THE LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESENTED BY PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID THE AMERICAN REFORMED HORSE BOOK. A TREATISE ON THE CAUSES, SYMPTOMS, AND CURE OF ALL THE DISEASES OF THE HORSE, INCLUDING EVERY DISEASE PECULIAR TO AMERICA. ALSO EMBRACING FULL INFORMATION Ojm BREEDING, REARING, AND MANAGEMENT. DESIGNED FOR POPULAR USE* O B\ Prof. GEO. H. DADD, V. S., iKtte Prof, of Anatomy and Physiology in the Veterinary Institute of CTUttMlf Author of the " Anatomy and Physiology of the Horse,' eic. ELEGANTLY ILLUSTRATED. NEW YORK: ORANGE JU1313 CONIPANV 53 LAFAYETTE PLACE, 1008 / Entered according to A.ct of Congress, in the year 1869, bv R. W. CARROLL & CO., In the Clerk s Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of Ohio. ^- ::> h ^ ::) PREFACE. AMERICANS rank high in the estimation of the scientific world for their genius and industry in the great work of intellectual, moral, and scientific improvements. See what has occurred in the arts of printing, electrotyping, etc. The eloquence of the great literary magicians of the New World, the honored graduates of free institutions and free schools, no sooner falls from their lips than the phonographist transfers it to paper, the nimble fingers of the compositor puts it into " form ; " next the " battery " deposits on the face of the type a more durable coating of copper, and " Hoe's press" sends off " impressions" with almost magical rapidity. No less surprising are the wonderful feats performed by American mechanics, in the construction of fast yachts and steamers, which often })luck a laurel from the so-called " Mistress of the Sea ;" and old "Uncle John" gives us due credit for per- fecting a race of fast trotters that can beat the world of horse- fiesh. Improvements in every department of Science and Art are con- stantly treading on the heels of improvement; yet, as regards the science of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, America seems almost the last among civilized nations to put her shoulder to the wheel. What can be the reason? Her youth may be offered as a plea foi excuses. The daughter of the Old World has not yet, in this department, arrived at years of discretion ; she is yet in her teens. Her sons have borne the heat and burden of the day in establish- ing their lilx-rty, in founding cities, extending commerce, and in taming the wild face of soil, by uprooting the giant oak, and in clearing away the forest, so that the husbandman, with ])low and harrow in hand, might follow t)ii, and next impregnate mother (iii) M370501 PREFACE. earth with germs for fructificatiou, which^ in the day of the har^ vest thereof, might be gathered and garnered lor the benefit of man and the inferior orders of creation. And long ere the %voodman's ax ceases to vibrate its clear stroke-notes in the ears of the new settlers, a giant enterprise ia in contemplation. Space and distance must be comparatively an- nihilated; the iron horse, with his lungs of steel and breath of steam, must have his highway and byway, and the result is, the choice spirits of progression have been earnestly engaged in dot- ting a vast surface of United States Territory with a magnificent net-work of railway and telegraphic wire ; and various other en- terprises, with which the reader is familiar, have so occupied the American mind, that the Science of Life, as it applies to animals, has been almost at a stand-still. In the prosecution of these objects, so essential as they have proved in the economy of an infant republic, it is not surprifi- ing that our science should fail to receive attention, and that America should be in the rear of the veterinary squadrons of the Old World ; yet, notwithstanding this seeming indifference), veterinary science does, in some parts of this country, occupy as high a platform as that which obtained in England, about seventy years ago, when the Apostle of Mercy, St. Bel, first landed oa British soil. The science which we here advocate is as valuable and chari- table to nature's menials, for the purpose of ministering to their physical wants, relieving their aches and pains, and of prolong- ing their lives, as that practiced on the more noble of created life; and, at the present day, testimony can be produced going to show that among us can be found " good Samaritans " w^ho are alwayr ready to minister to the wants of the inferior orders of creation— a work as acceptable to the God of Nature, and as creditable tc manhood, as when the welfare of one of us is concerned. And should we estimate the science in exact ratio to the value and use- fulness of the legion host of domestic animals that have been reared in this country, and those which, without regard to cost, have been imported, to whose welfare it directly contributes, the reader will readily perceive that it is entitled to the consideration and support of a nation of husbandmen. It must be borne in mind that a knowledge of the principles of veterinary medicine can not be acquired without diligent stud^ PREFACE. V and close application. It is only the property of the industrious and devoted student. In order to acquire the necessary tact, skill, and experience for the practice of our art, some of the shining lights — the early dis- ciples — have spent the J\Iay-day of their existence in solving its prol)lems, and, when near its close, have declared, with a modesty indicative of true genius, that their education was yet incomplete. Such testimony goes to show that there is no republican nor royal road to veterinary knowledge. In fact, after a man has perseveringly pursued the routine studies of the most popular col- legiate institutions, he may still be found " wanting." Let us contemplate for a moment the superior advantages which human practitioners have over our craftsmen, both as regards their scientific qualifications and the superior means at their com- mand for ascertaining the character, location, and intensity of the various maladies peculiar to the human race. For example, the ])ractitioner of human medicine, if he has been a faithful and in- dustrious student, enters upon the active duties of his profession, Laving acquired a valuable fund of knowledge of anatomy, phys- iology, pathology, and other necessary branches of study ; and, having disciplined his mind in the regular school, and in that of o,x])erience, he is expected to be able to rejoice in the possession of a well-trained mind, M-liich enables him to understand and inter- pret the physiological laws which preserve health and life in the constitution of organized beings; also to comprehend the why and wherefore of disease; to be able to institute sanitary and other reg- ulations, and to select suitable medicinal preparations, in view of iieeting the various indications of each and every form of disease. And when a man becomes the subject of sickness, and the doctor is called upon to exercise his skill, the latter receives valuable aid, in view of making a correct diagnosis, from the patient and his friends. Each can be (questioned, and their responses throw con- siderable light on the history and nature of the malady. Xow, as regards the latter advantages, they have no parallel with the men of our craft. Our patients are deprived of the power of speech, and we can only judge of the state of their health, and the nature of their maladies, by signs revealed or elicited through physical exploration. We have other difficulties to encounter of no less magnitude. For exam])le, our })atients are often located in situations unfit for a well animal to reside in, and they do not VI PREFACE. always receive that attention from their owners which the urgency of the case demands. In fact, the good nursing, kind attention, €tc., which often proves of so much vakie in the restoration from sickness of one of our race, is often denied tlie inferior creature ; and otlier matters, too numerous to mention at tlie present time, tend to show the advantages which our brethren of a sister science have over us, and how necessary and important it is that a prac- titioner of our art shoukl be thorough master of his profession. It is a himentable fact that the great majority of our husband- men have not hitherto realized that the superstructure of veterin- ary science rests on the same intelligent basis as that of human medicine ; but such is really the case. In the language of the la- mented Percivall, we are assured that " %vhether we prescribe for a man, horse, or any animal, the laws of the animal economy are the same ; all require the same treatment," that is to say, thff propositions for restoration are all founded on the same intelligent basis. The importance, therefore, of educating men for the profession, and of furnishing reliable works for study, is very evident ; and the necessity is further illustrated in the daily experience of those persons who, as a matter of necessity, are obliged to do the best they can for the sick and dying of their flocks and herds, having no knowledge of those advantages which a thorough course of training affords. Such persons must, necessarily, feel that they are groping in darkness, and when a ray of light does flit across their medical path, it only serves to make them better acquainted with their own want of skill. Persons thus circumstanced, unable ito procure the services of a good veterinary surgeon, in consequence of a scarcity of the " genuine material," are often comjielled to assume the responsibility and risk of medical attendant ; and, no doubt, they prescribe with good intention and honesty of purpose, /but disease and death has the vantage of them, for they know not the modes of pathological warfare, nor are they acquainted with means best calculated to insure a favorable issue; and they will certainly hail, as a great blessing, any and every effort to im- ])rove our veterinary literature, and thus diffuse knowledge so sadly needed. It is well known that ])rior to the introduction of a rational system of veterinary medicine in the mother country, millions of domestic animals were annually sacrificed at the shrine of igno- PREFACE. Vli rance ; but scienee came to the rescue, and now some of the dis- cipU-s of St. Bel, Coleman, their co-workers and kindred spirits, can, by the aid of their vast materia medica, their ansesthetic agents, scalpel, etc., accomplish unheard of wonders. We are now w(/rlving to dispel the awful cloud of ignorance and su])er- stition \NliIch has too long lingered around the stal)le and barn. We aim to illuminate the dark spots that have existed for many- hundreds of years, and to obliterate the false theories tliat have been handed down to us by the Egyptians and Arabians, and the modern jiigglerv of this science. There never vas a period in the history of the United States when the services of educated veterinarians were so much needed as at the present thne; for the live stock of this country do not enjoy immunity from those pestiferous epizootic maladies which have formerly operated as a withering simoom on the enterprise of British husbandmen in the breeding and raising of live stock. For example : the people of the Western States complain that a disease occasionally makes its appearance among cattle, to which they have applied the name of " trembles," or " milk sickness," and it has so scourged both the superior and inferior orders of creation, that the former have often abandoned the old homestead, in view of seeking a location where there seemed to be some pros- pect of enjoying immunity from the pestilential scourge. A con- tagious and infectious disease often prevails among swine, carry- ing them off by hundreds and by thousands, yet many of us are in the dark regarding its cause, nature, and treatment. Typhoid affections, puerperal fever, apoi)lexy, and dropsy of the brain are just as prevalent here as in England. Miscarriage or abortion is fearfully on the increase. Diseases of climatic origin are more rife in this country than in England. This is, perhaps, owing to the diversity which exists in the climatic temperature of our vast territory, and to our various faulty modes of management. In fact, there is scarcely any disease known to veterinarians of the Old World but that has prevailed in the Xew. We must have reliable text-books and educated surgeons, in order to understand the nature and treatment of the diseases in- cidental to domestic animals. It is not only a matter of national, but of individual, policy and interest; and should we view the matter with the eyes of business men, we shall see that such en- terprise must surely pay. VIU PREFACE. Persons who have paid any attention to the rise and progress of veterinary science in this country, are painfully aware of its great imperfections, and the author's object in preparing this work is to endeavor to lessen and remove them, by giving the reader the benefit of an experience which extends through a period of twenty-five years. In view of furnishing reliable information, and of showing how little of medicine is required for the treatment of various forms of disease, a number of cases, recorded in the author's note-book, are introduced in various parts of the work. These cases may, perhaps, also give the unprejudiced reader juster views of the relations of nature and art to diseases ; for it is a notorious fact that very many well-instructed persons of all classes have hith- erto exercised a blind faith in the medical art for the cure of dis- ease, when it is a fact well known to those who practice rational medicine that Nature possesses vastly greater powers than Art in curing diseases. What is here meant by nature, is the conserva- tive power inherent in the living body. For a better understand- ing of this subject, the reader is referred to the works of Sir John Forbes, Oliver W. Holmes, and Professor Bigelow. In view of aiding nature in the cure of disease, the author has introduced to the reader's attention a new class of remedies, viz. : Fluid Extracts of a sanative character. They have proved more safe and efficacious in the practice of rational medicine than all the other heroic arms of physic. These remedies have been carefully tested for several years by the author, and those students who have, from time to time, ])laced themselves under his instruction, and the result has been very satisfactory ; otherwise, they would not be recommended in this work. Finally, the author feels it due to himself to state that the almost constant occupation of his time, professionally, has given him less opportunity than he desired for the production of this work, yet he entertains a hope that he has not labored in vain ; and thus this mite is cast into the common treasury of Veterinary Science. G. H. D. CONTENTS. SECTION" I.— The Cause? of Disease. (Page 19-39.) Remarks on Veterinary Science, and the Relation it bears to Social Science —Veterinary Science ; how to inaugurate it— What Benefits have we derived from its Study— Inflammation ; its Nature and Treatment. SECTION II.— Diseases of the Eye. (Page 40-57.) Amaurosis, or Glass Eye (Gutta Serena)— Foreign bodies within the Eye- lids—Specks, or film on the eye, known as Opacity of the Cornea-Cataract— jWorm in the Ej-e—Ophthahnia— Treatment of Infiammation— Purulent Ophthalmia— Specific Ophthalmia. SECTION" III. — Diseases of the Braix axd Nervous System. (Page 58-85.) Abscess within the Substance of the Brain— Hydroceplialus, or Dropsy of the Brain— iStomach Staggers— Apoplexy, or Cerebral Hemorrhage— Apo- plexy of Spine, or Spinal Hemorrhage, producing Paraphlegia— Epilepsy, or Fits— Tetanus— Vertigo— Acute or General Disease of the Brain, known as Encephalitis— Sleepy Staggers— Cerebral Meningitis— Chorea, or Stringlialt. SECTION IV. — Diseases of the Respiratory Passages and Organs. (Page 86-186.) Importance of Ventilating Stables— Brief Exposition and Description of the Function of the Lungs— Spasm of the muscles of tlie Glottis and Epi- glottis—Laryngitis (suppurative and intlainmatory)— Croup— Chronic Cough — Roaring— Polypus— Bronchocele— Influenza, or epizootic catarrh— Pneu- monia, or Inflammation of the Lungs, including Typhoid Affections, Pleur- isy, and Dropsy of the Chest, (ix) t CONTEXTS. b'E'JTION v.— Dextitiox and Diet. (Page 127-146.) The Horse'u Afce as shown b}- his Teeth — On the Diet of Horses — The effects of various kiuds of Food — As regards the quantity of Food required —As rogai»ia oiuirges in Diet — Conclusion. .SECTION YI.— Glaxders axd Farcy. (Page 147-159.) Glanders — Glanders can be communicated to Man — Contagiousness of Glanders— Suspected Glanders — How came the Disease to be called Glan- ders ?— Di^ignostic Symptom of Glanders— Treatment of Glanders — Farcy (Disease oi. the Absorbents). SEOTIOX VII.— Diseases of the Digestive Organs. (Page 160-222.) I^mpas— Spontaneous Salivation— Bots — Inflammation of Stomach — Rup- ture of Stomach— Gorged, or over-distended Stomach— Meteorization — Flat- ulent Colic- Spasmodic Colic— Inflammation of the Peritoneum— Ascitis^ Inflammation of the Intestines— Strangulation of Intestines — Wounds penetrating the Abdominal Cavity— Splenic Apoplexy — Functional Disease of thu Liver— Pancreas ; its Function— Parasites which affect the Intestines. SECTION VIII. — Diseases of the Urix"ary Orgaxs. (Page 223-237.) Inflammation of the Kidneys — Inflammation of the Bladder — Stone in the Bladder — Suppression of the Urine— Retention of the Urine— Diabetes, or Profuse Stalling— Rupture of the Bladder— Albuminous Urine— Haematuria, or Bloody Urine. SECTION IX. -Surgical Operations. (Page 239-273.) Of Surgical Operations and the various Restraints it is sometimes necessary to place the Horse under for their performance— Casting— Slinging—Cas- tration— French method of Castration— Castration by Ligature— Lithotomy —Tracheotomy— (Esophagotomy— Neurotomy— Mode of Performing Neu- rotomy-Periostcolomy- Division of the Flexor Tendons— Amputations- Amputation of the Penis— Amputation of the Tail— Nicking— Firing— Blis- tering— Ammoniacal Blister— Ro welling— Setons— Abstraction of Blood, or Bleeding— Division of the Temporal Artery— Bleeding by the Palate- Bleeding by the Toe— Phlebotomy— Bleeding by the Jugular Vein. CONTENTS OF EQUINE DEPARTMENT. Xl SECTION X. — Diseases of the Skin and Sub-tissues. (Page 274-301 ) Itch and Mange — Lice on Animals— Grease and Scratches— Sin-feit — Drop- sical Limbs— Scarlatina— Ringworm— Prurigo— Poll-evil— Fistulous Withers —"Warts on the Skin- Purpura Hemorrhagica— Out of condition— Hide- bound— Herpes. SECTIOX XI.— Breeding, and the Principles of the same. (Page 302-318.) Breeding— The Principles of Breeding— In-and-in Breeding- Permanent Varieties— Animals become Parents too early— Objections to In-and-in Breeding answered — The Advantage of In-and-in Breeding— The Importance of Studying Anatomy and Physiology. SECTIOX XIL— Lameness from Various Causes. (Page 319-385.) Curbs— Elbow Tumor— Capped Hnck— Varix, or Bog Spavin— Atrophy, or "Wasting of Muscles— Thorough-pin— Navicular Disease, or Lameness— Plcuro-dynia — Acute Rheumatism — Chronic Rheumatism- Ring-bone- Splint— Spavin— Osteo Poresis — Curvature of the Spine — Hoof bound — Laminitis— Sand-crack — Quarter-crack— Navicular Thritis— Stifle Out— Con- traction of the Hoof— Bowed Legs— Corns— Lameness. SECTIOX XIII.— Horse Management, etc. (Page 387-415.) Prolapsus A ni— Hemorrhoids, or Piles— Pricking and Nicking Horses' Tails — Docking Horses — Ansemia- The Use and Abuse of the Cuny-comb — Horses and Cattle should have a supply of Pure Water- Galled Back— The Heart— The quantity of Blood contained in a Horse's Body— Rapidity of the Circulation— The transfusion of Blood— Management of the Horses put in the Stable— Strangles. H § H g 73 g 1 ^1 s 1 m •= a 1 M c 'a S rt (1( P4 fc< iS »j '> ? 1 ~5 - title j ibia, ocks, AVIN s s S hoh rone mal Ribs b. M H I^ C/J E^ g 03 a, ID t- 2 H »-4 2 2 i 2 £ S i 2 ■= S — oJ a EJ ca O S fc 02 ^^^|ra| l^^i^^l^^ ^^^"i^L ^W^ wM ^^S ^^M '^^SMttj. lM8iT.Mg^PHSvl^ 11 THEORY AND PRACTICE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERI SECTION I. ON THE CAUSES OF DISEASE. Bkmabks on Vktekinakt Science, and the Relation it bears to Sooiai HoxENCK — Veterinary Science; how to Inaugurate it — What Benefiti HATE WB derived FROM ITS StCDT INFLAMMATION; ITS NATURE AND TrKA> MENT. rriO explain the cause or causes of disease occurring among _|_ domestic animals is an herculean undertaking, when ex- pt)unded by the theory and faulty logic as applied to the ancient n^ethod of reasoning on "false facts ;" but, thanks to the genial S))irit of progression and improvement, we are enabled to throw some light on the subject. We have been taught to believe that many of the causes of disease are invisible and mysterious; but this is not the fact. We are in possession of evidence going to show, very conclusively, that the causes of disease may be classi- fied very distinctly and intelligently under two heads, viz. : Pre- disposing and Exciting ; yet this classification is not offered by the author as absolute, but is a more convenient arrangement than any other to study the nmltifarious conditions which people believe are remotely or immediately concerned in the production of disease. For example, many interesting and valuable facts are on record, going to show that the peculiar properties, characters, and qualities of the parent — whether good or bad, healthy or dw- (19) 20 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. eased, exteraal or internal — are transmitted to the offspring; or, in common phraseology, are predisposing and hereditary. "Among horses and cattle, we find, as in the human subject, ample illustration of the hereditary tendency of external form, disposition, habit, and disease. The parent transfers to its off- spring size, shape, and general conformation similar to its own ; and the aphorism, ' like produces like,' is as applicable to faulty and disproportioned as to beautiful and symmetrical form, to dis- eased and debilitated as to healthy and vigorous constitution, to gentle and tractable as to fiery and indomitable disposition. The size, weight, general appearance, expression of countenance, fleet- ness, and temper of the horse are all hereditary. Many illustra- tions might be given of particular families being remarkable, during several generations, for good or bad points, as for well ci j ill-formed head; for high and well-developed or for low and weak withers; for fine, strong, and well-turned, or for coarse, weal, and ill-formed limbs. Peculiarities of color often extend through many generations, and are so constant in their transmission i\i sometimes to form one of the distinctive characteristics of a raw. Indeed, most breeds of horses have a prevailing color, to whic'-i there are few exceptions. The heavy horses of Lincolnshire, for example, are generally of black; the Cleveland, bay; and tbe wild horses of the plains of Eastern Siberia, dun. Particulsif markings, also — as white spots on various parts of the body, staifl and blazes on the face, one or more white feet or legs — often con- tinue for many generations, a^id are peculiar to certain families. " There are some maladies in which it is comparatively easy to trace the connection between conformation and disease. In the horse, certain sorts of limbs notoriously predispose to certain dis- eases. Thus, bone spavins are most usually seen where there is a disproportion in the size of the limb above and below the hock j curbs, where the os calcis is small and the hock straight; strains of the tendons of the fore-leg, where the limb is round and the tendons and ligaments confined at the knee; and navicular dis- ease, where the chest is narrow and the toes turned out. Among horses so formed, these diseases are unusually common, and are developed by causes which would be quite inadequate to produce them in animals of more perfect conformation. But it appears to us that internal and constitutional hereditary diseases also depend apon the altered conformation or texture of the parts specially ON THE CAUSES OF DISEASE. 21 affected, or of some disturbance of the relation which should subsist between the different constituents of these parts. This abnormal state of the internal parts is seldom within the limits of our means of observation or investigation ; but its existing in animals having an hereditary predisposition to disease can not, we think, be doubted, as we shall now endeavor to show. The ground of our reasoning rests chiefly on the analogy which subsists, in all respects, between external and internal j)arts. The same law which regulates the hereditary transmission of form, texture, and relation of external and visible parts, also operates with equal force in regard to the form, texture, and relations betwixt the component parts of inter- nal, and, it may be, inaccessible to ordinary powers of investiga- tion. Then if, as we have shown, external hereditary diseases, such as lamenesses, are traceable to external hereditary peculiari- ties of conformation, we do not tliink it pushing our analogy too far in asserting that, in like manner, internal hereditary diseases must, in great part at least, depend upon some inherent hereditary ueculiarity of the internal parts affected." The common disease known as bone spavin is inherent, or de- pendent on predisposition, as related above; for the author never knew a horse to be the subject of this malady unless he had faulty hocks; or, in other words, in so far as the conformation of the parts were concerned, predisposition was evident. The same re- marks apply to ringbone. Either the pasterns are too upright, thereby causing jar and concussion, or they slant unnaturally, and the consequence is, strain of the ligamentary structures, end- ing often in ringbone and other osseous diseases. Ample evidence can be adduced to show that various diseases of the eye are hereditary. The tendency to ophthalmia shows it- self in a peculiar conformation of the eye, and parts in the vicinity of it. Periodical ophthalmia is notoriously hereditary, and u'^ually ends in cataract. Colic, also, can be traced to inherent tendencies; for animaU subject to flatulent colic are known to have a morbid aj)i)ctiie; they have, also, a large, roomy abdomen, which gives them an ungainly appearance. Yet it is true that diseases may occur accidentally, without the intervention of predisposition ; but j)re- disposition exists in almost all cases, and it only requires some anatomical and physiological knowledge on the part of husband- men to detect it. 22 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERF. F. Dun, a lecturer in the Edinburgh Veterinary College, tolls us tnat diarrhea and colic are, to a certain extent, hereditary, " inas- much as th(!y are very prone to attack horses of particular form and constitution, as those with narrow loins, large flat sides, and of what is generally termed a washy appearance. If such animals be overworked, (especially soon after being fed,) if their food bo suddenly changed, or if they be allowed an unusual quantity of fluid, they are almost certain to be attacked either by purging or colic. The tendency to these diseases appears, in such cases, to depend on a want of adjustment among the different organs of the body ; a want of balance among the different functions of diges- tion, circulation, and respiration. " Many farm-horses, as well as others without much breeding are remarkable for consuming large quantities of food, for soft and flabby muscular systems, and for round limbs containing an unusual proportion of cellular tissue. These characters are no- toriously hereditary, of which indubitable evidence is afforded by their existence in many different individuals of the same stock, and their long continuance, even under the b( si management and most efficient systems of breeding. Such characters indicate pro- clivity to certain diseases, as swelled legs, weed, and grease. If horses of this description stand long, the circulation of the blood through the limbs is retarded ; for, as the contraction of the mus- cles which materially aid circulation are wantmg, the blood in the veins rises with difficulty against its OAvn gravity, while the soft and lax condition of the venous coats, and of the muscles in con- tact with them, permits the passage of the fluid parts of the blood, giving rise to a serous effusion, which is soft, and pits on pressure. This anasarcous condition, although troublesome, and frequently recurring, is easily removed by friction, exercise, or a little physic, and does not unfit the animal for ordinary work. " But the same conformation and constitution which induce sim- ple swelled legs also give rise to the more serious affection known as weed, or a shot of grease. This consists in a disturbance of the balance which naturally subsists between the waste of the system and the supply of new material to repair that waste. Food is as- similated in larger quantity than the wants of the system require; the chyle so formed accumulates in the absorbent vessels and glands, which become, in consequence, irritated and inflamed. That part of the absorbent system situated in the hinder extremi- ON THE CAUSES OF DISEASE. 28 ties is usually the principal seat of the disease. The animal sud- denly becomes lame ; the inguinal and other glands in the groin become enlarged and very painful, and the swelling and pain gradually extend downward along the course of the absorbents, while the limb becomes a great deal larger than its natural size. There is, at the same time, a good deal of constitutional fever, with a full and bounding pulse. The swelling of the leg is, in the first instance, inflammatory, being hot and tender, and the skin, over the part affected, hard and tense. Such swellings may, by judicious treatment, be removed; but, in cases of a chronic character, or where the same limb has been previously affected^ lymph is effused, forming hard and nodulous, and even diffuse swellings, which often cause lameness, by interfering with the mo- tions of the joints or tendons. These indurated swellings must be carefully distinguished from the serous effusions above noticed, which, although giving the animal an unsightly appearance, do not materially impair his usefulness. " Grease consists in a morbid condition of the sebaceous glands of the horse's heels and fetlocks. It occurs in various degrees of intensity ; sometimes as a mere scurfy itchiness of the skin about the fetlocks, more commonly of the hind extremities ; sometimes attended with much inflammation, causing great heat, pain, and swelling, and an ichorous fetid discharge ; sometimes causing fall- ing off of the hair about the heels, and the formation of deep cracks and fissures; and sometimes becoming so violent and in- veterate as to cause eversion of the sebaceous glands, formation of granulations, and secretion of pus, constituting the loathsome complaint termed Ae grapes. There are few diseases better de- serving the epithet of hereditary than grease, and few in which the hereditary nature can be more easily discovered and traced. Almost every practitioner can bring to his recollection cases show- ing the tendency of this disease to descend from parent to off- spring. A friend of mine, some years ago, purchased a valuable four-year old entire horse, adapted for agricultural purposes. When bought, he appeared perfectly sound, and his limbs were nearly black, well-formed, and fine ; within a short time, how- ever, they became thick and greasy. And, although the marea to which he was put were perfectly free from such faults, the prog- eny have shown, in every case where they can be traced, unmis- evidence of their inheriting the greasy diathesis o^ theif 24 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. fire. They have all been found liable to swelled legs when they stand idle for a few days; most of them have been the subjects of repeated attacks of weed ; all are aifected, particularly in spring, with scurfiness of the skin of the hind extremities and excessive itchiness, and lose, at a very early age, their flatness and smooth- ness of limb. The faults occur, to a greater or less degree, in all the stock of this horse, by many different mares, and are dis- tinctly traceable to the third generation. But, although grease is undoubtedly hereditary, and is, therefore, readily induced by comparatively simple causes, still it is frequently caused, and is always aggravated, by neglect of cleanliness; and of this there is ample evidence in the fact that it is most common in foul and badly-managed itables, and where no pains are taken to keep the horses' feet and legs clean and dry." The scrofulous predisposition is very marked in certain breeds of horses; it occasions rickets, softening, deformity, and various' forms of disease in the bones, as, for example, big head, big jaw, etc. The same author, just quoted, says in reference to scrofula: " From their weak and unsound constitution, horses of a scrof- alous diathesis are unusually prone to glanders and farcy— two forms of a disease peculiar (at least as an original disease) to the equine species. As has been already remarked, it is characterized by a specific unhealthy inflammation, identical in all important characteristics with the syphilitic inflammation in man. From the dire and loathsome nature of glanders, and the terror in which it is held, animals affected by it are never used for breeding, so that we have little ojiportunity of judging of its hereditary nature. There is^no evidence (so far as I know) which proves it to be di- rectly hereditary,* but there is no doubt that the prctgeny of a glanderous horse would exhibit an unusually strong tendency to the disease. Its ordinary predisposing causes are, many of them, hereditary; it is very prone to attack animals of a weak oi vitiated constitution. It is emphatically the disease which cuts cff all horses that have had their vital energies reduced belcw the healthy standard, either by inherent or acquired causes. Glan- * "Though I am not aware of iny facts proving glanders to be congeuitt.1, yet I think there is every probabili y that such is the case ; for it is notorious thkt lyphilis, the analagous disease in the human subject, is congenital, sni iftei •pp«an at birth in the children of women affected by that disease." ON THE CAUSES OF DISEASE. 26 ilers is, also, sometimes caused by inoculation ; is frequently pro- duced in healthy subjects by mismanagement, as by insufficient food, want of shelter, and overwork; and often supervenas on bad attacks of influenza, strangles, diabetes, and other diseases which debilitate the system, or impair the integrity of any of its more important pai'ts. These causes appear to possess the power of engendering in the constitution of a horse a peculiar poison, which, as it reproduces itself, and spreads to all parts of the body, gives rise to the characteristic symptoms of glanders, causing, sooner or later, a breaking up of the system, and a fatal prostra- tion of the vital powers. This poison produces in the blood ab- normal changes, which vitiate that fluid, and unfit it for healthy nutrition.* From the irritant action of the morbid fluids j)assing tlirough them, the lymphatic glands and vessels become inflamed, and lymph is deposited. This, however, being of an unhealthy nature, soon runs on to softening, which extends to the ikin over- lying the part, and ulcerating farcy-buds are formed. On the surface of the more vascular mucous membranes efiusions of tu- bercular matter are also poured out ; these take on an unhealthy inflammation, and degenerate into chancrous ulcers, which may generally be seen on the mucous membrane of the nostrils in most bad cases of glanders. " These are the most common scrofulous diseases of horses ; but an animal of the scrofulous diathesis, besides being specially sub- ject to these, is little able to withstand ordinary morbific causes, and hence is also unusually liable to many ordinary diseases; in such a subject, too, disease is very apt to be severe and comj)iicated, and to be acted on tardily and imperfectly by all remedies." Having now furnished the reader with a few valuable facta bearing on hereditary predisposition, we shall briefly discourse * " A comparison of the two subjoined analyses will jhcsr the gieat differenc* la composition between the blood of healthy and of gli^nderoiis horses — a diffes- •Boe consisting chiefly in a diminution of the red corpfscales, and a proper* lional increase of the tibrine and albumen. BlooU of Uealthy Horse. T4co«r. TW "^ »«*-».- 26 I)ADD S VETERINARY SURGERY AND MEDICINE. in reference to some of the exciting causes which in general pro- duce those diseases to which the horse, by virtue of his constitu- tion, is liable. The following quotation, brief and pointed, will be found pertinent : " By fir the easiest and best mode of curing diseases of animals is to keep the diseases and the cattle separate. With cattle, as with ourselves, disease is caused, in most instances, by an excess of carefulness or of carelessness. Too much and too rich food is as injurious as too little and too j)Oor. Perhaps fewer diseases, in proportion to the numbers treated in each way, spring from privation than from surfeit. Too little as well as too great exjDOSure to extremes of heat and cold has a tendency to create disease; in the one case it causes disease, in the other it renders man or animal more liable to it. Let a wealthy and a warm- hearted man own and take charge of a favorite animal, and the chances are that it will be 'killed with kindness;' if it is tended, in part, by a hireling, the equilibrium may be restored. In our experience — no very limited one, by the way — care is more needed among cattle than cures ; and all the diseases which came under our treatment sprang from the want of judicious care. Has a cow a cough, has she the hoven, has she the red-water, or the puerperal fever? it is from overcare — too much warmth or too much feed. Is she mangy, lousy, hide-bound, or aifected with horn-ail ? the chances are that she has been neglected. Of course there are very many exceptions to this and to every other general rule. But this is our experience. Let few farmers, however, feed their animals less than they now do, or give them more airy lodgings than they now do, because the greater number of the cattle in this country suffer from privation and exposure to the inclemencies of the weather rather than from pampering. But animals, as well as men, will, with the best care we can bestow on them, become sick at times. Our judgment is often at fault when our intentions are tne best. Sometimes our back is turned, or our eyes are not opened sufficiently wide. At all events, our stock will become sick, some of them ; and recourse must be had to medical remedies." It is usual to classify causes ; yet, for all practical purposes, it is only necessary for us to know that exciting causes are those from which disease most directly springs. For example, suppose that in the act of shoeing a horse a nail is driven in a wrong direction, ON THE CAUSES OF DISEASE. 27 eaters the sensitive tissues of the foot, aad lameness occurs ; the nail, in this event, may be classed as a special or mechanical exciting cause; and, under the same head, we class poisons and injuries of all sorts. When horses become the subjects of glanders, or farcy, by being exposed to the maladies, they are then said to have taken it either by infection or contagion, and the cause is said to be specific. The terms infection and contagion are now used as synonymous, and, undoubtedly; if reference be had to the etymology of the words, the arrangement is correct. Coming now to plain matter of fact, the exciting cause of disease is that which, when taken into the body, or applied outwardly, is followed by disease or derangement. The exciting causes of disease may, therefore, be summed up thus: Debility, induced by bad management, exposure, unwhole- some food; plethora, brought on by over-feeding and want of exercise; overdosing animals with improper medicines and poisons; overtaxing the muscular powers of the animal, and the breathing of an impure atmosphere. A great proportion of the diseases occurring among horses and cattle in the Western States is due to the fact that they are not properly housed at night, and the food that they often gather in their exposed situations lacks the nitrogenous and nutritious matter for the manufacture of good, healthy blood and strong muscles. Disease sometimes, however, occurs when no exciting nor any other cause appears ; yet, with the exception of those maladies supposed to be produced by miasmatic influences, it is probable that the cause, in such cases, has not been discovered. Finally, it may be said that the causes of disease among animals are witliin their bodies as well as around and about them. Veterinary Science, and the relation it bears to Social Science.-^ The necessity which exists for the services of educated Veteri- nary Surgeons throughout the United States, and in cavalry regi- ments of the United States army, is evident to every thinking man ; yet, .prior to the advent of our lute national troubles, it waa found almost impossible to interest the right kind of men, •0 that thev might use their influence for the purpose of direct- ing the attention of the General Government to the value and 28 DAPDS veterinakf medicine and surgery. importance of veterinary science; but the probability is that Ccn» gress will soon legislate on the subject, and before long we may €xpect to hear of the appointment of a Veterinary Surgeon and Assistant Surgeon to each cavalry regiment. There exists no earthly reason why our profession should not rank as high in America as in England and France. The great losses which are continually occuring among army horses is a monstrous and growing evil, and, in view of preventing unneces- sary diseases and premature deaths, the Government must organ- ize a veterinary corps. It is very important that our science should attract the notice of legislators; for it bears a very intimate relation with social science, inasmuch as men and animals are subject to similiar diseases, which are communicable one to the other, and which often arise spontaneously, and are transmitted from first to second. For example, there is a disease which often occurs among cattle, known as "Anthrax." It is a malignant disease, and many persons have lost their lives by absorbing the virulent " anthrax poisons " from the carcasses of dead animals. A cutaneous disease often occurs among the bovine species, known as "ring-worm," which affects the hands and arms of some persons who attend such animals. It is asserted, also, that the vesicular murrain, which at times prevails among cows, gives rise to the development of a virus which is often squeezed into the milk-pail, and ])roduces very bad ^fleets on children when fed on the same. It has been discovered that the little vesicles found in measled pork are tape- worms, in a certain stage of development, and if not destroyed by thoroughly cooking the infected meat, may develop the dangerous parasite in the human intestines. That awful disease known as virulent "glanders" (spontaneous in some horses) has destroyed many of our race. A small por- tion of the glandered matter coming in contact with an abraded or absorbing spot on any part of a man's body, will surely cause him to die the most horrible of all deaths ; and the same remarks apply to the disease known as " malignant farcy." We might enumerate many other forms of disease which are communicable from the superior orders of animality to the in- ferior, and vice versa, but the above must suffice, in view of attracting attention to the value and importance of the subject. ON THE CAUSES OF DISEASE. 28 ID legard to the origin of diseases, it is known to the profession that the diseases of men and animals are often due to similar causes ; that the evils of domestication, which operate to develop disease in animals, are as notorious as the evils of civilization, which induces unnecessary diseases and premature death among ciembers of the human family ; therfore, our science does bear Kn iDtimate Eelation to social science, and it appears to us that no scientific mind can fail to appreciate the advantages to be derived from a more extended knowledge of the fundamental principles of veterinary science. Let the husbandmen and stock-raisers of this country put their shoulders to the wheel, in view of establishing veterinary schools and colleges throughout the length and breadth of our immense agricultural domain, and soon we can boast of having a class of veterinaiy surgeons, educated on American soil, conversant with the diseases incidental to the live stock of America. In that event, we can do our own doctoring, without foreign interference. AVe are not disposed to find fault, nor scold about the itinerant veterinary practice which prevails throughout the United States, for we are aware that all try to do the best they can for the relief of the inferior orders of creation. TUe fault is not with the prac- titioners, but with the people, who have failed to furnish the means of education. Resume. — Since writing ihe above, the " Trichina" disease haa made its appearance in Berlin, creating a terrible consternation among the consumers of pork. The disease in its symptoms some- what resembles cholera, but on making post-mortem examina- tionfi, there was soon discovered in the flesh of some persons an immense number of small microscopic i)arasites ; these were traced back to the flesh of the hog, where they were discovered in the form of chrysali imbedded in a little shell of lime ; these, on being Bubjected to a slight degree of heat, speedily brought forth myriads of small parasites, of various forms and sizes, a dozen of which were frequently found in a piece of tissue as large as a pin's head. The process of incubation was discovered to have been ])roduced in the intestines of those who had eaten the pork, by the animal warmth of the stomach. Thus freed from their shells, the creat- ures make their way through the walls of the intestines in every direction, choosing^ the hard and fleshy tissues especially, and noue of them have yet Deen found in the blood. ^lost remarkable tu 30 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURQliRY. relate, the "Trichina" is said to have come from the ",/Se&t> nioM«e," whicli the hog, by eating, introduces into his system, from whence it is introduced into the system of man. A few yeari ago, a number of persons in London were very seriously affected with vomiting and dysentery after partaking of sausages, thi meat of which was found to be in a putrid state. Liebig, the great chemist, informs us that " several hundred cases are known in which death has occurred from the use of bad sausages in a state of putrefaction." This kind of testimony might be multi- plied to an indefinite length, but what has been written must suffice. The reader can not fail to perceive that, in the study of comparative anatomy and physiology, a wide field for investiga- tion and research is before us, which will amply repay the devoted student, and be the means of accomplishing much good. Vderinciry Sdence — How to Inaugurate it — Mliat Benefits have toe derived from its Study f — Shortly after the commencement of our late national struggle, the author was consulted in reference to the most feasible plan of inaugurating Veterinary Science, so that it might be made available for the restoration of sick, lame, and otherwise disabled horses in the Government service, which drew forth the following reply : Up to the present period there exists no law authorizing the employment of regularly -educated veterinary surgeons; therefore any rational plan calculated to ameliorate the condition of army horses, or to prevent the many unnecesisary cases of disease and premature deatiis which are now constantly occurring, or to guard against tlic great pecuniary losses which the Government and people of tlus cuuntry have been compelled to submit to in the condemnutiuu and furced sales of deteriorated horses, can not, as I understand the matter, be considered by the powers that be until Congress shall legislate upon the subject. I now propose to inform the reader how to render the knowledge we possess available. In the first place, I should follow the systems of instructioa. and the organizations of the veterinary schools of London, Ed- inburgh, Alfort, and Saumur, and prepare suitable text-books adapted to the wants of a nation of people who have never given the subject that attention which its importance demands. In the selection of pupils, I favor the plan of General McClellan, which is as follows : " The pupils for the veterinary school mighl vlN THE CAUSES OF DISEASE. 81 be selected from among the best recruits; indeed, it is not iru- prohable that the advantages of such an institution woukl inthioe excellent men to enlist for the purpose of availing themselves of its benefits. Should such be found to be the results, it would be well to require them to enlist for longer than the usual time, as a oompensation for the time spent at school." Cavalry officers, fiirriers, or blacksmiths should be permitted to attend lectures on anatomy, physiology, and the obvious diseases and lameness of horses. In case-s of emergency, a competent veterinarian should be employed in each regiment, whose duty it should be to select an intelligent farrier from each company, and instruct such person, in a brief and practical manner, on the management of cavali7 horses in camps, the prevention of diseases, and the most rational method of treating diseases incidental to camp life. Should it be found impossible to secure the services of a suf- ficient number of competent veterinarians for the above purpose, let those who have shown themselves qualified, by an examination before a medical board, march from camp to camp, give instruc- tions, see that the sick and disabled are separated from healtliy animals, lind that the former be placed in a covered hospital, and then issue special regulations for the use of mounted troops in garrison and in the field, for the purpose of guarding against the consequences of ignorance and abuse of the animal machine. It would be advisable to establish a veterinary professorship at West Point, and tliere locate the National S(!liool. The Govern- ment has there a very fine French model of the horse, a skeleton, And various preparations of morbid anatomy, etc., which, together with other material available, will furnish all that is necessary for the purposes of veterinary tuition. It would also be advis- able for the Chief Veterinary Surgeon to issue to his subordinates such orders as shall secure proper sanitary regulations in camp. The horses should be as well cared for as the troops, for in cav- alry and artillery service, the success of a campaign, or attack and defense, depends much on the health and efficiency of horses. It should be the business of some members of the veterinary aorps to station themselves at accessible points, and there erect temporary hospitals for the reception of sick and hime horsca, where the latter shall receive the benefits of a rational system of oaedication and nursing, whereby, in their restoration to useful- 8:1 DADD'S VETERINARY SURGERY AND MEDICINE. ncss uany millions of dollars might b^ ;roping in comparative darkness, and when a ray of medical light does flit across their path, it often serves to make them better acquainted with their own want of skill. Per- «ons thus circumstanced, unable to procure the services of veteri- nary surgeons, in consequence of a scarcity of the "genuine material," are often called upon to assume the responsibilities of medical })ractitioners ; and they, no doubt, prescribe with good intention and honesty of purpose, but disease and death have the vantage of them, for the disease is not often rightly diaguosed, nor are they acquainted with the means of securing a favorable issue; and they will hail, as a great blessing, every attempt made for the purpose of diffusing a knowledge of Veterinary Science. We all know that there is greater need for scientific qualifica- fcion on the part of those who propose to practice on brutes than in tne case of a practitioner of human medicine ; and if a special course of study and qualification, obtained under the guidance of competent teachers at college or elsewhere, be essentially neces- sary in the one case, surely they can not Oe dispensed with in the 5lt?r. Xow, it is well known that prior to the introduction of a rational system of veterinary medicine in the mother countiy, millions of domestic anima-ls were annually sacrificed at the Bhrine of ignorance; but science came to the rescue, and now ihe disci})les of St. Bel, Coleman, their co-workers (the founders of the science in England), and kindred spirits, can, l)y aid of theli vast materia medica — their anesthetic agents, their scalpel, ai>t the rest. Amaurosis can be artificially produced by administering a lew DISEASES OF THE EYE. 43 doseji of extract of belladonna, and this amaurotic state of the pupil is also observed during etherization, and disappears so soon as the animal is restore*] to consciousness. Percivall, informs us that amaurosis may proceed from some abnormal condition of the optic nerve or brain, -which may prove, as he says, the last link of a series of marke ment, to some of the symptoms attending the amaurotic condition. The head of the patient is elevated, and he is known, in popular language, as a " star-gazer." His ears are kept in constant mo- tion, one turned backward and the other forward, in quick suc- ce-ssion, to catch the sound of approaching vehicles, so that he may have timely notice of tlieir whereabouts. When started, and while walking, the fore-feet are raised from the grounvl to an unnecessary height. This is probably done for the purpo.-c uf sounding the ground, and, at the same time, of avoiding obstacley which may lie in the road; for the sight is defective, and thf animil must depend more on the senses of hearing and feeling Should such an animal be attached to a vehicle and left a!ont in the street, we shall observe that wdien an omnibus or heavy- loaded wagon approaches him he becomes restless, and exiubita signs of fear. Such are the principal symptoms which usually accompany defective sight, or total paralysis of the optic nerve, producing amaurosis. Treatment. — Sympathetic amaurosis should be treated by meanj of antispasmodics am^ »Jj (-ratives. One ounce of tincture of as«N- 44 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. felida may be given every morning, and in the evening, one ouno« of the fluid extract of sassafras. So soon as the animal regains h'lE natural vision, the medicine may be discontinued. Foreign Bodies within the Eyelids. "When foreign bodies, such as small particles of hay or dirt, gel within the eyelids, they create great pain and uneasiness, and if allowed to remain there, produce a very grave form of disease, often ending in disorganization and total blindness. Should any thing of the kind be discovered, it may be removed by raising the upper or depressing the lower lids; then introduce and ex- plore the eyeball by means of a camel's hair pencil, to which Ihe foreign body will usually adhere, when it is easily brought away. The parts should then be sponged with lukewarm water. After the lapse of a few hours, should the membranes of the eye ant. lids appear much reddened, use the following: No. 1. Rose water 4 oz. Fluid extract of gelseminum 2 dr. Put the patient on a diet of sloppy bran mash, and place him where the rays of sunlight shall not afF(>ct the eye. Films or Specks on the Eye, known as Opacity OF THE Cornea. Opacity of the cornea sometimes results from injuries; at others they are symptomatic, and accompany other diseases. They are of very common occurrence in the various stages of influenza and other catarrhal affections, and sometimes a distinct speck will remain long after the disease which gave rise to it has disappeared. The author remembers many cases in which the sight has been completely destroyed by using substances of a corrosive or stimu- lating character. The proper mode of treatment is to bathe lh« eye occasionally with a portion of the following lotion : No, 2 Fluid extract of bloodroot 1 oz. Water 8 oz. Mix. Give the patient one ounce, morning and evening, of fluid extract of phytolacca decandra (poke-root). This acts as an alterative, and will expedite the cure. diseases of the eye. 46 Cataract. Cataract in the horse is usually the result of previous attacks of disease. It consists of opacity of the crystalline lens, or the capsule of the same. The disease is incurable, because if an opera- tion was performed for the breaking-up or depression of tbi cataract, such as is practiced in human medicine, vision would Btill be as imperfect as ever without the aid of magnifying glasses, which would be a great inconvenience to the horse, and scarcely of any practical service. WoHM IN THE Eye. Small parasites are occasionally observed in the eyes of horses, lliey float about in the watery hamor, often for a great length of time, without appearing to do any mischief; yet, being a foreign body, they are, to say the least, injurious. The author has never Buen but one case of worm in the eye, and that occurred in a horse, the property of a resident of Chicago. The animal was kept on exhibition for the inspection of the curious, and was the 8»;ource of considerg,ble profit to the owner. It is possible that 6\ich worm might be extracted by a surgical operation. A writer ui the " Veterinary Review" thus alludes to this affection : "It may also be here noticed that there is a disease which fre- quently affects the eyes of horses in India, but which, as far as I Icnow, has never been observed in Europe. A worm, which, from the description I have received from different people, may be ojmpared to the common ascaris, is generated in the anterior chamber, and can at times be distinguished swimming about, with apparently great vigor, in the aqueous humor. It produces a great deal of irritation and inflammation, the effects of whicL ultimately destroy the organ. The natives of India cure the disease by making an incision through the cornea, and extracting the worm. Though I have never had an opportunity of examin- ing an eye affected with this curious disease, the circumstantial accounts, from several accurate observers, leave no doubt in my mind of its existence; and the fact accords with what is known to take place regarding the formation of worms, not only in the human body, but more particularly in the liver, lungs, brain, and other orifv^ )f the inferior animals." *3 dadd'8 veteelnart medicine a«d surgery. Ophthalmia, or Inflammation of the Ets, (Sometimes called " Hooks.") This is a very common aifectiou, yet a most painful one, aii can not well be mistaken. The animal kfcpps the eyelids closed TLey are more or less swollen, and the internal surface of tiie sami appears very red. There is an unnatural flow of tears running down the cheeks. The Jiaw, or nictitating membrane, is swollen and very vascular. This condition of the haw is knov»Ti to some persons as the hooks, and serves as an excuse for the performance of a barbarous operation, not sanctioned by science or common sense, viz.: amputation of the haw, which only aggravates the disease, and deprives the horse of a useful appendage to the organs ^^f vision. In the early stage of this aisease, and when scalding tears ruii copiously over the cheeks, we denominate it catarrhal ophthalmia. The disease is not of a very serious nature, but oflen becomes so in consequence of the outrageous treatment practiced, such as bleeding, purging, and the local application of lunar causti<;. The proper mode of treatment is to keep the patient on a ligbt diet, and occasionally bathe the region of the eye with an iufusioa of poppies or hops ; sometimes with tepid or cold water, as the ciU" e may seem to indicate, according to the rational judgment of the owner of the afflicted animal. It is the very best application thsi can be made, and is much more scientific, according to the dictum of the God of Nature, than many of the agents heretofore used. The fact is, many indications of disease designated as inflamma- tion are curable only through the intervention of time and a rational expectancy. Don't do any violence to nature in the use of des^^ructi /e or poisonous agents, and should the case be curable, it will terminate favorably under this treatment. Ac- cording to the dictum of the schools of veterinary medicine, inflammation of the eye, as well as inflammatory action of other parts of the body, has to be treated heroically, which system of treatment kills mere than it ever cures. As the subject of inflam- mation is a very important one, worthy the attention and con- sideration of American husbandmen, I here introduce an article from the pen of A. S. Copeman, who was formerly associated with me in conducting the "Veterinary Institute of Riston," Massachusetts : diseases of the eye. 47 Treatment of Inflammation. " It must be admitted by all who coutemplate the a«i;ual stale 4)f medical practice at the present day, that the use of blood-let- ting and of other antiphlogistic remedies, has, within a recent period, greatly declined. According to Youatt and Percivall, fe'jch remedies, and more especially blood-letting, were formerly bighly successful in arresting diseases, in the treatment of which we nDw know they not only fail, but are even highly injurious. The inference has been drawn from these supposed facts, that in- flammation itself is no longer the same ; that its type has altered from an inflammatory to a typhoid character. In short, it seems to hav^e been the opinion of certain writers that an advanced knowledge of physiology and pathology has had little influence in producing this great revolution in our treatment, but that the constitutions of animals are fundamentally altered, and that medi- cal men were as right in bleeding thirty years ago as they are correct in now abstaining from it. In opposition to these views, it will be my endeavor to show, 1st, That little reliance can be ) 'laced on the experience of those who, like Blain, Percivall, and Youatt, were unacquainted with both histology and organic chemistry, and, per consequence, the nature of inflammations ; ^d, That inflammation is the same now as it has ever been ; 3d, That the principles on which blood-letting and antiphlogistic remedies have hitherto been practiced are fallacious, and opposed to pathology ; 4th, That an inflammation once established can not be cut short, and that the object of judicious medical practice is to conduct it to a favorable termination ; 5th, That all positive knowledge of the experience of the past, as well as the more ex- act observations of the present day, alike establish the truth of the preceding propositions as guides for the future. 1st Proposition. — That little reliance can be placed on the ex- paricnce of those who, like Blain, Percivall, and Youatt, icert unacquainted icith histology, and, per consequence, the nature of inflammations. Inflammation, for many years, was generally recognized, espe- cially in external parts, by the existence of pain, heat, redness, and swelling, and in internal parts by fever, accompanied by pain and impeded fiinction of the organ aflected. In fact, groups of symptoms, in accordance with the nosological systems of the day. 48 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. const) d>eQ inflammation. But the school of morbid anatomy, by showing that inflammation was a diseased condition of a part, eLtirely overthrew the errors and confusion inherent in all such nosological systems ; while more recent histological research, by exhibiting to us that inflammation is, in truth, a disease of nutri- tion, governed by the same laws that determine growth and waste of the tissues, has united physiology and pathology into oui science, and has removed our present knowledge still further from the traditional errors of the ])ast. Now, if it could be shown that the group of symptoms formerly called inflammation always in- duced the same morbid lesions, former experience might still be useful to us. But we contend that this is what clinical observa- tion proves to be impossible. Such are the contradictory state- ments and the confusion resulting from the ur acquaintance of the past race of practitioners with a correct diagnosis and pathology ihat no confidence whatever can be placed in their impressions as to what cases were benefited by bleeding. Medicine is not a scientific art, which is dependent for its principles on the study of a commentary on the older writers. AVhat they thought and what they said are not, and ought not, in a question of this kind, to be our oruide as to what was or is. On the contrary, it is the book of Nature, which is open to all, that we ought to study ; and why should we read it through the eyes of past sages, when the light of science was comparatively feeble and imperfect, instead of bringing all our improved modern appliances and advanced knowledge to elucidate her meaning ? 2d Prop. — That inflammation is the same now as< it has exiet been. The essential nature of inflammation has been already alluded to, viz. r a series of changes in the function of a part, terminating in exudation or effusion of lymph. Now, what proof is there that any of these necessary changes have, of late years, undergone any modification? If a healthy animal receives a blow, or any other injury, are the resulting phenomena, in these days, in any way diflerent from those which took place in the days of YoUATl and Percivall? Were the effects which followed wounds in 1830 different from those which resulted from similar injuries ic 1860? This has not yet been shown. Again : if a healthy horse, nowadays, be exposed to wet and cold, and be seized with an inflammation of the lung or pleura, is not the lung hepatized ia DISEASES OF THE EYE. 49 the one case ? and docs not effusion follow in the other, in exactly the same way as formerly ? But what should this asserted change in the nature ami ciiaracter of inllammation lead ns to infer? It is said that inflammation and its results are entirely changed within the last thirty years. It is, then, argued that horses, in all parts of the world, since the days of Blaix, Youatt, and I'eu- ciVALL, have become so debilitated and deteriorated ; that tlieir constitutions have been so altered for the worse ; that, attacked by the same lesion, and to the same extent, there is no longer the same reaction. If so, where is the evidence of this ? For my own part, I have earnestly sought for but can not dis- cover a shadow of evidence for such a belief. ^Moreover, I have a most lively remembrance of all the facts and circumstances con- nected with the bleeding of hundreds of patients, tliirty years ago, when I first commenced the study of veterinary medicine, and my impression is, that not the slightest difference exists between the character of inflammation now and what it was then. 3d Prop. — Tliat the pri)iciples on which hlood-Icttlng and anti- phlogistic remedies have hitherto heen practiced are fallacious and opposed to pathology. Large and early bleeding have been practiced, under the idea that, by diminishing the amount of circulating fluiil, 1st, tiie inaterus morhi in the blood would be diminished ; 2d, less blood would flow to the inflamed parts ; 3d, the increased quantity of blood in the part would be lessened ; •ith, the character of the pulse was the proper index to the amount of blood that ought to be drawn. Let us examine a few of these principles of practice. The increased throbbing and circulation of blood in an inflamed part may be shown not to be the cause of inflammation, but the result of it, and that the idea of so-called determination of blood to inflamed parts is fallacious. Now, if we attend to what takes place in the finger from a thorn entering the skin and remain- ing unextracted, we find the irritating body first acts upon the cellular constitutents — the nerves and blood-vessels of the part ; then comes on the congestion and exudation, and, lastly, follows the throbbing, which is the evidence of so-called determination, and result of the inflammation, and not a cause of it. The blood, in this case, instead of being sent by a vis a tcrgo, is, in fact^ drawn by a vis a fronte, and, as we shall endeavor to show, for the most important purposes. But why p'-ould Nature, in cases 4 60 LADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY of inflarLmation, draw an increased amount of blood toward the part? She does so, it seems to us, in obedience to one of hei wisest laws, but one w^hich has been too much ignored by medical practitioners. It must be obvious, however, that an inflamma- tion having occurred, the great work now to be accomplished is the removal of the exudation — to eliminate from the inji^red part either directly by discharge externally, or by passage into thf blood, to be finally excreted through the emunctorics. In all such cases, the blood is not sent or determined, but drawn to th« part, in consequence of the increased actions going on in them ; in short, it is absolutely imperative that the part in which these changes go on should receive more blood than in health. But, hitherto, medical practitioners have supposed that this phenome- non is injurious, and ought to be checked by blood-letting and antiphlogistic?. The rapid flow of blood, which is so necessary, they have sought to diminish, and the increased amount in the neighborhood of the part which is jo essential for the restoration to health, it has been their object to destroy. In doing so, we argue they act in opposition to sound theory, and, as we shaL afterward attempt to show, good practice, also. The inconsistency of the theraupeutical rules on this head will become more manifest when we remember that it is necessary, in the opinion of many medical practitioners, not only to weaken the pulse when it is strong, but to strengthen it when it has been made weak. Now, although it is obviously good practice to su])- port the strength when the calls upon the nutritive functiojis have exhausted the economy, it is injurious to diminish, by blood- letting, the nutritive processes themselves, when they are busily engaged in operating on the exudation and eliminating the mor- bid products. In short, the phenomena of fever and excitability accompanying inflammation have been wrongly inteipreted, and danger is to be apprehended from them, not directly, but from the subsequent exhaustion which all great exertions of the animal economy produce. In themselves, these exertions are sancdhe, and indicate the struggle which the economy is engaged in when attempting to get rid of the diseased processes ; and whenever wtj lessen the vital powers at such a critical juncture, we diminish the chances of that struggle terminating favorably. This propo- sition seems to be universally admitted in the case of essential fevers, and its truth ought to be accepted equally in inflammat'oa DISEASES OF THE EYE. 5^ It has been argued, however, that the immediate effect of bI(H)d- letting justifies the practice. But, assuming it is granted that •n some cases the pain is for a time relieved by l)Iecdinu-, and that in pneumonia the respiration temporarily becomes more free 'it what a cost are those advantages obtained, should the patient be so weakened as to be unable to rally ! Even if he does rally, a large bleeding almost always prolongs the disease. Of course, ^e are now speaking of a true pneumonia, and not of that com- bination of symptoms commonly called a cliill, or lung fever. 4th Prop. — That an inflammation once established cayi not bt cut short, and that the object of Judicious medical practice is to conduct it to a favorable termination. There was a time when it was sujjposed that the progress of influenza, distemper, and many other specific fevers which are no\? generally allowed to run their natural course, could be arrested by medical interference. But with regard to them has been estab- lished the principles, first, of prevention, and, second, when this ffiils, of simply conducting them to a favorable termination. It appears to me that the same rule ought to hold with regard t > internal inflammations, and that this will be admitted when it is made apparent, not only that every inflammation, once formed, r ms through a definite course, but what that course is. This I now proceed shoftly to consider. If a violent blow or injury has been received, a greater or less amount of exudation is infiltrated among the contused and torn tissues, which undergo disintegra- tion, is absorbed and excreted from the economy; if not, it col- Ucts, in the form of a fluid, and constitutes an abscess. The s-ries of changes here referred to liave always been found to bo best perfected in animals of vigorous constitutions, while in the weak, poor, and broken-do\\'n they proceed slowly, or not at ,ill. Surely, it can not be maintained that in cases similar to the above, we can favor the reparative processess by blood-lctliiig and low- ering the strength of the economy? But in internal inflammations, say of the lungs or intestines, tit} the processes different ? Certainly not. But because the j)ro ees.'^cs by which Nature relieves herself have been hid from view, physicians have supposed that instead of treating tiie inflamed parts, as the surgeon does, he ought to attack tlie general symp- toms which result from the lesion. In cases of fracture and cou- tosion there are also febrile syini)toms, increased ]ndse. and b^ on: 62 3ADDS VETERINARY SURGERY AND MEL>ICINE. but does the surgeon imagine that callous will form better, or an abscess be resolved or reach maturity sooner, by general blood- letting and antiphlogistics ? Experience teaches him otherwise; and in the same manner it may be most reasonably argued tl at Buch treatment can not favor the natural termination of internal inflammations. OTii I^ROP. — That all positive knowledge of the experience of ih* past, as well as tJie more exact observation of the present day, alih^ establish the truth of tJ^e preceding propositiwis as guides for iht future. Before it is possible, however, to determine with exactitude the value of any practice, it is essential to ascertain the natural dura- tion of the disease we propose to treat. Fortunately, we have now some data which will enable us to arrive at this informatioo with regard to many diseases. We have seen many severe cas€0 of pneumonia submitted t^^ homepathic remedies — that no rea • sonable medical man can suppose to be any thing else than inert — vet most of these cases got well, and, I think, may be considered as excellent studies of the disease left entirely to Xature. Many years' experience and close observation have convinced me thai uncomplicated pneumonia, especially in young and vigorous con • stitutions, almost always gets well, if, instead of being lowered, the vital powers are supported, and the excretion of effete pro- ducts assisted. It is in exactly these cases, however, that we were formerly enjoined to bleed most copiously, and that our systematic works even now direct us to draw blood largely, in consequence of the supposed imminent danger of suppuration destroying the texture of the lung. Such danger is altogether illusory, and thfe destruction to lung tissues, so far from being pi evented, is far more likely to be produced by the practice. In fact, the onlj cures in which it occurs are in the aged or enfeebled coustitutiona. in which nutrients, and not antiphlogistics, are the remedies indv cat^y-l. We can, however, readily understand now blood-lettings prsctiood early, and in young and vigorous oonstitutions, does lesu liarra, or, to use a common expretssion, is " borne better," th£.ij when the disease is advanced, or t)ie patient weak, and this be cause then the vital powers are Jess afiected by it. But that it cures the greater number of aulnials attacked, or shortens tti»- duration of the disease, is di^pi.ovcd oy every fact with whicu \v« are acquainted. Before cijsia^ we have a few words to o6er 06» DISEASES OF THE EYE. 63 ' mercurials.* The confident belief in their power of causing ab- sorption of lymph, by operating on the blood, is not only opposed to sound theory, but, like blood-letting, is not supported by ex perience, which has been so confidently appealed to in their favor. I can not, therefore, resist the conclusion that the principles which led to an antij)lil()i;istic j)ractice in inflammation were erroneoua, md a^e no longer in harmony with the existing state of i)atho!ogy. I think it has been further shown, that in recent times our suc(vsa In treatment has been great just in proportion as we have aban- doned Hieroic remedies,' and directed our attention to furthering the natural progress of the disease. Internal inflammations are cured, not by bleeding and drugs, but by a natural process as distinct and definite as the process of normal nutrition. What we may do by our interference, may either aid, promote, and even accelerate, this natural tendency to get well, or it may very seriously impair and retard, and even altogether stop, tiuit salutary process. If, then, this view of the nature of the means by which inflammation is resolved in internal organs be correct, it is not unreasonable to assume that a very de- pressed state of vital power is unfavorable to the healing process. liuleed, if you watch those cases in which nothing at all has been done, or in which nothing has been done to lower t6« vital powers, you will find that the mere inflammatory process itself, especially in an organ so important as the lung, depresses the strength of the patient each day more and more. You will per- ceive, then, that, according to these views, there are strong a prion reasons in favor of the ])olicy of U])holding our i)atients, even in the earliest stages of acute diseases, by such food as may be best suited to their digestive organs, such as is most readily assiini- late'd, and calls for the least eflbrt, the smallest expenears that thc^ is no necessity', in such case, to advance the theory of contagion, by way of explanation of the outbreak ; for the same nietimi>s almost entirely absorbed, so that scarcely any vestige is to be scon ; and in other instances thin webs of opaque matter remain, which destroy the transparency and luster of the eye, and which, by iheir adhesion to the edges of the pupil, interfere with its motions and destroy its form. It is astonishing how acute dealers in horses are in discovering an eye which has had an attack of tliis kind. Sooner or later, while the horse appears in a state of pcTfect health, the eye is again attacked, the disease being accomjianied by the same symptoms, making a similar progress, and having the same termination, while each new attack is accompanied with the deposition of more and more opaque matter. These attacks suc- ceed each otlier at very different, and sometimes at very distant, intervals, until the whole pupil is filled with an opaque white aiafter, and the sight of the eye com])k'tely destroyed. DISEASES OF THE EYE. 57 During this progress, the disease is often confined to one eye; &( least one eye is usually much more severely affected than the other. In seme cases the two eyes are simultaneously affected, and, finally, ' J a succession of attacks, the horse becomes completely bliud. Tb«» probability is, that after a horse has suffered several tinsei 9inm periodical attacks he will finally become blind. Treatment. — The same treatment as rp^>in mended for oomsaoa >}3.iuiimation of the eye is applicable to this comj)lamL SECTION III. DISEASES OP THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM Abscess within the Substance of the Brain — Hydrocephalus, or Deopsi o^ THE Brain — Stomach Staggers — Apoplext, or Cerebral Heuorruagb — Apoplexy of Spine, or Spinal Hemorrhage, producing Parapiilegia — Epilepsy, or Fits — Tetanus — Vertigo — Acute or General Disease of thi Bkain, known as Encephalitis — Sleepy Staggers — Cerebral JNIeninoitis- - Chorea, or Strinqhalt. Abscess within the Substance of the Brain. THE author, having some doubts about the curability of abscej ^ within the brain, can not offer the reader much encourag<" ment as regards the cure; yet, for the purposes of research, and in view of prosecuting our Samaritan-like calling on a noble antl valuable animal, it is proper that the reader be put in possession of the facts in the case. The symptoms and morbid conditions connected with various forms of brain disease are, at the present state of our knowledge, very obscure. Even in human practice, the authorities contend that the subject of symptoms and conditions is fiill of uncertainty and apparent irregularity. Doubtless there is some constant and uniform connection of cause and effect between the altered physical states of the brain and the altered manifesta- tions of its functions, but we have not yet been successful in our search after those settled relations, nor have we but partial and imperfect glimpses of them. Cau92S. — It is probable that the same causes which produce tbsc^ss in other parts of the body, not clearly traceable to local injuries, are operative in regard to the brain. Abscess is, ai a matter of course, always preceded by an active stage, known sa inflammatory, and when not called into existence by local injury, must depend on both predisposing and exciting causes. The pre- disposition lurks in breed, and the exciting causes may be amoflg ^8) DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. A HOUSE BENT ON MI8CH1W— THE 8CBJKCT OF PHEE.NITI8. thoM which produce disorder in the digestive fuuctiou or organs. It is well known, however, that this, like some other diseases of the brain, is constantly occurring among members of the human family as well as the equine species, they being the subjects of constitutional defect in the form of scrofula. Derangement of the digestive organs almost always affect the brain, in eonsequence of sympathetic relations existing between the two. Hence, in view of preventing disease of the biain, we must keep the stomach in good working order, by means of an intelligent system of dietetics, and the exhibition of sanative medicines when they seem to be needed. Symptoms. — The observable symptoms of abscess within the briu do not differ materially from those which are present in dropey of the brain. In the early stage, the animal appears lethargic, sleepy und, when urged to move, reels and comes near falling. The nead is usually somewhat depressed, yet it is often inclined to one side: the pupil of the eye is dilated, and the membranes of the lids are congested and reddened. As the disease advances, a state of torpor t ftfl in. Blindness, from pressure on the brain, ensues; the animal gets upon the floor, soon abrades the skin from the regions of the hips and shoulders, until, as a matter of charity, the owner put* AD end to the sufferings of the patient. -60 DADbS VETERINARY MEDiCINE AND SURGERl. The lethargic condition, therefore — dilated pupils, torpofj and feeling of the animal — indicate this serious difficulty in the sul>> «tance of the brain or its cavities. Treatment. — Should the surgeon or the proprietor of the affected Animal desire to attempt a cure, the author recommends the following : No. 4 Fluid extract of stillingia, (queen's-root,) 4 oz. Fluid extract of bloodroot 3 oz. Powdered iodide of potass 1 oz. Water 6 oz. Dissolve the iodide in the water, and then add the stillingia and bloodroot. Dose, two ounces, twice daily. Local treatment in this malady does not amount to much, if any thing at all, for the only way in which the matter within the brain can be got rid of, if got rid of at all, is by exciting the absorbents to action, so that the matter may be absorbed. At the same time, alteratives are to be used ; and, for this purpose, the above prescription is recommended. Hydrocephalus (Dropsy op the Brain), Hydrocephalus is the termination of some disorder in the brain itself, or the membranes surrounding it ; yet some medical writers contend that dropsy is rather a symptom of disease than disease in itself It may be so in some cases, which constitutes the exception to a general rule; but the author regards dropsy of the brain as the last stage of organic disease of that organ. On the dissectior of the brain of some horses that have died of this malady, scrofu- lous tubercles are often found in the substance of the brain, and tubercular deposits also manifest themselves on the membranes cov- ering the brain. In fact, the pathological appearance revealed on dissecting the brain of a horse which has died of hydrocephalus does not differ from that found in the human subject. CoxDiE says : " Tubercles, varying in size from that of a pin's head to that of a pea, are very generally found scattered irregularly over the sur- face of the pia mater, following it between the convolutions. Occa- sionally, however, they occur in distin-et jjatches of an inch or more in extent. They are commonly hard and semi-transparent ; some- times opaque, and of a whitish, grayish, or yellowish color. They are found upon all j>arts of the surface, the convex and lateral por- tions as wll as the base, in the infractuosities of the convolutions, i>lSEASES OF THE BHAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 61 and in the fissures. According to Rilliet and Barthez, they are more frequent upon the convex surface of the heniis])heres than at the base. Dr. Hamernjh found them more frequently at or near the base of the brain. They are much more abundant upon the brain than upon the cerebeHura. They are met with, also, imbed- ded in the grav matter of the brain, and are here often surrounded hy a hal(j of redness, usually connected \vi!;h an enlarged vessel, ramifying from the pia mater. More rarely, tubercles are detected in I he medullary portion of the brain, where they are often overlooked, in consequence of their pale, semi-transparent, yellowish tint. The plexus choroides is, also, often covered with tubercles. They are very commonly met with, likewise, on the serous membranes of the thorax and abdomen, in the lungs, and occasionally in the sub- stance of the liver. In twenty-seven out of thirty-three cases of hydrocephalus, Barthez and Rilliet found tubercles or granula- tions associated with inflammation of the pia mater; \n four cases the meningitis was unattended by any trace of tubercular deposition in the encephalon ; and in two cases the granulations, or meningial tubercles, were unattended with any traces of inflammation. In all tlie thirty-three cases the symptoms were nearly identical." Causefi. — Among the causes of this disease, therefore, we may consider the scrofulous diathesis as being the most potent; yet we can not always prove the fact until after the death of our patient. Yet an autopsy held on such a case is really valuable to the inquiring mind ; for, in discovering the true patholog}' of the aifcction, we are not only enabled to comprehend its character, but also the modus operandi of treatment. The exciting causes of the malady are not always so apparent. The authoi has known it to follow castration, puncture of the foot^ staggers, and acute disease of the stomach. In some cases, faulty nutrition is the exciting cause; in shcrt^ the symntoms sometimes supervene on the subsidence of some other malady. Symjjtonis. — As regards the symptoms of hydrocephalus, they do not differ materially from those alluded to in the preceding article. At first, torpor, unconsciousness, unsteadiness on raovmg ; dilation of the pupil ; the animal gets upon the floor, in many cases nevei to rise again. Stertorous (grunting) breathing takes place ; the ani- mal tosses hi^ head about in an unnatural manner, often throwing it backwaid— a verv noticeable feature of this affection — occasion- !>2 DADD"S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND "iUKOERT. ally raiblng it from tlie ground. Fmally, ccnvuLsions set in, anJ the subject dies in that state, perfectly unconscious. WTien hydrocephalus occurs after phrensy, or what is known w ''* mad staggers," it always proves fatal. Treatment. — For the treatment of hydrocephalus give the fol iowiog: No. 5. Fluid extract of buchu 4 oz. Water 6 oz. Iodide of potass 2 oz. Mix. Dose, two ounces, morning and evening. The patient should have injections of soap-suds, once or twice daily ; and should the disease have made its appearance very sud- denly, or, in othrr words, be of an acute character, so that the par1« in the region of the brain feel hot, they should be then sponged very frequently with cold water ; then give two drachms of fluid extra* t of geLseminum twice daily, until the pulse feels soft, or until tbe acute stage subsides. Stomach Staogeiws. The ceiebral disease usually denominated stomach staggers pro vails among horses which are overfed, whereby the function of digestion becomes deranged ; and thus the food given accumulates, and finally gorges the stomach, producing cerebral derangement, which makes the horse reel and stagger like a drunken man. The horse may be said to be drunk from the effect of food. Sometimi?* the cause is accidental. A horse gets loose in the stable, and, find- ing a lot of meal or oats incautiously exposed, he devours vora- ciously a large quantity, and very soon after becomes the subject cf stomach staggers. Symptoms. — A stomach surcharged with food, without any ao- oompanying distension, does not appear to occasion any local pain, but operates with that kind of influence upon the brain which gives rise to symptoms, not stomachic, but cerebral ; hence the analogy between this disease and staggers, and the apj)ellation for it of " stomach staggers." The unnaturally-filled stomach produces, for the first time, a sense of satiety ; the horse grows heavy and drowsy, reposes his head upon the manger, falls asleep, and makes a ster- torous noise. All at onop. he rouses from his lethargy, and violently thrusts his head against the rack or wall of the stable^ or any thing, DISEASES OF THE RRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 63 in fact, til at happens to oppose him, and in this posture paws with his fore-feet, or performs the same action with them as he would rt'ore he trotting, evidently all the while unconscious of what he is alout. His eye, which at first was full of drowsiness, has now acquired a wild, unmeaning stare, or has already hecouie dilated and insensible to light. The respiration is tardy and oppressed ; the pulse slow and sluggish ; the excretions commonly diminLshed. The late Professor Coleman used to relate a circumstance, in Lis lectures, connected with this disease, which throws considerable light on its origin. The artillery horses stationed in Loudon dur- ing the winter of 1817 suffered very considerably from stomach staggers ; so much so that it was considered to be endemical, and of an infectious character. With his usua.l })enetratiou, he soon tiiscovered the cause, and found that, from some new regulations ubout that time, the stablemen were not allowed any candles, and during the winter the horses were bedded up at five o'clock in the wvening, and not fed again until eight o'clock on the following iQorning, when they consumed their breakfast voraciously, gorging iheir stomach, not to the degree likely to produce acute indiges- lion, but sufficiently distending them as to opjiress the blood-vessela ».nd the circulation through them. This j)ractice, contiuucd day >fter day, caused a sjjeciJiG inflammation of the stomach — an inflam- mation of a peculiar character, differing from gastritis or inflam- mation of the part. The symptoms produced were regarded aa tBSulting from the sympathetic connection between the stomach ».nd the brain, united to the effects that would ai'ise from the daily distension, throwing a vast quantity of blood on the brain. An iirder was obtained for candles for the use of the stablemen, which enabled thi horses to be fed at a later hour in the evening, and an earlier one in the morning, when the disease disappeared. A common error still prevails, in many districts, that staggers is a contagious disease ; but should the horses on a farm be attackwj occasionally with slight fits of this kind, the farmer may reel Msured that there is mismanagement somewhere in the feeding department. From auch evidence as this, it will he inferred that there exists tto doubt regarding the cause of stomach staggers. Treatmnil. — We now propose to show how this disease ought to be treated. The proposition of cure is, that the digestive function ahall be iroused^ and the only way to accomplish that is by admin- M DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SDRGEBY. istering bitter tonics and stimulants. In this vie Vj the following prescription is offered : No. 6. Fluid extract of black pepper... 4 oz. Fluid extract of giuger 6 oz. Hyposulphite of soda 2 oz. AVa ter 4 oz. Dissolve the hyposulphite in the water, then add the pepper and ginger. Give the animai a wine-glaa^ful every four hours. A Htimulating injection may be thrown into the rectum occasionally, composed of a handful of fine salt to about four quarts of water. The animal should be allowed to stand quietly in the stall, and the medicine must be given with care, for the least excitement may augment the cerebral difficulty. So soon as the medicine arousea the digestive functi )n, and the food gradually passes the pylorus into the intestines, the animal will obtain relief. Both food and water should be withheld until there is some marked improvement , the patient has had enough of food fr-r some time, and water only retard^! dijrestion. b^ Apoplexy (Cerebral Hemorrhage). As regards the cause of apoplexy, the author has nothing to offer, except he has noticed that the subjects of this affection gen- erally have short, thick necks, and, as the saying is, " chunky " heads. From this he infers that, in so far as conformation is con- cerned, there lurks in the system of such animals a peculiar pre- disposition. Symploms. — An animal may be on the road, trotting along a^ usual, without any apparent impairment of health, when suddenly he falls down; the pupils of the eyes become dilated; stertorous breathing sets in; a deprivation- of the sense of feeling an^l of mo- tion immediately occurs; a tremulous motion of various parts ^ the body is observed; the pulse beats with unnatural force, /el the animal appears to be in a deep, snoring sleep. It may be said that the functions of animal life are suspended, exce])ting those of respiration and pulsation. The animal is unable to swallow, and if fluids be })ut into the mouth, they appear to choke him, or thty run out again at the corners of his mouth. The prognosis of apo- plexy is very uncertain. Some horses die in a few hou'', while Jrthers live f )r several days. This depends on tl c amount ' blood IJISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS 8YSTEM. Qb extra vasated on the surface of the brain; but, in most cases of cerebral hemorrhage, the horse falls never to rise again. lie niuj be conveyed home on some vehicle constructed for the purpose, but the finger of Death is on him ; his days are numbered, and the owner charitably puts him out of existence. The reader must bear in mind that in apoplexy the horse falls, and is suddenly deprived of all voluntary motion ; is insensible to the prick of a pin, and the breathing, so soon as he is on the ground, becomes stertorous. This disease, therefore, is not to be confounded with others of the brain and spinal marrow. For example, a horse may have an attack of simple apoplexy without hemorrhage, fall down, and, by judicious treatment, recover; or he may be the subject of epilepsy, which occasions a temporary suspension of consciousness, with spasms recurring at intervals. Hence, in case of doubt or mistake, it will be advisable to treat the case in the following manner : Treatment. — Procure a few ounces of spirits of ammonia, with which saturate a sponge, then apply it to the nostrils. In the mean time, sponge the head with cold water, and rub the body and limba briskly with a brush or whisp of straw. If he revive under this treatment, there may be some hopes of recovery ; and should it appear that the act of swallowing can be performed, give a drench composed of No. 7. Powdered chlorate of potass 2 oz. Boiling V Iter h V'^^^- When cool, administek-. The action of chlorate of potass on the blood is to oxygenize it, and thus liberate carbonic acid gas. With the same object in view, we apply ammonia to the nostrils, viz. : to decarbonize unpurificd blood. Blood-letting is inadmissible, for it can not accom})lish any good , neither will it act as a purificator of the vital current which the lunffs have fai'ed to arterialize. Apoplexy of the Spine, (or Spinal Hemorrhage, PRODUCING Paraplegia.) Paraplegia signifies paralysis of the posterior half of the body. Spinal apoplexy may be classed in the same order of disease u cerebral apoplexy — that is to say, in so fiir as the ])alholog\' of thi* hvo forms is concerned — and is usually just a- i of blood to the head. After the horse has fallen, by his stnigglee and herculean efforts to battle with the malady, although uncon- eiouslv, he soon breaks out into a profuse perspiration. This has the effect of relaxing the capillaries so that the blood circulates more freely and uniformly. An equilibrium of the circulation takes place, and this is the end of epilepsy for the time being. But a horse once having had a fit of this kind must be looked upon with suspicion ; for he ie liable, when under excitement fix)m wanton punishment, or from exercising great feats of strength in drawing heavy loads, to have a re-attack- Cause. — The predisposing cause of epilepsy has an hereditary origin. Horses subject to it have a misshapen head. It is not symmetrical — does not correspond with the conformation of the neck and body. In the language of the turf, "the head is too coarse." It has been found, also, among members of the human family, that epileptics have heads of an unnatural shape. Wat- son says : " There is no doubt that a tendency to epileptic disease is frequently hereditary. It may be bequeathed from parent to child, or it may skip over a generation or two, and appear in the grandchild or great- grandchild ; or it may be traceable only in the collateral branches of the ancestry." Epilepsy, however, may not always arise as an hereditary affection ; for a mere passive conges- tion of the brain, owing to a loss of equilibrium in the circulatiop of the blood, may produce it. In regard to tlie horse, it is xeT\ difficult for us to decide on the universal hcrcditariness of the iialady, because we have no reliable history of the ancestry and i.jjosyncrasies of our equine patients; yet if we study carefully the external conformation of well-formed horses, and make ourselves conversant with anatomy, we shall be better able to judge whether or no such an animal carries about with him the inherent tenden- cies to particular diseases ; and this knowledge will make up, to a certain extent, for the advantage which human medicine has over the veterinary in this department of knowledge. The principal gymp^oms of epilepsy are as follows : Symptoms. — Suppose the horse attached to a vehicle, and trav- eling along at any given pace. He gives a sudden, snorting, loud noise, and falls to the ground instantly, as if felled by some unknown power. Here he lies, to all appearance, totally uncon- scious, violently convulsed in every limb, his eyes staring aa tbouffh they would burst out of their sockets; the mouth foam» 68 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SUPGERY. with saliva, and violent convulsions \\ili sometimes affect the whole frame. Such are the principal symptoms attending thi* formidable malady. It will be quite a novelty to some of our readers to be .n- formed that the horse is actually subject to the same diseases which afflict his master ; and in view of showing that there is s reality in the author's views on the subject now under consrdera tion, the following: quotation from the "Veterinarian" is offereiL It will show, by way of comparison, the features of the Jiseasa as it occurs in the horse and in man : " In the first place, as to the exciting cause or causes. It is well known that among the exciting causes of epilepsy in the human subject, mental or moral emotions have long been con- sidered as holding a foremost rank. Without going into detail on this subject, or offering illustrations of this statement, it will suffice to remark that the experience of all adequately acquainted with medical literature, or tolerably familiar with medical prac- tice, can not fail to supply them with numerous instances wherein this class of causes has been in operation as concerned in the pr<*- \ction of the disease in question. Over and over again I ha\e "yself witnessed cases of epilepsy, either during or after the pa)-- ^sm or fit, in which I have had good reason for entertaining the opinion that certain mental or moral emotions had largely, if not entirely, contributed to this result. Now, without deny- ing that, in some instances, fright may so far affect the horse aa to prove an exciting cause of epilepsy in that animal, still, I think that, almost as a general rule, the class of causes now under consideration may be excluded from further notice as tend- ing toward the production of this disease in the horse. Assuming this position for the sake of argument, we thus eliminate at once, so far as concerns this animal, most of such ranes of epilepsy as, if speaking in reference to the human sub- je<:t, would be regarded as cases of epilepsy of centric origin. Without altogether denying that, in some instances, the presence of tumors, or morbid growths, or excrescences of any kind, or of spiculae of bone in certain parts of the brain, or s])inal ccid, or their membranes, may occasionally operate as causes of epi- lepsy, yet I am by no means prepared to admit that their pres- ence in such places, by irritation of these structures, is so frequent « cau«e of this disease as is affirmed by some medical authorities. DISEASES OF THE B-RAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 6i Yet, whatever view of the question, whether affirmative or nega- tive, may be taken, the same reasoning will apply equally to man and the horse in regard to the disease under consideration. We are told that, in some instances, such foreign bodies have been found in these situations on examination after death. This I do not deny ; but, at the same time, the evidence that these had much, if any thing, to do in the production of epilepsy, still less that the disease took its origin from them, is, in my judgraeuc, far from complete, and, in some cases that have been recorded, unsatisfactory to the last degree. Again, the circulation of blood in an unh.calthy state, in its accustomed channels through the substance of the delicately-constructed brain or s])inal cord, appears to me not unlikely to be a frequent cause of this disease in man. The comparatively recent physiological researches of Dr. Brown- Sequard have thrown much light upon the heretofore obscure pathology of epilepsy in the human subject ; and I conceive that his arguments, and the conclusions deduced therefrom, are, for the most part, perfectly applicable to an animal so high in the zoolog- ical series as the horse is well known to be." Treatment. — So soon as the horse falls, some hay or straw should be placed under his head and around him. Bathe the region of the cranium with cold water, and carefully wash the foam from his mouth, taking care not to let any water, hay, or dirt enter the nostrils. Officious persons are very apt to attempt, by force of strength, to raise the horse on his legs ; but this ought not to bo dcme. Let him rest quietly until consciousness returns ; then, should he attempt to get up, help from the bystanders may then be of some service. When on his legs, deal gently with him. Let the external surface of the body be rubbed until the skin is dry ; then administer two ounces of fluid extract of valerian, and let the patient be provided with comfortable quarters. For a few days the patient should be excused from work, and be fed lightly. The only way to prevent a re-attack is to keep him at light work, and tieat him in the most gentle manner, both in the stable and out of it. In cases of this character, as well as many others, men are apt to place too n\uch confidence in medif^ine, and dose the animal ac- cordingly ; but, as we understand the practice of medicine, it is the province of the good physician to know when to do nnthine. 10 DADD'S VETERINARY iMEDlCINE AND SURGERY. Tetanus, or TiOCKED Jaw. "VVe recognize tetanus by the unnatural condition of the muscle* of various })arts of the body, more particularly those of the face and neck. But the fault lies not in the muscles, but in the nervous system. This disease constitutes one of the most terrible and fatal to which the horse is subject. It is not only frightful to look upon, but is productive of the most distressing agony to the animal. THE TEST FOR TETANUS OE LOCKED-JAW. Ckft-AHATIOH.— On placing a hand andcr the angle of the jaw, and pashing the bead In »n af wu4 direction, the nictitating membrane (haw) will be suddenly thrown partly over the pnpil, M ■«en in the above picture. This is the diagnostic symptom of tetanus. There is no difficulty in recognizing this disease. It is charao- leriz"d by involuntary and persistent cramps of the voluntary muscles. The muscles which seem first to be affected are those of the jaws, ncck^ and throat ; and soon all the other muscles are in- volved. One of the principal tests for the discovery of the disease ie to place a hand under the jaw and raise the head. Immediately the haw, or nictitating membrane, shoots over the eyeball. (See cut.) There is no other disease with which tetanus can be con- founded ; therefore, a minute description of the symptoms seema superfluous at this point of our argument. When the disease affects the muscles of the jaw only, it is called trismus ; but it is only a variety of the same disease, and, therefore, DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SI STEM. fcquiiea tbe same treatment. In former years the author met with but little success in the treatment of this malady, yet recently, oy using more mild and sanative agents, he has been very fortunate. Bleeding, purging, and blistering has had its day, but that day has now past. We have learned that to do violence lo the animal sj'stem is not to do good ; and our aim now is to " pair oif " with Nature, endeavor to sustain the vital powers, or, rather, by sanative medication and nutritious fluids, keep the animal alive, while the disease runs its course. Physicians have no power to arrest the disease, and those who think so only deceive themselves and their employers ; and those who attempt the feat of cutting the disease short by heroic medicines, are arrayed in hostility to Nature, and an unnecessary death is often the consequence. Any of our readers who happen to have great faith in drugs will probably feel little comfort in the perusal of the following quotation, uttered by one of the most distinguished physicians of France. It was intended for the benefit of mankind, but it also applies to veterinar}' medi- cine, simply from the fact that the diseases of animals are to be treated on the same general principles which apply to man : " The sick-room no longer resembles the sample department of of a drug warehouse. Our physicians have consciences and com- mon sense. They recognize Nature as the great antagonist of dis- ease, and endeavor to assist her in her struggle to expel it, instead of negatively helping disease by prostrating the physical strength of its victims with drasti-c cathartics, cantharides, and the lancet. In ailments for which gallons of medicine were given half a cen- t irv ago, as many ounces are not administered at the present day, and bleeding and blistering have almost fallen into disuse. Not long before his death, the great French surgeon, physician, and medical chemist, Majendie, told his pupils, in the college of Franco, that the old hospital practice was mere humbug; that he him?flf had prescribed the drugs of the dispensary at the Hotel Dim, in Paris, without having the least idea why or wherefore, and that on administering bread pills and colored water to one division of his patients, and the preparations of the pharmacopoeia to another, he found that the mortality was least among those who took no modi- cine! 'You tell me,' said this extraordinaiy man, in one of the lectures of his final course, ' that doctors cure people. I grant you people are cured. But how? Gentlemen, Nature do(>,s a good deal; imagination docs a jrood deal. Doctors do very little, wlier 72 DADDS VETERINARF MEDICINE AND SURGEKT. tliey don't do harm. You ask, then, what is the use of attending medical lectures ? I '11 tell you. We come here (to the college of France) to study Nature, to learn to reinforce and aid Nature, not to spin fine theories. I would not give a ceiitime for all the theories in the world. Give me stubborn facts.' " Such was the bold and candid language of one of the greatest anatomists and ])hysicians of the age but a short time before his death. Our medical men do not take quite such strong ground as Majendie took, but they show their lack of faith in what waa formerly called S'igorous treatment' by sparing medication, and a still more limited use of the lancet and other mechanical means of depletion. Nature, after having been professionally misused for centuries, seems at last to have found a friend and ally in the medical faculty." We now come more directly to the treatment of tetanus; and, in view of showing what unwarrantable outrages are perpetrated en the poor uncomplaining brute, the following article is here intro- duced : " Wounds of tendinous and ligamentous parts are the commcn cause of tetanus, more generally known as locked-jaw, so-calkd because the first symptoms of the violent spasmodic affection are detected in the jaw. Castration, nicking, docking, lacerations, and punctures, particularly of the feet, are the kinds of wounds thut end in tetanus. Even slight contusions will bring it on. It is a dreadful and, too often, a fatal disease. The animal is nearly paralyzed by the constant spasm of all the voluntary muscles. The symptoms are unmistakable : First, a certain stiffness about the throat, and difficulty in swallowing or turning the head. This gradually extends to the jaws, contracting the mouth. The hor!- dom nal organs, and on considering the cerebral affection as purely eeeondary," Vertigo often succeeds acute disease of the brain. Causes. — Its chief exciting causes are confinement in hot and badly-aired stables, cold, extreme fatigue, blows and injuries on the h^'ad, indigestion, unwholesome or too much food in pro]>ortioD DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM 75 lo tho exercise taken. The fear of punishment, especially of tha wl ip, occasionally gives rise to it, in sensitive and irritabl-e ani mals. Some horses have an hereditary predisposition to it, an(^ mares are considered more subject to it than stallions. Furth'^r it is scarcelv ever ohser^ ed except in hot weather ; and as it w generally at the beginning of summer that it commences to ajipear it goes awa) always in autunui, at least with respect to its ch.ief nymptoms. f)yn->pto'ms. — The horse having, previous to the' attack, been lively and active, begins, all of a sudden, to appear heavy and in- dolent. He is dejected, and prefers to keej) himself in the dark- est corner of the stable. Eyes, dull; look, fixed and stupid ; eye- lids, half shut ; inattention to every thing, forgetting even himself, and, as it were, asleep, his head hanging down, or resting on the •nanger. His gait is hea\y, slow, and unsteady ; he raises his feet very high, and puts the entire sole to the ground, raising and let- ting down the limbs in a manner purely mechanical, and, as it were, unconsciously. He exhibits much awkwardness in turning, and can not be pulled back except by depressing the head very much, and pushing it latterly. He also leans to one side in walking. To maintain his equilibrium the better, he places the forc-lcgs beneath the belly, and moves his ears backward in a peculiar manner. According as the disease progresses, he becomes less and less sensible to external impressions. Mastication is per- formed slowly. He takes, from time to time, a mouthful of food, masticates it, swallows a portion of it, but keeps the remainder in his mouth. He prefers taking his food off the ground rather than in any other way, and when drinking, he plunges his head into the water, even above his nostrils. During and after sonip rather violent movements, his symptoms become much aggra- vated, and the signs of complete insensibility become more an'i more marked. The animal runs on quite blind till some ol)staclc steps him, or turns round, or remains tranquil, with his ho:H depressed, and the legs crowded beneath the body, without being Rble to change this unusual attitude, unless assisted to do so. There is never any fever. The pulse is often from ten to twelve pulsations slower than in the normal state. In the same way, also, the resi>iration is constantly slow, deep, and frequently of a sighing character. In almost all cases, the tongue is foul, and the mouth dry mid clammy. With res|>erf T6 EADD'S V^ETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. to treatment, the remedies whicli have succeeded best with me are^ camomile (some doses), then sulphur and nux vomica. In a par- ticular case, where, independently of the sj^raptoms peculiar to vertigo, the conjunctiva, tongue, and mouth were more yellow, the horse frequently flexed his fore-legs, seldom ay down, the fi«ces were hard, and he passed but little urine. The reader will perceive that many of the symptoms above alluded to are present in other diseases of the brain • therefore, some difficulty may be encountered in diagnosing the :iise. It ia best for us, however, to diagnose the case on the symptoms of dizziness or giddiness ; then a mistake is not likely to occur. Yet, after all, a mistake in the true nature of the malady will not prove disastrous, provided the patient be treated on the general principles laid down in this work, by means of sanative medicines and little good common sense. Treatment. — For example, should a horse have an attack of vertigo on the road, the driver must immediately stop and loosen the throat-latch and check-rein. Then let the animal stand in quietude for a few minutes, during which time he may possibly recover, and soon be able to resume the journey. If not, he must be taken out of the harness, and carefully led to the nearest sta- ble, or where he shall be free from annoyances of every kind. After the excitement is over, the animal may be led home, and put into a roomy stall, where he must be dieted according to his condition. If fat and plethoric, bran mashes are indicated, into which should be stirred a drachm or two of hyposulphite of soda. Should the patient be poor in flesh, a few good oats are indicated, to which add a small quantity of powdered ginger and balmony. The surface of the body being cold, it must be warmed, after the usual fashion, by means of clothing. But should the surface of the body feel hot, more particularly in the region of the head, then tonics, stimulants, and food are to be withheld. A bucket of cold water is then to be placed before him, into which about four drachms of nitrate of potass may be stirred. Inflammation of the Brain (Blind, Sleepy or Mad Staggers). The contents of the cranium are called, collectively, the ence- phalon : hence the- term encephalitis, which signifies inflammation DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 77 of any, or all portions of the contents of the cranial cavity. Various terms are applied to disease of this character, such aa " sleepy staggers," " coma," " phrenitis," cerebritis," and " cere- bral meningitis," the latter being formerly recognized as blind or sleepy staggers. These several terms merely apply to the various etages of the acute disease as it gradually invades the membranes coveiing the brain, or the substance of the brain itself. If some- times appears to invade at once the whole of the p.irts within the skull, or, beginning in one part, it extends rapidl^- to all the rest, so that the term encephalitis seems to be more applicable tliau those just enumerated. It is a matter of impossibility foi us to tell precisely what are the pathological conditions of the parts a'lected. Nor are the symptoms always the same. They may range from a state of phrcnzy to one of coma. Still, in our treat- ment, we shall not be led astray ; for, being an acute afiecticn, (or affections, as some persons may term it,) we have to treat it on tLe same general principles which obtain in many or all diseases ct* an acute character, viz. : by means of sedatives, laxatives, cold water, spare diet, and rest. Should the patient die during the acute stage of disease of th* brain, an autopsy will reveal great vascularity and softening of the cerebral mass, and thickening of its membranes ; but should the disease run on unchecked to a fatal termination, pus ano fluid may be found within the lateral ventricles of the brain. This enables us to explain the difference between the symj)toras which prevail in the early and latter stages of the malady ; for, at the commencement of the acute stage, the loss of equilibrium in the circulation sends the red arterial blood, in undue quanti- ties, tc the ])rain — the part, perhaps, most predisposed to diseased action, or, it may be, at the time actually in a pathological con- dition ; hence the loss of equilibrium in the circulation — which, in consequence of accelerated respiration, becomes highly charged with oxygen, acts as a potent stimulus, not only to the nervous syst^em, but to the muscular system also, producing those active and phrenitic symptoms which have led us to infer that the patient is going or is actually mad ; hence the name which some per- sons have applied, " mad staggers." This activity can not last long ; for it is potent to exhaust the vital forces. Organs and parts of the body become overworked ; then comes organic •^hanges — softening of the brain, effusion, formation of pus. whia. 78 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. «si)dfl in coma, which is the latter stage just referred tc, dtvuid o* any mad or phrenitic symptoms, but marked by lethargy, or i prolonged comatose condition, from which no stimulus will arouse the patient. He is not only the subject of altered struc- ture within and around the brain, but the latter is compressed by the serum, or pus, as the case may be, and thus sensibility is more or less destroyed. The degree of coma, however, will be lirectly proportioned to the degree of pressure. Now, tne reader will perceive that the proposition of treatment, just referred to, for the acute stage will not apply to the comatose condition ; fti here we have to stimulate and give tone to the system, so as to sustain the failing vital powers. In regard to this subject, Professor Copeman observes: "In inflammation of the brain, phrenitis, mad staggers, I have told you that it may be said to be impossible to distinguish, wn'th any thing like certainty, in individual cases, acute inflammation of the substance of the brain from those affecting the membranes or ventricles. The reason will be obvious when we reflect thai the phenomena, in every instance, are, in fact, attributable 1^' pressure on the entire contents of the skull, encephalon, viz : cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla, oblongata, and membranes; and if this be rapid and general, it can matter little Mdiethcr it orig- inates from the membranes or the brain. Acute inflammation does, however, sometimes appear to invade at once the whole of the parts that are lodged within the skull; or, beginning in one part, it extends rapidly to all the rest. The symptoms which usually mark an attack of cerebrifis arc the following: The horj^e becomes sleepy, heavy, or more or less comatose, accompanied by general fever. After a time a convulsive attack supervenes. He becomes morose, and shows delirium ; perhaps rears both fore- legs into the manger, from which position he may reel around and fall, kicking and tearing ever)' thing about him. During the fit his respiration is much excited, and he sweats profusely If he gets upon his legs, he makes sudden and violent efforts, dashing against rack, manger, or stall, totally disregarding any thing that may be said or done to him. Thus he is continually struggling, panting, and perspiring, perhaps foaming at tho mouth, leading the ordinary observer to believe he is not only delirious but actually 'mad.' But all these symptoms 'ary much in different cases. Coma occurs freauentlv, but oftn nlr tera- DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 79 porarily. Great prostration and muscular debility are generally observed. The seat of ' sleepy staggers/ or cerebral meningitis, is the so- called subarachnoid cavity, in which is a quantity of loose areola tissue, richly furnished with blood-vessels. It generally results t!iat the exudation poured into this cavity is quickly accompanied Of ibllowed by pus. Hence, we find that what is generally called a recent layer of coagulable lymph, covering the convolutions in Dieningitis, is, in point of fact, a layer of pus, generally present- ing a molecular character. As to the diagnosis, notwithstanding the efforts which have been made to distinguish meningitis of the convolutions from that of the base, or either of these from a sim- ple effusion into the ventricles, I have in vain sought for any precise symptoms, which could be relied on, as indicative of the situation of the disease. Drowsiness and coma, causing slow and subsequently rapid pulse, succeeded by restlessness. The horse is excited ; he flings himself about, frequently jerking his head up and down, sometimes rearing, perhaps, into the manger; ^en^iou of the limbs, thrusting the head into the rack. The faculties of the organs of sense are lost, for the horse neither hears nor sees. The state of excitement may terminate, more or less quickly, in ronvulsions and death, or the patient may relapse into a state of coma, and ultimately result in partial or complete recovery. The gradual mode of invasion, and the succession of the symp- toms to one another, are also characteristic, and differ markedly in degree from those which attend sudden attacks of apoplexy caused by hemorrhage. They are both the result of general pressure on the brain, and hence the reason why mere effusion can not be distinguished from hemorrhage." Treatment. — The treatment of the preceding forms of acute dis- liasc of the brain was formerly, and is at present, to some extent, conducted on the absurd antiphlogistic plan, by blood-letting, purging, and blistering, which practice kills more than it ever cures. The plan now adopted by the author is to give dra^Jira doses of gelseminum every four hours, until relief is apparent. The cranial region is kept constantly bathed with cold water; the rectum is kept free from excrement by means of inject'ons of soap- 8udj'; the bowels are kept in working order, by mixing Glaubei salts with thin bran mashes. Half a pound of salts, dissolved in 4 out four quarts of mash, will gonorally prove laxative. Should BC DADD'S VETERINAKY MEDICINE AND SURGERF it fail to have this cflTeet, aftei a lapse of about six hours, tho dosi may be repeated. Tliis ])lan of treatment is more rational, and has proved more successful, than that just alluded to. Should the disease progress so iliat the animal manifests symp- toms of coma, or lethargy, then chlorate of potass is the best agent. It should be g'ven in half-ounce doses, every four or sii hours, in the form of drench, or it may be dissolved in the watei which the animal is allowed to drink. A few doses cf the fol- lowing preparation must also be given: No. 9. Fluid extract of srolden seal ) -, . T71 • 1 . » /• • • f each 4 oz. t luid extract or jumper j Mix. Dose, two ounces every morning. Keep the rectum empty by injections, and, if the case be curable, such treatment as this, followed up by careful nursing, will ac- complish the object. Cope.man, who is authority in this disease, fully indorses this treatment, and says: " Hitherto the treatment of meningitis (sleej)y staggers), whethei real or supposed, has been antiphlogistic, but it is impossible to say that any benefit has ever been effected by the j)ractice. The early stages of the disease are probably generally overlooked. So long as the horse retains his appetite and his ronsciousness, no suspicion of disease arises. It is only when exudation or effusion has been poured out in such quantity as to cause drowsiness and stupor tiiat our suspicions are awakened, and thus it is very difficult to under- stand how blood-letting or purging could facilitate its absorption. Besides, we have seen that the tendency of such effusion is to pass into the circulation. Hence, the treatment which favors the re- absorption of the exudation, as I have previously explained, must be most effectual. For this pur])ose time is required, and the vital gtrength, instead of being lowered, should be supported. In short, the duty of the practitioner is to stij)port the economy as much as possible, to give nutrients with moderate stimulants, to unload the bowels, from time to time, artificially, by injections, etc., and in thia way to gain time, which will enable the effused matters to pass through their natural transformations^ to be absorbed and ulti- mately excreted. It has appeared to nie that the collection of serous fluil, whether in the ventricles or over the surface ot the brain, either with or without exudation, is consecutive m obstruo- 1 tSEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 8J don of the vessels, and is, therefore, more allied to the dro] eiea than to inflammations. It is the collection of serum which doca the mischief — presses on the brain, and causes the coma and stu- por. If so, the occurrence of those symptoms should be regarded as secondary, instead of as primary, and as analogous to ascites, dropsy, or anasarca, following disease of the kidneys. These pathological considerations are, it appears to me, wholly 0})p(>sed to the idea of blood-letting and antiphlogistics being benefirial after effusion has occurred." Equixe Chorea, or Stringhalt. Chorea, or stringhalt, consists of an irregular and involuntary gpasmodic action of some of the muscles of the hind extremities. Equine chorea differs somewhat from human chorea. In the lat- ter case, it usually begins with slight twitches in the muscles of the face, or in the upper extremities, and various parts of the body twitch and contort in such a singular and unnatural manner, that some persons have denominated the disease " insanity of the muscles." In the case of horses, no such " insanity of muscles " has been observed. It is mainly confined to the posterior limbs. Mr. Feron, a distinguished V. S., contends that stringhalt bears some affinity to what is known in human medicine as chorea, or " St. Vitus' dance." He does not, however, wish to convey the idea that they are essentially the same disease, only they are both of a convulsive or spasmodic character, wherein the mind, will, or instinct has lost more or less cf its control over the vohmtarj muscles of the hind extremities, and the peculiar feat is thus ac- complished. AMien the animal has lifted his hind leg from the ground, which is always done with a convulsive twitch, tlie fet- lock nearly approaches the belly, and, by some other remarkable irregularities in its action, before the foot can be replaced on the ground, displays such unnatural movements as to convince us tha; volition is impaired. Hence, we may infer that, in a maiority of cases, stringhalt is the result of some abnormal condition of the nervous system. What occasions that condition is a matter of fact and argument, which remains as an open question for some future pathologist to decide. So far as the author's experience goes, he is satisfied from actual dissection of tlie jjarts, that some 82 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AN1> SURGERY. Btringhall horses are the subjects of ulcerative disease of the hock- joint, and they finally become sprained. In such cases, it is possible that stringhalt may be the result of bock disease, which irritates the nerves in the vicinity of the part, and thus affects that portion of the nervous system which controls the muscles concerned. Andral tells us that "chorea, like epi- lepsy, may be excited by irritation." Hence, in the commencement of sp'ivin, or so soon as osseous incrustations are thrown out, the^ may, during the active motion of the joint, produce local irritation, of nervous filaments, in the vicinity, which irritation may be com- municated to larger and more important nerves, and thus induiie stringhalt. We all know that local irritation produced by the prick of a nail, or sometimes docking and pricking, is often productive of locked-jaw, simply because some nervous or tendinous structure is injured; and so the local irritation in the region of the hock may be productive of the malady now under consideration. The author has paid considerable attention to this subject, and is con- vinced that almost all horses of the nervous or excitable tempera- ment, the subjects of inter-articular spavin, manifest more or lesa catching-up of the limb (stringhalt) at some period during the progress of spavin, and that when the bones of the hock are anchylosed (united), and the motion and irritation of the parts have ceased, the stringhalt becomes modified. The reader, how- ever, must not receive this opinion as absolute; for at times, in consequence of some peculiar idiosyncrasy, the stringhalt gradu- ally grows worse. Among some members of the human famil y, of the peculiar temperament to receive the impression, almost aL;y thing which makes a forcible impression upon the nervous system may act as an exciting cause of chorea. The subject is a very important one, and most veterinary writers of the English school -lave rather mystified the subject, and at last have come lo the conclusion that the disease is incurable. This was formerly the author's opinion, but a change has taken place in his sentiments, and he is unwilling to deprive the afflicted animal of the benefits of progressive science. More light on the subject may enable na to effect many cases of cure ; at least it will enable us better to understand the pathology of the case, which is an important step in the right direction. In view, therefore, of furnishing the reader with some useful information, whether he be a veterinary DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 85 jractit loner or not, we shall borrow from analogy, in the iiiirD- daction of the following article from " "Watson's Practice " : " In certain of ^I. Magcndie's experiments on aiimals, thi following curious facts were ascertained: When a vertical section of tlie cerebellum of a rabbit was made, leaving one-fourth of the whole adhering to the crest of the right side of the cranium, and three-fourths to that of the left, the animal rolled over and ever incessantly, turning itself toward the injured side. The same j)he- (vomenon occurred upon the division of the crus cerebelli. The animal lived for eight days, and continued, during the whole of that time, to revolve upon its long axis, unless stopped by coming in contact with some obstacle. Plow like is this to the symp- toms exhibited at one period in the girl whose case is related by Dr. Watts. Nor is Dr. Watts's case a singular one. M. Serrea has described another much resembling it. A shoemaker, sixty- eight vears old, of intemperate habits, after one of his debauches, exhibited a kind of drunkenness which surprised his friends. Instead of seeing objects turning around him, as a drunken person is apt to do, he thought he was himself turning, and soon began to revolve, and this lasted till he died ; and when his head was examined, extensive mischief was found in one of the pedicles of his cerebellum. Again: M. Magendie noticed that when the upper jnirt of the cerebrum is gently removed in birds and mam- malia, they i>ecome blind; but no affection of the locomotive powers is produced. Xo further result is occasioned by the removal of a portion of the gray matter of the corpora striata ; but when the striated part is cut away, the animal immediately darts forward with rapidity, and i^ontinues to advance as if imjielled by some irresistible force, until stopped by an obstacle; and, even then, it retains the attitude of one advancing. The experiment was tried, with the same results upon various sj)ecies of animals — dogs, cats, hedgehogs, rabbits. Guinea-pigs, and squirrels. It seems that there are horses that can not back, although they make good progress enough in a straightforward direction. Now, Magendie eays that he has opened the heads of such horses, and has always found in the lateral ventricles of their brains a collection of water, which must have compressed and even disorganized the corpora striata. It has been further ascertained, by the same experimenter, and by others, that certain injuries of the cerebelhim cause ani- maiij to move backwird contrarilv to their will. If the tail of M DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. the dUimal so mutilated be pinched, he still persists in his retro grade course. Injuries of the medulla oblongata had the same effect. Pigeons, into which he forced a pin through that l>art constantly receded for more than a mouth, and even flew Ijack- ward. A section of the medulla oblongata, where it approaches the anterior ])yramid, gives rise to a movement in a -^ircle like thii of a horse in a mill, the animal, in its walk .r its flighty bearing round continually to the injured side. Surely we havf , in these facts, supplied by experiments on living animals, and Lj observation of the phenomena of disease in the living numan body, some of the materials for a more exact knowledge, both of the physiology and of the pathology of the nervous system, than we have reached. M. jNIagendie supposes that different portions of the cncephalon are endowed with energies which tend to cause motion in various directions ; that in the healthy state these bal- ance each other, and that a prejionderating impulse can be given to any one of these forces by tVe will ; but that when the equilib- rium is destroyed by disease, tne will is not sufficient to counter- act the tendencies which are then brought into play. Mr Mayo offers a different explanation of the phenomena. He supposes that the injuries inflicted on the nervous matter produce a sensa- tion analogous to vertigo, and that the animal conceives itself either to be hurried forward, and makes an eXvCrtion to repel im- aginary force, or to be moving backward, or turning round in one direction, and endeavors to correct this by moving the corre- sponding muscles." Treatment. — In stringhalt, it is nearly always safe for us to conclude that it nuist be treated on the same general principles which obtain in the management of other nervous disorders of a chronic character, viz.: in the use of tonics and anti-suasmodics Take, for example: No. 10. Fluid extract of valerian ") . Fluid extract of poplar bark ) ^ P Dose, one ounce, morning and evening; to be placed on the tougue. The spine and affected limb or limbs should be rubbed every night, for a couple of weeks, with a portion of the following No. 11. Fluid extract of poppies , . fi o«. Proof spirit 1 : int. Mix. DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS S\STEM. 86 Should tlio animal prove to be spavined, the following linimeisi u recommcudc'd : Cod-liver oil ) , Kerosene oil P^^al parta. No 12. CVi-liver oil Ker Mix A sruail (jtriiitity of tliis liniment should be rubbed nu the so»t of sjwvin, inside of the hock, onee or twice daily, until countt r- Irritation is accomplished, which shall be known in cotiscfjiicnc* of the hair falling off; then discontinue the iirnment, and lubricaW the affected parts with olive oil, and wait patiently, so as to see what Nature will do for the case. ** Patient waiters are no I'^se.Ts." The po])ular, or rather the ancient, method of treatment does mor* harm than good. SECTION IV DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AH*, ORGANS. Impohtaxce of Ventilating Stables — Brief Exposition and Description oj THE Function of the Lungs — Spasm of this Muscles of the Glottis and Efi- OLOTTI9— Laryngitis, (Suppurative and Inflammatory) — Croup — Chronic Cough — Roaring — Polypus — Bronchocele — Influenza, or Epizootic Ca- tarrh — Pneumonia, or Inflammation of the Lungs, including TrPHon) Affections, Pleurwy, and Dropsy of the Chest. Importance of Ventilating Stables, in view op preventing disease of the lungs. IT was the intention of the Creator that all animals, so long aa they were permitted to exercise th«ir natural instincts, and thus comply with the requirements of physiology — the science of life_should enjoy health and long life. Hence a great amount of disease and death results from the evils of domestication. One of the conditions which physiology imposes, in order that J horse shall enjoy health, is, that the atmosphere, at all times, \ nd under all circumstances, shall be uncontaminated, so that the blood shall be decarbonized and purified of the defiling elementa acquired in the course cf circulation. Let the reader understand that the lungs are something like a sponge, elastic, composed of a myriad of cells. In the former, however, these cells have a vast internal surface, communicating with each other up to their common origin, the bronchial tubes ana windpipe. On their internal surface we find a delicate yet highly important membrane permeable to atmosphere. In extent, it is supposed to occupy a square surface equal to that of the ex- ternal body. In contact with this membrane cornea the atmos- phere. If pure — zephyr-like — it fans into healthful blaze the flame of life, upheaving from the living Vesuvius arid lava, in (86) DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. 87 the form of carbonic acid gas, almost as destructive to animaiity as that issuing from its great prototype proves to vegetation. The stable atmosphere being pure, and the lungs in working order, the blood is well arterial i zed, capable of supplying the waste of the animal machine and renovating its tissues. On the other hand, should the atmosphere be impure, it foils to vitalize Uie blood. The latter is unfit for the purpose of nutrition, and fliaj be considered a non-supporter of vitality. Ilcnce the need of pure air, the breath of life. But are horses always furnished with pure air ? Let the own- ers of unveutilated, crowded, filthy, down-cellar and low-roofed Btables answer. Let those who have stables in the region of swamp, sewer, and stagnant pools of water answer. In such lo- cations disease and death run riot, and the noble companion of man, instead of being within the ramparts of the science of life, is on the margin of death's domain. He may exist for severa. days without food and water, yet the consequent result is nothing "when compared to that occasioned by breathing an atmospliere highly charged with emanations arising from his own body ex- crements and decomposing bedding. A horse is said to consume in the lungs, in the course of twen- Fjout hours, ninety-seven ounces of carbon, furnished by venous l)lood. In order to perform this feat, he requires 190 cubic feet of oxygen. Now, suppose there are ten horses occupying the sta- ble. 'They require, in the same time, 1,900 cubic feet of oxygen, and consume 970 ounces of carbon. They are supposed, also, to give out from the lungs a volume of carbonic acid gas equal to that of the oxygen inspired ; and supposing the atmosphere to be saturated with only five per centum of the former, it is a non- supporter of life. Hence, a horse shut up in an unveutilated stable must, sooner or later, become the subject of disease. The evil may be postponed, but the day of reckoning is sure and :er tain. Diseases, such as horse-ail, influenza, catarrh, strangles, and glanders, often originate and prevail to an alarming extent in the unveutilated stable and pest spot ; while in other locations, fiivorable to the free and full play of vital operations, the favored ones seem to enjoy a remarkable immunity from the prevailing disease, or epizootic. Stablemen and husbandmen are often led to remark, that whec 88 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SJRGERY. they keep but few animals, disease and death, except In cases of accident or oM age, are quite rare, but so soon as t'-.ey crowded tlie same, sickness and death were the consequ-r.op^. In view of supporting this theory, we may be permitted ic remark that ship and jail fevers may be manufactured ad WjUv^p, at any time when a large number of persons are congrep:aVl together in a given space, no provision having been mad^ nr the admission of j)ure air. The unfortunate prisoners in ^Pd Black Hole of Ca'c-jtta are an example, and the mortalitv -jceurring on board oj'. ':mi- grant ships furnishes another illu^/ ration. A numbci of horses were once d/tpped from Engip.nd V Spain, and on the passage, a violent gale arising, it becamp recessary tc batten down the hatchway. The consequence was that most of them ultimately died of either glanders or fa-cy. We content', therefore, that the active or morbid germ of disease enters the living citadel through the pulmonary tissue lu an insidious mar-- ner, and, therefore, much oftener than the generality of men would be likely to realize. Therefore, it is a matter of vital im- portance that attention be paid to the ventilation of our stable.'?. If proper sanitary regulations were established, and fully carried out in all our stables, glanders and other infectious diseases woul 1 be exceedingly rare. They are so among horses free from the control of man, whose stalls are broad as from ocean to oceai , their height ranging from earth to regions above, the space pei - vaded by a pure atmosphere concocted by the Great Chemist, ])ui e as the pearly drops and refreshing as the morning zephyr. 1 1 such locations death has no terrors nor disease any victims. Brief Expositiox of the Function of the Lungs. The principal function of the lungs is to arterial ize or decar bonize the blood; that is, purify it. This arterialization of the blood, which.goes the rounds of the circulation, is more essential to life than either food or water ; for men and animals can exist for several days, perhaps for two weeks, without f )<)d, yet the game can not live over a few seconds unless supplied with a suffi- ciencv of at.mosnlipric air. Hence, in a popular sense, pure air is the " creatli of life." The functional acts of respiration are necessaril)' divided ititx* two parts ■ and in ca+tle the number of respirations are about DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. S9 twelve per minute, varying, however, according to the tempera- ment of the animal and the condition he may be in at the time of making the observation ; while in horses the respirations an' more frequent, varying in health, and when at rest, from fourteen to twenty-five; yet, under excitement and disease, they sometin ee 8 Timber over one hundred. :yif ""^^^if^'fi^yr^ TBB CONTCKTg OF TBI THORAX. ■DLAXAnoM.— rts. I, TrachsB ; 2, BIfnrcfttion of the carotid artery ; 3. Internal carotid •rt««7) 4 t. Anterior lobes of the lungs: 5 5 Posterior lobog of the Inngg; 6, The heart; T. Ooronaft •rtery ; 8, Cartilages of the fal8«> ribs ; 9, The diaphragm. When an animal is located in a pure atmosphere, and th« lungs are in gooISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. 'V, TKACBKOTOMT TUBK IMREBTES IK THE WIKDP1PS. The intlammatory condition exists during a limited period, raiying from one to live days. Tlien commences the suppura- tive stage, which is accompanied by a copious discharge, from both nostrils, of a secretion somewhat resembling j)us, or matter. Causes. — As regards the s}>ecial cause of this atlection very lit- tle is known, it may be supj)osi'tl, however, to originate in a common cold, or catarrh; yet it is well known that horses art sometimes attacked with it that are nut exposed to the ordinary influ'^nces which induce a catarrhal ailectioa. Therefore we may infer that such disease will occasionally occur, either spontane- ously or accidentally, as the case may be, in spite of our best efforts to j)revent it. As the old saying is, " ^Nature is ever busy in maintaining the integrity of the vital forces of the animal economy. Any deviation from the prescribed laws which physi- ology imposes is a sure and certain cause of disease." I now propose to intrmluce a case which, at the time of its oo» nirrence. attracted much attention and curi^^ity, both on aoocant S>4 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY of the great value of the animal, and the desperate state of the case at the time it fell into my hands. It will abo serve to in- dorse the old aphorism that " where there is life there is hope." Record of the Case. — The patient was a Patchen colt, aged four years, a very handsome and promising animal. He was pur- chased by Mr. McPherson, of this city, for the sum of two thousand dollars, and, at the time of his sickness, was considered worth thrt^e thousand. But disease neither respects ma a nor horse. Each have, once in awhile, to sufier and groan, s^^'allow drugs and get well, or die, as the case may be. And as regards the horse, the more costly shall he be, the more likely is he to get sick, from the fact that valuable horses are almost always overfed and petted, and receive too much care and attention. On arriving at the stable where the animal was located, I found hiiD in a dangerous condition. He appeared to be gasping for breatli. A loud stertorous noise, which could be heard at some distance, indicated the nature of the difficulty as depending on obstruo tion within the larynx. The pulse at the angle of the jaw wai very indistinct. Both pupils of the eyes were dilated, or in s. state of amaurosis. The extremities and external surface of tb( body were deathly cold. The tongue and visible mucous surfacci; were livid, indicating sjseedy death. Once in awhile the animal would be seized with a convulsive or spasmodic fit of coughing, which, every time, seemed to threaten his life. In those fits of coughing he j.asscd from the nostrils a sort of cheesy matter^ which appear, d to be mixed up with a diphtherial exudation — yellow secreti* n and froth. Under the above circumstances, any attempt to a [minister medicine was deemed unsafe. I there- fore decided to perform the operation known as tracheotomy, whicn was d* ue, in the following manner : Having secured the services of / couple of assistants, the horse was led to a conven- ient spot iu the center of the stable. An incision was then made through ''he skin, to expose the trachea, about midway between the jatv?, and breast-bone. The trachea was now punctured by meani of a pointed scalpel, and a probe-pointed bistoury was used to diL/rct out a piece of the windpipe, corresponding to the size of the t/acheotomy tube. This tube, after being inserted into the windpipe, was secured in place by means of elastic tape, which was |.«asscd around the neck and tied. On the introduction of the bube the alarming symptoms immediately subsided, and th^^ ict DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. 9 of breathing was performed through the tube. I then applied a counter-irritant to the throat, composed of cod-liver oil and spirits of camphor, equal jxirts; ordered a warm bran mash, into which was sprinkled one ounce of powdered chlorate of potass. For several days a very copious discharge from both nostrils occurred; also from the orifice made in the windpipe; so that tlia tracheotomy tube had to be removed and cleansed several times, beta during the day and night. Four days after the operation, at mght, the tube accidentally slipped out of the windpipe, auJ the mishap was not discovered until morning, when I found that air from the lungs had escaped into the cellular tissue, and in- flated it so that the soft parts in the region of the neck and head appeared much swollen. I gave the patient, twice daily, one ounce of hyposulphite of soda, and had the swollen parts well rubbed with liniment. On the fifth day I removed the tube from the windpipe, and allowed the animal to breathe through the arti- ficial opening, he still being unable to respire through the nostrils. At the expiration of fifteen days from the commencement of the animal's sickness, the wound in the windpipe was closed, natural respiration having been restored. During the treatment of the patient, he was allowed, occasionally, flaxseed tea, with about one ounce of chlorate of potass per day. He had good attention, or, rather, good nursing, and finally was again restored to usefulness. In the early stage of laryngitis, or, rather, the inflammatory stage, cold water bandages should be applied to the throat, and a few doses of fluid extract of gelseminum, at the rate of one fluid drachm per dose. Croup (Cynanche Trachealis). Croup (cynanche trachealis), or, as it is sometimes termed, tracheitis, manifests itself in the form of a violent and suddec disease affecting the mucous membrane of that portion of the fcir-passages which lies between the laryngeal cartilages and the primary pass-ages of the trachea, or windpipe. Coxdie contends Uiat, in the majority of cases, the inflammation in croup com- mences in the mncoiis membrane of the larynx, and from theno« extendii into the trachea. The disease is, therefore, strictly speak- ing, a iSLTyngeo-tracheitis. In many instances, however, we have reason :. belisve that tlie inflammation commences in the bronchi, 9& DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. and from thence extends to the trachea; but there are, we 8iispect> very few cases indeed, if any, in which the disease is confined to the trachea. In cases of croup that have terminated rapidly in ieath, the inflammation and pseudo-membianous exudation which form so striking a feature in this disease are found only in the larynx and upper portion of the trachea. When death occurs at a later period, the exudation is often pres( nt in the trachea alons, or in the trachea and bronchi. It is never found to exist in the latter tubes alone. It has been attempted to be shown, by JuEiN and others, that in the ordinary form of croup the disease is, in its first stages at least, simply a tracheitis, and that in the more vio- lent and rapid form (suiFocating croup) the inflammation is con- finea to the larynx. Although this is not strictly true, as is proved by the result of numerous dissections, yet our observations have shown us that in cases marked by symptoms of great violence, which are sudden in their onset and rapid in their progress, the indications of inflammation are to a much greater extent, and the pseudo-membranous exudation more copious about the larynx, glot tis, and upper portion of the trachea, than in cases in which the disease succeeds to bronchitis, runs a more protracted course, and IS attended by symptoms of less violence. The disease generally makes its appearance during the latter part of winter and in early spring, and most frequently occurs among horses just introduced to city life. The subjects such aa the author has had occasion to treat were young, most of them of the lymphatic temperament, having short, thick necks, which abounded in a profuse development of adipose and cellular tissues, which results in a rotund bodily conformation. This, perhaps, goes to show that some hereditary idiosyncrasy plays a part in tl.e creation of the disease. Causes. — The indirect causes of the disorder are embraced among the evils of domestication, which include errors in diet, impure air, and bad management. It usually dates its origin from what are generally considered as the causes of common cold. Several days previous to the attack, the animal appears " dum])ish," drowsy, and inactive, having little desire for artificial food, and less for waler. The eyes appear somewhat tumefied, and the re'^pirationa are laborious, having a peculiar, croupy sound, accom])anied by a distressing cough. The respirations can be heard at a distance (aa Uie disease progresses); and on making pressure in the region of DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. 97 ihe larynx, the animal evinces signs of uneasiness, suffocation, and pain. Soon the mucous, schneiderian, and conjunctivlal mem- branes become reddened, the eyes protrude, the tongue tumefies, and external tumefaction in the region of the throat may be ob served. Febrile symptoms are also present, manifested by cold- ness of the exterior and increased temperature of tlie mterior parts. The nose appears dry, and the mouth is full of frothy saliva (sometimes lymphy mucus), and some difficulty is encountered in opening the latter. History of the Disease. — The following case, from the author's note-book, will probably prove interesting to the reader: Tlie patient, a roan mare, aged seven. Temperament, lymphatic. Just arrived, in company with several other horses, from Ohio. The property of Mr. Banford, Merrimac stable, Boston. Our patient had been "ailing" some three or four days before our services were secured, at which time she was laboring under " alarming symptoms " bordering on suffocation. The pulse was indistinct, small, thready, and difficult to number, yet probi.bly exceeded sixty. The breathing was croupy, or stertorous, and could be heard at a distance of several yards. The nostrils were dilated, and from them issued a lymphy discharge, mixed with traces of blood. The submaxillary space was somewhat tumefied, hard, unyielding, and seemed to constrict the larynx and its associate muscles. The eyes were prominent, their membranen congested, and streaks of tears escaped over the inner canthus. The flanks were bedewed with a cold, clammy perspiration. The tips of thp ears were quite cold, and the limbs the same. Auscultation, lu tlie region of the larynx, revealed a very laborious and crepitating rii ucous rale. The trachea itself seemed to be free from obstruc- nou. Thoracic auscultation elicited nothing tending to ~how that the lungs were involved. The patient appeared to be in a deplorable, in fiict dying, con- dition, making a sort of gasping effort to inflate the lungs. There was little time to spare; and being satisfied that the larynx was the seat of obstruction, we immediately cut down upon the trachea, about five inches below the thyroid cartilage, and ampu- tated, from between two rings of the tj-achea, a piece, of an oval Bhape, corresponding in size to the caliber of Arnold's tracheotomy tube, which was the instrument used on this occasion. So soon M the opening into the trachea was effected, the patient experi- 7 9t DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERT, enced instantaneous relief from suffocation, and all dangei from the same seemed to have immediately passed away. The tube was now introduced and secured around the neck in the usual manner, after which the patient received an aloetic enema, and had a strong counter-irritant applied to the submaxillary space and throat, after which the fauces w^ere swabbed with a weak solution of alum, by means of sponge secured to a piece of whale- bone. On examining the " swab," a sort of lymphy or albumin- ous concretion adhered to it ; the mucous membrane of ths larynx was either injected or oedematous. The pharynx was not involved, as the animal, shortly after the operation, drank two quarts of water, containing two drachms of nitrate potassa. The tube remained within the trachea for a period of five dayo, during which time very little occurred worth recording, except that one night pneumatosis (distension of the cellular membrane with air) appeared, which yielded to a dose of hyposulphite of soda and an outward application ol liquor ammonia acetatis ; and, also, on the fifth day, a submaxillary tumor was punctured, which discharged freely. At the end of the above period, it was ascer- tained, by holding a lighted lamp to the nostrils, at the same time stopping up the orifice in the instrument, that the animal breathed through the usual channel. Then the instrument was removed, the parts cleansed, and secured together by suture. The wounds healed by the usual process, and, at the end of three weeks, the animal was disposed of, and went to work. The oper^'^ion of tracheotomy, formidable as it may appear to some. Is unattended with danger; yet, like every other process of surger}' or medicine, is only calculated to relieve certain states peculiarly adapted to the remedy. For example, the operation is admissible in cases of nasal obstruction, from the presence of nasal polypus or other causes; spasm of the larynx, threatening suffo- cation; suppurative laryngitis, when the animal is in great dw- tress for " breath ; " and in case of any foreign body occupying the larynx, which precludes the possibility of continuing the process of respiration. On the other hand, the operation is worse than useless in cases of lung difficulty, bronchial obstruction, or when obstruct ion occurs within the traohea posterior to the usual point selected fcr the operation. diseases of kespiratury passages ajud organs. 90 Cough in its Chronic and Acute Stage. Ajcordiug to veterinary jurisprudence, a cough, so long aa it ».'\sts, renders the animal unsound ; hence it is very important that we should know something about its cause, nature, and treat- ment. C'lrouic cough is often the result of indiscretion in the treatment of influenza, distemper, and disease of the respiratory apparatus. It usually depends on a morbid and irritable condition of the membrane found on the interior of the respiratory passages. The cough is generally aggravated by over-exertion, especially when the roads are dusty. Food of an inferior quality, and that of a musty character, has the same effect. It is generally supposed, by those persons who have not had the oenefit of a medical education, that the presence of acute or chronic cough indicates diseased lungs, or disease in some parts of the organs of respiration. But this is not always the case ; for, when- ever the liver becomes diseased, the subject is very apt to be tor- mented with a harrassing cough, which lasts as long as that organ shall be the seat of disease. However, there are several symptoms to be observed in eases of functional or organic disease of the liver »vhich are not present in lung disease ; lience there is no diificulty in the way of making a correct diagnosis. And for the benefit of the non-professional, the author would inform them that, in all cases of liver disease, a marked yellow tinge will be observed on the visible surfaces within the mouth ; the tongue slightly coated; the dung unusually dark colored, and voided in hardened lumps, Mild the uriiie also of a dark yellow color. Treatment lJ Ghronic Cough. — Give tlie patient daily one ounce of the fluid extract of Indian hemp (foreign), and ofler him occa- eionally some flaxseed tea ; or sprinkle in his food, every night, a handful of unground flaxseed. Sliould this fail to effect a cure, prepare the following: No. 13. Flaid extract of bloodroot 4 ok. I laid extract of pleurisy-root 6 oz. Coumoa syrup ^ pint Mir. Doefe, two ounods per day. The acute cough may be treated in the same manner aa abov«i, by sulistituting foi- tne syrup half a pint of syrup of squills. In the case of liver disease, accompanied by oough, give the 100 DADD'S VEIERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. Rnimal one ounce of fluid extract of maadrake every six nours, until it operates on the bowels, or die Jiembranes of the mouth lose their yellow tinge. Roaring. Roaring is usually the result of structural alterations within the larynx, or upper part of the windpipe bordering on the trachea. In mild cases of roaring, we usually find a thickened state of the membrane lining the upper portion of the respiratory passage ; and when roaring is occasioned by thickening of this membrane, its degree depends on the ratio of decrease in the cali- ber of the tube breathed through. Roaring is a very aristocratic disease. Many of the very best and fastest horses in England were, and are now, notorious roarers. " Flying Childers," as faiit a horse as ever wore horseshoes, was one of the worst roarers ev((i known. The story runs that when " Childers " was at full speal, his roaring resembled juvenile thunder ! He could be heard when distant half a mile ! The worst form of this disease is whistling. This is the shaip shrill note not only occasioned by the thickening of the lining membrane of the primary passages of respiration, but by altera- tions in the form and structure of the larynx, the larynx beinjj, in popular language, known as the " voice-box." Roaring is more prevalent among stallions than mares and geldings, ami the kind of horse most subject to it is the one haN^- ing a thick, chunky neck, and having the angles of the jaws in very close proximity with the neck. Roaring scarcely, if ever, admits of a radical cure ; and when of a hereditary or congenital origin, a cure is impossible. A roarer should never be incum- bered with a check-rein ; for it has the effect of causing undue pressure on the larynx, and thus augments the difficulty. Roaring can, however, be relieved by an operation known as tracheotomy, ^hich is performed at a point a few inches below the larynx. At a meeting of the Imperial and Central Society of Veteri- nary Medicine, M. Leblanc read a communication on tracheot- omy which was performed on a carriage horse. The o])eration had been performed because the horse was a severe roarer ; and h€ wore the tube eighteen years and a half, doing fast work all the time. The animal was destroyed at twenty-three years of age the owner not desiring to make further use of him nor to sel DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGA^S. 101 hiia. Since the operation, Leblanc had not observed any change in the horse, except a depression of the bones of the face. After death, the hirynx was found very narrow, the mucous mem- brane and submucous cellular tissues were thickened, the epiglot- tis deformed, very obtuse, and everted at its free margin. The viianges in the larynx were the original cause of roaring. The depression of the bones of the face was connected with constric- tion uf the nasal chambers, and was evidently secondaiy to the change in the course of the air in the process of respiration. The parts of the trachea in contact with the tube had undergone a transformation into very hard tissue. It filled the trachea above the point where the tube had been introduced, and intermixed witl this firm fibrous deposit was a cartilaginous and osseous tissue, which offered great resistance to the scalpel. Roaring, thick wind, w bistling, etc., are often the sequel of strangles, influenza, laryn- gitis, and other affections of the respiratory passages, and henoe hi ive an accidental origin. In such cases, we may entertain a hope o\ doing some good by means of medicinal agents and counter- irritation. Treatment. — The medicines which have proved most successfiil in my practice are as follows: No. 14. Iodide of potass 4 oz. Fluid extract of stillingia 12 oz. Water 4 oz. Mix. Give the patient two ounces daily, by means of a small vial; and rub the region of the throat every night with a portion of the following : No. 15. Cod-liver oil ) j bpirits 01 camphor j ^ *^ Polypus within the Nostrils. Polypus is the name given to an excrescence, or tumor, -^hiuh has its origin from the surface of the membrane lining the nasal cavities. It is designated as growing from a mucous membrane, having a narrow neck and body, resembling, in shape, a pear. The usual symptoms attending the presence of polypus in the nasal cavities are as follows : Difficulty of breathing, evidently occasioned by obstruction in the air-passages. 502 DADbS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY, Percivall iuforms us that the true polypus i^ at- tached to mucous membranes, and is usually found in the nasal cavities. He tells us that attending the diffi- culty of breathing is a mucous discharge from one or both nostrils, sometimes attended by a discha'ge of blood. Occasionally, however, pure blood runs con- tinuouslv from the nose. Inspection in a full light dis- "N^rKil"^ closes, higher oi lower in the nostril, the rounded base of a polypus. Treatment. — The services of a veterinary surgeon are, as & matter of course, here needed. The patient must be cast and the head fixed in a position so as to take advantage of the light. The operator then passes into the nostril and around the tumor an in- stranieiit called an ecraiseur, which will remove the tumor without loss of blood. If the instrument is not at hand, the surgeon will pass a ligature around the base of the tumor, and in the course of a couple of days it wnll be detached. Percivall recommeuda 'hat, in bringing down the tumor for operation, we must not use any great force. The pedicle being but a duplicature of the skin, and not a jjortion of the polypus itself, may be divided anywhere. In some cases, the polypus is so high up within the nostril that, "n order to get at its base, it becomes necessary to make an incis- ion through the wall of the nostril. Chabert, in his " Veterinary Instructions," relates the follow- ing: "A horse in a cavalry regiment had been gradually losing flesh, and was quickly and painfully blown at every little exer- tion. Fetid matter began to run from his off nostril, and the gland correspondent enlarged. The horse was supposed by the sergeant-farrier to be glandered, (there being no veterinary sur- geons then in the French service,) and was treated accordingly. After a time, to the confusion and astonishment of the man, a fleshy substance began to appear in the nostril, and which rapidly increased in size. At length a great mass protruded, and the far- n<>r ci't it off. No benefit followed; the nostril was still stoppo)-*, the brt,athing laborious, and the horse daily became thinner and weaker. After the lapse of a twelvemonth, the case attracted the attention of M. Tears, the surgeon of the regiment. He cast the horse and slit up the nostril, when he not only found it com- pletely filled w'ith polypus, and the septum narium bulging into the other division of the cavity, but, from long-continupd inflam- DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES ANi; ORGANS. 103 mation and pressure, it adhered to the membrane of the nose in m many points, and so extensively, that it was impossible to get round it or move it. He contrived, at length, to pass a crucial bandage around it, and it was torn out by main force. Four con- siderable portions of the turbinated bones were brought away with it. The hemorrhage was excessive. He however filled the no8- tril completely with tow, and brought the divided edges of the fiilst nostril together by sutures. In three days they were all torn out by the incessant attempts of the animal to get rid of the obstruction; but the horse eventually did well. The polypus weighed two pounds seven ounces." GoHiEE relates a case of a horse who had in his left nostril a polypus as large as a turkey's egg, of a grayish color and glossy surface, too high up to be reached with the finger, which prevented his breathing on that side, and give rise to offensive effluvium, tc enlargement of the lymphatic glands, but not to roaring. Go- HTER slit up the nostril, and, with an iroii rod with a notch upon its end, contrived to inclose its neck in the slip-knot of a liga- ture. In drawing this tight, however — which was, of necessity done in an oblique direction — the pedicle was cut through. Little hemorrhage succeeded, although the tumor weighed twenty-four ounces. The slit nostril was sewn up, and cold water injected into lis cavity. A copious discharge from both nostrils followed, with BAvelUng of the lymphatic glands. This was met by proper treat- ment, and in fifteen days the patient was sent out of the hospital. Bronchocele (Goitre, or Big Neck). Bronchocele, or enlargement cf the thyroid glands, is a disease which very frequently makes its appearance among certain breeds of horses and sheep, and is supposed to owe its origin to heredi- tar}- predispositions and influences. It is also very prevalent among members of the human family. It seems to acquire a home in certain localities in Derbyshire, England, where it is Raid to be a very common disorder; but its occurrence in other parts of that country is by no means frequent. Among the in- habitants of the Alps, and other mountainrus countries bordering thereon, it is a disease very often met with. Tlie unrastratod nninials setMu to suffer most. After thfy eei 1U4 DADO'S VETERIN/RY MEDICINE AND SURGERf to be about eight years of age, the tumors acquire such magnk tude that they press on the vocal organs, so as to decrease th« caliber of the larynx, and thus the animal becomes a "roarer." Judging from what we know of the disease in the human subject, the glands, while undergoing enlargement, do not occasion much pain. The danger arises from mechanical causes, and the death of the subject, if it occur, is due to asphyxia, or suffocation. Among horses there are very few fatal cases on record. Ths reverse is the case as regards sheep. ^\Tien these glands are much enlarged, and the animal is near or past the adult age, it is very unsafe to attempt their removal by means of the knife; for at this stage they are highly vascular, and the arteries \?hich ran into them are much enlarged. The operation has been aao- tmowtn^ rai TtmoB or brohohocele in the beoior or thi rmacu, waasfully performed on lambs, but it must be done when they ai« qnite young, and the artery must be secured before the gland ia extirpated, or the animal will bleed to death in a few seconds. It is well known among the members of the profession that the dia- ease is incurable; and the same remarks apply to all hereditary diseases, yet the growth of the glands may be retarded by means of local and constitutional treatment. The thyroid glands are two ovoid bodies, varying in size from a filbert to an egg, located in the region of the thyroid cartilage (throat), one on each side of the trachea (windpipe). Their at- tachments are cellular. ^Yhen cut into, they exhibit a porus tex- ture, highly vascular, well supplied with blood-vessels. Very little is known of their physiology. They are called vaaeulai DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. 10ft glands without ducts or outlets, and thus they correspond with the spleen, thymus gland, and supra-renal capsules, all of which, when ifi active operation, are largely supplied with blood. Aa regards the function of each, they may be supposed to te».}_arat« certain materials from the blood, and only differ from ordinary glands in not having a direct outlet. Consequently, not knowing tiie i^recise part which the thyroid glands play in the animal ^onomy, it would be very unwise to remove them, when their enlargement, in some cases^ amounts to little else than an " eye- sore." Their enlargement is generally the consequence, and not the cause, of disease. Men, horses, dogs, and cattle of the scrof- ulous diathesis, are known to have what may be termed chronic enlargement of these glands, and this peculiarity would seem to indicate that the thyroid glands are somewhat associated with the lymphatic system. Then, again, we find these glands enlarged in cases of throat and lung difficulties — in catarrh, influenza, dis- temper, etc. — so that their extirpation would not remove the o/'iginal difficulty. In such cases they decrease in size as soon a* the original malady ceases. The enlargement is not then of a permanent character. Treatment. — Should the enlargement appear to exist independ- ent of febrile symptoms, twenty-five grains of the iodide of potassium may be given daily, in water (which the patient will not refuse to drink), and a small portion of the ointment of iodide of potassium may be rubbed on the enlargement, with decided advantage: No. 16. Iodide of potassium 1 part. Lard . 8 parts. Mix. On the Action of Iodine. — Iodine and its compounds are the principal agents used by veterinary surgeons for the treatment of glandular affiictions, and they supersede, to a certain extent, the preparations of quicksilver, in the form of mercury, which are apt to be absorbed into the system, and thus produce mischief. Morton, in his " Manual of Pharmacy," thus alludes to iodine: •*The action of iodine and its compounds is markedly seen on glandular structure, and newly-formed and abnormal growths. For the latter they seem to manifest a decided preference, which renders them so valuable as therapeutic agents. Their influence Is that of a stimulant to the absorbents; and by means of these ir>6 DADl'i VETERLXAUY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. vtjflsels, wlien those agents have been long and injucHciously givea. it ."s recorded that the mammae of women and the testes of men have ahuost disappeared. A case illustrative of the effects of iodine on the glandular system was related by Mr. AVardle, wht employs this agent largely, and with considerable success, lie had been for some weeks exhibiting the iodide of potassium, and also applying it externally to a bull for an enlarged parotid gland. The reduction of the swelling having been accomplished, his at- tention was directed to the testicles of his patient, which had be- come so much diminished in size; and it was also found that the animal had no desire to copulate. Four months generous feed, however, effectually restored the parts to their pristine state. In chronic enlargements of the submaxillary, parotid, mam- mary, and other glands; in tumors of long standing; for tliit-k- ening of the integuments, and indurated swellings about the joiut" le patient becomes uneasy, paws with his fore-feet, and lOfe DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SUKGEKF. evinces signs of abdominal pain. In that event, he should havt two or three drachms of fluid extract of Indian hemp. These latter symptoms indicate danger, showing that the bowels are congested, and the result may be mortification of the ?ame. The following case, occurring in the author's practice, goes to show that influenza may sometimes be followed by an acute disease of the brain, pleurisy, etc. : The patient was a bay gelding, aged about eight years. The groom informed me that the disease was ushered in by a shivering fit. Soon a discharge from both nos- trils ensued. The throat became sore; cough and laborious respiration followed, and the animal became so weak that it was almost impossible to back him out of the stall. He ate but little, and in the act of drinking, the water returned through his nos- trils. The treatment was commenced in the usual manner, by administering tonics and stimulants, which seemed to have a good effect on him. He also received enemas of soap-suds, yet, not- withstanding, symptoms of pleurisy supervened. He appeared to suffer much pain, and was very unwilling to have the region of the chest explored. The least pressure on the region of the inter- costal spaces would cause him to grunt or groan with pain. The pulse was active and wiry, and the visible surfaces were much reddened. I administered a full dose of powdered niter, and twenty drops of aconite; and fearing effusion into the chest, I plastered the walls of the same with hot vinegar and mustard. The latter made the patient very uneasy, and he cut up all kinds of capers. In the course of a few hours I repeated the dose, and left the patient for the night. Next morning I again visited him, and was informed that he had made several attempts to get up in tlir; manger. I noticed that his head was elevated, and the eyeg tiery red. He acted wildly and showed decided symptoms of phrenzy. On attempting to administer a sedative, the animal went into convulsions, and I was compelled to make my escape from the stall as quick as possible. He soon got his fc re-feet over the tops of an adjoining stall, five feet in height, renrained there for a short time, when he scrambled over and fell like a log right into the next stall. I never expected to see him rise again ; but after a few minutes, with some assistance, he got up. I gave him twenty drops of aconite. During this day the frantic animal went over a stall twice in succession, and fell very heavily each time on his back, yet did not appear to have suffered any mjury Ul&EASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. 109 Most of the time he appeared frantic, yet uncDnscious ; and just before going into a convulsive fit, he would stamp with his fore- feet, continuously toss up his head, his neck being the seat of spasmodic twistings. Next da} the symptoms had not altered much, and, during my examination, he pulled back, broke a por- tion of his manger to which he was tied, and fell head over heels <)n the floor. During the forenoon he became more calm, and la^ ^E the floor, yet would occasionally jerk his head backward, and have slight convulsions. I continued the prostrating plan of treatment, only exhibiting smaller doses, and soon the patient began to improve. The membranes of the eyes, mouth, and nostrils as- sumed a more natural appearance; then the plan of treatment was altered, and the patient received tonics and stimulants, which soon resulted in convalescence. Among all the cases that have come under my care and observa- tion, I have neither found it advisable nor necessary to practice the antiphlogistic treatment, in so far as it relates to bleeding and purging; and I can not conceive a case, so depressing as influenza is known to be, that would require any such heroic treatment. The safety of our patient depends on the judicious application of remedies such as are here named, and, therefore, I would warn the farmer asi;ainst the use of fleam and cathartic in the treatment of influenza. Yet, after all, the best treatment may fail in restoring 9 patient. We require aid in the form of pure air, suitable diet, ?nd good nursing. Failing in the latter important adjuncts, our M'catment avails but little. Influenza is a disease accompanied by a discharge from the res- piratory, conjunctival, and schneiderian membranes; and the organs of respiration themselves are more or less involved, as shown by cough and soreness of the throat, lassitude, fever, thirst, and loss of appetite. Now, if the term influenza means any thing, it signifies epidemic catarrh, and the cases alluded to were not cf Lhis character, but quite diverse, indicating a low congestive state. Still, the majority of cases that we have seen do appear to be noth- ing more nor less than influenza; but if the above diseases appear simultaneous with the latter, there is danger of persons making great mistakes in the treatment, for it is very apt to run intc typhoid fever. 110 DADD'S VETEllINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. Typhus ob Typhoid Affections. Ti»e veterinary surgeons of England have hithe* > maiutaixk,d II remarkable silence on the subject of typhoid affiections occurring among horses; and so late as the year 1850, Mr. Percivall, in- forms the world, through the pages of the • Veterinarian," that in London veiy little is known about such uiocase. In view, there- fore, of lighting up the dark spots that exist in our department on this side of the water, we furnish a translation from the French, by Mr. Percivall. The article is a selection from a prize memoir written by a distinguished surgeon. It is preceded, as the reader will perceive, by a review from the pen of the translator, who says: " In the ' Collection of Memoirs and Observations on (French) Military Veterinarian Hygiene and Medicine,' which we have ^o lately been engaged in examining, are contained two prii:e memoirs — one on Farcy, the other on Typhoid Affections in htrses.* On the latter of these we would make a few remarks, if it were only for the reason of showing what is meant to be un- derstood by such imposing titles. Typhus i*nd typhoid are wordit but rarely heard in our own country in connection with veterinary, or at least with hippiatric, medicine. Our old writers on farriery described fevers in horses as very destructive in their character requiring antiphlogistic treatment : ^^^ Typhus Fever. — A disease touching which we (the author) ar« in possession of but few observations, and one that has been, and still is, in our opinion, mistaken for and confounded with either enteritis cr gastro-enteritis — in cases, for example, in which its consequences are of little importance — though, perhaps, with pu- trid fever, when, on the other hand, malignant and exhibiting extraordinary violence, its progress is rapid and its termination fatal. In its most benignant form, typhus fever, indeed, bears sc great a resemblance to pure inflammation of the primary intestinal passages, that it is often difficult, very difficult, even to distinguish them. As for the cause which occasions it to be confounded with putrid fever, it is no matter of astonishment to us, since, in our opinion, one fever possesses, in many respects, so great an analogy • The reader will find an article on Typhus Fever, but in an enzootic form, in "The Veterinarian," vol. xxii, p. 462. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. Ill ^ritli the other ; while typhus itself, through causes which remain latent up to the present hour, is, like the gastro-enteritis of l.')25, dangerous, fatal, and epizootic. In general, typhus fever begins without any warning, though there are times in which its ap- proach is marked l)y dullness and weakness, and a manifestation of being easily fatigued, sweating through little exertion, etc., with loss of appetite. Of the first stage, the most remarkable symptoms are either a /ellow redness of the pituitary membrane, or a dryness or a dis- charge of viscous matter, which adheres in thick incrustations around the alse of the nostrils, with, occasionally, an appearance of drops of blood. The nostrils are more or less dilated, the res- piration more or less frequent, according to the sharpness of the abdominal pains, or the existence of a lamentable complication of thoracic with abdominal disease. The ear applied to the wind- pipe or to the walls of the thorax, almost always detects a well- marked mucous rale; also there is cough, with full, strong, and frequent pulse. In the second stage, the mouth becomes dry, and sometimes dis- plays aphthae or cracks of some depth. The tongue is red about its point and along its sides, but its middle and base are of a deep yellow tint. The breath is tainted. When abdominal symptoms are present, which is not always the case, they are sufficiently well marked. The dung is either very hard, or it is, more com- monly, liquid; sometimes it is bloody, and issues a fetid odor, the debility frequently being such at this period as to cause constant opening of the anus. The pituitary membrane is dry, and covered with bloody points. The conjunctival membrane is reddened and infiltrated, and, like the pituitary, presents petechial ])atches. The pulse has not its force and fullness, etc. Some veterinarians have remarked, at this period, upon the insides of the thighs those little vesicles to which the name of sudamina has been given. Uriub seamy, possessing a remarkable fetor, and voided occasion- ally with great pain; great dejection, and occasional stupor, and, ordinarily, at this period it is that the ataxic or adynamic symp- toms set in. In the third stage, the parotids tumefy and ulcerate. Any setona 01 roweis that may have been introduced, or blisters, become so many causes of mortification of the parts in which they have been jppliol. And now the mouth becomes quite dried up; the tongue 112 DADDS VETER.NARr MEDICINE AND SUBGERY. acquires a horny feel, and turns brown; the gums and teeth art covered with a dingy slime. Bleeding from the nose, which mostly appears during the inflammatory stage, now returns. The pulse becomes irregular and more feeble; oedema, sometimes consider- able, of the extremities ; great debility. The temperature of the body sinks. The neck, belly, flanks, axilla, and groins become covered with cold and clammy sweats; the tympanitis increases, the evacuations being bloody and fetid to a remarkable degree. The animal, continually in pain, exhibits symptoms of colic, often seeking to lie down ; but if he docs, he soon rises again. Respi- ration greatly accelerated ; nostrils widely dilated ; pulsations of the heart tumultuous. At length, beginning to stagger, he falls, either to die an easy death or to expire amid agonizing convulsions. "When, however, recovery in place of death follow^, such symp- toms as we have last detailed do not occur, or with only modified force and character. When blood has been drawn for experiment, under such circumstances, at a time when adynamic and biliary eymptoms ])revailed, it has been found to contain but little hema- tosine, but, on the contrary, a large proportion of serum, of a light greenish hue. The disease may last from four, seven, or eight tc thirty days. Relapse is extremely likely, e\ en under every pros- pect of convalescence, unless great care be taken. The diagnosis at the commencement is difficult, even impossible, when the char- acteristic sym})toms are but scantily and imperfectly developed. The affections whose symptoms most resemble those of the dis- ease before us are plegmasia of the intestinal tube, and particular of the brain. Should sudamina be detected, they are, as iu human medicine, to be regarded as definitely characteristic of typhoid fevei. Prognosis, for the most part, unfavorable; aud the more 80 accordiiig as the nervous accompaniments are more numerous, more violent, and more early in showing themselves; the stupor great, the strength failing more, the pulse faltering, the diarrhea greater, more bloody, fetid, etc. Our etiology is all at fault. In truth, we know not the deter- mining cause of typhus. The post-mortem states are by no means agreed upon by those who have reported them. Most agree that the digestive canal exhibits the most constant and marked symp- toms of disorder. The mouth presents marks of inflammation, and, on occasions, aphthae or ulceraiions, though commonly too su- perficial to destroy the living membrane. The pharynx 2omelime« DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND OnOANS 113 ihe same as the mouth ; at others, nothing. The stomach is fre- quently the seat of inflammation of a marked character. Tlw intestines also reddened, to more or less extent. The cavity of the peritoneum, containing a citron-colored fluid, reddened, per- haps, the omentum being at times almost entirely destroyed. A liquid matter — a sort of bloody corruption of more or less consist- ence — is often found within the cavities of the small guts ; and in those of the large, the csecum and colon in particular, are some- umes to be remarked red and black spots, or ecchymoses, buds of Bmaller or larger size {glandes de Bi-uner) indistinctly planted over the mucous surface. MalignaTd or Putrid Typhus — {Typhis Charhonneaux.) — These malignant and putrid affections, either constitutional, or, in some instances, but local in their origin, ever of a highly acute nature and of unequaled rapidity of progress, since not unfrequently they cause death in a few hours, are of more consequence for us to be- come acquainted with, as they are not only susceptible of being communicated from one animal to another, but even from animal to man, in whom, losing none of their malignity, they are likewise most commonly mortal. Frequently sporadic, sometimes epizootic, but most commonly enzootic, these diseases at times assume so re- doubtable a form that nothing can arrest their progress. Invading farms or other extensive localities; they produce therein tcrrifio ravages; for, being susceptible under various forms, almost equally fatal one with another, of prostrating a vast number of animals of the same or different species, these affections determine, under vary- ing circumstances, losses which, on occasions, desolate and com- pletely ruin the countr}' where they have broken out. Sudi are the two especial forms of typhus fever which have been observed aciong horse-kind — one of which would seem to occur at times in practice without being sufficiently heeded or re- cognized by veterinary surgeons in this countrj', while the other may be said to comprehend those malignant epidemics by which our cattle, if not our horses, have, of late years, been too fearfully Tisited.'" In the treatment of typhoid affections, we endeavor to give tono to the system by furnishing nutritious diet, tonic, and stimulating medicines. Ginger and golden seal, with a small portion of hy- [wsulphite of soda, are the best remedies. 114 DADDS A'ETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. PI PLAN OF A VAPOR BATR USED IN THE TREATMENT OF LfNG AFFECTIONS. Explanation.— «, represents a boiler c-iginally erected for the purpose of supplying the infirmarf with hot water; c, is the nii»in pipe issuing from tlie top of the boiler receiving the steatu, and conducting it, when not rrquired for other purposes, into cither a flue or the open air at h; e and / are branch pipes from the main one (c), J being that which conducts the steam into a worm (/j), winding through a condensing trougli (g\- e. the branch pipe which conducts the steam (prevented by stop-cock from going in the other direction ' into the bath, the place of admission (n) being on one side, close to tlie floor at a point intermediate between the horse's fore and hind feet while standing in the bath witlx his head outside" m i« the bath, being a horse-box, such as Is used for embarking liorses on board of ship with the addition of a linirg of flannel, a rr.ofiug of hoops and tilting, and curtains over the doors, front and back, to pre- vent the escape of steam. The box, being placed upon wheels, serves, besiiles being used as a bath, for tho transport of sick or lame horses ; and, having doors at both ends, and a ino-v>able platform fr / the horse to walk in upon, is, in general, entered without any great deal ot uuwill' ingness. f.-TEUMONiA (Inflammation op the Lungs). InH^Liimation of the lungs, known to veterinarians as pueu- monia, is not apt to be so prevalent among horned creatures aa Bmoug horses, except, however milch cows, when they are located in tllthy, unventilated milking establishments. In such places diseases of the lungs are often fearfully prevalent, raging as an epizootic, as it did a few years ago in the swill-milk establish- ments of New York. It makes sad havoc when prevalent among a large herd that may be confined in a barn or stable of con- tractsd proportions. All domestic animals require plenty of room, as well as light and pure air; for it is now pretty ciearly demonstrated that the pleuro-pneumonia, which appeared in Massachusetts, in 1860, on the premises of Mr. Chenery, arose there spontaneously. His barn, or rather the basement, where the cattle lived, was a room fifty feet square and only eight feet in height. The walls on the north, and a portion of tb« DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. 116 east and west sides, were composed of brick, and the remainder of boards, with joints battened. On the south, east, and west stdes were glass windows ; on the north side a door opened into the vegetable cellar, and on the roof there was a sky-light. A stairway led to the hay-loft above, another to the manure cellar below, both elos'^d by doors. The manure cellar was eight feet deep, and extended under the whole room. In the winter anci spring of 1859 were confined forty head of cattle, arranged on jhree sides, with their heads toward the center; and within that center was another square, containing animals, so arranged thai almost all were brought face to face. The manure cellar, about this time, contained from fifty to one hundred cords of manure, with from ten to twenty hogs in it. " This," says Mr. Ciienery, " was my condition in the beginning of the year 1860. I had buried nearly half of my herd. I had experimentally acquired a knowledge of the fact that, in order to kee]) animals alive and in health, it was absolutely necessary that they should be supplied with pure air as well as with good food and pure water." ■ So far as the direct or indirect causes of pneumonia are con- ct;rn?d, we may safely infer that crowding and a bad system of ventilation includes them all. Yet, among horses, this disease often originates as the consequence of laborious work and feata '^f speed, which produces rapid and sometimes distressing respira- tions ; but among cattle, whose powers of speed and endurance are not often put to the test, and whose natural respirations are glower, we infer that impure air, and perhaps exposure, too, are DiOre operative than action or ill-usage. The stimulating and morbid action of an impure atmosphere may produce a disease of this character by its irritiiting effects on the highly vascular membrane which lines the bronchi and air- cells. But then we all know that impure air fails to decarbonize the blood ; hence it is rendered unfit to enter the system. It ha.s been noticed, however, by the drovers of the East, that when cat- tle have been driven a long distance without food, and in tem- pestuous weather, they are apt to become the subjects of diseasefJ lungs. Fortunately for the poor brute, pneumonia is not so pain- fid as lironchitis, j)leurisy, or lapy'ngitis ; and having passed through the acute stage, which is usually brief, it assumes a mild or sub- acute form, and ends in altered structure of the lungs, known aa induration (hardening) or hejwtization (liver-like"), or it may end 116 DADD'« VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERl. in pleurisy, and ultimately dropsy of tlie chest. I should judgt that cattle, when the subjects of pneumonia, suffer less tian horses, from the fact that the former will lie down during the \ rogress of the disease, and the horse is scarcely, if ever, known to do so until shortly before he dies. In the horse, this malady occasionally takes a metastatic turn ; that is, the disease is translated to the feel or brain, producing an affection of a very formidable and acute character. Among cattle, however, such translation is very rare. Forms of Pneumonia. — Pneumonia is divided into several stages and forms, but as such refer more to its degree or intensity, I shall only inform the reader that pneumonia may exist either as a con- dition of congestion or of inflammation. Congestion signifies a distended or plethoric state of the blood-vessels of the substantse of the lungs, and slow motion of the blood ; and it sometim(« sets in as suddenly as that form which is termed inflammatory ; among cattle the former form is more prevalent. In the conges- tive stage the symptoms are those of embarrassment — the blood courses through its vessels sluggishly, and there is not that activKy of the heart and lungs which is noticed in inflammatory pneic- monia. Symptoms of Inflammation of the Lungs. — There are many symj*- toms attending lung disease which are common to various other forms or affections. These must be inferred ; for, by detailing them, I might only confound the non-medical reader, and rend(.r the diagnosis difficult, and, perhaps, impossible. The symptoms, in the early stages, are such as are usually observed at the con.- mencement of febrile diseases, viz. : coldness of the extrcmitie i, and slight shivering fits; loss of appetite; labored respiration: pulse variable, and the mouth hot and clammy; the animal lieaves at the flanks, is rather unwilling to move, and the fore-legs are widely separated, while the head is held in a drooping position. Ah the disease progresses, these symptoms vary more or less, and the appearance of the membranes of the mouth, nose, and eyes may vary from the color of bright scarlet to that of a leaden hue. In congestive pneumonia, the pulse is more voluminous, yet leas active, than in health, or in acute disease. A cough, slight or active, as the case may be, is usually noticed ; it is a sort of deep- seated, half-suppressed one, and sometimes it is the first symptom which calls the owner's attention to the ailing animal. Treatment. — It is important, at the commencement of the treat* D1HEA8ES OF RESFIKATORY PASSAGES AND ORGANS. 117 ment, that the patient shall be placed in a comfortable shed or barn, where pure air abounds; for, under such circumn-tances, f,he cooperation of Nature in the cure of the malady is secured. Should the disease be of an acute character, it will be accom- panied by quick or lal)ored respiration, and a strong, wiry pulse. In tliat event, I should give two drachms of the tincture of gel- fieminum. The brisket ami sides of the chest are to be rubbrd occasionallv with nmstard and vinegar. This acts as a counter- irritant, and diverts tlie blood from the lungs to the surface. It wa: customary, in former years, to bleed and purge almost all animals when attacked with acute pneumonia ; but as the mor- tality was then very great, and less under a more rational sys- tem, we are led to believe that bad treatment was the cause of our want of success. Two or three doses of gelseminum, given at intervals of six or eight hours, will, together with the ehip.sed time, have a tendency to modify the affection. Then active medi- cation is to be suspended, and we immediately give life-sustaining agents, which consist of pure air, water, proper food, tonics, and stimulants. The best tonics and stimulants that I know of are powdered golden seal and ginger, e([ual parts. Dose, half an ounce night and morning, as a drench; or two ounces, night and morning, of the fluid extract of resin weed may be substituted. The animal should have one ounce of powdered chlorate of i)otasa c^ery twelve hours, until it is evident that convalescence is ap- proacfiing, or has actually set in, when it may be discontinued. The best way to administer the chlorate of potass, is to dissolve it in a few quarts of lin.seed tea, or an infusion of slippery ilrn, which .should be kept in a bucket before the animal until he has partaken of the whole of it. The chlorate of potass is also indi- cated as a valuable agent in the treatment of all lung afll^ctiou.s, including pleuro-pneumonia and pleurisy ; its use is to be di-r-on tinned, however, when the urinary secretion becomes much aug- mented, or it may overwork the kidneys. Chlorate of po(i I>LirA\LS OF RE?FIil..lOK\ V AJi3>.aSS AND ORGANS. 121 thiiiy g/a?iis of" .'(xll-ie of potass in two Ovinees of fluid extract of resin-M-eed root; an o-''casional dose of golden seal was given as a tonic. The iodide of potass acted on the '!yi:,tem as a glandular fitiniulant, and thus increased the power of the libsorbents and ex- crement' t-'ous vessels, to rid the chest of its f u'd contents, while the '-e.'-in-root acted as a diuretic, thereby carrying off some of the fluid by way of the kidneys. During the period of the sickness o^ this animal, the resonance of the chest gradua^y became clear, 6K tliat at the end of three weeks not more than a co.iple of pints of serum remained in the chest. The animal rapidly convalesced. During the treatment of such a case as the above, I utuilly feed the animal liberally on oats and sweei hay; and, in order to obvi- ate ('()nsti})ation, I order an occasional bran-mash. The auimal, h' A'ever, may not, at the commencement, have much rehsh for fv.i/d, l)ut after a. few doses of the medicine here recommended have been given, the appetite will soon be restored. It will be noticed, during the progress of this malady, that the animal does not lie down, but stands with the fore-legs widely apart, although, at the very commencement of acute ])leurisy, the subjcv^t will often get down, in view of mitigating the lancinating pain from which he suffers, in oons<>quence of the distension of the vessels of [he pleura. Pleurisy sometimes sets in as an accompaniment of influenza, which ahnost always ends in dropsy of the chest ; and as a case ol this kind is a good one to place on record, I here intnKluce one from my note-book : P/euriM)j endinr/ m Dropsy and Death. — The horse, the subject of the above-named maladies, was the property of a milkman of Chicago. The animal had been previously treated for the prevail- ing influenza, accompanied by pleurisy, and had about recovered so as to take daily exercise; but finally the owner discovered that the horse was suddenly taken M'ith a relapse. Feeling alarmed, he procured one pint of linseed oil, with which he di-enched the animal. Still, the horse rapidly grew wor-c At this j)criod, my » rvices were sought. On auscultating and jiercussing the chest, I found that the right cavity was occupied by a large quantitv of water. Dropsical swellings were found in various j)arts of the body, viz.: tiie sheath, limbs, and region of the j^ectoral muscles. On applying the ear to the trachea, the respiration was of a mucoufl '^liaracter, and tuhular, showing that the lungs were much diseased. Th*' pxaniiuation n-^vealed the fact that about one-half the left lung L'A2 DADDS VEIERINARY MEDICINE AND SUllGERY. «fas involved in disease. The animal had no appetite, yet waa thirsty ; and when urged to move, would utter a gruiit, indicative of pain. It was evident that the relapse was, or might be, con- eidered a case of pleurisy^ ending in effusion into the chest. The worst feature of the case was that the animal purged violently (liquid iitools)^ having a very strong odor of linseed oil ; it covered a larire space on the floor, and ran down his hind extremities Thii seemed to me t3 render the case hopeless; for super-purgation of itself will often cause the death of an otherwise well animal. But this poor creatuie was laboring under a malady from which few ever recover. However, I thought that while "there is life there is hope," and I commenced the treatment by ]»erforraing the operation of tapping for dropsy of the chest. 1 drew oif three and a half gallons of fluid, of a light straw col jr, from the right cavity of the chest. On auscultating the chest, both sides appeared resonant, showing that the waters must have occupied both cavities; hence, the mediastinum (the membrane which di- vides the thorax into two equal cavities) must have been ruptured thus permitting an influx and reflux of the fluid. Next, counter- irritants were applied to both sides of the chest. The patient was properly clothed, tonics and astringents were given, and the case was left in the care of an attendant for the night. Next da^ f found the patient was respiring very comfortably. The tapping of the chest seemed to have done much good, yet the purging still continued ; so I ordered scalded milk and charcoal, and adminis- tered tonics and stimulants, as before. But it was very evident that the animal must die of super-purgation, and next morning I received word that death had taken place. It was unfortunate. under the circumstances, that the owner should have given linseed oil; for it *3 a very powerfol irritant and cathartic, and produces much irritation and inflammation on tne surface of the interior of the stomach and intestines, as well as uncontrollable purga- don. It is a remedy which is very quickly absorbed, and finds its way into the blood in a very few minutes, as the following casf will show: I once gave a horse a dose of linseed oil for the pur- pose of experiment. (He happened to be in good health, or I should probably have lost him.) Ten minutes after administer- ing the dose, I applied a linen handkerchief to the highly organ- ized membrane lining the eyelid, and both the odor and color of the oil could easily be detected. On exposing the handkerchief DISEASES OF RESPIRATORY PASSAGES AND ORuANS. 123 to a moderate degree of heat, for the purpose of evaporaiion, a grease spot remained ou the same ; hcuce it is an agent that should never be used in pleurisy, nor in any disease occurring in the o" - gans of respiration. Dropsical diseases, supervening on influenza, are never benefited by cathartics, for they always lead to debility and prostration. Influenza is a disease of very prostrating char- acter; hence the proper j^lan of treatment is to sustain the vital power, by nourishing diet, tonics, and stimulants — ginger and golden seal. While commenting, however, on the linseed oil treatment, I do not wish to censure the owner of the animal ; fcr I should be throwing stones into glass houses, having myself, in former years, used and recommended this kind of oil for various diseases ; but, after many mishaps, I am satisfied that it is unsafe in the treatment of equine affections. Pericaeditis (Inflammation of Pericardium), (Sometimes called "Heart Disease.") The pericardium is a membranous sac, which surrounds and incloses the heart. It is composed of two layers, united by cel- lular tissue. The external layer is dense and fibrous, and is attached, by ligaments, to the sternum, or breast-bone and dia- phragm, and above to the roots of the large blood-vessels. ^ The internal layer exhibits internally a smooth surface, like the lining membrane of the cavity of the chest. From this surfiice is secreted a serous fluid, which lubricates the heart, and protects it from the friction which would otherwise occur. The pericardium is a wall of defense for the heart, and keeps it in its proper position. Pericarditis signifies inflammation of the inner membrane of the pericardium. It is a disease which is almost unknown to ibe ordinary practitioner in this country, and entirely unknown to the husbandman ; yet it is a disease that carries off a large number of horses and cattle, and often the parties concerned in the treat- ment and ownership of the animals do not even suspect the trua nature of the malady. After the inflammatory action of the per- icardium has reigned for several days, unsuspected and un- checked, an inordinate effusion from the serous lining takes place. We then have dropsy of the " hau't-bag." Water accumulates around the heart, which interferes with its action so as to put a ,top to circulation, and this results in the death of the animal. P-v^arditl^i often accompanies, or is the sequel of, j)leurisy and 124 LADDS VEitRINARY MEDICINE AND SCRGEKY otl/tr diseases of the serous membranes; yet, fortunately for tht patient as well as the jiractitioner, it does not require any special treatment other than that laid down for pleurisy and disease of other serous membranes. Causes, — The causes of pericarditis are the same as those which arc said to be operative in the production of pleurisy and dispaoe in the serous membrane, viz. : sudden impressions of cold upon Ihc external surface of the body; injuries; overtasking the pow- ^'rs of tlie animal })y laborious and rapid work. Sometimes foreign bodies, such as pins and needles, have been found within the pericardium, which nmst have been taken into the stomach with tlie food, and have worked their way so as to penetrate the |x?rif'ardium and heart. Such cases almost always prove fatal. f'ymptoms. — The general symptoms of the disease are anxiety, .shivering, coldness of the skin and mouth, loss of appetite; the jugular veins are congested, and they jmlsate like an artery ; there is a sort of tinkling or metallic sound, when the ear is applied to tlie chest and lower part of the neck. In the latter stages the respiratory murmur becomes very indistinct, and there is a sort of double expiration, and the ribs become contorted, the same as. in dropsy of the chest. Treatment. — The heat of the external surface of the body must be restored, and kept uniform by means of leggings and body clothing. Both sides of the chest are to be briskly rubbed, two or three times daily, with hot vinegar and strong mustard. One drachm of iodide of potass, dissolved in five ounces of warm water, should be given every four hours; but, should the case be seen, and the true nature of the malady discovered in its early stag(>s, •omit the iodide of potass, and substitute two fluid drachms of tirc- < lire of gelseminum. Two or three doses, at intervals of four hours, will suffice; then resort to the iodide of potass, or substitute for the same four drachms of chlorate of potass. So soon as the animal appears to improve, discontinue the above-named medicine, and give tonics. Four drachms of fluid extract of golden seal, tuice daily wi suffice, A fatal case of puie pericarditis is related by Mr. Woodger, Y. S., in the T^ondon "Veterinarian." The autopsy revealed a healthy state of the lungs and pleura; yet the pericai'dium con- tained about three quarts of serum, highly colored. The walls of the pericardium were considerablv thickened, and studded v.-itV DISEASES OF KESPIltATOKY PASSAGES AXD ORGAXS. I'-^S nicrous bunds of lymph, on the inner surface, of a bright }clhnv color. Several small patches of infliimmation were likewise ob- served on the ventricles of the heait, near the valves of this organ. The heart itself was also larger than usual, and much softened. Heaves. A disease prevails among horses, more particularly hi the Eastern States, known as heaves, The affected animal heaves at the flanks, or, rather, performs what is knov/n as abdominal respi- nilion, bv bringing into play, at the monn nt of expiration, the abdominal muscles, for the jmrpose of aiding the lungs and dia- lihragni in thu function of expiialion and respiration. Th& disease somewhat resembles asthma, it being of a spasmodic character, and afier continuing for some time, will suddenly disappear. The disease may be defined as being great diffi- culty in breathing ; continuous ; aggravated, by dust on the road, musty hay, improper provender, impure air, and sudden atmos- pheric changes. On appl}ing the ear in the region cf bronchi, or to the upper sides of the chest, a wheezing sound cf respira- tion is heard. These symptoms, togt ther with the hea. ing motion at the flanks, constitutes heaves. When the disease is merely functional— that is to say, brought on by feeding musty hay and musty clover— a cure is affected by feeding jirairie hay, which contains the well-known sil[)hyum, " resin weed." The husband men who reside in the vicinity of where the resin weed grows are well accpiainted with Ihe properties of this plant, and they declare that it is a specific for the treatment of asthma or heaves. I have used the article in the form of fluid extract, prepared from the root, and I find it to be a veiy valuable remedy. The dose of the fluid extract is two ounces, morning and e\ening. There are some cases, however, which are incurable, owing to organic disease of the bronchi, or rupture of air-cells in the lungs. Such casts are known by the unnatuial ]-e,si>lration when the horse is drawing a heavy load or traveling up hill. His breathing is then very distressing, and he not only brings into play the abdominal muscles, but also the muscles of the chest (intercostals). Such cases, although considered incurable, maybe palliated by the daily use of fluid extract of resin weed. Provided prairie hay can not be obtained as food, the ordinary hay used should be sprinkled 126 DADD"S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. witli salted water, in the proportion of a lianJfal of salt to one bucket of water. Sprinkling the hay with weak lime-water has also a good effect. Sliced carrots, parsnips, or potatoes, fed occa- sionally, are also beneficial. But, of all our remedies, none equal'' a run at grass on prairie lands. MAIN AETEEIES ON THE INSIDE OF ONE OF THE FOBE-LEGSc P^M SHOULDER TO KNEE. Explanation of Plate. 1. Humeral thoracic. 2. Axillary. 8. Interua^ thoracic. 4. Dorsal scapular. 6. External thoracic. 6. Humeral. Brachial. Branches of the triceps Ulnar branches. Spiral branches. Kadial branches. i2. Metacarpal arteries, large and smalL SECTION V. DENTITION AND DIET. The Horse's Age as showx by his Teeth— On the Diet of Horses— The effects or VARIOUS KINDS OF FoOD— As REGARDS THE QUANTITY OF FoOD REQUIRED As REGARDS CHANGES IN DiET — CONCLUSION. The Horse's Age as shown by his Teeth. FIGURE 1 is a representation of a foal's " mouth," as it ap- pears at the age of twelve months ; the tempoi-arij teeth are sliown, and all, except the corner ones, are worn quite smooth. (See remarks on temporary teeth.) Figure 2, a two-years old; the two anterior, or front temporary teeth, are shed, and the per- manent ones, with their deep pit in the center, and unworn edges, Fig. 1. Fig. 2. TEMPORARY TEETH OF THE COLT. TWO YEARS OLD. are approaching a level with the remaining temporary. Figure 3, a three-years old ; the two permanent middle toctli are seen, with their deep j3t7s, etc., and are nearly on a level with the iwo front permanent teeth, which are smoothed down. Figure 4, a four- years old ; the- permanent corner teeth are now " cut," and the tushes have appeared, although the latter may not ajipcar until (127i DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. five. Figure 5, a five-years old; the corner teeth are well upj the faces of the front and middle are Avorn more or less, and the tushes are more developed. Figure 6, a six-years old ; the Hack marks have disappeared from the two front teeth, and a Fig. 4. £- THEEE YEARS OLD. FDLK YEAItS 01. D. brownish mark is perceivable. Figure 7, a seven-years old ; the black marks have now disappeared from the two middle teeth, and a brown spot is seen in the center. Figure 8, an eight-years old; the marks and cavities of the comer teeth are now effaced. Fig- ure 9 is a horizontal view of " Black Hawk's " incisors, and, cou- Fig. 6. m. FIVE VEARS OLD. SIX YEARS OLD. trasted with figure 10, (a young month,) shows the degree of inclination existing between the incisors of the aged and young animals. The Colt's Mouth. — Bemarks on the Temporary Teeth. {In- cisors.) In the course of from ten to fifteen days after birth (varying DENTITION AND DIET. 129 bccasionally), tlio//-oy/^ nippers in the upper and lower jaw makd their a})pearanee, and, during the period, which occurs between the third and fifth week= c^.e DAddle incisOfs appear. Between the eeventh and ninth lUvjutL the luterai or corner teeth are cut. The ^ SKVF>; YEARS OLD. F.IGHT 1EARS OLD. colt is now in possession of a full set of temporary incisors. These temporary, or "milk" teeth, ditfer from the pjermanent ones by beino- much smaller and (previous to shedding) whiter, having on their anterior or front surfaces grooves or furrows; also a well- defined body, neck, and slender fang. They also present oval surfaces anteriorily, or in front ; and within the mouth they are concave. Their surfaces are generally uniform and smooth, and resemble the eye of an English horse-bean. Fig. 9. HORIZONTAL VIEW OF OLD BLACK HAWK'S INCI80B8 AND TDBBU. The Permanent Teeth. — Constitutional idiosyncrasies art often operative in hastening or retarding dentition, and the char- acter of the food, whether it be natural or artificial; and thfl 9 130 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERV. mode of obtaining the one or the other makes considerable differ- ence in the wear and tear of the same, consequently we must bear in mind that the popular theory of " age " is sometimes more arbitrary than truthful, and allowances for the same must be made. At the age of two, or a few months over, the front perma' nent teeth ought to appear, aud, consequently, at the age of three, varying a few months, the middle teeth are up. At /our, varying as in the preceding cases, the corner teeth begin to show them- selves, and are not up square with the others until the fifth year. The animal now emerges from colthood> and is known as a horse. As regards the female, daring her minority she is termed "flly;'* at five she enters the adult stage, and, consequently, is deuomi- & YouNa horse's mouth. nated a mare. Supposing the horse to have a full set of nip|>ers, or incisors, at the age of five, the marks, or black incrustation, will have so worn away at six as to leave a faint brown mark At seven, similar appearances have taken place in the two next, or middle, teeth. At eight the marks, or rather the cavities, of the two next, or corner teeth, are now about obliterated, and the fiice of the teeth are nearly level, and the central enamel is nearer the inward than the outward border. After the marks have all disappeared in the lower jaw, the exact age can not clearly be shown. At the age of nine the front teeth appear somewhat rounded; the middle and corner ones contract their oval faces, and the central enamel diminishes and approaches the inward border. At ie^i the middle incisors resemble those at nine, and the central enamel has approximated the inward border and i« rounded. At e/^jen the middle teeth resemble those at ten, and DENTITION AND DIET. 131 the central enamel is almost worn off. At hcelve the corner teeth take on the triangular form, and their central enamel is very con- tracted, and a vellow mark is left. At tJiirtcen the sides of the front teeth thicken, and they hegin to assume a triangular appear- ance, and the whole incisors of the lower jaw complete the trian- gular form at the age of seventeen. xVt c'lghtcen the front teeth are somewhat flattened from side to side ; the flattening goes on in the middle and corner teeth, and is completed at tlie age of iwenty-one, giving them the appearance of a reversed oval. As regards the maris in the upper incisors, they disappear from the front teeth in the course of the ninth year^ from the middle in the tenth, and from the corner or lateral ones in the eleventh year; Fig. U. A PORTION OF THE LOWER JAW OF Ol.n ni.ACK HAWK, (Aged twenty-three years and eight uioiiths.J and as the animal increases in years, the upper corner teeth be- come indented or notched. The inclimdion of the teeth enables us to form some idea of the horse's age. In a young horse, the teeth are upright (see fig. 10) ; after the age of eight they gradu- ally become horizontal, (see "Black Hawk's" mouth,) and the upper teeth overlap the under ones, and thus M'car off their outer edge. The Tushes, or Canine Teeth. — Between the ages of four and six the tushes, which, in the male, are four in number, make their appearance. In sha])e they are conical, with a sharp point, and curved. On the inside there are two furrows, which com- mence at the base and meet at the ai>ex, leaving a triangular eminence between them. The shari)iK'ss of the apex, the degree of curvature, and the distinctness of the furrows are good erite- rions of youth; for, as the animal advances in years, the tushes 132 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGEH7. become blunt, less angular, and more rounded, and the furrows have disappeared. Supposing that the tushes are not completely evolved until the age of Jive; in the sixth year the apex of the cone is worn some ; in the seventh the furrows grow shallow ; in the eighth year they are obliterated, after which period the apex gradually wears away, and the body of the same becomes rounder* and pointed, or blunt, according to circumstances. Aside from the teeth, an aged horse may be known by the deep pits above the orbital processes; the sunken eye ; by the prominence of the joints and loss of plumpness in the muscles ; the lips an'', somewhat pen- dulous; the withers sharp; the back becomes arihed; the teeth are lengthened, and become yellow. jTa»3^^^gi^ *a-- ▲ POBTIOS OF THE UPPER JAW OF OLD BLAc * HAWK, (Aged twenty -three years and eight munthii.) The Grixders, or Molars, afford but very little infornLVi^>» t£ regards the precise age of a horse. As he advances in ye^'a, however, the outer edges become sharpened, so that it often Le- oomes necessary to rasp them. As regards their development, i\ is understood that the foal is born with two upper and lowei grinders in each jaw. At the end of a month, sometimes more, ? third appears. At the completion of the first year, cr thereabouts, ft fourth grinder in each jaw appears. Thus the yeailing has six- teen grinders. At the age of two, a fifth grinder appears, and at the age of three the sixth and last appear. It must be rememberec? that crib})ers and voracious feeders are apt to deface their teeth, and thus some persons are apt to be deceived as regards the exad iiige; but a good judge, who takes into consideration not only the appearances of the surfaces, but also the marks, points, and th* inclination of the teeth, will not be apt to make any grave mistake* DBNTITION AND DIET. 133 (m rnt. Diet of Horses — (Men often Dig theib Gkaves WITH iHEiR Teeth, and the same is true as regards HoRSKn) — Variety of Food necessary — Effects of certain kinds of Food — As regards the requisite QUANTUM, etc. It is admittevl by medical men, and the experience of the reader may possibly have confirmed the fact, that a great proportion cf the diseases occuni.ng among live stock are produced, either di- rectly or indirect 1}-, ir>y errors in diet; consequently the means of prevention should be known, and used accordingly. No special form of diet can, for any great length of time, pre- serve the integrity of tho animal system. In order to substan- tiate this assertion, we sha'l show the effect of simple elementary •Drinciplej on the body o.*" uan, inferring, at the same time, that man's sei-yant, the horse, ;s included. The reader has probablv beard of the experiment n.vle by Napoleon Bonaparte, which was that of trying to supply t^ie nutritive wants of his system 1)y living on a concentrated prcptiit'on of beef, in the form of jellv. He gave it a fair trial, yet came very near starving on the same and he was led to remark that tbe stomach was a sort of scav- enger, which required a given anvMint of rubbish to sort from, and select the necessary elements for renovating the tissues. He probably selected jelly because it is bighly nutritious, containing more of the flesh-making principle than most articles of food It was rich, not only in nitrogen, but aho in oxygtn, hydiogen, and carbon, four of the principal elemeuts which comjjose th«» animal fabric. The fact is, no single article of diet, let n be ever s i rich in the elements cf organized tissues, can long support life. A. nation of men subsisting long on a simple form of dht, without variety would soon become emaciated, and die of innutrition. I^et the Grahumites abstain from milk, and live on broad and water, and they would soon exterminate themselves. ^lilk is a highly nu- tritious compound, and furnishes their systems ^ith the etjuiva- lents that we obtain from beef and nmtton. The inhabitants of the "Celestial Empire" (Chinese) are great consumers of rice. It is tlie ,^iiii''ipa! article of diet among the poorer classes, many of wl'W vrp Jank and lean, and would make very respectable <34 L'ADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SCKGEKV. walking lanterns, (if lighted candles were plaopd within theii abdomens), only they hap2)en, occasionally, to catch a stray dog or pig, on which they make a savory meal, and thus furnish the material for the formation of muscle and fat. Magendie has proved that even the canine race can n^ t live rnnre than forty days on any single article of diet, let it be ever 50 nutritious, for it is either followed by starvation or disease; iieiice the necessity for variety in food. In allusion to disease being produced by the long-continued use of a single article of diet, I would mention that the Scotch peasants are great con- sumers of oat-meal. This article is little inferior to wheat in the flesh-making principle, and we might. naturally infer that an arti- cle of diet so valuable and palatable, when properly cooked, should tend to promote health. This, however, is not the case. Those who eat the most oat-meal are, according to medical testimony, the notorious subjects of intestinal concretions, and in the Edin- burg Anatomical Museum is to be seen a vast and valuable col- lection of intestinal calculi, most of which caused the deaths ou confirmed oat-meal consumers. Dr. Carpenter, an eminent physiologist, says that "no fa(;t in dietetics is better established than that concerning the impos- sibility of long sustaining health and life on a single alimentary principle. Neither pure albumen, fibrine, gelatine, gum, sugar, starch, fat, nor oil, taken alone, can serve for the due nutrition of the body. This is partly due to their failing in supplying the waste of the tissues, and jiartly to the fact that single alimentaiy ful)stances, long continued, excite such a feeling of disgust thai ne animals experimented on seem to prefer the endurance of starvation to the ingestion of the same." The reader is probably aware that when ;\ person has long been confined to any particular article of diet, a craving for something else is experienced, which very few persons can resist. Th.'A teaches us that, in order to preserve the health of live stock, «!.■ niu'it vary the diet, and are not to be over-particular in selecting the most nutritious articles. But we want, as Napoleon says, a littl(! rubbish — cui.rse rubbish > The internal surface of the stom- ach and bowels require to be irritated once in awhile, and this probably was the idea which Graham had when he first recom- mended coarse food. The stomach must be aide to labor hard at times, or its function will deteriorate. Perse is whc complain DENTITION AND DIET. 13A of weak stomachs and dyspepsia are those who live on dainty viands, and seldom, if ever, distend that organ to a healthy capacity with coarse material. Consider, for a moment, the con- dition of Spanish and Italian peasants. They have not much of our national disease (dyspepsia) among them. The bread that tliey ea^. is made of coarse material ; yet with that, and the addition of a little oil, wine, and a few vegetables, they can indure greater fatigue, and often carry a heavier burden than he who lives on more concentrated food. We may distend the horse's stomach witlr coarsp food, and, perhaps, not impair its function so mucli as \7he;i overburdened wi;b meal and concentrated food. Tlie stomiich must be made to work for a living once in awhile. Hard work agrees with it, and coarse fodder stimulate- and develops its latent powers, and augments the gastric secretion, which is the active solvent of the food. Labor operates on the stomach in the same manner and in the same ratio that it does on the brain or muscles — increases their capacity. Compare, for example, the brawny arm of the mechanic with that of the count- ing-house clerk, or the powerful muscles of the truck and farm- horse with those of the pet saddle-horse. This comes of work, hard work. See the king of birds, the eagle, towering above and beyond the sight and ken of man, darting, with almost lightning speed, from mountain to valley, buffeting the rude shocks of heaven's artillery. He acquires strength of muscle and wing by extraordinary exertion and desperate feats of flight. After the fame fashion we develop the mental faculties, augment protracted juental labor, close thought, and study, light up the intellectual nature of man, and develop the latent powers of his brain ; and the more his mind acquires, the greater and more varied are its powers. It must be borne in mind, however, that the various f mctima of the body require periods of rest; for, sliould a horse be perrait- ted to stand up to a full crib, and spend the greater part of t e day and night in cramming his stomach, disease, sooner or later, must surely occur. The same is true as regards man. Let an individual gormandize through the day, and then indulge in a late supper, and continue the practice, he soon acquires a sympa- thetic headache, or the stomach grows refractory, and casts up the burden, for the simple reason that its function is overtaxed. It must have rest. Tlie same rule applies t^ the muscular and mrn- 136 DADD'S VETEIUNARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY tal natures. If, therefore, hard labor develops the function of either, rest, at suital le intervals, preserves their integrity, and, therefore, must not bo disregarded. In selecting food for working animals, we must remember that they require certain inorganic equivalents, which seem to be as necessary for the support of the system as nutriment. Salt, for example, is not nutritious; yet neither man nor brute can long exist without it. Common salt, chloride of sodium, is deccm- posed in the stomach, and is there found in the form of muriatic acid and soda. The former is supposed to aid digestion, and the latter eliminates bile. Neither is phosphorus (found in straw) nutritious, yet that article is absolutely necessary for the sujiport of animal life. It is an element of both vegetable and animal organization. The former absorbs it from the soil, and, in turn^ yield it to animals, by the process of digestion. Oats and beana are nitrogenous compounds, flesh-making equivalents, yet they furnish only' one part in a thousand of the article we need — phos- phorus; while cut straw, potatoes, and several other "inferior" vegetables, contain more than double the quantity of the same ^ that a horse must eat such rubbish as straw, potatoes, carrots, oeets, and "stubble," in order to supply the necessary material. Then consider that sulphur, iron, chlorine, lime, potassium, mag- aesium, and several other mineral 'substances, not in the least nutritious, are alike necessary for the support and integrity of the living organism, and, therefore, should be the elements of food. Some articles furnish the needful in abundance ; in others there is a deficiency. This supplies another argument in favor "af vai iations in diet. A lecturer on physiology has remarked that " there exists a peculiar analogy between vegetable productions and living ani- mals. Animal and vegetable fibrine — albumen of eggs and the gluten of wheat — contain about 15 per cent, of nitrogen, so that they are somewhat identical. If you take 100 lbs. of floui and wash it i water, frequently changing the same, you get 15 lbs. of gluten. This is the flesh-making principle, and represents 1 5 lbs. of the albumen of flesh. The gluten of flour, caseine of cheese and peas, albumen of eggs, and the flesh of an animal contain also a relative amount of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen ; so that the flesh of animals is already prepared for them in the vegeta- ble world. The digestive organs of animals merely change thr DENTITION AND DIET. 137 mecbanical form and condition of the former; their chemical com. position remain about the same." The EFFEcrrs of various kinds op Food. It h customary, in some stables, to feed horses, nearly all the year round, with what is known as " cut feed," which is composed of cut hay, meal, shorts, salt, and considerable water; the whole is mixed together, and served out, sometimes, without regard to quantity. This kind of food might, and sometimes does, agree with horses, but it is not right to feed them, year after year, on the same, for the reason just set forth. Another reason for ob- iecting to this food is, that, in the stables alluded to, we hear of a great many cases of tympanitis and flatulent colic (diseases riomewhat identical), arising, no doubt, from the presence of so large a quantity of water as some persons are in the habit of nsing. It saturates the food, and retards digestion. Not only this, but when dry food, highly charged with water, enters the stomach, the temperature of the latter causes the food to swells increase in bulk — and distends that organ, and also favors fer- mentation instead of digestion ; hence arises flatulency. We do not, however, mean to contend that such food is at all times the direct cause of indigestion, colic, etc., because many stablers are ready to testify that they have fed the same for many years with- out any apparent inconvenience to their horses; but we contend that it acts indirectly in the manner alluded to; and, altliongh some horses may " get used to it," and others, having wonderful eligestive organs, assimilate it, yet the day of reckoning may not be far off. We contend that water taken with food always retards digestion. The proper solvents of the food are the gastric fluids, and the horse has abundant facilities for supplying the requisite quantity. An ordinary horse is said to secrete, while feeding, fluid, of salivial and gastric characters, at the rate of one gallon per hour — enougti, we should judge, to saturate a common meal; therefore the water is not needed. We urge no objection against Oie more rational custom of merely sprinkling the food with salted water, in view of absorbing dust, which often abounds in inferior hay, but do seriously object to the practice of using a large quan- tity of cold water in the preparation of food for horses. From experiments made by scientific men. it has been asccr- 138 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY, tained that parsnips, carrots, turnips, and cabbage, which Lcntain from 80 to 90 per cent, of water, require over twice as much time to digest as when the food is free from water. Cabbage, for example, requires twenty hours, and broiled beef-steak only eight, to digest. Turn a cow into a luxuriant pasture of grass or clover, and, after partaking of one or the other, she is liable to become "blown" or •"hoven" — tympanitic; the abdomen becomes enormously dis- tended with gas, (either carbonic acid gas, or sulphurtied hydro gen,) and, unless the same be condensed or evacuated, rupture and death are sure to follow. This imperfect digestion and consequent generation of gas is due to the presence of vegetable fluids found in green fodder. Therefore, animals having weak digestive organs, predisposed to flatulency, should have the privilege of watering their own food with salivial fluid. The best diet for such an ani- mal would be "dry feed," composed of ground oats, cracked corn, "fine feed," and a small quantity of sweet hay. On the other nand, a constipated state of the bowels always indicates coarsj food; and in this view the English use chopped straw and coarsa bran, with decided advantage. Animals should never be watereh enough to supply the waste incurred by expenditure of muscular power. We all know that the young are very active and playful. Every muscular movement involves an expenditure' of vital force, and thus exhausts the system; therefore, in view of develo])ing their full proportions, and promoting the integrity of the living mechanism, they must have nutritious food, and plenty of it. Tliey are not, however, to have a large quantity at a time, but little and often. Their stomach is small, not larger than that ot a man's. Should it be overdistended with innutritions food, the organs of respiration and circulation become embarrassed, and the blood loaded with carbon. They require food often, because tne diges- tive organs are very active, and soon dis})0se of an ordinary meal. Then comes the sensation of hunger, which every one knows is hard to bear. The climate or temperature of the surrounding atmosphere has a wondcrfid effect on the animal machine. I^et two horses be located in different stables, one of which shall be, like " Jack Straw's * house neither wind-tight nor water-proof; the other built on tne air-tight principle. The occupant of the former will require more food than he of the latter, because cold air has a depressing influence on the body, exhausting superficial heat. Our readers are probably aware that if a hot brick be placed in contact with a cold one, the caloric radiated from the first is absorbed by the latter, until a sort of equilibrium be established. The same is true as regards the body of a horse. He being in an atuK^sphc re manv degrees less than that of his own body, gives off the heat of the same to the surrounding medium. The heat thus given off has to be replaced by food, which is the combustible material But it often happens that the digestive organs are deranged, in- capable of assimilating a sufficiency of carbonaceous material to maintnin even the normal temperature of the body. The corse- qu»-r>.' Are, loss of flesh and health. On tho nther hand, a tat 140 DADDS VEIEKINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERT. horse can endure the depressing influences of a cold atmosphc re, because he has within the body a vast generator and non-conductor of heat in the form of adipose matter. It has been proved that the immediate cause of death in warm-blooded animals, when food has been withheld, was their inability to keep up that temperature necessary for the integrity of vital operations. The animal locateil in an air-tight stable is, probably, surrounded by an atmosphere almost equal in temperature to that of his own body, and, conse- quently, he does not require so much food as the former. Hence, the amount of food necessary in the one case might be too much for another, and, consequently, operate injuriously. A cold, bracing wind is said to " sharpen the appetite." The inhabitants of north- ern regions require more food than those of the southern. A horse, therefore, of weak muscular organization, the subject of debility^ requires u comfortable stable, and food that will develop muscles. "Now, it has been ascertained that horse-beans contain more of the nitro-albuminous principles than any other article of diet. Eng- lish horses are very partial to the same, and in such the develop- ment of muscle is very remarkable; consequently, a fat horse requires less of the nitro-albuminous principle, and more of thfl aqueous, in the form of carrots, potatoes, and beets. It must never be forgotten that some horses will keep in fair working order on a moderate supply of aliment. In such cases, we infer that the digestive organs are in a stateof activity capable of extracting all the nutrient properties from the same. On the other hand, a horse performs less work than the former, consumes twice as much food, yet actually loses flesh. The digestive organs 9?e then at fault. A horse, however, may lose flesh, become weak in the legs, etc., in consequence of the laborious nature of his em- plovnient. Therefore, any derangement occasioned in this way [)revents the food from being converted into healthy chyme, chyle, oi l)lood, and thus the necessary deposit of new matter is pre- vented. Most voraciou- feeders are dyspeptic, and such are almost never free from intestinal worms. Their breath becomes feted ; saliva, thick and tenacious ; excrement, slimy ; and should the subject be fed on oats, the same would be found, after traversing the aliment- ary canal, unmaslicated. The principal remedy for indigestion ia change in diet. Sometimes it may be proper to allow scalded oats, although cookin2:does not add to their nutritive quality, yet, mors tJENTITlON AND DIET. 141 or less, completes the destruction of organization, and better pre« pares them for the action of weak solvents. Chanjres in diet will sometimes work wonders in the restoration of a dyspeptic ; yet he will require, also, suitable medicinal agents, in view of augmenting the digestive function, for which pur})oae the following is recommended : .No. 17. Fluid extract of chamomile 4 o». Fluid extract of ginger 3 oi. Powdered hyposulphite of soda 2 oi. Water 6 oi. Mix. Dose, a wine-glassful night and morning. Changes in Diet. Sudden changes in diet are not recommended. For example^ ^Jl0uld an animal have been previously fed on corn, meal, or oats^ ,le should not be turned out to shift for himself, as the saying is, and depend entirely on grass for a living. Grass acts on horses nnaccustomed to it as an aperient — scours them — which is a de- bilitating process. Grass may improve the health of a fat, lazy, or huninry horse — reduce flesh and purify his blood; but the emaci- ated horse requires, in 2.ddition, a daily feed of oats or cracked corn, to make up for the deficiency of carbon in the former. For the.se, and other reasons that we might urge, the reader will per- ceive that changes in diet can only be made valuable in proportion to our knowledge of the wants of the animal economy. A great proportion of our horses are too well fed, obtaining more food than they require. In this land of plenty, most of our valu- able horsfft are overfed; and more especially docs this happen among aniiiia.; vned by wealthy and liberal individuals. The impression we wish to convey to the mind of the reader is, that the food of such is not proportioned to labor; in other words, there exists a disproportion between the amount of carbon taken, in the form of food, and the oxygen received, in the process of respiration. Now, to illustrate this, we will suppose that a man engaged in merciintile pursuits owns one or more horses. lie haa not the time nor inclinuiion to give the one or the other the neces- sary amount of exercise. They stand up to a full crib, from day 10 day, enjoying or, rather, gorging themselves with, a certain 142 LADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGEKV. amouut of fodder over and above what they actually require, and much more than they really need. The surplus is often stored up in the form of fat, and this induces acute diseases, and they die of too much food and care. It is very rare that we have occasion io recommend a man to feed his horse more liberally, but almost always the reverse. Starvation is said to be the cause for many equine diseases ; but, so far as our experience goes, such cases are, n this country, very rare. AVe conceive the term starvation to oe a libel upon civilization ; and so unfrequent is its application among a nation of husbandmen, that it is omitted in our dictionaries. A man on a barren rock, or a horse in the deserts of Arabia, might probably starve; but the idea of the latter starving in the vicinity of a well-stocked barn or stable, within striking distance of a land of plenty, seems to us a very absurd conclusion. There are enoug}- horses to be found dressed up in the garb of starvation, having tight skins, prominent ribs, and a cadaverorit^ countenance, living, vet half dead. But they know nothing of the " famine in Egypt ;'* they get not only enough, but too much of the same kind. They probably require a change in diet, or else they are confirmed dys- peptics, laboring under a chronic form of indigestion ; and if such should be the case, quantity is objectionable, and good quality more desirable. The stomach, however, is not at fault, its function being deranged. Or they probably get enough, and perhaps too mudb, for a weak stomach ; hence loss of flesh, etc. Some men are in the habit of bleeding their horses evci/ spring. This is done in view of reducing fat and flesh, ths subjects being humory (jilethoric), their systems abounding In highly carbonized blood, which is proof positive that the ..ame have been overfed. The racer, before he can perform a C^at of speed, must be prepared, as the saying is. This implies bleeding and physicking. Some works on farriery lay do\yu regular rules for putting a horse in racing condition, ii%4 Sae remedies are fleam, physic, and bran, proof positive that rfuch animals have had too bounteous a supply of nutrlmentc Some kor^s — and the same is true of man — grow poor in con- sequence of having to carry about a juvenile restaurant within their digestive organs. They probably become exhausted, or plethoric, ^ ., the case may be, in consequence of an overburdened stomach. A stomach overburdened reacts on the nervous system, deranges the physiol(^ical condition of the subject, and lays the foundation DENTITION AND DIET 1>43 for hypeitrophy (which is an abnormal increase of fat or tissue), or the opposite, which condition is known as atrophy — a wasting of the same. But most frequently an overburdened stomach in- ducer diseases known as staggers, cerebral congestion, softening of brain, etc. Many horse owners are continually devising means to excite the appetite of their horses, in order to get as much food as possible into their stomachs. Some men seem to think that an error iu this direction can never occur; and should the animal refuse to consume the abundance thus placed before him, the liberal owner is apt to consider his pet sick, or think that he must have a poor appetite. Xow, it were far better, for both man and horse if the former would only experiment in the opposite direction, and as-'-ertain how small a quantity a horse may subsist on. A small quantity of good food, well digested, answers the purpose of nu- trition much better than a large quantity, imperfectly so. It ia V';ry interesting to contemplate how efficient a little food proves f:r the promotion of health and longevity. For example, a little Durley and coarse fodder will suffice for the " courser of the desert." Shetland and Welsh ponies will live and grow fat on the mere vestiges of vegetation. The best cow in the world — the property of J. H. Kelly, of Cleveland, Ohio, weighing 1,350 pounds — ia fed exclusively on hay and straw. Very poor fodder some may exclaim ; yet in the course of ten months the same creature yielded 4,921 quarts of milk, and during a single month, after calving, she gave 620 quarts, and the least she gave during the winter months was 562 quarts. A pig will grow fat on small quantities ( ^' the right kind of food, and yet lose flesh when suffered to gorge himself with the same. Many swine, in the vicinity of coal mines, consume both coal and charcoal, and little else, yet they thrive ^ell. Evidences can be furnished going to show that both the superior and inferior orders of creation might subsist on much less food than they are in the habit of using, and without danger to them- selves. Shipwrecked marmers have been known to exist st voral weeks without food; and there is a man now residing in Illinois, who, during a period of thirty-two days, never tasted food. The 6J9ei)ing man of Rochester is another example; and a ca.so is recorded in one of our medical journals showing that an individual onoe lived for several months on nothing but jture water. As 144 DADD'S VETERlNAKi jiibx))\.i1Si^ AND SURGERY. regards horses, they form no exception to this peculiarity. We might introduce evidence, convincing and positive, of their ability to endure the privations of hunger, and, at the same time, rno-vv that they suffer but little from its eifects. A single case will serve io illustrate this. We once treated a case of tetanus (lock-jaw). Ihe subject never tasted food during a period of sixteen days; on the seventeenth the masseters relaxed, and the faculty cf swallow- ins" returned. At this period we might supjoose him to be " hungiy as a bear," yet, on offering him a few oats, he did not appear to be very ravenous, and partook of food subsequently ofi'ercd him as if nothing had happened. These are extreme cases, yet they go to show that there is no cause for alarm because a horse happens to be " off his feed " once in awhile. Such condition may ultimately prove salutary, affording the stomach and its associates time to rest from their herculean labors. The fact that most of our adult horses get more food than they need has been demonstrated by analysis of their excrement, which has been found to contain a large amount of nutritious materia over and above what the animals actually need. We can develop the gormandizing powers of very many horses, by placing before tnem, from day to day, more than they require. Their appetites, like some of ours, are not proof against temptation ; and the diges- tive organs may be trained to dispose of twice the quantity of food actually needed, and the habit, at first acquired, becomes perma- ment, and the creature is known as a voracious feeder — a glutton Hence, through indiscretions of this character, we can augment both function and capacity of stomach. We remember examining the stomach of a horse, the property of a baker, who was in the hal>it of feeding the former on brown brcud. The animal died of chronic indigestion, and his stomach exceeded in capacity that of two orainary horses. Great care, therefore, is requisite in regard CO the pro}ier feeding of horses ; for, in their domesticated state^ they have lost those natural instincts which serve to inform the untamed animal of the necessary amount of food which his system needs, and they are in the condition of a thoughtless child that will eat all day, and, on retiring to bed, will crave and cry for more. Our readers have probably heard of the gormandizing propensi- ties of natives in the arctic regions. Some of them ih'ink nothing cf bolting down twenty pounds of meat and oil per day, aJi«^ OiiJNXlTION ANJ> DIET, 143 making a good supper ou tallow candles. A case is related, by Captain Cochrane, of a Russian who ate, in the course of twenty- four hours, the hind-quarter of an ox, twenty poands of fat, and drank a quantity cf melted butter. He also states that he has seen three gluttons consume a deer at one meal. But we need not go beyond our own immediate vicinity to prove that the gorman- dizing powers of both men and horses are equally extraordinary. The corn-dealer's bill furnishes one illustration; and the length- ened meal which some of our young men indulge in, commencing in the morning and only ending at night, completes the evidence. Hence, with these facts before us, we may safely conclude that errors in diet are constantly occurring, and, consequently, a great many unnecessary diseases arise in consequence; therefore, we recommend our readers to make an experiment in the opposite direction, and ascertain how small a quantity of good food will answer the purpose of nutrition. Should the quantity be insuf- ficient for the animal's wants, we shall soon be made aware of tie fact by loss of flesh and other unmistakable signs. On the other nand, the error alluded to is not so easily corrected ; for the animal may die, overburdened with fat, of an acute disease, before we can reduce his system. Conclusion. The reader will perceive that in the management and feeding of horses there opens a fine field of observation and improvement; yet, in order to apply that unlimited power which man seems to possess over his own organization and that of the inferior orders of creation, he must be conversant with animal physiology ; for on this science alone do we base the problem of life. Now, reader, after having presented this essay for your consider- ation, pray do not find fault with the stable-keeper because your horse does not look fat and sleek. You had better trust to the discretion of the man who, having been long in the stable busineeo, is perhaps better qualified than yourself to judge of the effects of food under the states of rest and exercise, and knows how to grad- uate the same accordingly. We frequently have occasion to notice that horses owned by stable-keepers are never so fat as the board- era — a very good proof that the latter get more than they require. Some men are in the habit of ordering a given quantity, say six or twelve quarts, of oats at a feed, whenever they put uj), and 'he 10 146 UADD'S VEltKlNAKi MEDICINE AND SURGERT. feeder gives it. At the same time he is well aware that the animal does not need it, yet he must obey orders; for should he suggest that the quantity be too great, his motive may be questioned, and wrong inferences drawn. Depend upon it, therefore, that when the stabler, by a judicious system of feeding, prevents fat from ac- cumulating on horses, he is conferring a favor on his patrons and benefiting the animal. A.S regards the number of meals per day, our own observation* satisfy us that working horses require three meals per day — a bountiful, yet very early breakfast; at noon, a light meal, com- posed of cut hay and oats ; and at night the quantity may be in- creased equal to the morning meal. It is very poor policy to feed or water on the road when performing a short journey ; yet, should a horse seem to stand Jn need of something, we should not object to a handiiil of oats and a few swallows of water oocaaionally. ^^^ ^T^ P^^^ R^?©^^ ^^^ ^ ^^ ^ ^^ SECTION VI. GLANDERS AND FARCY. GtANDERS — Glanders can be communicated to Man — Co»taqiod8»m» of Glanders— Suspected Glanders — How camb the Disease to be callkb Glanders? — Diagnostic Symptom of Glanders — Treatment or Qlandes*— Farcy (Disease of the Absorbents). Glanders. ONE of the greatest evils which farmers and horse-dealers have been subjected to, during the prevalence of our hite nationa. troubles, was the sale of condemned army horses, many of them beino- afflicted, either insidiously or actually, with that form of equine affection known as glanders; for it is a well-known fact that this terrible malady is, under certain circumstances or con- ditions of the animal economy, both infectious and contagious, hence the great evil. For example, should a glandered horse be i)laced in a stable where the principles of ventilation and of the admission of light Are entirely disregarded, the other inmates of the den, by continu- ally breathing, over and over again, the contaminated atmosphere which must necessarily occupy the same, will (provided their sys- tems are susceptible) take the disease by infection ; that is to say, the miasmatic virus finds an introduction into the blood through the lungs and pulmonary circulation. On the other hand, glanders^ under almost ever}' circumstance, can be communicated by con- tagion or touch ; that is, bringing the glandered na.sal discharge in contact with an abraded surface, including cuts and scratches. Glanders can be communicated to Man. Within the last quarter of this centur}', two veterinary sur- geons — one residing in AValwortli, and th(> other in Wolverhamp- 148 DADD'S VETERINARY MEULCINE AND SURGERY. ton — are reported as having died from inoculation of glanders. This terrible disease is not often seen in Scotland, but very fre- quently in England, and still more so in Ireland. From tiie latter circumstance, the malady is often found to be imported about the west coast of Scotland. London has always been rather renowned for the prevalence of glanders among omnibus, cab, and other jBCnoB OF A house's head showing ulceration of the suhneiderian uembbabb, CONSTITCTES THE DlAQNObTlC SYMPTOM OF GLANDERS. E!xrLA!iATiOR. — On contrasting the above picture with the one on the opposite pcge* the tMder will perceiTe, in the above, a number of dark spots on the lining membnme of the BOM (sciineiderian), showing the cbamcreous ulcerations which oonstitate the dlAgnostitt lymptoms of glanders. L The cerebrum, or anterior portion of the brain. 5. The cerebellum, or posterior portion of the brain. 8. The spinal cord. 4. Shows a section of the cerrical Tertebrso, or bones of the neok. 6. The OBsophagas. 6. The windpipe. T. The tongue. •. Section of the occipital bone. 10. The schneiderian membrane. 11. A muscle known as the stemo mazillarias. It is located beneath the neok^ and )i txh nrted into the angle of the lower Jaw and the ftont part of the breast bone. Its aotioE is t» •Id in dosing the month and drawing the bead downward toward the breast; oo« mnaolt MV tug draws the head to one side. 12. The frontal sinnses. IS. Section of the anterior portion of the apper jaw. 14. The hard palate. ISl The strong ligament of the spine known as the ligamenttun sofflaTlam. le. Section of the inferior portion of the cervical vertebra .iorses. A very strict supervision is maintained, and all glandered Worses are destroyed when discovered; but nevertheless we can state, on good authority, that the omnibus horses of London have lufleied very severely from this disease, and do so atilL The pa^ GLANDERS AND FARCY. 149 tial measures fidoptcd by companies are not sufficient to eradicate it, and tlic "glandcred night train" is not altogether a thing of the past. The danger to human lite is so great that we feel happy to seize anv opportunity to urge the adoption of the most effectual measures for the suppression of any practice which tends to pro- long the life of the glandered horse. SECTION OF A HORSE'S HEAD IN A HEALTHY CONDITION— ITS ANATOMY. Description.— a The lining inemnrnne nr uie nose, known as the schneiderian membrane. On its surface are seen the vessels which furnish it with arterial blood. b The anterior portion of the brain, known as the cerebrum. c The posterior portion of the brain, known as the cerebellum. d The frontal sinuses, e The tongue. / Showinsi the velum palate, or soft palate. g The back part of the mouth. h The pharynx, or top of the oesophagus. t The epiglottis, or cartilage at the root of the tongue. )■ The glottis, or opening into the windpipe. 1- The tesophagus, or gullet. I The trachea, or windpipe. m The spinal cord. M Junction of the cerebellum with the spinal cord. op Showing a section of the cervical vertebrse, or bones of the neck. The dotted lines between a and g, show the direction leading to the trachea and oesophagus A flital case of glander, reported in the Baltimore " Herald of Reform," is as follows : Mr. I. P. Burns, a grocer, died a horrible death in that city in consequence of poi.son comnuinicatcd to his ejstem from a horse afflicted with glanders. During the admin- istration of medicine, Mr. Burns thrust into the animal's mouth his hand, a finger of which had been previou.sly cut, and tlic floh laid open. Through this wound the virus was absorbed, and mor- tification supervened. A surgeon was called upon to am])utate •60 OAUD'S VRrERINAUr MEDICINJL AND SURGERi". the discard member. Perceiving, however, that the poison ha^ penetrated to every portion of the unfortunate man's system, he declined performing the operation, and stated that no earthly skill could save him. After lingering in great agony, death closed the scene. Death of a Russian Lady from Glanders. — The awful death of Madame Palesikoff, one of the most charming among all that bevy of entertaining Russian ladies who sometimes gladden the winters of Paris, has created a terrible Jiock among the circles she so lately embellished by her presence. The unhappy lady left Paris but a short time ago on a summer tour to Germany. AVhile step2)ing from the door of the opera-house in Berlin, to gain her carriage, she let fall one of her bracelets close to the pavement. Stooping to pick it up, she noticed, at the time, laughingly, that *' one of the horses belonging to a carriage standing at hand, dropped his head so close to her face that he touched her, and left a moist kiss upon her cheek." In a few days the unfortunate lady was taken ill with that most horrible disease, glanders, and in a few Jays more, breathed her last, in spite of the attendance of the first physicians of Berlin lud every resource to be obtained by wealthy or by the ceaseless vigilance of friends.* St'dl another case. — Sidney W. M., aged 23, a horse-slaughterer, ••esiding at Plumstead, England, was admitted into Guy's Hos- pital, on March 13, 1861, under the care of Mr. Birkett. He had always enjoyed good healtli, but he lived freely. Six days pre- vious to his admission he cut his right hand deeply over the dorsal aspect of the thumb. The wound bled freely, but he felt no in- convenience from it, of any consequence, until the 10th. He then had pain in the part, extending upward to the axilla, and also a numbing pain in the calf of the right leg. His appetite was good, and he had so little constitutional disturbance that he went a3 usual to superintend the work which the accident had prevented his carrying out. On the 11th the pain in the arm increased^ and that in the leg, on the 12th, extended upward to the thigh. This had become considerably aggravated, and he then became gener- ally indisposed, and was unable to stand. The following day he applied for admission. He stated that he was extremely ill, and that his limbs felt almost paralyzed. He was quite unable to * Rerlin Court Journal. GLANDERS AND FARTT. 151 itaud. He had constant rigors, a burning skin, white tongue, and his pulse was I'iO. The wound in tlie hand was inflamed, and the calf of the right leg and the thigh were swollen, and evidently the seats of abscesses. These were freely opened, with relief He was ordered effervescing medicine, and two pints cf porter. The case was then regarded as one of pyaemia. On the 14th he waa much relieved. He had slept tolerably. The abscesses discharged freely, and he was able to take his food. On the 15th he was seized with vomiting, bringing up a dark bilious fluid. His powers were less. Wine was given freely. On the 16th the vomiting continued, and he complained of a pain in the left thigh. An abscess was dis- covered, on examination, which M'as freely opened. The man, at this time, was physically in a very low condition. He took brandy, eggs, and other liquid nourishment with avidity. His manner was peculiar, and somewhat excited. On the 17th another abscess was opened in the left arm. On the 18th the left foot became the seal of an abscess, and on the 19th, for the first time, a pustular erup- tion was observed on the face and body, which suggested to IVIr. Birkett the probability that some animal poison was the cause of all this mischief. The eruption was peculiar, having no definite shape. It ap- peared to be more like small irregular blebs, containing juis, vary- ing fi-om the size of a pea to a sixpence. Some were round, others oval, and others of an irregular form. Toward evening, also, his breathing became much impaired, a bloody mucus obstru(;ting the nostrils. Toward night he became delirious; his powers became less, the nasal discharge more profuse, and at 1,30, on the 20th, he died. The eruption, some hours before his death, in parts, had disappeared ; but in others a fresh crop sprang up, particularly over the region of the sternum. These were, however, of the pame character, but smaller. No post-mortem examination waa made.* CONTAOTOUSNESS OP G LANDERS. Mr. Percivall submits the following deductions, regarding the contagiousness of glanders, as the result of facta gleaned from his own experience : " 1. That farcy and glanders, w lich constitute the same disease, • Medical Times and Gazette 152 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. are propagated through the medium of stabling, and this we heliev* to be tlie more usual way in which the disease is communicated jfrom horse to horse. 2. That infected stabling may harbor and retain the infection for months, or even years; and although, by thoroughly cleansing and making use of disinfecting means, the contagion might be destroyed, yet it would not be wise to occupy such stables imme- diately after such supposed or alleged disinfection. 3. That the virus, or poison of glanders, may lie for months, in a state of incubation, in the horse's constitution before the dlsea.** breaks out. Of this we have had the most positive evidence. 4. That when a stable of horses becomes contaminated, the dis- ease often makes fearful ravages among them before it quits ; and it is only after a period of several months exemption from all dis- ease of the kind that a clean bill of health can be rendered." From the preceding evidence, it is probable that the reader will entertain but little doubt of the contagious character of the malady j yet it is very important that every one, either directly or indirectlf interested in horses, or having any regard for the welfare of man • kind, should be familiar with all that is important and useful ai regards the cause and nature of the awful malady now under con- sideration. It is often mistaken for other diseases that (in so far as contagion is concerned) are perfectly harmless; yet many valu- able human lives have paid the forfeit, and many priceless animaU have been sacrificed on an altar of ignorance which the light of science has but recently illuminated. Hence, correct information is what the people require, in consequence of the emergency of the peril ; and this is what the author aims at in offering this article for the consideration of the reader. Many hundreds of times, during the professional career of the author, have horses been brought to him for treatment, declared by their owners to be the subjects of glanders, simply because they had enlarged glands under the jaw, and a nasal discharge; an by the successful treatment of the same, he has got the credit of curing glaiiders, a feat which he never pretends to have accom- plished. Mr. Gamgee has very lucidly illustrated this part ot *he argument, as regards the mistakes made in diagnosing ghindera He states that glanders may be suspected, instead of being a real- ity; hence, many supposed cures are on record. The folhiwiu^ are his remarks, under the caption of "suspected glanders": GLANDERS AND FARCY. 163 "Glanders is, fortunately, a rare disease in this countr}' (Scot- land), thanks to the pole-ax. Englishmen have long since advo- cated and practiced the shooting of suspected animals, rather than trusting the lives of men and horses to the chances of escape, wherever cases of chronic nasal discharge are met with. The com- mand officer and veterinarian of a British cavalry regiment would (•< nsid?r it a great disgrace if such a disease acquired any firm hold in their stables ; and in spite of occasional introductions of the dis- *>Gse when a number of remounts may be purchased, the unrelent- ing order to kill rather than attempt to cure, saves the public purse and the reputation of those responsible for the health and condi- tion of our troop horses. I am as great an advocate for the slaughter of glandered horses as I am for the slaughter of cattle affected with rinderpest. Glanders is more incurable than the cattle plague, as not even ten per cent, recover, but its commu- nication is less certain and swift. It never could and never did destroy its tens of thousands over a country in the short space of time in which the steppe murrain spreads over the land, but it is, nevertheless, wise and proper to stamp it out. We have not indulged, as do our neighbors the French — who manage thia matter, at all events, worse than we — in wild theories as to the transmissibility of acute and not of chronic glanders. We admit it to be always contagious and always deadly, and prevent it kill- ing by shooting its v' '<"inis. Nasal Gleet. We nuist not, however, forget that there are hundreds — nay, thousands — of cases of chronic nasal discharge which admit of some (lii'gnosis on the part of skilled veterinarians, and which are erroneously set down as cases of glanders. Many of these cases are condemned because they baffle the attempts to restore them for a great length of time; and, unfortunately, in this country many forms of nasal disease have been rarely cured, 8imj)ly because their nature has not been understood, and bold surgical operations have been dreaded. I could relate the histo- ries of many cases which have yielded to radical measures after several veterinarians had pronounced the animals incurably gland- ered- -more to get rid of them, perhaps, than from a conviction that they were suffering from the disease. I have seen as many a? lialf a dozen animals, in a stable containing a score of horses. Afi4 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. gicen u^ by jDractitioners because they had chronic discharge and swollen glands,; and in ten days or a fortnight all the animaL have recovered under the influence of nasal injections, and the internal administration of tonics. It is impossible to enter into details as to the diagnosis of a groat variety of cures. I may mention, however, that the curable disoh{:rges set out as incurable forms of glanders may be grGaped under six heads. 1st. Fetid discharges from the nostril, owing to a carious tooth and caries of the upper jaw. The fetor is characteristic. 2d. Intermittent discharges from an abscess in one of the tur- binated bones within the nasal chamber. The swelling of the nasal bones and flow of pus when the head is jerked upward are diagnostic. 3d. Continuous or intermittent discharge from one or both nostrils, from* accumulations of pus in the frontal and superior maxillary sinuses, indicated by the shape of the forehead and ab- sence of r8sonance on percussion. 4th. Irregular discharge from the guttural pouches, brought on by exercise, or seen when an animal is made to eat hay, oatsi, ^ turnip, or carrots off the ground. As the head is depressed and jerked, a somewhat fetid and often abundant purulent matter flows freely. 5th. Discharges kept up by foreign objects in the posterior uares, which are continuous and fetid. 6th. Chronic regular nasal discharge — pure ozena — dependent 3n constitutional causes and defective management of acute ca- tarrh. All the foregoing varieties include the innumerable cases (tf 8us})ected glanders for which animals are wrongfully destroyed. It is not every practitioner who can or would venture to open the guttural pouches, or practice dissection on the bones of the face tc such an extent as we find requisite in overcoming deformities and curing long-standing diseases. The longer these cases are treated by any but the right plan, the greater the difficulties encountered when surgical operations are determined upon ; and for this reason even those who would not dare to cut sliould always strive cor- rectly to diagnose the form of disease presenting itself. It is nol necessary to refer at greater length to the method of dealing witt the veiy various forms of disease above indicated." aLANDERS AND FARCY. 166 How CAME THE DISEASE TO BE CALLED Gl^NDER8. Percr'^all is our authority for the following explanation ''The derivation of our word glanders is traceable through the French language, from which we appear tc have borrowed it, to the Latin roots glandula and glatis, the latter signifying any fruii Jrernel, such as a chestnut or acorn ; the former, its diminutive, any small fruit kernel; and both afterward used in medicine to denote the glands of the body, many of which — such as were then 80 called — are small and comparable, both in shape and size, to acorns or other kernels. Celsus applies the term glandula to a swelling in the neck, supposed to be glandular; and A'^egetius OSes the same to denote swollen glands 'between the cheek-bones and lower jaws : ' from his saying, however, that the glandidea are 'especially troublesome to foales/ it would appear the disease he meant to describe was not glanders, but strangles. The French veterinarians, following the ancient phraseology, called a horse exhibiting any submaxillary tumor or enlargement, glande ; not with any special reference to glanders, but simply because his glands or ' kernels,' as our farriers denominate them, had become enlarged; hence, with the French, a horse was said to be glande de goiLi'me, as well as glande de morve and glande de farcin. It seems to have been our English writers on farriery who have restricted the application of the term to the foul and malignant disease now known under that appellation. Before then, glanders appears to have had no other meaning save that the horse had tu- rrefied glands, or that, in the farrier's phrase, * his kernels had come down.' The French call the disease la morve. A horse, however, in the estimation of Lafosse, is not to be regarded as having la morve propremcnt dlte, unless he be glande, or have tu- mefaction of his glands." Diagnostic Symptonhs of Glanders. — Glanders consists in i dis- charge, from one or both nostrils, of matter wliich, by transfer or inoculation, will produce the same disease in another animal (of the equine or human species), and which discharge is, sooner or later, accompanied by vascular injection and chancrous ulceration of the schnciderian membrane of the nostrils, and tumefaction of the submaxillary lymphatic glands, and by farcy; so that a horse can not be considered as the subject of glanders uuti' the8« 3ymptoni» are made manifest. 166 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. Oil c< n&ulting " Hippopathology," I find a paragrap\i, ciedited to a French surgeon, who very accurately describes the symptoma of glanders. It reads as follows : " The signs by which the disease may be known are, when a horse, already too old to be troubled with strangles, without a cough, voids matter by the nose, and has a kernel sticking to the bone; and, besides, in glanders tha matter usually flows from one nostril, whereas, in a cold, it runa always out of both. Some cast the matter that is voided by the nostrils into water, and, if it swim on the top, they conclude the horse to be free of this distemper; but if it sink to the bottom, it Is a sign of glanders, the principal use of this experiment being tc distinguish the pus. But you must not depend on the certainty of this sign; for if the matter stick to the nostrils, like glue, it i:* a bad sign, and you may conclude the disease to be the glanders, though the matter do swim on the top. When either the breath or matter that comes out of the nostrils stinks, the disease is almost always incurable. I have seen horses troubled with this distemper without kernels, or, if there were any, they were small and move- able; and the only sign by which we could discover it to b« glanders, was the glueyness of the matter discharged from the nasal outlet." Treatment. — The author knows of no remedy for the cure of glanders. He considers it an incurable disease. In fact, most of our educated veterinarians contend that the disease, like pulmo- nary consumption, is incurable. Mayhew, one of the most intelligent veterinary teachers of the present period, informs us that " no medicine can restore the parts which disease has disorganized. There is no cure for glanders, which is essentially an ulcerative disorder." And this opinion is indorsed by othei-s of equal eminence in the profession, who were employed lately, by the members of an agricultural society in England, to ascertain if there was any specific for the disease knowi as glanders, and the verdict was that no specific could ,)€ found. So soon as glanders is discovered in the horse, he should, by all means, ))e destroyed, and buried deep in the earth. Farcy (Disease of the Absorbents). This disease is usually met with among horses of the scrofulous iliatb*»sis, which diathesis is known by a proneness to diseases o^ GLANDKRS AND FARCY. 157 khe skin, and does not readily yield to medical treatment. Such horses are noticed as belonging to the nervous temperament, hav- ing thin, spare muscles, wiry neck and limbs, very quick and active in their movements, and having a very narrow chest. Yet it should be remembered that the scrofulous diathesis may exist in any horse, without regard to his conformation or temj)erament, pir>vided he inherit, from either sire or dam, the requisite pre- Ji«i]iosilion. The disease sometimes steals on in a slow and insidious mau- uer, fe. that it is not known to exist until, all at once, the animal becomes lame, and, in the course of a few hours, his legs swell; large inflammatory ftircy-buds appear just as suddenly; a stink- ing discharge takes ])lace from the nostrils, and, unless the animal be destroyed, he soon dies. This form of farcy may, very prop- erly, be dcMiominated malignant farcy. When the disease mani- fests itself ai'ter this fashion, it is dangerous for a person to handle the subject. He should be destroyed and buried. A case of this kind occurred very recently in a large stable, the facts of which are as follows: The author was requested to visit a bay gelding, of the nervous temperament, supjiosed to be ihe subject of a aitarrhal affection. He did not show any very marked symptoms of ill-healtli, except a slight discharge from both nostrils. He had performed labor up to within a few hours of the time of my visit, and had partaken of his usual amount of food. This was toward evening. I directed the foreman to rub the throat with stimulating liniment. Two ounces of fluid extract of resin weed were given him; his legs being cold, they were ban- daged, and a warm bran-mash was placed before him. Next day lie was a pitiabh; sight to behold. His limbs and other parts of the body had become dropsical ; his face and eyelids had become 80 tumefied that the eyelids were almost totally closed, and scald- ing tears ran })rofusely down his cheeks. In various parts of the body the lympliatics were tumefied, presenting unmistakable farry- buds. A stinking discharge ran from his nostrils, and he was so lame that it was almost impossible to get him out of the stable. The case being diagnosed as farcy, the animal was shot. Mr. Percivall alludes to the lameness and rapid tumefac- tion in the following language: "I have known horses so lame from farcy before the disease had, in any local or characteristic form, declared itself, that shoes liave been removed and feet 108 DADD'S VETERLNARY ME^)IC1NE AND SURGERY. searched, etc., to discover the seat and cause of lameness, no sus- picion liaving existed at the time that farcy was present in the animal's system. It may so happen, however, that some of the preliminary symptoms are observed or observable; that, on the eontraiy, farcy at once develops itself in an attack on some local- ity — most probably one hind limb. Indeed, so sudden, sharp, and t:evcre are attacks of farcy, in some instances, that, in the couise of one night, the horse's limb will be swollen to a frightful size, so aa to incapacitate him almost from turning in his stall and walking out of the stable. Ordinarily, the development of farcy ])laiuly accounts for the halting or lameness, yet the lameness may appear without any ostensible cause." Symptoms. — The ordinary symptoms of farcy are, slight impair- ment of the general health; feverish symptoms; a small, quick pulse; swelling or tumefaction of one of the hind legs, generally the left, vi'ith much lameness; tumefaction of the lymphatics, on various parts of the body, and in the groin. On the inside of the thighs, along the course of the femoral vein, corded, nodulous 8welline:s will be found. Sometimes one or both hind limbs will swell below the hock, and an abscess may form in the vicinity ot the fetlock, and isolated blotches will break out, suppurate, auf? terminate in fircy ulcer. No swelling of a hind limb, or any other part, constitutes a case of farcy apart from the unecpiivocal signs of lymphatic disease. There must be present corded, nod- ulated swellings, buds In some form or other, together with acturJ or approaching tumefaction of the lymphatic glands, or the case is n^t farcy. The disease evidently affects the absorbents. AVhea it commences in those which are deep-seated, it usually ends in glanders. Glanders and farcy are considered the Fame disease; yet, unlike glanders, many cases of cure of mild farcy are on record, but the author knows of none. A disease known as lym- phatitis is often mistaken for farcy, and, as the former L'> curable it is often record-^d that the latter affection has been successfully treated. Treatment. —I do not know that it is good policy foi me to re Ofimmend any form of treatment for the disease know. a*3 true farcy. It is against the laws of this country, and the interests of society for any one to keep or treat a case of declared farcy ; there- fore, the advice offered in regard to the treatment of glanders H>pUes also to farcy. To show the reader that the author is not GLANDERS AND FARCY. 158 lingular in his opinion as regards the treatment of this di^eajw, * quotation from Mayhew is here introduced: '' Farcy is, by tlie generality of practitioners, regarded as a more tractable disease than glanders. Certainly the course of the disorder is arrested much easier; but, to cure the malady, there is 8 constitution to renovate and a virus to destroy. Is it in the pNiwer of medicine to restore the health and strength, which have Loen underfed, sapped by a foul atmosphere, and exhausted l>y overwork? Tonics may prop up or stimulate for a time; but the drunkard and the opium-eater, among human beings, can inform us that the potency of the best selected and the choicest drugs, most judiciously prescribed, and carefully prepared, is very lim- ited. Sulphate of copper, iron, oak bark, cayenne pepper, and cantharides, probably, are the chief medicines the practitioner will give. With such the horse may be patched up ; he may even re- turn to work. But at what a risk! He carries about the seeds of a disorder contagious to the human species, and in man even more terrible than the quadruped. Is it lawful, is it right, to try to sav€ an avaricious master the chance of a few shillings, and incur the risk of poisoning an innocent person? The author thinks not. Therefore he will give no directions how to arrest the progress of farcy. The horse once contaminated is, indeed, very rarely or never cured. The animal, after the veterinary sur- geon has shaken hands with the pro])rietor and departed, too often bears about an enlarged limb, which impedes his utility, ai d, at any period, may break forth again with more than the viri lenc€ ttf tlje original affection." SECTION VII. DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 'tiMVAS — Spontaneous Salivation — Bots — Inflammation or Stomach — Ru^ TTRE OF Stomach — Gorged, op over-distended Stomach — Meteorizatici — Flatulent Colic — Spasmodic Colic — Inflammation of the Peritonum — Ascites— Inflammation of the Intestines — Strangulation of Intestines-^ Wounds penetrating the Abdominal Cavity — Splenic Apoplexy— Fdho- iiONAL Disease of the Liver — P^vcreas; its Function — Parasites whicb AFFBCT THE INTESTINES. Lampas. LA^IFAS is the name given to a slight tumefaction of the soft palate of the horse's mouth. It usually occurs during th« period of dentition, at which time the mouth is hot and tender At the time when the tushes are about making their appearance, the membrane over the crown of the tooth becomes tense, so as to cause the root of the tooth to press on the tental nerve. This causes much pain. In such cases we make a slight incision over the regii.n of the tooth, which immediately relieves the animal. But most men overlook this difficulty, and, because the palate hap- pens to be tumified, it is at once attacked with the barbarous firing- iron. Tiiis treatment was condemned by Percivall, who, in writing of it, says : " Are lampas disease? The complaints, frequent and grievous, which are daily reaching onr ears, are enough to persuade us that they are disease, livery groom that has an unthriving horse, or one that d«>es not feed, is sure to search for lamjins ; and, should he find any, the cause of loss of appetite, etc., 's detected, and the remedy obvious — bii/mmg thein md. Afany a poor wi^hi of a horse, even when sutVering from a constitutional ili.seas«', has het?n ?ui»jeete his otbw DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGAN'S. 161 nilments a foul, sloughy, carious sore upon the roof of his mouth. This may be said to be the fruits of the removal of lampas. Supposing that the existence of lampas is owing to the teeth, surely the teeth slioukl be removed, and not the bars of the mouth. In cutting or burning away the lampas, we are mistaking the effect for the cause. If it be contended that lampas do not owe their production to tlie irritation of teething, then I should like to be informed what does give rise to them ; and, lot what will give rise to them, I do not imagine there is any veterinarian hardy enough to contend that the cause resides in the palate, and becomes re- moved by the hot iron. Those who are entering private practice, and find themselves compelled, at all times, to belie their con- BURSING A horse's MOUTH FOR LAMPAS. (A cruel and umu'cessary operatiou.) Bciences by the performance of unnecessary operations to please their employers, may be told that burning out lampas is, after all, preferable to lancing or cutting the bars ; for, unless the palative artery is wounded, very little blood is obtained by stabbing the mouth ; and the wounding of this vessel, which will certainly take place, should the punctures be made along the sides of the palate, or extend forward beyond the fourth bar from the front teeth, is not always a very safe proceeding." It is an unfortunate occurrence that men can be found who will perform barbarous and unnecessary operations just to please their emj^loyers. If men were true to themscives and their profession, neither threats nor promises of reward would tempt them to prac- 11 162 DADD'S VEIERINARY MEDICINE AND sCRGERf. tice cruelty on animals. It is a fact that some men are often ap parently compelled to perform unnecessary operations even when the inward monitor admonishes them that they are about to out- rage the feelings of a poor dumb brute. Yet, for the honor of oui profession, let it be recorded that there are but few, if any, of our educated surgeons that can be induced to perpetrate this outrage. If medical men will only take the pains to explain this matter, and prove to the people that the enormity here complained of is both absurd and barbarous, then the evil will soon cease ; but so long as horse-owners believe lampas to be a disease, and men can be found ready to "burn them out," just so long will the evil exist. The more intelligent portion of husbandmen are now beginning to lend their influence to the work of rebuking ignorance, and af re- forming the barbarous customs of bygone days, and, erelong, it will be a difficult job to convince them that their horses have lampas, and that the firing-iron is the remedy indicated. Surely, if the distinguished Percivall calls lampas a " supposed malady," and sets his face against the means used for its removal, the wise men of the fleam should indorse his sentiments. Treatment. — Should the colt's mouth, while teething, be hot and tender, it should be sponged often with a portion of equal parts of vinegar and water ; and should any of the teeth appear imprisoned by the membrane of the mouth, a slight incision over the point of the tooth will give immediate relief. Spontaneous Salivation — " Slavertng." Persons who own and handle horses must have noticed, occa- sionally, a foaming at the mouth, and sometimes a constant and profuse discharge of saliva. This, when occurring without any assignable 3ause, is termed spontaneous salivation. The disease ia usually occasioned by some irritation in the immediate vicinity of the salivary glands, or from perverted function in the glands themselves. The preparations of antimony and calomel, when given to horses for any great length of time, in the form of con- dition powders, are very apt to produce salivation. Musty clover, and hay that is intermixed with lobelia, will also produce it ; so, also, will sharp, projecting teeth: and diseased teeth have the same effect. In such cases, the cause being discovered, the removal of the same is the first step toward the cure. Then drench 'he qui- mal, twice daily, with the following: DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 163 ^ J. 18. Powdered chlorate of potass 1 oz. Water ^ pint. Should the auimal show signs of debility or weakness, give one junce of fluid extract of golden seal every morning, before feeding. Should the mouth appear to be sore, from the constant flow of %liva over it^ surfaces, or from any other cause, then the paiia jhould be sponged two or three times daily with a portion of jqual parts of powdered borax and honey, or with an infusion of bayberry bark. "WTien spontaneous salivation occurs in an aged horse, it denote* debilit}', and thus points out the propriety of sustaining the pa- tient's strength by administering tonics and difi'usible stimulants. The following is the best remedy for this state of the system : No. 19. Fluid extract of chamomile 1 oz. Fluid extract of ginger i oz. Give a.s a drench, night and morning. The patient should hav« a fair allowance of good nutritious diet. Secretion of Saliva in Horses. — From experiments lately made, it ajipears that a healthy horse secretes from the paroted glands, which are situated beneath the ears at the posterior angles of the lower jaw, during active mastication, about one gallon of saliva per hour, and other glands in the vicinity of the throat and mouth secrete, in the same amount of time, three gallons, making in all four gallons per hour, which is mixed with the food during masti- cation. The following experiment was lately made on an aged horse, 15 hands 2 inches in height. The tubes leading from the paroted glands were divided on either side, and so fixed as to throw their contents into vessels held for that purpose ; the ani- mal was then fed on oats, which he masticated during a period of thirty minutes, at the end of which time half a gallon of saliva was caught. This calculation, however, will not hold good in all cases; for ravenous feeders, who do not thoroughly masticate their tbod, fail to secrete the necessary amount of saliva ; henc'1ppendeat existence. In this situation the little creature is too cc-nfurtallj located lo burrow through the stomach into a cavity where it might perish for want of food. If the time has arrived for it L' vacate itr stronghold, instinct teaches it the most safe and expe- ditious r mte, which is through the alimentary canal. Turn a horse out to grass in the spring, or give him some green fodder in the stabh, and the bots will soon leave him, if they are matured ; otherwise they must remain until that period arrives, unless Nature his some work for them to perform. We shall not contend that bots are never found in the abdominal cavity, for some per- sons have testified to the fact ; but, during a practice of several years, and having opportunities of making many post-mortem examinations, we have not yet been able to observe the phenom- ena, except in cases of ruptured stomach. Still, a fev/ solitary eases are on record, and hence it remains for us to explain ho\< they got there. We all know that the moment a horse dies his whole body is gubject to the common law of decomposition ; but the central or- gans, where the greatest activity prevailed during life, are gener- ally the first to succumb. Our business is with the stomach, the great chemical laboratory, the center of sympathies — an organ that is very seldom permitted to rest, consequently an active one;. Its powerful solvents, during life, were busy in transforming hay and grain into chyme, chyle, and blood ; but now that death has the victory, the gastric fluid acts on the coats of the stomach, and thus its decomposition is effected; so that what was previoudly good food for bots is nov/ their bane, and, unless they escape, tLeii ut up for the nigh.t. In a few minutes it was noticed that he began to bloat, and that the abdomen increased in size very rapidly. A messenger was immediately dispatched for me. (^ arriving at the stable, I found the animal in a very dangerous con- dition. The abdomen was enormously distended, and an eructation of gas from the stomach, by the mouth, was ccntinuall; occurring. The respirations were laborious and accelerated, and very nnich quickened; ])ul.se, very indistinct; extremities and suiface of the body; quite chilly ; rectum, protruaeity ; the pulse was feeble ; respirations accelerated, and very laborious; body was bedewed with a cold, clammy perspiration; lips of the ears, cold; extremities in a similar condition. Eruc- tations of gas from the stomach, by the way of the mouth, were constantly occurring, indicating that the stomach, as well as the intestines, were occupied with gas. The animal had bruised him self very badly in struggling, and extensive abrasion of the skin had taken place in various parts of the body. I was informed that the horse had just returned from a very long journey, an«. had not tasted food for sixteen hours. On arriving at the stable, where I found him, a bountiful supply was placed before him. In his weak and exhausted condition, this was about the worst thai could have been done ; for the stomach and digestive organs, sharing, either by direct sympathy or otherwise, with other parts of the body, were not in a fit state, until a period of rest had oc- curred, to digest even a small quantity of food. The cravings of hunger, or a morbid appetite, induced the animal to devour most, if not all, of what was placed before him. The consequence was, the food, instead of undergoing digestion, ran into fermentation, and generated gas known as sulphureted hydrogen. Treoiment. — The animal was urged to rise. I then gave him a colic drench, composed of two ounces of fluid extract of golden eieal, and one ounce of hyposulphite of soda. The surface of the body was then rubbed with wisps of straw, which produced somo reaction, so that the surface of the patient became warmer. Oc- casionally the animal was led about for a short distance, and then was led back again to the stall, where he would get down, and roll and tumble about, as if in great agony. I administered enemas of soap-suds and salt, but did not succeed in bringing away either feces or gas, and all the gas which escaped from the alimentary cavity passed by the mouth. Two hours after the administration of tlie first dose, finding that the animal was still unrelieved, I repeated the dose of colic drench, and threw soap-suds into thf rectum. Soon after some feces were v . ded, and with them quan- DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 189 titles of gas. A slight improvement was soon perccptiLIe, yet il appeared that the fernieutation was still going on, ae the abdomen did not decrease in volume; so I gave two ounces of hyposulphite of soda, in view of arresting the generation of gas. This had the desired effect; for, as the gas was liberated, the abdomen decreased in size. It was not, however, until a lapse of ten hours from the attack that the patient obtained complete relief from his suffer- ings. This case only differs from meteorization in the sudden- ness of the attack of the former. Persons who attempt to treat cases of this character must extr- cise due patience. The animal must suffer a certain length of time, notwithstanding the best-selected remedies are exhibited. In other words, the reader is advised not to be in too much of a hurry in getting the anhiial on its legs again. Take good care of him; give him })lenty of bedding to rest or roll on; in short, Qur«5e him as if he were a child, and, above all, do not give him too much medicine. Fl^ ruLENT Colic. This is a disease of very frequent occurrence among horses. It is known by a distension of the intestines and abdomen, with flatus or gas. In the early stage, no jierceptible abdominal dis- tension occurs, yet it very soon manifests itself. One way of sat- isfying ourselves of the presence of flatus is, to apj)ly the ear to the abdominal region, within which a sort of active rumbling is heard, often accompanied by a tinkling or metallic sound. But while making our examination, we may, perhaps, ])crceive that the horse passes flatus by the anus, or eructates it from the stom- ach by the mouth. In either case, our doubts, if we have any, are set at rest. This feature of flatulency, accomj)anied by others which will be alluded to, complete the chain of evidence. In some eases the gas accumulates in the large intestines until the abdomen resembles, in size, that of an ox when "hoven." It ie very distressing to witness the sufferings of an animal in thia condition ; and when the intestines are so enormously distended as to threaten rupture, the only chance of relief is to send a trocar and canula through the walls of the abdomen, into some portion of the distended intestine, and thus liberate the gas. l>tjin])fo)ns.- -It may be well to bear in mind that flatulent colic 190 DADD'S VLIERINARY MEDICINE AJNL SURGERY. is always sudden in its attack, and some horses are liable to it under every variety of circumstance — in the stable, on the road, or at grass. At the commencement of the attack the animal becomes uneasy from pain, and commences to paw with his fore-feet. H. soon gets down, and, if space be sufficient, he commences to roll from side to side, often remaining for a few moments on his ba< k, in which position he seems to obtain temporary relief. Sometimes, s quick as thought, he is on his legs again, gives the body a shake, and then anxiously regards his flanks, by turning his head toward one side or the other, as much as to say, " Here is the seat o^ nij trouble." Soon he is down again on the floor, rolling and tum- bling about. Now and then the animal remains quiet for a time, in a sort of crouching attitude, the limbs being gathered beneath the body, until the distension is so great, or the pains so severe, that he must shift his position, when again we find him rolling, or standing with his hind extremities stretched backward, and the fore ones advanced, thus representing the attitude of a horse in the act of urinating. Supposing, at this period, that there be no flat- ulency present, yet the respirations are hurried, tlie pulse wiiy, the eyes glassy, and the patient excessively nervous and uncon- trollable, the case is then of a spasmodic character (see Spasmodic Colic) ; but should the animal pass flatus, or the abdomen increase in volume, the case is unmistakable — it is flatulent colic. Causes. — I shall now offer some brief remarks on the cause of colic. If we could only stretch the imagination, so as to take for granted all the popular causes assigned for the production of colic, then their name w^ould be legion. Some waiters inform us that a drink of cold water, when the animal is heated, is the most potent cause. Then we must infer that the horses ridden by the Russian Cossacs, in a country where cold water is abundant, should l)e the subjects of colic; but the very reverse is the case. The disease is almost unknown among them. Previous to the introduction of Cochituate water into the city of Boston, colic occurring among horses was partially attributed to the cold well-water then used; but now they all drink the former, yet colic is just as prevalent, and, iDdeed, more so, than at the time referred to. There are no people that pay more attention to the watering ol horses than the English grooms, and it is customary, when a horse is takrn from his home to a distant race-course, to remain a^ar DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 191 inly a few days, to have sufficient water transported with him to last during his stay, such a dread have English grooms of " strange water," as they term it. Now, it is a notorious fact thai Eno-lish horses are more subject to bowel affections than those of this country. From this circumstance, I infer that bowel affec- tions are hereditary, or, in othei words, a predisposition to such U transmitted from parents to offspring. I can well remember the time when physicians would not allow a fever patient to taste water ; but now they act more in accord- ance with reason, and allow the sick just what they crave for. It is not good polic) , however, to allow a horse, w^hen performing a journey, a bountiful supply of water, because active exercise some- what suspends the digestive function, and, therefore, the water may remain in a portion of the large intestines without undergo- ing the usual transformation. It then occupies space, and, being weighty, may, in the rapid movements of the animal, operate un- favorably in various ways, more particularly on the gut itself^ it being pendulous from the spine. A horse is often brought into the stable in a state of profuse i)er- spiration, and, of course, is somewhat exhausted. Now, it would be decidedly wrong to either feed or water him until he is rubbed dry, and has rested awhile; for, at such times food is just as likely, and, I think, more so than water, to operate unfavorably on an exhausted animal. Many horses, however, even when in this exhausted state, will fill their stomachs with food and water, and yet enjoy immunity from colic. Therefore, should colic occur in a Dorse after he has had a hard drive, he having partaken of a draught of water, it is rather difficult to decide which of the two, if either, was the cause of the malady. One fact is certain, and that is, the stomach is deranged, and, therefore, fermentation pre- cedes digestion ; hence the gas. Notwidistanding our best efforts to prevent it, colic will occa- sionally occur. Green grass, clover, carrots, and turnips are said to occasion it. Then, again, it appears in stables, where nothing but corn, oats, and hay are used. One horse is attacked imme- diately after a draught of cold water ; another has the chill taken off his, yet he is often found in the same ])rediranient. "Warm water is the most insipid and nauseating drink tliat you can offer a horse; and many would prefer to continue thirsty for some time ere they would imbibe it. 192 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. It is well known to physiologists, and I presume tlie rea<1ei mnst have observed, that both men and animals inherit peculiai idiosyncrasies. Each are predisposed, either tlirougli parental de- fect, temperament, or conformation, to certain forms of disease. Phis peculiarity, or predisposition, is said to lurk in breed, and those conversant with the horse's structure and temperament can readily determine whether he be predisposed to certain forms of disease or not. For example, a horse predisposed to flatulent colic is often observed to have a capacious belly, voracious appetite, and does not properly masticate his food ; and he is not over-j)articular as to the kind of diet, for we often find him devouring, with ap- parent relish, the filthy stjaw that has served as bedding. Often he proves to be a " cri j-})iter." '^Cribbing is a defect, either in- herited or acquired.) Ordinal ily the salivial fluid is augmented, yet it does not look healthy ; "t is more like soap-suds, and of a dirty color. The tongue is also foul, and the breath somewhat fetid. One or more of these peculiarities generally predominate in colicky horses. I contend, therefore, that some horses are pre- disposed to colic; and this explains the reason why the ordinary exciting causes, such as cold water, exposure, fatigue, irritating food and medicine, are operative on the system of one horse and iDoperative on that of another. Colic is the heritage of some of the best horses in the world. Now, should the question be asked, "What are the causes of colic? I answer. It is occasioned by predisposing, direct and indirect causes, operating conjointly or not. In all cases of colic, the function of the stomach is either disturbed or partly susj)ended. Treatment, — The principal objects in the cure of colic are, to restore the tone of the stomach, by means of stinuilants and tonics, and to arrest fermentation and absorb the gases of the alimentar) canal. I shall not undertake to say that thj remedies here alluded to are the very best ; but, as I have met with remarkable huccesd in their use, I can safely recommend them. I have an imjiression that when a horse is the subject of colic, he requies to be treated just as any intelligent ])hysician would treat one of us. There is no necessity to convert his Bt«.)niach into a "sh)p-sliop." The patient should be treatetl in a rational manner, by the same meana and with the same skill as if one of our race were cle of the treatment. The patient recovered. Another case of Spasmodic Colic, treated by Inhalation. — The subject 'v^as a large and poAverful stallion, aged about eight years, the propc rt}' of a gentleman residing in Chicago. The horse wa? attacked in the street with symptoms of acute abdominal pain, and, in consequence, was hurried home to the stable. The mo- ment he arrived there, he threw himself down and commenced rolling, and grew excessively uneasy and irritable. In the course of an hour our attention was called to him. He *hen exhibited 196 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURG ERF. Fymj'toms of acute abdominal pain. The eyes appeared wild, and their membranes congested ; the nostrils were dilated ; pulse, al>ouf sixty ; extremities cold ; body, bedewed with perspiration ; no tym- panitis, yet the animal anxiously regarded his flanks. He would paw with his fore-feet, and strike forward in a most reckless man ner, and fall down, as if in convulsions; then he would roll en his back, curve his head to one side, and. as quick as thought, jump up again. He was now so spiteful and unmanageable that it was impos- sible to administer either drench or ball. We tried every means to get something down, but all to no purpose; he was determ- ined to make us keep beyond the reach of his fore-feet and mouth. It now became evident to us that the patient must be mastered, and, in this view, not knowing at the time that thd agent we were about to use would act beneficially on the disease, we procured three ounces of chloroform, and the same quantity of sulphuric ether. An old sheet and a sponge were used as an inhaler. Watching an opportunity, when the horse was down, we got two men to secure him there by the neck. We then sat- urated the sponge with the mixture, and applied the same to tho. nostrils, enveloping them with the folded sheet, leaving an orific« for the admission of air. The patient struggled violently at first, but soon became quieter, and, in the course ot two minutes, trem- bled, breathed deep and loud. The pupils then became dilated, the breathing stertorous, and the animal was fully etherized. Having him completely under control, we were not disposed to let him up in a hurry. The sponge, however, was removed, and so soon as he showed signs of partial consciousness, it was again re- plenished with ether, and applied. Supposing that the case might be running on to intussusception, or entanglement of the bowels, we thought there could be no harm in keeping the animal under the influence of an agent that seemed t I a'^t so weW ; consequently he was kept under its influence for fifty-fivt minutes. His head was then brought toward the door, And j: few drops of cold water were sprinkled on him. Soon he raised his head, looked bewildered, yet showed no symptoms of pain nor imeasiness. Shortly afterward he got on his legs, but had to be supported by several men, who soon rubbed him dry. He was then drenched with laudanum, five drachms ; sweet spirits of niter, one ou? ^. He was led to a stall, entirely free from paic UiSEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 19'' partook cf /5cme gruel, and rested well during the niglit. Next morp'ng li*^ got five drachms of aloes and one of ginger, in solu- tion ; the howels responded to the same, and four days after h« was at work. "We would not, however, have the reader suppose that the same agent shall suit all cases of this character ; for another similar feat might prove a failure, and a third equally un- manageable. A case might yield to the ordinary sedatives, how- ever, ])rovided the patient could be induced to swallow them. Inflammation of the Peritoneum (Peritonitis). TiJ'j peritoneum is a serous membrane, which not only gives a cove':>jg to the intestines, but also a lining to the abdominal cav- ity. Our pathologists teach that the peritoneum, like other seroua membranes, is very ready to take on inflammatory aetion u{)on tho oj)eration of certain exciting causes. Watson informs us that " acute inflammation, beginning in one spot, is almost sure to tiansfer itself to any other spot that happens to be in contact with the first, and is very apt to extend itself rapidly to the whole membrane. The disease tends to the effusion of serum, and of coagulable lymph. It is of the adhesive kind, and its effects are those of distending the peritoneal cavity with fluid, or of gluing its opposite surfaces together, so as to obliterate that cavity, or of forming partial attachments. In all these respects the analcgj between inflammation of the peritoneum and inflammation of the se- 1 ous membranes of the chest and the covering of the heart is perfect." Peritonitis is generally a manageable disease when treated ac- cording to the principles of rational medicine ; but when treated according to the dictum of Blain and others, who have never done any original thinking, in so far as veterinary science is con- cerned, it is decidedly the reverse. For example, here is a pa8- sajre from Blain's works : "The treatment of peritonitis is much the same as for enteritia. The only difference is, that the animal will lose more blood before be di.s]ilays any symptoms of uneasiness. We may also be more bold with purgatives. Th« three ounces of solution of aloes may be increased to five, the pint of oil enlarged to a pint and a half; and if this produces no signs of its having acted on the bowels, it may even be repeated when another three hours and a half have elapsea. A.11 the other measures are alike, in both ciuses." 198 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AAT) SURGLl. f. Those who follow such advice as this would be very apt to lo8« their patients, either through the direct influence of meddlesome medication, or by converting peritonitis into dropsy of the abdo- men. But let us see what Watson says on the subject of the treatment of peritonitis : '' ISIost writers whose worth I am acquainted with recommend purgatives as highly serviceable in peritonitis. I do not think the good which they are calculated to do, as antiphlogistic remedies^ L-an at all be put in competition with the harm that I am per- suaded they may produce, by increasing the peristaltic action of the intestines, and so causing additional friction and tension of the inflamed membrane. I believe that in all cases of well-marked and pure peritonitis, when the inflammation is limited to the se- rous membrane, it is far better and safer to restrain than to solicit the internal movements of the alimentarj'^ tube." In human practice, physicians, instead of giving purgatives, resort to the use of narcotics, in view of tranquilizing the system, and for the purpose of mitigating the intense pain which exists during the acute attack. Symptoms. — The most marked symptoms of peritonitis are as follows : In the early stage, the animal paws slightly, but not ^'ith that sort of viciousness which is characteristic of colic or strangulation of the intestines. Soon, he shows febrile symptoms , the pulse runs up to seventy or more, and a shivering fit sets in. "'\^hen pressure is made on the abdomen, the animal evinces signs ff pain. He will sometimes get down and lie on his )ack, but he soon finds out that the best way of lessening his pains and aches is to keep as quiet as possible. His tongue is usually coated, and the bowds are inactive Treatment. —Give the patient mucilaginous drinks, as in the case of enteritis, and drench him occasionally with an infision of poppy- heads, in pint doses. Em])ty the rectum by means of soap-sud-s encn.a'^ and then throw in a quart of infusion of hops. Cloths, wet with warm water, should be applied to the abdomen, and the surface of the body should be kept warm by means of blankets. This kind of treatment, with good nursing, will probably restorfl the animai to health. Should symptoms of dropsy set in, give tw(j ounces of fluid extract of buchu, daily. DIflEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 199 ASCITES, OR Abdominal, Dropsy. Ascites signifies a collection of serous fluid within the abdom- inal cavity. The subject of this disease is noticed as having a symmetrical and uniform enlargement of the abdomen ; and, if the pjilient be a mare, some persons are likely to infer that she la pregnant, but examination, by pressure, -will suffice to determine tlie (onditians; for, if pressure be made with the fingers, in the abdominal region, a waving or fluctuating motion is discovered, similar to that which follows the forcible displacement of liquid. Tliis fluctuation is the discriminating symptom between ascites and pregnancy, for in the case of pregnancy no such fluctuation can be elicited. Ascites is usually the result of some chronic or acute disease of the peritoneum (lining membrane of the walls of the abdomen), or, rather, a loss of equilibrium between the local functions of secetion and absorption. This disease, like many others, may be rapid or insidious. If rapid or acute, it is apt to prove fatal in the course of a few days; if insidious or chronic, the animal may survive for a long time, as the following case will show : Case of Dropsy of the Abdomen, ending in Rupture of the Stom- nch. — Tlic subject of the above-named affections was a mare, owned bj the North Chicago Railroad Company. She had been in their «miploy during a period of three years, and had always performed *he work required of her without any manifestation of disease; in fact, had gone her usual trips up to within a few hours of her death. She had just partaken of a hearty breakfast, when, all at once, she began to falter, and the surface ol the body was soon bedewed with a profuse perspiration ; she trembled, the head became pendulous, and the case assumed an alarming as]iect. This happened at about six o'clock in the morning. At eight, my attention was called to her, when the fi)llowing symptoms were observed. Pulse, small and indistinct; respirations, humid, and rather laborious; abdomen, quite tense from di.stension ; peicns- sion over the region of the abdomen yielded a dull sound, yet fluctuating, showing that the abdominal cavity was occupied by Bome kind of fluid. From the peculiar conformation of the abdo- men, T at first suspected tliat the animal was jjregnant, wliich proved not to be the case. On percu.'^.sintr over tlic region of the stomach, a tympanitic 200 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. sound was elicited, sliowitit^ thvA the stomach contained a large quantity of gas, and was over-distended. Her extreniities wera cold, and other synijitonis were present which indicate death. I suspected that the food was running into fermentation, and, in view of arresting it, I gave one ounce of the hyposulphite of .'.oda, an 1 the same quantity of fluid extract of ginger and golden seal The body was bathed with new rum, and she was rubbed vigor- ously, by three men, for about half an hour, from which treatment she seemed to rally some. Several injections of salt and scap-suda were thrown into the rectum. They brought away a slimy sub- stance, but very little feces. Finally nothing came away but that which was injected, and from this I was led to infer that, either from pressure or stricture, the small intestines were closed. T now determined to send a trocar into the abdomen, for th'2 purpose of discovering what it contained, and, accordingly, selected a point in the lower middle of the same. In withdrawing the cut- ting instrument, a fluid commenced to run, which, in color and consistence, resembled urine. For an hour and a quarter this fluid continued to run through the tube, and the amount obtained must have been over three bucketsful. I was in hopes that the with- drawal of this large amount of fluid might remove the pressure 0)i the intestinal tube, and thus the gas, which was pent up in th« stomach, might find its way to the anal outlet. Not so, however ; for, notwithstandmg all our efibrts and attention, the mare died, at noon, with rupture of the stomach. The autopsy revealed a rent, or rupture, in the stomach, of about eight inches in lengthy through which a portion of the food and fluids of the stomach had escaped into the abdominal cavity. The small intestines were the seat of stricture in several places; their external surface, or, rather, peritoneal covering, was studded with albuminous and fibrous deposits, resulting from abdominal dropsy; otherwise, the contents of the chest and abdomen presented the appearance of perfect health. I should judge that the watei had been accumulating in the abdominal cavity for a long time. The foreman at the stable observed that the animal always appeared very portly, so much so that the. abdomen was square with the hips, which had led some persons to suppose that her hips were " knocked down." Most authors contend that when a horse is the subject of rupture of the stomach o' intestines, he squats on the haunches, like a dt»g; DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 201 but this animal did not exhibit any such symptoms, but stood up until within a few minutes of death. Treatment. — A case of this kind requires the exhibition of tonica and diuretics, and the following is the best remedy which can be jrjven: No. 23 Fluid extract of buchu ) ^ ^^| ^^^ Fluid extract of snakehead ) ^ ^ Mix. Dose, two ounces per day. Inflammation of the Intestines (Enteritis). This disease is located on the inner or mucous coat of the in- testines, sometimes, however, involving the muscular portion of the same. The causes are various: improper management, bad food, worms, irritating medicines, musty hay or clover, chilling t^e body by cold water, exposure to rain, etc. Symptoms. — The disease often commences with a shivering fit, to which succeeds heat of the skin, restlessness, loss of appetite; the mouth hot and dry ; the inner membrane of the eyelids and nostrils are redder than usual. As the disease progresses, the pain increases, and the animal will lie down. There is no intermission of pain ; it is persistent. The breathing is accelerated, and pres- sure in the abdominal region elicits symptoms of pain. The bowels are usually constipated, and if any feces are voided, they consist ol small, hardened balls. An examination after death reveals a gangrenous state of the small and sometimes the large intestines. Often extra vasated blood is found within the intestinal tube. So soon as the pain ceases, and the animal appears no better, we infer that gangrene lias set in ; cold sweats set in, and the animal shortly dies. Treatment. — The treatment of enteritis does not, and should not^ diifer from that of any other acute affection. ;Mucilaginous drinks, chlorate of potass, hyposulphite of soda, in doses as recommended for inflammation of the stomach. Occasional enemas of soap-suds are to be thrown into the rectum, so long as the feces remain hard, or are voided with difficulty. The objectionable method of back- raking — so highly recommended by some authors — should never be resorted to; it is a disgusting affair, and actually unnecessary- for, let the rectum be ever so impacted, it can be evacuatinl bj 202 DxlDDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGA.NS. 203 enemeta, composed of soap-suds, to which add a little giuger or lobelia. If the weather is not too cold, cloths wet with warm water may be applied to the abdomen, over which throw a blanket, so as to previ'nt evaporation and chill. The outrageous treatment recommended by some authors is a disgrace to the profession. The} recommend bleeding until the horse faints or falls ; then to scorch the sides witli ammonia and eantharides; and, lastly, to emjioison what little blood he may have left in his system, so that death may occui secundum artem. Should the subject of inflamniation of the intestines suffer much pain, a drench of half a pint or more of infusion of hops, or pop- pies, may be given occasionally; or one ounce of the fluid extract of one of these agents may be substituted, to be given two or tiiree times during twenty-four hours. The treatment of inflammation of the intestines, as well as in- flammation of any other part of the body, consists in using those means and agents which ward off or remove any agent whicli, ia its eflects, does, or tends to, deprive any of the organs or tissue.' of the living body of their vital action. The remedial meanf used to accomplish this object must be such, and such only, at sustain the weakened or increase the reduced vital action in any of the organs or tissues. This is the doctrine which the author attempts to teach in this work. And is the doctrine not ]dain? Could any thing accord more directly with reason, ur commend itself more clearly to tlie common sense and unbiased judgment of intelligent people? If the vital action of any of the organs or tissues become weakened or enfeebled, should they not be strength- ened? Can this be done by any other agent and means than tliose which increase and strengthen this very vital action? If this ao- tion, in any of the organs or tissues of the animal body, becomes reduced or impaired, must it not be increased by agents and moan/' which cooperate with the vital power? Then, how can agents an.i means which always impair vital action (poisons) cure di.-case? Different remedial means have different effects upon the organs flud tissues of the s}'stem ; but all poisons and agencies which im- pair the integrity of the organism of a well animal must have a disastroiLS effect on one that is sick and suffering. Unhealtliv and poisonous agents impair and reduce the vital action of certain organs and tissues according to the nature and tendency to affecl various parts of tlie living structures. 204 D^.l^'t VETERINARY MEDlllNE AND SURGtRY Now, if it can be made to appear tliat disease consists, m its nature and effects, in increased vital action or increased health of any portion of the body diseased, then will it be proved that poi- sons are, and of necessity must be, medicines or the agents to cure disease. But what are we taught by our brethren of the heroic school upon this point? "In spontaneous disease," that is, dis- ease which occurs without any apparent cause, H unter contends, "we know of no method that will entirely quiet or remove the inflammatory action or disposition. All we can do, probably, is to lessen every thing which has a tendency to keep it up. In- flammation is either an increase of life or an increase of a dispo- sition to use it." Again : " One of the means of curing this inflammation," says the same author, " is by producing weakness. The means of pro- ducing weakness of an absolute character are, bleeding, purging, and the exhibition of poisonous agents. The inconvenience, how- ever, arising from this practice is, that the sound and healthy parts must suffer nearly in the same proportion with the diseased; for, by bringing the inflamed parts on a par with health, the sound parts must be brought much lower, so as to be too low. The first method, namely, bleeding, v/ill have the greatest, the most permanent, the most lasting effect; because, if it have any effect at all, the diseased action can not be soon renewed; the second, purging and poisoning, will act as auxiliary, so that these processes go hand in hand ; but neither these nor sickness can pos- sibly lessen the original inflammatory disposition. Lessening the power of action belonging to the inflammatory disposition can onl)' lessen or protect its effects, which, however, may be of serv- ice, as less mischief will be done, and this will often give the inflamed disposition time to wear itself out. But this i)ractice must not be carried too far. It must be followed with great judgment. Nothing debilitates so much as purging, if carried beyond a certain point. Even one purging may kill when the constitution is much reduced. The internal medicines generally ordered for the cure of inflammations are such as have a similar effect to that of bleeding ; namely, lowering the constitution or the action of the parts. As inflammation has too much action, which action gives the idea of strength, such applications a:* '•^eaicen are recommended." Here, then, are the reasons for the use of poisons to cure dip- DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 20S easeft, as believed and taught by our brethren of the heroic schooL Su».h agents and means we do not want, for the plain reason that disease can be cured quicker and better without than with them. Our system of practice, and that recommended in this work, tenda to sustain the vital powers during the progress of disease; and this is accomplished by resorting to sanative medication. This sanative system of medication must, eventually, commend itself to the candid and to the unprejudiced reasonerand scientific inquirer •iler truth. Strangulation of the Intestines. When an animal becomes the subject of strangulation of the in- lestines, it is very difficult, at first, to diagnose the case, for the eymptoms very much resemble those of spasmodic colic; yet aa the treatment of the two diseases does not differ much, the mistake In itself is of little consequence. Symptoms. — The difiiculty is, at first, accompanied by uneasi- ness. The animal moves about in his stall, and commences stamp- ing with one of the fore-feet. Frequently he gets down and rolls on his back, in which position he will remain sometimes for sev- eral minutes. So soon as he rises, he commences to paw and stamp with a vengeance. As the disease advances, he totters, and sometimes drops on the floor. The pulse is usually irregular, the mouth cold, and visible surfaces pallid : the tongue appears of a bluish cast; and the body is generally bedewed with sweat. Fi- nally, the animal makes great efforts to evacuate the rectum, and in so doing strains violently, so as to cause blood to escape from the rectum ; and sometimes the rectum itself protrudes. Should the symptoms not improve, the animal soon dies of strangulation and mortification of the intestines. Treatment. — This must be of an anti-spasmodic character. An ounce or two of fluid extract of lobelia should be given, every two hours, in a pint of warm water; the body should be enveloped in bandages, wet with warm water, and enemas of assafetida oi lobelia should be thrown into the rectum ; but if the rectum pro- trude, enemas are inadmissible. On some occasions of the kind I etherize the patient, with marked relief. 206 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERI \V"OUN.i:>S PENETRATING THE ABDOMINAL CaVITY. The treatment of a penetrating wonnd into the abdomen yill depend somewhat npon the nature of the same. Should the intes- tines protrude through the wound and exhibit a puncture, put oj the twitch ani Rare\ -strap. Then return the intestines into tlie abdominal cavity, and proceed to suture or sew up the intestiua) enfc, by means of a small needle, armed with sewing silk — first, by means of sutures through the abdominal muscles, one end of the suture being left long enough to hang out of the wound; second, close the skin (the sutures should be distant from each other about one inch) ; next place a cold water pad on the parts, and encircle the body in the injured region with a cotton-roller, over which place a surcingle, and securely fasten it. In the event of the intestines being swollen and distended, it may be necessary to cast the patient; then roll him on his back, and thus the pro- trusion may be returned ; but should they still prove too large for the orifice, it must be dilated by means of a probe-pointed knife. Splenic J^i-oplexy (Carbuncular Fever). Mr. Gamgee has made some translations from foreign authors on the subject of Splenic Apoplexy, and he tells us that " this is the disease described as carbuncular fever by Renault and Rey- nal. It is most common in hot and tempestuous seasons. In its iarefully-observed symptoms, M. Anginiard is induced to regard Khe disease as dependent on miasmatic exhalation. Until recently, the author had studied the malady only in sheep, but has fre- quently observed it, of late, in the horse. It is not so suddenly fatal in the latter as in the former. The prostration and stupor are very striking. The horse can barely stand, and is very list- loss ; the muscles of the limbs tremble, and partial sweats bedew the body. In some parts the skin is dry, and the coat staring; the breathing is slow and irregular; the conjunctiva, or lining of the eyelids, is white, and indicative of an anemic or bloodksa state; the pulse is feeble, wiry, and accelerated, offering a remark- able contrast to the tumultuous action of the heart ; the loins a3\e very sensitive; and there are often indicatioas of pain on pres- gure on the abdominal walls. Colicky symptoms are frequently noticed. At first, all appetite is lost, but, as the disease advtuioes, DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANh 207 Lit animal eats and drinks freely. In attempting to l)leed an animal, great difficulty is experienced in filling the vein; and when the blood flows, the animal instantly manifests great weak- ness. 'Die blood is black, and does not coagulate as in health. The symptoms rapidly grow worse, the breathing labored, the eyes sunken, the prostration extreme, and progression impossible, until tlie animal reels over and dies. The disease runs a raj)id oourse, and, on an average, death occurs within fifteen or eiglit- een hours. There is an absence of the external swellings char- acteristic of ordinary carbuncular fever; and the internal disten- sions of organs, particularly of the spleen, so ably described by Renault and Reynal, are sufficient, according to M. Anginiard, to distincruish the two diseases. In the treatment of this disease, Anginiard trusts mainly to quinine. He administers a drachm and a half as soon as possible, either in an infusion of coffee or other aromatic mixture. If the symptoms do not subside two hours afterward, two drachms are given. Generally this is suf- ficient. If not, a third and fourth dose have to be exhibited. Bleeding is to be condemned. The body of the animal may be rubbed with a wisp, or a turpentine liniment may be employed as a derivative. Free ventilation, and leaving the animal uncov- ered, to permit free exhalation, are essential points in the man- agement of these animals. M. Dumesnie has tried this treatment, and found it most successful. Anginiard believes in small doses, and not often enough repeated." Apoplexy is a disease which, if not discovered early, is very apt to prove fiUal. Whether discovered or not, in its early stage it generally baffles the skill of those who, in this country, have attempted to cure it. The incurability of such malady may, under the circumstances, be accounted for on the belief that it often rages as an enzootic, affecting animals in isolated spots, without regard to locality, and attacking only those susceptible to its influence. Wnat the conditions are which favor its propagation I am unable to determine, for I have known it to affect equally those which appeared healthy as well as others unhealthy in ap pearance; hence it is very difficult for any one to point out the direct causes of the affection. I have not seen many cases of either enlargement of the spleen, or apoplexy of the same, occurring ic cattle, from the fact that my practice has been mostly confined to horses in cities, where cattle were not very numerous ; but a friend *78 DADDS VETERINARl MEDICINE AND SURGERY. »f mine, located in a cattle-raising district in the State of Maina, informed me that this disease, accompanied by enlargement, often prevail? there enzootically, and that most of the animals thu« affected die. I have had considerable experience in the treatmenl of such affections in horses, but, as I have just observed, the result is very unsatisfactory. I believe I have but one case cf cure on record, and the medicines used on tliat occasion were stimulants and tonics, with forty grains of iodide of potass per day. Tha spine was also rubbed, night and morning, with equal parts r>f cod-liver oil and spirits of camphor. Enlargement of the Spleen. 6'^v ijjiui/is. — The symptoms of enlargement of the spleen in horses (they do not differ much in cattle) are as follows: Feeble pulse ; respiration not much disturbed ; the tongue is usually co.ited; mouth, hot, and the breath has a feted odor; the mem- branes lining the mouth and eyeballs have a slight yellow tinge; the head droops, and the tips of the ears and lower partn of the limbs are chilly; the patient is rather unwilling to move, and, when urged to do so, exhibits a staggering gait, and sometimes falls never to rise; the urine is scanty, and, in the last stages, ]>lood ooze's from the anus and nostrils ; colicky pains attend the disease. In a case that terminated fatally, I made the following record of the post-mortem examination : On opening the abdominal cav- il y, the spleen was found to occupy a very large space. It was of immense proportions, and weighed nearly twelve pounds. The ordinary weight is three pounds. It presented the appearance of a spleen in the chronic stage of disease, being altered in struo- ti're, of a dark, pitchy color, and surcharged with dark, venous blwd. Before death, I percussed the left side, in the locality of thf spleen, and the sound elicited was of a solid character, which indicated enlargement of the same. Tl>e early symptoms of splenic apoplexy do not differ much from the above, only they are of a more acute character. In the lattei stages, the mak ly is complicated with a painful affection of the bowels. The diagnostic symptom of splenic apoplexy, witL enlargement of the same, is a notable enlargement on the left side of the abdomen, well up toward the ribs. When standing behind an affected animal, and casting one's eyes carefully along the sides of theabdomina' walla, a perceptible eminence will be sten, DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE GROANS. 209 v'jv**! can not be mistaken. The region of the bplecn 13 between the ct'^niach and the false ribs on the left side. In view of rendering this subject more valuable and interesting, I now introduce the following, which was written for the " Edin- burgh rleview :" " Spfjnic Apoplexy. — This disease broke out in the year 1858, on a £t'"3i characterized by its extreme richness of soil, in the iorth of Xorthumberlaud. In 1859 the malady reappeared, and did not cease until twenty-three head of cattle had been affected. Splenic apoplexy is a malady that has not hitherto been observed in the north of Britain, and its occurrence recently is evidently to be attribut-ed to the special method of farming and feeding stock whore >t has, for the last two years, proved so destructive. The furd is a peculiarly dry one. About three hundred head of cattle are annually fattened on it. One lot was made ready by Christmas, and sold as fat beef in Newcastle; a second was kept back until January, when they were allowed an abundance of turnips, meal, and the best oat straw. The cattle affected were three years old ; and it would appear that those fed on Swedish turnips, especially from a certain field, suffered most; but some fed on yellow or white turnips have been affected, and we should regard the meal, and perhaps the oat straw, as more likely to pro- duce this disorder. According to Delafoud's researches, legum- inosse, or forage very rich in nutritive principles and deficient in water, from artificial pastures, are frequent causes of splenic a]X)- plexy. The farmer in Northumberland suspected that the arti- ficial manures had produced the trouble, and the following season he dressed his land with home manure ; but the prop'^rties of the last crop have proved as deleterious as those of the preceding one. The fact is, the crop had nothing to do with the development of the disease. The malady stopped suddenly, about the middle of February, and this was probably due to the cattle suffering only when the ay stem was taxed by change from rather moderate to very liigh feeding. It is an interesting fact that in cows the disorder only affects those which are approaching the period when the secretion of milk is stopped, and when there is a tendency to lay on flesh, they then being liable to plethora. Cows fed on food capable of producing splenic apoplexy die of it. Cliange of diet proved of no avail at the farm referred to (show. 2iu DADDc I ETERIMARI MEDICINE AND SURG ERr Lng very conclusively that the food was not the special cause). Common salt was recommended as a preventive; but iJelafoud has shown that salt is not a reliable remedy in such cases. The malady stopped spontaneously, and the point now to settle is the prevention of disease during the futupe seasons. For the benefit of our readers who may not know the symptoma of splenic apoplexy, we may mention that often there are premon- itory signs — the animals apparently enjoying the best v)f health early in the morning, may be dead some time before noon. Some- times there are symptoms of excitement ; the eyes are prominent, and the visible mucous membranes are injected or reddened. Symptoms of uneasiness suddenly manifest themselves, and col- icky pains indicate abdominal disorder. The urine voided is high- colored and red, and there may also be blood in the feces. The back becomes arched, and the animal fixes himself, hanging on to any thing by which he is tied, or he will press his haunches on some resting-place in the corner of the stall. After this the ani- mal soon drops, and is seized with convulsive pains and twitchings. In addition to the discharge of feces and urine, tinged with blood, there is a red, frothy liquid, which escapes from the nostrils ; the animal bellows, moans, and soon dies." Treatment. — Tonics, alteratives, and glandular stimulants are indicated. Take of No. 24. Fluid extract of blood-root 4 oz. Fluid extract of golden sea.l 6 oz. Chlorate of potass 4 oz. Dissolve the potass in one pint of boiling water ; then add the extracts. Give the patient a wine-glassful every six hours, until amendment is perceptible, when the dose may be decreased to two ounces every twelve hours. Rub the body with a portion of the following: No. 25. Proof spirits 1 pint. Tincture of capsicum 4 oz. Iwo or three applications, in the course of twenty-four houre, m\\ sufE^e. Should the animal suffer much from colicky pains, dissolve one ounce of hyposulphite of soda in four ounces of hot water, to which add half a table-spoonful of powdered ginger, and drench with the same. Pure air and a light diet wi^' ud in refiU^ring the animal, provided the case is curable- DISEASES OF THE DIGESTi/E ORGAM. 211 f CNcrioNAL Disease of the Liver (Jaundice or Y>;lix)W8). The liver, like other parts of the digestive apparatus, is lia^)le to become deranged, in either function or structure, by errors in diet, which is the most potent cause of both functional and cr- garic disease of the same. In almost all cases of liver disease, we observe a yellow tinge of the visible surfaces — membranes of the eve and mouth. In order to account for the yellow tinge, we must bear in mind that bile is formed in the blood ; that the office of the liver is to absorb or withdraw it from the circulation con- stantlv, as fast as it is formed. Disease of the liver, simulating jaundice, manifests itself whenever the due separation of the bile from the blood is not accompli shed ; hence the accumulated bile seeks other outlets, namely, the kidneys and intestines, and ex- cretory gland of the skin. When animals become jaundiced suddenly, we may infer that the difficulty, whatever it may be, in the liver, is of an acute character: that is to say, it is recent in origin and active in form. Jaundice is a phenomenon of several diseases peculiar to horses. During the progress of the epizootic known as intluenza i jaun- diced state of the visible surfaces is always present, which disap pears when the patient convalesces, showing that the liver is only functionally deranged. When jaundice accompanies indigestion, and disappears under the action of alteratives or changes in diet, we mav also infer that, if not absolutely functional, it is, at least, not purely inflammatory. It is plain, therefore, that jaundice is of but little consequence in prognosis, since the symptoms with which it is often associated declare, much more positive'ly than itself, thegravity of the ailectioD 1)1 which it occurs as a symptom. It sometimes happens, however, that the function of the liver becomes suddenly interrujtted, causing pain, after the fashion of what accompanies the bilious colic of man. Th? following case will probably give the reader some idea of tho nature of acute functional disorder of the liver. Tiie patient, s Cray gelding, aged nine years, was suddenly attacked with symp- totus of colicky pains, for the relief of which the owner hatl given a colic drench, which seemed to afford temporary ease; but soon the svtnptoms reappeared, the animal got down, and seemed to be the subject of acute pain. Undor <^he8e circumstance?, the owne» ■ent for me. 212 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE .^ND SURGERY. Sy7n2}toms. — On arriving at the stable, I found the patient standi ing, his head somewhat pendulous, appearing dull an_ sleepy. The membranes within the eyelids and mouth were of a bright yellow tinge ; pulse, rather feeble; bowels, constipated ; in short, the usual appearances attending functional derangement of the liver were present ; yet the " key-note," or diagnostic symptom, was the bright yellow tinge of the visible surfaces. Treatment. — The following drench was given : No. 2G. Fluid extract of mandrake 3 oz. Fluid extract of golden seal 1 oz. Carbonate of soda 2 dr. Water ^ pint. An injection of soap-suds was thrown into the rectum, which brought away a small quantity of hardened, dark -colored excremenlS. Next day I found the patient in about the same condition, and re • peated the dose of medicine and injection. In the course of a few hours the bowels responded, evacuating a large quantity of semi- fluid, dark-colored feces, mixed with a substance resembling shreds of albumen. Next day the animal appeared much better. I then gave two ounces of fluid extract of golden seal, and one drachm of hyposulphite of soda, and thus ended the treatment. This case is an illustration of a simple mode of treatment far superior to the old-fashioned system, which contem])lates strong doses of aloes and calomel, agents which usually intensify the morbid phenomena, often producing a medicinal affection, which requires much time for the animal to recover from. It is the author's opinion that a vast number of very fine animals in these United States die from the heroic system of practice, which over- looks the best means of aid presented by the resources of mild and sanative medication. We have long been an advocate of the physiological metnod of treating disease, and we contend that is more philosophical, nafe, and the surest means of restoring an equilibrium of vital action in the animal economy, in all forms of morbid conditions; and we earnestly entreat our readers to exercise great faith in the powers of Nature to aid and assist in the cure of all maladies, and ])lace less reliance in the power of art. In view of strengthening the faith of young converts to sanii- tive medication, vve quote the language f Sir John Forbes, « man of undoubted mlhority. DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 21* " Such has ever been the want of trust in Nature, ami the over- trust in art, prevalent among the members of the medical profes- sion, that the field of natural observation has been, to a great extent-, hidden from them — hidden either actually from their eyes or vir- tually from their apprehension. The constant interference of art, in the form of medical treatment, with the normal processes of di&ease, has not only had 1 he frequent efJect of disturbing them iu realit}', but, when it failed to do so, has created the belief that it did so, leading, in either case, to an inference equally wrong — the false picture, in the one instance, being supposed to be true ; the true picture, in the other, being supposed to be false." In all cases of liver disease, it is good policy to change the diet, and offer the animal green vegetables — sliced carrots, and grass if it can be had. In all cases of chronic disease of the liver, a run ut grass is the most potent remedy for the cure of the same. It was formerly supposed that the function of the liver was merely to eliminate bile, but modern physiologists have discovcn.'d that the blood itself is changed while circulating through that gland, which elaborates fibrine from albumen, and fat from sug£.r. The liver stores up fatty matter, so that, should the food be deficient in fat, the liver yields up what it contains. It is very curious to notice the peculiarity in the circulation of the liver. It is suj)plied, like other organs, with arterial blood for its own suj)port; and it also receives an immense quantity of venous blood through, vcino commencing on the gastro-intestinal cavity, which terminate in a vessel named vena porta. This vessel, on entering the liver, ram- ifies in various directions, like an artery, and ultimately terminates in the veins peculiar to the liver; so that the blood, instead of flowing directly from the stomach and intestines, is made to circulate th rough the liver, and thus the various transformations are effected. The liver must, therefore, perform the double function of secretion and excretion. It secretes bile, and excretes carbon and hydrogen trom the system. Should an animal labor under diseased lungs, he may, under proper medical treatment, recover, provided the liver be healthy. This organ can, for a time, eliminate carbon and liydro- gen ; but, instead of passing off as they do from the lungs, in the form of carbonic acid, they accumulate in the liver, in the form of fat, or else the liver increases to an extraordinary size In Strasburg they prepare a favorite dish from the livers of geese, artificially enlarged by the cruel process of depriving them of Hi DADJ)S \ETERINARr MEDICINE AND SURGERY. Lght and liberty, confining them in a warm room, and stuffing them with food. We find that, under such barbarous management there is a disproportion between the oxygen respired and the car- bon taken in the form of food. The respiration which active ei orcise increases and rest diminishes are, now that the animal h confined, slow and uniform. The lungs fail in eliminating car- bonic acid, and hence carbon and hydrogen are driven back to the livei by means of venous circulation. An excess of carbonaceoi^s material in the liver is liable to result in jaundice, which is a simplt functional derangement of that organ. It occurs generally in the warm months, and is usually sudden in its attack. Among the most prominent symptoms are high-colored urino, yellow tinge of the visible surfaces, languid pulse, and slow action. If the liver be the seat of inflammatory action, the pulse will be quick and bounding, respiration hurried, the patient feverish, and pressure over the region of the liver elicits symptoms of pain. If simple functional derangement exists unchecked for any length of time, it leads to organic lesions and structural disease. When the bile accumulates, it is very apt to thicken and pioduce gall- stones or calculi ; if th^se accumulate in the gall ducts, the subject anless relieved, soon dies. Diseases of the liver have hitherto been considered the bane of tropical climates, but they are equally prevalent in cold and moist regions. Horses and men are as frequently attacked with it in northern as in southern latitudes. The celebrated sheep-breeder, Bakewell, knew that early disturbance of the liver led to the ao cumulation of fat, and, in order to derange the liver, he was in the habit of folding his sheep in wet pastures. Now, the English agriculturists are well acquainted with the fact that water mea- dows have a tendency to produce that almost incurable disease termed rot. Rot originates from a diseased liver, and, in the early stages of it, the animal accumulates fat very fast ; so that by rotting sheep he was able to bring fat ones early to market, and thus steal a march on his more conscientious neighbors. This f?tate of the liver termed rot is associated with the existence of parasites termed distovia hepaticum, commonly denominated flukes, and these parasites are considered the cause of rot, when, in fact, they are the results of deranged functions of the liver. The rot, therefore, is not local. It can be produced in any coun- try by exposing animals to the debilitating effects of moisture and DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 216 neglect. It is not only prevalent in England, out also in Asia, Africa, and America. In Egypt, on the receding of the Nile, it spreads to a fearful extent. In warm climates the livers of men and animals become diseased, not so much from local causes aa from stimulating drinks and diet. If a man attempts to consume the same amount of food in warm that he has been accustomed to in cold climates, he is apt to become bilious, and this is a pre- monitory indication of perverted function of the liver. A very important fact has lately been discovered in reference to the func- tion of the liver. A French chemist has ascertained that one function of the liver was to produce sugar out of the animal or- ganism. This is the secret of the formation of the fat. Chem- ically speaking, sugar and fat are nearly allied, the chief difference being that one contains a small portion of oxygen. Many valuable animals are lost from organic disease of the liver, the origin of which may, in many cases that have come to our knowledge, be traced to simple functional derangement, which has existed for some time. Its symptoms are either unobserved or, if perceived, disregarded. Some of the subjects that have been put under our care for the treatment of diseased liver had a strong predisposition for the malady, their color being black and tem- perament bilious. Such horsts are the ones that require special attention whenever they appear to be " ailing." It is remarkable to observe, however, that many norses of a temperament diverse from the bilious are often attached with organic and functional derangement of the liver, and this peculiarity can only be ac- counted for on the ground that the horse has no gall-bladder — no receptacle, such as is found in cattle, for the accumulation of bile ; consequently, the horse's liver must be an active organ, especially when the animal is permitted to make but one meal per day, and that meal occupies a period from sunrise to sunset, and daily and weekly continues to occupy no less time. The conse- quence is, the organ is overworked, and is the seat of local ex- haustion. The liver requires regular periods of rest to recover from fatigue oi functional duty, yet how is it possible to secure the same when a horse is permitted to make a perpetual hay-racK and corn-bin of his stomach ? The herculean feat of converting a hay-stack and corn granary into bone, muscle, and nerve at the rate of 2.40 is beyond the physiological capacity of any vital organ; therefore, in the lanoruage of the sailor, the ve^ssel sinki 216 DADDS VEIERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. from local inundation — the liver caves in from overwork, too nm«3t. food, and too little discretion. A hard pull on an omnibus, or a similar feat in a marketer's wagon, would be the very best medi- cine in the world for a plethoric horse, or one predisposeil tn hoj)atic derangement. The Panceeas and its Function. The pancreas is a glandular body lying across the spine, in the fpigastric region, underneath the diaphragm, near the small curv- ature of the stomach. The body of this gland is pierced by the vena porta (known as the gate ran) ; has one attachment to the spleen, and another to the left kidney. It is divided into head, body, and tail. Structure, similar to salivary glands. Color, pale red, speckled. It is composed of many lobules. Ever\' Inl^p has a distinct set of nerves, arteries, veins, and ducts. Every lobe is, thereforCj considered as a distinct gland, and the same is true of the salivary glands. The duct pierces the duodenum (kncwD as the second stomach), alongside of the hepatic duct. The panci-eatic arteries are derived mostly from the hepatio. Several, however, come from the splenic, in its course to the \et\ side of tlie abdomen, and one or two from the gastric. The vein a are tributary to the vena porta. The nerves come from the cceliac plexus. The fluid secreted by the pancreas is a colorless, limpi \ fluid. It forms an emulsion of fat; hence it dissolves the fotty matters of the food. It is an active agent in the preparation of chyle. That the pancreatic juice possesses the property of emul- sifying fat is j^oved from the fact that when the pancreas is destroyed, and the animal fed on food containing fatty matter, the latter passes with the feces, just like fat in an unchanged state. Mr. Gamqee says: "The pancreatic juice has another impor- tant use which remains to be spoken of, and that is a peculiar action on nitrogenized substances. If raw meat be placed in awn 3 of the juice, the meat speedily softens and putrefies. The same occurs with albumen or caseine in the raw state ; but if the azotized principles are previously boiled, or acted ujton by the g^«tric juice, the pancreatic therefore serves many purjioses, and acts on every kind of aliment. Circumstances atiecting the digestive function in general have a 8})ecial influence on the jiancreas, and modif}' its secretion. Siicb DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 217 IB not the case with the salivary glands and their prod\icts. The pancreatic juice may, like every other secretion, be found to con- tain adventitious substances that have accidentally entered the blood. Thus, iodide of potassium may be eliminated from the system by the pancreas. It is not so with every salt, the prussiatc of potash^ for example, never being seen in the pancreatic juice. The pancreatic secretion is formed during infra-uterine life, but we are at a loss to account for its uses there. It is difficult to de- termine what nervous influences affects its production. A dose of ether excites it, and pressure on the abdominal viscera likewise tends to its increase ; the efforts of vomiting stop it." Worms or Parasites which infest the Intestinal Canal. There are various forms of parasites which infest the alimentary canal of horses and cattle which, no doubt, are the cause of some annoyance to the infested ; but really they are not, at all times, so injurious as some writers make them out to be. They are rarely if ever found in the intestines of healthy animals, and their pres- ence is generally due to a deranged condition of the digestive organs. They very frequently originate spontaneously. "Certain independent organisms, both vegetable and animal, are found in the body. The vegetable growths are all microscopic, and belong to the lowest order of plants, the algte and fungu They are never met with except upon cutaneous or mucous sur- faces, nor while these surfaces remain healthy, usually. A secre- tion of fibrine or mucus, undergoing decomposition, forms the soil in which they grow. In some cases, they are believed to be the media of contagion. Animal parasites are very numerous. Many of them are in- fiisoriul. Many belong to the class of insects and mites, as fleas, lice, bugs, and the acari, of which the most important one is the itch-mite. A class of higher consequence comprises several sorts of worms. Those which infest the intestinal canal are extremely sommon, and are tlie oxguris vermicidaris, or thread-worm, which inhabits the rectum ; the trichocephalus dispar, or long thread- worm, which is found in the large intestine, and especially in tha csecum; the ascares lumbricoedes, or round worm, whose ordinary residence is the small intestine; the tape-worm, or tsenia, whiel also effects the same part. The kidney is occasionally the seat at 218 DADDS VETERINARY MEDiCINE AND SURGERY. a round worm, called ths strongylus gigas, measuring from fi\< inches to three feet in length, and from two to six lines in thick- ness. The diseases with which even large intestinal worms are con- nected appear to be sometimes the cause and sometimes the effect of the presence of these parasites. Very often they exist in con- ai^crahle numbers without producing the least disturbance of the rcouomy, but in other cases they are unquestionably the cause of much suffering and ill-health. How far they are themselves the result of a morbid state of the organs in which they appear is still an undecided question. The origin of parasites is extremely obscure, and has long been a mooted point among naturalists. It may not be inappropriate to present a summary of the opinions which are entertained respect- ing a Subject of so much interest, but, in doing so, we shall confine our remarks to the parasitic animals which inhabit the interior of the body, or entozoa. It is evident that these animals must originate in one of two ways ; that they must be derived directly or indirectly from with- out, or be created out of materials existing within, and furnished by, the body. No other supposition is possible. If an entozoon is in any manner derived from without, it must be admitted that this takes place either through the reception of the animal itself or of its ova. If either opinion be assumed, it follows that the parent animal must exist somewhere external to the body. But the parasites in question have never, in any case whatever, be(in detected except within the organism. If it is objected that many of these animals are so minute that they might easily elude dis- covery in the elements around us, the argument fails when applied to the giant strongylus, the stout lumbricoid worm, and the taenia, measuring many yards in length. Besides, even admitting for & moment the possibility of the parasites which inhabit the intes- tine, and other mucous cavities, having once existed externally, the insuperable difficulty still remains of explaining the entranofl of entozoa into shut cavities and parenchymatous structures — into tht eye, or the muscles, for example, and their presence in the unborn child, and even in the bodies of larger entozoa of a differ- ent species. On the other hand, if it is maintained that the ova are alone received, it must still be shown that the ova exist exter- nal 1o the body, which has never been done. Nor would th« DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 219 sdniissi( n of this explanation be sufficient ; for many of tlie entozoa are not propagated by eggs, but belong to the viviparous class, 60 that in regard to them the difficulty remains undiminished. But granting the existence of ova without, and their reception into the body, it is still impossible to explain the development froni them of the animals found in the parenchyma, in the embryo, etc., without, at the same time, admitting that the ova are not only carried to these localities through the blood-vessels, but actually pass through the walls of the capillaries. Such an admission would be a physiological absurdity; for the extreme vessels will allow of the passage of a single blood-globule at a time, and no more, and will not permit any denser fluid than the plasma of the jlood to permeate their walls. How, then, could they afford a passage in any manner to ova, the least of which is ten times as large as a blood globule? If the hypothebis now presented is untenable, it only remains to adopt the alternative one, to-wit : that entozoa are generated or created anew out of the materials or the products of the living organism. It may be urged affirmatively, in support of this doc- trine, that each organ possesses its own entozoa — the kidney, a species different from those of the intestine, which are, again, un- like the parasites of the liver. Even more: the several ])arts of the same organ generate dissimilar animals. The small intestine produces the round and the tape-worms ; the large intestine, the two species of thread-worms. These facts seem to show that some extremely local concurrence of circumstances is essential to the production of tlie several entozoa. It may also be argued, and we think the argument unanswerable, that if spermatic animalcules, which exist in the testicle, are there spontaneously generated, no violence is done to probability in supposing parasitic animals ta be produced in the same manner. It will hardly be denied that spermatozoa are literally evolved from the constituents of the aemen ; but it is objected to the doctrine of spontaneous generation that it is agaiast analogy, which every- where supports the famous dogma, 07nne vivum ex ovo. This objection is a mere begging of the question. The decision of the case in hand involves the truth of the theory just quoied, and, as we believe, nmst be allowed to show that this theor}' is not absolutely universal in its application. Other focts, also, among which are the following, tend to invali- date it. Nothing can be more certain than that all organized 220 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY, beings were, at some time or other, created. Geology proves 1 hai successive genera and species have been thus created, at long in- tervals apart; and the history of disease renders it probable that one affection, at least (syphilis), which is only propagated by direct descent, ex ovo, as it were, is really of comparatively recent origin. In conclusion, after the review of the preceding outline of an argument upon the generation of parasitic entozoa, we feel obliged to admit that the weight of facts and probabilities is wholly on the side of the doctrine of spontaneous generation. At the same time, we can not but look with interest to the results of future observations in this field, nor altogether suppress the hope that the simple law of Nature, omne vivum ex ovo, may even yet be found to embrace the classes which now appear to form so striking an exception to its provisions."* Symjytoyns. — The usual symptoms indicating the presence of worms in the intestinal canal are, sometimes, a scurfy, yellow mu- cous accumulation around the margin of the anus ; the a}>petite is not uniform ; the bowels are irregular, sometimes loose, and sometimes constipated ; and the feces are often shrouded with shreds of mucus, of a yellow color. When ascarides are present (located in the rectum), the horse is much inclined to rub his tail against any post or fence he can get at, and he employs himself at such feats against the sides of the stall, in view, probably, ©f allaying the intolerable itching which usually attends the presence of these parasites. The lumbrici, or round worms, sometimes exist in the intes- tines in great numbers. They are then apt to be hurtful. In such cases, the coat looks unthrifty, and the hair has lost its na- tural glossiness, and appears rough to the sense of touch. It has been noticed, also, that when horses are afflicted with intestinal parasites, their breath gives out a fetid odor, and they have a sort of dry, hacking cough. It is well known, however, that some horses, enjoying, apparently, the very best kind of health, are often the subjects of worms. Treatment. — Most of the remedies recommended in the ancient works on fariery are just about as likely to kill the horse as the parasites, and iDnsequently are, to say the least, unsafe. The true theory is thl . worms are the result of indigestion; hence our •Stmt's "Elements of Pathology." DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 221 object, by way of prevention, is to give tone to the digestive or- gans ; and soon after the worms have congregated in the intestinal canal, bitter tonics and alteratives are obnoxious to them. They then die, are digested, and pass from the anus as fecal matter. Suppose we give the infested horse powerful j)urgcs, tartar emetic, calomel, turpentine, etc., as the books recommend. We Taay £U( ceed in their expulsion, but that does not mend the mat- ter foi the agents just named are all more or less jirostrating, And create a worse state of digestive derangement than that which previously existed, and soon, by virtue of s})ontaneous generation, a new crop of parasites make their appearance. When a horse shows any of the symptoms here alluded to, in- iicating indigestion, or the actual presence of worms, I recommend ^hat an occasional dose of the following be given : No. 27. I'owdcred poplar bark (populus tremuloides). ^ Powdered sulphur > equal parta. Powdered salt S Mix. Dose, one table-spoonful, to be mixed with braa or oata. , EXAMPLES OF TERMIFDOES. No. 1. — Fluid extract of wormwood, four drachms ; to be given in the morning, before feeding time, for several successive days. No. 2. — Give one ounce of fluid extract of pink-root, every morning, before feeding, for a week. A OOOD REMEDY FOR THE TAPE-WORH. Give four drachms of the solid extract of male fern (a.s})idinm felix maa) every other morning, during a period of about ten days. This is said to be a specific for tape-worm. Finally, as regards the treatment of worms. Nature has endowed these parasites with such tenacity of life, that no matters knowr to us will effect their destruction, though a few may answer tdt purpose of their expulsion. Bots are so hardy as apparently tf. survive immersion in oil, in alcohol, spirits of turpentine, and even powerful solutions of mineral acids. The continued u.se of salt, mixed with the food, appears, however, obnoxious to them; for sometimes, under its use, their hold gives way, and they are eiec^ed Bitters, purgatives, and the mechanical irritation of 5122 DADDS VETERINARY MEDlCHSii AND SURGERT. pointed bodies, as pewter, tin, etc., have no effect whatever upou \fOts ; but with regard to the other parasites, rather more succeai mav be expected from medical aid, in the form of vermifuge!* It nas been attempted to effect the removal of worms mechan- iaily, by dissolving the mucus they are supposed to be imbedded m, for which purpose lime-water, oil, solutions of aloes, etc., hav€ been injected by clyster up the rectum, and which practice is most to be depended on for the ejection of ascarides when in the rectum. This practice of washing away the mucus of the intestine, and thus to deprive the intestine of the secretion given for its piotee- tion, is not to be recommended, though oil, for this end, would be harmless. Strong purges are given with the same intent, which may remove them also from the whole alimentary track. Reme- dies have likewise been exhibited to destroy them within the Dody, by the mechanical irritation of their spiculi, under which view tin, brass, iron, and pewter are thought remedial. The In- dian caustic barley and Indian pink are reputed vermifuges against the teres and ascaris. The oil of turpentine has also been strongly recommended as an excellent general vermifuge; but, except for the destruction of the tsenia, or tape-worm, it certainly does not appear to deserve that character."* • "Blaine's Outlines" SECTION VIII. DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. LntXIfMATION OF THE KiDNETS — INFLAMMATION OF THE B1.ASDER — StOUK IS tn Bladder — Suppeession of the Urine — Retentios of the Ubine — Diabetsb, OR Profuse Stalling — Rdptcbe of the Bladder — Albuminous Ubih* Hamatubia, or Bloodt Urine. Inflammation op the Kidneys (Nephritis). ANEPHKITIC affection is often mistaken for what soma persons term "sprain across the kidneys" (lumbar sprain). It is a mistake of some importance, from the fact that when sprain or strain is suspected, people are apt to resort to the use of irri- tating embrocations or liniments, which m- uo much harm, as their action is to augment heat and pain, which, in case of ne- phritis, is to be avoided. Symptoms. — Hard and accelerated pulse ; quickened raspiration, indicative of pain; back, arched; legs, straddling; the head is often turned toward the loins, or region of pain ; the animal is unwilling to describe a circle with its body, and, while the acute stage lasts, scarcely if ever gets down on the floor ; the urine is reddened and scanty ; finally, the animal crouches when pressure is made over the region of the loins, and, as is the case in all acut« affections, thirst and loss of appetite are observable. Treatment. — The* treatment of nephritis, in the acute or inflam- matory stage, is just such as would be proper supposing the case to be one of enteritis, or peritonitis. Twenty or forty drops of fluid extract of gelseminum may be placed on the tongue two oi three times, at intervals of four hours ; fomentations of hops oi poppy-heads (warm) should be applied to the loins, and occa- sional enemas of warm water may be thrown into the rectum. The drink shouM nonsist of what is known as flaxseed or slippery- ^22 J) 224 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND Sl/RGERT. tlm tea. Soon the inflammatory symptoms will subside, the patient will manifest some relief from pain, and the color of the urine will change, become lighter and thicker in consistence. We then dis- continue the above treatment, and administer one ounce of fluid txtract of buchu, morning and evening. This treatment, aided by rest and good nursing, usually completes the cure. Should it be suspected that the animal has a fit of pain, caused by the "gravel," or passage or presence of urinary calculi, then two irachms of muriatic acid should be mixed in the ordinary drink, every time the animal is watered. He should also have a email quantity of powdered slippery -elm or flaxseed mixed with the food. Horses the subjects of urinary calculi pass urine which, pn being caught in an earthen vessel, deposits phos})hates and other earthy matter. When this occurs, and the animal has a fit of pain or gravel, we may infer, in the absence of more positive proof, that uinary calculi are present in some portion of the urinary apparatus. Inflammation of the Bladder (Cystitis). The principal symptom of inflammation of the bladder is fre- quent urination, accompanied by straining and pain. Sometimes the urine dribbles away, involuntarily or not, as the case may be. It appears that the least distension of the bladder causes pain; hence the effort to keep it empty. The urine is usually high- colored, or, rather, of a dull red color. The animal stands with his hind limbs widely separated. The treatment is precisely tlie Bame as that just recommended for inflammation of the kidneys. Stone in the Bladder. One very remarkable symptom attending the presence of calcu- lus, or stone in the bladder, is, that after the urine is voided there cjomes a painful sensation, which causes the horse to groan. ThLi is caused by the walls of the bladder coming forcibly in contact with the calculus, which is now a foreign body. Occasionally the horse is urmatmg a full stream, when, all at once, the stream is suddenly arrested, the animal still straining until urination again eoramenc's. This is a pretty sure sign of stone in the bladder. Stones tl.dt have b(.en taken from the bladder, after death, present a highlj -polished Sdrface; hence they do not produce that amoun* DISEASES OF THE UKIXARY ORGANS, 225 of irritation which proceeds from intestinal calculi, the surfaces of which are always rough. Mr. You ATT sa}s that " the symptoms of ptone in the bladder much resemble those of spasmodic colic, except that, on careful inquiry, it will be found that there has been much irregularity in the discharge of urine, and occasional suppression of it. When fits of apparent colic frequently return, and are accompanied by any peculiarity in the appearance or the discharge of the urine, the horse should be carefully examined. For this purpose, he must be thrown. If there is stone in the bladder, it will, while the horse lies on his back, press on the rectum. Several cases have lately occurred of successful extraction of the calculus, but to effect this it is always necessary to have recourse to the aid of a veterinary practitioner." It is not necessary to cast the hors« in view of ascertaining the presence of calculus. The hand can be introduced into the rectum while the horse is standing. The rectum should, however, first be evacuated by enemas of warm water. But we have a better plan than this. A sound or jointed catheter has been invented, which, when passed into the bladder, determines, by percussion, the pres- ence of calculi. The operation of lithotomy can only be performed by one skilled in the science ; yet the reader may desire to know something about the mode of performing it ; therefore I introduce a case of the kind, which occurred in the practice of Mr. Field. The following is the case : " The animal was cast, in the usual manner, and both hind legs were drawn to the shoulders, as if for castration. Eead's new flexible catheter being passed into the bladder, a quantity of warm water was injected sufficient to distend that organ and the urethra moderately. The catheter being withdrawn, and holding the penis with the left hand, a slightly-curved grooved staff, two feet long, was introduced, so as for the curved part to come into the subanal portion of the urethra, above the posterior edge of the ischium, extending toward the sphincter ani. An assistant, kneeling on the left side of the horse, drew the penis forward with his left hand, and gently pushed the staff backward with the right, at the same time keeping the groove exactly beneath the raphe. This elevated the portion of the urethra to be incised. I then made an incision a line from and on the right side of the raphe, through the skin and fascia, extending the length of from three to four 15 226 DAbDS VETLiaNARV MEDICINE AND SURGERY. inches, and, pushing the penis a little on one side, I gradually divided the muscular and spongy portion, and exposed the mucous memb-ane of the urethra, when tlie finger readily detected the groove of the staff, into which a small incision was made sufficieiit to admit the bistoire cacMe, following which with the index finger of the left hand, the membrane was divided to the rectum. Very little blood flowed, and the water of the urethra gushed out. The Etaff being removed, I easily introduced the small forceps through the urethra into the bladder, and grasped the stone, a portion of which flaked off. The large forceps were then employed, and, my brother holding the handles, I directed the blades uj>on the stone, my left hand being in the rectum. Having placed the stone in a proper position, I grasped it with the forceps, and, with both hands, gave it a half-turn, so as to place its widest axis be- tween the pubis and rectura; and thus, with a moderate force, I gradually and evenly drew it out, the neck of the bladder readily dilating. Two stitches were inserted in that part of the incision nearest the anas, the lower part being left to itself." Sdi»peession op Urine. Suppression of urine signifies that condition in which no urine is either secreted or voided. The affection is due to either func- tional or organic disease of the kidneys, or it is an accompaniment of various forms of disease, and, in such cases, is termed functional. For example, I lately treated a horse the subject of jaundice; he did not pass a drop of urine for two days. I inferred that the kidneys were inactive, and did not secrete urine, therefore he had none to pass; but after this period, a slight improvement in the disease (jaundice) having taken place, he urinated, yet at first only in small quantities. When the affection comes on periodically, it indicates organic lisease of the kidneys, and, finally, is apt to prove fatal. "Wat ■ liON says " that if no urine be separated from the blood, coma soon supervenes, and death. It is believed that these conse- quences result from the detention of urea in the system. Urea is a mere excrement, w \ich, in health, is lemoved from the blood by the kidneys as fast as it enters that fluid. When it is not so carried off, it accumulattis in the blood, circulates with it to everj l>art of the body, and acts as a i)oison, especiallr upon the bra* a DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 227 To fender it thus poisonous, however, its decomposition in th« blood appears to be requisite. This is one of the numerous instances showing that the carry- ing fluid of the body may become the vehicle of disease and death, if it be not duly purged of deleterious matters which pertain tc the unceasing processes of organic life. If carbonic acid be nd extricated by the lungs, the animal functions are as certainly and almost as speedily extinguished by that gas as the flame of a tap-er might be, and we know that when the outlet of the liver is shut ap, when the blood is not pumped from the excreraentitious bile^ the powers of animal life are weakened and sometimes utterly und rapidly destroyed." Frequent complaints are made to me, by horsemen, that their horses do not urinate sufficiently, and I am requested to furnish diuretics. I usually advise the former not to feel alarmed, for Nature regulates these matters, and, in time, all will be well ; pro- vided, however, good food is furnished, and proper care is taken of the animal. The subject being one of importance, both aa reo-ards man and horse, I here introduce the following article from Watson's "Lectures:" " Suiipressiou of urine, for a considerable time, is not, however, necessarily and universally fatal. Patients laboring under the epidemic cholera would secrete not a drop of water for some days, and yet recover. It was remarkable how entirely free such patients were from any approach toward coma. Was the urea here drained off from the blood in the enormous and unnatural flux from the stomach and bowels? I think it probably was; but chemicaJ Bcarch has not detected that substance in the fluids so eff'used. Schmidt thinks, indeed, that it would be found but for its rapid decomposition into carbonate of ammonia. There are, however, some very singular instances on record of persons who have passed days and even weeks without secreting urine, and without show- ing any other indication of impaired health. "Wliat degree of credit such narratives deserve I do not know ; but assuming that there was neither fraud nor mistake, it may be suspected thai either the natural secretion was compensated by some vicarioua or 3U])plemental discharge, or that a small quantity of urine waa • cta-xlly separated by the kidneys. ' If any water, however small the quantity,' remarks Sir Henry Halford, Miad been made in these cases, I should have thought it possible that the patient 22« DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY might have recovered ; for it has often surprised me to obserr* how small has been the measure of that excremenfitious fluid which the frame has sometimes thrown off, and yet preserved itself harmless. But the cessation of the excretion altogethei is universally a fatal symptom in my experience, being followed by oppression on the brain.' The same eminent physician states tha* in three of his five cases there was observed a remarkably strong urinous smell in the perspiration for twenty-four hours before death. This I believe is of common occurrence in such cases. Other patients have vomited, or passed by the bowels, watery matters possessing some of the sensible qualities of urine ; and a urinous fluid is said to have been found in the ventricles of the brain in some of the fatal cases. I have spoken of suppression oi urine as a malady^ though it probably is never any thing more than a symptom; yet it is one of those symptoms which, from our uncertainty respecting their origin and determining cause, we are obliged to treat and to study bs if they were substantive diseases. In the only well-marked instance that I have seen of suppression of urine coming on in an apparently healthy person, some blood had appeared in the urine for a day or two before the secretion was totally suspended, and the kidneys were found gorged with blood. Extreme congestion or inflammation of the substance of the gland is probably at the bottom of many of these cases. The same train of symptoms supervenes not unfrequently upon organic renal disease. They happen, too, sometimes^ when the ureters become impervious from disease, or from impacted gravel. In this condition urine con- tinues to be secreted, for a time at least, and distends the ureter behind the seat of the obstruction. The apoplectic state which ensues may arise from a reabsorption of the secreted fluid ; or, in consequence of the obstacle, the secretion itself, after going to a certain point, may stop, and then the case becomes a case of sup- pression." Treatment. — Persons desirous of administering medicine for the treatment of this affection, are advised to give half an ounce of powdered chlorate of potass, dissolved in the drink, every night, and half an ounce of fluid extract of buchu every morning. DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 22» Retention of Urine. Retention and suppression of urine are terms very often oon- founded with each other. We have just shown what is n eant by Buppression, and now it remains for us to understand the true na- ture of retention. Retention signifies an undue delay of natural discliarges. The secretion of urine may be active as ever, yet the animal has not the power to void it. The bladder soon becomes distended beyond its physiological capacity. Its muscular fibers are overstretched, and thus have not the power to contract again until the fluid is evacuated by means of the catheter; hence the treatment of such a case as this pertains more to the art of sur- gery than that of medicine. Treatment. — In most of these cases we find the neck of the blad- der spasmodically contracted. The spasm may be either primary or it may accompany spasmodic colic, which is often the case. In fact some animals, when suffering from retention of urine, act just as if they had colic; hence it is, in such cases, highly necessar_y that the bladder be examined by introducing a hand into the rectum. By this means, should the bladder be distended, it can easily be discovered. The catheter must then be introduced, or the animal will die from rupture of the bladder. Provided no catheter should be at hand, I should throw into the rectum copi- ous enemas of warm water, and administer one or two ounces of tincture of assafetida as an antispasmodic, which may possibly have the desired effect. Diabetes, or Profuse Stalling. Many veterinary writers contend that diabetes is caused by tne administration of diuretics, or else in consequence of impropet food. In some instances this may be true. Errors of this kind may produce an excessive flow of urine, but this does not consti- tute diabetci. Sym})toms. — The characteristic symptom of diabetes is a most remarkable change in the quality of the urine. It becomes loader with sugar. It has been found that in true diabetes the urine ia never without sugar. The most ready test for sugar i-n urine is as follows: Invert a test-tube, filled with urine, to which a small quantity of yeast has been added, into a saucer, also containing 23C DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY uriue; set the mixture in a warm place, and, if sugar be preaent, fermentation will soon commence, and carbonic acid rising in the tube will depress the upper surface of the urine. Very few experiments have ever been made on the diabetic uriue of horses; but large quantities of saccharine matters have lieen obtained from the diabetic urine of man, by a process ol nvaporation. Watson tells us, in his " Lectures," that he haa cen large flat cakes of beautifully crystallized diabetic sugar. ' It differs somewhat from common sugar, the produce of the ougar-cane, and approaches more nearly to the sugar of srrapes. This kind of sugar, which may also be produced artificially from Etarch, chemists have named glucose. By rapid evaporation of the water, a thick syrup is produced, resembling treacle; but Dr. Macintyre, who has presented to our hospital museum some very fine specimens of this sugar, prepared by Dr. Blandford, iuforma me that to get it well crystallized, the evaporation in a steam- bath should- be stopped while the urine is of thin consistence. It may be quickly reduced to one-half, perhaps, of its original quan tity; then it should be set aside, in shallow plates, and in the course of ten days or a fortnight the sugar will be deposited." An animal the subject of diabetes is usually very thirsty. The urine is light-colored, almost transparent. It has not the ordi- nary odor of common urine, but something like musty hay. Treatment. — The indications in the treatment of this affectioL are, to give tone to the system and sustain the general health. A drachm or two of the sulphate of iron may be occasionally mixed with the oats (the latter must be of the best quality), and one ounce of the fluid extract of buchu may be given every night.* Good wholesome food and an occasional drink of slippery-elm tea are also indicated. Should the disea",e not yield to such treat- ment as this, the case may be considered incurable. Cause. — In regard to the cause of diabetes, very little is known ; but, to set the matter right in the minds of some who believe that Qothing but diuretics and inferior provender excite it, I ofler the following quotation from the pen of the author just named. I think, however, that bad food is most likely to produce diabete?. * ILe buchu is not a direct diuretic, like resin or niter; therefore it may b« giren with safety. It acts as a tcnic and sudorific, and operates physiologically ■■>n th? kidneys. lilSEASiiS OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 231 ** It is probable enough that the exciting cause of diabetes may sometimes lie in the digestive organs, as Mr. McGregor supposed. The results of his experiments do not conflict with M. Bernard's. Mr. McGregor, you may remember, found sugar in the partly- digested food brought up from the stomach of a diabetic patient. He detected it also in the saliva; and in the feces, which, when allo^ved to dry spontaneously, became covered, after the lapse of some time, with distinct crystals of sugar. And yeast having been administered to two diabetic patients, in ounce doses, after each meal, had soon to be discontinued, because the patients, to use their >wn expressions, felt as if they * were on the eve of being blown up.' There being sugar in the blood, we need not be surprised that he met with it in the gastric and intestinal secretions from the blood. Dr. Harley has observed that by injecting irritating matters into the portal vein, (ammonia, ether, chloroform, alcohol,) a saccharine condition of the urine may be artificially produced. It is conjectured that these substances act upon fibers of the pneu- mogastric nerve, whence an impression is transmitted to the nerv- ous centers, and thence is again reflected upon the liver through the splanchnic nerves. It is not difficult to imagine that irritat- ing substances may find their way into the portal blood through a faulty digestion, or through the use of certain kinds of food or of medicine. Again : since contrived irritation of the brain at the origin of the pneuraogastric nerves will make the urine saccharine, he cause of diabetes in the human subject may reasonably be placed, n some instances, within the skull ; and we may understand how injuries or diseases of the brain, or even mental disquiet and de- jection, operating through the brain, may produce it. Some strik- ing cas(;s have been published by Dr. Goolden, in which head symptoms were accompanied by saccharine urine, and in which the diabetic symptoms were checked or removed by remedies ad- dressed to the head affection — by blisters esi)('cially, and by pur- gatives. Nay, we may ask whether there may not, in fact, be two varieties of diabetes mellitus, in one of which the animal and in the other the vegetable form of sugar may be present in the urine, and whether the one of these varieties may not be more hopeful of cure or recovery than the other. Bearing in mind the name and the distribution of the pneumogastric nerve, may we not in- dulge the conjecture that disease or injury of the brain near the (y y\n of that nerve may directly uffect the functions of the st< m- 232 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY acli; and thus prevent its digestive power, or the functions of tha luuffs, and thus interfere with the chemical destruction of sugar in those organs ? This last notion might seem to receive support from the frequent association of pulmonary disease or disorder with saocliarine urine." RUPTUEE OF THE BLADDER. It h well known that rupture of the bladder may arise from over-disteusion with urine ; yet it may occur from other causes, as the following article, contributed by Dr. C. ISI. Wood, will show : "September 1. — My subject was a bay horse, seven years old, in high condition ; that is, fat. On inquiry, I was informed, by the man who had the care of him, that when he entered the stable, at four o'clock, A. M., he found the horse rolling and tumbling, and in great pain. I asked. What has the horse been doing ? and was answered that, having fallen into other hands, he had done little more than merely exercise for the past four months. O/i examination, the following symptoms were observed: The ani- mal was standing, with the near fore extremity raised and extended, and in the act of pawing, but he did not disturb his bedding. He would suddenly place one foot down and raise the opposite one, when he would continue to paw, in like manner, for two or three minutes. He would then cease pawing, and extend himself in hia stall, wiih the head elevated, and a fixed stare, as if in the act of urinating. He would then perhaps lie down at full length in hia stall, or throw his head back upon his side, and remain in this position a few minutes ; would again rise and commence pawing, as before. Wlien standing, his hind extremities were wide apart. His pulse was forty-two; mouth, hot, but moist; the visible mu- eous surfaces slightly injected ; his respiration little disturbed ; in feet, his symptoms were not violent. I gave an antispasmodic drench, and left him. At eight, A. M., again visited my patient. Found him standing, apparently relieved, yet he occasionally man ife^ted slight symptoms of a kind of dull abdominal pain. His bowels being costive, I gave him one ounce of cathartic mass, one drachm of calomel, and half a drachm of pulverized opium, in a ball. At noon he was still the same. Ordered him a bran-maaL, which he did not eat ; nor did he drink. Gave an enema, stna DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 233 nlated the abdomen, and left liim. Six, P. M. — He has laid down quietly for two hours ; stands easy, but neither eats nor drinks. Nine, P. M. — Still the same; lies down occasionally. When standing, paws considerably. Has had no evacuation of the bow- els or of the urinary passages since the man discovered that the animal was sick. Examined the rectum, but found no feces therein. Gave half a drachm each of Venice turpentine and copaiba, in an infusion of linseed ; gave also an enema, and left him for the night, leaving a pail of water in the manger before him. September 2, six o'clock, A. M. — On entering the stable, my patient appeared much the same as when I left him the previous evening. I inquired how he had been during the night. The jjToom informed me that 'he had remained easy until about one o'clock, when he commenced pawing, as before, but without touch- ing his bedding; that he would lie down for a few minutes quite easy, when he would throw himself at full length in his stall, and remain in that position a short time ; then rise up and extend hJ.mself, as if to relieve the urinary passages, but only a few drops dribbled away, as usual.' As usual? said I. Have you nevei observed any difficulty in his making water before ? He answered * I have taken care of this horse for over two years, and have never seen him make more tl an a wine-glassful of water at any one time. He passed a little every ten or fifteen minutes. Hia stall was constantly wet, but I have never seen any trouble on account of it.' This statement was fully corroborated by several ether persons. I now examined my patient per rectum, and found the bladder empty. Upon introducing the catheter not a drop of urine was obtained, nor even could the odor of urine be detected on the catheter. I now concluded that he had a ruptured bladder, and gave up all hopes of his recovery. However, from the pain at intervals, and apparent relief of the animal occasionally, I di- rected my treatment to the kidneys and bladder, by giving oily- laxatives, emollient enemas, and counter-irritation, in the hope, not of cure, but of palliation, and each, in turn, gave relief for a short time. Nine, P. M.— Have seen my patient several timea duiing the day. His symptoms increasing in frequency and vio- lence. Pulse, sixty-six ; respiration, hurried ; body and extremi- ties, still warm. He paws, rolls, and tumbles violently. Gave an enema, which had the effect to remove the contents of the rec- tum, consisting of four or five small pellets of feces, covered witb 234 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGEKY. mucus. He nov?, for the first time, drank six or seven swallow* of water, but had no desire for food. I ordered a pail of water to be placed before him, and that a man should watch him during the night. SepUmhcr 3, six, A. M. — Has drank the water. Still paws, lies down, suddenly rises, paws again, and thus continues. The oody is still warm ; he is not at all violent, his pain being, as it were, dull ; the abdomen rapidly increasing in size. Nine, P. M.— Have seen my patient several times since morning. See no pos- sible chance for recovery. His respiration is quick and laborious ; pulse, seventy-four ; visible mucous surfaces highly injected ; head and neck bedewed with a cold, clammy perspiration; tremor of the fore extremities ; still paws, but does not lie down. He puts his nose in the bucket, plays with the water in it, but does not drink. Abdomen appears to increase in size. Notwithstanding every means was used for his relief, the symptoms continued tc increase in severity, and he died at one o'clock, A. M., on the fourth. Made an examination thirty-six hours after death, the k ackei neglecting to remove the horse before. On opening the abdo- men the following appearances were visible : A slight blush of inflammation pervaded the whole of the intestinal canal. Ex- treme distention of the caecum and colon, but their contents were pultacious. The bladder quite empty, and contracted at its cervix into firm rugoe ; in substance its walls thickened to half an inch ; its apex bore marks of ulceration, with a rupture of one and a half inches through its parieties. Had it not been ruptured, I think the bladder could not have been made to contain more than a quart ; and we think this condition of the organ is sufficient to account for the constant dribbling spoken of by the groom. There was an accumulation of several gallons of fluid in the abdominal cavity, and the peritoneum bore evident marks of inflammation, which, doubtless, had been rendered less solvent by the medicines administered. The lining membrane of the bladder was clothed with a kind of mucus, thick, muddy, and of a dark color. The kidneys were almost destitute of the investing memDrane. What remained rubbed off with the slightest touch. In atteni]»ting to remove then; from their connections, they were torn with very little force, r'hey were of a brick red color, extremely soft, so that they could be squeezed between the fingers like a paste ; or. DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 236 when laid upon a board, they flattened like soft dough. Tlie liver was softened, or, as it is generally called, rotten. It appeared pale, was of a clay color externally, and could be broken down with the slightest pressure. The stomach was healthy, and con- tained about four quarts of fluid. The thoracic viscera healthy; heart, large and firm ; lungs, sound, but discolored, doubtless :i'aj lying so l)ng after death. An idea suggests itself in regard to the case now under consid- eration: that the liver did not properly prepare the blocd for the secretion of the urine; hence the morbid condition of the kidneys and bladder. But, although these organs are siiuwu to have been exercising a diseased secretory action, yet doubtless the primary seat of the affection was in the digestive apparatus, the stomach, and more particularly the liver. This question is not only a very important one in a })athological point of view, but it is also one of peculiar interest to the practitioner in his treatment of disease. It directs him to the proper remedies to employ, and the action of these remedies on the organs affected. In the treatment of all diseases, it is not only necessary to understand the cause, but to know the organ or viscus affected." Albuminous Urine ("Thick Water"). This is rather a rare disease among horses; yet, as it does occa- sionally occur, it may be proper to take some notice of it. Those eases which have come under the author's notice have occurred in animals of the scrofulous diathesis, most of which animals had a scurfy skin, and were otherwise unthrifty, just tlie subjects for disease of the kidneys; for it is well known that when the excre- mentitious function of the skin is interrupted, the kidneys have to perform double labor. Their function is then overtaxed ; henc*', disease. Albuminous urine is often associated with various forms cf dis- ease, or, rather, is the result of disease, or may follow the use of improper medicines or bad food. Such are said to be the cause of this malady (functional) in the human ; and, reasoning from analogy, we infer that the same causes operate on the horse, for all the functions of his body are carried on after the same general [ilan that obtains in tlie body of man. Watson teaches us " tliat some articles of food, and some medi' 236 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERI cines, lia ve the effect, in some cases, of rendering the urine for a time albuminous. Perhaps it would be more CGrre'jt to say that certain forms of indigestion may cause this change. Albumen has, also, been detected after a blister upon the skin, or under tha< general state of irritation of the skin called eczema. rubrum, which is produced by the use of mercury. In the crisis of some febrile disorders, in some cases of pregnancy, of heart disease, and in epi- demic cholera, the same phenomena has been observed. Whenever blood, proceeding from the long track of mucous membrane which lines the urinary organs, mingles with the urine, that fluid, of necessity, contains a,lbumen, and coagulates, if tested by heat or by pitric acid." There is no albumen in healthy urine; neither can we recognize its presence by mere inspection. Horses often pasa urine of a thick and ropy character, but that does not prove that it is albuminous. It may be loaded with morbid or excrementi- tious matter, yet contain not a particle of albumen. Healthv urine, when recently discharged, possesses the ordinary temper- ature of the body, is transparent, of a straw color, and exhalea a peculiar ammoniacal odor, which it loses in cooling. About ninety-three parts in one hundred of healthy urine is water ; the remainder are made up chiefly of urea, saline and organic matters. Albumen, being similar to the white of eggs, passes from the fluid to the solid st^te by boiling ; therefore, in order to detect albumen in urine, it is only necessary to heat the suspected urine to the boiling point, when the albuminous opacity becomes visible. A horse the subject of albuminous urine usually has a strad- dling gait; will stretch backward his hind legs; is stiflP, and makes short turns with difficulty. He is usually thirsty and feverish, has a quick pulse, and the fences are hard and dark-colored. When the disease is of long standing, and the animal loses flesh, and the mucous membranes of the mouth appear pale, the probability is that the disease is organic, and the case may be considered incura- ble. In such cases, the morbid appearances aftei death denote degeneration, or structural change in the secreting surface of the kidneys, and in the glands also. Treatment. — The best remedy for the treatment of this affection is fluid extract of buchu, two ounces per day. Green v<5^table« and cairots are also indicated. diseases of the urinary organs. 237 Hjematuria (Bloody Urene). Hamaturia consists of extravasation of blood from the urinaij organs, which is mixed with the urine, giving to the latter a blood- red tinge. Small quantities of blood is very often excreted from the kidneys, in consequence of congestion of the renal blood-ves- eels. The affection often follows injury or sprain in the lumbar region, and may occur in consequence of active disease, scattered in either the kidneys or the bladder. Strong diuretics, such as turpentine, juniper berries, etc., are operative in producing haema- turia. But many cases are very obscure. Blood is sometimes voided with the urine without any assignable cause. I have known mares, when menstruating, to pass considerable blood with the urine, which ceased on the termination of menstruation. Treatment. — The proper method of treating this affection is to aj)ply warm-water dressings to the loins, and drench the patient with one ounce of fluid extract of matico, night and morning. Mucilaginous drinks are also needed, which may be coippoeed o^ iLppeiy-elm, flaxseed, or gum arabic. BtlRQIOAL INSTRUMENTS USED IN VETEEINAEY PKAOTIO^ EiPliASATioK.— Fig, 1, Hobbles for casting; 2, Probang, for the removal of obstmctloi • ithlc the oesophagns; 3, Thnmb lancet; 4, Artery forceps; 5, Oum scarificator; 6, Tnbe iu«4 For Extraction In the teats; 7, Castrating knife; 8, Beak-pointed scalpel; 9, Curved sciasort 10, Bntnre-needles ; 11, Female catheter; 12, Parturient slip-noose; 13, Parturient laver; 14, Km- bn^tom/ forcepa, or clasiy-books ; li. Embryotomy knife ; 16, Mouth-gag ; 17, Trocar; 18, Oknui* U eoT«r of the trocar ; 19, 20, Trocar and canula for puncturing the cheat ; 31, 22, S, Ttowt tt Ika Mvaral part* of the trat'sheotomy tnbe. SECTION IX. SURGICAL O P E R A T I O X S . Of Surgical Opekations and the VARiors Restrai>^ts it is sometimes NECESSARY TO PLACE THE HoUSE UNDER FOR THEIR PERFORMANCE — CaST. ING— Slinging — Castration — French Method of Castration— Castra- tion BY Ligature— Lithotomy — Tracheotomy— ffisoPHAGOTOMY — Neu- rotomy — Mode of Performing Neurotomy — Periosteotomy— Division OF the Flexor Tendons — Amputations — Amputation of the Penis- Amputation of THE Tail— Nicking — Firing — Blistering — Ammoniacal Blister — Rowelling — Setons — Abstraction op Blood, or Bleeding- Division OF THE Temporal xiuTEiiY — Bleeding by the Palate — Bleed- ing BY the Toe — Phlebotomy — Bleeding by the Jugular Veln. Of Surgical Operations and the various restraints it is sometimes xecessary to place the horse under fok their performance. *' T T fHEN" it is necessary to perform any painful operation on V V so powerful an animal as the horse, it is of consequence to subject him to a restraint equal to the occasion. Horses are very dissimilar in their tempers, and bear pain very diflerently ; but it is always prudent to prepare for the worst, and few impor- tant operations should be attempted without casting. Humanity should be the fundamental principle of every proceeding, and we ought always to subject this noble animal to pain with reluctance ; but when circumstances absolutely call for it, we should joyfully close our hearts to all necessary sulfering. The resistance of the horse is terrible, and it is but common prudence to guard against the effects of it. The lesser restraints are various. Among them may be first noticed the twitch. The twitch is a very necessary instrument in a stable, though, when frequently and ofliciously used, it may have the ill-effect of rendering some horses violent to resist its application. In many instances blindfolding will do (239) 240 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. more than the twitch ; and some horses may be quieted,. when the pain is not excessive, by holding the ear in one hand, and rubbing the point of the nose with the other. A soothing manner will often engage the attention and prevent violence; but it is seldom that either threats or punishment render an unruly horse more calm. Inexperienced persons guard themselves only against the hind legs ; but they should be aware that some horses strike ter- ribly with their fore-feet. It is prudent, therefore, in all opera- tions, to blindfold the animal, as, by this, he becomes particularly intimidated, and if he strikes he can not aim. When one of the fore extremities requires a very minute examination, it is prudent to have the opposite leg held up (it may, in some cases, be tied) ; and when one of the hinder feet is the object of attention, the fore one of the same side should be held up, as, by this means, the ani- mal is commonly prevented from striking. If this precaution be not taken, still observe to keep one hand on the hock, while the other is employed in what is necessary, by which means, if the foot become elevated to kick, sufficient warning is given, and the very action of the horse throws the operator away from the sti oke. Without the use of these arts, the practitioner will expose himself to much risk. The trevis is the very utmost limit of restraint, and is seldom used save by smiths, to shoe veiy violent and power- ful horses. Wlienever recourse is had to it, the greatest caution is necessary to bed and bolster all the parts that are likely to come in contact with the body. On the Continent we have seen horses shod in this machine, and apparently put into it from no necessity greater than to prevent the clothes of the smith from being dirtied. Horses have been destroyed by the trevis, as well as by casting; or their aversion to the restraint has been such, they have died from the consequences of their own resistance. The side-line is now very generally used, not only in minor operations, but also in those more important. Many veterinarians do not use any other restraint than this, in which they consider there is safety both to the horse and to the operator. It is applicable to such horses as are disposed to strike behind, and consists in placing a hobble-strap around the pastern of one hind leg, and then carrying from a web collar, passed over the head, the end of a rope through the D of the hobble, and back again under the webbing round the neck. A man is then set to pull at the free end of the rope, by wlich the hinder leg is drawn forward without elevating it from tl e ground SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 241 By this displacement of one leg the horse is effectually secured from kicking with either. Occasionally it is thus applied : hobblet are put on both hind legs, and the rope is passed through each of the rings. According to this last method, the horse 3 actually cast, as he must fall when the ropes are pulled. Take a i.ong rope And tie a loop in the middle, which is to be of such a size as it may aerve for a collar ; pass the loop over the head, letting the knot reat spon the withers ; then take the free ends, pass them through the nobbles, and bring it under the loop. Let two men pull at the ropes, and the hind legs will be drawn forward. Casting. The objections to this practice arise from the dangers incurred by forcing the horse to the ground. Mr. Bracy Clark simplified casting by inventing some patent hobbles, having a running chaia instead of rope, and which, by a shifting D, made the loosening of all the hobbles, for the purpose of getting at a particular leg, unnecessary. These were still further improved by Mr. Budd, so as to render a release from all the hobbles at once practicable, nobble leathers and ropes should be kept supple and pliant with oil, and ought to be always examined previous to using; nor should the D or ring of the strap be of any other metal than iron. Brass, however thick, is brittle, and not to be depended on. To the D ring, or ring of one pastern hobble, a chain of about four feet long is attached ; to this a strong rope is well fastened, and, according to the way the horse is to be thrown, this hobble is to be fixed on the fore-foot of the contrary side. The rope is then passed from the hobble on the fore-foot to the D of the hind foot of that side, thcE to the other hind foot, and, lastly, through the D of the other fore- foot. After this, much of the ease and safety of the throw depends on bringing the legs as near together as possible. This should be done by gradually moving them nearer to each other, without alarming the horse, which will very much facilitate the business, wid is really of more moment than is generally imagined. A space Bufficiently large should be chosen for the purpose of casting, as some horses struggle much, and throw themselves with great vio- lence a considerable way to one side or the other; and they are able to do this if the feet have not been brought near together pre- vious to attempting the cast. The place should be also very well Ifi 242 DADD'S VEIERLNARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. litteifci down. The legs having been brought together, the assist- ants must act in concert. One, particularly, should be at the head, which must be carefully held throughout by means of a strong snaffle-bridle; another should be at the hind part, to direct the fall, and to force the body of the horse to the side which is reqni- site. Pursuing these instructions, the animal may be at once rather let down than thrown, by a dexterous and quick drawing of the .•ope, the whole assistants acting in concert. The moment the horse is down, the person at the head must throw himself upon that member, and keep it secure ; for all the efforts of the animal to disengage himself are begun by elevating the head and fore-parts. The rope is tightened. The chain is fixed by inserting a hook through one of the links, of sufficient size not to pass the hobbles. When the operation is over, the screw which fastens the chain to the hobble, first put upon one fore-leg, is withdrawn. The chain then flies through the D's of the other hobbles, and all the legs are free, save the fore-leg first alluded to ; Jie strap of this has to be afterward unbuckled. There are also other apparatus used in casting, as a strong leathern case to pass over the head, serving as a blind when the animal is being thrown, and as a protection against his rubbing the skin off his eyes when down. Then a sur- cingle is also used. This is fastened round the horpe's body, am from the back hangs a broad strap and a rope. The strap is fast- ened to the fore-leg of that side which it is desired should be uppermost. The line is given to a man who stands on the oppo- site side to the generality of the pullers. On the signal being given, the men having hold of the hobble-rope pull the legs one way, while he who has hold of the rope attached to the surcingle pulls the back in a contrary direction, and the horse is immedi- ately cast. Slinging. This is a rsstraint which horses submit to with great impatience, and not without much inconvenience, from the violent excoriaticna occasioned by the friction and pressure of the bandaging aiound his body. Graver evils are also brought about by the abdominal pressure. Some horses stale and dung with difficulty when sus- pended, and inflammation of the bowels has not unfrequently come on during slinging. The slings are, however, forced on m in some cases, as in fractured bones, the treatment of open joints, SURGICAL 0PEKATI0N8. 243 and some other wounds where motion would be most unfavorable to the curative treatment. Suspension may be partial or complete. Sa«5pension of any kind will require the application of pulleys and ropes affixed to the beams, that the whole body of the horse may be suj)ported. A sling may be formed of a piece of strong sack- ing, ^^■hich is to pass under the belly, the two ends being fastened firmly to pieces of wood, each of about three feet long, and which are to reach a little higher than the horse's back. To the pieces of wood cords and pulleys are to be firmly attached, by which mtans the sacking can be lowered. or raised at pleasure. To the sacking, also, are to be sewn strong straps, both before and behind, to prevent the horse sliding in either direction, without carrying the sacking with him. Upon this so-formed cradle he is to recline. If horses when they are fresh should be placed in this machine, most of them would either injure themselves or break through all restraint. However, by tying up their heads for three or four nights their spirit is destroyed. The slings may then be applied without the fear of resistance. It is the best method not to pull the canvas firm up, but to leave about an inch between the horse's belly and the cloth, so that the animal may stand free, or throw his weight into the slings when he pleases. In this fashion a horse may remain for months in the slings, and at the end of the time display none of the wear and tear so feelingly described by old authors. Castration. This practice is of very ancient origin, and is as extensive ajj ancient. It is founded on the superior placidity of temper it gives. The castrated horse no longer evinces the superiorities of his mas- culine character, but approaches the softer form and milder char- acter of the mare. Losing his ungovernable desires, he subraita to discipline and confinement without resistance ; and, if he be less -worthy of the painter's delineation and the poet's song, he is val- uable tc his possessor in a tenfold degree. In England, where length in the arms and of the wide-spread angles of the limbs is absolutely necessary in the horse to accomplish the rajiid traveling so much in vogue among us, the exchange of the lofty carriage and high action of the stallion is absolutely necessary ; and when we have added the lessened tendency of the gelding to some dis- easoa, ^s heinia, founder, cutaneous affections, etc., we may b« 244 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. oontei . to leave the sexual type with the racer for his breed; alao wiih the dray-horse for his weight, and the farrv of his owner. Supposing it, therefore, eligible to castrate our horses, what Js the proper age for the operation? What are the relative advan- tages and disadvantages of the different methods of performinjf it? The proper age to castrate the young horse must depend ou circumstances, as on his present appearance, his growth, and the future purposes we intend him for, observing, generally, that the more early it is done, the safer is the operation ; for, until these organs begin to secrete, they are purely structural parts, and, as giich, are not so intimately connected with the sympathies of the constitution. Some breeders of horses castrate at twelve mouthb, others object to this period, because they think the animal hsa not sufficiently recovered the check experienced from weaning before this new shock to the system occurs. In the more commco sort of horses, used for agricultural purposes, it is probably indiA ferent at what time the operation is performed, this consideration being kept in view : that the earlier it is done, the lighter will the horse be in his forehand ; and the longer it is protracted, the heav ier will be his crest, and the greater his weight before, which, ia heavy draught-work, is desirable. For carriage-horses it would be less so, and the period of two years is not a bad one for their castration. The better sort of saddle-horses should be well ex- amined every three or four months, particularly at the ages of twelve, eighteen, and twenty-four months, at either of which times, according to circumstances or to fancy, provided the forehand be Bufficiently developed, it may be proceeded with. Waiting longer may make the horse heavy ; but, if his neck appear too long and thin, and his shoulders spare, he will assuredly be improved by being allowed to remain entire for six or eight months later. Many of the Yorkshire breeders never cut till two years, and think their horses stronger and handsomer for it. Some wait even longer; but the fear in this case is, that the stallion form will be too predominant, and a heavy crest and weighty forehand be the consequence. Perhaps, also, the temper may suffer. Young colts require little preparation, provided they are healthy and not too full from high living. If so, they must be kept somewhat short for a few days ; and, in all, the choice of a mild season aai moderate temperature is proper. SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 5.4& When a full-grown horse is operated on, some further prepa- ration is necessary. He should not be in a state of debility, and, certainly, not in one of plethora. In the latter case, lower his diet; and it would be prudent to give hira a purgative. It is also ad- visable that it be done when no influenza or strangles rage, as we have found the effects of castration render a horse very obnoxioua to any prevalent disease. The advanced spring season — })revious, however, to the flies becoming troublesome — is the proper time for the performance of the operation upon all valuable horses ; and be careful that it be not done until after the winter coat has been shed, which will have a favorable effect on the future coating of the horse, independent of the circumstance that at a period of change the constitution is not favorable to unusual excitement. Castration is performed in various ways, but in all it expresses the removal of the testicles. There are methods of rendering the animal impotent without the actual destruction of these organs; for if, by any other method, the secretion of the spermatic glands is prevented, our end is answered. Castration by cauterization is the method which has been prin- cipally practiced among us; but this by no means proves it the best. On the contrary, many of our most expert vetcrinariana do not castiate by mis method. ISIr. Goodwin, and many other practitioners of eminence, never castrate by cautery. A preliminary observation should be made previously to casting, to see that the horse is not suffering from a rupture. Such cases have happened ; and as in our method we open a direct commu- nication with the abdomen, when the horse rises it is not improb- able that his bowels protrude until they trail on the ground. Hernia, as a consequence of castration, may easily occur by the uncovered operation ; for, as already observed, it makes the scrotal sac and abdominal cavity one continuous opening. It is not tc be wondered at, therefore, if the violent struggles of the animal ehould force a quantity of intestine through the rings into the scDtal bag. Should we be called on to operate on a horse which already had hernia, it is evident we ought not to proceed with it unless the owner be apprised of the risk, and willing to abide by it. In such cases, we would recommend that the method of Girard be practiced ; that is, to inclose the tunica vaginalis within the clams, (sufficiently tight to retain them, but not to produce deatt: in the part,) pushed high up against the abdominal ring, and then 246 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. V) remove the testicle, being very careful to avoid injuring any portion of intestine in the operation. When a discovery is made cf the existence of hernia after an opening has l)een already made for the common purpose of castration, should the operator con- tinue his process, and castrate? We should say, By no means; but, on the contrary, we would greatly prefer the method recom- mended by Mr. Percivall : firmly to unite the lips of the external wound by suture, allowing the testicle itself to assist in blocking up the passage, with a hope, also, that the inflammation caused by the incision might altogether stop up the scrotal communication with the abdomen. But, in the appalling case of immense pro- trusion of intestine, what is to be done? Mr. Coleman, in such a case, proposes to make an opening near the umbilicus large enoudi to introduce the hand, and thus draw in the bowels. Mr. Percivall would prefer dilating the external ring. But the testicle must be very firmly retained, and even permanently fixed against the dilated ring, or the bowels would again descend. The intes- tines probably would become inflated in any such case. As unbroken young horses are the most usual subjects of this operation, and as such often have not yet been bridled, if a colt can not be enticed with oats, etc., he must be driven into a corner, between two steady horses, wnere, if a halter can not be put on, at least a runnhig hempen noose can be got round his neck ; but which- ever is used, it should be flat, or the struggles, which are often long and violent, may bruise the neck, and produce abscess or injury. When his exertions have tired him, he may then be led to the operating spot. Here his attention should be engaged while the hobbles are put on, if possible ; if not, a long and strong cart-rope, having its middle portion formed into a noose sufficiently large to take in the head and neck, is to be slipped on, with the knotted part applied to the counter or breast. The long pendent ends are passed backward between the fore-legs; then carried round the liind fetlocks, brought forward again on the outside, run undei tnc collar-rope ; a second time carried backward on the outer sidy of all, and extended to the full length in a direct line behind the animal. Thus fettered, Mr. Percivall says his hind feet may be draAvn under him toward the elbows. It has been, howcN er, often found that, at the moment the rope touches the legs, the colt either kickf and displaces the rope, or altogether displaces himself; l»ut Wis attention can generally be engaged by one fore-leg being held SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 247 np, or by having his ear or muzzle rubbed, or even by the twitch ; if not, the rope may be carried actually round each fetl ock, which then acts like a hobble, and this rope may be gradually tiirlit- eued. This last, however, is a very questionable method, and the others, therefore, ought to be long tried before it is rcsoi-tcd to. In this way people have succeeded with very refractory colts ; but it requires very able assistants, and, if possible, the man who has been used to the individual colt should be present. In either way, as soon as the rope is fixed, with a man at each end of it, behind the colt, let them, by a sudden and forcible effort in concert, ap- proximate his hind legs to his fore, and thus throw him. Before the colt is cast, however, it should be endeavored to ascertaiii that he is free from strangles and hernia. Being satisfied that no hernia exists on either side, proceed fr east the colt, turning him, not directly on the left side, but prin- cipally inclining that way ; and, if possible, let the croup be very slightly elevated. It is usual to place him directly flat on the left side, but the above is more convenient. Next, secure the near hind leg with a piece of hempen tackle, having a running noose, or, in default of this not being at hand, make use of the flat part of a hempen halter, which should, for safety, be put on before the hobble of that leg is removed — as may be readily done, if the hobbles having shifting or screw D's (as described in casting) are made use of. Every requisite being at hand, the operator, having his scaljjel ready, should j^lace himself behind the horse, as the most convenient way to perform his manipulations; and, firmly grasping the left testicle with his left hand, and drawing it out so as to render the scrotum tense, he should make an incision length- ways, from the anterior to the posterior part of the bag. The reiiistance of the cremaster muscle has tc be overcome before the leslicle can be forced to the bottom of the scrotum, and this is the more readily accomplished if the animal's attention be engage!. The incision may be carried at once through the integuments, the thin dartos expansion, and the vaginal coat of the testicles with a sweo]) of the scalpol ; but with one less dextrous at the opera- tion, it will be more prudent to make the first incision through tiie scrotum and dartos only, to the required extent, and then to do the same by the vaginal coat, thus avoiding to wound the tea- ticl*^, which would produce violent resistance, and give unneces- ■ary pain. 248 DADD'3 VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. We, however, take this opportunity of noting that cases ljav« occurred when the tunica vaginalis was divided no testicle fol- lowed, firm adhesions between this tunic and the tunica albuginea having retained it fast. In such cases the scalpel must be em- ployed to free tlie testicle, by dissecting it away from the vaginal Kic. When no such obstruction occurs, the testicle, if the opening be sufficiently large, will slip out; but the operator nmst be pre- pared, at the moment of so doing, to expect some violent struggles, more particularly if he attempt to restrain the contractions of the creraaster, and, by main force, to draw out the testicle. Prepara- tory to this, therefore, the twitch should be tightened ; the attend- ants, especially the man at the head, must be on the alert ; and the testicle itself, at the time of this violent retraction of the cre- luaster, should be merely held, but not dragged in opposition to the contraction. If the clams have been put on over the whole, according to Mr. Percivall's method, they will assist in retaiuing the retracting parts ; but they must not be used with too much pressure. The resistance having subsided, the clams must now be removed ; or, if they have not been previf usly in use, they must now be taken in hand, and, having been prepared by some tow being wound around them, should be placed easily on the cord, while time is found to free from the grip of the pincers the va.s def- erens, or spermatic tube, which is seen continued from the epididy- mis. The Russians, Mr. Goodwin informs us, cut it through whec they operate. Humanity is much concerned in its removal fi-ora pressure, because of the excess of j^ain felt when it is included. It is necessary, before the final fixing of the clams, to deter- mine on the part where the division of the cord is to take place. To use Mr. Percivall's words, ' if it be left too long, it is apt to hang out of the wound afterward, and retard the process of union.' On the other hand, if it be cut very short, and the arteries hap- pen to bleed afresh after it has been released from the clams, the operator will find it no easy task to recover it. The natural length of the cord, which will mainly depend on the degree of the descent of the gland, will be our best guide in this particular. The place of section determined on and marked, close tlie clama sufficiently tight to retain firm hold of the cord, and to etl'cctually stop the circulation within it. There are now two njodes of making the division : the one is to sever it with a scalpel, and then to sufficiently sear the end of it as to prevent a flow of blood ; the SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 249 Other, and in some respects the preferable method, is to employ a blunt-edged iron, which is to divide by little crucial sawings, so that, when the cord is separated, it shall not present a uniform eurfaoi, but ragged edges, which will perfectly close the mouths of the vessels. This done, loosen the clams sufficiently to observe whether there be any flow of blood. Gently wipe the end of the cord, also, with the finger, as sometimes an accidental small plug gets within the vessel; this had better be removed at the time. Retain a hold on the clams a few minutes longer; and, while loosening them gradually, observe to have an iron in readiness again to touch the end of the cord, if any blood makes its appear- ance. Satisfied on this point, sponge the parts with cold water. No sort of external application is necessary, still less any resin seared on the end of the cord, which can only irritate, and will never adhere. On the after-treatment much difference of opinion has existed, and even yet exists. The powerful evidence of accumulated facta has now convinced us of the necessity and propriety of some mo* tion for the newly castrated horse, as a preventive of local con* gestion. Such practice is common in most countries, and seemi salutary in all. Hurtrel d'Arboval, thus impressed, recommend* the horse, immediately af*er the operation, to be led out to walk for an hour ; and it is a general plan in France to walk such horses in hand an hour night and morning. Mr. Goodwin, in proof of its not being hurtful, informs us that whole studs of horses, brought to St. Petersburg to be operated on, are immediately traveled back a certain poriion of the distance, night and morning, until they arrive at home. We have, therefore, no hesitation in recom- mending a moderate degree of motion in preference to absolute rest. The French method of castration is advocated by Mr. Goodwin, and it is sufficient that it receives his recommendation to entitle it to attention. It is rendered the more so, as he observes, on the method in general use among us, 'that the operation per- formed by the actual cautery always induces, more or less, symp- toms that often become alarming, and that it can not be ]>erformed on the adult without incurring more swelling and seveier couae- quences than attend other methods of operation. If I ever use the actual cautery, it is for the sake of expedition, and then only on a yearling or a two-year old ; but I am resolved never to ero- ^bi) DADDS A ETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERl. ploy it again on an adult.' These observations, as emanating f' am Bucb a source, must be deemed important. Mr. Goodwin then offers the description of the French method of operating, from Hurtrel d'Arboval : ' Castration by means of the clams is the method in general use, if not the only one now employed. It is the most ancient, since it was recommended by Ilieroclius among the Greeks. It is performed in two ways, the testicle being covered or uncovered. In the former, the exterior of the scrotum, formed by the skin and dartos muscle, is cut through, and the testicle is brought out by dissecting away the laminated tissue, the gland being covered by the tunica vaginalis. The clam is then placed above the epididymis, outside the external peritoneal covering of the cord. In the uncovered operation, the incision is made through the servus capsule of the testick . The tunica vaginalis being divided, the testicle presents itself, and the clam is placed well above the epididymis, on the cord. The ope- ration, performed in either way, requires us to provide ourselves with a scalpel, a pair of clams, a pair of long pincers, made pur- posely to bring the ends of the clams together, and some waxed string. The clams may be formed of different kinds of wood, but the alder is considered the best, and generally made use of. To make a clam, we procure a branch of old and dry alder, whose diameter should be about an inch, and wdiose length should be from five to six inches; of course, the dimensions must, at all times, be proportioned to the size of the cord we have to operate on. At the distance of half an inch from each end, a small nick, sufficiently deep to hold the string, must be made, and then the wood should be saw^ed through the middle lengthways. Each divided surface should be planed, so as to facilitate the opening of the clams, either when about to place them on or take thero off. The pith of the wood is then to be taken out, and the hollow should be filled with corrosive sublimate and flour, mixed with sufficien wa+er to form it into a paste. Some persons are not in the habit of using any caustic whatever; then, of course, scooping out of the inside of the clam is not necessary. Notwithstanding, the caustic, inasmuch as it produces a speedier dissolution of the parts, must be useful, and ought not to be neglected.' The addi- tion of the caustic, however, Mr. Goodwin objects to, with great reason, remarking that, unless it be a very strong one, and there- fore dangerous *n employ, it can not be of any use to parts com- SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 25j pressed and deprived of circulation and life. He further informs ns that he has operated in six cases in succession with tl e same effect, without any escharotic matter whatever. An experimental case of Mr.* Percivall's terminated fatally. By the use of caustic the cord was greatly inflamed, as high as the ring, and which, unquestionably, produced the unfortunate result. * The covered operation,' continues Mr. Goodwin, * is the ouc that lam about to advocate, and which differs only insomuch that the scrotum and dartos muscle must be cautiously cut through, irithout dividing the tunica vaginalis. It was Monsieur Berger who was accidentally at my house when I was about to castrate a horse, and who, on my saying that I should probably do it with the cautery, expressed his surprise that I should perform the oper- ation in any other way than on the plan generally ajiproved of m France. Being a stranger to it, he kindly consented to preside at the operation, and, after seeing him perform on the near tei?- ticle, I did the same on the right, but, of course, not with the same facility. After opening the scrotum, and dissecting through the dartos, which is very readily done by passing the knife lightly over its fibers, the testicle and its covering, the tunica vaginalis, nmst be taken in the right liand, while the left should be employed in pushing back the scrotum from its attachments ; and, having your assistant ready, as before, with the clam, it must be placed well above the epididymis, and greater pressure is, of course, necessary, as the vaginal covering is included in the clam.' Mr. Goodwin further observes that in Russia he has seen hun- dreds of horses operated on, even after the human fashion, with safety; and, he remarks, it certainly produces less jiain, the animal loses less flesh and condition, and is sooner recovered than when operated on by the actual cautery. Castration by ligature is a painful, barbarous, and very danger- ous practice, and consists in inclosing the testicles and scrotum within ligatures, until mortification occurs, and they drop off. It ia practiced by some breeders on their young colts, but it is always hazardous and disgracefully cruel. The substance of the testicle, in some countries, is also broken down, either by rubbing or other' wise by pressure between two hard bodies. This is j)racticed in Algiers, instead of excision, and tetanus is a frequent consequenor of it. In Portugal they twist round the testicle, and thus stop the dtrnlation of the gland. Division of the vas deferens has l.wn ^52 I) ADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. performed, it is said, with success, on many animals, and is pro posed as a safe and less painful process than the emasculation of the horse. I't consists in a longitudinal section through the scro- tum, dartos, and vaginal sheath, so as to expose the cord, from which the vas deferens is to be separated and severed from the artery and vein. There is a certain consent of parts, by which the sympathy of an organ remains after its functional offices are apparently destroyed. There can be little doubt but the nervoiia excitement would continue, the vein and artery remaining entire. There are certain nice conditions of the organ necessary for prop- agation. Thus, the horse who retains his testicles within his abdo- men, possesses all the roguish qualities of him with one perfectly evolved ; he is lustful, and can cover, but is seldom fruitful. Of the morbid consequences of castration we have little to say. By early evacuations, green food, a loose box, a cool air, moderate clothing, but, particularly, by walking exercise, swellings of the parts may be prevented ; if not, bleed and foment. Should sup- puration follow, and sinuses form, treat as directed under those heads ; and if tetanic symptoms start up, refer to that article. There has been lately practiced in India a novel mode of castra- tion, which is ssid to be the invention of a Roer, settled at the Cape of Good Hope. The cord is exposed in the usual manner. From the cord the artery is singled out. This vessel is scraped through with a coarse-edged, blunt knife, when the other constitu- tents of the cord are cut away, and the operation is finished. This method is much praised by those who have adopted it, and is said to be always attended with success. Lithotomy. Rurtrel d'Arboval's account of the progress of lithotomy in vet- erinary practice commences in 1774; the second case was suoceas- fiilly operated on in 1794; and at later periods other veterinary surgeons have also performed it. In monodactyles there are two methods of operating for the stone — one through the rectum, the other through the bladder. The first, which consists in laying open the bladder by a longitudinal incision made through the parietes of the part of the rectum adherent to it, by means of a straight bistourj', is easily practiced, but in its consequences is dangerous in the extreme ; in fact, it is an operation never to h« 8UUUICAL OPERATIONS. 2M adopted but in a case where the magnitude of the stone precludes its extraction through the neck of the bladder. In ill other cases, lithotomy by the urethra is to be pursued. For .ts performance are required a straight probe-pointed bistoury, a whalebone fluted staff, ftnd a pair of forceps, curved at the extremities. The ani- mal fchould, if practicable, be maintained in the erect posture. The tail plaited and carried round on the right quarter, the opera- tor foek for the end of the staff introduced up the urethra, and makes an incision directly upon it, from above downward, an inch and a half or two inches in length. Next, he introduces the sound, and passes it onward into the bladder. Now, placing the back of the bistoury within the groove of the sound, by gliding the knife forward, the pelvic portion of the urethra, and also the neck of the bladder, becomes slit open — the latter in two places, in consequence of a second cut being made in withdrawing the bistoury. The opening made being considered of sufficient dimensions, the oper- ator introduces the forceps into the bladder, and seizes the calculus, one hand being up the rectum, to aid him in so doing. The for- ceps, clasping the stone, are now to be withdrawn, but with gen- tleness, and with a vacillating sort of movement of the hand from side to side, in order more easily to supr.iount any difficultiei in the passage, and the more effectually to avoid confusion or laceration. ^I. Girard tells us * that the cut through the pelvic portion of the urethra ought always to be made obliquely to one eide. The operator should hold his bistoury in such a direction that its cutting edge be turned toward the angle of the thigh. By this procedure we shall gain easier access to the bladder, and not only avoid wounding the rectum, but also the artery of the bulb, ts well as the bulb itself, and suspensory ligaments of the penis. The parts cut through in the operation are, 1st, the fine thin skin of the perineum, smooth externally, and marked with a raphe ; densely cellular internally ; 2d, adhering to the tissue, tho fascial covering, derived from the fascia sujierficialis abdominis, which his here become fibrous, it forms the common envelope to the parts underneath, and is closely connected with the corpus musculosum urethrae ; 3d, the corpus musculosum urethra?, that penniform band of fleshy fibers which springs by two branches from tlie ischiatic tuberosities embracing the sphincter ani, and C5onceaHng the arteries of the bulb, whence they unite, and pro- ceed to envelop the urethra ; 4th, the corpus spongiosum urethrae, 254 DADD'fe VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. the part immediately covered by the muscular envelope, and whick here is bulbous (it is more particularly worthy our remark, froD two arteries penetrating the bulb, which come from without th> pelvis, ascending obliquely outward to reach the part) ; 5tli, th» suspensory ligaments of the penis, pursuing the course of, and ad herins: to, the tendinous union of the eiectores. An attention tc the relative position of these parts will demonstrate the advantaga -.f the lateral oblique incision over one made directly along thi raphe. By pursuing the latter, we necessarily cut through th: suspensory ligaments and into the bulb, wounding thereby tht arteries ; whereas, by the former, all this danger is avoided, beside that it renders the operation more simple and facile. Tracheotomy (Cutting into the Windpipe). Cases occur when this operation is required, as in strangles, when the tumors threaten suifocation, or when any substance haa remained unswallowed in the oesophagus, the pressure of which obstructs respiration. In a distressing case of gunpowder burstr- ing immediately under a horse's nose, the effects of which tumefied his mouth and nostrils, so as to prevent free inspiration, the ani- mal owed his life entirely to our excising a portion from the tracheal rings, about ten inches below the angle of the throat. The operation is a very simple one, and may consist either in a longitudinal section made through two or three of the rings, or a portion, occupying about an inch round, may be excised from the anterior cartilaginous substance. The proper mode, when it can be done, however, is to make a circular opening with a very nar- row knife, removing a portion of two cartilages, or taking a semi- circular piece from each; and this last, although it is seldom performed, is by far the best method. The integuments sliould be first divided in the exact center of the neck, three or four inches below the obstruction ; then the skin and tissues should be suffi- ciently separated to allow a tube adapted to the size of the trachea to be introduced, the tube having an acute turn and a rim, which must be furnished with holes for the adaptation of tapes, to secure it around the neck. There are several instruments of this sort in use, of which that adopted by the French, or the one invented by Mr. Go wing, of Camden Town, is to be preferred. The oper- Blion has been also j^erformed in cases of roaring, under an idea SURGICAL OPKRATIONS. 255 of dividing tlie stricture which impeded lespiration ; but, unless the exact situation of this were discovered, it would be but an ex- perimental attempt. CEsoPHAGOTo^rY (Opening the Gullet). It was long thought that a wound in the oesophagus must b« necessarily fatal, but we have now sufficient proofe to the coutraiy on record, so iiiatwe are not deterred from cut; ng into the oeso})ha- geal tube when it is necessary; but it is an operation requiring skill and anatomical knowledge, and its future results are some- times very serious. The cases that call for oesophagotomy are the lodgment of accidental substances within the tube. An ajijile once so lodged was removed by incision by a veterinary surgeon at Windsor. Carrots, parsnips, beets, etc., are liable to produce such obstruction when not sliced. Too large a medicinal mass, also, has lodged there ; and a voracious eater has, by attempting to swallow too large a quantity of not salivated bran or chaff, i)ro- duced an obstruction, which pressed on the trachea and threatened suffocation. In all cases of obstruction of this kind, we will sup pose that a probang, well oiled, has been previously attem])ted to be pjissed, and has com])letely failed. The probang for the horsrs, however, differs materially from that used for the cow. It is formed after the fashion of the one adopted by the human prac- titioner, consisting of a ]>liable ])iece of Avhaleboue, having a sponge tied to one end. I'he operation being determined on, may l)e practiced standing. If the swelling be large, no fear nee-J he en- t<'rtained about cutting important organs, as the enlargement will push them on one side. Cut down, therefore, directly uj)on the center of the impacted substance. If the. horse be cast, which is quite unnecessary, have him, of course, thrown with his left side uppermost. It will also be necessary to command a good light. The part of the neck chosen for the opening must, of course, be governed l)y the obstructing mass. A section should be made through the integuments and cellular tissue beneath them, right into the oesophagus, if possible, with one cut, and into the centei of the pipe. If this bu not done at once, and it requires soma dexterity so as to effect it, mind to make all future incisions in a line with the first opening, as it is important that the cellular tis- sue should be little interfered with. The oesophagus, fairly cut into the im]>actment, should jump forth. Should it not do «o, do 2'o5 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. n jt manipulate, or attempt to force it out, but enlarge the opening, and the substance will come through when that is long enough j but no fingering could compel its exit while the opening 13 too small. The end gained for which the incision was made in the oesophagus, the wound may be then closed by the interrupted su- tures, each holding a small piece of tow above the orifice, and having their ends hanging out of the external opening, which should also be brought together by sutures. The after-treatment should be to interdict all dry food ; the animal ought to subsist on very thick gruel for three, four, or five days. If the condition appears to suifer much, allow malt mashes, and when so doing watch the wound ; and if the matters taken in are seen to ooze out, wash them away frequently with warm water, to prevent lodg- ment, which might encourage sinuses to form; and after each washing, syringe with some very mild stimulant, as a very weak solution of sulphate of zinc (white vitriol), etc. Neueotomy (Division of the Sentient Nerves op THE Foot). Neurotomy has now stood the test of very extensive application. Our writers offer innumerable proofs of its restoring almost useless animals to a state of much utility ; and if there are chances that it may occasion such injury as to hasten the end of pome horses, it is usually in such as the disease would have done the same for at no distant period. Having stated thus much in its favor, it must not be supposed that we recommend it as an unqualified benefit, even where it succeeds best. No neurotomized horse ever after goes with the same freedom, nor with equal safety, as he did befors the operation was performed. Indifference to the nature of the ground gone over is said to have fractured legs ; it is quite common to batter the feet to pieces; and, although horses have hunted afterward, and hackneys have carried their riders long distances, yet it is more calculated to prove beneficial to carriage than to saddle-horses. This we believe to be a just statement of its merits ; but there are benefits which it offers to the animal of a more extensive ana constitutional kind. Those gained by the bodily system generally have been, in some cases, very marked. Thus, an aged and crippled stallion, from the irritation constantly kept up, became so emaciated as to be unable to fecundate ; but, SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 267 being lelieved from a constant state of suffering by nearotomy, improveti in health and condition, and was again used to cover. It happened, also, that a mare, similarly circumstanced, ceased in feel oestrum ; but after neurotomy it again returned, and she re- sumed her character of a brood-mare. It appears to act with most certainty when a portion of the irritated nerve is excised. One case has actually occurred where the tetanus, occasioned by a wound in the foot, was arrested and removed by neurotomy It also promises much in the painful state of some cankers, where the irritation has rendered the application of dressings almost im- possible. Here, by depriving the foot of sensibility, we deprive the horse of that which is injurious to him. The sore itself is often amended by it; but in every instance the dressings can be effectively applied, and the healthy processes can not be at all Euspended. With respect to whether the lower or upper incision ought to nave the preference, the decision should be guided by the circim- Btances, as regards the intensity and the seat of the disease. The operation commonly leaves, for a considerable time, some enlarge- ment around the spot, the effects of the adhesive matter interposed between the severed portions of the nerve, and which can be rem- edied by no application of bandages. This bulging remains so long as life continues; and, however cunningly the incision be concealed, this can be felt with ease, and tells the truth ever after the operation has been performed. Such a circumstance has, how- ever, led some practitioners, when it has been wished to make the upper section, and yet to avoid the chance of detection, to operate on the metacarpal nerve on the outside, and on the pastern or plantar ner\'e on the inside. Mode of performing the operation. — The situation of the section through the skin being determined on, a guide to which may be gained from the perforatus tendon, and having firmly secured the leg to be first operated on, cut the hair from the part. This being done> and the exact course of the artery being ascertained by ita pulsation, make a section close to the edge of the flexor tendon. Let the cut be near, but rather behind, the artery, if below the fet- lock joint. The cellular substance being cleared away will bring the vessels into view, and the nerve will be readily distinguished from them by its whiteness. Elevating it from the vessels and \\b membranous attachments, by means of a crooked needle, arnoAd 17 268 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGKRV. mth thread, pass a bistoury under it, as near to the upper angto of the section as possible. The violent spasm ihe division of the nerve produces may be somewhat lessened by pressing the nerve between the finger and the thumb, when an opportunity may be taken, either with the scalpel or scissors, of dividing it; thci, taking hold of the lowermost portion between a pair of forcej*, rxcise about three-fourths of an inch of its trunk. Ha%nng fin •shed, if both feet are affected, proceed to operate on the contrary side of the other leg; after which turn the horse, and repeat the operations on the like parts of each leg as they come in succession. The integuments may be now drawn neatly together, and secured by a twisted suture, the whole being properly covered by a light compress. Tie up the head for a day or two, after which put on a cradle. Keep the horse very quiet and low; give mashes, to open the bowels ; but we should avoid physicking, from the fear that griping might occur, which would make him restles-^ r prob- ably require exercise. Periosteotomy (Removing a Tumor FRo>r Surface of Bone). This operation consists in having the horse thrown upon hia side, and the leg to be operated upon released from the hobbk, and extended upon a sack, filled with refuse hay or straw. Thia is done by means of a piece of webbing passed round the hoof, and the end given to a man to hold, who pulls rather violently at the member. The operator then kneels down and feels for the exos- tosis he intends to perform periosteotomy upon. This may be a splint or a node, and commonly exists upon the metacarpal portion of the fore-limb. The operator having found the excrescence, snips just below it with a pair of rowelling scissors. He then takes a blunt seton-needle and drives it through the cellular tissue, and immediately over the enlargement. Next, another slit in the skin, above the exostosis, is made with the rowelling scissors, and through this last opening the point of the seton-needle is forcetl and then withdrawn. Into the free space thus made a curved knife is introduced. The point of this knife is blunt, and the blade curves upward, the cutting part being below. Some per- Bons use a very diminutive blade, but the editor prefers a rather large instrument, as being more under the command of the hand. Having introduced this kuife, he turns the cuttiro edge ^nvnward, SURGICAL OPERA HON b. 269 ind with it incises the enlargement, sending the blade right through the periosteum, and also through the substance of the exostosis, if it be not too solid for the knife to penetrate. This latter fact l? only to be ascertained by actual experience, and no opinion formed after an external examination can be of any value, such being nmch more the guess of a pretender than the judgment of a surgeon. The age of the animal may be some guide, but even this it \a better not to depend upon too entirely. It is true that young horses freely cast forth exostoses, which aged animals mostly absorb; but this rule, though very general, has exceptions, and by no means is to be absolutely depended upon. The enlargement being cut through, next take a seton-needle, armed with a tape, and draw it through the channel already made. Tie a knot at either end of the tape, large enough to prevent ita being pulled through the opening at either end, and the business is over. The affair is very simple, and the horse may be at once let up. It is, however, in some cases, and only in some, of so much benefit that the horse, being thrown ' dead lame,' gets up and trota olf quite sound. However, ere you adopt the operation, ajiprise the owner of the risk incurred, and that it is by no means a cer- tain cure. Leave the choice with him, but be sure and tell him the opening made for the entrance and exit of the setun com- monly leave a blemish behind them ; and where the seton trav- eled, often there remains a thickening, which it may require montha to obliterate. The after part of the treatment consists in merely having the seton daily moved to and fro, though some persons apply an active blister all over the parts immediately in the neighborhood of the seton, under the idea that the vesicatory renders the operation of greater efficacy, which, however, is very questionable. 'S\nien pe- riosteotomy acts at all, it mostly does so at once ; and when ita benefits are not immediate, it is better to withdraw the seton, to prevent after-blemish, rather than hazard further and useless treat- ment by tlie application of a stimulant to skin already deprived of any connection with the deeper-seated structures. Division of the Flexor Tendon. There are so many accidents and diseases that may prodoot contraction of the flexor tendons, that we onl}' wonder we do not 260 DADD'8 VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. more often meet with them, which we should certainly do, bu« that the attend^ts, despairing of being able to afford relief, ad- vise their destrnction. The operation consists in making a longi- tudinal incision, of about three inches in length, along the inner lateral edge of the tendon, dissecting each portion from its ceilulai attachmsnts, so as to expose the nerve, artery, and tendons. Thi-> opening will allow the perforans to be freed from the peiforatuij, when a division should be made by a scalpel applied to its surface. It is evident that this should take place below any thickening, oi adhesions, which may have permanently connected the tendon with the neighboring parts. Any lesser attachments will be broken through, by forcing back the foot to the just position. By :Mr. Dick this was done ' by placing his knee against the front or pro- jecting part of the pastern, at the same time laying hold of thoint of the lancet into the integuments, so as just to puncture I hem and the vein ; then, by a slight turn of the wrist, carry the irstrnment obliquely forward to finish the cut. For opening the smaller veins, the lancet should always be used. In all but the pra,cticed hand the fleam is the safest for bleeding from the jugu- lar It is always prudent to have the eye of the horse ccvored Unless the eye be covered, the horse will be likely to flinch at the moment of the stroke, and the puncture may be made in any place but where we wish. The hair beinsc first wetted and smoothed, and the fleam being retained in the lefl hand, the unemployed fingers pressing on the vein so as to fix and swell the vessel, let the point rest exactly in the middle of the swelling. Strike the fleam snfliciently hard to penetrate the skin and vein. A blood- 272 DADD'S VETERINAKY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. Btick is preferable for the p'lrpose of striking the fleam. There ii a vibration between two hard bodies when they meet, which, in this instance, is favorable to a quick and moderate puncture of the vein. After the vein has been opened, moderate pressure with the edge of the can which catches the blood is sufficient to keep up the flow. It may c^so be encouraged by putting a finger within the horse's moutli. The requisite quantity of blood being drawn, remove the can. The remaining process of securing the ♦^essel is of equal importance. The sides of the orifice are first to be brought in opposition, without pinching them, and without draw- ino- them from the vein. The same cautions should also be ob- served when the pin is introduced. Let it be small, with an irregular point, and, when inserted, wrap around it a few hairs or a little tow. Common, however, as this operation is, and qualified as every one thinks himself to perform it, yet there are very serious acci-. dents which do arise occasionally. It has occuiied that the carotid artery has become penetrated. When the puncture has been made through the vein, the accident is known immediately by the forci- ble and pulsatory gush of florid arterial and dark venous blood together. In one instance of this kind, whioli occurred to a French practitioner, he immediately thrust his finger into the opening through the vein, and thus plugged up the artery, intending to wait for assistance. In this state he remainpd, we believe, an hour or more, when, removing his finger, to his surprise, he found the hemorrhage had ceased, and did not again return. In another case, where an English practitioner accidentally opened the carotid, he placed a compress on the orifice, and had relays of men to hold it there for forty-eight hours, when it was found the bleeding had jtopped. The admission of air is also another serious accident that now and then attends bleedmg. It sometimes happens from the sudden removal of the fingers or blood-can, or whatever was used to dis- tend the vessel by obstructing the return of the blood. This, being suddenly taken away, allows the escape of the blood toward the heart, and occasions a momentary vacuum, the air being heard to rush with a gurgling noise into the vein through the orifice; it then mixes with the blood, and occasions, in some instances, almost immediate death. The animal begins to tremble ; he next staggers, ftnd finally falls in a state* of convulsion. If the quantity of air SURGICAL OPERATIONS. 273 taken in has been considerable, death ensues. The remedy must, therefore, be instantaneous, and consists in again opening the ori- fice, or making a new one, to gain an immediate renewed flow of blood, which will, in most cases, renovate the horse, who has been found afterward to be tormented with an intolerable itching." * * Blaine's "Outlines." 18 SECTIO]^ X. DISEASES OP THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES. Itch and Mange — Lice on Animals — Grease and Scratches — Surfeit — Drop- sical Limbs — Scarletina — Ringworm — Prurigo — Pole-evil — Fistulous Withers — Warts on the Skin — Purpura Hemorrhagica — Out of condi* TiON — Hide-bound— Herpes. Itch and Maxge. ITCH, mange, and scabies are essentially local affections of the skin, and are occasioned by the presence of parasites known as " sarcoptes-equi." The eruption ensuing on the skin of a horse, W'hen subject to this aifection, is very similar to the apj)earance of itch in man, and probably is just as tormenting to the animal as in the case of his master. Numerous cases are recorded of trans-* mission of itch from horse to man, and, when so acquired, it is impossible to dis- tinguish it from the human itch. Some persons suffer severely when attending mangy horses, but a clean person or clean horse are not apt to take the disease. It is well known that a healthy and clean horse may stand for weeks near a mangy one without taking the disease, showing, very conclusively, that the best preventive measures are those which promote health and cleanliness. As the English groom gays, " plenty of elbow-grease, by means of brush and curry-comb, on the skin of the horse ; regular daily exercise, pure air in the stable, and a sufficiency of good digestible food are sovereign remedies against itch and mange." This, we presume, is all the (274J ACAErS, OR SAnCOPTES-EQUI, THE ITCH PAHASITE (MAGNIFIED). - -SEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES. 275 reader wants to know Avitli reference to the cause of itch and mange. Syinptoins. — AVhen a horse is afl'ected with this malady, in either - of the forms here named, the owner's attention will be aroused by the animal rubbing himself, whenever he can get a fair chance to do so; and, should the limbs or heels be affected, he will rub the fore-legs one against the other, and, at night, will constantly ;trilce the floor with his hind extremities. The hair looks un- thrifty, has lost its gloss, and does not lay smooth on the body. It falls off in })atches, and an eruption is observed similar to the appearance of it<-h on man, yet not so distinctly recognized. A few pimples, scabs, and a slight reddening of the parts is all that m ly, perhaps, be seen. The skin of some horses, however, is m ire vascukir and more delicately organized than others. In the lal 'er case tlie disease is more marked, creates greater irritation, an I the nervous system suffers more from sympathetic irritability thi n in the case of an animal having a coarse and comparatively infc msible " hide." In addition to these symptoms, the affected ani iial will be observed to be more or less fractious and unman- ag< able. Treatment. — The disease being of a local character, requires tc.pical (local) remedies, and the best medicine is that which most quickly destroys the life of the itch parasite. It has been found that preparations of creosote kill the parasite in a few seconds, and Geela.'^h recommends the following preparation: No. 28. Creosote 2^- oz. Spirits of wine 15 oz. Water -tO oz. Previous to the application of this, the same authority advise* that the horse be smeared all over the body witn sof\ soap, wash- ine it off some time afterward with warm water, and having the animal well brushed; or a wash may be afterward used, consist- ing of one part of caustic potass to lifty jxirts of water; or, lastly, greasing the animal with linseed oil, train oil, etc., and, one or two davs afterward, washing witii soap and water or potash ley then api^ly the preparation of creosote. The cheapest, and probably the sa-fcst, jilan of treatment, and that which lias proved most successful in the practice of the author, is f s follows : 276 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINil AND SURCiERT. No. 29. Uuslaked lime 1 lb. Flour of sulphur 2 lbs. Water --2 pts. Put these ingredients in a stone jar, set it on the stove, or in a regular water-bath, until it boils. During the interval, the mixture must be constantly stirred, both in view of insuring a complete mixture, and of keeping the lime and sulphur from de- positing in the bottom of the jar; for, should this occur, the jar will crack. The mixture must be stirred with a wooden spatula or glass rod. Keep the mixture boiling for about ten or fifteen minutes ; then set it aside for twelve hours, at the end of which time pour oif the clear liquor, bottle tightly, and cork the bottles. These should be put away in a dark closet, as the mixture soon decomposes when exposed to the sun's rays. Tnis remedy will cure the itch on horses and cattle. It is, also, a sure cure when used on man. It is not adapted to the cure of the malady in sheep, as the sulphur is supposed to be injurious to wool. The only objection to its use is, that it has a very unpleasant odor — smells like sulphureted hydrogen. Before applying this mixture, the animal should be thoroughly washed with warm water an - M'ater, M pan?-j t'l^osoto 1 part I \V iter, 80 partsj ( \ -ii Cieosote With fat , I'rj""; Creosote witli oi^ | x"o.!...."!!."...'.!....i Iodine, tincture of, pure Iodine, tincture of, with water, 1.4. Iodide of potassium with water, 1.2. Iodide of potassium with water, 1.4.... Caustic potash, 1 part; 24 do, Caustic potash, 1 part Water, li» parts Tar, - " Hartshorn oil, 2 " Caustic potash, 1 part ] Water, KJ part ' Tar, 2 " Hartshorn oil, 2 Salphurot of ( with water, 1.10 poiassiUMi \with oil, 1.10 Chloride of lime with water, 1.30, Ilartsliorn oil, pure Hartshorn oil, with water, 1.10.... Oil of turpentine Barbadoes tar Tar (Fix liquida) Dead in Hours. Miuutes. 10-20 Photogeu -, fpure (with oil 1.5. (l.lO Concentrated vinegar, pure Concentrated vinegar, with water 1.1 Acetic acid with water, 1.1 Concentrated sulphuric acid f 1.24.. .. with water 1. 1.48 n.5 Decoction of tobacco ^ 1.10 (.1.50 Tessier's arsenical bath Mathieu's arsenical bath Over-saturated solution of arsenic in water l.li Green soap.. 2^ 4-10 Li luor ammonia Solution of corrosive sublimate, 10) grams, one ounce / Intii^inns of henbane, belladonna, 1 anil Persian inject powder, I.IU J Decoction of black and white helle- 1 bore, 1.16 i Infusion of digatalis, 1.16 Walz's lev. containing caustic pot-) ash, hartshorn oil. and tar J 2-3 12-16 6-36 24-36 6-48 1-1^4, 3} ..-5" 3i<;-7 5)^-9 1-2 4-6 9 20-26 2-2}i 15-30 15-30 3-1 30 5-9 5-9 8-13 1-1% 2-3J4 2 7-8 32-35 10-20 15-10 15-45 Obsebvations. Mathien. f Were living 7 hours after X immersion. fMathleu. J White arsenic, 1 part. 1 Sulphate of iron, 10 parts. [ Water, 100 parts. f Mathieu. I White arsenic, 1 pait. I Alum, 10 parts. [Water, 100 parts. Hertwig. (A dilute solution does \ not kill. Hertwig. Hertw ig. 27g dadd's veterinary medicine and surger1. The Skin Diseases of Domestic Animads. A celebrated writer on the diseases of the skin of domesticateti animals, thus discourses on the subject : " Few topics have engaged the attention of the successful breeder of our improved domesticated animals more than skin diseases pro- duced hy insects, in consequence of the manner in which both the breeding and feeding qualities of stock are affected by them. This arises from the little progrc;-?- scientific inquiry has experimentally made in the physiology of these tiny parasites by means of the microscope, and the consequent paucity of reliable scientific works on the subject. Hitherto half the conclusions of our veterinary surgeons relative to their natural history have been drawn from the traditionary philosophy of our forefathers, and not from actual ex- amination, cither with the eye of the modern physiologist or mor- bid anatomist; while our entomologists have had too much to do to overtake the branches of zoological science, to fill their cabinets with specimens of the class in question — a class far more varied than the kingdom itself, every different race of animals being not only infested with a different brood of insects (mites), but almost every organic substance, animal and vegetable. A very superficial acquaintance with these facts must convince the reader of the importance of the lecture on this subject, de- livered by Professor Simonds, beiore the council of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, accompanied with drawings, exhibited on the wall, and specimens under his microscope. The former, drawn to a greatly magnified scale, illustrated, in a very conspicuous manner, the different stages of vitality, from the ovum to the insect, in all the vigor of matured life. But to us, and several other members who examined them, the latter appeared the most interesting, as nothing can exceed the fidelity with which the microscope exemplifies Nature, though all but invisible to the naked eye, confirming, in the most satisfactory manner, the sound • ness of the conclusions at which the Professor arrived, differing, as they did, in many respects, from those hitherto drawn, both by veterinary surgeons and entomologists. Referring to the report of Mr. Simonds' first lecture, the task which devolves upon us is to apply it to the daily practice of the faiTuer, so as to profit by its deductions. These were principally oontined, it will be seen, to scabies and aetrus in sheep and other DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSDES. 279, animals, with a few observations on the dog-flea (pulex canis). Scabies is a pestiferous disease, whether it affects the horse, th« ox, the sheep, swine, or poultry, inflicting a loss not easDy esti- mated; he;jce the maxim of every intelligent farmer is, to avcid. With him "prevention is better than cure," and, therefore, his grand desideratum is to guard against contagion. Sheep arc, p<3r- liaps, more subject to it than any of the other animals, arising aa much from the nature of their skins and coats as from the fecun- dity of the acarus ovis, and the greater vicissitudes of the weather to which they (the sheep) are exposed. Certain parts of the body aie more liable to be affected than others; and so is an unhealthy Bkin than a healthy one. Indeed, it has been said that an unheal- thy skin will itself produce scabies (?), but this conclusion does not appear to be well founded ; for a disease dependent upon the presence of living parasites can never arise spontaneously, but must be effected by contagion, either by means of their eggs, or the insect in some other stage of its existence. Now, from what has just been said, it will appear obvious that cleanliness, a healthy skin and state of the body, and a separation from foul animals and ground, are the means necessary to avoid contagion. The truth of this will, perhaps, be better understood if we first review the important distinctions which Mr. Simonda makes between the habits of the acarus scabiei of the human bodv and the acari of our domestic animals, the former burrowing in the skin, but the latter living on its surface, clinging to the skin, hair, or wool with their trumpet-shaped, vesicular-cushioned foet, to prevent their being thrown off by the animal when shaking or nibbling itself. Hitherto distinctions of this kind have been over- looked, ^vriters generally concluding that the acari of quadrupeds burrowed in the skin like those of man, thus proving the little use which had been made of the microscope in examining the former, as it shows them to be incapable of living in the skin, from the configuration of their bodies. Indeed, to have made similar acari for naked skins as for those covered with hair, wool, or feathers would have been an oversiglit on the part of Nature j while the fact that the acarus scabiei will not live on the horse, nor acjirus equi on man, or acarus ovis on the ox, or acarus bovia on the sheep, and so on, proves that greater differences than the mere configuration of the animal structure exist, all pointing to the above means as necessary, in every case, to avoid so great » 280 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. pest- -one wliieh appears to form an integral part of that ^.nxm inflicted on tlie whole creation by the fall of man. The importance of cleanliness, and its concomitant health. *o prevent contagion, may be further illustrated. We have just seen above that an acarus, although a loathsome pest, is yot very nice in its taste, and particular about a nidus in which to dcpo-it and hatch its eggs. It enjoys the liighest degree of prosperity on the unhealthy skin, multiplying there fastest; su that if it creeps from it to the opposite — the sleek, healthy one of the horse or ox, or dry wool of the sheep — it feels itself from home, and, before it even reaches the skin, may be bruised or shaken off. If, however, it creeps upon the unhealthy animal with its staring coat, it soon reaches the skin, and commences its direful work, every thing there being congenial to his happiness ; hence the incredible speed at which it propagates its species, until it either consumes its victim alive, or is arrested at its fiital work by the timely unguent of the veterinary surgeon. Again : when a dirty animal shakes itself, as it invariably does afler rubbing itself against any thing, less or more suurf, dan- druff, and dust is thrown into the atmosphere, and carried to a distance by high wind. Now, under such circumf^rances, whco affected with scabies, it is manifest that the smallest of these punf Insects, as well as their eggs, will be blown frora one pasture to another; that the latter will lodge in the dirty staring coat of the unhealthy animal, when they will be blown off that of the clean sleek one, or be brushed off before they reach the skin, or any nidus capable of hatching them. In this manner we can trace contagion from one animal to another, and thus account, in harmony with entomological science, for what has hitherto been termed sponianeous cases of scabies in some of our domesticated animals, while others have escajied the disease, though all herd- ing together in one field. "We can also account for the fact why the disease is more liable to break out among sheep than horaes and cattle, without coming in contact with strange flocks, because the coats of the latter are more likely to be impregnated with eggs than those of the former, while they afford a better nidus foi hatching them. With '•e'yard to health, it has even been said that the bkW of scabbed animals is diseased ; nay. that the blood of all animal'=> ig loaded, more or less with the eggs of acari, and that they are DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES. hatched under certain cutaneous affections, thus accounting f>it spontaneous cases differently from the atmospheric distribution of eggs. Hence the reason why sulphur and mercury are takeiij internally as well as externally, to get rid of the disease. But this sanguiferous doctrine of distribution is more difficult to re- concile with entomological science than the atmospheric one. Contagion by direct contact of clean animals with diseased, or where the former enter foul ground, will be difficult to avoid so long as the commerce of live farm stock is conducted as at present; for diseased animals will be sent to market, although contrary to the spirit of the law, thus not only communicating the disease to all they come in contact with, but also infecting the market-place. According to the experiments made by Mr. Simonds, acari left upon a post, hurdle, or hedge by a scabbed beast will survive for fourteen days, and at the end of that time lay hold of any animal coming in contact with it, and thus communicate the dis- ease ; consequently our weekly and fortnightly markets are little better, during the warm months of summer, than nests for pro- pagating malignant parasites. It would be well, then, if very stringent statutes were enacted, confiscating all diseased animah offered for sale, and that microscopical examinations were enforces in all suspicious cases, so as to guarantee its healthy operation. It will thus be seen that the means for preventing contagion may be summed up in tw^o words — improved management. At a very early period in our history, acarus scabiei was much raore common among our forefathers than among their posterity ('f the present day. The change which has taken ])lace is obvi- ously attributable to progress in dietetics, clothing, and medicine; and among our domesticated animals it is no more than reasona- ble to conclude that similar causes will produce similar effects. In point of fact, improved management has already greatly re- duced the prevalence of scabies among both our herds and flocks, thus holding out every encouragement to jiorsevere in obtaining further progress. There is, perhaps, no branch of husbandry where greater advances can be made than in cattle-cookery, house- hold accommodation, including grooming, etc., and medifine; and when we contemplate how nmch cutaneous diseases are dependent on management in each of these three respects, it were difficult to estimate what influence further improvements in them may lara on the disease in question.** ^Si: DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SDIIGERI. Lice on Horses. Lice, in a majority of cases, may be attribuloJ to want of cltaa- liuess ; for they are rarely if ever seeu ou the body of au animal with clean skin. Brush and curry-comb, and clean stables, are, therefore; the })reventives. A short time ago I had occasion to visit a stable, locattd iu Waukegan, 111. There I saw a horse almost perfectly hairless, tx- ce])t the mane and tail. I asked the owner what occasioned the depilation of the hair. He informed me that the horse's b:,dy was completely infested with lice; that he had tried all sorts of rem- edies without success, and, at last, thought he would try kerosene oil, and, accordingly, rubbed the body all over with it, using about two quarts. He said " it killed all the lice, but came very near killing the horse. It made him perfectly crazy ; his limbs became swollen to the proportions of a young elephant, and the hair a(l feU off." The remedy I have found most efficacious is composed of No. 30. Crude cod-iiver oil 1 pint. Pulverized lobelia 2 oz. Mix. This should be thoroughly rubbed all over the body by means of a stiff brush ; at the expiration of four hours, carefully wash the horse all over with soft soap and warm water. It may be necessary to make a second and even a third application, on suc- cessive days, ere the parasites are all killed. The parasites can be seen with the naked eye ; therefore the owner of the horse niiLst. be the judge as regards the number of applications needed. At a meeting of a Farmer's Club, "Lice" formed the subjctl for discussion. Dr. J. R. Smith explained that lice, as well as all similar insects, breathe through holes in the body. Them holes are minute spirules, constantly kept open by an elastic ring., and surrounded by a fringe of extremely delicate hair, which pre- vent.>; the intrusion of any solid particles. To kill the insect i< is only necessary to close these breathing-holes, and this is done by smearing them with any kind of grease or oil. You may catch a caterpillar and examine him with a magnifying glass, antf you will find these spirules arranged in twc rows, one on each eide ; 1 dr. These were mixed in food, and the same quantity was given during a period of four days, and the dressings were also contin- uetl. On the lifth day the animal had very much improved, stood fair on the foot, and seemed to suffer but very little pain. The limb was somewhat swollen, partly from want of use, and other- wise from slight effusion into the cellular tissue. I discontinued the medicine, and ordered the following mixture, to be applied twice daily: No. 33. Pyroliirncous acid I , c4loil {equal parts. Af\er each ap})lication the charcoal was reap2)lied. The following ca.se serves to illustrate that the virus of grease (an be transmitted from horse to man : Transmission of the Virus of Grease from the Horse to JTan,—- I)rs. Maunoury and PiciiOThave j vaccine pustule — form, evolutiot, termination. 2. That lymph taken from this pustule, and inoculated on the arm of three persons, had produced identical pustules, which are truly vaccine. 3. That the transmission of the virus by successive generationa has not diminished the intensity of the force of the poison. One of the set of cases presented large pustules, depressed in the centei , and filled with matter; each pustule served for several inocu- lations and the charging of several sets of glasses. 4. That from these facts it is evident that the virus taken from the pustules of the farrier was identical with the vaccine." * Surfeit. The term surfeit is used to designate an eruptive affection of the skin, which usually makes its appearance very suddenly There is nothing dangerous about it, and it sometimes disappears^ m the course of a few hours, without any medical treatment. It usually appears in warm weather, and especially among horsea that are in a state of plethora, from the use of a large quantity of meal, or what is known as cut feed. Symptoms. — A horse may be taken out of the stable apparently in perfect health, except that he is fat, and, after being driven a * Qenerales de Mcdeciue, April, 1857 pp. 865 898, from the British and For iign Medical Chiurgical Review. DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES. ' 287 »hort distance, he is brought back with his neck and sides covered with blotches or elevations. On pressing them with the fingers they crepitate, showing that they are gaseous elevations or disten- sions, originating in the cellular tissue beneath the skin, from the spontaneous generation of gas. The gas probably arises from fer- mentation of the food, and instead of accumulating in the intes- tines, finds its way to the surface of the body. Treatment. — Dissolve two ounces of hyposulphite of soda in one pint of warm water, and drench the animal with the same. Then sponge the body with a portion of the following surfeit lotion : No. 34. Aqua ammonia 2 oz. Animal glycerine 1 oz. Water 1 quart. If taken in time, the affection will disappear in a few hours. The patient should be kept on bran-mashes, well salted, for a few days; or a couple of weeks' run at grass, if the season permits, will be of great service. , Dropsical Limbs (Sweli.ed Lkgs, '' Stocking "). It is a very serious annoyance to the owner of a valuable horse to find that, after the animal has been standing in the stable for only a period of twelve hours, his hind limbs have wonderfully increased in size; and equally mortifying is it to see some animals with their limbs continually tumefied, and without any other ap- parent sign of disease. Dropsy of the limbs generally proceeds from congestion. The serum, or more fluid part of the blood, transudes through the walla of the blood-vessels, and accumulates in the cellular tissue, under the skin. But dropsy takes place not only in consequence of venous congestion, but accompanies very many forms of disease, such as scarletina, influenza, farcy ; and the cure of such diseases also accomplishes the cure of dropsy. Causes. — The cause of that form of dropsical limbs which seems to occur without any other visible disease is now the sub- ject for consideration. AMien a horse's limbs swell persistently, after a few hours' rest, and disappears under exercise, we may Infer that there exists a dro}>sical diathesis in his system; that, by virtue of his constitution, he is predisposed ; and such cases are designated as chronic local dropsy. 288 DAt>DS VETEKlNAUr MLDICIME AND SURGERY. Treatment. — The remedies are haud-rubbing, exercise, and stim alatiug liuimeut. The best liniment fcr 'ocal dropsy of this cha^ acter Is as follows : No. 35. Fluid extract of wormwc<.d 4 oz. Fluid extract of ginger 3 oz. Spirits of camphor 1 pint. Rub the region of tumefaction with a portion of this linimenl every night. When swelling of the limbs do not assume a periodical char- acter, and suspicion of predisposition can not be entertained, then, in addition to the application of the liniment, give the animal, morning and evening, one ounce of the fluid extract of buchu. Scarlatina (Scarlet Fever). Scarlet fever, or scarletina, as it occurs among horses in the United States, is a febrile disease of a very prostrating character j yet it is not considered by the author a contagious malady. L has only lately, however, been recognized in this country as a dis« tinct equine disease, and, being of rather rare occurrence, we kno^ but little about it. The cases that have come under the author's treatment were unattended by ulceration of the throat, and this may account for the non-contagion ; for, in the human subject, when ulceration of the throat takes place, the case becomes ma- lignant. Watson says : " The malignant sore throat may be caught from a patient who has mild scarlet fever ; and mild scarlet fever may, in like manner, be contracted from one who is suifering Dnder the malignant sore throat. The two forms graduate insen- sibly, in different cases, toward each other ; and it would be im- possible, even if it were desirable, to draw any strict line of separation between them. Many would say, and probably with truth, that the difference was this : in the one form, tL 3 poison cf the disorder is seeking its vent, principally, by the throat; in the other, by the skin." It appears, therefore, that in the human subject the disease is capable of being communicated at any stage. The cases that have come under the author's notice since he first recognized the malady have all been of a mild form ; that is to say, non-malignant. The limbs, sheath, and pectoral regions were excessively dropsical; the skin wah the seat cf rash or mhuite «Jf • DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES. 28& rations, and scarlet spots or patches were always present on the visible surfaces of the mouth and nostrils ; yet the patients always drank and ate mashes freely, which they could not have done so readily had their throats been sore and ulcerated. The author would intimate, however, that, should the disease ever become malignant in the horse, it may also become, as in the human subject, contagious and infectious. Perhaps the rcasoa why it has not attained a malignant type in this country is, be- CAHse it is of recent origin ; whereas, among the members of the human family, scarlatina has been known to exist for several hundred years, and may have acquired intensity and malignancy with age. In anticipation of such an event, the author recom- mends that scarlet-fever patients be separated from other inmates of the stable. The following case is from the author's note-book, and may serve to instruct the reader on the theory and practice of the malady : A short time ago, a bay gelding, aged about nine years, was admitted into the Chicago Infirmary. On examination, the following symptoms were observed: S^mptovis. — The hair about the neck and fore and hind limbs was elevated in blotches, with corresponding elevations on the skin beneath ; the membranes within the cavities of the nostrils had scarlet spots, variable in size ; all the limbs were more or less swollen ; the breath was hot and fetid ; the animal was unsteady in his gait, apparently very weak ; had great thirst, yet little ap- petite. The elevations on the surface of the body, and the scarlet spots o'a the nasal membrane, constituted the diagnostic symptoms '^f scarlet fever. Treatment — During the first three days, I drenched the animal ■R-ith three ounces of liquor acetate of ammonia, in an equal quan- tity of cold water. The elevations on the surface of the body were sponged once a day with a lotion composed of two out 368 cf aqua ammonia and one quart of rain-water. A sloppy bran- mash was occasionally furnished, of which the patient partook freely. This tended to keep the bowels loose, and moderate the febrile symptoms. On the fourth day all the limbs became very much swollen, from dropsical effusions, whidi feature of the caso Lb very apt to present itself. I now changed the treatment — emitted the lotion bathing, and gave, night and morning, two- onuce doses of compound fluid extract of buchu and juniper ber- 19 29C DADiyS VETERINARY MEDICIIvE AND SURGERY ries. A slight discharge of glairy mucus now commenced runniug from both nostrils ; the scarlet spots had become more diiFused, and of a brighter tint; the appetite had returned, and a few oats and a amall quantity of hay were occasionally allowed, which were eaten. The limbs wtre hand-rubbed often, and the body waa clothed with warm blankets. This treatment was followed up for a period of five days, at the end of which time he had improved 7ery much, yet the limbs were considerably swollen. On the tenth day I commenced to give four ounces of fluid ex- tract of resin-weed per day, with an occasional dose of fluid extract of golden seal, under which treatment he convalesced very rapidly, so that on the sixteenth day all medicine was discontinued. I now turned the animal into a small inclosure, where he seemed to taka pleasure in rolling and exercising himself, which had the efiect of reducing the dropsical swelling of the limbs, and on the fourth of December the patient was sent home — not exactly to go to work, but to receive care and attention until he had recovered from the eflccts of the disease, and had gained his ordinary strength. It is very difficult to say to what extent scarlet fever among horses prevails in the United States ; for veiy little, if any thing, has ever appeared in print of American origin, except that which has appeared from the pen of the author of this work. On the other side of the water, however, the disease is of frequent oc- currence, and is well understood. The first account of it published in England was from the pen of Mr. PERcrvALL, in the year 1843, who says that " the existence of scarlet fever has received such confirmation from other quarters as to leave no doubt in my mind that, rare as the malady acknowledgedly is, and hitherto unde- scribcd as it has remained, it will one day find a place in our es- tablished veterinary nosology." Since the above date, Surgeon Hayoock and several other writers have noticed the disease, treated it, and minutely described its symptoms. They all agree that when the disease does nxakh its appearance, it is usually the sequel of epidemic catarrh, or in- fluenza ; and this was probably the case regarding the patient the subject of this paper, for the owner informed me that the animal had previously shown symptoms of distemper. DISEASE.. OF THE SKIN AND SUB-xISSUES. 291 Ringworm. This disease usually makes its appearance on the shoulders and Bides of the horse, in the form of circular patches, attended by Bcurfiness and loss of hair. Small vesicular eruptions can also be detected, by meaus of a magnifying glass. It is usually sponta- neous in its origin, but probably is generated by filth. Treatment, — In view of treating the disease successfully, the txtdy should be well cleansed with soap and water, and afterward Tabbed dry ; then apply daily, by means of a sponge, a portion of die following : No. 36. Powdered sulphate of iron 4 oz. Fluid extract of bloodroot 2 oz. Eain-wuter 1 quart. iMix. Givf , as an alterative, half an ounce of the fluid extract of man drake, in half a pint of water, night and morning. When the disease has been neglected, the parts are apt to ul- cerate; in that event, the following preparation is recommended* No. 37. Pyroligneous acid 6 oz. Liuseed oil 5 oz. Spirits of camphor 2 oz. Mix. Dress the ulcerations twice daily. A liberal supply of cut grass, sliced potatoes, or carrots should be allowed, if they can be obtained. Particular attention should be paid to the matter of keeping the skin clean. The treatment must be continued until all vestiges of the disease have disappeared, or it may break out again. Prurigo (Called also the "Itch"). This is a disease of the skin, accompanied by a terribly annoy- ing itching sensation. The torment experii:nced by animals suf- fering under this form of malady is scarcely describable. They often rub and abrade the skin until blood appears on the surface, and they are rendered perfectly miserable. There are said to be various forms of prurigo, but they do not differ in kind, only in degree. Heat aggravates the malady ; therefore horses located in d warm and un ventilated stable are apt to suffer most. And tha 29S DADD'S VE^ERINAKf MEDICINE AND SURGERY. same remarks apply to many other forms of disease, which showi how important it is that stables should be properly ventilated. Symptoms. — The skin in those parts where the affection is lo- cated shows on its surface small elevations, known as papulae ; but they are difficult to discover in some horses, as they are of the same tint as the skin. After awhile the rubbing tears away the summiv* of the papulae, and a secretion exudes which soon forma very minute bcabs. During the past four years the disease has prevailed very exten- lively among army horses, and it usually proved very obstinate, from the fact that very few of the army farriers understood its true nature ; neither were they acquainted with the modus operandi of treatment. The authorities contend that prurigo is not a con- tagious affection, like itch and mange, and, therefore, it may be classed as a local affection, brought on by inattention to cleanlines;^ In order to prevent it, the author advises a ft*ee use of the brush and curry -cOmb. Treatment. — The best mode of treatment is as follows. Sponge the affected parts thoroughly with the following lotion : No. 38. Powdered borax. 4 oz. Kain-water 2 quarts. After using the above quantity, at one or two dressings, then rub the affected regions dry, and lubricate thp «»arae with a por- tion of the following : No. 39. KeroseDe oil 4 oz. Pyroligneous acid 12 oz. Mix. It is usually good policy to put the patient under a course ot a'terative treatment; therefore the author recommends that he have, daily, thirty grains of iodide of potass, dissolved in four ounces of water, to be given in the form of drench, every day, un- til tl»e disease has disappeared. Poll-evil Th(; name of this disease originated in England, in consequence of it being more prevalent in that country than in some others ; hence, was a great evil, and occurring about the nape of the neck or region of the poll, it was called " poll-evil." Much of the poll- DISEASES OP THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES. 298 tvil ycurring in former years was unnecessary, and occurred in consequence of neglect, injuries, and abuse. The disease first makes its appearance in the form of a local tumor, of an inflam» matory character. Soon it runs into the suppurative stage; pus or matter is secreted, and we tlien have a common abscess, which may result in fistula of the poll. Gniscs — The disease may arise from blows and bruises. Horses when located in low-roofed stables are apt to strike the poll against the ceiling, or a beam, or the upper part of the doorway, and fre- quent repetition of the act either ends in induration (hardening) ■>r poll-abscess. Some grooms are in the habit of occasionally jerking the animal's head by means of the halter, and some horsess are very restless in the stall, and are often seen to jerk their heads upward, forgetting that they have any halter around their necks, until they feel the pain which they themselves inflicted. The in- jury, slight as it may be, often remains undiscovered or unattended to until considerable tumefaction or even suppuration has set ui. The case may then become protracted, and exhaust the jjuticnce of all concerned. Excessive friction on the nape of the neck frjm oridle or halter, or pressure from either one of these causes, pro- duces poll-evil ; and the halter, by being fastened too tightly, is a fertile cause in producing this affection. Dirt and filth are oper- ative, also, in producing this malady. It is well known that the poll is a part which very seldom makes the acquaintance of the brush or curry-comb, yet it is the locality of considerable dust and scurf; and sometimes, owing to accumulations of the same, a cu- taneous eruption arises, and the itching sensation consequent causes the horse to fret and rub whenever he can get a chance. The evil goes on, until what was at first superficial now becomes deep- seated. The bungling and cruel manner of sometimes forcing a small collar on a large horse often does mischief, and lays the foundation for poll-evil. Some persons are in the habit of bracing the horse's head downward with the martingale, so as to bring the lips and chest in close proximity, yet forget that the strain comes on the j)oll and bruises the soft parts. Treatniait. — Should the tumor be discovered in its early stage, before matter has formed, the parts should be bathed often with a portion of vinegar and water, equal parts; or else a cold-water dressing or pad may be applied, which should be reapplied as fast iS it bccomoi: dry Half an ounce of powdered chlorate of potasi 21^4 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY bhoukl be given night and morning. This may be dissolved U naif a bucket of water, which the horse will drink. In the course of a couple of days, the practitioner will be able to determine whether or not the tumor is likely to suppurate; if so, it will have increased in size, and have a soft fluctuating feel. Just as soon as matter can be detected, the abscess must be punctured at its base, by means of a thumb lancet. It will not do to allow the matter to accumulate ; for, if so, it will burrow and spread in various directions, making a verj' extensive and for- midable abscess. It would be necessary to make a free opening into the abscess large enough to admit a man's finger, and if, in the course of a day or tAW, the opening should partly close or con- tractj it must be dilated with a knife. So soon as the abscess is laid open, all the matter must be squeezed out, which process must be accomplish. ed by the use of sponge and hot water. We then, in view of removing every particle of matter, carefully inject the cavity with. a quantit}' of pyroligneous acid and water, equal parts. A glass syringe is best, as the acid has a bad effect on a metal one. It wdll be necessary to sponge the cavity once daily for several days, or until matter ceases to form. In the mean time the ani- mal must be put under treatment, for it is very rare that this dis- ease can be cured by local treatment alone. My usual custom is to give the patient thirty grains of the iodide of potass, twice daily, in half a bucket of water. The animal will not refuse to drink it. Should he be weak and emaciated, tonics and stimu- lants are indicated. Half an ounce of powdered golden seal and the same quantity of ginger, given with a small quantity of water, lis a drench, daily, will answer the purpose. Sometimes it is ad- visable to put a pad of cotton cloth, or a large wad of oakum on the poll, in view of keeping the skin and sub-tissues in contact, by which means they more readily unite. The pad may be secured tc the part by passing a cotton roller, five inches wide and ^hree yards in length, around the neck. At the poll the bandage is to be further secured, by tying a lock of the hair of the forehead with a lock of the hair of the mane. This precaution prevents the bandage from slipping backward. The bandage should be re- moved and readjusted every day, and the parts are to be cleansed and syxnged, in the manner just alluded to, as long as necessary. After the lapse of a few days, should the secretion of matter de- rrease, then the chances are in favor of a cure. DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSDES. 29fc Cases, however, will sometimes occur which set at defiance all our skill. In such we find that either the ligamentary, tendinous^ or fleshy parts, or perhaps the bones, are involved, and it often happens that fistulas or pipes run in various directions. Such cases re(pnre the services of a surgeon, who will dissect out the fistulous pipes, and remove all the diseased portions of the flesh and bone. The after-treatment is then the same as we have just indicated. Fistulous Withers. This disease resembles poll-evil, and, in a majority of cases, ewes its origin to the same exciting causes; namely, external bruises, or injury inflicted by a bad-fitting collar or saddle. The treatment is the same as that recommended for the cure of poll- evil. Warts on the Skin. Warts are of two kinds. One of these makes its appearance upon, and consists in part of an increased development of, the outer scurf or scarfskin ; the other kind is contained under, and, ^rhile it elevates, does not grow from the scarfskin. As it fre- cuently becomes desirable to remove these growths, and to coun- teract that condition of skin on which their reproduction depends, we shall briefly describe them. The most common kind of wart, and that called the true angleberry, is the first of the two to which we have alluded. It has always a hard, horny sort of investment externally. This is formed of scales of scarfskin matted together in great quantities, and prolonged from the true skin, to which they are attached. As this outer covering increases in growth, it dries and splits up into shreds or fibers, which generally oicome more or less pointed at their free ends. Many of these shredis may grow from one common stock or pedicle, called the "neck." In other cases there is no well-defined neck, and a large surface will be covered with a coarse, rough, and horny crop of warts, all, as it were, united vrhe-re they originated from the skin. Cause. — Warts are always produced from what ma^ be consid- ered as greatly-developed knots, nr papillae, within the true skin. Blood, in greater quantities than natural, is sent to these, and the pajiillje continuing to grow, forms perceptible tumors, which are Bonu'wliat sensitive, painful if exj^osed to friction, and form (/» 29G DADDS VETERINARY JiiiDIClNE AND SURGER'i. throw off the scaly covering which eventually forms the main part of wart's. "We see many instances of warts on the human hands and other parts of ihe body, and always find that the dry, horny part grows from the skin somewhat thickened and increased in vascularity. So great, indeed, is the quantity of blood which some warts receive, tha,+ they bleed much more profusely than other portions of skin when wounded. . The other kind of wart to which we alluded does not cause any external roughness or scaly appearance. It is formed ^v'ithin tlia outer skin, and commonly appears as a circumscribed round tu- mor. On being examined by the hand, it is felt to be contained in a sack or pouch, within which it is easily moveable. It is almost insensible, and consists of a quantity of white fibrous and sometimes grisly substance, which does not possess blood-vessels in its interior. We often meet with this kind of encysted wart near the outer organs of generation in the horse or mare. The horny wart which we first noticed is common in horses, cattle, and dogs. The encysted wart is comparatively rare in cattle; it is more common in dogs, but is most frequently found in horses. Treatment. — In treating warts with a view to remove them, and prevent their reproduction, it becomes necessary to destroy, in a measure, the surface from which they sprout. When an angle- berry has -a " neck," this should be cut off flat and close with the skin, and the raw surfice thus made should be touched occasion- ally and freely with caustic or a heated iron. If the neck be so large as to endanger much bleeding if divided at once, a ligature of thin, strong string may be tied round it very tightly, in order to cut off its supply of blood. The ligature should be applied frequently — daily, if convenient. Where a large surface Lj cov- ered by warts which do not possess any definite necks, their horny parts should be cropped or cut closely down to the true skin, w itb scissors or other convenient instrument, and the surface thus ex- posed should then be touched with a hot iron, or rubbed with caUvStic potass. Such application is to be continued till the liorD ceases to grow. Encysted warts are removed by cutting the skin of the sack and squeezing them out. The exposed cavity sliould be dressed daily with digestive ointment DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SLB- TISSUES. 297 Purpura Hemorrhagica (" Scurvy ")- A disease not uufrequently makes its appearance among horsea termed purpura hemorrhagica, kuown in human practice as the '■ purples." It consists of congestion (extravasation) blood of and effusicn of serum (water) into the cellular tissue. The disease probably owes its origin to a depraved condition of the blood. Symptoms. — On making an examination of the affected animal, we find that the cellular tissue, in various parts of the body, la distended ^vith serum and blood. Local swelling will appear in various parts of the body, more particularly about the face, lips, and limbs. The disease also affects internal parts. Blood ia sometimes passed with the urine and feces ; respiration is embar- rassed ; the heart palpitates, and abnormal cerebral symptoms set in. In the human subject the disease is considered strictly as a hemorrhage. Small round spots appear on various parts of the body and legs, of a dull crimson or purple color. Pressure upon them does not efface the color, nor render it fainter, as it does that of common inflammatory spots of the skin. There is scarcely any prominence of the purple stigmata ; but they are sometimes inter- mixed with livid blotches, with appearances exactly resembling bruises, and they undergo, before they disappear, the same changes in color which attends the disappearance of a bruise. In fact, the anatomical condition of a bruise is exactly the same, with the dif- fused condition as in purpura. In each case the color is the result of echymosis (effusion of blood beneath the skin). In the human subject, also, the disease is not confined to the skin. Watson informs us that " the spots are not confined to the skin, nor to the subcutaneous tissues, but are found, occasionally, upon all the internal surfaces also, and within the substance of the several viscera (internal organs of the body). I have seen these purple spots in the mucous surface of the mouth, throat, stomach, and intestines ; in the pleura and pericardium ; in the chest ; in the peritoneal investment of the abdominal organs ; in the substance of the muscles, and even upon the membranes of the brain and in the sheaths of the large nerves, and I have known them to be accompanied with large extravasations of blood in most of the vital organs of the body." The same appearances have been observed in equine autopsies, «vhich accounts for the immobility and deranged condition of all ZU8 DADD'S VEIERINARi' JIEDlCINE AND SURGERY. jLe functions. Sometimes the throat is so badly aflcctcJ thai tracheotomy has to be resorted to. Now and then the tongue be- comes livid and swollen, so that the animal can not partake of looJ. In such cases the tongue may be freely swabbed with warm vinegiir, until its volume is reduced. Treatment. — So soon as the disease is discovered, the animal should be put under the following treatment: No. 40. Fluid extract of bloodroot 2 oz. Fluid exti-act of buchu 4 oz. Fluid extract of ginger 3 oz. Mix. Give one ounce of this mixture night and morning, in about a gill of water. Should there appear to be any trouble with the throat, lubricate it, twice daily, with a portion of the following: No. 41. Olive oil 4 oz. Camphor 1 oz. Mix. In preparing the above, i* is best to pulverize the camphor, when it will dissolve more readily in the oil. A lotion must now be prepared, with which the whole surface of the body should be gponged daily. No. 42. Spirits of atamonia 3 oz. Spirits of camphor 2 oz. Pulverized rock salt 6 oz. Rain-water *? pints Dissolve the salt in the water, allowing the impurities to settle; then add the clear liquor to the camphor and ammonia, previously mixed. It occasionally happens that the skin, in various parts of the body, cracks, and portions slough off. Should there be any appear- ance of the kind, discontinue the above lotion and substitute the following : No. 43. Pyroligneous acid ) , . Olive oil I ®*1''^' P^'^^- Every time the patient is watercu, (say about throe times per day,) half an ounce of hyposulphite of soda should be dissolved in the pail. Vegetables, also, are indicated, if they are to he had. I should give tomatoes, sliced carrots, potatoes, and green grass Bleeding, purging, and all kinds of poisonous and sedative medi cLdea are inadmissible. Dl8£.^dt;b OF THE SKIN AND SUB-TISSUES. 299 Out of Condition (Hide-bound^. Either from derangement of the digestive function, or in con- sequence of the animal being fed on poor provender or wcrked beyond his strength, debility and emaciation ensue. A horse out of condition usually loses flesh; the hair loses its glossy a])pear- ance; the skin becomes unhealthy and scurfy, and he can not per- form his ordinary labor without apparent fatigue. Treatment. — The best remedy, if the season permits, is a run at grass, taking care to give a good feed of oats every night ; other- wise the grass will not improve his condition. In the stable the treatment is as follows: Give the animal one ounce of the fluid extract of camomile flowers every morning, before feeding, and ai night mix one ounce of powdered poplar bark with the oata. This, togethor with good food and rest, will complete the cure Herpes (Tetter). Herpes is a disease of the skin, manifesting itself in the form of vesicles, which contain a small quantity of aqueous fluid effused beneath the true skin. Sometimes they are thinly scattered over tiie surface, and sometimes collected into clusters. The vesicles appear in irregular snccession. They terminate, also, in various ways : by the reabsorption of the fluid, and, in bad cases, falling off of the hair, and peeling of the skin, in some places. In the human subject the malady is considered transient and non-con- tagious, consisting of red patches, of irregular form and variable size, upon each of which stands a crop of vesicles. Treatment. — I have been very successful in the treatment of thia malady by using the following lotion : No. 44. Glycerine 2 oz. Taiiuin 2 dr. Rain-water 4 oz. Apply once or twice daily, by means of a soft sponge. In the horse the affection sometimes assumes an epizootic form. In that event it can be communicated to man, as the following oases will show : "At the commencement of 1849, Count Faverges invited Pro- fessor Papa to the valley of Borne, in Savoy, to see a disease affectinj; animals, and which even spread to men. Every facility 300 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. was C'ffered by Government to Professor Papa, and many persons having aiFected animals were requested to permit their inspection, and, indeed, threatened with a fine if they did not. Papa saw about three hundred horses and mules affected. The disease ap- peared in circular patches of furfuraceous scales, with grayish- white scabs. These patches had usually well-defined margins, about the size of a dollar or five-shilling piece. Usually they were isolated, but at other times they were confluent, or running together in groups. The head, neck, withers, shoulders, and loins were the parts chiefly affected. More rarely the upper portion of the extremities, and never on the lower part of the limbs, chesty or belly. The malady commences with a violent itching, and an eruption in small circumscribed points, about the size of a lentil, is witnessed. The scabs form, with the exudation drying and entangling cuticle and hairs. In the vicinity of the first, other eruptive spots appeared, which, widening, became confluent and run into one another, especially where the skin is folded and ani- mals have a chance of rubbing themselves. A scab forms on the 6ore surface, and the surface beneath it is red and tumefied, but in a little time desquamation occurs. A very careful microscopical examination failed to indicate the existence of any acari. The disease is contagious, and Papa says all those who come more or less in contact with herpetic horses or mules, and espe- cially the conductors of the same, were covered on the arms, legs, chest, and face with pruriginous eruptions, limited and circum- scribed, sometimes isolated, occasionally confluent, in the form of red patches covered with papulse and vesicles, which ber^ome iucrusted with brownish-yellow scabs, beneath which purulent deposits formed. In consequence of the violent pruritis attending this disease, it was believed to be scabies or itch by the people^ and, though in many houses individuals were affected, they were ashamed to confess it, and it was with great difficulty that Papa collected information on the subject; but, having gained confidence on the lattei, the people more freely related their cases to him. The first to be affected were those intrusted with dressing the dis- eased animals. The parts first attacked were the articular regions about the forearm, arm, face, and rarely the lower limbs. Papa describes one of many cases of direct contagion. It le, a fine exterior, good depth of chest, well-proportioned muscles, and graceful limbs are generally coexistent with good " wind and bottom," and the subjects, of course, possess active respiratory organs, a finely-balanced circulation, and a digestive appai'atus that can digest every article in the shape of fodder. _In selecting the beautiful, we therefore obtain material for perpetuatiup- health, long life, and valuable offspring. One of Blak swell's great secrets was, " Breed from the beau- tiful." I allude to him because he was the most successful " breeder " that England ever boasted of. At the onset he paid great attention to " beauty of form." Having developed a fine exterior, he engrafted on it the useful. He was well aware that I'eauty and utility were not always combined, but, being in pos- session of the former, he could produce the latter to " order ;" and ho accomplished his object in the following manner. He required cows that would yield a large quantity of milk; consequently he selected those whose dams had long been celebrated for their ex- cellent milking qualities, and from among such he chose the very best female of the family, and united her with a beautiful male. Having, in the production of offspring througl the above union, accomplished his object, he then paid less attention to beauty, and more to the milking qualities, so as to render the ^atter permanent in the breed. Still, in all his experiments he rejected uncouth. BREEDIKG. AND THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SAME. 307 unthrifty, and defective animals. 1 am aware, however, thai iha evils of domestication are operative, to a certain extent, on all animals. Still, I contend that the ''well-bred" animal can resist the insidious eucroachuients of disease, and survive longer under its depressing influence than "ill-favored" creatures. Illustra- tions are not wanting to prove the correctness of Blakewell's iheory ; therefore, I advise the reader to follow the example of one who has been styled the "Napoleon of breeders." In-and-in Breeding. We now inquire, What is breeding in-and-in? I answer, It implies consanguinity — breeding from. animals of the same blood, or jn-opagating in a close degree of relationship. Some persona have an idea that this system is pernicious, and leads to degen- eracy and premature decay ; but that is a matter of argument, and, as I shall attempt to prove, depends on the skill of the " breeder," and his ability to make wise selections. The human rac(! — the sons and daughters of Adam and Eve — afford a stu])eudous illus- tration of the practicability of in-and-in breeding. The millions terrestrial all originated (so the Good Book informs us) from our common parents, and, consequently, we are all "blood" relations; and this fact goes to show that in-and-in breeding is in accord- ance with the laws of physiology, and does not conflict with the intentions of " Him who doeth all things well." It is a part of the great scheme of creation, a physiological law, the problem of hfe, to solve which God has endowed us with reason, " God-liije reason," the exercise of which puts us in j)ossession of the fruit of the " tree of knowledge.'* The non-exercise of the same fur- nishes us with foi bidden fruit. Ill-assorted marriages — consumption mating with consumption, and scrofula with scrofula — seeks at the altar an introduction to an early grave. The same is true of animals. Bad selections thwart the intentions of the Creator, mar his handiwork, and if a friendly e})izootic sweeps them from the face of the earth, it la more of a blessing than a curse. From the great human family I select a branch to illustrate this principle, and I choose to refer to the Jews. So long as they are so in faitli and practice — mar- rying their own kindred — they are a living illustration of the libove principle. Have they degenerated ? Xo. The distinctiv<» 308 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERT. characteristics of the race are jast as remarkable as tliey evcf were. The vicious and defective find an early grave, but th« " race " remains pure. Now, as regards horses and cows, the same is true ; they all had 4 common origin. The different varieties that now exist are the work of time, circumstances, and the art of man. The famoiw horses mentioned by Mahomet, in the " Koran," resulted from in-and-in breeding. They have existed and multiplied for throe thousand years without the slightest intermixture of foreign blood, and, from the time of Solomon up to the present day, their pedi- gree has been watched and chronicled with great care, so that no doubt exists as regards their consanguinity. Their fine form, Bplendid action, endurance, spirit, speed, and docility can only be retained by preserving the race pure, and this is an argument in favor of in-and-in breeding. No breed can be preserved pure unless the in-and-in system be pursued. Take the Suffolk pig, for example. So long as we put Suffolk to Suffolk we get " pure " Suffolk, and, if proper selections have been made, good Suffolks are the result ; but deviate from direct lineage, and the breed degenerates, for better or worse, as the case may be, and they lose their permanency of type, and cease to become pure bloods. * From the brave descend the brave. The Suffolks in this country are notorious for a cutaneous disease simulating scrofula, and many suppose that this arises in conse- quence of the in-and-in system of breeding; but this I think is an error. It results from the evils of domestication, and our want of knowledge in making j^roper selections. There often ia one or more animals in a litter incapacitated, by fault, defect, or debility, to perpetuate the stamina and remarkable points of the breed ; these are to be rejected. If we fail to do so, the next gen- eration, or the next to that, furnish more convincing proof of error, which I contend exists in making "bad" selections, and not in the above system. Turn for a moment to the history of the French Merino, and we shall find that Victor Gilbert — a name familiar to Ameri- ca's most successful sheep raisers — practiced no other than the in- and-in system of breeding. A lot of Merinos were sent, in 1786, by the Queen of Spain, to the King of France. The latter, in BREEDING, AND THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SAME. 309 ordor tu benefit the agricultural community, sent half of them to Rambouillet, and the other half to Croissy. The climate hap- pened to suit them, and they were considered superior to the ex- istino; breeds in France. In the vear 1800, Victor Gilbert bought at Croissy a four year old ram and eight ewes. He bred from those animals during a period of ten years, occasionally, how- ever, " renewing the stock," as he termed it, by purchasing annu- ally from two to four sheep. In 1821 he purchased some of the Rambouillet stock, and asserts that, " from a union of the same, he obtained great advantages." Now, the reader will perceive that there was an alliance of blood. The two flocks were of the same lineal descent, belonged to the same " family," and of course the system of breeding was on the in-and-in principle. Now, as reo;ards French Merinos obtained from the above source, and imported into this country, we have only to refer the reader to Taintor, of Hartford ; DeForrest, of New York ; Sanford, of Vermont ; Parker and Howard, of Ohio, and many others, who are ready and willing, we presume, to testify as regards the prosperity of the above breed in this country, the result of in-and-in breeding. S. W. Jewett, of Vermont, has pur- chased, up to the present time, over three hundred bucks and ewes, the offspring of the Croissv and Rambouillet breed, and this is proof positive of the correctness of our theory. Now, as regards the advantages of in-and-in breeding, what are they? When Victor Gilbert purchased the first ram, he car- ried but 9 pounds of wool ; he finally realized 24 pounds from the rams, and from the ewes 18 ])Ounds, a tangible illustration of the advantages. A very fine French Merino, originating from the above source, was very recently exhibited at a sheep-shearing in "Wisconsin ; the animal >veighcd 325 pounds, and carried 40 pounds of wool. Now, the originals, as I have already shown, carried but 9 pounds ; so that the standard, as regards a particular 4uality, has been raised, and that is what we understand by " improve- mrnt." Mr. V. Barford, of England, has demonstrated the propriety of in-and-in breeding. He is a man, however, of superior judg ment, and he culls and casts out from his flocks and herds all ani Bials showing the least predisposition to any defect. A writer in the "Mark Lane Express" considers Mr. Valentine Barford " one of the most successful in-and-in breeders of sheep in the king- 310 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. dom ; for lie has bred from the pure Blake well blood for sixty- five years, without the aid of any other sort or kind, and bred from his own flock for upward of fifty years, maintaining siz«». weight, and constitution. I have known Mr, Barford's flock for upward of half a century, and they appear as strong la their stamina as when I first saw them. Mr. Barford does not use a ram unless he has a wide loin, a large breast and collar, and very wide between the forelegs, all of which points denote a hale con- stitution. Although in-and-in breeding has beat thousands to a stand, Mr. Barford still sliines in it." Therefore I contend that great advantages are derived from pre- serving the breed pure and in making proper selections. I have been very much pleased in perusing some remarks made by San- ford Howard, and published in the " Kew England Farmer;" and, as they ha2)pen to have a direct bearing on our subject, I here give them: "What is breeding ia-and-in? While some apply the term only to animals distantly related, he conceived the only true idea of the matter to be that it applied to creatures of the same blood. The consequences of breeding in-and-in, he believed, migl)t be either good or bad, and depended wholly on the skill of the breeder. As proof that breeding in-and-in was not contrary tc Nature, he referred to birds, the buffalo, etc., in a wild state. It is known that they breed in-and-in constantly, and yet no deterio- ration takes place. He had known geese to be propagated in this way for forty years, and not the slightest depreciation in size, quality, or feather was visible in them. Still cases could be cited where breeding in-and-in had produced bad results, yet the-se might be attributed to imperfections in the parent stock. It is only necessary to select perfect specimens." Having now attempted to show that in-and-in breeding is in accordance with Nature, and that the birth of inferior and defect- ive animals, under this rule, resulted from the breeder's ignorance or neglect in making proper selections, I shall next introduce somp remarks of a general character. Permanent Varieties. — In-and-in breeding should be practiced in view of some specific object; namely, perpetuating species capa- ble of constantly and permanently transmitting characteristic pecu- liarities, such as may be observed in any particular permanent variety. As an illustration of the same, we offer the French BREEDING, AND THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SAME. 311 Merino sheep, Black Hawk horse, and Devon bull. Tliese are permanent varieties, the type of each having been established by a long course of in-and-in breeding. We are told, however, that many of the imported French Merinos (so called) have produced offspring scarcely worth the trouble of raising — far inferior to our common native stock. The principal reason is, many sub-races (f Merinos, existing in Fiance and elsewhere, are the result of 3 OSS-breeding. They are nothing loss than mongrels, destitute of that permanency of type indicative of pure blood. But there are other causes for the deterioration complained of, which will be noticed hereafter. By preserving the race pure through a certain period, we thus obtain the requisite permanency of type, which can then be trans- mitted indefinitely. Let us see, now, if we understand what is meant by a permanent variety, and inquire if such do really trans- mit their permanent peculiarities. A permanent variety (Black Hawk breed, or Devon cow, for example), are animals whose pe- culiarities were not coeval with the tribe, but have arisen, or been engrafted on the same, subsequent to the advent of their existence and, therefore, what some may terra distinct species are, in reality^ nothing more than permanent varieties. The Shetland pony, therefore, is a permanent variety. Circumstances have made him just what he is. He, being an inhabitant of a stormy, tempestu- ous region, comparatively destitute of shelter and artificial food, is left, in many instances, like the cattle of Norway, (whose diminu- tive size is notorious,) to seek such food as the county affords ; and, owing to their being secluded from other horses, frequent inter- course among themselves have rendered their snail and peculiar forms permanent in the race -, and, with unerring precision, " like begets like." The permanent varieties that now exist among the cattle of the British Isles is due to local circumstances and the art of man. Most of the fine breeds now owned by English hu.sbanrEDICIN"E AND SURGERY. celebrated for the production of a permanent variety of liorses known as " Clevelands." They are an ancient and unmixed race. Their bodies have peculiar markings, and if a foal should be born without them, the owner would give orders for its immediate destruction. I presume it is now understood what is meant by permanent variety. Animals become Parents too early. Victor Gilbert never allowed ewes to have lambs until they had passed their third year, and the bucks were never used until they had arrived at full maturity. He, as well as many other sagacious stock-raisers that I might name, are probably conver- sant with the fact that, during the period of growth and develop- ment up to maturity, the reproductive organs are dormant, while, at the same time, the nutritive function was wholly engaged in elaborating chyle and blood for the development of bone, muscle, and nerve ; and that by calling into requisition the reproductive or generative organs before the animal had attained full growth, must necessarily divert the elements of matter intended for nutri- tion from their legitimate channel, and direct them to the repro- ductive organs. This is precisely what takes place. A too early use of the purely animal functions induces weakness and stunted growth. The author remembers that, in his school-boy days, it was cus- tomary, so soon as a boy had accumulated a few pence, to invest the same in a rabbit (a favorite animal at that period) ; conse- quently we had a community of juvenile rabbit-raisers ; and from the results of past experience, as observed by the older boys, a rule was adopted among us that the doe should not be put to the buck until she had attained full maturity. The reason assigned for this rule was, " Early breeding prevented the doe from growing." The facts were evident ; still we knew not the why nor wherefore, but acted on the spur of experience. Physiologists have assigned the above as the true cause, and have, in their writings, pointed out the woeful results which often follow a too early use of the purely animal functions and organs. I seriously urge farmers to give this subject that attention which it evidently demands. By so doing they will prevent many of the unnecessary abortions which are almost constantly occurring. Among the higher orders of BREEDING, AND THE PRINCIPLES OF THE SAME. 313 rtfcation the same law holds good. In fact, there can be no devi- ation from it without incurring the hazard of paying the penalty. Heifers should never be put to the bull until they have attained the age of three or four years. At this period they are in their prime. If they happen to have acquired too much fat, their daily allowance must be reduced. Human growth, according to the best authority, ceases between the ages of twenty and twenty-five. In very warm regions, how- ever, where development and decay are universally allowed to be more rapid, the inhabitants oome to maturity much earlier. A superior class of human beings can only be produced by selectiocfl and exclusions similar to those so successfully employed in rear- ing the inferior orders. We may rejoice in a Fulton, Franklin, or Webster occasionally, (by mere accident,) the parents of such being absolutely ignorant of the first principles of physiology but, in the breeder's language, such are in possession of the " pre- requisites." In the first place, they had not entered the marriage relationship prior to the age of reason. The parents, if we mis- take not, were full-grown men and women, not boya nor girls. They possibly possessed a sound mind and healthy constitution, free from hereditary defect of mind and body, which stunted growtli, aided by artificial modes of life, are almost sure to entail. Until within a few years, a wise and salutary law was in oper- ation in the British Isles which interdicted marriage until the candidates had arrived at the age of twenty-one. That law has been set aside, and, consequently, the mass of the population of the present day will not bear comparison with that of the past. One safeguard, therefore, against stunted growth and ill-health is to avoid a too early use of the reproductive function. And here- in we are not safe unless proper selections have been made, and faulty animals or persons rejected. I am persuaded that if hus- bandmen of these United States could all view this important matter in its right light, a very decided improvement would soon be the result. The subject will, however, eventually command the attention of all. !Many persons urge that the ofispring of blood relatives are weak, nervous, deficient in intellect, complete idiots, etc., and that further intercourse in the same direction only makes bad worse. These are facts which can not be controverted, yet the ffeakness, ncrvou.^nc.'^s, etc.. tlues not occur from the relationship 3i4 DADUS VETERINARY i\TEDIC[NE AND SURGERY, which exists between the parties, but is the result of their defeo tivp constitutions. Many of the cousin-marriages are entered into without the k^ast regard to the rational theory cf selection and rejection. The q.uostion is one of interest, not of utility. These blood connections are consummated merely to retain property in families, and to satisfy the caprices of doting parents, superannu- ated uncles, and disappointed maiden aunts; and thus many ar idiotic or emaciated sprig of aristocracy unites his destinies with t fashionable coushi the very counterpart of himself, both inherit- ing family defects of precisely similar character. Should they be blessed (cursed, rather) with offspring, may we not expect a min- iature of the originals? "Without due attention to avoiding dis- ease, it will increase in the progeny." Among the human species, therefore, where the objects are of such immense importance to present and future generations, the principles of selection and rejection are entirely overlooked. We pay more attention to the principles of breeding in cattle than we do to those applicable also to their lord and master. Hence the faults and defects alluded to are not the result of close affinities, but result from our indifference or ignorance of the laws of life. Objections to In-and-in Bkpeding Answered. The two preceding paragraphs are biief answers to the objec- tions against the sexual congress of blood-relations ; yet, as other evidence than my own, and of a more general character, may be demanded by the reader, I have thought it best to introduce other testimony. The following quotations are from the pen of P. S. HuMBRiCKSON, of Ohio, published as a " Prize Essay : " "Many object to what has been termed in-and-in breeding Indeed, with most of those who do so, theii objections a-ssume the form of a very strong prejudice. This is attributable to a certain confusion in their minds, by which reasons, wherein there is no proper connection, are made, with the aid of imagination, to assume a form of mutual dependence and coherence in support of their theory. In the human family, marriages within the Lcvitical degree, or, as they are also called, incestuous marriages, are for- bidden. But the prohibition rests exclusively upon roortl, and not at all upon natural or physical reasons ; yet the nirogy. There is an aphorism which is said to have emanated from a Divine source, and it appeals to the intelligence of this enlightened 316 DADDS Vi::TERINARY MEDKINE AND SURGERY. and progressive generation with peculiar force. It is, " KnoTi thyself." To understand our moral, intellectual, and physical natures and tendencies should be the business of every one. The cultivation of, and proper direction given to, the former, bi'ing ua within the hale of health, purity, and peace. A knowledge of Ihe physical or physiological laws of life, and in practicing fidelity to what they teach, places us on the high road to health and long life. Anatonii'cal and physiological acquirements are needed by every one, in order that we may know ourselves, and thus be able to preserve our wondrous mechanism, "the harp of a thousand strings," in its normal condition; for without health we can not enjoy life, nor answer the purposes for which we were created. AVe have the testimony of learned men, and our own reflective minds confirm the facts, that an alarming number of premature deaths, and an untold amount of physical infirmities, are the result of either our ignorance of, or indifference to, the uncompromising laws of Nature. The rational being, free from hereditary taint, of mental or physical deformities, comes into the world with all that is essential to his future life and happiness. He has within his organization a radiant volume of intellectuality, organized, compiled, and bound by the Divine hand, the first glimmer of which reveals something adapted to present and future wants and necessities. The intellectual spark, once ignited, is capable of an tndless increase. We can add ray to ray, j^ower on power, until the God-like man acquires the mental greatness of a Webster, oi the mechanical skill and distinction of a Fulton. We do not expect that all can become Websters and Fultons, because we do not all practice that invariable perseverance and stern energy characteristic of giant intellect and mechanical skill. We are not all willing to toil, mentally or physically, with that perseverance and industry so necessary to success; and if we were willing, after having attained maturity or manhood, our minds and bodies being trained and molded for station and circumstances, are then not so well adapted, -ds in youth, for increase and power. Still, at thia period of life, we are not destitute of the means of self-culture. We are living illustrations of progressive mental capacities which often transpire in men past the meridian of life, who, before that period, never considered themselves favored in this line. How unfortunate it is, therefore, that the generality of mankind should be so indifferent about the science of life, and b* bREEDINO, AND THE PRINCIPLES Of THE 3AME. 317 BO slow in making it the basis of rational action in warding off disease, and in pi-omoting the integrity of their existence ! The reason is, our education is incomplete. We are all that Nature intended in elementary ability, and only deficient in Its use. The means are anatomical and physiological studies; the time is ill youth, when the mind is ])liant, capable of receiving permanent impressions. The place for the engrafting of the same is in our cmmon schools and at the fireside, the mother and the teacher ^•ielding a common scepter of instruction. Some people do not realize that our organizations are the result of the most positive laws of Nature, and that our ailments are the result of our own ignorance or folly. The mass of mankind are not aware that our ]>hysical systems are capable of improvement analagous to the mental. No; they generally think and act on the false and ruinous proposition that our diseases, aches, and pains are so woven into the filamentary mechanism of the living citadel as to be beyond the power of either art or science to eradi- cate — a proposition that should never, for a moment, be enter- tained ; for, if wc live right up to the laws of life, we are then within the impregnable ram])arts of j)hysiol()gy, where our ac- quired and ihshionable maladies can not obtain. Within the bulwarks of physiology certain conditions are im- posed upon us, and we must observe them. For example, we require a pure atmosphere, at all times, to vitalize the blood, and thus deprive it of tliose defiling elements acquired by venous blood; and which would otherwise o])erate, as they often do, in oui crowded assemblies and unventilatcd sleeping-rooms, as the germs to excite unnecessary disease. Next, the body should be ke})t erect, po tliat the muscles and organs may acquire and maintain natural action. We require vigorous daily exercise of all the muscles of voluntary motion ; freedom from all compression by dress; apparel that sliall afford needed protection ; a quantity of food and drink, at intervals, that shall furnish materials for the wants of our sys- tems, and that control of feeling which enlightened reason and virtue demand. Our time should be distributed into daily periods of labor, rest, and amusement ; and, above all, we must bear in mind that infirmity wedded to infirmity is a sin against our na- ture — a wanton violation of the law of Nature and of ou"^ existence, to which a fearful penalty is appended, even unto the "third and fourth crenerations." DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. The faithful observance of the physiological laws of Nature re- Bult in health and strength, and promote longevity. Such is the fruit which the tree of knowledge beareth. The non-observanc* of tliese laws of life places us on a par with the poor idiot, whej. sporting with the implements of self-destruction, and fiimish js to as the forbidden fruit. Health depends entirely on the use which we make of the various organs and f^mctions of the body. Health never comes to us or our live stock by virtue of good luck. Nouc are healthy by special Providence or Divine favor. Neither can health be found in the popular nostrums of the day on the proceeds af which quacks grow fat and wealthy, and patients often be- come poverty-stricken, and finally sink into the arms of Death, Id bli&sful ignorance of what brought them there. Much of what ia here ^^ritten is equally true regarding horses and cattle. Many of the^r diseases spring from the same causes which are operative or ihe Laman subject; hence, knowledge of the above descripti<»i if erhat all tntetcbted should seek after. BBM^^dH^BI^g^^^^s ^^^ BBHIJM ^g? HftH'yjfflj 1 ggJBJ^J^gfjjSj^tL,^. ■^JrMfci ^ 1 SECTION XII. LAMENESS FROM VARIOUS CAUSES OVBBa — Elbow Tumor — Capped Hock — Varix, or Boo Spavik — Airopht, on Wabtinq op Muscles — Thorough-pin — Navicular Disease, or Lahenebh — Pleuro-dtnia — Acute Rheumatism — Chronic Rheumatism — Rinq-bone — Splint — Spavin — Osteo Porosis — Curvature of the Spine — Hoof-bound — Lakinitis — Sandcrack — Quarter Crack — Navicular Thritis — Stifle Ooi -Cohtbactiok of thb Hoof — Bowed Legs — Corns — Lamkness. Curbs. CURB consists of sprain of the posterior ligament of the hock, kno^vn as the calcaneo-cuboid ligament. It is thus named in consequence of being inserted into the oscalcis and cuboid bones. The tumefaction is usually confined to the skin and subcellular tissue. At first the part is hot and painful, and the animal is lame— does not flex the hock in a natural manner; yet, when standing still, the horse keeps the lower part of the limb flexed, so as to relieve the overstrained tendon. The liability or predis- position to the disease lurks in breed. Such horses are observ^cd to have ill-shaped hocks. Such have been denominated "cow- hocks." The parts are not symmetrical. There is an obvious disproportion between the width of the parts above and below the hock, which gives it an angular appearance ; and the more angu- larity there is, the more liability is there to sprain, because there id too much tension cm the calcaneo-cuboid ligament. Chrises. — The exciting causes of curb are sprain, occurring in the act of backing a heavy load, or in leaping; in short the per- formance of any feat that violently calls into play the flexor nmscles and tendons of the hind extremities ; hence stallions with feulty hocks, when used for procreation, are very apt to beeomt the P'.ibject of curb. 320 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. ExPlAKATIOir. 1 1. Curbs, or enlargement in the region of the back or posterior part of the hock, an affeo* tion l^nown to veterinarians as sprain ofthe calcaneo-cuboid ligament. 2. Elbow tumor, or enlargement at the point of the elbow. The point of Sie elbow correa. ponds to the olecranon of man. LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES 321 Treatment. — So soon as the injury is discovered, the part should be fomented often with either an infusion of hops or poppy- heads. It is best to apply the infusion cold, and by means of a sponge, the animal being kept at rest during the acute stage. Sometimes, in view of relieving the tension of the sprained liga- ment, it is customary to tack on a high-heeled shoe. This may or may not be necessary, and depends on the severity of the case. After having modified the inflammatory action, the high-heeled ghoe may be dispensed with. Then, in order to get rid of the chronic enlargement, the part must be daily anointed, for a short time, with a portion of the following : No. 45. Powdered iodine. 1 dr. Simple ointment 7 dr. Mix. After a short time, the animal may be put to light work, still making an occasional application of the iodine ointment. Should the parts about the hock degenerate into a hard calloua, fi-iction with cod-liver oil may be employed. Should this fail to nave the desired effect, then make a few applications of the acetate of cantharides, prepared as follows : No. 46. Acetic acid (fluad) 1 o%. Water 6 os. Powdered cautharides 1 dr. Mix. Elbow Tumob. Elbow tumor (see cut on preceding page, fig. 2,) is usually re- cognized as "capped elbow." It sometimes grows to an enor- mous size, and not only becomes unsightly, but seriously interferes with the action of the elbow and its articulation. At first, the part is hot, inflamed, and tender. Soon effusion takes place; then the part is soft and fluctuating ; next, albumen is deposited, and this, finally, is metamorphosed into fibrine, at which stage the tumor is large and dense ; the walls of the skin are also very much thickened ; in fact, when di.ssecting out the tumor, it appears that the skin is in a state of hypertrophy, or morbid growth. How- ever, there is usually a central orifice in the tumor which seema to indicate that the first trouble originated in a bursal sac, from RXtemal injury, either by the calking of the shoe or the tof of the 21 322 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. hind foot; or it may arise from a bruise inflicted in the &ct of lying down on a hard floor. Th-eatment. — In the early stage, and when there is nothing bul fluid in the sac, an opening should be made into the lower part of it, by means of a thumb lancet. After the fluid has been evacu- ated, by pressure, inject into it an astringent, composed of pyro lig- neous acid and water, ecjual parts; and rub the exterior of the tumor, twice daily, with a small quantity of eod-liv^er oil. The cod-liver-oil will act as a glandular stimulant, and thus aid in the absorption of the tumor. A seton, inse»-ted through the tumor, sometimes has a very good effect ? but if the tumor be large and onsightly, the services of a surgeon will be required for its removal, by means of the scalpel. Capped Hock. Capped hock consists of tumefaction, or enlargement at the point of the hock. Occurring, as it does, at a very prominent and exposed part of the limb, it is almost sure to attract notice j hence is not only an eye-sore, but a seric is defect, and, if accom- panied by lameness, the animal may be jironmmced unsound, during the period of lameness. The tumor is the result of enlarge- ment of a synovial sac which lies between the bone and the tendon gastrocnemii. This sac contains synovia, and it is furnished for the purpose of lubricating the parts for the prevention of friction. The skin, also, becomes thickened, or, rather, is in a state of hy- pertrophy (morbid growth), which add largely to the size of the tum^^r. Qiuses. — Capped hock is generally produced by a blow or bruise. It is almost always occasioned by the whifile-tree coming in contact with the parts. The animal may, however, injure the parts in the act of kicking. The parts may alfso be ])ruised in the act of lying down or rising in the stall. Therefore, not knowing any other cause for capped hock, we may safely infer that it is the r^ult of external injury. TVeatrnent. — In the early or inflammatory stage, refrigerating lotions are indicated. Take of No. 47. Sal ammonia , 1 oz. Nitrate of potass 1 oz. Water I pint. LAMENESS, FRO:\I VARIOUS CAUSES. 32& Sponge the part quite often, for a day or two, until the heat and attendant pain subsides; after which the aifection will run on to the chronic stage, and perhaps acquire magnitude ; then the treat- ment must be altered. The object now is to excite absorption. In that view, I recommend the following : No i8. Powdered iodide of potass 2 dr. Yellow basilicon 1-^ oz. Mix. Apply a portion of this ointment to the enlargement, morning and evening. Varix (known AS Bog Spavin). Varix, or " bog spavin," consists of an enlargement on th.e in- side of the hock, corresponding to a disease of the same character in the human subject known as varicose veins. It very rarely produces lameness, and most writers contend that it is nothing more than an eye-sore. Be this as it may, it is a defect, and, in the tye of the law, constitutes unsoundness, simply from the fact that soundness consists in perfection of function and sti'ucture, and, also, because sound horses do not have defects of this character. The enlargement does not generally impair the usefulness of the animal for ordinary work; yet sometimes, in consequence of over- work or sprain, the tumor acquires magnitude. It is always dangerous to attempt to remove varix, or to punc- ture it ; and the only proper method of treatment, in view of lim- iting its growth, for it can not be cured, is to bathe it often with the following astringent lotion : No. 49. Fluid extract of witch-hazel 2 oa. Fluid extract of bayberry bark 4 oz. Proof spirit 1 pint. Mix. Bog spavin is an indication of weak and faulty hocks, imless it can be shown that the animal has been made to labor too early in life, or has performed excessive work beyond his capacity. Then the aifection can be accounted for, and may not owe its origin to eithei fault or defect. 324 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. Ateophy, or Wastixg of Muscles in the Region of THE Shoulder-blade, (known as Sweeny.) Atrophy signifies wasting of muscles, in which diseased parts become notably smaller than those of the natural, without other alteration in texture. The author has had several opportunities of examining horses that have died in consequence of disease or old age, who, during life, were the subjects of what is known as sweeny, and found that the muscles of the shoulder had quite a pale appearance, somewhat resembling those of a calf which had been bled to death. A condensation or wasting of muscular fiber was verv apparent; the cellular membrane under the skin had almost disappeared, merely by condensation and contraction of the skin over the region of the parts, which contraction occurs in con- sequence of shrinkage of the muscles beneath the skin. A FOUNDERED OB DEAD LAME HORSE. (See p. ?3fy.^ Causes. — As regards the cause of atrophy, it is a well-known fact that inaction of a muscle produces a notable decrease in size. The muscles of laboring men decrease in size whenever, from choice or necessity, the individual leads a sedentary life. A limb kept at rest for any length of time undergoes more or less atrophy (wasting). In some cases, the foot diseases, so common, arc of that character as to ca*ise the subjects much pain in progression; LAMENESS, FROM NARIOUS CAUSES. 326 and, in order to relieve the feet, the horse spares the muscles, which, for want of free and full action, leads to diminished nuH^ion .tnd wasting (atrophy). Some of the readers of this work must have noticed the fact of the shrinking of the muscles of the haunch in case of disease or severe lameness of one of the hiud feet. This Bhrinkage often occurs, as in the case of the shoulder, from want of natural action and full play of the muscles concerned. We have ample proof that wasting is the result of want of action, in the fact that when a horse becomes the subject of a painful disease in the hind foot, he neither advances nor rotates the limb any more than he can possibly help, but holds the foot up, sometimes points it. On examination, the atrophy, or wasting, is confined to the muscles which perform these two actions ; and in the case of pain or lameness in one of the fore-feet, the same faulty action is observable, and the same class of muscles (whose action is almost identical with that of the hind parts) are the ones affected. The author deems it of great importance that husbandmen should fully understand this subject ; for it will enable them to perceive that, while inflating horses' shoulders with a quill, or practicing any other absurd treatment in the vicinity of the wasted or sweenied ^lioulder, they are overlooking the real malady (in the foot), and at best are only treating symptoms. On careful examination, however, shoukl it a])pear that the patient is free from any disorder of the foot or feet, and, on the other hand, it la clearly evident that myositis or myalgia (muscular pain) exists, then the treatment must be directed to the affected parts. The facts in either case can only be determined by a competent pructi lioner. The author has often noticed that when horses have been over- driv« J 01- overworked, thoy become stiff and lame in thooe part* of the body most susceptible to the ordinary influences. For example, one horse may perform a long journey, with a weighty man on his back, and the next day show symptoms of lamcnesa in the lumbar region. His back is arched ; the limbs arc brought miQer the center of the body, and eveiy movement indicates that the animal suffers tormenting pains, which are located in the mii^ cles of the back. This is myositis, or inllammation of the muscular fiber. Sometimes, however, tlie malady constitutes myalgia (mus- cniar pain and spasm), unaccompanied by inflammatory actiofi. AjQother horse may be put to a similar kind of work. and. in a 326 DADDS VETKRlNARY MEDICINE AND SURGEF. F. few hours afterward, be found stiff and lume. But the syinptomt are not the same as those just recorded. The pathology is proba- bly identical ; it is the same disease, only it has a different locality. It i« myositis of the pectoral muscles, involving, also, the muscles of the sKoulder-blades. And the intelligent owner of the afflicted anifual will notice that the fore extremities are unnaturally ad- vanced ; the foreparts of the body are unnaturally hot and tender; the P" re-feet are feverish, and the hoofs are hotter still. The ad- vaiijed position of the fore extremities and shoulders gives a very marked hollo wness to the forepart of the chest, and many men, on seeing such a case, would declare that the animal was chest- foundered, this being the name which is sometimes given to such a condition ; but it is really owing to myalgia (muscular pain and stiffness). It is well-known that all muscles are subject to inflammatory action and muscular pain from work disproportionate to their strength. For example, let any man undertake to saw wood, practice with heavy dumb-bells, or ride on a horse — feats that he has never been accustomed to — and, whether the labor be excessive or not, the individual will shortly complain of more or less mus- cular pain ; and if he be a weak man, the more excessive will be that pain. Now, the muscles of the horse, being just as suscepti- ble to pain as those of man, are just as easily operated on through the well-known exciting causes. Symjitoms. — In the case of a horse, when the work has been ex- cessive, and of a character to bring the muscles of the shoulders, their tendons and coverings, into a state of over-exertion, it will often be found that some of the muscular fibers in the region of the shoulder are fractured, small blood-vessels are ruptured, and other pathological changes take place. This is followed by inflamma-tion (myositis) Suppose, therefore, a horse shows symptoms of myo- sitis after excessive work, and, in the course of a few days, it is noticed that the muscles of his shoulders are wasting away, and continue to waste, so that all persons who examine the animal pronounce him sweenied, we may then infer that the wasting (8V.'eeny) is not symptomatic, but is the result of myositis. Treatment. — The principal treatment is rest; afterward diminish the work, and, by proper diet and tonics, increase the power to dc «i. The muscular parts affected should be bathed, morning and evening, with a portion of the following: L.AMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 327 No. 60. Fluid extract of wormwood ) , „ T^, • 1 . , f. )■ each Z 0%. r luid extract oi poppies j Proof spirits 1 pint. Mix. Should the feet prove to be very hot and feverish, frequent bathing with cold water, or a cold infusion of hops, will have a very good effect. In the mean time give the animal two drachma of fluid extract of gelseminnm, once or twice per day, until the feverish symptoms subside. Then, when the case passes into the chronic stage (sweeny), the shoulders and wasted parts are to b« well rubbed, often, with a portion of the following : No. 51. Fluid extract of ginger 4 oz. Gum camphor 1 oz. Olive oil ^ pint. Pulverize the gum ; add it to the oil, in which it will soon dis- solve ; then mix with it the ginger, and the preparation is fit for ose. Should the muscles of the shoulder waste, in consequence of cbronic disease or altered structure about the hoof or within it, Buch as ring-bone, ossification of the lateral cartilages, etc., then a giTong counter-irritant must be applied, for a w^eek or so, around the coronet. At the same time we should treat the shoulder as above. A good counter-irritant for the coronet may be thus pre- pared: No. 52. Cod-liver oil } , Kerosene oil f equal parts. Mix. The great trouble in chronic cases of this character is, that it csually takes a long time to free the animal irom lameness, and to restore the muscles of the shoulder to their original size; and, after all we can do, it may be necessary to let the animal have a run at grass. It will be advisable, in all chronic cases, unless the horse J>e ver}' lame, to insure regular exercise, which will tend to develop the shrunken muscles. The best way to prevent sweeny is to keep the horse in good wndition by a rational use of his muscular powers, being carefui lot to overtax them, and by giving proper attention to bis feet, both in ihe stable and at the blacksmith's shop. 328 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. Thorough-pin. The seat of tliorougli-pin is between the popliteous (fig. 2) and the point of the hock, near where the tendon is severed, as shown in the accompanying engraving. The disease is called thorough- pin, simply because the fluid contained in the bursal sac can be squeezed from one side to the other. TIEW OF SOME OF THE DEEP-SEATED MUSCLES IN THE BEOION OF THE HOCK AUB STir*I. Explanation.— 1, Popliteous; 2, Flexor pedis accessorius ; 3, Flexor metatarsi magnufl; 4, The tendon, common both to the flexor metatarsi and extensor pedis ; 5. The groove ■"■n which the extensor plays. Symj^toms. — The disease is similar to bog spavin and wind -galls; namely, enlargement of a synovial sac. It seldom if ever lames a horse, yet, when large, is apt to interfere with the free action of the joint. In former years it was customary to open thorough-pins by means of a lancet, in view of evacuating the fluid ; but many fatal tAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 329 cases having occurred, the practice is now discontinued. Among the many fatal cases recorded I select the following, which has been recorded in the " Veterinarian," by W. A. Wheatley, V. S. ; "The subject was a five-year old cart-horse, the property of the South-eastern Railway Company, admitted on the 1st of SeT>tem- ber, 1 S55, with an immense thorough-pin on the off hock. The animal being then in a very high condition, a support shoe was placed on the foot of the diseased limb, and the frequent applica- tion of cold water to the diseased parts resorted to, the diet being restricted to mashes. October 6. — The horse was considered in a fit state for the op- eration. Accordingly, I had the animal secured by a side line, and first punctured the enlargement with the exploring-needle, in four different places; but, as the imprisoned fluid did not escape so readily as I expected, I determined upon opening the part with the lancet, which being done, the fluid escaped to the amount of a small tea-cupful. It was of a thin consistence, and of a pale straw color. I then applied bandages dipped in cold water, and kept the hock constantly wet. October 7. — The swelling had very slightly returned. I gave some aperient medicine, and continued the bandages with cold water, and applied a suitable truss to the hock. I need not give a report of the case from day to day. SuflSoe it to say that the cold water and the truss were continued in use, and the animal never manifested the least inconvenience from the operation. November 21. — He was considered cured, not the least appear- ance of the enlargement being left. November 29. — On this day the horse was attacked with abdom- inal obstruction, and, despite ail our remedial measures, consisting of active purgatives, as solution of aloes, calomel, oleum lini et crotoni. with the frequent use of medicated euemata, counter- irritants, etc., he continued to grow worse till the 1st of December, when death took place. This was the fourth attack of this kind that the animal had experienced while under treatment for the dis- eased hock." The danger to be apprehended in cases where an opening is made by the lancet arises from the liability to synovitis, (inflamma- tion of the synovial membrane,) which reacts sympathetica ly OD M'e 8y«;tem, producing derangement of some of the organs oj *-^**»- 330 DADUS VETERl.\AKY MEDICINE AND SURGEHY. tions of the body. Therefore 1 consider it injudicious to lay opec a synovial ca})sule in any part of the body. Treatment. — Tlic safest method of treatment is to puncture the eac, by means of small needles. After having evacuated the fluid through the sieve-like needle-holes, the part is to be smeared with ointment of iodine — one drachm of iodine to seven drachms of eimplo ointment. Then api)ly a spring truss, so constructed as to press on both sides of the hock. By this means the internal paris of the sac are kept in contact, and they finally unite. Thus the enlargement is obliterated. If, at any time during the treatment, the parts become hot or tender, discontinue the ointment, and sub- stitute a pad on each extremity of the truss, which are to be kept constantly wet with cold water until the inflammatory action dis- appears. Navicular Lameness Navicular lameness is of very frequent occurrencp among horses. It usually depends upon strain or injury of the tendon, known as perforans, just where it passes over the navicular bone. Some- times the navicular bone becomes diseased, ulcerates, and finally becomes fractured ; at other times the bone becomes the seat of incrustations, or roughing, and thus irritates the flexor tendoL, Such affections always cause pain and lameness. Horses with nar- row heels, or those laboring under contraction at the quarters and heels, suffer much pain in the j)Osterior or navicular region, in con- sequence of hoof pressure on tlie sensitive parts of the foot. A disease known as navicular thritis (inflammation of the parts in the navicular region) often prevails. This is an inflammatory affection, very painful, and much resembles larainitis) fever in the foot). Symptoms. — Pointing of the affected foot; the animal, while standing, throws the affected foot forward, by which means the weight of the forepart of the body is transferred to the other limb; the animal has a short, trij>ping gait, and steps cautiously; thfc muscles of the slioulder waste; the s])iiie of the shoulder-blade be- comes quite prominent; and this condition of the muscles is otTen called sweenv. We usually find, also, that the heels are pinched in, and the walls are thin and weak. The liability to navicular lameness is very great in horses with narrow chests, unrig ht pas- Icrns, and outturned toes. Other defects in the loins exist. Henot LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 331 It is supposed that a predisposition to this affection may lurk in the breed; in fact, it is known that a tendency to it exists in the progeny of certiiiu horses. It is related that the progeny of " Young ^Musician," a thorough-bred horse, all showed a tendency to navicular disease. Treatment. — We lirst ascertain whether the difficulty i, of an «cuearauce 7 ;ry suddenly, and the part feels hot and painful, then we dasa It as the acute stage. Should the trouble, however, be of long standing, it will be in the chronic stage. In the acute stage, cold water bandages must be applied to the region of the fetlock, which should be kept wet with water, to which may be added a little vinegar, merely to acidulate the former; the patient should be kept at rest, and fed on a light diet. In the chronic stage, coun- ter-irritants are Indicated, yet organic disease may be the result; in that event, the horse has always a sort of groggy walk, and is never sound. Neurotomy has been practiced in view of treating this affection^ jut I can not perceive how such an operation can benefit a hors« naving an organic difficulty. Neurotomy merely destroys, for a short time, the sensibility of certain parts of the toot; but so soon as the divided nerve reunites, sensibility is again restored. There may, however, occur some form of lameness which might be bene- fited by neurotomy, but I think the same thing might be achieved by counter-irritation, and without the use of the knife. The coun- ter-irritant I liave found most useful is as follows : No. 53. Cod-liver oil 2 oz. Koroseue 3 oz. Caiitharides <■ 1 dr. ^»ix. Apply a portion of the above to the navicular region, between the heels and fetlock, on the back parr, once or twice daily, uutU the part is well blistered, which will take place at the end of a week. The more thorough the blistering, the more chance is iher? of doing good. No after-dressing ncjcd be ai)plled, unK'ss the parts become very sore; in that event, I should lubricate with olive oil. It will be necessary, in chronic cases, to secure the services of n guud blacksmith, so that the animal may have a shoe affixed properly adajited to the necessities of the cas*^. If any signs of a,*j2 UAUDS VETERINAiVi MEDICINE AND SUKGt-KY. contraction exist, the heels are to be opened, and the walls at thi quarters must be rasped thin, so as to remove the lateral pressure on the sensitive parts. It may be necessary, in the event of the patient not being bene- fited by the above treatment, to reapply the counter-irritant ; thia matter is left discretionary with those who take the case in hand. In the treatment of such cases, the owner of the af&icted animal must be prepared to exercise due patience, for the day of recovery may be far distant ; often it is a mere question of time, and not one of skill. Pletteodynia (Painful affeotion of the Pleura and Muscles of the Chest). Pleurodynia (in human practice) signifies pain in the side, from a rheumatic affection of the pleura. In horses the malady not only affects the pleura, but also the intercostal muscles. It is a very painful malady, and some persons are in the habit of calling it "founder." Pleurodynia, however, differs in its origin from tbunder, inasmuch as the latter may arise from various ca'i^ea, whereas pleurodynia is almost always the result of an excessive use of the muscular powers, or when the animal has been sub- jected to long-continued and very severe exertion. Symptovis. — It will be noticed that the animal moves in a very stiff manner; steps short and quite slow— he appears about used up, as the saying is; the back is arched, and the skin is over the service of the bedy, and is not only hot but very tender ; on mak- ing pressure over the regions of the sides of the chest, symptoms of pnin will be elicited, showing conclusively that the intercostal nmscles between tlie ribs and pleura, or lining membrane of the cavity of the chest, are involved ; the respirations are ?hort and jerking, and the number of pulsations range from forty to sixty per minute. Both fore-feet are usually advanced, and, on apply- ing a hand to them, it will be found that they are unusually hot, And that they are inflamed ; the appetite is net good; the urine is high-colored, and the bowels constipated. Such are the most observable and common symptoms of this painful malady. It ia aomething like rheumatism in its pathology, and often migrates to the brain, or its investing membranes. When this happens th^re remains but little hope for the patient. LAMENESS FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 333 Treaimmt. — In view of illustrating the treatment, I introduce tlie following case : The animal had been hired of Mr. P , of Chicago, by a person who appeared to have but very little respect or compassion for horse-flesh ; for on the return of the animal to the stable, he showed unmistakable evidences of shameful abuse. He was completely jaded, and could scarcely stand on his feet. He received proper care and attention during the night, and next morning I visited him. On making a careful examination, I found most of the above symptoms present. It seemed, however, that his feet were more affected than other parts of the body, and it was impossible to get him to move. I had his feet bathed constantly with cold water, and his joints, back, and sides were rubbed with a liniment composed of equal parts of cod-liver oil and spirits of camphor. The medicine administered was one ounce of powdered niter, night and morning, for three days. The pulse had decreased to thirty-six per minute, and the respirations were more tranquil ; so I discontinued the niter, and commenced an alterative plan of treatment, by giving one ounce of fluid ex- tract of stillingia, night and morning, at the same time continuing the local applications until they were no longer needed. One ounce of fluid extract of buchu was occasionally given, in view of exciting the kidneys to action, and this is all the medicine the patient received until convalescence was established, when he was placed under tonic treatment. The tonic used was one ounce and a half of fluid extract of golden seal, daily. The treatment occu- pied a period of two weeks, during which time the animal stood but little on his limbs, seldom rising except to partake of food, which consisted of bran and water, a few oats, and small quan- tities of hay. So soon as the patient had regained some strength, he was led to pasture, where he soon got well. It appears that in the treatment of a disease of this character, light diet, a few simple medicines, and good nursing are all that are indicated. Acute Rheumatism, (Cali^ed "Chest Foundkr" and " Watf.k Founper."^ Tbe faithful servant of man, the horse, does not enjoy im- munity from this distressing disease. The same causes which operate on the system of man to develop a disease of tliis char- acter are, with unerring certainty, operative on the inferior creature. Rheumntism is mostly confined to the fibrous tex- ^4 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICLNE AND SURGEfiY. tures, or faschia of muscles, and the inter-articular cartilages of the joints, and, finally, the articulating surfaces of the bones be- come involved. The disease is always characterized by g^rea pain, and sometimes swelling in the re- gion of joint. It is accompanied by a quick and wiry pulse, and by other symp- toms, denominated febrile. It occurs among men and horses at all seasons of the year, yet at the period of sud- den transitions from heat to cold it is most prevalent. Animals when heated by exercise, and then sufl'ered to "cool off," without ordinary care, are very apt to become the subjects of this malady, so that prevention, to a certain extent, ia within our power, and, in the exercise of preventive measures, we may, n com- mon parlance, "stave off," for a time, this disease, although it may be latent in the system as an hereditary affection. Mr. F. Dun, who is good authority on the subject, says : "Rheumatism is neither so common, nor are its symptoms so well marked, in horses as in cattle. When, however, it does occur in the horse, it manifests the same well-known appearances which characterize it in all animals. It affects the fibrous tissues of joints, the coverings of muscles, tendons, valves about the heart, and larger vessels, and manifests a peculiar tendency to shift from one part of the body to another, often affecting, in succession, all the larger joints — at one time chiefly in the neck, at another, in the back and loins, while, in many of its more acute attacks, it appears to involve almost every portion of fibrous and fibro-serou& tissues throughout the body. In all its varied types it exhibits a full, strong, hard, and unyielding pulse, caused by the inflamma- tion involving the serous and fibro-serous tissues of the heart and circulating vessels. During its existence, various excrementitious matters accumulate in the blood, and the fibrinous constituents of the same exceed their normal proportions, as indicated by the production of the bufiy coat on the blood. In severe or badly- treated rases, the inflammation ig very apt to be ^^ransformed from AiniBRAL SrCSCLES AND TENDONS or THE OFF-HIND LEO. LAMENESS, FROM VaRIuLS CAUSES. ^S5 the joints and muscles to the heart, and its investing ineiuliranes, and it is the danger of this change in the seat of the disease that renders rlieumatism so formidable, and often so fatal. It always leaves the parts affected so altered as to be extremely predisposed to subsequent attacks, and it is more than probable that this altered condition is reproduced in the progenies of rheumatic subjacts, and constitutes in them the inherent tendency to the disease. Horses sometimes suffer frona rheumatic iuflammaticn in the fibrous sheathing envelopes of ihe muscles of the neck, constitut- ing what is popularly known as the chords. When thus affected, the animal is very stifi', remains as much as possible in one posi- tion, and is unwilling to bend his neck either one way or the other, or to elevate or depress his head. There is always more or less fever, with a strong, full pulse. Sometimes, as in lumbago, in the human subject, it affects the muscles of the back and loins, caus- ing stiffness, tenderness, and pain, which are especially evinced on movinoj or turuino; the animal. These rheumatic affections are very readily produced in predisposed subjects by exposure to rain and cold, especially when accompanied by overheating or exhaus- tion. Rheumatism sometimes occurs in horses as a prominent symp tom of that epizootic affection which usually receives the much- abused title of influenza. In such cases the rheumatism is of a somewhat more subacute or chronic character than common, and is accompanied by that low, debilitating fever so often the con- comitant of epizootic maladies. It usually affects all parts of the body susceptible of the rheumatic inflammation, is attended par- ticularly by those symptoms which indicate disease of the heart and pericardium, as an intermittent pulse, etc., and often termi- nates fatally by effusions into the pleura or pericardiuaii, thua causing death by arresting the motions of the heart." Treatment, — In the treatment of rheumatism simulating an in- flammatory type, our first objec t 'is to produce a sedative effept on the heart and its vessels of circulation. With this oljcct in view, we administer one or two drachms of fluid extract of gelseminum every four hours, until the pulse becomes softer. In the mean time a few doses of nitrate of potass* should be given in the water •NiTBATE OP POTASSA. — In a case of synovi'il rheumatism this remedy vM fivon by a Boston physician, in a sinorle -lose of one ounce, dissolved in a pin* 336 DADUS VKTEKLNARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY which the animal (h'inks, at the rate of one ounce per day, divided mto doses in proportion to the number of times the patient in watered. So soon as the animal evinces signs of improvement, the above treatment is to be discontinued ; then give six drachma per day of fluid extract of prince's i)ine. The joints which seem to be aifected are to be bathed occasionally with camphorated vinegar, in the proportion of one ounce of camphor to eight ounca ^^fluid) of vinegar Chronic Rheumatism Chronic rheumatism is usually the sequel of the acute kind. It is generally obstinate and lingering, and prone to recur. Unlike the acute kind, pain is alleviated by counter-irritation and exer- cise ; and when the p-'tient gets warmed up, as the saying is, he either forgets his pains .«r becomes relieved. Bathing with warm vinegar has a good effect in the treatment of this disease, but 1 have found the following liniment useful in almost all the easei that have come under my care : No. 54. Oil of cedar 2 oz. Sulphuric ether 1 oz. Proof spirit 1 pint. First, mix together the oil of cedar and sulphuric ether; then add the prc^f spirit, and, after shaking it awhile, it is fit for use. Give the animal one fluid drachm of the fluid extract of colchi- cum-root, night and morning, for tLree days; after which give, daily, twenty-five grains of the iodide of potass, dissolved in half a gill of water. Should the animal show any signs of debility oi loss of flesh, tonics, stimulants, and nutritious diet are indicatcxi and a half of barley-water. This was followed by one grain of opium. In fif- teen hours the pulse was found reduced, and the pain absolutely gone; and in ii few days the tongue was clean, and the swelling entirely abated. The remedy eaused neither emesis nor catharsis, but passed off by the kidneys. In another e&se of acute synovial attack, following chronic rheumatism, the same dose w«J prescribed without any good efTect, causing active catharsis. Again, half an ounce of nitrate of potassa, largely diluted, was given every two to four hours, 9ntil the patieni took three ounces in eighteen hours, with two doses of opium of one grain each, with entire relief to the pain and fever. When the pots-ab was reduced to drachm doses, nausea ai d vomiting followed, which were relieved by Tesication with aqua ammonia, the blister being sprinkled with half a grain of morphine. The patient recovered. Another pliysician had used th? remedj U th« extent of half an ounce in twenty-four hours, for three successive daya- JuAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSiiS. 337 Tke authorities teach us, and my own experience has confirmed the fact, that iodide of potass is a valuable agent in the treatment of chronic rheumatism. It is most sure to act beneficially when the periosteum (fibrous covering of the bones) is affected. There ifl no doubt that chronic rheumatism often cripples the joints by producing disease of the bones in the region of their articulations. This makes a poor horse dead lame, and renders him almost useless. When the bones become ulcerated or carious there remains but little hope of cure. RiNG-BOIfE. Ring-bone is a form of disease the pathology of which is similar to that of spavin and splent. It is located just above the coronet or crown of the hoof. The enlargement is called exostosis (a mor- bid enlargement of bone), and when the large pastern becomes united to the smaller one, the case is called anchylosis (jjermanent rigidity of the joint). The term ring-bone is far behind the times as regards our pres- ent knowledge of nosology (the doctrine of the names of diseases) j yet, to the unprofessional, it is suggestive, and, therefore, we ar« compelled to retain a came which all can interpret. It signifies a complete or partial eminence around pastern bones. The ring is formed by incrustations, or osseous deposits in the pastern, or involving the joint, as the case may be ; yet, in order to make out a pure case of ring-bone, that comes strictly within the meaning of the term as horsemen interpret it, there must exist a complete ridge of bone around the anterior part, extending from side to side, A pure case of ring-bone generally originates on the surface of the bone, on or beneath the periosteum. Commencing at the lower margin of pastern and upper part of the coronet bone, the disease spreads, involving both capsular ligament and joint. The remote cause of ring-bone lies in hereditary idiosyncrasies, transmitted through the sexual congress. The disease itself is sometimas di- rectly transmitted. I once bought an unweaned colt, and brought it up by hand. A short time after purchase, I observed enlarge- ments on tlie hind pasterns. He ultimately turned out to be a ring -boned animal, and had stiff joints. I found out afterward that the mother had large ring-bones on both hind pasterns. TLi disease was, therefore, congenital. Mr. Percivall, whose o{)inion on such luatters is unquestion 22 3rance of contraction, the heels of the hoof must be well opened, and the walls of the hoof, near the heels, must be raspe^i thin, so as not only to favor the expansibility of the foot, but also with a view to relievo the navicular region of any undue pres» TOTC LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 343 SirFLE Out (Dislocation ob Luxation op trv p?tifli, Bone). The patella of the horse, or stifle bone, as it is familiarly known, corresponds to the knee-pan of man, and answers the same pur- fxyje ; that is, to facilitate motion, and protect the two extremitiea cif the bones which compose the stifle-joint. It is retained in situ at the anterior part of the inferior extremity of the thigh bone and superior extremity of the tibia. A I. accident of this character is generally accompanied with con niderable pain and uneasiness ; but the most notable symptom is, the bone is thrown ofi" its pulley-like articulatory surface,*and thus tlie recti and vasti muscles (the latter being direct extensors of the leg or thigh, and the action of the former being similar) are, for the time being, paralyzed ; that is to say, their action is suspended. If they act at all, it is under great disadvantage, and at the expense of their muscular integrity. The liability to luxation of the stifle bone (patella) is not so great as some persons would have us be- lieve. The bone is secured in its position by a number of strong ligam^'nts — has a complete articulatory joint of its own, whose capsular ligaments have strong attachments to surround them. The muscles, tensor vaginse, rectus, vasti faschia, panniculus carnosus, subcellular substance and integument, all operate favorably against the chances of luxation. The accident, however, does sometimes occur — not, perhaps, from any disarrangement of the mechanical order of the parts by violence, such as might be operative in dis- location of the thigh or arm bones, but often from spasm, cramp, etc., of certain muscles in the immediate vicinity of the parts. " I think his stifle is out," is a very common complaint made by horse-owners when a horse becomes lame, and the " neighbors" can not discover the exact location of the same. They hastily conclude, if the lameness is in the hind extremity, that the " stifle is out " (luxated). Here is a case in point. I received a message some time ago, to visit a horse said to have " his stifle out." On making examination of the foot on the lame side, I found it much hotter tlian its fellow on the opposite side. The owner, at the moment, remarked that there was " no trouble in tlie foot." Pie, however, was nietaken ; for I found that a nail hud entered the joeterior part of the cleA of tie frog, which I extracted, and this was the sole cause of lameness. I a'-.ght relate a number of mis' 344 DaDD'8 veterinary MEDICINE AND SURGERt. takes of this kind, all going to show how very apt people are t% be deceived regarding the seat of lameness in horses. In short, judging from my own experience, and the testimony offered by other professional men, it may be confidently asserted that luxation of the ])atella is quite a rare accident. These remarks are intended for the instruction of the non-professional reader. Persons con- versant with the anatomy of the horse are not expected to make such a mistake as the one just alluded to; hence they do not stand in need of the author's advice. Method of reducing dislocation of the patella. — The means of re- duction are very simple. The patella will be found on the lower and outet condyle of the thigh bone. With one hand let the operator grasp the leg, just below the hock, and raise it from the ground in an upward and forward direction ; the other hand em- braces the stifle bone, and by a simultaneous action of |7ressing thfi latter inward, and the bones that compose the joint backward, th« reduction is soon effected. The bone, in returning to its natural situation, emits a sound such as usually follows that of a dislocated bone just at the moment when slipping into the socket. A recent dislocation, when reduced, needs no after-treatment, except th't occasional application of an astringent and a couple of days' rest ; but, should the bone have remained unreduced foi many hours, we may infer that the muscles and ligaments have been stretched or distended too long in one direction, and that, on reduction, the fibers of the muscles concerned may not immediati:ly contract; hence the bone is apt to slip off its articulatory surface again. To guard against this mishap, a man must be stationed beside the horse. He must keep his hand on the bone, and by pressure, when the horse moves, retain it in its proper place. At the same time, the part i.' to be bathed with some astringent. An infusion of white-oak bs'.rk will answer; or, failing to obtain this article, apply alum-water, in the proportion of two ounces of alura to on* a'mrt of water. Contraction of the Hoop. Contraction of the hoof is so easily recognized by persons accii»» U»med to handle horses, that very little needs to be written on that subject. A contracted foot "speaks for itself," as the sa\ing is. The neeb are^ approximated too closely, and this mars the beauty 1.AMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES 34ft and fcrm of the foot. Contraction is almost al";vays, in its first gtage, accompanied by lameness. Faulty shoeing is said to have considerable to do in the production of contracted feet; yet there are plenty of horses, having strong, thick, walled hoofs, very wide at the heels, often shod in the worst possible manner, and their heels never contract. It is certain, therefore, that a predisposition to contraction lurks in some breeds of horses, which is shown by their having weak quarters and a thin, shelly hoof. A contracted hoof, which is very thin at the heels, may not occasion lameness, because it is more elastic than the thick, walled hoof, and gives to the lateral pressure of the foot when it comes to the ground. Percivall contends that "shoeing must be regarded as the main cause, indirect though it be, of contraction ; and to the modifi- cation or correction of it must we look for the prophylactic. Shoe- ing, as it respects horses, has been said to be ' a necessary evil.* Without shoes, upon our artificial roads, we can not make use of horses ; and no shoes have been found to answer save such as are hard and inflexible or metallic, and as are fixed to the hoofe with nails. Here, therefore, we find ourselves in an awkward dilemma. We can not do without horseshoes ; and from the moment we nail them to the hoofs, the feet begin to undergo more or less alteration in form, and, in too many instances, to experience harm from their application. The art of shoeing has given rise to a wonderful deal of difference of opinion and controversy, some thinking one shape of shoe answered best, some another ; while some prefer one mode of nailing it upon the hoof, others a different one. As far as my own experience has served as a guide to me through this labyrinth of opinion, I have ever found that method of shoeing the j^refera- ble one which approached the nearest to Nature, or, in other words, which interfered the least with the economy of the foot. If we could do without them, horseshoes would, undoubtedly, be best abolished altogether; but, since this is impracticable, let us adopt such shoes and modes of attaching them to the hoofs as are found to work the least mischief to the feet. On tliis principle it is that a half shoe is to be preferred to a whole shoe, and for the same reason it is that tips, of all the horseshoes that were ever invented, are the best ; that is, the least objectionable. If those in the pro- fession would come forward and inform us of their experience (if they have had any) of tip-slioeing, I believe it would uni- formly be found that, whatever objection might be urijed against Ii46 DADD'S VETERINARY INIEDTCTNE AND SURGERY. the lise of tips, no one would deny their tendency the least to interfere with the operations of the foot. If there be any horse- shoe calcuhited to prevent contraction, and navicularthritis as well, I feel no hesitation myself in pronouncing that horseshoe to he the tip. In saying so much, I am fully aware that tip-shoeing can not be introduced into general practice for reason of the roads horses have to travel and work upon, and of the numbers of horse* having hoofs of too weak and brittle a fiber to stand work without chipping and breaking and wearing too rapidly away. On horses, however, whose hoofs are strong and hard enough, and whose work is light enough to admit of their wearing tips for any length of time, or in situations where the roads or parts of the country they have to do their work upon enable them to wear tips con- stantly, no wholly-shod horses' feet will ever bear a comparison with theirs. Pressure to the frog. — Coleman's favorite prophylactic again»rt contraction (considering shoeing to be an indispensable evil) must certainly be regarded as next in importance, as a preventive, to getting quit of the shoe itself, or of part of it. The frog being a body which in action operates in the expansion of the hoof, the removal of it, or even the impairment of it, must, necessarily, give facility to contraction. It therefore behooves us, in ordinary shoe- ing, to look well to the preservation of the integrity of this im- portant part of the foot. The cutting away of the bars in shoeing, through robbing th« hoof of a couple of stays operating against the closure of its heels, conduces to its contraction. Nature gave the bars as a sort of buttress against either heel of the hoof, to oppose its drawing in- ward, while the frog, placed between the heels, is operating in forcing them asunder; consequently, if the bars be removed, the expansive or counteractive powers of the hoof lose an agent they can, in many cases, ill afford to be deprived of. The contracting effects of heat and drought on the hoof may \m guarded against by keeping the horse's stall free from ferm^ut- able litter, while the atmosphere of the stable is maintained cool end unpolluted. The practice, also, of stopping horses' feet (or, what I believe to be better, of wearing swabs in the stable) will likewise tend to guard against the contracting effects of these agents. We now come to the TVeatment of contracted feet. — The first thing to determine, when* LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 347 rver a case «.f contraction is submitted to us for treatment, will bfl whether it be one of the pure or mixed description. If the former, the horse not therefore lame, and his feet be submitted to our in- spection simply from the apprehension of his becoming lame, and the contraction be on this account desired to be removed, the simple and best means of doing so will be to subetitute tips for the horse's ordinary shoes, and to order that he stand with his contracted feet in cold water (or, what is better, in a bed of clay) for a couple of hours, once or twice a day, he being allowed to lie down, as usual, at night. By such a simple plan of treatment as this will his hoofs, giving sufficiency of time for Nature to carry out her operations^ become restored to their pristine condition." ' ' The author's method of treating contraction is, to soften the hoof by soaking it often in warm water ; then open the heels by means of the drav/ ing-knife ; rasp the quarters of the hoof; then pare the foot, but do not touch the bars nor frog ; then put on a light shoe, and use the animal, daily, at light work. It will be proper, also, to anoint the hoof, frog, and sole occasionally with a portion of fish oil and spirits of turpentine, equal parts. This will soon soften the hoof, and render it elastic. Hoof-bound, This term is usually applied to hoofe that appear to be dry, brittle, unyielding, and having the appearance of more or less contraction at the heels. The hoof, under such circumstances, " pinches the foot," as the saying is, or, rather, embraces the soft tissues too closely. The consequence is, pain, fever, lameness, and perhaps, finally, organic disease of the foot. The condition of the foot termed hoof-bound usually occurs in horses laboring under some predisposition to the same ; that is to say, they have faulty feet, which fault may be either functional or structural, and thus the foot may be affected accordingly whenever the ordinar}'' causes of disease are in operation. Causes. — The ordinary or exciting causes of diseases of the feet are said to be faulty shoeing; allowing horses to stand on plank fioors, or in any situation which is likely to pervert the function of the foot ; sometimes the feet are very much neglected, and scarcely, if ever, make the acquaintance of sponge and water, an<' it is very certain that uncleanlinrss has a bad effect upon the feet 348 bAl>,S VKTERINARV MEDICINE AND SURGERY. as it is known to have on other parts of the body. "No prlnoi ever died of the phigue," shows that the ablutions daily practiced by persons of refinement, occupying an exalted position in society, operate as a preventive against even a mortal malady. Yet, not- withstanding all this, it is proper for us to remark that some horses are occasionally the subjects of foot maladies, notwithstanding the very best system of shoeing is practiced on them ; and others, that never stood on a plank floor or inclined plane, are in the same pre- dicament; so, also, are some that have their feet washed often This goes to show that if animals under the very best care and management get hoof-bound, or contracted feet, it is due to a pre- disposition which they have either inherited or acquired, and, as the old saying is, they would not enjoy bodily health unless they were hoof-bound. It is very evident that many diseases of the feet are traceable to bad shoeing. Some persons seem to suppose that the foot of a horse is as insensible as stone; and, when we see the blacksmith wrenching off shoes by main force, often fracturing the hoof or breaking off a portion of the bars, frog, and sole, with as little care as a man would rough-trim a log, and afterward applying a red-hot shoe to the thinned sole, we might be led to infer that the foot is really insensible. The Hon. Marshall P. Wilder thus denounces such bad practice : " I know of no greater evidence of inhumanity to that noble animal the horse, than the almost universal custom of paring down the foot and burning on the shoe. It has ever, to my mind, been among the barbarisms of the age, which I trust will be no longer countenanced by civilized society ; and I sympathize with the efforts of every one engaged in correcting such dangerous prac- tices." Tlie practice, also, of using a pair of pinchers on the feet, in view of discovering some real or supposed lameness, is equally barbarous, and often results in bruises of the sole, and should, therefore, be discountenanced. Treatment. — The blacksmith should so prepare the foot and fit the shoe that the frog may be brought in contact with the ground over which the horse travels. This not only prevents undue con- cussion, which would otherwise occur, but tends, also, to expand the heels, and preserve the natural tread and function of the foot. Having prepared the foot in a proper manner, we then, if the sea- LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. SA\t ton of the year permits, apply cold water to the hoofs, often and freely. At night the feet are to be wiped perfectly dry, and, by means of a sponge, a portion of the following mixture must be rubbed on : Kerosene oil and honey, equal parts ; or neats-f(X)t oil and turpentine, equal parts. Notwithstanding the very best treatment, the restoration of the foot to comparative or natural soundness will be a work of time, and sometimes, in bad cases, or one of long standing, an impossibility ; yet the above treatment is the best we are acquainted with. Some persons prefer to use moistened clay, cow-d'mg, etc., but they are of no value, only in consequence of the r.>oisture they contain, and clean water is far preferable. The Mechanism of the Hoof. — A brief exposition of the mechan- ism of the hoof may possibly interest the reader. The external covering of the foot may be divided into four parts ; namely, the wall, bars, sole, and frog. The external portion, or wall, serves to defend the sensitive tissues within. The wall, or hoof, is composed of small filaments, or hollow tubes, consolidated in such a manner a-- to preserve their canals distinct. These canals constitute the ex- cremcntitious outlets of the hoof, from which morbid materials find an outlet, and in these canals are found the vessels by which horn w secreted or produced. The small vessels arising from the vas- cular and nervous tissues of the foot proper enter, also, into these canals. The bars are a continuation of the external portion just described. They form an angle at the heels, which terminates to- ward the toe. They thus serve to give strength and durability to the hoof, and also to prevent rontraction at the heels. When these bars are cut away or demolished by means of the butteris, then the foot often goes to " rack and ruin." The sole is much more elastic than the crust, and is a medium of the sensitive fac- ult}', through whirh, together with its powers of electricity, the percussion of the foot against the ground is regulated. The frog VB much more elastic than either of the parts just Jescribed. Any unnecessary paring of the same is a monstrous evil. On the internal portion of the above-named parts we find a beautiful set of leaves (laminse), resembling those found in the under surface of a mushroom. Their number is said to be five hundred. These articulate with a like number given off from the sensitive tissues of the foot proper, each laminse hav.ng two sides tnd an edge, from a series of articulations, numberiiig three thou- 360 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICI-NE AND SURGER-J sand. The whole "urface of these articulations measures foul square feet; hence, the horse having four ftet, his body rests on sixteen square feet of surface, all contained within his hoofs. Tlte reader will probably realize that a knowledge of the ana* omy and physiology of the foot is absolutely necessary, in order to practice, with any degree of succe&s, the art of shoeing. Ho\» is this knowledge to be obtained? Can it be iurnished at the forge, in the blacksmith shop? Can such a complicated pieoe of mechanism be thoroughly understood by the craftsmen of the forge, who have never made the subject one of scientific inquiry? Let it not be understood that I am in a fault-fin iing mood. The fact is, the husbandmen of this country have failed to put their shoulders to the wheel for the purpose of establishing and endowing veterinary schools in this country, and if blacksmithr and " vets " do not understand the anatomy of horses feet, the for mer, who have vast interests at stake, must come in for a share of the blame. On the other hand, we are disposed to be charitable toward blacksmiths ; and, taking into consideration the unyielding nature of our paved streets, and the rough ground over which «>me poor animals are forced to travel, the wonder is, that theli Ibet are not oftener diseased. Laminitis (" Fevee in the Feet," or "Feet Founder"). Larainitis, or fever in the feet, is an acute affection, confined to the sensitive tissues within the hoof. It is one of the most pain ■ ful maladies to which the horse is subject. Symptoms. — It manifests itself, very frequently, after a long drive or race. The horse may be put into the stable at night all right. In the morning he is observed to be all in a heap, as the saying is — his flesh quivering, pulse very active, respirations quick and jerking ; the flanks are tucked up, the back is roached, and the fore-feet are sent forward, so that the animal treads on his heels ; and, when compelled to move, he endeavors to throw the weight of his body on the hind legs. He is thirsty and feverish, but has no appetite. All appearances about him indicate that he suffers great pain. When a hand is placed upon the fore-feet, they feel unnaturally hot. Such are the most prominent symptoms o( \aminitis, or fever in the feet. LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 351 Treatment. — The principal objects to be accomplished are, to keep the feet cool by frequent sponging with cold water ; next, the bowels must be kept loose my means of bran-mashes, or, if neces- sary, a dose of Glauber salts — dose, twelve ounces, dissolved in a pint of warm water, to which add half a gill of syrup — and an occasional enema of soap-suds, and also a few doses of fluid extract of gelseminum, say two drachms night and morning. This is the kind of treatment that the author has found most successful dur- ing a long period of practice. EXTREMITY OF ONE OF THE FORD LIMBS. fapVurATioK.— a, ThA region of the coronet; 6, The sensitive laminse; c, The point of the toe , d, The quarters ; e. The heel ; /, The sole ; g. The solar border. Many who treat such diseases are apt to do too much. Youatt, and several other writers, recommend repeated bleedings, blisters, and purges, and even tell us to bleed in the chronic stage. This is all wrong, and such outrageous treatment is almost sure to end in suppuration, founder, or ruin. (See article on Inflammation,) The patient must be kept at rest, and, if he should lie down, must not be disturbed. I never remove the shoes, because the patient is in so much pain that he can not stand on the frog or sole, and the shoes are a protection to the frog. ' s62 dadd's veterinary medicine and surgery. Sand-crack. " The name of sand-crack seems of questionable application. It ifl, evidently, a compound of the word sand and crack, as though it denoted a crack with sand in it, or a crack occurring in a sandy cjountry, or in a dry, sandy season, which several derivations have \)een ascribed to the term. May not the word sand admit of res- olution iato its primitive signification, and mean in this, as in other ins'^ances, a sundered crack? A sand-crack may be defined to be a Icngitudiual division in the fibers of the wall of the hoof, amounting to a flaw simply, or else to a cleft or fissure through the subst'iuce of the b-orn. The direction of the crack is slanting, from above downward, and from behind forward, following the course of the fibers of the noof. A sand-crack in the side of the wall slants more than one in front, owing to the greater obliquity of the course of the horny fibers, as we proceed from the toe to the heel of the foot. There are two kinds of sand-crack, quarter sand-crack and toe sand-crack, the former occurring in the fore, the latter in the hind foot. At least this is generally the case. It is rare to find the reverse, though there are occasions on which we meet with sand- arack in the toe of the fore-foot and the quarter of the hind foot. It is possible for cracks to occur in other parts of the hoof; but In these two situations it is that veritable sand-crack occurs, and there arp here, as we shall find hereafter, special causes for their production. liet us first consider Quarter Crack. The si 'nation of this crack is the slanting line of the wall of the hi:")rf, directly opposed to the extremity of the wing of the coffin "»i e ; and it is oftener found in the inner than in the outer fiuartfi. added to which the hoof in which sand-crack occurs in always £ contracted one, quarter sand-crack, no more than toe Band-crack, never happening in a hoof disposed to obliquity and flatness. The same description of foot which is predisposed to contraction is, for the same reasons, predisposed to sand-crack. There is an obvious connection between contraction and quarter Band-cra- gtance, having a covering of imperfectly-formed horny lamin:B» At the time this horse was suffering in the greatest degree from this extraordinary product of sand-crack, constitutional irritation ran so high as even to create alarm for the animal's life. The treatment of sand-crack, whether it be in the quarter or in the tee, will have to be conducted upon principles applicable to both form i of the disease, though one must be regarded as of much more con- sequence than the other. The treatment of quarter sand-crack, g'inerally speaking, is but comparatively a simple affair ; indeed, BO lightly is it looked upon by horsemen in general, that we should run some risk of their displeasure, and our own reputation aa LAME^ESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 367 well, were we to talk about laying a horse up for so trifling an accident. Nay, some horses, with non-penetrant sand-cracks, or with sand-cracks that have been penetrant, but have become horned over, showing little or no lameness, continue to work on without evincing any pain or inconvenience from them. Whether a horse be lame or not, liowever, should he have a sand-crack, and we be amsulted about it, it becomes our duty to arrest the extension of the crack so long as it be but partial; and, besides that, to take mejusures for the cure or pcTmanent removal of the crack. The owner of the horse should be given to understand that no flaw or crack In the hoof can, by possibility, unite the same as a wound in a vital part does, but must, as the saying is, grow down ; that is, must be replaced by new horn, and be itself, by degrees, re- newed, as it continues to come under the operation of the drawing- knife every time the horse is fresh shod ; so that, in fact, the cure, or obliteration of the crack, is necessarily a work of some months, though the lameness may be cured in as many hours or days. Paring out the crack, the shoe being taken off the foot, is the first thing to be done. The cutting cautiously away of its rugged edges, and the scooping out, with a light hand, (probably with the back of the drawing-knife,) of its cavity, will enable us to examine into the condition of it. Should there be no lesion or exposure of the laminre detectable, nothing further will be needed from the drawing-knife than the cleaning out of the crack. Firing the crack is the next operation. Cross-firing will be advisable below or above, or in both situations, according to cir- cumstances. So long as the crack has not reached to the bottom of the wall, it will be requisite, with an ordinary firing-iron, at a red heat, to burn a deep but short fissure, or * mark,' across its lower extremity; and whether a similar operation be required across the superior termination of the crack, must depend uj'on its extension or not through the horn at the coronet. If there Le any interval of sound horn between the hair and the crack, of sufficient breadth and substance to bear firing, a very slight burn may do good. In all cases it is the practice to finish the firing with running the sharp edge of the iron down the crack ; and thia oeitainly j)roves beneficial in destroying any tendency there may be (supposing the lamina) to have become denuded) to abnormal action, as well to stimulate any vascular parts exposed to Lssuf horny matter to cover in the bottom of the crack. 358 I).ADDS VEIRRINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. Binding up the crack is a good practice after firing. With k wax-end of sufficient length (such as shoemakers use) bind round the wall of the hoof, so that any tar or pitch-plaster it may be deemed advisable to place in or upon the crack mav be maintained there; at the same time the hoof itself is, by t.e tight binding restricted in any tendency it may have to expand, and thereby open wider the crack. A bar-shoe is the preferable one for a sand-cracked foot. By it, the bearing being taken off that part of the wall which is oppo- site to the crack, the pressure and jar, so continually splitting afresh the new-formed horn over the crack at the coronet, is put a stop to, the formation of an undivided coronary horny band be- ing the commencement of the radical cure of the sand-crack. As I said before, horn being an inorganic substance, no union what- ever can take place in the crack itself. Permanent cure can be effected only through obliteration by the growing out or down of the crack, This, I repeat, is the reason why a sand-crack occupies 80 long a time in its removal; though, by way of compensation, a horse is not kept out of work while cure is being effected ; for, after the crack has been bound up, and the hoof shod with a bar- shoe, it is quite surprising to find how soundly and firmly the animal sometimes steps upon the foot of which he had but now been so lame. The treatment adopted by the late Mr. Read, V. S., of Cred- iton, carries the same object into execution, through a different method of procedure. This, as detailed in the volume of the 'Veterinarian' for 1848, consists in simply isolating the fissure within the segment of a circle, by means of an ordinary firing- iron. The best plan is to operate with the heel of the iron, be- ginning at the coronet with either extremity of the segment, and bringing the iron to a finish at the center. The iron should be at a strong red heat, and be carried through the horny crust until it ouches lightly the sensible laminse, and so throughout the entiif Semicircle. A? you recede from the coronet, so, in proportion, you will require to deepen the fissure in the crust. The iron ought to be applied every week or ten days. The first effect de- Birablf tc bt produced is a bulging of the crust around the coronet within the segment, and when once this is fairly established, the cure may be said to be effected, it being seldom necessary to apply the cautery afterward. The old method of makinof a Mue with LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 35» the iron across the fissure can not prevent the opening and closure of the fissure during the action of the foot; whereas, isolating the fissure (or part of it) within the segment of a circle completely effects the object. No tar-cord or strapping, or alteration of the shoe, is required to limit the motion of the crust, all motion being suspended within the segment, and especially after bulging haa commenced. The objects of treatment, after what has been stated, will clearly appear to be, first, to place the hoof in such a condition as shall not render it liable to crack again; second, to remove that state of it which, in the first instance, disposed it to crack, if it were not of itself the immediate cause of cracking. The way in which the first object is effected has been already shown, and when this has become accomplished, past all risk of return, we may set about to bring into effect the second. A bar-shoe, from its taking the bearing off the quarters and placing it upon the frog, will, in a measure, give facility to what we now are desirous of preventing; namely, the expansion of the heels of the foot ; but a tip (pro- viding it can be worn, which it frequently may, with great ad- vantage, after a bar-shoe) will bring about greater reform still — will, ii-i fact, by persistence in its use, bring about, in time, that improved form of hoof which will be no more liable to quarter sand-crack. The treatment of toe sand-crack is, in some respects, a different affair from that of quarter sand-crack. This disease is not only different in its relative situation as regards other parts of the foot, Imt it arises, as we have seen, from a totally different causation. NVlien once it has occurred, it becomes, compared with the other, a serious affair. The horse is lame, too lame to continue his work, probably, and we have a penetrant crack to deal with, extending all, or nearly all, the way from the coronet to the toe, discharging blood, or, perhaps, matter of some ichorous, offensive desciii)tion, plainly csilling upon us for, not binding up, etc., as in the former case, but for opening, cleansing, and dressing the same. The shoe being taken off, let the crack be pared out, and freed from all horny /ags and asperities, and laid completely open to view, so that the bottom can be inspected and dressed with whatever may be deemed requisite. In fact, when once the fissure is dilated into a clean and open channel by tlie drawing-knife, waim baths or poultices, or dressings of any kind, as may become necessar*', are 360 UAhDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERl. now applicable, the case being in this stage no more than «e cl dilated sinus in the foot, similar to wliat might, in another situa- tion, be called quittor. As with the quarter sand-crack, the cure will, of course, be tedious in its duration, since we know that all comp'rete repair can only come from the coronet. The sensilive laruinfe liavini^: the jiower of secreting horny larainse, may, as in th( qu;n ler crack, issue a sort of horny covering-in of the bottom of the tissure; but fissure or cleft will ever remain so long as an integral formation of horn does not grow down from the source of secretion. Whenever the horse is in a condition for w^ork, a bar-shoe, so made that at the toe the sides of the shoe remain unjoined together, an interval being left of sufficient width to receive the crack in front of the hoof, is, perhaps, the best. Binding the hoof up with circles of wax-end, as in the ease of quarter sand-crack, with some plaster or dressing underneath it, will also now become advisable. It will restrict the spreading inclination of the hoof, as well as keep dirt and wet out of the crack. Repetition of this, and the continuance of the bar-shoe, wall be required so long as there ap- pears any risk of an extension or renewal of the crack.' " * The diseases of the hoof here alluded to are very apt to occur in horses whose walls of the hoof are thin and brittle. They are, to a certain extent, non-elastic, and, therefore, do not ward off the necessary amount of concussion when the animal is traveling over hard roads. At the same time there is always a liability to incip- ient and permanent contraction in such hoof. More especially ia this the case when the foot is mutilated by paring or cutting away the bars (the main stages or supports which prevent the heela approximating). These are the kind of feet on which the but- teris-knife and rasp should be used with great caution ; for, being naturally weak, and perhaps congenitally defective in the function of secreting horn, and the necessary amount of moisture to keep the part pliant, any unnecessary tinkering with such tools is Inad- missible. Such hoofs lack moisture; therefore they should be well soaked; night and morning, in warm water ; afterward wiped dry, and then smeared with a portion of the following : No. 5''. Neats-foot oil 8 oz. Kerosene 4 oz. Lamp-black 1 table-spoonful. * London " Veterinarian." LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 3G1 Mix -well, and apply twice daily, by means of a common varnish- brush. Very many diseases of the feet, which are of daily occurrence, might be prevented by proper attention to the feet. " No foot, no horse ;" hence the feet need to be kept as free from filth as other parts of the body. I think that a great majority of English grooms pay as much, if not more, attention to horses feet than to 'other parts of the body, and thus many forms of foot lameness are avoided. Curvature and Disease of the Spin] (" Sway Back/* "Hollow Back"). The annexed engraving, represents a case of curvature of the spine in a downward direction, knoM'n in stable language as hol- low back. It usually, when it makes its appearance, occurs in aged horses, and probably arises from putting too much weight cca the animal's back. SECTION OF THE SPINE. It will be observed that two of the superior spinous processes of the vertebrae are united (anchylosed), and ossific deposits are thrown out on the surfliccs of the spine. On the lower part, be- neath the diseased spine, a cleft is seen, showing that there is an incomplete dislocation, and the capsular ligament was probably dislocated or torn. It may be interesting to the reader to know, if ho docs not already, that the bones, like other parts of the body, are composed of arteries, veins, absorbent vessels, nerves, and a cellular texture. They are endowed with vitality, are nourished, grow, Avaste, and are repaired, and undergo various mutations, according to the age of the animal ; and they are subject to disease analagous to the 362 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERi. soft parts. To the phosphate of lime, which is, more or less, dis- tributed in their texture, they owe their solidity ; and perhaps it is to the same earthy substance that the difference in their vital properties, and in their diseases from those of the rest of the body, is to be referred. In fact, this particular organization and inferior vitality of the bones are generally supposed to account for the small number, peculiar character, and general slow progress of their diseases. Treatment. — So soon as a horse shows any symptom of undue curvature of the spine, he must not be used under the saddle ; but, provided he can work, he may be used lightly in a buggy. li unfit for work, the owner knows what is best to do with him. I should give an animal afflicted with this disease a wine-glassful of cod-liver oil, two or three times per week, and one table-spoonful of flour of bone, every night, in the food. If this article can not oe procured, substitute for it phosphate of lime. OsTEO Porosis (knoavn as Big Head and Big Jaw). The terms big head and big jaw are used by husbandmen an«l others in Ohio, and, indeed, throughout the Great West and South, to designate a disease of the bony structure of the horse — a disease about which very little of a reliable character has ever been sai*i or written ; yet the subject is one of great importance to the peo- ple of this country, for the shnple reason that the evil is one of alarming proportions ; and should the disease multiply in a ratio equal to that of the past few years, it will be a terrible blow to the laudable and hitherto profitable enterprise of raising colts in sec- tions where this disease prevails. We do not wish to create any unnecessary alarm, but urge the husbandmen of the South and South-west to give this subjtrct their earnest consideration ; for the disease probably has an hered- itary ori'gin — is " inbred " — and that, as the saying is, " constitute* the root of the evil." The disease having been pronounced incur- able, our only hopes of success in putting a stop to its propaga- tion an 1 development is, to adopt preventive measures, by reject- ing, as breeders, all animals (sire and dam) that show the least predis])Osition to or for this afiection. Let the reader understand that the disease itself is incurable in BO far as the enlargement, dilatation, and softening of the jaw- LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 363 bones ait. concerned ; yet, like spavin, ring-bone, and various other diseases, it is accompanied, in certain stages, by pain and lameness, and our services as physicians are only secured in view of remov- ing this, pain and lameness, so that the animal may be enabled to perform the ordinary equine duties. This is what some persons please to term a cure, whereas it almost always happens that some alteration in the structure of the 2)arts remains, which actually renders the horse unsound, because he has that about him which may, from overwork or other exciting causes, impair his useful- ness. THE PATELLA, OR STIFLE BONE. This cut shows the appearance of di.«ease on artieulatory surfaces when the animal is th« subject of Osteo Porosis, or Big Head. As regards the "alarming" features of big head or big jaw, we ■would inform the reader that almost every lame horse examined by us, during a period of six months, in Ohio, had either one or the oth.er jaw enlarged. In some eases one angle of the lover jaw was the seat of thickening and enlargement, but among the majoi'ity both angles were affected. These remarks do not apply to other obvious or accidental lamenesses which are con.stantly occurring. A short time ago we visited, in company with a practicing vet- erinarian whose attention had never been called to this affection, three horses, the subjects of lameness, which was said to V)e occa- sioned by eating Hungarian grass. To the a.stoni.slifcnent of the parties concerned, we demonstrated that tliey were all the subjects of enlargements of the lower jaws. From the history of the cases, 364 DAUB'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. and the character of the lameness, it was veiy evident that it wan of an inter-articular character, and this is a peculiar feature of thia affection. Then, again, the reader must bear in mind that the jawa of animals do not dilate nor enlarge suddenly, nor make their ap- pearance ail at once, like a meteor in the regions of space. Thp affection is insidious, progresses in an almost imperceptible manner and usually escapes the notice of those who daily have charge of and handle the animal, as the following case, which is selected from among others, will serve to illustrate : A few years ago a gentleman purchased what then appeared as a fine family horse — a sorrel gelding, aged five years. About the beginning of March, one year after the purchase, in attempting to walk the animal from one stable to another, but a short distance off, he became suddenly lame in one of the hind limbs, low down, toward the foot, and it was found almost impossible to urge him forward. Finally, assistance was procured, and the animal had, literally, to be carried into a stable. Our services having been secured, we visited the sufferer, and found him standing on three legs, the near hind one being placed resting on the toe. The parts around the coronet were hot, and the patient was very unwilling to have the parts handled. He seemed to suffer much pain, was breathing hurriedly, and the pulsations were quick and wiry. The near approach of any person seemed to terrify the animal, and he actually trembled, from fear and pain, when urged to move. On making an examination of the jaws, we found that both angles of the lower jaw were enlarged to about two inches in thickness. This explained the nature of the sudden and otherwise mysterious lameness. The articulating surfaces of various bones, and the bones themselves, had become diseased, as is often the case in big jaw. The owner assured us that the horse had never before been lame, and he was very much surprised to find the lower jaw enlarged. Here the reader will perceive that the animal had been in the owner's possession one year; hod performed ordinary duty, yet was the subject of a gradual enlargement of the jaw and a consti- tutional disease, which probably existed, yet in a slight degree, at the time of purchase. Hence we contend that the disease, in ita early stages, is of a hidden or insidious character, and requires some tact and knowledge of the subject in order to detect it. Nature of the disease. — Big head and big jaw are :ut one form LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 365 of disease, only located in different parts. "When the upper jaw becomes the seat of aifeetion, an enlargement of the facial bones will bo observed, and the examiner's attention will be attracted by the unnatural appearance of the face. As the disease progresses. AUTICULATING SURFACE OF THK lirUMI liOSE. Explanation— 1 J 1, Articulating surface of the lower or inferior part of the thigh bone occur- ring in the disease known as Osteo Porosis, or Big Head. the fice looks more like that of an elephant than a horse ; and now, the disease being incurable, the subject should mercifully be put out of his misery. The enlargement of the lower jaw is discov- ered by manipulation. On removing the skin from the sides of the flice of such a subject, and dissecting the muscles and perios- teum (covering of bone), the bones appear to have undergone a softening process, and particles can be separated by means of the finger-nails. At the same time, if a transverse section of any of the shaft-bones be made, tlioy will be found to have undergone structural changes. For example, they will not only a]i]icar soft- ened, but honey-combed, and many of the laminte and cartilagi- nous braces will have been decomposed or dissolved, so that the bone looks like fibrous net-work. In most cases, the vacuitiea J66 DADD'S VEIERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGEHT. and canals are filled with material resembling soft cheese, whicb IS probably fatty matter. This occasionally degenerates into pus. Dr. Gordon forwarded me, some time ago, the head of a horse who had long been the subject of this malady. The transverse diameter of the bones of both upper and lower jaw was very much enlarged; the periosteum was very highly organized with blood- vessels; the bones were softened and elastic, and could be easily cut with a knife. On submitting them to the acid test, earthy matter was found in excess, and, by burning them, it was found that they contained very little animal matter ; hence we were led to infer that the disease was one of mal-nutrition. The articular surfaces of various bones, and sometimes all the bones of the body, are often ulcerated and studded with incrustations. This explains the why and wherefore of the sudden and tormenting pains which animals suffer, and goes to show how little of benefit can be ex- pected from the ordinary treatment, which is principally directed to the enlarged jaws. On removing these diseased cartilages from the articulating surfaces of the bones, the latter are found to be affected — in fact, ulcerated. In some cases the ligaments and tendons are separated by decomposition, or necrosis of bone, and the animal " breaks down," as the saying is. The subjects of this disease sometimes show lameness in the vertebral region, and in that of the head of the thigh bone. Iq such cascp, we may safely infer that the lameness is of an articular character, and the interticular cartilages, as well as the surfaces of the bones, are incrustated and ulcerated. In this condition, tbe animal is liable to become useless, or " break down " at any mo- ment. The following case will illustrate what is meant by break- ing down : We were requested, a short time ago, by Prof. Muzzy, to ex- amine an aged gray gelding, the subject of lameness in the hind feet. Examination revealed considerable heat, tenderness, and tumefaction around both the hind coronets, and both angles of the lower jaw were much enlarged in their transverse diameters. Wa advised the owner to let the animal have a run at grass. Accord- ingly he was sent into the country about thirty miles, which wa« too long a journey for him. A few days afterward. Prof. MuzzY received a letter that the horse's strings (tendons) became loose, ana he broke down and traveled on his fetlocks, ind was then LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 367 deaJ. We infer thiit necrosis took place, and the extensor ten- dons lost their at achmeni, wliieh accounted for his breaking down. Prof. Varnell hUely consulted Dr. Harley, of London, in reference to this formidable malady, which is said to have been almost unknown in England until November, 1859, when several cases occurred among some horses the property of Mr. Champion Calcot, near Reading. Three of this gentleman's animals had died, a fourth was not expected to live many days, and two others were laboring under the same disease, in a less acute form. The most singular feature of the disease, as it appeared on the prem- ises of ]SIr. Calcot, was, that it did not appear to owe its origin to any perceivable cause, and it was not known to be prevalent in any other part of England. Still, our opinion is that it doea exist in that country, only, not being suspected, is not sought for. It prevails very extensively among horses brought to Ohio, and hundreds of horses have been purchased for the American Gov- ernment having more or less enlargement of the lower jaw, yet we do not believe that either seller or purchaser susj)ected the same. This arises from a lack of knowledge on the subject, and the same remarks, as far as our ignorance of the subject, is con- cern f^d, a\ay apply to England. In answer to questions put to IVIr. Calcot on the subject of man- dgeraent, etc, he contends that the affected animals had plenty of exercise. There were no chemical factories or works in the vicinity. One horse affected was purchased at a distance; the rest had been bred on his farm. The sires and dams all appeared free from the disease, and they were not all got by the same sire. The food consisted of good grass, hay, pollard, oatmeal, and routs. Other horses were on the farm, fed in the same manner as the affected ones, yet they had no symptoms of the disease. (Perhaps they will show symptoms when the jaws shall be examined. They may have the disease, yet not be lame nor ap])areutly ailing.) Mj. Calcot never saw a case of the kind before. From the above testimony, we may infer that the causes of this affection are not yet discovered in England ; but our impression is that overfeeding has a good deal to do in the production of the malady. It appears to me that this disease, as I have already fttated, is one of malnutrition, or defective nourishment ; hence may be considered as a scorbutic affection, like that affecting the humnn subject, which is known to bt *he result of faulty nutri- 368 DADD'S VETKKINAKF MEDICINE AND SUKGERi. tiou, and which often results in division of bony parts which were once immovable (the epiphysis of the pelvis, for example) ; also in the separation of cartilages from the ribs, and the shaf bones softened and ruined by carles (ulceration or death of bonci • Big head and big jaw are terms sufficiently explicit in virdinarj amversation; but, in view of scientific inquiry, it is necessary t<, employ terms indicative of the pathology of the disease. We can not expect, however, to select any one name that shall tpply to all the pathological condi':ions during the rise, progress, and ter- mination of this peculia.' malady. The condition of the bones is a state of enlargement, (porousness and softening ;) hence the name osteo porosis. Causes. — We have already informed the reader that the disease may have an hereditary origin ; otherwise, we can not account for its universal prevalence. In certain lor alities, under the ordinary modes of feeding and general managerjent, we grant that at first the disease might have had an accidental or spontaneous origin, and finally become permanent and transmissible. For example, glanders and farcy afford illustrations of a spontaneous disease becoming contagious and transmissible. There must have been a .me when neither of the two latter diseases existed ; hence, when the first subject became glandered, he could not have taken it by infection or by contagion, but it must have had a spontaneous origin, and, finally, became permarent. We do not pretend to urge that the active disease itself is transmissible ; yet, in certain mses, a predisj)osition is transferred to the progeny. This may oe called the })redisposing cause ; the ordinary exciting causes are those which disturb and derange the digestive function. The digestive or nutritive function is deranged, both by excessive and defective functional labors, or by the animal existing on food that does not contain the necessary amount of nitrogenous or muscle* making; matter. This is the case when Indian corn is used as food for a great length of time. It is hard to digest, is deficient in nitrogen, and almost always over-distends the stomach ; for, when submitted to the action of heat and the gastric fluids, it increases in bulk to about five or six times its original capacity. I have noticed that where much whole corn is fed, as in Ohio and Indiana, the disease is most prevalent. Associated with the pre- disposing causes are otli«rs — for example, hard usage, Bcr^ abuaa and bad stable management. LAMENESS, FROM VaAIUUS CAUSES. S69 This disease is rarely ever heard of in England, probably from the hct that the food of horses is rich in phosphates and nitrogen, while corn contains more Df starchy matter, which, instead of fur- niohing material for the preparation of muscular or animal matter, merely furnishes that which is consumed in process of respiration. Treatment. — The ordinary treatment, as practiced by some per- sona, 18 to bore into the jaw-bone, and inject the same with some oonosive poison. Others expose the jaw-bone, and saw out a section of the same. Some persons blister, or apply preparations of i^>dine. Such treatment, I think, only tends to create unneces- eary irritation and pain, and can not possibly be of any benefit, for I conteud that the disease is not local, but constitutional, and the reader will probably, after perusing this dissertation, come to the same conclasion. The disease has extensive ramifications in various parts of the bony fabric, and, therefore, the local treatment must fail in curing the malady. Cases may arise which require surgical operations, and if so, I have no objections to offer. I have often been told that horses, after having all sorts of barbar- ities practiced on them, have recovered. This, so far as the treat- ment is concerned, is in accordance with the spirit of the old error, " He got well after taking my medicine ; therefore, in con- sequence of taking it." This is assuming a falsehood for a fact and then giving fanciful reasons for it. In view both of prevention and cure of this organic disease of the bones and their articulations, more is to be accomplished by regimen than by medicine. The animal should always be pro- vided with wholesome diet, and whenever green vegetables can be obtained, they should be fed liberally, or, what is much better, provided the season permits, allow the animal to roam in a pasture. Whenever I have a case of this kind under treatment, I furnish apples, beets, carrots, cab])age, or any other kind of vegetable that I can procure. I find that such articles are usually devoured with good relish. The object in feeding green food is to combat the scorbutic diathesis which usually exists. The patient should also be allowed from five to seven quarts of oats per day. When a horse with an enlargement of the lower or upper jaw is suddenly attacked with acute lameness, he should be placed in % wide stall, and the parts where the lameness appears to be lo- cated, as well as the jaws, should be diligemtly rubbed, twice daily, with a portion of the following : 24 370 dadd's veterinary medicine and surgery. No. 58. Spirits of can4>hor 6 oz. ^ Cod-liver oil 4 oz. Oil of cedar 2 oz. Diluted acetic acid 1 pint. Mix. Then procure the following i No. 59. Chlorate of potass 2 oa. Powdered ginger 4 oz. Gentian 3 oz. Podophyllum 2 oz. Poplar bark , 6 oz. Mix. Dose, one ounce night and morning, to be incorporated in the food. This treatment usually palliates the lameness. Should it not do so, the owner must be patient, and give Nature time to restore the animal to comparative usefulness. Flour of bone or phosphate of lime may be given, at the rate of a couple of ounces per day. Such agents are always indicated in the treatment of the above malady. Spavin. Spavin consists of an exostosis of the hock, commonly located on the inner side, whereby bones before moveable become cemented and fixtd together, and which is often productive of ulceration of the aiticular surfaces of one or more of the joints of the hock. Sometimes, however, spavin makes its appearance on the anterior or front part of the hock, and sometimes there is no enlargement to be discovered. Such cases, unaccompanied by enlargement, are called inter-articular spavin. /Si/mjJtoms. — " The symptoms of spavin," says Mr. Percivall, " are, in geneial, plain, simple, and unequivocal. The horse mani- fests lameness in one of his hind limbs, and, on examination, a circumscribed spheroid tumor, of the magnitude of half a walnut or more, is evidant enough both to the sight and feel of the man practiced in such matters. Lameness, however, the effect of spavin, may be present without any detectable tumor. My own observation has led me to note two kinds of lameness in spavin— one, the effect either of the ordinary subacute or chroilic inflammation, or of partial anchylosis of the parts, is but compar- atively slight, and consists, for the most part, in stiffness on motion. LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 371 oi in defective flexible power of the hock-joint ; the other, the effect of acute inflammation of the spavined parts, or else of ulceration of the joints, consists in a sort of spasmodic catching up of tne spavined limb the moment the heel of the foot comes down upon the ground, something after the manner of string-halt. Stiffness may not unfrequeutly be observed even in the horse's side move- SPAVINKD IN OFF H 1 Ml LKO — R I NlJlii IN E IN ALL THE PA8TKRN8. ment In his stall. AVith such characteristic lameness as this, and with spavin present as well, evidently hot and tender to pressure, there can exist no doubt about the case. Where, however, the lameness is but slight, although a spavin is present, yet, from the absence of any heat or tenderness in the swelling, as well as from its duration, many doubts arise as to the cause of the lameness. In such a case as this, we should take advantage of the well- known fact of the fluctuating or evanescent character of spavin lameness, to which end it is advisable to have the horse under examination hard ridden or driven, or otherwise exert ised, until he be in a profuse sweat, and aft(>rward kei)t standing tied up in a stall, until he be cold and stiff in his joints, and then trotted out again. A knowing vend':'r of a sjwvined horse mouIiI take care to 'warm' him bv i good ride or dri\e before he took him to show to the presumed purchaser; and then, while urder ex- 372 uAUDS vi:teuinary medicine and surgery. amination, by dint of whip and spur, and management in th€ bridle-hand, he might pass his merchandise off to an unwary buyer as sound. Indeed, so much is sweating work, or exercise approaching thereto, apt to prove a foil to sliowing lameness, that one is almost inclined to say no horse ought to be examined under such circumstances ; certainly no horse sus^jected of spavin The time, of all others, that a spavined horse will be apt to man- ifest his lameness will be the day following after a hard day's work ; and when he makes his first egress from the stable in the morning is the critical period for examination. Horses that go limpingly lame from spavin, lame at all times, and lamer still when they work, often experience pain in the seat of disease to a degree which, in the language of Solleysell, causes them * to pine away, especially about the flanks.' They have probably beeu blistered and fired, perhaps setoned ; have had their hocks fright- fully scarred, and y-et are lame to that degree that they are unable to do more than gingerly put the toe of the foot of the spavined limb to the ground, and so painfully hobble along ; and, although they may still maintain their appetite, yet they are low in condi- tion, tucked up in their flanks — evidently, in short, ' pining away.* Such pitiable subjects, it is true, may be kept at work. The little, however, they can do, when put to any thing requiring strength of action or pull, together with the wretched condition they are generally in, is a fact so well known to coach and omni- b»is proprietors, and horse-keepers in general, that at the horse auctions such animals fetch little or nothing. Even for agricul- tural work such laborers as these prove of but little worfti. Now and then, however, it happens that the spavined horse, although treatment has failed to render him sound, continues, in respect to his disease, in that state in which he appears to sufier no local pain at all while at rest, an'^ but little while at work, and so is able to do a considerable ^ L of some kinds of labor, lasting in it perhaps for year^ r^dl, such a horse is more likely than another to receive injuries, to experience aggravation or relapse of disease in his already diseased hock ; and, under such return or augmentation of ailment, unless great care be taken, and fre- quently with all the care we can take, may and will fail altogether Spavins exist which occasion no lameness. How this comes to pass will appear when the time arrives to consider the reasons why vpavins in general cause lameness, and, on occasions, very great LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAITSES. 373 pain as well, which can not be done before we come to treat of the pathology of spavin. It is sufficient for our purpose here that we note and establish the fact that lameness is not a necessary conse- quence of s])avin. Nothing is more common than to meet with horses, colts even, who have what the dealers call * knots' ir. their spavin places; and the time was when such 'knots' (which have always been regarded as spavins) were certificated as constituting unsoundness. Lameness arising from spavin is sometimes present v^ithout the outward appearance of spavin. This N a form of disease better known to veterinary surgeons in general, I believe, under the de- nomination of occult hock lameness. My own attention to the subject was first drawn so long ago as in the year 1815, though then I was quite in the dark as to the nature of the case. 0:"i my return from Belgium, after the battle of Waterloo, I had in my possession a bay blood mare, who was lame in one of her hind legs (I forget which), but whose lameness was of that nature that no external sign whatever was apparent to account for it. The liml) had been searched over and over again, by myself and some other veterinary surgeons, and tb*' mare had been trotted and walked, circled and paced, and put to all other known trials anc tests, without the examinations ending in any thing like concur- rent opinions respecting either the seat or the nature of her lame- ness. The mare returned home, marching with the troops, led by a man on horseback — for, notwithstanding her lameness, she walked very well — and, as soon as she arrived at head-quarters (Woolwich), I showed her to my father, at the time senior veteri- nary surgeon of the Ordnance Department. He examined her, and without hesitation pronounced her Mame in the hock,' and she was treated accordingly; and the result was, at no great dis- tance of time, her complete restoration to soundness. It is true, so far as the case above related goes, that the onlj- proof that the mare'3 lameness was in the hock, was her re^tor- atiim to soundness after the application of remedies to that joint. There is, however, tr be said, in addition, to induce us to believe that it was so, that, of all the joints of the hind limb, no one is so frequently or so likely to be deranged as the hock ; and, conse- quently, from this fact alone, is a prima facie case made out. Moreo^'er, we ha' a, to assist us in our diai:;nosis, the stiff or im- p*>rfect fiexinn of the hock-joint in action, ».nd the wearing away 374 DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SCUGERY. cf the toe of th*; shoe, nhowing that the heel is rarelj or but verj gingerly jmt to the grouiul; also the circuiostance, often observ- able by the groom, of the animal resting the lame (hind) limb in the stable ; on cccasions, perhaps, knackling over upon it, and so Dealing the weight upon the toe alone. And it has happened before now that, while doubt was impending as to the locality and nature of the lameness, a spavin has made Its appearance, and dissipated all further conjecture; and with this development of the spavin, tiie lameness, so far from being augmented, is noi unlikely to become better. This is an observation made so long ago as the time of SoUeysell. This admirable observer, in one part of his chapter on spavins, says: 'At their first piercing, they, generally speaking, make a horse halt, and afterward the swelling growing bigger, the horse halteth no more with it.' " I have noticed that spavined horses are usually the subjects of ill-shaped hocks; hence this peculiarity of conformation would seem to indicate that such animals have a certain amount of pre- disposition lurking in their systems. The ordinaiy exciting causes are sprain or strain, and overwork. Now, v.hat will cure spavin? This Question was propounded to the anthor, some time ago, and the following answer waia elicited. The answ(ir is as good to-day as when first written. " Wliat will cure spavin?" I answer: Time, rest, and the appli- cation of remedies adapted to the various stages of the disease. The usTial remedies, in the early stage, are rc£t, frequent use of the 8ho\\ er- bath, and refiigerating lotions. In the chronic stage, and when tlie disease Las commenced on the articulating surfaces of the liock-joint, or an ossific bony enlargement has made its ap- pearance, then we resort to counter-irritation, by using some one of the preparationij of cantharides or iodine. " What will cure spavin?" is a tough question for a medical man to solve; for, if he has been propeily educated, he knows well enough that bone spavin, like hip-joint disease in the human subject, is, to all in- tents and ]>urposes, in jurable — I mean in so far as the physiology and pathology of tht; parts are concerned. Soft tissues, oncfl Having been changed into bone, never can be remetamorphosed into the original condition so as to possess theii inherent qualities of elasticity (contraction and expansion). At the same time wi are all horsemen enough to understand what the term "3ure" means when applied to the disease known as snavin. It signifies LAMENESS. FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 376 freedom from sensibility and lameness, and a partial dlsapj-ear- ance of the enlargement, or " eye-sore." As the reader may like to refer to the opinion of some well-known author, as well aa what ] here advance, I select a quotation on the treatment of bone spavin from the pen of Mr. Blaine : "This disease does not differ from splint, except that it Ls much ofteuer a cause of serious lameness. Occurring, however, as it commonly docs, in older, horses, it also proves more obstinate, and ihe treatment required, therefore, should be more active. Atnon^ the old farriers, who, like some of the moderns, thought nothing too strong for a horse, violent mechanical operations were resortM to, as the mallet and chisel to chip it off, boring the exostosis with a gimlet, punching it with a hot iron, or applying caustics. The first removing it mechanically, and the three latter methods de- stroying its vitality, promoted its exfoliation. As might be ex- pected, for one case which succeeded (and in some it certainly did succeed) in many it increased the lameness, or ended in anchy- losis and sometimes death. It is not improbable that instruments may yet be devised which will operate on these bony enlargements without risk, though the chances are fewer in the hock, from ita connection with capsular and bursal ligaments, than in any other parts. Treatment. — The treatment pursued by veterinarians of the present day varies somewhat. Those bordering on the old school still rub with some violence, and then stimulate them with oil origanum, oil terebinth, etc. Those of a later day blister and fire. At the Veterinary College setons are used, by ripping up the in tegument and pushing a needle around, with tape through it, so that the seton within the skin exactly opposes itself to the spavin. If the skin is tender or tumefied, it is more proper to make aa opening above and below the exostosis, and to push a blunt seton- needle or eyed probe from one opening to the other, armed with a tape smeared with mild blistering ointment, or common turpen- tine. In this way, report says, the College practice has proved very successful. Blistering we have, however, found, wlion re- peated over and over, commonly prove equal to all the benefit these obstinate cases can receive; for, when the bone deposit La fiilly formed, it is in vain to expect its entire absorption. Even its partial absorption is frustrated. The removal of acute lame- aess is generally the only benefit which can be anticipated. Our 376 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGEJ^Tf. principal hope lies in preventing the increase of the bony dqiosit, aad likewise in removing that inflammation which is the existing cause of much of the pain, stiffness, and tumefaction in the sur- rounding ligaments. Our hopes of success must also greatly de- pend on the time the evil has existed. When it is early attended to that is, before the bony deposit has gained its full solidity- stimulants act more favorably, and lessen it more materially. It remains to add that, when repeated blistering fails, the iring-ircD generally ooncludes the business, but commonly answers no furthei purpose than being a publication of the animal's infirmity, and a warning to practitioners as regards the previous treatment." The remedies and means used by the author of this work for the treatment of spavin are the same as recommended for ring- bone. (See article on Eing-bone.) Fracture of the Pelvis ("Hip Shot," or "Pinhipped"). My attention having lately been called to two cases of fractured pelvis, I am led to make the following remarks for the benefit of those who feel an interest in matters pertaining to veterinary sci- ence. The accident of fracture of the pelvis is of very common occurrence, and I think that many such cases might be prevented by the exercise of a little judgment on the part of horse-owners. For example, the great majority of cases with which I am ac- quainted have occurred in the stable, after the animals have been put up for the night "all well," as the owners have informed me, and to them the matter seemed very mysterious and unaccounta- ble. But I think that the mystery can easily be explained. If a horse is put up for the night all well and free from lame- ness, and in the morning is lame, and it is observed that the hip is knuckled down, as the saying is, (fracture of the pelvis,) or, in other words, he is " hip-shot," the evidence then seems conclusive that the accident occurred within the stable. Then the question arises, How did it occur? We all ought to know that the stalls in our city stables are too narrow; many of them do not exceed four feet in breadth. Now, let a large horse throw himself vio- lently down, as they often do when tired or in pain, and he ia very apt to strike the point of the hip against one side of the sta- ble. The point of the hip being but imperfectly protected from external or lateral injury, except by the common 'nteguu 'iut, tb* LAMENESS, FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 377 Jar or concu-ssion thus received often occasions fracture. I know that this is the case ; for, on making examination of some of these fractures, I found the skin over the region of the point of the hip bruised and abraded. Then, again, horses frequently get cast at nigl t, and are the subjects of colic, or other aches or pains. They struggle violently, get imprisoned, as it were, in their narrow* aj>artments, and, when released by assistance, fracture of the pel via is often discovered. This is not all. Sometimes sufficient bedding is not furnished to protect the animal from the effects of hurriedly reclining, or slipping down, on a hard plank floor, and the result is often the same as that just alluded to. Then, in view of prevention, these fiicts suggest the propriety of having wider stalls, and a liberal supply of shavings or sawdust for bedding ; that is, when straw can not be obtained ; yet I think that when sawdust can be ob- tained, it is the most wholesome and economical bedding for horses. Taking a pathological view of the matter, I have to in- form the reader that a great proportion of these fractures occur among horses well advanced in years; and it may be that theii bones, in some cases, are brittle and very easily fractured, as ia the case with some aged members of the human family, whose thigh bones have been easily fractured by a slight fall, or jumping out of bed in a hurry, many such cases being on record. The horse is occasionally subject to a disease of the bones known as fatty degeneration, which is said to be partly occasioned by an exclusive Indian corn diet. In such cases the vacuities in some of the bones are filled with oily matter, are light, and easily frac- tured. He is also subject to a disease known as rickets, which may depend either on hereditary predisposition or imperfect nu- trition. The bones are defective in early constituents, and, con- sequently, give way under the weight which they ought otherwise to sustain. The remedy is, a nutritive diet, partly composed of oats, and occasional doses of phosphate ol" liuie. Horses very frequently fracture the pelvis by falling in harness, out for this I know of no remedy except careful driving; yet sometimes, in spite of due care, they must fall when traveling on 8lij)pery pavements, and when improperly shod. Treatment. — As regards the treatment of fracture of the pelvis I have but little to offer. It is all contained in the words -esl Mid countor-irritation '^^cton or blister), yet requires tim< ^oi 37 .'^' 1)A1)I>S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. Nature to unite the bones after her well-known fashion. If the horse is a valuable one, and the fracture slight, he should be placed in slings. The hair may then be shaved oif the region of fracture to the extent of one foot in diameter; then smear on, while warm, a strengthening plaster, composed of pitch, resin, and b'ieswax. But should the fracture be of a very grave char- acter — the ))ones broken in several places, the animal dowb vat* in great agony — then the sooner he is put out of his misery iK bett-er, Splent, or Splint. Sp'ent, or splint, makes its appearance on the inner and lower part of the knee-joint. It consists of a bony tumor (exostosis), and, finally, the small bone kno^\ll as the metacarpus purvus becomes united to the cannon or shank oone. This constitutes anchylosis, so that the disease is of the same nature as ring-bone. Splent sometimes appears on the outside of the leg ; but tlie dis- ease is oftener found on the inside, from the fact that it is nearer the center of the weight of the body than the outer, and receives the Q-reatest amount of concussion The inner bone is said to receive nearly the whole weight transmitted to the small bone of the knee. A splent on the inside is often the result of a blow inflicted with the opposite foot, which bruises the soft parts and periasteum, and, finally, the bones become affected. Faulty shoe- ing has also a direct agency in the production of splent. For example: if one caulk of the shoe be higher than the other, or should the foot be pared more on one side than the other, the effect will be to throw the limb into a false position, which may result in ligamentary lameness and splent. Splent, however, ap- pears sometimes without any assignable cause. On dissecting the •imbs of aged horses, we frequently find the splent bones firmly nnited to the shank. The following is the opinion of Prof. Cole- man in regard to splent : " ' A splent once is a splent always.' The two bones being once united by ossific matter, this connection, whatever we may do or apply, will never be altered. It used to be the custom to remove the splent with a hammer and chisel, but the production of t large fc lemish, from the destruction of skin, was the consequent* of this barbarous raetho&l. Another practice, as ancient and bar- barous as the former, was the application of corrosive subliwato. LAMENESS. FROM VARIOUS CAUSES. 379 A PERFECT FORE-LEG. 'V A Seton for I * s Situation o' the Splint. I Situation of the of firiiii/ it all Situation of the & mode the Sphnt. WuKlgall & method round the leg. Sitiwtion of Blood Spavin Situation of the Bone Spavin ■ ,-' [_^ & method of firing the same. BOTTOM OF THE HOOF. a a the criisU SLllGrtl. closed through constriction in its centre, though, when open, iflsri' ing a mucous and sanious matter, especially at such time as the animal is straining afresh. The circumflex action of the sphincter ani around the neck of the swelling, together with its distension with gas, and the action of the air upon its surface, all add to it* increase of volume and change of color ; while the straining, ai th^ same time increases the difficulty of any effort the practitionei may makf toward effecting a return of the protruded gut. With its augipontation of volume comes a deepening redness, turning, througb the constriction of the sphincter, to a darker, and even purple hue, the membrane becoming, at the same time, inflated and swollen, and gradually changing its color from red to yellow and to brown, though still having a humid shining aspect, now becoming glairy from albuminous secretion, which is not only mucous, but at times purulent. Causes. — These may be summed up in irritation, either direcl or sympathetic, of the mucous membrane lining the anus and rectum. It is possible that prolonged constipation, from giving rise to violent straining efibrts at expulsion of dry and hardened feces, might bring it on, or even the strains of parturition. The action produced by excessive purgation may cause it, but more especially irritation of a mechanical kind, arising from direct in- jury to the membrane or rectum during the operation of raking or manual exploration of the gut, or of clystering. It may prove an accompaniment of an enteritic, colicky, or diarrheal condition of bowel. It is possible it may ensue on nicking, though I never knew it to follow that operation. Violent struggles of any kmd^ as in such a case as is mentioned in the ' Veterinarian,' by Mr. J. "Brown, V. S., London, wherein the horse ' had forced out nearly a foot of the rectum in struggling violently to release himself, while being cast. Treatme7d. — The formidable, and indeed awful, aspect of thi^ disease is apt to operate in the mind of the owner of the animal favorably for the veterinary surgeon, inasmuch as it gives rise to his being called to the case sooner than he otherwise would have been. Should the summons be an early one, at the time that the protrusion is recent, and its volume nothing so very alarming, judicious exercise of the taxis, if employed at the moment, may iucceed in the return of the gut. Distributing the fingers of both hau'is over the wrinkled and swollen body of the protrusion HORSE MANAGEMENT, ETC. 389 steady, firm, and forcible pressure ouglit to be maintained against it for such length of time as appears to afford any chance of suc- cess, augmenting the force used whenever there be any remission of the straining. Should the first efforts of this description fail, the protruded mass may have its bulk lessened and constricted ai much as possible by local application of some sort, than which none offers a better chance of succeeding than such as follows from sudden and intense cold, though to a part so sensitive and vascular the practice is not devoid of danger. Ice may be pow- dered and inclosed in a linen bag, so as to form a sort of bolster, that may be held or braced with firmness upon the tumefaction. The contrary of sucn treatment as this, however, though the ob- ject be the same, is generally preferred — namely, fomentation, medicated or not, with scarification of the exposed membrane — though in other cases astringent applications are employed, with a view of causing contraction and diminution of the mass, such as lime-water, decoction of oak bark, solution of alum, etc. ; and while such proceedings are going on, it is advisable to have the hind parts raised. Supposing we succeed in accomplishing the reduction, the chances are in favor of the relapse of the prolapsus, and these chances seem great in proportion to the facility with which the return of the inverted gut has been effected. Indeed, !0 constant and troublesome does the return in some of these cases become, tliat it is necessary to contrive some sort of truss to op- pose the descent, the same as is done for rupture in man. Mr. Dycer's truss consisted of ' a new wet chamois leather, a breast- plate, and a hip (human) truss.' Should constipation be thought to operate against reduction, in addition to clysters, we may ex- hibit cathartics and aloes in solution, and should there be plethora and great irritability in the membrane of the rectum and anus, a blood-letting will be advisable, while an opiate or belladonna clys- ter will be advantageously administered, in order to allay all local irritation as much as possible. As a dernier and effective mode of procedure in prolapsus ani, when the case proves either irreducible, or, after return, con- tinually ])rotrudes on any slight etVort, such as coughing afresh, we have recourse, with safety and certainty, to an operatic n con- sisting in excision of more or less of the inverted membrane en- veloping the protruding portion of the gut. This is an operation of ancient date, though to Dupuytroa is ascribed the credit o^ 1^90 UADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY introducing it into human practice, and to the French velerinariana that of transplanting the same into veterinary practice. For- merly the actual cautery was the instrument employed for the removal of the parts obstructing reduction ; but in our own day this has been thrown aside for the scalpel, an instrument quite aa eft'ec'ive, while the simple act of cutting with a knife gives so much less pain than cutting or dividing with the actual cautery. In general, it is considered necessary to cast the horse for the ope- ration ; but ISIr. Gregory, V. S., did not cast his patient, but merely put on a side-line, and had one leg held up and the tail kept on one side; and, most assuredly, the standing position of the patient is one which, in such an operation, offers no mean advantages to the operator, provided he can avail himself of it without any personal danger. A great preservation against re- fractoriness in an operation of the kind, at the moment when any pain is felt, is a twitch, well put on, and well and timely turned. The horse secured, with his tail turned out of the way, an incision, forming a circle, is to be carried around the protruding mass, at sufficient distance from the constricted part of the neck of the protrusion to leave behind it such parts as are distended from tumefaction or infiltration, whose removal will render the retrac- tion of the gut an easy and natural effort. In making incision, it may be advisable to take up and tie with a silk ligature any vessel met with of size enough to issue a current of blood, though eometimes no such precaution is required. In the case mentioned }y Mr. Gregory, not more than a quart of blood was lost. The •Qcision ought to be made of sufficient depth to penetrate coci- pletely through the substance of the mucous membrane, howeviir morbidly thickened that may be, without, however, running a risk of wounding the muscular coat beneath it, the object being to dissect the former away and strip it off the latter, so as to lessen the bulk of the mass to that degree that return ))ecomes a volun- tary and facile action of the animal himself. So soon, however as this denudation has been carried near to the inverted anus^. care must be taken not to dissect or otherwise injure the sphincter of that part, lest we leave the horse with an imperfection in closing an outlet of so important a function. A soft or mash diet should, for a few weeks, succeed the operation, with abstinence from hay, which, from its fibrous, prickly nature, must be particularly offen- •ive to the denuded gut. Occasional emollient clvsters are also HORSE MANAGEMENT, ETC. 391 recommendable, especially when there appears any pain or Jiffi- cnlty iu giving exit to the feces." Hemorrhoids, or Piles in the Horse. The following case of piles, occurring in the practice of Mr P, "Wals, V. S., is here introduced from the " Veternarian : " "On the evening of March 13, 1851, I was summoned hastily to attend a brown carriage-mare, belonging to an employer about a mile distant from Norwich, which was reported to have some- thing ' bloody ' hanging out of her rectum. The coachman who came said it had made its appearance two or three times during the day after dunging, but had always returned again, until just before he left home, when a portion of it was left out, and the mare became very uneasy. On my arrival, I found, as reported, the mare in pain, indicated by a peculiar switching or lashing of the tail, and stamping of the hind feet; but she had not lain down, although she made several attempts to do so. It first struck me as a case of prolapsus ani, but, on examination, it proved to be a true case of piles. The tumor protruding was about the size of a duck's egg, presenting pieciaeiy the appearance of a pilous graj)e in the human subject, only, of course, much larger. I had some difficulty in returning it, in consequence of the powerful action of the sphinoier ani, which, no doubt, accounted for the pain; but, having accomplished it, the mare became easy, and continued so for some little time. I thought it right, however, to have her removea to my infirmary, as I anticipated a return of the tumor when she again dunged, in which I was not deceived, since, on her arrival at my stable, I found it out again. On making a more minute examination, I discovered smaller tumors round and about the larger one, the latter, however, being the only one that i)ro- truded. The mare being naturally of an irritable temperament^ «nd consequently dunging more frequently tlian one less so would have done, induced me to have a careful assistant remain up with hjr during the night, for the purpose of returning the tumor wl ?never it made its reappearance, which it invariably was said to do after each evacuation, jxiin being constantly present at such time. Reflecting on the case next morning, and o')ScrsM*ng consider- %bh- mischief was being done by the necessary manipulation. I 39ti DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. foresaw 1 should have a very tioublesome case, unless I could hit upon some plan of dilating the sphincter so as to allow of a return of the tumor without so much handling of it. This I accom- plished in the following manner: I had the mare placed in a nar- row stall, the back j)art of which was well bedded with litter, so tbnt, in stan identified with the operation, there are other reasons, on thxt grounds of physiology, wiiy the tail should be left entire, espe- cially in the case of a mare; but, as the reader is probably con- versant with the facts in the case, I shall not enter into a discussion of the same, but prefer to introduce the following paragraph) \?ritten by a person who aims at reform : " I am glad that the abominable practice of docking and nick- ing horses is going out of fashion. It prevails in no country in the world besides England and the United States. We got it from the mother country, and the sooner we leave it off the bet- ter. It is wonderful how any body but an ignorant, narrow- minded blockhead of a jockey should ever have thought of it^ being as offensive to good taste as it is a violation of every hu- mane feeling. Has Nature done her work in such a bungling manner in forming that paragon of animals, the horse, that a large piece of bone should be chopped off with an ax to reduce him tc symmetry, or that beauty and grace can be obtained only by cut- ting a pair of his large muscles? 'The docking and nicking of horses,' says an intelligent writer on farriery, ' is a shockingly cruel practice, and ought to be abandoned by the whole race of mankind. Every human being, possessed of feeling and a magnanimous mind, must confess that it is cruel and entirely uncalled for; but that creature called man attempts thus to mend the works of his almighty, wise Creator, in doing which he often spoils and dis- figures them. What is more beautiful than a fine horse, with an elegant, long tail and a flowing mane waving in the sports of the wind, and exhibiting itself in a perfect state of nature? Besides, our Creator has given them for defense as well as beauty.' The same author relates an instance of a fine hunting horse, owned by an Englishman, which would carry its rider over the highest five- barred gate with ease ; but he thought that the horse did not carry aa good a tail as he wished: he therefore had him nicked, and when the horse got well, he could scarcely carry over two bars. ' Thus,' said he, * I have spoiled a fine horse ; and no wonder, foi it weakened his loins.' Any man of common sense would give ten per cent, more for a fine horse whose tail had never been mutilatf»-i, than for one which had been under the hands of a jockey.*' HORSE MANAGEMENT, ETC. 397 Anemia. This signifies an impoverished state of the blood, usnally My to light on their bodies without evincing signs of pain anu irritation. On such the curry-comb should be used gently and in a spirit of mercy. There are other horses, however, especially those of the lymphatic temperament, and whose skins are less sensitive, who can bear the actiDn of the ourry-eomb without much flinching, and it is the duty of a merciful man to consider this matter when cleaning a horse. Thorouglibred horses, which include a vast number of the sanguine temperament, have a very active circulation over the whole surface of the body, and this vast circulation, through the superficial vessels, argues a delicate Bense of touch. To them the curry-comb, unless used very gently, ia severe torture. Horses and Cattle should have a Supply of Pure Water. ii.ithough few persons think it worth while to pay much atten- tion to this department of husbandry, yet a little reflection will convince any reasonable person of the value and imjjortance of furnishing animals with a constant supply of pure water. Pure, cool water is said to be a God-send to a thirst}' throat ; and as ani- mals are apt to have thirsty throats, they should be permitted to enjoy a luxury which costs but a trifle, and operates very favora- bly in promoting their health. All classes of domestic animals have as great an aversion to impure, filthy water as ourselves, and the former will often turn away with disgust from the filthy stuff called water which is often found in water-troughs on the road- side, and within the precincts of the barn and in some pastures. The common, stagnated pond-water, which many poor creatures are compelled to imbibe, is often the exciting cause of disease, especially in the Western States, where decayed vegetable matter abounds. Pure water will never injure an animal. I do not believe the swiies which are told about horses becoming foundered in conse- uuence of drinking pure water. In a majority of cases, Mr. Fast- man is blameable. He has probably either overdriven or over- HORSE MANAGEMENT, ETC. 399 work el the creature, or else has suffered it, when heated, to cool dH' without the necessary care and attention which should ahvaya be o))served when animals are fatigued or perspiring freely. Hard iipage, willful neglect, and wanton cruelty are more likely to j)ro- dure disease than the universal beverage, so acceptable to the palate r.f a weary or thirsty horse. How often do we see a " let " horse "oni€ into the stable all exhausted and used up, scarcely able to isdvance one limb before another ! Examine into the facts, and we ehall find that the powers of the subject have perhaps been over- taxed. He has been driven too far, or at too rapid a rate, for the present state of his constitution to endure, and perhaps he has not had sufficient nourishment to repair the waste incidental to the living mechanism under the states of rapid and protracted labor Is not this enough to account tor the used-up condition? Is it not more rational to suppose that abuse of the respiratory organa and those of locomotion operates far more unfavorably on the norse than water ? It is. But Mr. Fastman must, if there be atiy blame rightly belonging to him, try to shift the same from hia slr^oulderS; and, therefore, he avails himself of a popular error — " He drank too much water ;" yet the individual had no means of ascertaining the precise quantity needed. We might say, as regards some horses, whose labors are very fatiguing, that tiiey come from their work, and, as soon as unhar- nes-sed, go to the trough, and imbibe from one to three buckets without any bad effect. Some animals need more water than ethers. The kind of work, the temperature of the atmosphere, and the nature of the food, whether it be wet or dry, all tend to diversify an animal's wants. The domesticated horse requires a bountiful supply of good water. His body is composed of seventy- five })er cent, of the same, and he can no more exist without it than he can without food. A cow or ox is probably the best judge as regards its own wants as to the quantity of water needed. It is not the quantity which a rational animal imbibes which does harm, but it is the quality that demands our attention. Tihirsty people drink all the cold water they need. Then why ile])rive a cow or horse of what they actually require? Consider the condition of the inhabitants of po])ulous cities during the sum- mer season. Thirst amounts almost to a disease, and, in view of quenching it, tl^o thirsty are continually imbibing water, rendered cold, hot, sour, sweet, or alkaline, just as fancy dictates or as fashion iUO UADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE ANb SURUERr. prevails. Cold icings and other fixings are called into requi&i» tion to smother the fire of thirst which rages within. Every bodj partakes freely — the young and the aged, the exhausted and vigor- 0U8; the laborer wearied by a hard day's work, and the rich man of no work — each and all are doing their best to see the bottom of the pitcher, and to pitch their bodies into the watery element. Yet, after all, how few persons complain of any bad effect from it Inquire into the history of some of the acute maladies that art supposed to arise from water-drinking, and it will be found thai many of the sufferers have a peculiarity of constitution which ren- ders them amenable to the laws of primogenital disease, which; although latent under ordinary circumstances, can, by disturbing the life forces, through neglect, cruelty, and overwork, be developed at almost any time of life. Animals should never be allowed to drink pond-water. They should either have access to a running stream or a clean wate^ trough. Galled Back. Galled back, ua sore back, is usually occasioned by bad-fitting saddle or harness. If that be the case, the shape of the same must be altered so as to correspond to the shape of that portion of the back which comes in contact with it. This can be done by pad- ding the concavities with lamb's wool, and in chambering the con- vexities so tnat there shall be no unequal pressure nor causes for Irritation. Yet, after all, it may be more economical to procure a new article and a better fit ; and this may also be the most humane policy. Treatment. — So soon as an abrasion is discovered on the back, tlie animal should be excused from duty for a few days. The abraded part should be lubricated two or three times daily with common tar and olive oil, equal parts, and this will soon restore the parts to soundness. Should there be no abrasion, yet tum.e- faction, heat, and tenderness, a cold-water pledget, renewed ai occasion seems to require, will improve the condition of the parts, when recourse must be had to the tar and oil lotion. Sometimes, in consequence of neglect, the integument becomes callous or indu- rated. This condition was termed by ancient farriers " sit-fi\st.*' The treatment for this consists in smearing the callous with th« following : HORSE MAXAGEMENT, ETC. 401 No. G3. Iodide of potass 1 dr. Simple ointment G dr. Glycerine 2 dr. Mix these ingredients well together, and they are then fit for use. A few applications of this ointment will have the ellect of removing the callous, when a healthy surface will appear. Some animals, owing to a peculiarity of constitution or of form, will chaf'' in those parts which come in contact Avith the collar and saddle, and no human foresight nor mechanical contrivance can always succeed in preventing the same. For example, some horses are humory, as the saying is— perhaps have a taint of scrofula about them — and if they perform a hard day's labor in the warm seasoc of the year, notwithstanding they be harnessed in the best possible manner, they will come home at night with either galled shoulders or sore back. For such cases as these the harness-maker, with all his skill and ingenuity, has no other remedy than that of a palliative character. The Heart. The current of blood is said to be put in motion by a muscular organ known as the heart, which is located within the thorax, or chest. The blood is distributed to all the various raniitications of the body by means of vessels called arteries, and it is returned to the heart by the veins. The red color of the blood is due to the presence of red corpuscles, which are always to be found in the blood of the vertebrata. In some of the invertebrata the blood is white, or resembles the color of chyle. Mode of Circulation.— The blood, having been propelled from the left or posterior ventricle of the heart to all the various rami- fications of the body, passes through the extreme vessels (capil- lary) into the veins. These veins terminate in a vessel known as vena cava, anterior and posterior, both of which sections termi- nate in the right or anterior auricle. This auricle contracts, and the venous blood thus finds its way into the right ventricle, where the pulmonary arteries have their origin. By aid of tke muscular power of this ventricle, the blood is sent through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs (aeration and oxygenation). The color of this blood is dark, almost black. It is highly carbonized, abounds in morbific matter and the worn-out materials of the body, and in this state is a non-supporter of vitality. lu this condition, 26 M)!. DiDDS ViniRItAlY .HKOUINE AND SUHGEjCY Ibeu, veiiots bio )d enters the pulmonary tissies. The artoriali latioD o.' the blood which follows k a proceijs more ea&tiitiui to vital :iiutegrity than the assimilation of food; for animals can live a long time without food, but they ciin only exist a shoil time unless the blood be oxygenized. The fulmouary arteries branch off into minute ramifications on the surf ice of the air-ceils of the lungs, and where these minute divisions terminate others commence, termed venous radicles, which ultimately become large veins. By the pulmonary veine the oxygenized blood is returned to the hsft auricle and ventricle of the heart. This route of the blood t'l cm he:irt to lungs, and back again from lungs to heart, is termed tlie loa-er circulation. The left ventricle delivers the blood into the gn?at aorta, and thence to every part of the body. This is called the greater circulation. Difference between Veins and Arieri&8. — The veins differ from arteries in being less dense, having no muscular nor iigamentar) tunics like the arteries, and, therefore, offer but Little resistance to tight collars and tight-fitting harness and circingles, wliich are apt to interfere with the return of blood to the heart. The incapacity of veins returning blood to the heart in the same ratio in whicd it is carried by the arteries, is proved from the fact that the former are twice as voluminous as the latter. The veius ali?o differ in their internal arrangement from the aiterief, the former being furnished, at proper distances, w?th valves, wiiioh giiai'd against a retrograde venous action. The Quantity ov J^locd Contusrd in ing .^dy OF A IIOltSE. Mr. Peucivalu who is our chief authoi i y on thli, subject, cxntends that, for many reasons, the quantity of blood contained in an animal body may be made matttr of speculation, but can not, for many reasons, be ascertained with any degree of precision ; for, says iic, " if we at"empt to draw all the blood out of the body, the animal sinks and dies long before its vessels are evacualcd; and as wo possess no means of measuring what remains lieiiind, any calculation we may make from the quantity that has floi?e«l miut nec(«Harily turn out vague, if not altogether iacorr«!ct." lie contends, however, that the following (Bxperiment offers a datum, •)r guide: IIOUSR MAXAfiRMKNT, ETC. 4U3 ** The weight of an animal being ascertained tc be seventy- nine pounds, a puncture was made with a lancet into the jugular, from which the blood f.owcd in a very free stream, and was col- lected. The vein having ceased to bleed, the caroted artery of the same side was divided, but no blood came from it. In a few seconds afterward the animal was dead The weight of the car- cass was found to be seventy-three and one-half pounds ; conse- quently, the animal had sustained a loss of 5.12 pounds, precisely the measure of the blood drawn. It appears, therefore, from this experiment, that an animal will lose one-tlfieenth of its weight of blood ere it dies, although a less quantity may so far debilitate tlie vital powers as to be, though less suddenly, equally fatal. In the human subject, the quantity of blood has been computed at about one-eighth part of the weight of the body ; and as such an opinion has been broached from the results of experiments on quadrupeds, we may fairly take that to be about the proportion of it in the horse ; so that if we estimate the weight of a common sized horse at about 12 cwt., the whole quantity of blood will amount to 84 quarts, or 1G8 pounds, of which about 45 quarts, or 90 pounds, will flow f lom the jugular vein prior to death, though the loss of a much smaller quantity will sometimes deprive the animal of life " The Eapidity of the CiRcrLATio]sr. In 1827, Herixg,* a German physiologist, performed the ex- periment of injecting into the jugular vein of a dog a harmless substance, which could be easily recognized by its chemical reac- tions, and noted the time which elapsed before it could be de- tected in the vein of the opposite side. This gave the first correct idea of the rapidity of the circulation ; for though the older phys- iologists had studied the subject, their estimates were founded on calculations which had no accurate basis, and gave very different results. The experiment of Herixg is often roughly performed as a physiological demonstration, and we have thus had frequent occasion, in a general way, to verify its accuracy. If, for ex- ample, we expose both jugulars of a dog, inject into one a solution of ferro-cyanide of potassium in water, and draw a specimen of * Milne-Edwards. 4U4 DADU'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. blood from the other, with as little loss of time as poseir-Ie, it wili be found that, in twenty or thirty seconds after the injection, the salt has had time to pass from the jugular to the right side of the heart, thence to the lungs and lett side of the heart, and from this, through the capillaries of the head and face, back to the jugular on the opposite side. Its presence can be determined by the distinct blue color produced on the addition of the perchlo- iiiie of iron to the serum, if the specimen be allowed to stand, or a clear extract of the blood be made by boiling with a little sul- phate of soda and filtering, treating the colorless liquid thus ob- tained with the salt of iron. The experiments of Herinq were evidently conducted with great care and accuracy. He drew blood at intervals of five seconds after the commencement of the injection, and thus, by repeated observations, ascertained pretty nearly the rapidity of the circuit of blood in the animals on which he experimented. Others have taken up these investigations, and introduced some modifications in the manipulations. Vierordt collected the blood as it flowed, in little vessels fixed oi> a aisk revolving at a known rate, which gave a little more exactness to the observations; but the method is essentially the same as that employed by Hering, and the result" obtained by these two observers nearly correspon 1. Herixg made observations on horses by increasing the fre- quency of the pulse, on the one hand, physiologically, by exercise, and, on the other hand, pathologically, by inducing inflammation. He found, in the first instance, that in a horse, with the heart beating at the rate of thirty-six per minute, with eight respira- tory acts, ferro-cyanide of potassium injected into the jugular ap- peared on the vessels on the opposite side, after an interval of from twenty to twenty-five seconds. By exercise, the number of pulsations was raised to one hundred per minute, and the rapidity of the circulation was from fifteen to twenty seconds. The obser- vations were made with an interval of twenty-four hours. Th« same results were obtained in other experiments. The Transfusion of Blood. J. Farrell, V. S., has lately been experimenting in an intei- eeting department of veterinary science ; namely, the transtusioii of equine blood in diseases attended with low, vital action. Trans- aOKSli MANAGEM'iN'I, ETC. 404 ihsion signifies the transfer of blood from one living mi laal uO mother, by means of a hollow tube inserted into the jugular vei ie of each horse. Hii method was as follows : "I commenced a series of experiments, so as to diico /er tl;< amplest, safest, and most effectual method of convey'.ng bloi-d 6x)m one animal to another. I first tried the transfusion sfiinge^ jrhich has been used by medical practitioners for this purpose j but, "whetlur from want of skill in its use, or from somo difect in the instrument, (which had been recommended to me as on( of the beet,) or from some other cause, I can not tell, but certain it is I was in no case so successful with it as I was with a more simple apparatus. I fancied that the blood lost much of its vitality by being exposed to atmospheric action, and also by its being forced and compressed within the cylinder of the instrument. These 'muressi'ms as to the cause of failure induced me to undertake several experimenis, with a view to the construction of an instru- ment which would fulfill the requisite indications; namely, to allo\» the blov)d to pass freely from the vein of the heakhy into thut of the diseased subject, without coming in contact with the atmos- phere, and without alteration of its temperature. I at length adopted an exceedingly simple apparatus, which may be described ia a few words. It consists of an India-rubber tube, some two and a half feet long, and three-eighths of an inch in diameter; that is, about the caliber of the vein in the adult horse. To either end of this is fitted a silver tube, curved somewhat like a syphon, %o that me end, which is slightly rounded at the point, might be tjasily passed into the vein, both tubes being exactly alike. A nar- row zinc or tin trough is required, to contain hot water, in which two-thirds of the tube should be immersed during the time that the blood is flowing. This completes the apparatus ; and, being prepared, and the horses ready, held by assistant'*, the jugular rein of the hsalthy horse from which the supply of is to l>e taken may be opened, and into it one of the silver tubes carefully passed, point upward, so at to receive the current of blood as it flows back from the head — the operator hoMing the other end, and, laving previously opened the corres{)onding vein in the patient, he shoula wait till the current is passing freely dawn the tube fn m the healthy horse, and then bring it in contact with that whi^h is now flowing slowly from the patient. He should pass the ( ad of the inhe lurefully int^ the vein, point downward, by wlJch ne ms tlj« 406 D.vOD'S VHTIvRLNARY MHDICINE AND SIjRv,;ERY. possibility of any air getting into the tube is avoided. The quan- tity to be transfused is readily ascertained by watching the expres- sion of the eyes and noting the pulse carefully. So long as there is no dilatation of the pupils, and so l6ng as the heart's action is not very niucli affected, the blood may be allowed to flow on uninter- ru]>tedly ; but as soon as the pupils become dilated, it is necessary to lessen the supply gradually, by compressing the tube with th* finger and thumb. If the dilatation disappear after a minute i two, the blood may be again allowed to flow ; but if it increases, fiirther transfusion must be stopped, or, otherwise, injurious con- sequences will result. In the cases of two animals which I purchased for the purpose of experiment, I purposely allowed the blood to flow after dilata- tion of the pupil had manifested itself, in order that I might see the'^resuit, and I found it to increase; and in one of the cases, after winking both eyes three or four times, in rapid succession, the horse reared up and fell back. In the other case, I forced the blood in from an India-rubber enema bottle. The pupils firist became still more dilated; the breathing very quick and difficult, the eyes assumed a wild, agonized look, and the animal, with a sudden bound, fell forward dead. I had my finger on the artery during the entire time, and observea a great unsteadiness and flut- tering of the pulse, which increased in frequency until the instant before he fell. In the first of these cases, I did not force the blood into the vein, but allowed it to flow until I perceived the injurious effects upon the horse. He tottered and fell, but in a short time recovered, and Avas walked back to his stable. He died in the course of the night, and, on examining his head the next day, I found considerable congestion of the brain. The tube used for the experiments transferred about three quarts of blood in eight minutes ; at least it might be so inferred, from the fact that when osed Pi" a syphon, it passed three and a half quarts of water (and c little leso of oil) from one vessel to another in that time. I think, however, that I am correct in saying that this disease is by no means so likely to occur in horses as in human beings, and is certainly not so formidable ; but, nevertheless, I am quite sure that it may happen as a consequence of the operation, if the instru^' raent be not kept scrupulously clean, and also if great care be not taken in its introduction in the vein. Having, from these and atber experiments, not necessary to detail, determined on the mod« RORSE MANAGEMENT, ETC. 407 of operation most ^.ikely to be successful, I shall now proceei! tc state the result of four eases in which I have operated, and which, 1 think, I may look upon as having been followed with entire success. In three of the cases the patients had been bled a short time previous to ray having seen them, and were so much weak- ened that they could scarcely walk. In the fourth case, a drastic purgative had been administered, causing superpurgutiou and grejit prostration of strength. In each of the four cases, the condition of the patient was so similar that the description I have already given may answer for all. Having selected a healthy young hor&e from Avhich to obtain the blood to be transferred, I o])ened thfl jugular vein in the patient and in the healthy subject; and hav- ing inserted the tube, as before described^, into the vein of the healthy horse. I placed the India-rubber tube in the tin trough containing hot water, to maintain the right temperature, and the other curved tube into the descending portion of the vein in the patient. As soon as the current from the healthy horse had com- pletely expelled all atmospheric air, the instrument being thus arranged, the blood flowed freely from the vein of one horse into that of the other in an unbroken current. The average quantity of blood transferred in each of these cases was about three quarts. I observed no particular symptoms to follow from the transfusion, until two quarts or more had passed from the healthy to the dis^ eased subject ; but as soon as about that quantit}'' had flowed, thera appeared to be produced an amount of stimulation, indicated by an . kicreased action of the heart ; at the same time the pupils began to dilate, and the countenance evinced an anxious expression. My former experiments led me to watch with great care the progress- ive dilatation of the pupil, and I deemed it expedient, in nach case, when this svmptom was well developed, to compress the tube so as to diminish the current, and allow the transfusion to j)roceed more gradually and slowly. Occasionally I almost complttely interrupted the current until the subsidence of this symptom, and I found that when about three quarts had been transfused, any additional quantity was followed by unpleasant symptoms, which indicated the necessity of stopping the operation. On removnig the tube and closing the vein, all symptoms of irritation gradually subsided, and the pulse, from being rapid and irritable, became slower, stronger, and fuller, gradually approaching the healthy tandard. f08 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERI In each of these four cases the reaction was steady and progrws give. The natural warmth of the extremities was graduall) restored, and, in the course of ten or twelve hours, the patient ^.resented other equally unmistakable symptoms of amendment, Bueh as returning appetite, more quiet and steady respiration, cheerfulness of countenance, and a willingness to move about. From this point there was a gradual improvement, and, in a sho/t time, they were pronounced cured. I have been induced to submit these few remarks, much lea •with a view to record any little success I may have had in per- forming the operation myself, than with a hope that others, far more capable, will take up the matter, and test it thoroughly ; for, whatever obstacles and objections there may be to its performance in the human subject, there are none to prevent its becoming a most valuable agent in veterinary science." Soon after the discovery of the circulation of the blood by Harvey, transfusion was attempted on animals, and afterward on man. In some cases the experiment was successful, while others failed to afford relief; in fact, a majority of the cases ter- minated unfavorably ; and of late years transfusion has been aban- doned, and regarded as " useless and even dangerous." We can conceive, however, of cases which might occur — when, for exam- ple, a horse has lost a large quantity of blood accidentally— to warrant us in resorting to transfusion ; and if any of our veter- inary friends are disposed to make experiments of this kind, we urge them to do so, notwithstanding the opinion of the Parlia- ment of France against it, and that of some scientific men who have pronounced it " useless and dangerous." One among the many reasons whicli may be urged against transfusion is the fact that venous blood is a non-supporter of vitality. It is saturated with the excrementitious material ab- sorbed from the intestinal canal, fibrous membranes, and cellular tissues, and a vast amount of morbific matter is mixed with the venous blood in the course of its circulation, so that it can not be of any benefit tc the system o' a sick oi- dying horse until it shall btcome cxygcnized or Vitalized, or changed from venous to arte- rial blood, which change can not possibly tako place until thla fluid has readied the air-cells of the lungs. It would appear, therefore, that the transfusion of vitalized artprial blood, if the nrocess can l^e conducted with the relative amount of safety at^ UORSE MANAGEMENT, ETC. 409 tending that of the transfer of venous blood, would ho a procedure more consistent with the known laws of physiology than is the case when venous blood is transfused. It is possible that some animals might be benefited by the transfusion of venous blood, provided the heart and lungs of the patient are in a healthy state, 30 as to insure sufficient oxygenation; other«'ise, the rapid con- immption of the little oxygen absorbed would be likely to end in asphyxia. If the function of the lungs be impaired by disease, thee the process of aeration of the blood is checked, and the blood can not circulate, notwithstanding the healthy state of the heart. In verification of this fact, as regards the very important function of respiration and aeration, we may mention that Dr. Austls Flint, Jun., has lately demonstrated that the condition of oxy- genation of the blood is necessary to the performance of the vital functions, and that a want of capillary power (occasioned by im- perfect oxygenation) throws all onus on the heart, and that the heart is insufficient for the labor. In one of his experiments, after capillary circulation had entirely ceased, the chest was opened \nd the heart found beating regularly. Management of the Horse's Foot in the Stable. It is my firm belief, based on a knowledge of the physiology of the foot, that soft bedding, containing the usual amount of filth, is, in many cases, the exciting cause, not only of tender- ness and contraction, but also of many muscular affections. I lejoice to find horse-owners exercising their reason in this depart- ment of stable management, because it is one step in the right direction, and will put a stop to those glaring absurdities whia' are constantly practiced just because tlicy have the sanction oi antiquity, or because Neighbor So-and-so recommends them. Reason teaches that the health of the wliole animal fabric is best promoted by cleanliness and ventilation (liy which a jmre atmo- sphere is insured), and by food suitable in quantity and quality to the special wants of the animal. Hence, what reason teaches, man should practice. It is unreasonable, therefore, to suppose that a horse can be benefited by standing on a soft bed, composed in part of the de- filing excreni'^nts of his own body, which are constantly decom- posing and forming gaseous vai^nrs unfit for respiration. K lirl tic DADDS VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERl. and filth are innoxious, in what does the vahic of our Sauitar^ regulations consist ? Why do our city authorities spend so mud money to purify the pestiferous cesspool and sewer, and to rid oui streets of accumulating rubbish and filth? Let human bc'ugs wal- low kuee-de«p in muck, and revel shoulder-deep in an atmosphere saturated with animoniacal and carbonic acid gases (as some horset are compelled to), and death would run riot — our cities would he converted into immense charnel-houses, fit receptacles for a raan of beings that would not adopt the means which reason and expe- rience suggest for averting the calamity. Horses that have no better care than that alluded to, are iu close proximity with disease. That they are often found dead in their stalls from the effects of carbonized blood I can testity, ana many more would die, only they are permitted to take a little of the breath of life during the day, which, to some extent, dilutes the poisonous gases with which their system has been saturated during the night, and thus their life, which, under the best cir- cumstances, is a weary toil, is prolonged. Without attempting to prove the general effects oi im{)ure ai.» and filth on the system of a horse located in a stall from one to two and a half feet deep of soft bedding, let us consider, in a brief manner, the local phenomena. Our readers are all aware that the combined action of heat and moisture tends to relax — enervat<» the tissues of the body, and, if carried beyond a certain point, ends in decomjiosition. Take, for example, a common poultice, apply it to a horse's foot, and renew it as soon as it becomes dry. In the course of two or three days the hoof will separate from its matrix, the frog and heels soften, the tissues be in a stat€ of relaxation, and, if the poultice is continued, the hoof will geparato from the sensible parts ; if the foot is already diseased, the separation is accelerated. Warm water has the same ettect. Applied externally for any length of time, it relaxes and pros- trates; applied internally, it relaxes and vomits. Hence the soft, (which implies moist,) hot bedding, tends to create morbid action in the feet, and whatever disease the horse may be predisposed to In those parts will generally manifest itself. Some animals, how- ever, escape the evils alluded to, owing to their insusceptibility ; for disease of the foot can not occur without a susceptibility to it and the ajiplication of a cause. Soft bedding, cow dung, and other unmentionable filth, are often resorted to as remedies for con* flORSE MANAGEMENT, ETt. 41 J traction, but they are classed among the irrational barbarities of th^ past, with which they ought to have sunk into oblivion. Veterinaiy science has discovered that if such articles possess any virtue, it is owing to the moisture they impart to the foot. Therefore, on the score of decency, and in view of relaxing the ocntracted foot according to the principles of reason and modern science, we should avoid every kind of filth, and resort to pure water or wholesome poultice; or take off the shoes, wash the feet dailyj and let the horse run to grass, so that he may bring the sole and frog in contact with the ground, and thus promote expansion of the heels. As regards the manufacture of tender feet, in both the young and aged, it makes but little difference whether they have the range of a filthy barn-yard or are confined in a bedded stall ; the effect is tenderness of foot, and subsequent lameness; and the same, or a disposition to it, may be transmitted through the sexual congress to future offspring. In view, therefore, of preventing diseased feet, strict attention must be paid to cleanliness. The stall floor should be composed of brick or planit, having just suf- ficient declivity to conduct fluids into a gutter, running along the entrance to the stall, which should terminate exterior to the stable, so that the ammonia, in which the urine is abundant, is carried beyond the stable atmosi)here. The bedding, which, according to long custom, is stowed under the crib, there acting as a sort of noxious smelling-bottle to the horse's nostrils, should be spread out in the open air, sorted, the refuse and excrement removed to a dung-heap, located as fi\r from the stable as possible; for the common manure receptacle, under the stable floor, is one of the worst features of stable economy. The stable floor should be washed clean as often as circumstances permit. Strangles ("Distemper," or "Horse Ail")- lliis disease is most prevalent in young horses. After the age of eight the disease is more rare I have, however, seen some well-marked cases occurring in hoises whose ages varied from five to eight years. Strangles is, without doubt, one of the evils o^ domestication, and often results from arrors in diet and man- agement, which, if rt-e make some exceptions, will generally bear improvement. 412 DADDS VKTEIUNARY MEDICINE AND ^URGER • Strangles is supposed to be a disease to which all horses an subject once in their lives, yet Mr. Pekoivall contends that many horses escape the disease. Hence, if many escape, it if very natural for those who know the value of pure air, natural food, and exercise to conclude that the colt, while enjoying these great luxuries in the open air, by the side of its mother, guided 1 j her euj)eriur instinct, is not liable to be attacked with a disease 'vhif^n, as already stated, we believe to result from depriving anin als of tho3e blessings which Nature has in store for them in thcii unre- strained state. But it often happens that young colts, aft' r run- ning a season with their mother, partaking of the invig rating country air, grow up to be strong and robust, and then the period arrives f6r weaning them. How changed the scene! Insl-ad of being j)ermitted to gambol in their native element, they arj con- fined to a small space, not large enough to swing a cat roun ?, i»nd perhaps as dark as the grave ; and the animal, after fretting for a season, and making unsuccessful efforts to escape from its prison- house, tamely submits to the discipline, not, however, until he has cut a'lid bruised and otherwise injured himself. I was called, a short time ago, to visit a young colt that had lacerated his heai, breast, and fore-legs in a most shocking manner, in making an attempt to escape through a window from the horrors of confine- ment. His companion? were about a dozen cows, more calculated to alarm and render his position a perilous one than otherwise; and the impure atmosphere, rendered sc by the emanations from the excrements and from the lungs of his companions, was a source of great mischief. Then, who can blame such an one for attempt- ing to escape and regain liberty ? If strangles should appear in such a subject, it would not be surprising. Then, again, take a colt from its mother, whose milk contains all the elements for sustaining life and developing the organization of the young subject, and place it upon a diet of hay or like innu- tritious trash, a whole truss of which would not afford one-half the quantity of nutriment contained in a quart of its mother's milk. However profitable and well-adapted hay may be for stock of mature growth and powerful digestive organs, it is a sad mis- take to suppose that it will do for the young. A case of this kind cume under my observation last year. The subject, aged two and a half years, died in a state of marasmus (a gradual wasting of the systen without any ap})arent disease). A post moHem examina- HORSK MANAGEMENT, ETC. 413 tiDU failed to detect any disease other than general emaciation. On making inquiries concerning the food, the owner replied, " The colt has been fed on good sweet hay and corn-stalks ever since it was weaned." This was capital fcod for the poor tiling, provided, however, its stomach had a grist-mill within it; otherwise, it waa hard fare, and must derange the digestive function, and, ere the eolt has attained maturity, dyspepsia, in either a mil J or aggra- yatjil form, has secured a victim. Mr. Percfvall has defined strangles to he "a diffusible swell- ing under the jaw. The tumor consists in a circumscribed inflam- mation, iiaving all the characteristics of simple phlegmon, attack- ing the subcutaneous cellular substance included between the branches of the jaw, which, in consequence, become gradually filled and distended with eflftisions of lyraphy and serous matters, acquires a firm and solid feel, tenderness on pressure, and a s^nse of unnatural heat. This commonly proceeds to suppuration, end- ing, to all appearances, in a common submaxillary abscess. Now, this, and this alone, constitutes strangles. There are in the oooks a variety of other symptoms described, but they are all concomi- tant or accidental, none but these being, ])roperIy S{)eaking, essen- tial to its existence. The usual concomitants are, membranous inflammation, giving rise to soreness about the throat; reddening and discharge at the nose, and perhaps cough ; tumefaction of the salivary glands, produciug pain and difliculty of deglutition ; and, lastly, some slight febrile commotion of the system." Contagiousness of Strangles. — We learn from the " Veterina- rian '' that M. Heynal, clinical professor at the Alfort School, submits a number of observations corroborative of the contacrioua character of strangles. He states that " young horses having strangles, and put into stables with horses of adult age, doing their duty, have communicated the disease to those of the latter, who have «?tood in adjoining stalls, though some few have only exhibited the disease in a catarrhal form. Even the fojil has been known tt) suck the disease from its dam. Moreover, experiment has been had recourse to to inoculate for strangles. ^I Damalix smeared with a sponge, imjircgnated with matter taken from the abscess of strangles, twice daily, both sides of the pituitary mem- brane and the internal surfaces of the linings of the eyelids, in a sound horse, about to be cast for spavin. This was continued foi 5ieven days. On the eighth, he remarked that the horgp had lose 414 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY his appetite, had commenced running from both nostrils, loucrhed softly and loosely, and had swelling under the jaw, which ended in resolution, all the symptoms terminating eight days from their commencemer/fc. It lias been remarked that strangles is more surely comniuui- cated at an early than a late stage, and in a certain form mure readily than in others. Strangles will assume the herpetic char- acter, simulate farcy and glanders, settle in the mesenteric glands, or may follow castration. In regard to contagion, may be men- tioned, as most readily communicable, that form of strangles whicli assumes the character of eruptions on the lips, nose, and pituitary m«?mbrane." Tlie Tumor of Strangles is not always confined to the subniny- illary space, as will be observed from the following case, w^hich occurred in the author's practice, a short time ago, in a gray mare. and which speedily ran to a fatal termination. The subject had previously suffered from some internal disorder, and, on recovery from which, did not appear to regain its usual health, but re- mained in an unthrifty condition. A few days before our atten- tion was called to the case, a turn r made its api)earance on the near hip, which suppurated and discharged. On the morniiig of our visit, the animal had been attacked with abdominal pain, for which remedies had been prescribed. They not ajipearing to afford relief, the owner called in the aid of some person, who in- serted a knife into the mouth, and wounded the palatine artery, from which the blood had flowed for several hours, but was now arrested. We found the extremities icy cold, and the j)ulse very feeble. The eye appeared glassy, mucous surfoees pale, and the lips hanging pendulous. There was a painful tumor on the near hind leg, close to the stifle, and another on the flank of the same side. The animal was exceedingly stiff and lame in the hind ex- tremities, and appeared to be failing very fast. Considering the case a hopeless one, we merely recommended some restorative cor- dial and a few quarts of gruel. The animal died in the course of a few hours, and its death, no doubt, was hastened by the loss of blood; for, as the owner expressed himself, "the horse had some life in him before being bled," thereby intimating that the abstraction of blood deprived him of that life. Treatment. — So soon as matter can be detected in the tumor oi tbscess beneath the jaw it should be laid open. This will libep- HORSE Management, eic. 416 ate a quantity of pus. The orifice thus made must not be allowed to close, but must be kept open for a few days, or until matter ceLses to run. During this period, a liniment, composed of cod- liver oil, half a pint, and powdered camphor, two ounces, must occasionally be rubbed about the region of the jaws. Half an ounce of powdered chlorate of potass should be mixed in the liink, or with some flaxseed tea, if the patient will drink it. A x>uple of drachms of fluid extract of pleurisy-root may be given, night and morning, for a short time. Active medicine is not indicated ; good nursing, aided by pure air and voluntary exercise in an inclosiu-e, will soon restore the patient to health. We close our labors in Ihe Equine Depaetment by entering our solemn protest against the unwarrantable use of the lancet or knife in Veterinary Piactice. It is a disgrace to humanity, an outrage on the rights and privileges of that noble animal, the horse, over whom God has given us dominion and power — not to abuse and render their life a weary toil, and extort from them all the labor we can, but to protect them, to administer to their wants and necessities, and render their conclition as happy as possible. A moral responsibility rests on every man to see that the claims which these poor creatures have upon our race are respected ; that their rights are not violated ; that, when sick and in a dying con- dition, they shall be treated with mercy, and be protected from their tormentors, the unmerciful phlebotomists. Any misguided man who can draw from the veins of an emaciated or dying horse the little blood they contain should be sent to the insane asylum, and never again be permitted to disgrace the noble nature of man. We can respect the man who conscientiously practices blood-let- ting; bit where is the medical man who can conscientiously bleed ■ dying brute with a view of saving life? Sn) OV £QUINE DEPABTMEBT. TABLES OF WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. APOTHECARIES' WEIGHTS. 10 grains make one scruple, marked ^J. 3 Bcmples do. drachm, do gj. 8 drachms do. ounce, do Jj. 12 ounces do. pound, do Sfej. LIQUID MEASUBES. %U drops make one drachm, marked .... ^. S drachms do. ounce, do ^. SO ounces do. pint, do (^. 8 pints do. gallon, do Cobk OBDINABY MODES OF MEASUBINQ LIQUIDS. A tea-tpoonful of liquid equals 60 drops, or one drachm. A tahle-tpoonful of do ^ ounce, or four drachms. A. dettert-tpoonful oi do. \%Q dr(ypi, ox three drachm*. A wine-g^uss/ul of do. 1^ ounce*. The doses vary in quantity in different animals. The amount ti b9 given in any case will be found clearly stated in the treatment of mok disease, whether of horses, cattle, sheep, or hogs. 416 A LIST OF FLUID EXTRACTS, 4 boently introduced into veterinary pbaotioa By G. H. DADD, v. S., WITH INSTRuCrriON REGARDING THEIR ACTION, AND THE QUANTrrY TO BE ADMINISTERED. THE introduction of medicines, in the form of FiiUiD Ex- •rRACTS, for the treatment of diseases incidental to domestic animals is considered a very great improvement over the old method of drenching by the pint or quart, to the great disgust of the patient as well as the practitioner, and the great danger attend- ing the administration of a large quanty of fluid which was necea- eary wh 3n crude materials were used. In the use of fluid extracts all danjjer ib obviated and much labor saved, for the doses are quite email, rarely exceeding one fluid ounce. This can be merely placed ofl the tongue, the animal's head being slightly elevated, and he sArallows it without any difficulty or resistance. The fluid extracts bear an exact relation to the crude materials— that is, ouQce for ounce — yet, from a variety of circumstances, they may vary slightly from this standard. It is, however, the inten- tion of the manufacturer to completely exhaust the active principle of the crude material and render the medicine uniform in strength. The fluid extracts used by the author are manufactured by Messrs. Garrison .4 Co., manufacturing chemists, of Chicago. Tiiey con- duct their ev'aporations at a very low toinperature, by means of an improved st-^am bath, and use only select drugs, thereby prevent- mg the possibility of adulteration. I have used large quantitiea of medicine n^nufactured by the above-uained firm, and find them 27 417 ftlC LADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. equal if not superior to any in the market; therefore I do not hesitate to recommend them as efficient and reliable me^lieines. Hit doses here recommended apply to both horses and cattle. Fluid Extract of Chamomilf (Anthemis Nobilis.) This is a valuable tonic, and is used in cases of derangement of the digestive organs. Dose, from two to four drachms. Fluid Extractt of Aunica. ( Leopard s-hmie. ) Amicai is chiefly used in veterinary practice as an external ap- plication in the treatment of wounds, sprains, and bruises. It is prepared as follows : Fluid extract of arnica 4 oi. Proof spirits (equal parts of water and alcohoH ... 1 pint. Mix. Apply a portion to the affected part two or three times daily. Fluid Exi-ract of Wormwood. [Artemisia Absinthium.) This is used as an anthelmintic for the expulsion of worms. The dose is one ounce (fluid), to be given every morning for a week, just before feeding-time. It not only has a tendency to ( • pel worms, but gives tone to the digestive organs, and correci* morbid appetite Fluid Extract of Pleurisy Root. (Asclepias Tubtrosa.) This is used in pleurisy and irritable sore throat. Dose, four drachms, night and morning. The powdered root enters intc thi oomposit; m of some of the most celebrated cough powders. Fluid Extract of ISIale Fern. [Aspidium Filix Mas.) This is the celebrated remedy for the treatment of tape-worm, which is sometimes to be found in the intestines of young sits, LIST OF FLUID EXTRACTS. 419 Dose, four drachms, to be given every morning, on an empty itomach, for six or eight successive clays, and longer if neoeseary. Fluid Extract of Buchu, (Barosma Orenata.) This is used exclusively for the treatment of diseases of the urinary organs, retention of the urine, and for the treatment of the various forms of dropsy. Its direct action is diuretic, yet it also gives tone to the parts on which it acts. Dose, from four to eight drachms. Should an animal be suffering from retention of the urine, the diuretic action of the buchu may be augmented by adding to it a small quantity (equal parts) of sweet spirits of niter. For the treatment of spasm at the neck of the bladder, add to the dose of buchu an equal quantity of tincture of assafetida. Fluid Extract of Indian Hemp (Foreign). ( Cannabis Indicus Sativus.) rhis medicine acts as a narcotic and antispasmodic. Its use ia indicated in all diseases attended with pain and restlessness, but is chiefly used for the treatment of tetanus or lockcd-jaw. Doee, two drachms, to be repeated as occasion may require. Fluid Extract of Prince's Pine. („Piptmewa.) Prince's pine is a very excellent tonic and diuretic in chronic diseases of the urinary organs, and has been used with much suo- cess in cases of local dropsy of the limbs, known as swelled legs. Dose, from four to six drachms. Fluid Extract of Black Snakeroot. ( Cimici/uga Racemota.) This extract is considered a valuable agent for the treatment of gpasmodic affections, which arise in consequence of derangement of some portion of the nervous system. It is an efficient remedy in hysteria. 420 dadd's veterinary medicine and surgery. Fluid Extract of Colchicum. (Colehicum Autumnale.) This extract is prepared from the roots and seeds of the plaut It is celebrated for the treatment of rheumatism, inflammatory diseases of the joints, and inter-articular lameness. Dose^ oim drachm, two or three times per day. Fluid Extract of Yellow Jessamine. (GeUeminum Sempervirens.) This agent is u^d as a sedative in the treatment of pleurisy and pnenmonia in the early or acute stage. It is also a powerful febri- fhge, hence it is indicated in all acute fevers. It entirely di** penses with use of the fleam. Dose, from one, to three drachms. Fluid Extract of Witch hazel. (Hamamelit Virginica.) Witch-hazel is used as a local astring^^ot in the treatment of ** bog and blood spavin." It is prepared for use as follows : Fluid extract of witch-hazel 6 OB. Proof spirits 1 pint. Mix. Apply a portion twice daily. Fluid Extract of Hops. {Humulus Lupulus.) This preparation of hops is used as a tonic in general debility, ftnd as a narcotic in diseases of the nervous system. It is a relia- ble remedy to induce sleep and relieve pain. Dose, from two to four drachms, to be repeated as occasion seems to require. Fluid Extract of Golden Seal. (Jlydrastis Canadensis.) The golden seal is a pure tonic, and its use is indicated in aU cases of debility, loss of appetite, derangement of the digestive organs, and torpidity of the liver. Dose, from two to foar drachms. list of fluid exitiacts. 421 Fluid Extract op Sassafras. All the preparations of sassafras are more or ies? alterative. The fluid extract is used in view of purifying the blood in diseaaei of the skin, and in cases of chronic rheumatism. Dose, from fooi to six drachms. Fluid Extract of Culver's Root. {Leptandra Virffiniea.) This is employed, in the author's practice, as a substitute fa Oftlomel, in the treatment of acute and chronic diseases of the liver. Dose, from two to four drachms. Fluid Extract of Lobelia. Lobelia is a very valuable antispasmodic, and is useful in dis- eases of a spasmodic character. The author has used it, with great ■OOMM, in obstinate cases of spasmodic colic. Dose, two drachms. Fluid Extract of Bayberry. [Mi/rica Ceri/era.) Bayberry is successfully used as a stimulant and astringent is scours, diarrhea, and super-purgation. Dose, two drachms, to be administered in a small quantity of milk porridge. Fluid Extract of Poppy-heads. (Papaver Somn\ferium.) This is used as a narcotic, in all cases that seem to require thf exhibition of opium. It mitigates pain, induces sleep and rest and is much safer than cnide opium. Dose, fram two to fi» drachms. Fluid Extract of Poke- root. [Phytolacca Decandra.) T^is is used as an alterative in a disease occurring among cows, known aa "garget," or "caked udder." Doee, from two to foai drachma. 422 dadd's veterinary medicine and surgery. Fluid Extract of Matico. {Piper Angustifolium.) Tbifl is used as a styptic to bleeding Avounds, internal hem<»' rhages, and chronic diarrhea. Dose, from four to eight diacLms. Fluid Extract of Cubebs. This is a very valuable agent for the treatment of leucorrhea, gleet, nasal gleet, or discharges from mucous surfaces. Dose, from three to six drachms. Fluid Extract of Black Peppeb. [Piper Nigrum.) This is a carminative and stimulant to the digestive organs, and is often used successfully in the treatment of stomach stag- gers. Dose, from two to four drachms Fluid Exiraci of IMa^ drake. [Podophyllum Peltatum.) Mandrake is now used as a laxative and cathartic, in lieu oi aloes. About one ounce will usually purge a horse, if followed np by sloppy bran-mashes. Fluid Extract of Bloodroot. [Sanguinaria Canadensis.) This is used as an escharotic in the treatment of foul ulceri, and fungus growths. It is used, also, as a gargle in suppurative laryngitis, croup, putrid sore throat, etc. The gargle is prepared as follows: Fluid extract of bloodroot 4 oz. Vinegar 1 pt. Mix. It is applied to the mouth and throat by means of a enpocge, affixed to a piece of rattan or whalebone. list of fluid extracts. 423 Fluid Extract of Valerian. ( Valerian Officinalit.) This is a very useful antispasmodic, and its use is indicated in all cases marked by irregular nervous action and hysterical afieo- dons. Dose, four drachms. Fluid Extract of Ginger. (Zinziberis Officinalit.) Fluid extract of ginger is one of the most valuable difiiisiblc stimulants to be found in the whole materia medica. The Ja- maica ginger is preferable to any other ; it is used in cases of indi- gestion, flatulency, etc. Dose, from three to six drachms. Fluid Extract of Ginger enters into the composition of the cele- brated colic drench, used by the author of this work and hii students, during a period of twenty-five years, with marked suc- cess. The fqllowing is the formula : Fluid extract of ginger | ^^^^ j j^ ^^^ Fluid extract of golden seal. . j Hyposulphite of soda. '. 6 oi. Dose, four ounces (fluid) every four hours, until relief is ol^ tained. Remedy for Wounds. Apply a compress of several folds of cotton cloth, soaked in it portion of the following : Balsam fir 1 lb. Hyposulphite of soda 2 oi. Proof spirit 1 pt. Mix. Remedy for Tedious Lahor. The natural labor-pains may be excited by adrainidtenng: fluid extract of ergot (ergota), two draclims, every lAlf hour, until delivery is accomplished. The ergot operates ^vith great energy upon the contractile function of the uterus, of both mares and cows, and to a certain extent prevents inordinate hemorrhage after parturition. 1-M DADirS VETRRINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. Eemedy for Hemorrhage in Performing Operatiokb. Apply, by means of a compress of linen or sponge, a small qaantity of persulphite of iron. This is the most valuable styptw known to veterinary science. Fluid Extract of Aconite. (AconJtum Napellua — Monk's-hood.) This medicine is used as a very powerful sedative and narcoiio, in all cases of active or inflammatory disease of the lungs or brain It is highly recommended by the professors of our art as a reliable antiphlogistic in the treatment of acute affections. The dose ia from ten to twenty drops. This medicine is said to be very effi- cacious in inflammatory rheumatism, and as a fine topical remedy in localized painful affections, such as laminitis, myalgia, etc. Hyposulphite of Soda. The hyposulphite of soda is useful in all kinds of diseases known as rinderpest, pleuro-pneumonia, typhoid affections, and in en- eootic affections, and in all diseases caused by fermentation in the blood, such as Texas fever, malignant scarlet fever, typhus, eta The hyposulphite of soda can be used with great success in the treatment of the above and other affections of an enzootic origin, yet I have found it more efficacious and reliable when prepared as follows: Hyposulphite of soda ") Hypophosphate of lime... > each 1 oi. Hypophosphate of potass., j Fluid extract of ginger 2 01. Sugar of milk 1 oi Proof spirit 1 pi Dose, two ounces, two or three times daily. '^'W^ w/Qf^:<£!^i ^^ ^^^^: A GUIDE TO DIAGNOSIS; COMPLETE INDEX OF SYMPTOMS The following Index of Symptoms is arranged under four heads, viz. : Diseases of Horses ; Diseases of Cattle ; Diseases or Sheep; Diseases of Swine. Each part is arranged alpha- betically, so that ready reference can be made to any symptom. now TO USE THIS INDEX. Animals when taken sick, not having the power of speech, can not make known the seat of their disease, except by certain signs rsr invariable symptoms. It therefore becomes of the highest im- I'Ortance to be able to understand tlie niiite language of the poor dumb brute, and thus to fiud out what ails him, in order that the proper means of cure may be speedily made use of. An instance of the use to be made of this Index may be foun 1 in the following case : "A horse is noticed to breathe faster than usual, with evident pain; back, arched; legs, straddling; head often turned toward the loins ; urine, reddened and scanty." Now, a reference to these symptoms, as arranged alphabetically, enables as to turn directly to page 223, where "Inflammation of the Kid- neys" is seen to be the disease we are looking for. The same thing can be done in case a cow, sheej), or hog be the rictims of disease. In observing symptoms, attention should be directed to tb« 425 426 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. various parts of the body of the animal which give the earliest warnings of disease. These are, usually, The Eyes, Tongue, IMuzzle, Throat, Pulse, Chest, Heakt, Bkeath, Bheatuing ; Discharges from the Mouth ; Dis- charges FROM the Nostrils; The Skin, The Coat, The Back, The Attitude, and General ArPEAiiANCE or the y^Bo jE Body. EQUINE DEPARTMENT. FAS Be Abdomeu, distended with gas 188 do. pressure on, produces pain 198, 201 Acute rheumatism. 333 " All in a heap " 350 Anus, scurfy, yellow accumulation around margin of 220 Anxiety 124 Appetite, little ' 289 do. loss of 116, 12-J, 201, 20H, 223 Back, arched , 223, 332 Back, muscles of, rigid 73 Back, roached . •> 350 Belching, continually 183, 188 Belly, ccld sweat on 112 do. dropsical swellings under 120, 397 do. striking of. 1 93 do. suddenly very much bloated 187 do. pressure on causes pain 201, 198 do. " tucked "up 74, 193 Blood from bowele 297 Body, becomes thin 299 do. cold 94, 112 do. covered with cold sweat 187, 1 bd ^Jowols, bloody, fetid discharge from Hi do. blood from, caused by straining 205 do. inactive 198 d'j. constipated... < 332 do. irregular. ...• < 220 Breath, hot and offensive 239 do. smells badly 208 Wreathing, grunting .- 61 , 62, 64 do. labored and quick ••• 181 A GUIDE TO LIAGNOSIS. 427 TkCJtt Breathing, quick and grunting ....,....,.,... 120 do. quick and painful 223 do. oppressed and slow 63, 206 do. excited 78 do. oppressed and noisy 94, 17i> dc croupy 97 do. difficult 101,183 do. labored , 116 Chest, pressure on side of, gives pain 120, 332 do. dropsical swellings under 120 do. tinkling sound in, when ear is held close tc .......,.<< . 124 Chewing performed slowly 75 Coat, staring 206 do. rough and unthrifty 220, 275 Convulsions 62 Coughing, spasmodic 94 do. and laborious breathing 108 do. deep-seated and half suppressed 116 Cough, dry and hacking 220 Cramp of the mui^cles 70 D&rkne.ss, preferred • 75 Delirium 78 Drowsiness • 62 Dung, unusually dark-colored and hard 99 do. scanty 120 do. covered with yellow slime 220 do. bloody 297 Ears kept in constant motion, one forward the other backward. . . 43 do tips of, cold ''", 208 do. cold 1S3 Excretions, diminished • 63 Extremities, cold 9 J < 116. 208 do. dropsy of ' ' ' Eye, tenderness in one, with eyelids closed 56 do. copious flow of tears from 56 do. white of, slightly red oS do. anterior chamber of, full oi yellow matter 56 do. pupil ofrdilated 59, 61, 64, 1 79 do. staring wildly ^•^» ^ *^6 do. do. as if they would burst from sockets 67 do. bloodshot 179 BysB, squinting apoearance of. 73 4i^8 DADDS VETEHINABY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. matt Kyes, dull 75 do. prominent 97 do. glassy and prominent 187 do. dropsical 397 Eyelids kept closed 46 do. swollen 49 do. internal surface of, red 46, 59, 201 do profuse discharge of matter from 55 do. closed, with tenderness in one eye. 56 do. half shut 75 do. lining of, white 206 do. do. bright yellow 212 Face, swelling of. 297, 397 Falling down suddenly on the road 64 do. do. with a loud snorting sound 67 Fear and restlessness on approach of heavy vehicle 43 Feeling, loss of 64 Feed refused 178, 223 Feet, fore ones raised to an unnecessary height in walking 43 do. raised very high 75 do. pawing with fore 190 do. fore ones hot and thrown forward 332 do. fore ones thrown forward 350 Feverish symptoms 158, 198 Flanks, bedewed with cold perspiration 97, 112 do. heaving at the 116, 125 do. head turned toward 12*0 do . tucked up 3[<0 Flesh, quivering Bl*0 Flesh, loss of 2JIS Foaming at the mouth (;7 Food, no desire for 178, 223 Foot, pointing of. 330, 342 Vore-legs widely separated 116 do. beneath the belly 75 do. in the manger, kicking and tearing 78 Gait, heavy, slow, and unsteady 75, 289 do. short, tripping, and cautious 330 Groaning after passing urine 224 Gums, covered with slime 112 Hair, falls off in patches 275 do. do. in circular patches on shoulders and sides.* ...... 291 A GUIDE TO DIAGNOSIS 429 PAon Sair of neck and legs elevated in blotches 289 do. rongli, unthrifty, and not glossy 275, 299 Baw, swollen 46 do. shooting above, on raising the jaw 70 Head, depressed and bent to one side 59 do. hanging down • 183 do. held drooping 116, 208 do. kep4 elevated • 43 do kept near the ground 179 do. reposing on the manger 62 do. swollen and dropsical 397 do. tossed backward 61 do. turning of to the sides 120 do. turned to the belly 179 do. turned toward flanks 190, 223 do. violently thrust against the rack or wall 62 Health, general, slightly impaired 158 Heart, violent beating of 206 Heaviness and indolence following suddenly on activity 76 Heels, dry, horny scabs on 284 do. pinched in 330 do. ulcers on 284 Hind limbs become suddenly too weak to support the body 66 Hock, enlargement at point of 322 do. do. on inside of. 323 Hock-joint, stiffness of 371 1 tching, severe 291 J aw, swelling under 412 Jugular veins congested 124 do. do. pulsate like an artery • 124 Lameness in hind leg • « 370 Legs, cold • 183 do. hind, dropsical 120 do. do. swollen 158 do. do. widely separated • 224 do. straddling • • 223 do. tremble 2t)6 Lethargy < 59 Limbs, cold • 97 do. swellings on « 297 do. violently convulsed .•• 67 LipB, swelling of . • 297 430 DADD'S VETERKIARY MEDICINE AND SURGEBY. PAQW Listlessness • 20^ Loins, pressure on causes pain and crouching 223 Look, fixed and stupid 75 Lying down and soon rising 112 178 Motion, loss of. 64 do. tremulous of various parts of the body &^ do. unwillingness of 11^ Mouth, bright yellow color of lining of '..... 212 do. cold 124 do. dried up HI do. dry and clammy 75 do. foaming at 67, 162 do. hot and clammy 116 do. hot and dry 201 do. membranes of, pale 397 do. yellow tinge on the inside surface of 99 Movement, stiff 333 Neck, blotches on, after being driven. 287 do. cold sweats on 112 do. muscles of, rigid 73 do. tumor or swelling on nape of 293 Nose, bleeding from 112 do. gluey matter from 156 do. lining of, pale • 397 Nostrils, dilated 97 do. discharge from, streaked with blood 97 do. mucous discharge from 102 do. redness of lining membranes of. HI do. scarlet blotches in 289 Pawing with fore-feet 63 da do. . slightly 198 Perspiration, profuse • 78, 179 do. do. and chilly 183 Pulse, active • 360 do. feeble 188 do. full, strong, and frequent 111,183 do. hard and quickened 223 do. nearly gone 94 do. quick and oppressed • • « -78 do. blow and sluggish • 63 do. small and quick 158 do. small and thready Wi 18' A aUIDE TO DIAGNOSIS. 431 nan PuIbo, auoaturally strong &i do. variable 116 do. wiry 74,120 Reeling and falling, on being urged to move 69 Respiration quick and jerking 350 Restlessness 178, 201 Rolling. 190,205 Rolling and tumbling 179, 183 Rubbing, constant. .•• 275 Shivering fit, followed by dischargo from nostrils 108 do. do.slight 116,198 Shoulder, wasting of. 324, 330 Bides, blotches on, after being driven 287 Skin, coldness of 124 do. hot 201 Sleep, deep and snoring 64 Sleepiness 59,62,75,212 do. with general fever 78 Stamping and pawing continually 193, 206 " Star-gazing " 43 Steps, short and slow 332 Stomach, pain in 178 Strength, much reduced 178 Swallow, loss of power to 64 Sweating, cold 178 ^ do. profuse 78 Tail, elevated and quivering 179 do. great inclination to rub against posts and fences 220 Tears, excessive flow of ^6 Thighs, corded swellings on inside of 158 Teeth, covered with slime. 112 Thirst, great •• 120, 223, 289 Throat, sore ^^^ Toes, walking on 342 Tongue, foul '^^ do. has a horny feel, and turns brown ... li^ do. livid 94, 187 do. leaden colored - 1^^ do. of a bluish cast 205 do. slightly coated 99,198,208 Torpor ^^ Tottering and dropping down 205 432 DADO'S VETERmABT MEDICINE AND SUROEBY. rACM rnming, awk t^rardness in 76 Unconsciousness » 61 UnsteadinesH in moving 61, 208 Urine, of a dark yellow color 99 do. high colored , 120, 332 do. scanty 208 do. do. and red 223 do. frequent and painful discharge of 224 do. light colored, almost transparent • 230 do. has the smell of musty hay 230 do. bloody 237,297 Vomit, continued efforts to ..«.<...> 183 Vomiting, from both nostrils 187 Walking, leaning to one side in • 76 Windpipe, r&ttling sound in • Ill Wind, froB the bowels 199, l&C GLOSSARY or MEDICAL AND SCIENTIFIC TERMS. ASHOSMAL — Irregular. Abborbents — Medicines used for absorbing ; also the ir a weli of ttf body whicb suck up. AoxTTK — Sharp, severe. Adipose — Fatty. Adynamic — Debilitated. Alae — Wings. Alteratives — Medicines which change a disease for tha bette. Anasarca — Dropsy of cellular membrane. Anasarcous — Dropsical. Anemia — Bloodlessness. Antiseptics — Medicines opposed to putrefaotioa. Antispasmodics — Remedies opposed to spasms or oofiTaliidMi AjiTiPHLoaiSTic — Opposed to inflammation. Aperients — Medicines which open the bowels gentlj. Aqueous — Watery. Ascites — Dropsy of the belly. Ataxic — Disordered. Auscultation — Examination by sonnding and listtaiig. Autopsy — Post-mortem examination. BnruBCATiON — Division into two branohet. Bolus — A large pill. BucoAL Membrane — The lining of the moBtL Cabthus — Corner of the eye. Oapsule — Shell or case. 28 «» 434 dadd's veterinary medicine axd surgery. Carbonaceous — Containing carbon. Carmixatiyes — Medicines which relieve pain by expelling wind from the bowels. Cartilaginous — Composed of cartilage. Cathartic — Loosening. Celluar — Cell-like. Cerebellum — The brain. Cerebrum — The brain. » Chancrous — Cancerous. Clinical — Relating to individual practice. Coma -Stupor. Comatose — Stupefied. Conjunctival Membrane— The membrane which lines tht eyelids and covers the eyeball. Cornea — Transparent coat of the eye. Cranial — Pertaining to the skull. Cranium — Skull. CRUCiAL^Shaped like a cross. Decarbonize— To purify by air. Diagnosis — The art of telling the nature of diseases. Diaphoretics — Medicines which promote perspiration. Diathesis— Predisposition to certain diseases. Dietetics — Regulation of diet. Diuretics— Medicines which increase the flow of urine. Duct — Canal. Dynamic — Relating to the vital forces. Emollients — Substances used to reduce inflammations. Emphysema — Distention by gas or wind of certain portions of th/8 body. Emunctories — Organs which carry off waste matters. Encephalon— The brain. Enema — Injection. Enzootic— Endemic diseases among animals. Epizootic — Epidemic among animals. Equilibrium — Balance. Es^iNE— Relating to the horse. Etiology — The doctrine of the causes of disorders. ExcRKM ENTiTious — Useless. Excretory — Relating to vessels which throw off useless matter. Extravasation — Escape of a fluid of the body from its vessel into surrounding parts. GLOSSARY OF MEDICAL AND SCIENTIFIC T£KM& fixiTDATiON — Oozing throueb a membrane. Fauces — The throat. Fleam — Usea lu biteJinjs. Gbaminivorous — Feeding ou grafls. HxMATOSiNE — The red coloring matter of the bi*«>A Hemorrhage — Bleeding. HiPPiATRic — Relating io diseases of the horse. HiSTOLOOT — General anatomy. HyDROCEPDALUs — Water in thfc bead. Hygiene — Preservation of health. Ichorous — Humoi_y . Idiopathic — Primary aflfections. Idiosyncrasy — Peculiarity of oonstitation. . Int>t7pated — Hardened. Ikguinal — Belonging to the groin. Intercostal — Between the ribs. Inunction — The act of rubbing in. Lachrymal Glands — Those which Beorete taarv. Lancinating — " Shooting." Laxatives — Loosening medicines. Lesion — Disorder. IiiOAMENT--The substance which joins bonoe togetkM. SlAMMiE — Breasts. Masseters — Muscles of the jaws. Morbid — Diseased. Morbific — Producing disease Navicular — One of the bones of the foot. N euro-pathology — The nervous system in dit OMtt Nodulous — Like a knot. Nosology — Classification of diseases. (Edematous — Swollen. Opaque — Not transparent. Os CALCis — Bone of the heeL Osseous — Bony Ovoid — In form of an eyj. 436 dadd's yeterixaky medicine axd surgert. Palatixe — Kelating to the palate. Paxzootto — All epidemic affecting animals generally. Parasite— An animal which lives on another. Parotid — Largest salivary gland. Pathology — The stndy of the body in disease. Pedicle — Xarrow part of a tumor. Petechial — Resembling flea-bites. Phthisis — Wasting away. Pituitary Membraxe — Lining of the nostrils. Pseudo-membrax^ous — Relating to false membranes. Pus — Matter. Pylorus— Entrance into intestines. Rale — A watery sound heard in sounding the chest in some diseaseau Sax'ative — Heakh-giving. Schx'eideriax Mem'bra-ME — The lining of the nostrils. Sebaceous — Of the nature of suet. Sedatives — Medicines which produce sleep. S EROUS — Watery. Serum — Watery part of the blood. SoLVEXT — That which dissolves. Sporadic — Scattered. Submaxillary — Beneath the jaw. SudAxMIXA — Small eruptions. Supra-rexal— Above the kidney. Thoracic — Relating to the chest. Thyroid — Slia2:>ed like a folding door. Toxics — Medicines which give tone and strength to the body. Tubercular — Relating to tumors in the structure of an organ. TuMEFACTiox — Swelling. Turbixated Boxes— Bones of the nose shaped like a top. TuRGESCEXCE — Great amount of humors in any part. Vascular — Full of blood-vessels. Vextricle — Cavity. Virus — Poison. Vis a froxte— Force from the front. Vis a tergo — Force of propulsion. Viscous— Sticky. Voic E-Box — Larynx. INDEX. A PAOKS iadomen distended with Qss 188 ao. dropsy of 199 Abaominal oavity, wounds of 206 Aljacess within the substance of the brain 58 Absorbents, disease of 156 Abstraction of blood 268 Acute cougli 99 Acute disease of the laminee of the foot 350 Acute disease of the eye 46 Aout'i rheumatism 333 Acute and general disease of the brain, known as encephali- tis "<■) Ailvantnges of in-and-in breeding. 316 Attections, typUoid 110 Age of horse, as l^nown by his teeth. 127 Albuminous urine 235 Amaurosis 40 Amputations 260 Amputation cf the penis 261 Ananmia 397 Analysis of the blood in glanders. 25 Atatomy of the lung^ 90 Anatomy ami physiology, impor- tance ofstudying 315 Anatomy of the luil 394 Animal? become parents too early. 312 Apoplexy, cerebral 64 Apoplexy of the spine 65 Apoplexy of the spleen.. 206 rkmM Artereotomy 268 Ascites, or abdominal dropsy 198 Atrophy, or wasting of muscles in the region of the shoulder- blade 824 B Back, galled 400 Big head and big jaw 362 lUiidder, inflammation of 224 do. stone in 224 do. rupture of 232 Bleeding, various modes of. 268 Blistering 263 Blootly urine 237 Blood, the quantity found in the body 402 Blood, its transfusion 404 Bog spavin 328 Bone, removing tumor from 268 Bots. stomachic and hemorrhoidal. 164 Bowed legs J»8) I'rain, abscess within its substance. 5t5 do. diseases of bb do. dropsy of 40 do. inflammation of. .'ff Breeding, and the principles of the same W/.^ do. in-and-in 301 Brief exposition of the function of the lungs 88 Bronchocele 10# 437 438 DADD'S VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY. C PA0E8 Capped hock 322 Carbuncular Fever... 206 Case ot laryngitis in Patchen colt. 94 Case of croup 97 Case of pleurisy and dropsy of the chest 120 Case of meteorization 186 Ci«tiQg, mode of 241 Castration 243 do. by cauterijation 245 do. the French method 249 do. by ligature 251 Cataract 45 Catarrh, epiiootic 106 Causes of disease 19 Cerebral hemorrhage 64 Chabert on polypus 102 Chest Founder '^33 Chords 335 Chorea, equine 81 Chronic rheumatism 336 Circulation of the lieart 401 do. experiments on its ra- pidity 403 Colic, flatulent 189 do. spasmodic 193 do. treated by inhalation 19^5 Composition of the blood of a healthy horse 25 Composition of the blood glandered 25 ConditioE out of. 299 CongeniiA. glanders 24 Contagiousness of glanders 151 do of strangles 413 Contraction of the hoof 344 Coperaan on treatment of inflam- mation 47 Copeman on meningitis 80 Cornea, opacity of 44 Corns. 384 Cough, in its chronic and acute Btage 99 Cioup, (cynanche trachealis).... 95 Curry-comb, use and abuse of o97 Curbs 319 Curing diseases, the best method of. 26 Curvation and disease of the spine. 361 Cynanche trachealis 95 Cystitis 224 D Plan Death of a horse from ruptured stomach 178 Dentition 12T Diabetes 22« Diet , 18B do. changes in, recommended-..., ■ *4) Digestive organs, disease of 160 Disease, causes of Ifc do. hereditary causes of. 20 do. cases of... 26 do. o' tte urinary organs 228 Diseases of the skin and sub-tis- sues 274 Dislocation of the stifle 343 Distemper 451 Division of tie flexor tendons... tb\f Docking of the tail '9fi Dropsy of the brain 60 do. of the abdomen or chest ^^ Dropsical limbs ^8" Dun, F. on causes of hereditary d'''ease 2U £ Education, importance of. 82 Elbow tumor 821 Encephalitis 76 Enteritis 201 Enlargement of the thyroid glanas. 108 Epilepsy 66 Epiglottis, spasm of 90 Epizootic catarrh 106 Equine chorea, or sti'inghalt 81 Experiments by M. Magendie on the brain and nervous sys- tem 88 Experiments on the itch insftot 27' Eye, diseases of 40 do. films or specks on 44 do. catnract of the 46 do. worm within .... 46 do. acute disease of. 46 do. common inflammation of 4(. do. hooks of 46 do. treatment of inflammation (Copeman on) 47 do. purulent ophthalmia of... 66 do. periodical inflammation of.... 66 Eyelids, foreign bodies within 44 INDEX. 439 F PA0E8 Fawv 156 FaTer typhus 110 do. cftibiincular 206 do. scarlet 288 do. in feet 850 films or specks on the eye 44 iiring 262 Fistulous withejs 295 ?ltfl epileptic. 66 lo. hereditary origin of 67 flatulent colic 189 Flexor tendons, division of 259 Food, eflects of various kinds 137 do. quality required 138 Foot, division of the nerves of 256 do. inflammation and ulceration of the bones of 330 do. management of, in the stable. 409 Foreign bodies within the eyelids. 44 Founder bleeding for the same 37 do. grain 182 do. chest or water 333 do. in the feet 850 Fracture of the pelvis 376 Functional disease of the liver 211 Function of the pancreas 216 Fundament, falling of 387 Q Trailed back 400 Oamgoe on splenic apoplexy 206 Uastritis 178 (Hddiness, or vertigo 74 Glands, thyroid, enlargement of... 103 Glanders 147 do. congenital 24 do. analysis of the blood 25 do. can be communicated to man 147 do. contagiousness of. 151 do. why the disease is so called 155 Qloss eye 40 Ultet, nasal .. 153 G'ottis, spasm of 90 Gohier on polypus 103 Goiter 103 Gorged or 0Ter*disteuded stomach. 182 Grkio ibander 182 PA OH Grease 288 do. nature of 23 do. transmission of from horse to man 2S6 Gullet, opening of to remove for- eign bodies 256 Gutta Serena 40 H npematuria 287 Head, big 862 Heart sac, inflammation of. 128 Heart, its circulation 401 Heaves 126 Heels, dise.-ise of 283 Hemoirhnge, cerebral 64 do. spinal 65 Hemorrhoidal bots 161 Heniorilioitis, or piles 391 Hereditary origin of epileptic fits. 66 do. causes of disease 20 Herpes 299 Hip shot, or piuhipped 376 Hide-bound 299 Hock, capped 822 TTollowback 861 Hnof, contraction of 844 Hoof-bound 347 Hooks 46 Horse ail 411 Horses,Tice on 282 Hoi se's foot, management of, in the stable 409 Hydrocephalus 30 I Importance of ventilating stables, in view of preventing dis- eases of the lui.g8 a In-and-in breedinjr 807 Inflammation, nat-jcrt el... S8 do. its DatvifKitreau ment 8fi do. treatment oT. 47 do common, of the eye. 46 do. periodical, do. 66 do. of the brain 76 do of lining membrane of larynx M 4i0 DADD8 VETERINARY MEDICINE AND STTUQERY. PAGES laflftmicaticn of the lungs 114 io. of the pleura 119 do. of the pericardium or heart sac 123 do. of the stomach 178 do. of the peritoneum.,.. 197 do. of the intestines 201 do. of the bladiler 224 do. of the kidneys 223 do. and ulceration of bones of the feet.. 330 dj. rheumatic, of the neck (chords) 335 iiifaBimivjry laryngitis 92 mfiuenra, or epizootic catarrh. ... 106 do. followed by acute dis- ease of the brain 108 »> Inhalation, colic treatca by the same 196 tutestinfts, strangulation of 205 do. inflammation of. 201 Intestinal canal, parasites infest- ing the 217 Iodine, Morton on 105 Itch 274, 291 do. insect, experiments on 277 /aundice 211 Kidneys, inflammation of 223 do. sprain across 223 Knees, sprung.. 381 Lameness from Tarious causes 319 do navicular 330 do. remarks on 385 Laminitis 850 lAmpas 160 Laryngitis, suppurative and in- flammatory 92 Lcblanc, M., on tracheotomy 100 Legs, bowed 381 do. swelled 287 Lice on horses 282 Limbs, dropsical 287 Lithotomy method of performing.. 252 VABM Liver, functional disease of 211 Locked-jaw 70 do. test or 70 Lungs, anatomy of. , 90 do. function of , 88 io. inflammation of 114 M Mad staggers 7J Mil gendie's experiments on animal* Sj Malignant typhus 118 Management of the horse's foot in the stable 409 Mange 274 Meningitis, cerebral 77 do. Copeman on 80 Meteorization of the intestines 18'5 Morton on iodir» 10i5 N Nasal gleet 168 Navicular lameness 33C JSavicularthrites 841 Nephrites. 2L8 Nervous system f B Neurotomy, mode of operating 2£6 Nicking 262 do. the tail 892 Nitrate ot potass, its uses 385 Nostrils, polypus within 101 <)l>jections to in-and-in breeding answered 311 (Esophagotomy 2fi6 Qlstrus equi 171 QJslrus, hemorrhoidalis.... 178 Opacity of the cornea 44 Operations, surgical 239 Ophthalmia 16 do. purulent 56 do. specific... ,. 66 Osteo porosis, known as big head and big jaw 862 Out of condition 299 P Pancreas and its funotion 216 Paraplegia U INDEX. 441 PA0B8 PkTMites infeBting the inleatinsl canal 217 Patcben colt, larjngitia, case of.... 91 Pelvis, fracture of 376 Penis, amputation of 261 Peritonitis 197 Pericarditis 123 do. Woodger on 124 FeritoiJ'j'um, inflammation of. 197 F eriosteotomy 258 Phlebotomy 270 Phrenitis 77 Piles, or liemorrhoids 391 Piniiipped, or hip shot... 376 Pleurisy 119 do and dropsy of the chest, case of. 120 Pleurodynia, painful affection of the pleura and muscles of the chest 832 Poll evil 292 Pneumonia 114 Polypus within the nostrils 101 do. Chabert ou 102 do. fiohier en 103 Pricking the tail 392 Protuse stalling 229 Prolapsus ani (falling of the fun- dament) 387 Prurigo 291 Pure water needed by horses and cattla 398 Purulent cpathalmia 65 Q Quantity of blood in a horse's body. 402 Qaarter crack 862 B Remarks on vsterinary science.... 19 Remedy for tape-worm 221 Respiratory organs, diseases of... 86 Retention of urine 229 Rheumatic inflammation of neck... 835 Rheumatism, acute 833 do chronio... 886 Ring-bone 887 Ring-worm 291 Eo»ring 100 PAOM Rowelling 2M Rupture of the bladder ,. 282 do. of the stomach... 178 8 Saliva, amonnl of secretion. 168 Salivation, spontaneous slavering 162 Sand crack 862 Scabies 278 Scarlatina 288 Scarlet fever 28* Scratches 288 Scrofula, its predisposition. 24 Scurvy 297 Shoulder blade, wasting of mas* cles of 834 Siifast 400 Skin, diseases of 278 do. warts on 295 Slinging, mode of 242 Spasm of the muscles of the glottis and epiglottis 90 Spasmodic colic 198 Spavin 370 do. bog 823 Spicific ophthalmia 66 Specks on the eyes 44 Spinal hemorrhage 66 Spine, disease and curvature of.... 861 Sjilocn, enlargement of 208 Splent 878 Splenic apoplexy 206 Sprung knees 381 Stables, importance of ventilating. 86 Staggers, Coleman on 88 do. sleepy, blind, or m&d 76 Stifle out, dislocation of the stifle- bone 841 Stocking 287 Stomachic hots >.... 164 Stomach, gorged 152 do. inflammation of 178 do rupture of. 178 do staggers 62 Stone in the bladder 224 Stringhalt 81 St. Vitus's dance _ 81 Strangles 411 do. eontSKiooaneH of. 411 ^2 DAED'B VETEBINARY MEDICINE AND SURGIKY. PAGES ^.trasgalation of the intestines 205 tfapparative laryngitis 92 Suppression of urine 226 Eargical instroments 2<^8 do. operations 239 fiurfeit 286 away back 861 Sweeny 824 Si^elledlegs , 287 T C»ll, anatomy of. 894 do. docking si 895 do. nicking 892 Tape-worm, remedy for 221 Temporary teeth, remarks on 128 TetKnus 70 Teeth, age of borse as slioirn by the 127 Tetter 299 The principles of breeding 304 lliick water 235 Thinning of blood 39? Thorough-pin 828 Thyroid glands, enlargement of.... 103 loe sand-crack 854 Frachealis, cynancho 95 fracheotomy 254 do. Leblancon 100 Transfusion of blood. 404 ■IHimor of the elbow 821 do. removing of, from bone 258 Twitch, use of 239 ^Typhus, or typhoid affections....... 110 do. maligiiant Ill Tym| ani tis 188 U fiteuj ^rsBM, lUfieftM ofl»........ 228 Urination, profuse 221; Urine, suppression of 22& do. retention of 2S9 do. albuminous.. 23fi do. bloody 287 Use and abus" of the ourry-oomb.. 897 Tapor bath 114 Yarix, or bog sparin 828 Ventilation, importance of- 8li Vermifuges 221 Vertigo 74 Veterinary science, remarks on.... 19 do. science, the relation it bears to social sci- ence 27 do. science, how to inaugu- rate it 80 do. education, importance of 82 Warts on the skin ~. 296 Water founder - 888 do. necessity of its parity 898 Windgalls 879 Windpipe, opening of 254 Withers, fistulous 295 Woodger on pericarditis 124 Worms 217 Worm within the eye ^...^. 46 Wounds penetrating the abdominal cavity 2Cd TellowB. ««... «. au RETURN TO the circulation desk ot any University of California Library or to the NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY Bldg. 400, Richmond Field Station University of California Richmond, CA 94804-4698 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS • 2-month loans may be renewed by celling (510)642-6753 • 1-yedr loons may be recharged by bringing books to NRLF • Renev^als and recharges may be made 4 ddys prior to due date. 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