VOORSANGER COLLECTION OF THE SEMITIC LIBRARY OF TH E University of California GIFT OF REV. JACOB VOORSANGER, D.D. 1906 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA THEIR HISTORY FROM THE EARLIEST SETTLEMENTS TO THE PRESENT TIME. A RECORD OF EVENTS AND INSTITUTIONS, AND OF LEADING MEMBERS OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITY IN EVERY SPHERE OF ACTIVITY. BY HENRY SAMUEL MORAIS, AUTHOR OF "EMINENT ISRAELITES OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.' ETC., ETC. PHILADELPHIA: THE LEVYTYPE COMPANY. 5654—1894. ai;es 13-16; Markens's "Hebrews in America," pages Tl-To ; ' Pliiladc Ipliia Society One Hundred Years Ago," by Frederick D. Stoiic ; ami ''rinou';!! ( olouial Doorways," by Anne Hollingsworth Wharton. 38 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 1793. He was Prothonotary of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania from 1819 to 1822. (49) Colonel David S. Franks, a nephew of David Franks, was also attached to the Continental Army. He had an interesting, though checkered, career, as will be shown in a separate sketch. [See our Army Records.] (50) Almost as important in the annals of those days were the Levys — Moses, Samson, and Hetty. Moses Levy was recognized as one of the lights of the Philadelphia Bar to which he was admitted in 1778, having then passed his twenty-first year. He possessed " the highest legal attainments," and "most persuasive eloquence." (51) As a judge — though his abilities were best asserted as a lawyer — he is mentioned among those who were ornaments to the Bench. When a barrister, he was counsel in many important cases, some of which have come down to us. At one time he * ' applied to the Court for a rule to show cause why a new trial should not be granted. His application was in these words : 'I move, your Honors, for this rule, on the ground that John Hunt was admitted as a witness for the gaining party. I suppose your Honors know John Hunt — every- body knows John Hunt.' The rule was allowed. "(52) Mr. Levy's office was at 311 Chestnut Street, and his residence was on the north side of Chestnut Street below Eighth Street, now occupied by the Washington Hotel. (53) He sold a house at 104 (now 308) Chest- nut Street to the Bank of North America (the first Bank in the United States) for $10,000. He became Recorder of Philadelphia in 1802, and served until 1822, in which year he was commissioned Presiding Judge of the District Court of this City and County, and sat in that Court from December 18th, 1822, to March 21st, 1825. His record was brilliant. He also served as a member of the Penn- sylvania Legislature, a Trustee of the University of Pennsylvania, (49) See J. Hill Martin's " Bench and Bar," page 25. Colonel Isaac Franks is said to have asisted in founding the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue, at Montreal, Canada, in 1768. His nephew, Jacob Franks, established trading posts in the Hudson Bay Territory. Abraham Franks, another member of the same family, resided in Montreal, Canada. (50 J A statement has it that David S. Franks was at one time (in 1791) Assistant Cashier of the Bank of North America, in Philadelphia. This state- ment lacks foundation, as no such name is found in the records of that Bank. (51) See "The Forum," by David Paul Brown. (52) See "Anecdotes of the Bench and Bar," in "The Forum." (53) In the Philadelphia Directory for 1825, Moses Levy is located at 221 Chestnut Street. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 39 (which he had entered as a student in 1772), and filled other responsible positions alike acceptably. (54) He died on May 9th, 1826. As prominent and a more eccentric peraonage was Moses Levy's younger brother, Samson Levy. And this circumstance is our only excuse for introducing him here, as his desertion of the faith of Israel and conversion to the Protestant Episcopal Church was an act for which no explanation is offered, nor could any explanation atone for what is so utterly condemnable. Samson Levy's eccen- tricities, however, rendered him a favorite with bench and bar. Born in 1761, he studied law with his brother Moses, and was admitted to practice in 1787. In the language of a writer, "his manner of speaking was so energetic, and his voice so agreeable, that the uninitiated considered him — to borrow a figure from his name — ' the very Samson of the bar.' His off-hand speeches were perfect gems ; there was never anything like them ; they flashed, sparkled, and corruscated in every direction, but in that of the cause ; and sometimes, even, from his diffusive and erratic course, he would, when, of course, he could not help it, touch for a moment, though but for a moment, the essential points in controversy " In social or convivial intercourse, Mr. Levy was equally amusing. Mr. Levy's education was imperfect ; but he was, nevertheless, always ambitious of the society of literary men, where, from his excellent manners, good temper, and merriment, he was ever wel- come. (55) His career at the Bar has given origin to a fund of anecdote, amusing — not to say ludicrous — which, in many instances, might not be calculated to heighten the opinion of the legal pro- fession. The species of quackery (the term is justified by the cir- cumstances resorted to) employed by Mr. Levy in conducting cases, proved very humorous, indeed ; but surprise at his boldness might be mingled with the merriment his actions aroused. On a certain occasion he was counsel in a Marine case ; the opposing side being represented by Mr. Alexander James Dallas. It was readily noticed that Mr. Levy's client had ''no case," and afler argument by Mr. Dallas, the opposing attorney was called on to answer him. With the utmost confidence, Mr. Levy arose and remarked : (54) See J. Hill Martin's "Bench and Bar," and Rosenbach's "Jews in Philadelphia Prior to 1800." (55) See Brown's " Forum." 40 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. **Mr. Dallas is not familiar with maritime law, your Honor, and he has made some egregious mistakes in his views of the case, which I should not like publicly to expose in a crowded court-house, but if my learned friend will allow me a moment's private interview, I will convince him of his error." The two attorneys retired, and Mr. Levy then conceded the case to Mr. Dallas. There are evidences of extortionate charges made by Mr. Levy, notwithstanding that his practice brought him six or seven thousand dollars annually. He is said to have affected literary ability, without possessing it, and more than a few were the occasions, when his shrewd- ness and wit may have led others into an exaggerated notion of his acquirements. One of the best stories told at his expense was that of a complicated will he was asked to examine, the request being made by an individual who stated that he would pay liberally for a pro- fessional opinion thereon. Mr. Levy handed the will to his students to unravel its difficult points, and on the strength of the promise of a large fee, invited them to a sumptuous repast. The work had been done, and when the client returned, Mr. Levy read the legal paper with a complaisant air. It pleased the man. He laid a note — whereon the figure one (1) could be seen — on the lawyer's table and withdrew. Imagine Mr. Levy's surprise on unrolling the note to discover that it was not $100, but $1. There was a mistake he thought, and straightway his students were despatched in every direction after the man. But he was not found, and soon after it leaked out that the affair had been a contrivance of the students themselves, for which Mr. Levy paid dearly. Once he was about to argue a case in New Jersey, but the Court informed him that practice was denied to all who were not formally admitted to the Bar of that State. "I beg your pardon," he said, *'I was not aware of it ; but, by way of mending the matter, I will ask some of my learned brethren here to move for my admission at once." The Court then reminded him that it was necessary he should be first examined as to his competency. ''Certainly," said Mr. Levy, ''by all means. I am perfectly ready to submit to your rule, with one proviso, which seems to me to be perfectly reasonable, which is this, that I shall first be allowed to examine the Court, in order that I may ascertain whether they are competent to examine me." At another time, he disclaimed having received any fee for his services in a certain case, whereupon his client, suspicious of his attorney's THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 41 action, quietly stepped up, and, in the midst of Mr. Levy's speech, put a $10 note in his hand. Mr. Levy scarcely paused in his re- marks, but, as if it were a part of his argument, observed : "And, suppose, gentlemen of the Jury, I have received a fee, is the fact of a fair and honorable compensation for my services to deprive my client of his rights, or of the benefit of my argument?" Here are some odd specimens of Mr. Levy's utterances : He termed a certain case a ** hydrant sucking into its destructive vortex, all the consequences that belonged to it." On another occasion he exclaimed : " Behold here, gentlemen .... the enormity of this man's offence stares you in the face with gigantic strides." Again : '* I read this to amplify my remarks on the Court, to a point." "I maintain, may it please this Honorable Court, that in every well regulated society, justice is to be dispensed with throughout the land." "The idea of a purchase, in its fair and simple meaning, is the right to an article of which it forms the subject of a contract." ' * Theories are the shackling abstruse matters, which are as different as possible from the matter in hand." (56) Well — we scarcely think the statement will be gainsaid that Samson Levy was an unique and curious compound of wit, shrewd- ness, and courage ; elements that seem to have rendered him success- ful, if they did not add lustre to his character, or contribute to the elevation of the Bar. Mr. Levy was among the incorporators of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. In social circles, he was none the less known, being of an affable, courteous manner, but, at the same time, sharp, satirical, and caustic in his remarks. He died on December 15th, 1831. A brother of Moses and Samson Levy, whose name, strange to say, is not given, is described as "a lawyer of considerable celebrity. "(57) Samson Levy and his sister, Hetty, belonged to the City Dancing Assembly of their time. Of his sister, we find the following very curious description in the ** Journal of William Black, 1744 :" (58) (56) Brown's "Forum" abounds in anecdotes and reminiscences of Samson Levy, and other lawyers of his time. (57) See "The Germantown Eoad and Its Associations," by Townsend Ward, in " Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography," Volume I.— 1877. (58) The full title of this "Journal" is too lengthy to be given here. It is inserted in "The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography," Volume I. — 1877. Events are referred to, also subsequent to the date given — 1744. The story narrated is reproduced in the work, "Through Colonial Doorways," hitherto mentioned. 42 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. **Iii the evening, in Company with Mr. Lewis, and Mr. Littlepage I went to Mr. Levy's, a Jew, and very Considerable Merch't; (59) he was a Widdower. And his Sister, Miss Hetty Levy, kept his House. We staid Tea, and was very agreeably Entertain' d by the Young Lady ; She was of the middle Stature, and very well made her Complection Black but very Comely, She had two Charming Eyes, full of Fire and Rolling; Eye-Brows Black and well turn'd, with a Beautiful head of Hair, Coal Black which She wore a Wigg, waving, in wanting Curling Ringletts in her Neck ; She was a Lady of a great Deal of Wit, Join'd to a Good Understanding, full of Spirits, and of a Humour exceedingly Jocose and Agreeable. We took our leave and came away well satisfy' d with the Ladies' Com- pany." The reader has now, perhaps, obtained an insight into certain events, customs, and ways of Revolutionary times, sufficient to war- rant us in proceeding with what are more distinctly matters of history pertaining to the Jewish community, in this City of Philadelphia. (59) It seems strange that if Samson Levy is meant lie should be termed "a merchant." The character of the statements in general, may lead to the conclusion that there was a considerable tendency to the free use of terms — re- gardless of their meaning — in those early days. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 43 CHAPTER VI. Affairs in Congregation Mickv6h Israei.— Rev. Emanuel NuNES Carvalho— Rev. Abraham Israel Keys— A New Synagogue— Parnassim of those Days— Rev. Isaac Leeser. The Nineteenth Century has proved, in some respects, as eventful in the annals of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, as the eighteenth was noted for celebrated laymen in different spheres of activity. The demise of Rev. Mr. Cohen, in September, 1811, left the ministry vacant four years; his son, Mr. Abraham Hyman Cohen, acting meanwhile as Reader at the Synagogue. On October 29th, 1815, the Congregation elected Rev. Emanuel Nunes Carvalho as its religious guide. Mr. Carvalho attained considerable eminence through his abilities. He was a native of London, England, born November 13th, 1771. Possessing natural talents, he rapidly acquired knowledge. First following mercantile pursuits in London and in Liverpool, he subsequently yielded to the requests of friends, and became minister of the Jewish Congregation at Bridgetown, in the Island of Barbadoes, in 1799. He there studied diligently and gained the knowledge of several languages, which he afterwards taught in New York. Though an Englishman, he was an ardent ad- vocate of Republicanism, and maintained his views, notwithstanding possible hazards. In 1806 Mr. Carvalho came to New York City, and was later on minister of the ** Beth Elohim" (House of God) Congregation, in Charleston, South Carolina. In Philadelphia, his labors afforded evidence of his energy and studious ways. He wrote a Key to a Hebrew Grammar; he was a fluent writer and skilful penman, and otherwise attained distinction by his scholarship. He died on March 20th, 1817. (60) Then another gap followed in the ministry of Mickveh Israel, the position being without a regular occupant until 1824. During the (60) The name of E. Nunes Carvalho is found in the list of ministers of the Congregation " Shearith Israel," of New York City, but the date of his ministry- there is not given. — See Markens's "Hebrews in America," page 20, Mr. Car- valho's wife survived her husband over fourteen years, and died in this city, in June, 1831. She was buried in Spruce Street ((Miu^tery. Of Rev. Mr. Carvalho's descendants, Solomon Nunes Carvalho, who resides in New York City, is a noted artist, and a scholar, whose productions have won him high praise. 44 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. interim, Mr. Hartwig Cohen and Mr. Jacob Bensadon successively acted as Readers. At the same time, lengthy correspondence was conducted with a view to filling the vacancy. In 1817 the position was tendered to Rev. Isaac B. Seixas, at a salary of $800 annually, but he declined. On May 9th, 1824, Mr. E. L. Lazarus, of New York, was elected to the ministry. He subsequently declined, as he had desired an election not for a term of years, but '* during good behavior, and at a fixed salary." Candidates were again balloted for, at a meeting held on June 20th, 1824, when the names of Rev. Abraham Israel Keys, Dr. Jacob de La Motta, and Rev. Isaac B. Seixas were presented. Mr. Keys was then selected to the Pastor- ate by a large majority. At that time he was occupying a minis- terial office in Barbadoes, from which he came to his new charge. Mr. Keys is said to have been a native of Great Britain, but had early gone to the West Indies. He possessed many excellent quali- fications as a "Chazan" (Reader) and intoned the services with dignity and impressiveness. Preaching had not then been introduced into the Synagogue, and a Reader's ability was altogether gauged by his voice, and by his method of conducting and chanting the Services, in accordance with the ritual and the rich liturgy of the "Sephardim" (Spanish and Portuguese Jews). It required no small capacities to be fitted for such duties. Not an unusual thing it was to see Mr. Keys, attired in his robes of office, proceeding from his residence to the Synagogue. In earliest times, the Minister's residence was located in the rear of the Synagogue. Afterwards, and to this day, the Sexton and his family have dwelt there. Mr. Keys's home, however, was at the corner of Sterling Alley and Race Street. During this ministration, the Congregation built a new Synagogue on its property, in Cherry Street above Third Street. This was dedicated with imposing ceremonies on the 21st of January, 1825, Rev. Mr. Keys officiating, assisted by Rev. Moses Levy Ma- duro Peixotto, Minister of the Portuguese Synagogue, of New York City. Mr. Keys continued in office until his death on October 18th, 1828. He and his wife, Mrs. Jael Keys (who died in November, 1837) had several children. In connection with Mr. Keys's death a curious incident is told. On the Sabbath preceding the New Moon of "Cheshvan" (or "Mar-Cheshvan") Mr. Keys had sung the prayers announcing that Month. After the services, though in his THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 45 usual health, he remarked to the "Sharaash" (Sexton), Mr. Abra- ham E. Israel, and the latter's nephew, Mr. Jacob Ezekiel: "I have blessed the incoming of ' Rosh Chodesh Cheshvan' to-day. I fear it will be a Mar (bitter) 'Cheshvan.'" On the 11th of that same Hebrew month, in the year 5589, Mr. Keys died. His remains were interred, two days later, in the Cemetery on Spruce Street. In all these times, the affairs of the Congregation moved on smoothly. The "Parnassim" (or Presidents) since 1791, were: Benjamin Nones, 1791-1799 (or 1810); Naphtali Phillips; Isaac Pesoa; (61) Jacob I. Cohen, 1810-1811 ; Benjamin I. Phillips, 1811- 1815; Hyman Marks, 1815-1818; Levy Phillips, 1818-March, 1820, and again in September 1820-1821 ; Benjamin Nones (again) April-September, 1820, and 1821-1822; Zalegman Phillips, 1822- 1834. Lyon Nathan was the first ''Shamash" (Sexton) and Abra- ham Cohen, the second. Mickveh Israel continued to hold its station among the influential Congregations of the land. In the year 1829, however, a man, who became the most distinguished of Hebrew spiritual guides in this country; a man, who, in fact, was the pioneer, levelling the way, and arranging the system for organization among the Jews in the United States, was invited to become the Pastor. This man was Rev. Isaac Leeser. Circumstances relating to Mr. Leeser's election are interesting. At a meeting of the Congregation, held June 28th, 1829, Mr. Raphael de Cordova, Chairman of a Committee previously appointed to invite candidates for the position of '^Chazan," reported that **they (the Committee) have received an answer from Richmond, highly recommending a gentleman by name Mr. Leezer, as also a reply from Charleston, with an application from a gentleman resident (61) The records of Mickveh Israel Congregation, for about a period of twenty years, are scattering and incomplete. It is positively stated that Naph- tali Phillips, a son of Jonas Phillips, was elected Parnas, on November 9th, 1799, and otlier records show that Isaac Pesoa, father of David Pesoa, subsequently filled the same ofhce. During what terms these worthies served, and whether their administrations covered the entire period from 1799 to 1810, it is not possible to ascertain. Benjamin Nones must have again resumed oltice prior to 1810, (in fact, he is mentioned as Parnas in 1806) as he did at another time ; but official documents are wanting to confirm this statement. The order of succession that follows 1810 is generally correct, and is as warranted by the minutes, which thereafter were carefully preserved. Mr. Raphael de Cordova, in March, 1820, and Mr. Jacob I. Cohen in September, 1820, were elected to the presidency; but both gentlemen declined that honor. Among other officers of tliis Congregation, Simon Gratz served as Treasurer, and Abraham Myers Cohen as Secretary, at diflferent times. 46 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. of that city, which they now offer for the consideration of this meet- ing." The names of Isaac Leeser, of Richmond, and Abraham Ottolengui, of Charleston, were then presented. However, no elec- tion was held until September 6th, 1829, when a letter was submitted from Gompart S. Gomparts, who offered his services as "Chazan." The candidates balloted for were E. L. Lazarus, (the same who had previously been elected but had declined, and who had officiated during the Passover Holidays in 1829, prior to Mr. Leeser's elec- tion) and Isaac Leeser. The former received 7 votes, and the latter .26 votes. Rev. Mr. Leeser was declared elected for three years, beginning with ''Rosh Ha-Shana" (New Year) 5590-1829, at a salary of $800 annually. Rev. Isaac Leeser was born in Neuenkirchen, in the Province of Westphalia, Prussia, December 12th, 1806. He pursued studies at Miinster, and in the eighteenth year of his age sailed for the United States, and was for a time employed by an uncle, Zalma Rehine, at Richmond, Virginia. While engaged in business he de- voted all his leisure to study, and rendered assistance likewise to Rev. Isaac B. Seixas, who was then minister of the Portuguese Con- gregation there. But young Leeser first became known beyond the borders of Richmond, in 1828, when, in a manly and excellently written article, in **The Whig," a Richmond newspaper, he de- fended the Jewish people from the false charges of a writer in ' ' The London Quarterly Review." So ably and thoroughly was the question handled, that the article became the subject of remark, and Mr. Leeser's abilities being recognized, he was called to Philadelphia the following year, to an office w^hich any representative minister might have eagerly desired. His entrance to the ministry opened up a period of unceasing activity. He was the first to inaugurate English discourses at the Synagogues generally, on June 2d, 1830. Perceiving the want of union among Jews in this country, and the need of a literature essentially religious, Mr. Leeser was determined to meet those wants. He travelled through the United States, de- livering lectures, dedicating Synagogues, propagating Judaism among its adherents, and defending it and them when attacked. He was active in the formation of fiearly all the important Jewish institu- tions in our midst. He was among the founders and a Vice President of the Board of Delegates of American Israelites — an organization co-operating with others in foreign lands towards ameliorating the THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 47 condition of Hebrews in benighted countries and protecting their rights everywhere. The Hebrew Education Society, whose vast work in different schools — educational and industrial — is a later feature; the Maimonides College, once in existence here for the training of Ministers and Rabbis, and of which he was Provost; the Jewish Hospital, the Board of Hebrew Ministers, the original Jewish Publication Society of America, and many other institutions owe their origin largely to his unremitting efforts towards benefiting his people. He also advocated a union of the Jewish Charities of Philadelphia. But, perhaps, Mr. Leeser's chief field of labor outside the pulpit was in literature. For twenty-five consecutive years (1843-1868) he issued what became a famous magazine, ''The Occident and American Jewish Advocate," in the pages of which a vast amount of learning and information was represented. The influence of this thoroughly Conservative Jewish Monthly, in defending and uphold- ing the rights of the Jews, was immeasurable. Some of the ablest writers, besides its brilliant editor, contributed thereto. This periodical survived its founder only a year (1868-1869) being con- ducted by Mayer Sulzberger, Esq., the distinguished lawyer, who had latterly assisted Mr. Leeser in its direction. Among other and numerous literary works of this eminent minister were English translations of the Hebrew Services — Daily, Sabbath, Fasts, Festivals, and Holy Days; a version of the Pentateuch; the first American edition of the Hebrew Bible, with Latin prefaces, edited by him and Dr. Joseph Jaquett, a Christian clergyman of the Protestant Episcopal Church; but more important than all, Mr. Leeser's English translation of the entire Hebrew Bible — a work received with much approbation, and upon which the translator labored for eighteen years. Mr. Leeser also published ** The Jews and the Mosaic Law;" *'The Claims of the Jews to an Equality of Rights;" volumes of his sermons on varied subjects; a Jewish Catechism, and many more writings of his own, and translations, in addition to scores of contributions to the secular press. Mr. Leeser was among the earliest advocates of the Jewish Order ''Bene Berith" (Sons of the Covenant) in which he held a leading place. Many an author, relying upon his tact and experience, sub- mitted works for his revision. He identified himself with every movement for the advancement of the Jews and Judaism. He was 48 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. almost as well known among Gentiles as among his own community. Added to his varied gifts, Mr. Leeser possessed a remarkable memory, and his retentive faculties enabled him to study much in a short time. As a speaker, his services were constantly demanded, and many of his addresses were extempore. After serving twenty-one years at the Mickveh Israel Synagogue, Mr. Leeser retired from office in 1850, and held no clerical position until 1857, when the **Beth El Emeth" (House of the God of Truth) Congregation was organized by some of his warm friends, and he became its Pastor, continuing until his decease, on February 1st, 1868.(62) (62) A more detailed sketch than the above will be found in "Eminent Israelites of the Nineteenth Century," pages 195-201 — a specifically biographical work, by the writer of this book. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 49 CHAPTER VII. Pbominent Men— Zalegman Phillips— Lewis Allen— Refer- ences TO Others— Solomon Solis— Abraham Hart and his MANY Works. When Mr. Leeser first assumed the ministerial office in this city, Zalegman Phillips was President of the Congregation Mickveh Israel. As hitherto noted, he belonged to a family always active in congre- gational and communal affairs. His father and brother had held the same position to which he was afterwards called. Zalegman Phillips was born in Philadelphia on June 30th, 1779. He pur- sued studies, and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1795. On December 4th, 1799, he was admitted to the Bar, and subsequently became one of the ablest of criminal lawyers, and en- joyed a large clientage. He married Arabella Solomons, daughter of Myer S. and Catharine {iiee Bush) Solomons, of Baltimore. Five sons were born to them, of whom four were well known. These sons were Edward (or Uriah) who died in infancy ; Jonas Altamont, Henry Myer, Gabriel, and Naphtali. The daughters were Rebecca (Mrs. Jacob Cohen) ; Catharine (Mrs. Montgomery Moses) ; Ellen, and Emily — both unmarried. Some of these will be mentioned at more length in subsequent chapters. Handsome portraits in oil of Zalegman Phillips (who died on August 21st, 1839) and of his wife (who preceded him, in November, 1831), are preserved by the family. There were interesting — not to say exciting — incidents during the period of Zalegman Phillips's administration as President of Mickv6h Israel, nor were later years, when his successors held the reins, de- void of enlivening events. Mr. Phillips was followed in the Presi- dency (63) by Lewis Allen (1834-1841), a merchant of high stand- ing, and a son of a former President of the "Rodeph Shalom'* (Follower of Peace) Congregation, of Philadelphia. Mr. Allen was wedded to Anna Marks, a daughter of Michael Marks, one of the early members of Mickveh Israel, whose wife, Johaveth Isaacks, (63) When Mr. Phillips (who had served from September 8th, 1822 to Sep- tember 28th, 1834) retired from office, John Moss was elected to succeed him, but he declined that honor, Lewis Allen was then selected by the Board to act as President protempore, and was subsequently elected Pamas. 50 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. was a daughter of Moses Isaacks, of Newport, Rhode Island, who served as a soldier in the American Revolutionary War. Mrs. Allen, as will be seen hereafter, was also an industrious laborer in the Jewish community. Of the sons of this couple, Lewis married Miriam, daughter of Mayer Arnold, also a well-known merchant and a member of the afore-named Congregation; Henry, Michael, Alfred, and Charles Allen have assumed important labors in Philadelphia, New York, and elsewhere. Michael at one time studied for the ministry, but subsequently became a merchant, and now resides in Hanover, Germany. Lewis and Alfred are deceased. Henry and Charles married, and settled in New York. Another well-known family related to that of Allen is Mitchell, of whom Mitchell A. Mitchell, Moses Mitchell, Lewis Mitchell, and Allen Mitchell were sons of Abraham and Esther Mitchell, persons of character and influence in a large circle. Abraham Mitchell had served in the War of 1812 ; he was also President of the "Ben^ Jeshurun" (Children of Jeshurun) Congregation, of New York City. His son, Mitchell A. Mitchell, was President of the United Hebrew Beneficent Society, of this city. Dr. Isaac Hays, a renowned physi- cian, oculist, and author must also be mentioned ; (64) likewise his sister, Sara, wife of Major Alfred Mordecai, to whom further allu- sion will be made, and various families, among them Cohen, Levy, Florance, Etting, and Nathans. Mrs. William Florance {nee Myrtilla Seixas) was a daughter of Rev. Gershom M. I. Seixas, first minister of the Congregation Mickveh Israel. Mrs. Jacob Florance {nee Hannah Levy) was another respected lady and charity worker. Miss Miriam Gratz Etting was also a member of a prominent family. Aaron Levy (65) and Lyon J. Levy were (64) A sketch is given in another part of this work, besides a lengthier one in *' Eminent Israelites of the Nineteenth Century," pages 123-126. (65) Aaron Levy — uncle of this one — and to whom other well-known families are related — was among the early Jewish settlers of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and, as before mentioned, loaned sums to the American Colonists. He acquired with others a grant of land from Indian tribes in 1773. This he is said to have divided subsequently in such shape that shares of the same were left to Leon Hyneman, Simon Gratz (said to have been his adopted son), Joseph Levy — the last-named a son of his nephew (the second Aaron Levy) and others. It is stated that Aaronsville, now Aaronsburgh, a city in Centre County, Pennsylvania, was given that name in honor of Aaron Levy. (An interesting paper dealing with this subject and entitled "Aaron Levy" has recently been written by Mrs. Isa- bella H. Kosenbach, of Philadelphia, and was presented at the second series of scientific sessions of the American Jewish Historical Society, held in New York City, during December, 1893, It will doubtless be printed in "Publications" Number 2, of that Society. ) Meyerstown, another city in Pennsylvania, is said to have been called after an Israelite named Meyers. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 51 well-known characters. The latter kept a silk and dry goods store — on the site of the old Post Office (south side of Chestnut Street below Fifth Street) now the Drexel Building — which store was one of the city's attractions, and vied with the chief mercantile establishments of Philadelphia. So many there were who obtained note that it might seem almost impossible to include all. Among active workers, we must not omit Solomon Solis, a member and at one time Sectetary of Mickv^h Israel, and first President of the Hebrew Education Society. Bom at Wilmington, Delaware, on March 13th, 1819, he at an early age came to Philadelphia. His abilities, joined to many excellent traits of character, won him numerous friends and contributed to his prominence in the community. His bright mind was often evidenced by his varied and interesting articles written for different publications and marked by thought and elegance of style. Mr. Solis became a warm friend of Rev. Isaac Leeser, and on several occasions took up his cause in religious disputations. He labored earnestly for good objects, and was a tireless worker for education in different spheres, and for the interests of the Society he was so well qualified to direct in its incipiency. He died much lamented on June 22d, 1854. Solomon Solis' s brother, David Hays Solis, was at one time President of the Beth El Emeth Congregation. John Moss was another noted character, he and his brother, Samuel Moss, being representative shipping merchants. John Moss was a member of various corporations and of the City Council. He was born in London, England, in 1771, and came to this country while a young man. As we have seen, he was prominently connected with the Congregation Mickv^h Israel, and presided at a notable meeting held in the Synagogue, on Thursday evening, Ab 28th, 5600 — August 27th, 1840, the object being to protest against the persecution of the Jews in Damascus. (QQ) This eventful meeting deserves more than passing mention. It was called to order by Hyman Gratz, and John Moss was selected as President; Lewis Allen, Frederick Samuel, Solomon Moses, Mayer Arnold, A. C. Peixotto, and Louis Bomeisler, (66) Interesting and complete particulars of this outrage, the indignation it aroused throughout the civilized world, and the action taken by Sir Moses Montefiore and others are afforded in James Picciotto's "Sketches of Anglo- Jewish History," pages 347-358. 52 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Vice-Presidents; David Samuel, Zadok A. Davis, Henry Cohen, and Elias P. Levy, Secretaries — all distinguished Israelites. The speakers were Abraham Hart, Rev. Isaac Leeser, John D. Jackson, Lewis Allen, Alfred A. Moss, Rev. Dr. Henry W. Ducachet, rector of St. Stephen' s Protestant Episcopal Church ; Rev. Mr. Ramsay, of the Presbyterian Church ; Rev. Mr. Kennedy, and Henry M. Phillips. Among others present were Lyon J. Levy and Jonas Altamont Phillips. The folFowing resolution, presented by Abraham Hart, was unanimously adopted. It is of special interest at this time: '^Resolved, That we invite our brethren of Damascus to leave the land of persecution and torture, and to seek an asylum in this free and happy land, where all religions are alike tolerated — where every man is allowed to enjoy his own opinion — where industry prospers, and where integrity is sure to meet its just reward." (67) John Moss died on April 5th, 1847. Of his descendants, Eliezer L. , Joseph L., Rebecca, and Lucien Moss have attained distinction. In addition to those mentioned, we must not overlook Judah Laz- arus Hackenburg, than whom no Hebrew w^as more highly regarded for his acts of unselfishness, his true piety, and his many virtues. Mr. Hackenburg was a native of Coblenz, Prussia. He came here young, married Maria Allen, and was an honored merchant. He served as a trustee of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, and performed deeds of charity. He died on February 8th, 1862, aged seventy-four years. = We cannot pass by a number of others, including Henry Isaac Weil, who had been a soldier under Jerome Bonaparte, and was noted for his extreme piety and self-sacrificing qualities. His older son, Isaac Henry, was a man of remarkable knowledge — a scholar and a critic ; his younger son, Edward Henry, is a prominent attorney and a member of scientific societies. Mr. Weil's younger daughter, Clara Esther, was married to the Rev. Dr. S. Morals, minister of the Congregation Mickveh Israel. His older daughter, Sarah Cecilia, is unmarried. Mrs. Weil (iiee Matilda Marks) was a direct descendant of the family of De Leon, some of whose members resided in the Iberian Peninsula during the Inquisition, and who endured suffering rather than surrender their religion. = Occasion will call for reference to David Pesoa, a member of the Board of Managers of the Congregation above-mentioned and active in the (67) The full proceedings of this meeting were published in a pamphlet, entitled "Persecution of the Jews in the East." THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 63 community. His wife, Clara Marks, was a sister of Mrs. Weil, as were Rebecca Marks, a maiden lady, loved for her nobility of character, and Rachel Joseph {iiee Marks) another esteemed Jewess — all daughters of Isaac and Esther {iiee Hart) Marks (68) and sisters of Hart Marks. A peculiar character was Joseph Andrade, a native of France, and a bachelor, who, though possessing riches, dressed shabbily, and was parsimonious in his ways. " The boys and girls," as the brothers and sisters Cohen were called, were conspicuous in their way. They were eight in number, i. e., Abraham, Samuel, Eliezer, Joseph, Rebecca, Sarah, Rachel, and Elkalah Cohen— all children of Solo- mon Myers Cohen and Bell (nee Simon) Cohen — a daughter of Joseph Simon, of Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Samuel was a botanist ; Joseph was a public official, and will be alluded to hereafter ; Eliezer frequently ascended the steps before the Holy Ark in the Synagogue, on Festivals and Holy Days and intoned the Priestly Blessing ("Bir- cath Cohanim" ). The Cohen family resided at the north-east corner of Fourth and Spruce Streets, and hospitably entertained many visitors, specially after Synagogue on Sabbath mornings. In the roll of workers, Hymau Polock will not be forgotten ; nor Abraham S. Wolf, Joseph L. Moss, and others of later date — both men and women. The ''Shamash" (Sexton) of the Congregation Mickveh Israel for quite a lengthy period was Abraham Eliezer Israel, a man respected for his excellent traits and sincere religious- ness. He was elected to that office, on July 29th, 1824, and con- tinued to serve until his death, on February 18th, 1852. And now we have reached a name in the annals of the Congrega- tion Mickveh Israel — yea, in the annals of the Jews of Philadelphia and throughout the United States — the omission of which would leave the most serious vacuum in the ranks of laymen. This remark has reference to Abraham Hart, whose participation in the meeting in 1840 to protest against the Damascus persecution was not the first act that brought him to public notice, though he was then quite a (68) The maiden name of the mother- of Esther Hart (Mrs. Isaac Marks) was Miss de Leon. She and her sister, Miss Abigail de Leon, were descendants of exiles from Spain during the period of the Inquisition. Names, such as de Leon, Eodriguez da Costa, Eodriguez Pereyra, Montes, Pacifico, Riveyra, Gomez, and Lopez are met with in the early history of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, and are sufficient indication of the Spanish and Portuguese ancestry of many of tlie membere of this religious organization among " Sephardim." 54 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. young man. He had become a member of the Congregation some years before, and had served as its Secretary from 1832 to 1834, when he was chosen as a member of the Board of Managers, at the same time that Lewis Allen was elected President. Hyman Gratz was then Treasurer, having been elected in 1824, and who served continuously until his retirement in 1856. (69) Mr. Allen died on November 4th, 1841, and a worthy successor was found in Mr. Hart. (70) David Samuel was then elected Secretary. Mr. Samuel, who was likewise well known, was the father of John Samuel, a lawyer of note ; Miss Eleanor Samuel, and other sons and daughters. His grandson, J. Bunford Samuel, a, son of John Samuel, is Librarian of the Ridgway (or Rush) Branch of the Philadelphia Library. It is our object, however, to furnish here what may be, as near as possible, an adequate sketch of the career of Abraham Hart. At the north-east corner of Sixth and Chestnut Streets, extending north- ward on Sixth Street, is a series of buildings, occupied as stores, offices, etc., etc., and known to this day as "Hart's Buildings." "Erected, 1848; Destroyed by Fire, 1851; Rebuilt, 1852," are words following the name on a white slab, set in on the Sixth Street side. These properties are not now owned by the Hart family, nor are others adjoining, and formerly possessed by a man who rose to the highest positions in the Jewish community, was widely known among Gentiles, and reckoned among his friends men of world-wide celebrity. Mr. Hart's career was a varied one. As a publisher and a mer- chant, as President of a Congregation, and of charitable and educa- tional institutions, as a man of means and as a generous giver, as a patriotic citizen, and as a public benefactor, he was alike dis- tinguished. The father of Abraham Hart (after whom his son was named) came from Hanover, Germany, to this city, in August, 1804, engaged in the dry goods business, and became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1816. His wife, Sarah Stork, was a native of Holland, and a daughter of Aaron Stork, a Hollander, who (69) The office of Vice-President (or " Parnas.Shenee") of the Congregation Mickveh Israel was only instituted a decade since under its revised Constitution [5644-1884] . (70) Mr. Hart was first selected by the Board to fill the vacancy in the Presidency, and in the following year (1842) this choice was ratified by the Congregation, and he was thereafter re-elected to that office for a long term of years. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 65 arrived in this country in 1807. Hence, our Abraham Hart was of German- Dutch parentage. He was born in Philadelphia, December 15th, 1810. He had scarcely attained the age of thirteen years, when his mother and her family were left almost dependent upon him — his father having died in August, 1823.(71) The boy, real- izing the situation, started to work with a vim, and soon the family were getting along comfortably. Mrs. Hart kept a little store which was well patronized. Abraham's business qualities attracted the attention of Moses Thomas, founder of the celebrated auction house of M. Thomas & Sons, which the youth visited at book sales. Mr. Thomas introduced young Hart to Henry C. Carey, the political economist, who was then senior member of the firm of Carey & Lea, publishers, and secured him a position in their establishment. He continued there, rising step by step, until in 1829, when the business became so heavy that it was rendered necessary to divide the firm, Mr. Hart was associated with Edward L. Carey, brother of Henry C. Carey, in publishing, while Carey & Lea did a jobbing trade. Although but nineteen years of age, Mr. Hart had the pluck and energy of a man of riper years. The new firm soon entered into large business contracts, and, ere long, the character and number of their publications gave them a foremost station among the American book- houses. An evidence, out of many, of their enterprise is afforded by the following incident : In 1836, Carey & Hart received an advance copy of Bulwer's historical novel, "Rienzi," from the English publishers. It came in the same packet that brought a copy to the Harpers, New York. This fact was well known to Carey & Hart, who at once set to work, and distributed the complete sheets among twelve different printers. The entire edition was ready for the binders at 9 o'clock the next morning, and on the same after- noon, five hundred copies were sent by the mail stage — all the seata having been secured by the firm — to New York, with Mr. Hart as the only passenger. The city was reached at daylight next morning, and copies of Bulwer's ''Rienzi" were placed in all the New York book-stores a day in advance of Harper's edition. First editions of numerous works were published by Carey & Hart, among them **Davy Crockett," "Major Jones's Courtahip," an illustrated edition of *' Longfellow's Poetical Works," Longfellow's (71) Mrs. Sarah Hart died on August 20th, 1863. 56 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. "Poets and Poetry of Europe," Griswold's "Poets and Poetry of America," ''Poets and Poetry of England," "Female Poets of America," and "Prose Writers of America" — all standard works — some of Captain Marryatt's novels, the first collected edition of Macaulay's "Essays," novels by J. Fenimore Cooper, and others, etc., etc. The house had grown to be leaders in the publishing business. In 1845, Edward L. Carey, senior member of the firm, died, and Henry Carey Baird w as associated with Mr. Hart, as Hart & Baird. He mthdrew in 1849, and Mr. Hart continued for him- self until 1854, when he retired from business ; the store being then at the south-east corner of Fourth and Chestnut Streets. This place had become a sort of rendezvous for literary men. Much in praise of the firm might be said for their extraordinarily liberal allowances to writers, for their just dealings, and for their highly honorable course. The position which Mr. Hart had attained was best testified to in the year of his retirement, when a complimentary dinner was given him by the Philadelphia Book Trade, the invitation to which was signed by M. Thomas, J. B. Lippincott, T. K. Collins, L. A. Godey, Morton McMichael, John Grigg, and about two hundred others. At this eventful gathering, letters were read from different persons, among them James Harper, founder and senior member of the Harpers, and from William H. Appleton, of Appleton & Company. Both gentlemen were prevented from attending the dinner. The former, in the course of his letter, wrote : "I need not assure you, gentlemen, of the high esteem I entertain for our friend — an esteem founded on personal acquaintance and business relations which have lasted for a quarter of a century. Nor need I tell you that I should be proud of the opportunity to give evidence of that esteem in any and every way. Indeed, gentlemen, so confident am I that our worthy friend could be called upon to fill no post that he would not occupy with honor to himself, that were I an inhabitant of the City of Brotherly Love or of your noble Keystone State, I would go in strongly for his nomination as Mayor of the City, or Governor of the State. " Mr. Appleton wrote : ' ' Mr. Hart truly retires from busi- ness after maintaining for many years a high position for his uniform gentlemanly courtesy and honorable dealing. It is understood by the members of the Trade, how many conflicting claims may arise in reference to the publishing of book^ the conflict of editions, and how often self-interest may govern, to the injury of another. I wish to THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 67 bear testimony, after many years of intimate business relations with Mr. Hart, to his careful regard of the high right of others." Mr. Hart had been an attendant at the Book Trade Sales for a number of years, and even after he had quit business, his services were requested by leading publishers as an auctioneer, in which capacity he had always been successful. (72) What we have given above represents but a fraction of Mr. Hart's doings. He engaged in other enterprises — raining, sewing machines, etc. He was Vice-President of the American, and President of the Centennial Button-hole Machine (Jompanies. An ardent friend of the Union during the Civil War, he became an active member of the Union League. The number of societies and of other institutions to which he was attached is legion. Only a few can here be cited. He was President of the Hebrew Charity Association, at a period when an- nual dinners were given, and he always subscribed the largest amount; also President of the Board of Council, and subsequently of the Board of Managers, of the Jew^ish Foster Home and Orphan Asylum; President of the first Jewish Publication Society in America ; Treas- urer of the Hebrew Education Society ; President of the Board of Trustees of Maimonides College for the training of Jewish Ministers ; President of the Board of Delegates of American Israelites. In fact, no enterprise of any account was attempted that Mr. Hart's counsel was not sought, and his co-operation enlisted. He presided at the meeting called to consider the erection of the present Jewish Hospital, at Olney Road, near York Road, and at that held by the Hebrew Association, which resulted in the establishment of the Young Men's Hebrew Association. He was President of the Con- gregation Mickveh Israel at various crises in the affairs of the nation. His generosity and open-hearted charity were ever manifest He expended thousands in his donations to Societies, and in his liberal gifts to the poor. Many a time the writer has witnessed his lavish liberality to numerous applicants for assistance. His purse-strings were never tied. Before his family partook of a meal, selected por- tions were set aside for the poor. At his elegant residence, 1411 Arch Street (above Broad Street) Mr. Hart entertained national heroes, among them General Meade. His friends were countless ; General Grant, John Welsh, Anthony J. Drexel, George W. Childs, (72) See J, C. Derby's work, " Fifty Years Among Authors, Books and Pub- lishers." 58 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. George H. Earle, Dr. Morris J. Raphall, and Dr. Morals, being among the number. Pages might be exhausted in telling of Abraham Hart and his good deeds. He married Rebecca Cohen Isaacks, of I^ew York, in 1831, and three sons and four daughters were born unto them. The oldest daughter, Myrtilla E. (Mrs. Allen Mitchell), is a writer and poet. Mrs. Hart seconded her husband in every act, and won the affec- tion of the community by her estimable nature. She dispensed money liberally, and was an active worker, and a leading officer of Jewish Societies. She died in 1880 aged sixty-six years. Mr. Hart continued as President of Mickveh Israel Congregation for over thirty- two years, and then withdrew (in 1876) owing to ill health; though he continued as a member of the Board of Managers until his death, which occurred on July 22d, 1885, at Long Branch, New Jersey. From part of 1864 to 1867, when Mr. Hart declined a re-election, Lazarus J. Leberman was Parnas. He was a German by birth, and a man of culture. He followed a mercantile business, but in later years retired, because of sickness. He died January 29th, 1887. Isaac Hyneman, a prominent member of the same Congregation, was also a native of Germany, born in 1804. He married Adeline Ezekiel, then of Richmond, Virginia, and their five sons are known in the Congregation and in the community. Mr. Hyneman died in January, 1886. — Isaac J. Phillips, deceased, served for quite a num- ber of years as a Director of Mickveh Israel. — Leopold Sulzberger, now deceased, was for many yeai-s *'Shochet" for the Congregation. He deservedly won the esteem of all, for his purity of actions and re- ligious zeal. — Elias P. Levy, Simon W. Arnold, and Eliezer Hart served at different periods as Secretary. Mr. Levy was a son of Joseph and a grandson of Aaron Levy (the second bearing that name). He filled important offices in Jewish Secret Orders. Mr. Arnold, oldest son of Mayer Arnold, took an important part in affairs of his time. Mr. Hart is a brother of Abraham Hart. Their sister, Miss Bluma Hart, now deceased, labored in good causes, and was much respected for her virtues. = A. I. H. Bernal was elected as Hebrew teacher by the Congregation in 1846. = Moses A. Dropsie, the well-known lawyer, has been a prominent figure in the com- munity for a number of decades. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 59 CHAPTER VIII. MiCKv^H Israel (Continued)— Election of Minister in 1851— The Reverend Doctor Sabato Morais— His Eventful Course AND Important Labors. We now revert to matters directly within the Congregation. In 1850 the ministry became vacant, and the Divine Services were conducted by Abraham Finzi, an honored member, who afterwards became Shamash. He was assisted at times by Moses Cohen D'Azevedo and Eliezer L. Cohen. Mr. Finzi was a native of England, and a gentleman of character, mental attainments, and piety, as was his successor, Edward A. Moses, also of English birth. Mr. Moses had for some years previous to his arrival here resided in Barbadoes, and he was at one time (1847-1848) president of the "Nidche Israel" (The Outcasts of Israel) Congregation there. Early in 1851, candidates for the ministry were again sought. Among those who entered the lists were Jacob Mendes da Solla, of New York City ; Isaac M. Slatky, of Buffalo, New York ; (73) Jacob Rosenfeld, of Charleston, South Carolina; and Sabato Morais, a native of Leghorn, Italy, but who had for five years been a resident of London, England, and who came here at the earnest solicitation of friends, bearing the highest credentials as to his character and acquirements as a Chazan (Reader), and as a Hebrew scholar. Mr. Morais arrived in New York City, March 14th, 1851, and came to Philadelphia on TaJanith Esther (the Fast of Esther) the day before Purim (March 17th, 1851). On the following Sabbath (March 22d) he officiated in the Cherry Street Synagogue, and con- tinued thereon. The election was held on April 13th, 1851. Thirty- seven votes were cast, and six ballots were necessary before an election could be declared ; 11 members voting on each ballot for Rev. Isaac Leeser — although he was not named as a candidate — and others voting for Mr. Rosenfeld. On the sixth ballot the vote stood : Leeser, 1 1 ; Rosenfeld, 6; Morais, 20. The last-named having received one (1) more than a majority of all the votes cast was declared elected to the ministry. A committee, embracing Jonas Altamont Phillips, Mayer (73) See Markens's " Hebrews in America," pages 119 and 120. 60 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Arnold, and Moses Nathans, waited upon the new Minister and in- formed him of the result. Since that year (1851) Mr. (now Dr.) Morais has stood firm at his post, and has declined the most flattering offers elsewhere. He was elected to his present office for life on September 13th, 1868. The history of Mickveh Israel, in nearly four and a half decades, and that of its present illustrious spiritual guide are bound together. He has been with the Congregation in many a crisis, and his influence, his earnest devotion, his sincerity, his high sense of duty, his uncom- promising religious stand, and his broad scholarship have contributed immensely to its prestige. Dr. Morais's thorough acquaintance with the Sephardic liturgy, his musical voice, his dignified presence at the Reading- Desk and pulpit, his eloquence of speech, his fervor of utter- ance have been many a time commented upon in terms of praise. (74) The following sketch, though meagre, indeed, may convey to the reader some information about a man whose reputation, to employ the words of another reverend scholar, "is co-extensive with the boundaries of Jewish habitation in the world." The Reverend Sabato Morais, LL. D., was born at Leghorn, in Tuscany, Italy, on the eve of the 2d of lyar, 5583, corresponding with the 13th of April, 1823. He is one of a large family, and his parents were in quite humble circumstances. His Portuguese ex- traction dates several centuries back, and some of his ancestors pos- sibly emigrated to Brazil, in which country there is a city situated on the Equator and bearing the name "Morais." Dr. Morais was early initiated into Hebrew and Italian lore, though at a very youthful age he was obliged to earn a livelihood. Teaching during the day and studying hard at night and at every leisure moment, he evidenced a determined mind, so marked in after years, and a desire to acquire knowledge, notwithstanding obstacles and struggles which characterized his early career. His later Hebrew studies were pursued under the tuition of Abraham Baruch Piperno, Chief Rabbi of Leghorn, and a celebrated Hebraist and Talmudist. Among Dr. Morais's classmates were several men who subsequently rose to high distinction, among them the late Chevalier Emanuel (74) It may be remarked that sermons or lectures during Mr. Leeser's ministry were delivered before Mussaph, or the Additional Service, on Sabbaths, Festivals, and Holy Days. Since Dr. Morais assumed the ministiy, he preaches regularly in the Additional Service before the Hymn '' Adon^ Olam'^ ("Lord of the Universe") which concludes the services. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 61 Felice Veueziani, almoner of Baron Maurice de Hirsch, the Jewish philanthropist. In 1845 Mr. Morais journeyed to London where he was entered as a candidate for the position of Second Minister (Rev. David Aaron de Sola being the First Minister or Reader) of the Spanish and Portuguese Jewish Congregation ''Sha'ar^ Shamayim" (Gates of Heaven), at Bevis Marks, in that city. The list embraced a number of names, some of whom later on became famous ; and though Mr. Morais brought with him high recommendations, he was unsuccessful, solely because of his unacquaintance then with the English language ; and a native Englishman, Rev. David Piza, was elected to the posi- tion. Mr. Morais returned to Italy ; but so favorable was the im- pression he made on the leaders of the Portuguese Jewish commu- nity of London that in the following year (1846) he was invited to come again to the metropolis, and assume the station of Master of Hebrew, at the Orphans' School of the Portuguese Congregation. Here his activity as a worker received the first impetus. In addition to the instruction he imparted at the school, he taught the Italian lan- guage (in the literature of which he is an adept) to a number, in- cluding distinguished families, such as those of the Montefiores. He early formed the acquaintance of the venerated Sir Moses Montefiore, at whose home he was a frequent guest, and from whom he received much encouragement. Mr. Morais also entered upon literary work, delivering a number of lectures, revising a Hebrew vocabulary, and publishing a brief work on the Book of Esther. When the position of Minister of the Congregation Mickv^h Israel, at Philadelphia, became vacant in 1850, Mr. Morais' s friends in London urged him to apply. He hesitated, specially because of his objection to a long voyage and because he had misgivings as to the success of his journey. He yielded, however, to persuasion and set out for America, arriving in New York (as mentioned) and proceed- ing to this city. The results of his candidacy have been told. Mr. Morais soon began work in many spheres of action. The duties of the ministry, while they occupied much of his time, were not allowed by him to constitute the Alpha and the Omega of his labors. He engaged in every cause having for its object the welfare of the Jews and Judaism. He became directly identified with nearly every Jewish charitable institution in Philadelphia, and lent his active aid to many others— Jewish and Gentile— within and beyond the 62 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. borders of this city. He became Professor of the Bible and Biblical Literature in the Maimonides College, opened in this city, for the train- ing of Hebrew Ministers in 1867, and of which the late Rev. Isaac Leeser was Provost. He originated the Jewish Theological Seminary, situated in the City of New York, in 1886, and has, since its opening, been President of the Faculty, and of the Advisory Board of Min- isters; he is, in fact, the motive- power of that now celebrated in- stitution. In honor of his seventieth birthday, on lyar 2d, 5653— April 18th, 1893 — the ''Morais Library" was founded in the Semi- nary, and the event was otherwise remembered in this city and else- where. Dr. Morais was elected an honorary member of the Union League, of Philadelphia, during the Civil War, because of his strong Anti- Slavery views, boldly expressed in and out of the pulpit. He has addressed Hebrew Congregations and meetings very often, here and elsewhere ; and, while strictly Orthodox in his views (being, in fact, the acknowledged leader of the Orthodox wing of Judaism in America), his liberality is well known, and on many an occasion he has spoken at public meetings, addressing ministers and laymen of the Christian Church. On the 17th of January, 1891, he delivered an address before the Protestant Episcopal Clerical Brotherhood on the state of the Jews in Russia. The influence Dr. Morais has with the community was well illus- trated during the summer of 1890, when, by constant and ceaseless efforts, he, with the assistance of Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow, Rev. Dr. Joseph Krauskopf, and Mr. George Randorf, obtained a settlement of a protracted strike of Hebrew employes of cloak manufacturers. In theological literature Dr. Morais also occupies an eminent place. He has contributed separate and serial articles to dailies, weeklies, and monthlies, in this and other cities, on a variety of sub- jects, including, besides theology, politics, literature, philosophy, cur- rent affairs, etc., etc. His chief /orfe is Biblical Exegesis, and in this branch specialists have admitted his superiority as a Hebraist and as a Biblical scholar. Indirectly, Dr. Morais has been connected with Italian politics. He early joined the Free Masons (as his father and grandfather had before him) in order to advoqate the freedom and unification of Italy. He was an intimate friend of Joseph Mazzini, the world- renowned Italian patriot, and he possesses autograph letters from the THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 63 latter whom he often met in London. Dr. Morais is a Republican by inheritance, as it were; his father, who had been imprisoned because of his political views, having frequently exclaimed: *'Even the boards of my bed are Republican." On the 9th of June, 1887, Dr. Morais received the honorary de- gree, "Doctor of Laws," from the University of Pennsylvania; he being the first Hebrew thus honored by that institution. The event was at that time commented on with praise by journals in different parts of the world. Many other honors have been tendered to the Reverend gentleman, but he has invariably declined them. Among these was the Chaplaincy of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons in Pennsylvania. Dr. Morais is a staunch Philadelphian, and he loves the city and the country of his adoption. His sentiments, however, are as broad as the world, and his correspondence with noted men in nearly every clime shows the extent of his fame, notwithstanding his stationary habits, and the fact that he has held but one ministerial position in a period of nearly four and a half decades. Dr. Morais converses in a number of languages, and among his numerous visitors are Hebrew travellers from the Orient, with whom he talks in the Sacred Language, using the polished dialect of the Sephardic Jews. In appearance Dr. Morais exhibits a marked in- dividuality, yet his countenance betokens liberal views and a sincerity which have so distinguished this Orthodox Minister, and have won him the admiration and friendship of Jews and Gentiles. 64 THE JEWkS OF PHILADELPHIA. CHAPTER IX. MiCKVEH Israel, (Concluded)— Its Present House of Worship —Interesting Dedication Ceremonies — Henry Cohen- Successive Presidents Since 1879— Well-Known Members- School AND Society. Dr. Morais had been but a comparatively few years with Mickveh Israel when it was discovered that the Synagogue, on Cherry Street, between Third and Fourth Streets, was no longer equal to require- ments ; the Congregation having increased, and larger and better quarters being demanded. This question was agitated for quite a while, and committees were named to examine and report upon sites whereon a suitable and commodious Synagogue might be erected. Various localities were reported; among them, Twelfth Street beloAV Spruce Street ; Arch Street above Tenth Street (south side), now occupied by a church; Eleventh Street above Chestnut Street (used now as a minstrel -house); and Seventh Street above Arch Street (east side). So pronounced was the desire on the part of members to purchase one or another of these properties that some actually in- vested in the property on Eleventh Street above Chestnut Street, and their heirs hold it to this day. The spot on Seventh Street, above Arch Street was finally considered the most desirable ; being large, and, at that time, free from what have since become disturb- ing business elements in its vicinity. The property was bought in 1858, for $15,100. Soon after, work commenced on the new build- ing, the corner-stone of which was laid with ceremonies on the 9th of May, 1859. The sacred edifice, which cost upwards of $60,000, was solemnly dedicated on the 3rd of Sivan, 5620 (three days be- fore the Festival of Pentecost) corresponding with the 24th of May, 1860; Dr. Morais officiating both times. It may be interesting to know that the committee having in charge the consecration of the new Synagogue was composed of Abraham Hart, Parnas; Joseph Altamont Phillips, David Pesoa, Simon W. Arnold, and Henry S. Allen. With these, Abraham S. Wolf, Samuel Hart, and Edward S. Mawson were associated as Building Committee. Instrumental music was furnished for the occasion by THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 65 an orchestra, directed by Mark Hassler. Vocal selections were arranged by Dr. Morais, after melodies employed in the Spanish and Portuguese Congregation, of Leghorn, Italy. These were rendered by the following choir of ladies and gentlemen, under Dr. Morais's direction : The Misses Frederica Goldsmith, Rebecca Moss, Jose- phine Moss, Dinah J. Emanuel, Sarah F. Emanuel, Catharine Phillips, Blanche Florance, Alice Arnold, Leah D'Ancona, Edith Cohen, Miriam Hohenfels, Leah Lobo, Anna Daniels, and Emma Wetzlar; Messrs. Barnett Phillips, Bernard Una, Morris J. Asch, M.D., Jonathan Emanuel, Bernard Summers, Alfred H. Allen, and Horace A. Nathans. A Hebrew poem was composed for this occasion by Dr. Morais, and rendered into English verse by Miss Myrtilla E. Hart (Mrs. Allen Mitchell). The Jewish Ministers present were: Rev. Gabriel Pape, Rev. Jacob Frankel, Rev. Dr. Henry Vidaver, Rev. S. E. Cohen Noot, Rev. Samuel B. Breiden- bach, and Rev. Ellis Lyons. Altogether this event was memorable. The present Synagogue of Mickveh Israel Congregation (of which John McArthur was architect) is a handsome structure of brick and stone, with an attractive interior, which has since been further im- proved and adorned. The Synagogue proper is on the second floor with galleries above. The Holy Ark — one of the largest and most elaborate in the United States — contains numerous Scrolls of the Re- vealed Law. On the first floor is a smaller shrine, used at times for a school, meetings, lectures, etc., etc., besides committee rooms. At the rear of the large yard, in which a "Succah" (Tabernacle) is erected during the autumnal Festival of Tabernacles, is the Sexton's house, occupied by Mr. 'Hayim Polano, an earnest Jew, and an ex- perienced Hebrew teacher, who is the author of a work called "Selec- tions from the Talmud.'* Mr. Polano was elected to his present office. May 14th, 1879. Another removal of the Synagogue has been considered for some time, but at the present writing no definite action has been the out- come. To return once more to the management of the Congregation Mickveh Israel. Abraham Hart was succeeded as President in September, 1876, by Henry Cohen, an energetic officer, a public- spirited citizen, and a gentleman of intellectual attainments, who had previously served as Treasurer, and had at one time been President 66 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. of the **Beth Israel" (House of Israel) Congregation, of Philadel- phia. Henry Cohen was born in London, England, July 19th, 1810. When but eighteen years of age he went abroad to see the world and visited parts of Africa, Australia, and South America. He returned five years later, and spent some time in Paris, acquiring the French language. He came to the United States about 1837; resided at first in New York City, and subsequently in Philadelphia, where he started in the stationery business. This soon brought him success. In 1843 he returned to England on a visit, and in April, 1844, he married there Matilda, daughter of Lewis Samuel, of Liverpool. Mrs. Cohen became widely known for her culture and mental abili- ties, and she enjoyed an enviable position in the Jewish and in the general communities. Mr. Cohen's business, located at various times on Chestnut Street below Fourth Street, on the west side of Fourth Street below Arch Street, and on the north side of Chestnut Street above Fifth Street, increased rapidly, and finally was among the most extensive of its character in this city. The manufacture of envelopes was afterwards added to the stationery line, and Mr. Cohen associated mth him his older son, Charles Joseph Cohen. In 1871 he travelled in Europe for his health, and wrote a number of in- teresting descriptive letters for a local publication. Returning, he retired from business, and in 1873 he took a trip to Florida. Most of his time he then devoted to various interests, among them the Congregation of which he was selected as the temporal head. He had previously become a manager of, or was in some way identified with, many other institutions in our midst. During the Civil War, Mr. Cohen subscribed largely to the Union cause and he was among the early members of the Union League; also a promoter of the Centennial Exhibition of 1876 — for which his wife was an active and conspicuous worker — and many other worthy objects. Progres- sive in his views, but staunch in his Orthodoxy, Mr. Cohen won and retained warm friends. His liberal gifts to good causes were other evidences that earned him esteem. He died on June 20th, 1879, and the void his loss occasioned may well be understood from these words, reproduced from the eulogium, pronounced by the Rev. Dr. Morals : "Three years ago we chose as our temporal leader this 'Hebrew man. "What suggested his name spontaneously to every reflecting member of THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 67 the congregation ? His social standing, and a general knowledge of the views he entertained. For Henry Cohen did not hide his attachment to the ancestral observances, because he enjoyed the familiar intercourse of the cultured and respected among the professors of another creed. He reverenced his religion, and held tenaciously thereunto— as an inalien- able birthright — in the presence of the world. Without seeking a con- troversy, the intelligent Hebrew keenly relished the opportunity which enabled him to explain the reason for continuing loyal to the Law and the Prophets. Nor had our chief, whose demise I deplore, been merely an occasional visitor in the Minor Sanctuary. All saw him, undeterred by distance, in his usual seat, an earnest worshiper, ready to signify his appreciation of the honors belonging to his tribe as scions of the stock of Aaron, by generous donations. The selection had been therefore wisely designed and merited. Did it prove so ? Who puts that ques- tion ? Would I utter a strained lament before the dead ; or lie to the living, if the late President of my Congregation, had, as such, intention- ally fallen short of his duties ; if he had been untrue to his trust ; if he had deceived the confidence founded on a wide, established reputation, and, to truckle with a worldly policy, had rushed headlong after the errors of this age? Never. Eagerness to promote the welfare of the Synagogue he unequivocally showed on Solemn Days by deeds of liber- ality. An ardent desire to enhance the impressiveness of our ancient ser- vice, he obviously evinced on winter nights, when, despite a fatal malady stealing upon his body, the President travelled from afar to meet the Minister, and help in the effort of training the votaries that offered their voices to sing to God harmoniously." Of the children of Mr. and Mrs. Cohen, Edith (now deceased) married Alfred Cromelien, of Army note; Mary M. is a writer of exceptional merit and a member of literary societies; Katharine is an artist and a sculptor of decided talent ; Charles Joseph is a mer- chant of high standing, and succeeded his father, in September, 1879, as President of Mickveh Israel; John Moss, the younger son, a lawyer, is deceased. Mr. Cohen, the son, proved equal to the duties he assumed, and the Congregation prospered under his efficient management. He married Clotilda, daughter of Andrew J. and Clotilda (iiee Florance) Cohen, and two sons and a daughter have been born unto them. Solomon Gans, a venerable member of the Congregation, now Honorary President of the Society of the United Hebrew Charities, would not accept the Presidency, but was Treasurer for a number of years, and is now a member of the Board of Managers. His brother, Meyer Gans, deceased, also served on the Board, as did the late Jules A. Ephraim, whose generosity and kindliness were constantly manifested. Marcus Cauffinan was another important 68 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. member. Baruch D'Ancona must be mentioned in the roll of pious Israelites. The successive Presidents of the Congregation Mickveh Israel since Mr. Cohen's (Jr.) retirement, in September, 1881, have been: Louis Hano, Abraham Meyer Frechie, and David Hays Solis, Jr., (whose father was an old member, and whose uncle was Solomon Solis). As now constituted, the Directory is the following : Presi- dent, Horace A. Nathans; Vice-President, (vacant); Treasurer, William Morris; Recording Secretary, Isaac Feinberg; Correspond- ing Secretary, Isaac P. Hunt ; Adjunta (Directors), Solomon Gans, Lazarus Mayer (another old and valued member), Levi Mastbaum, Meyer S. Frechie, Samuel Morals Hyneman, Jacob E. Hyneman, and Dr. Solomon Solis Cohen. Some of the best known Hebrew families have worshiped at Mick- veh Israel Synagogue, among them being those of Allen, Ancker, Andrade, Arnold, Asch, Berg, Block, Bravo, Cauffman, Cohen, Cromelien, Da Costa, D'Ancona, Daniels, De Casseres, De Young, Dropsie, Eckstein, Elkin, Emanuel, Ephraim, Etting, Finzi, Flor- ance, Frechie, Fridenberg, Gans, Gratz, Hackenburg, Hahn, Harris, Hart, Hays, Hunt, Hyneman, Isaacs, Israel, Jacobs, Jones, Leber- man. Levy, Lieber, Lobo, Lowengrund, Lyons, Marks, Mastbaum, Mawson, Mayer, Mitchell, Mordecai, Moses, Moss, Nathans, New- house, Nusbaum, Peixotto, Pereyra, Pesoa, Phillips, Polock, Rein- hard, Rhine, Rosenbach, Rosengarten, Rowland, Samuel, Sarfaty, Shoyer, Solis, Steppacher, Sulzberger, Vendig, Weil, Wetzlar, Wolf, and Zellner. During many years, this Congregation did not recognize any necessity for a school at which the Jewish religion and the Hebrew language might be taught to the young. This omission was owing to the existence of the special schools of the Hebrew Education So- ciety, and those of the Hebrew Sunday School Society. Two years since, however, a Congregational School was established; teachers being elected, with Dr. Morals as the Superintendent. Sessions are held several days weekly during each term. The Mickveh Israel Association was recently instituted (October, 1892); its objects being to strengthen ** the Congregation Mickveh Israel as a Conservator of Jewish faith, knowledge, Law and Tradi- tions," and to promote "the mental and moral welfare of all who may become members of the Association." Lectures have been THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 69 delivered in the main meeting room, or smaller Synagogue, to in- terested audiences ; a class in the Jewish Liturgy has received in- struction in lectures by Dr. Morals; another class in Biblical History has been in charge of Dr. Solomon Solis Cohen, and to these has been added a third class in the study of Jewish character, as por- trayed in English literature, Mr. Jacob Sulzberger being instructor. These classes and lectures are continued each season. The member- ship of the Association is increasing. The officers are : Honorary President, the Rev. Dr. S. Morals; President, Miss Grace M. Newhouse ; Vice Presidents, Miss Amelia Tobiason and Dr. Solo- mon Solis Cohen (who was first President of this Association) ; Secre- tary and Treasurer, Mr. Myer Solis Cohen ; Chairman of the In- struction Committee, Miss Racie Friedenwald ; Chairman of the En- tertainment Committee, Miss Rebecca Rosenbach ; Chairman of the Choral Committee, Mr. Theodore J. Hahn. Mickveh Israel Congregation has recently (1893-1894) come into the possession of a large legacy of Hyman Gratz (as elsewhere men- tioned in this work), the entire interest of which is set aside ' *to estab- lish and maintain a college for the education of Jews residing in the city and county of Philadelphia," under the direction of the Congrega- tion as Trustees. The Permanent Committee in charge, representing the Congregation, is composed of Moses A. Dropsie, Chairman; David Sulzberger, Secretary; Dr. Cyrus Adler, Charles J. Cohen, Dr. Solomon Solis Cohen, Abraham M. Frechie, Samuel Morals Hyneman, Levi Mastbaum, Gratz Mordecai, Horace A. Nathans, Mayer Sulzberger, and the ex-offido members— Isaac Feinberg, Recording Secretary, and the Rev. Dr. Sabato Morals, Minister of this Congregation. Thus, it is seen that the position attained by the Congregation Mickveh Israel, among the representative Jewish bodies of America; its distinctively American, yet markedly Conservative, character; the dignity of its worship, while adhering closely to the Orthodox Ritual of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews, and allowing no modern innovations in its services; its important part in the establishment of many Jewish charitable and educational institutions; the distin- guished character of its spiritual guides; the social station of its members, have all contributed to render it an historic landmark, to which the Hebrews of this city can always point with pride. 70 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. CHAPTER X. Sephardim and Ashkenazim— Rodeph Shalom Congregation —Its Institution— Earliest Members and Ministers— Its Synagogue on Julianna Street— Rev. Jacob Frankel's Pastorate. The Hebrew language, in course of time, has undergone many changes, the most striking feature being the different dialects in vogue among Jews who. hail from different sections. The "Se- phardim' ' or Spanish and Portuguese Jews have their system, which is largely followed throughout the Orient. The "Ashkenazim," or German, Polish, and Russian Jews have also theirs, with some varia- tions ; and this feature has distinguished not only their pronuncia- tion but their ritual from that of the Sephardim. The latter, while they have been in this country, like in many others, the pioneers of Judaism, are now few in number as compared with the hosts of Ashkenazim, forming the bulk of the Jewish communities in the United States. What was once a population amounting to but 50,000 is now more than 500,000 or 600,000. What in this city was formerly about 4,000 or 5,000 is now near on to 40,000, with prospects of a steady increase. (75) These masses are, by far, composed of Ashkenazim. The earliest congregational movement among this class in our midst was that which led to the foundation of the " Rodeph Shalom" (Follower of Peace) Congregation, shortly after the opening of the present century. That religious services had been held prior to this, we have evidence in the charter granted to ' * the Rodeph Shalom German Hebrew Society," on August 12th, 1802. The earliest minutes, however, and even those subsequent to 1802, seem to have been destroyed in a fire ; hence, nothing definite can be accu- rately told. The By-Laws, drafted in 1810, are signed by the fol- lowing members : A. B. Cohen, Michael Levy, Abraham Hart, (75) According to a statement of Mr. Isaac Harby in the year 1826, there were at that time not more than 6,000 Jews in the United States, and the State of Pennsylvania contained 300-400. The increase in half a century has, therefore, been remarkable. — [See Mr. Harby's statement as quoted in "The Settlement of the Jews in North America," page 75.] In the year 1845, it is surmised that the total Jewish population of the United States did not exceed, if it equaled, 50,000. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 71 Abraham Gumperts, Abraham Moses, A. Stork, L. Allen, Moses Abraham, Isaac Marks, Elias Hyneman, Benedict Nathan, Lyon Cadet, (76) Alexander Benjamin, Abraham Eliezer Israel, Levi Abraham, Jacob de Lange, Moses Spyers, L. M. Goldsmit, Mayer Arnold, Simon Caufman, Emanuel Oppenheimer, Mayer Ulman, J. Stuttgard, Abraham Joseph, and A. Shoyer. On November 18th, 1810, a committee was named to select a suitable place for a Synagogue and to solicit new members. The first worship — as far as information goes — was held on the north side of Pear Street — running west from Dock Street to Third Street, between Walnut and Spruce Streets. Some time after, services were conducted in a building on the north side of Church Alley (now Street) between Second and Third Streets to the east and west, and Arch and Market Streets to the north and south ; the entrance thereto being by means of a wooden stairway leading from the street. These statements, as regards location, are confirmed by Dr. Mease, who wrote in 1810, and again in 1830, and by others who speak of "the German Syna- gogue." Again, it is said that the services were afterwards held in an edifice on the south side of Margaretta Street below Second Street, and near Cable Lane (now called Newmarket Street), though posi- tive evidence thereof is not at hand. It is claimed, however, that for a time sacred convocations were conducted on the south side of Cherry Street above Fifth Street ; then, for a while at a residence on Vine Street ; (77) and later on the west side of York Avenue (west of Fourth Street) above Vine Street — now a grindstone establish- ment. It is moreover asserted that a Rev. Mr. Isaacs had once been the pastor, and that he was the inventor of Horse-Ferry boats, at one time used on the Delaware River. This statement also lacks confirmation. (76) Lyon Cadet was a native of Lyons, France, but had emigrated to San Domingo, which he quit during the insurrection there, and came to Philadelphia. He died about 1845, aged over ninety years ; his wife, who died subsequently, had attained the age of one hundred years. Mr. and Mrs. Cad6t were grand- parents of Mrs. William B. Hackenburg, and other members of the Schoneman family, of Philadelphia. (77) There seems to be no method of determining the chronological order of the places of worship ; it being also asserted that Margaretta Street was the first, Church Alley the second, and Pear Street the third locality. It is greatly to be regretted that the earliest records were destroyed, as thereby much valuable in- formation has doubtless been missed. It is stated that one of the rooms rented for worship — probably that in Pear Street — was situated in the second story, over a turner's shop, and that over against the room was the Pentutcuchal inscription (words uttered by the Patriarch Jacob) singularly most appropriate in this in- stance : Ma Nora Ha-Makom Haze ( " How dreadful is this place !") 72 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. The name of Abraham Moses is seen as President, and that of Jacob de Lange as Secretary of the Congregation in 1810. Le\vi8 Allen, Senior — father of Lewis Allen, who, in later years, became President of the Congregation Mickveh Israel — is mentioned as the official head of the Rodeph Shalom Congregation in 1812. Mayer Ulman, Louis Bomeisler, and Hyman Marks also occupied that office at different periods. Not until 1823 do we meet the first Minister in the records, viz. : Rev. Jacob Lipman (sometimes called Rabbi Jacob and Rabbi Jacky), and he, as far as known, served until 1834, though the name of Wolf Benjamin is likewise found in that capacity, in 1823-1824. Between the years 1834 and 1838, Rev. Moses Cohen and Moses Hart are mentioned as Readers. Mr. Elias S. Linse, an estimable Israelite, served as Shamash (Sexton) in 1839-1840. In later years he became affiliated with Mickveh Israel Congregation. Rev. Moses Rau was Minister in 1842, and Rev. Dr. Naphthali Kahn became Reader and Preacher in 1847 — the year during which it was decided to remove to the east side of Julianna Street (between Fifth and Sixth Streets) below Callowhill Street, a large building having been purchased. Events previous to that time are clouded in uncertainty, mainly owing to disconnected records. The financial circumstances of the Congregants may, however, be gauged by the statement that Rev. Mr. Lipman' s salary was $150 annually, he being paid in quarterly instalments. As time rolled on matters improved, and the compensation to Minis- ters was gradually increased. At different periods, when regular Readers could not be secured, the services were conducted by lay- men, viz. : Mayer Ulman, Herman Van Beil, and others, who acted in turn. The removal to Julianna Street brought with it — in fact, it must have been preceded by — a very considerable accession to the mem- bership. The following circular is of interest :— *'KAHAL KADOSH RODEPH SHALOM.'^ Congregation "Seekers of Peace" Julianna Street between Fifth and Sixth, and Callowhill and Vine Streets. "You are respectfully informed that the new Synagogue 'Seekers of Peace' will be consecrated to the worship of the God of Israel on Wed- nesday, the 8th day of September, next. The committee of arrangements in view of this solemn and interesting ceremony, beg leave to request your attendance on that occasion. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 73 "The deep interest manifested in this solemn rite, has produced a large demand for cards of admission, and the desire on the part of the com- mittee to accommodate as many as the building will conveniently admit, would earnestly solicit a reply on or before the Ist day of September next, in order that seats may be provided and the necessary arrangements carried into effect. You will please address your replies to either of the under- signed. "The congregation having incurred a heavy debt in the purchase of the building and fitting it up the committee are authorized to state that free-will offerings will be thankfully accepted— to be appropriated toward the liquidation of the debt. " Ceremony to commence at 4 o'clock P. M., precisely. Rev. Doct. Kahn Joseph Fatman A. Stein Joseph Einstein H. SiMSON M. GebstijEy Jacob Langsdorf "Philadelphia, July 28th, 5607—1847." (78) The ceremonies at the dedication of the Synagogue mentioned were of an impressive and edifying character ; Rev. Dr. Kahn and Rev. Gabriel Pape — the latter Minister of " Beth Israel" Congrega- tion—officiating, and Mr. Samuel Ehrlich arranging and conducting the music. At this spot the Congregation continued uninterruptedly until 1870. Rev. Moses Sulzbacher was elected Reader in 1848, at a yearly salary of $200. With the selection of Rev. Jacob Frankel as *'Chazan," in 1849, the status of the Congregation was bettered. Mr. Frankel was an admirable Cantor, possessing a sonorous and remarkably sympathetic voice, and his intoning of the services added greatly to their impressiveness and solemnity. Rev. Jacob Frankel was born at Griinstadt, Bavaria, July 5th, 1808. He belonged to a musical family, and early developed talents of an uncommon order. His voice, afterwards a rich tenor, of fine quality and of a pleasing character, was first heard in Germany, where he filled the office of Assistant Chazan in his native city, and subsequently at Mayence, Hesse- Darmstadt, officia- ting there for a long series of years. On coming to America, in 1849, he was elected Reader of the Rodeph Shalom Congregation, and ministered there continually until shortly before his death, (78) We are indebted for a copy of this circular to Mr. Asher Hassler, whose father, Mr. Isaac Hassler — a member of the Eodeph Shalom Congregation— had preserved it. 74 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. which occurred on January 12th, 1887. Mr. Frankel had traits which won him the esteem of the community. A pleasant and witty conversationalist, but of a mild and retiring disposition, an imposing figure before the Reading- Desk, combined with a patriarchal appearance in later years, rendered him the recipient of many kind- nesses, and he retained the respect he had early commanded. During the Civil War, Mr. Frankel acted as Chaplain of Hospitals under the United States Government, and many a sick soldier felt his sufferings lightened by the tender ministrations of this good and faithful man. He had led worship at two Synagogues in this city, and whether during a long service, or in an abbreviated ritual, his chanting was marked by fervor and intelligence in the rendition of Hymns and Prayers. Even in his more advanced years, the venerated Cantor sang the liturgy with a fervor and sentiment that thrilled the worshipers. During Rev. Mr. Frankel's incumbency, and a few years prior thereto, several preachers served the Congregation. These were : Rev. Dr. Louis Salomon, an able German preacher and author of a Catechism, entitled " The Mosaic System in its Fundamental Princi- ples ;" Rev. Dr. Bernhard Illowy, also a talented Rabbi ; and Rev. Dr. Henry Vidaver, elected in 1860. The last-named after- wards removed to St. Louis, Missouri, then to New York City, to assume other charges ; and subsequently to San Francisco, California, in which city he died some years since. Dr. Vidaver was a man ot extraordinary abilities ; a speaker, a scholar, and a fluent and forcible writer. He assisted Jacob Levi Levinski in editing an * ' Abridged School and Family Bible," in Hebrew and English, etc., etc. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 75 CHAPTER XI. RoDEPH Shalom (Continued)— Election of Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow as Rabbi— Removal to Broad and Mount Ver- non Streets— A Handsome Edifice— Sketch of Dr. Jastrow —Rev. Solomon Kauffmann Elected as Reader. The Congregation was now again without a Preacher. In 1866, however, there arrived in this country a Rabbi, whose fame had preceded him. He came at the special invitation of the Congrega- tion. Rev. Dr. Marcus Mordecai Jastrow met with a flattering re- ception from Rodeph Shalom, and, shortly after his coming, he was elected its preacher for life. The Congregation still worshiped in Julianna Street, but its numbers increased so rapidly that a new Synagogue was, ere long, discussed. It was soon determined to erect a large and imposing edifice at the south-east corner of Broad and Mount Vernon Streets. On the 20th of July, 1869, the comer- stone was duly laid; the participants in the service being Rev. Jacob Frankel, who chanted the prayers, assisted by a choir under the direction of Professor Leopold Engelke ; Rev. George Jacobs, who offered an invocation ; Rev. Dr. Jastrow, who preached the sermon in English, and gave the Benediction; Rev. Dr. Samuel Hirsch, who delivered a German address ; Mr. Solomon Teller, Chairman of the Building Committee, and Mr. Joseph Einstein, President of the Congregation, — both of whom spoke briefly in English. A poem, written in honor of the occasion, by Mr, W. J. Skillman, a Gentile, formed a feature of the ceremonies. On Friday, September 9th, 1870, the new building was dedicated; Dr. Jastrow and other Ministers officiating. This Synagogue (which, with the property on which it is located, cost $250,000) ranks with the most attractive edifices on Broad Street. Architecturally it is of the Moresque order, being surmounted by a tower 125 feet in height. Among inscriptions carved on the front is this : * * My House shall be called the House of Prayer for all Nations." The interior is especially striking, and the seating capacity is about sixteen hundred. Public Services, in which all Jews have joined in more than a single instance, were held there; 76 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. specially the Memorial Services for Isaac Adolphe Cremieux, the world- renowned Hebrew and French statesman, in March, 1880, and those for James Abram Garfield, the lamented President of the United States, on September 26th, 1881. The Commemorative Services in honor of the centennial birthday of the great Jewish philanthropist. Sir Moses Montefiore, were attended there by a vast gathering, on Sunday evening, October 26th, 1884. These events were likewise distinguished by the presence and participation of eminent ministers and laymen. This Synagogue is also among the centres of attraction to strangers, and many of these are seen there on different occasions. Before the removal from Julianna Street to Broad Street, the Con- gregation altered its worship and its ritual, which had formerly been Orthodox. It then adopted some of the innovations of the ' ' Re- form" wing of Judaism, and others later on. Among these were an abridged service and the acceptance of a ritual compiled by its Rabbi, Dr. Jastrow, and others; instrumental music by means of a large organ; the introduction of family pews, in which both sexes sit together; choral music rendered by a choir consisting of both Jews and Gentiles, besides a few other changes not sanctioned by the Or- thodox. The services here have been rendered in Hebrew, English, and German, and the sermons until recently were at times in Ger- man, at others in English. The latter language now prevails. A son of Rabbi Jastrow, Professor Morris Jastrow, Jr., Ph.D., now of the University of Pennsylvania, was assistant preacher for a year, after which he retired from the ministry. Dr. Jastrow, Sr. , intro- duced a number of new features as regards services and the form of worship, among them being services on Friday evening after dark — in addition to those towards sunset, as among the Orthodox — and at which sermons are preached. This custom, originating in West- ern States, has also taken root among some Congregations in the East. In March, 1887, Rev. Solomon Kauffmann, who had been Minister at Selma, Alabama, was elected to succeed the lamented Rev. Jacob Frankel. Dr. Jastrow continued as Rabbi- Preacher until Decem- ber, 1892, when he retired from office and was elected Rabbi-Emeri- tus; his successor being Rev. Dr. Henry Berkowitz. Dr. Jastrow's reputation as a scholar and a writer extends far be- yond this city, and, in fact, the United States. He was born at THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 77 Rogasen, in the Province of Posen, Prussian- Poland, June 5th, 1829. His parents were Abraham and Yetta Jastrow. His father was a merchant well versed in Hebrew lore. The son early received an educational training, much above the ordinary. He studied religion and Hebrew literature, under Rabbi Moses Feilchenfeld, at his native city, and later on, secular branches of knowledge, at the Gymnasium there. These studies he continued at the University of Berlin, and graduated therefrom in 1855. Proceeding to Halle, in Saxony, he underwent an examination at its University, and received the degree of "Doctor of Philosophy." He then became teacher at a religious school in Berlin. Dr. Jastrow w^as first called to the ministry in 1857, as Assistant to Rabbi Baer Meisels, at a Congregation in Warsaw, Russian- Poland. There his active work began, not simply Congregationally, but in the entire community. Nor did he labor exclusively for the interests of his coreligionists, but was outspoken in his political views. When five Polish patriots were massacred in a riot, brought on by Russian officials, he attended their funerals, dressed in his robes, and thereafter delivered numerous addresses on the question of freedom, and labored to disseminate liberal views. His fame and his expressions spread abroad, and won for him the respect of many, but aroused the suspicion of the Russian Government. Nor was he alone an object of its fear; but Rabbi Meisels and a number of clergymen and laymen were likewise watched by the Tsar's officers. A crisis was reached towards the end of the year 1861, when, on a certain night, all those ministers mentioned were seized in their beds and conveyed to prison, where they remained three months. They were then taken to the frontier and expelled from Russia. The edict of banishment was subsequently repealed, but Dr. Jastrow had, meanwhile, become Rabbi at Manheim, in Baden. He afterwards yielded to requests and returned to the Congregation at Warsaw. But in July, 1864, a political revolution arose there, while Dr. Jastrow was absent at a watering-place. Then it was regarded best for his safety not to go back. He accepted a call from a large and influential Congregation at Worms, in Hesse-Darmstadt, and while there, he received an invitation (in 1866) to become Rabbi of the Rodeph Shalom Congregation, of this city. Dr. Jastrow' 8 work in this city is well known; he has been, and is, identified with many Jewish and secular movements ; he became 78 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Professor of Talmud at the Maimonides College, once in this city ; he is an active worker in educational and charitable societies ; a Vice- President of the Jewish Ministers' Association of America; a mem- ber of the Publication Committee of the Jewish Publication Society of America, besides belonging to other institutions. As a Rabbi and an orator he is also distinguished, preaching in both the German and English languages, and handling the subjects with an ability which evidences ripe experience and depth of scholarship. Dr. Jastrow*s forte is the Talmud — that inexhaustible mine, embracing the Oral Law, the traditions, and the wisdom of the Hebrew Sages, from Post-Biblical times to the fifth or sixth century. He enjoys an enviable reputation in this respect, and has given his best years to study. The twenty- fifth anniversary of Dr. Jastrow's ministry at Rodeph Shalom was celebrated with eclat on Wednesday evening, November 4th, 1891, at the Synagogue of his Congregation. Addresses, laud- atory of the celebrant and his work, were delivered by the Rev. Dr. Sabato Morais, Rev. Solomon Kauffbaann, and Mayer Sulzberger, Esq. Dr. Jastrow responded feelingly to the sentiments expressed by the speakers. As a writer Dr. Jastrow has issued several works, among them "Four Centuries of Jewish History." He has written numerous pamphlets, besides contributing largely to newspapers and magazines. But his chef d'oeuvre is a voluminous w^ork, *' A Dictionary of the Targumim, the Talmud Bahli (Babylonian) and Yerushalmi (called Jerusalem) and the Midrashic Literature," which is now nearing completion, and is being issued in parts, at Leipzig, Germany. This effort is highly thought of by scholars, and the Doctor has spent years in its preparation. Dr. Jastrow married Bertha Wolffsohn, at Warsaw, Russia, in 1858. Seven children were born to them, but two sons died some years since. There are now two sons and three daughters. The older son, Dr. Morris Jastrow, Jr. , is Professor of Semitic languages and Assistant Librarian at the University of Pennsylvania. The second son. Dr. Joseph Jastrow, is Professor of Experimental and Comparative Psychology, in the University of Wisconsin. Rev. Solomon Kauffmann, the Reader from 1887 to March, 1893, is a specialist in Pedagogy. He was born at Wronke, Posen, Eastern Prussia, January 24th, 1846. His inclinations for teaching THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 79 were early manifested, and his capacities were favorably tested in his youth, both in private tuition, and later on at Institutes. He officiated as Reader, in Merow, Mecklenburg- Schwerin, and was an instructor in Hebrew, German and Latin, at Seesen, Brunswick; and at Essen, Prussia. He came to the United States in 1873, and his first ministerial office was at Memphis, .Tennessee ; then at Ports- mouth, Ohio; in 1883, at Chicago; and in 1885-1887 at Selma, Alabama. His voice, his abilities as a teacher, and his pleasing de- livery as a preacher, combined to render him popular in the com- munity, and with reluctance, his resignation as a Reader of Rodeph Shalom Congregation was accepted. Mr. Kauffmann is at present devoting considerable of his time to private instruction, while filling another ministerial position in this city. He married Bertha Eichel- stein. They have three children — a son and two daughters. 80 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. CHAPTER XII. RoDEPH Shalom (Concluded) — Rev. Dr. Henry Berkowitz Becomes Rabbi — Formally Installed— Synagogal Matters — Rev. William Lcewenberg, Reader — Congregational ■ Management— Auxiliary Societies. On the Eve of the Sabbath— December 2d, 1892-5653— Rev. Dr. Henry Berkowitz became Rabbi-Preacher of Rodeph Shalom Congregation. In his inaugural sermon he pledged himself to be a disciple of Aaron, "loving peace and following peace." A few scattered excerpts are here given : — *'I shall wave aloft," he said, "in conciliatory hand the censer of reverent devotion, and in it I shall offer up to God as sweet incense whatever confidence and good-will and co-operation I may be able to win from you. I shall try to show due regard for the tendernesses of old associations, even while pointing out the needs of the new "While thus in the pattern of Aaron and by the dictum of Hillel, I shall strive for peace, let me ask of you to join with me in the effort to realize those aims which the sage sets forth as the object of the pursuit of peace, when, in the closing words of his injunction, he says ' Love thy fellow-men and bring them near to the Torah — all whose ways are ways of pleasantness, and all whose paths are peace. ' " Standing firmly on the basis of Judaism in its purest conception, let us live and labor for the higher humanity, ever craving God's blessing." Dr. Berkowitz, who is a native of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, was born March 18th, 1857. He graduated at the High School in that city. After studying awhile at Cornell University, he returned to his native city and read law. He soon abandoned this for the ministry, and was entered among the first students at the Hebrew Union College, in Cincinnati, Ohio, founded in 1875. Eight years later he graduated therefrom, after having completed a course at the University of Cincinnati, in 1881. He was ordained as Rabbi, and received the Post-Graduate degree of "Doctor of Divinity" in 1887. After quitting college at Cincinnati, Dr. Berkowitz was united in marriage, October 28th, 1883, to Miss Flora Brunn. Two children have been born to them. Dr. Berkowitz' s first charge was at Mobile, Alabama. There his abilities, particularly as a public speaker, were demonstrated. On THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 81 the resignation of Dr. J. Krauskopf as Rabbi of the "Ben6 Jehudah" (Children of Judah) Congregation, at Kansas City, Missouri, Dr. Berkowitz, his brother-in-law, was selected to fill the office, in 1888. The young Rabbi's activity in various spheres was then still further manifested. Having a larger field he worked un- tiringly, and delivered lectures, particularly at Sabbath Eve later services, which, by their style and their composition, obtained much favor. He engaged in earnest work among Jews, and took part also in secular movements. His preaching, his labors, and his pro- ductions helped to spread his name. In September, 1892, Dr. Berkowitz came to this city as a parti- cipant in the dedication ceremonies of the new " Ken^seth Israel** (Assembly of Israel) temple. He was then solicited for the Pas- torate of the Rodeph Shalom Congregation, it being understood that Dr. Jastrow would retire and become Rabbi-Emeritus upon the election of his successor. On September ] 9th, Dr. Berkowitz was selected to the office mentioned by a majority vote of the members. The new Rabbi at once evinced his desire to promote educational movements in this centre, and he has labored without pause in that direction. What gives promise of good results is a scheme, which owes its origin to him, viz. : a Jewish Department of the Chautauqua Movement, and other features distinctively marked in that educa- tional plan. To this department further allusion will be made. Dr. Berkowitz is part- author, together with Dr. Krauskopf, of *' Bible Ethics," and a " Hebrew Reader." He has issued in book- let shape a work entitled ** Judaism and the Social Question." Among Dr. Berkowitz' s marked characteristics are a pleasing and engaging address, an interesting manner, and a bold utterance. Dr. Berkowitz' s advent in this city was marked by the introduc- tion of Sabbath Eve later services at the Synagogue, though pre- viously held at the school- house, 956-962 North Eighth Street, below Girard Avenue. This edifice, built in 1887, at a cost of $36,000, is of substantial brick and is fitted up with all the neces- saries of a modern school- house. The main room on the second floor is occasionally devoted to Sabbath and Second Day Festival services. The Congregational School is thoroughly equipped, and is attended by several hundred male and female children of seat-holders. Dr. Berkowitz is Superintendent. The Synagogue has recently been renovated at a large expense, and has now an attractive interior. 82 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, Some innovations have been introduced since Dr. Berkowitz's in- duction into office, and the officiating Ministers have adopted the "Radical Reform" custom of worshiping without religious garment and with uncovered head. Rev. William Loewenberg, formerly Minister at Scranton, Penn- sylvania, was selected as Reader, in March, 1893. His chanting of the services has elicited favorable comment. Rodeph Shalom Con- gregation has recently (1898) returned to membership of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations in the West, having withdrawn therefrom in 1885. It also contributes to the Jewish Theological Seminary, at New York City, and is represented in the Association. Dr. Jastrow, the Rabbi- Emeritus, is a member of the Advisory Board of the latter institution. There are few important events to record in recent years. Mr. Reuben Strauss, a venerated teacher, who had served many years, died in January, 1892. The successive Presidents of this Congre- gation, for a lengthy period, were : Samuel Adler, Joseph Einstein, Elias Wolf, and Levi Mayer. The official head at this time is David Teller, a gentleman known for decades as an active merchant and an earnest worker. He has been President of other Corporations, and enjoys quite a reputation for his experience, ability, courteous and dignified manner. Mr. Teller's wife (nee Rebecca Hackenburg) is the daughter of the lamented Judah Lazarus Hackenburg, and sister of William B. Hackenburg, a prominent Israelite. The Congregational Board, as now composed, is as follows : Presi- dent, David Teller; Vice-President, Meyer Frank; Treasurer, Benjamin F. Teller ; Secretary, Benjamin Nusbaum ; Directors, Herman B. Blumenthal, Louis Frankel, William Gerstley, Charles Heidelberger, A. Hess, L. Hirsh, J. Koch, L. Loeb, H. S. Louch- heim, Levi Mayer, Jacob Miller, I. Nusbaum, A. I. Rosenheim, Emil Selig, M. Stern, and Clarence Wolf. A former Secretary of Rodeph Shalom was Lewis Ellinger, deceased. His successor was Alexander Reinstine, for a number of terms member of the City Common Coun- cil, and an officer of Societies, Secret Orders, etc., etc. He died on November 25th, 1892. Mr. Alexander Goodman was long the faith- ful Sexton of the Congregation. He died on June 8th, 1894. Mr. Leopold Schlesinger, his successor, is an experienced teacher in the Hebrew and religious school. He has for twenty-five years (1894) served acceptably in the latter capacity, and as Assistant Reader. THB JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 83 The Jewish Culture Association sprung directly from this Congre- gation. It has, however, been superseded by a new Auxiliary Association of Rodeph Shalom Congregation, instituted at a meeting held January 15th, 1894. Its aim is "to further the religious, educational, and moral undertakings of the Congregation, and to foster a closer bond of fellowship among its adherents. ' ' Four sec- tions — each having specified objects — have been established, viz. : Congregational, Literary, School, and Charity. The officers are : President, Dr. H. Berkowitz ; Vice-President, Simon Miller ; Treasurer, Alfred Curtin Hirsh ; Secretary, Dr. Lee Kaiifer Frankel ; Chairmen of respective sections (as above-named), Charles Hoffman, Mrs. Charles Heidelberger, Mrs. H. S. Louchheim, and Louis Wolf. Membership is limited to those identified with the Congregation. Rodeph Shalom continues to hold rank among the leading Con- gregations in the United States. It has witnessed not a few changes, from within and from without. Yet its large membership, financial standing, and active part in the doings of the Jewish community are evidences of its permanence and continued usefulness as a factor in Congregational growth and communal development. 84 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. CHAPTER XIII. Beth Israel. Congregation — Originated in 1840— Rev. Gabriel Pape— Preachers ai^d Readers at Different Times— Changes in the Ritual— Rev. Dr. J. B. Gross- mann's Installation— Present Officers. What is known as the Polish Congregation worshiped until re- cently in its Synagogue building on the east side of Crown Street (between Fourth and Fifth Streets) above Race Street. The actual name, however, is ''Beth Israel" (House of Israel). Its institution is explained in the following circular : "It having been intimated by several persons of the German Jewish persuasion, that if there was a suitable place dedicated for the Worship of the Supreme Being, in accordance with the old German and Polish customs, &c., and conducted on the principle of the Great Synagogue in London, it would be the means of elevating the character of that por- tion of our community, instill religious and moral virtue in the rising generation. "The want of a suitable place in this large and growing community has been the means of deterring many Foreigners sojourning among us and caused others to depart from the religion of the forefathers. "Being desirous to uphold our Sacred Religion and diffuse the same among the rising generation of our community, we have thought it ad- visable to convene a meeting for the purpose of forming a Polish and German Congregation, and should you entertain the same religious views and are desirous in carrying them out, you are requested to attend a Meeting on Sunday Morning, 14th. Inst, at the Enniskillen Castle, south Fifth near Prune Street to be held for that purpose. "Your Obedient &C. Fbederick Samuels, Joseph M. Asch. Philad'a. June 12th, 1840." As information has it, therefore, the Beth Israel Congregation was established in the month of Tamuz, 5600, corresponding with June, 1840. A hall was rented on the north side of Adelphi Street (between Walnut and Spruce Streets) above Fifth Street, and regular worship began there ; a layman, Solomon Samuelson, officiat- ing. The first officers were: Frederick Samuels, and Joseph M. Asch, "Parnassim" (Presidents); Henry Cohen, Treasurer; Abra- ham Collins, Jonathan Zachariah, John D. Jackson, and Hyman THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 85 Polock, Trustees; Jacob Ulman, Secretary; David A. Phillips, "Shamash" (Sexton). We meet the first regular Minister in Rev. Simon E. Cohen Noot, a native of Holland, elected to that office be- fore the Passover of 5603-April, 1843. He served a few years and was succeeded by Rev. Gabriel Pap6, who had come here from Prussian-Poland. In 1847-1848 ground was broken on Crown Street (as afore-raentioned) for a Synagogue. This was completed and dedicated on the Great Sabbath — that occurring immediately before the Passover — on March 29th, 1849. Rev. Mr. Pap6 and Rev. Samuel M. Isaacs, of New York City, then officiated. The early years of this Congregation were not distinguished, nor marked by a large membership. In fact, on several occasions it became necessary to appeal to Jewish Communities, in order to tide over financial difficulties. However, in course of time, the debts were materially lessened; the increase of the Jewish population brought in new members ; and permanence was no longer a matter of doubt. The Synagogue on Crown Street — the third in Philadelphia — is described in the "Stranger's Guide" (1858) as "a new and im- posing building, constructed of brown stone, in the Egyptian style." A picture of the exterior accompanies this description. Rev. Mr. Pape, the Minister, had studied much in his earlier days, and he possessed a considerable acquaintance with Hebrew lore. He seldom preached, however. He won the respect of his Congregation, and continued in office until his death, in January, 1872. Mr. Pap^ was for many years President of the Board of Hebrew Ministers, com- posed of the majority of Jewish Clergymen in this city, who regulated the manner of slaughtering animals for Jewish food, the admission of proselytes to the Jewish faith, the granting of divorces according to Jewish rule, and other matters relating to their community, but who, as a body, did not exercise any ecclesiastical authority, such as that of a Synod or a Governing Council. During Mr. Pape's term, the Congregation engaged Preachers at diflferent times. Rev. Solomon Jacobs, a native of St. Thomas, West Indies, occupied the pulpit in August, 1857, and for some years sub- sequent thereto. The worship all along had been conducted in the strict Orthodox manner. A choir was introduced in 1860. In February, 1867, Rev. Dr. Aaron S. Bettelheim, of Pressburg, Austria-Hungary, was elected Preacher. On his resignation, he accepted a position in San Francisco, California, and later on, at 86 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Baltimore, Maryland. Both Dr. Bettelheim and Mr. Jacobs were men of scholarship and possessed ability as lecturers. In the same year that Rev. Mr. Pap^ died, Rev. M. Elkan, a German by birth, but who had come here from Liverpool, England, was chosen Reader and Preacher. Mr. Elkan's musical voice was heard to advantage during his ministrations, and sermons were delivered by him with frequency, in German and in English. Mr. Elkan served the Con- gregation from July, 1872, to July, 1881. He is now ministering in Hartford, Connecticut. His successor, in the latter year, was Rev. Max Rubin, who continued in office until September, 1884. During all this period, numerous events had transpired, and the composition of the Congregation had undergone changes. The first President, Frederick Samuels, was succeeded, in turn, by Joseph M. Asch, Henry Cohen, Hyman Polock, Isaac M. Asch, Henry Mar- cus, Harris Coleman, B. Hyman, B. Abeles, Morris Rosenthal, L. Bloomberg, S. Nathan, S. Harris, and Isaac Cohen. Among those who served as Secretary were, Isaac H. Weil, Louis A. Green, D. Emanuel, Henry J. Hunt, and Philip Rasener. The ministry being vacant, Rev. Victor Caro, who had previously officiated in Quincy, Illinois, was elected to the position in Septem- ber, 1884. Mr. Caro is a native of Hungary, having been born September 19th, 1856. During his incumbency, the Congregation adopted a number of innovations of the modern ''Reform" school, and accepted the ritual compiled by Revs. Drs. Marcus M. Jastrow, Benjamin Szold, and H. Hocheimer. Mr. Caro resigned in August, 1892, and is at present minister of the '' Bene Jeshurun " (Children of Jeshurun) Congregation, at Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The Congregation was without a regular pastor until October, 1892, when Rev. Victor Rosenstein was selected as Reader. He resigned in August, 1893. In March, 1893, Rev. Dr. J. B. Grossmann, then officiating at a Congregation in Youngstown, Ohio, accepted a call to Beth Israel as Preacher. He was formally inducted into office on the Eve of the Sabbath, May 5th, 1893 — 5653. Dr. Grossmann' s inaugural was characterized by eloquent and emphatic declarations. "The Jewish pulpit," he said, in the course of his address, "has no other reason for existence than to teach Judaism pure and simple, to arouse in the hearts of our people old-time fidelity and loyalty, old-time affection and devotion, to take up the heart of Judah and amid the changed conditions of our age, sing new songs to Israel's God and THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 87 Israel's Law. These alone are the mighty sources whence flowed our honor and glory in ages gone by; these alone formed the mighty Provi- dence that guarded Israel's moral integrity and enabled them to remain proof against all tiattery and abuse, against all seductions and persecu- tions; these alone shielded and safeguarded Israel's domestic life in vigorous purity, caused their social virtues to bud and blossom as the rose, endowed the feeble with strength, the timid with courage, the wretched with comfort, the peaceable and submissive with a sublime moral courage that has been the wonder and admiration of the world; and to these springs of living and life-giving waters I hope to lead all that come here to drink. Whether I shall prosper and succeed in my en- deavors. Thou, O God, knowest alone. A great mission has become mine, a high and holy privilege to give direction to your thoughts, support to your religious needs, help and encouragement to your every endeavor after righteousness." Dr. Grossmann's scholarly attainments are well known, and his capacities have been manifested in various spheres of action. The Doctor was born in North Germany, and is between forty and fifty years of age. When quite young, he began to study the Talmud. In later years he received instruction from Rabbi Elias Gutmacher, in Griitz, and Rabbi Chon^h Rosenstein, in Berlin. At the latter city, Dr. Grossmann pursued also secular studies. He arrived in the United States some years since, and was, for quite a long period, an instructor at a University in California. He, likewise, devoted some time to journalism. As mentioned, he was ministering at Youngstown, Ohio, where he had officiated six years, when he was selected as Rabbi of the Beth Israel Congregation, of this city. Dr. Grossmann' s writings include some studies on the critical value of the Septuagint, for a restoration of the Original Text of the Holy Scriptures. The present officers of the Beth Israel Congregation are : Presi- dent, Simon Jacoby; Vice-President, Samuel Sailer; Treasurer, Alexander Simpson ; Secretary, Simon Ezekiel; Trustees, Benjamin Sailer, Jacob Myers, Ernst Neuman, and Julius Blankensee. The Hebrew and Religious School attached to this Congregation was es- tablished in 1859. The Rabbi is Superintendent, and there are several teachers. The present Board of School Directors is com- posed of Alexander Simpson, Simon Ezekiel, A. Rosenblat, Benja- min Sailer, Abraham Sailer, Jacob Rosen, and Isaac Schwerin. Moses Baer was Sexton of this Synagogue for a lengthy term. Philip Wittenberg now fills that position. "Daughters of Beth Israel " is the name given to an Auxiliary 88 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Association, recently established in this Congregation, the object of which is to aid it in various ways. Beth Israel's Synagogue, on Crown Street above Race Street, has been sold, and the Congregation has purchased a church building, on Eighth Street below Jefferson Street, which will be suitably altered for a Jewish House of Worship, and as such will be dedi- cated before the Autumnal Season of 1894 — 5655. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. CHAPTER XIV. The " Reform" Movement and its Work— Ken<^]Seth Israel Congregation— Its Establishment and Places of Worship —Successive Ministers— Rev. Dr. David Einhorn— Rev. Dr. Samuel Hirsch. Ceremonial and ritual observances, Biblically or traditionally handed down, have been adhered to by the Jews with tenacity. The outward features of religion which distinguish the professors of Judaism from those of other creeds have always been regarded as absolutely necessary to the preservation of the Jewish Faith, as an active, working religion— a positive belief, and not simply a series of negations. A system, the aim of which was to gradually abolish ceremonialism, or to, at least, reduce its observance to a minimum, originated in Germany some seven or eight decades since. Judaism, its advocates maintain, represents teachings lofty enough to assert themselves without the aid of any outward accompaniments, which but render it exclusive, retard its mission, and hold aloof its adherents from the rest of the world. Its ethical teachings, they agree, are of the highest importance, and these of themselves will finally assert its truths before mankind. The movement representing those views was, however, in its early stages, confined to changes in the ritual and worship at the Syna- gogues — rendering these somewhat in accord with the customs of the majority. It made its appearance in this country about the year 1840, in Charleston, South Carolina, when the introduction of an organ into the services of the Portuguese Congregation there led to the withdrawal of a number of the members, and the tormation of another Congregation, which, however, merged again with the former body— but not until 1866. This action was followed up by Congregations in New York City and elsewhere, with changes of a more radical character — and not in harmony with the Rabbinical laws. No ecclesiastical authority existing in this country, matters were allowed to shape their own course — each Congregation doing as it saw fit, without referring its action to any other but its own 90 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Minister, and even he, at times, was overruled by the laymen who composed the membership or the Board of Trustees. The movement spread, and, after having taken firm hold in alterations of the ritual and the worship, and in repealing many an ordinance of the Rabbinical code, it then showed its purpose with regard to some of the Mosaic Laws — the Divine Laws embodied in the Pentateuch, and, as such, regarded as inviolable for all time. It declared the Dietary prescriptions as being antagonistic to the spirit of the age ; it disavow^ed all belief in a Personal Resurrection of the dead ; it rejected all belief in Israel's Restoration as a Nation to the Holy Land, considering its Messianic Mission as apart from territorial limits, and as having no element of personality within it. It also declared its disbelief in a number of other distinguishing features of the religion of Israel ; and finally, some, though not all, of its representatives in the pulpit, regarded as necessary the insti- tution of special services on the first day of the w^eek, in addition to those on the Seventh Day — the Day consecrated by the Decalogue as the Sabbath for all Jews. A few of the latest advocates of what is termed ''Radical Reform" have also proclaimed the abolition of the Seventh-Day Sabbath, and the substitution therefor of the first day of the week, in accordance with the customs of the majority. Such is, in brief, an outline of the ** Reform" movement in its different stages of progression since it was first launched in Germany. It may serve as an introduction to a sketch of the "Keneseth Israel" (Assembly of Israel) Congregation, which, though originally an Orthodox Congregation, gradually entered into the new movement, and is to-day, by reason of its numerical strength and position, very prominently identified therewith. The Kenneth Israel Congregation was instituted in March, 1847, by forty-five charter members. The first worship was held in a hall at 528 North Second Street (between Buttonwood and Green Streets), and in the following month. Rev. B. H. Gotthelf, a native of Germany, became Reader, Secretary, and Sexton ; receiving at first for his triple services the very modest sum of $125 annually, and subsequently $400. In the same year (1847) the Congregation moved its quarters to a hall on Fourth Street (York Avenue) near Wood Street, where it remained until 1854, when a church building on the west side of New Market Street above Noble Street, which had THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 91 been purchased, was dedicated as a Synagogue on April 10th, 1854; Revs. Isaac Leeser, Jacob Frankel, Gabriel Pap4, L. Naumburg, S. Morals, and other ministers taking part in these services. Pre- vious to this, however, M. Sternheimer, Abraham Sulzberger, N. Davidson, and N. Rosenberg had been "Chazanim" (Readers), and Rev. L. Naumburg was elected Minister and Teacher in 1850, serving continuously for about ten years. Some changes in the liturgy — until then of the strict '* Ashkenazic" type — were intro- duced during Mr. Naumburg's separate term. These also included the acceptance of an organ, a mixed choir, and the abolition of some traditional customs, as observed in all Synagogues. When, however. Rev. Dr. Solomon Deutsch, of Posen, became the Rabbi, in 1857 (Mr. Naumburg still being the Reader), innovations and alterations of a more extended character were adopted ; among them being the three-year cycle, and later on the seven-year cycle of read- ing the Pentateuch (instead of one year), the discontinuance of call- ing up individuals to the reading of the "Torah," and the abolition of the Second Days of all the Festivals and Holy Days (excepting that of the New Year, which was also subsequently abolished, in 1864). In 1860, Rev. Julius Salinger succeeded Mr. Naumburg as Reader. In 1861, Rev. Dr. David Einhorn was chosen as Rabbi -Preacher. The presidency of the Congregation from its inception until 1863 was administered in different years by Julius Stern, A. Aronheimer, L. Bernheimer, Adolph Klopfer, and Abra- ham Kaufman. Keneseth Israel had now stepped into the front ranks of " Radical Reform, ' ' still more emphasized by its selection of Dr. Einhorn as its leader. Dr. Einhorn ranked with the most distinguished theo- logical scholars of his time. He was an accomplished Hebraist, a ripe Talmudist, an eloquent German orator, and a writer of considerable note. Born in Dispeck, Bavaria, November 10th, 1809, he early evinced an aptitude for study, and soon displayed remarkable talents. He received tuition in the Talmud and Rabbinical Dialectics from Rabbi Wolf Hamburger, a celebrated specialist, and such was his progress that at the youthful age of sixteen years he received the degree of Rabbi. Classical lore and philosophy he imbibed at the Universities of Wiirzburg and Miin- chen, and was titled " Doctor of Philosophy." He early disclosed his leanings in the direction of "Radical Reform," and occupied 92 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. several Rabbinical offices, among them that of Chief Rabbi of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg- Schwerin. But ** Radicalism" was then in its incipient stages, and was by no means favored by the political authorities, who saw in it, as they thought, a tendency to throw off governmental, as well as ecclesiastical, rule. Hence, when Dr. Einhorn was Rabbi at Pesth, the Austrian Government ordered his temple to be closed. In 1855, he came to the United States as Rabbi of "Har Sinai" (Mount Sinai) Congregation, of Baltimore, and might have remained there even beyond 1861 had it not been for his manly and outspoken views against the curse of human slavery ; which action rendered his stay in a pronounced Southern City attended with danger. He then sought Philadelphia, and was warmly welcomed by the Keneseth Israel Congregation. He con- tinued his ministrations here until 1866, and then moved to New York City to assume another charge. He remained there until his death, on November 2d, 1879, having previously retired from the ministry. Dr. Einhorn was a brilliant and polished German writer. He edited a monthly ** called •* Sinai," and compiled Catechisms, Prayer-Books, etc., etc. (79) During his term in this city the Congregation added largely to its numbers and dedicated its new and handsome temple (a term used instead of Synagogue by the "Re- form" party) on the east side of Sixth Street above Brown Street, in 1864. The following year, Rev. William Armhold, who had been Minister in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, was elected Reader and Teacher. Mr. Armhold, who has served ever since, is especially popular in the Jewish community, because of his kindly nature and sympathetic disposition. His services have proved eminently satis- factory in both positions. Rev. Dr. Samuel Hirsch succeeded Dr. Einhorn as Rabbi- Preacher in 1866, continuing until 1887, when he retired from the ministry. During that period there were many stirring inci- dents in the Congregation, and lectures on Sunday were first intro- duced in 1870. These not succeeding were discontinued, but were resumed, with services in the German language, in 1881, followed in 1883 by English lectures, on which occasions different ministers of the "Radical Reform" party filled the pulpit. Dr. Hirsch' s seventieth birthday brought together a large assemblage to the (79) A lengthier sketch of Dr. Einhorn may be found in " Eminent Israelites of the Nineteenth Century," pages 66-71. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 98 temple, Sunday, June 7th, 1885, and the event waa commemorated by a special celebration there. Dr. Hirsch was born at Thalfangen, in Rhenish Prussia, June 8th, 1815. After a course of tuition, he graduated from the Uni- versity of Leipzig, with the degree of ** Philosophy Doctor." Under a number of teachers he had studied for the Rabbinate. In his twenty- third year (1838) he was elected Rabbi at Dessau, where he remained until 1843, when he was raised to the high station of Grand Rabbi of the Duchy of Luxembourg, and occupied that office constantly until 1866, when the Keneseth Israel Congre- gation, of this city, invited him to be its pastor. He accepted the invitation, and from his arrival became an open advocate of * * Radi- cal Reform, ' ' with which he had latterly been identified in Europe, having attended Rabbinical conferences in the interest of the new movement, and preaching it from his pulpit. Dr. Hirsch engaged in numerous ritual and doctrinal controversies while here, and in- creased his reputation as a scholar and a German orator. Among his writings is a work entitled : ' ' The Religious Philosophy of the Jews," exhibiting the bent of his mind on religious, as well as philosophical, subjects. Dr. Hirsch was among the avowed oppo- nents of Ceremonialism, and advocated the abolition of many obser- vances and rites peculiar to the Jews. After his retirement in 1887, he went to Chicago (in 1888), and resided with his son. Dr. Emil G. Hirsch, a preacher in that city. He died there, on May 14th, 1889. 94 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. CHAPTER XV. Ken^seth Israel (CoNCiiUDED)— Rev. Dr. Joseph Krauskopf Called to the Ministry— Sunday Services— A New and Larger Edifice Dedicated with I^clat — Description of the Building — Lyceum Established — Sketch of Dr. Krauskopf — Rev. J. L. Levy Selected as Associate Minister — Officers OF THIS Congregation. A NEW field was marked out for the Keneseth Israel Congregation, when it elected to the ministry, in 1887, Rev. Dr. Joseph Kraus- kopf, a graduate of the Hebrew Union College, at Cincinnati, Ohio. Dr. Krauskopf s first charge was at Kansas City, Missouri, where for a term of four years he was pastor of the ''Bene Jehudah'* (Children of Judah) Congregation. The lectures he there delivered attracted general attention, the speaker's utterances being distin- guished by a winning style and a flow of speech which earned for him a reputation beyond the limits of that city. The Congregation in Kansas City, while it agreed to release him in 1887, after his call to Philadelphia, yet seemed anxious to retain his services. How- ever, a larger field was oflfered Dr. Krauskopf, in a centre rendered famous by eminent ministers and representative laymen, and he ac- cepted the position tendered him ; entering upon his new duties here on Sabbath, October 22d, 1887, when he was duly installed by the retiring Pastor, Dr. Samuel Hirsch. He then delivered a lengthy inaugural on the obligations of a minister as a true ** Messenger of The Lord of Hosts," and strongly declared in favor of preaching naught else but religious truth as set forth in the "Torah" (Divine Law) ; opposing display in the pulpit or sermonizing with a view to obtaining the plaudits of the multitude. Dr. Krauskopf opened his first series of Sunday morning lectures at the temple, on October 30th, 1887, and these have been continued during each season, which embraces from seven to eight months. They have been largely attended, while, nevertheless, meeting with antagonism from the Orthodox and moderate ''Reform" elements, who regard them — together with special services introduced since — as unwarranted THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 96 innovations. Dr. Krauskopf s and Rev. J. L. Levy's (his associate) lectures on Sundays have been regularly issued in pamphlet form, and circulated largely. The Congregation's membership has been very considerably aug- mented. While the edifice on Sixth Street above Brown Street had a fair seating capacity, it was deemed necessary — in view of increased membership — to erect another and more commodious building, on the east side of Broad Street, between G)lumbia and Montgomery Avenues. The ground was purchased during the year 1890 for $50,000. The corner-stone was laid on Monday afternoon, October 19th, 1891 (one of the Middle Days of the Festival of Tabernacles — 5652), with ceremonies, conducted by officers of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons, of Pennsylvania, Mr. J. Simpson Africa then being Grand Master. Addresses by Dr. Krauskopf, and Honorable Simon Wolf, of Washington, D. C, a Prayer by Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow, then Preacher of the "Rodeph Shalom" Congregation, and vocal and instrumental music also marked that occasion. The new structure was completed and dedi- cated on the Eve of the Sabbath, September 9th, 1892—5652; the ceremonies continuing on the two following days. A number of ministers from other cities and the pastor took part therein ; large audiences being in attendance. The new edifice, which is of the Italian Renaissance style of architecture, is built of Indiana lime- stone. It is 120 feet front on Broad Street, and 150 feet in depth. A stone tower, almost the height of a steeple, stands 150 feet above the level and near the centre, and another tower at the southern end is 70 feet high. The vestibule is paved with mosaic tile. The shape of the auditorium is rectangular, and the seats on the main floor are upholstered chairs. The galleries extend around the sides. The seating capacity is about seventeen hundred in all. The Ark is at the eastern end, and ornamented. This contains the Scrolls of the Divine Law. The Perpetual Lamp is in front of the Ark. A cut glass dome in the centre of the building is 112 feet high. The windows are of stained glass. The wood-work is of quartered oak and mahogany. On the main floor is a large parlor. In the base- ment a dining-room and a kitchen are provided. The school-rooms are large and well furnished, being so arranged that, by means of an opening, the services in the temple may be heard. There are also an assembly-room, a library, a study for the Rabbi, and other 96 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. apartments — all designed after modern styles. The entire building is lighted by incandescent lamps, and gas-jets are also in readiness, if required. The new edifice was erected at a cost of about $200,000. A society of young people belonging to this Congregation has been instituted, since Dr. Krauskopf s advent, through his efforts, and, under the name of ''Knowledge Seekers," now ''Lyceum," is com- posed of a number of classes which meet at stated periods for the study and discussion of educational and literary topics. This "Lyceum," which is now represented by a weekly publication, originated the movement which led to the establishment of the present Jewish Publication Society of America. A large and valu- able collection of standard works, together with newspapers and periodicals, renders the newly-established library an important feature of the Congregational work. A section has been called after Mrs. Rose Krauskopf {nee Berkowitz), the respected wife of Dr. Krauskopf, who died on January 15th, 1893, much lamented by the Congregation and the community. She was an active worker, and her loss at an early age caused keen sorrow. Three young children are left in their father's care. Dr. Krauskopf .has interested himself in communal affairs, in charities, and in educational institutions. Though still a young man, he has acquired a wide reputation. He was born at Ostrowo, in Prussia, January 21st, 1858, and received his earliest training at home. At the age of fourteen years he followed his brothers and sisters to America; arriving in New York City, during July, 1872. He first engaged w^ith a brother in the tea business at Fall River, Massachusetts, but was soon left to depend upon his own resources ; his brother having been attacked and brutally murdered in the vicinity of Princeton, New Jersey. Notwithstanding this awful misfortune he persevered, and, joining a literary circle, his talents began to show themselves. A Christian lady, Mrs. M. B. C. Slade, befriended the youth, and was the final means of his becoming a theological student at the Hebrew Union College, which had just opened in Cincinnati, under the general direction of the famous Rabbi, Rev. Dr. Isaac Mayer Wise. After pursuing there the regular course of eight years, young Krauskopf graduated in 1883, .and was at once elected in Kansas City, whence he came here. Dr. Kraus- kopf has issued several works, among them "The Jews and the THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 97 Moors m SpaiD," and ''Evolution and Judaism." He was mainly instrumental in originating a recent move in this city to provide "Model Dwellings for the Poor." The Presidents of Ken^seth Israel, since 1863, have been: Simon Silberman, 1863-1873; and again, 1882-1883; Bernard H. Feust- mann, 1873-1882; David Klein, 1883-1891; Michael C. Hirsch, 1891-1892. All these gentlemen have been prominent in the affairs of the community; Messrs. Feustmann and Klein, both deceased, having also served as officers of other institutions. This Congrega- tion sustained a severe loss in January, 1894, by the death of Benja- min Salinger, who had long been its Secretary. In January, 1893, Rev. Joseph Leonard Levy was elected Asso- ciate Minister, and delivered his installation address, on Sabbath morning, April 24th, following. Mr. Levy is a native of London, England, and the son of the late Rev. Solomon Levy, an accom- plished minister. He was born November 24th, 1865. He studied at the Jews' Theological College, and subsequently under the present Chief Rabbi, Rev. Dr. Hermann Adler, Dr. M. Friedlcender, and the renowned champion of Orthodoxy, Rev. Dr. Samson Raphael Hirsch. After a course of study at the University College, he entered the University of London, from which he graduated in 1884, with the degree of "Bachelor of Arts." In 1885, he was ordained, and elected Minister of the Jewish Congregation in Bristol, England. In 1889, he came to the United States, and was Minister of a Jewish Congregation in Sacramento, California, until after his election in this city. Mr. Levy has in course of preparation, "A Child's His- tory of the Jews," and "A Prayer- Book for Home Worship." He is a talented and an industrious worker in various spheres of action. He has recently been elected Professor of Hebrew in Temple Col- lege, of this city. He is also editor of Lyceum Weekly. Rev. Mr. Levy has displayed considerable activity in local move- ments. During the summer of 1894, he originated a plan for sup- plying sterilized milk and ice, at cost, to the poor, during the sum- mer season. An organization was effected, headquarters were opened, and much suffering was thereby averted. The plan adopted was after that put into operation in New York City, by Mr. Nathan Straus, a philanthropic Israelite. Hon. Edwin S. Stuart, Mayor of Philadelphia, is President of the organization here, and Rev. Mr. Levy is Vice-President and Chairman of the Executive Committee. 98 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Dr. Krauskopf and Mr. Levy preach alternately at Keneseth Israel temple. =■ The present officers of this institution are : President, Philip Lewin ; Vice President, Morris Newburger ; Treasurer, Joseph Louchheim; Secretary, Elias Braunschweig; Directors, Leopold Bamberger, Morris Liveright, M. H. Pulaski, Simon B. Fleisher, Jacob May, Alfred M. Klein, Armand Dalsheimer, Joseph R. Teller, Solomon Blumenthal, Joseph Loeb, Michael C. Hirsch, Abraham Kaufman, Arnold Kohn, Ludwig Leberman, Daniel Merz, and Leon Dalsheimer; Sexton, Oscar Klonower. =In addition to the Congregational School, which is attended by 486 children, a Kinder- garten and other classes are maintained. Keneseth Israel has a record of material success, quite remarkable in its way. From a small beginning, it has grown numerically and financially, until it has attained, in that respect, a foremost position among congregations in this city. Its varied history, the different phases of "Radicalism" developed in its midst, and the distinction enjoyed by men called to its leadership are elements which have combined to render it an influential factor in a system, that claims to promote Judaism, after a manner essentially modern, and peculi- arly its own. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. CHAPTER XVI. 'Adath Jeshurun Congregation— Its Growth in Three and A Half Decades — Its Ministers and their Services — Rev. Elias Eppstein— Innovations in the Ritual. Adopted — Rev. Henry Iliowizi and his Active and Scholarly Work — Readers — Officers. "Jeshurun" is a Hebrew term applied poetically to Israel. It has, however, been adopted, in more than one instance, as a Congre- gational name. Heuce, such as " Ben4 Jeshurun" (Children of Jeshurun) and " 'Adath Jeshurun" (Congregation of Jeshurun) are names often met with. The latter term distinguishes the large Con- gregation whose House of Worship is located on the east side of Seventh Street above Columbia Avenue. This imposing structure was dedicated with impressive services on the Eve of the Sabbath, Friday, September 24th, 1886-5646 — preceding the Autumnal Holy Days and Festivals. Several of the local Jewish clergy and others officiated on that occasion. The Congregation, which in re- cent years, has largely increased in its membership, does not appear to have had a very eventful history, though it has always counted among its members individuals who have actively labored for the welfare of the community. At Horner's Hall, south-east corner of Third and Brown Streets, an organization met for public worship, in August, 1859. Rev. Samuel B. Breidenbach was the first Minister, and Mr. Moses Blumenthal, President. In 1864, the Synagogue building on the west side of New Market Street above Noble Street (formerly occu- pied by the Keneseth Israel Congregation) was secured, and for ten consecutive years the services were held there. Previous to this, however, Rev. Moses Cohen was elected Minister ; he being suc- ceeded by Rev. Dr. S. Nathans. Three other clergymen followed in turn during the worship at New Market Street. These were Rev. M. Hoffman, Rev. Isaac Stemple, and Rev. Charles Seiniger. The last two mentioned possess remarkable voices. The latter has for some years been Reader at the Synagogue of the "Sha'aray Tephillah" (Gates of Prayer) Congregation, in New York City. 100 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. The 'Adath Jeshurun Congregation removed to a larger edifice in 1874, on the west side of Julianna Street below Callowhill Street (the same building in which the Rodeph Shalom Congregation had held worship for a lengthy period). Here it assumed more import- ance, and in time it was found necessary to obtain another and more commodious Synagogue, centrally situated. A site was selected, and the corner-stone of the present structure was laid on June 1st, 1886; services meanwhile being held in a hall at the north-west corner of Sixth Street and Girard Avenue. In a cycle of fourteen years, Rev. S. Sanger, Rev. Adolph Bern- stein, and Rev. Elias Eppstein were successively the spiritual guides. Preaching was of rare occurrence until the election of Rev. Mr. Eppstein. This Minister, who was born at Heschweiler, in Alsace- Lorraine, October 15th, 1832, had held office in different cities of the Union, but was called here from Kansas City, Missouri, in September, 1883. He inaugurated successful changes, among them being the introduction of Friday evening services, with a sermon, after dark. That step was the first taken in this vicinity, and to- day the 'Adath Jeshurun Synagogue has larger audiences on Friday evenings than any Congregation here that has adopted the innova- tion. Mr. Eppstein also re-organized the religious school of the Congregation, and, by means of a carefully planned system, placed it on an equality with the best established institutions of its kind. To his efforts the Congregation is largely indebted, and it w^as during his term that the movement for a new Synagogue received its im- petus and was consummated. The w^orship, which had originally been of an Orthodox character, was subsequently changed to " Reform," and the Prayer- Book compiled by Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow, of this city ; Rev. Dr. Benjamin Szold, and Rev. Dr. H. Hocheimer, both of Baltimore, became the basis of the ritual. Mr. Eppstein continued in office until May, 1888, taking part in the dedication of the preseni Synagogue, and officiating nearly two years therein. On June 17th, 1888, the 'Adath Jeshurun Congregation elected its present Minister, Rev. Henry Iliomzi, who was duly installed into office August 24th following. The reverend gentleman has attained wide distinction as a writer for the press, an author, and a poet. Among his works in verse are ^'Sol," an epic poem, dedi- cated to the venerated Sir Moses Montefiore ; *' Herod," a tragedy. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 101 in five acts ; "Joseph," a drama, in seven tableaux; and "Saul," a tragedy, in five acts. His writings in prose include "Through Morocco to Minneapolis — Sketches of Life in Three Ck)ntinent8 ; " and ''Jewish Dreams and Realities," a remarkable volume, issued in 1890. He has finished an historical romance entitled " The Martyr of the World," and " Pen Pictures of Men and Things in Two Hemis- pheres." These latter works have not yet been published. What is, perhaps, Mr. Iliowizi's chef d'ceuvre, and on which he has ex- pended his best efforts, is a colossal poem, issued in twelve cantos, commemorating the four hundredth anniversary of America's dis- covery. It is called "The Quest of Columbus," and therein the writer rhythmically pictures the trials and the voyages of the illus- trious Genoese navigator, affairs of the Spanish Court of Ferdinand and Isabella, the expulsion of the Jews from Hispania, and other events — fortunate and untoward. Mr. Iliowizi is a deep student, a forcible speaker, an interesting and witty conversationalist, considerable of a linguist, possessing a striking memory and a bold and facile pen. He was born in the province of Minsk, Russia, January 2d, 1850. His parents were noted for their piety. At an early age he was initiated into different branches, and pursued deep studies in Jewish schools in his native country. In his fourteenth year he was sent to Roumania, pro- ceeding shortly after to Germany, where he followed studies at the Beal Schide, in charge of Dr. Baerwald, at Frankfort- on-the-Main ; then at the Jewish Teachers' Seminary in Berlin, Dr. A. Horwitz, Director; and he subsequently studied for the Rabbinate, at the Seminary in Breslau, Dr. David Rosin being at that time its Director. Mr. Iliowizi then went to London and Paris, studying different languages, after which he was dispatched to Morocco to represent the Anglo- Jewish Association and the Alliance Israelite Universelle in educational work among the Hebrews of Tetuan. After laboring there with earnestness, persistency, and courage for some time, Mr. Iliowizi determined to come to the United States, where he arrived in 1880. He wished to enter the pulpit, and, ere long, this wish was gratified. The "Sha'ar6 Tob" (Gates of Good- ness) Congregation, of Minneapolis, Minnesota, invited him to the ministry, and he remained with that body until after his election in Philadelphia. In Minneapolis he became well-known among all classes, and before leaving there was presented by his Congregation 102 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. with a magnificent silver service ; the presentation speech being de- livered by Emanuel Cohen, Esq., a former resident of this city, and a lawyer whose literary ability has won recognition from a wide circle. Mr. Iliowizi preaches twice weekly during each season to his Con- gregation here, and he has been heard as a lecturer at public gather- ings. He is an active worker, and of his writings for the press quite a number are on questions of religious moment. With all this he combines mechanical and inventive genius, demonstrated in a number of highly useful and remarkable appliances. His wife (nee Matilda Flesh) is a talented amateur in painting and in music. Rev. Jacob Samuel Sherbow was for four years Cantor of the 'Adath Jeshurun Congregation. The present ''Chazan" (since August, 1891) is Rev. Adolph Gross, who possesses a well-trained voice, and is favorably known among Israelites. He had previously officiated at Congregations in Easton, Pennsylvania, and in New York City. = *' Our Students of Jewish History" is the name of a literary society composed of young people in this religious body. The business management of the 'Adath Jeshurun Congregation is as follows : President, Simon Bacharach ; Vice- President, B. Loew- enstein ; Secretary, Joseph Goldsmith ; Treasurer, Raphael Gold- bacher ; Directors, M. Alkus, Augustus Bacharach, J. M. Engel, William Eckstein, H. Heyman, Michael Hassler, I. Mans bach, N. Pollock, Solomon Rogasner, M. Rohrheimer, S. Roof, F. Schamberg, Jacob Singer, S. Strauss, M. Strousse, and A. Wise ; Sexton, Philip Daniel. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 103 CHAPTER XVII. A New Congregation— Teshu'ath Tsraelt— Its Aims and its Management — Rev. Victor Rosenstein — Rev. Solomon Kauffmann — Sons of Halberstam Congregation. The youngest of Congregations in the northern district is called ''Teshu'ath Israel" (Salvation of Israel). It originated from a movement in the summer of 1893, when a number of members ol the Rodeph Shalom Congregation withdrew therefrom, and, with others, established a new Congregation upon moderately Conserva- tive principles. The chief actors in this move engaged a hall at 1518 Columbia Avenue, and provided fittings for worship. The first service was held on the Eve of the Sabbath — Friday, Elul 20th, 5653 — September 1st, 1893 — and thereafter regularly on Sabbaths, Holy Days, Festivals, etc., etc. Rev. Victor Rosenstein was selected as Cantor or Reader, and requested to deliver an occa- sional sermon. The ritual adopted is that compiled by Revs. Drs. Marcus M. Jastrow, Benjamin Szold, and H. Hocheimer, and called ^ Ahodath Israel (**The Service of Israel"). A school has been opened for the religious and Hebrew instruction of the children of those afiiliated with this Congregation. The present quarters are temporary, as it is the intention of the directorate to purchase an up-town building for a Synagogue. Rev. Mr. Rosenstein, the first minister, is the possessor of a musical voice, capable of rendering the accepted liturgy in an im- pressive manner. He received vocal instruction from Professor March^si, at Vienna, Austria. Among the European positions he has held was that of Cantor at the East London (England) Syna- gogue for a period of twelve years. He has occupied a similar station in the Beth Israel Synagogue of this city. Mr. Rosenstein is also considerable of a linguist and a Hebrew scholar. As a preacher, he has been heard on a number of occasions. Mr. Rosen- stein resigned in April, 1894, and has been succeeded by Rev. Solomon Kauffmann, formerly Reader of Rodeph Shalom Congre- gation. 104 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, The officers of Teshii' ath Israel Congregation are : President, Edward L. Rothschild ; Vice-President, Mayer Troutman ; Secre- tary, Paul Steinberg ; Treasurer, Samuel Krieger ; Directors, Isaac Rosskam, Moses Westheimer, Herman Fischler, Gustav Cohn, and Gustav Lipschuetz. We have now completed the list of historic Congregations whose shrines are located in. the northern section of Philadelphia. This, however, does not include " Chebroth" (Societies), the number of which is considerable ; nor does it embrace those institutions of a Congregational character that have sprung up in the southern sec- tion of this city, mainly A\dthin the last decade or twelve years. As these, for the most part, were the outgrowth of the Russo-Jewish exodus of 1881-1882, they must be referred to in a separate chapter, rather than in a disconnected form. The same method will be pur- sued with the organized ''Chebroth," except that called ''The Sons of Halberstam." This Congregation now worships at the Synagogue on the west side of New Market Street between Poplar and Laurel Streets, until recently occupied by the " Anshe Emeth" (Men of Truth) Congre- gation. " The Sons of Halberstam" came into existence in October, 1886; Mr. A. Gross being the first President. There were only seven original members, but the present membership is 110. Wor- ship was first held at the north-west corner of Second and Vine Streets ; then at 508 North Second Street ; different members offi- ciating at difierent times. Mr. M. Miller is the President, and is assisted in the management of affairs by other officers and a Board of Trustees. Rabbi 'Hayim Hirsch Kahane preaches at the Syna- gogue of this Congregation, and is also at the head of two other "Chebroth." THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 105 CHAPTER XVIII. Former Congregations— Beth El Emeth— Rev. George Jacx)bs AND Others— Ansh6 Emeth Congregation- 'Ad ath Israel AND Ben]6 Israel Congregations— Jewish Hospital and Jewish Foster Home Synagogues— Public Worship at Sum- mer Resorts— Beth Israel Congregation of Atlantic City —In Other Localities. Some years since, there were as many as eight up- town Congrega- tions. There was also a down-town body composed mainly of Hol- landers. At present, the following regularly established Congrega- tions flourish in the northern section of this city, viz.: Mickveh Israel, Seventh Street above Arch Street; Rodeph Shalom, Broad and Mount Vernon Streets; Beth Israel, Eighth Street below Jeffer- son Street ; Keneseth Israel, Broad Street between Columbia and Montgomery Avenues; 'Adath Jeshurun, Seventh Street above Columbia Avenue; and Teshu'ath Israel, 1518 Columbia Avenue. Of the Congregations formerly existing, the **Beth El Emeth" (House of The God of Truth) had a fair membership at times, and was in charge of ministers who attained distinction. It was insti- tuted in the spring of 1857, and a church, on the east side of Frank- lin Street above Green Street, was altered into a Synagogue, and dedicated in September, 1857. Rev. Isaac Leeser was the first minister, from the period given, until his death, on February 1st, 1868. Rev. Dr. Abraham de Sola, of Montreal, Canada, was then tendered the vacant position, but he declined. Mr. Joseph New- house was the first President, and Mr. David Eger was the first Treasurer of this Congregation. In March, 1869, the services of Rev. George Jacobs, then minister of the **Beth Shalom" (House of Peace) Congregation, of Richmond, Virginia, were secured; Rev. Abraham J. R. Pereira, who had been chosen assistant to Rev. Mr. Leeser, having officiated during the interim. Rev. Mr. Jacobs served the Congregation faithfully until his decease, on July 14th, 1884, before he had attained his fiftieth year. Mr. elacobs occupied a considerable prominence in the community, 106 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. and his field of labors was by no means confined to the limits of his Congregation. In educational and charitable associations he dis- played a lively interest, and was always active in the cause of his fellow- believers. He was born at Kingston, Jamaica, September 24th, 1834. He was originally a merchant in his native city, and afterwards at Richmond, Virginia, where he occasionally acted as Minister of the **Beth Shalom " (House of Peace) Congregation. Subsequently he abandoned trade, and became the guide of that religious body in 1857. Twelve years later he came to this city as Minister, and his really active work began here. As a member ot the Young Men's Hebrew Association he became conspicuous by his efforts in its behalf. As an officer of the Jewish Orders *'Ben6 Berith" (Sons of the Covenant), '' Kosher Shel Barzel " (Band of Iron), and ''Free Sons of Israel," his efforts proved advantageous to these secret institutions. Mr. Jacobs was also a distinguished member of the Masonic Fraternity, and had been a Chaplain of a Grand Lodge. He contributed largely to * ' The Jewish Record," of this city, and he issued two Catechisms in pamphlet form, viz.: "Elementary Instruction in Hebrew Faith," and ''The Path of Truth." Mr. Jacobs was an imposing figure in the pulpit, being of large build and striking countenance, possessing an excellent knowl- edge of rhetoric, a flow of language, and a dignity, all of which con- tributed to interest and impress his hearers. His decease was the cause of much lament by Israelites and all who had known him for his qualities of mind and heart, his genial disposition, and his suave manners. Not until April, 1885, was the vacancy filled; Mr. Samuel Jacobs, older son of the late Minister, officiating meanwhile. Then Rev. Joseph 'Hayira Mendes Chumaceiro was elected to this office. Mr. Chumaceiro, who was born at Amsterdam, Holland, July 3d, 1844, had occupied ministerial offices in Charleston, South Carolina, and in New Orleans, Louisiana, prior to his being called here. He had also devoted considerable time to newspaper writing and had edited a weekly called ' ' The Jewish South. ' ' Mr. Chumaceiro re- mained in this city a few years, after which he removed to Evans- ville, Indiana, and assumed a charge there. More recently he was chosen Rabbi at Cura9oa, at the extreme point of the West Indies, where his father had officiated for a long term of years. Since then he has returned to the United States, and has occupied other minis- terial stations. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 107 The Beth El Emeth Congregation— of which the late Mr. Alfred T. Jones was the President for long terms at different times — con- tinued to hold worship for awhile, but gradually its numbers were lessened, and finally the Synagogue building on Franklin Street above Green Street was sold. The Congregational cemetery, how- ever, in West Philadelphia, is still maintained under the direction of a number of those persons who were affiliated with the Congrega- tion. The " Ansh6 Emeth" (Men of Truth) Congregation was organized in the autumn of 1872, and its founders were a number of gentle- men who had been members of another Congregation. They pur- chased the Baptist Church property, situated on the north side of New Market Street above Poplar Street. The building was re-fitted and re- arranged for a Synagogue, and was dedicated before the He- brew New Year, 5633 — corresponding with the year mentioned above. Rev. Dr. Isaac M. Wise, of Cincinnati, Ohio, delivered the sermon on that occasion. The first minister was Rev. Isaac Stemple, who had, prior to this, held office in the 'Adath Jeshurun Congregation. After serving three years. Rev. Mr. Flaum suc- ceeded him, but for a brief term. Rev. Nathan Ruzanowsky fol- lowed, and remained four years. On his resignation Rev. Mr. Bauer was elected to the ministry, which he filled about one and a half years, and was succeeded for a year by Rev. Solomon Rappaport. The next minister was Rev. Leo Reich, a native of Hungary, and a gentleman of considerable talent, who now occupies a position in a large Jewish Congregation, at Atlanta, Georgia. Mr. Reich was in office here three years, during which time he became an interested participant in literary affairs among the Jewish community. Mr. Reich's 'successor was Rev. William Mitter, in 1887-1888. Rev. Elias Eppstein became the minister, in August, 1888, hav- ing already served the 'Adath Jeshurun Congregation, of this city; and remained until 1890. Mr. Eppstein conducted the congrega- tional school, and delivered sermons in both the English and German languages, instituting also here later Friday Evening Services. During a part of his term. Rev. Mr. WoUenberg was Assistant Minister and Reader. Rev. Nehemiah Mosessohn, a scholarly 108 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Russian, with an interesting record, entered upon his ministerial duties in Anshe Emeth Congregation, on the 1st of September, 1890. He retained office about a year, and is now minister of a Jewish Congregation at Dallas, Texas. Rev. Mr. Mosessohn was succeded by Rev. A. Garfano, after whose resignation the services were con- ducted by laymen. The Congregation disbanded in 1893, and their Synagogue is now the House of Prayer of a large ** Chebrah," as hitherto noted. The other up-town Congregation was the "'Adath Israel" (Con- gregation of Israel), instituted in 1873, but which met for worship only three years ; occupying what was formerly a church building, on the east side of Eighth Street above Noble Street. Rev. Charles Calmann was the minister. In 1876 'Adath Israel's members joined other religious bodies in this city. Mr. Calmann subsequently re- paired to Chicago. He died there early in 1893. What was at one time a Congregation of some importance held services on the east side of Fifth Street above Catharine Street, in a building which had been altered into a Synagogue, and dedicated to Hebrew worship, on January 5th, 1857. It was known as the ''Bene Israel" (Children of Israel) Congregation; being founded by Hollanders (some of whom were among early settlers in this city and country) in 1852. The first place of religious meeting was on the third floor of a hall at the south-east corner of George (now Guilford) and South Streets (between Second and Third Streets). Rev. Jacob Lipman, who had before served the Ro^eph Shalom Congregation, became the Reader, and ministered about two and a half years ; being occasionally assisted on the high Holy Days and Festivals by Mr. Feist Bachman. In 1855, Rev. Simon E. Cohen Noot succeeded him, and continued his* ministrations until 1862. From that period until 1877 there were two successive ministers; the first being Rev. Samuel B. Breidenbach, in 1862-1874, and the other Rev. Jacob Voorsanger (who had already been an assistant) in 1874-1877. The former died in December, 1889. The latter is at present the minister of the largest Jewish Congregation in San Fran- cisco, California, and was Adjunct Rabbi there for some years; hav- ing officiated before at Providence, Rhode Island, and in Houston, Texas, after leaving this city. Mr. George Goudsmit then acted as THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 109 Reader at the Bene Israel Synagogue ; but the Congregation finally disbanded in 1879, and some of its members also proceeded to vari- ous Synagogues. Mr. Henry de Boer was the first President; Mr. G. Felleman was another ; and Mr. Joseph Sanson, the present Court Interpreter, was the last who directed the temporal affairs of this Congregation. The Jewish Hospital, at Olney Road, near York Pike, and the Jewish Foster Home, on Mill Street, Germantown, have special apartments for Synagogues, where worship is held regularly. At the former, Rev. L. Ssenger and Rev. Moses Cohen officiate, and at the latter, Rev. S. M. Fleischman, the Superintendent, whose addresses to the children have been very favorably commented upon, and some of which are given publicity. The want of Synagogues at summer resorts, which the descendents of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob frequent annually, has often been felt; but not until very recent years has this want been filled. Long Branch (New Jersey) was the first seashore city in the Middle States, that established a House of Jewish Prayer; and Atlantic City, to which Philadelphians repair in largest numbers, comes second. On Pennsylvania Avenue, between Atlantic and Pacific Avenues, stands the newly- erected and attractive Shrine of the **Beth Israel" Congregation — an institution which originated in October, 1890. The present Synagogue was dedicated with special services and ad- dresses, on Friday afternoon, Ab 15th, 5653 — July 28th, 1893. Prior to that time the worship was held in halls. Rev. Isaac Stemple was the first minister, and Rev. Jacob Samuel Sherbow is now the Reader. Mr. Sherbow is well known in the community, and had previously occupied a ministerial office in the 'Adath Jeshurun Con- gregation, of this city. The worship at the new Synagogue is in accordance with the ritual compiled by Drs. Jastrow, Szold, and Hocheimer. Sermons are occasionally delivered by visiting minis- ters. The regular membership of the Congregation embraces from twenty-five to thirty families — all residents of Atlantic City. This number is largely augmented during the summer mouths. The 110 TJIE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. officers of Beth Israel Congregation are : President, J. B. Koopman ; Vice-President, G. Wieseuthal ; Treasurer, I. Blau ; Secretary, L. Bledenthal. " Sons of Israel " is a name borne by a Jewish Congregation, in Camden, New Jersey. It reckons over sixty members, and has a regular organization. At the present writing, there is a movement to establish a Syna- gogue at Asbury Park, New Jersey, and a plot of ground has been offered for its erection there. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. HI CHAPTER XIX. Helping the Poor— The Extensive Sphere of Work of the Society of the United Hebrew Charities — Its Varied Labors— Branches and Other Adjuncts. Ministering to the Sick— The Jewish Hospital. Association- Its Origin and Development — The Present Institution — Home for the Aged and Infirm— Mathilde Adler-Loeb Dispensary— An Active Management. ''Deal thy bread to the hungry;" ** Bring the afflicted poor into the house ;" ** When thou seest the naked cover him." — These inspired words of the great Prophet Isaiah but re-echo many an ordinance contained in the Pentateuch and in other Books of Holy Writ. They have found obedience among the Hebrews at all times, and there is no people in whose midst charitable instincts and sym- pathy for the needy, the suffering, and the unfortunate are marked in a larger degree. From time immemorial ; from the days when they were commanded as a Nation inhabiting the Land of Canaan (Palestine) to leave the gleanings and corners of their fields for the poor and the stranger (a measure which prevented the existence of pauperism and the need of almshouses) the Hebrews have been noted as a charitable people, caring for their own under all circum- stances, and seldom, if ever, asking the aid of other communities with whom they dwell. Even in these days, when suffering and poverty are so much on the increase ; when thousands come to these shores, almost, if not utterly, penniless — thereby taxing the re- sources of societies to the utmost extent — the sight of a Jew begging on the streets is a rarity. Public institutions count few, indeed, of this faith among their inmates or their beneficiaries. The Jew is either self-dependent, or he quickly learns to become so. His name figures as seldom on the records of eleemosynary institutions of a general character as it does on the criminal dockets ; and in this respect he is the exception to most nations. On the other hand, however, his generosity is unstinted, and not confined to those of his faith ; he will give to, rather than receive from, secular as well 112 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. as religious establishments which have naught to do with the in- terests of his own race. (80) Our present object, however, is to point to the character and work of Jewish Societies, outside the sphere of Congregationalism, whose aims are charitable, religious, and educational. United Hebrew Charities. The varied and extensive field of its operations serves to bring the Society of the United Hebrew Charities to first notice. As its name indicates, it was formed by a Union of a number of diverse institutions, six in all ; among which were the United Hebrew Relief Association, Solomon Teller, President; the United Hebrew Bene- ficent Society, the late Mitchell A. Mitchell being President ; and the United Hebrew Beneficent Fuel Society, whose efficient head the late David Pesoa had been for many years, being succeeded by the late Abraham S. Wolf. Meetings were held for the purpose stated by gentlemen connected with these Charities, and ministers of different Hebrew Congregations. At the first meeting, on February 15th, 1869, a general discussion was had as to best means. This resulted in the adoption of a plan for union, prepared by Edward H. Weil, Esq., (who was the first to suggest it), at a subsequent meeting, on March 23d, 1869, which meeting was held at the Rodeph Shalom Synagogue, then on Julianna Street below Callow- hill Street. The following June 7th (1869) the Society was duly incorporated ; the application for a charter bearing the signatures of Edward H. Weil, Lucien Moss, E. L. Moss, Henry Cohen, Abraham Hart, Solomon Teller, Meyer Frank, Isidore Binswanger, Michael Moyer, Mason Hirsh, Alfred T. Jones, Judah Isaacs, Solo- mon Gans, Sr., Levi Mayer, Simon W. Arnold, Joseph L. Moss, M. A. Mitchell,. Abraham S. Wolf, B. Greenewald, Elias Wolf, Ernest Nusbaum, Samuel Hecht, Abraham Goldsmith, Michael Hassler, David Teller, William B. Hackenburg, and Joseph Ein- stein. "The object of this Society," as stated in Article II of its Con- stitution, "shall be to relieve the destitute of the Jewish people (80) A statistical table of nine Jewish charity societies, in 1891, shows that with a total membership of not more than 4,900, $141,465.96 constituted the total receipts of a single year, while the amount expended reached $134,601.62 ; figures (specially the last mentioned) which have since been considerably increased. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 113 of the city of Philadelphia, and to discourage pauperism." The first officers, elected June 13th, 1869, were: President, Simon W. Arnold ; First Vice-President, Simon Silberman; Second Vice-Presi- dent, Isidore Binswanger ; Treasurer, Mason Hirsh ; Secretary, Lucien Moss; Managers, Solomon Teller, Henry Cohen, Joseph Einstein, M. A. Mitchell, Levi Mayer, Jules A. Ephraim, Abraham S. Wolf, Moses Simon, Solomon Gans, Sr., Abraham Goldsmith, Morris Rosenbach, and Joseph Rosenbaum ; Counsellor, Edward H. Weil. The first President, Mr. Arnold, was a broad-minded and cultured gentleman, and an energetic worker, who brought system and discretion into the management of affairs. After two years he retired from the presidency. He subsequently removed to New York City, where he died, on March 5th, 1885. In 1871 Mr. Moses Simon became President, and rendered excel- lent service during four years. ,When he withdrew, the venerable Mr. Solomon Gans — now in his ninety-first year, but who is still active ^was chosen to that office (1875), and was re-elected annually until 1892, when he declined another term, and was chosen Honorary President, which station he still worthily fills, and' continues to dis- play his interest in the cause of the Society. For a long period Mr. Gans has served in the management of congregational and charitable institutions, and he has contributed largely to their maintenance. He was succeeded in the presidency by Mr. Edward L. Rothschild, a gentleman who ranks second to none in the sphere of charitable labors; who has placed the Society upon a thorough systematic basis; who works ardently in its cause, and who sub- scribes liberally to many worthy objects. Before his election to the presidency of the United Hebrew Charities, Mr. Rothschild had served as a director. He was re-elected President in 1893, and again in 1894, and is continuously at his post of duty. Messrs. Marx B. Loeb and Alfred M. Klein are efficient Vice-Presidents. Mr. Henry Hirsh succeeded his lamented brother, Mr. Mason Hirsh, as Treasurer ; and Mr. Louis Wolf was selected as successor to the late Mr. David Klein, who, as Secretary, performed valued labors in behalf of this institution. The first Assistant Secretary was Mr. Moses Lazarus, now deceased, who rendered considerable aid to the Society by his knowledge of languages, which enabled him to see to the wants and necessities of individuals hailing from different climes. 114 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Mr. Lazarus was also a superior penman. Mr. William Lonner- stadter was his able successor, and continued in office until his death, on March 24th, 1894. The Managers are : Messrs. Morris Alkus, Simon Bacharach, Myer Behal, Edward Goldstein, Jacob Henly, Max Herzberg, Moses Hirshler, Isidore Langsdorf, Ludwig Leberman, Joseph Louchheim, Barney Selig, and Moses Stern ; Honorary Members of the Board of Managers, Messrs. Arnold Kohn, Simon Loeb, and Isaac Sailer ; Assistant Secretary, Mr. Jacob Lonnerstadter ; General Manager, Mr. Moses Klein ; Employment Agent, Mr. George Go ward. There are also physicians, counsellors, and a Ladies' Committee of seventeen members, in charge of the Clothing Department. The Society's main offices were at first located at 34 North Seventh Street ; afterwards at 325 North Fifth Street. At present, the premises at 636 North Sixth Street are occupied. Applicants for assistance are either relieved here or by District Committees, who, after investigating their condition, give aid at their homes. A comparison of the receipts and expenditures, and the num- ber of applicants assisted during the first year, with those contained in the last annual report (1894), may be o*f interest, showing how immensely the Society's work has been increased in twenty- five years: Report of 1870 — Total receipts, $14,773.22; total expenses, $13,349.95; balance, $1,384.27; number of individuals assisted, 682. Report of 1894 — Total receipts, including a balance, $52,916.04; total expenses $46,536.00; balance, $6,380.04; number of individuals assisted, 7,986. In addition to the receipts from ordinary sources, this Society receives the largest division of the proceeds of the annual Hebrew Charity Balls, and the amount of collections or subscriptions at up- town Synagogues on the Great Day of Atonement. Its labors are exhaustless, and the female contingent, assisting the Managers, is always active ; an incessant laborer in this field being Miss Esther Baum, whose participation in charitable work dates years back. Attached to the United Hebrew Charities is an Auxiliary Branch, originated early in March, 1886, and whose members are mainly young men. This Branch has established an Employment Bureau, now located in the Hebrew Education Society's new building, at the south-west corner of Tenth and Carpenter Streets. Mr. George THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 115 Goward is Superintendent, and, together with Monthly Committees, strives to obtain situations for the unemployed. In one year (March, 1892-March, 1893) this Employment Bureau secured positions for 463 applicants, and expended $1,186.22 in the same period. From March, 1893, to March, 1894 (during a trying period in business circles), positions were obtained for 159 applicants. Mr. Henry M. Reis was the first President of the Auxiliary Branch. The present executive officer is Louis Wolf; Vice-Presidents, Miss Esther Baum, Dr. Joseph Krauskopf, and Dr. Henry Berkowitz ; Treas- urer, Clinton O. Mayer ; Recording Secretary, Jacob Weil ; Corre- sponding Secretary, Max Herzberg. The Auxiliary Branch has been given charge of the Baron Maurice de Hirsch Trust for the assistance of immigrants, in so far as it relajtes to Philadelphia. This Trust, instituted by the world- renowned philanthropist, has the annual allotment of the settled amount of $120,000, or $10,000 monthly. Of the entire sum, $700 are given each month to this city ; $500 for general purposes, and $200 for educational objects, in charge of the Hebrew Educa- tion Society. The general direction of the Trust in this country is entrusted to a Board of Managers, selected by Baron de Hirsch, and representing the United States ; Messrs. Mayer Sulzberger and Wil- liam B. Hackenburg being the members from this city. To these the Branch reports its doings. In March, 1892-March, 1893, 668 persons received assistance ; of whom 303 were afforded transporta- tion ; 76 were aided in business; 119 were given tools; and 115 were taught trades. The total expenditures were $5,687.23. In the following year, 1,086 persons were assisted in different ways, at an outlay of $7,451.2^. The Branch, as Agent, has recently adopted a scheme for relieving overcrowded down- town districts, and for aiding whole families, by removing them from cooped-up quarters to small dwelling-houses, and charging each family $10 monthly. This scheme is reported to be working satisfactorily, and it may, if successful, contribute much towards reducing poverty, and improving the condition of the indigent among Israelites. The De Hirsch Trust is presided over by Honorable Myer S. Isaacs; Mr. Jacob H. Schiff, a most generous giver, is Vice-President; Mr. Emanuel Lehman is Treasurer (succeeding the late Mr. Jesse Seligman); and Dr. Julius Goldman is Secretary. All these gentle- men are residents of New York City, as is the General Agent of the 116 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, Trust, Mr. Adolphus S. Solomons. Among the varied works to which the Trust is devoted, is that of colonization, and "The Wood- bine Colony," embracing a tract of five thousand acres in New Jersey, on the Cape May Road, is under its management, and strenuous efforts are being put forth to render it a successful and a permanent settlement. The "Personal Interest" Society, an organization composed mainly of ladies, and founded over a year since, aims to assist the United Hebrew Charities, by investigating cases, taking charge of separate families, and relieving distress. The work is apportioned among the members, and needed funds for relief are furnished by the United Hebrew Charities. Miss Esther Baum first presided over this branch. Mrs. Henry S. Frank now fills the executive office; Dr. Joseph Krauskopf is Vice-President; Mrs. Abraham Hirsh, Record- ing Secretary; and Mrs. Joseph Marschuetz, Corresponding Secre- tary. There is also an Advisory Board, composed of Miss Esther Baum, Mrs. B. Selig, Mrs. Louis Sailer, Dr. Henry Berkowitz, Rev. J. Leonard Levy, Mr. Arnold Kohn, and Mr. Sylvan Dal- sheimer. A branch of this Society was recently formed in the southern section of this city. Jewish Hospital Association. "This Hospital was erected by the voluntary contributions of the Israelites of Philadelphia, and is dedicated to the relief of the sick and wounded, ivithout regard to creed, color, or nationality, under the management of a Board composed of members of the Jewish Hospital Association." Such is the inscription over the main entrance to the Jewish Hos- pital, located at Olney Road, near York Pike, in the Twenty-second Ward. It evidences its liberal character, though deriving its revenue from the contributions of Hebrews. The movement to establish this institution originated at a meeting of District Grand Lodge, Number 3, of the Independent Order "Bene Berith" (Sons of the Covenant), on August 14th, 1864. At that session Mr. Abraham Sulzberger, a respected Israelite, and a well-known member of "Har Sinai" (Mount Sinai) Lodge, Number 8, arose and presented the following preamble and resolutions : — THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 117 " Whereas, A Jewish Hospital has been found to be a necessity in the ijitiesof New York and Cincinnati, and in the large cities of Europe, and " Whereas, All the causes that make such an institution a necessity there, are in full operation here, and, " Whereas, Within the last six months, three Israelites of this city have died in Christian Hospitals without having enjpyed the privilege of hearing the Shemang- Visrael— the watch-word of their faith and nation. " Whereas, It reflects the greatest discredit on so large a Jewish popu- lation as that of Philadelphia to force friendless brothers to seek in sick- ness and prospect of death the shelter of un- Jewish Hospitals; to eat forbidden food; to be dissected after death, and sometimes even to be buried with the stranger : Therefore, be it " Resolved, That the District Grand Lodge, Number 3, of the Indepen- dent Order of the Bene Berith, acting on the benevolence and brotherly love, which is the motto of the Order, take immediate steps to secure the co-operation of all Jewish Societies and individuals, for the purpose of founding a Jewish Hospital; and further be it *' Resolved, That the whole subject be and is hereby referred to a Special Committee of Seven, to be called * the Hospital Committee.' " These Resolutions were unanimously adopted, and a Committee, embracing Messrs. Max Thalheimer, Abraham Sulzberger, Solomon Hoffheiraer, Raphael Teller, Lewis Ellinger, Samuel Weil, and Rev. Isaac Leeser, was selected to consider the question. This Committee went at once to work, and was ready with a report on August 18th following (1864). A convention of Lodges, Congre- gations, and Societies met on December 4th, 1864, at which a plan was prepared, and on Sunday, February 19th, 1865, the same was ratified by a large meeting of Hebrews, held at National Guards* Hall, on the south side of Race Street, below Sixth Street. The first officers were: President, Alfred T. Jones (1866-1871); Vice- President, Isidore Binswanger; Treasurer, Samuel Weil; Secretary, Mayer Sulzberger ; Corresponding Secretary, Henry J. Hunt ; Managers, Abraham S. Wolf, Rev. Isaac Leeser, Joseph Einstein, Samuel Hecht, Simon Ezekiel, Max Thalheinfer, William B. Hackenburg, Simon Alexander, Judah Isaacs, M. M. Bayersdor- fer, Hezekiah W. Arnold, and Jacob May. The Association was regularly incorporated on September 23d, 1865, and a property at Fifty-Sixth Street and Haverford Road, West Philadelphia, was purchased, with adjoining lots, and, when altered and arranged, cost 819,625. Delays in securing possession interfered for a while with the opening of the Hospital, which did not occur until August 6th, 1866, and the formal dedication took 118 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, place May 28th, 1867. Before the Hospital was opened, the need of a Home for the Aged and Infirm was recognized, and an amend- ment to the Constitution provided for the addition of the same. During the first year, 71 patients were treated and 5 persons -svere admitted to the Home. Dr. Adolph Feldstein was the first Resi- dent Physician. The buildings and grounds then occupied Z\ acres. In 1870 the fact developed that the buildings were no longer of sufficient size to accommodate the demands. After negotiations, the present site, on Olney Road, near Old York Road, and containing about 14^ acres, was bought for $18,500, and a beautiful structure, costing about $70, 000, was erected thereupon. The corner-stone was laid October 9th, 1872, with Masonic ceremonies, by the Grand Lodge of Masons in Pennsylvania, Samuel C. Perkins, Esq., Grand Master; Mayer Sulzberger, Esq., delivering the oration; Rev. Dr. Samuel Hirsch and Rev. John Chambers, both Chaplains of the Grand Lodge, also officiating. The dedication, September 14th, 1873, was a memorable event. The participants were: Rev. Jacob Frankel, Rev. William Armhold, Rev. Charles Seiniger, Rev. Isaac Stemple, Rev. George Jacobs, Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow, and the Rev. Dr. S. Morals; Mr. Abraham S. Wolf, President; Moses A. Dropsie, Esq., Moritz Ellinger, Esq., Mr. Solomon Gans, and others; the audience numbering about twenty-five hundred persons. The new Hospital is beautifully located ; the buildings are attrac- tive, but solid and substantial, and the institution generally has been warmly commended by Hospital authorities. It has been remem- bered in legacies and gifts by both Jews and Gentiles ; a notable gift being that of Isaiah V. Williamson, who presented six yearly ground- rents upon a property, which yields nearly six hundred dollars an- nually. A representative of the State Board of Charities in an official. report (in ^875) said of the Jewish Hospital : — "A better arranged hospital, a more comfortable asylum, I have not seen. It compares favorably with the best in the land. I re- commend it as a model for similar institutions of similar magnitude and for similar purpose, for adoption in cities and in country." — Additional ground has been purchased from time to time. The *'Mathilde Adler-Loeb Dispensary" is an adjoining building, presented to the Jewish Hospital Association by Mr. and Mrs. Abra- ham Adler and Mr, August B. Loeb (in memory of the daughter THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 119 of the two former, and the wife of the latter, after whom it is called). This Dispensary— located somewhat to the north-east of the Hospital building — was dedicated August 26th, 1878. It is one and a half stories in height, and contains all the necessary rooms, an apothecary's shop, etc., etc. Since the removal to Olney Road, another magnificent edifice has been reared for the use of Aged and Infirm Israelites, and for which about $90,000 was generously donated. The corner-stone of this addition was laid on Tuesday afternoon, October 9th, 1888, and the dedication followed on Thursday, November 28th, 1889 (Thanksgiving Day). A Training School for Nurses was estab- lished, January 1st, 1892, and the first four nurses received their certificates, June 8th, 1893. Over 27,000 patients have been treated at the Jewish Hospital and its Dispensary since these have opened; 5,126 being the total number from May, 1893, to May, 1894. Wards for incurable cases have also been set apart in the Hospital building. More than 100 persons have, at different times, been kept at the Home. An excellent evidence of the amount of worK accomplished may be obtained from the statement that in the year May, 1893-May, 1894, the total payments were $66,332.04, and the total cost of maintaining Hospital, Home, and Dispensary was $33,661.75. A large amount is received annually from the proceeds of the Hebrew Charity Ball, and numerous contributions increase the yearly receipts. — This institution maintains an ambulance, subject to regular calls. Before the Hospital was removed from West Philadelphia to its present quarters, Mr. Abraham S. Wolf, one of its founders, and a man of wide reputation in the community, had been elected Presi- dent. He served from 1871 to 1878. The executive who succeeded him (in 1878) is Mr. William B. Hackenburg, an earnest and enthusiastic worker, and a distinguished Israelite, who is energetic in many spheres of Jewish activity. Mr. Hackenburg is assisted by the following Board of Officers and Directors: Vice-President, Simon Muhr; Treasurer, August B. Loeb; Secretary, Ephraim Lederer; Corresponding Secretary, Herman Jonas; Directors, Solomon Gans, Lucien Moss, Max Liveright, Simon B. Fleisher, Simon I. Kohn, Herman B. Blumenthal, Edward Wolf, Jacob Wiener, Arnold Kohn, Louis Gerstley, Benjamin Wolf, and Augustus Wise; Honorary Directors, Mayer Sulzberger, Abraham Wolf, Aaron Lichten, and 120 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Simon A. Stern. Mrs. Charles Kaufman presides over a Ladies' Visiting Committee, embracing fifteen members. Dr. Jay C. Knipe is Resident Physician, and Dr. Edwin A. Jarecki is Assistant. Mr. and Mrs. Edward Gruener are Superintendent and Matron, respec- tively. There are also a number of consulting physicians and sur- geons on the regular staff of the Jewish Hospital. An Aid Auxiliary, the purpose of which is to obtain accessions to the membership of this institution, was established at a public meeting, held Sunday evening, November 5th, 1893. Its work is divided among ten District Committees of ladies and gentlemen, whose labors are directed towards the object just indicated. The officers of this Aid Auxiliary are : President, Herman Jonas ; Secretaries, Isaiah B. Langstadter and Miss Corinne B. Arnold; Executive Committee, Mrs. Samuel Hexter, Miss Julia Friedberger, Mrs. Herman Jonas, Miss Rosa Mordecai, Miss Leah Abeles, Mrs. Solomon Selig, Mrs. Joseph A. Louchheim, Mrs. Frances Hirsch, Mrs. B. F. Houseman, Mrs. Morris Lang, and Messrs. Ephraim Lederer, Aaron E. Greenewald, Samuel Newburger, Isaac N. Solis, Harry B. Hirsh, Charles Freedman, Ernest Kaufman, Henry M. Frank, W. A. Louchheim, J. J. Rice, Alfred M. I^lein, L. Behal, George Goward, William Hirsh, Benjamin Wilson, William A. Stern, Benjamin Wasserman, Maurice N. Weyl, David Greenwald, Solomon Bacharach, and Joseph S. Potsdamer. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. ' 121 CHAPTER XX. Caring for the Orphan— Nearly Four Decades in the His- tory OF the Jewish Foster Home— Its Different Direction — Excellent Home. Orphans' Guardians— Work Done in Private Households. Jewish Foster Home. The causes which led to the formation of a Home for Jewish Orphans in February-May, 1855, are well defined in the following extract from the Preamble to the Constitution and By-Laws of the Jewish Foster Home (to which, in later years, the words, "and Orphan Asylum," have been added) : "Deeply impressed with the necessity of providing a home for desti- tute and unprotected children of Jewish parentage, the ladies of the several Congregations of Philadelphia have associated to form an insti- tution denominated The Jewish Foster Home, wherein orphans, or the children of indigent Israelites, may be rescued from the evils of igno- rance and vice, comfortably provided for, instructed in moral and religi- ous duties, and thus prepared to become useful members of the commu- nity." The establishment of this institution had been advocated some years before (1850) by "A Daughter of Israel," who, in a com- munication to The Occident, edited by Rev. Isaac Leeser, pointed out the need and the desirability for an orphan home. This com- munication emanated from Miss Rebecca Gratz, and five years later practical results were obtained. The meeting at which the Society was called into existence occurred on Sunday, February 4th, 1855, at the Synagogue of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, then on Cherry Street above Third Street. The following ladies were elected first managers of the new institution: Mrs. Anna Allen, First Directress; Mrs. D. Samuel, Second Directress; Miss Louisa Gratz, Treasurer; Miss Evelyn Bomeisler, Secretary; Mrs. William Florance, Mrs. Abra- ham Hart, Mrs. Jacob L. Florance, Miss Emily Phillips, Mrs. Edward J. Etting, Miss Rachel Pesoa, Mrs. Joseph L. Moss, Mrs. Leon Berg, Mrs. George D. Rosengarten, Mrs. Henry Cohen, Mrs. Abraham Finzi, Mrs. Benjamin Lieb^r, Mrs. Henry Newhouse, 122 ' THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Mrs. J. Frankel, Mrs. Solomon Gans, Mrs. Isidore Binswanger, Mrs. S. Frank, Mrs. Joseph M. Asch, Mrs. H. Simpson, Mrs. S. Morais, Mrs. B. Blum, Mrs. Joseph Rosenbaum, Miss Louisa B. Hart, and Mrs. L. J. Leberman, Managers. The new Society was soon incorporated, and immediately set about its labors by establishing a Home, on North Eleventh Street above Jefferson Street. This was dedicated in May, 1855; Rev. Dr. Morris Jacob Raphall, of New York City, and the Rev. Dr. S. Morais, of Philadelphia, having parts in the exercises. Subse- quently (1858) the Home was removed to 1424 North Seventh Street, where it continued until 1861, and was then located at 1431 North Fifteenth Street. During that period, and up to 1874, the Society was directed by ladies; a Board of Council, composed of gentlemen assisting the Managers. Among those who served on this Board were Messrs. Abraham Hart, Joseph L. Moss, L. J. Leber- man, Isaac J. Phillips, Daniel Gans, Joseph Newhouse, and the Rev. Dr. S. Morais. At different times and since the removal to Ger- mantown, there have been from 20 to 90 or more children located at the Home at the same time. Mrs. Anna Allen, who was untiring as First Directress, resigned in 1867. In later years, she resided in New York City, and con- tinued to hold the esteem of all by her benevolent traits of character and God-fearing ways. She died in the latter city, at an advanced age, on June 30th, 1888. Mrs. Allen's successors, in turn, were Mrs. L. J. Leberman (1867) and Mrs. Henry Cohen (1873). In 1874, the Charter and Constitution were amended and the main control was then transferred to gentlemen, aided by a Ladies' Associate Board. The first President under the new regime was the distinguished citizen, Mr. Abraham Hart, and Mrs. Henry Cohen was chief of the Ladies' Associate Board. Mr. Isidore Binswanger succeeded Mr. Hart, and for fifteen years (until 1890) continued at the head of affairs, and ardently labored for the cause. Mr. Bins- wanger, to whom the Foster Home was greatly indebted for its up- building and strengthening, was identified with numerous charitable and educational institutions, and gave his best years to the welfare of his coreligionists. He died in May, 1890, shortly after retiring from the office he had filled with ability and devotion to the Home. During Mr. Binswanger' s presidency, the large and attractive Chew Mansion and grounds on Mill Street, Germantown, were purchased, THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 128 and the Home was removed there, in June, 1881. This spot is often visited, and its delightful surroundings render it a centre of interest. The building occupied, while suitable in every way, was soon found too small to meet the increased demands upon the institu- tion. Hence, new structures were erected, at a cost of about $80, 000, most of which amount was generously contributed by members of the Jewish community. The new Home was dedicated with suit- able exercises, on Sunday afternoon. May 15th, 1892, in the presence of a numerous assemblage; the Revs. Di*s. Morais, Jastrow, Iliowizi, Krauskopf, President Leo Loeb, Superintendent Fleischman, and Dr. Solomon Solis Cohen taking part. The new edifice is 120 by 55 feet, and commands general praise. It is built upon the most im- proved methods, and every feature has been carefully looked to, with a view to comfort and excellence. It is designed to accommodate one hundred and fifty children. The furnishings, the neatness, and the appearance throughout are calculated to place this Home in the front rank of Orphan Asylums. Another matter specially noticed is the parental, rather than in- stitutional, care and treatment of the children, which render the place a Home, and for which the efficient and earnest Superintendent and Matron, Rev. S. M. Fleischman and wife, have received de- servedly high encomium. Mr. Fleischman was formerly minister in Akron, Ohio. He has written for journals considerably, and has published several of his works, in prose and in verse. Since his coming here, fresh energy has been infused into the Home, and its educational system, starting with a Kindergarten, and developing to higher grades (the older children attend Public Schools) has re- ceived an impetus in numerous directions. Mr. and Mrs. Fleisch- man, in their efforts, are ably seconded by Miss Amelia Rosenbaum, an early inmate of the Home who acts as Assistant. The Superin- tendent's addresses on Sabbaths, Festivals, and Holy Days (when services are held in the Synagogue attached) are timely and instruc- tive. In fact, the conduct of the institution is warmly commended. Some of the children, after attaining a certain age, are indentured to learn trades ; the Society, meanwhile, contributing to their support. The following persons have filled the office of Matron or Super- intendent since the opening of the Home : Miss Brown, Mrs. Cohen, Miss Crawcour, Mrs. Levy, Mrs. Joanna Krause, Miss Zalinski, Dr. Isaac Edrehi and Mrs. Edrehi, Mr. and Mrs. S. Weil, 124 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Rev. Nathan Ruzanowsky and Mrs. Ruzanowsky, and Rev. S. M. Fleischman and Mrs. Fleischman. The Home has had to lament the death of two of its Presidents within a short term. Mr. Binswanger (after whom the Isidore Binswanger Alumnal Association — composed of inmates and former inmates of the Home — was named, in 1891) had been succeeded in the presidency by Mr. Mason Hirsh, an honored Israelite, a mer- chant, and a member of various organizations, public, religious, and otherwise. Mr. Hirsh, who was a liberal subscriber to worthy ob- jects, proved of much assistance to the Home, when called on to direct its management. He died in March, 1892, much regretted. Memorials of Presidents Binswanger and Hirsh have been placed in this institution, in the cause of which both were so untiring in their endeavors. According to the annual statement in April, 1894, there were then 99 children — 55 boys and 44 girls — in the Home, and 24 were either indentured or in situations. The expenditures in a single year have reached nearly $28,000, but the receipts have done more than cover these; there being a handsome balance in the treasury. The Home benefits by a large annual contribution of the Hebrew Charity Ball Association. Its membership roll has hundreds of names. The present management is as follows: President, Leo Loeb; Vice-President, Marcus Katz; Treasurer, Jacob Miller; Secretary, Benjamin F. Teller; Managers, Augustus Bacharach, Isaac Blum, Solomon Blumenthal, Penrose Fleisher, Meyer Frank, William Gerstley, Alfred C. Hirsh, Henry A. Jeitles, Simon Kohn, Morris Liveright, Ferdinand Marks, Morris May, Levi Mayer, Philip Lewin, Simon Muhr, "and Clarence Wolf ; Associate Board, Mrs. B. H. Feustmann, President; Miss Evelyn Bomeisler, Secretary; Miss Esther Baum, Mrs. Isidore Binswanger, Mrs. Isidore Coons, Mrs. Henry S. Frank, Mrs. Henry Hahn, Mrs. Isaac Hyneman, Mrs. Jacob Kaufman, Mrs. Levi Mayer, Mrs. William Miller, Mrs. M. M. Newman, Mrs. Simon Pfaelzer, Mrs. Adolph Rosen- baum, Mrs. Isaac Rosskam, Mrs. Isaac Sailer, Mrs. A. P. Schone- man, and Mrs. H. L. Strouse; Solicitor, Edward H. Weil; Con- sulting Physician, A. C. Bournonville, M.D.; Attending Physi- cian, A. C. Currie, M.D. ; Dentists, W. Harvey Roop, D.D.S., and Maria Lasser, D. D. S. ; Eye Physician, Frederick S. Isett, M. D. ; THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 125 Superintendent and Teacher, Rev. S. M. Fleischman; Matron, Mrs. S. M. Fleischman; Teacher of Kindergarten and Primary Glasses, Miss Amelia Rosen baum; Teacher of Gymnastics, Professor Richard Perteuch. Orphans' Guardians. A Society whose object is "to foster orphans of Jewish faith, place them with respectable Jewish families, care for their education and enable them to enjoy the benefits of family life," was organized at Philadelphia, March, 26th, 1868. Until the year 1891 it was known as the "Familien Waisen Erziehungs Verein" (Family Orphan Educational Society), and was directed mainly by members of the Keneseth Israel Congregation. Its Charter has now been amended, so as to render it non- congregational, and the name of *'The Or- phans' Guardians" has been substituted for the term previously used. This Society was founded by the late Dr. Samuel Hirsch, then minister of the Keneseth Israel Congregation; and from the period of its inception until his removal from this city in 1888, Dr. Hirsch labored constantly for its welfare. The membership roll at the start contained about 130 names. At present it has increased to 429 in all. The Society now cares for 36 orphans — 18 boys and 18 girls —who are placed by their respective guardians in private Jewish families, at an expense of $3 weekly, per capita. This system — in- stead of that maintained by means of a special institution — is re- garded with favor by some, as promotive of the best interests, and of the happiness of those deprived of their natural guardians. Since 1868, more than forty-five of this Society's wards have been dis- charged, after attaining a certain age and becoming self-supporting. The funds of this institution in its first yeat amounted to but $400. Its present investments are $8,000, and the yearly distribu- tion for the support of its wards amounted to (in May, 1893-May, 1894) $3,899.61. The first Board of Officers was as follows: Presi- dent, Dr. Samuel Hirsch; Vice-President, Abrahan Goldsmith; Treasurer, B. H. Feustmann ; Secretary, B. Salinger. During six years, S. Silberman was President; Abraham Goldsmith succeeding him in 1874, and continuing until 1891, when he declined a re-elec- tion. Dr. Samuel Hirsch was Secretary continuously from 1875 to 1888. 126 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. The officers now serving are: President, Arnold Kohn; Vice- President, Daniel Merz ; Treasurer, Michael C. Hirsch ; Secretary, Joseph Marschuetz; Directors, David Strauss, Joseph R. Teller, Hyman Herzberg, David Hirsh, Morris Liveright, Rev. Dr. Henry Berkowitz; and the following, all of whom are guardians: Mr. and Mrs. David Kohn, Mr. and Mrs. Barney Selig, Mr. and Mrs. Philip Massman, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Loeb, Mr. and Mrs. William Gerstley, Mr. Abraham Kaufman and Mrs. Samson Simon, Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Wertheimer, Mr. and Mrs. A. M. Kohn, Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Weil, Mr. and Mrs. Solomon Blu- menthal, Mr. and Mrs. Louis Eschner, Mr. and Mrs. Abraham Weil, Mr. and Mrs. David Strauss, Mr. and Mrs. Arnold Kohn, Mr.* and Mrs. Samuel W. Goodman, Mr. and Mrs. David Hirsh, Mr. and Mrs. Philip Lewin, Mr. and Mrs. Leopold Lisberger, Mr. and Mrs. Ludwig Leberman, Mr. and Mrs. Hyman Herzberg, Mr. and Mrs. Hart Blumenthal, Mrs. David Klein and Mr. Alfred M. Klein, Mr. and Mrs. S. Kind, Dr. Joseph Krauskopf, Rev. William Armhold and Miss Nettie Armhold, Mr. and Mrs. Max Oppenheimer, Mr. and Mrs. Myer Behal, and Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Marschuetz. The beneficent work of this Society is in the hands of ladies and gentlemen who spare no efforts to enhance its usefulness. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 127 CHAPTER XXI. Women's Societies — The Female Hebrew Benevolent Society —The Oldest Jewish Charity in Philadelphia. The Jewish Maternity Association— Its Well-Equipped Home— Its Labors at Atlantic City. Female Hebrew Benevolent Society. A chapter of the Book of Proverbs describes the merits of a virtuous woman, upon whom praises are bestowed: "She stretcheth out her hand to the poor; yea, she reacheth forth her hands to the needy." Such a marked characteristic has distinguished Hebrew women in every age of the world, and the Rabbinical writings teem with encomiums to the sex, and to the blessed influences wrought by sincere and God-fearing wives and daughters. In many respects, women have been far more successful in charity work than men. They are more sympathetic by nature, and can administer charity in a way that affords real assistance to the deserving, comfort to the distressed, and consolation to the orphaned and the widowed. Women have been the pioneers of Jewish charity work in Phila- delphia. It is related that on a stormy day in the autumn of 1819 two ladies of benevolent instincts, having been painfully affected by an instance of suffering brought to their notice, resolved to ask assistance of their sisters in faith in order to relieve the poverty then existing among the small number of Hebrews in this city, where there was no charity society to aid them. Their act led to the formation of the Female Hebrew Benevolent Society, a month later (November, 1819), in which Miss Rebecca Gratz assumed an im- portant part, and the two ladies alluded to — Mrs. Aaron Levy and Miss Hannah Levy — were members of the first Board of Managers. The Society, which was regularly instituted in 1820, received its Articles of Incorporation in the year 1837. It is the oldest Jewish Association now existing in this city, and continues its active work under the direction of the successors of those who first brought it into existence. Its objects are thus stated in the Preamble to its Constitution : 128 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, "lu all communities the means of alleviating the suft'erings of the poor are considered of high importance by the benevolent and the humane. The subscribers, members of the Hebrew Congregation (Mickve Israel), of Philadelphia, and citizens of the United States and of the State of Pennsylvania, sensible to the calls of their small society, and desirous of rendering themselves useful to their indigent sisters of the House of Israel, have associated themselves together for the purpose of charity, and in order to make the benefit permanent have adopted this Constitu- tion." The ladies comprising the Board of Managers accomplished their work quietly but effectively. The division of the city into districts, each being in charge of different managers, has enabled the Society to administer its charity to needy Hebrews in different localities. In 1820, its officers were : First Directress, Mrs. Rebecca J. Phil- lips ; Second Directress, Mrs. Bell Cohen ; Treasurer, Mrs. S. Bravo; Secretary, Miss Rebecca Gratz ; Managers (besides the above), Mrs. Richea Hays, Mrs. Phila Pesoa, Mrs. Miriam Nones, Mrs. Esther Hart, Mrs. Fanny Levy, Mrs. Arabella Phillips, Mrs. Rebecca Moss, Miss Sarah M. Cohen, and Miss Hannah Levy. Among subsequent managers (some of whom, at different times, presided over the So- ciety) were Mrs. Anna Allen, Mrs. Sarah Hart, Mrs. Maria Hack- enburg. Miss Louisa B. Hart, Mrs. Sarah Lyon, Mrs. Rebecca C. Hart, Miss Rachel Pesoa, Mrs. Sarah Phillips, Miss Sim' ha Cohen Peixotto, Mrs. Hetty Samuel, Mrs. Matilda H. Cohen, and Miss Ellen Phillips (who was Vice-President at her decease, in February, 1891). The present officers of the Female Hebrew Benevolent Society are: President, Mrs. Miriam H. Wolf; Vice-President, Mrs. David H. Solis, Sr.; Treasurer, Mrs. Isabel R. Weil; Secretary, Mrs. Myrtilla E. Mitchell ; Managers, Mrs. Ernest Nusbaum, Mrs. Jonathan M. Emanuel, Mrs. Levy L. Hyneman, Mrs. Jacob Ull- man, Mrs. Walter S. Berg, Mrs. Joseph Newhouse, Mrs. Jacob E. Hyneman, Mrs. Charles H. Vendig, and Mrs. Julius S. Daniels. The membership is confined to ladies of the Hebrew Faith ; the dues being $2 yearly. The annual meeting is held on the first Wed- nesday morning in November", at the residence in the rear of the Synagogue of the Congregation Mickv^h Israel, Seventh Street, above Arch Street. When the Society of the United Hebrew Charities was formed in 1869, as the result of a union of small institutions, it was thought THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 129 that the Female Hebrew Benevolent Society would also enter there- into. But it preferred to remain apart ; performing its own task, and striving to alleviate suffering and poverty with all the means at its disposal. Its charities are dispensed by northern and southern district committees. Jewish Maternity Association. **'Ezrath Nashim," two Hebrew words, which mean ''Helping Women," denote the character of a lying-in society in this city, which has, since 1891, altered its name to the Jewish Maternity Associa- tion. It was founded, November 30th, 1873, and the amount of suffering it has been the means of preventing is illustrated by the statement that upwards of two thousand women have been assisted by providing them with nurses or other helps during " the most trying periods of their lives." The need of a permanent Home for this Society, whose labors had been confined to rendering aid at the residences of their charges, became manifest in 1891. Therefore, a large property at 534 Spruce Street was purchased for $8,750. The entire building was improved and renovated ; rooms furnished, and fitted up for the special uses of a Maternity Home, capable of ac- commodating twelve patients at the same time. An ''Ellen Phillips Memorial Bed, ' ' in memory of a Jewess known and esteemed for her philanthropy (who bequeathed $500 to this Association), was set apart for special use. The new Home was formally opened with receptions, January 12th, 13th, and 14th, 1892, and marked a new career in the Society's annals. Since that time, the work has con- tinued unceasingly; the number of in-door and out-door cases multi- plying each month, and requiring every energy on the part of the management and staff of physicians. There were 116 patients treated in the Home, and 15 at private residences during 1893. A training department for nurses and a course of instruction in invalid cookery have been established, and an extension of the Home to meet wants will soon be made. The work, however, has not been confined to this city. The need of healthful restoratives for invalid mothers and their children led, in 1893, to the rental of four cottages at Chelsea, Atlantic City, and, with special subscriptions for this object, these cottages were converted into an institution called the Jewish Seaside Home, with thirty rooms 9 130 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. and conveniences. This Home was formally dedicated, Sunday, June 11th, 1893; Mrs. Ella Frauendiener having been selected as Matron; Miss Bertha Hirshwald, Nurse; Dr. L. H. Armstrong, Physician; and Dr. A. D. Cuskaden, Assistant Physician. The Committee in charge of this Home embraced Mrs. Benjamin Strouse, Mrs. Adolph Heyman, Mrs. Myer Behal, Mrs. E. Meyerhoff, Mrs. Jacob Aronson, Mr. Moses H. Wiener, Mr. Samuel S. Fels, and Dr. Isaac Leopold. One hundred and fifty inmates were provided for at different times during the summer season of 1893, and the arrangements and care exhibited at this Seaside Home were generally commended. The special work here (w^hich seems to have been established permanently), w^as renewed under still more favorable conditions during the summer of 1894, when a larger Home — located on Georgia Avenue near Atlantic Avenue, in Atlantic City — was occupied, and an increased number of inmates received. Mrs. Susan Wilson was Matron, and Mrs. Johanna Moritzen, Head Nurse. Mrs. Myer Behal and Mrs. Samuel Sternberger were at the head of an Executive Committee of ten ladies. The success attending the labors of the Jewish Maternity Associa- tion may be gauged by the fact that its membership had increased from 399, in 1890, to nearly 800, in 1893. The total expenditures, in all branches, in 1893, were $8,236.89; yet the generous assistance accorded to this institution enabled it to present a handsome balance. The Directorate is composed of both sexes; but it is needless to say that the women of Israel are most active in the cause, and that, through them, the Association has been placed in the front ranks of Jewish Charities in Philadelphia. Mrs. Ester Amram, the Presi-. dent, is untiring in her endeavors. She is supported by an efficient Vice-President, in Mrs. Joseph Louchheim; an earnest Secretary, in Mrs. S. Belle Cohn, and an experienced and capable Treasurer, in Mr. Benjamin F. Teller. The Directors are : Mrs. J. M. Engel, Mrs. Julia G. Arnold, Mrs. A. Levy, Mrs. E. Meyerhoff, Mrs. M. S. Sailer, Mrs. M. S. Meyerhoff, Mrs. Myer Behal, and Messrs. Henry J. Tickner, Louis Meyerhoff, Moses H. Wiener, Samuel S. Fels, and Isaac Herzberg; Assistant Secretary, Edward L. Haas; Superinten- dent and Resident Physician, Dr. Helen Kirschbaum ; Head Nurse, Miss Johanna Hochman ; besides several assistants ; Visiting Physi- cians, Dr. Isaac Leopold, Dr. Rebecca Fleisher, Dr. Lucy N. Tap- pan, and Dr. William H. Teller ; Solicitor, David Werner Amram. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 131 CHAPTER XXII. The Exiles from Benighted Countries— Laudable Endeav- ors OF the Association of Jewish Immigrants— What it HAS Accomplished with Small Means. The Hebrew Charity Ball Association— An Interesting Record— Indispensable Assistance Rendered Annually. Association of Jewish Immigrants. In works of charity, the City of Brotherly Love has set the ex- ample to the country. It has always been among the foremost to recognize the needs of the times, and meet these needs with a promptness and energy worthy of emulation. After the wholesale exodus of Hebrews from Russia in 1882, the tide of immigration to these parts rolled in so heavily that the societies then here found it an extremely difficult, almost impossible, matter to cope therewith ; to see to the wants of the hosts of new arrivals on incoming steamers, obtain employment for them, or forward them to different destina- tions throughout the United States. The Society of the United Hebrew Charities was overtaxed, and its resources w^ere far from equal to emergencies then rapidly multiplying upon each other. What was to be done? This question was discussed at a meeting held at Wheatley Dramatic Hall, at the north-east corner of Fifth and Gaskill Streets, on Sunday evening, September 21st, 1884. A call had been issued by Mr. Jacob Judelsohn, and met with a hearty response, especially from those who had come here from the land of darkness and oppression, and who were eager to aid their unfortunate brethren who might be compelled to follow them to this haven of refuge. The meeting was addressed by Mr. Judelsohn, Mr. Moses Klein, Mr. Simon Muhr, Moses A. Dropsie, Esq. , and Mr. Leopold Krause. That gathering, however, was but a preliminary step towards the formation of the Association of Jewish Immigrants at another meet- ing, held at the same hall, on Sunday evening, October 5th, 1884. Emanuel Cohen, Esq., then presided, and Charles Hoffman, Esq., acted as Secretary; Mr. Louis E. Levy presented a series of rules 132 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. for the government of the new Association, which, as its name indi- cates, was originally intended to be mainly composed of Jewish im- migrants, and whose object was "to effectually assist new arrivals and those already here." The Rev. Dr. S. Morais, Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow, Mr. Simon Muhr, Mr. Jacob Judelsohn, Dr. Henry Gersoni, Mr. Jacob Singer, Mr. Jacob Miller, Mr. Samuel Morais Hyneman, and Dr. Solomon Solis Cohen also participated in this meeting, which started the new Association, and set it im- mediately in the field of active labor. The first oflficers then elected were as follows : President, Alfred T. Jones; Vice-President, Jacob Miller; Treasurer, Simon Muhr; Secretary, Charles Hoflfman; Directors, Abraham M. Frechie, Louis E. Levy, Dr. Lewis W. Steinbach, Dr. Joseph S. Simsohn, Max Rosenthal, Max Sessler, Leopold Krause, S. L. Ginsburg, A. Kessler, N. Lowenburg, N. Leiken, and L. Levine. Mr. Jacob Judelsohn, who first moved in this matter, would not accept any oflSce. His interest in the Association continued to be manifested during his residence in this city. Mr. Judelsohn, who was born in Marionpol, Russia, in July, 1855, seems to have been the pioneer in calling into action such societies as that referred to. He arrived in this country in 1879, and was profoundly moved by the state of affairs soon after existing. After dwelling here for a while, and bringing about practical steps, as noted above, he repaired to New York City, and did similar work there; though the institution he then founded, had not, through various circumstances, a perma- nent existence. He agitated the cause of the Russo-Jewish immigrants, in articles contributed to the Jewish and the secular press. A man of bright capacities and of commendable activity, he proved a warm friend of the unfortunate exiles, with whom he had shared country. He labored for their well-being, and had the satisfaction of witness- ing, in a measure at least, gratifying results. Mr. Judelsohn was united in marriage to Miss Clara Hartogensis, daughter of Dr. A. E. Hartogensis, formerly of Philadelphia, but latterly of New York City. He died in the latter city, on December 15th, 1891, when still a young man. The Association of Jewish Immigrants — though it never has been, to any large degree, composed of immigrants themselves — was hardly launched into existence than its services were in demand on all sides. With a comparatively small membership and an almost insufficient THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 133 income to meet th.e heavy strain, but with an energetic President, an intelligent Board of Officers, and an untiring Agent in Mr. Moses Klein — who represented it on all steamers and in other capacities — it was able to accomplish an enormous task in its first year. At its house, 931 South Fourth Street, in charge of Mr. Adolph Klein, 848 persons were afibrded shelter; 1076 Jewish immigrants arrived during the first year, of whom but 141 remained in this city, and many pitiful stories of hardships were told by some who had landed here, stripped of all their possessions. There were 900 applications for employment during the first year; the expenses amounting to $1,805.82 in the first thirteen months. Beyond the mere assisting and transporting of immigrants, how- ever, this Association has, many a time, been required to protect them from the snares of sharpers; to rescue young women who had come here helpless from falling into the traps of those who would degrade them. It has been ever watchful of the interests of its charges and has been enabled to secure them protection from the fact of its Agent being also an Interpreter to the United States Commis- sioner of Immigration. Illustrations are plentiful with regard to its laudable work in this direction, as a reference to its annual reports — now matters of history — will fully demonstrate. During the second year, the number of immigrants was more than double that of the preceding twelve months. There were 2,31 in all, 26 per cent, staying in this city. By skilful management, the expenditures were only $1,671.75. From November, 1886, to November, 1887, however, there was a falling off" in arrivals, the total having been 1,680, or a decrease of 630 from the previous year. The expenses then were $1,227. In 1888, the Association handled 1,761 immi- grants, at an outlay of $1,423.25; in 1889 there were 1,288 ar- rivals, and the total expenditures were $1,412.27. In 1890 another crisis was developed. The re-enactment of bar- barous cruelties in Russia led to another wholesale expatriation from that benighted country — so that up to November 1st there were 1,982 new arrivals, or an increase of 694 over 1889; and of these, 1,606 came from Russia. The expenses, which were somewhat reduced —owing to the efficient assistance rendered by the Baron Maurice de Hirsch Trust, with the sums at the disposal of the Philadelphia Trustees — amounted to about $1,400. The work during 1891 (November, 1890-November, 1891) may 134 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. be comprehended from the statement that in the period mentioned, there were 4,984 arrivals, of whom 4,506 hailed from Poland or Russia; yet, surprising to say, the expenditures amounted to not more than $1,011.05, a fact which speaks volumes for the economi- cal, but systematic, management. Statistics presented at the annual meeting in November, 1892, showed the total arrivals during the preceding twelve months to have been 3,039, of which number, 2,543 were Poles or Russians; the outlay, through increased needs of immigrants, having been $3,157.81. The marked difference in ex- penditures is not always to be accounted for by numbers, but by the condition in which immigrants arrive here, the distances of cities and towns to which they are destined, and other equally effective reasons. The year 1893 likewise witnessed an enormous increase in immigra- tion to all eastern ports of the United States. The enforcement of new edicts, the inhuman acts of a rabble populace in benighted Russia, and the enactment of measures calculated to force the un- happy Jews still further within their very limited pale of settlement have all acted in producing conditions extremely trying and difficult to meet. The persecuted and hunted Israelite casts his looks towards this country, seemingly, the only one that offers him any rest; hence, an almost unusual state of affairs confronts us. However, much re- lief is obtained from the fact that many who seek these shores pursue some occupation or profession, by which they may be enabled to earn a livelihood for themselves and for those dependent upon them. In the year from November, 1892, to November, 1893, the number of new arrivals recorded was 5,324, the highest since the exodus of 1881-1882. The expenditures in 1892-1893 amounted to $1,293.07, slightly below the income for that year. The Association of Jewish Immigrants follows in its course, un- deterred even by crises, with a financial support far from adequate, and with a membership roll painfully small. In more recent years it has performed its work without any settled headquarters, yet its labors, notwithstanding, can hardly be estimated. While immigra- tion usually reaches its highest point during the summer months, the task of handling and distributing with care and caution such vast numbers may be readily imagined. Hence, in order to pursue an even course, to allay distress, and assist those in sore need, while exercising its efforts and its influence to check pauperism, and re- lieve, by segregation, the burden of an overplus in large commercial THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 135 centres, the Association of Jewish Immigrants must have substantial and practical assistance from every Israelite who is able to con- tribute his mite towards the cause in which it is incessantly lal)oring. The Association's first Agent, Mr. Moses Klein, was well equip- ped for his position. A Hebrew scholar, a linguist, and a man of sympathetic impulses, his services were rendered invaluable. Mr. Klein resigned after 1889, and he was succeeded by Mr. George Randorf On his resignation, September 20th, 1890, Mr. Joseph Ehrlich became the Agent. He is also an Interpreter to the United States Commissioner of Immigration, and a skilled and faithful worker. The Association suffered a severe loss by the decease of its able and earnest President, Mr. Alfred T. Jones, on October 3rd, 1888. At the annual meeting on Sunday evening, November 4th, 1888, Mr. Louis Edward Levy, a gentleman of scholarship and of humane in- stincts, well known for his enthusiastic efforts in the cause of charity and education, was selected to succeed Mr. Jones. He still serves in the presidency, and is assisted by the following officers and directors, in conducting the affairs of an institution so worthy, and now demand- ing extraordinary attention: Vice-President, Jacob Miller; Secre- tary, Charles Hoffman ; Treasurer, Simon Muhr ; Directors, Abra- ham M. Frechie, Philip Lewin, Louis Eschner, Dr. Lewis W. Steinbach, Abraham Kaufman, Louis Glickman, Samuel S. Fels, Andrew Kaas, Dr. Charles D. Spivak, Bernard Harris, Moses Klein, and Rev. Baer L. Lewinthal ; Agent, Joseph Ehrlich. Hebrew Charity Ball Association. What is generally recognized as the most successful social affair of each recurring winter season is the Hebrew Charity Ball, given by an association bearing that name, and the net proceeds of which (always the largest of social gatherings of this kind) are exclusively devoted to different Jewish Charities in this city. The ball is an actual necessity, and more than a single institution 'would suffer were it deprived of the substantial addition to the funds which this winter entertainment produces annually. Upwards of $21,000 have been realized at one ball, and with the increase of the different societies' needs, every penny is required to meet the heavy demands upon them. 136 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. It is little more than fifty years since the first annual ' ' Benevolent ball of the Israelites of Philadelphia" was given, and in view of the financial results attained nowadays, it will seem rather amusing to learn that the second annual ball, held on the 24th of January, 1844, ** netted the handsome sum of $489.78 cents, which, accord- ing to the resolution of the contributors, was equally divided among the Ladies' Benevolent, the Sewing, and the Fuel Saving Societies." — (Leeser's Occident, March, 1844.) But in a few years the wants became more numerous, and with these, the list of societies was augmented, so that in 1853 the balls, not yielding sufiicient, were substituted by dinners in aid of the Hebrew Charitable Fund, given on a scale of elegance and bril- liancy for two years — 1853 and 1854. These were held at what was then known as Sansom Street Hall, now occupied by Johnson's (MacKellar, Smith, and Jordan's) type foundry, on the south side of Sansom Street, above Sixth Street; the first, on Wednesday even- ing, February 23d, 1853; and the second, on Thursday evening, February 2d, 1854. They were both interesting occasions, and were phonographically reported in full for The North American and United States Gazette, by Arthur Cannon. The most distinguished Hebrews of this city were assembled there, together with men emi- nent as Americans, as lawyers, as theologians, as writers, and as statesmen. Mr. Abraham Hart, the representative Jew — con- spicuous in all social, charitable, and educational affairs, noted for his executive ability, and esteemed for his wide philanthropy — pre- sided at both dinners. The Vice-Presidents were Messrs. Joseph S. Cohen, L. J. Leberman, David Pesoa, and Henry Cohen (first year); the first and the last mentioned being succeeded (second year) by Messrs. Isidore Binswanger, and Abraham S. Wolf — the second and third mentioned continuing ; Treasurer, Joseph New- house; Secretaries (first year) Isidore Binswanger; (second year) Abraham Finzi; Chairmen of the Committee of Arrangements (first year) Lyon J. Levy; (second year) Simon W. Arnold. Both banquets were opened with an English prayer, by the Rev. Dr. S. Morals, who also said grace at the first in Hebrew. The toasts were responded to — at the first — by Rev. Dr. Morris J. Raphall and Rev. Samuel M. Isaacs — two celebrated Hebrew clergymen, of New York City; Rev. Isaac Leeser; Honorable George M. Dallas, ex- Vice-President of the United States ; Moses A. Dropsie, Esq. ; THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 137 Honorable Morton McMichael (who spoke of the President, Mr. Hart, as ''an Israelite, indeed, in whom there is no guile"); William B. Keed, Esq., District Attorney; and Honorable Charles Gilpin, Mayor of the City of Philadelphia, just before Consolidation. At the second banquet. Rev. Jacob Frankel said the grace in Hebrew, and the above speakers, with the exception of Messrs. Dropsie and Dallas, were again heard ; besides Mr. William Birney, Dr. J. K. Mitchell, and Honorable Benjamin Harris Brewster, afterwards Attorney-General of the United States. An especial feature of this second banquet was Mr. Brewster's speech, sparkling with wit and full of eloquent thoughts. In the course of his re- marks, he said: "Here we have seated side by side Goyim (Gentiles) and Yehudim (Jews), breaking bread together in the common cause of human charity. Here we have men of all nations— persecuted men, those who have crossed the seas to find rest for the soles of their feet and bread for their mouths— who have found in this a land of refuge, a sanctuary dedicated to civil and religious liberty. Here again, I say, we are mingled together as one brotherhood, in a sacred, common cause, all witnesses — living witnesses — testifying by our presence here to our common liberties; and here, too, am I, a witness chosen by your partial kindness to give my testimony, and if I am a Goy, believe me, gentlemen, still I am Cosher. From the same inspired source, from the same oracles of The Living God, we learn the sublime command to love one another. Ages and ages ago you fled from Egyptian bondage, and by miraculous power, passed through the waters of the Red Sea; and, like your people, we Americans and Christians fled across the dark and stormy Atlantic from an Egyptian mother, who is still Egyptian to your brethren, and who denies to you the civil and religious liberty which we here give you all, and which is given freely to all mankind." (Mr. Brewster, by this latter remark, had reference to England, which did not remove the so-called ** Jewish disabilities" and admit Hebrews into Parliament until 1858.) The last toast given at this second banquet was for ''Consolidation —the consolidation of the City and County of Philadelphia, this week, in our Legislative halls; the consolidation of the friends of humanity, of all creeds, this evening,- in our dining hall." It was responded to in bumpers. A toast was drank standing to the Presi- dent, Mr. Hart, " and met with the most hearty (Hart-y) approval 138 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. of all present." Messrs. Kline, Levestein, and Huneker rendered vocal selections, and Beck's Band gave instrumental music. = The first dinner netted upwards of $5,000, and the second over $4,000— which amounts were distributed among six Jewish societies. Again the balls followed, and have since been repeated annually, for a number of years, at the Academy of Music, at the south-west corner of Broad and Locust Streets. When this change was resorted to, Mr. Abraham Hart became the Treasurer, and continued in office for a lengthy term. He was, subsequently, elected the first Honorary Member ; Messrs. William B. Hackenburg and Levi Mayer being similarly honored successively in later yeaiu Honorable Herman Hamburger was for quite a number of years President of the Hebrew Charity Ball Association. The present officers are: President, Mr. Philip Lewin; Vice- President, Mr. Leo Loeb ; Treasurer, Mr. Alfred Curtin Hirsh (who succeeded his lamented father, Mr. Mason Hirsh) ; Secretary, Mr. Benjamin F. Teller. Mr. Augustus Bacharach was Master of Ceremonies at the annual ball, given Tuesday evening, January 31st, 1893, and Mr. Adolph A. Solomon was honored with the same distinction at this year's ball, given Tuesday evening, January 30th, 1894 — and the net results of which were $17^343.36, divided in different amounts among eight Jewish Charities. The members of the Ball Association — numbering at present eighty- seven (exclu- sive of officers and honorary members) — act as Floor Managers and Reception Committee at these entertainments, which occur either during the latter part of January or early in February of each year. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 139 CHAPTER XXIII. Smaller Societies — Rappapoht Benevolent Association — Allusion to Others— Philadelphia Branch of the Uni- versal Israelitish Alliance — Board of Delegates of American Israelites— Jewish Alliance of America. Former Charity Societies and Chebroth— Hebrew Society for Visitation of Sick and Mutual Assistance. Among the various Lodges of the Independent Order of Free Sons of Israel, in this city, that bearing the name of ** Rappaport" — after a Jewish sage of the present century — has a large membership and many active workers. From this Lodge, Number 35, there sprang, in 1874, the Rappaport Benevolent Association, whose main object at first was "to assist members of the lodge in distress," and pay the dues of those who had been stricken with poverty, in order that they might still retain their membership in the lodge and be a party to the benefits. But the Association has not confined its labors to members solely ; it has expended sums as a regular charity society, aiding the needy, and striving to uplift the unfortunate, in so far as its income will allow. It was re-organized in 1876. A charter was obtained in that year. By means of different entertainments, excursions, balls, etc., the funds have been increased, and with these also the field of work. At times, donations have been given from the treasury to institutions; such as the Jewish Hospital and Home, the Jewish Foster Home and Orphan Asylum, the Hebrew Educa- tion Society, the Association of Jewish Immigrants, etc. Numerous applicants for charity have been assisted each year. In matters calling for aid, and of a public character, this Associa- tion has always come forward and contributed generously. Its work is distinctive and still important. It assists in removing the burden from larger institutions; and for this reason, in addition to many others, it deserves the cordial and substantial assistance of the com- munity. Its officers are : President, Mr. Jacob Miller; Vice-Presi- dent, Mr. P. Ertheiler; Treasurer, Mr. A. Billstein; Secretary, Mr. Max Lowenthal; Directors, Messrs. P. Groldman, M. Silberman, M. Gruber, L. Eschner, M. Schlesinger, S. Wiesenthal, E. Levinson, L. Behal, S. Mann, and G. Erman. 140 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Among other beneficial institutions met with, these may be named : The Hebrew Endowment Fund (1873), from which an annual en- dowment or allowance was made to members, thus assisting some in humbler circumstances; the Hebrew Mutual Benefit Medical Aid Society (1873), which furnished the 'sick with medicine, attendance, etc., etc. ; and the Medical Aid Society (1883), with objects similar to those of the aforenamed. Universal Israelitish Alliance. The largest and most comprehensive Jewish organization in ex- istence is known as the Alliance Israelite Universelle (Universal Israelitish Alliance), whose centre is at Paris, France. (81) It was established in 1860 "to defend the honor of the Jewish name when- ever attacked ; to encourage, by every possible means, labor and the exercise of useful trades and professions; to fight, whenever neces- sary, against the ignorance and vice to which servitude gives rise; to promote, by the power of persuasion and moral influence, the emancipation of our brethren who are still oppressed by the weight of exceptional legislation ; to push forward and consolidate perfect freedom by intellectual and moral regeneration. Such is the work to which the Alliance Israelite Universelle has devoted itself." Some of the most eminent Hebrews in Europe were among the originators of this organization — men distinguished in theology, politics, literature, philanthropy, etc. It receives the powerful assistance of that prince of philanthropists, Baron Maurice de Hirsch, whose munificent donations greatly aid its work. Its mem- bers are reckoned by the tens of thousands, and branches have been founded in every quarter of the civilized globe ; its schools in the East — educational, industrial, and agricultural — have been the means of improving the social, intellectual, and moral condition of many thousands. It dispenses charity, it fosters knowledge, it encourages literature and art, it gives an impetus to Jewish coloniza- tion ; but, most of all, it labors to vindicate the Jewish name, and ward off" measures and systems of persecution, which still continue (81) As the Alliance Israilite Universelle is a universal, rather than a local, organization, the reader is referred to its interesting annual, semi-annual, and monthly Bulletins for fuller particulars ; also to an historic pamphlet, issued on its twenty-fifth anniversary (1885), and to a pamphlet descriptive of its exhibit in Chicago (1893). THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 141 to menace civilization and hinder the progress of humanity. Such is, in a few words, the aims and objects of a society whose influence has been shown with kings and emperors. Specimens of the work done in schools under the direction of the Alliance were exhibited to splendid advantage at the World's Columbian Fair, held in Chicago, during 1893. The oldest Branch of the Alliance in this land of freedom — where, politically, its services are never called into requisition — was brought into shape at a meeting held, October 11th, 1868, at the call of Rev. Dr. Samuel Hirsch, who had, in Europe, recognized the powerful good which the parent society was accomplishing. The Branch at first received small support, but when its real objects became further known, the membership roll was largely increased, and over four hundred names are on its books. The yearly subscription is $2, and the receipts — barring expenses — are remitted to the Central Com- mittee, at Paris, France, as contributions towards aiding the work, so multifarious in its character. The Jewish ministers annually ap- peal for donations to this cause, about the period of the Purim semi- festival. Dr. S. Hirsch was first President of the Branch here— 1868-1873; Mr. Isaac Long, Vice-President; Mr. B. H. Feustmann, Treasurer; Mr. B. Salinger, Secretary. Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow succeeded as President in 1873-1879. Moses A. Dropsie, Esq., has been the executive since 1879. The other Directors are : Vice-President, the Rev. Dr. S. Morals; Treasurer, Mr. Abraham M. Frechie; Secretary, Mr. David Sulzberger; Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow, Rev. Dr. Joseph Krauskopf, Rev. Henry Iliowizi, Rev. Dr. Henry Berkowitz, and Messrs. Raphael Brunswick, A. M. Kohn, Mayer Troutman, David Teller, Herbert Friedenwald, and Philip Lewin. "The Board of Delegates of American Israelites," an institution which co-operated with the comprehensive Jewish Societies in Europe towards ameliorating the condition of Hebrews dwelling in benighted countries, received much encouragement from this city; Rev. Isaac Leeser being among the founders in 1859, and the first Vice-Presi- dent. Mr. Henry I. Hart, of New York City, was the earliest executive, he being succeeded by Mr. Abraham Hart, of Philadel- phia. The sessions were at different times held in this city ; at others 142 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. in New York. The labors of this Board were quite effective in de- fending and upholding Jewish interests. After the formation of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, in the Western States, in 1873, this Board was merged with it, and now constitutes a sec- tion of that Association, under the name of ''The Board of Dele- gates on Civil and Religious Rights. ' ' Jewish Alliance of America. A Society which bid fair to become national in importance had its origin in Philadelphia, in 1890-1891. Adopting the name of the Jewish Alliance of America, its object was to encircle the country with branches, in order to aid the unfortunate exiles from oppressive countries, specially Russia, and to unite Israelites in a common bond "for the purpose of more effectually coping with the grave problems presented by the enforced emigration of Hebrews from proscriptive countries; to instruct Hebrew immigrants in the duties and obliga- tions of American citizenship and to fit them for the loyal discharge thereof; to aid Hebrew immigrants in America to become self-sup- porting: (a) by directing the current of immigration away from crowded centres of population into rural districts and towards in- dustrial occupations ; {h) by specifically fostering a sentiment and organizing a movement toward making agriculture a preferred occu- pation; (c) by such other ways and means, as shall, from time to time, seem best adapted to promote the general object." Mr. Simon Muhr, an ardent charity worker, was selected as Presi- dent (February, 1891), and representatives were chosen from differ- ent parts of the United States. With a motto suggested by the utterance of the inspired Prophet Jeremiah, "Behold the sound of the cry of the daughter of My people is from a far-off land," the Alliance started on its mission, aided by representative men, among them the Rev. Dr. S. Morals, Dr. Charles D. Spivak, Mr. Bernard Harris, Mr. Moses Klein, Mr. Louis Edward Levy, Honorable Simon Wolf, of Washington, D. C. ; Honorable Ferdinand Levy, of New York City; Rev. Dr. Henry W. Schneeberger, of Baltimore; and Mr. David Solis Cohen, of Portland, Oregon. Mr. Levy arranged a plan for the successful carrying on of this Society's labors. Ere long, thirty-one branches were formed throughout the country. The separate work was, however, maintained but a short time, owing to a THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 143 consolidation (February, 1892), with what had, subsequently, originated in New York City, under the distinctive name of * * The American Committee for Ameliorating the Condition of the Russian Refugees." Former Charity Societies. Prior to the union of a number of Charity Societies here in 1869, which took shape in the present Society of the United Hebrew Charities, there was a larger division of the work now assumed by a single institution. The United Hebrew Beneficent Society, organ- ized in 1822, and of which Joseph Dreyfous, Zalegman Phillips, Abraham Luria Hart, Lazarus J. Leberman, Joseph L. Moss, and Mitchell A. Mitchell had been Presidents ; the United Hebrew Beneficent Fuel and Savings Society, founded in 1841, and directed at different periods by Zadok A. Davis, David Pesoa, and Abraham S. Wolf; the United Hebrew Relief Association, of which Solomon Teller was the last President ; the German Hebrew Ladies' Benevo- lent Society (1845), Mrs. Goldman being President in 1854; and the Ladies' Hebrew Sewing Society (1838) were all actively engaged in the field of charitable labors. Miss Louisa B. Hart was First Directress of the Sewing Society for a number of years, being succeeded by Miss Bluma Hart, Miss Esther Stork, and others. The ladies met to sew for, and distribute garments to, the needy, and during a long term their sessions were held in a room in the rear of the Synagogue of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, which was then located on Cherry Street above Third Street. Later on the sewing was done at the residences of different members, and the ladies would assemble there with frequency and in large numbers to perform their self-ajssumed and worthy task. Besides the above Societies, the Female Hebrew Benevolent So- ciety (the earliest of these) labored, as it still does, in its especial sphere. However, in 1869, the above Societies, with the exception of the last named, transferred their duties to one institution, and their several features are still, in a measure, carried out by the United Hebrew Charities. As an instance, its Ladies' Auxiliary Committee attends to the cutting, the sewing, and the distributing of garments to the poor. Chebroth (Associations) was a term applied to a number of charity 144 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. organizations — in addition to those just mentioned — which at one time flourished here. Among these were the Chebrdh Chesed Ve- Emeth (Mercy and Truth), for attendance on the sick and the dead, which was founded in 1843; Joseph Levy, Henry Marcus, and Moses Engel being Presidents in different years ; the Chebrdh Gemi- kith Chasadhn oo-Mish'eneth Yatom Ve-almandh (To Bestow Kind- ness upon, and give Support to, the Orphan and the Widow), estab- lished in 1844 — assisting sick members and the widows and orphans of deceased members — and of which Mayer Shoyer was the first President; and Rev. Maximilian Michelbacher was Secretary; and the Chebrdh Shel Bihur Cholim Ugmiluth Chasadim (called ''Hebrew Society for Visitation of Sick and Mutual Assistance"), started as early as in October, 1813, and which calls for more than simple mention. The extended sphere of its labors rendered it of great assistance in the community, and its cause was sustained by repre- sentative Israelites. The first officers were: Jacob Cohen, Parnas (President) ; Isaiah Nathans, Gabay (Treasurer) ; Joseph S. Cohen, Secretary; Isaac B. Phillips and Aaron Levy, Jr., Kabranim, those who represented the institution at obsequies of deceased members. Labors among the poor, the destitute, and the suffering formed much of this Society's work, and many a kindly act was religiously performed by those affiliated therewith, who even braved the danger of contagious diseases in ministering to the sick. Mr. Hyman Polock was among its early Presidents, and among other members at dif- ferent times were Honorable Henry M. Phillips (who served as President in 1843, etc.), Abraham Eliezer Israel, Isaac Hendricks, Isaac Rodriguez, Henry I. Weil, Elias Hyneman, Levi Phillips, Abraham H. Cohen, Judah L. Hackenburg, Morris Isaacson, Joseph M. Asch, Elias S. Linse, David J*esoa, Isaac M. Asch, Leon Hyneman, Aaron Isaacs, Philip Nathans, M. A. Van Collera, Philip Hamberg, David A. Phillips, Abraham Isaacs, Lewis I. Cohen, H. Van Beil, Marcus Cauffman, Eleazer Isaacs, Isaac E. Hackenburg, Leopold Sulzberger, Abraham S. Wolf, Isaac Hyneman, Leon Ham- berg, J. D. Lange, S. M. Fridenberg, Nathan Haas, Julius Stern, B. Kalmischer, Simon Weil, Michael Reinhard, Joseph Einstein, Wolf Steppacher, Alfred T. Jones, Henry de Boer, Joseph Rosen- baum, and William B. Hackenburg. In 1862, during the Ameri- can Civil War, this Chebrdh subscribed a hundred dollars towards the maintenance of military hospitals, and its contribution elicited a THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 146 letter of thanks from Mayor Alexander Henry, of Philadelphia — a circumstance recorded in its minutes. (82) The fiftieth anniversary of this Chebrdh was celebrated by a ban- quet on Monday evening, November 9th, 1863 (Mar Cheshvan 26th, 5624), at Handel and Haydn Hall, at which the venerable Hyman Polock — then the only survivor of the original members — was present. Alfred T. Jones, at that time, was President. The participants in the services, and other exercises, were Rev. Isaac Leeser, Rev. Gabriel Pap6, Rev. Jacob Frankel, Mr. Polock, Mr. Isaac E. Hackenburg, Charles Johnson, Esq., and the Rev. Dr. S. Morals. This semi- centennial celebration seems to have been quite brilliant. The So- ciety's work, however, continued but a few years beyond that period. The existence of so many Charities in the early stages of Jewish history in Philadelphia contributed in no small degree to the strength of the community, and acted as a preventive of an evil which has never spread itself among Hebrews, viz., pauperism. (82) The late Moses P. Hamberg, Esq., of Philadelphia, possessed the book of records of the Chebrdh mentioned, and through his courtesy, we were enabled to gather useful information. 10 146 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. CHAPTER XXIV. Religious Education— The Oldest Hebrew Sunday School IN America— Its Institution by Women of Israel— Rebecca Gratz and Her Noble Qualities — Her Coadjutors, Louisa B. Hart, Ellen Phillips, and Sim 'ha Cohen Peixotto — The School and its Remarkable Growth — Northern and Southern Branches— Phases of its Work. "And ye shall teach them unto your children" is an important commandment found in the Book of Deuteronomy. Instruction in the Divine Law and in the precepts is meant thereby. A religious education is at the basis of all other instruction. While this prin- ciple has always been recognized by the Hebrews, they have by no means limited their sphere of action to a religious training of the youth of their people. Schools, where the knowledge of Judaism has been imparted, together with that of secular branches and in- dustrial pursuits, have not infrequently flourished among them. Instances of this character were often met with in post- Biblical times, and the like is found to-day wherever sufficient scope is afforded for development, unchecked by restrictive measures, or governmental in- terference. The first thought, however, has always shaped itself into religious schools for the training of the young; hence, such institutions are found in most of the Hebrew Congregations of Philadelphia. In these, the faith, the history, and the language of the race are, to a limited extent, taught the numerous children who attend them. But such schools are essentially congregational, viz., they are intended for the young sons and daughters of members and seat-holders. Long before their origin here, the Hebrew Sunday School was a fait accompli. It was instituted at a meeting of Jewish ladies, held February 4th, 1838, at which it was "Resolved, That a Sunday School be established under the direction of the Board (Female Hebrew Benevolent Society) and teachers appointed among the young ladies of the Congregation (Mickveh Israel)." This School THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 147 was formally opened on March 4th, 1838, being the first Hebrew Sunday School in America. (83) The chief organizer of the school was a woman known for her strict adherence to the tenets of Judaism, respected because of her talents, and admired by reason of her beauty. This was Miss Re- becca Gratz, a daughter of well-known parents, and the model of the heroine, Rebekah, in Sir Walter Scott's masterly novel, "Ivanhoe." The latter fact is mentioned by no less an authority than Washington Irving, who himself was the cause of Scott's selection of this true and beautiful Jewess, whose virtues Irving described to the famous novelist and poet. Rebecca Gratz was born in Philadelphia, March 4th, 1781. Her father, Michael Gratz, a prominent merchant, had been active in the affairs of the Congregation Mickveh Israel; her mother, nee Miriam Simon, was a daughter of Joseph Simon, an early settler in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, about whom considerable has been written, and whose wife's maiden name was Rosa Bunn. (84) The early education Rebecca received was supplemented by her own private studies. Possessing a bright mind, social accomplishments, and un- common beauty, she soon won and retained the respect of numerous friends. These qualities, however, were not the sole means that rendered her conspicuous in a large circle. She became best known by her labors for the well-being of her kind, and for the promotion of religious, educational, and charitable works. To the Hebrew Sunday School she devoted her best efforts for its upbuilding and to insure its permanence. Though her time was largely utilized by that institution, other societies likewise benefited by her exertions; among them, the Female Hebrew Benevolent Society (under whose auspices the School was started), the Jewish Foster Home, the Fuel Society, and the Sewing Society, in all of which she was a pioneer worker, and also served as Secretary of the first named Society. Miss Gratz recognized it as her first duty to labor for her own people; but the sphere of her endeavors, was, by no means, confined (83) It has been stated that a Jewish Sunday School was previously started in Richmond, Virginia. This question, however, admits of some doubt, as the Hebrew Sunday School, in Philadelphia, has, in its possession, a tablet whereon it is precisely stated that the School in this city was the first in America. (84) See sketch of Hymah Gratz, elsewhere given in this work; also Markens's " Hebrews in America," pages 78-83. Another daughter of Joseph Simon mar- ried Dr. Nicholas Schuyler, who was a surgeon in the American Revolutionary War, and who is said to have been related to General Schuyler. 148 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. to their midst. With equal earnestness, she served secular institu- tions, and set a laudable example by her efforts in their behalf. As early as 1801 she was Secretary of the "Female Association for the Relief of Women and Children in Reduced Circumstances." She was among those who founded the Philadelphia Orphan Asylum in 1815, and in 1819 became Secretary of its Board of Managers; serving in that capacity for more than forty years ; performing her task with such rare fidelity that to her, in the language of the Managers, * ' much of its prosperity is due, while to her dignity, grace and noble personal qualities the managers have ever yielded the tribute of their warm admiration and strong regard." Deeply at- tached to the religion of her fathers, she departed not an iota from the Divine Commands, nor from the observances distinguishing Israelites as a religious entity. She was a regular and devout attendant at the Synagogue. Her dignified bearing, her pleasing ways, her courteous manner, and her talents as a conversationalist, were all noticed and admired. Withal, she was modest and unassuming. Miss Gratz's circle of acquaintances was large but select. She reckoned among her friends such men as Henry Clay, the families of Schuyler, Hoffman, and others, including Washington Irving. Mr. Irving was a frequent visitor to the home of the Gratzes in Phila- delphia, and he could not but admire a woman of a nature at once lovable, sincere, and thoroughly good. Rare traits, indeed, com- bined in this woman of Israel. Irving' s only love was Matilda Hoffman, a dear friend of Rebecca Gratz. She died at the early age of eighteen years, and the faithful lover ever mourned her. He had witnessed her friend's kindness and forgot it not; he had occasion to notice the exalted qualities of our Rebecca, and there is no won- der that he should have then suggested that name as the typical Jewess to Sir Walter Scott, when the latter was about to write his famous novel, *'Ivanhoe." When Scott finished his great work, in December, 1819, he sent the first copy to Irving, with this question: "How do you like your Rebecca? Does the Rebecca I have pictured compare well with the pattern given?" {^b) (85) Dispute has arisen as to the origin of the Jewish characters in "Ivan- hoe." J. G. Lockhart, in his "Memoirs of the Life»of Sir Walter Scott, Bart.," declares that a Mr. Skene, a friend of Scott, had pictured to the latter, in 1819, conditions he had observed among Jews in Grermany; whereupon Scott deter- mined to introduce a group of Hebrew characters in his novel. He afterwards remarked to Mr. Skene: "You will find this book owes not a little to your THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 149 Rebecca Gratz continued following paths of righteousness all her days, and retained the esteem and affection of her brethren and her neighbors of all creeds. She died on August 27th, 1869, having passed her eighty-eighth year. Associated with Miss Gratz at the Sunday School were Mrs. Anna Allen, Mrs. R. Hart, Mrs. R. Moss, Miss Sim'ha Cohen Peixotto, Miss Miriam Gratz Etting, the Misses Moses, Miss Louisa B. Hart, Miss Rachel Pesoa, and Miss Ellen Phillips. These teachers had the active assistance of Rev. Isaac Leeser, who issued Catechisms (one of which he dedicated to Miss Gratz), and the Society also pub- lished some, which were adopted as text- books. The Sunday School first met on Walnut Street, above Fourth Street, and at different periods in other localities; viz., in the old Masonic Hall, on the north side of Chestnut Street above Seventh Street; above the Phoenix Hose House, on Zaue (now Filbert) Street, between Seventh and Eighth Streets; and from 1854, at the Hebrew Education Society's building, on the east side of Seventh Street below Callowhill Street. There were fifty children at its opening. There are now on its rolls, about eighteen hundred names. Miss Gratz resigned as Superintendent and as President of the Hebrew Sunday School Society in 1864; being at that time in her eighty-fourth year. She was followed by Miss Louisa B. Hart, another indefatigable worker, who was unanimously - elected to the double office, on December 8th, 1864. Miss Hart was a daughter of Michael and Esther {nee Cohen) Hart, of Easton, Pennsylvania, where she was born, June 3d, 1803. She obtained a liberal education and studied deeply English literature and the history of Israel. Her father died when Louisa was about twelve years of age. Shortly after, her mother and family removed to this city. Miss Hart early displayed her interest German reminiscences." Notwithstanding this remark, there is no reason to doubt the other statement that the particular character of Rebekah was named after Rebecca Gratz, whom Irving had described to Scott "during one of their many conversations wlien personal and family affairs were the topics." Moreover, Irving had visited Scott in 1817, and "Ivanhoe" was produced in 1819. — This point is sustained and interestingly developed in an article in the Century Magazine, of September, 1882, entitled "The Original of Rebecca in Ivanhoe,"— a descriptive portraiture, by Graetz Van Rensselaer (pages 679-682). " Recollections of my Aunt, Rebecca Gnitz, by 'one of her Nieces'" is the title of a personal description. of Miss Gratz, by the late Mrs. Sara {nl-e Hays) Mordecai, wife of Major Alfred Mordecai, of Philadelphia, (in booklet form — 1893) . A detailed sketch of Rebecca Gratz's career will be found in "Eminent Israelites of the Nineteenth Century," pages 109-112. 150 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. in things Jewish. Her virtues and intellectual attainments set her in a foremost place among the women of this city. Her hospitable home was sought by prominent men and women among Jews and Gentiles who profited by her acquaintance, and who valued her friendship. Miss Hart proved a most efficient Superintendent of the Sunday School, and was an energetic laborer in other institutions. She was first President of the Ladies' Hebrew Sewing Society, in 1838, and in her report in 1840, stated that during the previous year **437 garments had been distributed" among the poor. Miss Hart succeeded her mother in December, 1849, as a Manager of the Female Hebrew Benevolent Society. Her interest in the Jewish Foster Home was none the less manifested. She served in 1869 on the Visiting Committee of the Society of the United Hebrew Charities. Her attachment to Judaism and its precepts, and to the Synagogue was unwavering. She was an entertaining conversa- tionalist, and at home on many subjects. She served as Superinten- dent of the Sunday School until October, 1871, when she declined a re-election. Miss Hart was called hence on May 23d, 1874. (86) Louisa B. Hart was succeeded by a no less untiring worker in Ellen Phillips, a daughter of Zalegman and Arabella {nee Solomons) Phillips. In the roll of sincere and God-fearing women, the name of Ellen Phillips shines forth brilliantly. Inspired by the noblest thoughts, she labored for the weal of young and old throughout her career. At Sunday School and at Charities, she exhibited her earnestness. In many a home she ministered, and dispensed of her bounty. Publicly and privately, she sought to aid the poor, raise the lowly, and implant the knowledge of true Judaism. Pleasant, unostentatious in her manners, and retiring in her ways, her satisfaction was in doing good to others. Her sincere piety and true philanthropy were shown in her love of the House of Worship and in her generous gifts towards the maintenance of the Divine Services. Her bequests to Jewish and to secular institutions exceeded those of any Hebrew in this city; fully $110,000, having been bequeathed by her to worthy causes. Miss Phillips died on February 2d, 1891, mourned by the Jews of Philadelphia, in whose hearts her memory is enshrined as a benefactor. Rebecca Gratz, Louisa B. Hart, and Ellen Phillips are a trio (86) Eeference has already been made to " The Diary and Letters of Louisa B. Hart," edited, with a memoir, by Mary M. Cohen. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 161 of model women whose deeds Israelites may well hold in lasting remembrance. But to these another name must be added — that of Sim' ha Cohen Peixotto; for she seconded the efforts of Miss Gratz, Miss Hart, and Miss Phillips at the outset, and devoted herself to the interests of religion by teaching and writing. A lady of large famili- arity with Jewish history. Miss Peixotto served the cause of religious instruction by her Catechisms, and her explanatory works on Biblical events, which were adopted in numerous schools. For many years she taught an advanced class in Bible History, and also imparted knowledge of the Hebrew language. Like her sisters in faith, she gave time, attention, and sympathy to Hebrew Charities, and even in her old age, felt intense interest in the work of her people. Miss Peixotto was born in the West Indies, and, from her childhood, evinced true religiousness, and unwavering adherence to the tenets and ordinances of Judaism, by word and by deed. She became widely known, and was respected for her qualities and exemplary character. She died on July 27th, 1892, aged eighty-five years. Nathan Weissenstein, a conscientious Israelite, proved an able librarian of the Hebrew Sunday School, and labored earnestly for its welfare. He died, much lamented, at an early age, on August 17th, 1878. After Miss Ellen Phillips's resignation as Superintendent of the Sunday School, in 1886, Miss Amelia J. Allen, an experienced in- structor, was selected to fill the vacancy then existing in the Northern School (it having been previously found necessary to divide the School, owing to the increase of scholars from all sections). Miss Allen still continues to act. This (Northern) Branch, which had held its sessions in different localities, but for many years at the He- brew Education Society's building, on the east side of Seventh Street below Callowhill Street, is now located at Keystone Hall, on the east side of Third Street above Girard Avenue. It is attended by nearly six hundred pupils, there being twenty-eight teachers and assistants. The Southern Branch was started in 1872, and its superintendents have been, in turn. Miss Laura Mordecai, Mrs. J. H. Kahn, Mrs. Simeon H. Newhouse, Miss Miriam Mordecai, Miss Mary M. Cohen, Miss Nina Morais, Mr. David Hoffman, Miss Ida F. Cohen, and Miss Grace M. Newhouse — who fills that oflSce at present. The lamented Mr. David Hoffman had shown earnestness and a true spirit in all his labors; as well for the Hebrew Sunday School 162 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, as for other institutiona among his brethren with which he was affiliated. The Southern Hebrew Sunday School has held sessions at Twelfth and Chestnut Streets, Broad Street above Locust Street, south-west corner of Tenth and South Streets, Christian Street near Eighth Street, Wheatley Dramatic Hall (Fifth and Gaskill Streets) and at 322 Bainbridge Street. Its present location is in the Hebrew Edu- cation Society's new building, south-west corner of Tenth and Car- penter Streets. It reckons about twelve hundred pupils, twenty-one teachers and assistants. Sessions are held every Sunday morning — now even during the summer months — except when a Jewish observ- ance occurs thereon. Infant classes and preparatory classes are maintained in both Northern and Southern Schools ; also classes for special Biblical instruction. Prizes are annually awarded to meritorious scholars, and each year graduates receive diplomas of merit. Explanatory lessons on the Holy Bible are often given at these Schools by the Rev. Dr. S. Morals, who has, for years, volun- tarily directed this teaching. A Sewing School for girls is also in charge of the Managers of this Society. It numbers about three hundred and fifty pupils. Mrs. A. C. Van Beil was the first Superintendent. Mrs. John Moss, Jr., Miss Rebecca Rosenthal, Mrs. Levy L. Hyneman, Mrs. Horace A. Nathans, and Miss Josephine P. Pesoa have been her successors. Miss Pauline Friedman now fills that position. An Association of teachers at the Schools met for eight years (1878-1886). The Fiftieth Anniversary of the Hebrew Sunday School was celebrated with appropriate ceremonies, at the Academy of Music, in this city, on Saturday evening, March 3d, 1888, in the presence of a very large audience. The Reverend Sabato Morals, LL.D., presided, and delivered an historical address, following a Prayer by Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow. Dr. Solomon Solis Cohen spoke on the history of the School. Mayer Sulzberger, Esq., was the orator on that occasion. Mr. (afterwards Postmaster-General) John Wanamaker likewise addressed the audience, and Rev. Dr. Joseph Krauskopf pronounced a Benediction. In addition, instrumental music was rendered by an orchestra, under the direction of Mr. Henry Hahn, and Hymns were sung by hundreds of the pupils who were seated upon the stage. The event will long be remembered. The yearly expenditures of this institution, in October, 1892- THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 153 October, 1893, were $1,947.48. A special fund amounts to $600. The officers of the Hebrew Sunday School Society are: President, Mrs. Isabella H. Rosenbach; Vice-President, Mrs. Washington Lieber ; Treasurer, Mrs. Max Greenbaum ; Secretary, Mrs. Henry Hahn ; Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. Louis Fleisher ; Managers (in addition to the officers) Miss A. L. Tobiason, Mrs. Emanuel Marks, Mrs. Moreau Lieber, Miss Rebecca Moss, Mrs. Jacob Singer, Miss Minnie Mayer, Miss H. Davidson, Mrs. Abraham Hirsh, Mrs. Eva Coon|^ and Miss Louise de Casseres. 154 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. CHAPTER XXV. Educational and Industkial. — The Hebrew Education So- ciety — Its Early Labors and Subsequent Development — Its Present Diversified Work in Different Quarters- Special Features — Management. Educational and Charitable— The Young Womei|'s Union AND What it Accomplishes— A Popular Institution. Hebrew Education Society. **The world is saved by the breath of school children." "Jeru- salem was destroyed because the instruction of the young was neg- lected." — These two sayings of ancient Rabbins show clearly in what high favor education was regarded in days of old. But when industrial pursuits were considered, the Sages were still more em- phatic, as witness the following maxim : ' ' He who teaches his son no trade fits him, as it were, to become a thief. ' ' The Talmudical volumes are replete with utterances about the importance of knowl- edge and the dignity of labor. Many of the Rabbins themselves were workmen, at the same time being teachers of the people. By speech and by example, they led the multitudes aright, and taught them that conformity to the Divine Law must be shown by acting and by doing. Self-dependence was likewise impressed upon the people thus: "Strip a carcass on the public streets and receive wages (i. e., a livelihood), and say not, 'I am a priest, I am a man of distinction.' " To implant the seeds of real progress in the Jewish community, and to promote mental and physical culture are the aims of the Hebrew Education Society in its several departments and spheres of action. Called into existence mainly to keep alive the study of the Hebrew language— that iron link ever connecting the Jewish past with the Jewish present — it still adheres to that purpose, while its work has been enlarged and its objects broadened. This Society dates its origin from the year 1847. It was conceived, like many others, by Rev. Isaac Leeser, who summoned to his assistance lay- men possessing energy and enthusiasm. It was incorporated by the Pennsylvania Legislature, on April 7th, 1849. At the preliminary meeting, held on Sunday morning, March 7th, 1847, Mr. Zadok A. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 155 Davis acted as Chairman, and Mr. Simon M. Klasser as Secretary. At the first regular meeting of the Society, held on July 16th, 1848, the following officers were elected as its first Board: President, Solo- mon Solis; Vice-President, Simon Elfelt; Treasurer, Abraham Hart; Secretary, Zadok A. Davis; Assistant Secretary, Simon M. Klasser; Directors, Abraham S. Wolf, Hyman Polock, Moses A. Dropsie, Marcus Cauffman, Julius Stern, H. Van Beil, Jacob Langsdorf, Moses Nathans, Lewis I. Cohen, Joseph Newhouse, Rev. Isaac Leeser, and Alfred T. Jones. Such a Directory, embracing wpll- known men and active workers, was worthy of the task. Mr. Solis, as President, labored earnestly for the cause, and continued in office until his decease, in 1854. Mr. Hart, the Treasurer, filled that position for a lengthy period, and rendered many valuable services. The first School of this Society was opened at the hall of the Phoenix Hose Company on Zane (now Filbert) Street, between Seventh and Eighth Streets, on Monday, April 7th, 1851. There, instruction was oflfered in secular branches; also in the Hebrew, Latin, French, and German languages. There were 22 pupils at the start, but in a month later the number had been increased to 63. The Hebrew Sunday School also held its sessions at the same building; and when the Hebrew Education Society moved to another locality, on the east side of Seventh Street below Callow- hill Street (where a church edifice was purchased and altered for its uses), on November 12th, 1854, the Sunday School accompanied it there. (87) Regular sessions were held by the Education Society's school five days weekly — excepting on the Jewish Festivals and Holy Days, and during a part of the summer. At one time there were nearly a hundred and seventy pupils— girls and boys — in regu- lar attendance at this pay school. The advanced branches taught in the higher classes enabled the Society to secure permission from the Board of Public Education to be placed upon an equal footing with the Public Grammar Schools, in regard to promotions to the Girls' Normal School, and the Boys' Central High School. In 1878, however, a change became necessary; the Society there- (87) The dedication services were distinguished by the participation therein of Eev. Isaac Leeser and Moses A. Dropsie, Esq., who delivered addresses; the Eev. Dr. S. Morais, who oflered the opening Prayer ; Rev. Gabriel Pap^, Rev. Jacob Frankel, and Rev. Lazarus Naumburg, who chanted a number of Psalms in the Hebrew language. The Committee of Arrangements embraced Messrs. Mayer Arnold, Abraham Hart, and Lazarus J. Lebermao. 156 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. after and for some time confining its labors to Hebrew instruction. In addition to the school on Seventh Street, another was opened on March 3d, 1878, in the vestry- room of the "Ben4 Israel" (Children of Israel) Congregation, on Fifth Street above Catharine Street, in order to afford instruction to children of down- town Israelites. A third school was opened at the north-west corner of Marshall Street and Girard Avenue, October 12th, 1879. This was subsequently (June 1st, 1882) united with that on Seventh Street, at the Society's re-oaodelled building. The missionary work of the Society received an extraordinary impetus when it located a Hebrew School in Port Richmond — a north-eastern suburb of this city — on December 28th, 1879, in a district largely inhabitated by Hebrew^s, in need of edu- cation and culture. A Sewing School for girls was added in Sep- tember, 1880, meeting at 624 Wayne Street. The operations were thus extended, and necessity demanded larger facilities. Hence, the Society purchased the houses 2854, 2856, and 2858 Lark Street, in the same locality, and placed there in 1883 a new feature, viz., two industrial schools where cigar-making and carpenter work were taught to classes of boys and men. These being successful, other industrial schools were started in June, 1886, at the Seventh Street building. At these schools, iron filing and chipping, carpenter work, garment- cutting, frame manufacturing, and cigar- making were in- troduced. The work at Seventh Street, however, was discontinued with the sale of the property there, in January, 1889, and the Society finally concentrated its main work in the southern section of this city, where the bulk of the Jewish population is found, and where it has vastly increased since 1882. After locating its southern Hebrew school for awhile at Wheatley Hall, corner of Fifth and Gaskill Streets; at 316 South Fourth Street, and elsewhere, the Howard Building, at 322 Bainbridge Street, was leased, and there the work continued steadily until December 14th, 1891, when the first school met at the new and commodious building, furnished with conveniences of various kinds, at the south-west corner of Tenth and Carpenter Streets. This building, which, with the property, cost about $50,000, was dedicated with suitable exercises on Thursday afternoon (Thanks- giving Day), November 26th, 1891; the Rev. Dr. S. Morais offer- ing the Dedicatory Prayer; Moses A. Dropsie, Esq., delivering an address, and choral and instrumental music being rendered. The THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 157 exterior of this structure is of Moorish design ; brick, trimmed with gray stone. There are three stories and a basement. In these are found apartments for manual training, mechanical work, secular, Hebrew, and religious instruction ; meeting rooms, and other depart- ments, besides an extensive bath, showers, etc., which latter are largely patronized in the warmer weather. The auditorium, on the first floor, has a seating capacity of more than six hundred and is quite attractive. The building is named "Touro Hall," in memory of Judah Touro, the renowned American- Jewish philanthropist, who bequeathed to the Society the sum of $20,000. This institution has also reason to remember, with deep gratitude. Miss Ellen Phillips, for her munificent bequest of $15,000. A bronze tablet, in the main hall, bears this inscription : "In memory of Miss Ellen Phillips — a kind friend and generous benefactress of this Society. Her un- stinted and unsectarian charity and long- continued labors in the religious education of youth add her name to the distinguished roll of the women of Israel who have ennobled humanity." The sum of $200 per month is received by the Society from the Baron Maurice de Hirsch Trust and this aids its good work. The present structure is heated by steam throughout. Quarters are found therein for the Southern Hebrew Sunday School ; the Employment Bureau of the United Hebrew Charities' Auxiliary Branch; the Baron Maurice de Hirsch Trust Agency ; the Southern Branch of the l^oung Men's Hebrew Association; and other institutions. A busy hive of activity may be witnessed there on most evenings of each week throughout the year. The character and extent of the labors in this section are, in fact, immeasurable, and they must be seen to be realized. The Hebrew School is taught by Mr. Marcus E. Lam, and numbers about sixty girls and boys. English classes for minors and adults of both sexes are attended by about two hundred and twenty-five pupils; the instructors being Miss Mary Goldstein, Miss Kate Rosenstein, Miss Mabel Lyon, and Mr. Bernard Harris. A Kindergarten haa been opened, with Miss Mary Goldstein as teacher. The dress- making school is in charge of Miss Celia Abrahams and Miss Sophie Bene- dict. Mr. A. Koshland instructs boys and men in the cigar school, days and evenings; Mr. Adolph Lowenthal teaches scholars in the garment-cutting school. There is also a carpenter shop, in charge of Mr. H. Eisner. About one hundred and fifty pupils constitute the 158 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. average attendance at these industrial schools. A work-shop for unemployed women has recently been started in the same building, under the auspices of a number of public-spirited Israelites. The Education Society's reading-room is frequented by numerous persons. Notwithstanding the enlarged sphere of work thus entered upon, this Society's interests in other sections have not been allowed to suifer. A Hebrew and religious school is maintained, with upwards of one hundred pupils, at 1204 Germantown Avenue, in the Northern district, Miss Evelyn Bomeisler being the teacher; also another Hebrew and religious school (but no longer the Industrial Schools) at 2856 and 2858 Lark Street, Port Richmond, with about sixty pupils; Mr. Isaac Husik being the teacher there. Thus, the Society is affording instruction in different ways to hun- dreds of persons ; the admissions to all its schools, in a single year, having exceeded sixteen hundred. The career of the Hebrew Education Society has been, in fact, one of ceaseless activity. In addition to its schools, the Rev. Dr. S. Morals has, at different periods, gratuitously instructed classes under its auspices. Dr. Morals was, for many years, a director of this Society, and he has been among its foremost advocates from the start. = The Presidents, who succeeded each other, were as follows: Solomon Soils, 1848-1854; Abraham S. Wolf, 1854-1862; Moses A. Drop- sie, 1J62-1870; Isidore Binswanger, 1870-1878; Abraham Adler, 1878-1879 (died during his term); Isaac Rosskam, 1879-1889; Moses A. Dropsie, 1889-1892; Moyer Fleisher, since 1892. =The Secretaries have been Zadok A. Davis, Simon M. Klasser, Moses A. Dropsie, A. I. H. Bernal, Rev. Isaac Leeser, Alfred T. Jones, Michael M. Allen, (Abraham Finzi then being Assistant Secre- tary); Jonathan M. Emanuel, Lewis M. Allen, Edwin W. Arnold, Dr. Jacob Da Silva Solis Cohen, Aaron Lazarus, Samuel Hecht, Aaron Lichten, and David Sulzberger — the present efficient and in- defatigable Secretary, who has served continuously since 1876, and to whom this Society owes much for its present standing in the com- munity. In the long history of the Hebrew Education Society, Jewish men and women, some of whom have risen to high distinction, have been among the teachers at its schools. Of these, there may be mentioned. Rev. Lazarus Naumburg, Michael M. Allen, Miss Evelyn Bomeisler, Miss Clara Esther Weil (afterwards the wife of the Rev. Dr. S. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 169 Morals), Rev. Jacob Mendes Da Solla, Edward H. Weil, the well- known lawyer ; Michael Heilprin, a man of remarkable attainments, afterwards an associate editor of Appleton's "American Cyclopaedia;" Rev. Simon C. Noot, Rev. Isaac Noot, Mayer Sulzberger, the lawyer and litterateur ; Rev. L. Buttenwieser, 'Hayim Polauo, Miss E. Phillips, Miss Esther Davidson, Miss Julia B. Eckstein, Miss Charity Solis Cohen, Elias Braunschweig, Dr. Solomon Solis Cohen, Marcus Eliezer Lam, Dr. Cyrus Adler, Henry S. Morais, Dr. Moses De Ford, Dr. Charles D. Spivak, George S. Seldes, Isaac Husik, and Miss Corinne B. Arnold. Among those not Israelites, who superin- tended the pay school while on Seventh Street, were Eugene Smyth and William H. Williams — the latter a gentleman of intellect, who won respect by his method and his manner. Miss Marion Monachesi, Miss E. J. Wright, Miss Wilhelmina Todd, and Miss Anna Murray were among the teachers of English branches. Elias S. Linse, a well-known member of the Hebrew community, was, for a long time, collector for this Society, as well as for other institutions here. The ''Leeser Library," bequeathed to the Maimonides College by Rev. Isaac Leeser, is in charge of the Hebrew Education Society, and is located at its building. Tenth and Carpenter Streets. It comprises many valuable works in numerous departments of study, and has been classified and catalogued by Dr. Cyrus Adler, its Librarian. Mr. Gershon B. Levi is Assistant Librarian. We may fitly conclude this brief sketch of a Society whose place is second to none in the field of good and noble work, by presenting its financial statement for the year 1849 and that for 1893, besides its present Board of officers. In 1849 — receipts, $962.34; expendi- tures, $58.78; balance, $903.56. In the year— March, 1893- March, 1894 — receipts, $10,351.05; expenditures, $9,448.23; balance in the treasury, $902.82. Investments amount to nineteen thousand dollars in all. There are besides a Building Fund of $1,082.31 and a Trust Fund of $550.=The present Directory is as follows: President, Moyer Fleisher; Vice-President, Isaac Ross- kam; Treasurer, Gabriel Blum; Secretary, David Sulzberger; Directors, Louis E. Levy, Joseph J. Snellenburg, Samuel Morais Hyneman, Mrs. Horace A. Nathans, Mrs. Henry S. Louchheim, Louis Eschner, Andrew Kaas, Mrs. Eva Coons, Ephraim Lederer, Henry M. Frank, Edward Wolf, Louis Gerstley, Edwin Wolf, 160 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Mrs. William B. Hackenburg, and Jacob Muhr ; Honorary Member of the Board, Moses A. Dropsie. Young Women's Union. There is not a Jewish institution in Philadelphia that has proved of more value to the public than the Young Women's Union— a branch of the Hebrew Education Society. At 230 Pine Street, in a large house, it maintains a Kindergarten, a Household School, a Shelter for children, a Day Nursery, a selected library, and other features ; each one conspicuous in its work, and evidencing the care and interest displayed by young ladies of the Jewish community in helping unfortunates of their own creed, while their ministrations are, at times, and as circumstances will allow, extended even beyond the circles of their own people. This Union was projected by an untiring young worker, Miss Fanny Binswanger, and a few others, filled with enthusiasm in the cause of good. The first meeting was held on February 5th, 1885, at which the name was selected, and the objects declared to be the education of the immigrant little ones, through whom, it was expected, an influence for good could be extended to the parents. A direct cause of the Union was the increasing tide of Jewish arrivals at this port from benighted countries, mainly Russia, and it was felt that no effort must be spared tending to the well-being — physically and mentally — of at least a portion of a large number. Measures were at once taken to establish headquarters. These were at first located at 238 Pine Street; then at 318 South Fourth Street; subsequently, at 316 South Fourth Street, and since April, 1892, at 230 Pine Street, where an entire house is occupied. The Union started with 15 children on its rolls. Several hundred are now reckoned in its different departments, which hold sessions regularly during each term, while more than seven thousand admis- sions have been recorded in the Day Nursery. Little ones are cared for here, and provided with meals, for a few pennies, while their mothers are at work. Numerous children have also been taken in at the Shelter — a temporary home for orphans, or children of sick parents. Sewing classes, and evening classes for instruction in English branches, are likewise maintained. During the summer season, picnics are given for the children at Fairmount Park, and THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 161 many of them are annually sent to the country, under the auspices of this Union and of the Children' s Country Week Association — a non- sectarian institution. The Union has care of children varying in age from a few months to sixteen or eighteen years, and even older persons; hence, its labors are of a very responsible character. That these labors have been successful, its operations year after year prove beyond question. Miss Diana Hirschler, was, for several years. Superintendent of the Kindergarten. Miss Bertha Hirsch is her successor, with Miss Esther Finkelstein, as Assistant. Miss Leah» Abeles, and a corps of active workers direct the Household School and other branches. Miss Lizzie Freedman is Matron of the House, and has charge of the Shelter and Day Nursery; Miss Martha Dupree being nurse at the latter. Dr. Jacob L. Heller acts as physician. The system in vogue at the Union's Schools is after the most ap- proved and recent methods, and the instruction is imparted by ex- perienced teachers. Hearty and well-deserved encouragement is extended to this excellent Union, and its annual Donation Days, be- sides entertainments given to help on the work, enlist the support of a large public, while its membership roll contains between seven and eight hundred names. A comparison of receipts and expenses for the first year and those from April, 1893, to April, 1894, may be of interest: From 1885 to 1886— receipts, S521.69; expenses, $180.62; from April, 1893, to April, 1894 (with balance) — receipts, $5,851.78; expenses, $5,191.62. Investments amount to $2,000. The Union's ofiicers are : President, Miss Rosena Fels ; Vice- President, Miss Julia Friedberger ; Corresponding Secretary, Miss Clara T. Potsdamer; Recording Secretary, Miss Sarah Weil; Treas- urer, Miss Amelia Bissinger; Executive Board, Miss Alice E. Jas- trow, Miss Estella Goldsmith, Miss Emilie Mandel, Miss Kate Gold- smith, Miss Augusta Selig, Miss Diana Hirschler, Miss Ida Espen, Miss Leah Abeles, Miss Minnie Loeb, and Miss Ella Jacobs. A number of special committees assist the management. -SfcfiW^^^^SafiW- 162 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA CHAPTER XXVI. Literary Societies— Their Early Existence Among Israel- ites OF Philadelphia — The Hebrew Association — The Young Men's Hebrew Association— Its Influential Ef- forts IN Varied Spheres — Its Achievements in Northern AND Southern Districts — Lectures, Entertainments, Classes, Special * Studies, Reading-Room and Library, Gymnasium, etc., etc. Societies of a distinctively literary character have been found among the Hebrews of this city for over half a century. Such as these were often composed of young men and women, who endeavored to promote knowledge by means of lectures delivered by learned Rabbis and laymen; by debates, essays, and other features, through which the members were afforded subjects for study, and thus developed their acquaintance with Hebrew, and, at times, with contemporary literature. A Young Men's Society was started in 1841, and Mr. M. Goldman was President. A Society, bearing the Hebrew name of "Ohab6 Lemudah" (Lovers of Religious Learning), whose ob- ject was the "mutual improvement of its members," was formed in May, 1844. A Hebrew Literary Association, originated in 1850, was presided over by Mr. Lewis Tobiason, and subsequently by Mr. Solomon C. Van Beil. Mr. Herman F. Bachman is mentioned as having been President of a Young Men's Hebrew Literary Associa- tion in October, 1855. He subsequently became Vice-President of the Philadelphia Stock Exchange, and occupied that position until his death, in 1893. In later years, another Hebrew Literary Association — the most recent bearing that name — held fortnightly meetings for a number of years (1881-1888), and the proceedings at these were of an interest- ing as well as of an instructive character. But the attendance gradually lessened, and, after some years, the society disbanded. However, its work was participated in by a few, and its aims would not have been carried out by a large membership, as it would there- by have been compelled to introduce social features, to a degree that might have reduced its literary characteristics to a minimum. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 163 Another literary institution was "The Irving," of which Mr. David Solis Cohen and Mr. Harry B. Sommer were successive presidents. But an association more comprehensive, and whose objects are more diffuse, has succeeded, already for over nineteen years, in hold- ing a large share of attention, and a membership of, at times, over six hundred. It is called the Young Men's Hebrew Association, being but a larger growth of a smaller society, once existing here, and known as the Hebrew Association. This last mentioned was founded by Mr. Nathan Weissenstein, an intelligent and a religious young man, who ably served the Hebrew Sunday School Society as its efficient Librarian, and who recognized the good that might be achieved by a union of Hebrews for literary purposes. That society was organized in a room on Fifth Street above Race Street, with a small membership, which gradually increased until it numbered about fifty or more. Subsequent meetings were held at a hall on Poplar Street above Franklin Street; afterwards at another hall, at the south-east corner of Ninth and Spring Garden Streets. This society received the active assistance of the Rev. Dr. S. Morais, who consented to be its President for awhile. Among those in its ranks were Mr. £.• Walter, a skilful debater; Dr. Lewis W. Steinbach, Mr. Max Kohner, Mr. David Solis Cohen, and others, well known among Israelites. Debates were the regular order, and the meetings were enlivened by interesting, and occasionally by fiery, arguments, on different questions. Lectures were likewise de- livered with frequency, and many an attractive and novel subject was handled by different speakers. The writer, though then quite young, distinctly remembers more than a few of the meetings which he attended. On a certain occasion, a Mr. Pearsall delivered a lecture, in which he gave a clever expose — by means of stories — of Spiritualism. The address was exceedingly entertaining ; but it aroused somewhat the wrath of a certain Professor Rehn, a Spirit- ualist, who was at that time giving a series of seances at Handel and Haydn Hall. He argued against the speaker, and said that he had long been convinced of the truth of Spiritualism. This led to his engagement to speak at a subsequent meeting of the Association. Finally it was decided to call a public meeting, with a view to en- larging the sphere of the Society's work, so that it might appeal to a larger constituency. At that period, Mr. A. Stern was President, and at the meeting (which also constituted a celebration), held in a 164 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. hall, at the south-east corner of Ninth and Spring Garden Streets, Mr. Abraham Hart occupied the chair, and speeches were delivered by the Rev. Dr. S. Morais, Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow, and Rev. George Jacobs. Other meetings followed, and on Wednesday- evening, May 12th, 1875, at Covenant Hall, on Sixth Street below Fairmount Avenue, the present Young Men's Hebrew Association was established. There was some dissatisfaction on the part of those who had originated and managed the Hebrew Association for several years, and not all signified their willingness to join the outgrowth. The new Young Men's Hebrew Association elected as its first offi- cers the following gentlemen : Mayer Sulzberger, President ; Simon B. Fleisher, Vice-President; Herman S. Friedman, Treasurer; Hyman P. Binswanger, Recording Secretary; David Solis Cohen, Corresponding Secretary; Simon Muhr, Lucien Moss, Simon A. Stern, William B. Hackenburg, Charles J. Cohen, Harry B. Som- mer, Harry P. Mawson, Frank Newhouse, and Edmund R. Lyon, Directors. The object of this Association is thus defined in the Preamble to its Constitution and By-Laws : ' * The subscribers, desiring to promote a higher culture among the young men* and to unite them in a liberal organization which shall tend to their moral, intellectual, and social improvement, hereby agree to form the Young Men's Hebrew Association, etc." The principal ways of furthering this object were found in the establishment of a reading-room and a library, contain- ing newspapers, magazines, and periodicals in difierent languages, and an ample supply of books ; by lectures on Jewish and current topics ; by entertainments of a social, musical, dramatic, and literary charac- ter, and by other means which might be suggested from time to time. With these aims in view, the Association rented a suite of rooms in the Spring Garden Institute building, at the north-east cor- ner of Broad and Spring Garden Streets, which were appropriately furnished and became attractive to members and others. At the same time, the Associate Organization, or branch, composed of junior members, between the ages of 16 and 21 years, was organized, and its monthly meetings — still continued — form not the least interesting feature of this Society's work. Dr. Solomon Solis Cohen was the first President of this section. In the course of a few years the quarters were removed to the south-east corner of Broad and Spring Garden Streets. In July, THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 165 1886, the Association removed to the Harrison Building, on the east side of Eighth Street between Spring Garden and Green Streets, where extensive and handsomely arranged rooms were occupied. On June 30th, 1892, the present building at 933 North Broad Street, below Girard Avenue, was rented. It contains numerous rooms, and seems well adapted to the objects of the Association. A parlor, meeting-room, reading-room and library, lecture hall, gym- nasium, and other apartments are all suitably furnished. A large garden in the rear is used, at times, for summer concerts. The rooms are opened nightly, and on certain days of each week throughout the year. The class in athletic exercises has made considerable progress under the tuition of Mr. Leon M. Leopold, and his successor, Mr. Hyman Cohen, who has recently been elected Director of the Gym- nasium. A Ladies' Gymnastic class has also held sessions at the present headquarters. The career of this Association has been one of uninterrupted activity. Numerous entertainments at large halls, ''informal" affairs at its rooms, and lectures on varied subjects by distinguished speakers have marked each season since its incipiency. At times, prizes have been awarded for best essays on chosen subjects. The . fifteenth anniversary was celebrated at St. George's Hall, south-west corner of Thirteenth and Arch Streets, on Monday evening, May 11th, 1890, when, besides music rendered by vocalists and an orchestra, directed by Mr. Henry Hahn, speeches were delivered by Mayer Sulzberger, Esq., President of the Association ; Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow ; and Mr. Perry Frankel, President of the Associate Branch. The membership roll has, at times, contained as many as 619 names, of which number 231 were given as members of the As- sociate Branch. The Library numbers 1450 volumes, embracing historical works, novels, etc., etc. At the rooms up-town and down- town (Tenth and Carpenter Streets) there are dailies, weeklies, and monthlies, in different languages; also chess tables, and other useful » articles. A paper called "The Association Review," was started under the auspices of the Young Men's Hebrew Association, in 1877, and was issued monthly for awhile. In 1881 a bi-monthly magazine, styled " The Association Bulletin," and * 'devoted to the interests of Young Men's Hebrew Associations and kindred societies," was published in this city, but it suspended early in 1883. The Active and Associate 166 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. branches include most of the Association's members. The latter branch has contributed largely to the general progress; a recent feature being an amateur orchestra instituted through the efforts of Mr. David Berlizheimer, in 1888, and now directed by Mr. Marcus Lewin. A monthly publication, ** The Associate," was issued dur- ing 1890 under the direction of several members of the junior branch — Mr. Charles Seligman Bernheimer being Editor-in-chief — from September, 1889, to June, 1890, inclusive. *' The Associate" has since been discontinued. The first number of an ''Annual," called ''The Y. M. H. A. Record," was published during Novem- ber, 1892, and contained articles, illustrations, etc., etc., the occasion being a "Columbian Festival," given by the Association. A Ghanucdh entertainment and a Purim Ball (or Reception) are given annually, on the recurrence of these joyous festivals. The missionary work of this Association, however, is, obviously, in the southern section of this city, where, during several seasons, it has given entertainments, and where its influences have already been shown to marked advantage. It established a small reading-room and library at the Howard Building, 322 Bainbridge Street, from which it subsequently removed to the new building of the Hebrew Education Society. Newspapers, magazines, and books have been placed there for the use of indigent Hebrews who seek culture. A number of entertainments are held each season, at which lectures and other exercises prove successful. Classes for the study of Jewish and American History, etc., etc., also meet. There are signs of a large increase in this direction of the Association's work, and much of its energy will eventually be concentrated at its down- to Wn branch. As regards finances, the Hebrew Association's receipts from No- vember, 1873, to February, 1875, were $146.25; expenditures, $96. 25. The Young Men's Hebrew Association's statement for the year — May, 1893-May, 1894 — gave the receipts, including a bal- ance, at $3,809.70; expenditures, $3,602.49. These gentlemen have successively presided over this Association's affairs ; Mayer Sulzberger, 1875-1878 ; Herman S. Friedman, 1878-1879; Charles J. Cohen, 1879 (resigned shortly after his elec- tion; Harry B. Sommer, 1879-1880; Mayer Sulzberger, 1880 (re- signed after being elected) ; Samuel Morals Hyneman, 1880-1882; Morris H. Pulaski, 1882-1883; Adolph A. Solomon, 1883-1884; Dr. Solomon Solis Cohen, 1884-1885; Mayer Sulzberger, 1885-1890; THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 167 Alfred Curtin Hirsh, since 1890. The present Vice-President is Adolph Eichholz; Recording Secretary, Jacob Bauer; Correspond- ing Secretary, David Kirschbaum ; Treasurer, Edward Wolf ; Man- agers, Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow, Albert Wolf, Jacob Weil, David Werner Amram, Max Herzberg, Ephraim Lederer, Oscar B. Teller, Dr. Lewis W. Steinbach, Mayer Sulzberger, Benjamin W. Fleisher, Jr., Myer Behal, and Dr. Michael V. Ball.=The present officers of the Associate branch are : President, Charles S. Friedman; Vice-President, Isaac Hassler; Recording Secretary, Maurice S. Lewin ; Corresponding Secretary, J. Elkish; Editor, L. Lowenstein. The Associate branch is entitled to representation at' the meetings of the main association, on the basis of one delegate for every ten of its members. The following are among those who have served as Librarians of the Association at different periods : Rev. Jacob Voorsanger, now minister of the Congregation '"Emanu El," of San Francisco, Cali- fornia; Dr. Lewis W. Steinbach, Dr. Moses De Ford, Dr. A. L. Barcus, Mr. Jacob Lychenheim, Dr. Charles D. Spivak, Mr. George S. Seldes, Mr. Benjamin Gordon, and Mr. David Liknaitz — the present incumbent. Librarians at the Southern branch. Dr. Jacob L. Heller, and Mr. Gershon B. Levi. 168 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. CHAPTER XXVII. Other Literary Institutions— Congregational Societies- Smaller Organizations— General Mention. Jewish Chautauqua Department— An Important Movement OF Recent Date. Societies-, whose objects are more contracted than that of the Young Men's Hebrew Association, but, nevertheless, of marked benefit to many, are those attached to different Congregations, viz., Auxiliary Association of Rodeph Shalom, Lyceum of Keneseth Israel, Mickveh Israel Association, and * ' Our Students of Jewish History" of 'Adath Jeshurun Congregation. The first-named has hitherto been mentioned. It occupies the place filled by the Jewish Culture Association, organized October 3d, 1888, and which, for several seasons, did excellent work, under the direction of Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow, now Rabbi-Emeritus of Rodeph Shalom Con- gregation, and a corps of active officers and managers. The new Auxiliary Association has objects very similar to, and even more extended than, the Jewish Culture Association. Rev. Dr. Henry Berkowitz, the Rabbi of the Congregation, is its President, and he devotes time and energy to the work in hand. Meetings and sessions of different sections are held at the Congregation's school- house, 956-962 North Eighth Street, below Girard Avenue, where classes convene. Dr. Berkowitz, Rev. William Lcewenberg, and others lend their assistance as instructors. The "Knowledge Seekers," now the "Lyceum" of Keneseth Israel Congregation, has been previously referred to. It also carries on effective work among its members, embracing young ladies and gentlemen, belonging to that religious body. It was established December 1st, 1887, since which period it has met at stated times in the Congregation's building. Formerly, members wrote and read resumes of articles in magazines, and these were discussed at the meet- ings. Lectures and classes on special topics are now features, besides public meetings and entertainments, a gymnasium, and a " Lyceum Weekly," conducted by Rev. Joseph Leonard Levy, Associate THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 169 Minister of the Congregation. The library contains newspapers, periodicals, and numerous books on a variety of subjects, including history, literature, science, art, religion, etc., etc. Miss Jennie Gerson is Librarian. At this Society's meetings, the first steps were taken towards the establishment of the present Jewish Publication Society of America. The ** Lyceum" Committee is as follows: Director, Rev. J. L. Levy; Chairman, Leon Dalsheimer; Alfred M. Klein, Charles S. Bern- heimer, Daniel Merz, Jacob Weil, Max Herzberg, and Joseph Hagedorn. The Committee on Library embraces Joseph R. Teller, Chairman; Dr. Joseph Krauskopf, Arnold Kohn, Daniel Merz, Solomon Blumenthal, and L. M. Leberman. The Mickveh Israel Association — named after the Congregation from whose midst it emanated — has, in a single year, evidenced its usefulness which is extended beyond the circle of this Congregation. Its work of instruction is done by means of lectures and classes in special studies, to which allusion has been made in a preceding chapter. The membership has largely increased in a comparatively brief space of time. "Our Students of Jewish History" is a literary organization connected with the 'Adath Jeshurun Congregation. It was insti- tuted some few years since, but has shown more activity within a year. Meetings are held on alternate Tuesday evenings, in the school- rooms of the Synagogue; the object being the study of Jewish history in a broad sense, and, with it, "the study of Jewish character as delineated in noted literary productions." Entertainments are given at different times, and a dramaticf circle has been established. This Society has the valuable assistance of Rev. Henry Iliowizi, Minister of the 'Adath Jeshurun Congregation^. Its aims are broad, and its scope and membership are extended beyond the immediate circle of the Congregation. The officers are: President, Isaac Hassler; Vice-President, Solo- mon Bacharach ; Secretary and Treasurer, Miss Estelle Stamm ; Literary Committee, Marcus Bacharach, Miss Rose Hassler, Miss Laura Hamberg, Miss Pauline Hamberg, Miss Estelle Stamm, Solo- mon Bacharach, Joseph Green, and Isaac Hassler. 170 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. The " Entre Nous Literary and Social Club" was established in recent years, with objects indicated by its lull name. Its present quarters are at 1217 North Eighth Street, above Girard Avenue, where meetings are held, at which recitations and debates are inter- spersed with social features. The Club's officers are : President, Isaac R. Heidelberger ; Vice-Presidents, Abraham S. Pyke and Isaac Levy; Treasurer, M. Friedman; Recording Secretary, I. Brandeis; Corresponding Secretary, Sigmund Alexander; Correspondent, H. Sundheim; Critic, A. Koshland ; Associate Critic, E. Frank; Direc- tors, M. Behrend and B. Alexander. The members are all young men of the Jewish persuasion. The "Forum," another club, with literary and social objects, meets at 714 Poplar Street. Its present officers are: President, Daniel Liebman ; Vice-President, Philip Shellmach ; Financial Sec- retary, Herman Gross ; Corresponding Secretary, Samuel Metzel ; Treasurer, Jacob C. Kuhn; Critic, Paul Kirstein; Trustees, Samuel Wolff, Paul Kirstein, and Harry Adler. The Young Women's Arena Club is the name borne by a society originated in 1893, and whose aim is to afford education and amuse- ment to females in humble circumstances. This aim is mainly carried out by means of lectures and entertainments in southern sections of this city. Sessions of the club are held weekly during each season, at 230 Pine Street, and those having charge labor earnestly to pro- mote its commendable objects. Miss Diana Hirschler is President; Miss Gazelle Heller, Vice-President; Miss Lena Schattenstein, Sec- retary ; Miss Kathryn Goldsmith, Treasurer. * * Montefiore Social" is the name of a society in Atlantic City, established in March, 1894. Its object is "to cultivate literary tastes, hold weekly entertainments, and provide a source of enjoy- ment for the guests of its members during the summer. ' * Of the smaller literary societies, now, or at one time, in existence, the following may be mentioned : Leeser — established April 10th, 1881 ; Disraeli— January, 1883 ; Whittier— November 28th, 1884; THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 171 "The Literary"— January, 1886; Longfellow— January 15th, 1888; and Tennyson — all of which combined social, and, occasionally, dra- matic entertainments. The Grace Aguilar Literary Society, originated in October, 1885, held fortnightly meetings at halls, and worked successfully for several years; its members being of both sexes. For a number of years, the Hillel Literary and Dramatic Asso- ciation — originated in 1874, and taking its appellation from Hillel, the name borne by several ancient Hebrew sages of great renown — flourished in this city, and was, perhaps, the most prominent of the smaller associations; contributing by its meetings, its entertainments, and its publication — in the form of a paper called " Hillel Scraps," issued on special occasions, and reflecting the literary efforts of its members — towards intellectual progress in the community. How- ever, it finally succumbed to reverses, and in later years it has only had a remembrance by an annual gathering of some who were iden- tified with it, and who celebrate the anniversary of its institution by a banquet. Most of the above societies, located in up- town districts, labored in prescribed spheres, and mainly for the instruction or amusement of those within their own circles. Institutions of a somewhat similar character have also sprung forth in the southern section of this city, as will be shown in a succeeding chapter. Jewish Chautauqua Department. What gives promise of being an important educational factor had its inception in this city during the spring of 1893. The Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle is the name of an institution, whose centre is at Chautauqua, New York. For twenty years it has been known as a system for popularizing instruction, by means of readings, correspondence, lectures at headquarters, and in other ways. The work, however, is largely done by readers themselves, and for them- selves, at their own homes or in circles. It has grown and spread far and wide ; both in its elementary and in its special courses of 172 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. instruction. The general course is of four years' standing, and on its completion a diploma of merit is awarded. The importance of this Chautauqua movement is becoming more recognized every year, and, with a view to offering its advantages to the Jewish public. Rev. Dr. Henry Berkowitz earnestly urged the matter before Jewish Literary Societies ; and at a meeting held, April 18th, 1893, measures were agreed on for establishing a de- partment of Jewish studies in connection with the system. The project has been favorably acted upon, and has met with the hearty co-operation of the leaders in the general movement. The new Department (or rather the addition of Jewish features) embraces a Young Folks' Reading Course; a Normal Course for Jewish Teachers ; a Course in Jewish Literature ; a Special Course for Immigrants; a Special Course in Hebrew, by the Correspond- ence Method; and a Course in Jewish History (the first part of which has just been published, and includes a period commencing with the return of the Jews from Babylon to the opening of the Christian era — this being the first year's course). The second part of the same course in Jewish history (or second year's course) will extend to the destruction of the Second Holy Temple (70 A. C. E.). Later on, a new English translation of that sublime ethical work, Pirhe Ahoth ("Sayings of the Fathers"), with annotations, will be added to the studies. The existing Chautauqua Special Courses are also open to all. Each year's course is complete in itself; but a definite course covers four years. The nominal fee of fifty cents annually is charged for membership. Books required may be pur- chased, or obtained from libraries. "The Chautauquan," a literary monthly, is specially devoted to the interests of the movement gene- rally, and contains articles and papers on varied subjects. The Chautauqua system commends itself, particularly to busy people, and 210,000 readers, it is stated, have joined the Circle since 1878. The outlook for the Jewish Department is encouraging, and circles have already been organized in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and elsewhere. The Committe on Organization of this Branch is com- posed of Rev. Dr. Henry Berkowitz, Chairman; Rev. Dr. Joseph Krauskopf, Dr. Lewis W. Steinbach, Dr. Solomon Solis Cohen, Mayer Sulzberger, Isaac Feinberg, Simon Miller, Max Herzberg, and Clinton O. Mayer, Secretary. Dr. Berkowitz has general charge, and Isaac Hassler is Corresponding Secretary. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 173 CHAPTER XXVIII. The Study of Hebrew Literature— How it is Promotei>^ National. Institutions— Jewish Publication Societies— Their History and Products — The Present Society — Its Scope and Extensive Work— Books Published The American Jewish Historical Society Daughters in Israel National Council of Jewish Women. Not unseldom is the assertion heard that Hebrew " is a dead lan- guage." Determined from the standpoint of a spoken tongue, this assertion may be both agreed to and denied. • The Hebrew language* while not used to any very great extent as a means of communica- tion, yet does, and always will, remain a peculiar treasure to the people who are its appointed custodians, and by whom it is often employed in conversation ; especially by those who dwell in, or hail from. Eastern and Southern Europe, while in a certain few sections of Asia, where the Jewish population nearly predominates, the lan- guage is said to be almost as commonly spoken as the vernacular. Besides this, it is written extensively. But what furnishes the most powerful evidence of its preservation is the fact of its being the lan- guage of Prayer in Synagogues universally. Its influence on the Hebrew race in keeping up the identity of God's chosen people is immeasurable. A Jew may go to any part of the habitable globe, and, with the Hebrew language at his call, or even with a few words thereof, find a welcome wherever any of his brethren exist. It is, indeed, the Living Word— the mighty bond that unites Jew and Jew wherever the dispersion has forced them. The Hebrew literature is exceptionally rich. Beginning with the ages in which- the different Books of the Holy Bible were written, and continuing through post-Biblical times down to the compilation of the Mishnah (the Oral Law) in the third century, and the Gemard (the voluminous commentaries thereon, containing, however, count- less foreign words), with collateral works — completed about the end of the fifth century of the Christian era, during the Middle Ages, and to the present day, the contributions to Hebrew literature have formed an almost unbroken link, and have rendered it an inexhaustible 174 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. mine from which the deep student is constantly digging out priceless gems. It has even been said that every subject within the range of human knowledge — including questions that have only in very modern times been developed — formed subjects of discussion in the ancient Rabbinical writings or in those of later centuries. Not a small cause of the anti-Semitic agitation in the Middle Ages, which has its reflex to-day in Germany, France, and other countries, boast- ing of their enlightenment and of their culture, are the prominence and predominance of the Hebrews in literary, educational, scholastic, and journalistic affairs. The number of Jewish professors at uni- versities and colleges is constantly on an increase. The ranks of journalism are being filled with descendants of Jacob. And all this, irrespective of their position in other departments, not allied to those dependent upon»mental training. While the Hebrews have a distinctive literature of their own, they have also the vehicles for conveying a knowledge of this far and wide. Publications such as annuals, semi-annuals, quarterlies, monthlies, fortnightlies, weeklies, and even dailies abound in Europe and in the East. Many are printed in Hebrew; others in jargon, or Juedisch Deutsch (to this day a means of communication among tens of thousands of those who originally emigrated to Russia, Poland, Germany, and Austria). Numerous periodicals, however, are issued in the vernacular of the countries in which the " Dispersed of Judah" have taken up their residence. In America, and more particularly in the United States, all three languages are employed, viz. , Hebrew, the jargon, and English; but the English is used by about fifteen Jewish weeklies, a monthly — the ''Menorah" (published in New York City); a quarterly, ''The Magnet" (issued in Atlanta, Georgia); and an annual, ''The American Jews' Annual" (at Cincinnati, Ohio). These publications circulate in different cities of the Union. The study of the Hebrew language not being carried on as exten- sively as in former ages, the second best means has been adopted for perpetuating the literature, and encouraging writers to contribute thereto, viz., by the issuance of books and booklets, either as trans- lations, or as new productions in the English language. This again has led to the formation of Jewish Publication Societies. In Eng- land, the Jewish Association for the Diffusion of Religious Knowl- edge, the Society of Hebrew Literature, and other institutions of a THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 175 like character have brought forth works of real and permanent value, varying from small pamphlets to thick volumes. In addition to these, Jewish writers, both in England and in America, have not hesitated to contribute productions of substantial value, and indi- vidually assume the expense of their publication. Thus, it will be seen that activity has existed also in this sphere. The first Jewish Publication Society in the United States, of which we have any record, was established in Philadelphia, November 9th, 1845, after meetings held for that purpose in 1844, and at which meas- ures towards effecting an organization were adopted. Its officers were as follows: President, AbrahamHart; Vice-Presidents, Henry Cohen and David Samuel ; Treasurer, Joseph L. -Moss ; Recording Secre- tary, Alfred T. Jones; Corresponding Secretary, Rev. Isaac Leeser; Trustees, John Moss, Mayer Arnold, and Gratz Etting ; Managers, Hyman Gratz, Lazarus Arnold, Louis Bomeisler, Leon Hyneman, Elias P. Levy, and Abraham S. Wolf Rev. Isaac Leeser intro- duced a number of Jewish writers before the American public, amongst whom was the renowned Miss Grace Aguilar, an Anglo- Jewish authoress whose charming works of romance as well as of history and of religion, augured a brilliant career, alas, cut short at an early age. Mr. Leeser, foremost in all Jewish matters, earnestly urged the formation of a Publication Society in his monthly, " The Occident." The result was afterwards shown, and during some years the above-named American Jewish Publication Society, under Mr. Hart's efficient direction, and with a Publication Committee, embracing Messrs. Leeser, Hart, and Solomon Solis, proved itself worthy of general encouragement and practical support. = An Aux- iliary Society was also organized in Richmond, Virginia. The following works were first issued or re-produced by this Society at different periods, and widely disseminated : " Caleb Asher;" ** Hebrew Tales," by Professor Hyman Hurwitz; "The Prophet's Daughter," by Mrs. Marion Hartog; '* Memoirs of Moses Mendelssohn," etc., by M. Samuels; **The Path of Israel," in three parts, translated from the French novel, Le Sentier D' Israel, of J. Ennery, of Strasbourg, by A. I. H. Bernal, Hebrew teacher of the Congregation Mickv^h Israel, qf Philadelphia— this work being a descriptive history of the Holy Bible; "Days of Old," by 176 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Charlotte Elizabeth (Mrs. Tonna); "Rachel Levy;" "The Jews and their Religion," by Rev. Isaac Leeser; "Patriarchal Times," a romance of the Patriarchs, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and others of their descendants, by Miss Adelaide O'Keefe; "The Perez Family," and **The Spirit of Judaism" — the last two being from the pen of Grace Aguilar. Subsequently, this Society disbanded. It had met with severe losses from a fii^e, which occurred on the night of December 27th, 1851, and destroyed Mr. Abraham Hart's large building, at the north-east corner of Sixth and Chestnut Streets, w^herein, among other property, nearly all the works published by this Society were stored, and on which there was no insurance. After that untoward event, there seems to have been no revival of interest, and not until 1871 was another attempt put forth which resulted in the organi- zation of a society with a similar name, but with headquarters in New York City. Leopold Bamberger was President; Benjamin I. Hart and Myer Stern, Vice-Presidents; Edw^ard Morrison, Honorary Secretary; Arnold Tanzer, Treasurer; together with four directors, a Publication Committee of five members, a General Agent, and Honorary Vice-Presidents in different cities of the United States. Among this Society's publications was a translation from the German of the fourth volume of Professor Dr. Hirsch Graetz's famous "History of the Jews," in eleven volumes. Rev. James K. Gutheim, a Jewish minister and scholar, at New Orleans, Louisiana, was the translator of this volume, which embraced the period of history, ' ' from the downfall of the Jewish State to the conclusion of the Talmud." This was follow- ed by "Jewish Family Papers; or Letters of a Missionary," translated from the German of Dr. Wilhelm Herzberg, by Rev. Dr. Frederic de Sola Mendes, of New York City; and ''Hebrew Characteristics," a volume of miscella- neous papers, embracing translations by William Lewis, from the German, of "Extracts from Jewish Moralists (from the eleventh to the fifteenth century)," by Dr. Leopold Zunz; "Jewish Marriage in Post- Biblical Times," by Dr. Joseph Perles, and "On Interment of the Dead in Post- Biblical Judaism — a study in archseology, " also by Dr. Joseph Perles. This Society, however, did not receive the necessary support, and was eventually compelled to abandon its labors. From that occurrence (1875) until 1888, no publication society THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 177 among Jews was established here, and those persons who produced works of instruction and interest to Jews in particular, were more than once discouraged by financial losses or by an insignificant return iov their labor. The present Jewish Publication Society, which, with its three thousand members throughout the country, gives promise of better results, was organized in this city at a convention held at Touro Hall (in a building formerly belonging to the Hebrew Education Society), then on Seventh Street below Callowhill Street, Sunday afternoon and evening, June 3d, 1888. It was first sug- gested by Rev. Dr. Joseph Krauskopf, preacher of Keneseth Israel Congregation, at a meeting of the ** Knowledge Seekers," now the ''Lyceum," which Society took steps, in January, 1888, towards obtaining the co-operation of Jewish congregations and associations generally. At the Convention in June many distinguished repre- sentatives were present from near and far. Honorable Simon W. Rosendale, of Albany, New York, presided, and Adolph Eichholz, Esq., of Philadelphia, acted as Secretary. A Constitution was adopted, the objects of the Society being defined thus: ''(1) To publish works on the religion, literature, and history of the Jews; (2) to foster original work by Am'erican scholars on these subjects." The first ofiScers were: Morris Newburger, of Philadelphia, Presi- dent; Jacob H. Schiff*, Rev. Dr. Gustav Gottheil, both of New York City, Bernhard Bettman, of Cincinnati, and Leo N. Levi, of Galveston, Texas, Vice-Presidents; Herman S. Friedman, of Phila- delphia, Treasurer; Rev. Dr. Joseph Krauskopf, of Philadelphia, Recording Secretary; Miss Mary M. Cohen, of Philadelphia, Corre- sponding Secretary; Ephraim Lederer, of Philadelphia, Assistant Secretary ; an Executive Committee of tw enty members, and a Pub- lication Committee of nine members. The Society meets in Conven- tion biennially; the second having been held at Mercantile Hall (on Franklin Street above Parish Street), Sunday afternoon, June 8th, 1890; the third, on Sunday afternoon, June 5th, 1892, at the same hall; and the fourth, on Sunday afternoon, May 13th, 1894, also at the same hall. The present directory of the Society is as follows : President, Morris Newburger, of Philadelphia ; Vice-Presidents, Dr. Henry M. Leipziger, of New York City ; Harris Weinstock, of Sacramento, California; Solomon Blumenthal, of Philadelphia; and Marcus Bernheimer, of St. Louis, Missouri ; Treasurer, Morris Dannenbaum, 12 178 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. of Philadelphia ; Recording Secretary, Rev. Dr. Joseph Kraus- kopf, of Philadelphia ; Corresponding Secretary, Miss Ella Jacobs, of Philadelphia; Assistant Secretary, Charles Seligman Bern- heimer, of Philadelphia. The Executive Committee now embraces Dr. Cyrus Adler, Washington, D. C. ; Marcus Bernheimer, St. Louis ; Solomon Blumenthal, Philadelphia ; Rev. Henry Cohen, Galveston, Texas ; Morris Dannenbaum, Philadelphia ; Henry C. Ezekiel, Cincinnati; Julius J. Frank, New York; Dr. A. Frieden- wald, Baltimore; Daniel Guggenheim, New York; Daniel P. Hays, New York; Rev. Dr. Max Heller, New Orleans, Louisiana; Albert F. Hochstadter, New York; Miss Ella Jacobs, Philadelphia; Rev. Dr. Joseph Krauskopf, Philadelphia ; Dr. Henry M. Leipziger, New York; Simon W. Rosendale, Albany, New York; Mrs. Henry Solomon, Chicago; Rev. Joseph Stolz, Chicago; Mayer Sulzberger, Philadelphia; Simon Wolf, Washington, D. C. ; and Harris Wein- stock, Sacramento, California. The Publication Committee consists of Mayer Sulzberger, Chair- man, Philadelphia; Dr. Cyrus Adler, Washington, D. C. ; Dr. Solomon Solis Cohen, Philadelphia; Rev. Dr. B. Felsenthal, Chicago ; Dr. Charles Gross, Cambridge, Massachusetts ; Dr. Abram S. Isaacs, New York; Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow, Phila- delphia ; Rev. Dr. Joseph Krauskopf, Philadelphia ; Rev. Dr. Max Landsberg, Rochester, New York ; Dr. Henry M. Leipziger, New York; Simon A. Stern, Philadelphia; and Miss Henrietta Szold, Secretary, Baltimore. The ''Michael Heilprin Memorial (Permanent) Fund" of this Society, established to honor the memory of a lamented scholar and philanthropist, and to which Mr. Jacob H. Schiff and Mr. Meyer Guggenheim each contributed $5,000, and Mr. and Mrs. Morris Newburger, $500, in memory of their son, Morton McMichael Newburger, now amounts in all — together with a legacy of Mr. J. D. Bernd, of Pittsburg, amounting to $475, life memberships, and miscellaneous donations — to $16,450. The receipts (May, 1892-May, 1894) were, including a previous balance, $31,159.65; expenditures, $28,061.15; balance in the treasury, $3,098.50, of which amount $2,978.50 are deposited in the general fund, and $120 in the permanent fund, besides the "Memorial Fund," above men- tioned. There are, at the present writing, 3234 members in all, in different parts of the United States, Canada, and England. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 179 The office of this Society, formerly at 714 Market Street, is at present situated at 1015 Arch Street, Philadelphia. Branch So- cieties have been instituted in a number of cities. The Jewish Publication Society of America has thus far issued the following works: 1890 — * 'Outlines of Jewish History," from B. C. E. 586 to A. C. E. 1890, by Lady Kate Magnus, revised by M. Friedl?ender, Ph.D., and supplemented by three chapters on the Hebrews in North America, etc. , written specially by others. This work has, as a frontispiece, a map representing the Holy Temple at Jerusalem, as rebuilt by Herod I. 1890 — "Think and Thank," an illustrated tale for the young, narrating in romantic form the boy- hood of Sir Moses Montefiore, by Samuel W. Cooper. 1891 — ''History of the Jews," by Professor Dr. H. Graetz — Volume I, from the earliest period to the death of Simon the Maccabee (135 B. C. E.), translated by Bella Lowy. 1893— Volume II of the above work — period, from the reign of Hyrcanus (135 B. C. K ) to the completion of the Babylonian Talmud (500 A. C. E.). 1894 — Volume III of the same work — period, from the Revolt against the Zendik (511 A. C. E.) to the Capture of St. Jean D'Acre by the Mahometans (1291 A. C. E.). This translation into English of an abridged edition of the larger work in eleven volumes, without including the notes, will be published here in five volumes (the fourth volume is now in press), similar to the edition being issued in London, England, under the especial patronage of Mr. Frederic D. Mocatta, a noted Jewish scholar and philanthropist. Other works issued by the same Society: 1891 — "Rabbi and Priest," a story by Milton Goldsmith, of Philadelphia, who has demon- strated his ability in prose and in poetical writings. 1892 — "Some Jewish Women," by the late Dr. Henry Zirndorf, of Cincinnati, who pictures female characters in the Apocrypha and in later post- Biblical ages. 1892 — "Children of the Ghetto," being pictures of a peculiar people, in two volumes, by Israel Zangwill, of London, England. This remarkable work of fact and fancy has been widely noticed, and extensively read. 1893 — "Sabbath Hours," thoughts by the late Dr. Liebman Adler, of Chicago; this being a series of fifty-four sermons for as many Sabbaths of each year, translated from the German language. This work is dedicated "to the faith- ful keepers of the Perpetual Light of Jewish feeling and practice — the Jewish Women." 1894 — "Papers of the Jewish Women's 180 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Congress, held at Chicago, September 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th, 1893" — a volume in which a variety of subjects is contained, and which reflects to a marked degree the literary attainments of Jewesses of our own age and country. The Publication Society has also published two of a Special Series of brochures — the first being on "The Persecution of the Jews in Russia" (1891), reprinted from a publication of the Russo- Jewish Committee, of London, England, and including a map of Russia, showing the pale of Jewish settlement. The second of this Special Series is a number of stories entitled '^ Voegele's Marriage and other Tales" (1892), by Louis Schnabel, of New York City. While this Society has other works in contemplation, including an English version of Dr. Gustav Karpeles's ''Jewish Literature and other Essays," and ''Old European Jewries," by Dr. David Philipson. However, its most important publication by far is now under consideration, viz., an English translation of the Holy Scrip- tures. It is felt that such a work will fill a need ; none having been attempted under Jewish auspices, since that made by Rev. Isaac Leeser, the value of which will be recognized by all scholars, and those engaged in the new •translation. Ways and means are now being determined by the Society's Publication Committee, together with a Consultation Committee, composed of the Rev. Dr. S. Morais, of Philadelphia; Rev. Dr. Gustav Gottheil, and Rev. Dr. Kaufi*- mann Kohler, New York City ; Rev. Dr. Isaac M. Wise, Cincinnati ; Rev. Dr. Benjamin Szold, Baltimore; and Rev. Dr. Emil G. Hirsch, of Chicago. The seal of the Jewish Publication Society of America on all its works has been designed by Chevalier Moses Ezekiel, the celebrated American Jewish sculptor, at Rome, Italy. It represents the fulfil- ment of the glorious prophecy of Isaiah — the lion and the lamb lying down together and a little boy leading them. The two He- brew letters ( Yod twice), representing The Name of The Lord, are emblazoned above, and within the seal are these words: "Israel's mission is peace." THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 181 American Jewish Historical Society. It has often been a matter of remark that no systematic attempt has been made to gather and publish, in connected form, records of the settlement and progress of the Jews on this side of the Atlantic. Until very recent years, this remark has been permitted to go un- heeded. True, scattered materials here and there have occasionally been brought to light in some current publication ; but little of in- terest and of permanent value had been exhibited to view until a Society, whose object is the furtherance of such work, was estab- lished in June, 1892. The American Jewish Historical Society is, as its name indicates, a national — not a local — institution. Neither did it directly emanate from Philadelphia. Among those who gave the first impetus to- wards its organization, however, were a number of residents of this city, and the importance of Philadelphia as a literary centre was recognized, when the first scientific sessions of this Society were held here. Such an institution was the outgrowth of an occasional agitation in the Jewish press, and it may have been spurred on by the unaided work of a few in their strivings for a dissemination of valuable his- torical information bearing upon our people who dwell in the United States. Of the workers in this field, Mr. Isaac Markens deserves special mention for his excellent book, "The Hebrews in America," published in 1888. It has led to other attempts, the latest being the publication of Honorable Charles P. Daly's historical production, largely amplified and annotated by Max J. Kohler, A. M. , LL. B., and entitled "The Settlement of the Jews in North America," (1893). The American Jewish Historical Society was organized in New York City, June 6th, 1892, as the result of a call issued by Dr. Cyrus Adler, of the United States National Museum, Washington, D. C, and other gentlemen residing in different parts of this country. At its first scientific sessions, held in Philadelphia, December 15th, 1892, its initial labors were made manifest in a series of historical papers, most of which have since been issued in the first "Pub- lications" (Number I) of the Society. These papers evidence research and commendable perseverance on the part of their respec- tive writers, and they have been welcomed by numerous students 182 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. and general readers. At the second series of sessions, held in New York City, December 27th and 28th, 1893, further progress was noted. This Society's membership — embracing Jews and Gentiles — (for its objects ''are not sectarian, but American ") — is on the increase, and its efforts in the right direction will doubtless receive substantial encouragement. Honorable Oscar S. Straus, of New York City, is President; the Vice-Presidents are Dr. Charles Gross, of Cam- bridge, Massachusetts ; Paul Leicester Ford, of New York City ; and Honorable Simon W. Rosendale, of Albany, New York ; Treasurer, Professor Richard J. H. Gottheil, of New York City; Corresponding Secretary, Dr. Cyrus Adler, of Washington, D. C; Recording Secretary, Herbert Friedenwald, of Philadelphia; Ex- ecutive Council (including also the above officers) Max Cohen, of New York City; Mendes Cohen, of Baltimore; Rev. Dr. B. Felsen- thal, of Chicago, Illinois; Rev. Dr. Maurice H. Harris, of New York City; Professor Morris Jastrow, Jr., of Philadelphia; Profes- sor John Bach McMaster, of Philadelphia; Naphtali Taylor Phillips, of New York City ; and Mayer Sulzberger, of Philadelphia ; Hono- rary Members, Dr. Moses Kayserling, of Buda-Pesth, Austria- Hun- gary; Monsieur Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu, of Paris, France; and Honorable Charles P. Daly, LL.D., of New York City. Daughters in Israel. * ' Daughters in Israel ' ' is the name given to an association — seemingly national in its character — whose aims are to aid women and working girls in charitable and educational spheres. The work is done by Bands of young girls, who wear a distinguishing badge and endeavor to further the objects in view, by spreading abroad those teachings inculcated by the mottoes of this Society, viz., *'Love thy neighbor as thyself;" and "Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do it with thy might." A Working Girls' Club, Mothers' Meetings, and other means are employed to help on this worthy cause, and lift the lowly to a higher plane. National Council of Jewish Women. As a result of the Jewish Women's Congress, held at Chicago, during September, 1893, a National Council of Jewish Women was THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 183 organized, its purposes being * * to bring about closer relations among Jewish women, to furnish by an organic union a medium of com- munication and a means of prosecuting work of common interest, to further united efforts in behalf of Judaism by supplying means of study, and in behalf of the work of social reform by the application of the best philanthropic thought. " The objects of this Council are three-fold — Religious, Educational, and Philanthropic. Local sec- tions have been established in different cities; that in Philadelphia having been organized May 14th, 1894. The following are its officers: President, Mrs. Simon B. Fleisher; Vice-President, Mrs. Charles Hoffman; Secretary, Miss Gertrude Berg; Treasurer, Mrs. Henry Berkowitz. The work here has not yet been inaugurated. = The National Council is presided over by Mrs. Henry Solomon, of Chicago, and Mrs. Pauline H. Rosenberg, of Allegheny City, is Vice-President for the State of Pennsylvania. 184 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, CHAPTER XXIX. Jewish Secret Orders — Bene Berith — Kesher Shel Barzel, — Free Sons of Israel— Sons of Benjamin— Judaic Union, etc., ETC. — Statue to Religious Liberty An Insurance Corporation. There exist in Philadelphia numerous Lodges of Jewish Secret Orders, whose members are scattered throughout the country, and even, to some extent, in other countries. Prominent among these Lodges are those of the Independent Order "Bene Berith" (Sons, or Children, of the Covenant), founded in the year 1843, by Henry Jones and a few others, and whose motto is '' Benevolence, Brotherly Love, and Harmony." Its semi-centennial has recently been cele- brated in New York City, Philadelphia, and elsewhere, amid great edai. This Order has a total membership in the United States and in foreign countries of over twenty- eight thousand. It is divided into Districts — Number 3 including the States of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, and West Virginia, and having thirty- eight Lodges with nearly eighteen hundred members, and a reserve fund of more than fifty- three thousand dollars. For some time past, a movement has been on foot in its midst looking to the establishment of an Industrial School for Jewish children. This has met with en- couragement; a large sum having been subscribed for the purpose by different Lodges in District Number 3. The expense of main- taining this School— which will, probably, be soon established — will be derived from a slight increase of the annual dues of members. It is thought the new institution will be located at the Hebrew Edu- cation Society's building, south-west corner of Tenth and Carpenter Streets, which offers facilities, and is well adapted for such purposes. A Special Committee has the matter in charge. The administration of affairs of the Order in this District is in the hands of the following Grand Lodge officers : Jacob Singer, President ; Joseph D. Coons and Charles Hoffman, Vice-Presidents ; Marcus K. Cohen, Secretary; Michael C. Hirsch, Treasurer; Israel Schnurman, Sergeant-at- Arms ; Samuel Rosenbaum, Messenger. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 185 The Independent Order Free Sons of Israel, founded in 1848, numbers 106 Lodges, and more than thirteen thousand members in all, with a total reserve fund of over five hundred and eighteen thousand dollars. It is represented in this city by three I^odges with a membership of about two hundred. Julius Harburger, of New York City, is Grand Master of this Order, and M. S. Meyer- hoff, of Philadelphia, is a Deputy Grand Master. The Order ''Kosher Shel Barzel" (Band of Iron), originated in 1868, reckons twelve thousand adherents. R. M. Kopf, of Charlotte, North Carolina, is President of this District (Number 3), and several Philadelphians are among.its officers, including Samuel W. Goodman, Secretary; and Isaac Alkus, Treasurer. The endow- ment fund in this District amounts to about fifty- seven thousand dollars. The Independent Order Sons of Benjamin was established in 1879. It has 176 Lodges, and about seventeen thousand members. The six Lodges (five male and one female) in this city number about six hundred adherents. Each Lodge has a reserve fund. Honor- able Ferdinand Levy, Register of the Gty of New York, is Grand Master. The Independent Order of United Israelites, instituted at Phila- delphia, in 1886, is represented here by four Lodges out of a total of two hundred throughout the United States. A comparatively new institution is the Improved Order ' * Ben6 Berith," having had its origin in 1887. It has expended in endow- ments about sixteen thousand dollars. Eleazer Ottenheimer, of Baltimore, is its President, and Abraham Rosenblatt, of Philadelphia, is a Vice-President. The Judaic Union, an Order whose three Lodges are located in this city, has a combined membership of about two hundred and 186 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. seventy- five; a reserve fund of about four thousand dollars, and a capital of about eight or nine thousand dollars. The officers of its Grand Lodge are: Grand Master, Louis Sulka; Deputy Grand Master, Jacob Mann; Grand Treasurer, H. H. Heilbron; Grand Secretary, E. Asher; Grand Conductor, Alphonse Fleischer; Outer Guard, B. Samuels; Executive Committee, Aaron Anspach, Walter B. Winstock, and Harry Moyer; Appeal Committee, H. H. Heil- bron, Clarence K. Arnold, Alphonse Fleischer, and B. Samuels. Among other Secret Societies are the Improved Order Free Sons of Israel, instituted some years since; the Independent Order **Ahabath Israel" (Love of Israel), with a Lodge in this city named "Dr. S. Morais Lodge, Number 51;" the Order ''Berith Abraham" (Covenant of Abraham) with Lodges in this city; a Junior Order of Free Sons of Israel, embracing youths; and Women's Lodges in different Orders, specially those of the Free Daughters of Israel, and of the Independent Order of True Sisters. Each Lodge of the respective Orders has its own Board of officers, but is usually subject to the rules of the District Grand Lodge, which again derives its authority from the Executive Council of the entire Order. Among Philadelphians, Rev. Isaac Leeser, Rev. George Jacobs, Mr. Alfred T. Jones, and Mr. David Klein attained high rank, especially in the Order ''Bene Berith," whose sessions have been and are often held at Covenant Hall, on the west side of Sixth Street above Fairmount Avenue (first opened on Monday evening, April 22d, 1867), which is almost exclusively used for meetings of Jewish Secret Orders. The chief aims of these Orders are the advancement of their mem- bers and of Jews generally. They pay sick benefits to those con- nected with them, and are also, in a measure, life insurance com- panies, although this feature is of a more recent development, not having been contemplated when the first Order was established. Among the adornments of Fairmount Park is the Statue to Reli- gious Liberty, erected in November (Thanksgiving Day) of 1876 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 187 by the Independent Order *'Ben^ Berith." It occupies a com- manding position in the West Park, near the site of the Centennial Exhibition. The goddess of Liberty is a lofty figure in the centre ; a boy stands on her right, holding a lamp, which represents light; on the other side is an eagle crushing a serpent, which represents intolerance. The Statue is mounted on an attractive pedestal, which bears this inscription: "■ Religious Liberty. — Dedicated to the People of the United States by the Order 'Bene Berith' and Israelites of America, in Commemoration of the Centennial Anniversary of American Independence." This work, which, as a specimen of art, ranks with the best productions seen in this country, is from the chisel of Chevalier Moses Ezekiel, an American Hebrew sculptor of wide fame, whose classic studio — located in what were the Diocletian baths, among the old ruins of Rome, Italy — is visited by notabili- ties, whose busts or statues Mr. Ezekiel has modelled, in addition to many other productions in sculpture, which have won the admiration of connoisseurs wherever the fine arts find appreciation. An Insurance Corporation. The Mutual Benefit Company, of Pennsylvania, an insurance cor- poration—not sectarian — but controlled largely by members of the Hebrew faith — was chartered in September, 1871. It counted a very considerable membership. Mr. Simon W. Arnold was first President; his successors were Mr. David Teller and Mr. Aaron Gans. Mr. Alexander Reinstine and Mr. Herman S. Friedman served in succession as Secretary; and Mayer Sulzberger, Esq., was Counsellor. In 1893 this Corporation adopted a plan to merge with the New York Life Insurance Company; most of its members agree- ing thereto, and entering into the latter Company. 188 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. CHAPTER XXX. Theologicai Institutions — Maimonides College — The Jewish Theological Seminary — The Hebrew Union College. Cantors' Association of America — General Mention. Maimonides College. A Theological College, established jointly under the auspices of the Hebrew Education Society, of Philadelphia, and of the Board of Delegates of American Israelites, was opened at the building of the former Society (then on Seventh Street below Callowhill Street), in October, 1867. This institution— named Maimonides, after one. of the greatest Sages, Rabbi Moses Ben Maimon, who flourished in the twelfth century — had long been advocated by Rev. Isaac Leeser, and its successful opening was ^hiefly due to his indefatigable exer- tions. Mr. Leeser became President of the Faculty, and taught homiletics, belles-lettres, and comparative theology ; but he died on February 1st, 1868, before the College had brought forth any fruits. The professors who gave instruction there, besides Mr. Leeser, were the Rev. Dr. S. Morais, whose branch was the Bible and Biblical literature, and in him the Trustees secured the services of a man who, to quote a scholarly writer, is ''confessedly one of the finest Hebraists and Biblical scholars in America;" Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow, the accomplished and celebrated Talmudist, who was Pro- fessor of the Talmud, Hebrew philosophy, and Jewish history and literature ; Rev. Dr. Aaron S. Bettelheim, Professor of the Mishndh (the Oral Law), with commentaries, etc.; Rev. L. Buttenwieser, Professor of the Hebrew, Chaldaic, and Greek languages, and of the Talmud. Subsequently, Rev. George Jacobs was elected to the chair of English literature ; Mr. 'Hayim Polano became an instructor in different Hebrew branches, and Mr. William H. Williams imparted English and Latin branches. Mr. Abraham Hart was President, and Mayer Sulzberger, Esq., was Secretary of the Board of Trustees. Quite a number of students received a theological training at this College, among these being Rev. Dr. Samuel Mendelsohn, now Rabbi of the "Temple of Israel" Congregation, at Wilmington, North THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 189 Carolina, and a scholar of note ; Rev. David Levi, formerly minis- ter of the '' Beth Elohim" (House of God) Congregation, of Charles- ton, South Qarolina, now Minister of another Jewish Congregation, in New Haven, Connecticut; and Mr. Marcus Eliezer Lam, a Hebrew teacher at Philadelphia. The College continued for over six years, but lack of support caused it finally to cease its labors. However, the flame thus enkindled was not suffered to be quenched, and the work of Maimonides College has now found a field in New York City, where the Jewish Theological Seminary, instituted in 1886, upon similar principles, gives evidence of stability and strength, and where a very fair number of theological students avail them- selves of a tuition which is based upon precept and example. Jewish Theological Seminary. The Jewish Theological Seminary, instituted in January, 1886, was conceived by the Reverend Sabato Morais, LL.D., of Phila- delphia. Its aims are clearly set forth in the following Preamble to its Constitution and By-Laws: " The necessity having been made manifest for associated and organ- ized effort on the part of the Jews of America faithful to Mosaic Law and ancestral traditions, for the purpose of keeping alive the true Judaic spirit; in particular by the establishment of a Seminary where the Bible shall be impartially taught, and Rabbinical literature faithfully ex- pounded, and more especially where youths, desirous of entering the ministry, may be thoroughly grounded in Jewish knowledge and inspired by the precept and the example of their instructors with the love of the Hebrew language, and a spirit of fidelity and devotion to the Jewish law ; the subscribers have, in accordance with a resolution adopted at a meeting of ministers held Shebat 25th, 5(>46 (January 31st, 1886), at the Synagogue 'Shearith Israel,' New York, agreed to organize Trie Jewish Theological Seminary Associalion." The Seminary was at once organized, thoroughly equipped for its special purposes, and quarters were rented at Cooper Union, in the City of New York. Since 1892, however, this institution has occu- pied its large and handsome building, at 736 Lexington Avenue, in the same city. There are thirty regular students; also a number of attendants. The full term is either eight or nine years — dependent upon qualifications of students. The first student to graduate was Rev. Dr. Joseph Herman Hertz, who received his degree of Rabbi, June 14th, 1894, and who, in advance of his graduation, was elected 190 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Minister of ^"Adath Jeshurun?' (Congregation of Jeshurun) Con- gregation, in Syracuse, New York— a position he formally assumed on the following Sabbath— June 16th, 1894. At the same time, teachers' diplomas were given to Henry Speaker and David Witten- berg. A Literary Society has recently been formed by the students of the Seminary. The Faculty embraces: Dr. Morais, President; Rev. Dr. Bernard Drachman, Dean; Rev. Dr. Moses Maisner, Rev. Dr. Henry Pereira Mendes, Dr. A. Joshua JofFe, and Mr. Henry Speaker. Honorable Joseph Blumenthal, of New York City, is President of the Board of Trustees, embracing twenty mem- bers from different parts of the Union ; and Dr. Morais presides over an Advisory Board composed of eleven ministers. This Theological Institution has risen to a high rank, and by means of generous endow^ments of Mr. Jacob H. Schiff, Mrs. R. S. Piza, Miss Ellen Phillips, Mrs. Katharine Kaas, Mr. Jonas Frieden- wald, and other Israelites of New York, Philadelphia, and Balti- more, its work is pursued successfully and thoroughly. The late Rev. Dr. Alexander Kohut w^as an indefatigable laborer in its cause, and served in the Faculty, as Vice-Chairman and as a Professor. What will render the Seminary a centre of interest is a new and valuable addition, in the shape of the library of the late Dr. David Cassel, composed of several thousand works on scholastic, scientific, and general topics which has recently been purchased, and named ''Morais Library," in honor of the founder and President. In- cluded therein are other important collections of books ; among them those hitherto belonging to the Seminary, and some donated by the widow of the late Rev. Dr. Aaron S. Bettelheim, of Baltimore, and by the widow of the late Rev. Dr. Henry S. Jacobs, of New York City. The Philadelphia members of the Board of Trustees are: Dr. Solomon Solis Cohen, Samuel Morais Hyneman, Edward L. Roth- schild, Jacob Singer, and David Sulzberger. = A local branch of the Jewish Theological Seminary Association was organized in this city, in March, 1887. Its Managers are: President, Edward L. Roth- schild; Vice-Presidents, David Teller, Jacob Singer, and Dr. Solo- mon Solis Cohen; Treasurer, Dr. Lewis W. Steinbach; Secretary, Ephraim Lederer; Executive Committee, the Rev. Dr. S. Morais, Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow, Rev. Henry Iliowizi, Michael I. Asch, Charles Hoffman, Morris Alkus, and Samuel Krieger. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 191 Hebrew Union College. The other Jewish collegiate institution in this country is the He- brew Union College, at Cincinnati, Ohio, of which Rev. Dr. Isaac M. Wise is the moving spirit and President of its Faculty. It was opened in the city mentioned in 1875. It occupies its own building, and from it many students have emerged and now fill pulpits in different sections of the Union. This College is under the direction of a Board of Governors, who are selected at biennial Councils, of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations — instituted in 1873. Rev. Dr. Henry Berkowitz — since December, 1892, Rabbi-Preacher of Rodeph Shalom Congregation, of Philadelphia, is a graduate of this College, and a member of the above Board. Arnold Kohn and Philip Lewin, of this city, also serve on the same Board; Morris Newburger is a member of the Executive Board ; and Wil- liam B. Hackenburg represents this city on the Board of Delegates on Civil and Religious Rights. Among the graduates of the Union College, besides Dr. Berkowitz, is Rev. Dr. Joseph Krauskopf, since October, 1887, Rabbi- Preacher of Ken^seth Israel Congrega- tion, of Philadelphia. Cantors' Association of America. The Chazanim, or those who chant the Divine Services in the Synagogues, have recently formed themselves into an Association whose objects are : " the upholding and elevation of the standard of the profession of Cantors, and the maintenance of brotherly feelings and harmony among its members, the furtherance of Synagogual music and the elevation of the service of the Synagogue, as far as it stands under the supervision of the Cantors." The office of Chazdn is one of no small responsibility; requiring as it does knowledge of the services, of the liturgy, of the methods of cantilation, and a thorough understanding of the text, in order to impart intelligence, with melody, in the chanting of the Prayers, and the reading of the Ihrdh (Law). Many eminent and pious men in different ages have filled this honorable station, and its im- portance is deservedly emphasized in all Congregations adhering to the traditional rituals and worship in the Synagogues. In these, the Chazdn — also called Sheliach Tsihhur (Messenger of the Congregation) 192 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. — which name is the oldest by which this official has been termed — intones the entire services, and leads in the singing of Hymns and Psalmodies. In modern * * Reform ' ' shrines, his services are of a rather secondary character ; still, they are recognized as of some necessity. The Cantors' organization — which is national in its character and scope — desires to preserve the traditional Synagogal music as ob- served both among the Sephardim (Spanish and Portuguese Jews), and the Ashkenazim (German and other Jews), and those melodies w^ith which prominent Cantors of our age have further enriched the respective liturgies. All active Cantors of Congregations are eligible to membership in the Cantors' Association of America. General Mention. The Jewish Ministers' Association of America, and the Central Conference of American Rabbis are also organizations of a national character. A number of Societies composed of Jewish young people sent representatives to a meeting held in Chicago, during August, 1893. These resolved themselves into a national institution, and selected as a name "The Sabbath Visitor Association." The object of this Union is **to secure the organized co-operation of young Israel of America in behalf of Judaism, by securing their active interest in the Congregation and Sabbath- School, and by promoting the study of Jewish history, literature, and doctrines." The Sabbath Visitor, a weekly paper, is the official organ of this Association. Its officers are selected from diffiarent cities; Rev. Dr. Joseph Stolz, of Chicago, being President. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 193 CHAPTER XXXI. Social Clubs— Mercantil.e, Garrick, and Franklin — Athletic Clubs and Other Assemblies. Mercantile Club. There are three large Clubs in this city whose members are He- brews. The oldest and largest is the Mercantile Club, established November 10th, 1853, at 22 Dillwyn Street, by Messrs. Lazarus Mayer, David Eger, William Tandler, Louis Bomeisler, Jacob Nirdlinger, Ernest Nusbaum, Jacob Mayer, Jacob Haas, Morris Rosenbach, Lazarus Shloss, I. Hochstadter, Charles Bloomingdale, Abraham S. Wolf, Marcus Goldman, Adolph Klopfer, Emanuel Arnold, Jacob Langsdorf, and Isidore Binswanger. The first President was Louis Bomeisler. The Club was incorporated April 17th, 1869. Since its origin, it has occupied apartments, also, on the south side of Arch Street above Sixth Street, at the north-west corner of Fourth and Race Streets, on the west side of Crown Street (between Fourth and Fifth Streets) above Callowhill Street, and, since January, 1880, at the handsome and well-furnished house, 864 North Seventh Street. This latter property has, besides, a large garden adjoining it at the south, at which concerts are occasionally given. The property also extends to Franklin Street; on that side being Mercantile Hall, which has a seating capacity of between five and six hundred, and is often used by the Club, and rented as well for entertainments by different institutions, etc., etc. An fedifice is now being erected at 1422, 1424, and 1426 North Broad Street, which, when completed, will vie with the most attrac- tive structures of its kind in Philadelphia; occupying a large extent of ground, and finished in accordance with the latest architectural designs. The new building will, with the property, entail an outlay of several hundred thousand dollars, and a considerable amount has already been subscribed. More than a few charitable movements have emanated from the Mercantile Club, and among its members, numbering in all four 13 194 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. hundred, are many representative Israelites. Its officers are : President, Herman Jonas; Vice-President, Clarence Wolf; Treas- urer, Benjamin F. Teller; Secretary, Aaron E. Greene wald (who has occupied that office for twenty-five consecutive years) ; Directors, Abraham Hirsh, Harry F. Stern, Max Liveright, William Marks, Adolph A. Solomon, Alexander M. Appel, Louis Gerstley, M. Hirshler, and Isidore Kaufman. Garrick Club. The Garrick Club reckons between two hundred and fifty and three hundred members. It is an outgrowth of the Garrick Literary and Dramatic Association, which held meetings at the north-east corner of Fourth Street and Fairmount Avenue, and subsequently, on the east side of Fifth Street below Noble Street. The Club first met, eleven years since, at 950 Franklin Street; but for the past nine years its quarters have been at 707 and 709 Franklin Street. Additions have been built to this house, and entertainments to members and their ladies are often given there. Samuel A. May was first President; William Strauss is the present Executive; Mor- ris H. Myers being Vice-President; Simon Friedman, Secretary; Benjamin Kahn, Treasurer ; Directors, Samuel A. May, S. Wer- theimer, M. Gerson, D. Bacharach, M. Rosenberg, M. Loeb, Joseph Mastbaum, Dr. B. Herz, and G. Rosenbaum. Franklin Club. The quarters of the Franklin Club (which have recently been handsomely re-fitted and re- furnished) are at the north-west corner of Franklin and Poplar Streets. There the Club has met regularly. Its organization dates from 1872. Its principal founders were: Meyer Frank, Henry Muhr, Jacob May, and Simon Silberman (first President). The Franklin Club is the successor of what was once known as the Harmonia Club. It has 155 members. At different periods this Club has donated sums to different Jewish charitable institutions. Leopold Marks is President; Joseph Harris, Vice-President; Aaron Schloss, Secretary; Bernard Levy, Trea- surer; Directors, Augustus Bacharach, Lehman Goldsmith, Henry THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 195 Mitchell, Emanuel MeyerhofF, Gus Rosenbaum, Samuel Weil, Meyer Goldsmith, Bernard Levy, and Adolph Platosky. Other Clubs. Among other Clubs are the Columbian, the German Young Men's, and the Unique — located in different sections of this city. Of those Clubs formerly in existence here, was the Delaware, which disbanded after having been in the field between seven and eight years (1883-1891). Several Athletic Clubs and organizations for physical culture have been started at different times among the younger element of the Jewish population, and these have been located at separate headquarters, where the ** manly art" might be developed to a limited extent, without resorting to such devices as tend to degrade the individual and lower the standing of the Clubs. Other assemblies of a social character exist among Jewish young folks, and these have entertainments during the seasons. 196 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, CHAPTER XXXII. Jewish Journals— The Occident — The Jewish Index — The Jewish Record — The Jewish Exponent— Other Ventures- Weeklies Published in Juedisch Deutsch. Like other religious denominations, the Hebrews have advocates in journals exclusively devoted to their interests — congregationally, communally, educationally, socially, and, where necessity calls for, politically. Members of our faith have attained high distinction in the realms of secular journalism. But it is the essentially Jewish newspapers with which we are now concerned. As in other repects, Philadelphia was here also among the pioneers. With the exception of a paper called The Jew, issued in New York City, by Mr. S. J. Jackson, in 1823, we have no other record pre- vious to the issue of The Occident and American Jewish AdvocatCy first issued in this city, in April, 1843. It was founded and edited for a space of nearly twenty- five consecutive years by Rev. Isaac Leeser; being issued as a Monthly — but one year as a Weekly. With the motto "To learn and to teach, to observe and to do," it became widely known as a valiant defender of Judaism and the Jews; as a magazine containing good literary matter, with a scholarly and fearless editorial tone, and a dignified standing. After Mr. Leeser' s decease, on February 1st, 1868, Mayer Sulzberger, Esq., who acted for several years as Mr. Leeser's assistant, and who was an executor of his estate (Messrs. William B. Hackenburg and Hezekiah W. Arnold having been the others), edited the Occident for the space of a year (March, 1868-March, 1869), when he found it necessary, by reason of his increasing practice as a lawyer, to withdraw from editorial duties ; and the publication of the Occident was then discontinued. At different periods, various Jewish Weeklies were attempted here, but few had a long existence. On October 2d, 1872 (the Eve of the New Year, 5633), The Jewish Index first appeared, its editor being Mr. (now Rev. Dr.) Samuel Mendelsohn, associated with Mr. S. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 197 Pincus, and later on with Mr. H. La Grange, as publishers. This organ had the constant assistance of the Rev. Dr. S. Morais, who contributed a large amount of matter to each issue. Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow and Rev. George Jacobs also wrote for it. However, it did not receive sufficient financial support, and its issu- ance was discontinued after January 1st, 1873. A journal of more stability was The Jewish Record, started as a weekly, April 16th, 1875, by the late Mr. Alfred T. Jones. Its career was checkered, and while at times it received a fair support, its success was often due to the persistence and constant attention of its editor. Published at first at 321 Chestnut Street, it was bought during the same year (December 24th, 1875), by Dr. E. Morwitz, proprietor of the German Vemokrat, who entrusted its financial man- agement to a number of his assistants; the Business Manager being Mr. Marcus K. Cohen. Mr. Jones continued to edit the paper — then issued from 614 Chestnut Street — until its suspension on June 25th, J.886, after having met with numerous reverses, which the energetic editor endeavored in vain to prevent. As a reflex of the Jewish thought of the time. The Jewish Record held its own with the foremost journals published in the interest of the Hebrew race. Scores of well-known writers — male and female — among clergy and laity, gave their productions to grace its columns, and the paper achieved a reputation far beyond the limits of Philadelphia. It presented stories, articles on current and special topics, editorials, criticisms, translations from the Hebrew and other languages, while it offered considerable space to events of the day, and to matters affecting the Jews in every corner of the world. Jewish Women, a monthly, was issued for a year (October, 1892- October, 1893), and contained stories, poems, and other contribu- tions and selections of special interest to the female sex. Mr. Her- man Brunswick was the Manager. The Jewish Exponent was first issued on April 15th, 1887 (during the Passover, 5647). Its publishers are a stock company ; the Presi- dent being Mr. Benjamin F. Teller; Treasurer, Mr. Simon Muhr; Secretary, Mr. Charles Hoffman; Directors, Messrs. Leo Loeb, 198 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Louis E. Levy, Felix N. Gerson, Jacob Singer, and Mayer Sulz- berger. The editors were, originally, Messrs. Henry S. Morais, Melvin G. Winstock, and Charles Hoffman. Mr. Winstock re- signed after the first year ; and Mr. Morais, who had acted as Man- aging Editor, relinquished his connection after the expiration of his two years' contract. Mr. Hoffman still continues as editor. Mr. B. H. Hartogensis, of Baltimore, represents The Exponent in that city. Mr. Nathan Billstein was the first business manager of this weekly. Mr. Felix N. Gerson is the present manager. Mr. Charles Selig- man Bernheimer acted as its local reporter for upwards of two years (1889-1891). The Exponent is devoted to news, to articles of im- portance, to matters interesting women, etc., etc. It is published every Friday (formerly at 929 Filbert Street, and since at 41 North Tenth Street). The office is now located at 606 Chestnut Street. Editorially, The Exponent is committed to no side, but on questions affecting the permanence and standing of the Jewish Church, its policy has been, and is. Conservative. The Lyceum Weekly of Keneseth Israel Congregation — first issued in the autumn of 1893 — has been heretofore mentioned. Rev. J. Leonard Levy is its editor, and Mr. Oscar Klonower its publisher. Since the increase of the Jewish population, by accessions from countries of Eastern Europe, a new feature in journalism has been introduced, viz., newspapers in the Jargon, or Juedisch Deutsch — a medley of words and expressions borrowed from different languages, and which is largely employed among foreigners. Though dignified by the name of "language," it can scarcely be thus termed; though, as an outgrowth of a systematic persecution, it became, centuries ago, a means of communication between Jew and Jew, confined in narrow Ghettos, and still compelled to drag an existence there, under the rule of pitiless autocracies— otherwise known as ''governments." The Jargon has survived, and, in order to interest the large class by whom it is spoken and read, it has been found necessary to issue newspapers in that form of language. Several of these have made their appearance in Philadelphia, among them Das lAcht (The Light), published for a few months during 1891, and The Jewish Gazette, its successor; Rev. Nehemiah Mosessohn, formerly of this city, now of Dallas, Texas, having edited, in turn, both papers. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 199 Other weeklies now published are Die Judische Presse (The Jewish Press), issued at 708 South Fifth Street, Moses Freeman, publisher ; Der Volkswcechter (The People's Guardian), issued at 810 South Fifth Street, Bernard Harris and John Paley, editors; and Philadelphia Stadt Zeitung (City Journal), issued at 710 South Third Street. Rev. Hyman Brodsky and Ch. Malitz, editors. All these weeklies circulate among the class for whom they are specially intended ; the first mentioned being the oldest ; the second, exhibiting marked enterprise ; and the third — only recently estab- lished — being well edited. A number of journals in genuine Hebrew are printed in other cities, but find many readers in Philadelphia. 200 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. CHAPTER XXXIII. Cemeteries — Important History Attached to Spruce Street Cemetery — Its Purchase, Upwards of a Ct:NTURY and a Half Ago — Official Documents Relating to it and its Possession. Other Cemeteries, Including Those of Congregations, Har Nebo, Har Ha-Zetim, Mount Sinai, etc., etc. The following notice was inserted in The Pennsylvania Gazette, in an issue of September, 1751 : " Whereas, many unthinking people have been in the habit of setting up marks, and fired several shots against the fence of the Jews' burying ground, which not only destroyed said fence, but also a tombstone in it ; there being a brick wall now erected, I must desire the sporismen to for- bear (for the future) firing against said wall. If they do, whoever will inform, so that the offender be convicted thereof before a Magistrate, shall have twenty shillings reward paid by me. "Nathan Levy. "Philadelphia, September, 1761." This date points to the fact that the cemetery in Spruce Street had already been in use for some years. It was bought by Nathan Levy, according to a record, in September, 1740, though there exists some evidence to the effect that Mr. Levy had possession of a lot of ground on the north side of Spruce Street, between Eighth and Ninth Streets, in September, 1738. On September 25th, 1740, Mr. Levy obtained a grant of thirty feet square, and on June 27th, 1752, an addition of ''thirty feet wide and sixty feet in depth, with the liberty of an alley of ten feet wide from Spruce Street," upon his application to John Penn, Chief of the Proprietary Government of Pennsylvania ; for which ground Mr. Levy paid an annual tax of ' ' a quit rent of five shillings sterling, or value iu coin current of Pennsylvania." The place was suitably walled in, yet it was often desecrated, not only by marks and shots, but by the executions of deserters by British soldiers in front of its gates, during the Ameri- can Revolutionary War. Nathan Levy died on December 23d, 1753, in the fiftieth year of his age, and his remains were interred in that same Spruce Street cemetery. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 201 Another piece of ground, adjoining, and including two lots respec- tively of ''thirty feet by thirty-five feet and an half, and thirty feet by one hundred and twenty-five feet and an half, ' ' had been granted to Mathias Bush by John Penn, on June 21st, 1765. The ground was re-surveyed by John Lukens, Surveyor- General, on October 8th, 1765, and documentary evidence is at hand which shows that this cemetery was intended, not only for the use of Mr. Levy's and Mr. Bush's families, but ''also for the use of the Hebrew Congre- gation of this city; it being intended at the time he (Mr. Levy) applied for the same to be a trust for a burial place for the inter- ment of Hebrews." (88) However, much dispute has arisen as to its ownership; the con- tending parties, at different times, being descendants of Mr. Levy and members of the well-known Gratz family. As to the claims of the latter — which have been presented time and again— it must be said that a lot situated towards the west side of the cemetery, and extending to the northern wall is known as "The Gratz Reserva- tion . ' ' The existence of this ' ' Reservation " — though not designated by any mark, nor otherwise indicated than by the interment side by side of members of the Gratz household — is stated by some to be due to the fact that, in purchasing additional ground, the title-deeds were made out in the name of Michael Gratz, who represented the Congregation Mickveh Israel in the said purchase. While no record has been found to sustain the right of individual claimants, to the ownership of any part or parcel of the Spruce Street cemetery, it is, nevertheless, true that at a meeting of the Congregation, held on September 12th, 1813, Mr. Samuel Hays being Chairman, it was "on motion resolved That the strip of ground in which Mr. and Mrs. Gratz are interred be continued to the depth of sixty feet from the commencement of the tombstone of Mr. Gratz now erected, & re- served for the exclusive burial of members of that family who may be entitled to funeral rites agreeably to our Laws." The plan of this assigned division — which division, as will have been noticed, was neither sold nor conveyed as a separate piece of property, but simply "reserved" — was prepared by Mr. Hyman Gratz, on August 17th, 1852, and is indorsed by I. J. Phillips, of the Board (88) Original copies of valuable documents relating to questions herein re- ferred to are in possession of the (congregation Mickveh Israel. 202 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. of Trustees of the Congregation. However, this "Reservation," or lot, has long since been filled, and there exists neither individual, nor family, title to it, beyond the meaning of the above-quoted resolu- tion, nor any further space beyond that allotted by the terms of the said resolution. . On the other hand, the right of the Congregation Mickveh Israel to the Spruce Street cemetery is fully established by the following official record contained in its archives, which effectually settles the whole question : "No. 195. " An Act to enable the Hebrew Congregation, known by the name and style of ' Kaal Kadosh Mickve Israel' of the City of Philadelphia, in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, to lease on ground rent a lot of ground in the City of Philadelphia, belonging to said Congregation. " Sect. I. Be it e7iacted by the Senate and House of Representa- tives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylva^iia, in General Assembly m-et, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same^ That Samuel Hays, Simon Gratz, Zalegman Phillips, and Abraham Myers Cohen, or a majority of them, trustees of the Hebrew Congregation of the City of Philadelphia, incorporated and known by the name, style and title of * Kaal Kadosh Mickve Israel,' be and they are hereby authorised, whenever by a vote of a majority of the whole number of members of the Corporation they shall be so directed, to sell and convey in fee simple, upon ground rent for the use of the said Congregation, the whole or any part of a certain lot of ground situate at the north-east corner of Spruce and Ninth streets, in the City of Philadelphia, containing in front oh Spruce street one hundred and nineteen feet, and in front on Ninth street one hundred and twenty-seven feet six inches; and the said Trustees shall be able to give good and sufficient lease or leases for the same, which shall be valid in law, and the said Corporation shall have power to collect, sue for and recover all rent or rents arising from the same. " Passed 14th April, 1828." (89) It will be seen in the foregoing document that the cemetery was situated at the north-east corner of Spruce and Ninth Streets. Nathan Levy, the original purchaser, had applied for the right of including the ground within a ** wooden enclosure and a ten-foot alley," running north from Spruce Street. Hence, in later years, the extension of the cemetery must have resulted in a division into (89) The reader is referred to the Eev. Dr. S. Morais's paper on "Mickv6 Israel Congregation of Philadelphia," which contains fuller information on this question in its different details.— See " Publications of the American Jewish His- torical Society, Number I," 1893, and a separate issue of the above paper in a pamphlet. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 203 two parts ; the alley referred to being what is now Acorn Street, to the west of the present cemetery, while Duponceau Street is on its east side. That part of the ground extending to the corner of Spruce and Ninth Streets was afterwards sold to members of the Society of Friends, by whom a small building was erected thereon. This Spruce Street cemetery has become a landmark. The re- mains of many of the old Jewish aristocracy repose there. The names upon some of the tombstones call back numerous recollections. A story has been in circulation many years that a certain member of the Congregation Mickveh Israel had in his employ a negress, who, though not born in the Faith of Israel, was more of a Jewess than a Christian, as she observed with marked strictness the Jewish Sabbaths, the Fasts, the Festivals, and the Holy Days. She was also particular to an extraordinary degree, with regard to observances in the household, and about other commandments given unto Jews exclusively. Such was her piety that it became a subject of remark. When she died at an old age, her employer determined that, as she had lived as a Jewess, she should have, if possible, burial in a Jewish cemetery. He applied for a permit to the President of the Congregation Mickveh Israel. This was refused, of course, on the ground that the deceased had not been a Jewess. Undaunted, how- ever, her employer determined to have her buried in the Spruce Street cemetery. With a number of individuals, Mr. Marks (such was the name of Lucy's employer) forced in the gate, it is stated, and interred her remains near the entrance. No tombstone, how- ever, appears to mark the place. Such is but a mere speck from the collection of anecdotes sur- rounding the history of the old cemetery on Spruce Street. It is now closed, being crowded with the remains of those who were pioneers — and distinguished at that — during the early years of the Jewish Church in this city. Since 1848, the cemetery on the south side of Federal Street (1114), between Eleventh and Twelfth Streets, has been used, and some of the old stock are buried there. Other Cemeteries. Other Congregations and Chebroth (Societies for religious worship) and some Lodges have their respective cemeteries ; that of Rodeph Shalom Congregation being located at Harrowgate, near Frankford ; 204 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Beth Israel, on the south side of Federal Street, between Fifth and Sixth Streets; Beth El Emeth, at Fisher's Avenue (near Fifty- fifth Street) corner of Market Street, West Philadelphia ; 'Adath Jeshurun, on Bridge Street, near Walker Street, Frankford ; and the Chebrdh Bikur Cholim, adjoining that previously mentioned. Cemeteries belonging to different Chebroth are located at Cedar Hill, Frankford; in Mount Moriah, West Philadelphia; at Erie Avenue; on Bridge Street, opposite Mulberry Street, Frankford; on Frankford Avenue and elsewhere. Har Neho (Mount Nebo) Cemetery is situated on the Oxford Turnpike, and covers a space of 10 acres, divided into 3,242 lots. It is non-Congregational, and is in charge of a Company ; Isaac Levi being President; Benjamin F. Houseman, Vice-President; Edwin F. Partridge, Treasurer ; Maurice Houseman, Secretary ; Isaac Marquis and Walter Scott, Directors (together with the officers). Har Ha-Zetim (the Mount of Olives) Cemetery is situated in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. It contains 19 acres ; 2 of which have been sold to Independent Chebrdh Kadishd (mentioned further on), and others are held in reserve for such Jewish Congregations and Societies, as may desire to purchase ground for burial places. The Company owning this ground is officered by William Silverstone, President; Meyer Wachtel, Vice-President ; Leopold Levy, Treasurer ; Solomon Kraus, Secretary ; Abraham Kessler, Joseph Rosenberg, and L. Levin, Managers. Mount Sinai Cemetery. The chief cemetery, however, is Mount Sinai, located on Bridge Street, above Jackson Street, Frankford, and adjoining that of 'Adath Jeshurun Congregation. It is non- Congregational, viz., any Hebrew whether he be affiliated with a Congregation or not, may be buried there after purchasing a lot. There are about fifty stock- holders, who hold the three hundred and five shares issued by the Company. A new charter was obtained on May 14th, 1872. At the start, seven acres were purchased, and laid out into 1, 664 lots. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 205 Iq February, 1884, eleven additional acres, embracing 3,000 lots, were bought. About 1,200 lots, each 13 by 8 in size, had been sold prior to the opening of the extension by which the cemetery is now enlarged to over seventeen acres. A mortuary chapel has been built, also a receiving vault, for both of which a large amount has been expended, in order to render them in every way suitable to their uses. The prices of lots vary according to location. The stockholders are privileged to exchange two and one- half shares — the number necessary to membership of the Company— for a lot. The first officers of Mount Sinai Cemetery Association were (1853): President, Marcus Goldman; Vice-President, Henry Mayer; Treas- urer, Moses Sternberger ; Secretary, Adolph Klopfer ; Trustees, Abraham Kaufman, Louis Siedenbach, Herman Weiler, Simon Schloss, and Solomon Heidelberger. The present Board consists of David Teller, President; Lucien Moss, Vice-President; Aaron Gans, Treasurer; Oscar B. Teller, Secretary; William B. Hackenburg, Solomon Gans, Solomon Teller, Joseph Stern, Jacob May, Isidore Langsdorf, and Henry Fernberger, Trustees. = The late Isaac Gross (who died on November 22d, 1889) had been the Company's Messenger for a lengthy period. Herman Farbish and Sigmund Schlachter have, in turn, succeeded him ; the latter now occupying that office. Congregation "Sons of Israel," of Camden, New Jersey, has a cemetery of fifty lots, situated in that city. 206 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA CHAPTER XXXIV. A New Element— The Russo-Jewish Exodus of 1882— Perse- cutions AND Their Resultant— Sympathy for Sufferers— A Notable Meeting— Remarkable Increase of Population —Immigration Problems. On Christmas night of the year 1881, the streets of Warsaw, in Poland, Russia, were the scene of a massacre as cold-blooded — though not as wide-spread — as that of St. Bartholomew's, in France, on the 24th of August, 1572, when the Huguenots were shot down without a moment's warning, in Paris, by the infamous order of Charles IX and his mother, Catharine de Medici. In this instance — but a repetition of similar butcheries — it was unoffending Hebrews whose mere existence in the domains of the Romanoffs has, for ages, excited the passions and the envy of an unruly populace that stopped short of nothing else than outright murder. Outrages attended this massacre; 6,000 people were rendered homeless; and 2,000,000 roubles worth of property was destroyed. The carnage continued three days. The world stood aghast at such atrocities, and the justice (?) that was meted out by Russian Courts gave no assurance' that work of the same character would not be re-enacted at the will of the rabble. A wholesale exodus followed, and the sights wit- nessed in Brody, on the Austrian frontier — whither tens of thousands repaired on their way to countries where life, at least, is held sacred — baffle description. Exhausted men falling down by the roadside; women and children begging in the streets for a morsel of bread ; young mothers with babes clinging to them, and languishing for the wherewith of existence;— such were among the heart-rending scenes of many months in that place situated near the border line. It was then that the efforts of the Society called the Alliance Israelite Universelle were overtaxed to supply the wants of the myriads who had quitted the land of the modern Pharaoh — after being despoiled of every possession— to assist in transporting these unfortunates to various lands, where safety to life might be insured. Not a few workers were engaged in that cause, but the men who performed labors actually herculean at that period were three— THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 207 Charles Netter, Isaac Edward Kann, and Emanuel F. Veneziani. These three represented the Alliance— ihQ last named being the special delegate of Baron Maurice de Hirsch, the philanthropist. So prodigious was the work involved in this distribution that it eventually told upon the constitution of each man, and to-day not one of those indefatigable laborers — whose lives were largely devoted to the cause of suffering Israel— survives, to tell again the story so thrilling. The emigration to the ports of the United States began at that time to assume formidable proportions, as this country alone afforded the safest asylum for the refugees. Many will remember the enor- mous influx of Russian Jews to Philadelphia during 1882; the practical measures that were then devised at public meetings, and at a mass meeting held at the Academy of Music, Saturday even- ing, March 4th, 1882 (the Eve of the joyous Hebrew Festival of Purim), in which Christian, as well as Jewish, denominations par- ticipated ; the reception of the exiles at the old depot of the Penn- sylvania Railroad, at Thirty-second and Market Streets ; the sub- sequent distribution of the new arrivals, and the large amount subscribed by all classes for their temporary relief. The mass meeting alluded to will, for several reasons, be long remembered. It was called to order by General Charles H. T. Collis, and was presided over by Honorable John Welsh ; there being a lengthy list of vice-presidents, and Mr. William B. Hack- enburg acting as secretary. Bishop William Bacon Stevens, of the Protestant Episcopal Church ; Bishop Matthew Simpson, of the Methodist Episcopal Church; Rev. Dr. I. F. Horstmann (now Bishop) representing Archbishop James F. Wood, of the Roman Catholic Church ; Rev. Dr. George Dana Boardman, of the Baptist Church ; Ex-Mayor Honorable Richard Vaux, and Mayer Sulzberger, Esq., were the speakers. Mr. (afterwards Postmaster-General) John Wanamaker read a series of resolutions, expressive of the senti- ments of the meeting. The following minute, offered by Moses A. Dropsie, Esq., was adopted: "Resolved, that the President of this meeting appoint a Committee of five citizens to lay before the Presi- dent and Congress of the United States the resolutions of this meet- ing, and take such action in furtherance of its objects as they may deem proper and necessary." Among the many eminent gentlemen who were seated on the stage 208 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. at that eventful meeting, Honorable Henry M. Hoyt, then Governor of Pennsylvania, gave his approval of the cause by being present. Since that memorable period, immigration has been on a steady increase, and whenever a new prescriptive edict or ukase has been issued by the Tsar or his officials, expatriation has followed it. The recent revival of tortures in Russia has again seen its resultant, and Philadelphia, which, up to the year 1881, numbered about 2,000 Jews of Russian birth, records at present almost 25,000 (in- cluding Hungarians and Roumanians), with an average increase, it is stated, of about 2,000 or more annually. The resources of the Jewish community have, more than once, been nearly insufficient to cover the expenses occasioned thereby. Many of the new immigrants arrive here penniless. To remove them from cooped- up quarters in certain sections; to cause them to put aside a too clannish spirit (of course, engendered by long years of oppression) ; to have them avail themselves of opportunities for social and intellectual improvement; to cause their children, at least, to grow up with a correct knowledge of our institutions, and the responsibilities of self-government; — all this engages the attention and the earnest labors of more than one Society in our midst. The question, however, is not of a kind that can be settled in a day, in a month, or in a year. Many decades may elapse ere the results hoped for will be fully attained. The Jews from Russia are, as a rule, thrifty, industrious, quick in per- ception, and, where they apply themselves to education, apt students. As a rule, they also show a marked desire to be self-dependent. These are, then, great aids towards the furtherance of good designs for their betterment. Notwithstanding the advantages noted, however, the Hebrews of this city, and in fact of the entire country, have been brought face to face with a problem the importance of which cannot be over- estimated, viz., that of immigration and its attendant effects. All the principal centres of the United States have, in recent years, added hundreds and thousands to their Jewish populations. There is a constantly flowing stream from the oppressive land of the Mus- covite, and when it is borne in mind that Russia and its territories alone contain between 4,000,000, and 5,000,000 of the descendants of the Patriarchs — or about half of the total number of Jews THE JEWS OF PHILADEVPHIA. 209 throughout the world — the gravity of the situation becomes most evident. America, it is maintained on all sides, neither lacks the space nor the facilities to admit within her bounds vast hosts, seeking a refuge and a home under the segis of freedom, and who endeavor to become worthy and loyal citizens of this Western Republic. The United States has an immense area, of which tradesmen, not less than farmers and agriculturists, might avail themselves; and were the present age to witness the misfortune of an exodus unparalleled in the history of Israel, if not in the annals of mankind; were it to become a dire necessity for the millions of Hebrews in Russia to quit that land and come hither, questions as to territorial limits would not constitute any hindrance to their entrance here, and their dwelling under our free Government. And were this but the only feature, how readily would a vexed problem adjust itself! The whole question, as it stands to-day, however, is attended with prodigious difficulties. To conquer prejudice is the weightiest task; to relieve the burden of an overplus in the large centres of popula- tion, and scatter far and wide thousands already here, together with those daily arriving ; to avoid any such dangers as might arise from an influx of poverty-stricken individuals ; to meet the immigration laws (and the technicalities so eagerly thrust upon the Jewish com- munities at this period), so as to prevent the re-shipment of unfortu- nates to the country they have quitted, and from which they have fled for dear life : — these are the uppermost questions ; and until these can be grappled with, the situation will not improve. However, recent plans of distribution and of settlement, adopted by Jewish Societies — mainly those of the Baron Maurice de Hirsch Trust — are regarded as very encouraging; and if, when fully and com- pletely tested, they are found efficacious, contentment and happiness will take the place of lingering doubt and distress of mind. 14 210 THE 'JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. CHAPTER XXXV. The Jew and his Mission— Colonization and its Outcome- Early Attempts at Agricultural Settlements — The Present Colonies in the Holy Land, and in the United States — Alliance, Bosenhayn, Carmel, and Woodbine — Encouraging Outlook. The Jew is often misunderstood. His religion, his observances, his customs are in no sense mysterious. He has naught to conceal. His law is a law of light, of right, and of justice. It teaches that God is One, and that all men are brothers; it inculcates good, sound instruction; it incites to deeds of mercy, of charity, and of love. Yet, the Jew is misunderstood — and this, though his Faith is the mother of religions ; though it is the ever-living spring from which myriads have drawn everlasting truths and lessons, which are at the basis, and are the mainstay, of society and of civil order. It is not our present intention to explain and give reasons; for w^e have but to deal now with a branch of a subject, so comprehensive as that indicated. It is of the Jew from Russia, in particular, that the general public requires enlightenment. To find illustrations of re- finement among the basest surroundings would, indeed, be surpris- ing. The Jew who hails from the country of the merciless Cossack is not of the average modern culture, nor does he possess the social amenities to which our enlightened American institutions have accustomed us. And yet, he can show evidences of appreciation and a wish for self-improvement, which cannot be discovered in his neighbor of the Greek Church. He has lived among the peasant class of Russia as have his ancestors; but, despite circumstances which would inevitably result in degrading others, the forces of his own teachings — those of his religion — have prevented a demoraliza- tion, the lowest ebb of which is reached by his neighbors. Such is the testimony of authorities, while it is likewise true that thousands of Hebrews in Russia are intellectually in advance of the masses of their own brethren, confined within the pales of settlement; breath- ing naught but the poionous air of their narrow Ghettos, and for- bidden entrance to the outside world. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 211 Conditions have for ages forced the Hebrews — whose ancestors were agriculturists, shepherds, farmers, and the like — to take to trade. In the Middle Ages, yea, to this day, they were and are money-lenders — the bankers of the world. And yet withal, the ancient inheritance has not forsaken them, and indications every day point with emphasis to the restoration of pastoral and agricultural pursuits, around which the most sacred history clusters, and whose influence contributed so immensely towards the development of the ancient Hebrew nationality. These indications we find in twelve or more recently established and markedly successful colonies in the Holy Land; in some of those colonies planted and firmly rooted in on the soil of New Jersey; and in the measures now being adopted for the institution of other colonies and settlements by Baron Maurice de Hirsch, the philanthropist, who bestows millions on worthy enter- prises, and who is now laboring with all his might to see his Russian coreligionists freed from the tyrant's rule, and placed in countries where they may enjoy liberty, and earn by honest and upright call- ings the wherewith to maintain existence. Baron de Hirsch's colossal schemes will not fall short of success^ for want of energy and enthusiasm. Both he and his representatives in Europe, in the East, and in America are ever on the alert. Apart from the plan devised for an extensive settlement in South America (the coloniz- ing movement in Argentina, for some time and until very recently in charge of Lieutenant- Colonel A. E. Goldsmid, of the British Army — representing Baron de Hirsch — has presented many diffi- culties, notwithstanding the earnest strivings of its director), land is being purchased here where the soil is arable, and where its yield- ings may, with care and toil, become the means to afford subsistence to numerous families, and develop agricultural instincts to a large degree. The Jewish Colonies in the Land of Promise owe much to the munificence of Baron Edmund de Rothschild, who, not content with richly endowing them, has endeavored by every means to render them permanent ; visiting them, and appointing a special agent to see to their wants. Their success has been demonstrated to a high degree. In this country, as early as 1820-1825, records show an attempt to establish a Jewish Colony or settlement on Grand Island, in the Niagara River, New York. The scheme was planned and urged on 212 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. by Major Mordecai Menasseh Noah, a celebrated Israelite, and a native of Philadelphia, who rose to prominence in New York, as a statesman, a diplomatist, and a journalist. While this plan was never fully matured. Major Noah erected upon the spot a monument to commemorate his project. This has not been preserved, but the corner-stone is deposited with the Buffalo (New York) Historical Society, and bears in Hebrew the words: "Hear O Israel, The Eternal is our God; The Eternal is One;" and an English inscrip- tion, in which the place is styled : ' * Ararat ; a City of Refuge for the Jews, founded by Mordecai M. Noah, in the month Tizri (Tishri) 5586, Sept. 1825 & in the 50th year of American Inde- pendence;" — the name of its founder and the date being also visible. In 1837 another settlement was tried in Ulster County, New York State, by Moses Cohen, and the place selected was called Shalom ("Peace"). This effort, like that previously, appears to have been premature, due to the comparatively small number of Hebrews in our midst and the lack of system in such work. In the first issue of The Occident and American Jewish Advocate (April, 1843), edited by Rev. Isaac Leeser, there appeared an article in which the writer, Mr. Julius Stern, pleaded strongly for a colony in the United States, where farming and agriculture might once more be reinstated, and gradually form the occupations of many — as in the days of old — together with other industries. The writer extolled the benefits to be derived therefrom ; he showed how such conditions would foster self-dependence and promote happiness; and he concluded with this remark: *' In such a society excellent men and worthy women might spring up who would deserve to be called an ornament to Israel and an honour to mankind." Yet nothing further, attempted upon an extensive scale, is known for many years. Nor did the majority of those colonies established since the exodus of 1882, in far Western States and Territories — notably in Dakota — attain success, owing largely to the severity of the climate and other conditions unfavorable for development. The earliest of the three New Jersey colonies is that known as "Alli- ance" (1400 acres), beyond Vineland. It was first settled during the spring of ] 882, but it required some years and arduous labors before it could be rendered permanent, specially because of the soil, which, for a long time, was thought to be unproductive. The THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 213 colonists were assisted by Hebrews of New York, Philadelphia, and the Mansion House Relief Committee, of London, England. Now, "Alliance" is in the front rank, and its one thousand or more settlers enjoy peculiar advantages. Numerous industries and con- veniences have been provided there. Two Synagogues have also been instituted. "Rosenhayn" Colony (said to contain 2,500 acres tilled by Jews), between Vineland and Bridgeton, was also settled in 1882, and like- wise under disadvantages. Its Jewish residents are some ninety families, and it is doing fairly well. ''Carmel" Colony (originally 848 acres, now over 2,600 acres), located five miles north of Millville, is another important settlement, and was, about five years since, placed upon a permanent footing by Baron Maurice de Hirsch's gift of $5,000, which was obtained through the efforts of the Rev. Dr. S. Morais, who endorsed a petition to the Baron, and wrote to the Baron's lamented almoner. Chevalier Emanuel F. Veneziani, through whose means the dona- tion was sent. Dr. Morais represents the Baron at this colony, having at first associated with himself Mayer Sulzberger, Esq. , and Mr. Simon Muhr, at the time of disposing and apportioning the remittances. Oscar B. Teller, Esq., acted as attorney for the Trustees. There are at this Colony over three hundred families. Among the additions are a Synagogue and a school- house. The largest Jewish colony in these parts is known as * * Woodbine." It was purchased by the Trustees of the Baron Maurice de Hirsch Trust, in 1891. Located on the West Jersey Railroad, twenty-five miles from Cape May and fifty-six miles from Philadelphia, it covers five thousand acres. There are about five hundred colonists. Farmers, agriculturists, and others are settling there in increased numbers; houses are being added to; clothing and basket factories and schools are in operation. Forty farms are located there, also work- shops, a bath-house, a lecture- room, etc. An Agricultural School is in successful operation, and a large school-house for secular branches has just been opened. This Colony holds out many signs of perma- nence. Colonel John B. Weber until recently represented the De Hirsch Trust here. Mr. H. L. Sabsovitch is Superintendent. Settlements have also been effected in other parts of New Jersey —at Ziontown and elsewhere; and in different States of the Union; 214 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. but these have not, invariably, been marked by prosperous con- ditions. (90) The position and results attained by the New Jersey Colonies (to which only an incidental reference was intended here), have shown the feasibility of planting new settlements, and, ere long, the Atlantic Coast States, and States of the interior and far West may witness thriving Jewish settlements within their borders, peopled by diligent farmers and hardy tillers of the soil. An aptitude for agriculture is shown, by statistics, to be on the increase, and this, of all other considerations, augurs well for the future. The lamented Michael Heilprin, the profound scholar and ardent friend of the colonists, was most instrumental towards promoting their welfare for which he labored unremittingly. (91) (90) Settlements have been formed in Connecticut and Delaware, and other Eastern and Middle States ; also in Canada ; but these, it seems, have not attracted many. Climatic conditions in Canada are not favorable for colonization. (91) An exhaustive and valuable study of the subject of colonization and of colonies here, and those in the Holy Land, etc., etc., is given in the work, Migdal Zophim ("The Watch Tower"), by Moses Klein.— Philadelphia, 1889. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 215 CHAPTER XXXVI. Russian Jews — Their Settlement in Philadelphia — Dis- tricts IN Which They Preponderate— Marked Features and Types. Congregational — Growth of Down-Town Elements— Two Large Russo-Jewish Congregations and Their Ministers — An Hungarian-Jewish Congrp^gation and its Minister —Different Chebroth and Smaller Congregations— Im- provised Services. " Many of the Russian Jews who came here in 1882 have suc- ceeded in establishing an independence for themselves and accumu- lating wealth." This expression of a writer in a magazine article is followed up by the remark that all do not wish for light work, but are willing to do anything, and that many are taking to different industries, the pursuit of which will not simply benefit themselves, but the country at large. Examples of the above are readily found in this city of Philadelphia, whose Russo-Hebrew elements now con- stitute the bulk of the Jewish population. Ability and business tact — counting for naught in their native country — have been here signally rewarded. A marked talent for saving and an extreme economy have had to do with this good fortune. Naturally, those who have grown rich are rare exceptions, and these are usually, it must be said, open-hearted and generous towards their brethren; their own experience having taught them all the more to sympathize with those who have shared their lot in the land of the oppressor. The Russo-Jewish population mostly inhabits southern districts of this city, between Front and Tenth Streets (east to west) and from Pine Street to Washington Avenue (north to south). Some are also found north on Front, New Market, Second, Third, Fourth, and intermediate streets, Arch Street, Girard Avenue, Lehigh Avenue, Frankford, and a considerable number dwell in Port Richmond. The central points are, however, on South Street, and in its imme- diate vicinity. Many curious signs may be noticed by the passer-by. These, printed (or written) in Juedisch Deutsch (with Hebrew letters), 216 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. give the shopkeeper's name, his business, and, occasionally, extra points as to the character of the business. A decade since, such signs were few, indeed. Now whole squares are dotted with them. Meat shops are numerous, with the Hebrew words Cosher Bosor ("right meat" — or, that slaughtered according to the Jewish regula- tions). Then, there are many other shops, such as those of bakers, tailors, shoemakers, carpenters, painters, furniture- dealers, clothiers, hatters, milliners, cigar- manufacturers, besides restaurants, etc., etc. — each having its own special sign, which is better understood by the customers than is the vernacular language. All the streets in which this element preponderates are busy marts — day and night. Sections of this city, formerly among the slums; dark and dangerous quarters have undergone radical changes since the recent influx, and are now no longer rendered fearful to passers- by. The Russian Jews, who inhabit such parts are eager to acquire sufficient to improve their condition and purchase homes, and when this success attends them they move to larger or more populous neighborhoods. On many a face may be seen the imprint of sor- rows undergone in the country from which escape was dearly bought. Some have been robbed of those who are their own ''flesh and blood." Others have left dear ones exposed to momentary dangers. Gifted men and women are not infrequently met who might have risen to positions in Russia— but that they are Jews. Most pitiful tales of hardship and sufferings are told by hundreds; some having been in affluence, and coming here stripped of their all. In fact, there are very few who have not, in some way, felt the oppressor's rod, and the malice of the low Russian peasantry, who, when inflamed with vodka (the vilest form of adulterated whiskey) are much like the savages of Java, who run amuck on the open streets and strike with their weapons all they meet. The prominent features of many of these Russian Jews contradict an impression long held by Gentiles, viz. , that Hebrews are, as a rule, of dark complexion, with jet black beards and piercing eyes. Many of the Russian element are of a peculiarly blonde type — men and women; handsome and regular features characterize scores of the women, while not a few of the male portion have striking coun- tenances, a dignified mien, and a general bearing far above the ordinary. More than a few Russian Jews have distinguished themselves here THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 217 not simply in mercantile pursuits, but in the learned professions, and they are rapidly urging their way to the front among the representa- tive men of their race. Russo-Jewisii Institutions. Since their arrival in large numbers in this city the Russian Jews have almost constituted a community of their own, without being regarded as separatists. Recognizing the importance of united efforts, they have instituted Synagogues, and societies for charitable, educational, and literary purposes. Trades' Unions and political clubs also exist among some (though these are discountenanced by the Jewish community) and other manifestations of activity are plainly visible in their midst. Congregations. There are numerous Congregations located in southern districts of this city, whose membership is exclusively composed of Russian Jews. Others, embracing Hebrews, hailing from Austria, Hungary, and Slavonic countries, while not as numerous, yet add to the strength and importance of the down-town Jewish element. The two largest Russo-Jewish Congregations are located on Lom- bard Street — the "Bene Abraham, Anshe Russe" (Children of Abraham, Men of Russia), on the north side above Fifth Street; and the "Bene Ya'acob" (Children of Jacob), on the south side above Fourth Street. Both Synagogue buildings were formerly churches. The Ben^ Abraham Congregation purchased theirs for $7,000. The building has undergone alterations, enhancing its appearance, and upon which a considerable amount has been ex- pended. It has a seating capacity of from six to seven hundred. This Congregation was founded October 1st, 1882, by Mr. Abraham Kessler and others. It first met for worship at 728 Bainbridge Street; then at the south-west corner of Fifth and South Streets; and prior to removing to the present edifice — in October, 1885 — at 514 Pine Street. From seventeen members at the start its member- ship has increased to about two hundred. The first Rabbi engaged was Rev. Israel Moses Sachs (born in Russia, in 1837), who occupied that office about four yeai-s. He 218 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. wielded considerable influence, and was a powerful speaker in the Juedisch Deutsch jargon, being also a Talmudist. Rabbi Sachs died on August 26th, 1889, at an early age, much lamented. His suc- cessor was Rabbi Eleazer Kleinberg, of dignified and portly appear- ance, and also a learned Hebrew scholar. Rabbi Kleinberg, who was a native of Kurland, Russia (born there in 1832), became Dayan, or ecclesiastical chief of the Jews in Wilna — a position only obtained by men of pronounced scholarship. He subsequently came to this country; but after a year's ministration at Bene Abra- ham, he fell a victim to the destroyer on February 9th, 1891. Shortly after his decease, his son-in-law. Rabbi Baer L. Lewin- thal, of Bialostock, Russia, was elected. Rabbi Lewinthal has occu- pied the ministerial office here since September, 1891. He was born at Kovno, Russia, in 1864, and is an effective speaker in the jargon dialect. He has interested himself in communal affairs ; is a member of the School Board of the "Talmud Torah" (School for teaching the Law), etc. The "Chazan" (Reader) of the Bene Abraham Congregation is Rev. Marcus Greenblatt. The officers are : President, Charles Gillis ; Vice-President, Abraham Kessler ; Treasurer, William Rosenberg; Secretary, Noah Le wen berg; Assist- ant Secretary, Isaac Warschawski; Trustees, Abraham Max, Solomon Lerner, and Abraham Usellovitz. A smaller Synagogue, called "Beth Hammedrash," is attached. The **Bene Ya'acob" Congregation was organized in 1883, at 725 Lombard Street. The services were held in rooms and at a hall, until the present Synagogue was purchased in 1888 for $9,000. Originally, there were thirteen members. Now, more than three hundred names, including seat-holders, are on the rolls. The in- terior of this Synagogue has been improved. It will accommodate with seats over seven hundred persons. A "Beth Hammedrash" is situated in another room of the same building. The Rabbi and Preacher is Rev. Hyman Brodsky, a talented and energetic worker. Mr. Brodsky was born in Grodno, Russia, in 1854. After receiving a Rabbinical education, he went to Bialostock, Russia, and became a Rabbi. He arrived in the United States in 1886, and was, for several years, minister in New York City. While there, he received a call to the Bene Ya'acob Congregation. Rev. Mr. Brodsky is THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 219 chairman of the School Board of the ''Talmud Torah," President of the Independent "Chebrah Kadisha," and he is also interested in other institutions. He is active in inducing down- town coreligionists to become citizens of the United States. Bene Ya'acob's Reader is Rev. Mordecai Schatz, who possesses a voice well adapted to this Congregation's liturgy. Louis Glickman is President ; H. Rosen, Vice-President ; M. Waxman, Recording Secretary; M. Binder, Financial Secretary; M. Goldman, Treas- urer; J. Solcovitz, N. Harris, S. Solcovich, B. Rotkin, and Z. Levy, Trustees; J. Shor, M. Goldman, W. Garson, N. Blum, H. Sacks, I. Rom, Jacob Broudy, A. Cahn, Joseph Broudy, J. Kay, N. Harris, J. Katz, and I. Solcovich, Directors. Wheatley Dramatic Hall, at thg south-west corner of Fifth and Gaskill Streets (between Lombard and South Streets) is a building around which numerous histrionic recollections cluster. Called after William Wheatley, a celebrated actor, it has been the place where more than a few followers of his art have made their first public appearance. More recently, however, it was utilized for different purposes. A few years since, it was sold for $22,000, to the Hun- garian-Jewish Congregatign "Emunath Israel" (Faith of Israel), which, in 1891, united with the " Oheb Shalom" (Loving Peace) Congregation, and retains both names. The former dates its origin from July, 1880, at the corner of Seventh and South Streets, and the latter was established in 1884, at Fourth and Gaskill Streets. The combined Congregation reckons several hundred members and seat-holders. The Wheatley Hall building has been almost entirely remodelled, at an expense of about $15,000, and the Synagogue with its two towers — one at either end— is quite an attractive sight; while the interior has been handsomely altered. There are six hundred seats on the main floor, and several hundred more in the galleries. Meeting-rooms and school-rooms are located on the first floor of the building. This Congregation consecrated its Synagogue here, September 13th, 1891; the Rev. Dr. S. Morais, Dr. G. Lieberman, Rev. Nehemiah Mosessohn, Mr. Charles Hoffman, Rev. Victor Caro, and Rev. M. J. Beer, of New York City, having parts in the ceremonies. Rev. Moses Weinberger was elected Rabbi in 1892, and was formally in- ducted into office, on September 18th of that year. 220 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Rabbi Weinberger was born in Sborow, Hungary, in 1855. He pursued studies under his father and at Rabbinical academies, under celebrated instructors ; graduating with special honors. He has written frequently for Hebrew periodicals; among his productions being a series of descriptive articles, entitled ' * Haperaim Be-Erets Ha- Chadashdh" ("The Aborigines in America"), which work has been favorably received. Another work in Hebrew from his pen is entitled Ha-Yehudim Ve-Ha-Yadoth Be New York (''The Jews and Judaism in New York"). For awhile, Mr. Weinberger also gave attention to business. In 1880 he reached New York City, and occasionally preached there; but at the same time followed busi- ness. Though successful, his feelings led him to devote himself with more earnestness to religion and literature. Hence, he accepted an invitation in 1890 to become minister of an Hungarian Congregation, in Scranton, Pennsylvania. His activity as a writer continued, and several important books emanated from his pen. Rabbi Weinberger has since ministered at * ' Emunath Israel-Oheb Shalom," and his ser- vices are highly regarded by his numerous congregants. In addition to his duties as Daydn, he preaches ; and he is in touch with the work of a number of Jewish institutions. Rev. M. Karfunkel is Reader of this Congregation. Rabbi Weinberger is Superintendent of the Congregational School, and he is assisted by several teachers. Mr. Nathan Kline served until recently as President. The present officers are as follows: Presi- dent, Gutman Klein; Vice-President, M. Weiss; Treasurer, Ignatz Kline ; Secretary, M. Keller; Trustees, Solomon Green wald and J. Moskovitz; Shamash (Sexton), S. Weinberger. Chebroth. The oldest Chebrdh, or Society holding worship and dispensing benefits, is that bearing the name of *'Bikur Cholim" (Visiting the Sick) — the second bearing that name instituted in this city, though of a different character from the first — hitherto mentioned. This C/icim/i was incorporated in 18B1; its charter- members being Solo- mon Silberstein, Isidor Katz, Jacob Sweetman, Samuel Mendelsohn, Morris Simon, Joseph Ackerman, Seimann Rosenbaum, Morris Elkas, Joseph Markus, Simon Rosenthal, Meyer Gotthelf, Max Rosenthal, Jacob Frank, Henry Myers, and L. N. Rosenthal. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 221 Divine Services are held on all Sabbaths and Festivals, in Cale- donian Hall, 214 Pine Street, and on the Great Holy Days, in Ma3nnerchor Hall, Fairmount Avenue near Franklin Street. Mr. Abraham Seelig is the regular Reader, and Mr. Morris Rosenberg officiates on the New Year Days and on the Great Day of Atone- ment.^ This Chebrdh counts about one hundred and forty members. Its cemetery is on Bridge Street, JFrankford. It has beneficial objects. Its financial success is shown by the statement that its in- vestments and general balance in the treasury now amount to nearly two thousand seven hundred and fifty dollars. Elections for officers are held semi-annually ; the present management being in the hands of the following gentlemen : President, Alfred Rosenthal ; Vice- President, Louis Rosen; Treasurer, Adolph Indig; Secretary, Morris Jaretzky; Trustees, Samuel Mendelsohn, Isaac Cohen, and Jacob Reinhart; Sexton, Joseph Schie. "Kra Kauer — Beth Elohim" (House of God) Congregation also has two objects — worship and charity. It was established in 1876 as a Congregation, and united, July 27th, 1879, with a Kra Kauer (a Society of residents of Cracow, Austria) Beneficial Society, formed in 1878. It has 109 members, of different nationalities. The wor- ship has always been held at 417 Pine Street. The sum of $10, annually, entitles each member to benefits, etc. On Sabbaths, Festi- vals, and Holy Days, regular services are held, and, at times, in another hall. These are conducted by the Reader, Mr. A. Milgrom, who has succeeded Mr. Max Cohen, Mr. Noah Lowenberg, and others, among them Messrs. Michael I. Asch, David Herzman, and Lewis Federman. =This Congregation dedicated in September, 1890, a cemetery in East Cedar Hill, Frankford, in which there are about one hundred lots. The officers directing aflfairs are: President, Lewis Goldberg; Vice-President, Benjamin Loevenstein ; Secretary, Isidor Aussprung; Financial Secretary, Samuel Gottlieb; Treasurer, Aaron J. Seligman; Trustees, Benjamin Kastner, Joseph Theeman, Isaac Steinlauf, and Morris Shudmak ; Messenger, Alexander Alexander ; Physician, Dr. Ludwig Loeb. The ''Chebrdh, Ben^ David" (Society, Children of David) holds 222 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. worship at 418 Lombard Street. It is of recent origin and numbers forty members. Samuel Pfeffer is President ; Mordecai Machbem, Vice-President ; Vigdor Albus, Secretary ; Schneier Zavitzky, Treasurer. Chebrdh, ''Or .Ha-Chayim" (Society, The Light of Life) meets occasionally at the hall, 479 and 481 North Third Street, be- low Button wood Street; but on regular Sabbaths, at 630 North Second Street, below Fairmount Avenue. It is composed of Galicians, and is among the few Chebroth in up- town neighborhoods. Its membership is given at eighty- seven. Mr. Elias Herscher is the Reader. Another up-town Chebrdh — "Berith Shalom" (Covenant of Peace) w^orships at a hall, south-west corner of Sixth Street and Girard Avenue. Mr. Elias Lang, recently deceased, officiated there for some years. Mr. I. Cohen is the present Reader, and Mr. Isaac Langfeld is President. Services are held regularly on all Sabbaths, Festivals, and Holy Days. The ritual of the Ashhenazim (Ortho- dox German Jews) is employed. At 620 Minster Street (between Lombard and South Streets) the ''Bene Reuben" (Children of Reuben) has its Synagogue; and counts about a hundred members. Rev. Julius Bloom is Cantor. The sum of S2, 600 was expended on the purchase of this House of Worship. This organization obtained a charter, December 31st, 1888. Mr. Isaac Silberberg was Reader about four years; being succeeded in April, 1891, by Mr. 'Hemya Krosinski, and the present minister. Mr. Reuben Konavski is President, and Mr. Henry Bernstein is Secretary; besides whom there are Trustees. "Ahabath Achim, Anshe Nazin" (Brothers' Love, Men of Nazin — a city in Russia) is another down- town Congregation, organized August 24th, 1889. Until recently, worship was held at 322 Bainbridge Street. The Congregation is now^ located in the hall building, 754 and 756 South Third Street. It reckons about 170 members. Rabbi 'Hayim Jacob Widerewitz is the spiritual guide. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 223 The officers are: President, Jacob Edelman; Vice-President, Abra hamAraenson; Treasurer, Harry Rusin; Secretary, D. G. Kratzok Trustees, J. Lewitzky, Joseph Kimmelraan, and Isaac Steiman Sexton, Jacob Slatky. Among other Congregations and Chebroth (Societies) are the fol- lowing: ''Po'el Tsedek" (Doing Righteousness), with seventy-five members; "Oheb Tsedek" (Loving Righteousness); ''Ahabath Chesed, Anshe Shavele ' ' (Loving Mercy, Men of Shavele — a city in Russia), A. Smith, President, has a hundred members and wor- ships at 516 South Seventh Street; "Shomere Shabbath" (Ob- servers of the Sabbath) at the north-west corner of Fourth and Gas- kill Streets; ''Rodephe Tsedek, Anshe Szager" (Followers of Righteousness, Men of Szager— a city in Russia), H. Gordon, Presi- dent, numbers a hundred members, and worships at 337 South Seventh Street ; ' ' Anshe Berz ' ' (Men of Berz — a city in Russia) ; Chebrdh "Bene Israel" (Children of Israel); "Shomere Emunah, Anshe Kelm " (Keepers of Truth; Men of Kelm — a city in Russia) ; "Agudath Achim" (United Brethren), Samuel Davis, President; ''Doreshe Tob" (Seekers .of Good); ''Roumanian American Che- brdhf Or Chadash" (Society of New Light), reckons 145 members, and meets at 515 South Fifth Street; "Chebrdh, Chesed Shel Emeth" (Society of True Mercy), established a number of years, holds worship in a hall at 203 Pine Street. There exist additional religious societies, with smaller membership than the above mentioned. A number of down- town Israelites, representing different Che- broth (Societies), organized during the present year (1894) a Union called Aguddth Ha-Kehiloth (United Congregations). The object of this Union is to direct matters pertaining to the sale of Cosher (allowable) meat, and to improve the status of a number of congre- gational, charitable, and educational institutions in the southern sec- tion of this city. A Daydn, or ecclesiastical chief, has been elected, in the person of Rabbi 'Hayim Jacob Widerewitz, a native of 224 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Russia. He will be appealed to for decisions. The officers of this Union are: President, Jacob Edelman; Vice-President, Samuel Rovno; Secretary, Aaron Frank; Treasurer, Michael Maldaver. At present, meetings are held at 430 Lombard Street. In Port Richmond (a north-eastern suburb) three Congregations have held worship. The ritual in all is of the Russo- Polish order. Occasionally, during High Festivals and Holy Days, the Hebrew Education Society's building, on Lark Street, has been utilized for worship. At times, a school, or Cheder, has been maintained by one or another of these Congregations. All the Chebroth mentioned, and others not enumerated, have re- ligious and beneficial features. By this means they obtain accessions from among those in humble circumstances, to whom they minister in a double sense. Added to the above list are scores of meetings held for worship during the annual solemn season, marked by the two days of the New Year, the succeeding Penitential Days, the Penitential Sabbath, and the great Day of Atonement. In almost every section of Philadelphia, such services are witnessed during this annual sacred period. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 22-5 CHAPTER XXXVII. Russian Jews— Their Charities — Wayfarers' Lodge— Mai- MONiDES Clinic— Other Societies— Educational and Liter- ary Institutions— Hebrew Schools — Hebrew Literature Society— Other Associations of a Similar Character- Michael Heilprin Lodge— General Mention. The Hebrew Sages have time and again exalted charity. Ac- cording to their dicta, it co- exists with religion. The Hebrew word Tsedakdh (literally, '* righteousness") is invariably applied to "Charity," showing that the latter is a religious act, and must emanate from those who are truly pious — who pray and act. The Hebrews, wherever their lot has been cast, have shown a true ap- preciation of this true Rabbinical teaching, based upon the sublime commands of the Pentateuch, re-echoed in many works of Holy Writ. Not that charity which satisfies itself with alms-giving has been the sphere of their labors in this particular, but the establish- ment of well-regulated eleemosynary institutions — where the poor and the suffering may be truly benefited and receive shelter — has been the aim constantly in view. The Russian Jews have several of these institutions at work in southern districts of this city, and accord them a generous and hearty support. Their labors are of wide scope, and a casual visit to the quarters of any will convince the most incredulous of the good being done by men and women who devote their efforts towards the welfare of their less fortunate brethren and sisters in Israel. A few instances may be cited here. Charity Societies. The Society Hachnasdth Orechim (literally, ** Hospitality to Strangers," but called the Wayfarers' Lodge) was formed Novem- ber 16th, 1890, and was chartered April 29th, 1891. Among its objects is **to distribute food and clothing among the deserving poor." Its first quarters, at 430 Lombard Street, were opened in April, 1891. In October of the same year a removal was made to 218 Lombard Street, which property was purchased for $5,300, and 15 226 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. has since been fitted up with various conveniences. In two years over ten thousand meals have been given to the poor, and as many as from eighty to a hundred individuals have been housed and lodged daily in this Society's quarters, or in rooms rented for the purpose near-by, when its lodging accommodations are insufficient. The total expenditures in a year (October, 1892-October, 1893) were $3,485.15, and 1,524 persons were lodged during that period. Many a poor immigrant, who has landed at these shores without relatives or friends, has been welcomed at this Home, and sheltered until employment can be obtained. The Society's work, with limited means, has been remarkable. Its practical and unceasing labors have rendered it at times of great assistance to other institu- tions and to the general community. Frequent donations of money, clothing, provisions, etc., aid on the work. The membership is given at six hundred. The Wayfarers' Lodge (according to last report re- ceived) was directed by the following Board of Officers: President, Mrs. Minna Lewinthal ; Vice-Presidents, Mrs. M. Ostrow and Mrs. F. Lemisch; Honorary Recording Secretary, Mrs. Deborah Spivakovski; Honorary Financial Secretary, Mrs. Chainovsky; Treasurer, Mrs. Rovno ; Trustees, Mrs. Epter, Mrs. Levitsky, and Mrs. Belber ; Directors, Messrs. Zadok Levi, Morris Latinsky, Mr. Goldenberg, M. Freeman, S. Wiesenthal, Max Wurtzel, Nathan Grayev, George GoAvard, Joseph Goldstein, J. Paley, Mrs. S. Gins, Mrs. Clara Levitsky, Mr. Rubenstein, Mrs. Levin, Mrs. Lena Broudy, Mrs. Klevansky, Mrs. Wolf, Mrs. Blitzstein, Mrs. Ver- bitsky, Mrs. Feinstein, Mrs. Lovitch, and Mrs. Stern. Another Society, called Hachnasatli Orechim, flourished at one time at 721 South Ninth Street. Maimonides Clinic is the name given to an institution founded by Dr. Charles D. Spivak and Dr. Ludwig Loeb, on April 27th, 1891, for the free treatment of indigent patients. It is named after Rabbi Moses Ben Maimon (Maimonides), who flourished in 1135-1204, and who combined with his monumental scholarship so great a knowledge of medicine that he was selected as physician to the Sultan of Egypt. Maimonides Clinic had its first quarters at 426 Lombard Street; subsequently, at 419 Lombard Street; and, since June THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 227 1st, 1893, at the south-east corner of Fifth and Spruce Streets. This Clinic is for both medical and surgical treatment. During twelve months 2,700 patients have been attended to, and 4,489 visits have been paid to the Clinic. The physicians, when neces- sary, visit patients at their homes. Dr. Spivak, Dr. Loeb, and Dr. E. P. Davis have charge of different departments, to which others will be added. An apothecary shop is attached, and Mr. Charles Zentner, Ph.G., is in charge. This Clinic is non-sectarian, though established by and under the superintendence of Jews. It has specially evidenced its usefulness in ministering to patients not familiar with the English language. It has received the ap- proval of well-known members of that profession whose aim is to lighten human ills. Chohehe Dalim (" Lovers of the Poor") is the name borne by a charity society, instituted January 7th, 1894; its object Jpeing to aid the indigent, specially in times of prevailing distress. It is com- posed of Hebrews mainly residing in northern sections of this city. Its membership numbers over two hundred men and women. A committee investigates cases of applicants for assistance. Jacob Wiener presides over this society; Gustav Peitzman is Vice-Presi- dent; Samuel Singer, Recording Secretary; Nathan Hornstein, Financial Secretary; Louis A. Oser, Treasurer; Harry Hornstein, Lazarus Roomberg, and Louis Lilienfeld, Trustees. There are also male and female Directors. This Society has headquarters at 434 North Second Street. It assists numerous households. Independent Chebrdh Kadishd ("Holy Society") was established in September, 1892. Its object is to give free burial to departed among the Jewish poor. With this charitable purpose in view it has recently obtained a cemetery, covering two acres, in Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania; it being a part of Har Ha-Zetlm (**The Mount of Olives") Cemetery, which com- prises in all 19 acres. About six hundred and fifty separate lots cover the two acres in use by the Chebrdh mentioned. Five Jewish Congregations in the southern section of this city are subscribers to the Chebrdh, viz., "Ben6 Abraham," *'Ben^ Ya'acob," "Ben6 Reuben," "Ansh^ Nazin," and ''Ansh^ Berz." Twenty-four 228 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. managers and the following officers conduct its affairs: President, Rev. Hyman Brodsky; Vice-President, Abraham Burstein; Secre- tary, Samuel Goldenberg; Treasurer, Rev. Baer L. Lewinthal. Educational and Literary Institutions. A school designated Talmud Torah ("Teaching of the Law") formerly held sessions at Howard Hall, 322 Bainbridge Street; and later on, in larger quarters, at Liberty Hall, 716 and 718 Lombard Street. It is now located at 617 Pine Street. The pupils, number- ing two hundred and thirty boys, are instructed on most week days, in the Hebrew language, reading, and translation into Juedisch Deutsch and English, in Jewish History, Religion, etc. , etc. There are four classes, taught by Messrs. Samuel Gordon, Samuel Bloch, Moses Aufsehev, and Israel Yareshew^sky. The Society, under whose auspices this school is conducted, is supported by nearly three hundred an^ fifty patrons and members. Its efforts in the cause of education have met with encomium. A society of ladies called Malbish ^Arumim ("Clothing the Naked"), Mrs. Deborah Spiva- kovski. President, provides garments for the children of this school. Mr. Gutman Klein presides over the Society in charge of the School; Mr. Zadok Levi is Vice-President; Mr. Charles Schwartz, Treasurer; Mr. J. Gordon, Secretary; Mr. Joseph Mitozsky, Finan- cial Secretary; Mr. Arnold Kohn, Honorary Treasurer; Messrs. M. Goldman, H. Rudman, and E. Rubinstein, Trustees. Rev. Hyman Brodsky, Rev. Baer L. Lewinthal, and Messrs. R. Shapiro, S. Rosenberg, and other directors constitute the School Board. This Society is a chartered institution. The Benoth Zion ("Daughters of Zion") Association, composed of women, maintains a Night School for females at 406 South Sixth Street. The Ladies' Association, bearing the above name, is com- posed of sixty members. It meets semi-monthly, at 238 Pine Street. The literary efforts of the down- town Hebrew element are, in a measure, reflected in the Hebrew Literature Society, instituted Feb- ruary 15th, 1885. There were twenty- five members at the start, THU JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 229 and the number was, before long, very considerably augmented. After meeting in different localities, this Society obtained a room, in 1887, at the hall, 203 Pine Street. Since then it has removed (November, 1891) to more commodious quarters, at 822 Bainbridge Street. There it has a well -arranged library of about three thou- sand volumes, in Hebrew, Juedisch Deutscfi, Russian, German, and English, besides a stock of newspapers and current publications, to which there are frequent additions. The rooms are well furnished, and many persons avail themselves of the educational advantages afforded on different afternoons and evenings of each week. Under this Society's auspices, lectures and miscellaneous entertainments are provided, and these attract hundreds to the hall. Annual celebra- tions and balls are features. Notable speakers have been heard here, among them the Rev. Dr. S. Morals, Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow, Rev. Leo Reich (now minister at Atlanta, Georgia), Rev. Henry Iliowizi, Rev. Dr. Joseph Krauskopf, Rev. Dr. Henry Berkowitz, Rev. Victor Caro (now in Milwaukee, Wisconsin), Dr. Charles D. Spivak, Mr. Isaac Feinberg, Ephraim Lederer, Esq., and Professor Morris Jastrow, Jr., Ph.D. This Society requires, however, a more general en- couragement, in order to enlarge its sphere of work and become an influence and an intellectual force in the down- town community. The officers (elected semi-annually) are: President, George Goward; Vice-President, Judah Baroway; Treasurer, Marcus Goldman; Re- cording Secretary, Jacob Getzow ; Financial Secretary, S. Friedman ; Directors, N. Herr, M. Lefcovich, J. Lewis, E. Binder, S. Smule- vich, and M. Rosenbaum; Librarian, Max Werblum. There are 125 names on the membership roll — a large number of those iden- tified with this Society being active workers in its cause, and striving to promote knowledge among the thousands of their brethren who have recently settled in this city. In the line of earnest endeavor must be placed the Maimonides Literary Society, originated in February, 1893, through the efforts of Jacob Wegman and other pupils of the Night Schools of the Hebrew Education Society. Its chief aim "is the furthering of the English education of its members, "ijpost of whom are foreigners. For this purpose, meetings are held in the Touro Hall building of the 230 TBJE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Hebrew. Education Society, every Sunday evening, in at least ten months of each year, at which essays, readings, recitations, and de- bates are the main features. A chairman is chosen at each session, and a Secretary and Treasurer serve for stated periods. The sub- jects for discussion are selected from leading questions of the times, and all debate is in the English language. The membership is mainly recruited from the ranks of the pupils of the Night Schools. The Kohn Educational Club calls for some mention. Its object is *'the diffusing of the English language, literature, and science among the Hebrew Americans." Meetings are held for literary exercises and educational purposes. The officers are : President, M. Wegman; Vice-President, R. Manhoff; Treasurer, J. Eisenberg; Secretary, I. J. Kohn (founder of this Club); Financial Secretary, L. Broude; Director of Education, Hubert J. Frawley, A.M. Other Associations. Among recent institutions is Michael Heilprin Lodge, Number 404, of the Independent Order Ben6 Berith — established in March, 1890, and named after an ardent worker and savant, now deceased. Its members are largely Russian Jews. The Century Lodge, an up-town organization, united with Michael Heilprin Lodge, which is now among the most progressive and energetic of the Order. The proceedings are usually secret ; but open meetings are occasionally held, at which interesting debates, lectures, and other features form the exercises. Charles Hoffman, Esq., was the first President of this Lodge— instituted mainly through his efforts— and its earliest officers were installed by the late Mr. David Klein, President of the Grand Lodge in this District (Number 3), and other officials. Messrs. Bernard Harris, Joseph Rosenfeldt, and Nathan Grayev have since occupied the presidential chair. The present officers are : President, Joseph Lewis ; Vice-President, Rev. Hyman Brodsky ; Secretary, Joseph Rosenfeldt; Financial Secretary, H. Orenstein; Treasurer, Samuel Maiman ; Inside Guard, Jacob Margolis ; Outside Guard, H. Tattleman ; Trustees, J. Ostrovsky and Joseph Cooperstein ; Repre- sentative to District Grand Lodge, Number 3, Joseph Rosenfeldt. This Lodge holds its meetings in a down-town hall. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 231 Several of the Jewish Secret Orders, heretofore cited, have been founded by Israelites dwelling in southern districts of Philadelphia. Among these are the Independent Order of United Israelites, the Independent Order Ahabath It^rael (Love of Israel), and the Order Berith Abraham (Covenant of Abraham). The Young Men's Hebrew Social, whose headquarters are at 618 South Ninth Street, has done commendable work in aiding the poor. It was established October 23d, 1892, and meets for social and literary purposes. Its officers are: President, Martin O. Levy; Vice-Presi- dent, B. Futernick; Treasurer, Herman J. Levy; Secretary, Mark E. Simon; Trustees, I. Sutnik and Isidor J. Friedman. The ''Philadelphia Society for the Relief of the Hungry," estab- lished in August, 1893, during a critical period, was directed by Israelites; but its charities were non- sectarian, and, through its means, many hundreds have been succored. Its officers were : Jacob Kyser, President; N. Cohen, Vice-President; Adolph Brown, Treasurer; William Seedman, Secretary. Sixty- four members con- tributed to its funds. Donations of bread, groceries, meat, and pro- visions were distributed to those in want, from the office, 732 South Fifth Street. The Austro- Hungarian Charity Society was organized four years since (1890). It has a membership of several hundreds, and its labors are devoted to assisting needy persons of the same nationality as its members. This Society is officered by E. H. Friedlander, President; A. E. Theodore, Vice-President; H. E. Schermer, Treas- urer; Anton Magaziner, Secretary; and the following Directors: S. Frankel, M. Bush, Mrs. L. Theodore, Mrs. I. Herbach, Mrs. W. Friedlander, and Mrs. Rosa Rosenstein. General Mention. In the list of beneficial societies, the following must be included : Ahabath Chesed (Loving Mercy) — an up-town society, with sev- eral hundred members; Austro- Hungarian Volksfest Vereiu, 100 232 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. members; Petofy Beneficial Society, 75 members; Francis Joseph Beneficial Society, 50 members ; Anshe Ilnngaria (Men of Hungary) Beneficial Society, 125 members; Crown Prince Rudolph Associa- tion; Karlander Unterstutzungs Verein; and the down-town Unter- stWtzungs Verein (both Relief Societies). There are, in addition, several political clubs, some of them having a considerable number of adherents. A society formerly existing here was called Chobebe Zion (Lovers of Zion), aiming to encourage agriculture and settlement in the Holy Land. Another society, entitled Shabe Zion (Restorers of Zion), with objects of a nearly similar character, exists in this city. Land Associations and Land Improvement Companies have also sprung up in southern parts of Philadelphia, but not all have proved to be sound investments. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. CHAPTER XXXVIII. Russian Jews— Trades' Unions— Sentiment Against Them— JUEDISCH DEUTSCH AS A MEDIUM FOR THE PRESENTATION OF Operas and Plays— Its Widespread Use Conclusion. Trades' Unions. Trades' Unions, among Jews exclusively, are of very recent date. About six thousand employes of tailors, cloak-makers, bakers, shirt- makers, etc., etc., are said to have composed the ''Jewish Federa- tion of Labor " — as it was termed. This Union, divided into dif- ferent trades, had branches in different cities. A conspicuous sign, at 731 South Fourth Street, formerly indicated its headquarters there. It subsequently removed to 150 South Street, but has, fortunately, become since an unknown quantity. Its avowed object was to pro- tect and assist its members, especially during strikes. However, its means were not always found ample enough to meet requirements in cases of emergency. This fact was palpably demonstrated during the summer of 1890, when a strike of cloak-makers' employes — lasting for several months — was finally brought to a settlement through the untiring efforts of the Rev. Dr. S. Morais, assisted by Mr. George Randorf. In June, 1891, some three hundred and fifty or more employes of men who take out contracts for large clothing establishments went on a strike. This trouble was finally adjusted by concessions. Both strikes were largely caused by the employment of non-union workmen and, in a measure, by the reduction of wages to what were claimed to be "starving rates." While, as in most strikes, right and wrong were on both sides, the cause of the unfortunate workman has, invariably, been injured by the domination of labor agitators, some of whom are rabid Anarchists, and would instill poisonous views into the minds of the untutored. Another ''Federation," called "The United Hebrew Trades," also had branches here and elsewhere. 234 THE JEWS OF PHtLADELPHlA. The sentiment of the Jewish people always has been directly opposed to the establishment of Trades' Unions, or political clubs, of a sectarian character. They are regarded as productive of no advantage. The unity and harmony necessary to the separate- ness of the Hebrews are advocated solely with respect to religious belief and religious organization. On all other questions the Jew loses his identity, and is a loyal citizen of the country in which he lives, having in common with his neighbor, of whatever persuasion, the interests of the whole community at heart; obeying the laws of the land, contributing to its progress, sharing its joys, and, if calami- ties ensue, its sorrows, with every other inhabitant. And this loyalty is taught in Holy Writ: — ''Seek ye the welfare of the city whither I have exiled you, and pray for its sake unto The Lord, for in its welfare shall ye fare well." — Jeremiah, xxix, 7. The Rabbins also emphasize this duty in their oft-quoted maxim — Dma de MalcJmtha D'lnd ("The law of the Government is law"). JUEDISCH DeUTSCH AND ItS UsES. A peculiarity which has become widespread, especially among the Russian Jews, is their composite language or jargon, called Jiiedisch Deiifsch. With the exception of the Hebrew language, many of them are unfamiliar with any other spoken tongue. Hence, the jargon is employed in all things, save Prayer. Even operatic and theatrical companies — of a very unique character, however — give performances in this mixture before delighted audiences. In New York City, where the Russian- Hebrew element is numbered by the scores of thousands, several theatres are almost exclusively devoted to their amusement. In this city, numerous presentations — musical, dramatic, and combined — have hitherto been given, at the Academy of Music, and in other amusement halls, amid pronounced success. Some time since, a movement was started to build a theatre here for such purposes. With that aim in view, a property on the east side of Eighth Street, below Lombard Street, was purchased. Thus far, however, nothing practical has ensued ; but the satisfactory results attending visits of companies such as those just referred to, may, ere long, take shape in the establishment of a local troupe, and in the remodelling into a theatre of this South Eighth Street hall. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 235 which has a considerable seating capacity, and is at the present time rented for entertainments of a social character. THE FUTURE OF THE RUSSIAN JEW. In the exiled Russian Jew is found the future representative of the race of Israel in the United States. Elevated by the influences of modern civilization, he will outgrow the narrow teachings engen- dered by centuries of inhuman restrictions and residence in Ghettos. He will become liberalized, disarming prejudice on every side; he will rise— socially and intellectually — the peer of his fellows in all that tends to advance culture, and to promote the weal of humanity ; still remaining true to the Faith of his fathers, w^hile proclaiming by word and by deed among all peoples — The Universal Fatherhood of The One God, and the common brotherhood of all His children. END OF PART I. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA PART II. BIOGRAPHICAL AND MISCELLANEOUS. MEN AND WOMEN DISTINGUISHED IN COMMUNAL AFFAIRS, IN VARIOUS PROFESSIONS, ETC., ETC. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. I. IN COMMUNAL AFFAIRS. BIOGRAPHICAL. Israel in Philadelphia has never lacked representatives in every sphere of social and communal progress; those who, by their conduct, have compelled the majority to recognize in the minority qualities that contribute to good citizenship ; enterprise and business capacities, which go far towards promoting trade and commerce, insuring stability to our institutions, and fostering a healthy growth. And these qualities are possessed by more than a few ; but they are still further admired when exercised by Jews and Jewesses who are such in thought and in action ; whose Judaism is pronounced, yet liberal ; whose deeds of charity and of humanity are performed within and without the pale. The pursuit of such a course always commands and retains the regard of the right-thinking; it has won for the Jews political and social equality, and, many years since, it led an eminent American statesman to say of them that " no set of men can be better subjects," and to express then a hope "that other countries, throughout Europe, will follow the example cf the United States, which have admitted Jews to a participation in the rights of free citizens." The following series of sketches, necessarily limited in a work partaking more essentially of the historical than of the biographical character, will, nevertheless, bear witness to an activity prevailing among an element, whose total reckoning is but a small fraction — not a twenty- fifth — of the entire population of Philadelphia, and whose record is, therefore, all the more remarkable. These sketches will constitute an addition to those introduced in the main narra- tive of the present work. 240 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Abraham Abler, an Israelite respected for his virtues, his affable manners and his sympathy with good works, was born at Memmelsdorf, in Bavaria, Germany, July 25th, 1809. His father was Reader of the Jewish Congregation in his native village. The son was carefully trained in German and Hebrew, and attained marked proficiency in these branches, so that he was soon able to fill positions as instructor in Germany and in France. He followed the calling of teacher until 1845, when he determined to come to the United States. Here he entered upon a mercantile career in Phila- delphia, though his love of literature, music, and the fine arts continued, and much of his leisure was devoted to reading, and to the development of his tastes for various studies. Mr. Adler, after being engaged for awhile in business, removed from this city to Meadville, Pennsylvania, in 1847, and, together with Isaac Kohn, founded the millinery house of Kohn & Adler. This partnership continued at Meadville until 1860, when both gentlemen returned to Philadelphia and resumed business, with the addition of Menko Stern, under the firm name of M. Stern, Kohn & Company. Messrs. Kohn and Adler subsequently bought out Mr. Stern's interest, and the house of Kohn, Adler & Company was established, and continues under the same name at the present day — though both of the original partners are deceased. The transac- tions of this house increased in volume, and it became one of the most successful millinery establishments in these parts. The same respect Mr. Adler enjoyed in his business dealings he earned by his kindness to worthy causes. He contributed liberally to charities and educational interests, and took an active part in the direction of institutions. His desire to extend education among the humbler classes, and to promote a knowledge of the Hebrew lan- guage and of the Jewish religion among the offspring of Jewish parents led to Mr. Adler' s enlistment in the cause of the Hebrew Education Society. His valuable services to that institution were recognized in 1878, when he was elevated to its presidency, and then displayed even more eagerness towards the furtherance of its objects. Unfortunately, his labors were of short duration; for on November 9th, 1879, he was called to his rest, while in the midst of his works. This excellent Israelite was eulogized for his good deeds, and held up as an example to the young, of an honest, earnest, and God- fearing man. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 241 Mrs. Adler {nee Mrs. Hannah Fleisher) survives her husband. Their only daughter, Mathilde, was united in marriage to August B. Ijoeb; but she died, deeply lamented, on July 7th, 1875, at the early age of twenty-seven years. In memory of Mrs. Loeb and in remembrance of her kindly spirit and gentle ways, Mr. and Mrs. Adler, her parents, and Mr. Loeb, her husband— an ardent laborer for charity — erected that most important addition to the Jewish Hospital, called the Mathilde Adler- Loeb Dispensary, a beautiful building located on the grounds of this Association, and the benefi- cent work of which .is constantly manifested. Mrs. Adler, by her former marriage (to Benjamin W. Fleisher, also deceased), had four sons: Henry A., who died in 1881; Simon B., Moyer, and Benjamin W. Fleisher. Of these, Moyer Fleisher is President of the Hebrew Education Society, and both he and his brothers have shown their worth by acts honorable to them, as citizens and as Israelites. . The Allen Family. — There are, perhaps, very few Jewish families in this land that can boast of so distinctly an American ancestry as that of the family of Allen. This surname, though not markedly Jewish, is borne by households, representatives of which have been found in Philadelphia for quite a number of decades, and some of whom are now also located in the City of New York and elsewhere. On the paternal side the nationality is readily seen, since Lewis Allen (to be mentioned hereafter) was a native of England. It is, however, on the maternal side that the family traces its descent from genuine American stock — and that, during, and even before, the American Revolutionary War. The genealogy is as follows: Moses Isaacks was the son of Abra- ham and Hannah Isaacks, whose ancestry dated back to the expul- sion from Spain. He was born in New York City, March 25th, 1737. On August 30th, 1764, he married Rachel Mears, daughter of Judah and Johaveth Meai-s, in Philadelphia. Mr. and Mrs. Isaacks lived at different times in various cities and towns of the New England States, and, so it appears, settled in Newport, Rhode Island. Their family consisted of sixteen children. The father served in the Revolutionary War, and there is positive evidence that he entertained at his home in Newport no less a personage than General George Washington. i6 242 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. A portrait of Mr. Isaacks is in possession of some of his descen- dants, which shows him dressed in the uniform of the Continental Army. He died in New York City, on August 31st, 1798. Mr. Isaacks's oldest daughter, Johaveth, born in Norwalk, Con- necticut, in 1767, was united in marriage to Michael Marks, of Philadelphia, on October 11th, 1786. Mr. Marks and his father, Henry Marks, had come here from England, and were among the earliest members of the Congregation Mickveh Israel. His wife's record is of extraordinary interest, and gives, besides, the reason that impelled her parents and their family to remove from place to place during the period of the struggle for Independence. When Norwalk was burned by the British, the Isaacks family, with other inhabitants, had no alternative but to quit the town. Their loyalty to the cause of the colonists was unshaken. In their enforced jour- neys, Johaveth, being the oldest child, "was made the treasurer, and wore a skirt quilted with gold pieces, fjo as to conceal their money." After her marriage to Mr. Michael Marks both settled at Sing Sing, New York. They had ten children, of whom Anna, after- wards the wife of Lewis Allen, will be given a separate notice. Of their descendants, forty-one were grandchildren, and twenty- eight were great-grandchildren. These include the families of Allen, Mitchell, Hart, and others. Mrs. Michael (Johaveth) Marks "was beloved for her amiable disposition." She died in Philadelphia, on January 17th, 1852, in the eighty- fifth year of her age. Her brother, Sampson Mears Isaacks, was the father of Rebecca, wife of Abraham Hart. Having referred to the maternal ancestry of the Allen family, a few words may be added about the parents of Michael Marks, who wedded Johaveth Isaacks. His father, Henry Marks, married a widow named Sarah Cohen. She is said to have been "a very beautiful woman, and was quite a belle" in Philadelphia society of her time, figuring in "the Assembly Ball," given in this city. "Her beautiful ball dresses, bequeathed to her granddaughter, Mrs. Samuel Lyons (iiee Marks), were donated" by the latter to the Congregation Mickveh Israel, and made into covers, or cloaks, for the Sepharim (Scrolls of the Holy Law). Truly, the Allen family may be proud of their lineage. Their sires were alike distinguished in the events that gave birth to a nation of freemen, in deeds of charity, in social walks, and in their THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 243 unswerving attachment to the principles, the commandments, and the ceremonial precepts of the religion of Israel. Lewis Allen, a respected merchant, and President of the Con- gregation Mickveh Israel, was a son of Lewis Allen, once President of the Congregation Rodeph Shalom. He was born in Loudon, England, in 1793, and was brought to this country when but twelve years of age. He succeeded his father (who died in 1815) in the dry goods business in Philadelphia; his store being situated on Market Street, between Fifth and Sixth Streets. In 1834 Mr. Allen was elected President of the Congregation aforenamed, which office he held until his death. He took an active part in the leading movements of his time, and was Treasurer of the United Hebrew Beneficent Society. He joined the Masonic Order, and became a Royal Arch Mason. Mr. Allen wedded Anna Marks, on December 10th, 1823. He died on November 4th, 1841, when only forty-eight years of age. In the language of the Resolutions adopted by the Congregation, Mr. Allen was "an able and religious Parnass," and *'an amiable, honorable, and highly respected man. All who knew him loved and esteemed him. His generous heart, strict integrity, and purity of principle richly merited the universal attachment and regard which he received." Anna Marks Allen, a daughter of Michael and Johaveth (nee Isaacks) Marks, was highly esteemed by the Philadelphia Jewish community for her labors in charities, for her virtues, and for her true piety. She was born at Sing Sing, New York, March 30th, 1800. She came early with her parents to Philadelphia, where she was reared amid social and religious influences, and soon displayed a sympathetic nature. She married Lewis Allen, of Phila- delphia, on December 10th, 1823. With her sisters in faith Mrs. Allen labored to uplift the lowly and minister to the needy. Her efforts were seen to advantage in works done privately and in public spheres of action. She was a most energetic member. Director, and for forty years Treasurer of the Female Hebrew Benevolent Society, an organizer of the Hebrew Sunday School Society, and of the Jewish Foster Home, of w^hich she was the first President, continuing in that office twelve years ; 244 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. her devotion to its interests and her righteous example inciting many others on to good works. She was closely attached to the Congre- gation Mickveh Israel, of which her husband had been President, and many a stranger partook of her bounty. In later years (1875) Mrs. Allen removed to New York City, where most of her family resided, and where her kindness of man- ner, her womanly gentleness, her hospitality, and her intelligent piety attracted hosts of friends and admirers. She died on June 30th, 1888, truly lamented by all who knew of her worth, her nobility of character, and her acts of philanthropy. Lewis Marks Allen, oldest son of the above named, was born in Philadelphia, August 5th, 1827. He was a member of the wholesale liquor firm of Mitchell & Allen, who were among the earliest dealers in petroleum in this city, and were interested in the development of the resources of Venango County, Pennsylvania. Mr. Allen was a member of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, and a Director, and at one time Secretary, of the Hebrew Education Society. He won regard for his traits of character and his attach- ment to his religion. He married Miriam, a daughter of Mayer Arnold. He died on March 6th, 1870. His widow, three daugh- ters, and two sons survive him. Henry Samson Allen, brother of the preceding, was born in Philadelphia, October 11th, 1828. He received his education at private and public schools. He was at one time a member of the Board of Directors of the Congregation Mickveh Israel. Latterly, he has been prominent in Jewish Societies of New York, to which city he removed and where he now resides. He was among the founders of the United Hebrew Charities of New York, and since its organization has served as Vice-President, and as Chairman of its Industrial School. He also assisted in establishing there the Monte- fiore Home for Chronic Invalids — named in honor of Sir Moses Montefiore — and was its first President. He is a trustee and a mem- ber of the Board of Governors of the Hebrew Orphan Asylum, and President of the Hebrew Relief Society of the Congregation Shearith Israel of the same city, which Congregation he served as a Director. He is one of the founders of the Hebrew Technical Institute ; a Director of the Society to Protect Children from Cruelty ; and is interested in the Mount Sinai Hospital and in other institutions. THE JEWS OF RHILADELPHIA. 2Ab Mr. Allen ranks with the most active Israelites of New York City in the sphere of benevolence. He was once engaged in the banking business with his brothers, Michael and Charles C. Allen, but retired some years since. In 1859 he married Rosalie Hen- dricks, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Henry Hendricks, of New York City. Michael Mitchell Allen, another son of Lewis Allen, was born in Philadelphia, November 24th, 1830. He served as a teacher in the school of the Hebrew Education Society, was afterwards its Secretary, and occasionally acted as Chazan (Reader) in the Mickveh Israel and Beth El Emeth Synagogues. He was Chaplain in the Fifth Pennsylvania Cavalry (Cameron Dragoons) during the Civil War, and his addresses were noted for a liberality of view that rendered them satisfactory to all. Mr. Allen married Julia Spanier, in New York City, November 7th, 1866. Mr. and Mrs. Allen and their family of four children, since 1874, have resided in Hanover, Germany. Their oldest daughter is the wife of Rev. Dr. J. Winter, a Chief Rabbi in Saxony. Mention must be made of Charles Chauncey Allen, a well-known New York banker; of his brother Alfred Hart Allen (deceased), and of their sister, Mrs. Amelia Johaveth Mitchell (deceased), wife of Mitchell A. Mitchell, of Philadelphia. Benjamin Wolf Allen, another child of Lewis and Anna Marks Allen, died in infancy. Mayer Arnold, a native of Germany, was born at Ebenhausen, in 1786. He came to the United States when a lad of thirteen years, entered into trade in Kutztown, Pennsylvania, and in Phila- delphia. In later years he was a partner in the dry goods business with Marcus Cauffman and Abraham S. Wolf, and subsequently engaged in the clothing business. He amassed wealth, and freely gave of his means to Congregational, charitable, and educational works. He did not limit his doings to the mere giving of money, but participated in communal affairs; in the Congregation Mickveh Israel, of which he was a Manager, in the Hebrew Education Society, in the first Jewish Publication Society, and in other matters of public importance. In 1822, Mr. Arnold married Fanny Wolf, a native of Richmond, Virginia, and sister of his subsequent business part- ner. Fifteen children were born unto Mr. and Mrs. Arnold, viz., 246 THE JEWS OF €*HILADELPHIA. Famelia, Simon, Isabella, Clarissa, Miriam, Uriah, Hezekiah, Edwin, Eli, Ezra, Aaron, Henrietta, Julia, Alice, and Mayer. Mr. Arnold's course was of signal usefulness, and his sympathies went out to the poor and the afflicted. He died in Philadelphia, on November 25th, 1868, having attained the age of eighty-two years. His widow survived him about four years ; her death occurred on August 27th, 1872. Simon Wolf Arnold, oldest son of the preceding, was born in Kutztown, Pennsylvania, January 3d, 1827. He received a care- ful schooling, proved an apt scholar, and was afterwards w^ell known for his intellectual capacities, executive ability, and earnest labors. He engaged for awhile in the clothing business with Abraham S. Wolf and others. Mr. Arnold was at one time Secretary of the Congregation Mick- v^h Israel, with which he was affiliated for many years. He was an original member of the Society of the United Hebrew Charities, and was wisely selected as its first President. His administration was marked by a systematic management, which placed the Society fore- most in its sphere. After two years he retired from the presidency (in 1871), but continued for awhile as Vice-President. Mr. Arnold w^as first President of the Mutual Benefit Company, of Pennsylva- nia, an insurance corporation, organized in 1871 ; a manager of the Jewish Hospital Association ; a founder and Vice-President of the Northern Savings Fund, Safe Deposit and Trust Company; a mem- ber of the Board of Trade; of the Historical Society of Pennsylva- nia, and of other organizations, where his talents and administrative acquirements proved of benefit. In politics, Mr. Arnold was a Democrat, and took an active part in the councils of the party organization. In the Grant-Seymour Presidential Campaign of 1868 he was nominated on the Democratic ticket as an Elector and served in the Electoral College from Pennsylvania. In the time of the Volunteer Fire Department, he was connected with the old Philadelphia Hose Company, and w^as afterwards elected to membership in the Volunteer Firemen's Asso- ciation. In later years he removed to New York City, where he died on March 5th, 1885, much lamented. His remains were brought to this city, and interred in Mount Sinai Cemetery. = Mr. Arnold left a widow, a son, and two daughters. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 247 Myer Asch. — In 1876, Philadelphia was the most important city on the globe. To it the eyes of all nations were directed. Within its confines was seen a gathering of all peoples. From the remotest ends of the earth came men and women, all bent upon a single object — that of celebrating in a commemorative manner the Centennial birthday of a Nation's Independence. The International Exhibition of 1876 opened up a new era in the development of our resources and in the general prosperity. The American citizen ex- changed greetings with the inhabitant of the South Sea Islands. Territorial distinctions were unknown, and, for the time being, our city contained an essentially cosmopolitan population. To receive and provide for the wants of our foreign guests, required men of discretion, whose knowledge, based upon experience, rendered them specially qualified for a difficult and delicate task. Among those who proved their signal fitness for such duties was Colonel Myer Asch. He filled a responsible position, won the respect of his associates, and obtained encomiums from all sides. The writer has a vivid recollection of one particular visit to the Centennial Exhibition. It was during the summer of 1876 that he acted as escort to an Italian gentleman, high in the service of the Government of Egypt. On entering the Exhibition grounds, one of the first persons he met was Colonel Asch. An introduction to Com- mendatore Dottore Cesare Lunel (for such was the name of the foreign gentleman) served to show that Colonel Asch was thoroughly at home in languages of the Continent. His genial manner, his kindly offei*s of assistance, his thorough familiarity with the Exhibi- tion in all its departments were noticeable, and favorably impressed all whose pleasure it was to confer with him. Myer Asch was born in Philadelphia, October 24th, 1831. His father, Joseph M. Asch, a well-known Israelite of this city, served as President of the Beth Israel Congregation, and was an active officer in Jewish charity societies. He was born on July 12th, 1802, and on August 4th, 1830, he married Clarissa Ulman. He died on June 22d, 1866. His wife served as a Manager of the Jewish Foster Home. Of Mr. and Mrs. Asch's eleven children, Myer was the oldest. After leaving school, he travelled in Europe, and for some years practised dentistry in Paris, France. A thorough American, on the outbreak of the Civil War, he returned to his native land and at 248 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. once enlisted in the service of the Union. His gallant conduct brought him rapid promotion, and more than once he was specially mentioned for meritorious services on the battle-field. [See Colonel Asch's complete military record in another part of this work.] Colonel Asch seemed to possess all the requisites for the discharge of military duties and, as well, of executive and administrative functions. He was tall, erect, of fine physique, and of handsome and commanding features ; yet withal, unassuming. His talents must, perforce, have asserted themselves. On the organization of the Executive Committee of the Centennial Exhibition, he was chosen as its Secretary, and became the Assistant and Confidential Secretary to Director-General Goshorn. The selection of Colonel Asch to have charge of the Foreign De- partment of the Exhibition proved most excellent, and the success attending his management was rendered manifest in many ways, but in none, perhaps, more pronounced than in the marks of distinction conferred on him by foreign governments, in recognition of the services he rendered. These, as will be seen, were unusual honors, bestowed only in exceptional instances. Colonel Asch received the following decorations: from Russia, that of "Knight Commander of the Order of St. Stanislaus ;" from Sweden, "Knight Commander of the Order of Gustavus Vasa ;" from Turkey, "Commander of the Order of Medjidie;" from Spain, "Knight Commander of the Order of Isabella;" from Belgium, "Knight of the Order of Leopold;" from Italy, "Officer of the Crown of Italy;" from Tunis, "Officer of the Order ofTftahar;" from Japan, * ' Decoration of the Order of the ' Rising Sun ; ' " from Hol- land, "Knight of the Order of the Netherland Lion." Few Americans have been more highly honored. Colonel Asch spent most of his activity in Philadelphia. He was elected to the Loyal Legion; he rose in the ranks of George G. Meade Post, of the Grand Army of the Republic, until he became Post Commander. He was a member of that magnificently uniformed Battalion, the Philadelphia City Troop; and was also a member of the Union League. Afterwards he removed to New York City, where he pursued the even tenor of his ways, quietly and modestly. He died there, on February 16th, 1890. In Myer Asch was found — to employ the language of one of his distinguished friends— "the brave soldier, the true citizen, and the model of honorable manhood." THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 249 Simon Bacharach, President of the Congregation 'Adath Jesh- urun, of Philadelphia, was born at Mansbach, Kuhrhessen, Germany, March 14th, 1834. At the age of manhood he sought this country, and engaged in mercantile pursuits, successively in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia. He took up a permanent residence in this city in 1863, and started in the grocery business. He soon relin- quinshed this, however, for wholesale clothing, becoming a member of the firm of Bacharach & Nusbaum; subsequently of Bacharach Brothers; and since, of A. Bacharach & Company, this firm being composed of Augustus Bacharach, Simon Bacharach, and Marks Bacharach. Mr. Bacharach has served as President of 'Adath Jeshurun Con- gregation for seventeen years, and its material progress has been par- ticularly noted during his administration; the Congregation having removed to a larger Synagogue in a prominent location, and having gained many accessions to its membership. Rev. Henry Iliowizi is the scholary Rabbi of this Congregation. Mr. Bacharach is a Director of the Society of the United Hebrew Charities, and a contributor to that and many other institutions which uphold the standing of Israel in Philadelphia. Esther Baum and Jewish charity have become synonymous terms. In the annals of Philadelphia Jewry there is, perhaps, not another woman so closely identified with work among the poor as Miss Baum. Quietly and unostentatiously, with never a thought of reward, but impelled by a sense of duty, rare indeed, this devoted woman in Israel has performed, and still continues to perform, deeds of goodness which she regards as a privilege, which have endeared her to thousands, and given her a bright page in the history of philanthrophy. Miss Baum is a native of Tiefenthal, in Rhenish Bavaria, Ger- many, and was born October 7th, 1830. In her childhood, she attended school at Mussbach, in the same section of Germany, and at the age of thirteen years she learned the dressmaking trade. After thorough instruction therein, she started in that business, continuing it in her native country until 1852, when she set sail for these parts. Arriving in Philadelphia, her industry and close attention to business soon yielded her a competence. It was then that Miss Baum resolved to dedicate her efforts to 250 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. the cause of charity. She relinquished business cares indeed, but assumed responsibilities far weightier; responsibilities involving con- stant labor, tender sympathies, and a self-sacrifice known to few. A score of years has nearly elapsed since Esther Baum voluntarily took upon herself works of charity — works which have rendered her an indispensable factor in communal affairs. Day afler day, this toiling worker is seen at the rooms of the Society of the United Hebrew^ Charities, devoting her utmost energies to its cause, and setting a noble example by her industry and unwearying labors. But the sphere of her work is by no means bounded by her attend- ance there. Neither is her knowledge of the poor derived from her labors within the confines of an institution. Many a hovel of misery she has visited; many an aching heart has been soothed by her sympathetic nature, by her charitable hand, by her kind words. In the pursuit of her mission, this courageous woman has allowed no obstacle to discourage her task, to lessen her activity. The Jewish Foster Home and Orphan Asylum has also felt the influence of her enthusiasm and of her zealous labors in its behalf Other institutions have experienced similar benefits from her presence, and the encouragement she has practically shown towards the fur- therance of their worthy aims. Esther Baum richly merits all the praise bestowed upon a good woman that feareth The Lord, and walketh uprightly. Isidore Binsw anger, an untiring worker in the cause of Jewish education and charity, and a respected citizen of Philadelphia, was born at Wallerstein, Bavaria, Germany, May 22d, 1820. Until his thirteenth year, he attended the public school of his native town, after leaving which he entered into business; first in the employ of a firm at Mainz, and subsequently at Munich. He remained in the latter city until 1841, when he set sail for the United States; took up his residence in Baltimore, and became a partner there in the dry goods business. Thence he removed to Cumberland, Maryland, and after a visit, in 1846, to his parents in Germany, he returned to this country and entered into partnership with his brother-in-law, David Eger, at Philadelphia, in the wholesale notion business; the firm subsequently extending its operations to St. Louis. Mr. Binswanger, with his wife, visited Europe in 1872 for the benefit of his health, and returned in the following year. He had previously (in 1869) THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 251 been elected PreBident of the Richmond Granite Company, controlling large quarries in Virginia, and he remained at its head for upwards of twenty years. Most of his career was spent in Philadelphia, and here he became noted for his active and immediate participation in affairs of the Jewish community. He was one of the early managers of the Hebrew Education Society; he served as Chairman of the Board of School Directors from April, 1851, until May, 1870, when he was elected President of that Society, and as such, was at one time, President of the Board of Trustees of Maimonides College. He retired from the presidency in 1878. Mr. Binswanger was prominent in the affairs of the Hebrew Charity Association, whose annual dinners were important events, and he, with others, started the Ball Association, its successor. He was elected President of the Society of the United Hebrew Charities in May, 1871, but during the same month declined that office. Among other positions held by him were those of Presi- dent of the Hebrew Relief Society, a Vice-President of the Society of the United Hebrew Charities, of the Jewish Hospital Associa- tion, and of the Board of Delegates of American Israelites. For nearly twelve years he was President of the Mercantile Club. When the Jewish Foster Home and Orphan Asylum was under the management of ladies, Mr. Binswanger was selected to the Board of Council, or advisory board, composed of gentlemen. The revision of the constitution of that organization changed its directory, when he was chosen its Treasurer. On the retirement of Mr. Abraham Hart, he was elected to its presidency in 1875, and continued to administer that office with an efficiency and zeal which won him the approval of the public, and the respect of his co-workers, until April, 1890, when he declined a re-election. During his presi- dency, the Home removed to larger quarters, obtained increased patronage, and strengthened its position among local Jewish institu- tions. Mr. Binswanger also rendered valuable services in 1881-1882 at the time of the Russo- Jewish exodus to this country. During the Civil War, his staunch adherence to the cause of the Union led him to become a member of the Union League. In the general com- munity he was honored with directorships of different institutions, among them, of Wills' Eye Hospital. Mr. Binswanger married Elizabeth Sophia Polock on June 20th, 1849. Their children are well known in large circles. Mr. 252 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Binswanger died at Richmond, Virginia, on May 6th, 1890. His remains were brought to Philadelphia for interment, and his death evoked widespread regret, and tributes to his worth and the services he had long rendered. Louis Bomeisler.— The records of Congregations and Societies, whose annals date back to a period when the Jewish population of Philadelphia was small, indeed, as compared with the enormous growth of recent years, disclose many incidents which we of to-day regard as of special importance. In numerous instances, however, the sifting process is needed, so as to avoid assigning undue value to things of by -gone days, which have naught else but their age to commend them. Historical investigation may be carried on to the point of minutise, and still prove valuable; but every detail, how- ever insignificant, needs not to be published to the world, nor every character immortalized. Nowadays there is a decided tendency in this direction, and unless reasonable boundaries are established, the result may prove injurious to sound literary work in historical and biographical lines. And yet withal, a dividing line is not easily drawn. Men who have occupied representative or official positions, whether to a greater or a less degree, the public.will naturally expect to find described in the pages of national, state, or local history; hence, the biographer has a difficult task. The standard adopted can neither be that of wealth, nor of culture ; it must be determined by the usefulness of the individual, or by his position in the ranks of a large following. When, however, culture is united with position, the individual's claim to public notice proves as effective as his career is of interest to large numbers. This claim is peculiarly strengthened in the case about to be cited. Louis Bomeisler was born in Munich, Bavaria, Germany, No- vember loth, 1790. His father, Nathan Loebl Bomeisler, who married Rebecca Heller, held military rank, and was Quartermaster- General for Bavaria in the wars of Napoleon. The son received a liberal education, and was prepared for Heidelberg University by a tutor, with whom he travelled in Europe and in Asia Minor, visiting points of great interest. His studies and his travels led to that broad culture and that intellectual capacity so noticeable in later years. In Heidelberg University his instruction was quite thorough, and he acquired a knowledge of both ancient and modern languages. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 253 Mr. Bomeisler was instinctively a gentleman, and his courtly- manners and pleasing address rendered him a welcome guest among the most intelligent, and won him the friendship of men of high standing. In 1815, at the age of twenty-five years, he resided in Paris, France, and had previously* been Aide-de-Camp to one of Napoleon Bonaparte's Generals, with whom he served in military campaigns, and was present at the great battles of Jena and of Austerlitz.' He had been sent by Bavaria as a member of the Con- gress of Vienna in 1814, which resulted in the confederation of the German Government. He was otherwise interested in political movements of the time, affecting the geographical boundaries of European countries. Mr. Bomeisler's subsequent rise in the court circles of France was marked, and the popularity he enjoyed was recognized, w^hen on January 23^1, 1815, he was decorated by King Louis XVIII, with the ** Order of the Lily." In Paris, he also joined the Free Masons. In 1819 Mr. Bomeisler was supercargo of a vessel bound for the United States. He landed in Philadelphia, but had no intention of remaining here, expecting to return on the same ship that brought him. Meanwhile he became ill with fever, and the famous Dr. James Rush attended him. Upon his recovery, he found that the vessel had sailed, and, through the influence of Dr. Rush, he was induced to remain in this city. This incident served to unite in friendship the two gentlemen, and they were attached to each other thereafter. On April 13th, 1824, Mr. Bomeisler qualified as a citizen of the United States. Five years before, he had joined Her- man Lodge, Number 125, of the Masonic Order in this city. He early engaged in the shipping business at 125 High (now Market) Street. Near by, the celebrated Stephen Girard had offices, at 21 and 23 North Water Street. Naturally, Mr. Bomeisler was drawn to this well-known personage, and he was soon numbered among the circle of his friends. His associations were extensive; including such men as Judge Edward King, Lawyer William L. Hirst, Zalegman Phillips and his sons, and many others of note. Mr. Bomeisler's conversational powers, his linguistic talents (familiar, as he was with seven languages) ; his^ lively manner, and his knowledge of leading questions, combined to place him in a select circle. The enviable reputation Mr. Bomeisler enjoyed among Jews and Gentiles was still further broadened by his services in the Jewish 254 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. community. He was a member of the Congregation Rodeph Shalom, in those days when its condition was far from prosperous. He gave to its affairs much of his time, and was enabled to perform many services, contributing to its increase of membership and to its eventual permanence. As President of this Congregation he served long and well, and continued to be identified with it throughout his entire career. In matters of charity and education his interest was none the less manifested. He was a member of the Jewish Foster Home, and of the United Hebrew Beneficent Fuel Society, and con- tributed liberally to both institutions. He was among the- first managers of the earliest Jewish Publication Society in this country, organized in Philadelphia in 1845, and, as such, was associated with Abraham Hart, Henry Cohen, David Samuel, Joseph L. Moss, Alfred T. Jones, John Moss, Gratz Etting, Leon Hyneman, Solomon Solis, Mayer Arnold, Hyman Gratz, Lazarus Arnold, Abraham S. Wolf, Elias P. Levy, and Rev. Isaac Leeser. Mr. Bomeisler was one of the original members, and first President, of the Mercantile Club, established in 1853. He drew its Constitution, and con- tributed much by his efforts to its rise in social concerns. He was an accomplished chess player, and a lover of amusement that in- structs while it pleases. Mr. Bomeisler died in this city, on September 29th, 1856, leaving a widow, Mrs. Elizabeth M. Bomeisler; three sons, Edwin, Charles and Theodore; and one daughter, Evelyn. His older daughter, Josephine, who married Lazarus Mayer, was noted for her intel- lectual and musical attainments, and esteemed for her nobility of character. She preceded her father to the home of the blessed, on June 17th, 1851. His younger daughter. Miss Evelyn Bomeisler, a lady who inherits many of her father's qualities of mind and heart, has occupied stations of importance in the fields of Jewish charity and education, to which she still devotes her talents, enhanced by studies and travels in Occident and Orient. Miss Bomeisler is a fluent writer and a ready and entertaining conversationalist, at home in current questions, and in the religion and history of the people of Israel. Mrs. Matilda Cohen, wife of Mr. Henry Cohen, (92) and fourth daughter of Lewis and Kate Samuel, was born at Liverpool, (92) A sketch of Henry Cohen is given in our historical narrative, Chapter IX. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 255 England, January 1st, 1820. She was united in marriage to Mr. Cohen in April, 1844, and came to this country, residing in Philadelphia. A lady of culture, a brilliant conversationalist, pos- sessing besides elocutionary talent of a high order, executive ability, and a dignified presence, Mrs. Cohen soon attracted and retained the friendship of a select circle, and attained distinction in and beyond the Jewish community. She labored earnestly for many worthy ob- jects. During the Civil War, she was a delegate to the Women's Branch of the United States Sanitary Commission (1863), and a member of the Sanitary Fair Committee. The Women's Centennial Commission (1876) received much aid from her presence in its ranks, and from her earnest services in behalf of the great exhibition. She was also a member, and for several years a Vice-President, of the New Century Club, composed of women, besides being identified with Ward Charities and other organizations. Mrs. Cohen's efforts in behalf of Jewish Charities were seen to marked advantage. For a long series of years she was a Manager of the Female Hebrew Benevolent Society, and for a decade its Secretary. Early identified with the Jewish Foster Home, she sub- sequently became its President. The Ladies' Associate Board of the United Hebrew Charities, and the Hebrew Sunday School Society also secured her active co-operation as a Manager. She displayed particular interest in the affairs of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, of which her husband was President, and she assisted him in many good works. Mrs. Cohen continued an energetic laborer and a Jewess en- thusiastic in the cause of her religion and her people. She died on January 4th, 1888. Moses Aaron Dropsie, a veteran in the service of his co- religionists, has been an active participant in every step promotive of the development of the Jewish community of Philadelphia. He is a son of Aaron Moses Dropsie, and was born in this city, March 9th, 1821. He received an education at school, and at an Academy in charge of Rev. William Mann, father of William B. Mann, Esq., ex-District Attorney and Prothonotary of the Courts of Common Pleas of Philadelphia. Young Dropsie first entered a counting-house, and subsequently learned the watchmaking trade. For a number of years he was in 256 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA business, and then took to the law. He entered, as a student, the office of Honorable Benjamin Harris Brewster, pursuing therein the regular course. He was admitted to practice at the Philadelphia Bar, January 11th, 1851. His career as a lawyer has been distin- tinguished by signal ability; his services as counsel were engaged in many noted cases, his knowledge of the law rendering him an adept in unravelling knotty technical questions. Mr. Dropsie did not limit his studies to local. State, and even National laws, but, being a diligent and careful student, his investigations led him deeply into the codes and legislation of other nations— both ancient and modern. The influence of the old and its bearing upon the new were to him subjects calling for special and continuous research. The results of this particular work have been seen to advantage in later years. Almost immediately after his entrance to the Bar, Mr. Dropsie became actively engaged in politics. He was a pronounced adherent of the Whig Party, and was its candidate for Mayor of the Northern Liberties, in 1852 — two years prior to the Consolidation of this city under a single Mayor. He was among those who organized the Republican Party in Pennsylvania in 1856, and was, from the start, in the fullest sympathy with the anti-slavery movement. In 1859 Mr. Dropsie became interested in Passenger Railways and invested largely in the Lombard and South Streets Company. In 1862 he was elected President of that Corporation, and continued as such .until 1882, when he withdrew. He was President of the Commission having in charge the building of South Street Bridge. He has been for some years President of the Green and Coates Streets Passenger Railway Company. Mr. Dropsie 's main activity, however, has been in the circles of his own people. Imbued with the truths of Judaism, alive to the needs of its adherents, he early rose to an important place in the rank and file of ardent workers. In congregational, charitable, and educational institutions his influence has alike been felt. He has long been a member of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, and has served on its Board of Directors. He was a Director of the Hebrew Fuel Society ; prominent in the Hebrew Charity Association ; and in other former societies. He was at one time President of the Mer- cantile Club. He is a member of, and liberal contributor to, all the Jewish societies in Philadelphia. He is President of the Phila- delphia Branch of the Alliance Israelite Universelle, and has labored THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 257 to advance the cause of that universal organization among Hebrews on this side of the Atlantic. The particular sphere in which his greatest interest has been aroused is that of the Hebrew Education Society. Ever since its establishment in 1848 he has been reckoned among its constant advocates and its warmest supporters. He was among its first Directors; then its Secretary; and twice its President —1862-1870, and 1889-1892. At the annual meeting, in March, 1894, he was elected an Honorary Director for life, being the first director thus honored. In every phase of this Society's work his labors are disclosed, and none the less his unswerving loyalty to Judaism, in battling for the preservation of the Hebrew language and for its importance as the main branch of instruction in the Society's schools. In this commendable action he has found an in- valuable associate in Mr. David Sulzberger, than whom none is more deserving of the lasting gratitude of Philadelphia Israelites, for untiring activity. As President of the Hebrew Education Society, Mr. Dropsie demonstrated his interest in the Maimonides College, once under its direction. Allusion has already been made to Mr. Dropsie's connection with public affairs. Added to this, his knowledge of men and of events for half a century, and his acquaintance with personages in many and various walks have enabled him to direct his energies still fur- ther towards the attainment of worthy objects. He has, at different times, delivered public addresses and orations ; he has written for the press on subjects of current importance, and has, besides, produced several w^orks, among them: an English Translation from the German of Dr. Ferdinand Mackeldey's "Handbook of the Roman Law," two volumes in one (1883). This work displays careful and search- ing erudition, and has also been edited by the translator. In 1892 there appeared Mr. Dropsie's book, "The Roman Law of Testa- ments, Codicils, and Gifts in the event of Death" (Mortis Causa Donationes). The same writer has also brought forth a pamphlet on the "Accusation, Trial, and Alleged Resurrection of Jesus," with an account of the Cross. In this publication a number of original views are set forth, based upon a thorough knowledge of ancient, and specially of Roman, laws. Mr. Dropsie has latterly retired from the active practice of his profession, but his interest continues unabated. His law library 17 258 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. contains many rare and valuable prints; and his miscellaneous library is well stocked with the works of standard writers. Joseph Einstein, for seventeen years President of the Congre- gation Rodeph Shalom, did not limit his activity to works within the circle of that religious corporation, but was also an energetic member of the Jewish community, interested in its doings and laboring with others for its weal. Mr. Einstein was born in Osterberg, Bavaria, Germany, October 14th, 1815. His parents were Leopold and Leah Einstein. Coming to America when a young man, he settled in Philadelphia, engaged in the jewelry busi- ness, and subsequently in other enterprises. The period when Mr. Einstein presided over the Rodeph Shalom Congregation was, perhaps, the most eventful in its history. From small beginnings, it had increased in membership and continued to gain accessions during his administration. About that time, the influence of the Congregation as representative of a large German- Jewish element was perceptibly felt in local Jewish development. The accepted ritual of the Ashhenazim (German Jews), until then strictly adhered to, underwent some changes, and a number of inno- vations were introduced in the Synagogue, followed by others in later years. In the direction of the temporal affairs of this Congregation, Mr. Einstein was quite successful. Outside of its boundaries, he was an effective worker in charity societies; among them the Chebrdh Shel Bikur Cholim Ugmiluth Chasadim ( ' ' Society for Visitation of Sick and Mutual Assistance "). For fourteen years he was Secretary of the Chebrdh Gemiluth Chasadim oo-Mish'eneth YatomVe-Ahnandh (** Society for the Benefit of Orphans and Widows "). Mr. Einstein was a member of the first Board of Directors of the Jewish Hospital Association; he was identified with societies which merged in the United Hebrew Charities in 1869, and was an incor- porator and a manager of the then newly-formed institution. His sympathetic nature and tireless endeavors rendered him a valuable coadjutor in the field of Jewish benevolence. On September 2d, 1843, Mr. Einstein married Hannah May (nee Trauble), widow of Emanuel May, and daughter of Leon and Augusta Trauble. After his retirement from oflfice he continued to reside in this city until 1883, when he removed to Bellefonte, THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 2.59 Pennsylvania. He died there, on September 18th, 1886. = Mrs. Einstein survives her husband. Jacob Ezekiel. — Another Israelite, whose family record is of exceptional interest, is the venerable Jacob Ezekiel, who, though a native of this city, has, for the last quarter of a century, been a resident of Cincinnati, Ohio. That gentleman possesses a fund of reminiscences, and he is, perhaps, one of the best posted men on the early history and subsequent development of, at least, a portion of the Jewish community of Philadelphia. Mr. Ezekiel was born in Philadelphia, June 28th, 1812. - His parents, Ezekiel Jacob Ezekiel and Hannah Rebecca {nee Israel) Ezekiel, emigrated from Amsterdam, Holland, during the first decade of the present century (1810-1811). They came here, together with his mother's father, Eleazar Joseph Israel (or, as he was known, by his Hebrew name. Rabbi Isaac Eleazar Bar Joseph Ha- Cohen), and his children, Abraham Eliezer Israel, Michael E. (Cohen) Israel, Isaac E. Israel, Rosetta Israel (who married Levi M. Goldsmit, a prominent member of the Congregation Mickveh Israel), and Martha Israel (then an infant). Rabbi Israel, the grandfather, was a Hebrew scribe, and wrote a Sepher Tordh (Scroll of the Holy Law), which was deposited in the Synagogue of the Congregation Mickveh Israel — then situated on the north side of Cherry Street above Third Street. Of Mr. Ezekiel's uncles, Michael was a BcCal Toheang (or he who sounds the Shophdr — Ram's Horn), and Abraham was for nearly twenty-eight years the respected ShamcLsh (Sexton) of the Congregation aforenamed. The latter mar- ried Sarah Barnett, sister of Mrs. Hyman Polock, and their daughter, Martha, was wedded to Michael Reinhard. Abraham E. Israel died on February 18th, 1852, in the seventy- sixth year of his age. Jacob Ezekiel's parents had four children — Martha, born in Utrecht, Holland, July 24th, 1809, and who afterwards married Jacob A. Levy, of Richmond, Virginia; the second, Jacob; the third, Adeline, born in Philadelphia, May 10th, 1815, and who be- came the wife of Isaac Hyneman; and the fourth, a child who died in infancy. Their mother died on July 28th, 1818, and their father on January 5th, 1831. The children were early left in care of guardians ; Jacob being in charge of his uncle, Michael, w^ho boarded him, first at Mrs. Goody (Goodhour) Philips's; then at her sister's. 260 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Mrs. Esther Hart (wife of Michael Hart, and mother of Miss Louisa B. Hart). After awhile Jacob received lessons in Hebrew from Jacob Bensa- don, then acting Reader of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, who resided in the rear of the old Synagogue, and with whose family the youth boarded for some time. About the year 1823 he was apprenticed to Joseph Boston, a dyer and also a chemist, at, what was then, 109, Race Street — on the north side above Third Street. In 1825 he became an apprentice to Robert Desilver, in the book- binding business, at 110 Walnut Street — then below^ Fifth Street. In 1832, his term of service having expired, he soon after (in 1833) repaired to Baltimore, Maryland, and in April, 1834, removed to Richmond, Virginia, where he resided from 1834 to 1869. He en- gaged in mercantile pursuits, and was elected Secretary, and after- wards Treasurer of the Congregation "Beth Shalom" (House of Peace)— -positions held by him nearly thirty years. In 1836 Mr. Ezekiel entered into the dry goods business, together with his brother-in-law, Isaac Hyneman, under the firm name of Ezekiel & Hyneman. During the Civil War, he was detailed by the Con- federate government for military duty around the city of Richmond. Mr. Ezekiel has performed some effective work in the interests of his coreligionists. When the new code of Virginia was formed, in convention, in 1849, he succeeded in having the laws, relating to the observance of a day of rest so regulated, that those who observed the Seventh-Day Sabbath should not incur penalties for working on the first day of the week. When we consider the attitude of some other States of the Union, even in our own days, and the illiberal enforcement of "blue laws," under free government, in this closing decade of our enlightened nineteenth century, we cannot but rejoice at the fact that one of our own people was enabled to exercise so goodly an influence, already forty-five years ago. But Mr. Ezekiel also rendered services in other ways; notably, in 1851, by his effective protest against the ratification of the Treaty with Switzer- land — a Republic in name, but not in fact — which boasted of a pro- gressive form of government, but persecuted the Jews who resided, or who came, within certain of its Cantons. (93) This question was (93) In connection with this proposed Treaty with the Swiss Confederation the following letter, written at the time, will unquestionably prove interesting. We are indebted for a copy of the same to Honorable Simon Wolf, of THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 261 again agitated by Mr. Ezekiel iu 1854, in so far as it affected the in- terests of Jewish citizens of the United States, travelling or residing in Switzerland. On the same ground, Mr. Ezekiel opposed the acceptance by our Government of a ''Block of Granite," contributed by the Swiss Federation, in common with other nations, and with States of our Union, in 1852, to be placed in the Washington monument. He had previously (in 1841) written a letter to President John Tyler, who had issued a Proclamation for a National Day of Prayer — in memory of President William H. Harrison — marked by sectarianism, and to the inappropriateness of which Mr. Ezekiel directed the attention of the Chief Executive, from whom he received a courteous reply. He was successful in having a law enacted in Virginia in 1849, by which Congregations were granted privileges accorded to incorporated institutions. Mr. Ezekiel was a charter member of Rimmon Lodge, Number 69, of the Independent Order Bene Berith, at Richmond, Virginia. In 1869 he and his family took up their residence in Cincinnati, where they have since dwelt. Becoming a member of the Bene Israel (Children of Israel) Congregation, he represented that body at a meeting, in 1873, when the Union of American Hebrew Con- gregations was instituted. He was elected a member of the Board of Governors of the Hebrew Union College, at Cincinnati, and, since 1876, he has served continuously as 'Secretary of that Board. Washington, D. C: — Washington, Feb. 11th, 1851. Dear Sir:— I received your favor on the subj ect of the Treaty recently concluded between the United States and the Swiss Confederation. I disapprove entirely the restriction limiting certain provisions of the Treaty, under the operation of which a highly respectable portion of our fellow-citizens would be excluded from their benefits. This is not the country nor the age in which ancient and unjust prejudices should receive any counte- nance. When the Senate acts on the Treaty, the matter will be fully con- sidered and I hope, justly disposed of. In the meantime, I am respectfully Your obedient servant Henky Clay. Dr. S. Waterman. 262 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Mr. Ezekiel married Catherine De Castro Myers, June 10th, 1835, at Richmond. Their offspring consists of five sons and nine daughters, and numerous grandchildren and great-grandchildren. Mrs. Ezekiel died at Old Point Comfort, Virginia, on July 11th, 1891, in the seventy- fourth year of her age, and after a marriage of over fifty -six years. One of Mr. Ezekiel' s sons is Moses Jacob Ezekiel, the renowned sculptor, who modelled the Statue of Religious Liberty, in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. He is also a Chevalier of the Crown of Italy, and is honored in many climes because of the productions of his chisel. Jacob Ezekiel, at the ripe age of eighty-two years, still possesses the enthusiasm of youth, and is the honored citizen, and the esteemed Israelite. His sister, Mrs. Isaac Hyneman, has, for many years been a resident of Philadelphia, and her generous acts have elicited warm praise from without, as well as from within, the circles of her people. Bernard Henry Feustmann was born at Sulzbach, Bavaria, Germany, November 2d, 1824. At the age of twenty- four years he arrived in this country, settling in Philadelphia, and establishing him- self in the notion business. In 1859 he entered into partnership with Jacob Kauffman, the firm name being Feustmann & Kauffman, whose transactions in notions became extensive. It was Mr. Feustmann 's public activity, however, that calls for praiseworthy mention. He was a founder and Director of the Teutonia Fire Insurance Com- pany; Vice-President of the Mount Sinai Cemetery Association; Treasurer of the Familien Waisen Erziehungs- Verein (now Orphans' Guardians), and of the Philadelphia Branch of the Alliance Israelite Universelle; a Vice-President of the Society of the United Hebrew Charities; and President of the Congregation Keneseth Israel. In all these associations and in others with which he was afiiliated, Mr. Feustmann labored earnestly and arduously, and his social qualities combined to obtain for him deserved popularity. In 1853 he mar- ried Miss Charlotte Thauhauser, and after her death, in 1860, he wedded Miss Rosalie Mayer, sister of Dr. Maurice Mayer, a cele- brated preacher and scholar. Mr. Feustmann died, much lamented, on December 9th, 1881. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 263 Alexander Fleisher was born at Philadelphia in 1841. When quite young he started in business in Louisville, Kentucky. Subsequently, during the "oil fever," he removed to Western Penn- sylvania, and was one of the founders of Oil City. He returned to his birth-place in 1869, and on the establisnment of the firm of Fleisher Brothers, w^holesale clothing merchants, he became a mem- ber, continuing therein until his death on May 30th, 1888. Mr. Fleisher w^as a gentlemen of intelligence, business capacities, and a public-spirited citizen. A prominent Mason, he served for many years as a delegate to the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania. He was also a member of the Merchants' Fund, Manufacturers' Club, and a number of Jewish institutions, to which he contributed liberally. He enjoyed the respect and friendship of many Israelites. Simon B. Fleisher, a son of Benjamin Wolf and Hannah {nee Technor) Fleisher, is a native of Pennsylvania. He was born at Meadville, in Crawford County, September 18th, 1840. He first attended a village school, and was then sent to an Academy in New York City, of which the late Rev. Dr. Max Lilienthal was principal. At the age of fifteen years he was employed at a fancy dry goods house in New York, at the same time devoting his leisure to read- ing and to fitting himself for a commercial career. After awhile he returned home, and received employment from Messrs. Kohn & Adler, general dry goods dealers, with whom he remained until 1862, and then succeeded this firm, conducting the same business on his own account, and combining therewith the purchase and sale of oil property. In 1865 Mr. Fleisher sold out his interests in Mead- ville and removed to New York City, where he engaged in the manufacture of cigars, and later on in the tobacco business. The following year he relinquished that branch of trade, and bought a plant for the manufacture of braids, removing to Philadelphia, where the business has since been continued, and to which was added the making of worsted and woollen yarns, under the firm name of S. B. & M. Fleisher, and since as S. B. & B. W. Fleisher. The business has grown to enormous proportions, and the name of Fleisher is known wherever braids and yarns are quoted. Mr. Fleisher's reputation, second to that of no merchant in the community, is not solely based upon his success as a merchant, his experience as a business man, and his honorable course in the walks 264 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. of trade. For a lengthy period that gentleman has earnestly par- ticipated in public affairs and in the doings of his coreligionists. He was among the organizers and charter members of the Inde- pendence National Bank, of which he is a Director, and is also a Director of the Advisory Board of the Investment Company of Philadelphia; the Philadelphia Bourse; the Committee of Fifty; the Finance Company of Pennsylvania; and the "Model Dwelling" Association, of which he is Treasurer. He is an active member and Trustee of the (Congregation Keneseth Israel; a Director of the Jewish Hospital Association ; and is identified with other organiza- tions, secular and Jewish. He served as Vice-President, and sub- sequently as a Director, of the Young Men's Hebrew Association, and as Treasurer of the Hebrew Education Society. In 1866 Mr. Fleisher was united in marriage to Miss Cecilia Hof- heimer, of New York City. Mr. and Mrs. Fleisher, who have several children, are patrons of music and the fine arts, and Mrs. Fleisher is a pianist whose artistic playing has won the praise of the critical. Their home is visited by persons of culture and by lovers of music, and on more than a few occasions a group of talented members of this and other families assemble there, and discourse works of masters of the art that appeals to the innermost senses, that entertains while it instructs, that edifies while it incites to study and thought. MoYER Fleisher, President of the Hebrew^ Education Society, was born at Meadville, Crawford County, Pennsylvania, February 19th, 1842. He is a son of Benjamin Wolf and Hannah {nee Technor) Fleisher. He attended school until his fifteenth year. He was then apprenticed to a watchmaker, under Avhom he gained a thorough knowledge of the trade, continuing with him until Feb- ruary, 1861, when he became a machinist, at the same time following the watchmaking business. In June, 1863, Mr. Fleisher enlisted in the cause of the Union, and remained in military service until the close of the Civil War, when he was discharged. On his return to Philadelphia, he engaged again in the watchmaking business with G. W. Russell. During that period, Mr. Fleisher invented, manufactured, and introduced the first clamp skates, which superseded the method of strapping skates, then in vogue. In 1868, he entered into partnership with his older brother, Simon B. Fleisher, in the manufacture of w^orsted THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 265 goods, the firm name being S. B. & M. Fleisher. For sixteen years this partnership continued; Mr. Fleisher retiring in 1884 on account of ill health. Since that year he has not been engaged in active business, but his ability as a machinist has proven useful in numerous ways. Some years since, Mr. Fleisher, who had shown interest in edu- ' cational affairs, was elected a Director of the Hebrew Education Society. In its cause he has displayed earnestness, and has given both of his time and his means to aid on the work. In 1892, on the retirement of Moses A. Dropsie, Esq., he was chosen to succeed him as President of the aforenamed Society. In the discharge of his duties, Mr. Fleisher has united intelligence, culture, and a liberal spirit, and his services have proven advantageous to the Society in its varied spheres of usefulness. On November 10th, 1875, Mr. Fleisher married Alice H. Teller, a daughter of David and Rebecca Teller, of Philadelphia. Three sons have been born unto them. Simon Fleisher, a son of Meyer and Caroline Fleisher, was born in Philadelphia, April 2d, 1839. He received his education at public schools and at the Boys' Central High School, from which he graduated. Soon after he removed to Meadville, Pennsylvania, and subsequently to Wilmington, North Carolina. While residing in the latter city the Civil War broke out, and, against his will, he was obliged to aid the Southern Confederacy. Eager to avoid con- tinuing this, he ran the blockade, but was arrested while crossing the Potomac, and was for some time detained as a prisoner in the old capitol at Washington. He then repaired to Oil City, Pennsylva- nia, where he remained until 1866, and then returned to Philadel- phia, becoming a member of the wholesale clothing firm of Hanauer, Kohn & Company. On the organization of the house of Fleisher Brothers, in 1876, Mr. Fleisher entered it as senior member — his associates being his brothers, Alexander (now deceased) and Penrose Fleisher ; and since then Louis, Henry, and Benjamin Fleisher. This firm enjoys a wide reputation, and ranks among the leading wholesale clothiers. Mr. Fleisher' s polite address, generous disposition, and other estimable traits of character have secured him the warm attachment of many friends. He is a liberal supporter of charitable and 266 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. educational socfeties, and a member of the Masonic and Jewish Secret Orders. Mr. Fleisher married Miss Rosa Wolf, sister of Honorable Simon Wolf, of Washington, D. C, and their household consists of seven children. Henry S. Frank, a native of Middleburg, Pennsylvania, was born on October 10th, 1839. He received careful instruction, and then engaged in mercantile pursuits at Lewistown, Mifflin County, Pennsylvania. In 1856 he accompanied his parents to Philadel- phia, and in 1860, on the establishment of the firm of Frank Brothers & Company, wholesale clothiers, became a partner in a business which soon grew to large proportions, and occupied a lead- ing position in the trade. Though giving much of his time and attention to this business, Mr. Frank likewise entered into other enterprises, among them Coal Mining, Passenger Railways and Railroads, Land Companies, Coal and Coke, and Lumber Com- panies, being in all of these a holder of many shares of stock. His sense of discretion and keen foresight led to his selection as an officer of some of these, and as a director of banking institutions. Mr. Frank early became interested in politics and evinced much activity therein. He was a popular Democrat, but, while contribu- ting largely to and otherwise aiding that party, he could never be induced to accept a public office, though urged to do so. In 1886 it required but his consent for an appointment as Assistant Treasurer of the United States at Philadelphia. However, his determination not to accept of any political preferment could not be overcome, notwithstanding complimentary notices of the press and inducements of leaders of the Democratic party. Mr. Frank's probity and public spirit had been warmly commended, and he had been told that, in accepting this office he would "confer a benefit on the City and State." Still he remained firm, and subsequently, when mentioned in connection with the Democratic nomination for State Treasurer of Pennsylvania, he again declined to permit his name to be brought forward at the State Convention of that party, though he served as a delegate to conventions held at diflferent times. He was also identified with Democratic Clubs and other organizations. In Jewish aflfairs Mr. Frank evinced a warm interest. He was a member of the Rodeph Shalom Congregation, a Director of the THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 267 Jewish Hospital Association, and gave liberally to these and other institutions. He married Miss Rose Schloss, of Philadelphia, a lady who has become known by her activity and generosity ; who is a member of the Associate Board of the Jewish Hospital Association, President of the Personal Interest Society, etc., etc. Mr. Frank died in Philadelphia on August 7th, 1889. His value in the community was well expressed by Honorable Robert E. Pat- tison, Governor of Pennsylvania, when he wrote to the widow in 1890: "The counsel and advice of your husband, whom I so much esteemed, were very much missed in the late campaign." Abraham Meyer Frechie was born in Amsterdam, Holland, in 1831. At a youthful age he learned the trade of cigar-making, and after travelling through parts of Europe, sailed for America, arriving in Philadelphia in 1857. Here he established himself as a manufacturer of and dealer in cigars, and his knowledge of that business led him to become an advocate of domestic tobacco. Mr. Frechie has visited Europe several times, and though prolonging his visits to the Continent, has invariably returned to this city, which he early selected for his residence. He is now a member of the firm of Emilio Nunez & Company, importers of Cuban tobacco. Mr. Frechie was identified with the old Hebrew Relief Society, and he is at present a Director of the Association of Jewish Immigrants, and Treasurer of the Philadelphia Branch of the Alliance Israelite Universelle. For a number of years he was the efficient President of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, contributing of his time and means to its advancement. His charities are large and his sym- pathies are broad. Mr. Frechie's wife (nee Laura Pereyra) is re- lated to a famous French family of bankers. Solomon Gans is the name borne by a venerable and highly respected member of the Jewish community of Philadelphia. Mr. Gans was born at Natzinger, near Wartburg, in Westphalia, Ger- many, August 10th, 1804. He is the oldest member of a household, composed of five sons and one daughter, of whom one other brother, Joseph, and his only sister, Mrs. Caroline Neustadt, who resides in Germany, survive. He learned a trade and came to the United States in 1834. His first employment was in the down- town tailor 268 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. shop of Mr. Van Collem, where he worked at a salary of one dollar per week. What conditions were in those days it is not easy to understand, but young Gans's rise must have been rapid, for soon he A'as enabled to set up a business for himself in a little street running off South Street, between Second and Third Streets. Here trade improved, and to such an extent, that in 1839 he entered into a partnership with Mr. Leon Berg, in the wholesale and retail clothing business. In 1846 the firm of Gans, Leberman & Company was organized at the north-west corner of Third and Market Streets, when Mr. Gans became senior member, his associates being Lazarus J. Leberman, Meyer Gans, and Daniel Gans. In 1854 this house was located at 22 North Third Street. Mr. Gans remained active until 1873, when he retired from business. His pleasure was now found in doing good works. Long before he amassed wealth, he had understood the needs of charity societies, and had given of his means with a free and open hand. He had also served as a Director of worthy organizations. In 1875 he was elected President of the Society of the United Hebrew Charities, and for seventeen consecutive years he administered that office with a devotion to duty rare, and even surprising, in a man of his years. Day after day, he spent hours of his time at the ofiSce of that institution, listening to the appeals, and satisfying the wants of the poor. On his retirement from that position in 1892, he was elected Honorary President of the Society for life. Mr. Gans's endeavors have been exerted in other institutions. He has long been (since 1868) a Director of the Jewish Hospital Association; and of Mount Sinai Cemetery Association. He was among the incorporators and early managers of the Hebrew Educa- tion Society; he is a life member of the Meirchants' Fund; and a Director of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, to which he has been attached for many years, having served as its Treasurer, but he de- clined its Presidency. Mr. Gans married Miss Bettie Leberman. She died on December 28th, 1887. He has three sons and two daughters. Solomon Gans, over ninety years of age, is still a remarkably active man, and it is the hope and prayer of many that this vener- able patriarch may be spared to celebrate his centennial birthday. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 269 Abraham Goldsmith was born in Oberlistingen, near Cassel, Germany, March 13th, 1832. At the age of eighteen years he came to this country, and resided for a time at Waynesburg, Pennsylvania, and subsequently at West Chester, in the same State. He had early engaged in the clothing business, and after settling in Philadelphia became a member of the wholesale firm of Goldsmith Brothers — being associated with his brothers, Jacob and Levi Goldsmith. Latterly he established the firm of A. Goldsmith & Sons— his two sons, Milton and Edwin, becoming partners. Mr. Goldsmith has been for quite a number of years active in Jewish institutions; having served as President of the Orphans' Guardians, Trustee of Keneseth Israel Congregation, Director and Vice-President of the Jewish Hospital Association, and Secretary of the United Hebrew Charities. In all positions he rendered con- spicuous service, and only in recent years he was compelled to withdraw therefrom, owing to poor health. The intelligence and discretion evinced by Mr. Goldsmith, in the discharge of official functions, have also been recognized by secular charities and other institutions in which he has filled responsible offices. Hyman Gratz. —The history of the Gratz family is largely inter- woven with that of the Congregation Mickveh Israel. From its incipiency to a comparatively recent date, members of that house- hold occupied leading positions in its midst, and helped to shape the course of events within that religious body. We have had occasion to refer to Barnard Gratz, first President of the Congregation, and to his brother, Michael Gratz; also to several children of the latter, among them Hyman Gratz. Both Barnard Gratz and Michael Gratz were natives of Langen- dorf, in Upper Silesia, Germany. The former was born in April, 1738. He crossed the Atlantic in 1754, when sixteen years of age, and came to Philadelphia. His naturalization papers (doubtless as a British subject) bear the date of October 11th, 1763. He took the oath of allegiance to Pennsylvania, and to the United States as a free nation, on November 6th, 1777. In 1760 he married Richea Meyers (or Mears), whose father, Samson Meyers (or Mears), came to America in 1730, afler the death of his wife, accompanied by his five children; viz., Richea, Rebecca, Elkalah (who married Myer 270 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Myers), Samson and Rachel, both of whom died unmarried; and a niece, Rosa Bunn. Barnard Gratz and his wife, Richea Meyers, had two children : Rachel, who married Solomon Etting, of Baltimore; and Fanny, who died young, unmarried. Barnard Gratz had, for some time, been employed in the counting-house of David Franks, at Phila- delphia, but afterwards engaged in business for himself. He died in Baltimore, on April 20th, 1801. Michael Gratz, brother of Barnard Gratz, was born in 1740. After visiting London, England, he came to America in 1759, and at different times resided in Philadelphia, and in Lancaster, Penn- sylvania. Both he and his brother traded with the Indians, and received grants of lands. Michael succeeded to the position in Mr. Franks's counting-house, left vacant by his brother, Barnard, whose partner he subsequently became, and remained as such until February 6th, 1787. He had already, on June 20th, 1769, wedded Miriam Simon, daughter of Joseph Simon, of Lancaster, whose wife, Rosa Bunn, had come here with her uncle, Samson Meyers (or Mears) as previously mentioned. Mr. Simon figured conspicuously in the history of Lancaster, and acquired large possessions. He died on January 24th, 1804, aged ninety-two years; his wife, Rosa, having preceded him to the world of spirits, on May 3d, 1796, in her sixty- ninth year. Michael Gratz and Miriam Simon were the parents of twelve children, viz., Solomon, who died young; Frances (or Fanny), who married Reuben Etting; Simon, unmarried; Richea, who became the wife of Samuel Hays, and mother of Dr. Isaac Hays; Hyman, Sarah, and Rebecca, all unmarried; Rachel, who wedded Solomon Moses, was the mother of Sarah Gratz Moses (wife of Jacob Henry Joseph, a prominent citizen of Montreal, Canada, and who now re- sides there), and of Horace Moses, who died recently; Joseph, un- married; Jonathan, who died young; Jacob, unmarried; and Ben- jamin, who married twice, and removed to Lexington, Kentucky, where he died on March 17th, 1884, in his ninety-second year. Mrs. Michael Gratz died on September 12th, 1808, and her husband on September 8th, 1811. It is not our purpose here to sketch the careers of even a few members of the Gratz family who rose to unusual distinction. Some have hitherto been mentioned in the narrative portions of this work, THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 271 and Rebecca, the most emiaent name in the whole circle, has — as will have been noticed— received recognition at our hands. Having led the reader, however, into a genealogical labyrinth, we have now emerged therefrom, and have at last arrived at the point of our present effort. • It becomes our duty to do more than simply mention Hyman Gratz, whose influence was felt far beyond the confines of the Con- gregation Mickveh Israel, and whose name has again loomed into prominence, for reasons we shall presently see. He was born in Philadelphia, September 23d, 1776— the great year of Independence. After receiving an educational training, he entered into business, and in 1798, became junior member of the firm of Simon & Hyman Gratz, wholesale grocers, whose place of business was located at the south-west corner of Seventh and Market Streets — the building in which Thomas Jefferson wrote the first draft of the Declaration of Independence. Their business in various lines was extensive, and they fitted out vessels, in the interests of their export and import trade, which carried to, and brought goods from, India, China, and other parts of the East. When this firm dissolved, Mr. Gratz interested himself in insurance matters, and on January 20th, 1818, he was elected a Director of the Pennsylvania Company for Insur- ance on Lives and Granting Annuities — a corporation organized in 1809, and chartered in 1812. He was chosen President of this in- stitution on January 17th, 1837, and, as such, rendered conspicuous service, and discharged his high office with signal ability for an un- interrupted series of twenty years, until the time of his death. During Mr. Gratz' s presidency, the Pennsylvania Company held a mortgage on League Island, which mortgage being foreclosed by the Company, it acquired ownership of that Island by buying in the property at public sale. Mr. Gratz appointed Edward Miller, an engineer, to design a wall surrounding the Island, and his own nephew, Horace Moses, as Mr. Miller's assistant. Some time after, this property, the value of which had increased, was sold to the City of Philadelphia, at a figure greatly in excess of that paid for it. League Island was subsequently presented by this City to the United States Government, and there a Navy Yard is now situated. The Pennsylvania Company obtained a leading position, and its reputa- tion increased, as did its prosperity, under Mr. Gratz' s efficient 272 TRE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. management. It now enjoys a reputation equalled by few com- panies of its class in the land. Mr. Gratz was a man of commanding features, tall and handsome, possessing elegant manners, and was highly honorable in all his deal- ings. - He early displayed a love of the Fine Arts, became a liberal patron thereof, and served for many years as a Director (1836-1857), and also as Treasurer (1841-3 857) of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. He did much to advance the interests of that institution, as of others with which he was connected. His portrait in oil, by G. P. A. Healy, in possession of the Pennsylvania Insur- ance Company, adorns the directors' room. It was exhibited at the Academy a few years since, and is considered an excellent likeness of a man whose dignified bearing and noted characteristics attracted many friends, and won him an enviable place in" the regard of his fellow- citizens of all creeds. Like all his brothers and sisters, Hyman Gratz had been reared amid surroundings strictly religious and intensely Jewish. This in- fluence was markedly seen in his attachment to the Congregation Mickveh Israel, in whose affairs he became deeply interested. He and his brothers, Simon, Jacob, and Joseph, were elected to its Directorate ; the last named being Secretary of the Congregation for a lengthy period. On September 19th, 1824, Hyman Gratz suc- ceeded Hyman Marks as Treasurer of this Congregation, and was successively re-elected to that office for thirty- two consecutive years, performing responsible duties in a manner that called forth unstinted praise. He acted as Chairman at a number of meetings, in the ab- sence of the presiding officer. He shared honors with Zalegman Phillips, Lewis Allen, and Abraham Hart, successive Parnassim (Presidents) of this Congregation, during Divine Services on the holiest of days — the great Day of Atonement — when he stood next to the Chazdn (Reader) at the intoning of the Nengilah (Conclusion Service). Upon his retirement from office, September 28th, 1856, resolutions bearing testimony to his Avorth, his ability, and his fidelity were unanimously adopted. Mr. Gratz was 6qually distinguished in social affairs, and even at an advanced age his presence lent eclat to festive gatherings in high circles. He was among those who served as managers of the first Jewish Publication Society in America, originated in Philadelphia in 1845. He died on January 27th, 1857, in his eighty- first year. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 273 His obsequies, on the 30th of the same month, were held at his late residence, Number 2, Boston Row (a name given to a part of Chest- nut Street), the site of the present Chestnut Street Theatre — on the north side above Twelfth Street. He was buried in that part of the Cemetery, on Spruce Street below Ninth Street, known as the ''Gratz Reservation," where his parents and others of his household and relatives are also interred. What is destined to perpetuate the name of Hyman Gratz is a legacy which now becomes operative for a public object. On December 18th, 1856, Mr. Gratz executed a deed of trust, in which he set aside certain properties and shares held by him in different companies, the annual income of which was to be paid to his heirs, the last one mentioned being Horace Moses, his nephew, for whose benefit, and that of his issue, the said income was to be paid annually. Horace Moses died on October 15th, 1893, leaving no issue; hence, in ac- cordance with a further provision made in that same deed of trust, the entire estate — principal and all accruing interests to date — comes into the possession of the Congregation Mickveh Israel for the estab- lishment and maintenance, under its direction, of " a College for the Education of Jews residing in the City and County of Philadelphia." The original amount has, in the course of years, multiplied exceed- ingly, so that, after the usual legal preliminaries have been disposed of, a sum amounting, it is thought, to between one hundred and thirty and one hundred and fifty thousand dollars (or about $6000 annually) will become available for the specific purpose just stated. The value of such an institution as that provided for, and the good results it may produce, cannot be overestimated. What its exact object will be has not yet been definitely determined. Be that as it may, however, the Hebrew College, to be established in this city through the munificent grant of Hyman Gratz, will immortalize the generous giver, and may become the means of strengthening and giving permanence to historical, traditional Judaism in Philadel- phia. William Bower Hackenburg, a representative American Jew, who has for years been closely associated with the leading movements among his people, is a son of Judah Lazarus and Maria {nee Allen) Hackenburg. He was born in Philadelphia, June 2d, 1837. His father, a native of Coblenz, Prussia, was justly 18 274 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. esteemed for his qualities of mind and heart. His mother, who was of English birth, was distinguished by her acts of charity. Of his brothers, Isaac E. Hackenburg was known in Jewish Societies and in the Masonic Order. His only sister, Rebecca, is the wife of David Teller. Mr. Hackenburg was a pupil at public schools in this city, and received religious and Hebrew instruction from A. I. H. Bernal, and Miss Sim' ha Cohen Peixotto. In 1850 he was sent to New York City, and attended there a boarding-school in charge of Rev. Dr. Max Lilienthal, afterwards Rabbi in Cincinnati, Ohio. Two years later he was employed in the general merchandise store of S. & D. Teller, at Wilmington, North Carolina, remaining there several years. On his return to Philadelphia he was given an interest in his father's business, which was that of a jobber in shawls and dress goods. After the death of his father, in 1861, the business was closed out. In 1863 Mr. Hackenburg, together with Jacob Aub and Anthony Bohem, established the firm of Aub, Hackenburg & Company, manufacturers of, and dealers in, machine and sewing silks. The business of this house increased so rapidly, and the demand for its goods was so large, that a commodious building was required, and branch offices were established in several of the larger cities of the United States. After the death of Mr. Aub, in 1887, the firm name was changed to W. B. Hackenburg & Company. Mr. Bohem, the other partner, died in 1889. Mr. Hackenburg early turned his attention to communal affairs, to which he has since given every spare moment and, in fact, much of his business time. He was long a member of the Congregation Beth El Emeth during the ministry of Rev. Isaac Leeser and that of Rev. George Jacobs. He is now identified with the Congregation Rodeph Shalom. He was a member, or officer, of a number of the smaller charity societies, in existence prior to the institution of the Society of the United Hebrew Charities, of which latter Society he was an incorporator. He has also been active in the Jewish Foster Home and Orphan Asylum, in the Young Men's Hebrew Associa- tion, and in the Hebrew Charity Ball Association. As a mark of recognition for his services to the last named, he was elected an honorary member, which honor only Mr. Abraham Hart had pre- viously received. Mr. Hackenburg is a supporter of almost every THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 275 Jewish charity in Philadelphia. He was a Director of the Mutual Benefit Company of Pennsylvania, and holds a similar office in the Mount Sinai Cemetery Association. When the Jewish Hospital Association was founded, in 1865, through the efforts of Mr. Abraham Sulzberger and others, Mr. Hackenburg evinced a deep concern therein, was elected to its first Board of Directors, and in 1868 as its Treasurer, serving continu- ously until 1878, when he succeeded Mr. Abraham S. Wolf as President of the Association. The Hospital had already been moved to its present locality, and its work had grown largely. Since Mr. Hackenburg's incumbency of the presidential office, the Hospital has become still further known, its labors have increased, and a Dispensary, and a Home for Aged and Infirm Israelites have been erected on its extensive grounds, on Olney Road near York Pike. In national movements: — Mr. Hackenburg was a member, and at one time a Vice-President, of the Board of Delegates of American Israelites. When that organization was merged with the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, it became known as the Board of Delegates on Civil and Religious Rights, and Mr. Hackenburg still serves thereon. At the sixth Council of the Union aforenamed, held in New York City in 1879, he was selected to preside over its deliberations, and received a formal vote of thanks for the executive ability there displayed. He also presided at the second triennial convention of the Order Kesher Shel Barzel and at a joint conven- tion of Districts Numbers 4 and 5, of the same Order, held at De- troit, Michigan. The services rendered by Mr. Hackenburg during the period of the Russo- Jewish exodus of 1881-1882 were of a weighty charac- ter. He was Secretary of the Town Meeting held at the Academy of Music in March, 1882, to protest against Russia's persecution of the Jews. On the organization, by Baron Maurice de Hirsch, of a Trust in the United States, having the direction of plans for the amelioration of the condition of the Russian Jews in this country, Mr. Hackenburg was named by the Baron as one of the nine Trus- tees having in charge the apportionment of the annual income of a fund of $2,500,000. The work moves on successfully. Another effort which contributed to spread Mr. Hackenburg's reputation was his compilation of statistics concerning Jews in the 276 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. United States in 1878; giving their reported number, their con- gregations, membership of the same, and other statistical information. This work was done at the instance of the Union of American He- brew Congregations. In Masonic circles Mr. Hackenburg has risen to a high rank. He is Past Master of Shekinah Lodge, Number 246; a life member of Keystone Royal Arch Chapter; and a member of the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, having served therein as a Steward of the Girard Charity Fund, and on important committees, among them that on Appeals, of which he has long been a member. On various occasions during Masonic ceremonies he has been an acting officer of the Grand Lodge. To Ward Charities and other secular institutions Mr. Hackenburg has also lent his assistance. Political offices he has invariably declined. On September 14th, 1864, Mr. Hackenburg was united in mar- riage to Adeline Schoneman, a daughter of Joseph and Clara Schone- man, of Philadelphia. His wife ably seconds him in many of his worthy acts. Mr. Hackenburg' s career has been, indeed, remarkable. He still possesses youthful vigor and a ceaseless energy, both of which, his brethren earnestly hope, may continue long after the next century will have dawned. Rebecca Cohen Isaacks Hart, the esteemed wife of Abraham Hart, (94) was a woman widely noted for her endearing traits, her generosity, her charity, and her practical sympathy for the poor and the afflicted. With dignity she presided over her household; with devotion she assisted her noble husband in the furtherance of good aims; with social refinement she received distinguished guests at her home; with kindliness and an open hand she responded to the numerous appeals for her assistance. In her benefactions she knew of neither race nor creed; yet she peculiarly associated her labors with those of other workers in the special ckuse of her coreligionists. Mrs. Hart was a daughter of Sampson Mears and Catherine {nee Cohen) Isaacks — descendants of exiles from Spain in the period of the Jnquisition. Her father was a son of Moses Isaacks who served in the American Revolutionary War. She was born in the City of (94) Asketcli of Abraham Hart's career is presented in our historical narra- tive of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, Chapter VII. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 277 New York, August 5th, 1814, and received there her education. The influences moulding her character were seen to advantage in after years, when she wedded Abraham Hart (November 23d, 1831). Philadelphia- then became her residence, and the field of her work in religion and charity. She was a constant attendant at worship in the Synagogue Mickv^h Israel, where her husband pre- sided, and he owed much of his enthusiasm in the cause of Judaism and the Jews to the benign influence of his wife. Mrs. Hart was for thirty consecutive years President of the Female Hebrew Benevolent Society, and rendered inestimable services to that Society and to the Jewish Foster Home, of which she was long a manager. Other ijistitutions, such as the Hebrew Ladies' Sewing Society, received her patronage and support, in addi- tion to her private acts of charity, which were almost without number. Wealth she rightly considered as a blessing intended by The Almighty for the help of the unfortunate and the suflTering. In later years she experienced trials, but bore them all with true religious fortitude. Mrs. Hart died on December 20th, 1880, bequeathing to her pos- terity the memory of good deeds and womanly virtues. Mason Hirsh, a merchant of high standing and wide reputation, an Israelite, whose deeds of goodness were only equalled by his kindness of heart, will long be remembered by his Philadelphia coreligionists. Mr. Hirsh was born in the Province of Hesse- Darmstadt, Germany, March 7th, 1830. He obtained rudimentary instruction in his native city, and when eighteen years of age came to the United States, and was first located at Reading, Pennsylva- nia. He remained there but a short time, removing to Staunton, Virginia, and there entering into business with his brother. He settled in Philadelphia in 1853, following a mercantile pursuit. Ten years later, he and his brother, Leopold Hirsh, started together in the business of manufacturing umbrellas and parasols, under the firm name of Hirsh & Brother, their house being located at 414 Market Street, and subsequently enlarged. The firm's dealings became extensive, and increased to such a degree that the annual output assumed enormous figures, and in 1886 a removal was made to a much larger building occupying the Numbers 1309-1317 Market Street, where, it is claimed, that the 278 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. manufacturing of umbrellas is carried on to an extent larger than that of any other house of the same character in the world. Mr. Hirsh devoted a large share of his attention to this business, and other part- ners were admitted — Henry Hirsh, his brother ; Otto J. Lang, his son-in-law ; and his sons, Alfred Curtin, Harry, William, and E. Hampton Hirsh ; his brother, Leopold, having retired from the firm. Branches were established in New York City, Boston, Baltimore, Chicago, and San Francisco. But now for a reference to Mr. Hirsh's work among his brethren and the poor. For years he was a prominent member of the Rodeph •Shalom Congregation, and had served on its Board of Directors. He was for a long time Treasurer of the Society of the United Hebrew Charities, to which he often advanced amounts to cover deficits ; also Treasurer of the Hebrew Charity Ball Association ; a Director of the Manufacturers' National Bank ; a member of the Manufacturers' Club ; the Mercantile Club ; and a charter member of the Bourse. His interest in municipal affairs was shown by his membership of the old Committee of One Hundred, whose aim was reform in politics. In other public matters, such as the Centennial Celebration of the Adoption of the Constitution of the United States, Mr. Hirsh was assigned an important place. Perhaps his most earnest work was done in connection with the Jewish Foster Home and Orphan Asylum, of which he served suc- cessively, as a Manager, Vice-President, and President — in the latter office, succeeding Mr. Isidore Binswanger, and filling it to the time of his death. Of Mr. Hirsh's generosity, it may truly be said that in no good cause was he appealed to in vain. In fact, he sought means by which his charity might be distributed and become effective. His courteous ways, pleasant address, and innate kindness reflected the character of the man, and heightened the esteem in which he w^as held by all classes. It was a source of keen sorrow to a vast number to hear of an accident that befell Mr. Hirsh in New York City, on March 10th, 1892, and the news of his death on the following day was a veritable shock to the community, though he had been ailing for quite awhile. Sterling qualities, united with tender sympathies, contributed to render Mason Hirsh an influence for good in every sphere of work with which his name was identified. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 279 Alfred Curtin Hirsh, a son of Mr. Hirsh, though still a young man, has rendered services to his people, as President of the Young Men's Hebrew Association, and in several other offices where his energies have been well directed. Simon Jacoby, President of the Congregation Beth Israel, was born in Filehne, Prussia, October 3d, 1828. In 1849 he sailed for the United States, and, after a short residence in Pennsylvania, went South, and for five years was located in the State of Georgia. Re- turning to Philadelphia, he was appointed, in 1869, Lieutenant of the Fairmount Park and Harbor Police, which station he occupied during the administration of Mayor Daniel M. Fox. Mr. Jacoby is identified with the Jewish Secret Orders Bene Berith, Kesher Shel Barzel, and Independent Order Free Sons of Israel, and a contributor to other organizations. An important office he has held for several years is that of President of Beth Israel Con- gregation, of which Rev. Dr. J. B. Grossmann is the able minister. He has been for some time, and is at present, engaged in the coal business. David Klein, an Israelite who rose to deserved prominence in this city, was born in Hassfurt, Bavaria, Germany, November 13th, 1831. His father, Maier Klein, had intended his son for a teacher; hence David received careful training, and a tuition the results of which were evidenced in his discharge of various functions in later years. He crossed the Atlantic in 1851, and after reaching these shores did not become a pedagogue, but started in business at Mana- yunk, now a suburb of Philadelphia. In 1864 he was joined by his brother, Louis, and the business — retail clothing — was centred in this city, the store at Manayunk being continued as a branch. Subsequently (in 1885) Mr. Klein's oldest son, Alfred M. Klein, was admitted as a partner, and the house became well known by its specialties in the manufacture of uniforms for officers in the employ of different governmental departments. David Klein's commercial enterprise brought substantial reward, and placed the business on a sound financial basis. It was not, however, in that direction that Mr. Klein could lay more than the usual claim to the recognition of. his fellow-citizens, and particularly of his brethren in faith. Possessing capacities far 280 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. above the average, an industry which admitted of little rest, an interest in Jewish affairs that spurred him on to practical work, he at once entered upon a career of activity, the duration of which was only limited by the time allotted to him on earth. Identifying him- self with Keneseth Israel Congregation, he was soon chosen a mem- ber of its Board of Trustees, and in 1883 its President, an office he filled uninterruptedly until his death, on February 24th, 1891. He represented that Congregation in the Union of American Hebrew Congregations, and in the Board of Governors of the Hebrew Union College, at Cincinnati, Ohio. He labored incessantly for its interests, and many a project calculated to advance its material growth eman- ated from him. He was instrumental in founding Keneseth Israel Lodge of the Independent Order Bene Berith, and became Presi- dent of that Order in District Number 3 at a time when its financial condition gave cause for serious alarm. To his efforts, more than to those of any other man, the rehabilitation of the Order in this District was due, and under his administration it rose to the position it has since occupied. But Mr. Klein performed arduous labors in other organizations. He was a Director, and afterwards Secretary of the Society of the United Hebrew Charities; Vice-President of the Orphans' Guar- dians; Vice-President of the Philadelphia Branch of the Alliance Israelite Universelle; President of the Endowment Fund of the Order Kesher Shel Barzel; a Past Master in the Masonic Order, and a member of the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, as such being one of the Almoners of the Stephen Girard Fund. He presided at the Council of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations held at Detroit, Michigan, in 1890, and was a member of the Executive Board of that institution. He also served for a term in the Common Council of Philadelphia, being a Republican in politics, and warmly attached to that Party. Mr. Klein married Miss Sarah Goldman, a native of Germany. His wife and four children survive him. David Klein's career was indeed that of general usefulness, and his death, while in the exercise of his numerous works, was lamented by a wide circle of friends, and even by those who, while not shar- ing his views, admired his plain utterance, his earnest manner, his courage of opinion, and his unflagging energy. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 281 Arnold Koiin, whose long service in works of charity entitles him to general recognition, was born in Bucun, Wiirtemberg, Ger- many, August 4th, 1838. He was but twelve years old when he landed in the United States, and had naught to guide him but his own wits. In extremely humble circumstances, he sought this city and obtained a scant livelihood by peddling matches and selling news- papers. Not discouraged he worked hard, and three years after his arrival succeeded in obtaining a position as a clerk in a clothing store, remaining there three years. He next took to peddling in the Southern States, and on the outbreak of the Civil War he became a sutler in the army. In 1863 he established himself in the clothing business at McGregor, Iowa. In 1867 he returned to Philadelphia, and started the wholesale clothing firm of Kohn, Arnold & Roth- schild, which house, however, dissolved in 1869. Mr. Kohn then found employment as a salesman, continuing as such until 1874, when he formed a partnership with his brother, Abraham M. Kohn, and A. I. Rosenheim, in the wholesale clothing business. This firm has been successful in building up a large trade, and now controls an extensive establishment. As a member of the Board of Directors of the United Hebrew Charities, and as a Vice-President of that institution Mr. Kohn has done yeoman's service. In touch with other representative men of the Jewish community, a sympathetic friend of the unfortunate, an arduous and indefatigable laborer, he has accomplished much in the sphere of charity operations; he has improved the condition of the poor, and has striven to his utmost to promote the interests and the well being of his coreligionists. His efforts, which were specially manifested during the period of the Russo- Jewish exodus of 1881- 1882, have not been limited to a single society, but he has, in many organizations, demonstrated his earnestness and enthusiasm. He is an efiacient member of the Board of Directors of the Jewish Hos- pital Association ; President of the Orphans' Guardians ; Honorary Treasurer of Talmud Tordhy a down-town school ; a member of the Board of Governors of the Hebrew Union College, at Cincinnati, Ohio; and a member of other Jewish institutions, besides being a Trustee of Ken^seth Israel Congregation. In secular works, he assists in relief associations, and is a manager of the Mechanics' National Bank. He has recently been appointed Trustee of the new State Chronic Insane Asylum, at Wernersville, Pennsylvania. Mr. Kohn 282 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. is now an honorary member of the Board of the United Hebrew Charities, and he still evinces a lively interest in its doings by his attendance at the rooms, and his participation in the work of benefi- cence. Philip Lewin, President .of the Congregation Ken^seth Israel, was born in Neustadt, Prussia, September 18th, 1836. His father had, for several decades, been Cantor, and later on Rabbi, of the Congregation in his native city. Young Lewin attended public school; subsequent to which he served as a scribe in a magistrate's office. When seventeen years of age he journeyed to Newcastle- upon- Tyne, England, residing there for a year with his two older brothers. Coming then to this country he proceeded to Chicago, and remained there until 1859, when he went to Southern States. In 1861 he returned North, and located at Green Bay, Wisconsin, becoming there a member of the business firm of HoflTman & Lewin. In the spring of 1869 Mr. Lewin removed to Philadelphia, and entered as a partner in the wholesale boot and shoe manufacturing house of Sailer, Lewin & Company — a firm that occupies a representative position in the trade. , His associates are : Isaac Sailer, Louis Sailer, and Simon Loeb. In the sphere of communal work, Mr. Lewin' s endeavors have proven effective. Notwithstanding business cares, he has freely given time and labor to the furtherance of congregational and society interests, and his conduct of affairs has resulted in increased material success. In addition to presiding over Keneseth Israel Congregation, he is Treasurer of the Jewish Foster Home and Orphan Asylum; President of the Hebrew Charity Ball Associa- tion; Manager of the Orphans' Guardians; Member of the Board of Governors of the Hebrew Union College, at Cincinnati, Ohio; and he is active in other fields, requiring ability, energy, and perse- verance. = In 1865 Mr. Lewin married Miss Hannah Rosenbaum, of Philadelphia. Mr. Lewin 's business capacities, his tact and knowledge as an ex- ecutive oflScer, and his devotion to varied interests have combined, with a courteous manner, to render their possessor well fitted for the trusts reposed in him by associates and by the Jewish community of Philadelphia. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 283 Leo Loeb, President of the Jewish Foster Home and Orphan Asylum, was born in Bechtheim, Rhein-Hessen, Germany, July 28th, 1844. After receiving a liberal education he came to America in 1860, following up his studies in Philadelphia, and afterwards repairing to Staunton, Virginia, where he entered in business, and experienced hardships during the Civil War. In 1871 he returned to this city, and a year later became a member of the firm of Strouse, Loeb & Company, wholesale clothiers, and now one of the leading local houses in this branch of trade. Through Mr. Loeb's special efforts the first Clothing Exchange was established in this city, which led to the formation of others of the same character in different sections of the Union. Mr. Loeb has filled the presidency of both local and national institutions. For nearly eighteen years he has been identified with the Congregation Rodeph Shalom, serving as a Director and a member of its School Board, and proving his eflSciency. Mr. Loeb's most effective labors, however, have been manifested in his connection with the Jewish Foster Home and Orphan Asylum. After a long service on its Board of Directors, he was chosen in 1892, to succeed the late Mason Hirsh, as President of that institution, and to the discharge of that important office he has brought fitness and ability. Among other positions held by him are those of Vice-Presi- dent of the Hebrew Charity Ball Association, Director of the Com- mercial National Bank, and of the Trades' League of Philadelphia. He is a member of, and generous contributor to, numerous charitable societies. Mr. Loeb married, in 1872, Miss Rosetta Wolf, daughter of Mr. Abraham Wolf, of this city. Jacob Miller & Sons are leaders in the manufacture of shirts, and have in recent years extended their business operations far and wide. Jacob Miller, the senior member, came to this country from Europe, and in 1868 formed a partnership with his brother, Solomon Miller, as Miller & Brother. Trade increased, and in 1875 the firm introduced new facilities. Solomon Miller retired in 1878, and has since conducted business on his own account. Jacob Miller after- wards associated with him his sons, William, Charles, and Simon, Isidor Schwartz, and others in the partnership which has since been known as Jacob Miller & Sons. The annual output of this house 284 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. reaches an extraordinary figure. Factories have been established in Philadelphia — the firm's headquarters — and in Bordentown, New Jersey, and agencies exist in New York City, Chicago, and St. Louis. The store in this city, now at Numbers 926 and 928 Market Street, is a capacious building, prominently located. The senior member of the firm has added to his business qualifica- tions a high sense of honor, a gentlemanly bearing, charitable ways, and other traits which, without doubt, have contributed to the success of his house, so ably managed by himself, and his sons, in whom qualities of their father are reflected, and who second him in kindly acts, not less than in business enterprise. Mr. Jacob Miller is prominently identified with Rodeph Shalom Congregation; he is Vice-President of the Jewish Foster Home and Orphan Asylum, and a liberal contributor to other institutions. Mitchell Abraham Mitchell, a merchant, and an Israelite prominently interested in the social and religious concerns of his fellow- believers, was a son of Abraham and Esther {^nee Allen) Mitchell. His parents were well known and respected in two Jewish communities, viz. , New York and Philadelphia. Mr. Mitchell was born in New York City, February 1st, 1822, and was educated in a private school there. He removed to Philadelphia in 1848, and soon after formed a partnership with Lewis Marks Allen, under the firm name of Mitchell & Allen, wholesale liquor dealers, who were largely interested in petroleum. This house conducted an extensive trade in different States of the Union. On settling in this city, Mr. Mitchell became a member of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, to which he was thereafter devotedly attached during his whole career. He proved his eflSciency as a member of its Board of Directors. He succeeded Joseph L. Moss as President of the United Hebrew^ Beneficent Society, which oflfice he held when the union of different Hebrew Charities was consum- mated in the United Hebrew Charities, of which he was a charter- member, and a Manager. He also served as a Manager of the Hebrew Education Society in its early years. Mr. Mitchell was a man of affable disposition, kindly sentiments, and a staunch adherent of traditional Judaism. On September 6th, 1848, he married Amelia Johaveth Allen, oldest child of Lewis and Anna (^tiee Marks) Allen— a virtuous and God-fearing woman, who THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 285 reared her children in strict conformity with the tenets and observ- ances of the Jewish people. Mrs. Mitchell was summoned to rest on June 27th, 1856, at an early age, and in less than eight years after her marriage. Her husband, who outlived her, had only passed his fifty-third year, when he too was called away on May 22d, 1875. His remains were laid beside those of his wife in the old Cemetery of the Con- gregation, on Spruce Street near Ninth Street — that historic spot where so many of the ancient stock were interred. Mr. and Mrs. Mitchell left one son and three daughters. It has been truly said of Mr. Mitchell that he was ' ' a man of strict in- tegrity, of rare sincerity, and of warm affections. " Joseph Lyons Moss, a well-known Jewish citizen of former times, was the oldest son of John Moss, a native of England, who came to Philadelphia, and attained distinction. He was born in this city, December 10th, 1804. Mr. Moss's mother, Rebecca Lyons, was a daughter of parents who left Holland, and settled in Lancas- ter, Pennsylvania, and to-day there are in Philadelphia several families who, either on the paternal or maternal side, come from the same stock. Mrs. John Moss lived amid the exciting events of the American Revolutionary War, and would tell her offspring of scenes she had witnessed, and describe George Washington and other Generals of the Colonial and British Armies. Her son, Joseph, early entered into mercantile pursuits, and eventually became a partner of Messrs. R. & I. Phillips, who first represented in this couutry the renowned banking house of Rothschild, of London, England. Mr. Moss con- tinued many years thereafter in the banking and brokerage business, establishing himself as a Note and Bill Broker, on Walnut Street above Fourth Street. During the Civil War, two of his sons served the Union in the Army and Navy. Mr. Moss exhibited interest in the affairs of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, with which he, and his father before him, as well as other relations, were identified. In the sphere of Hebrew Benevo- lent Societies, his assistance was also felt for good. He was Presi- dent of the United Hebrew Beneficent Society; an incorporator of the Society of the United Hebrew Charities ; and he exerted an in- fluence in other institutions, beyond the pale, such as in the Musical 286 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Fund Society, which he joined at the age of twenty- one yeai^, and of whose course he was an ardent supporter. In cultured circles of the community, Mr. Moss had a large acquaintanceship, and he was respected for qualities betokening the upright man, the loyal citizen, and the true Jew. On December 24th, 1828, he married, in New York City, Julia Levy, daughter of Solomon and Rebecca {nee Hendricks) Levy. Mrs. Moss was among the founders and first managers of the Jewish Foster Home, of this city. Of her nine children, four survive; namely. Dr. Wil- liam, Rebecca, Florian, and Frank Moss. Mr. Moss, the father, died on January 28th, 1874, after having endured sufferings for many years, with fortitude and resignation. His wife died on January 26th, 1886, in her eighty-fourth year, having been born in New York City, April 15th, 1802. LuciEN Moss, a gentleman well known in Jewish and secular charities, is a son of Eliezer L. and Julia INIoss. He w^as born in Philadelphia, May 25th, 1831. He attended school here, and later on in New Haven, Connecticut. It had been intended that he should enter Yale College, but, exhibiting a decided preference for a trade, he entered a machine-shop where he remained several years, and subsequently journeyed to Porto Rico, in the Spanish West Indies, where he was engaged in putting up sugar-mills. After a considerable stay he returned home, and, with William Wiler, established the firm of Wiler & Moss, manufacturers of stair-rods, mouldings, wrought brass- w^ork, etc. The business of this house soon became extensive, and after a long partnership Mr. Moss withdrew in .1878. Since that period he has displayed his activity as a member or a Director of different corporations. He served in the First Regiment, National Guards of Pennsylvania, and is still attached to Company D, of the Old Guard of that Regiment. He was a member of the Board of Guardians of the Poor, and, at one time, Chairman of its Hospital Committee. In 1887 he served on the Board of Civil Ser- vice Examiners. He was among those instrumental in consolidating a number of smaller Jewish Charities into the present Society of the United Hebrew Charities, of which he was the first Secretary. He has also occupied the same position in, and that of a Director of, the Jewish Foster Home and Orphan Asylum, of the Hebrew THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 287 Education Society, and of the Jewish Maternity Association. Not a few other organizations count upon his active assistance. Of these may be mentioned the Jewish Hospital- Association in whose direc- tory he has served continuously for a lengthy term ; Mount Sinai Cemetery Association, of which he is Vice-President; Society for Organizing Charity ; Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ; Society to Protect Children from Cruelty ; Wayfarers' Lodges ; Pennsylvania Prison Association ; Municipal Associa- tion; and other institutions of diverse characters, in all of which he has fulfilled his duties with fidelity and public spirit. Mr. Moss is also a member of the Historical Society of Pennyslvania. On more than a single occasion he has defended his coreligionists, and, by his intelligence, culture, and social qualities he has won the respect and confidence of his fellow-citizens of all creeds. Mr. Moss married Sarah Nathan, a daughter of Benjamin Nathan, an esteemed Israelite of New York City. Mrs. Moss died on May 11th, 1883. Mr. Moss's second wife {;nee Amanda Levy), is a daughter of the late David C. Levy, formerly of Charleston, South Carolina, but latterly of Philadelphia. Simon Muhr, oldest son of Henry Muhr, was born at Hiirben, Bavaria, Germany, April 19th, 1845. At the age of eight years he accompanied his parents to this- country. After an ordinary school education, he began, at the age of thirteen years, to learn watchmaking in his father' s store ; but he early evinced a desire to follow the business, rather than the mechanical, side of the watch and jewelry trade. To that branch he gave his atterition so that the business of the house increased. When Simon reached his twenty-first year (in 1866) he became a member of the firm of H. Muhr & Son, whose annual business deal- ings then amounted to about seventy-five thousand dollars. Li 1869 the firm began the manufacture of jewelry in a small room fitted up for a shop. From that year the business has grown, and new departments were added at different times. In 1885 the colossal building at the south-west corner of Broad and Race Streets was erected, and the manufacturing business of the establishment has since been continued there. This edifice is seven stories in height, and occupies a commanding position on a leading thoroughfare. 288 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. In 1873 the father, Henry Muhr, retired from the business. He died on November 21st, 1892, aged seventy-seven years. Since the father retired, the firm's name has been that of H. Muhr's Sons, the partners being Simon, Joseph, and Jacob Muhr. In 1888, Joseph Muhr withdrew, and subsequently died in New York City. All along the business continued to increase rapidly, a feature being the importation of precious stones. The sales in a single year are said to have reached as high a mark as a million of dollars. Its trade increased still further when the firm occupied its present handsome store at 629 and 631 Chestnut Street, below Seventh Street. Simon Muhr's popularity, genial manner, and business tact have contributed largely to the success of the house. He is a kind etnployer and a generous friend. His benevolent acts know not of race or creed. His charitable disposition and his open nature have been incentives to many good acts, and his purse-strings are ever loosened for the needy and the unfortunate. In general affairs Mr. Muhr is aflftliated with many and various associations promotive of the best interests of the city — whether politically, educationally, or in the fields of charitable work. His presence at meetings and social gatherings has been of advantage in numerous ways, while his support of measures for the public good has had an influence, the value of which has been appreciated many a time. In politics Mr. Muhr is a pronounced Democrat, but neither his time nor his inclina- tions have ever permitted him to accept of important public offices, though more than once some have been tendered him. In no sphere have Simon Muhr's labors been productive of more benefit than in the community of Israel in Philadelphia. It would be a diflScult matter to enumerate the services he has rendered here. In the Jewish Hospital Association of which he is Vice-President ; in the Jewish Foster Home and Orphan Asylum of which he is a Manager ; in the Association of Jewish Immigrants of which he is Treasurer ; in the Society of the United Hebrew Charities ; in the Hebrew Charity Ball Association ; in the Philadelphia Branch of the Alliance Israelite Universelle ; in the once-existing Jewish Alli- ance of America, of which he was President ; and in other worthy causes, here and elsewhere, he has been, and is still, a toiling worker and a most liberal supporter. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 289 Mr. Muhr's undaunted perseverance and powers of endurance have rendered it possible for him to do what few men would have attempted. He works on and on in the sphere of self-imposed labors, conscious only of his duties, and desiring no other reward than the satisfaction of seeing his labors well bestowed, and productive of results, at once beneficent and permanent. Horace Augustus Nathans, a son of Moses and Benvenida Valentina (nee Solis) Nathans, was born in Philadelphia, October 10th, 1840. His maternal ancestors were Spanish Jews, and some of their descendants became prominent in our local affairs. Mr. Nathans received his education at an Academy, and partly at the University of Pennsylvania. In early years he entered into busi- ness, and is still active in that sphere, having attained success by his diligence and intelligent ways. Mr. Nathans, from his youth, has been a lover of music, and has studied that art and the composers with true fervor, as evidenced in his vocal talents, and in his author- ship of songs and other morceaux. He became an ardent worker for the Abt Male Singing Society, of which he was Vice-President. This society, or chorus, numbered the best male amateur talent of the time, and its concerts at Musical Fund Hall were attended by interested audiences who hailed their return with intense pleasure. So capable and well-trained a body of choristers has rarely been heard in this city, and the Abt rose to an eminence richly deserved. However, in course of years, some of its members became so deeply engrossed in various pursuits, and others were so much occupied with music as a calling, that the organization disbanded, to the general regret. Mr. Nathans has since given his attention to affairs of a different character, while still displaying his interest in music in its progres- sive stages. He has become active in congregational and educational movements. His wife, nee Marie Louise Samson, of New York City (whom he married February 14th, 1877), is a Director of the Hebrew Education Society, and an enthusiastic laborer in its cause, as in that of others. Mr. Nathans, after serving awhile as a member of the Board of Directors of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, was recently (1893) elected as its President, and he has already evinced determined energy. Since his entry into office, this Congregation has come into 290 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. possession of an enormous legacy conveyed in a deed of trust executed by Hyman Gratz. This gift, for the establishment of a college for the education of Jews in Philadelphia, will soon be applied to the uses for which it was bequeathed, and President Nathans will, as a member of the Special Committee, have much to do with the ad- ministration of the Trust, and with the direction of the institution provided for by Mr. Gratz. What adds interest to Mr. Nathans's presidency of Mickveh Israel Congregation is the fact that several of his ancestors were among its original or early members, among them Mordecai M. Mordecai, Philip M. Russell, and Isaiah Nathans. Maternally, Mr. Nathans is related to the family of Solis, of whose members, Solomon was a valued worker, and David, his brother, was a well-known Israelite. Morris Newburger, President of the Jewish Publication Society of America, was born in the Principality of Hohenzollern-Sigma- ringen, Germany, November 12th, 1834. His father, a teacher, was the descendant of a family of Rabbis. Morris was early instructed in elementary and in higher branches, including classics. On leav- ing school he entered a dry goods store, and for some time followed business in Europe. In 1854 he came to the United States, and was located in New York, afterwards in the South, and in 1856 he went to Cedar Rapids, Iowa, following trade there, and subsequently at Rock Island, Illinois. In the spring of 1863 he removed to Philadelphia, where he has since resided. Mr. Newburger at once engaged in active business pursuits, and entered into partnership with Adolph, Albert, and David Hochstad- ter, brother of his wife. Miss Betty Hochstadter, whom he married in 1862. Under the firm name of Newburger & Hochstadters, the house rose to importance in the wholesale clothing trade. When a change was made, and the brothers Hochstadter withdrew, Mr. Newburger associated with himself — at different times — three of his four sons; but his second son, Morton, died in 1888, much lamented. The others, with their father, continue the business successfully. Mr. Newburger has attained note outside the boundaries of his business operations. For upwards of twenty-five years, he has been a Trustee of Keneseth Israel Congregation, and has served for a lengthy period as its Vice-President, and Chairman of its School THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 291 Committee. He is a member of the Board of Governors of the Hebrew Union College, at Cincinnati, Ohio. What has given Mr. Newburger national prominence, however, is his position as President of the Jewish Publication Society of America. He had assumed an active part in the establishment of that Society, and on its organization was selected to the office which he has since filled with exceptional ability, marked earnestness, and entire devotion to the cause of that comprehensive institution. He is also a member of the Executive Board of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations. In secular movements : — Mr. Newburger displayed extraordinary interest in the Centennial Exhibition of 1876, and was one of a committee of gentlemen, who in various ways aided on that great work. In municipal affairs, he has been identified with . the Com- mittee of One Hundred; the Committee of Fifty; and the Citizens' Municipal Association, and he was a member of the Executive Com- mittee of the last named. He has long been a Director of the Mechanics' National Bank. It will have been seen, from the above resume, that Mr. New- burger has risen to a representative place among Israelites, and that his honors have been earned by constant and unselfish labors. Joseph Newhouse was born at Ettingen, Bavaria, Germany, March 12th, 1812. His parents, Simeon and Florence (nee Ober- dorfer) Newhouse, gave him a liberal education. At the age of nineteen years he landed in this country, settled first in Philadel- phia, and later on in Cincinnati, Ohio, becoming there senior partner of the firm of Newhouse, Einstein & Bernheimer, dealers in notions, etc. In 1847 Mr. Newhouse returned to Philadelphia, and subse- quently engaged in the clothing business with Bernard Spatz and others as a member of the firm of Newhouse, Spatz vas the first to initiate practical steps early in 1869, having in view the desired end. A meeting was held at his office, and the plan for the union of the different societies was prepared by him, and not only effectually served the intended purpose, but was the system after which many essential features of general charity organizations were copied, both here and in other sections of the country. In recogni- tion of his labors, Mr. Weil was tendered the presidency of the new Society of the United Hebrew Charities, which, however, he declined, but served as its Counsellor for quite a number of years, and as such rendered conspicuous services. Mr. Weil has algo shown his interest in the work of other institu- tions, among them the Jewish Hospital, the Jewish Foster Home, and the Society for Organizing Charity, of which latter he was a Director. The law relating to Wayfarers' Lodges, as passed by the Legislature of Pennsylvania, was devised by him, and the beneficial effects of these Lodges have been experienced* time and again, as the poor are thereby taught self-dependence, while being given relief Mr. Weil has had much to do with charity work in his own ward, serving as Chairman of the Relief Committee. Some years since, he was elected a Trustee of Jefferson Medical College, and now occupies the position of Treasurer of that celebrated institution. He is also a member of the American Philosophical Society. On the organization THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 309 of the Geographical Club in 1891, Mr. Weil was selected as its first Vice-President — an office he filled for some time — evidencing his desire to advance scientific work. He has been further honored by election to other positions. As a public speaker, he has frequently been called to address large assemblages, and his subject-matter has demonstrated his broad acquaintance with topics of a varying char- acter. In September, 1866, Mr. Weil married Isabel R. Lyons, a daughter of the late Jacob C. and Louisa (nee Hart) Lyons, formerly of Columbia, South Carolina. Of their five children, four are living. The oldest, Gertrude, is a promising art student. The second, Matilda, has developed knowledge and thought in her treat- ment of questions in the world of literature. The third, Arthur Edward, is a student at the University of Pennsylvania, and, by his proficiency in classics, has won several prizes. The youngest child, Ethel, attends school. Mrs. Weil is Treasurer of the Female Hebrew Benevolent Society. She partakes of her husband's literary tastes, which have so contributed to his position in the general community, and which have left an impress upon their children. Abraham Simon Wolf occupied a conspicuous place in the Jewish community of Philadelphia. He was born at Charlottes- ville, Virginia, September 15th, 1809. His mercantile career opened as a clerk in the employ of Mayer Arnold, at Kutztown, Pennsylvania. He subsequently started business in a country store in Meyerstown, in the same State. He worked on, meeting with success, and in 1838 took up his residence in Philadelphia, entering as a partner in the wholesale dry goods firm of Arnold, Cauffinan & Wolf, afterwards known as CaufFman & Wolf When this house dissolved, Mr. Wolf engaged in the clothing business, his firm being called Abraham S. Wolf & Company. Later on, Simon W. Arnold became a partner; the house being called Wolf, Arnold & Company. After awhile Mr. Wolf quitted trade, and interested himself in coal lands and in other speculations. He was elected President of the Locust Gap Coal Company, and filled. that office until the Com- pany was absorbed by the Reading Railroad. He also served as a Director of the Consolidation Bank, of the Equitable Life Insur- ance Company, and as Vice-President of the Northern Savings Fund, Safe Deposit and Trust Company. 310 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Thus in general affairs, Mr. Wolf's interest was manifested. But not because of that interest would he lay claim to particular notice. In the circles of his coreligionists, he performed those labors which have contributed to place his name on the roll of honor. An early member of the Hebrew Charity Association, he served as a Vice- President during a period when its annual dinners were leading events. He was among the first Directors, and served as President of the Hebrew Education Society from 1854 to 1862 ; and of the United Hebrew Beneficent Fuel Society, when that ^vas merged in the present Society of the United Hebrew Charities, and he was a charter- member and manager of the latter. He was among the founders, and the energetic President of the Jewish Hospital Asso- ciation from 1871 to 1878. He was besides connected with other societies and corporations, among them the first Jewish Publication Society in America — evincing in all a steadiness of purpose, and untiring exertions in behalf of their objects. In the Congregation Mickveh Israel Mr. Wolf's counsel was sought, and he proved an earnest member and an active Trustee of that religious organization, which he also served as Treasurer, succeeding Hyman Gratz in 1856-1861. His work was not con- fined to a few institutions, but he sought in every way to promote the welfare of his coreligionists, and to that end, he gave his means, his time, and his strength. Mr. Wolf early joined the Masonic fraternity, and was a member of Shekinah Lodge, Number 246, A. Y. M. In later years, he was also affiliated with the Independent Order Bene Berith. In 1860, he was united in marriage to Miriam H. Polock, a daughter of the venerable Hyman Polock, of this city. Abraham S. Wolf died at Orkney Springs, West Virginia, on August 2d, 1880. His remains were brought to this city for inter- ment, and his obsequies were attended by men of note with whom he had associated, and who valued his friendship as the community re- spected him for his services. GENERAL MENTION. The roll of workers is not exhausted. Indeed, there are many additional names that might readily be selected. It is impossible to mention more than a few within the limits of the present work. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 311 We must not, however, pass by without some allusion to such names as David Sulzberger, the untiring Secretary of the Hebrew Educa- tion Society, whose labors in its interests have identified his name with its history, and with Jewish educational progress in Philadel- phia; Mrs. Ester Amram, the earnest and whole-souled President of the Jewish Maternity Association; Mrs. S. Belle Cohn, the effi- cient Secretary of the same institution; Mrs. Miriam H. Wolf, the faithful and energetic President of the Female Hebrew Benevolent Society; Raphael Brunswick, a former President of the 'Adath Jeshurun Congregation, until recently a manager of the United Hebrew Charities, officer in Jewish Secret Orders, etc.; Charles Joseph Cohen, a merchant and a gentleman of broad culture, who has been President of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, and of the Young Men's Hebrew Association, of Philadelphia, and a manager of other institutions; Jacob Singer, President of District Grand Lodge, Number 3, of the Independent Order Bene Berith, who has infused fresh energy into the Order; his efficient associates, Charles Hoffman, Vice-President; Marcus K. Cohen, Secretary; Michael C. Hirsch, Treasurer, and formerly President of the Con- gregation Keneseth Israel, etc.; and Samuel Weil, a veteran in Bene Berith and other Orders; M. S. Meyerhoff, who has also attained rank in Jewish Secret Orders; Joseph Rosenbaum, an active worker in Charities some years since, and still a generous contributor to many; Solomon Teller, President of the once-exist- ing United Hebrew Relief Association, and formerly a Vice-Presi- dent of the United Hebrew Charities; Jacob Miller, Vice-President of the Association of Jewish Immigrants, and President of the Rap- paport Benevolent Association; Isaac Bedichimer, prominent in the Masonic Order; August B. Loeb, the able Treasurer of the Jewish Hospital Association; Herman Jonas, its Corresponding Secretary, and President of the Mercantile Club; Marcus Katz, the capable Vice-President of the Jewish Foster Home and Orphan Asylum, an earnest and a valuable worker, whose charity labors, however, are not limited to that institution; Solomon Blumenthal, an active Vice- President of the Jewish Publication Society of America; Dr. Charles D. Spivak, Dr. Ludwig Loeb, Bernard Harris, and George Goward, who have labored with enthusiasm to uplift their lowly brethren; Samuel Sternberger, Solomon Miller, William, Ferdinand, and Emanuel Marks, Herman B. Blumenthal, Henry M. Reis, Simon 312 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. and Morris Pfaelzer, Max, Simon, and Morris Liveright, members of the firm of Hirsh & Brother, Gimbel Brothers, Henry S. and Joseph Louchheim, Aaron and Moses H. Lichten, Isaac, Gabriel, and Ralph Blum — all well-known merchants; Levi Mayer, who has been for years very active in Congregational and Society affairs; Elias and Abraham Wolf, Marx B. Loeb, Simon Loeb, Meyer Frank, Samuel Hecht, Simon I. Kohn, Isaac Sailer, Isaac Rosskam, Joseph Loeb, Isaiah B. Langstadter, Jacob J. Rice, Alfred M. Klein, Ephraim Lederer, Louis Wolf, Alfred Curtin Hirsh, Max Herzberg, Walter S. Gans, Mrs. Adolph Rosenbaum, Mrs. Benjamin Strauss, Mrs. Fanny Binswanger Hoffman, Miss Rosena Fels, Mrs. Morris Pfaelzer, Mrs. H. S. Frank, Mrs. Charles Kaufman, Mrs. Bernard Selig, Mrs. S. Kind, Mrs. Isabella H. Rosenbach, Mrs. Clara Hahn, Miss Minnie Mayer, and Miss Diana Hirschler — all workers in Con- gregations, Charity, and Educational Societies. Among those now deceased, whose labors are worthy of more than cursory mention, were: Gratz Etting, Zadok A. Davis, David Solo- mon, Marcus Cauffman, Lyon J. Levy, Joseph S. Cohen, Abraham Luria Hart, David Samuel, Eliezer L. Moss, Abraham Finzi, Moses Nathans, Lazarus J. Leber man, Elias P. Levy, Jules A. Ephraim, Morris Rosenbach, David H. Solis (Senior), Alexander Hexter, Bernard Abeles, Samuel Nathan, Moses Lazarus — long Assistant Secretary of the United Hebrew Charities; Daniel Gans, whose munificent bequests to Jewish Societies have proved of great assist- ance to the cause; Henry Friedberger, a merchant of old standing, an earnest communal worker, and widely known for his charitable and sympathetic impulses; Mrs. Hannah Florance, Mrs. William Florance, Mrs. David Samuel, Miss Louisa Gratz, Mrs. Hannah Emanuel, Mrs. Rebecca Hart (wife of Phineas Hart), Simon Sil- berman, Isaac Kohn, Herman Heller, Jacob Kauflfman, Benjamin Salinger— long Secretary of Keneseth Israel Congregation; and last, but, by no means least, David Hoflfman, whose death at a very early age, on August 23d, 1892, caused deep regret. Mr. Hoffman was an exceptional young man, whose efforts in the interests of Jewish educa- tion, and for the promotion of the study of Hebrew history and litera- ture were deservedly appreciated, and whose qualities won him the regard of his coreligionists. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 313 II. IN LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND JOURNALISM. In literature and science, Philadelphia Israelites can present quite an array of persons of local, and even of national, celebrity. The subjoined sketches are designed as an illustration. As will be noticed, they treat of men and women — all from the laity — who, as natives, or at any time residents of this city, have contributed to its importance as an intellectual centre, by their published works, their writings for the press, or their achievements in specific lines of pro- fessional activity. In this department, journalists and miscellaneous writers are also included. Leon Solis Cohen, a son of Myer and Judith (iiee Solis) Cohen, of Philadelphia, was of a family whose members have won deserved respect for their mental attainments, deep religiousness, and unwaver- ing attachment to the principles and observances of Judaism. Mr. Cohen was born in this city, October 16th, 1840. Possessed of a bright mind, a kindliness of nature, and keen sympathies, he soon attracted a host of friends. His love of literature incited him to study, and subsequently to original productions. In early years he assumed a prominent station in the Philadelphia Literary Institute, and in other literary societies, for which he wrote largely. A loyal patriot, on the outbreak of the Civil War, Mr. Cohen shouldered a gun, and proceeded to a place among the defenders of his country. He served continuously in the Army until immedi- ately before the Battle of Gettysburg, when an injury received rendered him unfit for military service. During a residence in Memphis, Tennessee, he wrote a number of stories, based upon Rab- binical legends, and other compositions of a humorous character, bearing on incidents in literature and folk-lore. 314 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Mr. Cohen's nmn deplume was ** Lemon S. Cream," but he was also known by that of "Sh'muel," — most of his Jewish stories being written over that pseudonym. In New Orleans, where he was located for awhile, he contributed to the columns of some of its newspapers. He attended a whole series of lectures at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, with a view towards practising medi- cine; but soon removing to New York, he married there and engaged in business. He became an adept in amateur photography, and a series of views of '*The Rebel Capital and its Environs," taken by him and Cornelius Levy, of Philadelphia, after the Civil War, possessed much interest, and were readily sold. Mr. Cohen studied sciences, and applied his knowledge in useful ways. But an incurable disease was fast sapping his existence. It could not, however, alter the tenderness of his nature, and his solicitude for others, his warmth of feeling, and his mental clearness continued until the last. His soul was too soon called to its heavenly rest, on September 19th, 1884 ; but he left behind the remem- brance of deeds of sacrifice, of noble qualities, and a ''good name," which " is better than precious ointment. ' ' Some of the poems of Leon Solis Cohen have been republished, and it were well if all the writings of that gifted young man were collected and issued together, as a tribute to his worth and his attainments. David Solis Cohen, third son of Myer and Judith {nee Solis) Cohen, was born in Philadelphia, October 15th, 1850. His early instruction did not differ from that given to most boys. His natural talents developed remarkably, and to his thorough methods of study were added elocutionary powers, which subsequently proved of ad- vantage to their possessor and of benefit to many others. Mr. Cohen commenced his career, as a proof-reader on the Public Ledger, when that journal was published at Third and Chestnut Streets. This was the first step in his career of honor and of value. He became a frequent contributor to newspapers and magazines, and as ' ' Daisy Shortcut" — his nom de plume— his reputation was extended. For a considerable period he conducted a humorous department of the Sunday Dispatch, which became a feature of that leading Sunday newspaper. To many a worthy cause he lent his services as a reader, a THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. ' 315 speaker, or as an impersonator of characters in plays given by amateurs. Not a few persons will remember Mr. Cohen's successful and brilliant efforts as an interpreter of the main role in comedies and farces produced at the Amateur Drawing Room to assist work in connection with the Centennial Exhibition. His rare gifts as a comedian were the means of delight to numerous auditors. His efforts, however, were exerted as well in other directions. For five years he was President of the Irving Literary Association, to w^hich he rendered excellent service. He became identified with the He- brew Association — another literary body — at whose meetings he fre- quently spoke. He was among those who took the initiative in forming the Young Men' s Hebrew Association — an outgrowth of the Hebrew Association — and he served on its first Board of Officers as Corresponding Secretary. Mr. Cohen continued to display an earnest interest in literary, educational, and congregational institu- tions in this city, until his removal to Portland, Oregon, where he has resided since 1878. He is still occasionally heard when, on his annual visits to this city, he is invited to address public assemblies. To literature Mr. Cohen has contributed valuable material of a varied character. As a book writer he is best known by "Our Show," of which he and Harry B. Sommer are the authors, and which, as a work of humor, illustrative of the Centennial, met with a large sale, and afforded rare amusement. "Doves and Pigeons" is the title of a comedy that has emanated from his pen. Two of his plays have been put on the stage. In Portland Mr. Cohen soon became a representative merchant and citizen. He is senior member of the firm of Cohen, Davis & Company, wholesale dealers in and extensive importers of toys and notions, and a leading house. Business cares have not been allowed to engross his time. In fact, his labors in various spheres of com- mercial, intellectual, political, social, and religious work have proven his untiring activity. His services are in constant demand, and, as an orator, several of his brilliant efforts have been given wide publicity; specially his masterly oration delivered on the occasion of the hundredth birthday of the venerated Sir Moses Montefiore. Mr. Cohen has risen to an eminence in Portland, and far beyond its limits, attained by few men. Of the numerous offices filled by him, the following may be mentioned : Member of the 316 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Oregon Board of Immigration; Portland Board of Charities and Correction ; Director of the Chamber of Commerce ; Portland Trust Company ; Grand Master of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, for Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia; a Royal Arch Mason ; Grand President of District Grand Lodge of the Indepen- dent Order Bene Berith in the territory comprising Pacific Coast States; President of the Young Men's Hebrew Association, of Port- land; and a Police Commissioner of Portland, to which position he was elected on the Independent ticket, by an overwhelming majority. In 1892 Mr. Cohen was nominated for Mayor of the combined cities of Portland and East Portland-^for whose consolidation he had labored effectively — but he declined the honor. He has recently been prominently mentioned as Democratic nominee for Senator of the United States from Oregon, and the election of such a man to such an office would undoubtedly be hailed with satisfaction by every Israelite in the United States. = On April 4th, 1894, Mr. Cohen was married to Miss Bertha Kahn, of Portland. Mr. Cohen's praise is best spoken by his own record. It is one of rare achievement for a young man who is, to quote another, "the leading and most popular Jew in the great Northwest;" and to w^hich remark we may add — a Jew, unyielding in his adherence to the religion of his forefathers, and of whom the House of Israel has just cause to be proud. Mary M. Cohen is justly ranked with the most energetic Hebrew women writers of the United States. In her childhood she evi- denced a bright and promising intellect, and her adaptability to literary pursuits has been manifest for years. Under the refining influences of such a home as she enjoyed, her thought was framed, and her religious sentiments likewise developed. Miss Cohen is the second daughter of Mr. Henry and Mrs. Matilda {nee Samuel) Cohen. She was born in Philadelphia, February 26th, 1854. Her father and mother were pre-eminent in intellectual circles, and their daughter, Mary— as, indeed, all their children, — received an education becoming a child of cultured parents. At private schools and under tutors, she acquired a knowledge of elementary and of higher branches, besides that of several languages, music, and other arts. Her fondness for literature was seen already at the age of thirteen years, when she composed short stories. Her first attempt. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 317 however, of a more encouraging character was that entitled '' Reli- gion Tends to Cheerfulness," which was published in the columns of the Jewish Index, a weekly paper then issued in this city. This was her formal introduction to the public, and it must have served as an impetus to subsequent efforts ; for, from that period, her pen has been most active. Under her own name, and that of "Coralie," Miss Cohen has contributed an extraordinarily large quota of articles, essays, poems, and miscellaneous writings to the secular and the Jewish press, and to magazines and periodicals of high merit. Her work has been marked not only by a care and study, but by an insight into subjects of a varied character ; demonstrating the comprehensiveness of her intellect, and her methods of studious research, joined to a sympathy with the subjects handled ; thus rendering their discussion by her all *the more interesting and of a character appealing to literary circles. It is not within the compass of these few lines to quote from Miss Cohen's productions ; nor even to set in array the very numerous examples of her brilliant pen. She has indited sketches of celebrated men and women for publications ; she has handled general literature in prose and in poetry, and questions belonging to the sphere of Judaism with equal ability ; she has contributed articles on the status and important roles assumed by Hebrews and Hebrew women, besides stories and reviews to Jewish, secular, and Christian religious journals of this and other cities. Among these writings, are * 'Orthodox and Reform Jews ;" "The Synagogue and the Jewess;" a poem in honor of Sir Moses Montefiore ; "The Influence of Faith;" "Hebrew Women;" "Jewish Working Girls ; " studies of Robert Browning's poems, among them "Rabbi Ben Ezra," "Saul," and " Jochanan Ha Kadosh " (the Holy); "Miss Hattie; " "A Book That Has Helped Me," being a review of ' ' The Story of Avis," by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps ; and a paper on Emma Lazarus' s writings. At the Hebrew Women's Congress, held in Chicago during the World's Columbian Exhibition, in 1893, Miss Cohen read her paper on * ' The Influence of the Jewish Religion on the Home;" and another, on "What Judaism has done for the Theological Emancipation of Women," before the Unitarian Con- gress in Chicago during the same Exhibition. She has also edited " The Diary and Letters of Louisa B. Hart," together with a memoir of Miss Hart, 318 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Miss Cohen has been conspicuous in literary organizations, among them the Young Men's Hebrew Association, the Women's New Century Club, and the Browning Society — a large and important institution, composed of men and women of culture and thought, and of which Society she is president. Before these, as well as before the Philadelphia and the American Social Science Associations, she has read papers on such topics as "Hebrew Charities;" *' Per- sonality as a Moving Power; " "The Balance of Power Between Industrial and Intellectual Work;" and "Interdependence of the Poetic and Critical Faculties. ' ' The simple mention of titles is an evidence of the breadth of Miss Cohen's mental powers, and her grasp of leading questions of our times. To Jewish affairs, Miss Cohen has also lent her time and her talents. The Hebrew Sunday School was fortunate in having her services ; first, as an instructor in its Northern branch, and subse- quently as Superintendent of its Southern Sunday School. The Young Women' s Union and other charitable, educational, and social institutions have had her hearty co-operation in their work, and the benefit of her knowledge and ripe experience. She was a member of the first Executive Committee, and afterwards Corres- ponding Secretary of the present Jewish Publication Society of America. She is a member of the Committee on Religion of the National Council of Jewish Women. Her accomplishments in varied spheres are not due solely to continuous reading, but she has gathered in stores of useful information from observation in travels through European countries and the United States. Thoughtful and scholarly as a writer, attractive as a conversa- tionalist, sympathetic in her nature, possessed of strongly- marked religious sentiments, unwavering in her attachment to historical Judaism, Miss Cohen rightly deserves a place among representative Jewesses of our age. She has honored Israel by signalizing the exalted mission of her people in the sight of their neighbors. Emanuel Cohen, lawyer and scholar, was born in Carboudale, Pennsylvania, May 11th, 1855. In schools and finally at Williams College (Massachusetts) he obtained instruction, and soon evidenced the possession of extraordinary talents. His taste for literature de- veloped early, and his fondness for historical and scientific research brought forth excellent results, as shown in his writings and in his THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 319 public lectures. A prize essay on the principles of sociology, written by Mr. Cohen for the Young Men's Hebrew Association, of Phila- delphia, strengthened the impression as to his peculiar adaptability to literary pursuits. He, however, selected the law as his profession, and coming to this city, entered the office of Honorable Frederick Carroll Brewster, a distinguished practitioner. He was admitted to the Philadelphia Bar in 1878, and became a partner of Samuel Morais Hyneman, in the law firm of Hyneman & Cohen. In 1886, he removed to Minneapolis, Minnesota, to become associated with Messrs. Kitchel and Shaw, in the law firm of Kitchel, Cohen & Shaw — now one of the leading partnerships of this character in the Northwest. Mr. Cohen's forensic ability has been signally marked since his residence in Minneapolis; his knowledge of America:; history. Con- stitution and State laws; his able utterance, and his success in plead- ing before Court are elements that have combined to give him a well-merited prominence, and augur for him a brilliant future. On December 15th, 1886, Mr. Cohen was united in marriage to Miss Nina Morais, of Philadelphia. Nina Morais Cohen, wife of Emanuel Cohen, is the oldest daughter of the Rev. Dr. Sabato, and Clara Esther {nee Weil) Morais, of Philadelphia. She was born in this city, December 6th, 1855. Her education was systematic and thorough— at public and private schools, and at the Girls' Normal School, where she attained proficiency, and completed her tuition. From her early years, she was a constant reader of the literature of the day and of ancient and modern writers. Her progress in various branches, notably in composition and geometry, rendered her services valuable as a teacher in schools and at homes. Notwithstanding numerous domestic duties occasioned by the early death of her beloved mother, she found leisure for literary work, and contributed articles on Jewish and general subjects to secular and Jewish journals and magazines, either as a correspondent or as a special writer. An essay entitled "Circumstances as a Factor" won her a prize from the Young Men's Hebrew Association, of Philadelphia. Her two articles, which attracted most notice, and received wide attention were: *'The Limitations of Sex," in which she favored, from different points of view, the placing of women on a similar political plane 320 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. with men; and "Jewish Ostracism in America," a thoughtful article prompted by a series of events regrettable amid enlightened influ- ences. Both of these were published in the North American Review. On school questions she has also written, besides having given trans- lations from the Italian of poetical effusions of some of the masters. Since her removal to Minneapolis, in December, 1886, Mrs. Cohen has been a member of a literary coterie, composed of cul- tured ladies, before whom she has read papers on scholarly ques- tions. Prior to her marriage, she appeared at times in public as an elocutionist, and her recitations and readings in verse and prose evidenced the possession of natural gifts, and a cultivated mind, which led to favorable comment from critics, and to repeated evi- dences of satisfaction from the discriminating and the thoughtful. Mrs. Cohen is Vice-President for Minnesota of the National Council of Jewish Women, organized in Chicago, during Septem- ber, 1893. Felix N. Gerson, writer, poet, and journalist, was born in Philadelphia, October 18th, 1862. He attended public schools and the Boys' Central High School, after which he spent some time in the study of civil engineering. From 1880 until 1890 he was in the employ of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company, at the Port Richmond Coal Terminal. In that Company he received rapid promotion, and finally became Department Chief Clerk. During the railroad strikes in Philadelphia and New York in 1887, he was assigned to the coal docks of New York harbor, and his skill, energy, and promptness of action had much to do with quelling the strike and restoring business to its normal condition. Mr. Gerson, who had previously been a writer and correspondent for different journals, accepted in December, 1890, the post of Managing Editor of the Chicago Edition of the American Israelite, of Cincinnati. He returned to Philadelphia during the summer of 1891, and has, since that period, been Manager of the Jewish Exponent of this city — a position he has filled successfully, and with credit to himself. Mr. Gerson has for some years been known as a writer of prose and verse for different publications. As a critic, his work has been shown in Freund's Music and Drama, and in the American Musician, both of which New York Weeklies he has represented in this city. "Some Verses" is the title of a dainty THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 321 volume written by him, containing numerous original poems and translations — issued in 1893. This work has received merited com- pliment from the press, and it is quite a remarkable evidence of the development of the poetic instinct in a man young in years, but ripe in general knowledge and in the utterance of thoughts clothed in the magic garb of winsome and beauteous verse. On January 28th, 1892, Mr. Gerson was united in marriage to Miss Emily Goldsmith, a daughter of Mr. Abraham Goldsmith, of Philadelphia. Milton Goldsmith is the oldest son of Abraham and Cecelia {nee Adler) Goldsmith, of Philadelphia. He was born in this city. May 22d, 1861. After receiving an educational training here he sailed for Europe, and for three years was a student at an Academy in Zurich, Switzerland. He returned to the United States in 1879, and engaged in the wholesale clothing business, successively in this city, in Norfolk (Virginia), and in New York City. In 1888 he became a partner in the same business at Philadelphia, with his father and younger brother, Edwin M. Goldsmith, the firm name being A. Goldsmith & Sons. Mr. Goldsmith has found leisure for literary work, for which he evinced an inclination in his youth. From his fertile pen, articles and sketches in prose and in verse have emanated. His stories have been read with interest, and their pleasing style and clever elabora- tion have combined to render the writer popular, and have increased the demand for his compositions. Of these, many represent scenes in Jewish life, in the presentation of which the author discloses a vivid imagination, delicacy of treatment, and pronounced sympathies. His literary reputation has been considerably enhanced by his novel entitled ''Rabbi and Priest," issued in 1891 by the Jewish Publica- tion Society of America. Numerous and favorable have been the comments on this work from near and far. Mr. Goldsmith's talent has been further proven by comic operas, songs, and miscellaneous writings. As a musician, he possesses ability, specially in the knowledge of the piano- forte. He is con- siderable of a linguist, and withal an earnest student. Mr. Gold- smith has lent his aid to congregational, charitable, and educational institutions among the Jews of Philadelphia, and business cares have not caused him to relax in his efforts in various directions. 21 322 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Michael Heilprin is a name that no chronicler of Jewish history must overlook. True, he was neither a native of Phila- delphia nor did he perform those works here which entitled him to a place among the rare scholars and philanthropists of the nineteenth century. Yet this city was the stepping-stone to his future eminence, and one of its respected citizens was the man who recognized in Heilprin that erudition and genius destined to illumine all who were privileged to reap benefit from his stupendous attainments. The fol- lowing sketch, however inadequate, may convey some information. It was indited by the writer of this work at the time of Mr. Heilprin's death, which occurred at Summit, New Jersey, on May 10th, 1888. Michael Heilprin was born in Russian Poland, in 1823. His learned father, Rabbi Phineas Mendel Heilprin, who shone among the luminaries in the horizon of Jewish literature, came to the United States, in later years, and resided for a time in this city. He died at Washington, on January 30th, 1863. [See sketch of his career in -"Eminent Israelites of the Nineteenth Century, " pages 126-130]. Michael, his older son, studied deeply, and acquired such a store of learning, that when still young his attainments in many fields were remarkable. He removed to Hungary, and in 1848 took part in the Hungarian Revolution, being an ardent follower of Louis Kossuth, and attached to the literary bureau of his Department of the Interior, in 1849. He preceded his father to this country in 1856, having previously dwelt in exile with Kossuth, after the Hungarian Revolution had failed. The abilities he possessed immediately attracted attention. Mr. Heilprin resided for some years at Philadelphia, and was a teacher in the School of the Hebrew Education Society. But his brilliant talents forced him to the front, despite exceeding modesty which always characterized him. Mr. Abraham Hart, who was much impressed with Mr. Heilprin, used his influence, and the latter was selected as an Associate Editor of Appleton' s "American Cyclo- paedia." The publishers soon had cause to congratulate themselves on such an addition to their forces. Mr. Heilprin was, to use the term em- ployed by the publishers themselves in an appreciative sketch, ' ' the walking cyclopaedia of the establishment." Every page of the voluminous cyclopaedia issued by the Appletons was submitted to his correction before the work was printed; and bis knowledge on THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 323 subjects pertaining especially to history, geography, orthography, philology, and general literature is said to have been amazing, "extending to the minutest details." Mr. Heilprin contributed many articles to the '* American Cyclopaedia," and to the * 'Condensed American Cyclopaedia," of which he was also an Associate Editor. Of these, his splendid article on the "Hebrews" is worthy of special note, and his writings on Cyrus, Hungary, Francis Joseph, Kossuth, Media, Poland, and other topics, all treated with thought and deep scholarship, evidenced the acute intellect and remarkable mind that he possessed. He also had charge of the literary reviews of the Nation, and was a frequent writer for that representative literary weekly of America. Mr. Heilprin, as a linguist, won high respect. He spoke with ease twelve languages, and understood most of the languages of modern Europe; and his knowledge of the Hebrew was, of course, extensive and profound. Such a man, indeed, was remarkable, and it is not likely that his superior, if his equal, in scholarship, could be found among his contemporaries in America. In 1879, Mr. Heilprin issued the first volume of **The Historical Poetry of the Ancient Hebrews;" the second volume being published in 1880. In this work he examines the subject mentioned, from a critical, but very radical, standpoint, and his views seem to be affected by the schools of Wellhausen and Kuenen. During the Civil War, Mr. Heilprin engaged in a controversy against slavery, and he was outspoken as an Abolitionist, especially in the columns of the New York Tribune. When the Jewish refugees from oppressive Russia arrived at these free shores, Mr. Heilprin at once took part in the labors to relieve their wants, and helped to locate them in different parts of the country. He started a movement to settle these immigrants as farmers in the Western territories. He founded colonies of Jewish immigrants in Dakota, Oregon, Nebraska, Kansas, and in other sections. He always took a profound interest in these colonies, and journeyed to some, personally superintending matters, and trying to uplift his coreligionists by the honorable occupations of farmers and agri- culturists. Nor was his concern for the *' Alliance" Colony — in the suburbs of Vineland, New Jersey— shown any the less, and for the neighboring colony of ''Carmel, " founded by him. In fact, since the heavy immigration to this country commenced, he was most 324 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. active in providing for the future new-comei-s, giving his time, his means, and his abilities for the welfare of his unfortunate brethren in Israel; and Jews everywhere were free to acknowledge the im- portant works he had accomplished. Said one of Heilprin's warm friends: "He was a youthful enthusiast and such he continued; he believed in man's ability to self- elevation, and to promote it he gave all the ardor of his youthful enthusiasm." Said another: "His modesty was as great as his scholarship was far-reaching." Mr. Heilprin's wife, sons, and daughters have shown their in- tellectual ability, as if a direct result from contact with the husband and father. Of his sons, Louis, born in Hungary, in 1851, is a specialist in matters of history, and has published an ' ' Historical Reference- Book," besides contributing to cyclopedias, etc., etc. He resides at Washington, D. C. = Angelo, another son, is a scientist and paleontologist of renown. = Mr. Heilprin's nephew, Fabian Franklin, of Baltimore, has risen to a high station as a mathema- tician. Angelo Heilprin, the scion of a distinguished household, the learned son of a learned father, takes rank with the most industrious and thorough scientists of our age. His lectures, his writings, his explorations, his contributions to the fields of geology and paleon- tology have marked him out as an authority in an important sphere of literature. Professor Heilprin was born in Satoralja-Ujhely, Hungary, March 31st, 1853. He was brought to this country by his father when only three years old. In schools at Brooklyn, and then at Yonkers he imbibed first lessons. In his home he learned much, and early displayed an eagerness for knowledge. After serving in a business house his abilities won recognition, so that his father called on him and his elder brother, Louis, to assist their parent in the revision of Appleton's "New American Cyclopiedia," of which the father was an Associate Editor. Angelo's successful work here was further shown by several excellent articles contributed by him to the above publication, among them biographies of Professor John Tyndall and Sir Roderick Murchison. His inclination for science had already shown itself ; hence, in 1876, he proceeded to London (England), there to study biology under Professor Huxley, geology under Professor Judd, and paleontology under Professor Etheridge. He made such advancement that in 1877 he received THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 325 the Forbes Medal. He next went to Paris (France), thence to the University of Geneva (Switzerland), studying mineralogy and geology and attending lectures on paleontology by Professor Carl Vogt, and later at Museums of Florence (Italy), and at the Imperial Geological Institute of Vienna (Austria). He then took to travelling in a number of European countries, studying nature and its wonders, and profiting by an education— brilliant in many and complete in several departments. Mr. Heilprin returned to the United States in June, 1879. In the following January (1880) he was selected as a correspondent of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and towards the end of the same year Professor of Invertebrate Paleontology in the same institution — a position he fills with honor at the present time. But his abilities as a scholar and in excutive affairs were to meet with further acknowledgement. On October 2d, 1883, he was chosen to the Board of Curators — composed of four members — of the Academy of Natural Sciences, and only a week after, October 9th, 1883, he was made Curator-in-Charge of the Academy, which office he held continuously until his resignation in April, 1892. He became Professor of Geology in the Wagner Free Institute of Science, Philadelphia, in 1885, and in 1888, Curator of its Museum. His addresses there, as well as his frequent courses of lectures at the Academy mentioned, have drawn large and intelligent audiences, and the Professor's services are much in demand by scientific and literary societies. Professor Heilprin is President of the Geographical Club, of recent origin (1891) ; also a member of the American Philosophi- cal Society, the Society of American Naturalists, a Fellow of the American Geological and of the American Geographical Societies, and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He has conducted explorations in Florida, and made discoveries there of signal importance to the cause of scientific investigation ; also in the Bermuda Islands, in Yucatan, and in Mexico. Among his discoveries in the last named, one is of special value, and has tended to disprove previous theories ; namely, that the Peak of Orizaba (18,200 feet), and not Popocatapetl, is the terminating point of the North American Continent. This opinion was not at first accepted, but has been verified by later measurements. In his desire to advance the interests of scientific research. Professor Heilprin has 326 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. allowed no obstacle to interfere. He ascended the glacier-covered Peak of Ixtaccihuatl, and established its height as 16,960 feet. In June, 1891, he led the expedition of scientists North, in connection with the Arctic expedition in command of Lieutenant R. E. Peary, and in the following year (1892) he commanded the Peary Relief Expedition to Greenland — both being under the auspices of the Academy of Natural Sciences. Professor Heilprin is an earnest advocate of Arctic exploration, and he has lectured frequently on that topic, giving his views on the status and prospects of research in the ice-bound regions of the North. His services to that cause were recognized by Lieutenant Peary, who named one of the largest glaciers in the world "Heilprin Glacier." It forms the eastern side of Inglefield Gulf, in Northwest Greenland. We have thus referred to Professor Heilprin as a lecturer and an explorer. Much could be said of him as a prolific writer. Irre- spective of his contributions to journals, magazines, and periodicals, he has produced works of decided value — w^orks in which his splendid acquaintance with different departments of science is luminously exhibited. Among these may be mentioned : " Explorations on the West Coast of Florida and in the Okeechobee Wilderness ; " " The Bermuda Islands: a Contribution to the Physical History and Zoology of the Somers Archipelago ; " ''Contributions to the Ter- tiary Geology and Paleontology of the Eastern United States;" "Town Geology ; the Lesson of the Philadelphia Rocks ; " "The Geographical and Geological Distribution of Animals;" "The Geological Evidences of Evolution ;" "The Animal Life of our Seashore ;" ''The Principles of Geology "—being Volume VII of the " Iconographic Encyclopsedia, " a work now in course of publi- cation ; ' ' The Arctic Problem and Narrative of the Peary Relief Expedition." He is at present editor of Around the World — a monthly magazine of " tours, travels, and explorations," magnifi- cently illustrated and of superior merit. Professor Heilprin — who has evinced decided talent also as a painter and a pianist — is still young, active, and persistent in his labors for the advancement of the science wnth which he is specially identi- fied. His efforts, however, are by no means confined thereto. He is interested in all intellectual movements that tend to broaden human knowledge and add ta human -achievement ; his personal traits, his inherited modesty, and his genial manners have increased the circle THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 327 of his friends and admirers, and have rendered his acquirements of still more advantage to a large and interested public. Leon Hyneman, as a member of the Masonic Order, as a writer on Masonic questions, and as a promoter of the highest interests ot Free Masonry, gained a reputation second to that of no Israelite identified with the Fraternity. Mr. Hyneman was born in Mont- gomery County, Pennsylvania, May 14th, 1808. His father, Elias Hyneman, was a direct descendant of a family of note in Spain during the Middle Ages, whose members, like those of many other families, were compelled to quit that country during the Inquisition, in the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella. They took up a residence in Holland, whither many of the exiles had repaired. There, Elias Hyneman was born; but at a youthful age he came to the United States, and established himself in a country town of Pennsylvania as a keeper of a hotel and store. Subsequent to his marriage he removed to Philadelphia, where he engaged in a mercantile business. Of Mr. Hyneman' s thirteen children, Leon was the oldest. At school and college the boy exhibited exceptional aptitude for study. The father desired him to enter into business, but he manifested so strong an aversion to trade that, rather than adopt it, he left his home, and for five years travelled through parts of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and New York, earning a livelihood by teaching in country schools. In the course of his travels he paid a lengthy visit to the Shaker Colony, at Mount Lebanon, New York. There he met Frederick \V. Evans, a prominent leader of the Shakers, which sect he learned to admire because of their altruistic and economic ideas, but which, as a religious body, he could not join. Mr. Hyneman returned to Philadelphia in 1834, and soon dis- played an interest in Free Masonry. In 1838 he became a member of Lafayette Lodge of the Masonic Order in Philadelphia, and in 1840 was elected Master of that Lodge. He was at one time a member of Shekinah Lodge, Number 246, A. Y. M. ; also of the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania. Leon Hyneman' s fame, however, is based upon his works in the field of Masonic literature. His activity in this direction began in 1852, when he established in Philadelphia a weekly, called the Masonic Mirror and American Keystone — an eight- page folio, de- voted to the "diffusion of Masonic Intelligence, Literature, the Fine 328 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Arts, etc." This paper he edited continuously from 1852 to 1860. Its value as an organ of Masonry was further enhanced by its merit as a literary publication ; among its most valued contributors being Mrs. Rebekah Hyneman — a sister-in-law of its editor — who wrote for it sketches, poems, translations, and novels. Mr. Hyneman's conduct of the Mirror and Keystone was distinguished by a boldness of expression and an utterance of liberal views. His main efforts were directed towards the complete secularization of the Masonic Order and the promotion of fraternal feelings among all men — rich and poor, and of varying shades of religious belief. He strongly advocated the preservation of a true spirit in the lodge-room, rather than mere pomp and outward display. In his writings he endeavored to prove that the origin of the Masonic Order was due to "a class desiring to perpetuate the knowledge of the existence of The One God of the Jews, and also that Brotherhood so strongly inculcated in the Laws of Moses." He had much to do with framing legislation for the government of Masonic bodies. In 1849 he originated the Order of Druidesses, and wrote its ritual. Mr. Hyneman was identified with the Orders of Odd Fellows and of Druids, becoming Past Grand Patriarch of the former Order. In these also he was a formidable opponent of sectarianism, and proved a valuable member. He is mentioned among managers of the Jewish Publication Society of America, in 1845. Mr. Hyneman's published works treat chiefly of Masonry. They include "Masonic Library," in two volumes; "World's Masonic Register," containing name, number, location, and time of meeting of every Chapter, Council, and Commandery in the United States; "The Origin of Free Masonry;" "Ancient York and London Grand Lodges;" "Free Masonry in England from 1567 to 1813;" and ' * Fundamental Principles of Science, ' ' a work in which he main- tains that "the labor question concerns both men and women," and wherein he argues that that question will not be solved " until the dual principle is recognized, and woman is accorded her full rights as the equal of man in the enjoyment of all rights and participation in all the interests man possesses." Mr. Hyneman was once tendered the Grand Mastership of the "Rite of Memphis" in the ranks of "Egyptian Masonry," which honor, however, he declined. His acquaintanceship with Masons THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 329 included many — prominent in the Order; his kindliness of disposi- tion and engaging address secured for him respect and friendship. Mr. Hynemau married Sarah Gumpert, who died in 1874, in her sixty-fourth year. Of their eight children, Moses Leon and Alice are well-known writers; Annie married Nathaniel Barnett; and Leona married Jacob Lowengrund, and was for some years (as ''Leona Moss") a talented actress. Leon Hyneman possessed a rare library, containing valuable works on Masonry. He continued active, contributing to different papers until his death, which occurred on March 4th, 1879, in New York City ; his remains being interred in Philadelphia. Rebekah Hyneman, wife of Benjamin Hyneman, was not born within the pale of Judaism. Yet there are few, indeed, among the daughters of Israel, who, by their religious fervor, poetic sentiment, and unfailing love for the cause of their people, can lay better claim to recognition at our hands. Rebekah Gumpert (for such was her maiden name) was the daughter of a Jewish father and a Christian mother. The mother, however, had no decidedly religious leanings, though, perhaps, she was more inclined to her husband's belief. In after years her offspring followed their own inclinations, some re- maining Christians, and others adopting the Jewish faith. Of the latter, Rebekah became most devotedly attached to the religion which she had eagerly embraced. She was born in Philadelphia, September 8th, 1812. Modest, unassuming, hesitating, never prone to estimate her qualities of mind and heart, but rather disposed to a lack of self-confidence and to a recognition of her own foibles— such were characteristics of the Rebekah who was to sing the Song of Israel's triumph, and picture its grandeur, its aspirations, in lines of charming prose, in words of flowing rhythm. There is no possibility within the limits of this sketch, even to refer to the many products of a fruitful pen. Rebekah Hyneman proved a diligent student in her childhood. She eagerly sought books, and from these imbibed varied knowledge. Her mental activity began when still quite young, and continued, notwithstand- ing trials of a character rending the soul — trials testing faith— yet, above which she rose. Benjamin Hyneman, her husband, in the pursuit of his vocation, left on his travels and was seen no more. Her brave son, Ellas Leon Hyneman, who nobly came forward to 330 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. serve his country in the hour of its peril, performed a deed of rare self-sacrifice which resulted in his capture by the rebels, and after most cruel treatment in the rebel prison at Andersonville, he died there from sheer starvation. Her other son, Barton Hyneman, suffered long from a disease which finally proved fatal. Grief was again intensified by the death of Mrs. Hyneman's sister, Sarah, wife of Leon Hyneman. Surely the soul of our poetess was overweighted with sorrow ; yet she must have found comfort in still following the work she had long since begun, and her firm belief in the teachings of Holy Writ, and in the mission and promises concerning her people, brought solace to her broken heart. Mrs. Hyneman wrote extensively for the Masonic Mirror and Keystone; her contributions, including essays, original stories, scattered poems, and, at times, translations from the works of foreign authors. Among her published writings are ' ' The Leper and Other Poems;" ''The Muses;" ''Livia;" "Zara," or the unfortunate Jewess of Tangiers ; besides numerous poems and prose w^ritings — all of which bear witness to her wealth of im- agery and beauty of delineation. Her "Tales for Children," and her descriptions of women of the Holy Scriptures and of the Apoc- rypha are further testimonies to her zeal and her descriptive powers. Rebekah Hyneman's love of the Holy Land and of Jerusalem, the City of the Redeemed, is manifest in poems burning with all the ardor of a pious soul. We cannot refrain from quoting a few lines illustrative of the poet, and the sentiments she cherished, as reflected in her lofty utterances about the Land of Promise. " A glorious thing to be So near the scenes made holy by our God — To tread again the paths our fathers trod, And dream of freedom, Israel, for thee !" And again, in mourning over the desolation of Jerusalem: — ' ' Oh, mournful mother ! who hast wept So long o'er thy bright joys departed, What lonely vigils have been kept By thee, forlorn and broken-hearted, With scarce a ray of hope to bless Thy bosom's aching loneliness. Bowed down beneath a weight of shame, Dishonored, stricken and opprest, The power of thy once queenly name Became a by- word and a jest THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 331 Dishonored ! thou, Jerusalem ! How can a Hebrew speak that word ? Though fallen is thy diadem, Though in thy sacred halls is heard No longer the consoling prayer, Which raised our hearts above despair — Oh ! still a sacred thing thou art, . Cherished above all earthly power — Dearer to every faithful heart, Even in thy most degraded hour, Than aught to which the fancy clings In all our earthly wanderings." On September 10th, 1875, the spirit of Rebekah Hyneman was summoned to the realms of the righteous. [For an analytical resume of Mrs. Hyneman' s career and writings, the reader is referred to an article by Nina Morais Cohen, in ' ' The American Jews' Annual, for 5646, A. M. "] Alfred T. Jones is deserving of special mention in the roll of representative men in the Jewish community. For a period of fully four decades, his labors in the cause of education and charity were unremitting, and there was scarce an effort of any importance but in it he figured prominently. Mr. Jones was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on the 4th of July, 1822. He saw light on a day dear to all Americans, and was a lineal descendant of a man who had staked his existence for his country in the Revolutionary War. Mr. Jones's mother, Maria Marks, was a daughter of Michael and Johaveth Marks, the latter being a daughter of Moses Isaacks, of Newport, Rhode Island, who served in the struggle for Independence. His father, Andrew A. Jones, who married Maria Marks, was a native of Amsterdam, Holland, born March 11th, 1777. He was educated in England, and came to this country when still young. For nearly twenty years he occupied the position of Assistant Sur- veyor of the Port of New York, and in 1835, he wrote the work entitled "Jones's Digest," being a particular and detailed account of the duties performed by the various officers belonging to the Custom House departments of the United States. Andrew A. Jones died on January 18th, 1850, in New York City. Thus, on both sides, the family had been in the service of the government. Alfred T. Jones received instruction in New York City, and when 332 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. twenty years of age, took up his residence in Philadelphia, and engaged in mercantile pursuits. Subsequently, in 1859, he entered into the printing business with Rudolph Stein, under the firm name of Stein & Jones* On the death of Mr. Stein, the surviving partner associated with him Theodore B. Potsdamer; the firm name being changed to Jones & Potsdamer. These two continued operations for a number of years, and until after the Jewish Record was established in 1875. Mr. Jones, who had been a regular contributor to Jewish news- papers, had long conceived the idea of a weekly here that would represent the community. At that time, Philadelphia Israelites were without an organ, a previous attempt a few years prior to 1875 having proved a failure. It w^as up-hill work to render any venture of this character successful. Mr. Jones, nothing daunted, obtained the support of a few prominent men among the clergy and laity, and proceeded onward with his work, though often beset with difficulties, sometimes threatening disaster. After being published for a short period at 321 Chestnut Street, the paper was bought by Morwitz & Company, proprietors of the German Demokrat; Mr. Marcus K. Cohen became its business manager, and Mr. Jones continued as its editor, then at 614 Chestnut Street. For more than eleven years the paper was published \veekly, and contained articles by distinguished writers, among Jews and Gentiles. It finally suc- cumbed to reverses, despite every effort of its editor to overcome them. Mr. Jones, however, had, long before the establishment of the Jewish Record, led a career of usefulness in varied ways. In his early years he displayed an interest in politics, and filled positions in the gift of the Democratic Party then and at later periods. He became affiliated with the Masonic Order when a young man, and was a Past Master of Shekinah Lodge, Number 246, A. Y. M., and its Secretary for more than three decades; also a member and an officer of other branches of the Masonic Order, of the Grand Chapter, and of the Grand Lodge, acting on some occasions as an officer of the latter. He was at one time President of the Hebrew Society for Visitation of Sick and Mutual Assistance, succeeding Honorable Henry M. Phillips; Secretary of the United Hebrew Beneficent Fuel Society; manager of the Hebrew Relief Association ; manager of the Hebrew Ball Association; manager of the Hebrew Education Society; THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 333 Recording Secretary of the Jewish Publication Society, in 1845; a charter- member of the Society of the United Hebrew Charities ; and a member of the Board of Council (or Board of Advisors- composed of gentlemen) of the Jewish Foster Home, when that institution was conducted by ladies?. When the Jewish Hospital Association was organized under the auspices of the Independent Order Bene Berith (Sons of the Cove- nant), Mr. Jones became its first President, and served five years as such, and eighteen years on its Board of Directors. He was also active in establishing Beth El Emeth (House of the God of Truth) Congregation, in 1857, of which Rev. Isaac Leeser was first Minis- ter, and served as a manager and as President. In Jewish Secret Orders, Mr. Jones took an active part, and was Secretary of numer- ous lodges, among them District Grand Lodge, Number 3, of the Independent Order Bene Berith, in which Order he was widely known, and to which he rendered conspicuous services. He served as Secretary at all the General Conventions from 1869, and for a full decade and a half thereafter. He was instrumental in bringing about the union of different districts of the Order Kesher Shel Barzel (Band of Iron) under a single head. He was first Secretary, and afterwards Vice-President of the Covenant Hall Association. On the organization of the Association of Jewish Immigrants, he was selected as its President, and continued as such until his death, on October 3d, 1888. In that office he rendered most effective service to the community at large. His labors during the period of the Russo-Jewish exodus in 1881-1882, and subsequent to that untoward event ; his indefatigable efforts in behalf of the "Alliance" Colony, in the suburbs of Vineland, New Jersey, in which he had the sup- port of Mr. Simon Muhr, and others, including his devoted wife, Mrs. Jessica Jones, and his earnest daughter, Rebecca (Mrs. Charles I. Phillips) ; his work performed in various other directions — charitable and educational — would require pages to adequately describe. Suffice that Alfred T. Jones always proved a tireless worker. As a speaker his gifts were remarkable, and evoked the encomium of critics, and of many who were enabled to hear him read the Masonic ritual, or deliver an oration at a public assembly. Louis Edward Levy occupies the positions of journalist, littera- teur, publisher, and man of affairs. He was born in Stenowitz, 334 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Bohemia, October 12th, 1846, but is practically an American, having come to this country with his father at the age of eight years. In Detroit, Michigan, his early studies were pursued. His knowledge of mathematics secured for him a position in the office of the City Surveyor of Detroit. He quitted this occupation to enter the employ of a firm in the manufacture of optical and philosophical instruments, for which work he evidenced a pronounced aptitude, and with which he soon became thoroughly familiarized. In this firm he eventually became a partner. Studies in scientific research, in chemistry, and in microscopy began to occupy his time, and developed his faculties to such an extent that he soon attained note, and was selected with others to perform analytical work in the examination of cases of trichinosis. In 1866 he was employed by the Government in the Meteorological Observatory of the United States Lake Survey Station at Detroit, and afterwards attended scientific lectures at Ann Arbor (Michigan) University. Microscopic photography next engaged his attention, w^hile conducting the business of his firm in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. His investigations led to results which were published iu 1870, and spread his name here and abroad. After extensive travel, Mr. Levy settled in Baltimore in 1873, and there continued his labors in photo-chemical engraving (begun in Milwaukee), bringing forth a process which rapidly gained favor and patronage. This process, completed in conjunction with Mr. David Bacharach, Jr., of Baltimore, was given the distinctive name of the ** Levy type, " and was patented in January, 1875, being the first of its class in this country. Among the earliest works illustrated by this system was Dr. Solomon Deutsch's book on Biblical history. The business grew, and soon extended beyond the confines of Baltimore. In 1877 it was determined to remove it to Philadelphia. Here the business has attained large proportions, and many literary publica- tions and art works have been illustrated by the process of which Mr. Levy is the inventor. In time it has been developed with the •progress of the graphic arts, and has steadily held a leading place in the scientific and business world. Mr. Levy, who at present is the sole conductor of this enterprise, has added to his departments the full equipments of a printing establishment, thus effecting a combination which has contributed to the effectiveness and excellence of his system. Quite a number of notable examples of typography in foreign languages, as well as in THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 335 English, have been produced by this house; its published works in the Spanish language having attracted general attention. In the newspaper world, Mr. Levy has been connected, in different capacities and at different times, with the Detroit Post; the Pohj- technic Review ; the Engineering and Mining Journal; the Journal of Fabrics, New York City; and the Industrial Review and Textile Reporter, of this city. For the columns of these and other publica- tions he has written numerous articles on varied topics, manifesting his grasp of technical questions. In 1884, Mr. Levy became associated with others in the publishing of a work of magnitude, called "The Iconographic Encyclopaedia of the Arts and Sciences," a task assumed in accordance with an agreement made with F. Brockhaus, the noted Leipsic (Germany) publisher. A company now controls this publication; Mr. Levy managing the affairs. This work, of which a considerable part has appeared, will, when com- pleted, consist of fifteen volumes. Besides translations from the German made by experts, this Encyclopaedia, copiously illustrated, is distinguished by original work of American scholars and specialists, among them Mr. Levy, who has in preparation a special volume on "The Graphic Arts." There is now issuing from Mr. Levy's press an illustrated work of unusual interest to Israelites. It is entitled "The Jewish Year, illustrated with Pictures of Old-time Jewish Family Life, Customs, and Observances, reproduced from paintings by Professor Moritz Oppenheim." This work, in portfolio, and embracing some twenty-one pictures, is accompanied by a text written by Mr. Levy, and embellished by numerous interesting illustrations. For several years, the Evening Herald (a daily) and the Sunday Mercury (a weekly) were controlled by a company in which Mr. Levy was the chief director. The Herald was a Democratic organ ; the Sunday Mercury, to which Mr. Levy's best energies were devoted, rose to a leading position among illustrated papers — its artistic quality being of a superior character. These papers have since changed hands, and Mr. Levy's time is now engrossed in his business, in literary labors, and in charitable and educational works. He is a most incessant toiler in these fields. A former director of the Association of Jewish Immigrants, Mr. Levy succeeded the late Mr. Alfred T. Jones as President, and has proved his efficiency and adaptability to practical management in all 336 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. the complicated matters brought to his attention. He has long been a director of the Hebrew Education Society, and displays a lively interest in its labors. Other institutions, secular and religious, reckon him as a director or a member, and in this field, he has the active co-operation of Mrs. Levy {nee Pauline Dalsheimer), of Balti- more. His systematic knowledge, his logical methods, and his in- dustrious ways have united in rendering Mr. Levy an experienced worker in many enterprises, and an eminently valuable member of society. MoRiTZ LoEB, journalist and man of affairs, was born in Unk- stein, Germany, August 12th, 1812. That he had acquired a knowledge of general and of special branches of literature was indis- putably proven by his conduct of Der Morgenstern (" The Morning Star"), a weekly newspaper, of Doylestown, Pennsylvania, in the office of which he first learned printing, and which paper, he subsequently edited and controlled for nearly fifty years. Its news, literary, and political importance, specially among the German element, rendered its editor's utterances of much weight. Mr. Loeb had previously been connected with a newspaper in Lebanon, Pennsylvania, and after having served there nine years, he purchased a half interest in Der Morgenstern, afterwards becoming its sole proprietor. He early manifested an interest in his adopted country. He was an active Whig, and later on an ardent Republican. During the Civil War, he evinced his firm attachment to the party whose cause was that of anti-slavery and of universal freedom to all men. Mr. Loeb's opinions and energetic labors brought him into active contact with distinguished men at different periods. President Abraham Lincoln tendered him the position of United States Consul at Stuttgart, Germany, which, however, he declined, not caring for political preferments, but simply for the free expression of his views to help on the cause of right. His influence procured the exemption of the Mennonites from military services. In 1885, he sold his paper, and retired from active journalism. Mr. Loeb wrote considerably for other newspapers, among them the Deborah, of Cincinnati, edited by Dr. Isaac M. Wise, to which he contributed serial stories. He was also the author of a number of German plays, and the leading characters, in one of these — written in 1857 for the dedication of Concordia Hall, Philadelphia THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 337 — were assumed by a number of Israelites. He was an adept in the Pennsylvania- Dutch dialect. Moritz Loeb died at Doylestown, Pennsylvania, on December 20th, 1887. His brother, Rev. Dr. Henri Loeb, a distinguished theologian and writer, once Chief Rabbi of Belgium, died in 1891, aged over eighty years. Myrtilla Eudora Mitchell was born in Philadelphia, March 5th, 1842. She is the oldest daughter of Abraham and Rebecca C. Hart. She received her early training at a private seminary, and exhibited literary tastes when quite young ; some of her essays being given publication. At the age of eighteen years she was united in marriage to Mr. Allen Mitchell, of New York City; but they have always resided in Philadelphia. Family cares did not dampen Mrs. Mitchell's literary ardor ; but, on the contrary, she became a frequent contributor to newspapers, magazines, and peri- odicals ; wrote prose and verse for special occasions ; and has been otherwise active in the same sphere. Her writings are largely of a moral and religious character, and many of these are specially designed for young folks. Her English version of some Psalms, Hymns, and Prayers in the Jewish liturgy has elicited favorable comment. At the dedication of the Synagogue of the Spanish and Portuguese Congregation Mickveh Israel, on Seventh Street above Arch Street, in May, 1860, Mrs. Mitchell rendered into English verse, a Hebrew poem, specially composed for that occasion, by its Minister, the Rev. Dr. S. Morals. Through her father's prominence and her own talent as a writer, Mrs. Mitchell has met celebrated men and women in literature, science, art, politics, and religion. Her pen continues active, and she has rendered notable service by her earnestness and enthusiasm, displayed not only in her writings, but in her interest and active participation in the work of Charity Societies. At different periods, she has been a manager of the Hebrew Ladies' Sewing Society, the Jewish Foster Home, and the Hebrew Sunday School Society. For nearly twenty years, she has served as Secretary of the Female Hebrew Benevolent Society, the oldest Jewish Charity in Philadel- phia, and for which her mother had also labored effectively and indefatigably. Mrs. Mitchell is the mother of one daughter, and 338 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. three sons, the youngest of whom, Percival Allen Mitchell, is an electrician of ability and inventive talent. Edward Morwitz, M.D., proprietor of the leading Philadelphia German newspaper, Die Demokrat, was born at Dantzic, Prussia, June 11th, 1815. The son of a wealthy merchant, he had many opportunities to pursue a thorough course of instruction. These he embraced to a large degree, and besides acquiring general knowl- edge took up the study of Semitic languages. Oriental literature, philosophy, theology, and finally medicine, at Dantzic, Berlin, Halle, and Leipsic, graduating in 1840 from the University of Berlin. He at first became assistant physician in the clinic of the Berlin University, and at the same time wrote essays on medical subjects, and a work in two volumes on "The History of Medicine," published in 1848-1849. In 1843, Dr. Morwitz made a tour of parts of Germany, France, and Switzerland, and returning to Prussia, took up his residence in the town of Conitz, where he practised his profession and his specialty in the treatment of nervous and mental disorders. So successful he was at Conitz that he there started and supported a hospital for the poor. The Doctor's attention to medicine was interrupted by the Revolu- tion of 1848, when he took sides with the party favoring Democracy. His opinions won him friends, but also enemies, and on a certain occasion his carriage was overturned, and the Doctor met with severe injuries, from which, however, he gradually recovered. Soon after, he invented a breech- loading gun, but finding no field for this patent in Germany, he sought England and the United States in 1850. He soon returned to Europe, but having determined to settle in America, again set sail for this country and on arriving here, he located in Philadelphia. At that time, the German Demo- kraty a daily newspaper, was published by John S. Hoffmann. It had been established in May, 1838, and was the first journal of its kind in the United States. In 1853, Dr. Morwitz bought the paper of Mr. Hofimann, who, nevertheless, remained with him in the firm, and as an adviser, until 1874, when he quit business. Since then Morwitz & Company have been proprietors. In his conduct of this daily. Dr. Morwitz advocated measures for the improvement of the city; among them the act to consolidate its different sections under a single Mayor. In 1855, be began the publication of a political weekly THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 339 called Vereinlgte Staaten Zeitung ("United States Journal"), the influence of which was felt in the election of Richard Vaux as Mayor in 1856. In the same year, Dr. Morwitz issued a Sunday paper Die Neue Welt ("The New World"), the issuance of which has since continued, the Demokrat not being published on that day of the week. In politics the Doctor became an active Democrat, and advocated the election of James Buchanan as President of the United States. For a few years, he freely ventilated his political views in a paper he had psrchased, called the Pennsylvanian. This he sold in 1860, when he recognized dangers arising from the separate nominations of Stephen A. Douglas and John C. Breckenridge as candidates for the presidency. He confined his efforts to the Demokrat, which, there- after, adopted a neutral policy. He re- opened the German Dispensary here, which, for. quite a period, continued its operations among the sick poor. While, at first, he thought the Civil War might be averted. Dr. Morwitz remained loyal to the Union, and helped to organize and equip regiments sent to the field. In 1862 he was active in establishing the German Press Association of Pennsylvania. In 1870 he called a meeting to raise funds for assisting German soldiers in the war with France. About six hundred thousand dollars were raised throughout the country and sent to the Vaterland. In 1874, Dr. Morwitz purchased the Age, a daily newspaper, of this city, published in the English language; but in 1875 he sold it to the Times Publishing Company — the result of which was the establishment of the present Times, a daily newspaper. Dr. Morwitz controlled, perhaps, more newspapers than any other man, having under his management at one time as many as three hundred of these, and among them eight dailies. The building in which the Demokrat and other German and English publications are printed is an attractive edifice, at 612 and 614 Chestnut Street, well adapted to its uses. It is surmounted by a statue of Guttenburg — the father of the art of printing. Dr. Morwitz was interested in municipal affairs, and became a member of, and a contributor to, many local societies. He died on December 13th, 1893. Dr. Morwitz and his paper — with which several Israelites have long been identified, among them the Doctor's son, Mr. Joseph 340 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Morwitz— have occupied an unique place in Philadelphia's history, and in that of the development of its German population, now an essentially important factor in the general community. Barnet Phillips has long been regarded as among the ablest writers for the press. He is a native of Philadelphia, born Decem- ber 9th, 1828; his father, Isaac Phillips, having come to this country from England. The son pursued studies here and in Europe, and received a thorough classical education. He became a chemist and engaged also in mercantile callings. Subsequently he turned his attention to journalism, for which profession he soon proved to be eminently qualified. Since 1872, Mr. Phillips has occupied an im- portant position on the New York Times, a daily journal of high merit. His work has been that of literary editor, and many a brilliant article has borne evidence to his scholarship and critical acumen. His labors have, however, not been confined to newspaper writing, but he has contributed to various publications and to the records of learned societies. Archaeology and fish-culture are sub- jects which have engaged his special attention. He has likewise written works of fiction, among them a novel called ''The Struggle," and ''Burning their Ships." An interesting evidence of Mr. Phillips's insight into Jewish history, Jewish life, and folk-lore is shown in his " Preface to the American Edition" of Karl Emil Franzos's popular and widely read novel "The Jews of Barnow," a series of stories, translated from the German by M. W. Macdowall, and published in 1883. Mr. Phillips has been Secretary of the American Fish- Cultural Association, and since 1882 he has been Honorary Agent of the United States National Museum. Henry Phillips, Jr., a son of Jonas Altamont Phillips, was born in Philadelphia, September 6th, 1838. He received a liberal edu- cation at schools and colleges here and elsewhere, among them at the University of Pennsylvania. He read law, and in his twenty- first year was admitted to the Philadelphia Bar. Mr. Phillips has attained distinction as a scholar and a specialist on subjects requiring deep research, exact knowledge, and systematic methods. Numis- matics, archaeology, and philology are the special branches to which he has devoted his efforts, and with such success that he is now re- garded as an authority. His writings on these subjects have been THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 341 accepted as standards, and have won for their author gold medals and other evidences of appreciation from the learned. Mr. Phillips has been a diligent student of the science of languages, and the remarkable knowledge he possesses may readily be seen in his discussion of the varied questions treated in his works. The value of his writings has been attested in many an instance, and those on the paper currency of the American colonies and on American Continental .money — the first dealing with such questions — have been regarded with the highest favor; indeed, to such a degree that views set forth therein have been quoted in legal-tender cases by the Supreme Court of the United States. Mr. Phillips's productions include '' History of American Colonial Paper Currency;" "History of American Continental Paper- Money ;" and "Pleasures of Numismatic Science." But their author has not confined his attention to strictly technical subjects. His love of general literature and of poetry, and his insight into the writings of eminent minds are well reflected .in his translations, embracing "Poems from the Spanish and German;" Chamisso's *' Faust," translated from the German, and other versions of authors of dif- ferent nations. Societies have recognized Mr. Phillips's merits in honors conferred on him. He has been Treasurer and Secretary of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia, and since 1880 Secretary of the American Philosophical Society, of which he was subsequently (in 1885) selected as its librarian. He is also a member of learned societies in different parts of the United States and in European countries. Isaac Leopold Rice was born in Wachenheim, Bavaria, Ger- many, February 22d, 1850. He came with his parents to the United States in 1856. In Philadelphia, young Rice received his first instruction at schools and at the Boys' Central High School. Developing a decided talent for music, he pursued studies in that department, first in Philadelphia, and later on, through the patron- age of friends, at the Paris Conservatoire. United with his knowl- edge of music, Mr. Rice soon evinced marked literary capacities, and, while abroad, contributed letters to a Philadelphia daily. After completing his course of musical studies in Paris (in 1868), he repaired to England and became a teacher of music and of languages. 342 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. In 1869 Mr. Rice returned to the United States and settled in New York City. At first he gave instruction in music. His resolve to study law led him to attend Columbia College Law School, from which he graduated in 1880. He entered upon the practice of the law, and soon took up, as a specialty, railroad law. He founded the Academy of Political Science. In different years he was lecturer on and instructor of law in Columbia College, and libra- rian of the political science library of that institution. Mr. Rice was one of the founders of the Forum— o. monthly magazine, which has assumed an important place in American periodical literature — and he is President of the Forum Publishing Company. He is regarded as one of the ablest specialists on railroad matters in the United States, and he has occupied no small part in affairs involved in the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad receivership ; he being one of the largest stockholders in that company, and until recently its foreign representative, and a leading party in the contest waged in connection with the affairs of that corporation. He was a candidate for the presidency of the Reading Railroad at its annual meeting in 1894, but the former President, Mr. Joseph S. Harris, was re- elected. Mr. Rice is a prolific writer on current questions, political science, music, etc., etc. ** What is Music?" and *' How Geometrical Lines have their Counterparts in Music" are titles of two of the works that have emanated from his fertile pen. Hyman Polock Rosenbach, oldest son of Morris and Isabella H. {nee Polock) Rosenbach, was born in Philadelphia, September 16th, 1858. His education was obtained at a Friends' Academy and in the School of the Hebrew Education Society. At first he was employed by his father in the stationery business, but soon entered into the book business of his maternal uncle, Moses Polock. His thirst for knowledge rendered this occupation both pleasant and valuable. The rare works his relative had gathered were *'at his beck and call," and young Rosenbach soon possessed a fund of useful knowledge on a variety of subjects. He soon entered the field of journalism, and after contributing to different publications, became an attache of the local staff of the Public Ledger, of Phila- delphia. At the same time, he filled a position on the Court Com- bination, composed of a number of men who supply the daily papers THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 343 with Court doings — both Civil and Criminal — and in Local, Supreme, and United States Circuit and District Courts. By this means, Mr. Rosenbach — whose ability proved him equal to that and tasks of a widely different character — became acquainted with representative men, who recognized his talents. His other duties required the exercise of a ready pen in dealing with every-day subjects, in writing articles on special topics; and at times he wrote on bibliog- raphy and kindred questions, besides describing a number of large private libraries in this city. He was a student of music and had acquired an amount of critical exactness that gave his opinions thereon considerable importance. The work by which Mr. Rosenbach is best known, and which will continue to be appreciated, is entitled "The Jews in Philadelphia Prior to 1800." Originally a lecture delivered before the Young Men's Hebrew Association of this city,''the writer was, fortunately, induced to issue a limited edition of two hundred and fifty copies in booklet shape (1883). This production is marked by research into historic archives, and by information of a decidedly valuable char- acter. No easy matter it was to deal intelligently with a subject about which materials are so meagre, and with a period when the Jewish community had scarcely begun to assume a definite shape. Mr. Rosenbach' s work was successful, and it is largely quoted in the domains of local history. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania selected its author as a member. He was also affiliated with other institutions. Mr. Rosenbach's physical strength did not keep pace with his mental activity. Disease soon told on him, and he died, when still quite young, on March 4th, 1892. Joseph George Rosengarten, lawyer, scholar, and prominent citizen, is a son of George David and Elizabeth (iiee Bennett) Rosen- garten. He was born in Philadelphia, July 14th, 1835. His father, born in Hesse-Cassel, Germany, June 20th, 1801, was a well-known merchant, and founded the famous drug house of Rosengarten & Sons. He was identified with different enterprises, and had amassed a large fortune. He died in this city, March 18th, 1890, leaving five sons and two daughters, of whom Joseph has attained the widest reputation. The latter, after graduating from the Univei-sity of Pennsylvania, read law, and was admitted to practice at the 344 TH£1 JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Philadelphia Bar in 1856, having previously been Recorder of the Law Academy (in 1855). He also undertook a course of study in Heidelberg, Germany, after which he returned to his native city. Mr. Rosengarten rendered excellent service during the Civil War, on the staff* of General John F. Reynolds, of the Army of the Potomac. [His war record is referred to elsewhere. ] Major Rosengarten's literary abilities have time and again been demonstrated, in his scholarly lectures, and in papers on historical and kindred subjects, among them being one on ''The Life and Public Services of General John F. Reynolds," read before the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, and published (in 1880). A valuable work from his pen, and one of permanent interest, is "The German Soldier in the Wars of the United States." Mr. Rosengarten has come forward in numerous public move- ments. He is a Vice-Presiclent of the Geographical Club ; Solicitor of the German Hospital; a manager of different institutions— among them the House of Refuge — and he has given of his time and means to further other worthy causes. He has a large circle of acquaint- ances among prominent citizens of Philadelphia and of other cities. He is a patron of art and of music, and has been elected a member of various learned societies. Harry B. Sommer, a writer of distinctive literary ability in the field of humor, and a gentleman who has rendered valuable services to Jewish literary associations in our midst, was born in Hamburg, Germany, May 22d, 1851. When but two years of age he was brought to this country. His family took up their residence in Philadelphia where he attended public schools, and afterwards took a partial course in the Boys' Central High School. He entered into business later on, and is now a successful merchant. Mr. Sommer early became identified with societies aiming to foster lit-erary tastes among Jewish young men. He was President of the Irving Literary Association in 1868-1870, and, together with his friend, David Solis Cohen, was very active in advancing its interests and promoting its mission. When the Young Men's Hebrew Asso- ciation, of Philadelphia, was organized in 1875, he became one of its advocates, and served continuously on its Board of Directors until March, 1894, when he resigned. He was its President in 1879-1880. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 345 As an author Mr. Sommer's forte is in the line of humorous sketches, wherein he has displayed originality and merit. His con- tributions to the press are numerous, and abound in genuine wit. Among the journals for which he has written at different times, are the Sunday Dispatch, the Danhury NewSj the Jewish Record, and the Jewish Exponent. Most of his articles have been signed **Arry O'Pagus" — a pseudonym Mr. Sommer adopted some years since, and by which he is well known ; his writings being largely circu- lated, and affording much pleasure. He is part author with his friend, Mr. Cohen ('' Daisy Shortcut"), of " Our Show," a markedly original and an intensely funny book, describing in advance the Centennial Exhibition and incidents (as the authors conceive them) attendant thereupon. Of Mr. Sommer's later productions, "In Lighter Vein" — a series of sketches published in book form in 1891 — contains ' ' Memoirs of the Prince de Monego ; " '' Help Wanted ;" ''The Curse of the Cast Iron Knight;" ''The Benefit ; " "House-Cleaning;" "The Wager;" "Johnny Hogan's Ambition;" "Thawing a Meter;" "Perkins's Tooth;" "Sense and Nonsense;" "It Might Have Been," and other compositions whose titles are sufficient in themselves to attract readers. On January 26th, 1886, Mr. Sommer was united in marriage to Miss Fanny Stern,. of Philadelphia. Alice Hyneman Sotheran, a daughter of Leon Hyneman, is widely known in literary circles. She was born in Philadelphia, January 31st, 1840, and comes of a family distinguished in varied spheres of intellectual activity. Her father was the celebrated Masonic writer and editor ; her aunt, Mrs. Rebekah Hyneman, was a poet and writer of ;iierit and power ; her brother, Moses Leon Hyneman, also displayed a literary spirit in his occasional writings ; her sister, Mrs. Leona Lowengrund, achieved a position on the stage under the name of " Leona Moss ;" and another sister, Mrs. Annie Barnett, is the widow of Mr. Nathaniel Barnett, who was prominent in the affairs of the Independent Order Ben6 Berith. Miss Hyneman, after receiving careful instruction, disclosed her talent for literary pursuits. She was united in marriage to Mr. Henry Rhine, and removed to New York City, which became the field of her labors. She has been, and still continues to be, a constant 346 THE* JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, contributor of prose and verse to different periodicals and publi- cations. Among these may be mentioned the North American Re- view ^ the Forum, and the Popular Science Monthly, for which she has written articles on miscellaneous subjects, betraying thorough ac- quaintance, not only with current affairs, but with general and spe- cial departments of literature. Her writings on women's works are of special interest ; a remarkable instance being that on *' Woman in Industry, ' ' a contribution which appeared in a publication entitled ''Woman's Work in America." She has also written on subjects pertaining to Israelites, and is the author of an illustrated work on ''Niagara." Mrs. Rhine, after remaining a widow for a number of years, married recently (1893) Charles Sotheran, a journalist, bibliographer, and writer, of New York City. Simon Adler Stern was born in Philadelphia, December 8th, 1838. He is the oldest son of Mr. and Mi-s. Julius Stern, and his father was well known in the Jewish community. Young Stern seemed to have inherited a taste for music, and at a very early age he showed his skill as a violinist. In school, his progress was marked, and when but eleven years old he was ready to enter the Boys' Central High School, which, however, could not then be done, his age preventing it. In the meantime, while awaiting admission to the High School, he pursued studies in music, and achieved a pro- ficiency that helped to render him the performer he is known to be on that instrument at once the most delicate, and most difficult to master — an instrument, of which few, indeed, can claim a thorough understanding — the violin. Young Stem, however, brought knowledge and study to bear upon his interpretation of musical sound and musical harmonies. His teacher, Adolph Scherzer, and subse- quently Ahrens, Waldteufel, and Hauser, recognized in their pupil a youth of uncommon abilities; a musician, whose love of the art rendered him eager to study, and patient in endeavoring to master difl[iculties attending study. On February 16th, 1853, a concert was given for the benefit of Keneseth Israel Congregation, in which Mr. Waldteufel, a well- known violoncellist, and others took part. ' ' At the same concert, ' ' wrote Rev. Isaac Leeser, in the Occident, of March, 1853, "a youth 14 years of age, by the name of Simon Stern, son of the THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 347 President of the Congregation, Mr. Julius Stern, made his first appearance as a performer on the violin, and, as far as we could judge, not alone executed his part well, but exhibited powers which only need cultivation to lead to farther excellence and extended fame." In 1853, young Stern entered the High School, remaining there until 1855, when he was engaged by his father, who kept a millinery store. Later on, he and his brother, David Stern, formed a partner- ship, under the firm name of S. A. &. D. Stern, in the same business. In 1871, he became associated with his brothers, Edward and Harry F., who had previously been engaged in the printing and publishing business, under the firm name of Edward Stern & Com- pany. This firm has a large trade, and the character of its work has won much approval. The oldest brother's literary ability, joined to his conservative methods and wise discretion, have proven of ser- vice therein. Since 1887, however, the elder Stern has been occupied with another interest — the Finance Company of Pennsylvania, of which he was selected as Treasurer — a position he still occupies with credit, and to which most of his time is given. However, it is not owing to the avocations he has pursued that Mr. Stern has become widely known. His reputation is due to two distinctive elements — his musical and his mental training. As regards the former, the knowledge he has acquired renders him not only a violinist and an interpreter of the masters, whose performance would be hailed with delight (though he will not consent to appear in public), but his familiarity with the history and the science of music, and the art and method of musical interpretation in all their minutiae, places him in an exceptional position among the critics of the age. His wide acquaintanceship with leaders in music, and the interest he has displayed in fostering and popularizing that art, specially in his native city, have inured to the advantage of the community of which he is a member. With adepts in music he has performed, and much enjoyment has been derived by those who have been privileged to attend the rehearsals of a few players — Mr. Stern being of the number — held at private residences. Mr. Stern's critical ability has been shown in numerous published articles and critiques in newspapers and musical publications. To the Evening Bulletin, and the North American, both of Philadelphia, he has contributed writings on music, and as well on literary questions; 348 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. and not a small number of his papers were seen in the pages of the Penn Monthly, an excellent publication, issued in this city, some years since, and of which Professor Robert Ellis Thompson was the accomplished editor. Mr. Stern has also written for Dwight's Musical Journal, published in Boston, and for other periodicals, among them the American — a literary weekly of this city — and the Industrial Review, a trade magazine, of which he was the editor. While, as a musician, he has declined to be placed before the public in a position to which his abilities eminently fit him, he has, fortunately, not observed the same retirement in his literary work. Mr. Stern has always been an ardent student, and gifted with remarkable patience in his studies, to a degree that he has acquired a knowledge of even a foreign language, with the aid of a reading- book and a dictionary. The fruits of his studies have been well seen in the character of his published works. In 1873, he wrote for "Leisure Hour Series," a book titled; ''Scintillations from the Prose Works of Heinrich Heine." This was the first attempt at translation into English of the German poet's writings in prose, and it received a warm welcome. The translator, whose style and expression are marked by a consummate skill and beauty of utter- ance, clothed in the choicest of English, gives an introduction in the form of a sketch of Heine's career. He has no excuse, but rather condemnation for the act of the man who in abjuring the religion of his suffering brethren, in order to gain position " sacrificed principle without attaining the paltry ends for which he sold himself." He, of course, feels it necessary, to qualify his criticism, when he remarks that '' an enlightened critic feels forced to admit that in judging of the character and motives of a great genius, that genius must, to a certain extent, furnish the tests by which he is to be criticised." The work which Mr. Stern has presented in an English garb is divided into two parts. The first is a series of delightful stories called " Florentine Nights;" the second embraces extracts from other prose writings of Heine — varied and miscellaneous in character. Notwithstanding their author's condemnable course, his Jewish feel- ings assert themselves in many an epigram. The Jewish blood still tingled in his veins, and despite his base desertion, which he himself condemns, a, sympathy for his people, and a community of interests with them are evidenced time and again in words that burn into the memory. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 349 In 1873, Mr. Stern produced a translation of " Waldfried," a novel from the German of Berthold Auerbach, one of the ablest of our modern Jewish authors. This was followed in 1875 by his version of the same writer's '' On the Heights," Mr. Stern's trans- lation being made at the suggestion of the author who was highly pleased with the excellence of the work done on '' Waldfried.'* Mr. Stern, as representative of a private enterprise, went to China in 1887, and was absent five months. His visits to interest- ing places in that immense Empire and in the adjoining country— Japan — were related in a series of letters, afterwards published (in 1888) with the title of " Jottings of Travel in China and Japan," and which book possesses a peculiar interest. Mr. Stern has been identified to some extent with communal affairs. From 1880 to 1894, he was Recording Secretary of the Jewish Hospital Association, and is now an Honorary Director of that institution. His valuable services were obtained by the Jewish Publication Society of America, on whose Publication Committee he has served continuously since its organization in 1888, and on which he has further evidenced his literary discernment. He has been an officer of the Beethoven Society, the Philadelphia Music Festival Association, and is a Director of the Mercantile Library Company, a member of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, the Union League, the Penn Club, the Civil Service Reform Associa- tion, and other institutions in our midst whose membership rolls are honored by the name of this broad-minded gentleman and accom- plished scholar. Isaac Henry Weil. — Among the many adages that have ob- tained is that which gives to merit the reward to which it is entitled. This saying, as an incentive to work, has unquestionably its value. But, not unlike others, it has at times outrun its course, and fallen short of its meaning and application. Evidence of our statement is at hand in the blighted career of many a talented soul ; of more than a few men and women, the light of Vhose intellects might have illumined hosts beyond their immediate surroundings, had not dis- couragements, rebuffs, and lack of recognition quenched the flame that burned brightly. The cause is not always to be understood ; but there are reasons, and as far as these relate to the world of letters and of journalism, it may be said with truth based upon 350 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. experience that the preponderance of writers in the field of literature, who can gratify a degenerated taste for prurient sensationalism with works — both from moral and literary standpoints — unworthy of criti- cism ; and the importance given in the sphere of the newspaper and the periodical to some men who lack the essential elements qualifying them for such work, but who, nevertheless, have been placed ther6 by outside reasons that weigh heavily on the material side — such, it may be truthfully said, are among the causes that debar more than a few from rising by their own merits ; that consign to the pit of oblivion bright minds, not, perhaps, sufficiently assertive, to attempt warring against existing circumstances. Of such minds we have, perhaps, an illustration in Isaac Henry Weil, older son of Henry Isaac and Matilda (/lee Marks) Weil, who was born in Philadelphia, August 16th, 1823. Few more pronounced types of "self-made " men have been seen. When little more than a boy, Isaac was obliged to labor for his own support, and partly for that of his household ; his father being in extremely hum- ble circumstances. Every spare moment, however, was devoted to his books. Day and night these companions were beside him. News of the day in all departments, literature — ancient and modern — in every branch, science in its earliest and in its latest developments, were alike interesting to him. His inquiring mind led him into the search of the rare and the little known in the world of study and of thought. He had traversed the entire field of English literature ; his knowledge of the classics and of some modern languages, besides the English, was obtained by means of books and a vocabulary. His familiarity witt poets and with prose writers, with philosophers and with specialists, was proven by his versatile powers, by his fertility of quotation of long stanzas and passages, by his astonishing memory. He stopped not here, however. Music found in him an eager student, an enraptured soul. He was neither an instrumentalist nor a vocal- ist; yet here again his versatility and his singular mental powers served him to a degree that awakened wonderment in those who entered into his conversation. Eccentric in his habits, peculiar in some of his views, these may have augured ill for his talents. Yet, as a writer, he displayed clearness of statement, remarkable force, an incisiveness, and a penetration that indicated a thorough insight into the subject treated by him, with elegance of style and minuteness of detail. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 351 Mr. Weil's article entitled ** What Has Bacon Originated or Dis- covered ? " in the National Quarterly Bevieiu (New York) for Sep- tember, 1867 — in which the writer reviewed several works, and wherein he refuted the position assumed by as great a man as Macaulay in his view of Bacon — was read and admired by scholars, and it need not be said that it required no small ability to successfully meet an opponent of the mental calibre of the renowned Englishman. Mr. Weil contributed to and wrote edito- rial articles for several of the Philadelphia dailies, and a testimony to his ability and the excellence of his work is shown in more than a few commendatory letters from the late Colonel John W. Forney, Editor of the Philadelphia Press, and from others, — which letters have been fortunately preserved among his scattered published and unpublished works. A glance at some of the writings that emanated from his pen might readily cause surprise, that a man of such marked brilliancy should have passed by unnoticed. True, he was not sufficiently assertive, mayhap, not persevering in his endeavors to obtain the recognition eminently his due. Yet, evidence is at hand of some attempts in that direction, unfortunately, without success. Mr. Weil, among his varied accomplishments, possessed a very considerable acquaintance with the history, literature, and liturgy of the Synagogue, aided, of course, by his prodigious memory. He was a splendid penman ; and his letters and records of institutions, of which at times he was Secretary, afford stril5:ing proofs. A literary and a musical critic of a high order, a skilful chess-player, a ready, witty, and brilliant conversationalist, the possessor of diver- sified knowledge, his abilities were suffered to fall into decay ; his brilliancy was unrecognized ; his early studies, pursued with such tenacity and perseverance, that they, in after years, affected his vision; — all these qualifications seemed of little avail to place Isaac H. Weil in the circle to which he rightfully belonged. Yet he preserved a lively temperament, and the humorous powers he often displayed, only fell short when he spoke of certain conditions of the times, and then he became pessimistic in his views, though producing many a sound argument to sustain his reasoning. His faculties happily continued to the last, and again his wonderful memory served him when he was enabled in his sufferings to quote sentences from Holy Writ, delighting the mind and comforting the soul. 352 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Mr. Weil died on November 15th, 1890. Truly, he was an exceptional character, and it is a privilege to include in this work the name of such a man, unknown as he was to a fame he ought, of right, to have obtained. GENERAL MENTION.— I. Among other names in the respective fields of literature, specula- tive, and practical science, are: Dr. Solomon Solis Cohen, at once a physician and a litterateur, whose contributions to the science of medi- cine betray a depth only marked in the specialist; whose writings and translations in prose and verse disclose the well- trained mind, the scholarly breadth, the comprehensive intellect. Dr. Cohen, though a young man, is an eminent representative of Jews and of Judaism, and an exponent of both, whose pen is untiring in their defence; a representative of congregational, theological, literary, and other institutions; a laborious worker; a sincere Jew. He comes of an honored family, and he has increased the honor due to this household in^ Israel Professor Cyrus Adler, Ph.D., is another young man of literary and scientific parts, and a Jew in feeling and action, whose studies and travels have advanced knowl- edge in special lines. Dr. Adler is Instructor of Semitic Langauges in Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and Assistant Curator in the Department of Oriental Antiquities, and librarian of the United States National Museum, Washington, D. C. At the recent World's Columbian Exhibition, at Chicago, he had direction of the Oriental exhibits, obtained largely through his instrumentality. The associa- tions with which he is afiiliated, the writings and the lectures in which he has evidenced study, research, and ability, have united in placing Dr. Adler prominently before large literary circles, and have extended his reputation at home and abroad Professor Morris Jastrow, Jr., Ph.D., a son of Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow, of Philadelphia, has also attained distinction as a writer, and as Professor of Semitic Languages, of the Arabic Language, and of Rabbinical Literature in the University of Pennsylvania. His numerous papers on questions pertaining to Semitic Literature and cognate branches possess special interest Professor Joseph Jastrow, Ph.D., a brother of the preceding, is an adept in the realms of psychology and psychical research. His contributions to THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 353 different publications bear striking testimony to this statement. He is now Professor of Experimental and Comparative Psychology, in the University of Wisconsin Dr. Lee Kaiifer Frankel is an analytical chemist, whose treatment of technical questions has given his utterances considerable weight in a special field. He was formerly Instructor of Analytical Chemistry in the University of Pennsylvania Dr. Leo Stanton Rowe is among the youngest of our scientific scholars, and, though but twenty- three years of age, bids fair to become an authority on subjects connected with City Government, of which he has made a special study, and into which he has pursued deep investigations. Dr. Rowe is an energetic member of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, and to its Annals he has contributed noteworthy articles. His residence abroad has added to his stock of knowledge, and has borne fruit in his work on "Municipal Finances of Berlin and Paris," recently published. He now occupies a position as lecturer on Municipal Government in the Wharton School of Finance and Economy Dr. Isaac Joachim Schwatt, a native of Russia, is an efficient instructor of Mathematics in the University of Pennsylvania Walter Edward Weyl, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, now studying in Europe, is a waiter on economic subjects, whose produc- tions have evinced remarkable thought, and have won for him prizes. Among writers of more or less note, Zadok A. Davis (who died on April 1st, 1853) issued a work on Masonry. Mr. Davis possessed abilities as a linguist, and was a conspicuous character in Congregational and Society affairs Charles Henry Hart is a scientific, historical, biographical, and miscellaneous writer; an art critic, and a member of learned societies Simon S. Skidelsky is one of the ablest and most painstaking of descriptive writers who have come to the United States in recent years. He is a native of Russia, and, though following mercantile pursuits, has found time to devote to literature, and that of an instructive and interesting character. His descriptions of life and residence in the land of the Tsars, of Jewish characteristics noticed in that country of oppression, his attractive methods as a writer, and his remarkable skill in handling a language comparatively new to him, have won for his productions eager readers. Mr. Skidelsky, besides contributing sketches, articles, etc., to secular and Jewish newspapers, has done translation work ; some of it in books Englished by him alone, and 23 354 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. others in association with Nathan Haskell Dole, a scholar — and markedly so — in the literature of Russia Moses Klein, a native of Hungary, is an ardent worker in the cause of Jewish charity and education. He has produced Mlgdal Zophlvi (" The Watch Tower"), a valuable Hebrew-English work, descriptive of immigration, and of the status of Jewish colonization in the Holy Land, in North and South America, etc., etc., its conditions and its prospects. Mr. Klein has also edited the foreign department of the Jewish Exponent, of Philadelphia. He was formerly Agent of the Association of Jewish Immigrants, and held other positions. He has been an Inspector of Immigration and an Interpreter to the United States Commissioner of Immigration at the port of Phila- delphia. Mr. Klein was very recently selected as general mana- ger in charge of the Avork of the Society of the United Hebrew Charities of this city 'Hayim Polano, a respected Hebrew teacher of long standing and experience, has issued an interesting and an instructive work, entitled ''Selections from the Talmud," which has obtained wide circulation. He has also brought forth a Hebrew Primer Leo M. Kohn has produced quite a num- ber of poetical effusions J. Bunford Samuel is the accomplished Librarian of the Ridgway (or Rush) Branch of the Philadelphia Library, and possesses excellent qualifications. In the ranks of women writers. Miss Henrietta Szold, oldest daughter of Rev. Dr. Benjamin Szold, of Baltimore, and now a resident of this city, occupies an eminent station. In Hebrew literature her pen has been most active. Her studies of the writ- ings of master-minds of the Jewish people, and her treatment of numerous themes in history and letters, have developed her extra- ordinary acquirements. Miss Szold is a scholar and a thinker, to whom her coreligionists are indebted. Her talents are now employed as Secretary of the Publication Committee of the Jewish Publica- tion Society of America Miss Ella Jacobs, a daughter of the lamented Rev. George Jacobs, is a frequent contributor to journals on subjects of religious and current importance. She has published in booklet shape ' * Children's Prayers for Use in the School and Home." Miss Jacobs's literary efforts are praiseworthy. . . . Mrs. Fanny Bins wanger- Hoffman, another cultured lady, has written for the press articles of merit, bearing evidence of study and thought Mrs. Isabella H. Rosenbach has contributed able THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 355 papers to the department of Jewish history in the United States. .... Mrs. Clara Stern- Simsohn has done excellent translation work from the German, and has written several clever stories. In the domains of applied science, Percy A. Sanguinetti is a capable and an experienced engineer and draughtsman, whose services have been enlisted at World's Exhibitions, latterly at that in Chicago, in the departments of machinery and of mechanical engineering Gratz Mordecai is another gentleman, whose success as an engineer entitles him to a conspicuous place in the ranks. Mr. Mordecai is an adept in a special department of a pro- fession for which he has evidenced a peculiar fitness Abram Meyer Feldman, a native of Russia, and a recent graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, has also demonstrated his skill in the same branches. He was an assistant to Mr. Sanguinetti at the World's Columbian Exhibition, in Chicago Leon Philip Feustmann has made a specialty of mining engineering in Mexico, and his progress in that sphere has been rapid and successful Max Biernbaum has also shown his adaptability to civil engineering, in which profession he has advanced Theodore F. Moss is a mining engineer and geologist. .... William Guggenheim has given special attention to metallurgy and mining in Mexico Joseph David Israel is a mechanical engineer, now in the service of the Edison Electric Light Company, of Philadelphia Jacob Lychenheim has evidenced his talent, as an analytical chemist, with different companies. He is now located at Swedeland, Mont- gomery County, Pennsylvania Meyer Schamberg is a chemical expert, whose investigations have proven his ability in various enterprises. At present, he is interested in coal mining and oil and gas explorations, in Ashland, Kentucky As practical chemists, the firm of Rosengarten & Sons ranks high. This house was founded by the late George David Rosengarten, with whom several of his sons were associated. These — of whom Samuel George Rosengarten is a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania — continue the business In architecture, Charles Berg, a son of Mr. and Mrs. Leon Berg, formerly of this city; and Maurice Mayer Feustmann, a son of Mr. and Mrs. B. H. Feustmann, may be mentioned with credit In the special sphere of electrical work, William A. Stern, formerly in the service of the great inventor, Thomas A. Edison, has attained notable success. Mr. 356 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Stern is now semor member of the firm of Stern & Silverman, of Philadelphia, designers and builders of electric railway light, and power plants. The work of this firm has been shown in the Trolley system of street-car railways, rapidly being introduced in this city. .... Percival Allen Mitchell deserves mention among young electricians of decided promise In this connection, allusion must be made to several inventors of useful appliances of various kinds, viz. , H. J. Hyams, Elias Nusbaum, ( Superintendent of the Pennsylvania Electric Engineering Company), Edwin Meyer Gold- smith, S. Henry Pincus, Harry Davidson, and Elias Bernhard Koop- man. All these gentlemen have shown inventive genius far above the average order. The list given, in several and varying departments, is by no means complete, and year afler year it receives additions. Limited in number as our population is, the roll of names makes quite a respectable showing for a fractional part of a people, said to be a race of shop-keepers and money-lenders. Facts are constantly multiplying, which not only disprove this assertion of traducers of the Jewish name, but establish beyond doubt the reasons which forced the Jew, against his will, to become a trader and a dealer ; to abandon agriculture for the shop, and intellectual and mechanical pursuits for the tradesman's calling. A cruel world compelled him to it ; a liberal world will recognize his advancement — will bid him go forward on the road of honor and of usefulness. GENEKAL MENTION.— II. In journalis'm, as in other professions, Israelites have found opportunities for advancement and distinction. In some countries of Europe, the press is largely controlled by members of the ancient race, and in the United States, considerable influence is also wielded in the same direction — a single illustration being the New York World, said to be the most successful paper on the Western Continent, whose proprietor, Joseph Pulitzer, is of Jewish descent. In every depart- ment of journalism, however, Jews have shown their fitness, and some have risen from the lowest to the highest stations. In Phila- delphia the number may not equal that of New York, yet, as compared with population, the showing is, perhaps, to even better advantage. Some names have already been mentioned at length. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 357 .... On the staffs of the German Demokrat and of the Neue Welt — besides their proprietor and chief editor, Dr. Edward Morwitz, but recently deceased — the following have served at different times (either as writers, or in the business department): Joseph Morwitz (son of Dr. Morwitz, and his successor in the management), Isaac Kahn, D. Fuerstenberg, Herman Fischler, Benjamin Salinger, Louis C. Hoffman, and Messrs. Grossheim, Levi, Danielus,. and Friedlander. A nephew of the last-named was at one time editor of another German paper, in this city Mr. Salinger, who died on January 18th, 1894, was also manager of the Central News- paper Union, which serves newspapers with printed matter for their columns Messrs. Samuel N. Levi and Solomon Danielus are connected with this Union; occupying the respective positions of Treasurer, and Secretary Moses Finzi Lobo is a respected name in journalism; a gentleman singularly gifted, but whose modesty and unassuming ways prevent that recognition here to which he is j ustly entitled. Mr. Lobo did reportorial and special work for a number of years. He is now engaged in a different vocation William Anderson, who was a member of the editorial staff of the Sunday Dispatch, when that journal was the Sunday paper of Philadelphia, still commands an able pen, and since the severance of his connection with the Dispatch, he has held positions on other journals. Mr. Anderson is a son-in-law of the late Dr. Philip De Young Herman Loeb, a son of the late Moritz Loeb, is a journalist, as if by inheritance. In his early years he learned printing, and had just attained manhood when he became city editor of the York (Pennsylvania) Daily Tribune. He has also written for the Doylestown Democrat, the Public Ledger, and the Times, and has served on the staffs of some of these. Mr. Loeb has been quite successful as a story- writer, and has received commendation for some of his productions. He is at present engaged in printing and in the manufacture of paper- boxes, having formed a partnership some years since with his brother-in-law, Eugene Lyon; but now conducting the business on his own account Maurice Landauer, for several years occupied a position on the Evening Telegraph, where he rose to considerable note as a reporter of financial matters. Mr. Landauer possesses ability in other spheres, and has written prose and verse at different times Harry C. Hochstadter has been connected with the Daily Hotel Reporter, and is 358 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. prominent in an Amateur Journalists' Union Alfred Hoch- stadter, who has had experience in reportorial work, now conducts the Daily Hotel Reporter^ above mentioned, and Stageknid, a weekly record of music and the drama Charles Bloomingdale, Jr. , has shown talent in editing musical and dramatic papers, and is besides a writer with original views. He has, at different periods, been. attached to the Evening Herald, the Sunday Mercury, and the Times, in all of which, specially the last named, his contributions won him popularity, because of their pleasing flavor and unctuous humor. Mr. Bloomingdale was for some time editor of the Phila- delphia Music and Drama, now known as Stageland Eliezer Isaacs, Jr. (deceased), was connected with the local staff of the Philadelphia Press Philip Hano, formerly of this city, was a member of the reportorial staff of the Times Louis Stern, now of the New York Hei^ald, also held positions on Philadelphia dailies Meyer Hoffman is a clever writer, and department editor on the Evening Star. He had previously served on the Daily News and on the Times. He has edited the National Barber, and at present conducts the North East News George Henry Harris is an industrious and a capable writer on the reportorial staff of the Philadelphia Inquirer Morris Wieder is attached to the staff of the Philadelphia Abend Post Charles Goldsmith and Albert E. Hunt have exhibited experience and tact as reporters for the Court Combination — the agency that supplies Court news to a number of dailies. Both Mr. Goldsmith and Mr. Hunt have written original articles and stories for new^spapers Max Kaufmann is a writer of musical and dramatic criticisms on the Philadelphia Press Robert Cohn is Philadelphia corre- spondent of the Chicago Dramatic Times Charles Seligman Bernheimer is an intelligent and active writer, whose services have been enlisted by secular and religious papers. Mr. Bern- heimer has furnished numerous reports of Jewish affairs to the Philadelphia Press. He also filled a position for several years on the Jewish Exponent. He has been correspondent of the Jeivi^h Messenger, of New York City; has contributed articles to other journals, and is now^ correspondent of the American Israelite, of Cincinnati, besides being Assistant Secretary of the Jewish Publi- cation Society of America. Mr. Bernheimer is a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania Clarence K. Arnold is THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 359 successful in the sphere of newspaper advertising; doing real estate work for a syndicate of Philadelphia dailies, and occupying an official position on the Philadelphia Inquirer. Mr. Arnold has been correspondent for Wilmington (Delaware) journals, and has written for the Philadelphia News, Press, and Record George Felle- man Fish has for some years been connected with the Philadelphia Inquirer, and now edits its "Society" department Alfred M. Liveright was at one time a member of the reportorial staff of the North American, of Philadelphia Major Aaron Lazarus is connected with the business department of the Philadelphia Record. . . . . George Goldsmith is an experienced proof- reviser on the Public Ledger. Jewish journalism has also offered a field, and among those who have figured therein in this city are such eminent names as Rev. Isaac Leeser, editor and proprietor of that excellent monthly. The Occident and American Jeivish Advocate; Mayer Sulzberger, Esq., Mr. Leeser's scholarly assistant, and his successor ; Rev. Dr. Samuel Mendelsohn, an editor of the Jeivish Index, now Rabbi in Wilmington, North Carolina, and author of the valuable work, " The Criminal Jurisprudence of the Ancient Hebrews ; " Alfred T. Jones, editor of the Jewish Record (elsewhere mentioned); Mrs. Caroline Cohen Joachimsen, at one time assistant editor of the Jewish Record Of Jewish journalists of to-day, we must mention Charles Hoffman, editor of the Jewish Exponent, a deep student, a thoughtful writer, and an active worker in Jewish causes ; Melvin G. Winstock, lawyer, formerly an editor of the Jenish Exponent, now a resident of Seattle, (State of) Wash- ington; Herman Brunswick, a correspondent for different jour- nals, and manager of the once-existing monthly, Jeivish Women. Marcus K. Cohen, formerly business manager of the Jewish Record, is now publisher and editor of the Journal of Progress, an organ of Secret Orders. Moses Freeman, Bernard Harris, and John Paley are editors of weeklies published in the jargon, or Juedisch- Deutsch dialect, as are Rev. Hyman Brodsky and Ch. Malitz. Elias Braunschweig is an excellent German writer, and Philadel- phia correspondent of the Deborah, a German Jewish weekly, pub- lished in Cincinnati, Ohio. Louis Nusbaum is Philadelphia cor- respondent of the Hebrew Jovrnal, of New York City. In addition to the above names, other Israelites have, from time to time, been connected with journalistic interests in various capacities. 360 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. III. IN ART. Only in modern times has the Jew been identified with the study and development of a special branch of the fine arts. This fact does not arise from a want of admiration for the beautiful in creation ; for the Jewish mind has ever shown itself capable of the loftiest senti- ments. The answer is readily found. In days of yore, the love of art was so interwoven with its worship; the productions of the sculptor's chisel and the painter's brush were so often a cause of idolatry that little wonder it is that the Second Commandment of the Decalogue was enforced with the utmost rigidity, and even beyond its application. Art, instead of becoming a refining influence, was thoroughly debasing; it encouraged immorality, and catered to the sensual. With the spread of civilization, the true mission of the artist became better known, the character of his work appealed with more emphasis to the cultured mind, the value of his calling was perceived, and thus his art advanced amid enlightening influences. Israel cannot boast of a Giotto, or a Correggio, a Rafael, or a Michael Angelo — whose works of genius are wondered at the world over; yet, in our days, an increased number of the descendants of Jacob are found in the ranks of those who follow in the wake of the great masters. Every civilized country now furnishes a quota from among our coreligionists. The Paris Salon annually exhibits their work, and the art centres of Europe and America disclose to view specimens worthy of those who are rapidly gaining foremost places in the profession. Moses Ezekiel, a sculptor, whose genius often asserts itself in colossal figures and emblematic monuments; Ephraim Keyser, another gifted representative of the same art, are but two names from among American Israelites, whose products have received the admiring encomiums of connoisseurs. In the realms of painters, several of our leading cities furnish brilliant examples, and, as will be seen, Philadelphia is by no means wanting in followers of the THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 361 art which ennobles our sensibilities, and renders us all the more admirers of creation, and which should arouse in all sentiments of thankfulness unto Him who has made for us those wonders of earth and of sea, whose glories can but faintly be portrayed by the artist, however realistic may seem the picture. Solomon Nunes Carvalho, born in Charleston, South Carolina, April 27th, 1815, is a member of a worthy family from whose midst several distinguished characters have come forth. Mr. Carvalho resided for some time in this city, but his main work has been done elsewhere. As an artist and as a scholar, as a scientist and as a writer, this gentleman has attained a wide reputation. Of Jewish interest is his painting of "Moses Receiving the Tablets of the Law on Sinai." His portrait in oil of Rev. Isaac Leeser, which is placed on the walls of the Home for Aged and Infirm Israelites, attached to the Jewish Hospital, of Philadelphia, is another evidence of the excellence of work displayed by a thorough artist. Mr. Car- valho's productions — whether in art or in literature — are of national importance, and their author unites acquirements rarely met with in one individual. Mr. Carvalho now resides in New York City. [For a fuller sketch of Mr. Carvalho' s career and works, specially while located in other cities, the reader is referred to Markens' s * ' Hebrews in America," pages 203 and 204.] Katherine M. Cohen, third daughter of Henry and Matilda {iiee Samuel) Cohen, was born in Philadelphia, March 18th, 1859. She received an education befitting the daughter of cultured parents. Exhibiting a love of art, she early attended the School of Design for Women, and pursued a course of study at diflTerent times under dif- ferent tutors, among them Peter Moran, Miss Sarah Levis, and J. Liberty Tadd ; her special branches then being china painting, deco- rative art work, and modelling. Miss Cohen attended the Academy of the Fine Arts under Thomas Eakins's instruction, and the School of Industrial Art, where she followed sculpture, under the tuition of John J. Boyle. She thus pursued both leading branches of art, and was instructed in water-color painting by William J. Whittemore. Later on, the famous artist, Augustus St. Gaudens, became her teacher in sculpture. Miss Cohen also added to her studies a course 362 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. in Paris under Mencie, and other masters, and she went a second time to Europe in order to develop still further her knowledge. The results have been seen to pronounced advantage in her works. In sculpture, this artist has produced a number of busts ; two representing Venitians — boy and man — which (separate works) are beautifully wrought; a decorative head, entitled ''John of Algiers;" "A Viking, or Northman;" ''Rabbi Ben Ezra " — a group ; portrait busts of several persons, among them of Mayer Sulzberger, Esq., the accomplished lawyer and scholar ; besides statuettes, models, and has relievos. Miss Cohen's work has been noted at several exhibitions, among them, at the Academy of the Fine Arts and at the Art Club of Philadelphia, the New York Academy, the recent World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, and in the Paris Salon. Her paintings also evidence exceptional talent, force, and artistic skill, which betoken a steady advance in the profession. Among these, chiefly in water- coloi*s, are ' ' An African Woman ;' ' "Driving Geese at Concarneau ;" ' ' Street in Cairo ; ' ' and a ' ' Moorish Mosque. ' ' "Miss Katherine Cohen," observes a critic, "shows the stuff of which good sculptors are made." The same remark, now further enforced by more recent work, applies to this artist in that depart- ment, which calls not only for accuracy and precision, but also for beauty of conception, wealth of imagination, and delicacy of treat- ment. All these acquirements Miss Cohen possesses in an eminent degree, and she is, therefore, destined to a position won only by rare abilities and superlative talents. Harry Davidson has risen to an enviable position among wood engravers. He is a son of Dr. David Davidson, and was born in Philadelphia, March 25th, 1858. His first studies in engraving were pursued under Frederick Faust, and, after a coui^se of secular studies, he resolved to devote his time to wood engraving as a pro- fession. He removed to New York, and continued his labors until he reached an excellence that soon won recognition. He received an engagement from the Century Company, and is to this day in its employ as illustrator of the two monthlies, the Century Magazine and St. Nicholas. Among his numerous engravings are "Israel," after a beautiful drawing by Kenyon Cox ; "Reflection of Golden Gate," after A. Castaigne ; "Afternoon at a Ranch," by Mary Halleck THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 363 Foote; "Farewell to Russia," after H. Sandham ; "Canterbury Cathedral," after Joseph Pennell ; " A Portrait of Joseph Jefferson," after Salem Scudder. Specimens of Mr. Davidson's work have been exhibited at expo- sitions in Paris, Berlin, Vienna, and at the recent World' s Exhibition in Chicago. Mr. Davidson's fame is such that even his worn-out instruments have been sought after for a collection of discarded tools of master engravers. The thousands of readers of magazines have long since been familiarized with the character of this artist's pro- ductions, which have called forth unqualified admiration. Many of his ''proofs" have been added to private collections. Mr. Davidson has been the recipient of medals at exhibitions, and has otherwise been honored for his work. He is a member of the Society of American Wood Engravers. He is also known as an inventor of a patent on the game of checkers called ' ' King Checker, " by which the checker is crowned without the use of two separate pieces. As an expert chess player, Mr. Davidson has been long and favorably known, and, when a resident of Philadelphia, he was re- garded as its leading player. He was pitted on more than a single occasion against famous specialists, and astonished many by his evi- dences of skill and thought in a game that calls for deep study and a thorough understanding of every element of its intricate system. Herman Naphtali Hyneman, son of Isaac and Adeline {i\ee Ezekiel) Hyneman, was born in Philadelphia, July 27th, 1849. His taste for drawing and painting was manifested in his childhood, and developed as he reached maturer years. In 1874, he followed his natural bent, and went to Europe to pursue studies at schools of art. After a brief sojourn in Germany, he proceeded to Paris, and became a pupil of the great French artist, M. Bonnat, remain- ing abroad eight years. The effect of his thorough schooling and the evidence as well of his powers as a delineator of character and of expression were then seen in his picture, ' ' Desdemona, " exhibited in the Paris Saloti of 1879, and subsequently occupying the post of honor at an exhibition of works of American artists in the Penn- sylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, in this city. This beauteous product of the artist's brush is thus spoken of by a critic: "Look- ing at Shakespeare's heroine as one sees her here, one sees no com- mentary on the story of which she was the heroine. Although in 364 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. the main intended as an ideal, Hyneman has represented her after one of those stormy interviews with Othello. The face is very sad, and the expressive attitude, clasped hands and patient resignation — all bring Shakespeare's lovely heroine before one's eyes." *'Desde- mona" was purchased by Mr. Klemm, of this city. Mr. Hyneman's next picture ''Juliet," won the plaudits of connoisseurs. It was exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1881, and afterwards at the National Academy of Design in New York City. "It represents Shakespeare's creation of the passionately-loving maiden on a balcony, looking down pensively with a letter at her feet, which she has absently let fall from her hands The countenance expresses the tenderness so typical of that heroine." Mr. Hyneman has had studios at different times in New York City and Philadelphia, and his main work has been in the line of portraits, having executed several of well known persons in the community. Among his romantic and imaginative pictures are: "It Might Have Been," representing a young lady contemplating what might have been had she a lover by her side;" * ' Marguerite in Prison, ' ' depicting a most touching scence from Goethe's "Faust;" "A Passing Glance;" ''On Tiptoe;" "Twelve O'clock;" and "On the Pier." Quite an attractive picture is Mr. Hyneman's portrayal of a scene at the race- track in Jerome Park; wherein he cleverly depicts the countenances of the attendants who are watching with exciting, interest the racing of the horses in their attempts to outdo each other. Mr. Hyneman is a first cousin of Moses Jacob Ezekiel, the world- renowned sculptor, who, in his historic studio, in the Diocletian Baths at Rome, Italy, modelled the Statue of Religious Liberty, now adorning Fairmount Park, and who continues producing works which have placed him in the vanguard of the most illustrious sculptors of modern times — works which are, in the words of a writer, "the sublime conception of a religion which draws one people to another in the bond of brotherhood." August B. Koopman, a son of Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Koopman, now of Atlantic City, New Jersey, was born at Charlotte, North Carolina, January 2d, 1869. After a schooling in Philadelphia, he entered the "Antique" Class of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, and following an interval, during which he graduated from the Boys' Central High School, he entered the THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 365 "Life" Class, under the tuition of Thomas Hovenden. His first painting was a copy of the superb work of Bouguereau, * * Orestes Pursued by the Furies" — a picture belonging to the Academy, and which has been considered a model of its kind. After further endeavors of an encouraging character, young Koopman, in 1887, was sent to Paris — the home of art and of artists. There he was fortunate in obtaining instruction from Fleury and Bouguereau, and was admitted to the Eeole des Beaux Arts. His progress was rapid, and, ere long, he received honorable mention at the celebrated Julien Academy, and a medal at the Beaux Arts. In two years, his work had received such recognition that it was at once admitted to the grand Salon of the Champs Elysees, in Paris, and the young artist was favorably received in art centres. This entree into the Salon rendered his work thereafter acceptable, and each year has found Mr. Koopman's productions on the walls ; — his powerfully draw^n painting, *' Benedicts, or Blessing of the Bread," exhibited in 1892, being received w^ith much commendation by the Parisian critics. This work is of remarkable size, and each of the seven life-sized characters is considered a study worthy of an artist of high rank. Mr. Koopman has executed portraits, which also evidence his remarkable capacities. He has exhibited some of his productions on this side of the Atlantic, where they have been received with pronounced favor. Three of his paintings were placed among a selected number for the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, and were much admired. Mr. Koopman frequently visits the United States, where his family resides, and Philadelphia, his former home. He intends, however, locating in Paris, and there following up his chosen profession. Max Levy, born in Detroit, Michigan, July 9th, 1857, spent his first active years in an architect's office, but early joined his brother, Louis E. Levy, in the work of building up the Levytype Company. He possesses artistic abilities of a high order, which he cultivated by study at the Academy of the Fine Arts, in this city, and which were given practical direction in his brother's establishment. There he mastered the scientific technology of photo- chemistry. In 1891 he perfected his brother's invention of the engraved glass screen used in the modern "half-tone" processes, and having purchased the latter's interest in their joint patents, he has developed this 366 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. invention to a point where it has assumed a foremost place in the graphic art industries, and has superseded all other similar appli- ances. Mr. Levy was married in 1885 to Miss Diana Franklin, of Baltimore, sister of Professor Fabian Franklin, of Johns Hopkins University, and niece of the late scholar and philanthropist, Michael Heilprin — herself a former student at the Academy of the Fine Arts, of this city. Frank Moss, a son of Joseph L. Moss, an Israelite long identified with Jewish affairs, was born in Philadelphia, May 9th, 1837. Though evincing an inclination for art at an early age, he still did not embrace that profession until later years; at first engag- ing in the commission and dry goods business in New York City, from which, however, he retired in 1874. He then sailed for Europe, and proceeding to the Capital of France — the great centre of art— pursued his studies for several years under M. Bonnat. His progress was rapid, and soon the excellence of his work attracted attention, and in the exhibitions of the Paris Salon, a number of his paintings occupied important places on the walls. Church scenes, and portraits of interest to the church, constituted his chief work; his heads of Jesus, and other religious pictures being considerably in demand among Catholic families, and some of them being placed in churches and cathedrals, specially in the Catholic Cathedral in Philadelphia. Of his pictures, a copy of Ribiera's '' Entombment" (the original of which is in the Louvre, at Paris) was also presented to the Cathedral in this city. Artist Moss has exhibited on various occasions at our Academy of the Fine Arts, at the New York Academy of Design, in Boston and in cities of the West, his works, including "The Fortune-Teller;" Tom Hood's *' Song of the Shirt;" ''The Doll's Dressmaker;" and "Prayer." As a member of the Philadelphia Sketch Club, he has also distinguished himself in the character of work peculiar to that Club. Mr. Moss has occasionally visited Europe in the pursuit of his art, and some of his works have been painted there. For some time his studio has been located in New York, and he now resides in that city. Jacques Reich affords a remarkable example of an illustrator, though he has otherwise acquired fame. Mr. Reich was born in THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 367 Hungary, August 10th, 1852. He studied art in Buda-Pesth. Arriving in the United States in 1873, he took a course in the Academy of the Fine Arts in this city, and resided in Philadelphia for a considerable period. After further study, he returned to Europe, and in Paris had the opportunity of being instructed by two of the great masters — Robert Fleury and William Adolphe Bouguereau. Mr. Reich brought forth a large variety of sketches in black and white, and in charcoal, pen and ink sketches, and latterly turned his attention to book illustrating. In this last named feature, he had discovered his forte, while publishers and the public have been quick to recognize his pre-eminent talent. In 1885, the firm of Charles Scribner's Sons obtained Mr. Reich's services as an illustrator of their "Cyclopaedia of Painters and Paintings." His pen and ink portraits were an immediate success, and the artist's abilities were enlisted by periodicals, and by the publishing firm of D. Appleton & Co., whose "Annual Cyclopaedia," in its separate editions in 1886, 1887, and 1888, was illustrated by Mr. Reich. Perhaps, the work, however, which testifies not only to his extra- ordinary capacity and brilliancy, but to his industry, is best shown in ' ' Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography, ' ' issued in six volumes, and to which Mr. Reich furnished sixteen hundred portraits illustrative of its text and the characters whose biographies or bio- graphical sketches are- presented in that work. Mr. Reich now occupies a place second to none in the United States, and no small credit belongs to Philadelphia, where he received part of his instruc- tion, and where he developed his knowledge in a department of art for which he has shown so decided an aptitude, and has through it rendered his labors of signal service to the literary, not less than to the art world. Max Rosenthal has had a varied and interesting career as an artist. Born in Turck, Poland, Russia, November 28th, 1833, his love of art seems to have been inherited, his mother having possessed considerable talent in that direction, and his brother being a painter of note. At the age of fourteen years, he went to Paris, France, and there pursued studies in drawing, lithography, and painting, under M. Thurwanger. Two years later, in 1849, he accompanied his teacher to Philadelphia. Here he continued his studies, and was the first Israelite to enter the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts as a student, when Hyman Gratz was its Treasurer. 368 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Mr. Rosenthal early devoted himself to chrorao- lithography, in which he has met success. He made the plates for the first book completely illustrated by this process in the United States, ''Wild Scenes and Wild Hunters." In 1854, he lithographed the interior of the former Masonic Temple in this city, then situated on the north side of Chestnut Street between Seventh and Eighth Streets (the present site of a monster bank and trust building). His pioneer work was further evidenced by the first fac-simile of water-color painting in the United States, and for which work he obtained a diploma from the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. On the out- break of the Civil War, he followed the Army of the Potomac as artist, and executed drawings of every camp until the period of the Battle of Gettysburg (in July, 1863). He made the illustrated plates for the report of the United States Military Commission to the Crimea, presented in 1860 (this commission consisted of Captain, afterwards General, George B. McClellan, Major Richard Delafield, and Major Alfred Mordecai). He executed engravings of coins in America for Dr. Dickinson's work, "Numismatics of the United States;" also about two hundred lithographs of celebrated men, and a number of large plates. Mr. Rosenthal has illustrated some of H. W. Longfellow's poems, and productions of other eminent writers, and has done artistic work on interiors of notable edifices, among them St. Patrick's Cathedral, New York City — a work done together with his son, Albert Rosenthal. He ranks high as an etcher, as an engraver, and as a painter — both in oil and in water-colors. His portrait etchings are numerous, and his work is marked by original, as well as elevated, methods ; hence his services as an instructor have frequently been called into requisi- tion, by the Art Students' Union, and by other classes and students. Mr. Rosenthal's style is much admired, and he has executed numerous works for private collectors. He is a member of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Albert Rosenthal, a son of Max and Caroline Rosenthal, was born in Philadelphia, January 30th, 1863, and, though still young, he has acquired an enviable reputation among artists. Besides having the advantage of his father's experience and talent in his studies, he pursued courses of instruction at the Academy of the Fine Arts, and in the Art Students' Union, of which he became Secretary. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 369 Mr. Rosenthal's skill was shown in his youth, and his subsequent work would do honor to an artist many years his senior. He has not confined himself to any particular department, though at present, portrait painting is his specialty, and in that he, perhaps, excels. His ''Study of an Old Man," exhibited at the Academy, bears splendid evidence of this statement. His work as an etcher and an illustrator, both separately and in conjunction with his father, has also evoked deserved encomium. Its character is visible in his etchings of George Washington, in his collection of portraits which adorn Hampton L. Carson's work on the ''History of the Centennial of the Constitution," in his portraits of Justices of the United States Supreme Court, and in other etchings, to the number of several hundred. These specimens alone have placed him in the foremost line of portrait etchers, and have won his works places of honor at art exhibitions. He has been exceedingly industrious in his eftbrts to obtain originals of rare portraits, which he has reproduced with faithful exactness. It would be impossible to mention all of Mr. Rosenthal's produc- tions within these narrow limits. Since his return from Europe, where he studied in Paris under Gerome, the famous master, his works in oil have commanded general attention; his portraits of different per- sons, among them Justice Mitchell, of the Supreme Court of Penn- sylvania, winning for him the approbation of critics, and the patronage of the art- loving. Mr. Rosenthal's studio contains a number of examples of his finest work, evidencing delicacy of touch and beauty of execution. The Historical Society of Tennessee elected this artist an honorary member. He is also a member of the Historical Society of Penn- sylvania. ^ GENERAL MENTION. Philadelphia Israelites have no mean representation of men and women who have figured, at times, in the realms of art Alexander Zellner (deceased) has left some excellent crayon work in portraits Mrs. Dinah J. Levi (^nee Emanuel), now a resident of New York City, has attained success in portrait paint- ing ; among her productions being a portrait in oil of the Reverend 24 370 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Doctor Sabato Morals Professor Angelo Heilprin, the eminent scientist, has evinced his skill and artistic conception as a painter, in several works seen in exhibitions here and elsewhere. .... Philip Muhr, who studied abroad, has contributed some works in oil, among them a portrait of the illustrious Jewish champion, Sir Moses Montefiore, Baronet Tobias Theodore Cohen (deceased), executed a splendid specimen of crayon work in 1876, entitled "The First Centennial." The thought of the artist is represented by the triumph of civilization over idolatry; or the dis- comfiture of those still steeped in debasing heathenism, by the advancing flame of enlightenment. This picture is admitted to be well conceived and artistically elaborated Jacob Aub was once a well-known lithographic engraver; among his productions being "The Siege of Sebastopol." .... Norman Friend, his partner, was also an engraver of merit Max Fiegman has done creditable crayon work E. Bechhoefer, a former resident of this city, but who, some years since, returned to France, was likewise known as an artist in crayon portraits Miss Gertrude Weil, oldest daughter of Edward H. and Isabel R. {nee Lyons) Weil, has shown extraordinary talent in painting, and gives bright promise. She is at present a student in the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, and some of her productions have been exhibited here, and at the World's Exposition in Chicago. Miss Weil has made illustrations for several books Meyer Dantzic, a native of Russia, is another bright student of the Academy of the Fine Arts. He has done work in oil, in modelling, etc., etc., and is now pursuing studies in Paris, France Julius C. Fireman is exceptionally clever at illustrations, and his abilities have been shown in his work for different publications. .... Miss Florence Einstein has attained much success in a special line of art, and she is now an efficient instructor in the Philadelphia School of Design for Women. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 371 lY. IN MUSIC AND DRAMA. That art identified with the noblest emotions of mankind ; that art whose influence sways all, whether savage or civilized ; which helps, as it were, to the completeness of one's nature ; and without which, declares the immortal Shakespeare, man is '' fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils ; " that art— Music — has found its brilliant, its representative exponents, among the seed of Israel from the earliest periods of human history. To prove the attachment of Hebrews to music, we have no need to go back to the time of Jubal, the antediluvian, who is mentioned in the sacred pages of Holy Writ as * ' the father of all those who play on the harp and organ ; " nor to the Levites — the choristers in Tabernacle and Temple ; nor to David, the matchless singer of Israel. In every era, Jews have pursued with delight an art transmitted from genera- tion to generation. Music always had its charms; not so the drama, or rather, the stage. In ancient times, the latter was associated with the most brutal and brutalizing sports ; with the murderous combats of gladiators ; with the immoral Olympian games of the Greeks, and the horrid arena of the Romans, wherein thousands and tens of thousands were consigned to a shocking — fate to make '*a Roman holiday" — as Lady Morgan observes in her work on ''Italy." True, the Greeks had their tragic authors and their tragedians ; the Romans their plays and their actors ; but these were no attrac- tion to the unfortunate Hebrew — the captive and the persecuted in the midst of those who reveled in wealth, pomp, and luxuriousness, but also in debauchery. Israel had representatives of the drama in days of yore ; but these afforded no joy, no solace, in the midst of a real tragedy then, and for ages after, enacted. Even music, for a time, was banished ; or the Hymn of Praise gave place to the 372 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Elegy and the Lamentation. The outcasts of Jiidea could not sing the Songs of Zion in a strange land. With the dawn of enlightenment, however, there came a change in other conditions, and the stage soon assumed its rightful function. In modern times, the opera and the theatre have been largely sup" ported by the patronage of Israelites. (95) The love of the drama has assumed as pronounced a form among them as the admiration of music, and that music too, which both pleases and arouses study ; the music of the classical school, associated in rank with the plays of Shakespeare, and other writers of more recent date, who have devoted their talents, yea, their genius, to render the actor's art a desirable, an elevated calling ; — a sphere for the presentation of that which may instruct and improve ; bettering human kind, by illustrating the triumph of good over evil in a manner directly appealing to the innermost senses and to the better part of every man's nature. In latter days, our coreligionists have taken to the stage in considerable numbers, and to-day the roll of the histrionic art is emblazoned with names from among our people, who have contributed their share to its success, both in the capa- city of managers and actors. Philadelphia is regarded as a centre for disciples of Thespis; its numerous amusement halls being constantly added to, with the growth of a population eager to seek rational amusements. In the earliest introduction of the drama in the United States, our city was among the favored places, and to this day an historic hall flourishes in our midst in the Walnut Street Theatre, founded in 1808 ; but which was preceded years before by theatres no longer in existence. At this and in other houses, not a few Israelites have figured on the stage in plays that will have production in all times ; in musical works of renowned masters ; in comedy and in tragedy ; in grand opera and in comic opera ; in farce and in satire ; in burlesque and in other features — now so varied, and which give the stage a (95) Samuel Hays, Mark Prager, Jr., Isaac Franks, and Michael Prager were, as previously stated, among the earliest subscribers to the Chestnut Street Theatre, Philadelphia, in 1792. [See reference in historical part of this work, page 29.] THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 373 character not always, perhaps, in keeping with its real purpose, l)ut, nevertheless, productive of a certain kind of success. (96) Among actors quite distinguished in the last quarter of the eighteenth century, Mr. and Mrs. Solomon, Miss C. Solomon, and Miss M. Solomon are specially mentioned, and each appears to have won success in a varied repertoire, presented in New York, Phila- delphia, Boston, and other cities. (97) In Mr. Charles Durang's history of ''The Philadelphia Stage," a number of our coreligionists are mentioned as exponents of the drama and of song. (98) William Dinneford, "a dashing young Israelite from London," seems to have had a record as a manager, which was, to say the least, remarkable. He is first mentioned in connection with the stage in 1822, and in 1823, he made his dehit at the Chestnut Street Theatre. He must have possessed extraordinary talents, since he was engaged to fill leading roles. He subsequently went to New York, and there em- barked in managerial enterprises; being connected with the Bowery Theatre, the Lafayette Theatre, and the South Pearl Street Theatre, Albany (New York). During a period of sixteen years, Dinneford is said to have conducted theatres "in almost every principal city and town in the Atlantic States. ' ' His varied accomplishments and agreeable ways rendered him quite popular. While as an actor he obtained much favor, the managerial feature seems to have been more to his taste. In 1840-1841 he was lessee of the Walnut Street Theatre, and was subsequently associated with Ethelbert A. Marshall in its management. Later on, he became lessee of the Arch Street Theatre. It was at Dinneford' s Albany Theatre that Charlotte Cushman (then in her twentieth year) appeared on October 11th, 1836, as Lady Macbeth; Junius Brutus Booth im- personating Macbeth. The latter was among those who graced the stage of the Walnut Street Theatre during Mr. Dinneford's manage- ment; playing there several nights in December, 1840. Many a (96) The Prune Street Theatre was a well-known resort, opened in 1820, and which continued until about 1825. A Mr. Bloom is mentioned as a member of a ♦•ompany playing there in 1822. The building still stands on the south side of what is now Locust Street, between Fifth and Sixth Streets, and is occupied by a firm dealing in mineral waters. (97) See "History of the American Theatre," in three volumes — thus far issued — by George O. Seilhamer. (98) Among other works bearing upon subjects herein discussed are : Brown's " History of the American Stage ;" Phelps's " Playere of a Century :" and " The Stage and its Stars — Past and Present" — in twenty-eight parts (Pliiladelphia, Gel)bie & Company, 1887). 374 THI] JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. story has been circulated about the elder Booth to convey the im- pression that he was a Jew or of Jewish descent. While this state- ment has been declared and re-asserted time and again, no substan- tial proof has been offered, though incidents are quoted to sustain the opinion. For instance, it has been said that, originally, the family name was Succah, but that the English translation — Booth — was afterwards adopted. It is, moreover, stated that the elder Booth, at times, pronounced Hebrew words, and that, in London, he once essayed Shylock, in "The Merchant of Venice," in Jaedisch dialect; that HebreAV expressions were often known to pass his lips — and similar evidences are offered, all of which — entertaining, as they must prove — are, by no means, convincing. (99) To return to Dinneford. — His theatrical ventures did not satisfy his expectations; and, in 1845, he appears to have opened a restau- rant, called "The Byron," in New York City. How long he con- tinued in that venture is not stated; but, after a residence in the West, he went to the city of Panama, where he died on December 8th, 1852. The name of Phillips is of frequent occurrence in the history of the American theatre, and both men and w^omen bearing that name figure in its annals. Aaron J. Phillips, a son of Jonas Phillips, an early President of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, was born in Phila- delphia. The Arch Street Theatre was conducted by him during the autumn and winter seasons of 1829-1830. In announcing its open- ing, Mr. Phillips " has the satisfaction of informing the public that no pains or expense has been spared to render this establishment the most efficient in the country." In his company were quite a number of capable actors, including his nephew, Moses S. Phillips, also a native of Philadelphia, born February 23d, 1798. The latter' s action on a certain occasion, when he took advantage of a mistaken identity, to accept an engagement in New Orleans, intended for his uncle, was not creditable to him ; however, his ability as an actor, whether in comic or in serious roles, appears to have been fairly tested, and to (99) Edwin Booth, writing of his father, observes that he was always imbued with the essence of whatever part he was to perform. "If Sliylock was to be his part at night, he was a Jew all day ; and, if in Baltimore at the time, he Avould pass hours with a learned Israelite, who lived near by, discussing Hebrew history in the vernacular, and insisting that, although he was of Welsh descent, that nation is of Hebraic origin ; a belief for which there is some foundation." [See, article on Junius Brutus Booth, in " Actors and Actresses of Great Britain and the United States from the days of David Garri6k to the Present Time'' — in several volumes — edited by Brander Matthews and Laurence llutton.] THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. B75 his advantage. On the occasion of the opening of the Arch Street Theatre (or, as termed, '* Philadelphia Theatre") on August 31st, 1829, the prices were given as follows: Boxes, 75 cents; pit, 371 cents; gallery, 25 cents. (The scale was afterwards changed to $1.00, 50 cents, and 25 cents, respectively.) The hill announced was "The West Indian," a comedy, by Cumberland. It was well received. The management spared no pains to stage the plays ac- ceptably ; yet Mr. Phillips's efforts were not eventually rewarded with the results looked for, and he was compelled to abandon his enterprise. He had laliored hard to maintain a first-class house, with a company of thorough merit, and with "stars," such as Mr. James E. Murdoch, whose brilliancy as an elocutionist, and natural talent as an actor ought to have brought Mr. Phillips a deserved reward. Aaron J. Phillips's career on the stage was, perhaps, at- tended with better success. His first appearance was at the Chestnut Street Theatre as Young Norval, in "Douglas; or, the Noble Shepherd," by John Home. Described in later years, as of ''un- gainly appearance," he gradually took to old men's parts, and his role being essentially that of a comedian, his *' make-up" and ren- dition of whatever character he assumed won him applause and favorable comment. Mr. Phillips also essayed among other charac- ters, Dentatus, in J. Sheridan Knowles's tragedy of '' Virginius;" Sir Anthony Ahmhde, in Sheridan's well known comedy of "The Rivals ;" and the Second Witch, in Shakespeare's '' Macbeth." He was, at a certain time, in the company supporting the elder Booth, when the latter produced Shakespeare's '* Richard III." Mr. Phillips after- wards received a benefit at the Walnut Street Theatre, on which occasion several artists, among them Miss Charlotte Cushman, inter- preted characters in the musical play of "Rob Roy." Mr. Phillips was an uncle of Mordecai M. Noah, a playright of note and a dis- tinguished character, elsewhere mentioned in this work. Aaron J. Phillips died in New York in 1846. Moses S. Phillips's first appearance on the stage was on May 2d, 1827, when he essayed Mawworm in "The Hypocrite ;" and after- wards Brummagen in "Lock and Key." His repertoire included many roles ; at times he was seen in comedy, at other times in tragedy, and he attained quite a reputation for his versatility. He and John Barnes played the two Dromios in Shakespeare's " Comedy of Errors." The resemblance and enunciation were so striking that 376 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. the two men could scarcely be told apart. At different periods, Mr. Phillips was manager of theatres in various cities. At one time, he conducted the Richmond Hill Theatre, in New York. He died in that city in 1854. Among other male actors and writers for the stage, bearing the same name, and known here in the '40s and the '50s, were Mr. J. Phillips, who played at the Arch Street Theatre, under Mr. W. E. Burton's management; Mr. Austin H. Phillips, whose /or^e seems to have been songs of a varying character ; Mr. Jonas B. Phillips, a playwright of no inconsiderable merit, who wrote dramas with attractive titles, and largely of the spectacular order — some of w hich were markedly successful ; and Mr. J. D. Phillips, also a dramatic writer; — *' The Female Spy," ''Paul Clifford," and " Beauty and Booty" being among his productions. Mr. H. B. Phillips, a brother of Jonas B. Phillips, became an actor and a manager of note. He was born in Charleston, South Carolina, May 19th, 1819, and took to the stage when a young man. He appeared at the Arch Street Theatre, Philadelphia, in 1842. He then resided for a time in different cities, being engaged in managerial enterprises. He was at the Astor Opera House, New York, during the famous '' Macready Riot." (100) In more recent years (the '70s or there- abouts) Mr. H. B. Phillips was connected with the Chestnut Street Theatre (on the north side between Twelfth and Thirteenth Streets) when that house was conducted by the celebrated "star," Mr. Edward L. Davenport. Whether this was the same Phillips as the afore- mentioned cannot be ascertained, though there is no evidence at hand to doubt it. The stock company in those days was of unusual merit, and this feature distinguished not only the Chestnut, but the Walnut and the Arch Street Theatres ; in fact, all that put forth claims to public recognition. Mr. Phillips essayed numerous roles, and with the intelligence and skill of a consummate actor. Many persons have a distinct recollection of his forceful and pathetic impersonation of Isaac of York, the unfortunate Jew, in the drama- tized version of Sir Walter Scott's beauteous novel of ' ' Ivanhoe ; " the title-role being then in the hands of Mr. Frank Foster, and the presentation being marked by general excellence. (100) As is well known, this and similar riots were the result of ill feeling and jealousy between Edwin Forrest, the American actor, and William Charles Macready, the English actor, and their respective partisans. The feud was kept up on both sides of the Atlantic, with— to say the least— no credit to the stage. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 377 Of actresses, the Phillipses also furnished a considerable quota. Sophia Phillips appeared as a " star," at the Chestnut Street Theatre, in 1828 Miss L. A. Phillips, an English artiste, came here in 1834, with high encomiums won in London. She opened her engagement at the then Chestnut Street Theatre (on the north side above Sixth Street) as Juliet, in ''Romeo and Juliet;" and subsequently appeared as Claudia in Miss Mitford's tragedy of " Rienzi ; " Cordelia in "King Lear;" and Desdemona in "Othello" — difficult parts, indeed; yet, her assumptions elicited praise, though tempered with criticism. "This lady," says Durang, '' possessed a fine face, expressive of softness, had dignity of mien and polished manners. In declamation she was forcible, which, with well- schooled elocution — impressed with all the effect that she could give to passion — seemed more the effect of art than nature. The display was artificial, and not the flow of natural feeling. With most commanding tragic attributes, she lacked the qualities of genius. Her private character was most estimable ; her deportment was ever that of the gentlewoman." Miss Phillips afterwards married and retired from the stage. Miss S. Phillips is mentioned about the same period as " a culti- vated vocalist," with " a very pleasing, but not a powerful, soprano voice, of flexibility and easy execution." She was heard in this city A Mrs. Phillips appeared in both opera and drama, at the Arch Street Theatre; in the former, during the season of 1846- 1847 ; and in the latter, during that of 1849-1850. Whether this was the same person in both instances, it is impossible to tell ; but it may well be questioned as rather unusual Mrs. H. Phillips, a vocalist, is another name met with about the same time. Neither of these must be mistaken for the celebrated artiste, Adelaide Phillips who, in all probability, was not of Jewish stock Thus much for the Phillipses, in their re- lation to the stage. Madame Solomons and the Misses Arnold and Solomons were members of tlie Chestnut Street Theatre's Stock Company during the season of 1799-1800. A Mr. Meyer sang in opera there during 184G-1847. Beyond these statements, we have no further informa- tion. S. Samuels, a singer and dancer, was seen at Musical Fund Hall, with " The New Orleans Serenaders," in 1844. In this company — 378 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. it is well to recall it— was Ole Bull, who was then announced as " only 15 years of age, and acknowledged to he the greatest violinist of his age in the World." J. J. Nathans, an equestrian, was conspicuous in the "Grand Circle performances," given in January, 1846, at the National Theatre and Circus (the site of Gilmore's *' Auditorium," now on the north side of Walnut Street, above Eighth Street). Among his feats was that of riding ''on four horses, altering their speed at pleasure, from a short-hand gallop, in which the animals would step, or throw out their fore-legs in an almost horizontal manner, then fly into a running gait.' ' . . . . Moses Lipman, Samuel Lipman, and Lewis Lipman, sons of Rev. Jacob Lipman, were all known as circus performers. Samuel B. H. Judah (mistakenly called Judas) wrote a number of works for the stage, among them "A Tale of Lexington," "Odofriede," *' The Mountain Torrent" (first produced in this city at the Prune Street Theatre) and ''The Rose of Arragon." His son, Emanuel Judah, an actor of merit, played in different cities.(lOl) Coming down to our own day, we behold a host of bright "stars" in the dramatic firmament — not all native Philadelphians, nor even Americans, but who have visited this city, and met with encouraging receptions Who can forget that world-famous tragedienne, Madame E. Rachel? (102) Theatre-goers need not be told of another equally talented artiste, Madame Janauschek, who is said to be of Jewish parentage Our German fellow-citizens will remember Bogumil Dawison, an actor of Russian birth (born at Warsaw, May 18th, 1818), whose impersonations of Shakespearean characters were immensely admired, and called forth praise, such as is bestowed only upon leading lights of the stage. His assumption of the role of Richard III was specially remarkable. Dawison played here during the seasons of 1866-1868-1869 to critical throngs, and stirred his auditors to enthusiasm. He afterwards re- turned to Europe, and died in Dresden, Germany, on February 1st, 1872. Leona Moss (Mrs. Leonie Lowengrund) is a daughter of the late (101) Interesting sketches of the Messi-s. Judah, and of other early actoi-s iu New York, are given in Judge Daly's work, "The Settlement of the Jews in North America." to which the reader is referred; also to " Playei-s of a Century," by H. P. Phelps. (102) A sketch of Madame Rachel will be found in " Eminent Isi-aelites of the Nineteenth Century," pages 285-287. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 379 Mr. Leou Hyneman, the celebrated Masonic writei' and editor, of Philadelphia. Miss Moss essayed such roles as Queen Katherine in '* Henry VIII;" Lady Macbeth in ''Macbeth;" Imogen in "Cym- beline;" Pauline in "The Lady of Lyons;" Julia in ''The Hunch- back;" and Bianca in "Fazio; or, the Italian Wife." An agree- able stage presence, combined with a pleasing voice and decided dramatic talent, won for this actress hearty encomiums. She "starred" during a season with Daniel Edward Bandmann, himself an Israelite, whose histrionic fame is international. Mr. Bandmann has been seen in this city and in almost every quarter of the habitable globe in a round of favorite characters, including several of Shakespeare's heroes. He was born in Bett- hausen, Hesse- Cassel, Germany, November 1st, 1837, and took to the stage when quite young. His methods are marked by an origin- ality somewhat peculiar to himself, though his abilities have long since been generally admitted by competent authorities, among them the late Edwin Forrest, who saw in Bandmann a tragedian of no mean powers. Audiences have ])een quick to recognize in him those remarkable characteristics and acquirements which have placed their possessor in the front line of representative actors of this century. A published work from his pen is entitled "An Actor's Tour; or, Seventy Thousand Miles with Shakespeare," in which he tells of his varied experiences and of his travels. Rose Eytinge is another name, well-known to admirers of the legitimate drama. Miss Eytinge is a native of Philadelphia, and was born in 1835. She made her debut as an actress before reach- ing womanhood, and has since appeared in companies of famous histrions, among them Edwin Booth, and has evinced her dramatic talents in scores of characters, not a few being Shakespeare's heroines Pearl Eytinge, sister of the preceding, is also well- known on the stage. Adah Isaacs Menken attained a broad reputation in several branches of stage art. Born near New Orleans, Louisiana, June 15th, 1835, her uncommon beauty, joined to varied accomplish- ments, attracted public attention when she was still a young girl. It is said that her father was a Spanish Jew, named Fuertes. She married in 1856 Alexander Isaac Menken, and, though wedded to, and divorced from, several husbands in turn, she retained the name by which she is known. Her career, indeed, was a checkered one. A 380 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. dancer, and an actress — both in tragedy and in comedy — a musician, a painter, a sculptor, a poet, Adah Isaacs Menken was a unique per- sonage in stage annals. She appeared in many a part; ber name, however, is associated with that of Mazeppa. That character she interpreted on both sides of the Atlantic. She enjoyed the acquaint- ance of distinguished men in the field of letters, and her talents found favor even from nobility and royalty. Her course was not always free from stains. She had experienced private griefs which worked upon a strongly emotional nature. But this same nature also asserted itself at times in an attachment to Judaism. She died on August 10th, 1868, and was buried in Mount Parnasse Cemetery (on the outskirts of Paris, France). The inscription on her tomb- stone consists of but two words : "Thou Knowest." (103) Madame Sarah Bernhardt, the renowned French actress, is the daughter of a Dutch Jewess. It is needless to say, that she is known wherever the actor's art has found an entrance. Neither has popular appreciation failed to manifest itself wherever and whenever this great artiste has appeared. Isaac Newton Gotthold deserves a prominent station among the conscientious and gifted actors of our time. The son of a Jewish minister, he was born in Richmond, Virginia, in 1837. His love for the theatre and his natural talent for elocution soon asserted themselves. His ascent on the actor's ladder w^as rapid, and, ere long, he occupied a distinctly representative position on the American stage. In every character he filled, a thorough conception and an effective presentation of his part were distinctively marked. Such men as Mr. Gotthold maintained the rightful standard of the actor's profession, amidst degenerating influences on all sides. He had supported such '* stars" as Edwin Forrest, Lucille Western, Law- rence Barrett, Lillian Adelaide Neilson, Mary Anderson, Miss Fortescue, and Jeffreys- Lewis. At one time he w^as manager of the Pittsburg Opera House. Mr. Gotthold appeared frequently in this city, under encouraging auspices, being last seen in September, 1887, in a production of Sardou's drama of *' Dolores." During the Civil War he had served in a New York Regiment. He was too soon removed from his active labors, being a comparatively young man (103) Particulars in extenso of Adah Isaacs Menken have been frequently given; but considerable that is of interest may be found in Phelps's " Players of a Century," wherein her successes are recounted, and estimates of her character are presented. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 381 at bis death, on Septeml)er 12th, 1888. Mr. Gotthold wrote several plays, of which mention must be made of "Not So Black as Painted," **The Victor of Rhe," and ''Micaliz." It is not, however, our design to dwell upon careers of individual actors, but only to single out here and there those with specially marked traits. Nor is it possible to recall all among our coreligion- ists who have shone behind the footlights of Philadelphia theatres. We might refer to Lewis Morrison (born in the British West Indies, September 4th, 1844, and whose right name is Morris). He has held the stage, and efficiently supported leading actors, since 1863. Some two and a half decades since, he was a member of the Walnut Street Theatre's Stock Company. He is now "starring" in "Faust," successfully assuming the role of Mephistopheles A. S. Lip- man, another versatile actor, is a grandson of Rev. Jacob Lipman. His impersonations, specially in the line of comedy, have been re- ceived with much favor. About fifteen years ago he was a mem- ber of the stock company attached to the Arch Street Theatre. For quite a number of seasons he supported Stuart Robson and William H. Crane, but has latterly been identified with other theatrical com- panies Charles Dickson — the stage name of a Jewish actor — has appeared in various plays; quite successfully in comedy-farces. He is part- author with Henry Dobbin of a comedy-drama, called ''The Schatchen" (should be ''Shadchan" — he who secures wives for husbands, and husbands for wives) M. B. Curtis is the assumed name of a man who has "scored a hit" in the so-called Jewish play "Samuel of Posen." Curtis has also been seen here in "Spot Cash" and in "The Schatchen." .... Louis Harrison and his sister, Alice Harrison, are adepts in the line of farces and burlesques; probably, their most telling productions being "Skipped by the Light of the Moon," and "The Pearl of Pekin"— the latter a comic opera. Both brother and sister are Philadelphians Minnie Seligman (a relation of the prominent New York bankers) possesses beauty and talent. She has steadily advanced, and her dramatic skill has been evidenced in a considerable number of pieces; the latest being ''My Official Wife," given in this and other cities Louis Aldrich, whose splendid impersonation of the leading role in "My Partner" has always been admired, is said to be of Jewish birth Max Freeman has a record both as a stage manager and a careful actor Nannie Lewald, a 382 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. promising actress, has interpreted leading roles, in ''Oliver Twist," "Our American Cousin," "Our Boys," "Ticket- of- Leave-Man," and other favorite dramas. She has also appeared in melo- dramas, and in the companies of celebrated "stars." Miss Lewald, who is a native of Philadelphia (born June 28th, 1867), is an educated lady, with distinctive merit as an elocutionist, and the possessor of a pleas- ing voice and dramatic methods of no mean order Emma L. Billstein appeared some years since with success, mainly in emotional parts Jay (Jacob) Hunt, a talented comedian, has been seen to advantage in numerous and clever impersonations. He is a force- ful actor, possessed of genuine humor and original stage methods. In the general list the following must be included: Aaron R. (Richard) Hunt, a brother of the preceding, an actor and a stage manager, who appeared in different parts. He died on March 28th, 1894. Philip Hunt, another brother, who has essayed various char- acters ; Mrs. Jay Hunt, who possesses marked histrionic abilities ; S. F. Reynard (Simon Fox) who has played "David Garrick ;" Max Arnold (Hess) in varied characters; Edward R. Mawson, who has appeared in a number of dramas, among them "A Fair Rebel," written by his brother, Harry P. Mawson, who is a frequent writer for different publications; Fanny Cohen, in burlesques and speci- alties ; and Herr Morrison, a German actor, who has figured in Shakespearean characters, etc. David Belasco, Benjamin Edward Woolf, and Sydney Rosenfeld are among well-known playwrights, whose productions are often brought out in this city. In the field of elocution, Miss Ida Sternberger and Miss Emma Silberman have shown extraordinary talent, and have been heard in public. As theatrical managers and as Impreswrii, Jews are also con- spicuous, and when such names are cited as Max Strakosch, Maurice Strakosch, Max-Maretzek, Daniel and Charles Frohman, Rudolph and Edward Aronson, Jacob and Maurice Gran, and Marcus R. Mayer, enough is known to realize the success attend- ing efforts in this direction In the realms of the spectacular, the brothers Kiralfy — Imre, Bolossy, and Arnold — have an inter- national reputation. They built the Alhambra Palace, now the South Broad Street Theatre (on the east side, between Locust and THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 383 Spruce Streets), in 1876, and conducted it until early in 1877. This theatre was fitted up with a garden to the north, in which an orchestra performed between the acts of showy spectacles, produced in the house. The Kiralfys have since been conducting companies. Arnold is a clever grotesque dancer, and he figures in most of the pieces of the character mentioned. In the domains of the " secret art" more than a few of our race have exhibited their qualities and adaptability to extremely novel feats ; in sleight-of-hand tricks, or as Prestidigitateurs — as they are called. Signor Antonio Blitz was a leader in the "secret art." His performances were attended by delighted and puzzled crowds. .... A man who has attained a far wider reputation, however, is Professor Alexander Herrmann. * He was born in Paris, France, in 1844, and is the son of a "magician," who performed many astonishing feats, and who is said to have been paid $5,000 by the Sultan of Turkey, for a single performance. Herrmann, the son, soon acquired a knowledge of "mysteries," and began his career as a conjurer when still a boy. In almost every part of the world Herrmann has appeared, constantly adding to his products of the *' hidden art" and bewildering his audiences by his remarkable tricks. In 1888-1889 he was manager of the South Broad Street Theatre, of this city, and he has been engaged elsewhere in similar ventures. Herrmann often visits Philadelphia, and is invariably greeted by crowded houses. In conducting theatres, as well as in directing companies, reward has come to many, specially in Eastern cities of the United States. In Philadelphia, Samuel F. Nixon (Nirdlinger) has part in the management of three different houses. Mr. Nirdlinger was for- merly engaged in mercantile business ; but for a long period he has been identified with theatrical enterprises. He was assistant manager of the Walnut Street Theatre under George K. Goodwin's conduct of that establishment ; and afterwards he became associated with J. Frederick Zimmerman in the direction of the Chestnut Street Opera House, Chestnut Street Theatre, and South Broad Street Theatre Frank Nirdlinger, a brother of the preceding, is also connected with one or another of the above-mentioned houses Charles Nirdlinger has written ''Pompadour," a play which has been well received and favorably commented on. . . . . Solomon M. Heilbrun (deceased) was for some years 384 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. business manager of the Chestnut Street Theatre Isaac M. Kahnweiler has long been the efficient and successful business manager of the National Theatre S. Henry Pincus has had a varied career as an actor and a manager ; latterly of the Winter Circus. Mr. Pincus is a young man of exceptional abilities in several departments Messrs. Rich and Harris, who, for two successive seasons (1891-1892, and 1892-1893) conducted the Park and Walnut Street Theatres, are old hands in the managerial business, and have shown their experience in other cities. Frank Howe, Jr., an accomplished manager, now directs these two houses. Mention of Rich and Harris brings to remembrance another Isral- ite, who labored w^ell and successfully as a manager, and won merited popularity. Israel Fleishman was born in Baltimore in 1842. His fondness for the stage developed when he was quite young, and he inaugurated his career as a call-boy at the Holliday Street Theatre in Baltimore. When sixteen years of age, he began to play minor parts ; his stage name, as appearing on the bills, being *' Jake Phelps." But his parents objected to this calling; hence the youth entered into business. This he followed in Philadelphia for numerous years, and he gradually built up a fortune. He then turned to his early love, not, however, as an actor, but as the conductor of an enterprise. In 1882, in conjunction with Thomas A. Hall, a noted manager, he leased the Walnut Street Theatre from John Sleeper Clarke. In 1884, Messrs. Fleishman and Hall dissolved partnership, and the former continued to direct affairs ; renewing his lease in 1885, and during his management introducing improvements of various kinds, adding to the comfort and beauty of this theatre. Mr. Fleishman engaged Edward Payson Simpson, a veteran in theatrical affaii*s, as his business manager ; and his brother, Abraham Fleishman, also occupied a position at the front of the house. The latter is still attached to the same theatre. In 1889, Mr. Fleishman supplied an up-town want when he built the handsome and luxurious Park Theatre, at the' north-east corner of Broad Street and Fairmount Avenue (opened September 15th, 1889), and combined its manage- ment with that of the Walnut Street Theatre. The direction of both houses proved successful ; Manager Fleishman securing many of the leading attractions, and evidencing his knowledge of the art that obtains large patronage. He also took part in communal affairs, and was a public-spirited citizen. He served as a director of the State THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 385 Hospital for the Insane, at Norristown, Pennsylvania ; he was a member of the Hebrew Charity Ball Association, and a liberal con- tributor to charitable institutions. He died on August 22d, 1891, lamented by a large circle in and out of the dramatic profession. Mr. Fleishman's management of the Walnut Street Theatre calls for the recital of a few facts connected with the history of that house — now the oldest in America. It was founded (as already stated) in 1808, but its .earliest years were given to circus performances. In 1812 the place was enlarged, and w^as called '*The Olympic Thea- tre.' ' There *' The Rivals," by Sheridan, was produced. From 1820 until it passed into the hands of John Sleeper Clarke and his brother- in-law, Edwin Booth, different managers held the reiiis. Some fifty years ago "the pit" was abolished, and w^hat is known as "the par- quet " replaced it on the main floor. The price of admission to that circle had been 121 cents — what a desideratum to our present theatre- goers : Mr. Booth subsequently retired from the management, and Mr. Clarke continues to this day as owner of the historic building. What, however, renders the Walnut Street Theatre of peculiar interest, are the operatic and the theatrical memories associated with it. It was the great resort for music- lovers, as well as for pa- trons of the drama, prior to the erection of the Academy of Music in 1857. There renowned singers stirred audiences to enthusiasm. Tedesco, Bosio, Trufii, Benedetti, Alboni, Bishop, Reeves, Grisi, Mario, La Grange, Brignoli, Amodio, the Seguins, and hosts of other superior male and female vocalists presented the great works of Mozart, Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti, Meyerbeer, Auber, Halevy, Balfe, Gounod, Verdi, and other composers of Italy, France, and the Continent. (104) There, the dramatic fervor was aroused by the elder Booth, Edmund Kean, Edwin Forrest, William Charles Macready, Edwin Booth, Charlotte Cushman, Lillian Adelaide Neilson, Madame Janauschek, Tomaso Salvini, John McCullough, Lawrence Barrett, Fanny Davenport, Mary Anderson, and all those luminaries of the stage who have rendered its annals glorious. The history of the Walnut Street Theatre is bound up with that of the American theatre, and it is a cause for gratulation that (104) See "A Record of Opera in Philadelphia," by W. G. Armstrong (Phila- delphia, 1884). This work, Avhich will be read with more than ordinary pleasure by music-lovers, covers the performances given here from the earliest times to April. 1883. 25 ■ . 386 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. descendants of the ancient race not only trod its boards, but that several of them, at different eras, were its managers. May it long continue in the field of the legitimate drama — the play that amuses while it instructs ; that proves of interest, while it elevates the morale of the profession. Philadelphia has likewise contributed her share to the advance- ment of musicians and to the popularization of the musical idea. Now, more than ever, is the love of that art visibly shown. In opera and in concert — whether these be of a light, ** popular" character, or whether they partake of the deeper elements of classical music — a large clientele is assured. Many of the ablest instrumental per- formers have been furnished by this city ; witness the rank and file of several of the leading orchestras of the laud — the Boston Sym- phony (quite a number of whose members are Jews), the New York Symphony, and Metropolitan Orchestras ; Theodore Thomas's recent Orchestra ; our own Germania Orchestra, and others. The composi- tions of Max Bruch, Jacques Offenbach (who, on several occasions, visited this city), the Strausses, and Waldteufel afford constant de- light. Of distinguished soloists of our time, some of whom have visited here, we may name Anton Rubinstein, Rafael Joseffy, and Rosen- thal, pianists; Edouard Remenyi, Joseph Mosenthal, and Jacobsohn, violinists ; Jules Levy, cornetist ; Dr. Leopold Damrosch and Selli Simonson, conductors. To these celebrities dozens might be added in both vocal and instrumental spheres. (Jewish men and women are conspicuous in the ranks of singers recruited from this city. ) We must be content with the mention of only a few, either natives, or at any time residents, of Philadelphia. Simon and Mark Hassler are, perhaps, better known than almost any of the musicians of this city. The reason is evident. They' have lived here, and have grown up with us. Simon was born in Bavaria, Germany, July 25th, 1832, but came here when but ten years of age. Mark has also been a resident since his boyhood. The father, Henry Hassler, was a musician, who emigrated to this country. His sons received a careful musical education, and when still young demonstrated their capacities. Simon has written nu- msroas marches, entr'actes, waltzes, polkas, etc., etc. As a conductor, THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 387 his ability and popularity have united in his favor. Mr. Hass- ler has, for some years, directed the orchestra at the Chestnut Street Opera House, and on many a special occasion his baton is wielded over a large corps of instrumentalists. His brother, Mark, has sim- ilarly attained distinction. Miss Harriet Hassler, daughter of the latter, has musical abilities, as shown by her compositions Henry Hahn is, by far, one of the ablest musicians in our midst. Not only as a faithful and an artistic violinist has he won merit, but as a thorough instructor of the art. .... His second son, Frederick E. Hahn, graduated a few years since with the highest honors from the Conservatory of Music, at Leipzig, Germany. His talents were duly recognized when he was placed among the first violinists of the renowned Boston Symphony Orchestra. Young Mr. Hahn is often heard at concerts in this city, to brilliant advantage. His older brother, Theodore J. Hahn, possesses a pleasing baritone voice. . . . . Max Weil, of Philadelphia, has also evidenced uncom- mon ability as a violinist. He is a graduate of Leipzig, and was at one time a member of the New York Symphony Orchestra Gustav Herzberg ranks with the prominent pianists of our city. His son, Harry Herzberg, has obtained deserved recognition as a superior violinist Samuel L. Herrmann possesses varied abilities as a pianist, an organist, and a conductor of vocal forces. He is now organist at Rodeph Shalom Synagogue, and at the Catholic Cathedral here; besides being Conductor of the Msennerchor, an old and a celebrated choral society, at whose concerts Mr. Herrmann's musicianly qualities have been witnessed Emanuel Herr- mann, brother of the preceding, is a capable and an experienced violinist, whose services are in constant demand The father and two sons Bendix — namely, William, Theodore, and Max — all violinists — figure in local music, and the last named even more widely, since his exceptional abilities won him the place of Concert- master in Theodore Thomas's famous orchestra Rudolph Calmann is a violinist, conductor, and teacher of music, who has more recently resided in this city S. Behrens was, some years since. Conductor of Italian Opera, and was quite efficient and popular as a director of orchestra, chorus, and soloists. Subsequently he became Conductor of the Young Msennerchor, a local chorus of excellent quality. At present, Mr. Behrens tills the manager's office; numerous performances of opera and concert being given in 388 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. this city at different times, under his auspices Leo R. Gerson is a talented solo and orchestral violinist and composer, and a leader of orchestras in comic operas. He is now a member of Simon Hassler's theatre orchestra Constantine Sternberg is mov- ing to the front as a pianist Mr. Waldteufel (to whom the well-known composer of waltzes is said to have been related) was a superior violoncello player, and delighted audiences in this city during the '50s with his charming interpretation of melodies — specially those in the Divine Services ; among them such as Kal Nidre, to the tune employed by Ashhenazim (German- Jewish Congrega- tions). His rendition of this composition and other sacred melodies proved, says the Occideyit, of March, 1853, "that the soul of music was not wanting in the ancient composers of our people.". . . . Apropos : this subject — Kdl Nidre — has received splendid treatment in a work bearing that title, by Max Bruch, the distinguished com- poser of our time Several members of the household of Rev. Jacob Frankel, the sweet-voiced Cantor of Rodeph Shalom Congregation, have possessed musical abilities of no mean order. Mrs. Fanny Frankel, his wife, was an accomplished singer and performer on the guitar, and freely gave her services to the cause of charity. She also wrote some interesting letters from abroad, which were published at the time Her daughter, Mrs. Rose Frankel Ensline, had a finished and charming voice, and her vocal talents, which afforded unfailing pleasure to those who were fortu- nate to hear her, were also the means of aiding worthy institutions. .... Max Frankel, a brother of the preceding, has contributed to the music of this period, a comic opera called " Ujiji," founded on Henry M. Stanley's travels in Africa. This has been successfully produced. Mr. Frankel has also composed songs, and he is active in other spheres. He resides in Scranton, Pennsylvania Max Friedman might be termed the "old reliable." For years, his sympathetic tenor voice has been heard on public occasions. Both as a soloist and as a choral singer he has attained note, and is likewise an able instructor of the vocal art Madame Selma Koert-Kronold is an operatic soprano of varied acquirements and of extraordinary range of voice Sophia Flora Heilbron and Mrs. S. R. Weil are well-known names in the vocal sphere, as are Ida M. Mawson, soprano, and Charlotte M. Mawson, contralto Nathan Piperno is a veteran in opera, having sung with celebrated THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 389 artists for several decades. Mr. Piperno is also a composer of merit. .... Edward Solomon, composer, Frederic Solomon, and S. B. Solo- mon have figured in comic opera. ..... Mary Goldsmith is a pains- taking and pleasing vocalist Fannie Jacobs has a mezzo- soprano voice of uncommon range, and her talents are much admired. .... Adolph Scherzer was an excellent musician, teacher, and manager. At one time he was lessee of Concordia Hall, on the north side of Callowhill Street, below Fifth Street James Bellak w^as for many years engaged in the music business ; his store being largely patronized, and the pianos of different manufacturers which he handled being marked by their superior tone and workmanship. .... The late S. Zilenziger was an active musician, with a knowl- edge of several instruments, which rendered his services valuable. For some years he was organist at Beth Israel Synagogue Maurits Leefson is distinguished alike as a pianist, an organist, and a conductor, filling the last-named position in the Young Msennerchor. .... Michael Cohen has obtained praise for his technical skill, displayed in his careful and brilliant execution of difficult works on the piano-forte His brother, Hyman Cohen, is an accom- plished soloist on the violin, and an understanding interpreter of the masters. .... Lucie E. Mawson has decided talent as a pianist, and has frequently performed at public concerts ; her playing evoking the encomiums of the critical Augustus Victor Benham is among the representative young pianists. His method has been favorably commented on by critics at home and abroad, and his improvised pieces have contributed not a little to his popu- larity Samuel Myers is a solo pianist, and a graduate (in 1894) of the Conservatory of Music, at Leipzig, Germany Simeon Aaron Silver is an experienced violinist and orchestral player B. Frank Jones is an accomplished pianist Arthur M. Hartmann is a rising young violinist, who gives much promise, and has already won praises from critics Henry Meyers has mastered the art of appealing to audiences, by his sympathetic and remarkable playing on that loveliest of musical instruments — the zither. Mr. Meyers is also a successful teacher of the zither, the banjo, etc Mention must be made of the Stern family— sons and daughters of Mr. and Mrs. Julius Stern — though these have not followed music as a profession. Still, their exceptional talents have l)een recognized by those fortunate enough 390 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. to have attended private rehearsals and soirees A. Roggen- burger is another solo violinist of extraordinary merit Samuel Jacobs, an effective basso, and other names might be mem- tioned among vocalists. .... Members of the Jonas, Fleisher (notably, Mrs. Simon B. Fleisher, an artistic pianist), Pincus, Bamberger, ^nd many other families in the Jewish community of Philadelphia have evinced their abilities both in vocal and instru- mental music William Jonas is a composer; among his works being a march, written in honor of the venerated Sir Moses Montefiore, when the latter attained his hundredth birthday, October 24th, 1884. This composition is quite familiar in our city Professor Angelo Heilprin is a non-professional pianist, whose love of music adds fervor and strength to his playing. Our local annals do not mention librettists of the rank of Scribe and of Ludovic Halevy; yet Herman Brunswick has furnished several well- conceived productions to this department of literature and music; among them the libretto of Frederick Wink's comic opera, "Amina, or the Shah's Bride," produced in this city Horace Augustus Nathans, a member of the once well-known Abt Male Singing Society, is a song writer of merit. [See sketch of Mr. Nathans in another part of this work. ] . . . . Marcus Lewin, who directs the orchestra of the Young Men's Hebrew Association, is an amateur of ability. His predecessor, David T. Berlizheimer, has successfully followed music as a profession Gustavus A. Sickles has conducted an orchestra of young amateurs The recently organized (March 20th, 1892) Symphony Society of Phila- delphia reckons in its orchestra Jewish members, among them David Nowinski and David Dubinsky. The former has shown excep- tionally bright talents as a solo violinist; and the latter directs an amateur orchestra. The lists of professionals and amateurs might be greatly lengthened, but the following additions to those actively engaged as musicians will suffice: S. L. Berens, Samuel Breidenbach, J. Burgauer (now in Albany, New York), Nathan Cohen, S. Eckstein, Herbert Hassler, Sigmund Klein, S. A. La Font, Gustav Lipschuetz, Eli Picard, Benjamin Roeschmann, A. H. Rosewig, and Marcus Sherbow. The ranks of many of the singing societies contain Jewish mem- bers, and these are among the earnest workers in every effort to extend the knowledge and love of an art, which, when truly THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 391 understood and rightly fostered, becomes a real blessing, the value of which is inestimable. ''All hail to music!" the Jew may well exclaim; for has he not risen under its reviving influences? Has he not cast off* the garb of sorrow, and put on festive raiment? Has he not become freed from proscription and exclusiveness ? Has he not learned to grasp the hands of men not of his race, but who recognize in him — a brother ? 392 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. IN POLITICS. In all civilized communities the Jew has asserted himself in governmental affairs. His importance as a factor in the body politic is increasing with the growth of population. In cities, towns, and villages in which he has settled he has shown by his industry and his interest in the general welfare his capacities for administrative duties, and his fellow- citizens have not been loth to repose in him important civic trusts and the responsibilities of public office. Yet, neither his race nor his religion is the gauge that measures his capabilities. The Jeffersonian test is the standard. A religious element in American politics and in American government would destroy the harmony of our free institutions; would jar with the principles upon which the Constitution of the United States is dependent; would set at naught that wise distinction betw^een Church and State which constitutes the safety of our Republic. The Jew who has attained distinction by his own worth and his own fitness is a proper subject for praise when his course has reflected honor upon his coreligionists, not less than upon his political constitu- ents. Of such there are not a few, though not all have been so closely identified with the affairs of Israel and of Judaism as might be wished. Names loom up by the scores in different sections of this broad land; but our present concern is only with those in Philadel- phia and Pennsylvania. The Etting Family. —For several generations members of the Etting family have been conspicuous in public affairs. Not all have been identified with Pennsylvania, but most of them are natives of THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 393 this City or State. .... Solomon Etting, born in York, Penn- sylvania, in 1764, is mentioned among representative citizens who signed an address expressing disapproval of a proposed treaty with Great Britain. Mr. Etting removed to Baltimore and took a con- siderable part in its municipal affairs, occupying different positions, among them that of a member of its City Council in 1825, and later on President of that body. He died in Baltimore in 1847. .... Reuben Etting was another well-known citizen of Balti- more, and first Captain of the Independent Blues in 1798. Presi- dent Thomas Jefferson appointed him United States Marshal for the State of Maryland in 1801. He married Frances Gratz, of this city. He died in 1848 Elijah Gratz Etting, a son of Reuben Etting, was a native of Baltimore, and was born July 14th, 1795. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1812, and was admitted to the Philadelphia Bar in 1816. He served as District Attorney of Cecil County, Maryland. He died in this city on May 25th, 1849 Benjamin Etting and Edward J. Etting were well-known representatives of the family in Philadel- phia Frank Marx Etting, son of the former, born De- cember 17th, 1833, was distinguished for his signal services in the United States Army [See references elsewhere], for his talents as a writer, and for his activity, specially during the period of the Cen- tennial International Exhibition of 1876. Colonel Etting was the historian of Independence Hall, and the author of works of perma- nent value. He also served as a Director of Public Schools, and was a member of learned societies and of the Philadelphia Bar. He died in this city on June 4th, 1890 Theodore Minis Etting — a son of Edward J. Etting, an esteemed Israelite and a merchant of high standing — has won much credit by his honorable course as a member of City Councils. Mr. Etting was born here, May 25th, 1846, and after receiving an excellent education he entered the United States Navy, where he soon rose to the station of Lieutenant. His civil career began with his practice of the law in 1879, his specialties being corporation, shipping, and admiralty laws, on which branches he has also written. Mr. Etting has represented the Eighth Ward in Select Council since 1885, being continuously returned to his seat, and on every occasion upholding the people's interests against **boss" rule and political demagogism. He has been Chairman of the Committee on Law, and has been to the front 394 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. in advocating measures for the advancement of the city, such as '* rapid transit." Recently, to the general regret, he declined a re-election. Mr. Etting is connected with military, social, and other organizations. [See Navy Records.] His brother, Charles E. Etting, has served with distinction in the army during the Civil War [See Records of Volunteers] ; and other members of the same family, or related thereto, have rendered services to their country in times of need. Emanuel Furth was born at Reading, Pennsylvania, Septem- ber 26th, 1857. He has, however, resided in Philadelphia since his sixth year. He received instruction at Public Schools in this city, and graduated from the Boys' Central High School in June, 1874. He read law, and in 1876 entered the Law Department of the University of Pennsylvania, graduating therefrom in June, 1878. He was admitted to the Philadelphia Bar, September 28th, 1878, and in 1881 formed a co-partnership with Jacob Singer, under the law firm name of Furth & Singer, which firm still continues. Mr. Furth's political activity was shown in several campaigns, and in 1880, he was elected to represent the Sixteenth Ward of the City of Philadelphia in the Legislature of Pennsylvania (House of Representatives); receiving a re-election in 1882. He was a mem- ber of the Extra Session in 1883, called by Governor Pattison, to apportion the State. He served as Chairman of the House Com- mittee on Municipal Corporations, and figured in the debates, specially in advocating the abolishment of the so-called Sunday "blue laws" of 1794, specially, in so far as these compel persons, who religiously and conscientiously observe as Sabbath the Seventh day of the week, as Divinely commanded in the Decalogue — to refrain from labor also on the first day of the week, commonly called Sunday. The repeal of these obnoxious laws was long advocated, notably by the lamented State Senator Horatio Gates Jones, who battled in the Legislature for the cause of right, and to remove a stigma from the fair name of the Keystone State. Efforts in this direction have not, unfortunately, thus far, been successful; but the friends of true freedom have determined to renew their efforts, which must eventually result in the triumph of justice and equity. Mr. Furth, since his retirement from the Legislature, has pursued his calling in this city. He is still active in Democratic committees; THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 395 is master of Shekinah Lodge, Number 246, of the Masonic Order, iu Pennsylvania, and a member of Jewish and secular institutions in this community. Herman Hamburger, who has served in both nailitary and civil capacities, was born in Philadelphia, December 21 st, 1837. He was afforded an education at schools, and subsequently at La Fayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, which he entered in 1852, and from which he graduated in 1856. He studied law in his native city, entering the office of Honorable Furman Sheppard in 1858, and becoming a regular practitioner, February 16th, 1861. He rendered services to his country during the Civil War. [See Army Records.] In 1864, Mr. Hamburger was elected Justice of the Peace in Carbon County, Pennsylvania, and in 1866 Associate Judge of Carbon County; discharging his duties with ability and efficiency, and winning the approval of the public. On returning to Phila- delphia he became interested in Jewish affairs, was elected President of the Hebrew Charity Ball Association, and President of the Mercantile Club, filling both positions for a lengthy period. Some years since, he removed' to North Wales, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, where he is now engaged in a manufacturing business. Judge Hamburger married Madge Elias, a daughter of the late David and Eleanor (nee Cohen) Elias. Mrs. Hamburger is a woman of varied accomplishments. Husband and wife are much respected by a large circle. Lewis Charles Levin won considerable distinction in politics. Born in Charleston, South Carolina, November 10th, 1808, he early removed to Woodville, Mississippi, becoming a school teacher. After a duel with an opponent, during which Mr. Levin was wounded, he soon quit that town, and having read law, followed this profession in different States of the Union, viz., Maryland, Ken- tucky, Louisiana, and Pennsylvania. In 1838, he took up his residence in Philadelphia, and was subsequently admitted to the local Bar. He espoused the cause of temperance, and edited The Temperance Advocate. He became known as a speaker and a writer, and he is said to have been mainly instrumental in forming the Native- American Party, in those days of new political organizations. Its cause he assisted by the publication of The Sun, a daily paper. 396 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. devoted to its interests. He took a leading part in the workings of the new party, although its early days were marked by exciting scenes, riot, and bloodshed. Mr. Levin, however, denounced such a course in unmeasured terms. The new party won supporters, and as its representative, Mr. Levin was elected to the United State? House of Representatives three successive times, serving in 1845- 1847, 1847-1849, and 1849-1851. His importance as a member of Congress was recognized in various ways, and he served as Chairman of the Committee on Naval Affairs ; laboring for the weal of Philadelphia by advocating measures of improvement — such as the building of the Dry Dock. Mr. Levin's powers as a speaker were shown to advantage on numerous occasions. He died in this city, on March 14th, 1860. Leonard Myers was born at Attleborough, Pennsylvania, in 1827. He early removed to Philadelphia, and was admitted to the Bar, December 9th, 1848. His abilities as a lawyer asserted themselves, and in addition to his private practice, he became solicitor for different institutions. Pronounced in word and deed as a Republican, he was regarded as a worthy representative in war times, when professions of loyalty were often dubiously received. Hence, at the election in 1862, Mr. Myers was chosen to the United States House of Representatives in the Thirty-Eighth Congress. After serving a full term, 1863-1865, he was re-elected time and again to the Thirty-Ninth, Fortieth, Forty- First, Forty- Second and Forty- Third Congresses, being a member continuously until 1875, and representing the Third District of Pennsylvania. He served at various times on these Committees : Foreign Affairs, Patents, and Expenditures in the Post-Office, and on a Special Committee on Civil Service. At the expiration of his term of office, Mr. Myers returned to Philadelphia, where he is now engaged in the practice of the law. MoRDECAi Menasseh Noah. — Perhaps, the most striking per- sonality among the Jews on the Western side of the Atlantic was Mordecai Menasseh Noah (105), born in Philadelphia, July 14th, (105) There has been dispute as to Major Noah's middle name ; some main- taining it to have been Manuel. On the authority of relations, it is given as Menasseh, and there are evidences to prove that this middle name is correct. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 397 1785. It would, however, require many pages to adequately describe the career of a man of such versatile acquirements; a man, at once eminent as a diplomatist, a statesman, a playwright, a journalist, an active politician, and a religious enthusiast. Nor is a detailed sketch called for, since the separate biographies of this remarkable man are quite numerous in cyclopiedias and in histories; the latest published being from the pen of Honorable Charles P. Daly, LL.D., in his valuable work on "The Settlement of the Jews in North America," edited by Max J. Kohler, A.M., LL.B., and to which article the reader is referred [Pages 104-138]. The writer of this work has also presented a sketch of Major Noah's career. [See "Eminent Israelites of the Nineteenth Century," pages 255-258.] Still, the importance of the subject forbids us passing it over with a simple remark. Mordecai Menasseh Noah is, indeed, a name worthy of remembrance by every American, and by every Jew ; for he who bore it labored to uphold the interests of the one, and to defend the cause of the other; a man of truly patriotic instincts, albeit at times foully maligned by traducers; a man in whose veins flow^ed the blood of a devoted son of Israel, although an unusual warmth led to a mistakenly conceived scheme ; — in fact, a good man. Of Mr. Noah's parents, we know that his father's name was Manuel Noah, and that his mother, Zipporah Phillips, was a daughter of Jonas Phillips, of Philadelphia. They had two children — Mordecai and Judith. Both were quite young when their mother died, and Mordecai was left under the guardianship of his maternal grandfather. His sister grew to womanhood, but died, unmarried. Mordecai soon learned a trade, but later on, repaired to Charleston, South Carolina, where he studied law and entered journalism and politics. His career as a dramatic writer had already begun; his love of the theatre having led him to write several plays, which were successfully brought out. His name, in various capacities, had now come before the public, and in 1811, President James Madison named him as United States Consul at Riga, Russia. Mr. Noah had desired an appointment to the Barbary States; hence, for various reasons, he declined this office. His abili- ties and his fitness were recognized by the Administration, when, in 1813, he was selected as Consul-General at Tunis, with a special mission to Algiers. It was an unsettled period; war with Great Britain increased the difficulties, and Mr. Noah, after being held 398 TH^ JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. as a prisoner in England, was, after some weeks, liberated, and proceeded to his post of duty. The Governments of the Barbary States were then naught else but pirates on the high seas. Mr. Noah, by skilful action and great ingenuity, contrived not only to assert the rights of his Government by opposing the further payment of tribute for the security of our merchant marine, but endeavored to obtain the liberation of Americans held as slaves by the Algerines. In this he eventually succeeded, but not without financial and other complications arising, and finally the Government, imagining that his religion militated against the success of his mission, recalled him. He returned to New York City, but with no discredit to him- self, having fulfilled his duty, however shrewd may have been the measures he considered necessary to adopt. Mr. Noah's attention then turned to journalism. He aided with his own money the elder Bennett — who afterwards proved an ingrate and a defamer of character — to start his Neiu York Herald. He founded and edited successively the National Advocate, the New York Courier and Enquirer, the Evening Star, and the Lhiion — a weekly. He was once editor of the Neiv York Sun. He after- wards started the Times and Weekly Messenger, a newspaper which he conducted until his death, and which is still continued at the present time. (106) Mr. Noah's unpleasant relations with Madi- son's Government (or rather with the then Secretary of State, after- wards President, James Monroe) did not force him from the political field. On the contrary, he was all the more active since his return from abroad, and was a leading light specially in the days of Presi- dent Martin Van Buren's administration. [See " The Life and Times of Martin Van Buren," by William L. Mackenzie.] He had previously (in 1821) been chosen Sheriff" of New York, and on an outcry being raised against a Jew hanging a Christian, Mr. Noah, in his sarcastic «vay, remarked: ''Pretty Christians, forsooth, to de- serve hanging !" In 1829 he was appointed by President Andrew Jackson as Surveyor of the Port of New York, which oflice he re- signed four years later. In 1841 he became Associate Judge of the (106) Mr. Noah is said to have edited the Trangram, or Fashionable Trifler, a Philadelphia witty and satirical magazine, published in 1809.— See " Phila- delphia Magazines and their Contributors," by Albert H. Smyth. Major Noah, so it IS stated, also founded the New York Examiner in 1826. Compare this statement, however, with sketch in Daly's "Settlement of the Jews in North America," page 126, where the paper is called the National Advocate— the second of that same name. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 399 Court of Sessions, in which office he continued for a short period. He was also an officer of the New York Militia, and was titled ' ' Major." It is, however, to Major Noah's philanthropic efforts that we must advert. His generosity and kindness of heart were exhibited in many acts. On one occasion, he became bankrupt by liquidating the obligations of the poor debtors, then imprisoned on Manhattan Island, during the ravages of yellow fever. More than a few worthy enterprises he aided by his purse, his pen, and his influence. He was elected in 1842 President of the Hebrew Benevolent Society, of New York City. The scheme, however, which Major Noah verily believed would be a fulfilment of Messianic promises, was that of a permanent settlement of the Jews on Grand Island, in the Niagara River. This was not simply an ephemeral task ; for to it he devoted his best exertions, and five years of constant labor. In 1820 the project was announced publicly, and by means of a memorial to the New York State Legislature. (107) This project was, in very deed, of a humanitarian character. Its author's feelings for his race led him to seek for a place where persecuted and hunted Israel might find a true refuge. He, however, desired to win over to his cause the Indians of North America, convinced, as others had been before him, that these were descendants of the Ten Lost Tribes, ages before taken into captivity by Sennacherib, King of Assyria. He urged his claim, not with any thought of supplanting Messianic hopes regarding an everlasting restoration to the Holy Land, but to encourage merely a temporary settlement, perhaps, with a view of that being a forerunner of the grand final act. There was a great ceremonial in Buffalo (New York) on September 15th, 1825, where the dedicatory ceremonies were held. Mr. Noah, notwithstanding, was unsuccessful in inducing an emigration to the spot, designed as an asylum for the oppressed Jews. The monument he erected bore as its inscription (partly in Hebrew and partly in English): "Hear, O Israel, The Eternal is our God; The Eternal is One. — Ararat, a City of Refuge for the Jews, founded by Mordecai M. Noah, in the month of Tishri, 5586 (September, 1825), and in the fiftieth year of American Independence." [See previous reference in (107) This nifemorial is referred to in "The Historical and Statistical Gazet- teer of New York State" (page 200) ;— R. P. Smith, Publisher, Syracuse (New York), 1860. 400 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Chapter on "Jewish Colonization Here and Elsewhere;" also in the work Migdal Zophim ( * ' The Watch Tower " ), by Moses Klein, in which this movement is alluded to.] It is quite impossible here to enter into a discussion of Mr. Noah's career as a writer for the stage. His plays were, as a rule, con- sidered as well wrought, and most of them had careful presentations, though not invariably attended with favorable results. They embraced various shades of the drama — from the serious to the comic. Among them were '*The Fortress of Sorrento;" ''Paul and Alexis, or the Orphans of the Rhine;" *'She Would be a Soldier, or the Plains of Chippewa;" "Oh Yes! or, the New Constitution;" "Marion, or the Hero of Lake George;" "The Grecian Captive;" "Yusef Caramalli, or the Siege of Tripoli;" "The Grand Canal;" — and all, it is said, were "acted with great success." [See " History of the American Theatre," by William Dunlap, Volume II]. Among the most valuable of Mr. Noah's publications we may mention "Travels in England, France, Spain, and the Barbary States," in which facts gathered from personal observation are interestingly set forth; and "Gleanings from a Gathered Harvest," being a collection of miscellaneous essays, etc. He also issued a translation of the "Book of Yashdr" — a work claimed to be of Biblical origin, but proven long since as spurious. Major Noah was, in fact, a prolific writer on a variety of subjects, in which he displayed force, logic, at times sarcasm, but ability, study, and courage of conviction. And all this, in addition to his editorial work, evidencing his ceaseless energy and indomitable will. Mr. Noah married Rebecca Jackson, of New York City, and their offspring numbered five sons and a daughter. He died in New York City, on May 22d, 1851. Altogether, he was a most remark- able character ; a man of polyglot acquirements ; but, withal, a thorough American, a believing Jew. The Nones Family. — The name of Nones is borne and upheld by more than a single person who served this country in troublous times. We have hitherto been made familiar with the gallant record of Benjamin Nones, the honored sire, who, though not a native American, eagerly lent his aid to the land of his adoption, and was conspicuous in the Army of the Revolution, in political affairs, and THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 401 in the annals of the Jewish community of Philadelphia Joseph B. Nones, son of the above, entered politics at an early age, and was only seventeen years old, when, as Private Secretary of Henry Clay, he accompanied that celebrated statesman, and his colleagues, Gallatin, Bayard, and John Quincy Adams, on the Ghent Mission. Mr. Nones' s brilliant record in the Navy is else- where given, and he only retired therefrom in 1822, because of wounds which incapacitated him from further duty. For forty-five years Mr. Nones was a Commissioner of Deeds for every State then in the Union, and he enjoyed the acquaintance of many distinguished Americans. He died in New York City, in the spring of 1887, hav- ing entered upon his ninety- first year Another son of Major Benjamin Nones attained distinction in the service of the United States. This was Solomon B. Nones, who, in the earliest years of this Government was our Consul- General to Portugal. Of him, the thrilling story is related that, while on his way to the post of duty, the vessel on which he sailed was captured on the Mediteranean Sea, by Corsairs; that all his fellow-passengers were killed, and that, singular enough (as is related in other cases), he was saved by giving a Masonic sign. Membership in the Masonic Order must have, indeed, come very useful — not to say, handy — in times of war, if determined by several instances brought to our notice Henry Benjamin Nones and Henry Beauchamp Nones, Jr., are, of right, mentioned for their services in the roll of the Navy. .... Still another member of the same family, Abraham B. Nones,. was United States Consul- General to Maracaibo in 1837. He rendered faithful services, and died while filling that office. Jonas Altamont Phillips. — In legal circles and in social assem- blages, among Gentiles as well as among his own people, Jonas Altamont Phillips won unqualified respect for his talents and his virtues, for his scholarship and his qualities of heart. He was born in Philadelphia, July 22d, 1806, being a descendant of a family known even before the American Revolution. His father, Zalegman Phillips, lawyer, and President of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, had married Arabella Solomons, whose grandfather, Mathias Bush, with other merchants, signed the Non-Importation Act, in 1765. Mr. Phillips's grandfather, Jonas Phillips, had 2G 402 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. been President of Mickveh Israel in its early days. Jonas Alta- mont studied deeply. He graduated from the University of Penn- sylvania in 1822, having pursued a classical course, and in 1825 was made a Master of Arts. He read law in his father's office, and profited much by instruction received there. On May 20th, 1826, he became a regular practitioner, and his career of honor and usefulness dated from that period. The practice of so exacting a profession as the law was not allowed by Mr. Phillips to engross his time. Student and scholar as he was, and recognized as such, he still found leisure for the exercise of his abilities in other directions. In local affairs he displayed unusual interest. He was solicitor for the Board of Health in 1841-1854, and was Democratic candidate for Mayor in 1847-1848; his successful opponent being John Swift. President Buchanan tendered him the office of Judge of the United States District Court, a position to which his attainments well fitted him, but which, however, he declined. His interest in matters of public concern did not lessen. Among Israelites, Mr. Phillips was an active worker, and a prominent figure. In congregational, charitable, and educational spheres \m advice and co-operation were sought. His fine pre- sence, sound judgment, urbane manners, genial ways, and marked individuality served to render him a valuable member of society, and his assistance was solicited in many a good cause. For a long time he was a member of the Board of Congregation Mickveh Israel, and always labored with much earnestness and religious enthusiasm to promote the well-being of that institution. On April 12th, 1837, Mr. Phillips was united in marriage to Frances Cohen, of Charleston, South Carolina. Three sons and three daughters were born unto them. Mr. Phillips died, much lamented, on October 2d, 1862, but left an imperishable record of good deeds in the service of his coreligionists and the community of which he was an honored member. Henry Myer Phillips, a son of the eminent counsellor, Zalegman Phillips, was born in Philadelphia, June 30th, 1811. He received a liberal education, and, after completing his course in private schools and at the High School of the Franklin Institute, read law. He was admitted to the Philadelphia Bar, January 5th, THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 403 1832. At first he took up criminal law, and soon made his mark, obtaining a large clientage, and acting as counsel in notable cases. In the civil law, to which he, later on, devoted himself, he was equally successful, attaining a wide reputation for his forensic ability, thoroughness in knowledge of technical questions, and wisdom as a counsellor, and becoming one of the leaders of the profession. His advice was sought after not only by individuals, but by great corporations, to some of which he became solicitor. He was elected as Solicitor for the District of Spring Garden, in December, 1841. In ante-bellum times, Mr, Phillips displayed a lively interest in .Municipal, State, and National politics, beiilg an active Democrat. His services were recognized in a practical manner when, on October 14th, 1856, he was elected as a member from Philadelphia to the House of Representatives in the Thirty- Fifth Congress, serving in that assembly from 1857 to 1859. The period was an exciting one, as were, indeed, most of the sessions of Congress held during the administration of James Buchanan as President of the United States. Among the great questions then debated was that on the admission of Kansas into the Union as a free State or a slave State. Parties were at odds. Mr. Phillips was prominent in the discussions, and his speech favoring the entry of Kansas as a slave State was widely circulated. At the expiration of his term of office, he con- fined his labors to the practice of the law, and did not thereafter accept of public office, though urged at times to become Democratic candidate for Mayor of Philadelphia. Mr. Phillips was among the original members of the Public Build- ings Commission, but resigned in 1871, because he opposed the selec- tion of the present site at Broad and Market Streets (Penn Square). In 1869 he was chosen to the Board of City Trusts (which has the management of the immense Estate of Stephen Girard, including Girard College). On that Board he served in turn as member, Vice-President, and President. He favored the movement for the erection of the Academy of Music, at the south-west corner of Broad and Locust Streets, became a Director of the stock company, and subsequently President (1872-1884). Mr. Phillips also served in many other public and semi- public capacities. He was a member and afterwards President of the Fairmount Park Commission; a Director of the Pennsylvania 404 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Company for Insurance on Lives and Granting Annuities; a Director of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company ; Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad Compan}^ ; Northern Central Railroad Com- pany ; Western Union Telegraph Company ; a Trustee and later on Treasurer of the Jefferson Medical College, etc., etc. He also occupied an enviable position in social circles; belonged to various clubs, among them a Saturday night club, whose elegant entertain- ments at the residences of their members — all men of wealth and influence in the community — were events of the day. Mr. Phillips had long been a member of the Masonic Order, and finally rose to the highest office — that of Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons in the State of Pennsyl-, vania, serving in 1858, and again in 1859 and in 1860. He was, throughout his career, a member of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, and in his earlier years displayed an interest in its affairs, and served on its Board of Managers, or Adjuiita. He had besides been promi- nent in Jewish Societies, and was at one time President of Chebrdh Shel Bikur Gholim Ugmiluth Chasadim ("Society for Visitation of Sick and Mutual Assistance"). Mr. Phillips was a patron of the fine arts, and the parlors of his magnificent residence— in later years at 1325 Walnut Street — con- tained superb specimens of art in marble, bronze, ivory, besides paintings, to be finally placed, as devised by his will, in Memorial Hall, in Fairmount Park. Mr. Phillips was unmarried. He died on August 28th, 1884. Alexander Reinstine was born in Gonbach, Rhenish Bavaria, Germany, January 31st, 1831. After obtaining an education he came to the United States, locating in Philadelphia in 1845. He subsequently pursued further studies, and then engaged in other mercantile vocations. In 1870, on the formation of the Mutual Benefit Company of Pennsylvania, Mr. Reinstine's knowledge of mathematics, skill as an accountant, and excellence as a penman, led to his being chosen its Secretary, which position he filled con- tinuously until his death. Mr. Reinstine was distinguished in Secret Orders; Masonic, Jewish, and others. He was first President of District Grand Lodge, Number 3, Order Kesher Shel Barzel, in 1871-1872, and subsequently Grand Secretary ; President of Lodges of Independent Order Bene Berith, Independent Order of Free THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 405 Sons of Israel ; a member of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of Pennsylvania, and Master of Keystone (now Humboldt) Lodge, Number 271, of that Order; a memlier of Jewish, secular, and other institutions; Secretary of Rodeph Shalom Congregation over twenty- five years; and a Notary Public of Pennsylvania. After having been a School Director in the Twelfth Ward, he was elected to represent that Ward in the Common Council, and re- elected for six successive terms, serving in all twelve years (1879- 1891). Mr. Reinstine died in this city, on November 25th, 1892. Stephen Samuel Remak was born in Posen, Prussian- Poland, April 18th, 1821. After pursuing a course of instruction, he came to the United States in 1849; read law in Philadelphia, and was ad- mitted to practice at the Courts on May 3d, 1854. As a student he was Librarian and Recorder of the Law Academy in 1851. In the first year of his practice he was associated with his brother, Gustavus Remak, in an important case, involving the surrender of an embez- zler, who had fled from Prussia — an extradition treaty having just before been entered into between that country and the United States. Mr. Remak was successful in this case, and his reputation as a lawyer was thereby established. He was soon retained as counsel in other actions at law, in which the relative application of the codes of tw-o nations was determined. His knowledge of this branch of the law led to his being specially engaged as counsel to represent different European countries. Already in his younger years, Mr. Remak displayed an interest in public matters, and became affiliated with the Democratic Party. He was on intimate terms with James Buchanan, and after the latter became President, Mr. Remak was nominated and confirmed (in 1858) as United States Consul at Trieste — an Italian city, under Austrian rule. He there upheld the honor of this country, and made its flag respected. He continued in that office until 1861, and, prior to re- turning home, made a tour of the Continent, and from 1863 to 1865 resided in Paris (France), where he wrote a book called La Paix en ^mer/^we (** The Peace in America"). In 1867 he returned to Philadelphia, and resumed his law practice, occasionally writing articles on current topics for newspapers, and interesting himself in different enterprises. He was identified with the Masonic fraternity. 406 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. and served as a member of the Grand Lodge of that Order in Penn- sylvania. Mr. Remak was unmarried. He died in this city, on March 1st, 1890. GENERAL MENTION. Among others from this City or State who have served in National, State, or Municipal positions, are the following : Myer Strouse, born in Germany in 1825; removed to Pottsville, Pennsylvania; edited the American Fanner (1848-1852); elected in 1862 to the Thirty- Eighth Congress (House of Representatives), and re-elected to the Thirty-Ninth Congress, serving from 1863 to 1867; was a member of the House Committees on Roads and Canals, Mines, Territories, and Expenses in Interior Department Michael W. Ash, born in Pennsylvania; member of the United States House of Representa-* tives, 1835-1837, and served on House Committee on Naval Affairs. .... Davis S. Kauffman, born in Cumberland, Pennsylvania, in 1813 ; in early years went to Texas; as a member and as Speaker of its Assembly, advocated its annexation to the United States; on that being concluded, he was elected from Texas to the United States House of Representatives, and served from 1846 to 1851. Mr. Kauffman died at Washington, D. C, in 1851 Max Koch, Postmaster of North Clarendon, Pennsylvania, in 1882 Isaac Bahny, Chief of Fire Department of North Clarendon, Pennsylvania, in 1882 M. Seligson, former resident of Philadelphia, elected Mayor of Galveston, Texas, in 1853 Colonel Max Einstein appointed United States Consul at Nuremburg, Germany, by Presi- dent Lincoln, in December, 1861, and served two years; later on, he was United States Internal Revenue Agent at Philadelphia Colonel Max Friedman was Special Inspector of the Revenue De- partment in 1867-1868 Henry Marcus, David Klein, Henry Weichselbaum, Moses Levi, and Samuel Lowenstein have served at different periods as members of the Common Council of Philadelphia Lewis Elkin was for twenty-five years a mem- ber of the Board of Public Education of the First School District of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia), and Chairman of the Committee on Qualification of Teachers Moses Aaron Dropsie [See sketch THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 407 elsewhere] was candidate of the Whig Party for Mayor of Northern Liberties (Philadelphia), in 1852 Judah Isaacs has been active in the local politics of Philadelphia, and was once Democratic candidate for Coroner of this County Simon Jacoby has been Lieutenant of the Fairmount Park and Harbor Police. .... Solo- mon W. May was interested in political movements. Born in this city, March 4th, 1839, he served in the Sheriff's and Receiver of Taxes' offices, and was latterly a clerk in the Money Order Department of the Philadelphia Post- Office. Mr. May was founder. President, and subsequently Marshal of the Sixth Ward Republican Club. During the Civil War he enlisted on the side of the Union. He died on October 6th, 1893 Abraham Kannewasser, who died in March, 1892, was a Special Officer under the Mayoralty of Daniel M. Fox Solomon Rains, a Republican, is at present a clerk in the office of the Prothonotary of the Courts of Common Pleas (Philadelphia). Israel Jacobs, said to have been a native of Germany, is men- tioned in early records as a representative of the County of Phila- delphia in the Assembly (elected in October, 1771) ; and as mem- ber of Congress (House of Representatives) from Pennsylvania, 1791-1793 Moses Naar, a member of the well-known Naar family, some of whom in later years, notably David Naar, rose to distinction in New Jersey and in National politics — was among the early Jewish settlers here ; but he does not seem to have occupied any public office Dr. Alexander Wertheim was a Clerk to the Board of Health during the early part of the present century, when its office was located on the east side of Fifth Street between Library and Walnut Streets. He died in April, 1830, and his remains were interred in Spruce Street Jewish cemetery Jacob Gratz was another well-known character in early politics and in public movements. Among positions he held, were those of mem- ber of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, and member of the Senate of the same State, to which latter office he was elected in 1839. [See other references to Mr. Gratz in this work.] John Moss served at one time (upwards of sixty years ago) as a member of City Councils (Philadelphia) David Nathans was clerk to the Board of Commissioners of Northern Liberties about 1834. This was some twenty years before the different 408 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. districts of the City of Philadelphia were consolidated under a single Mayor Raphael J. Moses, son of Israel Moses, of Phila- delphia, took part in politics in Southern States, and served in the Confederate Army during the Civil War David Solis Cohen, ja. highly respected member of an honored Philadelphia family, has been prominent in political circles of Oregon, serving as Police Commissioner of Portland. He declined the nomination for Mayor of that city in 1892. [See references to Mr. Cohen elsewhere in this work.] THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 409 VI. IN LAW The reputation of the Philadelphia lawyer is national. His ability to solve intricate questions, to interpret technical points in legal codes, to defend the accused, to plead at the Bar of Justice, has won for him general recognition. From the earliest settlement of Jews in the City founded by William Penn, representatives of their number have figured in the annals of the Bar; have filled posititions within the gift of the Courts and of the people ; and have otherwise attained distinction among their associates. The earliest Jewish practitioner of law, whose record is before us, (108) was Moses Levy, heretofore mentioned, whose admission to the Bar dates as far back as March 19th, 1778, and who, a year later, was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of Penn- sylvania; who occupied various offices, and who finally became Presiding Judge of ' ' the District Court for the City and County of Philadelphia," which had *' original jurisdiction in all cases where the sum in controversy exceeds $100. This Court holds" (to continue the quotation) ''four terms annually, on the first Monday in March, June, September, and December." Moses Levy, who had previously been Recorder of Philadelphia (1802-1822), was commissioned Presiding Judge of the District Court, on December 18th, 1822, and he continued to preside over its sessions until March 21st, 1825; his associates on the Bench (in 1825) being Joseph M'Kean and Benjamin R. Morgan. (109) History goes far to show Judge Levy's acquirements, both when pleading in court and when clad in the judicial ermine. In the language of David Paul (108) We meet with the name of Benjamin Cohen, who is said to have been Attorney-General of Pennsylvania, and a new member of the Provincial Council in 1755 ; but no information regarding him has been discovered. (109) See "The Philadelphia Directory and Stranger's Guide," for 1825. 410 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Brown: "He (Mr. Levy) reached great eminence in the legal profession." (110) Moses Levy was one of the few Israelites — perhaps, the only one — who sat on the Bench in Philadelphia for any lengthy period; (111) and it is not unlikely that another, equally, if not more distinguished, counsellor, and a Jew at that, will, ere long, be elevated to a station to which his knowledge and his fitness eminently entitle him. The list of ProthoAotaries of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania contains the names of at least two members of the Jewish race, who occupied that office at different periods. (112) Colonel Isaac Franks, of American Revolutionary fame, was Prothonotary from February 18th, 1819, until his death on March 3d, 1822. (113) Joseph Simon Cohen was appointed to the same office on December 16th, 1840, and occupied it until 1853. (114) Daniel Levy was Prothonotary of Northumberland County from 1800 to 1809. (115) (110) Quoted from "The Forum." (111) Mayer Isaac Franks has been mentioned as a Judge of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania; but we are not in possession of facts enabling us to determine the exact period when he served. David Nunes Carvalho (brother of Eev. Ernanuel Nunes Carvalho), who removed from Baltimore to this city, was "appointed one of the City Judges of the Court of Arbitration, occupying the office until business recalled him to Baltimore." This circumstance must have occurred between 1850 and 1860, but no material is at hand to confirm it. (112) Two others are mentioned, but the only clue to their Jewish origin is their names. The former, Benjamin Jacobs (mentioned as "son of the Speaker"), was "elected and appointed Prothonotary of the County of Chester," State of Pennsylvania, by Council, met at Philadelphia, April 4th, 1777. — "Colonial Eecords," Volume XI, page 197.=The latter, Samuel Hart, was appointed Prothonotary of the Court of Common Pleas, November 14th, 1839.— J. Hill Martin's " Bench and Bar." (113) In "Colonial Eecords," Volume XVI, page 1, the following action of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, February 7th, 1789, is noted : " Upon the petition of Isaac Franks, of the city of Philadelphia, praying Council to appoint him a Notary and Tabellion Public, and also a recommenda- tion of him as a person well qualified to execute the duties of that office from a number of citizens, " Resolved, That the said Isaac Franks be appointed a Notary and Tabellion Public in and for the said Commonwealth, and he was commissionated accord- ingly." (114) Mr. F. Gutekunst, the well-known photographer of this city, served as a clerk in the Prothonotaiy's office during Joseph Simon Cohen's incumbency. (115) Daniel Levy is mentioned as Prothonotary in "History of Northum- berland County, Pennsylvania," by Herbert C. Bell (Chicago, 1891), though his family relationship is incorrectly given there. He resided at Sunbury, Penn- sylvania, for "more than half a century." The following reference to him is found in " Annals of Bufialo Valley, Pennsylvania, 1755-1855," collated by John Blair Linn, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 1877: "Daniel Levy, of Sunbury, out- lived all the old lawyers, as they were popularly called ; except Mr. Bellas. He was a conceited man, active as a cat, an insatiable dancer, and a hard fighter. He had considerable science as a boxer, and although not large or strong, his skill joined to his prodigious activity, made him quite formidable. His vanity THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 411 Quite a number of Israelites have filled the position of Inter- preter of languages (either general or special). Major Benjamin Nones served in that capacity to the United States Government, and to the Board of Health, in 1818 and 1821. David Eytinge was a General Interpreter about 1850, serving several years. He died on June 30th, 1855. David A. Davis succeeded later on, receiving his commission from the Governor of Pennsylvania, and filling the office of Interpreter at the Courts until his death, on October 18th, 1862. Herman Van Beil, a native of Amsterdam, Holland, born February 12th, 1799, and who came to the United States in 1817, also occupied the same position subsequently, and until his death, on December 26th, 1865. Joseph Sanson, the present Court Interpreter, was first sworn in on November 16th, 1861, and served a few years. He was selected a second time by the Judges of the Courts of Common Pleas on February 9th, 1869, and has since continued as Court Interpreter. Mr. Sanson was born at Amsterdam, Holland, in 1825. He came to this country in 1839, and, after clerking, entered into business. He was at one time President of the "Bene Israel" (Children of Israel) Congregation, then worshiping on the east side of Fifth Street, above Catharine Street. The following list embraces Israelites admitted to practice at the Philadelphia Bar. The arrangement is in chronological order, as it refers to date of admission : (116) • Moses Levy, March 19th, 1778; died on May 9th, 1826. Samson Levy, June 9th, 1787; died on December 15th, 1831. Daniel Levy (Northumberland County), February 9th, 1791; died on May 12th, 1844. Zalegman Phillips, December 4th, 1799; died on August 21st, 1839. and fondness for dress made him a capital butt, and subject of jokes for his fellow-members of the bar. He lived to the age of seventy, and a fop to the last." Notwithstanding this dubious compliment, Mr. Levy is classed, in the same work, with "these old legal giants" (1807). (116) Meai-s Bush is said to have been among early members of the Phila- delphia Bar; but after a careful examination of lists, we have been unable to discover his name. 412 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Joseph Simon Cohen, May 24th, 1813 ; died on February 3d, 1858. Henry Solomon, May 26th, 1813. Elijah Gratz Etting, May 30th, 1816 ; died on May 25th, 1849. (117) Benjamin Gratz, 1817; died on March 17th, 1884. (118) Nathan Nathans, November 12th, 1819 ; died on December 21st, 1877. (119) Jonas Benjamin Phillips, April 28th, 1826 ; died on May 15th, 1867. Jonas Altamont Phillips, May 20th, 1826; died on October 2d, 1862. Henry Myer Phillips, January 5th, 1832 ; died on August 28th, 1884. Lewis Charles Levin, about 1840; died on March 14th, 1860. Isaac Nunez Cardozo, June 26th, 1844. GusTAVus Remak, May 7th, 1845; died on September 20th, 1886. (120) Leonard Myers, December 9th, 1848. John Samuel, October 21st, 1850. Moses Aaron Dropsie, January 11th, 1851. Solomon C. Van Beil, November 5th, 1851; died on December 12th, 1853. Joseph Orlando Tobias, October 6th, 1852 (removed to New York City). Stephen Samuel Remak, May 3d, 1854; died on March 1st, 1890^ _ (117) Elijah Gratz Etting was at one time District Attorney of Cecil County, Maryland. (118) The year of Benjamin Gratz's admission to the Bar seems uncertain: March 9th, 1815, being otherwise given as the date. In March, 1883, Mr. Gratz was senior member of the Bar. (119) Mr. Nathans served as a member of City Councils.=" The old dilapi- dated mansion just below Huntingdon Street, formerly owned and occupied by the late Nathan Nathans, for many years a controller of the public schools, shows how much Broad Street has been raised during the past thirty yeai-s. Prior to that time a flight of steps led up to the mansion door, now the roof eaves are but a short distance above the surface of the street." — Public Ledger, in an issue, during January, 1894. (120) Mr. Remak held a number of public offices, among them that of a Commissioner of Fairmount Park. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 413 Joseph George Rosengarten, May 10th, 1856. Edward Henry Weil, June 17th, 1857. Frank Marx Eiting, October 10th, 1857; died on June 4th, 1890. Simon Sterne, June 6th, 1859 (removed to New York City). (121) Henry Phillips, Jr., June 13th, 1859. Herman Hamburger, February 16th, 1861. (122) Mayer Sulzberger, September 16th, 1865. Charles Henry Hart, November 14th, 1868. David Tim, November 12th, 1870 (removed to New York City). Leon H. Folz, June 29th, 1872. Myer a. Levi, February 1st, 1873. Samuel Morais Hyneman, June 4th, 1877. Emanuel Furth, September 28th, 1878. Emanuel Cohen, November 2d, 1878 (removed in 1886 to Minneapolis, Minnesota. (123) Theodore Minis Etting, June 14th, 1879. Joseph Lippman, June 14th, 1879 (removed to Chicago). Ernest Lowengrund, January 3d, 1880. Richard Salinger, January 3d, 1880. Isaac Nathans Solis, May 1st, 1880. Joseph Lamartine Greenwald, June 18th, 1881. Albert Jacob Bamberger, October 8th, 1881. Jacob Singer, October 22d, 1881. Oscar Benjamin Teller, November 12th, 1881. (121) Simon Sterne, though a native of Philadelphia, where he was horn July 23(1, 1839, has been largely identified with economic and financial interests in New York City. He read law in this city, and graduated from the Law De- partment of the University of Pennsylvania. Soon after his admission to the Bar here, however, he removed to New York City, where he has since resided. His abilities as an attorney and as a specialist in railway matters have placed him in the foremost rank of the legal profession. As a lawyer, a political economist, and a deep writer, his views are marked by a soundness of thought, an earnest- ness of conviction, and a sincerity of purpose. (122 J Herman Hamburger has been a Justice of the Peace (1864), and an Associate Judge (1866) in Carbon County, Pennsylvania. (123) Emanuel Cohen is a member of the distinguished law firm of Kitchel, Cohen & Shaw, of Minneapolis, Minnesota, and he has attained high distinction in the legal fraternity. 414 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Ephraim Lederer, February 3d, 1883. John Moss Cohen, June 16th, 1883; died on December 8th, 1892. Adolph Eichholz, June 16th, 1883. Julius C. Levi, June 16th, 1883. Leonard Jacob Bamberger, October 11th, 1884. Jules E. Pereyra, May 2d, 1885. Maurice Eels, June 20th, 1885. James M. Jeitles, January 9th, 1886. Moses P. Hamberg, June 19th, 1886; died on June 3d, 1894. Charles Hoffman, June 19th, 1886. Melvin G. Winstock, July 2d, 1887 (removed to Seattle, State of Washington). Clinton O. Mayer, September 17th, 1888. Joseph Siegmund Levin, June 15th, 1889. Arthur Straus Arnold, June 22d, 1889. David Werner Amram, June 29th, 1889. Benjamin Alexander, July 12th, 1890. Max Herzberg, June 13th, 1891. David Emanuel Simon, June 13th, 1891. Henry Nathan Wessel, April 9th, 1892. Charles Goldsmith, June 24th, 1893. Samuel Kahn Louchheim, June 24th, 1893. David Mandel, Jr., June 2d, 1894. Max Greenwald, June 16th, 1894. Isaac Sion, June 16th, 1894. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 415 VII. IN MEDICINE, DENTISTRY, ETC. From the time that Elisha, the prophet, healed Na'araan, chief of the army of the King of Syria, by means of a seven-fold bath in the River Jordan; from the period that Isaiah, the inspired Seer and physician, applied a fig-plaster to the wounds of Hezekiah, the righteous King of Judah- — descendants of Abraham, the Hebrew, have been found in numbers among the practitioners of the healing art. The profession of medicine, when honestly followed, is, indeed, a noble one. Healing the sick is a virtue inculcated by Holy Writ and by our wise Sages, and Israelites, in this respect, have merited the title, "the merciful children of merciful parents." In every age and in every community, Jews have shone among the disciples of ^sculapius; witness that great light of mediaeval times, Moses Ben Maimon, who was physician to the Sultan of Egypt, and an authority on medicine. Hosts of names might be cited, and to-day, when the multiplication of scientific discoveries requires even more knowledge and deeper study, Jews occupy positions in the vanguard of medicine. In the Eastern and in the Western Continents, sons of our race have become leaders in a branch of study and in its diverse divisions, not a few of which are the products of modern research and modern in- vestigation. Many thoroughly equipped physicians have gone forth into various parts, after having graduated from medical schools and colleges in Philadelphia. These institutions have justly obtained renown for the systematic tuition imparted, and for the ability displayed by men who have received instruction within them. It is our design, how- ever, to present— mainly for the purpose of reference — a list of Israelites, as far as obtainable, who now practice the profession of medicine in Philadelphia— which list will be preceded and succeeded by the names of a few of former times. 416 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Information -of a sufficiently authoritative cliaracter brings to light the fact that in 1785 the Philadelphia Directory contained the names in all of forty-six practitioners of medicine and surgery, and two dentists. In the Directory for 1825 we find the names of two Israelites as physicians, viz., Isaac Hays, at 35 Saasom Street, and Manuel Phillips (a son of Jonas Phillips), at 41 North Fourth Street, and one, as a surgeon dentist— E. Carvalho, at 23 South Seventh Street. (124) The remarkable increase of population and of facilities for study may be noted from the statement that to-day the number of physicians is nearly two thousand, while the followers of dental surgery number about five hundred ; and to both profes- sions our coreligionists furnish a very considerable quota. The College of Physicians, at Philadelphia, had its origin in January, 1787, and was incorporated in March, 1789. The ad- vantages of such an institution had been pointed out years before its establishment, which is heralded in an issue of the Pennsylvania Packet and Daily Advertiser, during February, 1787. ** The objects of this College," as set forth, ''are to advance the science of medi- cine, and thereby to lessen human misery, by investigating the dis- eases and remedies which are peculiar to this country; by observing the effect of different seasons, climates and situations upon the human body ; by recording the changes which are produced in disease by the progress of agriculture, arts, population and manners ; by searching for medicines in the American woods, waters, and in the bowels of the earth; by enlarging the avenues to knowledge from the discove- ries and publications of foreign countries; and by cultivating order and uniformity in the practice of physic." Such laudable aims must have at once commended the institution to the profession and the public ; and from its incipiency to the present time, the member- ship roll of the College of Physicians has been graced by the names of men eminent in their calling, whose services have been rewarded by their election as "fellows ' ' of this institution. Among the limited number admitted into this inner circle, several Israelites are met, as will be perceived from the following list of "fellows," which we are fortunate in being enabled to present. The order followed here (124) Another dentist named Lewis Wolf (whose surname is not always sufficient to determine his Jewish origin) is mentioned, and his residence is given at 30 Sugar Alley (between Sixth and Seventh Streets, and above High — now Market Street). THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 417 is chronological, precedence being given to date of election to mem- bership, as set in front of each name: — September, 1835 — Isaac Hays, born July 5th, 1796; A.B., 1816; M.D., 1820, University of Pennsylvania; Surgeon, Pennsyl- vania Infirmary for Diseases of the Eye and Ear, 1822-1827; Wills Hospital, 1834-1854; physician of Philadelphia Orphans' Asylum; Philadelphia Dispensary; Southern Dispensary; Pennsyl- vania Institution for the Instruction of the Blind; member of Phila- delphia Medical Society; Medical Society, State of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia County Medical Society; Kappa Lambda Society; Vice-President of Alumni Association, Medical Department, Uni- versity of Pennsylvania; President of Ophthalmological Society, Philadelphia; Correspondent of Gynjscological Society, Boston; Medical Society, Hamburg (Germany); Societe Universelle d' Oph- thalmologic; Congres Medicale Internationale de Paris (France); honorary member of American Ophthalmological Society; New York State Medical Society; Rhode Island State Medical Society; Medical Society, Baltimore; Academy of Medicine, Abington, Vir- ginia; American Medical Association, 1847; Treasurer of same, 1848-1852; Chairman, Committee on Publication, 1847-1853; member of Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, July, 1818; on Publication Committee of same, December, 1821-December, 1825; Curator, 1821-1831 ; President, December, 1865-December, 1869 ; member of American Philosophical Society, April,' 1830; Councillor of same, 1853-1877; represented College of Physicians as a Delegate to Medical Conventions, and in other capacities, and was a member of its Board of Censors; died on April 12th, 1879. [See Sketch.] June, 1842 — Gotthelf Moehring, born December 14th, 1802; M.D. , 1825, University of Berlin, Prussia; elected member of Philadelphia County Medical Society, April, 1849; physician to German Benevolent Society, Philadelphia; died on October 9th, 1881. 1864— William Moss, born in 1833; M.D., 1854, Jefferson Medical College; Surgeon, in Civil War, of Sixth Pennsylvania 27 418 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Cavalry, 1861-1862; and Surgeon of United States Volunteers, 1862-1863; member of Philadelphia County Medical Society; Civil Service Reform League, of Philadelphia, etc., etc. April, 1871 — Jacob Da Silva Solis Cohen, born February 28th, 1838; M.D., 1860, University of Pennsylvania; Professor Emeritus of Diseases of the Throat and Chest, in the Philadelphia Polyclinic and College for Graduates; Professor (honorary) of Laryngology in Jefferson Medical College ; consulting physician to the Home for Consumptives, Philadelphia; Assistant Surgeon of Twenty- sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861; Acting Assistant Surgeon, United States Navy, 1861-1864; and at United States Army Hospitals, Philadelphia, 1864; elected member of American Medical Association, 1864; member of Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, October, 1870; member, and form- erly President, of the Philadelphia County Medical Society; physi- cian to German Hospital ; first President of the Philadelphia Laryn- gological Society, instituted May 7th, 1880; etc., etc.; author of standard works on diseases of the throat and chest, etc., etc. [See Sketch.] January, 1872 — Isaac Minis Hays, born July 26th, 1847; A.B., 1866; A.M., M.D., 1868, University of Pennsylvania; Secretary-General of International Medical Congress, 1876 ; mem- ber of Association of American Physicians ; Philadelphia County Medical Society; American Philosophical Society — elected in 1886; has been a Delegate to Medical Conventions, and a member of the Library Committee and Board of Councillors of the College of Physicians; he is now (1894) President of the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery. February, 1886 — Louis Jurist, born April 10th, 1855; M.D., 1880, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia; member of Philadelphia County Medical Society ; Pathological Society, Phila- delphia; German Medical Society, Philadelphia; chief clinical assistant in laryngological department of Jefferson Medical College Hospital; lecturer on laryngology in Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia; President (in 1886-1887) of Philadelphia Laryn- gological Society, etc., etc. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 419 1888 — Solomon Solis Cohen, born September 1st, 1857; M.D., 1883, Jefferson Medical College ; Professor of Clinical Medicine and Applied Therapeutics in the Philadelphia Polyclinic, and physician to the Polyclinic Hospital ; clinical lecturer on Medicine in Jefferson Medical College; visiting physician to the Philadelphia Hospital; consulting physician to the Jewish Hospital, Philadelphia ; member, and formerly Recording Secretary, of the Philadelphia County Medical Society, etc., etc. 1888 — Abram Bernheim Hirsh, born March 21st, 1858 ; M.D., 1882, Jefferson Medical College; resident physician and surgeon in German Hospital, Philadelphia, 1882-1883 ; Adjunct Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, in the Philadelphia Polyclinic, 1887-1890, etc., etc.; member of Philadelphia County Medical Society ; Obstetrical Society ; Medico- Legal Society ; State Medical Society of Pennsylvania, etc. , etc. 1891— Abraham Jacobi (New York City), Associate Fellow; born May 6th, 1830; M.D., University of Bonn, Germany; involved in revolutionary movements in Germany; has held various positions in colleges and hospitals ; specialist on diseases of women and children, etc.; editor; author; has been President of New York Pathological, Obstetrical, and State Medical Societies, Academy of Medicine, etc. , etc. 1892— Lewis W. Steinbach, born June 4th, 1851; M.D., 1880, Jefferson Medical College; Professor of Clinical and Operative Surgery in the Philadelphia Polyclinic; Visiting Surgeon to the Philadelphia Hospital, and to the Jewish Hospital, Philadelphia; Recorder of the Philadelphia Academy of Surgery ; member of the Philadelphia County Medical Society and of other institutions, etc., etc. October, 1893— Augustus A. Eshner, born November 17th, 1862; M. D., 1888, Jefferson Medical College; Adjunct Professor of Clinical Medicine in the Philadelphia Polyclinic; Registrar in the Neurological Department of the Philadelphia Hospital ; member of the Philadelphia County Medical Society, Pathological Society, and Neurological Society. 420 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. March, 1894 — Max Henley Bochroch, born March 7th, 1861; M.D., 1881, Jefferson Medical College; Instructor of Electro- Therapeutics and Chief of Nervous Department in Jefferson Medical College Hospital; Neurologist to the Northern Dispensary; member of Northern Medical Society, Pathological and Philadelphia County Medical Societies, and of other Societies. He has written papers on medical subjects, etc., etc. The ranks of the regular medical profession in Philadelphia contain the names of the following Israelites (some of whom have attained marked distinction) in addition to those aforementioned; — Michael V. Ball, graduated in 1889, at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia. Adolph L. Barcus, graduated in 1891, at Jefferson Medical College. Aaron M. Billstein, graduated in 1891, at Medical Depart- ment of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Emma L. Billstein, graduated in 1893, at Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (now Demonstrator of His- tology and Embryology in above College). Max Blieden, graduated in 1894, at Medical Department of University of Pennsylvania. Florence Brandeis, graduated in 1894, at Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Michael Brinkmann, graduated in 1848, at University of Marburg, Germany; specialty — hydropathy. Morris Weil Brinkmann, graduated in 1884, at Medical De- partment of University of Pennsylvania (now residing in New York City). Leon Brinkmann, graduated in 1887, at Medical Department of University of Pennsylvania. Morris S. Cohen, graduated in 1881, at Jefferson Medical College (now residing at Cataract, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania). Nathan Alexander Cohen, graduated in 1892, at Jefferson Medical College ; previously graduated, in 1886, from Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, and from Veterinary Department of University of Pennsylvania in 1890 (now residing in Camden, New Jersey). THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 421 Sydney M. Cone, graduated in 1893, at Medical Department of University of Pennsylvania (now resident physician at Methodist Episcopal Hospital, Philadelphia). Charles C. Davidson, graduated in 1880, at Jefferson Medical College. Moses De Ford, graduated in 1886, at Jefferson Medical College. Frances Allen De Ford, graduated in 1887, at Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. A. Henriques De Young, graduated in 1880, at Jefferson Medical College. Philip Elkin, graduated in 1892, at Jefferson Medical College. Adolph Feldstein, graduated in 1864, at University of Prague, Bohemia. Morris W. Fellman, graduated in 1894, at Medical Depart- ment of University of Pennsylvania. Philip Fischelis, graduated in 1885, at University of Berlin, Prussia. Rebecca Fleisher, graduated in 1886, at Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Marcus Franklin, graduated in 1870, at Jefferson Medical College. Emanuel S. Gans, graduated in 1886, at Jefferson Medical College. Samuel J. Gittelson, graduated in 1892, at Medical Depart- ment of University of Louisville (Kentucky). Leopold Greenbaum, graduated in 1888, at Medico- Chirur- gical College, Philadelphia (also a dentist). Daniel F. Greenwald, graduated in 1885, at Jefferson Medical College. Maurice J. Heider, graduated in 1891, at Jefferson Medical College. Alexander Heilbrunn, graduated in 1857, at University of Berlin, Prussia. Jacob L. Heller, graduated in 1892, at Jefferson Medical College. 422 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Alexander Kahn, graduated iu 1881, at Jefferson Medical College (now residing in Boston, Massachusetts). Cornelia Kahn, graduated in 1887, at Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Helen Kirsciibaum, graduated in 1893, at Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Alexander Klein, graduated in 1889, at University of Buda- Pesth, Austria-Hungary. Isidore Martin Koch, graduated in 1891, at Medico- Chirur- gical College, Philadelphia (at present in Europe, connected with clinics at different hospitals on the Continent). Isaac Leopold, graduated in 1886, at Medical Department of University of Pennsylvania. LuDWiG LoEB, graduated in 1890, at Jefierson Medical College (Clinical Assistant at Polyclinic, Jefferson, and Howard Hospitals, Philadelphia). Julius Love, graduated in 1893, at Medico- Chirurgical College, Philadelphia. Lee Lowengrund, graduated in 1878, at Jefferson Medical College. Sarah A. Cohen-May, graduated in 1879, at Woman's Medi- cal College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Ignatius Mayer, graduated in 1894, at Medico-Chirurgical Col- lege, Philadelphia. David Modell, graduated in 1893, at Medico-Chirurgical Col- lege, Philadelphia. Sylvan Myers, graduated in 1894, at Medical Department of University of Pennsylvania. George J. Newgarden, graduated in 1889, at Jefferson Medical College (now First Lieutenant, United States Army, at Fort Sheridan, Illinois). Samuel Joseph Ottinger, graduated in 1892, at Jefferson Medical College. Joseph B. Potsdamer, graduated in 1879, at Jefferson Medical College. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 423 Jacob S. Pragheimer, graduated in 1888, at Jefferson Medical College. Louise G. Rabinovitch, graduated in 1889, at Woman's Medi- cal College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. David Riesman, graduated in 1892, at Medical Department of University of Pennsylvania. Milton Joseph Rosen au, graduated in 1889, at Medical De- partment of University of Pennsylvania (now Past Assistant Sur- geon in the United States Marine Hospital Service). Edwin Rosenthal, graduated in 1880, at Jefferson Medical College. Philip Rovno, graduated in 1894, at Jefferson Medical College. Julius L. Salinger, graduated in 1886, at Jefferson Medical College. Jay F. Schamberg, graduated in 1892, at Medical Department of University of Pennsylvania. Theodore B. Schneideman, graduated in 1883, at Jefferson Medical College (Adjunct Professor of Diseases of the Eye in the Polyclinic Hospital, Philadelphia). Louis Schwarz, graduated in 1881, at Jefferson Medical College. Bernhard Segal, graduated in 1893, at Jefferson Medical Col- lege. S. Seilikowitch, graduated in 1893, at Medico-Chirurgical Col- lege, Philadelphia. Joseph S. Simsohn, graduated in 1874, at Jefferson Medical College. Rachel S. Skidelsky, graduated in 1894, at Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Rosa Slobodinsky, graduated in 1892, at Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (now residing in Boston, Massachusetts). Charles D. Spivak, graduated in 1890, at Jeffei-son Medical College (Clinical Assistant at the Jefferson Hospital, Philadelphia). Max J. Stern, graduated in 1885, at Jefferson Medical College (Professor of Operative Surgery in the Polyclinic Hospital, Phila- delphia). 424 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Frederic M. Strouse, graduated in 1885, at Medical Depart- ment of University of Pennsylvania. William H. Teller, graduated in 1886, at Medical Department of University of Pennsylvania. Berthold Trautmann, graduated in 1874, at Georgetown (Dis- trict of Columbia) University. George Treiman, graduated in 1893, at Medico-Chirurgical College, Philadelphia. Flora E. Wasserman, graduated in 1890, at Homoeopathic Hospital College, Cleveland, Ohio. BIOGRAPHICAL. Isaac Hays, distinguished as a physician, an oculist, a medical writer and editor, a scientist, and a humanitarian, ^vas born in Philadelphia, July 5th, 1796. His parents, Samuel and Richea (iiee Gratz) Hays, were respected members of prominent families. Dr. Hays studied at schools and at the University of Pennsylvania, graduating from the Department of Arts in 1816. After this collegiate training, he took to the study of medicine at the School of the aforenamed University, and received his M.D. degree therefrom in 1820, having also pursued studies under Dr. Nathaniel Chapman, a well-known practitioner of those times. Dr. Hays soon obtained note, and his subsequent remarkable success as an oculist added greatly to his reputatioli, while it increased his practice. Notwithstanding the many requirements attending his professional duties, he early became largely interested in medical science. He was connected with the American Journal of the Medical Sciences from February, 1827, continuously for a period of fifty-two years. He also edited Medical News and other publications — each attaining front rank as recognized organs in all the developments attending the study and practice of the healing art. Dr. Hays edited Hall' s edition of ' ' Wilson' s American Ornith- ology," in eight volumes (1828); ''Hoblyn's Dictionary of Medical Terms" (1846); " Lawrence on Diseases of the Eye " (1847); and *' Arnott's Elements of Physics" (1848). He was a most indefati- gable worker as physician to hospitals and as a member of numerous THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 425 societies — medical and otherwise. [See other references in this work to Dr. Hays's activity.] He enjoyed the acquaintance of some of the most celebrated men of his age, and his versatile talents and pleasing ways rendered him a welcome guest on many public occasions, as they won him the regard of his patients. His name was a tower of strength in the realms of medicine, and he was esteemed highly throughout the United States and Europe for his labors to advance the science of the profession. Dr. Hays was for many years identified with the Congregation "Mickv^h Israel," and at one time displayed an active interest in its inner affairs. He married Sarah Minis, daughter of Isaac Minis. He died in Philadelphia, on April 12th, 1879, full of honors richly deserved. Of Dr. Hays's children, Dr. Isaac Minis Hays is well known as a practitioner and a writer on medical questions. Jacob Da Silva Solis Cohen, an eminent physician, is con- ceded to be one of the greatest authorities on diseases of the throat and chest. He is the oldest son of Myer and Judith {nee Solis) Cohen. On the maternal side, the family are of Spanish origin, tracing their ancestry back to the time of the expulsion from the land of tortures. Dr. Cohen is a native of New York City, and was born February 28th, 1838. His parents having removed to Philadelphia, he received instruction here, and graduated from the Boys' Central High School in February, 1855. Exhibiting a fond- ness for the study of medicine, he attended lectures at the Jefferson Medical College. After a residence in Memphis, Tennessee, he returned to this city and completed his studies at the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1860, receiving there his degree. Dr. Cohen at once took up general practice, but in the course of time devoted himself largely to the specialty in following which he has attained such wide fame. He has been lecturer on laryngoscopy and diseases of the throat and chest at the Jefferson Medical Col- lege, and is now Honorary Professor of Laryngology in the same institution. His lectures, as his writings, have been regarded as of great value to students, while his published works are universally accepted as text- books. As a surgeon, Dr. Cohen showed his efficiency as well as his 426 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. loyalty to the Union during the Civil AVar— as elsewhere recorded. Reference to his activity in hospitals, and in medical and other socie- ties, will also be found in another place in this department. He has attended, as a delegate, State, National, and International Medical Congresses, has figured prominently in the discussions there, and has been highly honored because of his erudition and profound knowl- edge of a special branch of medicine. Dr. Cohen's advice and treatment have been sought by many distinguished persons, and his professional opinion has often been requested by specialists in their treatment of difficult cases. Among the Doctor's works are: "A Treatise on Inhalation;" ''Diseases of the Throat;" ''Croup in its Relations to Trache- otomy ; " a number of monographs, and articles in medical journals, and in the Transactions of medical societies. Dr. Cohen is one of the translators of Ziemssen's Cyclopaedia. All his writings are marked by a thoroughness, a clearness of statement, and a wealth of information, which have tended to place them among the standard works of that character, and among the necessary adjuncts to every well- equipped medical library. In 1875 Dr. Cohen married Miriam Binswanger, a daughter of Isidore and Elizabeth Sophia {nee Polock) Binswanger, of Phila- delphia. A number of children have been born unto them. SPECIAL REFERENCES. Among other physicians who graduated in this city, but removed elsewhere, is Morris Joseph Asch, graduated in 1855, at Jefferson Medical College, a practitioner in New York City. Dr. Asch's brother-in-law, Mark Blumenthal, M.D., also of New York City, received his early education in Philadelphia, at Public Schools and at .the Boys' Central High School, but studied medicine at the Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City, from which he graduated in 1852. Additional names might be mentioned, among them Dr. Manuel Phillips — already referred to — who was Assistant Surgeon in the United States Navy prior to and during the War of 1812, and some years subsequent thereto; Dr. Henry Heller, and his son. Dr. Max Heller, both of whom, now deceased, served as Surgeons in the Army THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 427 during the Civil War; Dr. David Davidson, deceased, a well-known practitioner, who graduated from the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania, in 1871; Dr. Louis Elsberg, also de- ceased, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College; celebrated as a specialist in diseases of the throat, who introduced new methods in treatment ; a biologist, and at one time resident physician of Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City; and Dr. Mary Anna Elson, a well- known female physician, who was the first Jewess to graduate from the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania (in 1858). Dr. Elson w^as born in Wiirtzburg, Germany, March 14th, 1833. She practiced her profession in this city, and afterwards at Goshen, Indiana, and delivered lectures on medical subjects. She died on November 18th, 1884 Dr. Edward Morwitz, who died on December 13th, 1893, had also attained eminence as a physician, and latterly as a journalist and newspaper proprietor. [A sketch of his career is given in another part of this work.] Among Philadelphians, now deceased, there are two names that must not be overlooked. Both attained distinction, and both were noted for their deeds of kindness to the poor. Dr. Philip De Young was born in New Hanover Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, January 6th, 1809. His father, Joseph De Young, was a country store- keeper. Philip received careful instruction. His father intended him for a merchant; but the boy displayed no fondness for that calling. Coming to Philadelphia in 1834, he was allowed to follow the bent of his mind, and he entered the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania, from which he graduated with highest honors in 1838. Through the influence of Asa Packer, a friend of the elder De Young, the young man was selected as physician to the Lehigh Navigation Company, with head- quarters at Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania. He returned, however, to this city in 1844, and entered upon private practice. He soon obtained note in his profession, and though occasionally he evinced an interest in local politics — served on the Board of Health of Phila- delphia, and became a member of Masonic and other Secret Orders —his time was finally confined exclusively to his patients. It was not remarkable that many indigent persons should have been num- bered among his patients, and his goodness of heart prevented him at any tinxe from amassing wealth. An experienced physician, the poor found in Dr. De Young a true friend. He labored earnestly 428 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. throughout his career, and died, much lamented, on September 5th, 1880. Thorough Jewish sentiments, united with professional skill, marked the course of Dr. Manly Emanuel, who for many years resided in Philadelphia. Dr. Emanuel was born in Davenport, England, February 5th, 1795. He pursued medical studies, and graduated from St. George's Hospital, London, England, in June, 1816. After sojourning awhile in the metropolis, he sailed for the United States on the brig " Flora," commanded by Captain Thomas Durfey. For a long period he dwelt in Linwood, Delaware County, Pennsylvania, but subsequently removed to Philadelphia, where he continued his profession, until age incapacitated him for further labors. Dr. Emanuel's talents were recognized by his election as a permanent member of the American Medical Association ; a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons, London; and a member of the Pennsylvania State Medical Society. He was one of the corporators of the Dela- ware County Medical Society, and its President for sixteen years; besides presiding for fifteen years over the Board of School Directors of Delaware County; being the United States Examining Surgeon for Pensions, and a Justice of the Peace for Delaware County, Pennsylvania. The subject of these remarks was, to quote the w^ords of another, '* an Israelite in the broadest sense of the word, conscientious to the extreme in conforming to the tenets of his Faith, by example as well as by precept, charitable to those who needed his advice and assistance, and ever ready to relieve those who required his profes- sional services." Dr. Emanuel died on July 3d, 1880 Mrs. Hannah Emanuel, the Doctor's devoted spouse, was of the same religious and whole-souled character, and earned the respect of many for her virtues, and her earnest, but modest, work in behalf of Jewish charity societies in Philadelphia. Of the sons of Dr. and Mrs. Emanuel, Louis Manly Emanuel practiced medicine; having graduated from the Medical Department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1860. He was a deep student, and spent much of his time in studying cause and effect in medicine, and in testing the action upon the system of certain remedies. Dr. Emanuel rendered valuable services as Surgeon in the Army during the Civil War. His record is given in more detail in a special department of this work, devoted to the Army. He died on December 27th, 1868, at an early age. - THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 429 IN DENTISTRY, ETC. . Id dentistry, as in other professions, Israelites have achieved signal success. The following is a list of practitioners, most of whom are located in Philadelphia : — William Alexander, graduated in 1890, at Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery, Philadelphia. Louis Britton, graduated in 1894, at Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery. Leon A. Effron, graduated in 1889, at Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery. William Simon Engle, graduated in 1891, at Philadelphia Dental College. Mendel Friedland, graduated in 1894, at Dental Department of University of Pennsylvania. Leopold Greene aum, graduated in 1881, at Philadelphia Dental College [See also list of physicians] . Max Greenbaum, graduated in 1890, at Philadelphia Dental College. Samuel L. Goldsmith, graduated in 1889, at Dental Depart- ment of University of Pennsylvania (now residing in New York City). Benner Herz, graduated in 1888, at Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery. Mary S. Joffe, graduated in 1892, at Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery. Maria Lasser, graduated in 1890, at Philadelphia Dental College. Charles Newgarden, graduated in 1892, at Dental Depart- ment of University of Pennsylvania. David A. Rosenthal, graduated in 1889, at Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery. W. S. Rosenthal, graduated in 1889, at Philadelphia Dental College. Ernst Rosenthal, graduated in 1894, at Dental Department of University of Pennsylvania. 430 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Nathan J. Sanson, graduated in 1883, at Philadelphia Dental College. Charles B. Schupack, graduated in 1894, at Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery. Morris A. Waas. Abraham M. Waas, graduated in 1894, at Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery. Among Veterinarians these may be mentioned: Dr. Louis A. Mansbach, Dr. Leon N. Reefer, Dr. Nathan Alexander Cohen, and Dr. Arthur Salinger. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 431 VIII. IN THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. (1772-1894.) The advantages of a collegiate training are not to be underesti- mated. Many representatives of our race have recognized this fact, and not a few notable men in our midst have sprung from among college graduates. It is, therefore, a matter of satisfaction that we are enabled to present a list, from among those who matriculated at the University of Pennsylvania, commencing as early as in the year 1772, and continuing until 1892, including the latest gradu- ates (in 1894). For a large part of the information herein con- tained, our acknowledgments are due to Dr. Ewing Jordan, who, with Dr. Persifor Frazer and John Douglass Brown, Jr., Esq., com- piled for the Alumni Society of the College Department a Catalogue of Matriculates in the Departments of Arts and of Science of the University aforenamed. Our list is herewith annexed, the date first given, being in each instance that of matriculation: — 1772 — Moses Levy, born in Philadelphia, in 1757 ; son of Samson and Martha Levy; admitted to the Bar, March 19th, 1778; Trustee of the University, 1802-1826 ; Recorder of Philadelphia, 1802- 1822; Presiding Judge of the District Court, 1822-1825; member of the Pennsylvania Legislature ; died on May 9th, 1826. 1795— Zalegman Phillips, born in Philadelphia, June 30th, 1779 ; son of Jonas Phillips and Rebecca Machado; admitted to the Bar, December 4th, 1799 ; married at Baltimore, in 1805, Arabella Solomons, daughter of Myer S. Solomons and Catherine Bush ; died on August 21st, 1839. 1807— Jacob Gratz, born in Philadelphia, December 20th, 1788; son of Michael Gratz and Miriam Simon; M.A., 1811 ; merchant; President of the Union Canal Company; member of the House of 432 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Representatives of Pennsylvania ; elected to the State Senate in 1839 ; unmarried; died in Philadelphia, on December 24th, 1856. 1810— Joseph Simon Cohen, born in 1788, 1789, or 1790 (year uncertain, and place of birth not given); son of Solomon Myers Cohen and Bell Simon (the latter a daughter of Joseph Simon, of Lancaster, Pennsylvania); read law in the office of Honorable John Sergeant; M.A., 1813; admitted to the Bar, May 24th, 1813; Prothonotary of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, 1840-1853 ; died in Philadelphia, on February 3d, 1858. 1811— Benjamin Gratz, born in Philadelphia, September 4th, 1792; son of Michael Gratz and Miriam Simon; M.A., 1815; admitted to the Bar, 1817 ; member of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania ; Trustee of the Transylvania University, of Ken- tucky ; Second Lieutenant in Captain John Swift's Company of Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1813 (enlisted under General Thomas Cadwalader); married Maria Gist, daughter of Colonel Nathaniel Gist, and grand-daughter of General Charles Scott, of the Revolu- tionary War ; married again Anne Shelby ; was senior member of the Bar in 1883 ; died at Lexington, Kentucky, on March 17th, 1884. 1812— Elijah Gratz Etting, born in Baltimore, July 14th, 1795; son of Reuben Etting and Frances Gratz; M.A., 1816; admitted to the Bar, May 30th, 1816; became District Attorney of Cecil County, Maryland; unmarried; died in Philadelphia, on May 25th, 1849. 1815 — Samuel Marx, born in Richmond, Virginia, March 4th, 1796; son of Joseph Marx and Richea Meyers; received silver medal for superior scholarship ; M.A., 1818; merchant; Cashier and President of the Bank of Virginia; unmarried; died at Richmond, Virginia, on December 7th, 1860. 1816— Isaac Hays, born in Philadelphia, July 5th, 1796; son of Samuel Hays and Richea Gratz; M.A. and M.D., 1820; member of the American Philosophical Society, 4830; President of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1865-1869; Associate Fellow of the Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts; honorary member of the Hamburg Medical Society, etc. , etc. ; Fel- low of the Philadelphia College of Physicians, 1835; Editor of the American Journal of the Medical Sciences, etc.; Curator, etc., etc.; married Sarah Minis, daughter of Isaac Minis ; died in Philadelphia, on April 12th, 1879. th:e! jews of Philadelphia. 433 1822 — Jonas Altamout Phillips, born in Philadelphia, July 22d, 1806; son of Zalegnian Phillips and Arabella Solomons; M.A., 1825; admitted to the Bar, May 20th, 1826; Democratic candidate for Mayor of Philadelphia, against John Swift, in 1847-1848; married (April 12th, 1837) Frances Cohen, daughter of Moses Cohen and Rachel Moses, of Charleston, South Carolina; died in Philadelphia, on October 2d, 1862. 1824 — Isaac Moses, born in Philadelphia, April 14th, 1807; son of Solomon Moses and Rachel Gratz; M.A., 1827; merchant; un- married; died near Mobile, Alabama, on April 3d, 1847. 1825 — Henry Hays, born in Philadelphia, January 17th, 1807; son of Samuel Hays and Richea Gratz; M.A., 1828; merchant; unmarried; died in Philadelphia, on December 31st, 1874. 1827 — Benjamin Franklin Phillips, M.A. (record unknown). 1832 — Simon Gratz Moses, born in Philadelphia, October 6th, 1813; son of Solomon Moses and Rachel Gratz; M.A. and M.D., 1835; Professor of Obstetrics at the Missouri Medical College, St. Louis (1851-1854 or 1855); President of the St. Louis Obstetrical Society; health officer of St. Louis; twice married — married first, Mary Potter, daughter of Colonel Samuel Ashe, United States Army; second, Mrs. Mary Acheson (iiee Papin). 1834 — Samuel Moss (non-graduate), born December 25th, 1816 ; merchant. 1834 — Theodore Frelinghuysen Moss (non- graduate), born in Philadelphia, August 24th, 1819; brother of Samuel Moss; studied mineralogy in Freiberg, Germany ; mining engineer and geologist; married Delia Forbes, daughter of Alfred Thornton, of Virginia. 1845 — Samuel George Rosengarten, born in Philadelphia, November 8th, 1827; son of George D. Rosengarten and Elizabeth Bennett; M.A. , 1848; chemist; unmarried. 1847 — Barnet Phillips, born in Philadelphia, December 9th, 1828; son of Isaac Phillips, of London, and Sarah Moss, of Phila- delphia; M.A., 1850; studied at the University of Giessen, in Hesse, 1850-1851; chemist; merchant; for the last twenty years, a jour- nalist; married Josephine Myers, daughter of Mordecai Myers, of Savannah, Georgia. 1852 — Morris Joseph Asch, born in Philadelphia, July 4th, 1833; son of Joseph M. Asch and Clarissa Ulraan; M.A., 1855; M.D., Jefferson Medical College, 1855 ; Assistant Surgeon, United States . 28 434 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Army, August 5th, 1861-March 31st, 1873; Brevet Captain and Brevet Major, March 13th, 1865 — both ranks received for faithful and meritorious services; member of various medical societies, etc., etc. ; unmarried. 1852— Joseph George Rosengarten, born in Philadelphia, July 14th, 1835; son of George D. Rosengarten and Elizabeth Bennett; M.A., 1855; admitted to the Bar, May 10th, 1856; First Lieutenant, One Hundred and Twenty-first Pennsylvania Regiment; and in United States Volunteers, 1863-1864; promoted to Major on the Staff of General Reynolds ; member of literary and scientific societies, etc., etc. 1854 — Frank Marx Etting, born in Philadelphia, December 17th, 1833; son of Benjamin Etting and Harriet Marx; M.A., 1857; admitted to the Bar, October 10th, 1857; Paymaster in the United States Army, with the rank of Major, 1861; Chief Paymaster in the United States Army, 1864-1867; Brevet Lieutenant- Colonel, United States Volunteers, March 13th, 1865; Brevet Lieutenant- Colonel, United States Army, 1868; Chief Paymaster for disbursing reconstruction fund, on Staff of General Irwin McDowell, 1868; member of the American Philosophical Society, 1875; Director of Public Schools ; Chief Historian, Department of the Centennial Exhibition ; wrote historical account of Independence Hall, etc., etc. ; married Alioe Taney Campbell, daughter of James Mason Campbell, of Baltimore, and grand-daughter of Chief Justice Taney ; died in Philadelphia, on June 4th, 1890. 1855 — William De wees Hays, born in Philadelphia, October 19th, 1836; son of Dr. Isaac Hays and Sarah Minis; M.A., 1858; Engineer and Superintendent of the Harrisburg Division of the Northern Central Railway; unmarried; died in Philadelphia, on January 23d, 1866. 1856— Henry Phillips, Jr., born in Philadelphia, September 6th, 1838; son of Jonas Altamont Phillips and Frances Cohen; admitted to the Bar, June 13th, 1859; M.A., 1859; Ph.D.; linguist, specialist, and writer on Archaeology, Philology, Numismatics, etc., etc.; poet; translator; member of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadalphia, American Philosophical Society, etc., etc.; unmarried. 1858 — Edwin Phillips (non-graduate), born in Philadelphia, August 1st, 1840; brother of the preceding ; unmarried. THE JEWS' OF PHILADELPHIA. 435 1866— Isaac Minis Hays, born in Philadelphia, July 26th, 1847; son of Dr. Isaac Hays and Sarah iMinis; M.A. and M.D., 1868; Fellow of the Philadelphia College of Physicians, 1872 ; member of the Philadelphia County Medical Society ; Pennsylvania State Medical Society ; Association of American Physicians; American Philosophical Society; Editor of the American Journal of the Medical Sciences — the oldest and most influential medical journal in the United States ; married Emma Wood, daughter of George A. Wood, of Philadel- phia. 1871 — David Levi (non-graduate); born in Philadelphia, 40-45 years since; son of Solomon Levi; entered in 1871; left in 1872; Minister of the Congregation ''Beth Elohim" (House of God), Charleston, South Carolina ; since 1893, Minister of another Jewish Congregation, in New^ Haven, Connecticut; married Mary Bernstein. 1871 — Marcus Eliezer Lam (non -graduate), born in Amsterdam, Holland, April 5th, 1854; son of* Eliezer Lam and Julia Lissauer; entered in 1871; left in 1878; teacher; merchant; married Lena Schloss, daughter of Julius Schloss and Rosalie Weiman. 1872— Adolphus Henry Meyers (particulars unknown). 1875 — Esdaile Philip Cohen (place and date of birth and record not given) ; son of Andrew J. Cohen and Clotilda Florance ; M. A. and M.D., 1879; journalist. 1877 — Morris Weil Brinkmann, born in Philadelphia, 30-31 years since; son of Michael (M.D.) and Nanette Brinkmann; entered in 1877; left in June, 1881; Curator, Franklin Scientific Society; entered Medical Department; M. D. , 1884. 1877 — Morris Jastrow, born in Warsaw, Poland, August 13th, 1861; son of Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow and Bertha Wolffsohn; entered September 15th, 1877; Ph.D. and M.A., University of Leipsic, July 18th, 1884; member of the American Oriental Society; American Philological Association; Society for Biblical Archaeology (London); Akademisclie Oriental Verein (Berlin); pur- sued Rabbinical, linguistic, and philosophical studies at Breslau, Leipsic, Berlin, Paris, and Strasbourg; lecturer on Semitic languages at the University of Pennsylvania, October 1st, 1885- January, 1886; has been Professor of the Arabic Language and of Rab- binical Literature, and is now Professor of Semitic languages, and assistant librarian in the above institution; has written on the Semitic languages and similar subjects, etc. ; married in 1893, 436 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, Helen Bachman, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Herman F. Bachman, of Philadelphia. 1878 — Joseph Jastrow, born in Warsaw, Poland, January 30th, 1863; son of Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow and Bertha Wolffsohn ; entered Department of Arts in September, 1878; was class poet, and took Mental Science Prize in 1882; M.A., 1885; entered Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, in September, 1882, as a graduate student, and remained until June, 1888; was a graduate scholar therein 1884-1885; fellow, 1885-1886-1888; Ph.D., 1886; since 1888, he has been Professor of Experimental and Comparative Psychology in the University of Wisconsin; he has written on psychology, and contributed to publications, etc. ; he married Rachel Szold, daughter of Rev. Dr. and Mrs. Benjamin Szold, of Balti- more. 1878— Meyer Schamberg, born in Philadelphia, July 22d, 1860; son of Abraham Schamberg and !£ugenie Martin; entered, Septem- ber 15th, 1878; B.S., 1882; assisted the State Chemist of Delaware for August, 1882; has held other positions as chief chemist and chemical expert for different enterprises; engaged in mining coal and exploring for oil and gas in Ashland, Kentucky; member of the Franklin Institute and of the American Institute of Mining Engineers. 1879 — Leon Philip Feustmann, born in Philadelphia, March 6th, 1861; son of Bernard Henry Feustmann and Rosalie Mayer; entered as Sophomore in 1879; B.S., 1882; M.A., Institute of Mining Engineers, at Catorce-E. de San Luis, Potosi, Mexico. 1881 — Leon Brinkmann (non-graduate), born in Philadelphia, 25-26 years since; son of Michael (M.D.) and Nanette Brinkmann; entered Medical Department; M.D. 1887; Secretary of the "Phi Delta Upsilon." 1882 — Joseph David Israel, born in Philadelphia, February 28th, 1868; son of Benjamin Israel and Denah Potsdamer; B.S., 1886; Mechanical Engineer, 1887; in the service of the Edison Electric Light Company, Philadelphia; unmarried. 1882 — Jacob Lychenheim, born in Philadelphiaj January 16th, 1868; son of Solomon and Hannah Lychenheim; entered Septem- ber 15th, 1882; B.S., 1886; Secretary of the Towne Scientific and Literary Society; Assistant Chemist, Iron Masters' Laboratory, Philadelphia, June-December, 1886; Assistant Chemist, Crane Iron THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 437 Company's Laboratory, Catasauqua, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, December, 1886-January, 1888; now at Swedeland, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. 1883 — Cyrus Adler, born in Van Buren, Arkansas, September 13th, 1863; son of Samuel Adler and Sarah Sulzberger; M.A., University of Pennsylvania, 1886; Ph.D., Johns Hopkins Univer- sity, Baltimore, 1887; member of the American Philological Asso- ciation; Johns Hopkins Philological Association; American Oriental Society; Anthropological Society, Washington, D. C; American Historical Association; Modern Language Association; Fellow in Semitic languages, Johns Hopkins University, 1885-1887; In- structor in same, 1887; Assistant Curator in the Department of Oriental Antiquities, United States National Museum, Washington, D. C, since 1888, and now librarian; Secretary of the American Jewish Historical Society; writer on special subjects, etc., etc.; unmarried. 1883 — David Werner Amram, born in Philadelphia, May 16th, 1866 ; son of Wolf D. Amram and Ester Hammerschlag; entered in 1883; LL.B., 1889; M.A., 1891 ; lawyer; member of the Law Association of Philadelphia; unmarried. 1883 — Charles Seligman Bernheimer, born in Philadelphia, November 13th, 1868 ; son of Seligman Bernheimer and Betty Loeb; entered Towne Scientific School in 1883; graduated from the Wharton 3chool of Finance and Economy as Ph.B. , 1887; took several class honors; Assistant Secretary of the Jewish Publication Society of America, etc., etc. ; unmarried. 1883 — Lee Kaiifer Frankel, born in Philadelphia, August 13th, 1867; son of Louis Frankel and Amelia Lobenberg; B.S., 1887; took several class honors; practical chemist, 1888; member of the Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft (Berlin) ; Society of Chemical Industry (London); and Franklin Institute, Philadelphia; formerly Instructor of Analytical Chemistry at the University of Penn- sylvania; now analytical and consulting chemist, and writer on technical questions; unmarried. 1883 — Isaac Leopold, born in Philadelphia, January 6th, 1864; son of Simon Leopold and Delia Levi ; entered Medical Department, 1883; M.D., 1886; member of the Pathological Society, Phila- delphia; physician to the United Hebrew Charities, etc. ; married Sarah Stein, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Charles Stein, of Phila- delphia. ^ 438 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 1884 — Joseph Siegmund Levin, born in Philadelphia, September 18th, 1866; son of Henry Levin and Ida Nones; entered as Sopho- more, September, 1884; graduated as B.S., and entered Law Department, 1887; LL.B., 1889; received honorable mention and special prizes on several occasions; admitted to the Bar, June 15th, 1889 ; M.A., 1890. Herbert Moses Kaufmann, born in Philadelphia, May 21st, 1870; son of Jacob Kaufmann and Sophie Loeb; B.S., 1888; pur- sued studies in Europe, 1891. 1885 — Edwin Isaac Hyneman, born in Philadelphia, February 17th, 1869; son of Levy Leon Hyneman and Grace Marks; en- tered in September, 1885; graduated in 1889; member of Univer- sity Foot- Ball Team, 1887-1888; member of University Base- Ball Team, 1886-1889; Captain of latter, 1889. 1886 — Maurice Mayer Feustmann, born in Philadelphia, Novem- ber 16th, 1870; son of Bernard Henry Feustmann and Rosalie Mayer; entered in 1886; B.S., 1890; took several class honors; student of Architecture, etc. 1886 — Samuel Kahn Louchheim, born in Philadelphia, January 11th, 1869; son of Henry S. Louchheim and Carrie Kahn; entered Junior Class of Wharton School, September, 1886; Ph.B., 1888; entered Law Department, 1891; graduated in 1893; took several class honors ; clerk in the Deutsche Union Bank, Frankfort- on- the- Main, Germany, August, 1889-August, 1890 ; admitted to the Philadelphia Bar, June 24th, 1893; life-member of the American Economic Association; member of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. Nelson Baum Mayer, B.S., 1890 (other record not given). 1886 — David Emanuel Simon, born in Philadelphia, July 29th, 1868; son of Moses Simon and Fanny Straus; entered Wharton School in 1886; Ph.B., 1888; entered Law Department in 1888; LL.B., 1891; took class honors in Wharton School and in Law School; admitted to the Philadelphia Bar, June 13th, 1891. 1887 — Alfred Meyer Liveright, born in Davenport, Iowa, November 10th, 1872; son of Henry Liveright and Henrietta Fleischer; entered in 1887; served on reportorial staffs of the Phila- delphia Inquirer and of the North American; in 1893, law student. 1887 — Leo Stanton Rowe, born in McGregor, Iowa, September 17th, 1871; son of Louis Rowe and Katharine Raff; entered as THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 439 Sophomore, 1887-1888 term; left in 1889-1890 term; also entered Wharton School, and took honors; Ph.B., 1890; Fellow in Political Science, Wharton School; has since pursued Economic studies in Europe; now lecturer on Municipal Government in tlie Wharton School of Finance and Economy ; writer on financial and economic questions; member of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, etc. , etc. ; unmarried. 1888 — Abram Meyer Feldman, born in Zitomir, Russia, August 8th, 1862; son of Simon Feldman and Menicha Marblestone ; graduate of a Teachers' Institute at Zitomir, Russia, in 1882; entered University of Pennsylvania, 1888; B.S. and M.E., 1891 ; mechanical engineer; member of Franklin Institute, of Philadelphia; unmarried. 1890— Walter Edward Weyl, born in Philadelphia, March 11th, 1873; son of Nathan Weyl and Emelie Stern; entered Wharton School in 1890; Ph.B., 1892; is now (1893-1894) a student at a European University ; writer on economic questions, etc., etc. 1892 — Joseph Kahn Arnold, born in Jacksonville, Illinois, De- cember 8th, 1868 ; son of Solomon Arnold and Elja Kahn; B.S., 1 894 ; member of Phi Beta Kappa Honorary Fraternity ; intends entering the ministry. 1892 — Leo Belmont, born in Philadelphia, December 8th, 1875 ; son of Henry Belmont and Sarah Bernheimer ; Ph.B., 1894. 1892— Elias Gates, born in Des Arc, Arkansas, August 19th, 1873; son of Ferdinand Gates and Sallie Meyer; Ph.B., 1894 ; in- tends to study law. 1892 — Walter Abraham Hirsh, born in Philadelphia, August 8th, 1875 ; son of Henry Hirsh and Lilie Anathan ; received Wharton School certificate, 1894. 1892— Jacob Rubel, born in Philadelphia, September 12th, 1875; son of Emanuel Rubel and Pauline Hochstadter; received AVharton School certificate, 1894 ; will continue his studies, for degree of Ph.B. in 1895. 1892 — Harrison Bernheimer Weil, born in Philadelphia, August 3d, 1875 ; son of Simon R. Weil and Carrie Meyer ; received Wharton School certificate, 1894; intends to study law. Among those who graduated in the Class of 1864 was Lucien J. Florance; but no particulars as to his record have been obtained. 440 THE JEWS OE PHILADELPHIA. Joseph Abraham is mentioned as having received the degree of Bachelor of Science in 1882. Philip DeYoung, in 1838, Jacob Da Silva Solis Cohen, and Louis Manly Emanuel, in 1860, David Davidson, in 1871, and other Israelites (as elsewhere noticed) are among those who graduated from the Medical Department; and Samuel L. Goldsmith, in 1889, and Charles New^garden, in 1892, of those who graduated from the Dental Department. Among other graduates and those who took special courses (about some of whom exact information has not been given) are : Emil Gustavus Hirsch, son of Rev. Dr. Samuel Hirsch and Louise Michel, of Philadelphia; graduated in 1872; studied in Berlin, Prussia, and graduated there as Ph.D. in 1875; married Tillie Einhorn, daughter of Rev. Dr. and Mrs. David Einhorn, of New York City; is now preacher of "Sinai" Congregation, Chicago. Emanuel Furth, son of Mr. and Mrs. Leopold Furth, of Phila- delphia ; LL.B. , 1878; lawyer. [See sketch of his career else- where. ] Jacob Singer, son of Mr. and Mrs. Abraham Singer, of Philadel- phia ; LL.B., 1881 ; a prominent lawyer and an active worker. Edwin Meyer Goldsmith, son of Mr. and Mrs. Abraham Gold- smith, of Philadelphia ; received a certificate of proficiency for special course in science, in 1882; is known as an inventor. Max Biernbaum, son of Mr. and Mrs. M. Biernbaum, of Phila- delphia ; received a certificate of proficiency for special course in civil engineering, in 1884; follows the profession of civil engineer. Clinton O. Mayer, Philadelphia, LL.B., 1888; lawyer. Leon N. Reefer, Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, in 1888. Nathan Alexander Cohen, born July 4th, 1864; son of Mr. and Mrs. T. Theodore Cohen, of Philadelphia; Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, in 1890. Arthur Salinger, son of Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Salinger, of Philadelphia; Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, in 1894. William Guggenheim, son of Mr. and Mrs. M. Guggenheim, formerly of Philadelphia, now of New York City ; received a cer- tificate of proficiency for partial course in metallurgy and mining, in 1889; is now connected with mining interests in Mexico. Benjamin Wilfrid Fleisher, received a certificate of proficiency for studies pursued in Finance and Economic Department, in 1889. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 441 David Mandel, Jr., Philadelphia ; Ph.B,, 1891; holder of a Fellowship in the University ; lawyer. William Benjamin Rosskam, son of Mr. and Mrs. Isaac Rosskam, of Philadelphia ; Ph.B., 1892. Harry E. Kohn, son of Mr. and Mrs. Arnold Kohn ; graduate of Finance and Economic Department; Doctor of Philosophy, Uni- versity of Halle, Germany, in 1894. Herbert Friedenwald, Doctor of Philosophy, 1894. Howard Adler Loeb, Mechanical Engineer, 1894. Special Students: Maurice Fels, Philadelphia; B.A., 1883; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore ; lawyer. Charles Hoffman, B.A., 1884; M.A., 1887; and LL.B., Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, 1886 ; lawyer ; editor. Wilhelmina Rachael Jastrow, daughter of Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow and Bertha Wolffsohn, of Philadelphia ; student at the University of Pennsylvania ; and since at the University of Wis- consin. A number of others attended the University of Pennsylvania at different times, but took partial courses. Among these are: Horace Augustus Nathans, Philadelphia; merchant; musician; and Presi- dent of the Congregation Mickveh Israel. Alfred Joseph Leberman, a teller in the Philadelphia Savings Fund. William Moss, Philadelphia; M.D., Jefferson Medical College. Moses De Ford, Philadelphia; M:D., Jefferson Medical College. Charles Bloomingdale, Jr., Philadelphia; editor. Frank Henry Bachman, Solomon Teller, Jr., Bertram Leopold, Felix Levi Goldsmith (partial course in science); Harry Bernheim Hirsh (special course in civil engineering); Gustave Weinlander, Jules Mastbaum, Samuel Fleisher, Frank Muhr, Lee Bowers, and Frank Strouse. Arthur Edward Weil and Isaac Husik are worthy of special mention among present students of the University who have won prizes for excellence in different studies. Numerous names of graduates are furnished by the Law, Depart- ment, and by several other branches of the University. 442 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. Each year witnesses an increase in the number of Jewish students at this institution. A memorable event was the annual commencement of the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, on June 9th, 1887, when the Reverend Sabato Morais, Minister of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, Phila- delphia, and also founder and President of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America at New York City, received the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws ; he being the first Israelite thus honored by the University. In the present corps of instructors at the University is Isaac Joachim Schwatt, born in Mitau, Kurland, Russia, June 18th, 1867; graduate of Gymnasium at Mitau; student at Dorpat University, and at Riga Polytechnic School; also at University of Berlin; received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Pennsylvania, June, 1893; he has been and is now (1894) Instructor of Mathematics in latter institution; member of various societies; he has contributed articles on subjects relating to mathematics to different publications. A matter of historical interest is the statement that Rev. Dr. Morris Jacob Raphall, an eminent Rabbi, scholar, and orator, of New York City, delivered a lecture on "The Poetry of the Hebrews," in the hall of the University of Pennsylvania, during January, 1850; the institution at that time being located on the west side of Ninth Street above Chestnut Street — the present site of the Post- Office. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 443 IX. IN OLD PHILADELPHIA. A GLANCE BACKWARD. (1785, 1825.) What Philadelphia was and what Philadelphia is might form an interesting picture when delineated by those whose residence of half a century or more in the City of Brotherly Love has made them witnesses of its social, industrial, and commercial growth and development. The advance in. all directions has been surprising; it has more than kept pace with the steady increase of population ; so that this City, glorious by reason of its historic memories, would scarcely be recognized by those who dwelt within its once narrow confines in the days of the Franklins, and the Livingstons, the Rushes, and the Morrises, and even in later days. To trace our progress, we need not go back to the times when the site of our monumental Public Buildings was regarded as 'way beyond the city's limits. The onward era saw its grandest fruition after "■ Consolida- tion," and that period dates back by not more than four decades. The days of the night watchman who sang out the hours and the state of the weather ; the days when a prisoner in Northern Liberties, who escaped below Vine Street, must needs be extradited; the days, when many a custom— now succeeded by ways of comfort and methods of convenience — was in vogue, are not beyond the memory of our older inhabitants. Turning over the pages of a Philadelphia Directory, not earlier 444 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. than the year 1825, (125) many a curious sign of the times is visible, in those days, when streets East and West were numbered from the Delaware and the Schuylkill Rivers, respectively; when Front Street was the abode of fashion; when High (now Market) [Street, Mulberry (now Arch) Street, Sassafras (now Race) Street, East Chestnut Street, East Walnut Street, and other near-by thoroughfares — now entirely given over to busy marts — were the centres where wealth, beauty, intelligence and culture rallied. Times, indeed, have changed, and, in this respect, doubtless for the better of the city and its denizens. (125) Since writing this chapter, we have been afforded an opportunity of glancing at the oldest published Directory of the City of Philadelphia, in the year 1785, It is, perhaps, not more than a sixteenth the size of Gopsill's Phila- delphia City Directory for 1894. The editor, Francis White, advertises the fact that he " buys and sells Continental money. State money, depreciation certifi- cates," etc., etc. The work itself is quite a curiosity these days. It gives only ap- proximate statements of residences— -no numbers of houses or stores being visible therein ; it deals in expressions for certain trades, now quite obsolete ; and it is, in other respects, besides, a relic of no ordinary value. Market, Arch, Eace, and some other streets are there called by the names they now bear, indicating the fact that other appellations were of subsequent origin. While this work is the oldest of its kind published, there is still in existence, in manuscript, a Phila- delphia Directory for 1769 — in possession of the Library Company of Phila- delphia. Directories, in fact, were not annual publications in early times, and a few gaps are noted in their issuance, even during the present century. In later periods, some of our coreligionists had a hand in their compilation. The Philadelphia City Directory for 1860 was compiled by S. E. Cohen, while for quite a number of years, Isaac Costa was the compiler of Gopsill's Directory of this city. Among the few Jewish names observed in the Directory foT 1785 are: — Moses Cohen, broker and shopkeeper. Second, near Market; Jacob Cohen, shop- keeper. Third between Market and Arch ; Abraham Cohen, shopkeeper. Sterling Alley, near Race ; Jacob Cohen, merchant, Coates's Alley, between Eace and Arch and Front and Second ; Michael Gratz, merchant. Fourth, between Market and C'hesnut ; Michael and Bernard (Barnard) Gratz, merchants, corner of Market and Fourth ; Moses Levy, Esq., Counsellor at law, Chesnut, between Second and Third ; Abraham Levi, gentleman. Fourth, between Eace and Arch ; Soloraan (Solomon) Lyons, shopkeeper. Second between Vine and Callowhill; (the family of Lyons was well known here, Samuel, Asher, and Mordecai Lyons being brothel's, and the last named being in the stationery business on Chestnut Street, between Second and Third Streets, about 1836 ; Mrs. John Moss, Sr., was a sister of theirs ; Eev. Jacques J. Lyons, Minister of the Spanish and Portuguese Congregation "Shearith Israel" of New York City, was a nephew; Mrs. David Levine (deceased), Mrs. Alfred T. Jones, and Mrs. Edward Pincus are daughter of Samuel Lyons, and the families of Moss and others come from the same stock ) ; Henry Moses, sad[d]ler. Fourth, between Market and Chesnut; Jacob flayer, shopkeeper. Arch, between Front and Second; Marrache (should be Solomon Marache ) and Spencer, merchants, corner of Second and Eace ; Moses Nathan (the family name was changed in later years to Nathans), broker. Third, between Arch and Eace ; Moses Nathan, shopkeeper. Second, between Market and Chesnut; Manuel Noah (father of Mordecai Menasseh Noah), merchant. Water, between Eace and Arch ; B. H. Philips, merchant. Water, between Walnut and Spruce ; Jonas Philips (should be Phillips), merchant. Market, between Second and Third. Under "Ministers of the Gospel," Jacob Cohan (should be Jacob Cohen) is mentioned for the Jewish Synagogue ("Mickveh Israel"), and his residence is given as on Third Street, between Eace and Arch Streets. THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 445 The Jewish community ia the '20 s, yea, even in the '40 sand the '50s, had not reached a mark that made its influence as a whole appreciably felt. Yet, we have seen not a few personages who rose to prominence in the general body. It may be interesting, with a view to comparison — if for nothing else — to glance at the names, occupations, and residences of some of our coreligionists, as these were given in " The Philadel- phia Directory and Stranger's Guide, for 1825," etc., etc., Thomas Wilson, Editor. (126) More than a few names will be recognized, though the prevailing surnames to-day suggest little, indeed, that bear resemblance. Let the reader determine from the following selections, from a list of Jewish residents: — Joseph Andrade, merchant, 301 Walnut Street; Joseph Andrews & Sons, 259 North 2nd, S.E. corner of Callowhill; Jacob Beusa- don, trader, Bryan's Court (south from 102 Cherry Street; Mr. Bensadon, at one time during an interval, acted as Reader in the Mickveh Israel Synagogue) ; Louis Bomeisler & Co., merchants, 125 High; Rodrigues Bomeisler & Co., fancy store, 93 North 3rd; Lyon Cadett, dry good store, 82 North 4th (Mr. Cadett, or Cadet, was the maternal grandfather of Mrs. William B. Hackenburg, and an early member of the Rodeph Shalom Congregation) ; Jacob Canter, cabinet-maker, 7 Filbert — dwelling-house, 143 South 11th; E. Carvalho, surgeon dentist, 23 South 7th; A. B. Cohen, carver and gilder, 159 Cedar (now South); A. M. & E. L. Cohen, druggists, 453 High and 7 South 7th; Eleazer Cohen, merchant, 26 South Front; Joseph S. Cohen, attorney-at-law, 7 South 7th; M. E. Cohen, dealer, 75 North 4th; Cohen & Nisbet, (127) dry goods merchants, 26 South Front; Henry David, merchant, 139^ High; Jacob David, merchant, 139 High — dwelling-house, 122 North 2nd ; David & Vandyke, dry goods merchants, 122 North 2nd; R. De Cordova, importer of Liverpool ware, 179 High; Joseph Dreyfous, importer of watches, &c., 30 South 4th; S. Dreyfous, importer of (126) The explanatory title in full is quite lengthy. A copy of this work is in the possession of Moses A. Dropsie, Esq., through whose kindness we are enabled to present such a list as is given here. (127) The present Grand Secretary of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons in Pennsylvania is Michael Nisbet, whose maternal grandfather, Eleazer Cohen, was a native of Holland, and a nephew of members of the celebi-ated family of Rothschild. Mr. Cohen married outside the pale of Judaism, and his daughter, Clarissa Cohen, was the wife of Michael Nisbet, father of the above- mentioned. Mr. Nisbet has quite a variety of religious elements in his family — his grandfather having been a Jew ; his grandmother, an English Episcopalian ; and his father, a Scotch Presbyterian. 446 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. jewelry, watches, &c., 262 South 4th; Abraham Elkin, gent. 2 South 10th; Barnet Ey tinge, wholesale fancy store, 16 North Front — dwelling-house, 28 Callowhill; Goldsmith & Goudkop, dry goods, 68 North 2nd ; Hyman Gratz, 219 Chesnut ; Jacob Gratz, 219 Chesnut; Joseph Gratz, merchant, 125 South Front — dwelling- house, 219 Chesnut; Mrs. Sarah A. Gratz, gentlewoman, 228 Mul- berry; Simon Gratz & Brother, 130 High, & 2 South 7th; Abraham L. Hart, music store, 30 South 4th — dwelling-house, 75 North 4th; Isaac Hays, M.D., 35 Sansom; Samuel Hays, merchant Chesnut above 12th; Elias Hyneman, gent. 210 North 6th; M. E. Israel, merchant, 32 Walnut; Abraham Joseph, agent & broker, Goforth alley (between Dock Street and Chesnut Street) ; Abraham Lazarus, dealer, 246 North 2nd ; Aaron Levy, dry goods' store. North 2nd below Mulberry; Joseph Levy, exchange broker, 11 South 3rd; Isaac J. Levy, commission merchant, 77 North 4th; Moses Levy, president of District Court, 221 Chesnut ; Mrs. Eachel Levy, gentlewoman, 187 Walnut; Rachel P. Levy, widow, gentlewoman, 180 North 8th; Sampson Levy, counsellor at law, 154 Chesnut; Matthias Lopez, prompter— New Theatre, 4 Willow Court (south of Pine Street and above Sixth Street); Jacob Man- heimer, trader, Maiden near Beach (in the neighborhood of Queen and Catharine, and Front and Second Streets, in which several small streets were situated) ; Hyman Marks, exchange broker — dwelling-house, 68 South Front; Isaac Marks, dealer, 115 North 5th ; Lewis Mayer, of Mayer & Lohman, commission merchants, 95 North Water, Pratt's Wharf— dwelling-house, 3 North 9th; Philip M. Mordecai, paper hanging warehouse, 134 High; Sarah Moses, widow, gentlewoman, 28 Cherry; Sarah Moses, fancy store, 193 South 2nd; Solomon Moses, merchant, North East corner Walnut and Front ; Jacob Moss, quill manufacturer & penn cutter and fancy stationer, 22 South 3rd (Mr. Moss was the father of Lieuten- ant-Colonel Joseph L. Moss, who served in the Civil War, and of Isaac M. Moss, senior member of the firm of Moss & Co. , stationers, once located on the South side of Chestnut Street, below Fifth Street, adjoining the former Post-Office) ; John Moss, gent. 189 Spruce ; Samuel Moss, merchant, 3 Gray's Alley — dwelling-house, 191 Spruce; David Nathans, merchant, 252 North 2nd; Isaiah Nathans, dry goods merchant, 252 North 2nd; Jacob Nathans, 78 North 9th ; Nathan Nathans, attorney at law, 60 South 6th ; Sarah THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 447 Nathans, widow, gentlewoman, Walnut near 7th; Jacob Newman, accountant, 214 South 6th; Benjamin Nones, notary public >5 Gross, Adolph, Rev., 102. i Gross, Charles, Ph.D., referred to, ' 4 (note 1). Gross, Isaac (P.), 519. j Gross, Leopold (P.), 514. \ Grossheim, Mr., 357. i Grossman, Lewis (P.), 518. ! Grossmann, J. B., Rev. Dr., 86-1 87, 279, 541. | Guggenheim, Mej'er, 178. i Guggenheim, William, 355, 440. i Gumpert, Abraham, 448 (note 130) . Gutekunst, F., 410 (note 114). Gutmacher, Elias, Rabbi, 87. H. Hachnasath Orechim, Society, 225-226. Officers and manage- ment, 226. Former Society, 226. Hackenburg, Isaac E., 145, 274. Hackenburg, Judah Lazarus, 52, 82, 273, 305. Hackenburg, Maria, Mrs., 128, 273. Hackenburg, William B., 82, 115, 119, 138, 191, 196, 207, 273-276, 303. Hackenburg, William B., Mrs., 71 (note 76), 276, 445. Hahn, Frederick E., 387. Hahn, Henry, 152, 165, 387. Hahn, Henry, Mrs., 312. Hahn, Theodore J., 387. Hal^vy, Ludovic, 390. Hall, Thomas A., 384 Hamberg, Ansel (S. O.), 480 Hamberg, Moses P., referred to, 145 (note 82), 414. Hamburger, Herman, Hon., 138, 395, 413, (C. O.) 507. Hamburger, Wolf, Rabbi, 91. Hamilton, Andrew, 36. Hammer, Moses (U. S. A.), 458. Hano, Louis, 68. Hano, Philip, 358. Har Ha-Zetim Cemetery, 204. Har Nebo Cemetery, 204. Harburger, Julius, 18'>. Harby, Isaac, referred to, 70 (note 75). Harper, James, 56. Harris, Abraham B. (C. O.), 498. Harris, B. (P.), 516. Harris, Benjamin (C. O.), 499. Harris, Bernard, 142, 157, 199, 230, 311, 359. Harris, George H., 358. Harris, Joseph S , 342. Harris, S., 86 Harrison, Alice, 381. Harrison, Benjamin, President, 304. Harrison, Louis, 381. Harrison, William H., President, 261. Hart, Abraham, Sr., 54. Hart, Abraham, 52, 53-58, (;4, (i"j, 122, 136, 137, 138, 141, l.").-,. id!, 175, 176, 188, 242, 251, 'irA, -ll-l, 274, 276, 277, 322, 337. Hart, Abraham, Mrs. (Rebecca C I.), 58, 128, 242, 276-277, 337. Hart, Abraham (CO.), 499. Hart, Abraham Luria, 143, 312, 446. Hart, Bluma, Miss, 58, 143. Hart, Charles H., 353, 413. Hart, EUezer, 58. Hart, Esther, Mrs., 18, 260. Hart, Henry I., 141. Hart, Louisa B., Miss, 18, 30, 128, 143, 149-150, 151, 260, 317. Hart, Michael, 18, 29-30, 149, 260. his household, 29. Hart, Moses, 72. Hart, Phineas, 312. Hart, Rebecca, Mrs., 149, 312. Hart, Samuel, 64. Hart, Samuel, 410 (note 112). Hart, Sarah, Mrs., 54-55, 128. Hartley, Thomas, Colonel, 458. Hartm'ann, Arthur M., 389. Hartogensis, A. E., Dr., 132. Hartogensis, B. H., 198. Hassler, Asher, 73 (note 78). Hassler, Augustus (C. O.), 493. Hassler, Harriet, 387. Hassler, Henry, 386. Hassler, Herbert, 390. Hassler, Isaac, 73 (note 78). Hassler, Jacob (C. O.), 501. Hassler, Mark, 65, 386-387. Hassler, Simon, 386-387, 388. Hauser, M.,346. Hays Family, 9. Hays, David (P.), 511. Hays, Henry, 433. Hays, Isaac, Dr., 50, 416, 417, 424- 425, 432, 446. Hays, Isaac, Mrs., 425. Hays, Isaac Minis, Dr., 418, 425, 435. 556 INDEX. Hays, Samuel, 29, 201, 202, 270, 372 (note 95), 424, 446, 468. Hays, Samuel, Mrs., 270, 424, 468. Hays, William D., 484. Healy, G. P. A., 272. Hebrew Charity Ball Association, 135-188. Officers, 188. Hebrew Education Society, 115, 154-160, 188. Officers, 159-160. Hebrew Endowment Fund, 140. Hebrew Literary Association, 162- 164. Hebrew Mutual Benefit Medical Aid Society, 140. Hebrew Sunday School, 146-158. Southern School, 157. Officers and managers, 158. Hebrew Union College, 191. Hecht, Samuel, 158, 812. Heider, Maurice J., Dr., 421. Heilbron, Sophia Flora, 388. Heilbrun, Solomon M., 383-384. Heilbrunn, Alexander, Dr., 421. Heilprin, Angelo, 324-327, 370, 390. Heilprin Lodge, Michael, 230. Heilprin, Louis, 324. Heilprin, Michael, 159, 214, 322- 324, 366. Heilprin, Phineas Mendel, Rabbi, 322. Heimburg, Julius (S. O.), 482. Heine, Heinrich, 348. Heintzelman, Major-General, 518. Heller, David (P.), 515. Heller, Henry, Dr., 426, (S. O.) 482. Heller, Herman, 312. Heller, Jacob L., Dr., 161, 167, 421. Heller, Max, Dr., 426, (S. O.) 482. Heller, Rebecca, 252. Hendricks, Henry, 245. Henriques, Frederic D. (U. S. N.), 478. Henry, Alexander, Mayor, 145. Henry, B. (P.), 517. Henry, Jacob, 11. Herman, Emanuel (C. O.), 502. Herman, Frank (CO.), 492. Herman, Jacob (P.), 520. Hermann, Philip (P.), 516. Herrman, Jacob (C. O.), 501. Herrmann, Alexander, Professor, 383. Herrmann, Emanuel, 387. Herrmann, Samuel L., 387. Herscher, Elias, 222. I Hertzog, Joel J. (C. O.), 506. i Hertzog, Joseph (P.), 516. Hertz, Joseph Herman, Rev. Dr., 189-190. Herz, Benner, Dr., 429. Herzberg, Adolph (O. R.), 583. Herzberg, Gustav, 887. Herzberg, Harry, 387. Herzberg, Max,' 812, 414. Herzog, Jacob (C. O.), -508. Hexter, Alexander, 812. Heyman, Herman (P.), 514. Highhill, Israel (P.), 530. Highhill, Louis (P.), 580. Hightull, Israel (C. O.), 495. Hill, Henry, 12. Hillel Literary and Dramatic As- sociation, 171. Hirsch, A. (P.), 516. Hirsch, August (C. O ), 502. Hirsch, Bertha, Miss, 161. Hirsch, Emil Gustavus, Dr., 98, 180, 440. Hirsch, Harry J. (U. S. A.), 467- 468. Hirsch, Isidor (C. O.), 490. Hirsch, M. L. (P.), 523. Hirsch, Maurice de. Baron, 61, 115, 140, 207, 211, 213, 275, 589. Hirsch, Michael C, 97, 184, 311, 467. Hirsch, Samson Raphael, Rev. Dr., 97. Hirsch, Samuel, Rev. Dr., 75, 92- 98, 94, 118, 125, 141. Hirschel, Solomon, Rev. Dr., 294. Hirschler, Diana, Miss, 161, 812. Hirsh & Brother, 812. Hirsh, Abram Bernheim, Dr., 419. Hirsh, Alfred Curtin, 167, 278, 279, 812. Hirsh, E. Hampton, 278. Hirsh, Harry, 278. Hirsh, Harry Bernheim, 441. Hirsh, Henry, 113, 278. Hirsh, Jacob (C. O.), 490. Hirsh, Leopold, 277, 278. Hirsh, Mason, 118, 124, 277-279, 283. Hirsh, Morris (C. O.), 490. Hirsh, Walter Abraham, 489. Hirsh, William, 278. Hirst, William L., 253. Historical Society, American Jew- ish, 181-182. Officers and manage- i ment of, 182 INDEX. 657 Hochstadter, Adolph, 290. Hochstadter, Albert, 290. Hochstadter, Alfred, 358. Hochstadter, David, 290. Hochstadter, Harry C, 357-358. Hochstetter, A. (P)., 516. Hoffman, Abraham (CO.), 509. Hoffman, Charles, 131, 184, 198, 219, 230,311,359,414,441. Hoffman, David, 151-152, 312. Hoffman, David B. (P.), 521. Hoffman Family, 148. Hoffman, Fanny Binswanger-, Mrs., 160, 312, 354. Hoffman, John S., 338. Hoffman, Leopold (S, O.), 487. Hoffman, Louis C, 357. Hoffman, M., Rev., 99. Hoffman, Matilda, 148. Hoffman, Meyer, 358. Hoffman, S. (P.), 521. Horstmann, I. F., Bishop, 207. Horwitz, A., Dr., 101. Hospital Association, Jewish, 116- 120. Preamble and resolu- tions, 117. Committee on, 117. First oflflcers and man- agement, 117. Home for A^ed and In- firm Israelites, 119. MathUde Adler-Loeb Dispensary, 118-119, 241. Synagogue, 109. Present officers and management, 119-120. Aid Auxiliary, 120. Its officers and man- agement, 120. Houseman, Jacob (P.), 515. Hovenden, Thomas, 365. Howe, William, Sir, 32, 36, 37, 455, 456. Hoyt, Henry M., Governor, 208. Hunt, Aaron R., 382. Hunt, Albert E., 358. Hunt, Henry J., 86. Hunt, Jay, 382. Hunt, Jay, Mrs., 382. Hunt, Philip, 382. Hunter, 489. Husik, Isaac, 158, 159, 441. Huxley, Thomas H., Prof., 324. , Hyams, H. J., 356. Hyman, B., 86. Hyneman, Barton, 330. ' Hyneman, Benjamin, 329, 496. Hyneman, Klias, 327, 446. HvuGTrian. Klias IjCoh, 329-330, ,(\ ().) 411(^-498. llyiienian, Kdwin Isaac, \'->H. Hyneman, Henry, 23. Hyneman, Herman N., 363-364. Hyneman, Isaac, 58, 259, 260, 363, j 525. I Hyneman, Isaac, Mrs., 58, 259, 262, i 525. j Hyneman, Jacob E. (P.), 525. I Hyneman, Le!). Israel, Daniel (P.), 512. Israel, Eleazar J., 259. Israel, Hannah Erw in, 32, 33 (note 40). 558 INDEX, Israel, Isaac E., 259. Israel, Israel, 31-34. Israel, Israel (U. S. N.), 478. Israel, Jacob (P.), 515. Israel, Joseph, 32, 33. Israel, Joseph (U. S. N.), 477. Israel, Joseph David, 355, 436. Israel, M. E., 446. Israel, Martha, 259. Israel, Michael, 33. Israel, Michael E., 259. Israel, Rosetta, 259. Jackson, Andrew, President, 398. Jackson, John D., 52. Jackson, S. J., 196. Jacob, John (P.), 515. Jacobi, Abraham, Dr., 419. Jacobs, Captain, 452 (note 131). Jacobs, Abram JB. (P.), 517. Jacobs, Alexander (C. O.), 507. Jacobs, Benjamin, 410 (note 112). Jacobs, Ella, Miss, 354. Jacobs, Fannie, Miss, 389. Jacobs, George, Rev., 75, 10-5-106, 118, 164, 186, 188, 197, 274, 354. Jacobs, Henry (C. O.), 494. Jacobs, Henry (P.), 511. Jacobs, Henry (P.), 516. Jacobs, Henry H. (C. O.), 507. Jacobs, Henry S., Rev. Dr., 190. Jacobs, Israel, 28 (note 34), 407. Jacobs, Israel (P.), 517. Jacobs, Jacob (U. S. N.), 479. - Jacobs, Jacob (C. O.), 489. Jacobs, Joseph, 22. Jacobs, S. H. (P.), 530. Jacobs, Samuel, 106, 390. Jacobs, Samuel (P.), 517. Jacobs, Simon (P.), 523. Jacobs, Solomon, Rev., 85, 86. Jacobs, Theodore (S. O.), 488. Jacobsohn, 386. Jacobson, Augustus (U. S. N.), 478, (P.) 514. Jacoby, H. (P.), 516. Jacoby, Henry (CO.), 490. Jacoby, Henry M. (U. S. N.), 479. Jacoby, Herman (P.), 514. Jacoby, Hugo (C. O.), 491. Jacoby, Joseph (C. O.), 508. Jacoby, Moses (C. O.), 494. Jacoby, Simon, 279, 407. Jacoby, Simon P. (P.), 529. Jacques, Gershom R. (U. S. N.), 477. Jacques, Henry (C. O.), 491. j Janauschek, Madame, 378, 385. I Jaquett, Joseph, Dr., 47. Jastrow, Abraham, 77. Jastrow, Joseph, Professor, 78, 352-353, 436. Jastrow, Marcus M., Rev. Dr., 62, 75-78, 95, 118, 123, 132, 141, 152, 164, 165, 168, 188, 197, 229, 352. Jastrow, Marcus M., Mrs., 78. Jastrow, Morris, Jr., Professor, 76, 78, 229, 352, 435-436. Jastrow, Wilhelmina Rachael, Miss, 441. JefTerson, Thomas, President, 25, 271, 459, 469. Jeitles, James M., 414. Jessurun, Samuel (U. S. N.), 478. Jew, The, 196. j Joachimsen, Caroline Cohen, Mrs., 359. i Joff(?, A. Joshua, Dr., 190. I Joff6, Mary S., Dr., 429. I Johnson, Charles, 145. j Johnson, Henry, Sir, 36. I Jonas Family, 390. Jonas, Herman, 311. Jonas, William, 390. Jones, Alfred T., 107, 135, 145, 155, 158, 186, 197, 254, 331-333, 335, 359. Jones, Alfred T., Mrs., 333, 444 (note 125). Jones, Andrew A., 331. Jones, B. Frank, 389. Jones, Henry, 184. Jones, Horatio Gates, Hon., 394. Jones, Maria Marks, 331. Jordan, Ewing, Dr., 431. Joseffy, Rafael, 386. Joseph, Abraham, 446. Joseph, Jacob Henry, 270. Joseph, Sarah, Miss, 455. Josephs, Aaron (P.), 512. Josephs, Abraham (P.), 515. Josephs, Gustav (P.), 511. Josephson, Manuel, 21. Journals in Hebrew, 199. Judah, Emanuel, 378. Judah, Samuel B. H., 378. Judaic Union, 185-186. Officers of Grand Lodge, 1 86. Judd, Professor, 324. Judelsohn, Jacob, 131, 132. Juedisch Deutsch, 234-235. Jurist, Louis, Dr., 418. INDEX. .>59 K. Kaas, Katharine, Mrs., 190. Kadisha, Independent, Chebrah, 227-228. Officers, 228. Cemetery, 204. Kahan6, 'Hayim Hirsch, Rabbi, 104. Kahn, Alexander, Dr., 422. Kahn, Cornelia, Dr., 151, 422. Kahn, Isaac, 857. Kahn, Louis (P.), 515. Kahn, Naphthali, Rev. Dr., 72, 78. Kahnweiler, Isaac M., 884. Kann, Isaac Ed\v.ard, 207. Kannewasser, Abraham, 407. Karfunkel, M., Rev., 220. Karpel, Jacob (P.), 520. Karpeles, Leo (P.), 524. Katz, Emanuel (P.), 528. Katz, Henry, 28. Katz, Jacob F. (P.), 518. Katz, Marcus, 811. Kautfman, Benjamin L. (C. O.), 501. Kauflman, David S. (C. O.), 508. Kauffman, Davis S., 406. Kauffman, Isaac B. (C. O.), 490. Kauffman, Isaac B. (C. O.), 501. Kauffman, Jacob, 262, 812. Kauffman, Jacob (C. O.), 502. Kauffman, Jacob (C. O.), 508. Kauffman, Jonas H. (S. O.), 488. Kauffman, Joseph A. (C. O.), 507. Kauffman, Levi K. (C. O.), 494. Kauffman, Samuel (P.), 519. Kauffman, Solomon B. (C. O.), 504. Kauffiiiann, Solomon, Rev., 76, 78-70, 108. Kaufman, Abraham, 91. Kaufman, Charles, Mrs., 812. Kaufman, Solomon B. (C. O.), 509. Kaufmann, Herbert Moses, 438. Kaufman n. Max, 358. Kautz, August V., Brigadier-Gen- eral, quoted, 484, 581. Kayser, Morris (C. O.), 501. Kayserling, Moses, Dr., 8, 4 (note 1), 5, 7 (note 6), 182. Kean, Edmund, 885. Keimer, Samuel, 10-11. Ken^seth Israel Congregation, 89- 98. Officers and manage- j ment, 98. I Ken^seth Israel Congregation— Tjyceum of, 96, 168- 169. Kennedy, Rev. Mr., 52. K6sher Israel Congregation, 542- 548. Officers of, 548. Kosher Shel Barzel, District 8, 185. Kessler, Abraham, 217. Keys, Abraham Israel, Rev., 44- 45. Keyser, Ephraim, 860. Kind, S., Mrs., 812. King, Edward, Judge, 2^58. Kiralfy, Arnold, 882-888. Kiralfy, Bolossy, 882. Kiralfy, Imre, 882. Kirschbaum, Helen, Dr., 422. Kirschheimer, Joseph (CO.), 498. Klasser, Simon M., 155, 158. Klein, Adolph, 188. Klein, Alexander, Dr., 422. Klein, Alfred M., 118, 279, 812. Klein, David, 97, 118, 186, 2^30, 279- 280, 406. Klein, David, Mrs., 280. Klein, Louis, 279. Klein, Maier, 279. Klein, Moses, 181, 188, 185, 142, referred to, 214 (note 91), 854, 400. Klein, Sigmund, 890. Kleinberg, Eleazer, Rabbi, 218. Kline, Nathan, 220. Kline, Nathan (P.), 525. Kline, Joseph (P.), 520. Klonower, Oscar, 198. Klopfer, Adolph, 91. Koch, Isidore M., Dr., 422. Koch, Max, 406. Koenigsberg, Max (C. 0.),489. Kohen, Frank P. (C. O.), 499. Kohler, Kauffmann, Rev. Dr., 180. Kohler, Max J., 181, referred to, 397. Kohn, Abraham M., 281. Kohn, Arnold, 191, 281-282. Kohn Educational Club, 280. Kohn, Harry E., 441. Kohn, Isaac, 240, 812. Kohn, Leo M., 854. Kohn, Simon I., 812. Kohner, Max, 168. Kohut, Alexander, Rev. Dr., 190. Koopman, August B., 864-365. Koopmau, Elian B., 856. Koopman, J. B., 864. Kopf, R. M., 185. 560 INDEX. Koshland, A., 157. Koshland, Nicholas N. (P.), o23. Kossuth, Louis, 822. Kra Kauer— Beth Elohim, 221. Readers, 221. Oflicers, 221. Kramer, Solomon H. (C. O.), 505. Krause, Leopold, 181. Krauskopf, Joseph, Rev. Dr., 62, 81, 94, 95, 96-97, 98, 123, 152, 177, 191, 229, 542. Krauskopf, Rose, Mrs., 96. Kronold, Selma Koert-, Madame, 888. Kuhn, Abraham (P.), 515. Kuhu, Magnus (P.), 514. I^a Grange, Madame, 885. La Grange, H., 197. La Font, S. A., 890. Lachenheimer, F. (P.), 517. Lafayette, General, 26, 457. Lam, Marcus E., 157, 159, 189, 485. Lang, Elias, 222. Lang, Ernst (P.), 521. Lang, Morris (P.), 524. Lang, Otto J., 278. Lang, Philip (P), 518. Langfeld, Isaac, 222. Langsdorf, Jacob, 155. Langsdorf, Simon (C. O.), 495. Langstadter, Isaiah B., 812. Land Associations, 282. Landauer, Maurice, 357. Lasser, Maria, Dr., 429. Lazarus, Aaron, 158, 859, (S. O.) 482-483. Lazarus, Abraham, 446. Lazarus, David (P.), 513. Lazarus, E. L., 44, 46. Lazarus, Henry (P.), 524-525. Lazarus, Moses, 113-114, 812. Lazarus, William (P.), 527. Lea, Henry Charles, referred to, 7 (note 5). Lebengood, Jacob (P.), 518. Leberman, Alfred Joseph, 441. Leberman, Lazarus J., 58, 186, 148, 155 (note 87), 268, 812. Leberman^ Lazarus J., Mrs., 122. Lederer, Ephraim, 229, 312, 414. Lee, Arthur, 25. Lee, General, 457. Lee, R. E., General, 480, 486. Lee, S. P., Admiral, 471. Leefson, Mauri ts, 389. Leeser, Isaac, Rev., 4.5-48, 49, 51, 52, 59, 60 (note 74), 62, 91, 105, 121, 186, 145, 149, 154, 155, 158, 159, 175, 180, 186, 188, 196, 212, ' 2.54, 274, 301, 302, 803, 833, 346, I 359, 361. I Leeser Library, 159. Leeser Society, 170. Lehman, Enianuel, 115. Lehman, Emanuel (P.), 526. Lehman, Jacob (P.), 526. Lehman, Solomon (P.), 580. Leo, Charles (S. O.), 482. Leo, Henry F. (C. O.), 503. . Leopold, Bertram, 441. Leopold, Isaac, Dr., 422, 437. ; Leopold, Leon M., 165. Leroy-Beaulieu, Anatole, M., 182. Levi, Abraham, 444 (note 125). i Levi, Charles (C. O.), 489. I Levi, David, Rev., 189, 485. I Levi, Dinah J., Mrs., 869. I Levi, Gershon B., 159, 167. I Levi, Henry (U. S. N.), 475-476. Levi, Joseph (C. O.), 505. Levi, Julius C, 414. Levi, Moses, 406. Levi, Moses Uri, Rabbi, 7. Levi, Myer A.,418. Levi, Samuel N., 357. Levi, Simon (P.), 521. Levi, William P. (C. ().), 494. Levin, Charles (U. S. N.), 479. Levin, Joseph S., 414, 488. Levin, Lewis C, 395-896, 412. Levine, David, Mrs., 444 (note 125). Levinski, Jacob Levi, 74. Levis, Sarah, Miss, 361. Levy, Aaron (first), 28, 50 (note 65). Levy, Aaron (second), 50, and (note 65), 58, 446, 548. Levy, Aaron, Mrs., 127. Levy, Aaron, Jr., 144. Levy, Aaron (P.), 518. Levy, Abraham (P.), 511. Levy, Benjamin, 22. Levy, Benjamin, 548. Levy, Benjamin J. (S. O.), 488. Levy, Charles H. (U. S. N.), 478. Levy, Cornelius, 314. Levv, Daniel, 410, 411. Levy, David (P.), 511. Levy, David C, 287. Levy, Elias P., 52, 58, 254, 812. Levy, Elias (P.), 530. # INDEX. 561 Levy Family, 50. Levy, Ferdinand, Hon., 142, ia5. Levy, Hannah, Miss, 127. Levy, Hayman, 12, 27. Levy, Herman (P.), 525. Levy, Hetty, 38 41-42. Levy, Hyman, Jr., 22. Levy, Isaac J., 446. Levy, Jacob A., 259. Levy, Jonas P. (U. S. N.), 471. Levy, Joseph, 50 (note 65), 58. Levy, Joseph, 144. Levy, Joseph, 446. Levy, Joseph Leonard, Rev., 95, 97, 98, 168, 198. Levy, Jules, 386. Levy, Louis Edward, 131, 135, 142, 333-336, 365. Levy, Louis E., Mrs., 336. Levy, Lyon J., 50, 52, 136, 312. Levy, Max, 365-366. Levy, Mears (U. S. N.), 477. Levy, Meyers. (P.), 521. Levy, Michael, 292, 469. Levy, Moses, 38-39, 41, 409-410, 411, 431,444 (note 125), 446. Levy, Nathan, 200, 201, 202. Levy, Phillip (C. O.),509. Levy, Rachel, Mrs., 446. Levy, Rachel P., 446. Levy, Rebecca, Mrs., 286. Levy, Samson, 22, 38, 39, 40-41, 42 and (note 59), 411, 446. Levy, Samuel (P.), 521. Levy, Solomon, Rev., 97. Levy, Solomon, 286. Levy, Theodore (P.), 521. Levy, Uriah Phillips, 293 (U. S. N.), 469-470, 471. Lewald, Nannie, Miss, 381-382. Lewenberg, Joseph (P.), 513. Lewi, David (P.), 530. Lewin, Marcus, 166, 390. Lewin, Philip, 98, 191, 282. Lewin, Philip, Mrs., 282. Lewinthal, Baer L., Rabbi, 218. Lewis, Jeffreys-, 380. Licht, Das, 198. Lichten, Aaron, 158, 312. Lichten, Moses H., 312. Lichten berger, Daniel (C. O.), 499. Lieberman, G.. Dr., 219. Liebschutz, Adolph (C. O.), 503. Liknaitz, David, 167. Lilienthal, Max, Rev. Dr., 263, 274. Lillienstine, Charles (P.), 526. Lincoln, Abraham, President, 336, 482, 487 (note 137). 36 Lindheimer, Barney (P.), 522. Lindo, E. L., referred to, 7 (note 6). Linn, John B., referred to, 410 (note 115). Linse, EliasS., 72,159. Lipman, A. S., 381. Lipman, Jacob, Rev., 72, 108, 378, 381. Lipman, Lewis, 378. Lipman, Moses, 378. Lipman, Samuel, 378. Lipowitz, Herman (C. O.), 510. Lippincott, J. B., 56. Lippman, Joseph, 413. Lipschuetz, Gustav, 390. Literary, The, 171. Literature Society, Hebrew, 228- 229. Officers, 229. Liveright, Alfred Meyer, 359, 438. Liveright, Max, 312. Liveright, Morris, 312. ! Liveright, Simon, 312. I Livermauli, Moses (P.), 511. I Livingstons, 443. Lobo, Moses F., 357. Lockhart, J. G., referred to, 148 (note 85). Loeb, August B., 118, 241, 311. Loeb, Henri, Rev. Dr., 337. Loeb, Herman, 357. Loeb, Howard Adler, 441. Loeb, Jacob (P.), 528. Loeb, Joseph, 312. Loeb, Leo, 123, 283. Loeb, Leo, Mrs., 283. Loeb, Ludwig, Dr., 226, 227, 311, 422. Loeb, Marx B., 113, 312. Loeb, Mathilde Adler-, 241. Loeb, Moritz, 336-337. I Loeb, Samuel B. (P.), 528. ' Loeb, Simon, 282, 312. ! Loeb, William B. (P.), 528. : LoewenbergjWilliam, Rev., 82, 168 j Long, Isaac, 141. j Long, Isaac (P.), 528. I Longfellow, H. W., 9. I Longfellow Literary Society, 171. Lonnerstadter, William, 114. Loring, General, 463. Lopez Family, 9, 53 (note 68). Lopez, Matthias, 446. Lossing, B. J., referred to, 32. Louchheim, Henry S., 312. Louchheim, Joseph, 312. Louchheim, Samuel Kahu, 414, 438. 562 INDEX, Louis XVIII, 253. Love, Julius, Dr., 422. Lovers of Beligiouy Learning, Society of, 162. Lowengrund, Ernest, 413. Lowengrund, Lee, Dr., 422. Lowenstein, M. (P.), 516. Lovk^enstein, Samuel, 406. Lowenthal, Adolph, 157. Lowenthal, Samuel (P.), 512. Lowenthal, Samuel (P.), 518. Luescher, Jacob (C. O.), 491. Lukens, John, 201. Lunel, Dottore Cesare, 247. Lyceum Weekly, 198. Lychenheim, Jacob, 167, 355, 436, 437. Lyon, Abraham (C. O.), 493. Lyon, Eugene, 357. Lyon, Mabel, Miss, 157. Lyon, Samuel, 23, 27. Lyon, Sarah, Mrs., 128. Lyons, Asher, 444 (note 125). Lyons, Ellis, Be v., 65. Lyons Family, 444 (note 125). Lyons, Jacob C., 309. Lyons, Jacob C, Mrs., 309. Lyons, Jacques J., Rev., 444 (note *125). Lyons, Mordecai, 444 (note 125). Lyons, Rebecca, 285. Lyons, Samuel, 444 (note 125). Lyons, Samuel, Mrs., 242. Lyons, Solomon, 444 (note 125). M. McArthur, John, 65. McClellan, George B., General, 368, 462, 463, 485 (note 136). McCuUough, John, 385. McDowell, Irwin, Gen., 464, 481. M'Kean, Joseph, 409. M'Kean, Thomas, 20. McKegan, Edward, 12. McMaster, John Bach, referred to, 10 (note 11), and 11 (note 12). McMichael, Morton, Hon., 56, 137. Macaulay, Lord, 351. Machado, David Mendes, Rev., 28. Machado, Rebecca Mendes, 28, 292. Mackenzie, William L., referred to, 398. Macready, William Charles, 376 (note 100), 385. Madison, James, President, 24, 397. Maibaum, Major (U. S. A.), 458. Maier, Jacob (P.), 516. Maimon, Moses Ben, Rabbi, 188, ! 226, 415. Maimonides Clinic, 226-227. I Maimonides College, 188-189. ! Maimonides Literary Society, 229- : 230. I Maisner, Moses, Rev. Dr., 190. i Malitz, Ch., 199, 359. \ Mandel, David, Jr., 414, 441. I Manheimer, Jacob, 446. ! Mann, William, Rev., 255. ! Mann, William B., 255. I Mansbach, Louis A., Dr., 430. I M^rache, Solomon, 11, 13, 27, 444 (note 125). I March6si, Professor, 103. I Marco, Surgeon, 4. I Marcus, Henty, 86,' 144, 406. Maretzek, Max, 382. Mario, Signor, 385. Markens, Isaac, referred to, 8 (note 7), 17 (note 19), 31 (note ! 38), 36 (note 46), 37 (note 48), 43 (note 60), 59 (nofe 73), 147 I (note 84), 181, 361. j Marks, Emanuel, 311. ! Marks, Emanuel (P.), 516. I Marks Family, 53. I Marks, Ferdinand, 311. Marks, Henry, 242. Marks, Hyman, 45, 292, 446. I Marks, Hyman, Mrs., 292. i Marks, Hyman, 72. I Marks, Isaac, 203, 293, 446. Marks, Isaac, Mrs. (Esther De Leon), 293. Marks, Israel (P.), 528. i Marks, Levy, 23. I Marks, Michael, 49, 242, 331. j Marks, Michael, Mrs. (Johaveth), : 242, 331. ! Marks, Simon (P.), 530. Marks, William, 311. I Marranos, 7 I Marschuetz, Joseph, 575. I Marshall, Ethelbert A., 373. I Martin, J. Hill, referred to, 38 I (note 49), 39 (note 54), 410 (note i 112). Marx, Aaron J. (P.), 529. Marx, David (P.), 516. Marx, Samuel, 432. Masonic Mirror and American Keystone, 327-328. Massias, Abraham A. (U. S. A.), 459. INDEX. 563 Ma«tbaum, Jules, 441. Maternity Association, Jewish, 129-130. Officers and manage- ment, 130. Mawson, Charlotte M., Miss, 388. Mawson, Edward R., 382. Mawson, Edward S., 64. Mawson, Harry P., 382. Mawson, Ida M., Miss, 388. Mawson, Lucie E., Miss, 389. May, Emanuel, 258, 513. May, Isaac (O. R.), 532. May, Louis (P.), 514. May, Meyer (P.), 515. May, Samuel A., 194. May, Samuel F. (P.), 512. May, Sarah A. Cohen, Dr., 422. May, Solomon W., 407, (P.) 513. Mayer, Adolph A. (O. R.), 532. Mayer, Clinton O., 414, 440. Mayer, Ellas (E. A.), 536. Mayer, Elias, Mrs., 536. Mayer, Herman (P.), 515. Mayer, Ignatius, Dr , 422. Mayer, Jacob, 444 (note 125). Mayer, Jaqob (C. O.), 491. Mayer, Jacob (C. O.), 500. Mayer, Lazarus, 68, 254. Mayer, Levi, 82, 138, 312. Mayer, Lewis, 446. Mayer, Louis H. (C. O.), 489-490. Mayer, Marcus R., 382. Mayer, Maurice, Dr., 262. Mayer, Minnie, Miss, 312. Mayer, Nelson Baum, 438. Max, Charles (P.), 521. Max, Jacob (P.), 516. Mazur, F. (P.), 520. Mazzini, Joseph, 62. j Meade, George G., General, 57. I Mears, Johaveth, Mrs., 241, 458. Mears, Judah, 241, 458. Mears, Rachel, 241. Mears, Samson, 269, 270. Mears, Tabitha, 22. Mease, Dr., quoted, 14, referred to, 25 (note 30), 71. Medical Aid Society 140. Medici, Catharine de, 206. Meisels, Baer, Rabbi, 77. Menci6, M., 362. Mendel, Herman (CO.), 500. Mendelsohn, Samuel, Rev. Dr., 188-189, 196, 359. Mendes, Abraham Pereira, Rev., 9. Mendes, Henry Pereira, Rev. Dr., 190. Menken, Adah Isaac, 379-380. Menken, Alexander Isaac, 379. Menken, Nathan D. (C. O.), 510- 511. Mercantile Club, 193-194. Mercy and Truth, Society of, 144. Messing Bernhard (C. O.), 506. Meyer, Mr., 377. Meyer, C. (P.), 513. Meyer, Emil (C. O.), 492. Meyer, Joseph, 23. Meyer, Joseph (P.), 514. Meyer, Leopold (C. O.), 503. Meyer, Max (P.), 516. Meyer, Moses (P.), 515. Meyerhoff, M.S., 185,311. Meyers, Adolph us H., 435. Meyers, David D. (C. O.), 506. Meyers, Henry, 389. Meyers, Richea, 270. Michaels, David (C. O.), 510. Michel bacher, Maximilian, Rev., 144. Mickv6h Israel Congregation, 11- 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 34, 43-46, 48, 49-54, 58, 59,60,61,64-69,128,201- 203, 444 (note 125), 445. Memorial of (1782), 13. Original members, 15-16. Choir at dedication of present Synagogue, 65. Officers and directors, 68. Families connected with same, 68. Asssociation, 68-69, 168, 169. Officers of association, 69. Mifflin, General, 25. Miller, Aaron (C. O.), 509. Miller, Aaron (P.), 518. Miller, Aaron (P.), 527. Miller, Alexander (P.), 513. Miller, Charles, 283. Miller, Edward, 271. Miller, Jacob, 132, 311. Miller, Jacob, 283-284. Miller, Jacob (C. O.), 495. Miller, Jacob (P.), 519. Miller, Jacob (P.), 520. Miller, Jacob (P.), 520. Miller, Jacob, & Sons, 283-284. Miller, Jonas (P.), 5n. Miller, M., 104. Miller, Moses (C. O.), 507. Miller, Moses (P.), 512. Miller, Samuel (P.), 512. Miller, Simon, 283. 664 INDEX. Miller, Solomon, 283, 311. Miller, Solomon C. (C. O.), 494. Miller, William, 283. Mindil, George W., Brevet Major- General, 453. Minis, Isaac, 425. Ministers' Association of America, Jewish, 192. Mitchell, Abraham, 50, 284, (U. S. A.) 459. Mitchell, Allen, 50, 337. Mitchell, Esther, Mrs., 50. Mitchell, Lewis, 50. Mitchell, J. K., Dr., 137. Mitchell, James T., Hon., 369. Mitchell, M. (P.), 513. Mitchell, Mitchell Abraham, 50, 112, 143, 245, 284-285. Mitchell, M. A., Mrs. (Amelia! Johaveth), 245, 284. \ Mitchell, Moses, 50. Mitchell, Myrtilla E., Mrs., 58, 65, 128, 337-338. Mitchell, Percival Allen, 338, 356. Mitchell, S. Weir, Dr., 485. Mitter, William, Rev., 107. Modell, David, Dr., 422. Moehring, Gotthelf, Dr., 417. Moeler, Max (C. O.), 502. Monachesi, Marion, Miss, 159. j Monroe, James, President, 398. ! Montefiore, Moses, Sir, 51 (note ■ 66), 61, 76, 100, 244, 304, 315, 317, 370, 390. i Montefiore Social, 170. Montes, 53 (note 68). Morals, City of, 60. Morals Lodge, Dr. S., Number 51, 186. Morals, Sabato, LL.D., Bev., re- ferred to, 12 (note 15), 30, 52, 58, 59-63, 64, 65, quoted, 66-67, 68, 69, 78, 91, 118, 122, 123, 132, 136, 142, 145, 152, 155 (note 87), 156, 158, 159, 163, 164, 180, 188, 189, 190, 197, referred to, 202 (note 89), 213, 219, 229, 233, 296, 301, 303, 307, 308, 319, 337, 370, 442, 536. Morals, S., Mrs., 122, 158, 319, 536. Moran, Peter, 361. Mordecai, Alfred, Sr., 50, 149 (note 85), 368, (U. S. A.) 461-463, 464. Mordecai, Alfred, Jr. (U. S. A.), 464-466. Mordecai, Gratz, 355. Mordecai, Jacob, 461. Mordecai, Laura, Miss, 151. Mordecai, Miriam, Miss, 151. Mordecai, Mordecai M., Rev., 29, 290. Mordecai, Moses, 22. Mordecai, Philip M., 446. Mordecai, Sara, Mrs., .50, referred . to, 149 (note 85). Morgan, Benjamin R., 409. Morgan, Lady, quoted, 371. Moritz, Joseph (P.), 513. Moritzen, Johanna, Mrs., 130. Morris, 443. Morris, Robert, 24, 25. Morris, Robert Hunter, Hon., 452 (note 131). Morrison, Herr, 382. Morrison, Lewis, 381. Morse, John T., Jr., referred to, 10 (note 11). Morwitz & Co., 332. Morwitz, Edward, Dr., 197, 338- 340, 357, 427. Morwitz, Joseph, 339-340, 357. Mosenthal, Joseph, 386, 535. Mosenthal, Solomon H., 535. Moser, David (P.), 516. Moser, Henry (C. O.), 502. Moser, Henry (C. O.), 508. Moser, Leo (C. O.), 492. Moses, the Misses, 149. Moses, Abraham, 72, 448 (note 130). Moses, Daniel (C. O.), 494. Moses, David (C. O.), 494. Moses, Edward A., 59. Moses, Edward (U. S. N.), 478. Moses, Henry, 444 (note 125). Moses, Horace, 271,273, (U. S. N.) 471. Moses, Isaac, 11, 12, 27. Moses, Isaac, 433. Moses, Israel, 408. Moses, Israel (U. S. A.), 463. Moses, Joshua, 463. Moses, Joshua (P.), 519. Moses, Philip (U. S. N.), 477. Moses, Rachel, Mrs., 270, 471. Moses, Raphael J., 408. Moses, Sarah, 446. Moses, Sarah Gratz, 270. Moses, Simon Gratz, 433. Moses, Solomon, 51, 270, 446, 471. Mosessohn, Nehemiah, Rev., 107- 108, 198, 219. Moss, Alfred A., 52. Moss, Eliezer L., 52, 286, 312. Moss, Eliezer L., Mrs., 286. Moss Family, 444 (note 125). INDEX. 666 Moss, Fl()rian,286, (U. 8. N) 474. Moss, Frank, 286, 366. Moss, Isaac M., 446. Moss, Jacob, 446. Moss, Jacob (P.), 521. Moss, Jacob (P.), 525. Moss, John, 49 (note 68), 51-52, 254, 285, 407, 446. Moss, John (P.), 513. Moss, John, Jr., Mrs., 152. Moss, John, Sr., Mrs., 444 (note 125). Moss, Joseph (U. S. N.), 478. Moss, Joseph L., 52, 53, 143, 254, 285-286, 366, 474, 485. Moss, Joseph L., Mrs., 286. Moss, Joseph L., 446, (S. O.) 485. Moss, Leona, 378-379. Moss, Lucien, 52, 286-287, (O. R.) 533. Moss, Lucien, Mrs. (Amanda Levy), 287. Moss, R., Mrs., 149, Moss, Rebecca, Miss, 52, 286. Moss, Samuel, 51, 446. Moss, Samuel, 433. Moss, Sarah Nathan, Mrs., 287. Moss, Theodore F., 355, 433. Moss, William, Dr., 286, 417-418, 441, (S. O.) 485-486. Moyer, Emanuel (C. O.), 507. Mt. Sinai Cemetery, 204-205. Muhr, Frank, 441. Muhr, Henry, 287, 288. Muhr, Jacob, 288. Muhr, Joseph, 288. Muhr, PhiUp, 370. Muhr, Simon, 131, 132, 142, 213, 287-289, 333. Murchison, Roderick, Sir, 324. Murdoch, James E., 375. Murray, Anna, Miss, 159. Mutual Benefit Company, 187. Myers, Aaron J. (C. O.), 506. Myers, Albert (C. O.), 505. Myers, Benjamin F. (C. O.), 505. Myers, Daniel S. (P.), 526. Myers, David (CO.), 509. Myers, Emanuel (S. O.), 488. Myers, Emanuel (P.), 521. Myers, Emanuel (C. O.), 495. Myers, Henry (P.), 526. Myers, Herman (C. O), 507. Myers, Isaac (CO.), 499. Myers, Israel (C O.), 499. Myers, Jacob (P.), 528. Myers, Leonard, 396, 412. Myers, Levi (C O.), 508. Myers, Levi (P.), 518. Myers, Mordecai (U. S. A.), 459. Myers, Myer, 26f)-270. Myers, Samuel, 389. Myers, Sigmund (C O.), 499. Myers, Simon P. (P.), 516. Myers, Solomon (C. O.), 490. Myers, Solomon (C O.), 500. Myers, Sylvan, Dr., 422. N. Naar, David, 407. Naar, Moses, 407. Nathan, Benjamin, 287. Nathan, Lewis (P.), 519. Nathan, Lyon, 45. Nathan, Moses, 444 (note 125). Nathan, Samuel, 86, 312. Nathan, Simon 11, 12, 13, 16, 27. Nathans, David, 407-408. Nathans, David, 446. Nathans Family, 50. Nathans, Horace A., 289-290, 390, 441. Nathans, Horace A., Mrs., 152, 289. Nathans, Isaiah, 144, 290, 446. Nathans, J. J., 378. Nathans, Jacob, 446. Nathans, Moses, 60, 155, 289, 312. Nathans, Moses, Mrs., 289. Nathans, Nathan, 412, 446. Nathans, Oscar S. (P.), 512. Nathans, S., Rev. Dr., 99. . Nathans, Sarah, 446-447. Nathans, Theodore (P.), 512. National Council of Jewish Women, 182-183. Philadelphia Section's Officers, 183. Naumburg, Lazarus, Rev., 91, 155 (note 87), 158. Neilson, Lillian Adelaide, 380, 385. Netter, Charles, 207. Neustadt, Caroline, Mrs., 267. New Orleans Serenaders, 377-378. Newburger, Morris, 178, 191, 290- 291. Newburger, Morris, Mrs., 178. 290. Newburger, Morton McMicnael, 178, 290. Newgarden, Charles, Dr. ^29, 440. Newgarden, George J., Dr., 422, (U. S. A.) 468. Newhouse, Grace M., Miss, 151. Newhouse, Joseph, 105, 136, 155, 291-292. 566 INDEX. Newhouae, Joseph, Mrs., 292. Newhouse, Simeon, 291. Newhouse, Simeou, Mrs., 151, 291. Newman, Jacob, 447. Newman, Morris (U. S. N.), 477. Neyman, Jacob (P.), 530. Nicholson, M., 20. Nirdlinger, Charles, 383. Nirdlinger, Frank, 383. Nisbet, Michael, 445 (note 127). Nisbet, Michael, Sr., 445 (note 127). Nixon, Samuel F., 383. Noah, Judith, 397. Noah, Manuel, 293, 397, 444 (note 125). Noah, Mordecai M., 212, 293,375, 396-400, 444 (note 125), (O. R.) 534. Non-Importation Resolutions, 22. Non-Israelites, Appeal by, 19-20. Nones, Abraham B., 401, Nones, Benjamin, 26-27, 45, 400- 401, 411, 447, (U. S. A.) 457, 470. Nones, David B., 447. Nones, Henry Beauchamp, Jr., 401, (U. S. N.) 471-472. Nones, Henry Benjamin, 401, (U. S. N.) 471, Nones, JeflTerson B., 447. Nones, Jefferson H. (U. S. N.), 478. Nones, Joseph B., 401, 447, (U. S. A.) 470. Nones, Solomon B., 401. Nones, Washington H. (U. S. N.), 478. Noot, Isaac, Rev., 159. Noot, S. E. Cohen, Rev., 65, 85, 108, 159. Norman, Surgeon, 29, 457. North American and United States Gazette, 136. Nowinski, David, 390. Nunes, Zipporah, 28. Nusbaum, Elias, 356. Nusbaum, Louis, 359. O. Oath of Allegiance, 23. Occident, The, 136, 196, 212, 302, 303. Ochs, Joseph (P.), 521. Offenbach, Jacques, 386. Oppenheim, Moritz, Professor, 335. Or Ha-Chayim, Chebrah, 222. i Orphans and Widows, Society to give support to, 144. Orphans' Guardians, 125-126. First officers and man- agement, 125. Present officers and man- agement, 126. Ostheim, Louis (U. S. A.), 467. Ostheim, Philip, 467. Ostheimer, Nathan (P.), 520. Often heimer, Eleazer, 185. Ottenheimer, Solomon (P.), 512. Ottinger, Samuel J., Dr., 422. Ottolengui, Abraham, 46. Pacifico, 53 (note 68). Packer, Asa, 427. Paley, John, 199, 359, 575. Pape, Gabriel, Rev., 65, 73, 85-86, 91, 145, 155 (note 87). Pardo, Jacob, Rabbi, 7. Parrish, Robert, 12. Pattison, Robert E., Hon., 267, 394. Pearsall, Mr., 163. Peary, R. E., Lieutenant, 326. Peixotto, A. C, 51, 447. Peixotto, Moses Levy Maduro, Rev., 44 Peixotto, Sim'ha Cohen, Miss, 128, 149, 151, 274. Penn, John, 200, 201. Penn, William, 10, 35 (note 44), 540. Penny packer, Samuel W., referred to, 31 (note 39). Pereira, Abraham J. R., Rev., 105. Pereira, Jacob Rodriguez, 297. Percy ra, Joseph, 447. Pereyra, Jules E., 414. Pereyra, Rodriguez, 53 (note 68). Perkins, Samuel C, 118. Personal Interest Society, 116. Pesoa, Abraham, 293. Pesoa, David, 45 (note 61), 52, 64, 112, 136, 143, 292-294. Pesoa, Hetty, Miss, 293. Pesoa, Isaac, 45, 293. Pesoa, Josephine P., Miss, 152, 294. Pesoa, Phila, Mrs., 447. Pesoa, Rachel, Miss, 128, 149, 293. Pesoa, Rebecca, 293. Peters, Richard, 35, 36. Pfaelzer, Morris, 312. Pfaelzer, Morris, Mrs., 312. INDEX. 567 Pfaelzer, Simon, 311. Phelps's Players of a Century, re- ferred to, 373 (note 98). Philip, Aaron L., 448 (note 130). Philips, Abram (U. S. N.), 478. Philips, B. H., 444 (note 12o). Philips, Goody, Mrs., 18, 2o9. Phillips, Mrs., 377. Phillips, Aaron J., 374-375. Phillips, Adelaide, 377. Phillips, Austin H., 376. Phillips, Barnet, 340, 433. Phillips, Benjamin, 447. Phillips, Benjamin, 447. Phillips, Benjamin Franklin, 433. Phillips, Benjkmin I., 45. Phillips, Benjamin J., 447. Phillips, Catharine, 49. Phillips, Charles I., Mrs., 333. Phillips, David J. (C. O.), 500. Phillips, E., Miss, 159. Phillips, Edward, 49. Phillips, Edwin, 434. Phillips, Ellen, Miss, 49, 128, 149, 150, 151, 157, 190. Phillips, Emanuel J. (U. S. N.), 477. Phillips, Emily, 28, 49. Phillips, Gabriel, 49. Phillips, H., Mrs., 377. Phillips, H. B., 376. Phillips, Henry, Jr., 340-341, 413, 434. Phillips, Henry Meyer, 49, 52,144, 307, 332, 402-404, 412. Phillips, Isaac, 340. Phillips, Isaac, 447. Phillips, Isaac (U. S. N.), 477. Phillips, Isaac B., 144. Phillips, Isaac H. (P.), 518. Phillips, Isaac J., 58, 201. Phillips, Isaac W. (P.), 517. Phillips, J., 376. Phillips, J. B., 447. Phillips,!. D., 376. Phillips, Jacob, 447. Phillips, Jacob, 447. Phillips, Jonas, 12, 13, 27-28, 29, 45 (note 61), 292, 397, 401, 416., 444 (note 125), 459, 469. Phillips, Jonas Altamont, 49, 52, 59, 64, 340, 401-402, 412, 433. Phillips, Jonas B., 376. Phillips, Jonas Benjamin, 412. Phillips, Joseph, 447. Phillips, Joseph (U. S. A.), 459. Phillips, L. A., Miss, 377. Phillips, Levi, 447. Phillips, Levy, 46. Phillips, Manuel, Dr., 416. 426, 447, (U. S. N.) 477. Phillips, Moses S,, 374, 375-376. Phillips, Naphtali, 27, 45, 292. Phillips, Naphtali (second), 49. Phillips, Phila, 292, 293. Phillips, R. & I., 285. Phillips, R. & J., 447. Phillips, Rachel, 292. Phillips, Rebecca, 49. Phillips, Rebecca, Mrs., 447. Phillips, B., Miss, 377. Phillips, Sarah, Mrs., 128. Phillips, Sophia, 377. Phillips, Uriah, 292. Phillips, Zalegman, 22, 27, 45, 49, I 143, 202, 253, 272, 292, 401, 402, 411, 431, 447, 457. Phillips, Zipporah, 292, 29:^, 397. Physicians, College of, 416-420. Jewish members of, 417- ; 420. I Picard, Eli, 390. j Picciotto, James, referred to, 51 (note 66). I Pickard, M. (P.), 516. j Pincus, Edward, Mrs., 444 (note 125). I Pincus Family, 390. I Pincus, S., 196-197. ! Pincus, S. Henry, 356, 384. I Pinheiro, Isaac, 474. Pinheiro, Solomon (U. S. N.), 474- I 475, (P.)*514. Piperno, A. B., Chief Rabbi, 60. Piper no, Nathan, 388-389. Piza, David, Rev., 61. Piza, R. S., Mrs., 190. Podolsky, Theodore (P.), 523. Polano, 'Hayim, 65, 159. 188, 354. Political Clubs, 232. Pollock, A. (P.), 516. Pollock, James, Governor, 481, 482. Polock, Hyman, 53, 86, 144, 145, : 155, 294-295, 310, (O. R.) 534. i Polock, Hyman, Mrs., 259, 294. I Polock, Moses, 342. j Pope, John, General, 489, 510. ! Port Richmond (Congregations, i 224. i Porter, David D., Admiral, 476. i Potsdamer, Joseph B., Dr., 422. i Potsdamer, Theodore B, 332. i Prager, Mark, Jr., 29, 372 (note 95). Prj^er, Michael, 29, 372 (note 95). I Pragheimer, Jacob S., Dr., 423. 568 INDEX. Presse, Jiidische, 199, 575. Prince, Isaac, 447. Proskauer, A. (P.), 516. Publication Society, Jewish (first), 175-176. Officers and management, 175. Publication Society, Jewish (sec- ond), 176. Officers, etc., 176. Works produced by, 176. Publication Society of America, Jewish (present), 177- 180. First officers and manage- ment, 177. Present officers and man- agement, 177-178. Michael Heilprin Memo- rial Fund of, 178. Works produced by, 179- 180. Pulaski, Count, 26, 457. Pulaski, Morris H., 166. Pulitzer, Joseph, 356. R. Rabinovitch, Louise G., Dr., 423. Rachel, E., Madame, 378. Rains, Solomon, 407. Ramsay, Rev. Mr., 52. Randall, Samuel J., Hon., 467. Randolph, Edmund, 24, 25. Randorf, George, 62, 135, 233. Raphall, Morris Jacob, Rev. Dr., 58, 122, 136, 442. Rappaport Benevolent Associa- tion, 139. Rappaport, Solomon, Rev., 107. Rasener, Philip, 86. Rashke, Moritz (C. O.), 495. Rau, Moses, Rev., 72. Record, Jewish. 197, 332. Reed, William B., 137. Reefer, Leon N., Dr., 430, 440. Reeves, Sims, 385. Rehin6, Zalma, 46. R6hn, Professor, 163. Reich, Jacques, 366-367. Reich, Leo, Rev., 107, 229. Reinhard, Michael, 259. Reinhard, Michael, Mrs., 259. Reinhart, Nathan F. (C. O.), 492. Reinstine, Alexander, 82, 187, 404- 405. Reis, Henry M., 115, 311. Relief of the Hungry, Philadel- phia Society for the, 231. Remak, Gustavus, 405, 412. Remak, Stephen S , 405-406, 412. Remenyi, Edouard, 386. Reubenthal, Ehas (0. O.), 503. Reynard, S. F., 382. Reynolds, John F., General, 344, 504. Rhine, Henry, 345. Rhine, Michael (P.), 521. . Rice, Isaac L., 341-342. Rice, Jacob J., 312. Rich and Harris. 384. Rich, Isaac B. (C. O.), 505. Riesman, David, Dr., 423. Rinehard, Alfred A. (C. O.), 506. I Ringetstein, Jacob (P.), 514. I Rittenhouse, David, 20. I Riveyra, 53 (note 68). I Robinson, Colonel, 29. I Robson, Stuart, 381. I Rodeph Shalom Congregation, • 70-83. Early members, 70-71. Dedication of Synagogue on Julianna Street, 72- 73. Officers and directors, 82. Auxiliary Association of, 83, 168. Cemetery, 203. I Rodeph6 Ts6dek, Chebrah, 542. j Roedelsheimer, Solomon (C. O.), I 491. j Roeschmann, Benjamin, 390. ' Roggen burger. A., 390. I Rosecrans, General, 489. I Rosenau, Milton J., Dr., 423 (U. S. i N.), 477. ! Rosen bach, H. P., referred to, 11 j (note 13), 16 (note 18), 37 (note 48), 39 (note 54), 342-343. Rosenbach, Isabella H., Mrs., re- ferred to, 50 (note 65), 312, 342, 354-355. Rosenbach, Morris, 312, 342. Rosenbaum, Adolph, Mrs., 312. Rosenbaum, Amelia, Miss, 123. Rosenbaum, Joseph, 311. Rosenbaum, Michael (P.), 517. Rosenbaum, Samuel, 184. Rosenberg, Louis (C. O.), 500. Rosenberg, Maurice (C. O.), 492. i Rosenberg, Morris, 221. Rosenberg, N., 91. j Rosenberg, Pauline H., Mrs., 183. : Roseuberger, L. A. (C. O.), 502. INDEX. Rosenberger, S. (S. O.), 487. Rosenberger, Samuel (P.), 526. Rosenblatt, Abraham, 185. Rosendale, Simon W., Hon., 35 (note 45), 177. Rosen feld, Jacob, 59. Rosen feld, Sydney, 382. Rosenfeldt, Joseph, 230. Rosenfelt, Nathan (C. O.), 491. Rosenfelt, Nathan (P.), 522. Roseugarten & Sons, 355. Rosengarten, Adolph G, (S. O.), 488. Rosengarten, George D., 343, 355, 488. Rosengarten, Joseph George, 343- 344, 413, 434, 504. Rosengarten, Henry (C. O.), 493. Rosengarten, Samuel George, 355, 433. Rosenhayn Colony, 213. Rosenheim, A. I., 281. Rosenheim, Bernard (P.), 514. Rosensteel, Jacob (C. O.), 505. Rosensteel, Jacob (P.), 512. Rosensteel, Tobias (C. O.), 495. Rosenstein, Chon6h, Rabbi, 87. Rosenstein, David (P.), 516. Rosenstein, Kate, Miss, 157, Rosenstein, Michael (C. O.), 508. Rosenstein, Victor, Rev., 86, 103. Rosenstein, William (P.), 514. Rosenstock, Jacob (P.), 516. Rosenthal, 386. Rosenthal, Abraham (P.), 515. Rosenthal, Albert, 368-369. Rosenthal, Arndt (S. O.), 482. Rosenthal, David A., Dr., 429. Rosenthal, Edwin, Dr., 423. Rosenthal, Ephraim (C. O.), 503. Rosenthal, Ernst, 429. Rosenthal, Leopold (CO.), 495. Rosenthal, Max, 367-368. Rosenthal, Max (P.), 513. Rosenthal, Morris, 86. Rosenthal, Rebecca, Miss, 152. Rosenthal, W. S., Dr., 429. Rose wig, A. H., 390. Rosin, David, Dr., 101. Rosskam, Isaac, 158, 312. Rosskam, William Benjamin, 441. Roth, Lewis (P.), 514. Rothschild, Carrie De Casseres, Mrs., 296. Rothschild, Edmund de. Baron, 211. Rothschild, Edward L., 104, 113, 190, 295-296. Rothschild, Esther De Casseres, Mrs., 296. Rothschild, Henrietta, Mrs., 295. Rothschild, Henry, 295. Rothschild, Leopold, 295. Rothschild, Lewis (P.), 523. Rothschild, Lippman, 295. Rothschild, Samuel, 295. Rothschild, Samuel (S. 0.),486. Rovno, Philip, Dr., 423. Rowe, Leo Stanton, Dr., 353, 438- 439. Rowe, Samuel W. (C. O.). 504. Rowland, Adolphus (S. 6.), 485. Rubel, Jacob, 439. Rubin, Max, Rev., 86. Rubinstein, Anton, 386. Ruff, C. T., Major, 481. Rush, 443. Rush, James, Dr., 253. Rush, Richard H., Colonel, 485 (note 136). Rush, William, 20. Russell, Philip M., 29, 290, 447, (U. S. A.) 457-458. Russian Jews in Philadelphia, 215-224. Russo-Jewish Chebroth, 220-224. Russo-Jewish Congregations, 217- 220. Russo-Jewish Exodus of 1882, 206- 208. Russo-Jewish Institutions, 217. Russo-Jewish Societies, 225-232. Ruzanowsky, Nathan, Rev., 107. S. St. Clair, General, 25. St. Gaudens, Augustus, 361 . Sabbath Visitor Association, 192. Sabsovitch, H. L., 213. Sachs, Israel Moses, Rev.. 217-218. Sa^nger, L., Rev., 109. Salinger, Arthur, Dr., 430, 440. Salinger, B. (C. O.), 493. Salinger, Benjamin, 97, 141, 312, 357. Salinger, Julius, Rev., 91. Salinger, Julius L., Dr., 423. Salinger, Richard, 413. Salisburg, David S. (C. O.), 502. Sailer, Isaac, 282, 312. Sailer, Louis, 282. Salomon, I^uis, Rev. Dr., 74. Salsburg, Samuel B. (C. O.), 605. Salvini, Toraaso, Signor, 385. 570 INDEX. Salzmann, Adam (C. O.), 510. Sampson, Albert P. (U.S.N.),478. Sampson, Daniel W. (U. S. N.), 479. Sampson, Isaac P. (U. S. N.), 478. Samuel, David, 52, 54, 254, 312. Samuel, David, Mrs., 312. Samuel, Eleanor, Miss, 54. Samuel, F. & D., 447. Samuel, Frederick, 51. • Samuel, Hetty, Mrs., 128. Samuel, J. Bun ford, 54, 354. Samuel, John, 54, 412. Samuel, Lewis, 66, 254. Samuels, Abraham (P.), 530. Samuels, Frederick, 84, 86. Samuels, S., 377. Samuelson, Solomon, 84. Sanchez, Gabriel, 4. Sanchez, Rodrigo, 3-4. Sanger, S., Rev., 100. Sanguinetti, Percy A., 355. Sanson, Joseph, 109, 411. Sanson, Nathan J., Dr., 430. San tan gel, Luis de, 4. Sarasohn, Ezekiel, 575. Schamberg, Jay F., Dr., 423. Schamberg, Meyer, 355, 436. Schatz, Mordecai, Rev., 219, 542. Scherzer, Adolph, 346, 389. Schiff, Jacob H., 115, 178, 190. Schleiden, M. J., Dr., referred to, 5 (note 2). Schlesinger, Leopold, 82. Schlesinger, Morris (S. O.), 489. Schloss, Abraham (P.), 514. Schloss, Abraham (P.), 521. Schloss, David (P.), 516. Schloss, Henry (C. O.), 498. Schloss, Moses (P.), 516. Schneeberger, Henry W., Rev. Dr., 142. Schneideman, Theodore B., Dr., 423. Schnurman, Israel, 184. Schoen, David (P.), 516. Schoenfeld, J. (P.), 529. Schoneman, Abram P. (C. O.), 498. Schoneman, Emanuel (P.), 515. Schoneman Family, 71 (note 76). Schoneman, Joseph, 276. Schoneman, R. A. (P.), 530. Schupack, Charles B., Dr., 430. Schuyler, General, 147 (note 84). Schuyler Family, 148. Schuyler, Nicholas, Dr., 147 (note 84). Schwartz, Isidor, 283. Schwarz, Louis, Dr., 423. Schwarz, S. F. (P.), 512. Schwatt, Isaac J., Dr., 353, 442. Scott, Walter, Sir, referred to, 147, 148. Scott, Winfield, General, 460, 471. Scribe, M., 390. Seaside Home, Jewish, 129-130. . Seelig, Abraham, 221. Segal, Bernhard, Dr., 423. Seguin, Mr. and Mrs., 385. Seiihamer, George O., referred to, 373 (note 97). Seiliko witch, S., Dr., 423. Seiniger, Charles, Rev., 99, 118. Seixas, Benjamin, 12. Seixas, David G., 296-298, 447, (U. S. A.) 459. Seixas* G. M. I., Rev., 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 35, 50, 297, 459. his family, 17. Seixas, Isaac B., Rev., 44, 46. Seixas, M. B.,447. Seldes, George S., 159, 167. Selig, Bernard, Mrs., 312. Seligman, Jesse, 115. Seligman, Marcus (P.), 514. Seligman, Minnie, 381. Seligson, M., 406. Selker, Adolph (P.), 516. Sergeant, Jonas, 20. Sewing Society, Ladies' Hebrew, 143. Shalom Colony, 212. Shabe Zion, Society, 232. Shearith Israel Congregation (N. Y.), 8, 28. Sheier, Moses (P.), 515. Sheppard, Furman, Hon., 395. Sherbow, J. S., Rev., 102, 109. Sherbow, Marcus, 390. Shoyer, Mayer, 144. Sick and Mutual Assistance, So- ciety for Visitation of, 144-145. Prominent members, 144. Sickles, Daniel E., General, 463. Sickles, Gustavus A., 390. Siedler, Joseph (P.), 515. Sigmund, Albert M. (S. O.), 483. Silberberg, Max (P.), 515. Silberman, Emma, Miss, 382. Silberman, Simon, 97, 312. Silva, David (C. O.), 508. Silver, Simeon Aaron, 389. Simon, David Emanuel, 414, 438. Simon, Emanuel, 299. INDEX. 571 Simon, Jacob (C. O.), 509. Simon, Joseph, 25, 53, 147, 270. Simon, Joseph, 447. Simon, Michael (P.), 528. Simon, Moses, 113, 299. Simon, Moses, Mrs., 299. Simonson, Selli, 386. Simpson, Edward Payson, 384. Simpson, Matthew, Bishop, 207. Simsohn, Clara Stern-, Mrs, 3 >^. Simsohn, Joseph S., Dr., 423. Singer, Jacob, 132, 184, 190, 311, 394, 413, 440. Sion, Isaac, 414. Skene, Mr., 148 (note 85). Skidelsky, Rachel S., Dr., 42;^. Skidelsky, Simon S., 353-354. Skillman, W. J., 75. Slade,M. B. C, Mrs., 96. Slatky, Isaac M., Rev., 59. Slobodinsky, Rosa, Dr., 423. Small, William. F., Colonel, 480. Smith, Gold win, 451. Smyth, Albert H., referred to, 398 (note 106). Smyth, Eugene, 159. Snellenburg, Isaac, 300, (P.) 517. Snellenburg, Joseph, 300. Snellenburg, Joseph J., 300. Snellenburg, N., & Co., 300. Snellenburg, Nathan, 300. Snellenburg, Samuel, 300. Snowberger, Albert L. (P.), 523. Snowberger, Elias (P.), 517. Snowberger, Leopold, 523. Snyder, W. Frederick, 305. Soils, David Hays, 51, 290, 312. Soils, David Hays, Jr., 68. Soils, Isaac N.,'413. Soils, Solomon, 51,68, 155, 158, 175, 254, 290. Solomon, Mr. and Mrs., 373. Solomon, Adolph A,, 138, 166. Solomon, Augustus (C. O.), 501. Solomon, Benjamin (U. S. N.), 477. Solomon, C, Miss, 373. I Solomon, David, 312. I Solomon, Edward, 389. I Solomon, Ezekiel (U. S. N.), 478. ; Solomon, Frances, 447. j Solomon, Frederic, 389. ! Solomon, Haym, 16, 23-25. j Solomon, Haym M., 24 (note 26). j Solomon, Henry, 412. I Solomon, Henry, Mrs., 183. j Solomon, M., Miss, 373. | Solomon, S. B., 389. Solomon, Samuel M., 447. Solomons, Madame, 377. Solomons, Miss, 377. Solomons, Adolphus 8., 116. Solomons, Arabella, 22 Solomons, Myer S., 22, 49, 457. Sommer, Harry B., 163, 166, 315, 344-345. Sons of Benjamin, ludei^endeut Order of, 185. Sons of Halberstam Congregation, 104. Sons of Israel Congregation (Cam- den, N. J.), 110. Cemetery, 205. Sontheimer, Bernard (P.), 511. Sontheimer, Morris (P.), 524. Sotheran, Alice Hyneman, 345- 346, referred to, 498. Sotheran, Charles, 346. Souza, Samuel, 447. Spaeth, Henry (C. O.), 492. Spatz, Bernard, 291. Speaker, Henry, 190. Spiers, Moses, 447. Spivak, Charles D., Dr., 142, 159, 167, 226, 227, 229, 311, 423. Spruce Street Cemetery, 200-203. Document concerning, 202. Stadt Zeitung, Philadelphia, 199, 575. Stage and its Stars, The, Past and Present, referred to, 373 (note 98). Statue to Religious Liberty, 186- 187. Stein, Abraham, 447. Stein, Jacob (C. O.), 490. Stein, Jacob (C. O.), 506. Stein, Jacob (P.), 518. Stein, Lewis (P,), 519. Stein, Louis (P.), 515. Stein, Rudolph, 332. Stein bach, Lewis W., Dr., 1(>3, 167, 419. Steinberg, Paul, 295. Steinberger, Justus (U. S. A.), 466. Steinbrun, J. (P.), 523. Steiner, Jacob (P.), 520. Steiuer, Levi A. (P.), 529. Stemple, Isaac, Rev., 99, 107, 109, 118. Stern, A., 163. Stern, Abram E. (C. O.), 490. Stern, Charles (P.), 513. Stern, David, 347. Stern, David (P.), 517. Stern, Fdvvard, 347. 572 INDEX. Stern Family, 389. Stern, Harry F.. 347. Stern, Henry (C. O.), 499. Stern, Herman (P.), 522. Stern, Israel W. (P.), 530. Stern, Jacob (P.), 527. Stern, Julius, 91, 155, 212, 346, 347. Stern, Julius, Mrs., 346. Stern, Julius (C. O.), 492. Stern, Louis, 358. Stern, Max J., Dr., 423. Stern, Menko, 240. Stern, Samuel, 23. Stern, Simon (P.), 530. Stern, Simon A., 346-349. Stern, William A., 355-356. Sternberg, Constantine, 388. Stern berger, Charles (P.), 513. Sternberger, Ida, Miss, 382. Stern berger. Levin (P.), 528. Sternberger, Samuel, Mrs., 130. Sternberger, Samuel, 311. Sterne, Simon, 413, and (note 121). Sternheimer, M., 91. Stevens, William Bacon, Bishop, 207. Stewart, Jack, Lieutenant-Colo- nel, 37. Stine, Daniel (P.), 526. Stine, Jacob (P.), 519. Stolz, Joseph, Rev. Dr., 192. Stone, Frederick D., referred to, 35 (note 44), 37 (note 48). Stork, Aaron, 54, 447. Stork, Esther, Miss, 143. Strakosch, Maurice, 382. Strakosch, Max, 382. Strassman, A. (P.), 530. Straus, Daniel (C. O.), 508. Straus, David, 299. Straus, David, Mrs., 299. Straus, Jonas (P.), 515. Straus, Nathan, 97. Strause, Joel S. (P.), 528. Strause, Solomon (P.), 528. Strause, William S. (P.), 528. Strause, William T. (P.), 528. Strauss, 386. Strauss, Benjamin, Mrs., 312. Strauss, Henry (S. O.), 487. Strauss, Reuben, 82. Strouse, Cyrus (S. O.), 483. Strouse, Ferdinand K. (P.), 528. Strouse, Frank, 441. Strouse, Frederic M., Dr., 424. Strouse, Henry (C. O.), 499. Strouse, Jacob (P.), 517. Strouse, Lehman K. (C. O.), 505. Strouse, Myer, 406. Strouss, Ellis C. (C. O.), 494-495. Stuart, Edwin S., Mayor, 97. Stuyvesant, Peter, 8. Sultzbach, Milton (S. O.), 488. Sulzbacher, Moses, Rev., 73. Sulzberger, Abraham, 91, 116, 275, 301. Sulzberger,David, 158, 190, 257, 311. Sulzberger, Jacob, 69. Sulzberger, Leopold, 58. Sulzberger, Mayer, 47, 78, 115, 118, 152, 159, 165, 166, 187, 188, 196, 207, 213, 301-304, 306, 359, 362, 413, 576. Sulzberger, Sophia, Mrs., 3(»1. Sulzer, Professor, 541. Swift, John, 402. ' Swift, John, Captain, 459. Szold, Benjamin, Rev. Dr., 180, 354. Szold, Henrietta, Miss, 354. Tadd, J. Liberty, 361. Tafel, Adolph (C. O.), 492. Talmud Torah, 228. Teachers and officers, 228. Tedesco, Madame, 385. Teller, Benjamin F., 305-307. Teller, David, 82, 187, 265, 274, 304-305. Teller, David, Mrs., 274, 305. Teller, Joseph R., 306. Teller, Michael (P.), 525. Teller, Oscar B., 213, 306, 413. Teller, Raphael, 304, 305. Teller, Solomon, 75, 112, 143, 304, 311. Teller, Solomon, Jr., 441. Teller, William H., Dr., 424. Tennyson Society, 171. Teshu'ath Israel Congregation, 103-104, 542. Test Oath, 28. Thalheimer, Albert (P.), 513. Thayer, Sylvanus, General, 461. Theological Seminary, Jewish, 189-190. Preamble, 189. Philadelphia Branch, 190. Its officers and man- agement, 190. Thomas, Lorenzo, Adjutant Gen- eral, 490. Thomas, Moses, 55, 56. INDEX. 673 Thomas, Theodore, 386, 387. Thompson, Robert Ellis, Prof., 348. Thurwanger, M., 367. Tim, David, 413. Tirado, Jacob, 7. Tobias, Joseph Franklin(0. R.),532 Tobias, Joseph Orlando, 412. Tobiason, Lewis, 162. Todd, Wilhelmina, Miss, 159. Torres, Luis de, 3, 4. Touro, Isaac, Rev., 9. Touro, Judah, 9. Trades' Unions among Russian Jews, 233-234. Trades, United Hebrew, 233. Trauble, Leon, 258. Trautmann, Berthold, Dr., 424. Trautman, Jacob (CO.), 498. Treiman, George, Dr., 424. Triana, Rodrigo de, 4. True Sisters, Independent Order of, 186. Truffi, Madame, 385. Tschopek, Joseph (P.), 515. Tunes, Abraham, 31. Tyler, John, President, 261, Tyndall, John, Professor, 324. U. Ulman, John (C. O.), 492. Ulman, Mayer, 72, 447. Ullman, Captain (C. O.), 498. Ullman, Jacob (C. O.), 499. Union of American Hebrew Con- gregations, 142, 191. Unique Club, 195. United Hebrew Beneficent So- ciety, 112, 143. United Hebrew Beneficent Fuel and Savings Society, 112, 143. United Hebrew Charities, 111, 112- 116, 128, 131. Signers of charter, 112. First officers and man- agement, 113. Board of managers, 114. Auxiliary Branch, 114, 115, 157. Officers and management, 115. Ladies' auxiliary com- mittee, 143. United Hebrew Relief Associa- tion, 112, 143. United Israelites, Independent Order of, ia5. i Van Beil, A. C, Mrs., 152. Van Beil, H., 447. Van Beil, Herman, 72, 155, 411. Van Beil, Solomon C, 162, 412. Van Buren, Martin, President, 398. Van Collem, Mr., 268. Van Rensselaer, Graetz, referred to, 149 (note 85). Vanleer, Benjamin, 29. Vaux, Richard, Mayor, 207, 339. Vecinho,. Joseph, 4. Veneziani, Emanuel F., Chevalier, 60-61, 207, 213. Verdier, Captain, 26. Vidaver, Henry, Rev. Dr., 65, 74. Vogel, L. (C. O.), 492. Vogt, Carl, Professor, 325. Volkswsechter, Der, 199, 575. Voorsanger, Jacob, Rev., 108, 167. W. Waas, Abraham M., Dr., 430. Waas, Morris A., Dr., 430. Waldteufel, M., 346, 388. Waldteufel, M., 386. Walker, John, 299. Walker, Louis, 299. Wall, Robert, 12. Walnut Street Theatre, 385-386. Walter, E., 163. Wanamaker, John, Hon., 152, 207. Warburg, Moses (P.), 516. Warburg, Siegraund (P.), 515. Ward, Townsend, referred to, 41 (note 57). Warner, William, General, 525. I Washington, George, 14, 20, 21, I 26, 32, 37, 241, 285, 369, 454, 455, ! 456, 457. I Wasserman, Flora E., Dr., 424. ' Waterman, Israel (U. S. A.), 466, ; (P.) 518. Waterman, S., Dr., 261 (note 93). Watson, Captain, 37. Watson's Annals, referred to, 31 (note 39). Wayne, General, 36. Weber, John B., Colonel, 213. Wegman, Jacob, 229. Weichselbaum, Henry, 406. Weil, Arthur Edward, 441. Weil, Edward H., 52, 112, 159, 307-309, 370 413. 574 INDEX. Weil, E. H., Mrs., 309, 370. Weil, Gertrude, Miss, 370. Weil, Harrison Bernheimer, 439. Weil, Henry (or Hirsch) Isaac, 52, 307, 350, 448, (E. A.) 535-536. Weil, Isaac H., 52, 86, 349-352. Weil, Jacob (P.), 516. Weil, Matilda, Mrs., 307, 350. Weil, Max, 387. Weil, S. K, Mrs., 388. Weil, Samuel, 311. Weinbach, Abraham (C. O.), 503. Weinberger, Moses, Rev., 219-220, Weinberger, Paul (P.), 515. Weinlander, Gustave, 441. Weinstock, Bernard (P.), 515. Weissenstein, Nathan, 151, 163. Welsh, John, Hon. 57, 207. Wertheim, Alexander, Dr., 407. Western, Lucille, 380. Westheimer, Moses, 295. Wessel, Henry N., 414. Wetzlar, Morris (C. O.), 493. Weyl, Walter Edward, 353, 439. Wharton, Anne Hollingsworth, referred to, 37 (note 48). Wheatley Dramatic Hall, 219. White, Francis, 444 (note 125). Whittemore, William J., 361. Whittier Society, 170. Widerewitz, 'Hayim Jacob, Rab- bi, 222, 223. Wieder, Morris, 358. Wiler, William, 286. William, of Orange, 7. Willi amis, Robert, 476. Williams, WilUam H., 159, 188. Williamson, Isaiah V , 118. Wilson, Thomas, referred to, 445. Wilson, Susan, Mrs., 130, Wimpfheimer, Max (P.), 512. Wink, Frederick, 390. i Winter, J., Rev. Dr., 245. ! Winstock, Melvin G.., 198, 359, 414. I Wise, I. M., Rev. Dr., 96, 107, 180, 191, 336. Wittenberg, David, 190. Wittenberg, Philip, 87. Wohl, Samuel (C. O.), 492. Wolf, Aaron, 295. Wolf, Abraham, 283, 312. Wolf, Abraham S., 53, 64, 112, 118, 119, 136, 143, 155, 158, 245, 246, 254, 275, 309-310. Wolf, Abraham S., Mrs., 310, 311. Wolf, David (C. O.), 501. Wolf, Ellas, 82, 312. Wolf, Jacob (C. O.), 490. Wolf, Lewis, 416 (note 124). Wolf, Louis, 113, 312. Wolf, Morris (P.), 520. Wolf, Simon, Hon., referred to, 24 (note 25), 95, 142, 260 (note 93), 266, 451. Wollenberg, Rev. Mr., 107. Women, Jewish, 197. Wood, James F., Archbishop, 207. Woodbine Colony, 116, 213. Woolf, Benjamin E., 382. Worden, John L., Rear Admiral, 476. Wright, E. J., Miss, le59. Yarnall, Mordecai, Rev., 11 (note 14). Yeshu'ath Israel Congregation (Newport, R. I.), 9. Young Men's Club, German, 195. Young Men's Hebrew Associa- tion, 163, 164-167. Preamble, 164. P'irst officers and man- agement, 164. Present officers and man- agement, 167. Associate branch, 164, 165, 166, 167. Its officers, 167. Southern branch, 157. Young Men's Hebrew Literary Association, 162. Young Men's Hebrew Social, 231. Young Women's Arena (^lub, 170. Young Women's Union, 160-161. Officers and executive board, 161. Z. Zacuto, Abraham, 4. Zellner, Alexander, 369. Zentner, Charles, 227. Zilenziger, S., 389. Zimmerman, J. F., 383. Ziontown, 213. THE JEWS OF PHTLADELPHTA. 575 ADDITIONAL NOTES. {Note, to Page 68.) Board of Managers of Congregation Mickv^h Israel (elected Sep- tember 23d, 1894): President, Horace A. Nathans; Vice-President, Solomon Gans ; Treasurer, William Morris ; Recording Secretary, Isaac Fein berg; Corresponding Secretary, Walter M. Steppacher; Adjunta (Directors), Lazarus Mayer, Charles J. Cohen, Samuel Morais Hyneman, Jacob E. Hyneman, Meyer S. Frechie, and I^evi Mastbaum. (Note to Page 87.) Additional Trustees of Congregation Beth Israel: Abraham Sailer, Abraham Rosenblat, S. Baerenkopf, and A. Hyman. Other- wise the directorate is the same as stated on page 87. (Note to Page 126.) Mr. Joseph Marschuetz, Secretary of the Orphans' Guardians, died on September 7th, 1894, lamented by many who res[)ected him for his virtues. Mr. Samuel W. Goodman, was selected as his successor. (Notes to Page 199.) Die Juedische Presse suspended publication during the Summer of 1894. Messrs. Bernard Harris and John Paley transferred their paper, Der Volksiuwchter, during August, 1894, to Mr. Ezekicl Surnsohn, of the Jewish Gazette, New York City. The })aper is iiou issm'il by Mr. Sarasohn. Rev. Hyman Brodsky has since relinquished his connection with Philadelphia Stadt Zeitung. 576 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. (Note to Pages 30 1-30 J^.) At the Republican Judicial Convention, held September 19th, 1894, Mayer Sulzberger, Esq., received the unanimous nomination for Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, Number 2. 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