in relation to normal tissue under varying con- 
 ditions; such effects depending u])on the varying charac- 
 teristics of both the currents and the tissues in accordance 
 with physical laws. The study of these actions is fraught 
 with less difficulty than the study of the actions of medic- 
 inal agents emi)loyed in therapeutics, because definite 
 physical laws govern the activity, diffusion, and effects 
 produced. The action of currents and other discharges 
 upon animal tissue is generally demonstrable, certain, 
 and reliable. Once proved that tissue contracts under an 
 electrical stimulus, either by action upon the cell or the 
 muscular mass, the same effect will, under normal condi- 
 tions, be constant wherever muscular structures are 
 found, deep-seated or superficial. We are thus enabled 
 to determine with certainty the action of these currents 
 upon the deejier-seated structures when we have learned 
 by experience to employ the requisite potential, ami^er- 
 age, and frequency to affect them. So also is superficial 
 cellular activity, — general or local metabolism, — is me- 
 chanically increased, the rule will be established that 
 organs elsewhere, composed of the same tissue elements 
 
126 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 under like conditions, will respond in the same manner 
 when submitted to the same action. It is only necessary, 
 then, to demonstrate definite effects when they become 
 established laws, and we are enabled to anticipate and 
 account for results with comparative accuracy. The ap- 
 plication of electricity, when its laws of action and control 
 are discovered, together with the relative effects of po- 
 tential quantity and rate of discharge, becomes one of 
 the most rational and reliable therapeutic procedures. 
 
 The physical effects of electricity upon animal tissue 
 must depend relatively upon the characteristics of the 
 modalities employed. The ratio of quantity (amperage) 
 and potential (voltage) of the current determines, if high 
 frequency does not render the action superficial, whether 
 its action will be destructive (cauterant), electrolytic to a 
 large extent, or act as a simple stimulant or vis-a-tergo, 
 inducing increased functional activity. 
 
 The nerves, either sympathetic or cerebrospinal, can- 
 not be considered as electrical conductors conveying cur- 
 rents to their points of distribution. They are affected, 
 on the other hand, as by a stimulant which excites the 
 neuron and its axis cylinder to its characteristic action. 
 There has been no demonstration, though often so in- 
 ferred, which will justify the position that the nervous 
 system acts in any way in conjunction with electricity as 
 conductors per se. On the contrary, the arrangement of 
 the nervous system is not such as will warrant such an hy- 
 pothesis, ending as it does in terminal neurons without 
 circuits. The centripetal and centrifugal impulses cannot 
 by inference or demonstration be shown to bear anv rela- 
 
'THE PHYSICAL EFFECTS I27r 
 
 tion to electrical circuits; ou the contrary, it has Ijcen 
 demonstrated that nervous tissue is not the best conductor 
 of electrical currents, but the tissues containing the 
 largest vasculai^ supply, «*fi. the blood vessels aud muscles. 
 Furthermore, nervous impulses are relatively yery slow 
 in passage as comi)ared with the velocity of electric cur- 
 rents. It is of great importance in the colisi<leration of 
 the i)hysical actions of electricity that we should recogniKe 
 the behavior of the various electrical phenomena Under 
 different conditions, in order that we may accurately 
 determine its destination, physical action, and })liysio- 
 logical effects. ».i; ^z: lm, i • ;.. . ^;qi; . .-;,> -jjn ii;!;iijT,,,. 
 Currents of different potentials perform differently in' 
 their, passage through the tissues. Static currents of 
 high potential are universally cliff used through the body 
 when administered to a patient insulated. and jHajQedin, 
 direct connection from one side of the source of energy 
 through an electrode bv ofther connection coming in con- 
 tuct with an electrode placed somewhere upon the surface: 
 of the body, in accord with the law that snch currents seek 
 to immediately surround instead of occupy a ronducting 
 medium in a state of charge. They pass to fehetsurface 
 by the tracks of relatively least resistance and in irmrlif 
 straight lines through substances having but slight varia- 
 tioB in resistance; as do the relatively homogeneous tis- 
 sues of the human body. Currents oi Unr pot(^n(inl, on 
 the other hand, dn n-ot seem io enter. the tissues at all 
 when connected with bnt one pole of a source of electrical 
 eberg\'. When sudi currents as those deri\'ed from the 
 continuous-current battery pass between- the two poles,' 
 
128 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 the current is diffused into the tissues laterally, as a slug- 
 gish stream coursing through a flat low land. 
 
 Tivo essential properties of all electrical currents af- 
 fecting their action are the voltage (E. M. F.) or potential 
 and amperage (quantity). 
 
 Currents of great potential and large quantity cauterize 
 the tissues and destroy life by shock, overwhelming the 
 cardiac or respiratory centers or by processes of dis- 
 association of normal arrangements or conversion into 
 other combinations. 
 
 Currents of very large amperage and relatively low 
 potential are also capable of producing the same effects. 
 These effects are also produced by currents of relatively 
 small though not infinitesimal amperage, but having ex- 
 tremely great voltage or potential. When, however, the 
 amperage of a current is so small as 1-5000 to 1-2000 
 of an ampere, the voltage or potential may be in millions 
 and produce no dangerous effect. The latter are the cur- 
 rents of high potential without reference to frequency 
 which are of great value therapeutically because they are 
 capable of great diffusion mechanically, inducing activity 
 of primitive cells and of the structures of which they form 
 a part. 
 
 Frequency of oscillation or alternation, it has been 
 shown by Tesla and others, renders currents of relatively 
 large amperage and high potential not dangerous to life. 
 This seems to be demonstrated to be due to the fact that 
 these currents are, owing to great frequency, forced to 
 pass over the surface of the body, or are widely dispersed 
 without altering the superficial structures. 
 
THE PHYSICAL EFFECTS 129 
 
 Cauterant effects of high-potential currents are pro- 
 duced by discharges derived from a source of relatively 
 large amperage when brought near the surface, or by 
 successive discharges of smaller amperage to the same 
 area. This effect is produced by bringing the effleuve or 
 brush-discharge from sources of high i)otential, in close 
 proximity to the tissues — holding an electrode for a suf- 
 ficient time in one position. The destructive actions and 
 cauterant effects of these modalities are of relatively 
 little therapeutic value, except possibly when it is sought 
 to destroy local infection, a neoplasm, chondylomata, or 
 other superficial abnormal i)rocess. 
 
 Elvctrohftic action is produced to varying extents by all 
 electrical modalities, except possibly those in which the 
 tissues are subjected to the action of currents of but one 
 polarity, as the static wave-current and currents which do 
 not pass into the body. 
 
 With the currents of lii*iger amperage, however, elec- 
 trolysis is most potent and of great value for producing 
 the therai)eutic results which are sought from such cur- 
 rents, but great caution against the reckless employment 
 of currents of large quantity must be exercised. In the 
 treatment of conditions in which it is sought to improve 
 metabolism and increase the activity of organic functions, 
 currents which produce ionic alteration without reference 
 to consecpience or selections, as do currents of larger am- 
 perage, must be employed with caution. 
 
 Cataphoresis, as produced hy currents of high poten- 
 tial, is a subject upon which relatively little has been con- 
 tributed. It has been demonstrated, however, by Bishop, 
 
1^0 HiGfl-I>C«CE:&ITU^ £IC^^KB3:S 
 
 Biirch, ami. others, that it is possible to introdiice by siich 
 .ciiryents chemical agents sncbasiiodiiije into the tissues.. L 
 -. ij Generg^li diffusion qf a current requires that it be^ of 
 .J^rly. .high pot^ntiaL aad,.^fidmini^tej^ed; tcr a b,Q4y ,^.or 
 ■capacity^, insulated and c^nnecte^.fip pJie.^i<i.e 5>i*,-pole .o£ a 
 source of electrical energy. Under these conditions the 
 current should^be of relatively small amperage, as are the 
 static currents; or possessed of, a liigh rate Of oscilla- 
 tion or periodicity, when frond a source' of greater amper- 
 age." TWO curre'nts of otherwise distinctly different char- 
 arcterfsfics— the static wave current and the d' Arson val 
 xrurreht, as administered to the patient insulated upon' the 
 insulated platform or the cushion of the auto-condensation 
 •e()u-Ch,' from- a •directional sourde, are distinctly one pole 
 ^tilsatory currents. / .-3::::;-i i:i ■£,j;:!:>;^i 
 
 - : In the case of the former, the staticr wave- eurreat, the 
 electrons are diffused. Attracted to escape to the. opposite 
 polarity in all directions, they pass under, the pressure 
 .^f:higJi potential from the electrode in contact with the 
 surface to immediately surround the body of the patient 
 
 (see Fig. 44) . The current takes this course in fulfillment 
 of the natural law by which currents pass by the shortest 
 route, and best conductor. The human body is practically 
 a normal salt solution; a good conductor; wbile the skin 
 is a very poor conductor. 
 
 '^"Wheii the d^Arsonval current 'ikadjRm'i&teted by the 
 method referred to, conditions are tie same as with the 
 "wive current, in point of instilation and a unidirectional 
 character when frOm a directional sotirCe; but the cur- 
 Terits in other respects are different. 
 
 - ' The d^Arsofwal current is of much lower potential, and 
 .greater amperage than the static current, and though 
 
THE PHYSICAL EFFECTS 
 
 131 
 
 derivetl fiH)m a higli fn'<iin'iuv apparatus is, under the 
 conditions described, converted into a current of high 
 periodicity. The current entering the body of the patient, 
 
 FiCi. 44. yhuwiHg the Passage of the Sfatif Wave Current Through the 
 
 Tissues. 
 
 if of as high potential as the static current, would pass 
 to and through the insulating cushion by the shortest route, 
 rnder the characteristic conditions, 1i(»wcv(T, the current 
 
132 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 passes through the body and is to a degree diffused. 
 The greater condensation, however, must be present in 
 the tissues nearest the condenser plate beneath the 
 cushion, as indicated in Fig. 16. In both cases the cur- 
 rent is praeticallj unipolar, surging in and out of the 
 patient. 
 
 The static wave current, owing to the small amperage 
 with a slow rate of periodicity, produces deep mechanical 
 effects upon the cells, with a small degree of heat pro- 
 duction. With the d'Arsonval current on the other hand, 
 the periodicity is so great, that the action is largely one 
 of heat production, though the evidence of increased elim- 
 ination of the products of poor metabolism are found here 
 as with the wave current, by the increased elimination of 
 solids with the urine and other evidences including im- 
 proved nutrition and changes in the blood. In the case 
 of the static wave current of low periodicity, the tissues 
 beneath the electrode are thrown into active responsive 
 contraction ; whereas, with the d'Arsonval current admin- 
 istered as described, no evident tissue response is induced. 
 These two currents, differing in quality and effect well 
 illustrate and demonstrate the relative effects of varying 
 amperage and the varying effects of high and low period- 
 icity. The effects of both of these modalities as previously 
 stated have a remarkable influence upon local and general 
 metabolism. 
 
 A noted difference in effect is also observed with ref- 
 erence to their influence upon blood pressure or tension. 
 The wave current is disposed to raise arterial tension, 
 except in occasional instances, whereas the d'Arsonval 
 current lowers blood pressure with but rare exceptions. 
 How this action takes place is difficult to explain ; prob- 
 
THE PHYSirAL EFFECTS 133 
 
 ablj, however, by heat production or some direct iiidu- 
 ence upon the vaso motor centers and the musculature of 
 the arterioles. 
 
 Muscular contraction is induced by all electrical cur- 
 rents except those of hig;li periodicity and high frequency 
 when applied to the motor points or directly over the 
 spinal centers, by direct or reflex stimulation of a nerve 
 trunk, or the end neurons. 
 
 Contraction of cell protoi>lnsm by electrical currents 
 without reference to the nervous system has been un- 
 questionably demonstrated, as all recent text books on 
 physiology attest. All currents however, except the high 
 potential currents, must be applied directly to the cell 
 to province rt\«ponses except througli tlie nervous mechan- 
 ism. In other words, it is not possible by the Faradic 
 or induced current to induce such contraction of the 
 musculature through the skin. This however, is not the 
 case with the static current which by a remarkable ix>ten- 
 tial penetrates, overcomes the resistance of the skin, and 
 acts upon the cells with great energy. The high potential 
 static modalities induce diffuse contraction wherever ap- 
 plied, without reference to motor points. The contraction 
 so induced is painless, except when the niuscles are in a 
 state of tension or when api)lied over an indurated tissue. 
 Care must be exercistni in the administration of tlie static 
 wave current in carrying out this important principle of 
 relieving or removing tissue intiltration or muscular 
 spasm, not to overstimulate or fatigue the tis-sues. This 
 is effecte<l, and with best results, by regulating the length 
 of the spark-gap that no muscular spasm will be produced 
 and by not making the seance too long. A rate of spark 
 discharge of 120 to 300 per minute for iMl minutes gives 
 the best average of results. 
 
134 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 On the other hand, the low potential currents when applied 
 to the skin, produce a painful stinging sensation stimu- 
 lating muscular contraction by end nerve irritation, and 
 requiring, to produce a profound muscular contraction, 
 that the current be applied directly to the motor points — 
 places where the nerves come very near the surface of 
 the body. 
 
 The effleuve as emitted from the brush-discharge, 
 sprays, and vacuum electrodes are distinctly irritating 
 to the surface and produce a rubefacient condition, and 
 their consequent action upon deeper structures is at least 
 in part due to reflex stimulation. 
 
 Local oxidation and other germicidal action due to the 
 affinity of O3 (ozone) for the organic tissues is another 
 action which is exerted beneficially upon abnormal tis- 
 sues and the germs present when exposed to the applica- 
 tions of the effleuve of the high-potential discharges due 
 to the decomposition of the atmosphere and the products 
 evolved from the mingling of the positive and negative 
 electrons in proximity to the tissues with the productioji 
 of ozone, nitrous acid (NO3), water, and other combina- 
 tions of less importance. The characteristic chemical 
 effects are of a character which is but moderately irritat- 
 ing from the production of HoNO* by the combination of 
 NO3 and water, which is produced in such small particles 
 as not to seriously affect the tissues if the administrations 
 are not too prolonged. 
 
 The vibratory action induced by the discharges of high 
 potential arises from various causes. (1) Protoplasmic 
 contraction is produced in the tissues by the current as it 
 passes. (2) Superficial intense vibration is exerted by 
 the action of the discharges upon the patient, insulated 
 
THE PHYSICAL EFFECTS 135 
 
 bill ill the presence of opposiU-lv elKii-<i;e(I eapiuilies, aud 
 (3) the interveiiin<; skin, which is a relatively poor con- 
 ductor, ofYers resistance, and the cnirent passi'S beyond 
 to a medium of goml conduction. The effects are to set 
 lx)th the skin and underlyini; tissues into a frtate of vil>ra- 
 tion synchronous with the imitulses of tlie interruption or 
 oscillation at the spark-uap durin*;; the administration. 
 The difference is niai-ked between the skin and mucous 
 membrane the resistance iKMUg: much less with the latter. 
 
 Intense local vibration is most niarke<l as produced l»y 
 the conductive discharges at the place of contact with the 
 metal electrode usually employed during the administra- 
 tions of the static induced aud static wave-currents, and 
 also with the conductive featui'e of currents derived from 
 the vacuum tul>es connected directly with the static ma- 
 chine without the intervention of a step-up transformer 
 or resonator. The effects of sensible pulsation are not so 
 energetically produced by any other electrical apparatus 
 as by the currents of the static machine. 
 
 Polarization is one of the most diflflcult of the physical 
 properties to demonstrate. It has been shown, however, 
 by physiologists that electrical currents in their passage 
 through the tissues induce cell protoplasm to take spher- 
 ical forms. All are familiar with tlie physical demonstra- 
 tion that magnetism and electrical discharges induce 
 movable particles of matter to arrang<' th<Mnsclves into 
 vai'ious symmetrical forms. The.se actions signify an in- 
 fluence of electrical force by which mechanical eflfects are 
 exerted. 
 
 lonizatinn. The dMnonstration by Thomson that the 
 passage of an electrical current is the pa.ssage of sub- 
 
186 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 stantial electrons is certain to place new constructions 
 upon the probable actions of the currents upon the tissues. 
 The physiological effects of the various high-potential 
 modalities derived from static machines and coils, either 
 by direct connection or with intervening resonators or 
 step-up transformers placed in the circuit, are practically 
 based upon the same general principles, except those due 
 to individual peculiarities, and have therefore been classi- 
 fied with reference to their characteristics as conductive, 
 disruptive, and convective discharges, with added refer- 
 ence to the various sources and the varying conditions of 
 the modalities. The effects produced by these electrical 
 discharges are variable with the different modalities and 
 have been given in detail in the preceding chapters. 
 
CHAPTER IX 
 
 GENERAL PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE THERAPEUTIC APPLICA- 
 CATION OF HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 The consideratiou of the physiological actions as out- 
 lined in the foregoing chapters, suggests a very wide 
 scope of clinical application for the high-potential modali- 
 ties. It has been observed that these currents possess 
 three distinct characteristics of action, as follows: (1) the 
 effects associated with ionization, polarization, and other 
 characteristic actions of electricity; (2) other mechanical 
 effects associated with muscular and cell contraction 
 and vibration; (3) chemical or antiseptic effects char- 
 acteristic of the convective and vacuimi-tube discharges; 
 and (4) the thermic effects. 
 
 If these currents are to aflfect the deeper tissues of the 
 patient and produce a general effect, it is necessary either 
 that the current administered be applied to the patient 
 when insulated, and from one side of the source of 
 electrical energj- or by some other method by which 
 it may be demonstrated to be diffused throughout the 
 body. 
 
 The uare-current, iuhu'inisierod as it is from one side of 
 the machine with the patient insulated, induces discharges 
 which diverge from the surface of contact to the whole 
 surface of the patient, passing through the tissues of the 
 body in every direction, thereby producing a general 
 
 137 
 
138 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 electrification. It is in this manner that the influences of 
 electricity per se are brought to bear upon the cell struc- 
 tures throughout the whole economy. While the action 
 upon the cell is largely conjectured, it is clinically demon- 
 strated from this method of administration that metab- 
 olism is increased and a general feeling of well-b^ing 
 induced. It is also clinically shown that patients not 
 affected with organic lesions when receiving coursesTof 
 treatment, have the normal functions of the systeihl 
 restored. This is evidenced by the markedly increased 
 elimination and secretion, increased' bo^. weight,! and- -^ 
 gradual restoration to normal propprtij>n§. , of rthe elements 
 of the blood. These clinical obseryiatioiis indicate that; a 
 general increase of cell activity .with- restoration of their 
 normal action is induced.^. When it is observed that this 
 may take place regardless of a regulation of "exercise and 
 habit, it would seem that tliese administratioti& to i^atierits 
 whose habits and vocations ar6' s6d6ntary, Vake^the plae^ 
 in a measure of phy^c'are±efMs6,^l^rob'aljly due to^t'fie^ in- 
 duced acti\T.ty of the' cell; wMeh- tends to pi^serve a- 
 balance in the economy fui-nishing- a valuable means of 
 eliminating effete end products and forcing tissue com- 
 bustion. When einployed, hbwever, in c6il5tinctit>ii'-wit:li' 
 exercise^ greater benefit'may be dei*ived; Tbfes^ ob^fei^va-^ 
 tions therefore suggest that the person in a relative cbil' 
 dition of health, 'but following'a' sedentary life, can be 
 greatly benefited by the regTilai'empIo>Tnenf Of such- ad-^ 
 ministrations. In the helpless 'invalid who is 'lihabie td^ 
 take "exercise, they aire invaluable in that' tliey' ihdtice ha-" 
 tu*e't6':ih^ aetiVe performance's of her'iKJrniar funtefioiM'? ^ 
 
\ 
 
 GENERAL PRINCIPLES 139 
 
 It is observed by»th'os<» who are familiar the applieatioii 
 of electricity by the (luto-condcnsation method when ciii 
 ployiug the eiirreuts of high ix)tential and higli fi*eqiiiMK-y 
 or high pericHlicity, that there is also an increase of (he 
 prcHluets of the end-orgaus ilerived from its administra- 
 tion. These cnrivnts penetrate the bmly though not in 
 the same manner as is fully considered in the previous 
 chapter. 
 
 It seems to have bi^en fully demonstrated that und(5r 
 both types of administration there is an increased elim- 
 ination of solids in the urine and of CO, with respiration, 
 which may arise from a large degree of heat production 
 or superficial action, and these superficial currents may 
 also reflexly aiTect the deeper structures of the body or 
 induce other currents in the body. In the case, however, 
 of a current administered as the wave-current is, from one 
 side of the source of energy with tlie ]>atient insulated, 
 the current can be demonstrated to be actually driven 
 through the tissues in all directions in the natural course 
 to the surface, and the increased elimination so marked 
 with this form of administration is undoubtedly due to 
 the increased activity efTecting an acceleration of general 
 metabolism, both eliminative and secretive. These in- 
 fluences associated with the passage of any current 
 througli till' tissues are j)roductive more or less of elec- 
 trolysis or ionization. The relative bearing of this action, 
 however, upon the tissues is one concerning which no ob- 
 servations except the clinical results of their employment 
 can be made. It is probable that the cells under the in- 
 fluences of the current, passing with interruptions, is one 
 that induces a change of form incident to the contractions 
 
140 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 and relaxations of the cell, and at the same time, with each 
 recurrent oscillation, disposing the whole organism to a 
 state of general tissue activity. 
 
 The administration of currents of high potential which 
 flow between the terminals of the two opposite polarities 
 certainly pass in narrow lines through the tissues to com- 
 plete the circuit. The greater the potential or voltage of 
 the current, the more direct will be these lines of passage 
 between the two opposite polarities. The passage is com- 
 parable to a stream of water passing down a hillside or 
 through a sandy plain. In one case, the channel will be 
 very narrow and straight and only to a small degree 
 saturate the banks, while the same stream, passing across 
 a nearly level plain, will be tortuous and largely absorbed 
 during its passage. This comparison would serve to in- 
 dicate the different methods of passage of currents of 
 high potential in comparison with the continuous current 
 of low potential which is known to spread out through the 
 tissues during its passage. One other observation in re- 
 lation to these two types of current should be made, and 
 that is that the current of low potential is disposed always 
 to follow the tracks of best conduction, as the muscles or 
 blood vessels of the body, while the currents of high- 
 potential, displacement-currents, pass across and through 
 tissjues of slightly varying resistance in comparatively 
 straight lines. The greater the quantity of the current 
 passing, the greater will be the ionization or electrolytic 
 action upon the tissues, except of high potential currents 
 of high frequency, which have been demonstrated to pro- 
 duce no electrolysis, but thermic effects. 
 
GENERAL PRINCIPLES 141 
 
 Thi' mechanical effects of lii^h-poti'iitial (nirrente iniist 
 be deemed of gixiat importance from the therapeutic point 
 of view, and may be exerted either directly or reflexly, ac- 
 cording to the modality employed. The direct effects of 
 these currents are derived from the conductive dis- 
 charges, producing distinct muscular contraction and vi- 
 bration, and undoubted contraction of cell protoplasm 
 from their application. These effects from the conduct- 
 ive discharges are very largely local, being transmitted 
 from the surface to a depth relative to the amplitude or 
 potential of delivery of the current, which is varied by 
 changing the length of the spark-gap. 
 
 21ie term potential of delivery is one which the author 
 has adopted to express a condition of electrical discharges 
 which should be defined, and for which there is no term in 
 common use to designate. By it is meant the amplitude 
 or spark length possible to deliver under the conditions 
 of a circuit from a discharging electrode to the site of 
 application. The potential of delivery will depend upon 
 the length of the spark between the rods of the 
 condensers, plus the potential added by a step-up 
 transformer; the length of an effleuve of a convective 
 character; or the length of spark-gap or the amplitude of 
 the conductive discharges which are measured by the 
 spark-ga}). The size of the Leyden jars in the circuit of 
 the current also varies the j)Ossibilities of the amplitude. 
 The necessity for the employment of the term potential of 
 delivery arises from the confusion that exists at this time 
 with reference to the action of high-frequency and pulsa- 
 tory currents. Too little attention has been ])aid to 
 
142 HIGH-POTENTIAL CUKRENTS 
 
 the fact that when rapid intermptions are made in the 
 circuit of a current pulsatory or oscillatory, that the 
 periodicity is at the expense of the spark length possible 
 if a brake is made in the circuit. Potential of discharge 
 is shortened to produce a high rate. The spark discharg- 
 ing between the jars of the resonator of a high-frequency 
 apparatus will be relative in rate to the length of the 
 spark discharging, other things being equal. The length 
 of a spark discharged from an electrode connected 
 with the circuit will represent the potential of deliver!/. 
 In other words, when administering a spark from a 
 solenoid or Telsa coil or a combination of the two in con- 
 nection with the outer coating of the two condensers of a 
 static machine, a spark will be delivered relative to the 
 length of the spark-gap, and of a rate of discharge in- 
 creasing as the spark length is diminished or the rate 
 of revolution of the plates of the machine is increased, 
 plus an increase of potential developed in the solenoid. 
 It will be seen, then, that the rate of interruption is 
 increased at the expense of the potential of delivery. 
 When, therefore, the fact is recognized that the intensity 
 and the depth of perturbatory effect of a discharge de- 
 pend upon its potential of delivery, and not upon the fre- 
 quency of interruption, other things being equal, the im- 
 portance of the designation and differential relations of 
 potential and the rate of interruption can but be appre- 
 ciated. The rate of interruption bears the same relation 
 of inverse ratio to the potential of delivery in electro- 
 therapeutics as speed does to power in mechanics. In 
 the consideration of the mechanical effects of the elec- 
 
I 
 
 GENERAL PRINCIPLES 143 
 
 trical discharges conductive, disruptive, or convective, 
 the importance of the bearing of these considerations can 
 be easily appreciated. The mechanical effects of the cur- 
 rents of high frequency except when painful in character, 
 as are the sparks, or effleuve, and the possible action upon 
 the cell due to the influence of the passage of an electrical 
 current ns considered, are otherwise practically nil. In 
 other words, the currents of very high rates of interrup- 
 tion — pulsatory or oscillatory — are deficient in ampli- 
 tude, do not produce muscular contraction, and are abso- 
 lutely painless during administration. With them the 
 potential of delivery is very small. The mechanical 
 effects of such currents are therefore insignificant or of 
 no value. The following conclusions as to the actions of 
 high-potential discharges constitute a basis for their 
 mechanical employment in therapeutics. 
 
 (1) Currents derived from the static machine have 
 striking characteristics producing mechanical effects 
 upon the tissues diffused, penetrating and painless, 
 peculiar to these currents. When carried to the point of 
 inducing tetanus, or when administered over inflam- 
 matory areas, their action may also become painful. 
 
 (2) Secondary mechanical effects are undoubtedly pro- 
 duced upon the tissues, which give tone to the muscular 
 structures, and others probably of polarization. 
 
 (3) Muscle and tissue contractions are produced by all 
 disruptive and convective discharges relative to their in- 
 tensity or irritating characteristics, and varying in pene- 
 tration with the potential of delivery of the discharges, 
 other things being equal. 
 
144 HIGH-POTENTIAL CUKRENTS 
 
 Polarity. In the administration of the high-frequency 
 currents — alternating in character — consideration of 
 polarity does not enter. Such currents, as the designa- 
 tion implies, are alternately positive and negative at the 
 two terminals of the circuit. This is objectionable, when 
 it is a well-recognized fact that with unidirectional cur- 
 rents the local actions of the opposite polarities produce 
 positively different effects. 
 
 In the local administrations of the wave-current in the 
 treatment of acute inflammatory conditions, the writer 
 has demonstrated repeatedly — often enough to establish 
 the fact — that the wave-current derived from the nega- 
 tive side of the static machine when applied over such 
 regions, while producing a temporary sedative effect, is 
 followed after a short time by marked aggravation of a 
 condition which had been improving. It has occurred in 
 a sufficient number of instances during previous years 
 when the polarity was looked upon as an indifferent fac- 
 tor to finally demonstrate the fact. 
 
 One well-marked instance will serve to illustrate the ag- 
 gravating effect of the use of the wave-current connected 
 directly to the negative side of the machine. A patient 
 who had been treated for three days for an acute sciatica 
 of a very severe type, in which the condition had been so 
 greatly improved that he had slept the night previous to 
 the fourth administratiou, was treated by an assistant. 
 He connected the patient with the negative side of the 
 machine, the positive being grounded, and administered 
 the wave-current for the usual period of fifteen or twenty 
 minutes. The patient left the office in a seemingly com- 
 
GENERAL PRINCIPLES 145 
 
 fortable condition, without pain. On the following morn- 
 ing it was with difficulty that he could return to the office, 
 requiring assistance to get on and off the cars and into 
 the house for treatment. The wave-current was then ap- 
 plied in the usual manner connected with the positive side 
 of the machine, after which the ])atient left the house with 
 no vestige of pain or suffering and continued the course 
 of his treatments for three days, when the recovery was 
 complete. Similar results have occurred in other cases 
 in which, with the use of the positive current, uniformly 
 sedative results are obtained. It is the local action, espe- 
 cially in the treatment of inflammatory processes, where 
 the polarity plays such an important part. It would also 
 seem, and, so long experience has taught the writer, that 
 the positive electrons exert a more favorable influence 
 upon the general metabolism. Comparisons, however, 
 of the two polarities have not been made as to the consti- 
 tutional effects of the current, as the negative has been 
 but little used in these conditions. From the positive, 
 however, are always obtained desirable, sedative, and 
 quieting effects which seem to indicate its employment, if 
 not its choice, to the exclusion of the negative, for favor- 
 ably affecting the nutritive processes of metabolism. 
 
 The application of the brush-discharge, wWh the patient 
 connected to the negative side of the Holtz machine, is 
 distinctly soothing to a painful and inflamed condition, 
 as may be easily demonstrated. When a connection is 
 made directly to the positive side, however, the effect is 
 distinctly irritating. This is not only the effect at the 
 time of an administration, but the writer has been con- 
 
146 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 vinced after a series of experiments that an application 
 with the patient attached to the positive side, will be fol- 
 lowed by a recurrence of the symptoms a short time after 
 the close of the administration, whereas, when the applica- 
 tion is made with the patient connected to the negative 
 side of the machine, the effects are soothing and sedative 
 and the relief of the inflammatory process from a proper 
 administration is prolonged, tending to the recovery of 
 the condition. This unquestioned local action in connec- 
 tion with the administration of the brush-discharge 
 proves clinically the certain indication for the choice for 
 the connection of the patient with the negative pole dur- 
 ing this form of administration. 
 
 With the vacuum tubes applied directly to the surface 
 of the patient, the choice of polarity is to some extent an 
 open question, but from recent results it seems to have 
 been demonstrated that the connection made to the posi- 
 tive side of the Holtz machine is the choice for the treat- 
 ment of local inflammatory conditions, where it is sought 
 to allay the induration and restore an active metabolism. 
 When the indications are for the treatment of local septic 
 conditions, however, or where germs are present in the 
 superficial tissues, the greater chemical action at the sur- 
 face of the glass when connected with the negative side 
 would indicate the connection with that side for the treat- 
 ment of such conditions. In this connection it is well to 
 state that the effects of muscular contractions are induced 
 with a great deal more energy with the same length of 
 spark-gap when the vacuum tube is connected with the 
 positive side of the Holtz machine, than with the negative, 
 
GENERAL PRINCIPLES 147 
 
 and also that greater enerjjy is exerted when there is a 
 leading-in ^ire in the electrode. 
 
 These effects suggt'^t an important consideration of the 
 actions of the elet-trons in their passage, hut leave an ele- 
 ment of doubt from the fact that when the brush-discharge 
 is employed there is a passage by induction through and 
 to the place of discharge of negative electrons, while with 
 the wave-current tlu' passage of the current surging to 
 and fro is of positive electrons. In one instance the 
 consideration is given entirely to the one polarity a» it 
 affects the surface during its escape, whereas, in the other 
 insrtance, the opposite polarity produces the greater degree 
 of sedative effect. 
 
 The explanation of these two opposite effects from dif- 
 ferent polarities is diflScult to reconcile, and yet from 
 clinical experience, which is the best proof, the truth is 
 demonvstrated in every instance where a careful study of 
 the relative effects is made. So much of the action of 
 these electrons upon the tissues is still unexplained, that 
 the clinical results obtained may lead to final conclusions 
 which may clear up or explain many of these actions. 
 
 The explanation of the differences of thesH^ effects must 
 be made, not from effects of the passage of the current, 
 but probably from the irritating action of the positive 
 discharges of the brush-discharge upon the end-organs, 
 which is easily demonstrat«xl by any observer. 
 
 The polar effects of the d'Arsonval current as admin- 
 istered with auto condensation have not been generally 
 appreciated. This current when administered from a 
 unipolar source, i. e., with an arrangement which will 
 vary with the length of tin* spark-gap, an<l other ad- 
 justment of the source of the current charging the reson- 
 
148 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 ator iS' rendered a unidirectional or pulsatory current. 
 When derived from a static machine or Ruhmkorff coil, or 
 other apparatus which gives a relatively unipolar current, 
 the resistance of the spark-gap, and of the cushion on the 
 couch, and the capacity of the patient, the current is 
 converted into a pulsatory current of high periodicity. 
 Such a current is practically unipolar in character, with 
 the polarity regulated by changing sides with the d'Arson- 
 val. In the writer's experience, the d'Arsonval current 
 administered by auto-condensation produces its best effects 
 upon metabolism and in arterial hypertension when ad- 
 ministered with the positive to the patient. In this effect 
 it naturally corresponds in its action with the effects of 
 the positive pole of the static wave current. 
 
 The thermic effect of the high frequency currents when 
 administered by the direct d'Arsonval method, that is by 
 the passage of the current through the patient directly 
 between two electrodes placed upon the surface, produces 
 a remarkable action upon the intervening tissues, by the 
 induction of hyperemia. By this means it is possible to 
 derive remarkable effects in the treatment of infection 
 and conditions associated with impaired metabolism. 
 Probably no therapeutic measure offers greater possibili- 
 ties than this method of local treatment by hyperemia. 
 The current in this event is largely oscillatory as is char- 
 acteristic of the d'Arsonval current when administered 
 with electrodes from the two poles in contact at two places 
 upon a conducting body. 
 
 From the therapeutic point of view, the importance of 
 muscular and cell contraction and of vibration is of the 
 greatest importance. The latter is so closely allied to 
 muscular contraction as an effect that it is difficult to dis- 
 
GENERAL PRINCIPLES I4i) 
 
 cover a distinct differentiation. It will be generally 
 appreciated that most diseases arise from functional 
 inactivities associated with lii/percrtnia, passive or active, 
 and congestive processes induced by irritants whicli ap- 
 pear in the form of germs, the i)roducts of auto-infection, 
 results of poor metabolism, or as the effects of trauma- 
 tism. These conditions as stated are associated either 
 with a degree of sluggish activity or with a condition of 
 induration associated with local stasis. 
 
 In nature's method of walling off processes of infec- 
 tion, stasis is established and serves a valuable purpose, 
 when infection is present. The same induration whicli is 
 nature's wall of safety against the spread of infection is 
 the greatest obstacle to recovery in other inflammatory 
 affections. To relieve these conditions of local stasis or 
 induration, which interfere with the restoration of nor- 
 mal circulation and ultimate absolute restitution, some 
 energetic means is required. If the affected area is super- 
 ficial, the application of a mechanical means will act as a 
 vis-a-tergo, overcoming the induration, softening the tis- 
 sues, and thereby restoring circulation and permitting the 
 elimination of accumulated infiltration, and other prod- 
 ucts of an inflammation. It can but ajij^eal to the mind of 
 the intelligent reader that such a procedure is indicated 
 before a normal restoration can follow. 
 
 Induration promptly follows trauma, as a sprain. 
 The blood rai)idly accumulates, and the tissues become 
 hard, swollen, and indurated, with the ultimate establish- 
 ment of what will become a chronic stiffening and imjjair- 
 ment of the functions of the ]iart. Thus, in conse<iuence 
 
150 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 of a shock sustained by the exposed tissues, dilatation of 
 the capillaries and blood vessels, with the determination 
 of an excessive quantity of blood to the part, becomes the 
 first step towards the establishment of a chronic process. 
 Nature has provided an increased blood-supply whenever 
 an accident occurs in the tissues and repair is necessary. 
 Under physiological conditions without the production of 
 shock or severe injury, a compensatory supply of blood 
 enlarges and develops the part, which is called into most 
 energetic action; but if an accident occurs which results 
 in an excessive supply for which there is not a corre- 
 sponding demand, as above stated, swelling and indura- 
 tion result. For the removal of such a condition no 
 compensatory action is provided, and local stasis, which 
 will become a chronic inflammatory process, is established. 
 The application of mechanical measures for the relief of 
 local stasis, as it occurs either in association with trauma 
 or infective processes, may be followed by prompt restora- 
 tion. When, however, induration walls off cavities of in- 
 fection where considerable pus is already present, to re- 
 move the induration would be to extend the infection. 
 
 While the application of other mechanical measures to 
 conditions of stasis will induce circulatory drainage to a 
 certain degree and re-establish to some extent the normal 
 processes, their action is far less satisfactory than the ap- 
 plication of the high-potential electrical currents; (1) be- 
 cause they do not produce contraction of the tissues to 
 the extent that it is produced by an electrical current; 
 (2) because the contraction induced by an external me- 
 chanical stimulus, not electrical, has not the same tend- 
 
GENERAL PRINCIPLES 151 
 
 ency to preserve a prolonged state of contraction; (3) 
 because the penetrating effect and diffuse action of the 
 mechanical applications referred to are not such as to 
 envelop and include all of the structures involved, and 
 (4) their application is generally too painful in acute con- 
 ditions to ])ermit the production of complete relief of the 
 local condition. 
 
 The modus operandi of the high-potential electrical ap- 
 plications of moderate rates of interruption, as applied 
 to the treatment of acute congestion, is to stimulate the 
 tissues to contraction, alternating with periods of relaxa- 
 tion. The induction of contraction, interrupted at inter- 
 vals not too frequent, reduces a process of inflammation 
 to normal. The flow of blood in the parts is thus restored 
 and the activities of the hinphatics and end-organs which 
 under pressure were in condition of stasis are restored. 
 
 It will be readily appreciated when an electrical stimu- 
 lus is administered in the manner described, before much 
 pus has formed in a commencing abscess, as of tonsilitis, 
 felon, or carbuncle, it will overcome the local stasis, and at 
 
 the same time increase the local leucocytosis and, causing 
 mmxi acti\'ity locally of the phagocytes, will carry away* 
 the foci of infection and relieve a condition which would 
 otherwise be followed by a painful jH'ocess. This is un- 
 doubtedly the method of action, under a systematic ap- 
 plication of the proi)er high-potential modalities to acute 
 inflammatory processes. 
 
 In cases of mechanical injuri/, in whicJi no fori of 
 infection are present, but a condition of injury to the soft 
 parts, the effect of rclicvinsr the local conpestiou is all 
 
152 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 that is required to relieve a process, which, if treated by 
 other methods, will generally become chronic and be fol- 
 lowed by months or years of suffering and inconvenience. 
 "When it is generally recognized that mechanical action is 
 necessary to restore the normal circulation to an inflamed 
 tissue ; that its employment is the step of first importance 
 for the relief of a non-infective or the early stage of an 
 infected process; and that the action of high-potential 
 discharges of low rates of interruption, which produce 
 the effects of muscular and tissue contraction, are indi- 
 cated, uncured non-infective, chronic inflammatory con- 
 ditions will be rarely encountered. 
 
 In chronic conditions in which the early application of 
 proper treatment has been delayed, the relief, while gen- 
 erally certain if persevered in, is not prompt because the 
 products of inflammation have become more or less organ- 
 ized, and deposits of fibrin, and round-cell infiltration, 
 and other products of inflammation, have become so ex- 
 tensive in the area that for their elimination a longer time 
 will be required. Furthermore, when anchylosis is pres- 
 ent, except in the superficial regions, little can be ex- 
 pected from the high-potential treatment unless the ad- 
 hesions are first broken up, after which no means offer 
 greater promise for subsequent relief and cure of chronic 
 joint affections than the various applications of the high- 
 potential currents and other modalities. In these cases, 
 however, the long static sparks and wave-current admin- 
 istered with a very long spark-gap are requisite, because, 
 in order to overcome the chronic induration, very pene- 
 trating effects are required. In the author's experience, 
 
GENERAL PRINCIPLES 153 
 
 few joint affections where anchylosis or erosion has not 
 occurred and no active germ process is present, will fail 
 to respond to the systematic administration of high- 
 potential electricity. In enlarged or congested glandular 
 conditions resulting from poor metabolism, or the pres- 
 ence in the tissues of effete materials, substances that 
 have not been eliminated, these high-potential currents 
 are as a rule effective. 
 
 It is a recognized fact with those who are familiar with 
 the uses of these modalities, that in glandular conditions, 
 where hyperplasia or some organic destruction has not al- 
 ready taken place, it is possible by the mechanical action 
 of these currents to restore in whole, or part, normal con- 
 ditions, and that in cases in which an organic process of 
 a slow inflammatory character is in progress, it is often 
 possible to abate it, allay its progress, and remove the 
 inflammatory exudates that are present, thereby largely 
 improving the local conditions. This is notably true in 
 prostatitis. In hypertrophic cirrhosis of the liver, chronic 
 diffuse nephritis, chronic parenchymatous nephritis, in 
 the early stages, and also in affections of the spleen, pan- 
 creas, and other glands of the body, the principles enun- 
 ciated indicate their employment, and results obtained 
 have demonstrated their utility. 
 
 The potential of deliveri/, in all cases, must be relative 
 to the depth at which the lesion is seated, or the volume 
 of the structure affected, and the results of their adminis- 
 tration will depend upon the possibility of transmitting 
 the electrical vibration and tissue contraction to the re- 
 motest part of the affected organ or region. This will de- 
 
154 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 mand in many cases the administration of very long 
 sparks, or the use of a very long spark-gap in connection 
 with the conductive discharges. The modalities which 
 partake of these qualities, producing muscular and tissue 
 contraction, are the currents controlled to low rates of 
 interruption, as the static wave-current and the static 
 induced current, and the stimulating reflex effects of 
 the direct sparks from the static machine and to a 
 lesser degree the high-potential sparks from the reso- 
 nator, or solenoid in connection with coil or static 
 machine. The vacuum tubes, when employed in connec- 
 tion with the static machine, also produce distinct vi- 
 bratory action and contraction, whereas, from coil sources 
 the only effects of tissue contraction produced are those 
 which are induced by the irritating effects of the dis- 
 charges with the production of reflex contraction, without 
 the distinct vibratory influence. It will be seen, therefore, 
 that for the treatment of inflammatory conditions in 
 which the intent of the administration is to produce cir- 
 culatory drainage and local elimination, it is best stimu- 
 lated by the induction of tissue contraction and local vi- 
 bration, which are effected most energetically with the 
 currents of lower rates of interruption and high poten- 
 tial. 
 
 Too much emphasis cannot be put upon the value of 
 these mechanical effects of high-potential electricity, 
 which have been generally ignored by writers in the past. 
 
 By the rational employment of these modalities it has 
 been already demonstrated that numerous chronic condi- 
 tions can be alleviated and the normal local circulation 
 
GENERAL PRINCIPLES 155 
 
 and initrition restored to the parts when other means have 
 failed. 
 
 The treatment of infectious diseases by high potential 
 currents must be managed from an entirely different point 
 of view than the treatment of <tther inflaniinatory ccukH- 
 tions. The abscess has been opened when fluctuation was 
 present and treatment confined to the use of means that 
 favored the development of tlie pus process, " bringing it 
 to a head " as was the common expression. More re- 
 cently a crucial incision and the injection of carbolic acid 
 has been employed to abort a boil or carbuncle — a painful 
 process and not always successful. Since the demonstra- 
 tions of Metchnikoff, Wrig'ht, and others of the certain 
 functions of the microphages and the macrophages — ^the 
 leucocytes and the tissue cells, the management of infec- 
 tious conditions has bei'ome constantly more rational. It 
 will be recalled by every physician who has employed 
 agents which produce a diffuse hyperemia in an infected 
 tissue, that it has bt^n possible in some in.stances to abort 
 abscess proct^ses. The prolonged application of heat at 
 high temperatures in connection with other counter irri- 
 tants which produce locally an intense hyperemia, in- 
 creases in the tissues involve<l, by increasing the blood 
 sux)ply, a relatively larger number of phagocytes. It is 
 this principle which is taken advant^ige of in the treatment 
 of infection with the high p<jtential currents. 
 
 Methods inducing hypercmid with the high jmtential 
 currents are (1) those which act superficially, as the 
 va<'uum tubes or ettieuves — <lischarges which on account 
 of their irritating or stinging character induce a liberal 
 influx of blood into the tissues; and (2) the high potential 
 current of liigh freijuency or high pi'ri<Mlicity and fairly 
 
156 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 large amperage, which, when passed directly through an 
 infected tissue, induces a degree of heat in the interpolar 
 tissues. Naturally when a tissue is heated blood flows 
 in through the dilated capillaries to maintain a uniformly 
 normal temperature. By this means a continued passage 
 for from ten to twenty minutes of a direct d'Arsonval 
 current through the infected tissues is capable of inducing 
 a marked hyperemia in the parts intervening between the 
 surfaces to which the two electrodes are applied, thereby 
 effecting even in the deeper structures a heating of the 
 tissues which will persist for some time after discontinu- 
 ance of the administration. These and the application of 
 radiant light and heat which penetrates deeply into the 
 tissues with a conversion of the radiant energy into heat 
 units, are the two most important means of inducing deep 
 hyperemia. 
 
 The Roentgen ray must he considered here in connec- 
 tion with the treatment of infection, though but a product 
 of the high potential currents. Its characteristics are 
 such that its influence upon germ life is most remarkable, 
 seemingly sterilizing, not destroying the germs in the field 
 of infection, when the dose is large enough or when, ad- 
 ministered intermittently for a long enough period of time. 
 In the active processes, as those of streptococcic or 
 staphylococcic infection, the dose should always be a mas- 
 sive one; i. e., it should be applied for a longer time if 
 a moderate radiation is employed, or otherwise for a 
 relatively shorter time. In the terms of Saboraud, a full 
 Saboraud dose should be applied directly to a carbuncle 
 or abscess, or a twenty to forty minute application of the 
 usual x-ray dose, that is used for the treatment of epith- 
 elioma, on alternate days of ten minutes each. The in- 
 
GENERAL PRINCIPLES 157 
 
 hibitory effect of such a dose of x-rays is remarkable in 
 its action upon germ life. It should be followed in twelve 
 to twenty-four hours hy an energetic use of radiant light 
 and heat and high frecjuency currents — sufficient to main- 
 tain a profound hyperemia in the infected tissue. Such 
 procedure is usually effective in aborting a local pus pro- 
 cess when tlu» opsonic index is normal. In the treatment 
 or tubercular adenitis, a similar routine may be followed 
 with the persistent use of the high fr<H]uency current and 
 radiant light and heat, following a prolonged dose of the 
 x-ray, until the process is entirely arrested. It should 
 always be borne in mind that radiant light and heat and 
 the high frequency currents likewise have an inhibitory 
 effect upon germ life, and coincidently increase the per- 
 centage of hemoglobin in the blood, and often with it the 
 establishment of a higher opsonic index. 
 
 The local antiseptic or germicidal action of the high 
 potential discharges, either from eflfleuves or vacuum tubes, 
 is limited to the action locally when kept up for consid- 
 erable time. It is questionable whether the effects j)ene- 
 trate deeply into the tissue. Added to these are the effecta 
 of the higher frequencies of light, particularly th<' violet 
 and ultra-viole't associated with the emanations from these 
 discharges. It has also l)eeu demonstrated that certain 
 chemical substances as iodine ami the essential oils are to 
 an extent taken up by the tissues through the medium of 
 the vacuum tube discharges. 
 
 The production of an oxidizing agent so rich in ozone, 
 in proximity with the germs, insures a certiiin amount of 
 destructive action fnun that .source. So also, the nitrous 
 oxides which are derived from these discharges are anti- 
 septic in action. It must be recognized, however, that the 
 
158 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURKENTS 
 
 action of these discharges is very superficial; for the dis- 
 charges from the tissues take place from the most super- 
 ficial points and are also produced in the interyals between 
 the vacuum tubes and the tissues or in the spaces between 
 the surface and the electrodes employed in the administra- 
 tion of the convective discharges. 
 
 It cannot be presumed that any spark discharge takes 
 place within the tissues of the patient, nor in any case 
 has it been demonstrated, that the chemical effects of the 
 discharges are to a considerable extent conveyed beneath 
 the surface except by the immediate effect of the action 
 of these agents upon the blood in the most superficial 
 capillaries. The extent of their actions show that so far 
 as the effect upon the germs is concerned, the action is local 
 and very limited. To effect anything like a therapeutic 
 result upon the integument or a mucous surface the elec- 
 trode, if a vacuum tube is employed, must be in close con- 
 tact with the tissues. 
 
 The radiant energy induced by the electrical discharges 
 has an undoubted though mild effect upon some forms of 
 germ life, probably equally as much as the ultra-violet 
 rays of the solar or arc light spectrum. It is therefore 
 possible in the treatment of superficial conditions and in 
 processes in the cavities of the body, where the vacuum 
 tubes can be placed in close relation to congested or in- 
 fected tissues, that a materially beneficial effect will be 
 derived from their action upon germ life. 
 
 From the above observation it will be appreciated that 
 a large range of indications exists for the employment of 
 high potential modalities in the treatment of all types of 
 inflammation. In subsequent chapters details will be given 
 of the various applications to special conditions. 
 
CUAl'TEK IV 
 
 THE HIGH POTENTIAL CURRENTS IN DISEASES OF THE CIRCU- 
 LATORY SYSTEM 
 
 Thkke has j)i'()l)alily Ikhmi iu> advance made in tlu'rajX'U- 
 tics which \vill c()ntril)utc more to life and lonj^evity than 
 the intnuliictiou of the hi.uh potential currents in the 
 treatment of art«'rial sclerosis and its causes. That such 
 statements are not reco<;nizcd by the rank and tile of our 
 profession is due to the fact that the use of electricity 
 is looked upon as so technical that the average man is 
 unwilling to investigate the methods of employing it, and 
 for this reason is a])t to be doubtful of its efficiency. 
 The value of these currents, however, has been well estab- 
 lisheil and the eagerness with which those interested are 
 investigating this branch of medicine is encouraging. 
 
 ITj'pertension is now generally acknowledgeil as the 
 common cause of sclerosis of the middle or muscular coats 
 of the arteries resulting undoubtedly from the fact that 
 a muscle maintained in a state of tension is certain to 
 undergo degeneration owing to tiie consifpK iit interfer- 
 ence witli the cin libit it HI and metabolism under tiiese con- 
 ditions. This is demonstrated in the d<'generation that 
 takes i>lace in long muscles which are for a long time in 
 a state of muscular tension. The degeneration is first of 
 the fatty and then of the calcareous transition, in which 
 the middle coats of the arteries are found in a<lvanced 
 arterio-sclerosis. Other factors, un<loiiiitedly, as ctuiditions 
 
 159 
 
160 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 of malnutrition favor the degenerative process in the 
 arteries. Syphilis has also been shown to be a cause 
 of arterio-sclerosis. The important study therefore, look- 
 ing to the prevention and relief of arterio-sclerosis, is the 
 management or prevention of hypertension. 
 
 There are various influences which under normal con- 
 ditions affect arterial tension. The athlete, as the young 
 man on the college rowing or football teams, or the pro- 
 fessional who trains to perform feats of strength and 
 agility, maintains his muscular condition under such a 
 degree of exercise, that the heart's force must be increased 
 to perform the extra work put upon it when the tension 
 is relatively increased. Then, as in all cases of hyper- 
 tension there is a coincident hypertrophy of the ventricles 
 of the heart. Under extreme exercise the tension will 
 increase from the normal 110 or 120 mm. to 130 or 140, 
 or even 150 at which after hypertrophy is developed, it 
 will remain constant unless for some reason the abandon- 
 ment of active pursuits permits a gradual lapse in the 
 force and tone of the heart muscles, due to a gradual 
 atrophy with, the dilatation persistent, which brings the 
 heart into a state of incapacity or failing compensation, 
 when the blood pressure gradually falls far below the 
 normal. During the past year the writer has noted the 
 tension of young athletes under exercise ranging from 
 10 to 30 mm. above normal; and one young man, a 
 young college student who had for three years worked 
 upon the rowing team of his college, after three weeks 
 of rest exhibited a blood pressure of 150 mm. In another 
 instance, that of a young physician who had previously 
 been an athlete on a college team, the blood pressure was 
 found to be at 70 mm. indicating the ultimate sequelae 
 
DISEASES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 101 
 
 of the injudicious extremes of exercis<^ in those, who 
 may later lead sedentary lives. The eauses wiiich induce 
 hypert<>nsion are: (1) the rcsistdticc in titf cirvnUitonj 
 channels, due either to the contraction or stenosis of the 
 arterioles or conj]:esti(m of the liver and kidneys throu*:;h 
 which most of the hlood must tlow ; or (2) increase in the 
 volume or quantity of circulating fluid; or (3) the in- 
 creased heart force induced hy the demands made on the 
 system during exeiTise, as previously shown; or from 
 emotional caust^s; or (4) the ingestion of alcohol irs or 
 other drugs which produce a contraction of the arterioles 
 or exei-t an increased force of heart action; or (5) altered 
 viscosity of the blood. 
 
 The associated pathological arterial conditions, found 
 present with hypertension, are probably in most cases the 
 conse<iuence and not the cause of hypertension. This view 
 is now generally accepted, and though, for a long time, 
 it had b<'<'n the opinion of tlie profession that Bright's 
 disease was the cause of arteric^-sclei-osis, at present it is 
 recogriiztnl to be the consequence. hi parenchymatous 
 nephritis and cirrhosis of the liver however, the circula- 
 tion is ol)stnicte<l l>y the engorgement or subsequent 
 atrophy, prmlucing a hypertension. 
 
 In parenchymatous nephritis, the hypertension is com- 
 pensat^>ry and does not lead to arterio-silerosis, and must 
 under no circums-tauces be disturbed by lowering of blood 
 pressure. 
 
 The study of hypertension has in recent years been 
 greatly facilitated by the invention and intnwluction of 
 practical instruments for measurement, the most accurate 
 of which are based upon the principle of restraining the 
 circulation of the forearm by a liaiid or girdle, made to 
 
162 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 constrict the soft structures of the arm; the pressure 
 exerted upon the blood vessels causing the pulse to dis- 
 appear at the wrist. The pressure required to overcome 
 the resistance against the propelling force of the heart, 
 when constriction is made by an inflated rubber sack 
 beneath the constricting band, is measured by the height 
 of a column of mercury having a graduated scale and 
 W'hich is subjected under the arrangement to the same 
 pressure that is exerted to restrain the circulation. 
 When pressure is released from the circuit, the mercury 
 column falls gradually, when at a certain reading the 
 pulse returns. The reading at the instant of return of 
 a full normal pulse will indicate the force being exerted 
 by the heart ; or the relative arterial tension. 
 
 Several types of sphygmomanometer have been manu- 
 factured to meet these requirements for the purpose of 
 measuring arterial tension, most of which are constructed 
 upon the principle of the Riva-Rocci as described. The 
 measurement is based upon a relative pressure exerted 
 upon the column of mercury in circuit with the same 
 pressure exerted upon the arteries of the patient and read 
 in millimeters of mercury. There can be no question as 
 to the accuracy of those of the type described which are 
 constructed to operate with a mercury column. Another 
 apparatus which is calibrated to read the same as a 
 merciir}- column, is constructed on the principle of the 
 aneroid barometer and is very sensitive to variations 
 in pressure. Those constructed with coiled steel springs 
 are not apt to remain accurate as under various climatic 
 changes with humidity the iron is apt to become rusted, 
 and the springs relaxed. 
 
 The introduction of these instruments of precision for 
 
DISEASES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 16:^ 
 
 measuring arterial tension lias plaeed the profession in 
 a position to judge accurately of the relative conditions 
 as to the presence of hypertension or a resulting arterial 
 sclerosis, it having made it possible to make practical 
 studies which conld not be made by reliance upon the 
 sense of touch. As the thermometer is definite in the 
 measurement of temperatures, so is the sphygmomanom- 
 eter in the measurement of arterial pressure. 
 
 The normal hjood prcf^surc, as shown experimentally in 
 observations uix)n a large number of patients of all ages 
 and conditions, seems to be for males between the range 
 of 105 and 120 mm. and for females from 90 to 110 mm., 
 subject to relative conditions as between the sexes — physi- 
 cally strong aud athletic women often showing a normal 
 reading as high as 120 mm. wiiile in men of etYeminate 
 structural type the pressure may fall as low as 100 mm. 
 These standards are based upon the study of hundreds 
 of ca.ses under treatment and otherwise, and the findings 
 have shown that in a very large number of adults in good 
 health, at fifty and even sixty or sixty-five years of age, 
 the blood pressure does not exceed 120 ram. This occurs 
 in individuals usually of a careful hai)it of life wlio have 
 eaten mcxlerate quantities of food, and avoided consump- 
 tion of alcohol aud stimulating foods to excess. On the 
 other hand, it is often found that in young adults par- 
 ticularly those wh(> are inclined to consume food without 
 regard to exercise, that the blood pressure may be even 
 as high as 150 to 170 mm. Tlie average adult at forty-five 
 to fifty years of age, will show an arterial pressure rang- 
 ing from 140 to 100 mm., but for no reason should such 
 tension be called normal at any age. In most cases when 
 the blood pressure exceeds normal, it may be accounted 
 
164 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 for in the habits of the life of the individual, when his 
 health is otherwise objectively unimpaired, but conditions 
 have arisen which induce hypertension without the pres- 
 ence of other symptoms. 
 
 The causes of hypertension are of natural interest in 
 connection with the investigation of methods of treatment. 
 
 It seems now to have been demonstrated beyond any 
 question that conditions within the alimentary canal have 
 more to do with the establishment of hypertension than 
 other affections. The common habit in a country and 
 with a people, who have an abundance of good food and 
 drink provided several times daily, is to overeat. Over 
 indulgence and excessive eating, particularly of foods rich 
 in proteids, a« meat, are most objectionable. It cannot 
 be stated however that carbohydrates in connection with 
 exces-sive feeding do not also play a role in auto-intoxica- 
 tion processes. 
 
 An excessive quantity of food, improperly masticated or 
 otherwise, constitutes the chief source of intestinal fer- 
 mentation, affording as it does from all foods that are 
 undigested and unassimilated culture media for the growth 
 of bacteria in the intestinal canal particularly in the colon. 
 That bacteria and their toxine products under such con- 
 ditions are a prolific source of irritation, in the blood, 
 acting either as direct irritants to the muscular coats of 
 the arteries, or affecting the tension through some action 
 directly upon the vaso-motor centers, possibly by affecting 
 the adrenal system, seems to be established. 
 
 Regulation of exercise to the food consumed is another 
 factor upon which depends to a large degree the regula- 
 tion of metabolism, leading to conditions which induce 
 hypertension. For in individuals who live sedentary lives, 
 
DISEASES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 165 
 
 and eat iiimuMk'rately, the ilisp(>sitioii to hypertension is 
 marked, wlien'as, in those who lead laliorions pnrsnits, the 
 consumption of lar<i(> (luantities of food may not induce 
 hypertension. The demands of the sysU'm and activity 
 of the absorbents under such conditions siH?ming to rol) 
 the intestinal germs of the nutrition necessary to their 
 growth. 
 
 It is, therefore, of t^he utmost importance in cases in 
 which hypertension is diagnosed, to give attention to all 
 imp<irtant features of habit, in order that the causes may 
 be eliminated. A diminished quantity of food is indicated 
 in most cases. The correction of diet by the limitation 
 of proteid, particularly animal proteid, in cases of marked 
 hvixM'tension, and the institution of regulated exercise 
 in tlKKso whose liabits are seilentary, is indicated. Walk- 
 ing, golf, tennis, hand ball, or other active gymnastic 
 exercise should be instituted as a routine regime with 
 all patients in whom the blood pressure is rapidly lowered 
 below 140 mm. even though the initial reading had l)een 
 al>ove 200 mm. It is possible in many of these cases after 
 a short time to altogether control the conditions by the 
 regulation of exercise and diet; but not at the outset. 
 
 The electrical treatment of hypertension is one of the 
 m<>st important discoveries in the management of these 
 caM'.'^. It far surpasses tiie empl(>yment of any drug medi- 
 cation or the Xauheim baths, and when employed in con- 
 nection with regulation of the habits of diet and exercise, 
 as pre\iously suggested, it is possible to lower arterial 
 tension very materially, and to maintain it at an entirely 
 Siife range, even in a4ivaneed cases of arterio-selerosis. In 
 considering the management of these cases, the writer has 
 adopted a classification based upon th<' patient's response 
 
166 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 to treatment, finding no other in the literature. It is a 
 well established fact in the experience of all who have 
 made considerable use of the auto-condensation and auto- 
 conduction methods, that with twelve to fifteen minute 
 seances, employing approximately 500 milliamperes as 
 measured by a hot wire meter, it is possible to lower the 
 blood pressure from ten to thirty millimeters of mercury, 
 except the advanced cases of arterio-sclerosis. The author 
 has had under observation eight cases in which there would 
 be a fall of from three to five mm. but under daily treat- 
 ment no progress was made, the tension not falling as it 
 does in other cases. 
 
 These resisting cases, occurring as they do in old people, 
 demonstrate when treated consecutively as they have been 
 by the writer for weeks, that the action of the electric cur- 
 rents in no tvise affects the compensation of the heart 
 muscles, or in other words, they do not depress the heart. 
 This is a very important observation, and one that is cer- 
 tain to be carefully considered by those who may con- 
 template the employment of the method. The effects of 
 the treatment on the contrary are beneficial even with 
 the resisting cases, due, probably to the influence upon 
 general metabolism; promoting as it does elimination of 
 the products of metabolism, which are liable to accumulate 
 in old people the subjects of advanced arterio-sclerosis. 
 
 The classification based upon results of treatment which 
 the writer adopted in a previous paper on the subject* 
 seems to give a practical index as to the prognosis, to be 
 determined from the history or results of treatment for 
 a week or two, it being effective in cases in varying de- 
 
 * Treatment of Arteriosclerosis and Hypertension. Journal of Advanced 
 Therapeutics for June, 1909. 
 
DISEASES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 167 
 
 grees (lepcMidiiifx upon tlic prohahle extent of the sclerotic 
 piH)cess. 
 
 Claims I. /// tin- >i(/i'(l and feeble, with loweriHl nutrition 
 or resistance, wliicli lias arisen from some impairment of 
 digestion, or an intervening nei)liritis, or other cause, the 
 tension may be low while the sclerosis is far advanced 
 owing to a want of compensation of the feeble heart 
 muscles. Low sphygmomanometric readings with marked 
 sclerosis of the arteries, is an indication of failing com- 
 pensation, which may also l>e present with valvular lesions, 
 or in cases in which dilatiition is pi^esent without hyper- 
 trophy (see Class VI). In the investigation of arterial 
 tension, the presence or absence of heart compensation 
 must always be considered. 
 
 Class II. General arterio-selerosis icith persistent high 
 arterial tension, ranging from 200 to 240 mm. or even 
 more, occurs in those of advanced age, and may be so 
 resistant to administrations of auto-condensation Avhich 
 uniformly lower arterial tension, when above normal in 
 other cas€\s, that no measure of relief may be afiforded. 
 In these cases it is probable that the entire arterial sys- 
 tem, including the small arteries, are ta a marked degree 
 sclerosed. In these cases the imjxMiding stniuelae cannot 
 be averted, excei)t by an even life free from excitement, 
 and the employment of a non-stimulating diet, by which 
 life may be prolonged. 
 
 Cla.ss III. Arteriosclerosis iti most patients at ages from 
 sixty to seventy years may often at first seem to resist 
 measures which atTect liigh arterial tension, without pro- 
 ducing cardiac depression, but yield linally under treat- 
 ment and are reduced to a degree of hypertension which 
 will avert apoplexy witii corresponding improvement in 
 
168 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 general health. In these cases in which the reading at 
 the onset is often more than 200 millimeters of mercury, 
 the tension may be scaled down in the course of a month 
 or six weeks by daily or alternate day treatment to 165 
 to 160 mm. or even in some cases as low as 140 mm., 
 at which the tension may be maintained by regulation of 
 diet and occasional treatment. This class of cases, should 
 not be directed to take active, but moderate exercise. 
 Patients in this class will usually be of advanced arterio- 
 sclerosis with a marked degree of cardiac hypertrophy, 
 but judging from clinical results, it is probable that some 
 of the vessels still respond to the high potential currents 
 which vary vaso-motor conditions without producing heart 
 depression. It might be possible in these cases if daily 
 treatments were administered to bring the blood pressure 
 down to normal — 120 mm. — but it would be imprudent to 
 alter the conditions of relation between cardiac hyper- 
 trophy and the work demanded in these cases to such a 
 marked degree. On the other hand the effort here should 
 be directed to relieving the heart of excessive labor, and 
 at the same time reduce to a minimum the dangers of 
 apoplexy and nephritis. It is the author's opinion that 
 by judicious watching and management, these cases may 
 be kept at a status quo for an indefinite period, probably 
 five to ten years, or even longer in the more favorable 
 cases; this seems to have been demonstrated in some cases. 
 On general principles it is best to maintain the arterial 
 tension in these cases between 140 and 170 mm. with a 
 general possible average of 150 t-o 155 and without danger 
 in case of an occasional maximum of 180 mm. 
 
 Class IV. These cases include those of advancing 
 arterio-sclerosis in mature adults generally at ages rang- 
 
DISEASES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 1G9 
 
 in<:j from thirty-five to sixty, in whicli the tension may have 
 scaled to from 150 to 200 mm., associated or not with a 
 commencing interstitial nephritis. Nephritis is often not 
 present in cases having an arterial tension of from 200 
 to 250 mm. Patients in this class after twelve to fifteen 
 minutes of auto-coudensiition employing 400 to 500 milli- 
 amperes will show a marked fall in arterial tension averag- 
 ing ten to fifteen mm. and with frequent treatments given 
 in connection with regulation of diet and exercise will 
 rapidly be reduced to or near normal. In these earlier 
 cases, the cardiac hypertrophy is apt to be marked, but 
 is rarely complicated by dilatation, and the tension may 
 be safely lowered to the high normal — 120 mm. and main- 
 tained there without danger of producing any subsequent 
 failure of cardiac compensation, but greatly to the relief 
 of the patient. 
 
 If nephritis with albumen and casts is present they 
 usually disappear from the urine after treatment for a 
 few weeks, and a general sense of well being replaces the 
 previous feeling of weight and tension. With nephritis it 
 is generally advisable to also employ the static wave cur- 
 rent daily, for the pui'i)ose of relieving the congestion. 
 An electrode which will cover the region of the kidney 
 should l>e employed for twenty minutes with a six to ten 
 inch spark-gap prece<ling the daily auto-condensation 
 treatments. There is probably no more eflficient means of 
 overcoming an interstitial or parenchymatous nephritis 
 than the application of the s-tatic wave current in this 
 manner. It will be found however, that with the com- 
 bined US4' of the wave ciirrrnt with tiir high frequency 
 current in chronic interstitial nephritis, the reduction of 
 
170 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 the blood pressure will be at first less marked, owing to 
 the counter action of the two currents. 
 
 Class V. This class is characterized by a condition of 
 hypertension found usually in adults at from twenty-five 
 to sixty-five years of age, in which the sphygmomanometer 
 indicates the presence of a moderate degree of hyperten- 
 sion, ranging from 130 to 145 mm., but who respond 
 promptly to d'Arsonvalization with a fall of arterial ten- 
 sion. In this class are represented the cases which are 
 as a rule incidentally found when under treatment for 
 some other condition, or when examination is made for 
 life insurance. These patients have not generally devel- 
 oped any atheromatous or sclerotic condition of the arter- 
 ies, but will if hypertension is allowed to persist and 
 increase as it is certain to if neglected. In these cases, 
 the patient may be rendered relatively normal, and with 
 the proper regulation of the diet and exercise, present an 
 uniformly favorable prognosis. There is probably no con- 
 dition so insidious and unobserved as the steady inroads 
 leading to arterio-sclerosis, and no field to which the 
 physician's timel3' attention can afford more service to 
 hmnanity; by correcting the conditions which develop 
 arterial degeneration ; thereby saving from pending dis- 
 aster the individuals included in this class of cases. 
 
 Class VI. Adults who have led very active athletic 
 pursuits, comprise this class. They may have developed 
 cardiac hypertrophy from over training on a college team, 
 or as athletes, boxers, or others who have been for long 
 periods under severe training or physical exertion; and 
 have developed a muscular system which has made great 
 demand upon the cardiac muscles. Under such condi- 
 tions the demands upon the circulation are so great that 
 
DIS^EASES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 171 
 
 the cardiac livpcrtropliy is associated with dilatation. 
 Probably no class of cardiac affection has received less 
 consideration than this. The recoi,Miition of the eiTor of 
 excessive exerci.se and its conse<jnences are not often 
 enouji^h recojjnized by those in charp:e of colleiie atliletics. 
 
 The nianaj,'enient of this class is prophylactic, looking 
 to the consequences after discontinuance of active pursuit 
 and training, when there is certain to follow an atrophy 
 of the cardiac muscles and jx^rsistence of the dilatation, 
 that has eoincidently occurred, resulting in the serious 
 condition of cardiac dilatation without hypertrophy. In 
 these patients as the atrophy advances, the blood. pres.«?ure 
 falls and the patient may ])ass into a hopeless condition 
 or in the le.ss severe cases, exist with sutticient cardiac 
 compen.sation to enable him to follow a sedentary life, but 
 always with dyspnoea on exertion, and an imixniding dan- 
 ger of ultimate collapse. 
 
 Class VII. Cases of compensatory hypertension due to 
 obstructing parencliymatous ne])hritis or cirrhosis of the 
 liver, or other conditions demanding compensatory ten- 
 sion, which may be present with or without arterio- 
 sclerosis, usually occur as a temporary condition. In this 
 classification we have included a variety of conditions in 
 whicli the .study ami management of h.^'pertension and the 
 allied aU'ections, is of much imi)ortance to the practitioner, 
 and of great moment to the patient. In these eases there 
 are three significant indications: (1) to overcome as soon 
 as possible the condition of cong(*stion, particularly a.s 
 present in the <li.sea.ses of the liver and kidneys referred 
 to; (2) to impi-ove metabolism and promote elimination 
 by other channels, particularly to assist tlic elimination 
 by perspiration of the waste products not eliminated by 
 
172 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 the impaired kidnejs; and (3) to maintain a high arterial 
 tension when it is compensatory. 
 
 There is no measure which acts with such potency and 
 certainty in relieving congestion of a cirrhotic liver or of 
 an inflamed kidney as the static wave current. In the 
 hypertrophic stage of cirrhosis of the liver it is possible 
 by applying a large metal electrode over the distended 
 liver and using a spark-gap long enough to produce de- 
 cided pulsation and tissue contraction throughout its sub- 
 stance to rapidly reduce the infiltration. In the writer's 
 experience in two cases livers of this sort were reduced 
 to near the rib line, and others very materially reduced 
 with a relative improvement in the physical condition of 
 the patient. This same effect has been obtained by others 
 in reducing enlarged spleens due to malarial infection. 
 
 In parenchymatous nephritis a metallic electrode six 
 by eight inches in size is placed over the region of both 
 kidneys, which situated as they are just beneath the 
 muscles of the back, are readily affected by the wave cur- 
 rent, when employed with a spark-gap varying from six 
 to ten inches, depending upon the thickness of fat over- 
 lying the muscles, or the character of the muscular struc- 
 tures themselves. A fortunate' coincidence exists in that 
 the wave current does not materially affect to lower 
 arterial tension, and may be applied in these cases with 
 sufficient energy to relieve the infiltration without lower- 
 ing the compensatory hypertension. 
 
 The effect upon general metabolism in these cases is 
 to increase the resistance of the cell by improving peri- 
 pheral nutrition and to promote the elimination of urea 
 through the skin, thereby lessening in parenchymatous 
 nephritis the danger of uremic poisoning. For this pur- 
 
DISEASES OF (CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 173 
 
 pose the electric liyht hatlis in wliicli radiant li;i;lit and 
 beat may he administered witli the patient reeliniii«;, are 
 prohahlv of tirst iniinirtancc, i-onihinini:: as thcv (h) th»' 
 henetieial ctreets of lii;iit and the important ett'ects of 
 heat. TJic body dry hot air bath, in lieu of the properly 
 constriieted light hath, would serve very niueh the same 
 purpi>se in stimulating perspiratitMi and (diminat ion. Roth 
 of the last named measures also stimulate the deep spinal 
 centers of the heart and re.spiration to greater energy and 
 coineideutly relieve them from the toxic influences of the 
 poisonous waste products otherwise retained on account 
 of the iniitaired function of the kidneys. The static wave 
 current as ai)i)lied for relieving congestion elsewhere also 
 coineideutly facilitates general metaholism and elimina- 
 tion. These measures are congeners, cooperating to relii-ve 
 the system of the jwisons which might otherwise over- 
 whelm the organism. 
 
 In order to timiiitain the compensatory high arterial 
 tensio)i which is present, in these ohstructed conditions, 
 the auto-condcnsatio)} nirthod should )icrer he employed 
 Irst a fatal n hij-alioit of ttir arlii'irs loirer the blood ten- 
 sion, irJiich is net-cssar// to force tlw Jilood throiif/h the con- 
 gested kidney. To lower arterial tension in parenchy- 
 matous nephritis might he fatal. It is then a matter of 
 grave con.sideratiiui to avoid an error so apt to inadver- 
 tently oiiur, of lowering arterial tension in these j)atient.s. 
 It is a fortunate coincidence that the static wave current 
 doi'S not atTect hhxKl pressure in these ca.ses; hut on the 
 contrary acts to relieve the infiltration which cau.ses the 
 ohstniction. Light baths, while inducing to a degi*ee super- 
 ficial arterial relaxation, do not seriously impair the con- 
 ditii>n of conipen.satory tension; an<l are therefore in no 
 
174 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 wise contraindicated but very imx>ortant in the treatment 
 of parenchymatous nephritis. 
 
 The treatment of hypertension, as will be inferred from 
 the preceding paragraphs, must judiciously employ vari- 
 ous measures to meet the varying indications. The pro- 
 cedures indicated for the control or coiTection of hyper- 
 tension may be divided into ( 1 ) those which act upon the 
 neuro-muscular mechanism, as the d'Ansonval, high fre- 
 quency and static wave currents, radiant light and heat, 
 hot baths, and carbonic acid baths (the least important) ; 
 (2) those which increase general metabolism, including 
 the high potential currents, radiant light and heat, exer- 
 cise and the employment of baths of alternating heat and 
 cold with those who respond; and (3) those which regu- 
 late nutrition eliminating from the diet foods, which un- 
 assimilated or undigested, furnish culture media for the 
 development of bacteria; the toxines arising from which 
 are the principle factor in causing hypertension. 
 
 The diet regime employed by the Avriter consists in the 
 avoidance of red meats, and at the onset all fish and fowl 
 as well, and in advanced cases the avoidance of all animal 
 foods as a permanent diet regime, the abstinence from all 
 alcoholic drinks, and the institution to a considerable de- 
 gree of a milk diet. The Metclinikoff method of employ- 
 ing milk prepared by the use of lactic acid ferments, meets 
 the indications in some cases, but a larger experience 
 shows that in many cases it proves decidedly objectionable. 
 
 Probably the principle of greatest importance in the 
 dietetic regime is the reduction of the quantity of food 
 taken. If these patients are put upon half the rations 
 they have been in the habit of consuming, there are but 
 few of them who would lose a pound of weight, indicating 
 
DIS-EASES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 175 
 
 tbo amount of unabsor!H><l paluiluin rcnialniiij; t-o dovelop 
 an intestinal tlora. 
 
 A diyninifihcfl quantity of food, together with the rejec- 
 tion of animal itinirid, constitutes the most imi>ortant 
 features of the average diet regime; together with the 
 thorough mastication of food. 
 
 To />rt>'(rre a condition of hvnltJi with normal blood 
 pressure, as a prophylactic measure, the diet must be 
 regulated to the exercise or the individual pays the penalty. 
 When hypertension is already present, exercise is indi- 
 cated in all conditions, except those included in Class<*s 
 I and II and VII. Exercise is imperatively indicated when: 
 the blood pressure has been reduced to 150 or 160 mm. 
 
 Exercise must he regulated to the arterial condition, 
 and may be necessiirily very moderate in tJiose of Class 
 III in whom an exti*eme would precipitate too great a rise 
 in arterial tension. In Classes IV and V the degree of 
 hypertension present indicates a rapid tendency to arterio- 
 sclerosis, which in Class IV may have developed to a well 
 niai'ked dogrei'; whereas in Class VI exercise is indicated 
 for the puiijose of maintaining the cardiac hypertrophy; 
 for if the heart is allowed to atrophy the presence of dila- 
 tation without hypertrophy would become a serious im- 
 p<Hliment, endangering the comfort if not the life of the 
 individual. 
 
 The clrrtricai treatment of hyperten-sion, except as con- 
 sidered in the cases of compensatory hypertrophy, in which 
 modalities, which lower blood pressure are contraindicat(^d, 
 is the mOvSt. valuable meth<Kl of regulation yet discovered. 
 It is possible in all except Class<'s I and II to lower 
 arterial tension at each administration (►f from twelve 
 to fifteen minutes to a marked d<'gree — from ten to twenty, 
 
176 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 or even tliirtj mm. — by the auto-condensation method em- 
 ploying 400 to 500 milliamperes as shown by the hot wire 
 meter. This current undoubtedly relaxes or dilates the 
 arterioles. The modus operandi of the current in influ- 
 encing such dilatation is difficult to demonstrate or ex- 
 plain. It is possibly due to the thermic action of the 
 current. The body heat throughout the whole substance 
 of the individual is not comparable to external applica- 
 tions of heat, but to the energetic induction of metabolism 
 and heat production throughout the organism, which is 
 manifested by a general glow or feeling of warmth. It 
 is either this effect, or the effect of high potential cur- 
 rents upon the muscular structures of the arteries, or upon 
 the nervous mechanism which controls the vaso-motor 
 tension. 
 
 The effect of d'Arsonvalization is pronowiced, uniformly 
 lowering the arterial tension when the current is admin- 
 istered to an individual in the classes under consideration, 
 whereas when the blood pressure is normal, there is very 
 little if any change from the usual administration. 
 
 The heart is not depressed either by the method of auto- 
 condensation or auto-conduction. This may be easily 
 demonstrated as it has been by the writer in numerous 
 instances, when administered on consecutive days to aged 
 patients of Class II who do not respond to treatment with 
 a reduction of blood pressure even when administered 
 daily for months. When administered to these patients 
 there is a sense of relief from dizziness with no lowering 
 of blood pressure, showing conclusively that there is no 
 interference with compensation. Patients on the other 
 hand who are subjects of high arterial tension feel a 
 
DIS.EASES OF CIKCULATOKY SYSTEM 177 
 
 marked rolu-f with a s(misc of lightness following the ad- 
 ministration of d'Arsonvalization. 
 
 The methmis of ciiiitlovin^ a (rArsonval cnrnMit for re- 
 lieving arterial hypfrtcnsion as illustraUMi in Figs. 17 
 and 45 are the methods hy anto-conduetion and auto-eon- 
 densation, both practieal and etfeetive measures. 
 
 Tin auto-condcnsati<ni method possesses advantages over 
 the method <>f auto-eondurtion, })articularly in the con- 
 
 FlG. 45. Arrangement for Auto-Conduction. 
 The two end-i of the solenoid may he connected to the d'Arsonval termi- 
 nals of apparatus, or they can he connected directlj* across the outer 
 coatings of the l^yden jars and tlie Oudin solenoid disconnect«Ml. 
 
 venience of administration upon a conch and the regu- 
 lation of dosiige with the hot wire meter, by which means 
 it is possible to judge with the same apparatus at h'ast, 
 of the relative effects o{ current dosage As stated else- 
 where, it is a well-established fact that the variations in 
 the measuH' of currents by the hot wire meter, from dif- 
 ferent types of apparatus are considerable, which l(»ads to 
 confusion as to the relative dosage to employ with different 
 types of apparatus. 
 
178 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 The frequency factor is one that must be understcKxi as 
 increasing the heat production without an actual increase 
 in current flow. The readings of the milliamperemeter 
 vary with the frequency or periodicity without variations 
 in current strength. The writer is in the habit of testing 
 the relative volume of discharge by holding the flat sur- 
 face between the first and second joints of a finger against 
 the hand of the patient, when if the discharge is of a 
 satisfactory character, for affecting high arterial tension, 
 it will produce a hot discharge about the size of a dime 
 and -vsithout a sharp stinging sensation. In some of the 
 types of Tesla apparatus the same discharge in making 
 this test produces a very severe burning sensation. The 
 "writer has compared apparatus in which the milliampere- 
 meter has read in some instances from 1200 to 1500 mil- 
 liamperes with far less discharge, though of the character 
 described, than from other types of apparatus which 
 register from 400 to 500 milliamperes. 
 
 Regardless of meter readings, the test of efficiency of any 
 apparatus u>ill depend upon the average fall of hlood pres- 
 sure in millimeters of mercury. A properly constituted 
 apparatus and arrangement produces an average fall of 
 from ten to thirty millimeters after each administration. 
 Patients who are treated in this manner under favorable 
 conditions of environment and habit of diet, mark a gain 
 of from three to ten millimeters from day to day when 
 the current is administered daily, which is at the ooitset 
 necessary in cases in w^hich the tension has been high 
 until such time as the tension is reduced to the desired 
 reading, at which it is intended to attempt to hold the 
 blood pressure, when it is possible to give the treatments 
 on alternate days, or in many cases le»s frequently, until 
 
DISEASES OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 179 
 
 the reg'ulation of the diet and exercise of the patient Ls 
 such thiit the tensfion shows k\ss tendency to rise, after 
 which the patient sliould report at first weekly, and later 
 monthly, in order that by joint observation the conditions 
 may be rej^iilatiMl. 
 
 Every patient who has onee developed a hi/pcrtension 
 eonsidtrably above normal should have observations made 
 from time to time in order to avoid a repetition of the 
 tendency to re-establishment of a high pressure, and the 
 more pwnounced castas should keep themselves constantly 
 under obseiTation in order to keep arrested the tendency 
 which will be constantly present of the arterial tension to 
 again become high. 
 
 The method by auto-conduction in which the patient is 
 seated within the solenoid, receiving and conducting the 
 lines of electrical energy passing inductively across the 
 field, feels a perceptible glow of warmth. Under these 
 influences the thermic action of the current is extended, 
 and the blood pressure lowered. Here again the indication 
 is that the lowering of blood pres.sure is to a degree due 
 to the thermic action of the current. The same principle 
 is employed here, as in heating metals to a great heat 
 when placed within small solenoids when larger ampere 
 currents are passing. There is no doubt that the action 
 of this current is fairly uniform upon all parts of the body 
 of the patient; and it may i)ossess an advantag(^ in this 
 respect over the auto-condensa til »n inctlKMJ in that the con- 
 denser effects, as shown in Fig. 17, cause the greater con- 
 densiitiim <if the current to pass through the tissues nearest 
 the comlenser plate beneath tiie cushion. Tiie ellect how- 
 ever upon blood pressure, as shown by recent observations, 
 is variable by this method, depending ui>on the construe- 
 
180 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 tion of the solenoid. Those of many turns of fine wire 
 tend to raise instead of lowering arterial tension. 
 
 That the nutritional effect of auto-conduction is remark- 
 able, was demonstrated by Dr. Herdman of Ann Arbor 
 by placing a number of young rabbits of a litter for 
 some hours daily within a solenoid they being kept other- 
 wise under the same conditions as the control rabbits, 
 Wihich were not so treated. The former made a more 
 thrifty growth and gained in weight and size over the 
 controls. 
 
 A meter for shoidng the relative strength of current 
 passing through the patient taking auto-conduction has 
 been designed by Denoyes of France. 
 
 Another method of employing auto-conduction may be 
 employed with the static machine. The patient is placed 
 upon a chair upon the insulated platform and put in a 
 reclining position and a half cage is draw^n down just far 
 enough away from every part of the patient not to permit 
 sparks to pass from his body to the grounded cage. A 
 connection is made to the platform with the shepherd's 
 crook, or a chain or rod connecting the platform with the 
 positive side of the machine. The negative side is then 
 grounded, and a spark two inches in length is permitted 
 to discharge between the pole pieces, the machine running 
 at a rapid rate of speed. This method is very effective 
 in lowering blood pressure. In this instance however, 
 the thermic effect is less perceptible than with the other 
 methods, and lends the strongest argument to a theory that 
 the action in lowering blood pressure is upon the neuro- 
 muscular mechanism of a sort peculiar to the high poten- 
 tial electrical currents, and not to heat production. 
 
CIlArTEK V 
 
 MSKASKS OF THI"; NKRVOFS SYSTEM 
 
 Diseases of tlio utTvous system (-(nisidertHl from tlie thora- 
 ppiitic point <tf view may bo ("las*;itio(] as ( 1 ) those of c(mi- 
 tral <)ri<;iii assoeiattnl witli lesions of the hraiii or spinal 
 cord; as (2) peripheral intlammatory lesions affecting 
 the nerve trunks; and (3) rcHex or functional neuroses 
 havinj^ their oritjin usually associated with lesions or dis- 
 turbances of the sympathetic system; and presenting; men- 
 tal or j)sychic sympt«mis referrable to the central nervous 
 system. 
 
 Inflammatory affections are in most cases the cause of 
 diseases of the neiTous system a.s of other parts of the 
 body. These arise, likewise, from infection, toxemia, 
 mechanical injury, and errors of metabolism. 
 
 /// the tnainicnt of diseases of the cvntnil uervoits sys- 
 tem, the therapeutic indications <lepend upon the relief 
 as far as possible of central lesions and the systematic 
 treatment of i>eriplieral conditions for the purpose (»f main- 
 taining i)eripheral metal>olism. In these cjises nutrition 
 and function may be a long time maintained by peripheral 
 stimulatiim. Lesions of the hrain are practically beyond 
 relief from the applications of high j)ot<'ntial currents, 
 except in so far as blood pressure may lie controlled and 
 central lesions Ik* reflexly influencfsl and nutrition im- 
 proved. 
 
 Mental (Uranqements cannot in all cas4's be referred to 
 
 ISl 
 
182 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 lesions of the central nervous system. Only those cases 
 in which an active lesion is present can be classified under 
 this head; the others will be treated as reflex or functional 
 neuroses. It has been claimed by some, that in cases of 
 cerebral hemorrhage, by passing a mild galvanic current 
 through the base of the brain, it was possible to hasten the 
 absorption of the clot. This may be so, but it cannot be 
 generally accepted owing to the mild currents which musit 
 be employed in these cases, such as could not affect the 
 cerebellar portions of the brain. 
 
 The treatment of apoplexy may be prophylactic when a 
 condition of high blood pressure with a pending crisis 
 from advanced arterio-sclerosis is early enough discov- 
 ered. Such cases under careful observation and regulated 
 diet, with the blood pressure kept under control as de- 
 scribed in the previous chapter, can be kept for many 
 years from the danger of apoplexy, even after a first 
 attack. When apoplexy has occurred, there is no measure 
 that will accomplish so much as the combined effects of 
 body administrations of radiant light and heat and d'Ar- 
 sonvalization in facilitating a rapid absorption by the 
 induction of arterial dilatation, thereby increasing the 
 circulation and metabolism in the brain, as of the rest 
 of the system. 
 
 The inroads of degeneration of the hrain cells, associated 
 with advancing arterio-sclerosis, may likewise be impeded, 
 and nutrition preserved by the employment of d'Arson- 
 valization by the auto-condensation and auto-condxiction 
 methods. There can be no contra-indications for the 
 employment of these in cerebral cases, unless for some 
 reason' a high blood pressure due to compression of the 
 brain cells may be compensatory. 
 
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 183 
 
 In tumors of the brain, the effects of mec'luiuical injury, 
 syphilitic lesions, or from other causes, it is doubtful if 
 external treatauent is <>f any a\'ail, as; the ix^ny eaj>sule 
 makes it impossible to pnHiuce any direct physical effect 
 upon the structur(>^ of the brain. 
 
 In difitafics of the spinal cord, the coudition.s are more 
 favorable to treatment than of the brain. Incascnl in a 
 bony canal, and with the liji^aments surrounding the joints 
 of the vertebra, the cord is not eavsy of access by low 
 potential currents except through reflex stimulation. It 
 is jMKssible however to locallj* affect these structures by 
 the high potential currents, particularly the static wave 
 current and static sparks. Tliis has l>een demoustrated 
 in the vsuccessful treatment of conditions the result of 
 mecliiuiical injury, affecting the cord and surrounding 
 capsule. No lesion is more intractable to the older methods 
 of treatment than spinal arthritis and tul>ercular lesions 
 both of which respond to the high potential currents; the 
 former by the application of the static wave curn'ut and 
 static sparks, and the latter by the direct d'Arsouval in 
 accordance with the general principles of treatment of the 
 two different types of inflammation as considered. lu 
 lesions of the cord associated with mechanical injuries, 
 except those in which actual fracture of the vert-<'bra has 
 tiiken place, these modalities are prompt and effective, as 
 indicated by the following case: 
 
 Mr. M., injured in a head-on collision in a railroad acci- 
 dent, sustained a concussion at the base of the brain with 
 a region of swelling and tenderness over the first, second, 
 and third cervical vertebra, and a sj>inal injury at the 
 junction of the eleventh and twelfth dor.sal. Eight days 
 after the accident the patient had ma<le no improvement 
 
184 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 when he came under the writer's observation. The left 
 side was partly paralyzed, the gait very labored and shuf- 
 fling, with complete inability to raise the right hand. The 
 left, side of the body was in a state of choreic movement, 
 including the arm, neck and left leg. His reflexes on tJiat 
 side were all exaggerated; so much so that a tap on the 
 patellar tendon would throw the patient into convulsions. 
 He was treated wdth the static wave ciu'rent, a narrow 
 metal electrode being placed over the upper cervica.1 region 
 and extending to the middle of the dorsal for twenty 
 minutes. A spark-gap nine to twelve inches in length was 
 employed. This was followed by a second administration 
 to the lower dorsal and lumbar region of the vertebral 
 column. This administration was given twice daily with 
 marked improvement from the first ; and at the end of ten 
 days he could use his paralyzed arm, the choreic move- 
 ments of the other side had almost entirely ceased, and 
 he was able to go about town. At the end of three months 
 every evidence of the affection had disappeared. The 
 gravity of the condition was apparent from the fact that 
 the railroad settled his case early on the advice of their 
 physician, paying him upwards of |14,000. The same 
 result has been obtained in the treatment of all similar 
 cases of arthritis of the spinal column, including the lum- 
 bar sprains. These results demonstrate the capacity of 
 the current to penetrate to the deep spinal centers. 
 
 In anterior poliomyelitis applications of the wave cur- 
 rent to the spine in the manner described have been fol- 
 lowed in all early cases by plienomenal results. The im- 
 provement in all early eases is pronounced ; while in older 
 cases the improvement is often marked but the prognosis 
 
DISEASES OF THE NEKVorS SYvSTEM 1S5 
 
 is not so good from the fact tliat tlio lesion has already 
 destroyt'<l many of the spinal centers. 
 
 The indications for treatment in anterior poliomyelitis 
 are to produce an active metabolism in the involved section 
 of the cord in order to promote the elimination of the 
 congestion or infiltration which has occnrnnl incident to 
 the local lesions whatever the (a-igin. The latest investi- 
 gations of Flexner and his associates would indicate that 
 the disease is of infectious origin. If so, the daniagc has 
 been done when the paralysis occurs, and the infiltration 
 will iK^rsist even after the removal of the canst', which 
 is active as indicated l)y the fever, rarely ])res(*nt for 
 more than two or three days. The elfei-t of the process, 
 however — the infiltration i)roducing pressnri' — will per- 
 sist unless some means is employed to remove it. 
 
 For treatment during the acute stage, probably n(t agent 
 is more beneficial than prolonged applications of radiant 
 light and heat, which will produce a general hyperemia of 
 the skin of the whole body, thereby drawing away much 
 of the fluids from the region of probable congestion, and 
 at the same time eliminating the toxic products of the 
 infection by the channel of the perspiration, which is in- 
 duc«Ml by the application. 
 
 The apidicati<>n (►f radiant liglit and heat should be fol- 
 lowed after the first forty-eight hours, at least, by the daily 
 application of the static wave current for twenty minutes 
 with a narrow electrode ai>proxiniatt'ly one inch in widih 
 over the regi()n of the cord atfecte<l. In cases involving 
 the wli<de length of the ciu'd fri>m the upper cervical to 
 the lower lumbar region, the mistake liable to be made 
 by operators is due to a disp<>sition to use too short a 
 spark-gap with the static wave current, whereas, even 
 
180 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 with small children, the spark-gap should be of consider- 
 able length — ^six to ten inches. The size of the terminal 
 balls of the discharging rods, which allow a greater or 
 less degree of charge, should be regulated to the size or 
 age of the Individual. These should be varied from V2 
 to 11/4 inches in diameter according to the age or muscular 
 development of the patient. It must always be appre- 
 ciated by the operator that the current employed is of such 
 small amperage and so widely diffused throughout the 
 body of the patient in passing to and from the periphery, 
 that the element of danger is no greater than from a 
 shower bath ; and also, that the greatest current condensa- 
 tion associated with muscular responses is immediately 
 beneath the surface of the electrode, causing the influence 
 to be very active upon the structures of the cord. 
 
 The effects of the current under these conditions as evi- 
 denced by the prompt tendency to recover motor functions, 
 is marked and positive usually from the first administra- 
 tion. Even in cases of relatively longer standing, this is 
 noticed, though the extent of recovery is less in proportion 
 as the condition has been present for a long time. If 
 for any reason one limb or part persists in a condition of 
 disability, greater energy should be employed over the cor- 
 responding region; because greater hemorrhage and crip- 
 pling of cells in their function has taken place in the 
 corresponding part of the cord. 
 
 In order to avoid atrophy, which is so marked and 
 pathognomonic of lesions, affecting the portion of the cord 
 involved, it is important that the peripheral nutrition of 
 the paralyzed muscles be maintained, and in the later cases 
 that they be stimulated. It has been for a long time the 
 practice of the profession to employ the constant and 
 
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 187 
 
 indiictHl currents over the affected muscles. After an ex- 
 teiuled experience, however, the author has demonstrated 
 the greater benefits to be derived fnmi the employment 
 of radiant light and heat and interrupted mechanical vibra- 
 tion, gently, but actively employed over tliesi' muscles, at 
 tirst daily, and later on alternate days. Masmgc may be 
 employtxl at intervals but is undoubtedly of less efficiency 
 than tile more practical and energetic application of me- 
 chanical vibration, employing a small flat disc apijlicat-or 
 to all the muscles of the affected parts. It is possible by 
 these nieams to prevent atrophy in the limb when employed 
 from the first for months, though paralysis may have per- 
 siste<l. Thev are therefore valuable for maintaining the 
 muscles and other parts, pending the relief of the corre- 
 sp>onding centers in the cord. 
 
 77<e profjnosis under routine treatment is relative to the 
 promptness with which it is instituted, few cases failing 
 to make complete or prompt recovery, when the treatment 
 described is instituted early, and later it is relative to 
 the extent of damage done. 
 
 In tabes dorsalis the lesion is a progressive sclero.sis 
 due to an inflammatory process, the exact character of 
 the origin of which has not been discovered, though too 
 <>ften attributed to sj'philis. Fully fifty per cent, of the 
 author's cases have given an unquestioned negative diag- 
 nosis as to svphilitic origin, though the Wassermann re- 
 action of recent institution had not l)een employtnl to 
 confirm the diagnosis. So many ca.ses have given instead 
 a history of spinal concussion that it is liopeful that this 
 methcKl of diagnosis will eventually deny the statement, 
 until recently .so generally proclaiuHMl by neurologists. 
 
188 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 that it is invariably of syphilitic origin — an imputation 
 unjust to the innocent. 
 
 TliG indications for treatment of tabes dorsalis are first 
 of all practically directed to the treatment of the cord 
 lesion as in anterior poliomyelitis for which the static 
 current is employed. The static wave current with a long 
 nari^ow electrode over the spine employing a long spark- 
 gap for twenty minutes is remarkably effective in relieving 
 the pain of tabes, and, in many cases, eventually arrests 
 the process in the cord. 
 
 The conditions of muscular contraction particularly in- 
 volving the lower extremities and back in tabes, are also 
 relieved by the static wave current and sparks in con- 
 junction with applications of mechanical vibration to the 
 motor points and tense muscles, wherever found, in ac- 
 cordance with the principles of relieving muscular spasm 
 with these modalities. This relief however is only tempor- 
 ary unless the central lesion is favorably affected. 
 
 Areas of anesthesia, which are usually marked in the 
 extremities below the knees, particularly in the leg, are 
 best diagnosed, both as to extent and degree, by the pas- 
 sage of the brass bn!l electrode over the clothing. The 
 pear-shaped sparldng ball w^as suggested and designed by 
 the writer for the treatment of these cases. Friction 
 sparks applied in this manner will elicit the extent and 
 degree of anesthesia; and when applied systematically for 
 the requisite time by passing the ball over tlie clothing, 
 it is surprising how much the sensibility of the part is 
 restored by the application. Likewise the application of 
 short sparks to the soles of the feet is capable of increasing 
 the sensibility in the nerves of the integument here also. 
 Applied in this manner during the course of treatment, 
 
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 189 
 
 theiv will Ix' u marked tlimiiiulii)ii of aiii'sthesia. Some 
 attribute this to the effect upon end neurons, and others 
 as due to the ingoin*; impression conveyed to the central 
 neurons, by which their function is increased. Be this as 
 it may, tJie emj)loyment of friction sparks over the anes- 
 thetic areas in this way is remarkably etYe«tive in assisting 
 to relieve the anesthesia. 
 
 The jKtiits of iahes are, as a rule, diminished during 
 a course (►f treatment by the static wave curi*ent, and are 
 finally entirely removed for lonjjj periods in ciuses who 
 attend strictly to treatment. During the paroxysms the 
 pain is remarkably relieved by showers of short sparks 
 applied directly over the seat of pain. It is often possible 
 to completely arrest the terrible pains of tabas by such 
 seven* applications of short sparks to the painful areiis. 
 
 The girdle sensation may persist after all other symp- 
 toms have disappeared, and is the most stubborn symptom 
 to treat, though static sparks and mechanical vibration 
 over the pt>sterior roots and the contracted muscles do 
 intluence to a degi'ee this symptom. 
 
 The tabetic or ataxic icalk is greatly relieved by the 
 removal of tension from the contracted muscles, and the 
 relief of anesthesia in the feet. While co-ordination may 
 remain much impair<Ml. education in the us<' of the musi^les 
 — teaching the patient to walk in a normal manner under 
 the exerci.se of will, together with the institution of daily 
 systematic exercise in the perfornmnce of the necessary 
 movements, t(^gether with the realization of the most im- 
 portant rule of I'Yaenkel, that, " the individual walks with 
 his bo<ly, and not with his limbs," in other words, that the 
 carriage of the Inxly forward is what causes the limbs to 
 move, to maintain the equipoi.se, giving a forward impetus 
 
190 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 to the movement of the whole. It is unreasonable to sup- 
 pose that training in walking can accomplish any perma- 
 nent benefit in the progress if the pathological process 
 is not arrested. 
 
 The Argyll Robertson pupil and the patellar reflexes are 
 not apt to be restored even in the early cases of tabes, 
 though the progress of the lesion may undoubtedly be 
 arrested. 
 
 A dilated bladder may be remarkably improved ; and the 
 vesical symptoms almost uniformly relieved by rectal treat- 
 ment, or the employment of an abdominal electrode above 
 the pubes. The action of the wave current in these cases 
 is to throw the parts into active exercise, that is, stimu- 
 lating the action of muscular fibres of the parts so treated, 
 and increa^dng tone, metabolism and nutrition. 
 
 The prognosis in tahes, under this plan of treatment 
 will vary very largely in different cases and must depend 
 upon the results of treatment. A few eases may not re- 
 spond to be materially benefited though in most cases 
 an arrest will be instituted. In fully seventy-five per cent, 
 of the cases in the writer's experience, the improvement is 
 marked from the first, and in at least fifty per cent, an 
 arrest of the progress of the disease is effected. The 
 length of time required to effect these results will vary 
 in different cases. The patient, however, from the begin- 
 ning of treatment should be instructed to expect that it 
 will require a long course of treatment to effect satisfac- 
 tory results in these cases. Daily treatments should be 
 given, or at least six times weekly during the first two 
 or three weeks, followed by alternate day treatments and 
 less frequent as the progress will indicate, for at least a 
 year. Patients should be kept under observation for many 
 
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYS^TEM 101 
 
 years, applyinj; for relief promptly whenever there is any 
 recurrence of active Kyinptoiiis. 
 
 No plan of treatment ofTers s<> miK h for these sufferei*s 
 as the combined employment of statie electricity and me- 
 chanical vibration, together with the institution of sj'ste- 
 matic exercise, the employment <»f which, without treat- 
 ment direct-eil to the lesion, is irrational. 
 
 In spastic paraplegia, it is possible to temporarily arrest 
 th<' annoying svnnpt^ms of muscular contraction and spas- 
 modic movement and improve the walk; but it is doubtful 
 whether more than a temporary arrestment of the ])ro('(»ss 
 is accomplished, though a tcmjH>raiT arrest has been dem- 
 onsd^rat'Cd by the writer. The stiitic wave current is 
 applieil in these cases to the part of the spine in wliieit 
 the lesion is demonstrateil ; usually in the lower extremi- 
 ties. The disturbing vesical irritation is likewise ma- 
 terially benefited by the siune treatment. 
 
 /// lateral sclerosis in the early stages, and transverse 
 myelitis, the rational treatment is the employment of the 
 static wave current as d<^scribed in other cord lesions as 
 it has .shown markeil l)eueiicial results in the treatment of 
 the writer's cases. 
 
 In syrin4jomyelia which is not, we believe, so often 
 an incurable condition ;is has Itccn supposed, if timely 
 treatment is instituted tlie lo<-al indurati<ni of the cord 
 substance will U- relieved and the degcnt'ration arrested. 
 One case referred to the writer which had been under 
 ob.servation in one of the Icadini; c(>Il<'gc clinics of the 
 city, with a progressive lo.ss of iH)wer in one forearm for 
 three years under tn'atment, after having the static wave 
 cui'rcnt applied over th<' spine, and the api>lication of 
 mechanical vibration an«i light to the anesthetic areas, was 
 
192 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 completely arrested and followed by restoration to normal 
 tactile sensibility of nearly all of tlie anesthetic area which 
 included most of the surface of the forearm ; only one very 
 smaill area persisting. The atrophy which had begun in 
 the hand, involving the thumb muscles, ceased to progress, 
 and after an elapse of three years there was no recurrence 
 of the symptoms. It is probable that similar treatment 
 in other cases will be followed by similar result^s. 
 
 In chorea major the conditions of general hyperasthesia 
 and reflex irritability, emanating probably from an active 
 hyperemia, in the cord, has been promptly relieved by the 
 author, by the application of static insulation with a long 
 spinal electrode extending from the dorsal to the upper 
 cervical region — the machine running at a rapid rate with 
 the balls so widely separated that no spark can discharge 
 across the gap, together with the peripheral application 
 of radiant light and heat to the whole body to the extent 
 of producing a general hyperemia. 
 
 Pachymeningitis, involving the meninges of the cord, 
 and other hyperemic conditions, as those associated with 
 hysteria, are rationally treated and usually promptly bene- 
 fited by the application of the static wave current over 
 the cord as described in the treatment of other cord 
 affections. 
 
 The treatment of these conditions is rational and we 
 axe glad to say effective in so many of these otherwise 
 intractable conditions, that they are cordially recom- 
 mended to the reader. To be effective, however, it must 
 be borne in mind that a long spark-gap is required when 
 the wave current is applied to the cord over the vertebral 
 column, regulated, however, to the physical conditions of 
 the patient; with the average adult employing terminal 
 
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 103 
 
 balls oil the discliarjnnc: nxls ono and one-fourth inches 
 in diameter. As in all inllainiiiatory conditions the wave 
 current is admiuist^i*ed for twenty minutes at each 
 treatment. 
 
 The pcriiiheral affections of the ncrvoufi system include 
 those associatinl with disturbances of circulation with the 
 production of pain or other disturbances of sensation; 
 most of the latter of which however are of central origin. 
 Of these the diflferent types of neuritis are of greatest sig- 
 nificance. 
 
 Neuritis is usually designated according to location; 
 and very often by miisnomer is termed neuralgia; as neu- 
 ritis of the face is very frequently called facial neuralgia, 
 and also of the sciatic, sciatic neuralgia. Until the prob- 
 lem of treating neuritis ha.s become a relatively simple 
 one, and the lesion may now be readily and systematically 
 located, it is easy to understand how the term neuralgia 
 came into medical literature. At best the term Ls an 
 expression of indifference to diagnosis; for neuralgia can 
 never be recognized as other than a symptom. 
 
 The therapeutics of neuritii'i recognizes a local inflam- 
 matory process with the indication for treatment the same 
 a.s in other non-infected inflaiiimatory processes, — the dis- 
 persion of infiltration with the relief of pressure and pain. 
 
 The diagnosis of neuritis, or localization of the seat of 
 the le.sion, is easily effected with the static wave cuiTent 
 applietl through the medium of a flexible metal electrode 
 directly over a suspected Rite; wluii if present, it elicits 
 a degre<' of pain which is diagnostic in comi)arison with 
 tJiu ellVct u|H)n the normal tissues. The pain arising from 
 causing C(>ntraction of tense muscles by the wave cur- 
 rent, may very often Ik? mistaken for the pain due to a 
 
194 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 lesion ; because when muscular contraction exists, the in- 
 tense stimulus increasing the contraction, will cause pain 
 until the muscles gradually relax. This relaxation how- 
 ever will be effected within the first five or ten minutes, 
 when if the spark-gap is lengthened considerable no mare 
 pain, is produced; whereas over the lesion of neuritis, 
 during the first administrations, the pain will during the 
 seance persist with the gradual lengthening of the spark- 
 gap for the full twenty minutes of the treatment. 
 
 The prognosis as to time necessary to cure neuritis will 
 depend upon the length of time that the process of exuda- 
 tion and infiltration has been present. In long standing 
 cases the exudation often becomes organized, and the 
 nerve adherent to the surrounding tissues. In these cases 
 the impairment of the nutrition of the limb, and persistent 
 disturbance on use on locomotion of the limb will be 
 marked and the length of time necessary to effect the 
 restitution of the parts supplied by the nerve, will depend 
 upon the region, extent, and character of the local lesion. 
 In cases in which the lesion is witliin the pelvis, and above 
 the sacro-iliac-synchondrosis, the prognosis will be uni- 
 formly bad ; because it will not often be possible to affect 
 an induration so remotely situated. 
 
 There are certain places where, on account of exposure 
 to pressure, violent muscular action and external violence, 
 neuritis is liable to occur. The most common sites are 
 where the sciatic nerve passes through the sacro-sciatic 
 notch beneath the pyraformus muscle; where the crural 
 emerges; where the large nerve trunks cross the sacro- 
 iliac-synehondrosis; where the musculo-spiral and circum- 
 flex emerge beneath the teres minor; where the supra-scap 
 ular passes out from beneath the trapezius, and through 
 
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 1!)5 
 
 the snpra-spiiuitoiis fossii of the seapiila; whore the in- 
 feritu- (h'lital i)asst\s into the eaiial in the inferior maxillary 
 bone; and where the s'uperior maxillary branch of tJie 
 tifth nei-Ae passes through the infra (»rliital f()ramen. 
 
 'AVhen a lesion is IcK-ated at these points, the origin may 
 be attributed as a rule to mechanieal eauses ami exposure 
 
 In herpes zoster and intercostal neuritis the lesion will 
 generally be locate<i where the posterior roots emerge from 
 the spinal coluann. 
 
 Other causes than inecJianieaJ injury or exposure are 
 from toxemia or local infection, which cases respond to 
 treatment by intestimil antiseptics. The cases occurring, 
 however, at the sites enumerated may but rarely be at- 
 tributed to toxemia or infection. 
 
 The treatment of neuritis, either of mechanical or in- 
 fectious origin, is practically the siime, except that in the 
 early stages in patients in which a toxemia may be sus- 
 pected, the use of aspirin or salicylates may prove bene- 
 ficial. Exceptional cases may recover spontaneously ; but, 
 as a rule, no class of conditions is more stubi>orn or re- 
 sisting to other methods of treatment. 
 
 The usual methods employed at the present time by 
 physicians and neurologists not familiar with more prac- 
 tical methods aiv to put the patient to bed with tixation 
 vsplints, nerve stretching and surgical operation.s, Turki.sh 
 baths, and nuussage, and tnvitment at various hwiltli re- 
 sorts aM<l spa>:, by similar measures. These have be<'n 
 folk>we<l quite uniformly with unfavorable results, as evi- 
 denced by the numl)er of cases that are uncured by them. 
 
 The static wave current and static sparks are so uni- 
 formly successful in the treatment of these cases, that it 
 is to be deplored that so many are ignorant of that method 
 
196 HIGH-POTENTIAL CUKRENTS 
 
 of treatment. In all cases In which an electrode can be 
 plajced immediately over the site of the lesion, the applica- 
 tion is both diagnostic and curative, if used with the 
 proper energy in connection with direct applications of 
 static sparks to the lesion. By these means it is possible 
 to remove the infiltration surrounding the nerve, and by 
 daily applications to effect a complete relief, by the re- 
 moval of the pressure upon the nerve, finally restoring 
 the nerve to a normal condition. In the early cases, within 
 the first two weeks, the results of treatment are very 
 prompt and effective. It is possible in any accessible 
 neuritis before adhesions have occurred, or tissue organiza- 
 tion to effect a cure in a few days. The writer bas verified 
 this in seventy cases of acute sciatica, all of which have 
 been cured within ten days. The same is true of brachial 
 neuritis, facial neuritis, and herpes zoster. 
 
 The technique e^nployed in the treatment of these cases 
 is the application of the static wave current with a fiex- 
 ible metal electrode applied directly over the site of the 
 lesion. A spark-gap which produces a bearable pain is 
 employed from the outset, and gradually lengtliened dur- 
 ing tbe twenty minutes allowed for this application. If 
 at the end of the wave current administration there are 
 muscular contractions which limit the motion, or cause 
 pain upon movement of the affected limb or part, the 
 application of sparks to all such muscles is indicated, the 
 patient moving the arm or leg in different positions, 
 sparking the muscles where tension is present until con- 
 siderably, if not entirely relieved, which will be followed 
 by a general feeling of lightness and mobility and the 
 patient will be able to continue his work during the course 
 of treatment. 
 
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 1!>7 
 
 In tic doiilourcud- ov fdciul neuritis tht' application of the 
 wave curivnt should be followed by the sUitie brush dis- 
 chai'ge and statir sparks, making a tlior(>u«!:li application 
 over the wh<de surface; also iu supra-orbital neuritis, or 
 her])es of the scalp. If })ortions of the nerve arc involvc<l 
 that can be best reached within the mouth, as at the inner 
 surface of the inferior maxillarv Ixuie, (►r l>elow the an- 
 trum, th<' use of tl»e direct vacuum tube current applied 
 internally wiili the electrode shown in Fi^. 4(1, is very 
 etlicient. 
 
 In herpes zoster the application o( radiant li<;ht and 
 heat to the extent of inducing active hyi>eremia over the 
 affected area, followed by applications of deep mechanical 
 vibration over the posterior nerve roots, the wave current 
 
 n 
 
 Fig. 46. Vacuum Electrode Desigued for Treatment of Tuugue or Tonsil. 
 
 over the unerupteil patches and the brush discharge over 
 the herpetic patches give prompt and almost complete 
 relief, readily curing this otherwise intractable affection. 
 
 There has prol)ably l>een no advance made in thera- 
 peutics which is of more striking contrast to the old 
 metho<ls than the advanced meth<Kls of ti*eating neuritis. 
 
 Tlir functioniil neuroses according to most neurologists 
 are largely of psychic origin, and are often dexignatcnl by 
 them as jK*<ychopathic neuroses. There are many rejisons 
 to believe that very few if any of the so-called psycho- 
 pathic neuro.ses are purely the result of mental environ- 
 ment, but in mo«t cases are associated with a physical 
 inflammatory cause. The fact that the neurologists have 
 
198 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 drifted into, what it may seem presumptuous to call, a 
 mistaJien conception, is probably due to the fact that it 
 has been so long that the remedies have been ineffective, 
 which have been employed to remove the physical condi- 
 tions which are the cause. This has been clearly demon- 
 strated in many instances in cases who have been in the 
 hands of these gentlemen — cases which when they receive 
 curative treatment directed to some part of the organism, 
 particularly to the pelvic organs, are relieved of the 
 psychic phenomena. 
 
 A well known business man, a former patient of one of 
 the best known New York neurologists had for three years 
 been under treatment for neurasthenia. He came under 
 the writer's observation and was treated under his direc- 
 tion for prostatitis associated with impotency, and made 
 a complete recovery in a few weeks. 
 
 Another case, referred by a neurologist, was one of pus- 
 tular acne which had produced a profound degree of 
 mental depression on account of the disfigurement. The 
 condition was cured and the psychic phase disappeared. 
 In the former case the lesion produced a functional de- 
 rangement, and in the latter the impressions were psychic. 
 
 In the author's experience, fully twenty-five per cent, 
 of his cases of prostatitis, now numbering more than 140 
 cases, have been subjects of neurasthenia, and were cured 
 of bO'th the prostatic and psychopathic derangement by 
 treatment of the local condition. 
 
 The author was first impressed with these views seven 
 years since fro^m the treatment of hysteria in a female 
 patient, when by employing the static wave current with 
 a metal electrode placed in the rectum in the treatment of 
 a case of constipation, a hysteria for which the patient 
 
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 199 
 
 had been refeiTed to the writer for electrical treatment, 
 was promptly cured, coincident with the relief of the 
 dysinenoiThea, which had persisted for upwards of thir- 
 teen years. This result demonstrated two important 
 truths: (1) the efficiency of the method in the trtuitment 
 of dysmenorrhea; and (2) that with the cure of dysmen- 
 orrhea there will often be prompt subsidence of the hyster- 
 ical symptoms. This has been the result in the treatment 
 of a large number of similar cases of neurasthenia and 
 hysteria, from the treatment of some pelvic tN>nditi<ins, 
 particularly in cases of prostatis and uterine congestion. 
 These cases are cured of the psychic manifestations when 
 the local troubles are relieved except when the psychic 
 condition has been present for a long time ; in such cases 
 long present impressions are apt to be fix<Hi. 
 
 The attitude of the neurologists on this subject can 
 probably be attributed to the fact that the gynecologists 
 have uniformly resorted to surgei-y in the treatment of 
 these pelvic conditions. Surgical methods while invalu- 
 able in selected cases either dismember and render the 
 hys-teria or neurasthenia worse, or prove of but temiK>rai'y 
 avail in many cases, particuhirly in the cases of simi)le 
 congestion of the uterus, and prostate gland. The removal 
 of either the prostate gland or the uterus is known often 
 to produce sei'ious mental derangenu'nt. Curettage, pro-s- 
 tatic massage, and rectal or vaginal injtrtions of hi>t water 
 aiv uniformly ineffective in relieving to a sufficient degree 
 either uterine or prostiitic congestion. Unless the neurol- 
 ogists are willing to investigate the subjfH't from this point 
 of view, it will remain for the general i)ractitioners or 
 gj'necologists or genito-urinary specialist's who are familiar 
 with efficient means of relieving pelvic congestion, to dem- 
 
200 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 onstrate the correct status of the so-called, functional 
 neuroses. 
 
 Another class of affections which is liable to lead to 
 neurasthenic symptoms are the derangements of the 
 stomach and alimentary canal; often from hyperchlor- 
 hydria, and conditions associated with constipation with 
 intestinal putrefaction and toxemia. 
 
 There are also many cases in which an inherited physical 
 status and unsuitable environment may develop a set of 
 psychopathic symptoms. To presume, however, that even 
 these cases if placed under proper conditions of environ- 
 ment and hygiene, in happy home surroundings, fulfilling 
 the natural functions of existence, are certain to be sub- 
 jects of neurasthenia and hysteria without other physical 
 cause, is contrary to experience; for when under adverse 
 conditioHS of birth, the resulting neuroses may generally 
 be averted by happy surroundings and judicious discipline. 
 To consign cases of functional neuroses to the Christiani 
 scientists, or other psychic healers, without directing 
 treatment largely to physical conditions, would be un- 
 doubtedly to compromise the best interest and future 
 health and 'happiness of the individual. To decry the em- 
 ployment of auto-suggestion is far from the author's intent, 
 but to substitute it for physical treatment when actual 
 physical derangements exist is bad practice. 
 
 The proper management of these cases employs con- 
 jointly a healthy suggestive treatment for the purpose of 
 exerting the proper psychic influence upon the mind, with 
 the rational treatment directed to the relief of every 
 physical condition discovered. 
 
 The diseases designated as functional neuroses include 
 
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 201 
 
 the symptoms complex known as ncurafiihcnia, In/strria, 
 hi/pochondriasis, fiinctionni (•i)ilrjhsi/. and chorea. 
 
 The effort to di/fcrentintc tlic symptoms wiiicli shall 
 make a clinical pictui-c of the first three conditions, is 
 quite difficult; and we believe is not in accord with what 
 must be eventually recoijnizeil as a varying effect or reflex 
 which may affect different in<lividuals jn different ways, 
 even when causes are much the same. In other words, the 
 differential difiference between hysteria and neurasthenia 
 which was once stated by (lowers to be one of sex, at the 
 present time is discountenanced by the moilern school of 
 neurologists; though it may have embraced more of truth 
 than is now acknowledged. Freud has come nearer to 
 what seems to the writer to be the correct understiinding 
 of the relation of the sex problem to functional neuroses 
 than his contemporaries. The sexual organs are so closely 
 knitted in their functions and nerve supj)ly with the 
 sympathetic nervous system and with the train of reflexes 
 that are traceable thi*ough the ramifications of the symjya- 
 thetic nerve, that it is not difficult to recognize a chain 
 of relations, which constitute the symptoms complex of 
 these neurases. 
 
 The treatment of functional neuroses, as suggasted, 
 should be directtnl to the treatment of the symptoms com- 
 plex. There are very few of these cases which do not 
 indicate a large measure of perversion in all of the nutri- 
 tive ajs well as sexual functions. The .secretions including 
 the skin and alimentary secretion are inactive, the bowels 
 are as a rule constii)ate<l, and most of the ca.ses are sterile 
 or im[)otent. Tiiat the treatment of these patients cannot 
 be efifective by one means of treatment, is self-evident, and 
 the absurdity of drug treatment 1ms been likewise demon- 
 
202 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 strated by the general failure to cure them by these means. 
 Radiant light and heat and mechanical vibration as indi- 
 cated ; d'Arsonvalization for the treatment of hypertension 
 when present and the static and high frequency currents 
 in the treatment of the two types of pelvic inflammation ; 
 simple and infected, each plays an important role when 
 indicated. Regulate the rational indications to each indi- 
 vidual case, including in addition to the means enumer- 
 ated the systematic regulation of diet, exercise and envir- 
 onment. It is impossible to expect to relieve these patients 
 by any one set of measures; because each case presents 
 in the symptoms complex, varying conditions requiring 
 individual treatment by those who are familiar both with 
 the i^mptoms and methods of treatment to be employed. 
 
 Under a rational regime, the prognosis is good in early 
 cases, and always relative to the effect that the condition 
 has had upon the mentality of the individual. In long 
 «?tanding cases it cannot be expected to restore to normal 
 a depraved or perverted mentality, the results of a cumu- 
 lative process of abnormality or perversion. In all eases 
 there will be improvement, and in cases of but a few years^ 
 standing the results are uniformly good. 
 
 Functional epilepsy or epileptiform attacks of reflex not 
 central origin, are apt to arise from overfeeding particu- 
 larly with excess of meat diet which is improperly masti- 
 cated. Some cases however in young children of highly 
 nervous organization, may have the condition aggravated 
 by various local conditions of the genitals, or of the 
 mucous cavities as adenoids, and in others it may be 
 associated with eye strain. 
 
 The indication in these patients is to remove every cause 
 of reflex irritation, and establish the normal functions in 
 
DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 203 
 
 excry part of tlu' orgauisin, toi^ether with restric-tion ia 
 the matter of fiKKls as to quality and quantity. Meat 
 should be entirely omitted in most cases. 
 
 Treatment : — The empkiyment in conjunction with regu- 
 lation of diet and habits of the static wave current, radiant 
 light and heat and mechanical vibration is indicated for 
 relief of conditions to which they are adapted. The static 
 wave current sliould be employed daily in these cases, pre- 
 ferably over the JiMomen, with the prolonged applietition 
 of radiant light and heat to the extent of inducing 
 hypeivmia to the trunk of the bcnly, with the additional 
 application of mechanical vibration to the spine and for 
 the relief of constipation or any other condition to which 
 such application is adapted. 
 
 Chorea arises from practically the s;ime cau.ses as func- 
 tional epilepsy and the indications are tlie restoration of 
 every impaired physical function and corrections under 
 practically the same principles as those suggested in the 
 treatnu'nt of epilepsy. The static wave current, however, 
 should not be applicnl in these cases; but a spinal electrmle 
 should be placed directly over the cord, and the machine 
 run rapidly with the balls of the discharging rods widely 
 sepiirated in ordcT that no spark will discharge across 
 the gap; in otluT wonls, the administration of static in- 
 sulation through the me<lium of a long spinal ekvtrode. 
 A prolonged application of ra<liaiit light and heat to the 
 trunk should precede the static treatment. There should 
 also be restraint in matters of diet, and insistence upon 
 an out-ofnloor life, away fnmi school or other continement. 
 Under such management the prognosis i.s g(K)d. 
 
 The following case will illustrate the method of man- 
 aging the^e cases: 
 
204 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 M. L. Child, 11 years of age, had suffered from chorea 
 with constantly increasing convulsive movement for three 
 months. When brought for treatment the child was in 
 a condition of general convulsion with a temperature of 
 101° F. It was with difficult j that she could be kept 
 upon the table or chair, owing to constant involuntary 
 movements of the extremities. The knuckles of both 
 hands were inflamed from constant bruising as she threw 
 the arms about and also the ankles of both feet. The 
 choreic movements involved the face as well as the ex- 
 tremities to the extent that it was with great difficulty 
 that the child could drink or be fed. 
 
 The treatment consisted of long applications of radiant 
 light and heat from a 500 c. p. lamp, over the front and 
 back of the trunk and extremities of the child, until well- 
 marked hyperemia was effected particularly marked over 
 the trunk. This administration required practically from 
 forty-five minutes to one hour. The child was then placed 
 on the static chair lying at full length and a narrow 
 electrode was placed over the spine extending from the 
 sacrum to the hair line on the back of the neck. Sheets 
 were placed across the abdomen and extremities and tied 
 beneath the chair, to hold the child in position. If the 
 wave current is administered with a discharging spark, 
 the noise causes an increase of convulsive movements in 
 these patients. Accordingly the current was administered 
 with the terminal balls of a machine having sixteen re- 
 volving plates, widely separated and running at a speed 
 of about 200 revolutions per minute, for twenty minutes. 
 Improvement began at the outset, and in eight days the 
 child, whom it was necessary at first to bring in a cab, 
 
DISEAi!lES OF THE NERVOUS S\>*aM:M 1105 
 
 was able to coine t(> tlu' ofticc by llie surface cars, walking 
 to the office, and in tliree weeks was discharged. 
 
 In addition t<> the electrical treatment, cold packs were 
 given daily for the first wei'k or until theiv was no rise 
 in temperature, when hot packs were substituted. In 
 three weeks this child was practically well, and has re- 
 mained s<) for one year. 
 
 She had been on the use of Fowler's solution of arsenic 
 in large doses from the first appearance of the symptoms, 
 without apparent relief. This treatment was not discon- 
 tinued dnring the treatment instituted by the writer; but 
 the promptness with which the sjinptoms disappeared as 
 s<K)u as the physical treatment was begun, in a case which 
 had been growing progressively worse to the time she 
 ciune under observation, was evidence of the etliciency of 
 the method of treatment adopted. 
 
 The theory of the treatment is the derivative effect 
 ami increasi'd nn'taliolism and elimination induced by 
 applications of radiant light and heat, together with ef- 
 fects of the static current upon metabolism, and upon 
 the cord condition. The regulation of diet, which should 
 aJways be limited, in quantity and kind, to the physical 
 (bmiands of growth and nutrition, by controlling the 
 tendency to overfeeding relieves or prevents the conse- 
 quent auto-intoxication. 
 
CHAPTER VI 
 
 THERAPEUTICS IN NON-INFECTED INFLAMMATION 
 
 The careful consideration of the principles and the 
 modus operandi of the treatment of inflammation is given 
 in Chapter II of this section. The principles employed 
 in the treatment of every non-infected inflammation is 
 practically the same, except that special devices or elec- 
 trodes are employed as adapted to inflammatory condi- 
 tions of the varions parts of the body. 
 
 The resolution of stasis or the dissolution of induration^ 
 occurring with an inflammatory process, as previously 
 stated, is the indication in all conditions of simple in- 
 flammation. This, with the relief of resulting symptoms 
 of muscular tension or contraction, and the restoration 
 of metabolism, comprise the indications. 
 
 The author's life work has been largely identified with 
 the investigation and promulgation of the principles of 
 treating inflammatory processes by the employment of 
 means which would affect the resolution of induration 
 always present with inflammation, and the cause of its 
 persistence except where infection is present. This has 
 been clearly shown in numerous monographs and works 
 published, and verified in; the experience of all who have 
 recognized the principles and employed them intelligently. 
 It has been clearly demonstrated in the author's experi- 
 ence that internal or external applications of vibration 
 or massage in acute inflammatory processes aggravates 
 
 206 
 
THERAPEUTICS IN INFLAMMATION 207 
 
 the condition. This is wi'll iihisti-aUHl by the failure 
 from the treatment of sprains and intlamniati<>n (tt the 
 prost-ate gland i»y massage. It requires a <litrei\'nt sort 
 of tissue activity than that transniitteil by vibration or 
 frioti(>n to effectually relieve local stasis or infiltration 
 when once established. Those measures will often relieve 
 the resulting muscular tension, thereby affording relief 
 fioni pressure on the contiguous joint surfaces; but not 
 the induration. 
 
 It is ihv intrinsic uctivity, the activity of the parts in- 
 durated, piU'ticularly the diffuse contraction at a rate 
 approximating 120 per minute alternating with periods of 
 release or rest of the tissues so involved. This will effect 
 the drainage or elimination of foreign matter from the 
 intercellular spaces. These results cannot be effected by 
 currents which stimulate niu.scular contraction through 
 stimulation of motor points as is done with the consta,nt 
 and interrupted current, but to be effective require direct 
 applicatiim to the mu.scle cells of the tis.sues involved. 
 As has been .so often stated, this cannot be accomplished 
 so well with any other electric current ai> with the high 
 potential static modalities; particularly the static wave 
 current, the static sparks, the static brush discharge and 
 the direct vacuum tube current. 
 
 These modalities induce effects which have never been 
 duplicated nor can be with currents of low jtotential or 
 the currents from a Ruhmkortf coil or Tcsla apparatus. 
 In other word.s, thv tnntmvnt of uninjertvd inflammation 
 for removing infiltration must be recognized as the field 
 of the static currents; currents which induce diffuse proto- 
 plasmic contraction. The contractions induced by other 
 mmlalities is very superficial and ineffective as compared 
 
208 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 to the effects of the static modalities which can be regu- 
 lated to a nicety to the requirement of every condition 
 from the intense or powerful effects necessary to affect 
 the structures of the hip joint and gluteal regions to the 
 gentle administrations to the eye. 
 
 The results obtained by the institution of methods of 
 treatment adopted along these linevs has been so revolu- 
 tionary that medical conservatism is alwiays inclined to 
 doubt the possibility of the things accomplished by those 
 who employ the requisite technique. 
 
 Treatment of the class of conditions under considera- 
 tion, may be divided into (1) the types of arthritis, (2) 
 pelvic inflammations, (3) congestions and. atony of the 
 abdominal organs, and (4) other inflammations, neu- 
 ritis having been treated in the chapter devoted to the 
 diseases of the nervous system. 
 
 A sprained ankle offers one of the best examples for 
 demonstrating the results of the tireatment and of the 
 snccess of the principles of treatment under considera- 
 tion; because here we have to' deal with conditions not 
 complicated by the uncertain elements present in many 
 types of arthritis. The following case will illustrate the 
 facility with which these eases are treated by the static 
 currents. 
 
 Mis« W., a student of Dr. Savage's Normal School of 
 Physical Education, while exercising in the gymnasium, 
 sustained a severe sprain of the right ankle. She was 
 referred to the author for a diagnosis of a possible frac- 
 ture of the lower end of the fibula. It was about thirty- 
 six hours after the accident ; and the limb was very much 
 swollen and so painful on movement that the patient 
 would permit no manipulation whatever. The x-ray dis- 
 
THERAJPEUTICS IN INFLAMMATION 209 
 
 closed a normal condition of the bones. In reply to the 
 question " Is thei-e anythiuj;: else you would like me to 
 do? " the answer was made by the accompanying^ pliysi- 
 cian, " Wt'll, what tan you do?'' The \NTiter i>ei'sisted 
 in i-equt^tinj^ to know what was desircxl, when the doctor 
 said they \\ished to have her ready for active eXiTcist^ in 
 twenty days. \Vheu the author replied that she could be 
 ready in ten days, the answer came " Let us see how you 
 do it." The folloNNing treatment was employed. The 
 patient was seated upon tlie insulated platform and soft 
 met<il, twenty-two B. and S. }j:auge composition, was care- 
 fully mouldixl over the swollen parts of the foot, and the 
 wave current administered for twenty minutes. Follow- 
 ing this the static brush discharge was applied over the 
 swollen and infiltrated area, wlien the doctor remarked 
 " The swi^lling is going out." The whole indurated field 
 became softened in twenty or tliirty minutes application 
 of this modality. The static sparks were then applied 
 with the spark director below and around the internal 
 and external mall<N>lus, and over the anterior and ])0S- 
 terior extensors and flexors of the foot, all of which were 
 in a state of tension. 
 
 When the patient came into the office ht-r foot was 
 strappiHl with adhesive strips. Tiiese were removed and 
 not replacefl. The patient went from the office, an<l down 
 the steps with the crutches in her hands, an<l said iier foot 
 hurt her very little. The next day she returnetl walking, 
 but with her crutches in her hands, lest she might need 
 them. She was so mucli relievtnl by the .second treatment, 
 that the following day she returned without the crutches, 
 and within ten days she wa.s able to re,sume her usual 
 gymnasium work. This case was complicated by a sciatic 
 
210 HIGH-POTENTIAL CUREENTS 
 
 neuritis involving the nerve both at the saero^sciatic notch 
 and in the popliteal space, the result of the fall. These 
 however were both promptly cured, and only slightly de- 
 layed the recovery of the patient. 
 
 Cases of sprains which come under observation promptly 
 after the accident are usually cured in three or four days 
 by the method described. It was in the ti'^atment of a 
 sprain that the ^Titer first recognized the fact that stasis 
 was an obstacle to be overcome for which nature required 
 assistance, by removal in order to facilitate recovery. 
 It may be said without compromise, that all sprains, where 
 no severe injury has taken place of the ligamentous or 
 bony structures of the joint, are promptly cured by this 
 method without rest or strapping. The same principle 
 applies to the treatment of all joint inflammations. 
 
 In cases in which there are indications of toxemia or 
 infection associated with multiple arthritis, the joint, 
 lesions though symptomatic demand treatment similar to 
 that employed in the treatment of the sprained ankle. 
 The main reliance, however, in the treatment of chronic 
 inflammation of the large and small joints, are the static 
 sparks, directed to the soft structures of the joint avoid- 
 ing direct application to the bony points. These measures 
 produce diffuse deep contraction, and when applied suc- 
 cessively to the infiltrated tissue, express or force out the 
 accumulated rubbish from the lymph spaces; and by the 
 removal of pressure permit the restoration of circulation. 
 It may be said that there is in addition a coincident in- 
 creased blood supply induced by the stimulating effect 
 of the spark discharge as well as removal of the infiltrat- 
 ing products of inflammation. 
 
 The application of sparks, likewise, to the tense muscles 
 
TIlEKAPErTICS IN INFLAMMATION 211 
 
 Avliich are constant l,v i>r<'s<*nt with iiillaniniation of a joint, 
 adils another l>eneticial factor to tlie treatnient of the joint, 
 thereby relieving the increased im-ssure in tlie joint on 
 movement. Tills tension is nature's etl'ort to tix the joints 
 and thereby prtKlnce a cure l)y anl<ylosis. Nature's metlio<l 
 of curiujjj arthritis is ankylosis, and tlie surj;eon or ortho- 
 pedist who employs the metluKl of rt^t in these cases is 
 apt to make the Siiiuc mistake. In no class of ca.ses is 
 rest more contra-indicated than in arthritis except of 
 tubercular joints, when ankylosis in the late cases is the 
 only probable cure of the condition. 
 
 The management of rhcumatoiil tnthritis, Still's dis- 
 ease, and ostro-artJiriti.s: The treatment of the joint in- 
 flammation is of first imix>rtance; but in oi-der to cure 
 the eases, re<2;ulation of diet to the requirements of the 
 individual for the correction of the vicious proi-esses uni- 
 formly present in thealimenfrary canal demands coincident 
 attention. They are the element of greatest importance; 
 because they constitute the exciting causes of the condi- 
 tion. The internist however, wIkj attempts to cure these 
 cases by the employment of <liet for correction of the 
 intestinal derangements alone, except in the early cases, 
 will meet with failure f<»r tiic condition of arthritis when 
 once established, will re(|nire in addition tlu' local treat- 
 ment described. 
 
 Infectious artliritis, including so-called rheuniatisra, 
 tubercular, gonorrheal and septic arthritis, will be con- 
 sidered in the chapter on the treatment (►f infectious 
 diseases. 
 
 Pdi'ic infianunutions: t'onyrstinnx of the )i')n-infr<-trd 
 type, include the congestions a.^^sociated witli dysmen- 
 orrhea, subinvolution, ulcers (»f the cervix, caruncles, 
 
212 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 ovarian congestion, prostatitis', vesiculitis, orchitis and 
 epididymitis. These affections are managed with remark- 
 able facility under the same principles of treatment as 
 the non-infected inflammatory conditions. 
 
 Dysmenorrhea and subinvolution are in a large per- 
 centage of eases associated with retroversion which is 
 the natural outcome of the engorgement, the natural sup- 
 ports not being sufficient to keep the heavy uterus in posi- 
 tion. This results in most cases in constipation and the 
 train of symptoms and conditions associated with in- 
 testinal putrefaction and auto-intoxication. When the 
 retroversion has persisted for a considerable time, the 
 structures of the round ligaments may become so altered 
 that it may never be possible to restore them to their 
 normal tone. It is often possible, however, after removal 
 of the congestion and weight from the body of the uterus 
 for it to remain in proper position without the aid of the 
 normal supports. In all early cases however the normal 
 tone of the supports seems to be promptly restored. 
 
 The remarkable facility with which these uterine con- 
 gestions are relieved, must be witnessed to be appreciated 
 by those who are not familiar with the principle of action 
 and effects of the method employed; because the results 
 from these newer methods are so different from the ex- 
 perience \^dth methods with which most physicians are 
 familiar. This method has been employed by tlie author 
 since it was discovered by him in the way described in 
 the previous chapter. 
 
 Since the discovery, it has been our practice to treat 
 these cases per rectum and with uniformly good results. 
 The metal electrode is placed with care so that it will 
 come in contact with the uterine body from the rectal side 
 
THERAPEUTICS IN INFLAMMATION 213 
 
 and is» held in ix>si(i(>n by the pafcii'nt or with an x-ray 
 tube holdor or other device; the patient reclining in a 
 comfortable position ui>ou the side with the back towards 
 the machine or in Sim's position. The wave current is 
 reu:uJat4\l as in other cai>e^; the pain pro<iuced by a short j 
 
 spark-<^ap bein*; the indication of the presence of conjee* j i 
 
 tion, and the evidence that the current is atTe^ctinrj a con- 
 gested uteru*!; for if normal, it would not caiLse pain. 
 Witii the gradual lessening- of pain due to the ndie^f of 
 the sui)erticial intiltratiou the spark-gap is lengthcoied 
 little by little at each seance. A progivssive improvement 
 will be noted as in other cases by the daily incTeased 
 length of spark-gap which the patient can tolerate from 
 day to day. The treatments are administered daily for 
 twenty minutes until it is possible U> start the treatment 
 with the spark-gap of three inches or more; after which 
 treatments are given on alternate days, until within a few 
 days of the menstrual period, when daily treatments should 
 be resmned until UK^nstruation begins; then treatment 
 should be discontinuwl. If menstruatiim has been pain- 
 less, treatments may cease, or otherwise be continued as 
 indicatt*d. 
 
 The prognosis as demonstrated is uniformly good; the 
 only eases in which favorable results are not obtained are 
 those of acute flexion, or mtual stenosis. The usual so- 
 calkM.1 J^enosis assoi'iated with dysmenorrhea promi>tly 
 disiippears with reli^'f (»f the congt^stion of the Ixxly of the 
 uterus. Actual stenosis is probably not present in inoi>» 
 than one to five per cent, of cases of <lysmenorrhea; at 
 least, that is according to the findings of the author. 
 
 ^Vh€n endometritis compUcntrs thr condition, the syste- 
 matic €*mployment by the metJKKl of l)r. Ma.ssey, by the 
 
214 
 
 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 intra-u'teriue application of the positive pole of the con- 
 stant current with an amalgamated copper electrode is 
 indicated, applying it with from ten to twenty milliamperes 
 of current for from ten to twenty mriintes. This method 
 is employed for the purpose of destroying the unhealthy 
 endometrium. By this method tlie electrical diffusion of 
 
 Fig. 47. Common Metal Eeetal Electrode. 
 
 the mercury and copper salts into the lining membrane 
 causes it to slough away, to be replaced by a healthy mem- 
 brane. This treatment should be employed but once and 
 carefully guarded as to dosage, so as not to create too 
 extensive destruction of the endometrium, and should be 
 followed by the systemiatic rectal employment of the static 
 current as previonsly described. 
 
 Fir„ 48. Author's Eeetal Electrode. 
 
 Uterine subinvolution is treated in practically the same 
 manner, but will often be effectually cured in from five 
 to ten seances. In this class of cases no other condition 
 responds so promptly and effectively to this method as 
 the cases of subinvolution. They are, however, more apt 
 to suffer from the derangements of the endometrium, and 
 require intra-uterine treatment than the cases of simple 
 dysmenorrhea. 
 
TIIKKAl'ErTICS IN I N TLA.M M ATK )N 
 
 I'l.') 
 
 The usual <h (troth's (mii]»1(iv('(1 in these oases in wliieh 
 rectal ti^'atiuciit is inilicate<l, is the eommon straij^Iit 
 electr(Kl<' slit»\vn in I'i^. 47, or the antlior's electrixle ali^o 
 emplovfHl in tin* tnMtnn'nt of |n-(istutitis. sJliown in I-'ii;. 
 48, anil an cIccii-tMle desijjncd Ity I)i-. Ai-n<»l<l Snow wliich 
 
 Fi(i. 49. «"urvetl Electrode Designed by Dr. ArnoM Snow. 
 
 is i'urvetl a.s shown in Fii;. 4!). Tliese electiixles have each 
 their special imlication and are designed t'o give as certain 
 contact as possible with tlx' i)aits tr('at<'d. 
 
 In cases of subinvolution or dvsnicnoirhea, complicated 
 
 r M/icHi "rr 5jj< 
 
 I i . jO. (.ilass Vajjinsil Vjicmun Hlpctrti'lo. 
 
 by cervical ulcerations or an ('d«*niatons condition of ihe 
 cenix, it is best to employ with each s<'ance an a<lditional 
 fifteen minutes applicatiim with th<' direct vacuum tube 
 current Avith a two to f<Mir inch spark-gap <'mplo\ing the 
 glass vaginal vacuum eIectr<Ml<' shown in I'ig. .~n. These 
 
216 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 electrodes are made in various sizes, and when used as 
 described, the results of treatment are satisfactory. 
 
 Urethral caruncles are treated in practically the same 
 manner, employing a glass (Fig. 51) or metal urethral 
 electrode of a size which will cause a moderate degree of 
 dilatation employing the direct vacuum tube current or 
 the wave current. Many of these cases will be promptly 
 cured by this method. Others in which there is a growth 
 of hyperplastic tissue, will resist treatment, though in 
 most cases the symptoms are very much relieved. 
 
 In cases of marked vesical irritation the treatment 
 with a metal electrode placed just above the pubes affords 
 
 Fig. 51. Glass Urethral Electrodes. 
 
 prompt and remarkable relief in a large percentage of 
 cases. 
 
 In ovarian congestions the symptoms of pain, often 
 designated as ovarian neuralgia, are usually promptly 
 cured with the relief of a subinvolution or dysmenorrhea 
 which is apt to be the cause. In some eases, however, the 
 pain may persist, indicating persistence of congestion. In 
 these cases, the application of the static wave current with 
 a metal electrode directly over the offending organ will 
 
TIIEKAPErTICS IN INFLAMMATION 217 
 
 in all i'a>H»s <»f sinipk' intlaniinatiuii I'llVct the relief of the 
 eongeifttion. The operator should be certain to (lia*!:nose 
 an infection before employing the wave current lest it be 
 scatteretl. 
 
 Vdffinisnnts is usually promptly cured by s\'steniatically 
 pa.*<siiig into the vagina vacuum tubes a»s large as will 
 n*adily pa.ss emi)loying each subsequent day a larger tube 
 an<l employing the direc-t vacuum tube current with a two 
 to four inch si)ark-gap. 
 
 Prostatitis as treated by the authors meth<Kl, has open-'d 
 a way to the relief and cure of one of the most distressing 
 conditions of the male sex. 
 
 Inflammation of the prostate gland, or prostatic hyper- 
 trophic s<vcalbHl, arises from numerous causes; aud cannot 
 be attributtnl to anything vicious in the life of the indi- 
 vidual, tbougli gonori'hea is undoubtedly the most pro- 
 lific cause. Bruises upon the perineum, as obtained in 
 hoi-seback riding and bicycle riding, and other mechanical 
 effects, contribute to the early institution of an inflaiimia- 
 toi*}' process and as in other inactive sites, the intlamma- 
 toiy proc'ess is prone to increase, enlarging the indurated 
 area. In prostatitis the inflammatory procc^.s onoe begun, 
 is disj>ose<l to greatly increa-se. Occasionally a neoplasm 
 or tibroid tissue devel<)]»s in a gland. This c(mdition liow- 
 ever has be<*n f<Kind but infivqm'ntly. In a previous mouo- 
 gi~aph the writer stated that hyperx)la8ia was probably 
 often present in these cases, and would prevent a rtMluc- 
 tion of the gland to normal. More ri'Ci'ntly, however, it 
 seem.s to have In^en demonstrated in the author's exjx'ri- 
 ence that by persistent treatment, even in old men, the 
 glamls may be generally reduce<l to normal with com- 
 plete reduction after two or three niontlis of static treat- 
 
218 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 ment. These cases do not include the fibroma, of which 
 the author has diagnosed but three in upwards of 150 
 cases. 
 
 The prognosis in prostatitis, based upon the author's 
 results by this method is uniformly good except in tuber- 
 cular or malignant cases. In cases in which a fibroma 
 is present, the relief is marked, though not complete, aud 
 in these cases the Roentgen ray is indicated as an adjunct 
 to the static treatment. Malignant or tubercular prostati- 
 tis ^ill be considered in the next chapter. 
 
 The method employed is practically as follows: The 
 patient is placed upon the chair, lying upon the side, with 
 the back to the machine as shown in Plate V. The elec- 
 trodes shown in Figs. 47 or 48, are either held in position 
 by the hand of the patient, or by an x-ray tube holder as 
 shown. Care must be taken that the electrode is well in 
 contact with the gland, and in the median line. If lying 
 laterally, or placed at an angle Avhich will reach the great 
 nerve trunks in the pelvis, on eitlier side, pain mil be 
 induced down the course of the corresponding nerve, which 
 will indicate its position away from the median line. In; 
 other cases in which the electrode is placed too high in 
 the rectum, the parts will be found very sensitive at the 
 extremity. Care f^hould be taken to place it just far enough 
 into the rectum not to cause pain other than from pressure 
 upon the gland itself. In cases, when the electrode is 
 applied directly to the vesicles, and the current is given 
 rather strong, a disagreeable pain may be induced in the 
 testicles, which may remain for several hours. This is 
 promptly relieved, however, by the application of radiant 
 lig-ht and heat. 
 
 The rate at which the spark-gap is allowed to discharge 
 
w 
 
 in 
 
 •3 
 
 in 
 to 
 
 s 
 
 •i 
 
THEHAPEUTICS IN INFLAMMATION 219 
 
 is one of tlu> uu>st important ix)in'ts in the tccliniqiie of 
 tiiis iiictlnMJ of t ri-iitment. If the spark-uap is (lisclmrgiiig 
 at a rate above 300 jxt ininiito, a disaji^'eeable pain is 
 apt to be prodiu-tMl due to an intiMisc ronti-actioii of the 
 parts. The rate of spark-di.scharjj^e therefore should not 
 exceed 300 per minute and 120 is to be preferreil. This 
 can only he rcucuhited by a means of very uniform speed 
 contiMjl; one whicli will i>ermit of very gradual increase 
 of s]hhh1. With each increase of the length of the spark- 
 gap, the si>eed (►f the machine must naturally be relatively 
 increased. If the resistance steps, in the rheostat of the 
 direct cuiTent motor give too great variation, it is im- 
 possible often to regulate the rate of discharge except 
 some other device In? provided, which slumld l>e unneces- 
 sary because with the direct current, in a properly graded 
 rheostat the control should be perfect. 
 
 If the power, however, is derived from the alternating 
 current, a mechanical speed control is the only, at present, 
 practical means of regulating the rate of discharge for 
 the properly delicate management of these cases, because 
 it is impo.s.s(il)le to regulate the alternating current by any 
 present device to sufficiently delicat^i changes of speed. 
 The size of the tenninal balls of the discharging nxls, 
 should not l>e larger than one and one-fourth inches in 
 diameter; because, otherwise the contractions of the gland 
 will Im' too \iolrnt. 
 
 It will be found in some cases that after several days 
 of daily tn'atnu'ut the patient will feid a degree of sore- 
 ness following the administration, due to over stimulation 
 of tlu' gland l»y the active gymnastics induci^l in it by the 
 current. In the.se caaes the treatment should be slightly 
 shortened, or the author has found that the administra- 
 
220 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 tion of tlhe current is less stimulating through the medium 
 of a glass vacuum electrode employing the direct yacuum 
 tube current, by the same arrangement as for the wave 
 current with an electrode similar to the one illustrated 
 in Fig. 52. Improvement will be indicated by the increased 
 length of spark-gap that the patient will permit at the 
 outset of the treatment from day to da^^ — the longer spark- 
 gap indicating the progress made in the relief of the condi- 
 tion. When it is possible for the patient to bear a four 
 inch spark-gap at the outset, as long as will ever be re- 
 quired, treatments may be given on alternate days until 
 the gland is reduced to a normal size. The marked relief 
 afforded by the first few treatments in the cases of large 
 
 Fig. 52. Long Rectal Electrode. 
 
 infiltrated prostates is remarkable. Usually mthin the 
 first week the frequent micturation is relieved and much 
 of the bladder tone restored. The majority of cases are 
 permanently relieved within a month, though with some 
 patients, in which the eonditioin is of long standing, it 
 is a good policy to continue the treatments for two or 
 three months with a view of reducing the gland to the 
 normal size, which can often be accomplisihed and is desir- 
 able in all cases, thereby forestalling the possibility of 
 relapse. 
 
 This effect upon the prostate gland was d/iscovered by 
 the writer when treating an intra-pelvic neuritis in which 
 a large tender prostate was diseoveretd; and it was noted 
 
TUERAPEUTTCS IN INFLAMMATION 321 
 
 following; the luliiiiiiistratioii that t.lie gkuid was very 
 much soft^^ned and ivduciil in size. It "vvas more tluon a 
 year aftiT this effect was noted l)efor<' it was brought into 
 service; when the following case came under observation 
 besei'ching the A\Titer t-o relieve him from liis great sutTer- 
 ing lH>th mental and physit-al. 
 
 Mr. O., aged sixty-three, began treatment June 15, 1901, 
 in a state of great depression. He stated that for four 
 years he had been obliged to rise several times each night 
 to void his urine, passage becoming gradually more diffi- 
 cult and more frequent; and during the pixivious weeka 
 the odor of the urine had become very oifensive. He had 
 also been unable to retire at all at night on account of 
 the necessity of continually rising (►wing to the vesical 
 in-itation. Examination of the urin<' sliowed the reaction 
 to be alkaline, very offensive, and to contain quantities of 
 mucus as well as numerous pus cells. The treatment 
 emj)ioye<l was the daily administration of the sUitic wave 
 cum'ut with a straight met^il electrmle a cut of which is 
 shown in Fig. 47, for twenty minutes daily. At tlie first 
 treatment the pain caused by the contraction induced waa 
 80 severe that a current measured by a one inch spark-gap 
 was all that could be employed. At the close of the treiit- 
 ment however, the spark-gap had bc^n graduaJly length- 
 ened to about four inches. The patient's gr«it sense of 
 relief after the first treatment was remarked. After four 
 daily administrations the patient was voiding urine with 
 greater free^hum and much less fr<'(|u<'n11y, and the char- 
 acter of the urine was less irriUiting and continued h'3S 
 precipitate. These treatments were c<)ntimie<l daily for 
 two weeks, ami (m alternate days for one \v«'<'k longer, 
 when the patient's condition was s^» far improved that 
 
222 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 he was mot obliged to rise at night nor to void urine during 
 the day too frequently, and treatment was discontinued. 
 No other treatment was employed with the static wave 
 current, except the administrations of vesical antiseptics. 
 It is now more thian nine years since this patient was 
 treated, and there has been nio return whatever of the 
 symptoms; and he has not been obliged to rise nights to 
 void urine, as it had been Ms habit with increasing annoy- 
 ance for more than four years preceding the treatment. 
 
 The results of treatment in this case aroused the w^riter 
 to the importance and remarkable possibilities of this 
 method of treatment, whidh has been followed by the suc- 
 
 FiG. 53. Concave Faced Vacuum Electrode. 
 
 cessful treatment of upwards of 140 cases since the cure 
 of this first case ; and the percentage of relapses has been 
 very slight; and these cases have been promptly cured 
 a/nid remain permanently well. 
 
 No work during recent years has given the author 
 greater satisfaction than the treatment of these unfor- 
 tunate patients; and the cordial support that h'as been 
 accorded the method and the grateful expressions of ap- 
 preciation by the members of the medical profession who 
 have become familiar with the method, has amply re- 
 warded the author for the years of labor that he has 
 devoted to the development and advancement of improved 
 therapeutic methods. 
 
THEKAPEUTICS IX INFLAMMATION 223 
 
 In vesiculitis caiv should ho takou to carry the electrode 
 hi<:fh euouj^h and far ciKHiiih forward to imi)iiij;e uimhi the 
 affected vesicles. It is also ix>s.sible in these cases as in 
 prostatitis t<> cHVct a iioriiial condition (►f the parts. 
 
 /// orchitis apply the pn^pcr vacuum electrode, either 
 the usual surface electrode, or one havinfj a concave face 
 as slunvn in Fi.u:, 53, holding; it first over the upper iH)rtion 
 of tlu* lihunl, anil g^radaially as the parts are softened 
 passinj; it further down, until the tenderneas and indura- 
 tion are rclievtHl. It is surprisiuii; how efTtx^tive this 
 metlKxl is in relieving this distressing condition. A gland 
 which is so sensitive that it cannot Ix* nianipulat^nl prior 
 to treatment is soft and painless on manipulation follow- 
 ing a twenty minutes to half hour administration of the 
 current. The spark-gap in this as in all othi^r cases should 
 be regulatiHl to the toleration of the patient. 
 
 In epididymitis the modus operandi is exactly the same 
 and the relief is prompt and certain, employing the same 
 electrodes as in orchitis. 
 
 In varicocele the indication is to relax the muscular 
 tension of the internal and external ring or the canal 
 "w'here pressure upon the spermatic cord and veins is inter- 
 fering with th<' venous retm-n. The author's method of 
 treating these ciisi\s is either to hold the convex surface 
 of the rectal electrode shown in Fig. 48, or a piece of 
 metal bent so that the curve will conform with the sur- 
 face over the canal, held in iMtsition with a towel in the 
 patient's hands. Owing to the pubic hairs it may be 
 nece.Msjirv to thoi"oughly moisten the parts to avoid the 
 unpleasant stinging of the short sparks, Uy this means 
 the muscular contractions are relaxed, and the obstruc- 
 tions to return circulation through the vein is removed. 
 
224 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 In the €arly cases, before the vein is materially occluded, 
 the effect is prompt and the cure complete. 
 
 In a physician, while under treatment for prostatitis, 
 a varicocele coincidently disappeared as reported by 
 him. This case had been undeir treatment for prostatitis 
 in the office of one of the best specialists in this city, by 
 m(assage without relief, and with a loss of ten pounds in 
 weight immediately before he came under observation. 
 After three weeks the condition was cured by the author's 
 method, as previously described, and the variococele had 
 also disappeared, and he had regained the weight lost 
 dniring the process of massage and was also relieved of a 
 profound condition of neurasthenia. 
 
 Congestion and atony of abdominal organs. The effects 
 of the static current upon congestion in the abdominal 
 cavity, are the same as in other simple congestions; the 
 induction of successive contraction of the respective vis^ 
 cera, effects the elimination of infiltration and exudation 
 with the restoration of the circulation and function of 
 the parts. 
 
 Malignant disease^ tuberculosis of the viscera and other 
 infectious processes are always to be considered in the 
 treatment by the wave current and static modalities of 
 abdominal congestions; for in any of these affections the 
 application of these modalities are contra-indicated and 
 their presentee may often be determined by aggravation 
 of the symptoms from the effects produced by one or two 
 treatments when little or no harm may be induced except 
 in pus processes which should always be excluded before 
 the wave current is applied. The age, history and con- 
 dition of the patient at the time will generally assist in 
 excluding these conditions. 
 
THERA1*EUTI€S IN INFLAMMATION 225 
 
 In paj'CncJu/matoiis and interstitial 7iei)hriti.s the iudi- 
 cations are practically the stmie. The static wave curi'eut 
 should be administered directly over the kidneys, as de- 
 scribcMi in a preceding chapter. The daily application of 
 an electrode six by eight inches over tins region and 
 employing a slowly discharging spark-gap of eight or tea 
 inches for twenty minutes will be remarkably cffiHi-tive in 
 relieving the congestion mid infiltration of an inflamed 
 kidney, the seat of either type of nephritis. 
 
 Ili/pcrtrophic cirrhosis of the liver can be very rapidly 
 reduced, and the accompanying symptoms relieved, by 
 the application of the wave current with an electrode 
 over the area of congestion. If these patients will dis- 
 continue the use of alcohol, and persist in the treatment, 
 the prognasis as to recovery is excellent if instituted early 
 in the case and beneficial in all cases. 
 
 Enlargement of the spleen of malarial origin is fre- 
 quently found in patients living in the tropics. Dr. Con- 
 diet has demonstrated beyond question the efficiency of 
 the wave cuiTent in reducing the enlarged spleen in these 
 casi'S, and i-estoring the patients to health. In these, as 
 in cirrhosis of the liver, a large plate should l>e applied 
 over the enlarged spleen, and the spark-gap emploj-ed 
 should be long tmough to cause mark(id contraction of the 
 abdominal walls and underlying organs. It is very ques- 
 tionable whether the wuve curi-ent should be employed in 
 cases of leukemia, partaking so much of the characteristics 
 of malignancy. 
 
 In diabetes melUtus, the results are remarkable in the 
 cases in which the b'sion is of pancreatic origin from the 
 admini.^^-t ration of the static wave current with a soft metal 
 electrode over the epigastrium. Cures have been effected 
 
226 HIGH-POTENTIAL CUKRENTS 
 
 by such employment of the measure. When, however, a 
 high blood pressure is complicating the condiition, it would 
 seem to be the cause; because the employment of auto- 
 ^ondensation only has often effected complete disappear- 
 ance of the glycosuria during the course of treatment. 
 
 Dr. de Kraft's method by employing the pulsatory reson- 
 ator discharges over the abdomen and body of the patient 
 has been reported by him to be remarkably efficient in 
 diabetes mellitus. 
 
 Atonic conditions, which often result in congestions 
 owing to engorgement and defective metabolism, are re- 
 lieved by the static wave current, radiant light and heat, 
 and the d'Arsonval current by the direct method either 
 alone or in combination. In these cases the wave current 
 should be administered with a large abdominal electrode 
 and a slowly discharging spark-gap ; the rate not to exceed 
 120 per minute, and to be long enough to produce suc- 
 cessive contractions of the abdominal contents. 
 
 Relaxed abdominal walls, as present in debilitated 
 patients, are restored to normal by this method of treat- 
 ment. 
 
 Gastric and intestinal atony with impaired function of 
 the excretory and secretory functions of the alimentary 
 canal, with the comsequent constipation, are remarkably 
 benefited by applications of the static wave current in 
 the manner above described. 
 
 In constipated children and young adults no other treat- 
 ment is necessary to relieve the condition, though it is 
 customary in these patients to also employ mechanical 
 vibration and radiant liglit and heat. The same methods 
 should be employed in the treatment of all cases of con- 
 
TIIEHAPEUTICS IN INFLAMMATION 227 
 
 stipation, anmsiiii; as it (1(k\s to activity tlu' imisculature 
 and soc-iH'tory fiiiutions of the aliiiii'iitary canal. 
 
 In chronic piciirisi/ irith adhcsionfi, excellent results 
 have been rei>oi-te<l from the application of the static wave 
 current over the chest wall. In the.'-ie cases it is iniiw>ssihle 
 to use so lonjj: a spark-<;ap as is employed over the ab- 
 dominal ca\ity, and in all eases it sh<)uld be rej^ulated 
 so as not to cause too great disci>mfort to the patient. 
 
 In other congestions of the simple intlamniatx)ry class, 
 wherever fouml, the static current is indicated as in num- 
 erous ciises to be mentioneil, employing them in accord- 
 ance with the general principles of dosage. 
 
 Phlebitis, has received ineffective treatment in the past, 
 as is evidenced by the number of patients who ai)pear with 
 varicose veins. The treatment of a phlebitis by wet dress- 
 ing witii elevation and rest is most impractical ; for these 
 methods favor the process, fibrinous adhesions developing 
 an eventuiil complete occlusion of the vein. 
 
 The indication here as in all inflammatory conditions is 
 to relieve the infiltration and congestion of the involved 
 vein. 
 
 The treatment is best effected by the application of the 
 static bru.sh discharge; f<>r in these cases of superficial 
 phlebitis, there is n<> <K-casi<>n to employ the wave current 
 or sjKirks. Furthermore, it is unwise to employ the wave 
 current in these cases lest by too vigorous action an 
 embolus might under some conditi<ms be <liskxlgcd, which 
 would not happen by the gentl<*r application of the static 
 brush dis<-jiarge which is fully as effective. It is the 
 author'.s practice 1<> employ first radiant light and heat 
 over the affecte<l arcn, and then to fnllow with the applica- 
 tion of the static brush discharge in cases of acute phlebitis 
 
228 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 until the indurated tissues are thoroughly softened. The 
 limb should be bandaged in the intervals between treat- 
 ment with some flexible material that will sustain and 
 support the part, and prevent swelling of the parts below 
 the obstruction, if the vein is partly occluded. 
 
 In chronic phlebitis the same treatment should be em- 
 ployed, and the prognosis is relative to the time that the 
 process has been present; for here as in all cases of infil- 
 tration, the organized exudation as previously stated will 
 produce occlusion of the vein. It is very ofteu possible 
 to restore the circulation in cases by this method of a 
 year's standing by persistent application wdth radiant light 
 and heat aud the static brush discharge. The author's 
 success in these cases by the method desscribed has been 
 most gratifying. 
 
 Varicose ulcers, result in most cases from, an uncured 
 phjlebitis with occlusion of the vein. They are so often 
 intractible by other means; but are promptly cured except 
 in old and long standing cases, when a longer time is re- 
 quired. The ultimate result will be successful by the 
 use of radiant light and the static brush disc'harge. Majuy 
 of the milder cases may be cured by radiant light and 
 hieat alone but it will require a much longer time than 
 the application of the static brush discharge, because by 
 the static brush discharge the induration surrounding the 
 ulcer is promptly removed; and the circulation re-estab- 
 lished to the margin, which, together with the stimulation 
 of the tissues, promotes rapid granulation and healing 
 of the ulcer. This will be the result in the treatment of 
 ulcers uot of malignant origin. The author has success- 
 fully treated lupus ulcers by the same method but as a 
 rule the x-ray should precede the brush discharge in lupus. 
 
THERAPEUTICS IN INFLAMMATION 229 
 
 In the treatmont of ulcers whore much oedema is pre-sent, 
 the hiiish discharge should be applied over the whole in- 
 filtrated area until it is softened; after which the ulcer 
 should be dressed, and the limb bandaj^ed from the 
 extremity to the parts above the ulcer. The progmosis 
 in these cases is always gO(xl ; and the promptness with 
 which they are cured is relative to the chrouicity and ex- 
 tent of the lesion. 
 
 Ulcers of the cornea and eyeball may in most caseis be 
 
 Fig. 54. Vacuum Eye Electrodes, Single and Double. 
 
 cured either by the application of the static brush dis- 
 charge over the eyelid, or the use of the vacuum electiH)de 
 (Fig. 54, single and double eye electrode), appli<Ni over the 
 eyelid, for ten or tifteen minutes daily, employing a spark- 
 gap that will produce sensible, not i)ainful vibration of 
 the eyeball. These cases, as all inflammatory conditions, 
 should have daily treatment until tlie condition has dis- 
 apfM';i.i"ed. 
 
 I*tcnj(jium in the wirly st<ig(NS may be promi)tly cured 
 by the same method of treatment as that employed for 
 the treatment 4>f corneal ulcers. It is remarkable how 
 
230 
 
 HIGH-POTENTIAL CUKEE-NTS 
 
 promptly these dilated vessels contract and disappear in 
 early cases. "* 
 
 Congestion or ohstriwtion of the tear ducts, when sten- 
 osis has not already occurred by adhesion of tihe adjacent 
 walls of the canal, are promptly cured by the direct vacuum 
 tube current through the medium of any vacuum electrode 
 which will cover the course of the canal. The promptness 
 with which this condition is relieved is most gratifying 
 compared with the method by dilatation and probing. 
 
 ■:~^-mm;mk 
 
 Fig. 55. Variously Curved Vacuum Tubes for Nasal Treatmeut. 
 
 Glaucoma in the early stages may be greatly benefited 
 if not arrested, by the application of radiant light and 
 the direct vacuum tube current to the eyeball. The ten- 
 sion is promptly relieved, and the condition if kept under 
 cl^se observation is arrested. This has been accomplished 
 in the case of a lady physician under observation by the 
 author for about two and a half years, the field of vision 
 having been greatly enlarged, and the tension of the eye- 
 ball is now absolutely normal. The case was diagnosed 
 by Dr. Valk of New York, and ihas been under observa- 
 
THEKAPEUTICS iX IM LAMMATIUN 231 
 
 tion of Dr. Ri-<»u<;lit(>n also of Now York, for inon* than 
 two years, wiiile under treatnuint by the author. 
 
 Congefftiouft of the na.wl passages are remarkably re- 
 lieved and the passages made free by removal of the iu- 
 filtratioii by the direct vacuum tube current. The 
 electrodes empbiyed are the tlat nasal and the curv(Kl iias;il 
 shown ill Fiiis. .")■> aiul .")<). The administrations are made 
 daily f(>r from ten to fifteen minutes, the rule in all cases 
 
 ^ 
 
 Fig. .56. Eustachian Electrode. 
 
 v,'he\\ this current is employed, until marked improvement 
 is made, and then on alternate days. The etiect of this 
 plan of treatment is usually to leave the nasal i)assiiges 
 open, at least on one side if there is a deviated sei)tuni. 
 The method .slu)uld also be employed, in the author's judg- 
 ment, after all operative procedures in the nasal cavities, 
 as after the removal of the turbinates. 
 
 WJ' 
 
 Fio. 57. Electrode for Treatiog Turbinates and Meatus of Eustachian Tube. 
 
 In postnasdl uhf rs the dircft vaciniiii tubr (urrciit with 
 electrodes vari<msly shajK^l t'(»r ada])tation to surfaces re- 
 quiring; treatment, are remarkably ctlicaiioiLs in r4'moving 
 the iiKluralion and healing ulcerations. The electrodes 
 shown in Figs. ~t~ and 58, are often of aid in reachiug 
 remote places in the nasal cavity. 
 
232 
 
 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 Hay fever, hais been successfully treated by Dr. Tice of 
 Roanoke, Va., by an electrode designed by himself, Fig. 
 59. In the treatment of these cases he first applies a 
 najsal spray of an oily eomsistency and then applies the 
 electrode far back in the nares for ten or fifteen minutes 
 daily. The results reported aire very encouraging. 
 
 Fig. 58. Dr. Tice's Nasal Electrode. 
 
 Chilblains following frost bite are very promptly re- 
 lieved by the thorough application of the static brush dis- 
 charge to the involved parts of the feet until the infiltration 
 and consequent soreness is entirely removed. The author 
 has never used a method which has given such satisfaction 
 
 Fig. 59. Dr. Arnold Snow 's Hemorrhoidal Vacuum Electrodes. Three Sizes. 
 
 as the static brush discharge in these cases. 
 
 In simple ulcers of the rectum, the application of vacuum 
 tubes is always efficacious if the application is made 
 directly to the tissues surrfounding the ulcerated surfaces. 
 With the induipatioai removed, these ulcers heal promptly. 
 
 Fissure in ano is always successfully treated by the 
 
THERArEUTICS IN INFLAMMATION 233 
 
 employment of a vatmiin cloc'tnKle which will vsli}::htly 
 distend the anus as the hemin'rhoidal electnnle shown in 
 Fij,'. 00, hemorrhoidal electrodes designed by Dr. Arnold 
 8now, employing the direct vacuum tube curi"ent for 
 fifteen minutes daily. The lK>wels should 1h' kept loiKse for 
 five or six days to permit healing of the edgi^s. The prin- 
 ciple here as in other processes is, that the induration is 
 removed from the edges of the fissure, when the surfaces 
 rapi<lly heal. No better method can be devised for the 
 treatment of these distressing cases. If an electrode is 
 iis<hI liU'ge enough. aft^-T the first application to pass in 
 and distend the anus, it is also capable of overcoming the 
 anal spasm thereby greatly facilitating the healing process. 
 
 1)1 hcmon'hoicls the treatment by the vacuum or metal 
 electrode is elfective in all early ciises associated with the 
 removiil of the cause. In these cases the induration is not 
 of an organic character, and the infiltration is promptly 
 relieved and tone restored to the hemorrhoidal veins. The 
 electrode shown in Fig. 59, wais designed by Dr. Arnold 
 Snow for the treatment of these cases. The shouhler of 
 the electrode should be pressed firmly against the external 
 hemorrhoids if present. These electrodes are made in 
 three sizes, and should be used Tsith a view to distending 
 the anus after the firs-t, treatment, in order to overcome 
 the muscular spasm of the sphinctei* ani muscle. 
 
 FoUoicing operations for hemorrhoids the employment 
 after the first five <lays of the same electrode as is used in 
 the treatnK'ut of hemon*hoids, will reni-<»ve the infiltration 
 from the margins of the ojK'ration wound, promptly relieve 
 the sutTering and di.seomf<»rt of the patient with the first 
 treatment^ facilitate the healing, and prevent subsequent 
 formation of sicar tissue and conse<iuent narrowing of the 
 
234 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 rectal canal. No more sane or sensible method can be 
 employed than this in connection with the surgery of the 
 rectum. It is cordially recommended to the surgeon and 
 his patient. 
 
 Glass vacuum electrodes are generally used in the 
 mucous cavities because they com])in'e with the action of 
 the current in addition to inducing contraction; a local 
 antiseptic effect which is important in the mucous cavities. 
 
 Contusions with or without trauma should be always 
 treated on the same principle as sprains and other non- 
 infected inflammatory conditions. The brush discharge on 
 or about a trauma or the wave current brush discharge 
 or direct vacunm tube current over a bruise will remove 
 every evidence of soreness in two or three applications. 
 It is of the utmost importance to apply these measures 
 over bruises particularly of the female breast, to which 
 are attributed so often the cancer which appears in later 
 years. 
 
 Ecchymoses disappear with remarkable rapidity under 
 the applications of the static brusih discharge. The cellu- 
 lar gymnastics induced in the tissues increasing absorp- 
 tion and elimination of the cells by the lymphatic channels. 
 
 Following fractures or dislocations, the employment of 
 the static brush discharge over the swollen or painful struc- 
 tures relieves all of the pain and tenderness. When a 
 fracture is put up in thin veneer splints of wood, it is 
 possible to make the application through the dressing re- 
 lieving the swelling and promoting a more rapid repair 
 of the process. Particularly valuable is this in treating 
 fractures in the vicinity of the joints in which ankylosis 
 is apt to occur. 
 
THERAPEUTICS IN INFLAMMATION 235 
 
 The followiug case illustraU^s the efficiency <»f these 
 mcKlaJities in the treatment of severe injuries. 
 
 The author recalls a case of severe injury of the foot 
 in which that member was swollen to alH)ve twice the 
 n«atural size, and contused at two pi>iuts, with ecchymosis 
 exteniliiuj; from the tot»s back to within an inch or two 
 of the hei'l, a iieavy wejt^ht havini^ falh'n upon it. \Mth 
 treatment, this man, a laborer, was able to resume work 
 within a week from the time c)f the injury and to walk 
 within two days with i)ut slig-ht discomfort. The first 
 application of the brush discharge to this foot, following 
 th<' wave current, required forty minutes to .soften the 
 tissues, and at lea.st half that time at each sul)s<'quent 
 daily administration; the relief that was aflforded how- 
 ever, was ample reward for the time expended. Such 
 results can be obtained, we believe, in no other manner, 
 and probably the static brush discharge is better adapted 
 for the treatment of superficial contusions than any other 
 niixlality. In lieu, however, of the static machine, the 
 reBonat<>r sparks from a coil are of great value. 
 
 I 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 TEEATMENT OF INFLAMMATION CAUSED BY INFECTION 
 
 Inflainmatioii whicJi is caused by infection can only be treated 
 successfully by the termination of tbe infectious process, wbicli 
 is, therefore, the indication of first importance to be observed. 
 
 Left to natural processes, infection may be limited by the 
 walling in of the germs until they perish finally by attenua- 
 tion and overgrowth in the limited space in which they exist. 
 The pressure due to the limited cavity in which the germs de- 
 velop, causes pain during a suppurative process, and tennin- 
 ates the process finally with evacuation of the germs in the 
 direction of least resistance. This is the usual course of a 
 pyogenic infection. 
 
 In other cases in which the inflammatory process is less 
 active, as in tubercular infections, the inflammation may ex- 
 tend gradually involving the surrounding tissues, thereby 
 broadening and enlarging the scope of infection. While the 
 latter action is insidious, the destructive action by the growth 
 and extension of the germs in the lower grades of inflamma- 
 tion, lead to more extensive disintegration of the structures 
 of the region involved. 
 
 The germs most commonly the sources of localized inflam- 
 mation are the streptococci, staphylococci, pneumococci, tu- 
 bercle bacilli, gonococci, anthrax, the germs of typhoid fever 
 and tetanus, and in the early stage of infection the spirilum 
 of syphilis. Most other germs act upon the organism with 
 the production of a general infection from the outset, with 
 
 236 
 
TRE.VTMENT OF INFI^VMMATION 237 
 
 some specific or localized mauifestations, as do the exantho- 
 mata. 
 
 The conditions which favor the institution of an infectious 
 process upon the organism, particularly the tubercular, stre|> 
 tococcic, staphylococcic and pneumococcic infections, is a low- 
 ered resistance or phagocytosis, which favors the implanta- 
 tion of the germs in a colony where they will not be promptly 
 destroyed by the natural scavengers. Likewise, the restora- 
 tion of the individual once infected is more speedy and prompt 
 when the index of resistance is relatively high. Wright in 
 his researches has shown that under certain physical condi- 
 tions, phagocytic activity and capacity to take up germs is 
 greater while in other individuals they will take up many 
 less when exposed to similar infection. 
 
 Influences which undermine the general health and nutri- 
 tion of the individual lower the index of phagocytosis, under 
 which conditions an invasion will be more likely to take place 
 and the process will be more active and less limited in extent. 
 
 It is under conditions of lowered resistance that individu- 
 als are much more susceptible to streptococcic, staphylococcic 
 and tubercular infection. In these cases of lowered resist- 
 ance response to physical treatment is also relatively slow. 
 
 The indication for the treatment of every case of infection, 
 therefore, points first to the increase of the individual's re- 
 sistance, or capacity to wall off or bar the inroads of infec- 
 tion, which demand the improvement of general and local 
 metabolism by systematic regulation of nutrition which will 
 depend upon the observance of such a hygienic, dietary and 
 sanitary regime as will tend to restore and preserve the health 
 of the individual. For example in tuberculosis the cause which 
 led to it must be first discovered and corrected, as well as 
 keeping the patient out of doors in the fresh air. The regu- 
 
238 HIGH-POTENTIAL CUEKENTS 
 
 lation of diet and exercise and the correction of metabolism 
 as accomplished by efficient means including radiant light 
 and the high potential currents are all indicated in persons 
 whose resistance is lowered. When a fairly active metabolism 
 cannot be maintained by exercise, such measures as radiant 
 light and heat, the electrical currents, massage, ot other means 
 which arouse the functions must be employed to improve 
 both the general and local activities. 
 
 The means which are employed in the treatment of local 
 infection, are (1) those which act directly upon the germs 
 to destroy them, which is often possible when they are ac- 
 cessible as when they are at the surface, by the employment 
 of radiant light and the high frequency currents; (2) agents 
 which while inhibiting or lessening the activity of the 
 germs, co-incidently increase by the induction of hyperemia 
 the activity and presence of phagocytes in the region of in- 
 fection, and may coincidently arrest the activity of the germs : 
 and (3) the use of means which arrest the proliferation of 
 the germ processes as do radium and the Roentgen ray. 
 
 The scope of this work is confined to the employment of 
 the high potential currents, but it is important that refer- 
 ence be made from time to time to other measures which as- 
 sist in arresting infectious conditions by the local destruction 
 of germs. 
 
 The high potential currents, particularly those of high fre- 
 quency, are remarkably efficient in inducing hyperemia in 
 the tissues. Probably no condition plays a greater role both 
 from the point of view of increasing local tissue resistance 
 and local metabolism, than hyperemia with the presence coin- 
 cidently of a greater number of phagocytes in the tissues; 
 and for the induction of hyperemia no agen1? is so effective 
 as these currents. 
 
TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATION 239 
 
 The einployiiient of the means referred to, for the treat- 
 ment of local infection were considered at length in a pre- 
 vious chapter. 
 
 The application of the vacuum tubes excited with the 
 proper energy to the surface, when the lesion is superticial, 
 induces sufficient hyperemia to effectively abort or arrest in- 
 fection by the hyperemia induced, and when very superficial 
 by the direct action, actinic and antiseptic, upon the germs 
 at the surface and a little distance within the tissues. 
 
 The vacuum tube discharges are particularly efiicient in 
 the treatment of infection within the mucous cavities, and 
 to small boils and carbuncles superficially located. When the 
 direct d'Arsonval current is passed directly through the tis- 
 sues and the vacuum electrode is applied from one terminal 
 over the infected region, hyi>eremia is induced to a greater 
 depth, and with greater certainty than when applied from an 
 Oudin or other one pole current. 
 
 The static direct vacuum tube current, employing a vacuum 
 tube connected directly from a static machine and with the 
 same arrangement (Fig. 1), as the static wave current, may 
 also be employed effectively in the treatment of early infec- 
 tion ; i. e. during the first stage of an infection ; when the ir- 
 ritation indicates the beginning of an infectious process, but 
 before a piis cavity is established. By this means it is pos- 
 sible to abort a felon or furuncle, or suppurative tonsilitis in 
 its first stage, and arrest the process. The application is 
 made with the employment of as long a spark-gaj) as can 
 be borne by the patient without producing too great suffering, 
 and is continued until the tissues are thoroughly softened 
 which will require from ten to twenty minutes, when the 
 few germs are let loose in the tissues, to be destroyed by the 
 phagooytec. The application may have to be repeated on 
 
240 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 one or two days following the first treatment. There is no 
 danger when employing this method in the first stage of infec- 
 tion; but after approximately thirty-six hours, great care must 
 be exercised, lest the infectious process may have developed 
 80 many germs that they will be scattered and the infection ex- 
 tended. 
 
 The direct d'Arsonval method of treating infection presup- 
 poses the induction of an intense hyperemia throughout and 
 surrounding the region infected. The idea of considering 
 the use of any method without the recognition of the factors 
 which enter into the result, is too often the disposition of 
 pioneers. That habit, however, always leads to confusion, and 
 the adoption of empirical methods, which for the enlighten- 
 ment of the student, is unsatisfactory. The principles of 
 action of every modality upon the tissues should be fully 
 recognized by all who expect to use it intelligently. 
 
 Hyperemia in the tissues as previously shown, effects three 
 important results; (1) the increased flux of blood through 
 the tissues increases metabolism, both anabolic and catabolic; 
 (2) it supplies to the tissues the needed nutrition for repair- 
 and (3) it carries into the tissue with the increased blood 
 flux, a proportional increase of the phagocytes which last ex 
 ercises the chief influence of hyperemia upon infection. An- 
 other element to be recognized in connection with this in- 
 creased flux through the tissues, is a tendency when the ca- 
 pillaries and arterioles dilate, to force the circulation through 
 the tissues; thereby when employed early resolving or pre- 
 venting the establishment of local stasis. When once estab- 
 lished, however, with the presence of marked swelling and 
 induration it is impossible to resolve stasis by these measures. 
 When a pus cavity is once established, hyperemia plays no 
 important role until the pus is evacuated, after which the in- 
 
TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATION 241 
 
 (Juction of bvpert'inia hy the employment of radiant light and 
 heat and high fr^iuency currents, favors rapid restitution of 
 the partt. This principle applies more particularly to the 
 streptococcic and staphylococcic infections; whereas in the low 
 grade tubercular infections, or other infections in which in- 
 duration is not established to the same extent, the tissue 
 being much more relaxed and flaccid permit the circulation 
 of blood throughout under the stimulus of any agent that 
 produces heat and with it active hyperemia in the tissues. 
 The vaso-motor reflexes provide that wherever the tissues are 
 heated or cooletl, there will be an increased flow to the piirt 
 with dilatation of the arterioles in the region so infected. 
 
 The bipolar direct d'Arsonval method is employed for ther- 
 mic effects with a current of the requisite amperage passed 
 directly through the part involved. The tissues are thus 
 heated to an extent relative to the amperage of the current 
 employed and the size of the two opposite electrodes. By 
 this method it is possible to affect deep seated infection, as in 
 the pelvis or liver, and is always indicated in such processes. 
 It must be borne in mind, however, that when an infection 
 is immediately beneath the surface, it is better to employ the 
 vacuum tube over the site of infection as previously des- 
 cribed, because the thermic effect of the direct d'Ar?cnval 
 current is, as a rule, more marked at a point about midway be- 
 tween the two electrodes; but when the vacinnu tube is em- 
 ployed at the surface, the hyperemia will be more marked 
 there also. 
 
 The ireafmenf of otitis media, mnMoiditis an^ supi>urnfire 
 processes in the frorUal sinuses is probably most effective 
 when treated by proloiiired ap{)lieations of radiant light and 
 heat from an intense radiating source as from the focussed 
 light of a fifty candle power incandescent lamp, held close 
 
242 HIGH-POTENTIAL CUREENTS 
 
 enough to require moving about to prevent discomfort to the 
 patient. In these cases the application of the high frequency 
 current with vacuum tubes are probably not so effective as 
 light, but may be always considered as congeners in the treat- 
 ment of these cases. Radiant energy undoubtedly penetrates 
 more deeply into bony structures than the high frequency 
 currents, and is more effective as a means of inducing hy- 
 peremia in these cases. 
 
 Pelvic cellulitis, salpingitis, and gonorrheal infection, are 
 best treated by the high frequency current employing the di- 
 rect d'Arsonval method with one electrode placed immediately 
 above the pubis, and the current passed directly through the 
 pelvic structures for twelve to fifteen minutes, when metal 
 is used in the rectum instead of glass the current may be 
 applied for a longer time because it does not irritate the mu- 
 cous membrane as the vacuum tube discharges do. The cur- 
 rent when employing the vacuum tubes should be used with 
 a volume that can be tolerated at the rectal side. The dos- 
 age in the employment of the direct d'Arsonval current in 
 most cases, must be regulated to the thermic toleration of 
 the patient, which will as a rule not be so great when a 
 vacuum electrode is used as previously explained. 
 
 In abscess of the liver, or appendicitis, chronic or acute, 
 the same principle of application is employed as in the treat- 
 ment of pelvic infection, though it is often better in these 
 cases to employ two metal electrodes at opposite sites in such 
 a manner that will be certain to convey current through and 
 around the infected parts. 
 
 In adenitis, either tubercular or streptococcic, the high fre- 
 quency current by the bipolar direct d'Arsonval method should 
 be employed following a series of applications of the Roentgen 
 ray — applying the ray until a dermatitis has been reached, 
 
TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATION 243 
 
 and then persisting with the hyperemia employing congeners 
 — the high frequency current and radiant light and heat — 
 to the parts involved. By this method it is possible to effectu- 
 ally arrest or abort these cases with few exceptions; the ex- 
 ceptions as a rule being due to want of thoroughness in tech- 
 nique. 
 
 In pulmonary tuberculosis, the indications, as previously 
 suggested, are to improve in every way possible the metabol- 
 ism and nutrition of the patient, and when there is an asso- 
 ciated high arterial tension, to employ the auto-condensation 
 method both for the effects upon blood pressure and general 
 metabolism. Following a series of irradiations with the x-ray 
 over the lungs, the employment of the direct d'Arsonval cur- 
 rent, applying on alternate days a large metal electrode over 
 the chest in front, and a vacuum electrode over the back, 
 moving it about over the surface regularly, changing the 
 sites of application on alternate days, so that the metal plate 
 and vacumn tube are employed alternately front and back 
 on the chest wall. The hyperemia, deep and superficial, in- 
 duced by this method following the x-ray favors the destruc- 
 tion of the local infection ; and with these applications the 
 patient's nutrition and appetite steadily improve, with a cor- 
 responding improvement in general phagocytosis, and the pro- 
 cess is arrested. 
 
 There is no doubt that in these cases the application of 
 radiant light and heat and the high frequency currents have 
 a decided action upon the blood, circulating where hyperemia 
 of the skin is present — increasing the percentage of hemoglo- 
 bin, and by the stimulated activity of l}Tuphatics and sweat 
 glands ridding the blood of deleterious toxins. 
 
 In cold abscesses there is probably little to be expected from 
 these applications, though it is possible that in some instances 
 
244 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 with the increase of general resistance by the employment of 
 active measures, which improve general metabolism and nutri- 
 tion, that they may to a degree effect the absorption of the 
 accumulated pus. 
 
 In tubercular and other infectious types of arthritis, in 
 which the germs are present in the joint, the most effective 
 method of treatment is the application of the bipolar direct 
 d'Arsonval current either by the application of two metal 
 electrodes or one metal and one surface vacuum electrode pass- 
 ing the current directly through the affected joint, with a cur- 
 rent capable of producing a temperature sufficient to cause a 
 sense of warmth through the tissues. Here as in other infec- 
 tious diseases the induction of hyperemia and phagocytosis 
 in the tissues is remarkably effective in the early cases in 
 bringing about the restoration of the joint. 
 
 These administrations however, should be preceded by a se- 
 ries of x-ray irradiations; when radiant light and heat may 
 also be employed in conjunction with the high frequency cur- 
 rent. The x-ray should be employed until there have been 
 enough regulated short exposures given on alternate days to 
 produce a commencing dermatitis, when the agents which in- 
 duce hyperemia should be employed daily, and with energy 
 until the joint is well and every sign of infection is removed. 
 
 In tubercular adenitis practically the same routine is em- 
 ployed as in other tubercular inflammations, employing the 
 x-ray on alternate days with ten minute exposures with the 
 usual intensity of x-rays until the glands disappear, or a der- 
 matitis occurs ; when, if the bipolar d'Arsonval current is em- 
 ployed with a surface electrode of metal back of the gland, 
 and a vacuum electrode over the gland, for the induction of 
 active hyperemia in many cases a cure is promptly effected. 
 In other cases it may be necessary to resume the x-ray and 
 
TKEATMENT OF INFLAMMATION 245 
 
 follow out the same routiue with the bipolar liigh frcqiicnej cur- 
 rent, after the dermatitis occurs. The improvement in gen- 
 eral health of these patients and gain in weight is remark- 
 able. Xo measure is more effective in any class of conditions 
 than the combined use of the x-ray and high frequency cur- 
 rent in tubercular adenitis. 
 
 While the x-ray is effective when used singly in these cases, 
 if the high frequency current is employed, and is successful 
 after the first irradiation, the functions of the gland are much 
 less impaired than if the x-ray is persisted in alone until 
 the case is cured. 
 
 Local tuhercular affections wherever present, should be 
 treated on the same general principles as in the treatment 
 of tubercular arthritis and tubercular adenitis. 
 
 In gonorrheal arthritis, in which the germs are propagat- 
 ing at some foci of active infection, of which the joint is 
 but a toxic manifestation, the indication is always to relieve 
 the local infection. In chronic cases this is as a rule in the 
 vesicles prostate or vern montanum. If so the application 
 of the bipolar direct d'Arsonval current with a glass vacuum 
 electrode (fig.42) placed against these structures, and a 
 metal electrode above the pubis for ten or fifteen minutes, 
 followed by fifteen to twenty minutes of the static wave cur- 
 rent against the prostate and vesicles in the rectum is uni- 
 formly effective. 
 
 The high frequency current should be applied in a man- 
 ner which will produce as much heat as possible without caus- 
 ing an uncomfortable sense of heat in the tissues. Under 
 these conditions there will be a sense of general warmth and 
 in most cases the patient will perspire. 
 
 In some cases it may be necessary to make the applica- 
 tion of the high frequency currents to the veru montanum 
 
 I 
 
246 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 through the urethra which may likewise be the seat of in- 
 fection, and sources of the toxemia. In most cases however 
 the condition will be relieved bj the rectal application. 
 
 Cases that have been crippled for weeks and months are 
 promptly relieved and cured by the combined method, which 
 consists in applying the vacuum electrode by the bipolar meth- 
 od with the direct d'Arsonval current placing a small metal 
 electrode over the pubis and a glass vacuum electrode in the 
 rectimi, followed by a twenty-minute application of the static 
 wave current with the metal rectal electrode placed well up 
 in contact with the prostate and vesicles. The direct vac- 
 uum tube current is also efficacious when employed in con- 
 junction with the static wave current in these cases. 
 
 Reports have also been made of numerous cases in which 
 the wave current alone has cured these cases. On general 
 principles however, the hyperemic and antiseptic effects of 
 the vacuum tube currents add another promising element in 
 the treatment of these cases. 
 
 In acute epididymitis of gonorrheal origin the following 
 method is remarkably effective. Apply the vacuum tube di- 
 rectly over the site of the lesion, and have the patient hold it 
 in contact employing the direct vacuum tube current with 
 an ordinary surface electrode or what is better one having a 
 concave face (fig. 53). These cases are usually cured in this 
 manner in two or three applications: the relief afforded by 
 the first application is certainly remarkable. The electrode 
 should be applied to the tender surfaces over the induration, 
 moving it about until the part is softened and not very sensi- 
 tive to manipulation at the first administration. The chair 
 in which the patient is seated should be placed at such an 
 angle with the static machine, that the connecting cord or 
 wire will not come in contact with the patient's body or 
 
TKEATMENT OF INFLAMMATION '2i7 
 
 arms during the admiuistrutiou. With oue hand ou tke vac- 
 uum tube holder the electrode should be held in position with 
 the other hand with a towel between the electrode and the hand. 
 Tke spark gap should be lengthened until it causes as much 
 pain as can be tolerated by the patient without causing too 
 great discomfort and the administration should be continued 
 until little or no pain is caused at the site of the lesion when 
 a long spark-gap is discharging. There is no little manoeuvre 
 in medicine that will more favorably impress the genito-urin- 
 ary surgeon than the treatment of an epididymitis by this 
 method. 
 
 Acute and chronic appendicitis may often be treated and 
 relieved by the employment of radiant ligh.t and heat and the 
 direct d'Arsonval current, employing the same principles and 
 methods of treatment suggested in the preceding paragraphs. 
 It is well in the chronic ca^es to precede the treatment for 
 tke induction of hyperemia by the x-ray following very much 
 the same routine as in the treatment of tubercular arthritis. 
 The results are quite remarkable and in the majority of cases 
 of chronic appendicitis it is possible to restore the parts to 
 normal or a fairly healthy condition. In a great many cases 
 of acute appendicitis, five or six daily applications of radiant 
 light and heat of twenty to thirty minutes each, will effec- 
 tively arrest the process as will be evidenced by the fall of 
 temperature, relief of muscular tension, spasm, and pain. 
 These results have been obtained by the writer so frequently 
 that he feels justified in recommending their employment. 
 
 In salpinfjiiis, pelvic cellulitis, and pj/o-saJpitur, the effects 
 of the direct d'Arsonval current and radiant light and heat 
 are often most remarkable and in the early stages will ar- 
 rest the active processes, and in chronic cases when employed 
 in conjunction with the Roentgen ray a? in other infectious 
 
248 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 conditions, will often produce results which will eliminate 
 the necessity of operative procedures. 
 
 In infectious conditions often present in the mesentery and 
 colon, the effects of the direct d'Arsonval current and radiant 
 light and heat are likewise remarkable, altering the infec- 
 tious process and co-incidently quickening the processes of met- 
 abolism and absorption. There are probably no means which 
 give greater assistance to the internist than the treatment of 
 chest, abdominal and pelvic conditions by the joint adminis- 
 tration of radiant light and heat and the high frequency 
 currents. 
 
CHAPTER VIII 
 
 THE METHOD OF KFFLEUVATION OTHERWISE DESIGNATED 
 FULGUEATION 
 
 The application of a high frequency discharge from a metal 
 point with a current of sutHcient energy to destroy living tis- 
 sue, was first described and instituted by Dr. J. A. Riviere 
 of Paris, France. He employed the method for the destruc- 
 tion of cpitheliomata, warts, moles and condolomata. His 
 student, Kaeting-Hart, employing the same method in con- 
 nection with the operative treatment of cancer of the breast, 
 with a view to prevent secondary recurrence by following the 
 knife with the application of the same method designated the 
 process as "fulguration," giving the original investigator uo 
 credit for the originality of the method. His associations 
 as a surgeon led to the adoption of the latter namo which is 
 the designation of the eifect and not of the method ; the method 
 being a hot effleuve discharge and the effect one which simu- 
 lates burning. 
 
 The process of effleuvation may be applied either for a cAut- 
 erant effect or as a desiccating agent as described by Clark;* 
 the discharges in one case destroying the tissue by actual 
 chemical decomposition of heat, and the other process by ap- 
 plying the current with sufficient strength to produce a drying 
 out of the tissue with the induction of coagulation-necro- 
 
 •Oscillatorj- Desiccation in theTrcatmcnt of Acce<sible Mali):^.int Growthn 
 and Minor Surj^ical Conditions. A New Process. Dr. William L. Clark, 
 Philadelphia, Pa., Journal of Advanced Therapeutics, April, 1911. 
 
 249 
 
250 
 
 HIGH-POTENTIAL CURRENTS 
 
 sis. Wlien thermic application is made in the tissues, above 
 73° C. coagulation-necrosis is induced. 
 
 Another method which to a degree stimulates effleuvation in 
 its effects, though not in the methods of application, is the 
 passage of the direct d'Arsonval current through the tissues 
 employing a large indifferent electrode of metal from one ter- 
 minal to the surface of the body and a very small operating 
 electrode from the other d'Arsonval terminal. By this method 
 employing operating metal electrodes of different sizes vary- 
 ing from that of a needle to an electrode having a surface of 
 
 e^mn ^^i^^^ 
 
 Fig. 61. Dr. Cannon's EfHeuvation Electrode. 
 
 one or more millimeters in diameter, it is possible to locally 
 destroy tissue by the induction of coagulation-necrosis. 
 
 In the application of these different methods, the effect is 
 practically the same, the tissues being destroyed; but where 
 the growth is very superficial, the method by efileuvation em- 
 ploying electrodes designed to get the desired degree and ex- 
 tent of destruction by the application of the long curved 
 electrode to the tonsils, renders the process a very easy one 
 to employ. Cuts are shown here of different designs of in- 
 struments for making applications by this method. 
 
 The Technique will depend somewhat upon the apparatus 
 to be employed. In connection with the small portable high 
 
THE METHOD OF EFFLEUVATION 251 
 
 frequcnev a{)paratiis, or the resonator of a static machine or 
 the Kiihnikorff coil the operator should test the strength of 
 the current upon his hand before beginning the application. 
 The possible spark length should not exceed one-sixteenth to 
 one-eighth of an inch, and the current strength or amperage 
 should be regulated to the demands or intent of the oj^erator 
 necessary to meet the indications. For small superficial 
 
 Fiu. 62. Waj.piL-r Fulgurating Electrode. 
 
 growths, it is not necessary that the current should be of great 
 energy. 
 
 The area to be treated should be well cocainized either by 
 the introduction of the cocaine by the hypodermic, or the 
 ionic method, or by direct application to the mucous sur- 
 faces of a 10% solution. 
 
 The dosage or extent of the application to a particidar con- 
 dition is largely a matter of personal experience. Every op- 
 erator should acquire his technique by beginning with the 
 treatment of superficial skin conditions. 
 
GLOSSARY 
 
 .l//«.T»ia<i;i<; Current. One which tlowd alternately in opposite direc- 
 tions usually so quickly that it is assumed to have no polarity. The 
 speed of alternations is expressed in frequencies. 
 
 Am-metcr (or Ampere-meter) . An instrument, calibrated in amperes 
 or arbitrary divisions, to indicate the strength, density or quantity of 
 current passing in a circuit. 
 
 Amperage. Strength of the electrical current expressed in amperes. 
 
 Ampere. The unit of density, or quantity, or strength of an electrical 
 current. 
 
 .inaphoresis. The transmission by ionization of electro-positive bodies 
 into the tissues, applied from tlie positive pole. 
 
 Anion. A term applied by Faraday to that element of an electrolyte 
 which in electrochemical decompositions appears at the positive pole, or 
 anode, as oxygen or chlorine. 
 
 Auto-condensation. A nietho<l of administering the d'Arsonval current 
 to the patient upon a couch having an insulated cushion underneath the 
 entire length of which is a metal condenser plate, connected by a metallic 
 conductor to one end of the d'Arsonval coil, the patient being connected 
 to the other end. 
 
 Auto-mnduction. A method of administering the d'Arsonval current 
 with the patient standing or sitting within a large solenoid which is 
 connected at its ends to the two terminals of a d'Arsonval solenoid; the 
 magnetic lines of force passing through the body of the patient, who 
 becomes a conductor of the electric currents induced thereby. 
 
 Brush-discharge. In electrotherapeutics, the discharge, disrupto-con- 
 vective in character, peculiar to the passage of an electrical current 
 through resisting substance as a glycerine tube or damp wooden electrode, 
 which produces a discharge which causes a sensation as of hot sand 
 when it comes against the skin of the patient. Tliis term is also applied 
 in electro physics to similar discharges in air or gases, from any high 
 potential source. 
 
 Capacity. The property by which a given body will take and hold 
 an electrical charge. 
 
 Cataphoresis. The transmission by ionization of electro-negative bodies 
 into the tissues. 
 
 Cathode. The negative or antipode of the anode element in an electric 
 couple. 
 
 253 
 
254 GLOSSARY 
 
 Cathode Stream. The electrified particles passing in the attenuated 
 medium of a vacuum tube from the cathode to the anti-cathode; and 
 marking the direction of the electrical current flow. The manifestation 
 of the cathode stream has demonstrated the error of the long-recognized 
 view, that the electrical current passes from positive to negative, it being 
 now understood that the current passes with the cathode stream in the 
 opposite direction. 
 
 Cation. The name given by Faraday to the element or elements of an 
 electrolyte which in electrochemical decompositions appear at the negative 
 pole or cathode, as hydrogen. 
 
 Circuit-breaker. An electro-magnetic device actuated by excess of cur- 
 rent: in some cases used instead of a fuse; a SAvitch. 
 
 Condenser. Any apparatus by which electricity can be accumulated, 
 usually consisting of two conducting surfaces, separated by a non-con- 
 ductor; as the Leyden jar, or metal plates separated by glass or mica 
 insulation. 
 
 Conductive Discharges. Discharges of an electrical current through a 
 metallic conductor to the patient. 
 
 Conductivity. The capacity of a body to conduct a current. The best 
 conductor is that which ofi'ers the least resistance. 
 
 Coiivective Dischurges. Discharges from a high potential source which 
 pass in the form of visible or invisible streams of electrical energy through 
 the air to the patient; as the static spray and breeze. 
 
 d'Arsonval Direct. A method by which the current between the opposite 
 terminals of the d'Arsonval solenoid are passed directly through the 
 patient between two electrodes. 
 
 d'Arsonvalizatioii. The administration of electricity by the method of 
 Prof. d'Arsonval, employing the d'Arsonval current with either the auto- 
 conduction, auto-condensation or the direct bi-polar method. 
 
 Detonating Chamber. A muffler surrounding the discharging balls of 
 a static machine or resonator for deadening the sound of a spark dis- 
 charge. 
 
 Dielectric. An insulating substance through or across which electric 
 force is acting by induction without conduction — as the waJls of a Leyden 
 jar, the insulating cushion of an auto-condensation couch, or an air space. 
 
 Direct Current. A current flowing in one direction. It may be con- 
 stant pulsatory. 
 
 Direct Vacuum Tube Current. A current administered from one pole 
 of a static machine, the other pole of which is grounded, and regulated 
 by the discharging spark-gap, with which vacuum electrodes are used 
 instead of the metal electrodes employed with the static wave current 
 which is administered in a similar manner. 
 
 Disruptive Discharges. Electrical discharges which escape suddenly by 
 breaking down the dielectric air-gap; static sparks. 
 
CJLCKSSAKY 255 
 
 Disrupto-coHVictiic Itischuiffis. The static l>riish-(lischarj;e whicli simu- 
 lates botli the eonvertive eHleuve unil the disruptive or spark-discharge. 
 
 Dry Unit. In contradistiiution to moist licat, heated dry air as used 
 in an apparatus designed for tlie indnction of hypen'mia, which on aoconnt 
 of dryness rapidly absorbs the moisture of perspiration from tlie skin in 
 the apparatus during the administration. A degree of vcntihition in the 
 apparatus is necessary lest the air become moist from evaporation of the 
 patient's perspiration. 
 
 t.'ffiiuvi, also fffiure. A convective discharge of a liif:h potential cur- 
 rent tlirough a dielectric. 
 
 t'.ffluvation. A method of api>lying an iliitrical discliargt- in the tissues 
 by an ettleuve for the purpose of destroying redundant or diseased tissue. 
 
 Electricity. "A material agency which, when in motion, exhibits mag- 
 netic, chemical and thermal effects, and when at rest or in motion e.xcrts 
 a force upon other electricity. Recent investigations indicate that it is 
 discrete or granular in nature and there may be two kinds, namely 
 positive and neg-ative." — Shchkni. 
 
 EUctrify. To cause electricity to pass through. To charge with 
 electricity. 
 
 Electrize. To make electric. To electrify. 
 
 Electro-cautery. An apparatus for cauterizing tissue consisting of a 
 platinum wire in a holder which may be heated to a red or white heat by 
 a current of electricity when connected in the circuit. 
 
 Electrode. A medium used l)etween an electric conductor and the object 
 to which the current is to be applied. In electrotherapy an electrode is 
 an instrument with a point or a surface from which to discharge current 
 to the body of a patient. 
 
 Elcctrolciy. The department of electro-therapeutic science which treats 
 of the plienomena and properties of electricity. 
 
 Electrolysis. The electrical decomposition of a chemical compound ; as 
 of the electrolyte into its constituent parts by an electrical current. 
 
 Electrolyte. A compound which is deconiposible or is subjected to de- 
 composition by an electrical current. 
 
 Electro- motive Force ( E. M. F.) That effect of difference of potential 
 which, upon closing a circuit, determines the flow of electricity from one 
 plait' to another, giving rise to an electrical current. The strength of an 
 electrical current is directly proportional to the electro-motive force, and 
 invers<Iy pn)|Mfrtional to the resistance (Ohm's law). f]lcctro-motive force 
 is measured in volts. 
 
 Electron. A particle of electricity of infinitesimal smallncss, more than 
 eight hundred times smaller than the atom of hydrogen, from which have 
 been rcsolvetl the negative electrons. It has been maintained that there 
 are no positive electrons; but the tendency of nu)dern theory is to dis- 
 prove this notion. 
 
256 GLOSSARY 
 
 Electro-negative. Repelled by bodies negatively electrified, and attracted 
 by bodies positively electrified. 
 
 Electrophorous. An instrument for obtaining static electricity by means 
 of induction. 
 
 Electropoion. A mixture of sulphuric acid, bichromate of potash and 
 water, used as the liquid for batteries in which zinc and carbon are 
 the elements. 
 
 Electro-positive. Attracted by bodies negatively electrified, and re- 
 pelled by bodies positively electrified. 
 
 Electro-static. Pertaining to static electricity. 
 
 Electro-therapeutics. Treatment of disease by means of electricity. 
 
 Eleotro-therapeutist. A physician who studies or practices electro- 
 therapeutics. 
 
 Electrotonic. Of or pertaining to electrical potential. 
 
 Electrotonus. Of or pertaining to electrical potential. 
 
 Frequency. The rate of oscillation or alternation in an alternating 
 current circuit, in contradistinction to periodicity in the interruptions 
 or regular variations of current in a direct current circuit. 
 
 Fulguration. Destruction by flashing or sparking or similar applica- 
 tion of electrical heat. (See Effluvation. ) 
 
 Fuse. A device comprising a fusible metal the conducting capacity of 
 which is predetermined and which fuses through heat generated by the 
 passage through it of excess of current. It breaks the circuit and so 
 saves an apparatus from overload. Convenient forms are mounted in 
 plugs; or between hard metal ends confined under screw-heads. 
 
 Galvanic Current. That produced by a chemical battery. 
 
 High Frequency. The rate of alternation or oscillation in an alternat- 
 ing current circuit, exceeding the rate at which muscular contraction 
 ceases; approximately 10,000 per second. 
 
 Hypertension. Excessive tension. In medical usage, an arterial tension 
 above normal. 
 
 Impedance. The opposition to current flow which is the sum of ohmic 
 resistance plus apparently additional resistance due to induction. 
 
 Insulation. The state in which the communication of electricity to other 
 bodies is prevented by the interposition of a non-conductor; also, the 
 miaterial or substance which insulates. Insulation is measured in meg- 
 ohms. 
 
 Inductance. The apparent resistance due to induction in a circuit, 
 .specifically, to coefficient of self-induction. 
 
 Insulator. That which insulates; specifically, a substance or body that 
 interrupts the communication of electricity or heat to surrounding objects; 
 a non-conductor; anything through which an electrical current will not 
 pass. 
 
GLOSSARY 257 
 
 Interrupter. A mechanical or electrolj-tic device for making and break- 
 ing (closing and opening alternately) the low voltage direct current 
 circuit of the primary winding of a KhumkortT coil or other electrical 
 apparatus. 
 
 Inverse Current, An erroneous expression for the induction, developed 
 in an electric circuit, in opposition to the flow of the current established 
 at the instant of closing the circuit. 
 
 Ion. One of the elements of an electrolyte, or compound body under- 
 going elect rolyzation. 
 
 Ionic .Uedicution. lonizixtion or transmission of metallic or organic 
 ions into the tissues by an electric current. 
 
 Magnetic or Electrical Field. The zone or space within which the 
 potency of these influences is effective. 
 
 Farad. The unit of st^itic charge capacity. 
 
 Milli-am-meter, or MilUampcre-meter. An instrument calibrated in 
 milliamperes to indicate the value of small currents drawn from a 
 battery or coil, or transformer, usually for electro-therapeutic and labora- 
 tory work. N. 15. — A milli-ampere is l/lOOOth part of an ampere, and 
 in the scaling of meters for readings on direct current circuits the 
 calibration is on this basis. But in the case of milliampere-meters for 
 indicating high frequency currents from resonators to subject, it must 
 l>e understood that the readings are really the product of relative current 
 strength and frequency. Tlie indications are the effect of temperature 
 variations on a wire, the temperatures being affected by the amotmt of 
 energy represented by the current. In the standard Gaiffe meter the 
 scalings of electro-therapeutic instruments are often arbitrary, and there- 
 fore, while they are relative and useful, they are not standard. 
 
 Milli-atnperc. 1 /1000th part of one ampere. (See Milliampere-Meter.) 
 
 Modality. In therapeutics, a method of application, or employment of 
 any physical agent. 
 
 Motor Generator, or Motor Converter. Forms of a rotary machine 
 comprising a motor driven by electricity from an outside source, the 
 motor being coupled to a dynamo which being driven generates another 
 oirrent. The driving current may be of alternating character and the 
 g»'ncrate<l ctirrent continuous, or rice versa; or the machine may be 
 uso<l to change the voltage, or amperage, or frequency, or phase of a 
 current by means of differential windings on the motor and dynamo 
 respectively. S<imetimes a motor-generatf)r has the differential windings 
 on one core with two commutators, or sets of collecting rings. 
 
 Morton Wave Current, A high potential static current which may be 
 of oscillatory or pulsating character with intervals between succeeding 
 oscillations or pulsations, and rise and fall of amperage. 
 
 Ohm. Practical unit of resistance opposing current flow. The legal 
 ohm (Paris Congress of 1884) is the resistance offere<l by a column of 
 
258 GLOSSARY 
 
 mercury 106 centimeters high and one square millimeter in cross section, 
 at 0° C; about the resistance of 100 meters of No. 8 telegraph wire. 
 Ohm's Law. The strength of the current varies directly as the applied 
 electro-motive force, and inversely as the resistance of the circuit; or, 
 the current, expressed in amperes, equals the electro-motive force, in volts, 
 divided by the resistance in ohms (C=y^ 
 
 Oscillating Current. A current alternating in direction, and of either 
 increasing or decreasing amplitude or amperage. 
 
 Oscilloscope. An instrument, in the form of a vacuum tube, used for 
 indicating by means of light, produced when passing a current through 
 it, whether the current is unidirectional or alternating. 
 
 Oudin Current. A unipolar current of high frequency administered 
 from a solenoid " step-up " attached to one end of a d'Arsonval solenoid. 
 
 Parallel or Multiple Arc Windings, or Connections, are distinguished 
 from series connections, in that they are individually and diractly con- 
 nected from one main conductor to the other and are supplied with 
 current separately and simultaneously instead of successively. 
 
 Periodicity. The rate of rise and fall or interruption of a unidirectional 
 current, in contradistinction to the frequency of an alternating current. 
 
 Phoresis. Ionic transmission of bodies, electro- positive or electro-nega- 
 tive, into the tissues. 
 
 Potential. The condition of electrical tension in a body, manifested 
 by the production of electrical effects in other bodies of different potential, 
 or in a different state of electrical tension. When two bodies of dif- 
 ferent potential are brought together a current passes from the high to 
 the low potential until the two are of equal potential, when electrical 
 action ceases. In common usage in medical literature instead of voltage 
 when the electrical tension or pressure is high. 
 
 Pulsating Current. A unidirectional current with a rapidly varying 
 value in amperage, the rate of which is designated periodicity. 
 
 Radiant Energy. The energy exerted by radiating lines of light in 
 the ether, comprising in therapeutics the Roentgen ray and the visible 
 and invisible spectrum. 
 
 Resistance. The opposing influence of a body (solid, liquid or gaseous) 
 to the expenditure of electrical potential. It is expressed in ohms; one 
 ohm of resistance will permit the flow of a current of one ampere as 
 the result of a pressure of one volt. The effect of the expenditure of 
 electrical energy in resistance is to make it appear as heat. 
 
 Resonator. A device for increasing and regulating the potential of 
 oscillations in high frequency currents; it consists of a series of open- 
 wound convolutions of stiff wire, depending upon the air for their 
 mutual insulation, in series with a condenser and a spark gap into 
 which a high-potential current is passed, this causing interinduction 
 
GLOSSARY 
 
 259 
 
 between the convolutions, and increasing and diminishing the potential 
 as desired. (See body of work.) 
 
 Rheostat. A device for introducing resistance into an electrical circuit, 
 usually so construotcil as to permit of variations of its effective value 
 by means of a switch or short-circuiting attiichment. For example, a 
 conductor of 100 olims resistance connected to a source of 100 volts 
 applied potential, will permit a current of 1 ampere to flow. To reduce 
 this current to Va ampere, the resistance of the circuit may be increased 
 to 200 ohms, by inserting 100 ohms additional by means of a rheostat. 
 
 Kheotome. An instrument for automatically and rhythmatically mak- 
 ing and breaking a current: an interrupter with an adjustable speed 
 control. 
 
 Fio. 62. Static Machine, Parts of. 
 1, Pole Pieces; 2, Pole Piece Washers and Nuts; 3, Rosette; 4, Slide Rod 
 Balls; 5-6, Junction Piece; 7, I>arge Balls; 8, Slide Rod; 9, Charger, 
 Connector, Hook, and Plug. 
 
260 
 
 GLOSSARY 
 
 Rhumkorff Coil. A form of transformer of interrupted direct current 
 of a low voltage, to a current of high voltage with varying characteristics, 
 depending upon tlie make and break of the primary circuit or upon a 
 primary current of rapidly changing values, or upon other circuit con- 
 ditions. 
 
 Series winding or connection is one in which the current traverses 
 the conductor sections and translating devices successively. 
 
 A B 
 
 Fig. 63. Parts of Static Machine. 
 A-F, Stationary Supports; B-G, Comb Holders; C, Window of Machine 
 or Vertical Space between Stationary Plates; D, Shaft; E, Neutraliz- 
 ing Rod; H, Long Comb Holder Supports; I, Straight Plates; J, Gilt 
 Papers Armature; K, Short Comb Holder Supports; L, Stationary 
 Uprights; M, Stationary Support Washers; N, Charger Xeutralizers ; 
 0, Charger Brush Holders; P, Charger Hub Nut; Q, Charger Gears; 
 R, Charger Comb Holders; S, Charger Brush Holder Supports; T, 
 Shaft; U, Charger Hubs. 
 
GLOSSAKY 261 
 
 Hhurt Circuit. Cutting out the whole or a bection of an ek-ctrii- linuit 
 by bridging it by a path of relatively low resistance. Wlicii a oinuit 
 is bridged, and that part of it beyond the bridge rendered dead, tlie 
 bridge is called a dfud short-circuit. 
 
 Sinusoidal Current. An alternating current diagrammatioaliy indi- 
 cnte<i by a true sine wave curve. 
 
 Spttrfc (iaps. Arrangement of points or surfaces between which a spark 
 of electricity uuiy jump. An adjustable gap between needle points, is 
 used as a measure of very high p<itentials. The A. I. E. K. standard 
 is 50,000 volts for the first inch in dry clear air. 
 
 Testa Current. A current of enormous frequency, very high voltage 
 but very low amperage, administered through one conductor with earth 
 r«turn. (See bo<ly of work.) 
 
 Transformer (or ISIatic Transformer). A static device consisting of 
 two insulated windings on an iron core, for changing by induction the 
 ratio of voltage and amperage of alternating currents (only). An ideal 
 (lOO^o etiiciency) transformer having its primary and secondary windings 
 proportioned in the ratio of 1 to 1000, would change a primary cur- 
 rent of 100 volts and 10 amperes transmitted to its primary, into a 
 secondary current of 100,000 volts and 10 milliamperes. A closed-niag- 
 netic-transformer is one in which the iron magnetic core is formed into 
 an unbroken iron circuit. 
 
 Unidirectional. In one direction. 
 
 Unit. The commercial term used to express the value of electricity 
 in terms of voltage multiplied by amperage multiplied by time: thus, 
 100 volts X 10 amjjeres x 1 hour equals 1 unit; or 200 volts X 5 amperes 
 X 5 hours equals .3 units. This is the basis on which commercial cur- 
 rents are metered. 
 
 Unipolar. Of one polarity, not alternating. 
 
 Valve Tube. A device, in the form of a vacuum tube, for damping 
 out alternate (oppose<l) half-waves from a current which it is desire<l 
 to render truly unidirectional. 
 
 Volt. Tlie unit of pressure or electro-motive force impressed upon or 
 applied to a circuit, and tending to produce a current. 
 
 Voltage. Difference of electrical potential; the analogue of difference 
 of pressure in hydrostatics or hydraulics. 
 
 Voltmeter. An instrument, calibrated to indicate volts of potential 
 difference between the points in the circuit at which it is connected. 
 
 \yatt. The product of the voltage by the amperes. With a 110 volt 
 current of 5 amperes we have 110 volts X 5 amperes equals 550 Watts. 
 
INDEX 
 
 Abdominal orpans, atony of, 224 
 
 conjji'stion of, 214 
 Abdominal walls relaxed. 226 
 Abscess of the liver, treatment of. 242 
 Abscesses, cold, cffect^s ne;,'ativc, 243 
 cold, profjnosis bad in. 24:5 
 treated by resonator sparks. 70 
 Acid lactic ferments in hypertension, 
 
 165 
 Acne, convective discharges in, 51 
 Adenitis, tubercular, high frequency 
 currents in, 242 
 Roentgen ray in. 244 
 treatment of, 244 
 Alternating current, apparatus for 
 use with, 100 
 apparatus, old type, 75 
 Analgesic effect of vacuum tube dis- 
 charges, 64 
 Anesthetic areas in locomotor ataxia, 
 
 188 
 Angiomas treated by rcsonatt)r 
 
 sparks, 69 
 Ankle, sprained, case report, 208 
 
 sprained, treatment of, 203 
 Ankylosis, Nature's metho<l in curing 
 
 "arthritis. 211 
 Anterior poliomyelitis, atrophy pre- 
 vented, 187 
 indications for treatment. 185 
 length of spark gap in, 186 
 massage in, 187 
 mechanical vibration in, 187 
 prognosis, 187 
 
 radiant light and heat in, 185, 187 
 treatment of, 184. 186 
 treatment of acute stage, 185 
 Antiseptic action of high potential 
 
 discharges. 157 
 Anus, fir.su re of, 232 
 Apparatus, different types of, 85 
 for d'Arsonvali/ation. test of ef- 
 ficiency of. 177 
 portable, so calieil Tesia, 122 
 Apoplexy averted by treatment of hy- 
 pertension, 168 
 
 Apoplexy, d'Arsonvalizaticm in, 182 
 prophylactic treatment of, 182 
 radiant light and heat in, 182 
 treatment of, 182 
 Appendicitis, acute, treatment of, 247 
 
 chronic, treatment of, 247 
 Argyll- Robert son jmpil in tabes dor- 
 
 salis, l!tO 
 Arrangement for employing direct 
 
 d'Arsonvalization, 11!) 
 Arterial condition must be regulated 
 to exercise, 175 
 degeneration, 159 
 tension, effects of wave current on, 
 
 14 
 tension, high, compensatory, 173 
 tension, high, not affected in most 
 
 advanced cases, 167, 168 
 tension, influences which raise, 160 
 tension in parenchvmatous nephri- 
 tis, 173 
 tension, normal, 163 
 Arteriosclerosis, advanced cases may 
 not be affected by d'Arsonvaliza- 
 tion, 167 
 hypertension cause of, 159 
 in patients from 60 to 70 years of 
 age, 167 
 Arthritis, gonorrheal, 211 
 
 gonorrheal, treatment of, 245 
 infectious, called rheumatism, 211 
 inf(>ctious. Roentgen ray in treat- 
 ment of, 244 
 infectious, treatment of. 244 
 Nature's nietlifMj in, 211 
 tul>ercular. Roentgen ray in treat- 
 ment of, 244 
 tul)er(ular, treatment of, 211, 244 
 Atonic conditions, d'Arsonval current 
 in. 226 
 radiant light and heat in, 226 
 treatment of, 226 
 Atony, gastric, treatment of. 226 
 
 intestinal, treatment of, 226 
 Author's spark director, 35 
 
 I 
 
 263 
 
264 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Auto-condensation couch, types illus- 
 trated, 113, 114 
 in hypertension, 165 
 methods considered, 112 
 method of using, 115, 116 
 terminology not distinctive, 112 
 Auto-conduction, action of current in, 
 119 
 by static method, 120, 179, 180 
 efficient, but not convenient, 179 
 method of, 178 
 
 method of administration, 119 
 method of controlling current in, 
 
 179 
 method of employing, 177 
 nutritional effects of, 179 
 terminology not distinctive, 112 
 
 Ball, author's pear-shaped, for ad- 
 ministering static sparks, 39 
 Bishop, Dr. Francis B., 71, 129 
 Bladder, dilated, in locomotor ataxia, 
 
 190 
 Blood, effects of high frequency cur- 
 rents on, 65 
 effects of radiant energy upon, 65 
 pressure, effects of d'Arsonval cur- 
 rent on, 132 
 pressure effects of wave current 
 
 on, 132 
 pressure, normal, 163 
 pressure, variations in sexes, 163 
 Boils, convective discharges in, 51 
 direct vacuum electrode current in, 
 
 239 
 treatment by hyperemia, 240, 241 
 Brachial neuritis, static sparks in 
 treatment of, 37 
 wave current in treatment of, 196 
 Brain, cells, degeneration of, 182 
 syphilitic lesions of, 183 
 treatment of lesions of, 182 
 tumors of, 183 
 Bruises of female breast, treatment 
 
 of, 234 
 Brush discharge, administered in the 
 cavities of the body, 52 
 arrangement for, 43 
 caution in use of, 45 
 compared to the static spray, 42 
 disrupto-convective, 43, 44 
 electrode moistened for, 44 
 electrodes for administering, 43 
 irritating and rubefacient, 16 
 method of administration of, 43, 44 
 speed of machine with, 45 
 
 Brush discharge, static, in facial 
 neuritis, 197 
 term not distinctive, 42 
 Burch, Dr. J. H., 130 
 
 Caldwell. Dr. E. W.. 88 
 Cannon, Dr. T. H., Electrode of, 250 
 Cardiac compensation inadequate 
 with dilatation, 171 
 dilatation rare in hypertension, 169 
 dilatation with hypertrophy, 171 
 dilatation without hypertrophy, 171 
 hypertrophy in athletes, with dila- 
 tation, 171 
 hypertrophy in hypertension, 169 
 Carbuncles, treatment of, 239 
 Caruncles, urethral, treatment of, 216 
 Cataphoric action of vacuum dis- 
 charges, 71 
 Cathode rays, 56 
 
 source of, 60 
 Cauterizing effect of high potential 
 
 discharges, 62, 63 
 Cell protoplasm, contraction of by 
 
 static current, 133 
 Cellulitis, pelvic, treatment of, 247 
 Centrifugal interrupter, 87 
 Cerebral hemorrhage, mild galvanic 
 
 current in, 182 
 Cervix, brush discharge to, 52 
 Cliaracteristics of electrons, 55, 56 
 Chemical effects of electrical dis- 
 charges, 60, 61 
 Chilblains, treatment of, 232 
 Chorea, a functional neurosis, 201 
 case cited, 204 
 major, treatment of, 192 
 theory of treatment, 205 
 treatment of, 192, 203 
 Circulatory system, high potential 
 
 currents in, 159 
 Cirrhosis of the liver, hypertrophic, 
 
 treatment of, 225 
 Cirrhotic liver, treatment by static 
 
 wave current, 172 
 Clarke, Mr. Chas. L., 76 
 Dr. Wm. L., 249 
 
 Dr. \Ym. L., method by oscillatory 
 desiccation, 249 
 Closed magnetic circuit transformer, 
 
 92 
 Coil, eflBeuve, character of discharge, 
 46, 47 
 for resonator currents with vacuum 
 
 tubes, 66 
 Rhumkorff, 85 
 
INDEX 
 
 265 
 
 Color cfTccta in vaouum electrodes, 5!> 
 Comparison of iinrtMits of liij^li fre- 
 
 queni-y ami hijjli poriotiii-ity, 7.'} 
 Condensor metal for auto-eondenaa- 
 
 tion coueh, 1 14 
 Condensors. tvpes of, illustrated, 106 
 Condiot, Dr. Alice B.. 2J-> 
 Confusion concernin;; iiijlh frequency 
 
 nnxlalities. 70 
 Congestion, acute, wave current in, 
 IS), 20 
 effects of wave current on. 20 
 effects of vacuum tube discharges 
 
 on, 64, 65 
 of the tear ducts, treatment of, 230 
 ovarian, treatment of, 216 
 superficial effects of vaccum tubes, 
 67, 68 
 Constipation in children, treatment 
 of, 226 
 static wave current in, 226 
 Contraction of cell protoplasm, 12 
 muscular, and tissue with vacuum 
 
 tul)e disi'harges, 65 
 muscular, causes of varicocele, 223 
 muscular, in neuritis. 196 
 muscular, in hx-omotor ataxia, 188 
 muscular, wave current in, 23 
 Contusions, treatment of, 234 
 Convective discharges antiseptic ac- 
 tion of, 48, 40 
 character of, 41 
 defined, 42 
 in lK>ils, 50 
 
 in felons (whitlows), 50 
 in local stasis, 49. 50 
 in skin diseases, 51 
 over ulcerated surfaces, 51, 52 
 physiological action of, 47 
 Cooper- Hewitt rectifier, 103 
 Cord, diseases of, static current in, 
 
 183 
 Corneal ulcers, treatment of. 220 
 Current, condensation in body in 
 auto-condensation, 117 
 d'Arsonval becomes unidirectional 
 
 under cH»rtain conditions, 77 
 direction, 235 
 
 effects of wave in anterior poliomye- 
 litis. 186 
 of high frequency and high peri- 
 
 o<licity compared, 73 
 of one polarity, action of, 13 
 pulsatory, purest type, 77 
 quality varies with source, 83 
 
 Current, transformation, methods of, 
 101 
 variations controlled, 83 
 of .litfcniit potential. 127 
 general diffusion of, i;{0 
 Currents of high perio<licity, effects 
 produced by, 83 
 of low potential, inelliciency of, 206 
 of one polarity, action of, 13 
 of one polarity, vacuum discharges, 
 63 
 Cushion for auto-condensation couch, 
 construction of, 114 
 
 d'Arsonval, and static wave current 
 
 compared, 130 
 
 biiKilar, direct method in treatment 
 
 of infectious arthritis current, 
 
 79. 80 
 
 current, and static wave current 
 
 compared, 77 
 current, arrangement for, 76 
 current, author's method of em- 
 ploying. 178 
 current, contraindicated in paren- 
 chymatous nephritis, 170 
 current, direct, dosage of, 242 
 current, direct, in appendicitis, 247 
 current, direct, in cellulitis, 247 
 current, direct, in gonorrheal arth- 
 ritis, 246 
 current, direct, in infections of the 
 
 mesentery. 248 
 current, direct, in intestinal infec- 
 tion. 247 
 current, direct, in pelvic cellulitis, 
 
 247 
 current, direct, in pyosalpinx, 247 
 current, direct, in salpyngitis. 247 
 current, direct, in treatment of In- 
 fection, 240 
 current, direct, in tul)ercular aden- 
 itis, 244 
 current, direct, metho<l in adenitis, 
 
 242 
 current, direct, method of induc- 
 ing hyperemia, 241 
 current, direct metho<l, thermic ef- 
 fects of. 241 
 current, effects of, 118 
 current efTects upon blood pressure, 
 
 132 
 current for eflluvation, 124 
 current in atonic conditions, 226 
 current in hypertension, 174 
 current low potential of, 116, 130 
 
266 
 
 INDEX 
 
 d'Arsonval, current method in acute 
 and chronic appendicitis, 247 
 current method of employing, 177 
 current polar eflfects of, 147 
 direct method of inducing hyper- 
 emia, 156 
 direct method in pyogenic adenitis, 
 
 242 
 direct method in treatment of tu- 
 berculosis, 24.3 
 direct method in tubercular adeni- 
 tis, 242 
 Prof., 76 
 
 Tesla and Oudin currents com- 
 pared, 79 
 with vacuum electrodes, 239 
 d'Arsonvalization, 112 
 causes general glow, 176 
 direct methods of, 112 
 does not depress heart, 166, 176 
 effect upon blood pressure pro- 
 nounced, 176 
 fall of arterial tension from, 170 
 in early hypertension, 170 
 objections to electrolytic interrup- 
 ter, 88 
 test of efficiency with apparatus, 
 
 177 
 variations in effects of different ap- 
 paratus, 177 
 Deep seated conditions, bipolar direct 
 d'Arsonval current in, 247 
 wave current in, 20 
 deKraft, Dr. Frederick. 226 
 
 method in diahetis mellitus, 226 
 method of, 122 
 Desiccation, oscillatory, method of 
 
 Clarke, 249 
 Detonating chamber, proper dimen- 
 sions for, 111 
 Diahetis mellitus. Dr. deKraft's 
 method in, 226 
 treatment of, 225 
 Diet regime in hypertension, 174 
 Diffusion of electrical current, 130 
 
 static wave current, 9 
 Digestion, effects of wave current up- 
 on, 16 
 Dilated bladder, treatment of, 190 
 Direct d'Arsonval current in gonor- 
 rheal arthritis, 242 
 d'Arsonval in treatment of abscess 
 
 of the liver, 242 
 d'Arsonval in treatment of appen- 
 dicitis, acute, 242 
 
 Direct d'Arsonval in treatment of 
 appendicitis, chronic, 242 
 
 d'Arsonvalization method, 120 
 
 static vacuum current in epididy- 
 mitis, 223 
 
 static vacuum current in fissure of 
 the anus, 231 
 
 static vacuum current in glaucoma, 
 230 
 
 static vacuum current in post-nasal 
 ulcers, 231 
 
 static vacuum current in treatment 
 of pterygium, 229 
 
 static vacuum current in ulcers of 
 the rectum, 232 
 
 vacuum tube current in acute epi- 
 didymitis, 246 
 
 vacuum tube current in congestion 
 of the nasal passages, 231 
 
 vacuum tube current in fissure of 
 anus, 233 
 
 vacuum tube current in glaucoma, 
 230 
 
 vacuum tube current in post-nasal 
 ulcers, 231 
 
 vacuum tube current in ulcers of 
 the rectum, 232 
 Direction of current, 235 
 Discharges, cauterizing effect of, 62, 
 63 
 
 interrupted, in inflammatory con- 
 ditions, 47, 48 
 Diseases of the cord, static currents 
 
 in, 183 
 Dislocations, treatment following, 234 
 Disruptive discharges, 53 
 Dysmenorrhea, in subinvolution, 211 
 
 treatment of by author's method, 
 212 
 
 treatment of, discoverv of bv au- 
 thor, 199 
 
 Eating, excessive, cause of hyperten- 
 sion, 164 
 Echymosis, static brush discharge in 
 
 treatment of, 234 
 Eczema, convective discharges in. 51 
 
 treated by resonator sparks. 69 
 Effects of currents of great potential 
 and large quantity, 128 
 of discharges on end organ meta- 
 bolism, 50 
 of vacuum discharges upon exces- 
 sive secretion, 70 
 
INDEX 
 
 267 
 
 Effects of viu'iium discharges upon 
 induration and >*\velliny, 70 
 of vacuum discharges upon secre- 
 tion, 69, 70 
 of vacuum iliscliarges upon tissue 
 
 repair, 70 
 of vacuum tubes in superficial con- 
 gestion. 67, 68 
 phvsical of electrical discharges, 
 
 125 
 physical of electricity, 126 
 physiological, of vacuum tube dis- 
 cliarges upon diminished secre- 
 tion, 69 
 rubefacient, vacuum discharges, 62 
 upon general metabolism of vacuum 
 
 tiischarges. (U. (i.l 
 vacuum discharges, 01 
 various of electrical currents. 128 
 EflBuvation, electrode of Dr. Cannons, 
 250 
 method of employment. 249 
 or fulguration bv Oudin current, 
 
 124 
 tcclinique of, 250 
 Effleuve from coil, 41, 46 
 from the static machine, 41 
 or iH>nvective discharges, 41 
 Electrical current, diffusion of, 130 
 Electrical discharges, physical effects 
 of, 125 
 discharges, radiant energA* of, 158 
 treatment, exceptions, 175 
 Electricity, for treating nephritis, 169 
 
 physical effects of, 126 
 Electrmle for auto-condensation, 115 
 metallic, for treating parenchyma- 
 
 t<ius nephritis, 172 
 Wappler, fulgurating, 251 
 Electrodes for post-nasal treatment, 
 231 
 for treatment of fissure in anus, 
 
 233 
 glass vacuum in mucous cavities, 
 
 234 
 in the treatment of subinvolution, 
 
 214 
 nasal, 230, 231 
 
 regulation of size with wave cur- 
 rent, 20 
 Electrolysis in endometritis, 214 
 Electrolytic interrupter. H~ 
 
 disadvantage of for d'Arsonvaliza- 
 
 tion, 88 
 rectifier illustrated, 104 
 
 Elect rt>ns. characteristics of, 55 
 
 negative, 57 
 Elimination by *he wave current, 13, 
 
 14 
 Endometritis, treatment of, by Mas- 
 
 sey's nicthdd, 213 
 End orgini nietjilxilism effected by 
 
 convective discharges, 50 
 Epididymitis, metliod of treating, 223 
 teclnii(|uc of treatment, 223 
 treatment of, 223 
 Epilepsy fiiiictional, a functional 
 neuroses, 201 
 indications in, 202 
 treatment of. 202 
 Examination for life insurance dis- 
 covers hypertension, 170 
 Excessive eating, cause of hyperten- 
 sion, 174 
 Exercise, effects on blood pressure, 
 160 
 efFects upon tlie heart, 100 
 in iiypertension, 164 
 metliod in tabes, Fraenkel's, 189 
 must be regulated to arterial con- 
 dition, 175 
 regulation of in hypertension, 175 
 Exudates, inflammatory, wave current 
 in, 21 
 sparks in, 21 
 
 Fatigue from administration of the 
 
 wave current, 16 
 Fauces, brush ilischarge to, 52 
 Favus, convective discharges in, 51 
 Felons (whitlows), convective dis- 
 charges in, 50 
 treated by resonator sparks, 69 
 treatment of, 23!) 
 Field of application determined by 
 
 conditions, 39, 40 
 Food in excess cause of hvpertension, 
 164 
 quantity to be diminished in iiyper- 
 tension. 175 
 to be regulated to exercise, 164 
 Foot, severe injury of, case report, 
 
 235 
 Fractures, treatment following, 234 
 Fnienkel, Dr.. 189 
 Fraenkel's, Dr., exercise methods in 
 
 talx's, 189 
 Fre(|iicncy. consideration of, 2 
 eftects upon phenomena in vacuum 
 
 tubes, 59. 60 
 increases heat production, 177 
 
268 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Fulguration, method of employment, 
 249 
 indications for, 
 technique of, 250 
 Functions, special, effects of wave cur- 
 rent on, 24 
 Furuncles, treatment of, 239 
 
 General metabolism, effects of d'Ar- 
 
 sonvalization on, 132 
 
 effects of vacuum discharges on, 64 
 
 effects of wave current on, 132, 144 
 
 Germicidal action of high potential 
 
 discharges, 157 
 Glass sleeves for administering brush 
 discharge in the cavities, 52 
 negative electrons pass through, 57, 
 58, 59 
 Glaucoma, case report, 230 
 
 treatment of, 230 
 Gonorrlieal arthritis, high frequency 
 currents in, 245 
 arthritis, technique of treatment, 
 
 245 
 arthritis, treatment of, 245 
 infection, treated by direct d'Ar- 
 
 sonval high frequency, 242 
 rhetimatism, wave current not 
 adapted to, 22 
 Grounding chain, 8 
 
 Hay fever, treatment of, 232 
 Heart, effects of exercise upon, 160 
 not depressed by d'Arsonvalization, 
 176 
 Heat production, increased with in- 
 crease of frequency, 177 
 wave current effects in, 14, 15 
 with vacuum electrodes, 67 
 Hemorrhage, cerebral, 182 
 Hemorrhoidal electrode. Dr. Arnold 
 
 Snow's, 232, 233 
 Hemorrhoids, treatment of by static 
 current, 233 
 treatment following operation, 233 
 Herdman, Dr. William J., 179 
 
 experiments of with high frequency 
 currents, 179 
 Herpes, convective discharges in, 197 
 of the scalp, 197 
 zoster, radiant light and heat in, 
 
 197 
 zoster, static brush discharge in, 
 197 
 Hewitt, Cooper, rectifier, 103 
 
 High frequency apparatus, complete, 
 
 illustrated, 107 
 High frequency currents, cataphoresis 
 with, 129 
 
 currents, comparison of, 73 
 
 currents, defined, 74 
 
 currents, hyperemia produced by, 
 83 
 
 currents, in adenitis, tubercular or 
 streptococcic, 242 
 
 currents, in gonorrheal arthritis, 
 246 
 
 currents, in treatment of abdomin- 
 al conditions, 248 
 
 currents, in treatment of chest dis- 
 eases, 248 
 
 currents, in treatment of pelvic 
 conditions, 248 
 
 currents, rates of, 74 
 
 currents, superficial in effect, 56 
 
 currents, thermic effects of, 56, 148 
 
 currents, variations with, 82 
 
 direct d'Arsonval in the treatment 
 of gonorrheal infection, 242 
 
 direct d'Arsonval in the treatment 
 of pelvic cellulitis, 242 
 
 direct d'Arsonval in the treatment 
 of salpyngitis, 242 
 
 modalities, confusion concerning, 79 
 
 renders currents safe, 128 
 
 resonator, 105 
 High periodicity current, how pro- 
 duced, 76 
 
 potential currents, cauterant effects 
 of, 129 
 
 currents, contrasted, 127 
 
 currents, electolytic action of, 129 
 
 currents in diseases of the circula- 
 tory system, 159 
 
 currents, one pole, universally dif- 
 fused, 127 
 
 discharges, antiseptic action of, 157 
 
 rotary rectifier, 93, 94 
 
 rotary rectifier, illustrated, 93 
 Hot air baths dry, in parenchymatous 
 nephritis, 173 
 
 in effects upon deep reflexes, 173 
 Humidity, periods of, 31 
 Humphris, Dr. Francis H., 43 
 Hyperemia, does not relieve stasis, 
 240 
 
 effects of the wave current upon, 
 17, 18, 19 
 
 effects on metabolism, 240 
 
 effects upon nutrition, 240 
 
 induced by vacuum tubes, 239 
 
INDEX 
 
 269 
 
 Hyperemia, in infection, ln"> 
 methods of inducing, 156 
 physiological efTects of, 240 
 Hyperemic efTocts of currents of high 
 
 frequency, 83 
 of ciirrents of high periodicity, 83 
 Hypertension, auto-condensation in, 
 
 165 
 cardiac dilatation with, 169 
 causes of, 164 
 
 causo of arteriosclerosis, 159 
 classification of cases, 166 
 compensatory controlled, averts 
 
 apoplexy, 168 
 d'Arsonval current in, 174 
 diet regime in, 174 
 discovered often by examiners for 
 
 life insurance. 170 
 early cases of, 170 
 electrical treatment of, 165, 175 
 excessive eating cause of, 164 
 in aged and feeble people, 167 
 in athletes, 170 
 indications for treating, 174 
 modus operandi of current influ- 
 encing, 176 
 nephritis not present early in, 169 
 quantity of foixl in, 174 
 regulation of diet and exercise, 164, 
 
 175 
 rules for employing, 178 
 treatment of, 174 
 Hysteria, a functional neuroses. 201 
 of physical origin, a case report, 
 
 198" 
 
 Inertia, wave current in, 24 
 Infection, hyperemia in treatment of, 
 240. 241 
 local, indications for treatment, 237 
 meth<xl of treating, 156, 157 
 radiant light and heat in treatment 
 
 of, 157 
 Roentgen ray in treatment of. 1.56 
 treatment bv direct d'Arsonval cur- 
 rent, 240' 
 treatment by high frequency cur- 
 rents, 238* 
 treatment by vacuum electrode dis 
 charges, 239 
 Infectious arthritis. Roentgen ray in 
 treatment of, 244 
 arthritis, treatment of, 244 
 conditions of the mesentery, 248 
 diseases, treatment of, 155 
 
 InfectioJis inflammation, conditions 
 which favor, 237 
 inflammation. Roentgen ray in 
 
 treatment of, 238 
 inflammatory process, 236 
 Inflammation, infectious, conditions 
 favoring. 237 
 inf<'('tious. high frequency currents 
 
 Ui treatment of, 237 
 infectious, indications for treat- 
 ment, 237 
 infectious, treatment of, 236 
 infect ious.varieties of, 236 
 non- infected, therapeutics of, 206 
 process of infection, 236 
 Inflammations, pelvic, 211 
 Inflammatory condition, interrtipted 
 
 discliarges in, 47. 48 
 Influences which raise arterial ten- 
 sion. 160 
 Interrupter, Caldwell, 88 
 centrifugal, illustrated, 87, 90 
 electrolytic, 87 
 mechanical, illustrated. 91 
 mercury jet. types of, 87, 89 
 Wehnelt, 87 
 Interrupt eriess transformers, 92 
 
 illustrated, 93 
 Interrupters. ditTerent types of, 87 
 
 mechanical, 87 
 Irritation, vesicle, treatment of, 218 
 
 ■lenks. Mr. \Vm. J., 76 
 
 K acting- Hart, Dr., 84 
 fulguration of. 249 
 Kennelly, Dr. A. E., 73 
 
 Leyden jars, arrangement for static 
 induced current, 31 
 use of difTerent sizes, 68 
 use of dilTercnt sizes for static in- 
 duced current, 67 
 varied acccuding to ofTect, 69 
 Liglit and heat, radiant, in mastoidi- 
 tis, 241 
 in otitis media, 241 
 in suppurative processes of the 
 
 frontal sinuses, 241 
 in treatment of apoplexy. 182 
 in treatment of suppurative pro- 
 cesses, 241 
 Light baths, electrical, in parenchy- 
 matous nephritis, 173 
 Lo<-nl stasis, elTecta of convective dis-/ 
 charges on, 49, 50 
 
270 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Local stasis, vibration of tissues in- 
 duced by vacuum tube dis- 
 charges, 65 
 Ix)comotor ataxia, anesthetic areas in, 
 188 
 
 Argyll Robertson pupil in, 190 
 
 causes of, 187 
 
 dilated bladder in, 190 
 
 girdle sensation, treatment of, 189 
 
 indications for treatment, 188 
 
 pathology of, 187 
 
 prognosis of treatment, 190 
 
 static sparks in, 188 
 
 static wave current in, 188 
 
 symptoms of, 188, 189 
 
 systematic execise in, 189 
 
 treatment of anesthesia, 188 
 
 treatment of pains of, 189 
 
 treatment of walk in, 189 
 Lodge, Sir Oliver, 56, 59 
 Low potential of d'Arsonval current, 
 
 130 
 Lupus vulgaris, convective discharges 
 in, 51 
 
 erythematosis, convective dis- 
 charges in, 51 
 
 treated by resonator sparks, 69 
 
 treatment of by static brush dis- 
 charge, 228 
 
 treatment of by x-ray, 228 
 
 Malignant diseases to be considered 
 
 in treatment of prostatitis, 221 
 Massage in anterior poliomyelitis, 187 
 Massey, Dr. G. Betton, 213 
 Mastoiditis, treatment of, 241 
 McCaa transformer, 94, 95 
 
 illustrated, 95 
 Mechanical interrupters, advantages 
 
 of, 87, 91 
 Mercury jet interrupter, 87 
 Metabolism, effects of d'Arsonvalizn- 
 tion on, 132 
 effects of hyperemia on, 240 
 effects of vacuum tube discharges 
 
 on, 64 
 effects of wave current on, 13 
 wave current in, errors of, 23, 24 
 Metchnikoff, Dr., 155 
 
 method in hypertension, 174 
 Meter, hot wire, 115 
 
 illustrated, 116 
 Middle ear, brush discharge to, 53 
 Milliamperes, 400 to 500 for d'Ar- 
 sonvalization, 176 
 
 Morton, Dr. William J., static cur- 
 rents of, 75 
 Motor dynamo for transforming cur- 
 rent, 102 
 Mucous cavities, treatment by glass 
 
 vacuum electrodes, 234 
 Muffler for use with wave current, 20, 
 
 21 
 Multiple point electrode for static 
 
 spray, 42 
 Muscular contraction as induced by 
 various currents, compared, 133 
 contraction treatment of in arth- 
 ritis, 210 
 spasm and the wave current, 23 
 spasm contraction produced by res- 
 onator sparks, 69 
 spasm relieved by static sparks, 37 
 spasm static sparks in the treat- 
 ment of, 38 
 spasm tension relieved by static 
 sparks. 
 Myelitis, transverse, treatment of, 191 
 
 Nature's method, ankylosis, 211 
 Nasal passages, congestion, treatment 
 
 of, 231 
 Neoplasm destroyed by direct d'Ar- 
 sonval, 4 
 Nephritis, electricity for treating, 169 
 
 interstitial, treatment of, 225 
 
 not present in early hypertension, 
 169 
 
 parenchymatous, d'Arsonval auto- 
 condensation contraindicated in, 
 170 
 
 parenchymatous, electric light 
 baths in, 173 
 
 parenchymatous, high frequency 
 contraindicated in, 172 
 
 parenchymatous, hypertension in, 
 172 
 
 parenchymatous, length of spark- 
 gap with wave current in, 172 
 
 parenchymatous, light baths in, 173 
 
 parenchymatous, treatment by sta- 
 tic wave current, 169 
 
 parenchymatous, treatment of, 225 
 
 static wave current in, 169, 172 
 
 treatment of, 169 
 Nerves not best conductors of elec- 
 tricity, 126 
 Nervous system, central, 181 
 
 diseases, classification of, 181 
 
 diseases of, 181 
 
INDEX 
 
 271 
 
 Nervous diseases, effects of wave cur- 
 rent on, 14 
 
 iuJlanmiatory affections of, 181, 183 
 
 irritability wave current in, 23 
 
 mental derangements of, 181 
 
 peripheral affections of, 193 
 
 therapeutic indications in diseases 
 of, 181 
 Neuralgia, for neuritis, a misnomer, 
 
 193 
 Neurasthenia, a ease cited, 198 
 
 a functional neuroses, 201 
 
 prostatitis in, 198 
 Neuritis, brachial, treatment of, 196 
 
 causes of, 194 
 
 common sites of, 194 
 
 consideration of, 193 
 
 diagnosis of, 193 
 
 facial, treatment of, 197 
 
 intercostal, 196 
 
 localization of, 193 
 
 muscular contractions in, 196 
 
 prognosis in, 194 
 
 static current in, 196 
 
 technique of treating, 196 
 
 treatment of, 194. 195. 196 
 Neurologists' attitude towards func- 
 tional neuroses, 199 
 Neuroses, functional. Christian 
 Science in, 200 
 
 diet and exercise in, 202 
 
 differentiation of, 201 
 
 exercise and diet in, 202 
 
 inherited, 200 
 
 management of, 200 
 
 not of psychic origin, 197 
 
 neurologists' opinion of, 198 
 
 prognosis in, 202 
 
 psychic healing in, 200 
 
 psychopathic, 197 
 
 treatment of, 201, 203 
 New types of transformers, 99 
 Nitrous oxides and ozone action Qpon 
 germa, 157 
 
 Obstruction of tear ducts, treatment 
 
 of, 230 
 Ohmic rheostat illustrated, 101 
 Orchitis, treatment of, 223 
 Oscillatory currents, 74 
 
 desiccation, method of Clark, 249 
 Osteo-arthritis, treatment of, 211 
 Otitis media, treatment of, 241 
 Oudin current, 123 
 
 by Dr. deKraft's method, 124 
 
 Oudin, d'Arsonval and Tesla currents 
 compared, 79 
 
 de.scribed, 81, 82 
 
 for elHuvation or fulguration, 124 
 
 Prof., 123 
 Ovarian congestion, treatment of, 216 
 Ozone, action upon germs, 157 
 
 Pachymeningitis, treatment of, 192 
 Pain relieved by the wave current, 
 22, 23 
 relieved by vacuum currents, 72 
 Paraplegia, spastic, treatment of, 191 
 Pelvic cellulitis, treated by direct 
 d'Arsonval high frequency, 242 
 treatment of, 242 
 Phagocytosis, conditions which lower, 
 237 
 increased by hyperemia, 155 
 Phenomena of the passage of the 
 negative electrons through glass, 
 57, 58, 59 
 effects of frequency on, 59, 60 
 Phlebitis, bandage in, 227 
 chronic, treatment of, 228 
 indications for treatment, 227 
 Polarity with the wave current, 9 
 Potential of currents depends upon, 4 
 of delivery, regulation of, 35 
 of delivery, of resonator spark, 39 
 Prostatitis, cause of neurasthenia, 198 
 causes of, 217 
 electrodes employed in treatment 
 
 of, 218 
 illustrated case report, 221 
 length of spark-gap in treatment 
 
 of, 218 
 malignant, 218 
 malignant diseases to be considered 
 
 in treatment of, 224 
 prognosis in, 218 
 
 rate of spark discharge in treat- 
 ment of, 220 
 regulation of terminal balls in 
 
 treatment of, 219 
 technique of treatment, 218 
 treatment discovered by author, 
 
 220 
 treatment of by author's method, 
 
 217 
 tubercular, treatment of, 218 
 tuberculosis to be considered in 
 treatment of, 224 
 Protoplasmic contractions induced hj 
 static currents, 65 
 
272 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Psoriasis, convective discharges in 
 
 treatment of, 51 
 Pterygium, treatment of by direct 
 
 vacuum tube current, 229 
 Pulmonary tuberculosis, indications 
 
 for treatment, 243 
 Fyosalpinx, treatment of, 247 
 
 Radiant energy induced by electrical 
 discharges, 158 
 penetration of compared with high 
 frequency currents, 241 
 
 Radiant light and heat, effects of, 
 173 
 effects upon deep reflexes, 173 
 in atonic conditions, 226 
 in constipation, 226 
 in herpes zoster, 197 
 in the treatment of infection, 157 
 
 Rays, beta of radium, 57 
 
 Rectifier, Cooper-Hewitt, 103, 104 
 electrolytic, 104 
 high potential rotary, 93 
 
 Rectum, ulcers of, 232 
 
 Reflex neuroses, derangements of the 
 stomach and intestinal canal in, 
 200 
 
 Resistance when lowered, favors in- 
 fection, 237 
 
 Resonator, detonating chamber im- 
 portant feature of, 108 
 essential parts of, 106, 108 
 features of, 108 
 high frequency, 105 
 types of, 36, 37 
 
 Resonator sparks, applied to ab- 
 scesses, 69 
 effects of, 39 
 
 in treatment of angiomata, 70 
 In treatment of eczema, 69 
 in treatment of felons, 69 
 in treatment of lupus, 69 
 in treatment of small joints, 69 
 in treatment of tonsilitis, 69 
 in treatment of ulcers, 69 
 method of administering, 40, 69 
 with vacuum tubes, 66 
 
 Rheostat, illustration of, 101 
 
 Rheumatism, infectious arthritis, 211 
 
 Rheumatoid arthritis, static sparks 
 in treatment of, 37 
 treatment of, 211 
 
 Riggs' disease, method of treatment 
 with vacuum tubes, 71 
 
 Riviere, Dr. J. A., effluvation of, 249 
 
 Roentgen ray in acute and chronic 
 appendicitis, 247 
 
 in infectious arthritis, 244 
 
 in infectious conditions, 156, 244 
 
 in pelvic infection, 244 
 
 in the treatment of infection, 156 
 
 In treatment of infectious arthri- 
 tis, 244 
 
 in treatment of infectious inflam- 
 mation, 238 
 
 in treatment of tubercular arthri- 
 tis, 244 
 
 in tubercular arthritis, 244 
 Rubefacience from convective dis- 
 charges, 47 
 
 therapeutic indications for, 48 
 Rhumkorff coil, insulation between 
 primary and secondary, 86 
 
 methods of winding, 85, 86 
 
 secondary of, 85 
 
 variations in, 85 
 
 Salpyngitis, treated by high fre- 
 quency currents, 242 
 treatment of, 247 
 Sclerosis, lateral, treatment of, 191 
 Secretions, effects of vacuum dis- 
 charges on, 70 
 effects of wave current upon, 15 
 excessive, effect of vacuum dis- 
 charges on, 69, 70 
 Sheldon, Dr. Samuel, 73 
 Sigmoid, treatment of, 38 
 Small joints treated by resonator 
 
 sparks, 69 
 Snow, Dr. Arnold, 233 
 
 electrodes of for treating uterine 
 
 congestion, 215 
 rectal electrode, hemorrhoidal, 232 
 Solenoids, variations in for static 
 
 machines and coils, 106 
 Spark director, author's, 35 
 
 method of using, 35, 36 
 Spark discharge not positive within 
 the tissues, 158 
 rate of in treatment of prostatitis, 
 218 
 Spark-gap in static induced current, 
 27 
 length of in treatment of prosta- 
 titis, 218 
 with the wave current, 7, 20 
 Sparks, indirect, 33 
 
 indirect, arrangement for, 33, 34 
 in inflammatory exudates, 21 
 potential of delivery defined, 39 
 
INDEX 
 
 273 
 
 Sparks, resonator, 33 
 
 resonator, apparatus for, 38, 39 
 resonator, disruptive, discharges 
 
 with, 39 
 sources of, 36 
 
 static, exphination of action, 21 
 Spastic paraplo^'iu, treatment of, 191 
 Specific condition, effects of vacuum 
 
 tube discluirges on, 70, 71 
 Speed controller, mechanical, 101 
 Splivjjmomunometer, aneroid type, 
 'l62 
 Rivi Kocca, 162 
 types of, 162 
 Spinal cord, diseases of, 183 
 
 railroad injury, report of cases, 
 
 183, 184 
 treatment of injuries of, 184 
 Spleen, enlargement of, treatment of, 
 
 225 
 Sprained ankle, static sparks in 
 
 treatment of, 38 
 Sprains, treatment of, 210 
 Spray, static, 41, 42 
 
 compared to the brush discharge, 42 
 electrodes for, 42 
 Stasis, dissolution of by static cur- 
 rent, 207 
 not relieved by hyperemia, 240 
 Static brush discharge administration 
 of in the cavities of the body, 
 brush discharge in chilblains, 232 
 brush discharge in echymnsis, 234 
 brush discharge in phlebitis, 228 
 brush discharge in psoriasis, 51 
 brush discharge in ulcers, 228 
 currents, effects of in anterior 
 
 poliomyelitis, 186 
 currents in diseases of the cord, 183 
 currents in treatment of hemorr- 
 hoids, 233 
 currents in treatment of inflamma- 
 tions, principles of, 207 
 currents in treatment of stasis, 206 
 currents in various types of in- 
 flammation, 206 
 currents produce contraction of cell 
 
 protoplasm, 
 induced and wave currents com- 
 pared, 32 
 induced current, 79 
 induced current advantages of, 30 
 induced current arrangement of 
 
 Leyden jars with, 31 
 induced current compared with 
 other currents, 30 
 
 Static, induced current discovery of, 
 25 
 
 induced current name technically 
 
 accurate, 29 
 induced current physiological ac- 
 tions, 29, 30 
 iiuhiced current, vacuum electrodes 
 
 with. 31 
 iiidiKi'd current, with the metal 
 
 clctrodes, :i\ 
 induced current with vacuum elec- 
 trodes, 07, 68 
 machine choice of for vacuum tube 
 
 discharges, 65 
 machine device of for wave cur- 
 rent, 8 
 machine method of auto-conduction 
 
 with, 179, 180 
 methods for auto-conduction, 120 
 methods revolutionary, 200 
 resonator, deKraft type, 122 
 sparks, ball for administering, 39 
 sparks in brachial neuritis, 37 
 sparks in chronic inflammation, 39 
 sparks in deep seated inflamma- 
 tions, 37 
 sparks in muscular spasm, 38 
 sparks in neuritis, 39, 19G 
 sparks in rheumatoid arthritis, 37 
 sparks in sprained ankle, 38 
 sparks in treatment of joints, 38 
 sparks length regulated to condi- 
 tion, 39 
 sparks long, in locomotor ataxia, 
 
 188 
 sparks method of applying, 38 
 sparks pain objectionable, 37 
 sparks relieve muscular spasms, 37 
 sparks remove infiltration, 37 
 sparks technique of importance, 37 
 sparks therapeutic indications for 
 
 36 
 spray, 41, 42 
 wave current, 77 
 
 wave current and d'Arsonval cur- 
 rent compared, 130 
 wave current care in administer- 
 ing. 148 
 wavo current illustrationg current 
 
 direction, 131 
 wave current in constipation. 226 
 wave current in dysmenorrhea, 212 
 wave current in gonorrheal arthri- 
 tis, 245 
 wave current in interstitial nephri- 
 tis, 226 
 
274 
 
 INDEX 
 
 static wave current in locomotor 
 ataxia, 188 
 wave current in nephritis, 169 
 wave current, in neuritis, 195 
 wave current in parenchymatous 
 
 nephritis, 225 
 wave current in subinvolution, 212;. 
 
 213 
 wave current in treatment of cir- 
 rhosis, 225 
 wave current in treatment of cir- 
 rhotic liver, 172 
 wave current in treatment of neph- 
 ritis, 169 
 wave current in urethral caruncles, 
 
 216 
 wave current mechanical effects of, 
 132 
 Step up solenoids illustrated, 110 
 Still's disease, treatment of, 211 
 Stimulating effects of vacuum tube 
 
 discharges, 62 
 Subinvolution, treatment of by au- 
 thor's method, 214 
 Suggestion, auto, in neuroses, func- 
 tional, 200 
 Suppurative process in the frontal 
 
 sinuses, treatment of, 241 
 Surgery in gynecology, disturbances 
 
 from, 199 
 Syphilitic processes, wave current not 
 
 adapted to, 22 
 Syringo myelia, treatment of, 191 
 
 Tabes dorsalis, anesthetic areas in, 
 187 
 see locomotor ataxia, 187 
 Tear duct congestion, treatment of, 
 
 230 
 Terminal balls, regulation of sizes 
 
 for treatment, 219 
 Tesla apparatus, 96 
 coils, so called, 97, 98 
 current described and illustrated, 
 
 80, 121 
 current for effluvation, 124 
 current so styled, 121 
 Oudin and d'Arsonval currents 
 
 compared, 79 
 particular advantages of, 100 
 rectifier, 94 
 Therapeutic indications for employ- 
 ment of vacuum electrodes, 67 
 Tliermic effects of the direct d'Ar- 
 sonval method, 241 
 
 Thermic effects of high frequency 
 currents, 148 
 toleration, usual rule for dosage, 
 242 
 Thompson, Prof. Elihu, 73 
 Tic douloureux, treatment of, 197 
 Tiee, Dr. F. C, method of treating 
 
 hay fever, 232 
 Tonic effects of currents of high peri- 
 odicity, 83 
 Tonsilitis treated by resonator 
 sparks, 69 
 suppurative, treatment of, 239 
 Toxemia, causes of arthritis, 211 
 Transformer, closed magnetic circuit, 
 92 
 interrupterless, 92 
 new types of, 99 
 Ti-eatment of local infection, 237, 238 
 Tubercular adenitis, combined method 
 of treatment, 242, 244 
 adenitis, direct d'Arsonval current 
 
 in, 244 
 adenitis, Roentgen ray in, 244 
 affections, general principles of 
 
 treatment, 245 
 affections, local treatment of, 245 
 arthritis, diagnosis of, 22 
 arthritis. Roentgen ray in treat- 
 ment of, 244 
 arthritis, treatment of, 244 
 Tuberculosis, pulmonary, direct d'Ar- 
 sonval currents in, 243 
 pulmonaiy, hyperemia in, 243 
 pulmonary, indications for treat- 
 ment, 243 
 pulmonary, Roentgen ray in, 243 
 pulmonary, treatment of, 243 
 to be considered in treatment of 
 prostatitis, 224 
 
 Ulcerated surfaces, convective dis- 
 charges in, 51 
 
 treated by deKraft method, 124 
 Ulcers of the cornea, treatment of, 
 229 
 
 of the eye ball, treatment of, 229 
 
 of the rectum, 232 
 
 post-nasal, treatment of, 231 
 
 treated by resonator sparks, 69 
 
 varicose, treatment of, 228 
 Urethral caruncle, treatment of, 216 
 Uterine congestion, prognosis in, 213 
 
 subinvolution, treatment of, 214 
 
INDEX 
 
 275 
 
 Vacuum current direct from static 
 effective, 66, 67 
 current direct induce local vibra- 
 tion, 65 
 current direct in treatment of fel- 
 ons, 239 
 current direct in treatment of fur- 
 uncles. 239 
 current direct in treatment of sup- 
 purative tonsilitis, 239 
 current direct in urethral caruncle, 
 
 216 
 current direct physiological effects 
 
 of, 61 
 currents, cataphoric action of, 71 
 currents, effects of on metabolism, 71 
 discharges, distinction of. .54, .').5 
 discharges for induction of hyper- 
 emia, 239 
 discharges for the relief of pain, 72 
 discharges in Riggs' disease, 71 
 discharges in the treatment of in- 
 fection, 239 
 discharges local heat production 
 
 with, 67 
 discharges phenomenon of the high 
 
 potential discharges. 55 
 discharges rubefacient effects of. 62 
 discharges stimulating effects of, 62 
 discharges, therapeutic indications 
 
 for employment of. 67 
 electrodes chemical effects of dis- 
 charges, 60, 61 
 electrodes, color effects in. 59 
 electrodes, with coil of resonator 
 
 current, 69 
 electrodes with d'Arsonval current, 
 
 239 
 electrodes with high potential cur- 
 rents, 54 
 electrodes with resonator sparks. 66 
 electrodes with static induced cur- 
 rent, 31, 68 
 Vaginismus, treatment of, 217 
 Varicocele, treatment of, 223 
 Vesiculitis, treatment of, 223 
 Vibration, local, induced by vacuum 
 tube discharges, 65 
 merhanioal, in constipation. 226 
 
 \\'ave current and static induced c\ir- 
 rent compared, 32 
 arrangement of, 6. 7 
 athetosis, inrtirablo. 23 
 connecting oords. H 
 constitutional effecta of, 13 
 
 Wave current, contraction of cell 
 protoplasm by, 12 
 contraindicated in malignant dis- 
 eases, 224 
 contraindicated in tnl)erculosis, 224 
 distinctive characteristics of, 9 
 effects of vibration, 11 
 effects in heat production, 14. 15 
 effects on arterial tension, 14 
 effects on <ligestion, 16 
 effects on metabolism, 10, 13 
 effects on muscular contraction, 11 
 effects upon blood pressure, 132 
 effects upon metabolism in nephri- 
 tis, 172 
 effects upon the secretions, 15 
 elimination by, 13, 14 
 fatigue from administration, 16 
 general diffusion, 9 
 grounding chain in, 8 
 in acute congestion, 19, 20 
 in conditions of inertia, 24. 25 
 in deep seated conditions, 20 
 indications for use of, 17 
 in errors of metabolism, 23, 24 
 in hypertension, 174 
 in inflammatory exudates, 21, 22 
 in nervous irriiability, 23 
 intensity of discharges, 9 
 in the diagnosis of tubercular arth- 
 ritis, 22 
 metallic electrodes in, 8 
 muffler with, 20, 21 
 muscular spasm, 23 
 not adapted to gonorrheal rheuma- 
 tism, 22 
 not adapted to syphilitic processes, 
 
 22 
 of one polarity, 9 
 on special functions, effects. 24 
 physiological effects of, 9, 10 
 principles of action and therapeu- 
 tics, 6 
 relief of pain by, 22, 23 
 size of electrodes with, 20 
 spark-gap in. 8 
 spark-gap with, 20 
 st-atic. principles of indication in 
 nephritis, 173 
 Wehnelt interrupter, 87 
 Wright, Dr.. 155, 237 
 opinions. 237 
 
 ZoBter, herpes, 196 
 
THIS BOOK IS DUE O'N THE LAST DATE 
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