VOORSANGER COLLECTION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 SEMITIC LIBRARY 
 
 OF TH E 
 
 University of California 
 
 GIFT OF 
 
 REV. JACOB VOORSANGER, D.D. 
 
 1906 
 
THE 
 
 JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA 
 
 THEIR HISTORY 
 
 FROM THE EARLIEST SETTLEMENTS 
 
 TO THE PRESENT TIME. 
 
 A RECORD OF EVENTS AND INSTITUTIONS, AND OF 
 
 LEADING MEMBERS OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITY 
 
 IN EVERY SPHERE OF ACTIVITY. 
 
 BY 
 
 HENRY SAMUEL MORAIS, 
 
 AUTHOR OF "EMINENT ISRAELITES OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.' 
 
 ETC., ETC. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA: 
 
 THE LEVYTYPE COMPANY. 
 5654—1894. 
 

 <v 
 
 ci\ 
 
 Copyright, 1894, 
 By HENRY SAMUEL MORAIS. 
 
TO 
 
 MR. EDWARD L. ROTHSCHILD, 
 
 OF PHILADELPHIA, 
 
 Sf^ig ^ork 
 
 IS 
 
 RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED 
 
 IN 
 
 RECOGNITION OP THE GENEROUS ENCOURAGEMENT GIVEN 
 
 THE AUTHOK. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 DriMNc; the Summer season of 1891, Mr. Robert M. McWade, 
 the distinguished City Editor of the Philadelphia Public Ledger, 
 requested that I would furnish for publication in the columns of that 
 popular journal, an article, or a series of articles, descriptive of the 
 Jews and their work, specially in relation to our city. I set about 
 the task, with a view to present facts bearing upon the settlement 
 and subsequent development of the Jewish community in our midst. 
 The result of my endeavors was a series of ten historical articles, 
 contained in the Public Ledger, of July 31st, August 3d, 25th, 
 26th, 27th, 28th, September 2d, 4th, 10th, and '12th, 1891. Those 
 articles — whatever their merit may have been — attracted general 
 attention. The writer felt encouraged in his efforts, notably by 
 the kind words of that good man — now, unhappily, no longer with 
 us— Mr. George W. Childs, proprietor of the Ledger, and a true 
 friend of many a literary worker. 
 
 During the continuance, and since the publication, of that series 
 of articles, numerous were the requests that the subject treated 
 might be enlarged upon, so as to embrace, as far as possible, a 
 complete record of Israelites in Philadelphia, from their first arrival 
 until a recent date. In the attempt to comply with those requests, 
 the writer had not sufficiently realized the immensity of the work 
 involved. To perform such labor single-handed, required more 
 than ordinary perseverance. Besides, the field had not been gone 
 over. With the exception of Mr. Hyman Polock Rosenbach's 
 interesting and valuable lecture, reprinted in pamphlet form, and 
 entitled, "The Jews in Philadelphia Prior to 1800," nothing of 
 
vi PREFACE. 
 
 any considerable account had hitherto been given publicity. Con- 
 tinuous research disclosed the fact that our local Jewish history was 
 of a character at once important, and worthy of the attention of 
 the student, and of every coreligionist who glories in the annals of 
 his people in different ages and climes. Philadelphia Jews possess a 
 record, especially remarkable, developing particular phases — con- 
 gregational and communal — proving an active participation in 
 works of great interest, both their own, and of a wider public 
 extent. The recognition of this fact urged the writer on towards 
 the fulfilment of the task assumed, despite obstacles as numerous as 
 the armed men that Cadmus is fabled to have raised up in Greece. 
 
 The articles printed in the Ledger may be termed a part of the 
 foundation of the present work. They were siniply an impulse to 
 proceed onward, until the desired result had been attained. With 
 the completion of a connected and collective history, the goal was 
 thought to have been reached. But not so. Reflection led to the 
 conviction that individual deeds must also be recognized. What- 
 ever has contributed to the progress, the prosperity, and the exalta- 
 tion of Israel and of Israelites in Philadelphia must be told. 
 Again, the effort was put forth and continued, notwithstanding 
 difficulties and discouragements. Books and pamphlets, magazines 
 and newspapers, manuscripts and archives of institutions, documents 
 and letters in possession of private families, an extraordinarily large 
 correspondence, and journeys to other cities were some of the means 
 employed to effect the purpose in view. Whether that purpose has 
 been attained, a discriminating public will determine. Still, it 
 must be said that neither time nor expense has been spared to 
 render the present work reliable. The utmost care has been 
 exhibited in the veriest statement. Names and facts and dates 
 have been examined time and again, in order that errors might be 
 avoided. It is quite possible, however, that some mistakes will be 
 discovered, in the course of a work so varied, and dealing with a 
 multiplicity of subjects. 
 
PREFACE. vii 
 
 A single aim has been constantly in view; namely, to set the Jew, 
 his history, his life, his teachings, and his dealings aright before the 
 world at large. Activity in our local centre contributes a most 
 important share towards the furtherance of that aim ; towards 
 disarming ill-founded prejudices; towards obtaining for the Jew 
 that recognition eminently his due — as a religionist, attached to his 
 people by the strongest ties ; as a citizen, true and loyal to American 
 institutions ; as a factor in the promotion of good works in every 
 sphere of development — whether charitable, educational, or indus- 
 trial. If this book will help on towards the attainment of such an 
 object, the purpose of the writer will have been fulfilled ; the labor 
 devoted to it by a member of the ancient race will have been a 
 labor of love affording true gratification. 
 
 H. S. M. 
 
 Philadelphia, September, 1894—5654. 
 
AuTHOPwiTiES consulted in the preparation of this work are 
 indicated in different places throughout the historical, biographical, 
 and miscellaneous divisions. In addition to these, the writer is 
 specially indebted to the following ladies and gentlemen, who have 
 courteously furnished him with important data, or who have, in 
 other ways, generously lent their assistance: — 
 
 Philadelphia. — Miss Amelia J. Allen, Mr. Joseph K. Arnold, 
 Miss Evelyn Bomeisler, Miss Mary M. Cohen, Mr. Elias G. 
 De Casseres, Mr. Charles De Young, Moses A. Dropsie, Esq., Mr. 
 Jonathan M. Emanuel, Mr. Simon Ezekiel, Mr. Isaac Feinberg, 
 Dr. Rebecca Fleisher, Mr. George Goward, Mr. William B. Hack- 
 enburg, Mr. Henry Hahn, Mrs. Clara Hahn, Dr. Abram B. 
 Hirsh, Mr. Jacob E. Hyneman, Mr. Joseph F. A. Jackson, Mrs. 
 Jessica Jones, Dr. Ewing Jordan, Major Aaron Lazarus, Dr. 
 Samuel Lewald, Dr. Ludwig Loeb, the Reverend Doctor Sabato 
 Morais, Miss Rosa Mordecai, Mr. Horace A. Nathans, Mr. Franklin 
 Piatt, Mr. Millard F. Reeve, Mrs. Isabella H. Rosenbach, Dr. 
 Charles D. Spivak, Dr. Lewis W. Steinbach, Mr. David Sulz- 
 berger, Mr. David Teller. 
 
 New York City. — Manuel A. Kursheedt, Esq., Mr. Eugene H. 
 Levy, Miss Rebecca E. Mitchell, Mr. Daniel W. Shoyer. 
 
 Cincinnati. — Mr. Jacob Ezekiel. 
 
 Washington, D. C— Mrs. Mary Virginia Elizabeth Cabell, 
 Honorable Simon Wolf. 
 
 Montreal, Canada. — Mr. Clarence I. De Sola. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
 
 PART I. 
 
 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 The Part Taken by Jews in the Discovery of America — A Peculiar 
 Correspondence of Dates — Development Marl^ed in Four 
 Hundred Years 3-6 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 The Inquisition and Its Consequences— Earlj^ Settlements in 
 America — First Jewish Congregations in North America 7-9 
 
 • CHAPTER II. 
 
 Earliest Mention of Jews in Philadelphia — First Jewish Religious 
 Assembly — Origin of the Congregation Mickv6h Israel— Me- 
 morial to the Executive Council of Pennsylvania — Description 
 of the Synagogue 10-^14 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Congregation Mickv6h Israel — Its Struggles for Existence — 
 Original Members— Sketches of Rev. Gershom Mendes Seixas 
 and of Rev. Jacob Raphael Cohen — Subscription by non- 
 Israelites — Address to President Washington and his Reply... 15-21 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Jews as Patriots — Non-Importation Resolutions — Haym Solomon 
 — Gratz Family— Benjamin Nones — Jonas Phillips and Others 
 —Michael Hart 22-80 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Interesting Characters in Revolutionary Times— Israel Israel not 
 a Jew— David Franks and his Family— Rebecca Franks— 
 Others— Moses and Samson Levy 31-42 
 
X TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Affairs in Congregation Mickv6h Israel — Rev. Emanuel Nunes 
 Carvalho — Rev. Abraham Israel Keys — A New Synagogue— 
 Parnassim of Those Days— Rev. Isaac Leeser 48-48 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Prominent Men — Zalegman Phillips — Lewis Allen — References 
 to Others — Solomon Soils — Abraham Hart and his Many 
 Works 49-58 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Mickv6h Israel (Continued)— Election of Minister in 1851— The 
 Reverend Doctor Sabato Morals — His Eventful Course and Im- 
 portant Labors 59-68 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Mickv6h Israel (Concluded) — Its Present House of Worship — 
 Interesting Dedication Ceremonies — Henry Cohen — Successive 
 Presidents Since 1879 — Weil-Known Members — School and 
 Society 64-69 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Sephardim and Ashkenazim— Rodeph Shalom Congregation — 
 Its Institution — Earliest Members and Ministers — Its Syna- 
 gogue on Julianna Street — Rev. Jacob Frankel's Pastorate 70-74 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Rodeph Shalom (Continued) — The Election of Rev. Dr. Marcus 
 M. Jastrow as Rabbi — Removal to Broad and Mount Vernon 
 Streets — A Handsome Edifice — Sketch of Dr. Jastrow — Rev. 
 Solomon KaufTmann Elected as Reader 75-79 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Rodeph Shalom (Concluded) — Rev. Dr. Henry Berkowitz be- 
 comes Rabbi — Formally Installed — Synagogal Matters — Rev. 
 William Loewenberg, Reader — Congregational Management — 
 Auxiliary Societies 80-88 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Beth Israel Congregation — Originated in 1840 — Rev. Gabriel 
 Pap6 — Preachers and Readers at Different Times — Changes in 
 the Ritual — Rev. Dr. J. B. Grossmann's Installation — Present 
 Officers 84-88 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. xi 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 The '* Reform " Movement and its Work— Ken^seth Israel Con- 
 gregation — Its Establishment and Places of Worship — Succes- 
 sive Ministers — Rev. Dr. David Einhorn — Rev. Dr. Samuel 
 Hirsch 89-93 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Ken^seth Israel (Concluded) — Rev. Dr. Joseph Krauskopf 
 Called to the Miuistrj^ — Sunday Services — A New and Larger 
 Edifice Dedicated with l^clat — Description of the Building — 
 Lyceum Established — Sketch of Dr. Krauskopf — Rev. J. L. 
 Levy selected as Associate Minister — Officers of this Congre- 
 gation 94-98 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 'Adath Jeshurun Congregation — Its Growth in Three and a Half 
 Decades — Its Ministers and Their Services — Rev. Elias Epp- 
 stein — Innovations in the Ritual adopted — Rev. Henry Iliowizi 
 and his Active and Scholarly Work — Readers — Officers 99-102 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 A New Congregation — Teshu'ath Israel — Its Aims and Its Man- 
 agement — Rev. Victor Rosenstein — Rev. Solomon Kauffinann. 
 .... Sons of Hal berstam Congregation 103-104 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 Former Congregations — Beth El Emeth — Rev. George Jacobs and 
 Others — Ansh6 Emeth Congregation — 'Adath Israel and Bene 
 Israel Congregations — Jewish Hospital and Jewish Foster 
 Home Synagogues — Public Worship at Summer Resorts — Beth 
 Israel Congregation of Atlantic City — In Other Localities... 105-1 10 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 Helping the Poor — The Extensive Sphere of Work of the Society 
 of the United Hebrew Charities — Its Varied Labors — Branches 
 and Other Adjuncts. 
 
 Ministering to the Sick — The Jewish Hospital Association — Its 
 Origin and Developmeiit— The Present Institution — Home for 
 the Aged and Infirm — Mathilde Adler-Loeb Dispensary — An 
 Active Management 111-120 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 Caring for the Orphan — Nearly Four Decades in the History of 
 the Jewish Foster Home — Its Different Direction — Excellent 
 Home. 
 
 Orphans' Guardians— Work Done in Private Households 121-126 
 
xii TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Women '8 8ocietie8 — The Female Hebrew Benevolent Society — 
 
 The Oldest Jewish Charity in Philadelphia. 
 The Jewish Maternity Association — Its Well-Equipped Home — 
 
 Its Labors at Atlantic City 127-130 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 The Exiles from Benighted Countries — Laudable Endeavors of 
 the Association of Jewish Immigrants — What It has Ac- 
 complished with Small Means. 
 
 The Hebrew Charity Ball Association — An Interesting Record — 
 Indispensable Assistance Rendered Annually 131-138 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 Smaller Societies — Rappaport Benevolent Association — Allusion 
 to Others — Philadelphia Branch of the Universal Israelitish 
 Alliance — Board of Delegates of American Israelites — Jewish 
 Alliance of America. 
 
 Former Charity Societies and Chebroth — Hebrew Societj^ for 
 Visitation of Sick and Mutual Assistance 139-145 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 Religious Education — The Oldest Hebrew Sunday School in 
 America — Its Institution by Women of Israel — Rebecca Gratz 
 and her Noble Qualities — Her Coadjutors, Louisa B. Hart, 
 Ellen Phillips, and Sim'ha Cohen Peixotto — The School and 
 Its Remarkable Growth — Northern and Southern Branches — 
 Phases of Its Work 146-153 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 Educational and Industrial — The Hebrew Education Societ3' — 
 Its Early Labors and Subsequent Development — Its Present 
 Diversified Work in Different Quarters — Special Features- 
 Management. 
 
 Educational and Charitable — The Young Women's Union and 
 What It Accomplishes — A Popular Institution 154-161 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 Literary Societies — Their Early Existence Among Israelites of 
 Philadelphia — The Hebrew Association — The Young Men's 
 Hebrew Association — Its Influential Efforts in Varied Spheres 
 — Its Achievements in Northern and Southern Districts — Lec- 
 tures, Entertainments, Classes, Special Studies. Reading-Room 
 and Library, Gymnasium, etc., etc 162-167 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. xlii 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Other Literary Institutions— Congregational Societies— Smaller 
 
 Organizations — General Mention. 
 Jewish Chautauqua Department — An Important Movement of 
 
 Recent Date 168-172 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 The Study of Hebrew Literature — How it is Promoted — National 
 Institutions— Jewish Publication Societies— Their History and 
 Products — The Present Society — Its Scope and Extensive 
 Work — Books Published The American Jewish His- 
 torical Society Daughters in Israel National 
 
 Council of Jewish Women 173-ias 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 Jewish Secret Orders — Ben6 Berith— Kosher Shel Barzel— Free 
 Sons of Israel — Sons of Benjamin — Judaic Union, etc., etc. — 
 Statue to Religious Liberty An Insurance Corpora- 
 tion 184-187 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. 
 Theological Institutions- Maimonides College— The Jewish Theo- 
 logical Seminary — The Hebrew Union College. 
 Cantors' Association of America— General Mention 188-192 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI. 
 Social Clubs— Mercantile,Garrick, and Franklin— Athletic Clubs 
 and Other Assemblies 193-195 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 Jewish Journals— The Occident— The Jewish Index— The Jewish 
 Record — The Jewish Exponent — Other Ventures — Weeklies 
 Published in Juedisch Deutsch 196-199 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 
 Cemeteries — Important History Attached to Spruce Street Ceme- 
 tery — Its Purchase, Upwards of a Century and a Half Ago — 
 Ofticial Documents Relating to it and its Possession. 
 
 Other Cemeteries, Including Those of Congregations, Har Nebo, 
 Har Ha-Zetim, Mount Sinai, etc., etc 200-205 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIV. 
 A New Element— The Russo-Jewish Exodus of 1882— Persecu- 
 tions and Their Resultant — Sympathy for Sufferers — A Notable 
 Meeting— Remarkable Increase of Population — Immigration 
 Problems 206-209 
 
xiv TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXV. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 The Jew and his Mission— Colonization and Its Outcome — Early 
 Attempts at Agricultural Settlements— The I^resent Colonies in 
 the Holy Land, and in the United States — Alliance, Rosen- 
 hayn, Carmel, and Woodbine — Encouraging Outlook 210-214 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVI. 
 
 Russian Jews — Their Settlement in Philadelphia — Districts in 
 Which They Preponderate— Marked Features and Types. 
 
 Congregational— Growth of Down-Town Elements— Two Large 
 Russo-Jewish Congregations and Their Ministers — An Hun- 
 garian-Jewish Congregation and its Minister — Different 
 Chebroth and Smaller Congregations — Improvised Services 215-224 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVII. 
 Russian Jews — Their Charities — Wayfarers' Lodge — Maimonides 
 Clinic — Other Societies — Educational and Literary Institutions 
 — Hebrew Schools — Hebrew Literature Society — Other Associa- 
 tions of a Similar Character — Michael Heilprin Lodge — General 
 Mention 225-232 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVIII. 
 Russian Jews — Trades' Unions — Sentiment Against Them — . 
 Juedisch Deutsch as a Medium for the Presentation of Operas 
 and Plays — Its Widespread Use. ... Conclusion 233-235 
 
 PART II. 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL AND MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 I. 
 In Communal Affaiks 239-312 
 
 II. 
 In Literature, Science, and Journalism 313-359 
 
 III. 
 In Art 360-370 
 
 IV. 
 
 In Music and Drama 371-391 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. xv 
 
 V. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 In Politics 392-408 
 
 VI. 
 
 In Law : 409-414 
 
 VII. 
 
 In IsrKDiciNE, Dentistry, etc 415-430 
 
 VIII. 
 In the University of Pennsylvania 431-442 
 
 IX. 
 
 In Old Philadelphia 443-448 
 
 PART III. 
 
 IN THE ARMY AND NAVY. 
 
 Introduction 451-453 
 
 In the United States Regular Army 454-468 
 
 In the United States Navy 469-479 
 
 In the Civil War— Pennsylvania Volunteers. 
 
 Field and Staff Officers 480-489 
 
 Companies' Officers 489-511 
 
 Privates 511-530 
 
 In Other Regiments 531-534 
 
 In European Armies 535-536 
 
 Authorities Consulted in Army and Navy Depart- 
 ments 537 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 A Survey of Progress — The Jew at the World's Columbian Exhi- 
 bition — Loyalty to Country an Outgrowth of Adherence to 
 Religion — The Jew of To-Day and his Hopes for the Future — 
 Pennsylvania, the Keystone of Truth and Liberty, as a Teacher 
 of Human Brotherhood 538-540 
 
 Addenda and Notes 541-543 
 
 Corrections and Insertions 544 
 
 Index 545 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 PART I 
 
 HISTORICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 INTRODUCTION-EARLY SETTLEMENTS— CONGREGATIONS 
 AND THEIR LEADERS— BIOGRAPHI-CAL AND ANEC- 
 DOTAL—CHARITABLE, EDUCATIONAL, LITER- 
 ARY AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS- 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The Part Taken by Jews in the Discovery of America— A 
 Peculiar Correspondence of Dates — Development Marked 
 IN Four Hundred Years. 
 
 The commemorative era — 1892-1893 — will mark an epoch in 
 American history memorable for all time. Generations yet unborn 
 will look back upon it with feelings much akin to those of their fore- 
 fathers who celebrated with thanksgivings to God, with real joy in 
 their hearts, the four hundredth year of the birth of modern civiliza- 
 tion. For the discovery of America was the dawn of an enlighten- 
 ment of which no European nation could then boast. Despite signal 
 advances in literature and in other branches of human achievement, 
 progress, yea, enlightenment, was held back by the iron clutch of 
 despotism ; by the enslavement of the masses; by the crushing of 
 free thought and of free speech; by a pseudo-religious fervor which 
 knew not of conscience. Hence, the reason of reasons for the 
 remembrance by posterity of an event so momentous in the annals of 
 the world, and of humanity. And the Jew? — to whom could the 
 occasion appeal with greater significance? — the exile from Spain and 
 Portugal, the outcast of all nations, and yet the direct actor in the 
 scheme so hazardous, but which proved so auspicious. 
 
 A scholar of our own race, a toiling worker of our own age, has 
 established beyond doubt what had before been a surmise. That the 
 illustrious Genoese navigator had among his crew in the three vessels 
 which sailed from Palos, Spain, on August 3d, 1492, members of the 
 stock of Abraham the Hebrew, historical investigations have now 
 established. Dr. Moses Kayserling, the renowned savant of Buda- 
 Pesth, Austria- Hungary, has, with rare discernment and critical 
 acumen, dived into the depths of Spanish history. He has not only 
 satisfied the claim that a member of the sailing party, known as Luis 
 de Torres was a Jew, or a ConversOy but that another, Rodrigo 
 Sanchez, a relative of the royal treasurer of Arragonian Spain, 
 
4 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Gabriel Sanchez, was of the seed of Israel, and accompanied the 
 expedition as VeedoVj or Superintendent, at the special request of 
 Queen Isabella; and, moreover, that a sailor, Alonso de la Calle; 
 the ship-physician, Maestre Bernal, and the surgeon, Marco, were 
 of the Jewish race. It is stated that Luis de Torres aided Columbus 
 in obtaining a knowledge of the newly- discovered Guanahani, or San 
 Salvador, the territories round about, and their inhabitants. He 
 had been sent on a journey in the interior as interpreter, together 
 with Rodrigo de Jerez; but his acquaintance with Hebrew, Chaldaic 
 and Arabic naturally proved of no avail among Indians. Both men, 
 however, were well received and hospitably entertained by the 
 natives. Luis de Torres, it appears, was the first European who 
 made known the use of tobacco, he having found it among the 
 Indians. He settled in Cuba, and was allowed an annuity by the 
 government of Spain. Rodrigo Sanchez had the honor of seeing land 
 immediately after it was espied by Rodrigo de Triana, and prior to 
 the cry, ''IH,erra! Tierra!" on the morning of the 12th of October, 
 1492. Another claim now established is that of the great aid lent 
 Columbus by Luis de Santangel, his patron and benefactor, who in- 
 terceded for him with royalty and gave largely from his own purse 
 to assist the Genoese navigator. Other Jews contributed not a little 
 to the support of the same enterprise, and Columbus derived much 
 value from the astronomical tables of the distinguished Jewish scholar, 
 Abraham Zacuto. These tables were translated from Hebrew into 
 Latin and Spanish by Zacuto's pupil, Joseph Vecinho, or Vizino, 
 also an adherent of the Jewish faith, and noted as a physician, cos- 
 mographer, and mathematician. He it was who presented a copy of 
 these tables to Columbus. Diligent research has gone far to prove 
 these claims and more. (1) 
 
 Another important question is a peculiar correspondence of dates 
 marking untoward and fortuitous circumstances in the year 1492. 
 
 (1). See Dr. M. Kayserling, on "The First Jew on American Soil," 
 in the "Menorah," October, 1892; also the same author's recently-issued (1894) 
 work, " Christopher Columbus and the Participation of the Jews in the Spanish 
 and Portuguese Discoveries," translated into English, by Charles Gross, Ph. D., 
 Assistant Professor of History in Harvard College. This valuable production, 
 which sheds a flood of light on the subjects treated, is based upon Dr. Kayserling's 
 own researches into the archives of the Iberian peninsula. It settles beyond dis- 
 pute many questions of historical importance, and completely establishes the 
 part which Israelites took in furthering the plans of the Genoese navigator. 
 
 Both Sanchez and de Torres are mentioned in Washington Irving's " Life 
 and Voyages of Columbus," though there is no allusion to the former's race or 
 religion. — See Book IV. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 6 
 
 It is a well-known fact that, about the same period that Columbus set 
 sail on his voyage to *'the Indies," Spain tortured and cast out her 
 Jewish inhabitants — those who had contributed so immensely to her 
 growth intellectually and politically. (2) And the discoverer bears 
 testimony thereto in his diary, wherein he states : " After the Spanish 
 monarchs had expelled all the Jews from all their kingdoms and 
 lands in January, in that same month they commissioned me to 
 undertake the voyage to India with a properly equipped fleet." 
 The month when the expulsion occurred is here incorrectly given, 
 as Dr. Kayserling has now proven beyond all doubt. He has estab- 
 lished the fact that the edict was publicly announced on April 30th, 
 1492, ordering all Jews and Jewesses to quit Spain by the end of 
 July of the same year. A striking peculiarity, however, is attached 
 to that momentous episode. It is as follows : The Fast of the Ninth 
 Day of Ab, marking the most disastrous events in the history of 
 the Hebrews as a nation in the Holy Land, occurred in 1492, on 
 Thursday, August 2d. This was the identical day (as has been 
 authoritatively stated by Don Isaac Abarbanel) that the hosts of 
 Spanish Jews were forcied out of the country conquered by the 
 Catholic Ferdinand and Isabella, and the day preceding that when 
 Columbus set sail on his first voyage across the Atlantic. The same 
 date of the month brought this Fast of Ab in 1892. Yet, even 
 more singular, and as if by a direct act of The Most High, the 
 Western Continent was first seen on the morning of Friday, Octo- 
 ber 12th, 1492 — then the Seventh Day of the Jewish Festival of 
 Tabernacles (the Day of Great Hosannas) occurring again in 1892 
 on the same date. Truly, indeed, the ' ' tribe of the wandering foot 
 and weary breast' ' (3) had then cause to exclaim : " This is the Day 
 that The Lord hath made ; we will rejoice and be glad thereon." (4) 
 The development wrought in four hundred years has been mar- 
 vellous on all sides. The Chosen People has had its share in the 
 rapid strides taken by the settlers in the New World. A few stragglers 
 have led on the way for a multitude. A settlement here and there 
 has been but the forerunner of an influx, increasing year after year, 
 
 (2) See on this question specially Dr. John W. Draper's Intellectual Develop- 
 ment of Europe," and Dr. M. J. Schleiden's "The Sciences Among the Jews 
 Before and During the Middle Ages." 
 
 (3) Byron's Hebreiv Melodies : " Oh ! weep for those." 
 
 (4) Psalm CXVIII., verse 24. 
 
6 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 and scattering in every city, town, village, and hamlet between the 
 borders of the Atlantic and the Pacific ; from Northern Canada to 
 Southern Argentina. The most fruitful signs of development are, 
 however, afforded in the United States, with advantages second to 
 no nation on the globe ; in the country of political, religious, and 
 social freedom, which opens unto all its boundless resources, and 
 withholds from none a share in its prosperity. The cosmopolitan 
 character of its population is the evidence most marked. The Jews, 
 numerically but a small element in a nation of more than sixty-five 
 millions, have, notwithstanding, become an important factor in the 
 general progress ; in the up- building of the Republic ; in setting 
 aloft the principles of human liberty and the brotherhood of man- 
 kind. 
 
 Of this small element, numbering not more, perhaps, than six hun- 
 dred thousand souls, the design of the present work is to treat of 
 even a smaller fraction, and the succeeding chapters, of which the 
 foregoing is but a general introduction, will be mainly devoted to 
 the early settlement and subsequent history and development of the 
 Jewish community in the City of Philadelphia — a community, vener- 
 able, conspicuous because of its members and their good deeds, and 
 ranking with the foremost in the land of Washington and of Jeffer- 
 son, of Lincoln and of Grant. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 The Inquisition and its Consequences— Early Settlements in 
 America— First Jewish Congregations in North America. 
 
 The enforced exile from Portugal and Spain in the fifteenth 
 century was attended with varied consequences. Many of the un- 
 fortunates found their way to Italy, where the same Papal authorities 
 that had sanctioned the abominable Inquisition in the Iberian penin- 
 sula welcomed them with open arms (5). The papacy knew well 
 that the Jews might yet contribute to its enrichment, and such an 
 occasion was quite meet for assuming the role of friend and pro- 
 tector. Not all who left Hispania, however, repaired to the sunny 
 land of the Alps and the Apennines, and even later some who had 
 at first imagined a shelter there, experienced the necessity of quitting 
 that country, and seeking liberty in the only asylum then offered on 
 the Continent of Europe. The Netherlands, ruled by William of 
 Orange and his liberal-minded descendants, was the spot to which 
 the exiles bent their looks, and thither a goodly number repaired. 
 But Holland, territorially small, could not offer such advantages as 
 her rulers and her people might have desired. Besides, she had to 
 contend with foes from within and from without. Yet, in that country 
 was planted the Congregation which, during the past year (5653-- 
 1893) celebrated its tri- centennial, the Spanish and Portuguese 
 Synagogue, at Amsterdam, founded in 5353-1593 — by Jacob 
 Tirado, and called "Beth Ya'acob" (House of Jacob) — possibly 
 after his name — and whose first Rabbis were Moses Uri Levi and 
 Jacob Pardo. Some of those who sought Holland had been Marranos 
 (as the secret Jews were known) in Spain and Portugal, i. e., those 
 who outwardly feigned Catholicism, and of whom much has been 
 written. (6) 
 
 (5) As to sufferings of the Jews under the Spanish tribunal, see particularly 
 Henry Charles Lea's " History of the Spanish Inquisition," in three volumes, 
 and the same historian's pamphlet, " Brianda de Bardaxi," in both of which 
 special instances are cited and illustrated. 
 
 (6) See E. L. Lindo's "History of the Jews of Spain and Portugal;" also 
 Dr. M. Kayserling's work on "Christopher Columbus," hitherto cited. 
 
8 THE JEWS OF PHlLADELPBtA. 
 
 But, perforce, there must be some outlet for the suffering Hebrews, 
 and, though thousands of miles must be traversed amid the hollow 
 expanse, the true refuge was thought to have been discovered in the 
 regions beyond the A^tlantic. The Southern lands were first sought, 
 but there freedom of conscience and freedom of action were but 
 temporary, and even in the northern districts years elapsed before 
 the weary traveller could enjoy that undisturbed rest and peaceful 
 sojourn in the modern land " flowing with milk and honey." 
 
 The first definite information of a Jewish settlement in America 
 is that which tells that in the sixteenth century (about the year 
 1548 or thereabouts) a number of Hebrews from the old country 
 availing themselves of the freedom offered by the Dutch, who then 
 ruled Brazil, proceeded to that land of South America where they 
 found homes. This appears to have been the central point whence 
 emigration directed its course ; and a gradual removal from that 
 country was largely influenced by the restoration to power of the 
 Portuguese, whose oppressive system was also felt there, as was that 
 of the Spanish in Mexico. A party of twenty-seven Hebrews set 
 sail from a port in the vicinity of Bahia, bound for what was then 
 called New Amsterdam, which is now New York City. This was 
 in the year 1654, and is the first actual record of a Jewish settle- 
 ment in these parts that has come to light. Not without difficulties 
 was any settlement attempted, the Hebrews having again to contend 
 with the exactions of a would-be oppressor in the person of Peter 
 Stuyvesant, the Dutch Governor of New York. (7) Although this 
 official received a rebuke from his government, it appears that in 
 course of time some of the Hebrews becoming discouraged by reason 
 of his conduct towards them repaired to Newport, Rhode Island, 
 about 1657, where more freedom was guaranteed, and here others 
 came in 1694 from Cura§oa, in the West Indies. 
 
 The first Jewish congregation established in the United States 
 appears to have been the '' Shearith Israel" (Remnant of Israel), in 
 New York City, in 1680. (8) The minutes of this organization 
 are found as far back as 5489-1728. It is to this day one of the 
 
 (7) See "The Settlement of the Jews in North America," by Charles P. 
 Daly, LL.D., edited by Max J. Kohler, M.A., wherein the subject is exhaustively 
 elaborated ; also " The Hebrews in America," by Isaac Markens. 
 
 (8) The date has been variously given, as 1680, 1691, and 1695. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. d 
 
 largest and most influential Jewish bodies in the land, counting among 
 its members descendants of Spanish and Portuguese Israelites who 
 founded it. But by far one of the most historic spots in the United 
 States is the building consecrated by the ** Yeshu'ath Israel" (Salva- 
 tion of Israel) Congregation, in Newport, in 1763. (9) This is located 
 not far from the cemetery of which Longfellow has written so touch- 
 ingly in one of his choicest poems. It is famous because of the 
 persons associated with it, among whom were the families of Hays, 
 Lopez, and Touro, merchants of high standing ; Rev. Isaac Touro, 
 father of the celebrated Jewish- American philanthropist, Judah 
 Touro, having been its minister. The synagogue became known 
 during Revolutionary times, but the Jewish population subsequently 
 dwindled down, and it was, perforce, closed for many years. On 
 special occasions, however, services could be held, and the writer 
 of this work officiated and preached in that sacred building on the 
 Two Days of the Hebrew New Year, 5642-1881. Recently a suffi- 
 cient number has been found with whom to hold frequent services, 
 and Rev. Abraham Pereira Mendes, formerly of England, was the 
 Pastor from 1883 until his decease in April, 1893. 
 
 The earliest Jewish settlement in the Southern States was in 
 Savannah, Georgia, in 1733, a party from London, England, going 
 thither. A Jewish congregation in Charleston, South Carolina, is 
 first mentioned in 1750. Hebrews had also found their way to 
 Montreal, Canada, where the Spanish and Portuguese Congregation 
 "Shearith Israel" (Remnant of Israel) was established in 1768, 
 and afterwards became widely known; its most distinguished pastor 
 having been Rev. Professor Abraham de Sola, LL.D., a noted 
 scholar and theologian, and the descendant of a celebrated family 
 in Israel. He died on June 5th, 1882. (10) His successor and • 
 the present minister is his oldest son, Rev. Meldola de Sola. 
 
 (9) See "History of the Jews of Boston and New England," edited and 
 compiled by A. G. Daniels. 
 
 (10) A sketch of Dr. de Sola's career will be found in "Eminent Israelites of 
 the Nineteenth Century," pages 53-57. 
 
10 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 Earliest Mention of Jews in Philadelphia— First Jewish 
 Religious Assembly— Origin op the Congregation Mickveh 
 Israel— Memorial to the Executive Council of Pennsyl- 
 vania—Description OF THE Synagogue. 
 
 And now we have arrived at the main narrative, i. e., that which 
 concerns Jewish settlement in Philadelphia— the first city of the 
 Keystone State in which the descendants of the Patriarchs gathered 
 in numbers sufficient to form the nucleus of a community. Ever 
 since the expulsion from Iberia, the **Sephardim" (Spanish and Por- 
 tuguese Jews) have been the pioneers in establishing settlements and 
 rearing congregations in Israel, in whatever place they have set foot. 
 And this city constitutes no exception. True, there may have been 
 a few representatives of the "Ashkenazim" (German, Polish and 
 other Jews) among the number, as names would seem to show, though 
 of these the majority were Englishmen or Americans. Still, the 
 Sephardic element prevailed, and even those who identified them- 
 selves with their brethren hailing from south-western Europe, or 
 their descendants, fully agreed upon the adoption of a service and a 
 ritual, in harmony with Sephardic traditions and Sephardic cus- 
 toms. 
 
 The exact date that Jews first settled in Philadelphia has not been 
 fully determined, though it is quite likely they had taken up a resi- 
 dence here before settlements had been effected by their brethren in 
 • Southern States. It is even maintained that some came here with 
 William Penn. The earliest mention at hand is that made by 
 Benjamin Franklin, who, in his autobiography, alludes to Samuel 
 Keimer, a native of England, by whom Franklin was employed in 
 1723. Keimer, who was a printer, published in this city **The 
 Pennsylvania Gazette," or, as it was first called, "The Universal 
 Instructor in all Arts and Sciences and Pennsylvania Gazette." (11) 
 The only theory of his Hebrew origin, however, is based upon a 
 
 (11) See on this point, and as to Franklin's successorship, " Benjamin Frank- 
 lin," in " American Men of Letters " series, by John Bach McMaster, and 
 "Benjamin Franklin," in " American Statesmen" series, by John T. Morse, Jr. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 11 
 
 statement of Franklin that he (Keimer) abstained from work on 
 the Seventh Day. Naturally, some weight attaches to this state- 
 ment, but it cannot be accepted as indubitable proof, nor can the 
 fact that Keimer wore a ' * long beard ' * be regarded as altogether 
 indicative of his lineage. (12) Among the first evidences that may 
 be received as authority is that given in January, 1726. This tells 
 us that Arnold Bamberger, a Philadelphia Hebrew, was allowed to 
 hold lands and trade. Official documents attest this statement. (13) 
 
 The next historical fact presented to our notice is that which gave 
 origin to the first religious assembly among Jews in this city. As 
 early as 1747 a number of persons who had joined together for the 
 purpose of Divine Worship met for services in a small house located 
 in Sterling Alley. At this spot they seemed to have remained well 
 on until the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, when 
 their membership was increased by some who were forced to quit 
 New York City after its occupation by British soldiers. At that 
 time, while the Congregation was still in its incipient stages, and not 
 regularly organized, nor with a minister at its head, Barnard Gratz 
 was ''Parnas," or President, and Solomon Marache was **Gabay," 
 or Treasurer. Further testimony to the existence of the Congrega- 
 tion at an early period is found in a letter addressed by Jacob 
 Henry, of New York, to Barnard Gratz, in Philadelphia, and dated 
 January 6th, 1761. Therein curious questions are put, and equally 
 curious suggestions are made as to the method and plan of a Syna- 
 gogue, as then proposed. (14) 
 
 The house in Sterling Alley was no longer of sufficient size to 
 accommodate the growing numbers. Hence, a removal was had to 
 Mr. Joseph Cauffman's house in Cherry Alley, between Third and 
 Fourth Streets, near by the former meeting-house. A room in the 
 second story was fitted up for Hebrew worship. During the occu- 
 pancy of this room. Rev. Gershom Mendes Israel Seixas came to 
 this city. He had also left New York during British possession, as 
 had others; among them, Isaac Moses, Daniel Gomez, Simon Nathan, 
 
 (12) Keimer " wore the long beard, and kept the Jewish Sabbath with great 
 strictness." — See McMaster's work as above mentioned, page 51. 
 
 (13)^ See "The Jews in Philadelphia Prior to 1800," a valuable booklet, by 
 Hyman Polock Rosenbach. 
 
 (14) Ibid., pages 6 and 7, as to this; also as to Rev. Mordecai Yarnall, who, 
 it appears, was a Quaker. 
 
12 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Benjamin Seixas and Hay man Levy, all subsequently prominent in 
 the affairs of the Spanish and Portuguese Congregation ''Mickveh 
 Israel ' ' (Hope of Israel), by which name the first Jewish religious 
 assembly in the State of Pennsylvania was and has ever since been 
 known. Mr. Seixas, who had previously ministered in the Sephar- 
 dic Congregation of New York City, came here from Stratford, 
 Connecticut, and became the spiritual guide. 
 
 But a short time elapsed before the house in Cherry Alley was 
 found inadequate to the requirements. The records of the Congre- 
 gation Mickveh Israel, as still preserved, bring first to light a meet- 
 ing convened on March 24th, 1782, by Isaac Moses, to consider 
 means for the purchase of a piece of ground on which a suitable 
 Synagogue might be erected. Isaac da Costa presided at that meet- 
 ing. Mr. Moses was elected "Parnas," and Barnard Gratz, Hay- 
 man Levy, Jonas Phillips, Benjamin Seixas (probably a son of Rev. 
 Mr. Seixas), and Simon Nathan, "Adjunta," or Trustees. Nego- 
 tiations were entered into whereby Robert Wall sold to the Congre- 
 gation a lot for the new Synagogue. But owing to various circum- 
 stances, this ground was re- sold by the purchasers, and preference 
 was given by them to a piece of land on the north side of Cherry 
 Street, west of Third Street, bought of Robert Parrish and Henry 
 Hill. The contract for building was awarded to John Donohue, 
 associated with Edward McKegan, bricklayer. Work began on 
 April 1st, 1782, and the edifice was completed in the following Sep- 
 tember, at a cost of "eighteen hundred and fifteen pounds (£1815) 
 current money of Pennsylvania;" the corner stone having been laid 
 on Tamuz 6th, 5542 — June 19th, 1782, Rev. Mr. Seixas ofiiciat- 
 ing. The dedication ceremonies, which Mr. Seixas also conducted 
 and some features of which he composed, were held on Friday after- 
 noon preceding the Penitential Sabbath — Tishri 5th, 5542 — Sep- 
 tember 13th, 1782; Jonas Phillips then being President of the Con- 
 gregation. (15) The President and Council of Pennsylvania were 
 
 (15) An interesting historical paper, shedding additional light on this subject 
 is entitled "Mickve Israel (The First Jewish) Congregation of Philadelphia," 
 written and read by the Eev. Sabato Morals, LL. D., at the first scientific session 
 of the American Jewish Historical Society, held in this city, December 15th, 1892. 
 Dr. Morais's paper is published in its proceedings ("Publications, Number 1") 
 and has been since issued in separate form. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 13 
 
 notified in advance of the event in the annexed 
 
 "MEMORIAL OF THE JEWISH CONGREGATION OF 
 PHILADELPHIA, 1782. (16) 
 
 "We, the President and Representatives of the Jewish Congregation 
 in this City, humbly beg leave to approach his Excellency, the President, 
 his Honour, the VicePresident and the Honourable, the Executive 
 Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. 
 
 "The Congregation of Mikve Israel (Israelites) in this city, having 
 erected a place of publick worship which they intend to consecrate 
 to the service of Almighty God, tomorrow afternoon, and as they have 
 ever profess 'd themselves liege subjects to the Sovereignty of the 
 United States of America, and have always acted agreeable thereto, 
 they humbly crave the Protection and Countenance of the Chief Magis- 
 trates in this State, to give Sanction to their design, and will deem 
 themselves highly Honoured by their Presence in the Synagogue, 
 whenever they judge proper to favour them. 
 
 "The doors will be open'd at 3 o'clock and the service will con- 
 tinue 'till seven. 
 
 "The uncertainty of the day of consecration was the sole cause of 
 having delayed this matter until now, but earnestly hope it will not be 
 thought too late. 
 
 ' ' Wilh Prayers to The God of Israel for the Safety of the United 
 States in General and this Commonwealth in particular we are. Gentle- 
 men, most Eespectfully and Most devotedly. In behalf of the Congre- 
 gation, 
 
 Jonas PHiLiiiPS, President 
 Michael Gratz, 
 Sol. Marache, 
 SoLM. Myers Cohen, 
 
 Simon Nathan. 
 [Indorsed.] 
 
 Philadelphia, 12th September, 1782." 
 
 The receipt of the above communication is thus noted : 
 
 "An address from the President and others, representing the Jewish Congre- 
 gation in this city, praying the countenance and protection of the President and 
 Council of Pennsylvania in their design of erecting a place of public worship in 
 
 this city was this day received, which, being read, was Ordered, To be filed 
 
 Philadelphia, Thursday, September 12, 1782." (17) 
 
 The dedication ceremonies of.the new Synagogue were of a very- 
 imposing character, and Rev. Mr. Seixas, in his Prayer for the 
 
 (16) This "Memorial" is taken from " Pennsylvania Archives," (first series) 
 Volume X, Page 731. It was "read in Council and order'd to be filed." In a 
 note, the compiler observes: "The building alluded to in the foregoing, was, no 
 doubt, the first Synagogue erected in this city, on Cherry Street between Third 
 and Fourth, — and which, in 1824, gave place to the present more spacious and 
 more elegant House of Worship. There are now (1854) five Synagogues in this 
 city." 
 
 (17) "Colonial Records," Volume XIII, Page 367. 
 
14 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Government, invoked the blessing of The Almighty on ''his excel- 
 lency, the President, and the delegates of the United States, in Con- 
 gress assembled ; on his excellency, George Washington, Captain- 
 General and Commander-in-Chief of the Federal Army of these 
 States; on his excellency, the President and the honourable members 
 of the General Assembly of this Commonwealth, and all kings and 
 potentates in alliance with North America." 
 
 The Synagogue, on Cherry Street, was a one- story structure, with 
 a seating capacity of about two hundred. The Minister's residence 
 was located in the rear. In later years, after the reconstruction and 
 enlargement of the building, the Sexton and his family had quarters 
 in the rear. 
 
 The following curious description of the Sacred Shrine is repro- 
 duced verbatim from Dr. Mease's "Picture of Philadelphia," 
 (August, 1830) under the heading, '' Jews" : 
 
 d 
 
 "A Synagogue, situated on the north side of Cherry Street, above 
 Third Street. This building is 40 feet in front by 70 feet in depth, being 
 two stories in height, built in the Egyptian Style, of stone from the Falls 
 of Schuylkill. 
 
 "The principal entrance is through an elevated door- way, formed 
 with inclined jambs, supporting a large covered cornice, in which are 
 sculptured the globe and wings. 
 
 "The interior embraces two semi-circular blocks of seats, displaying 
 to the north and south of the Ark and Altar. The dome is supported 
 with Egyptian columns copied from the temple at Tentyra, and is 
 formed by semi-circular archi volts, joining a richly pannelled segment, 
 extending over the Ark and Altar. 
 
 "In the centre of the dome is a lantern, which gives light to the 
 Altar. 
 
 "The Ark is situated in the east side immediately opposite the Altar 
 and is neatly decorated with pilasters, supporting a coved cornice, en- 
 riched with the globe and wings, together with a marble tablet, contain- 
 ing the "Ten. Commandments" in Hebrew. It is approached by a 
 flight of three steps between cheek-blocks which support two handsome 
 tripods, crowned with lamps. 
 
 " The galleries are semi-circular, extending round the north and south 
 sides of the building, and are supported by the columns, which extend 
 to the dome. 
 
 "The building was designed by Mr. Strickland." 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 16 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Congregation Mickveh Israel— Its Struggles for Existence 
 —Original Members— Sketches of Rev. Gershom Mendes 
 Seixas and of Rev. Jacob Raphael Cohen— Subscription 
 BY non-Israelites— Address to President Washington and 
 his Reply. 
 
 Notwithstanding that the membership roll showed an increase, 
 the Congregation often found it difficult to meet its expenses. Appeals 
 were made, and letters were addressed to the Jewish communities in 
 Rhode Island, Lancaster, Cape Fran9ois, St. Thomas, St. Croix, 
 and Surinam. The salaries, determined even by the standpoint of 
 that period, were small indeed, and more than once individual sub- 
 scriptions were required to pay the Minister and the Sexton. Yet 
 these were always forthcoming. Not only did the members, as a rule, 
 evince a generous spirit within their own congregational circle, but 
 they contributed to charitable objects, and aided the suffering and 
 the indigent. Their numbers included, as has ever since been the 
 case, men who rose high in the community, and in serving the State 
 and the Nation ; men of true patriotism, whose acts tested their 
 devotion to the cause of the young Republic and its elevating insti- 
 tutions. 
 
 The original members of the Congregation Mickveh Israel in- 
 cluded the following, many of whom were representative men : 
 Isaiah Bush, Abraham Barrias, Abraham Van Etting, Mayer Solo- 
 mon, Mayer M. Cohen, Solomon Cohen, Isaac Da Costa, Nunes from 
 the Capes, Samuel Da Costa, Mayer Daiklain, Samuel De Lucena, 
 Barnard Gratz, Michael Gratz, Moses Gomez, Daniel Gomez, Phillip 
 Moses, Samuel Hays, Jacob Hart, Manuel Josephson, Barnueb S. 
 Judah, Isaac Judah, Israel Jacobs, Abraham Levy, Hagima Levy, 
 Isaac H. Levy, Solomon Levy, Jacob Cohen, Ezekiel Levy, Jacob 
 Levy, Henry Marks, Isaac Moses, Solomon Marache, Moses H. 
 Myers, Abraham Henriquez, Joseph Solomon, Isaac Da Costa, Jr. , 
 Isaac Madeira, Joseph Madeira, Solomon Marks, Isaac Moses, Sr. , 
 Eliezer Sey, Zodak Dormisted, Simon Nathan, Lyon Nathan, Moses 
 Judah, Moses Nathan, Joseph Abendanon, Aaron Levy, Jonas 
 
16 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Phillips, Cushman Polock, Samuel Alexander, Gershom Seixas, 
 Benjamin Seixas, Haym Solomon, Mordecai Sheftal, Sheftal Sheftal, 
 Barendt Spitzer, Moses B. Franks, Joseph Simons, Michael Marks, 
 Jacob Mordecai, Mordecai M. Mordecai, Jacob Myers, Benjamin 
 Nones, Asher Myers, Moses A. Myers, Abraham Sasportas, Judah 
 Myers, Joseph A. Myers, Abraham Seixas, Mordecai Levy, Michael 
 Hart, Naphtali Phillips, Naim Van Ishac, Naphtali Hart, Lazarus 
 Barnet, Levi Solomon, Joseph Henry, Isaac Abrahams, Myer Hart, 
 Judah Aaron, Solomon Aaron, Isaac Cardoza, Manuel Myers, 
 Colonoms Van Shelemah, David Bash, Reuben Etting, Samuel 
 Israel, Joseph Carpelles, Moses Homberg, Moses Jacobs, Solomon 
 Etting, Moses Nathan, Marcus Elkin, Meyer Hart and Sons, Solo- 
 mon M. Myers, Samuel Lazarus, Phillip Russell, Jacob Cohen, 
 Ephraim Hart, Henry Noah, and Levy Phillips. (18) Not a few 
 of these, as may be readily perceived from their names, were direct 
 descendants of exiles from Spain and Portugal. 
 
 In 1783, Rev. Mr. Seixas and others petitioned the Council of 
 Censors in relation to the oath required of members of the Assem- 
 bly which included the words ''The Scriptures of the Old and 
 and New Testaments were given by Divine inspiration," and that 
 such be the only religious test required of any civil magistrate in 
 this State. They set forth that such an oath and such a test pre- 
 vented Hebrews from becoming representatives of the people, yet 
 they (the Hebrews), in common with their neighbors of other creeds, 
 had lent assistance to the country and paid their taxes. This 
 communication seems to have called forth no action at the time, 
 but it is known that the sentences complained of were subsequently 
 changed to meet the religious belief and the views of the Hebrews. 
 
 Meanwhile, during the incumbency of Rev. Mr. Seixas, Simon 
 Nathan had been elected Parnas, and Haym Solomon served among 
 the ''Ma'amad," or Trustees. On the 23d of Shebat, 5544, corre- 
 sponding with February 15th, 1784, Mr. Seixas wrote to the members 
 stating that he had been re-called to the ' 'Shearith Israel" Synagogue, 
 in New York City, and tendered his resignation to take effect on 
 Rosh Chodesh (New Moon) Nisan, 5544— March 23d, 1784, it 
 being the expiration of his quarter. He thanked all for the 
 
 (18) This list is identical with that given in Eosenbach's " Jews in Philadel- 
 phia Prior to 1800," pages 22 and 23. It is possible, however, that some names 
 may have been misspelled. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 17 
 
 kindness shown him during his ministry, and he invoked God's 
 blessings upon the Congregation. 
 
 A few words — and it is to be regretted that more particulars 
 are not at hand — must be said of Rev. Mr. Seixas. He was a 
 native of New York City, and was born on January 14th, 1745. 
 His parents were Isaac Mendes and Rachel {nee Levy) Seixas. 
 When scarcely more than twenty-one years of age (in 1766), he 
 first assumed ministerial functions in New York City. He was 
 twice married ; his first wife being Elkalah Cohen, whom he married 
 about 1770. Their children were : Benjamin, unmarried ; Sarah 
 Abigail, who married Israel B. Kursheedt ; and Rebecca Mendes, 
 unmarried. Mr. Seixas' s second wife was Hannah Emanuel. He 
 had already returned to New York City, after the Revolutionary 
 War, when they were united in marriage on November 1st, 1789. 
 Miss Emanuel (or Manuel) is described in the "New York Journal," 
 of November 2d, 1789, as **a lady endowed with every qualification 
 necessary to render the connubial state happy". (19) The children 
 of this second marriage were : Grace, who married Manuel Judah ; 
 David G. , (mentioned elsewhere in a separate sketch) ; Lucia, married 
 Abraham Jonas ; Rachel, married Joseph Jonas ; Elkalah, married 
 a Mr. Solomons ; Joshua ; Theodore, J. , who married Anna Judah ; 
 Henry N. ; Selina, married Lucius Levy Solomons ; and Myrtilla, 
 who was well known in Philadelphia and highly respected. She 
 wedded William Florance, of this city. 
 
 As will have been seen. Rev. Mr. Seixas left New York City, re- 
 paired to Stratford, Connecticut, and then came here. On his return 
 to New York he resumed his ministry at ' ' Shearith Israel' ' Syna- 
 gogue, continuing until his death, on July 2d, 1816 — the fiftieth 
 year of his entrance into oflSce. He was a Trustee of Columbia 
 College continuously from 1787 to 1815, resigning in the latter 
 year. Mr. Seixas, as ample evidences warrant, must have been a 
 remarkably able man, a student, and a patron of learning, besides 
 an efficient *'Chazan," adding to the prestige of the congregations 
 before whom he ministered. His second wife survived him nearly 
 forty years, and died in this city, on March 8th, 1856, at an advanced 
 age. 
 
 To return to Congregation Mickv^h Israel. A few days after 
 
 (19) Quoted by Markens, in "Hebrews in America," page 16. 
 
18 THE JE WS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Rev. Mr. Seixas had quitted his position, a communication was sub- 
 mitted to the Board of Directors from Rev. Jacob Raphael Cohen, 
 who had been Reader at the Portuguese Synagogues, in Montreal 
 (Canada), and New York City. The writer offered his services for 
 the vacant office. Mr. Cohen was soon after elected Minister, and 
 served uninterruptedly until his death, in September, 1811. He 
 was, it is said, a native of the Barbary States, but came from London, 
 England (where he had married), to Quebec, thence to Montreal, 
 where he became the first minister of the Spanish and Portuguese 
 Congregation " Shearith Israel" (Remnant of Israel) of that city, in 
 1778. This Congregation, established in 1768, celebrated its one 
 hundred and twenty-fifth anniversary in December, 1893 — 5654. 
 Mr. Cohen served there several years, and subsequently repaired to 
 New York City, being minister of its Sephardic Congregation from 
 1782 to 1784, until Rev. Mr. Seixas's return, when he succeeded the 
 latter in this city. (20) 
 
 Rev. Mr. Cohen possessed a thorough knowledge of Chazanuth (o** 
 the intelligent rendition of the services). His wife, Rebekah Luria, 
 was a descendant of a family, some of whose members had suffered 
 martyrdom in Spain during the Inquisition. Mrs. Cohen survived 
 her husband four years, and died in October, 1815. 
 
 Rev. and Mrs. Cohen were parents of a number of children, among 
 them, Esther, afterwards the second wife of Michael Hart, of Easton, 
 Pennsylvania. Of their (Mr. and Mrs. Hart's) daughter. Miss Louisa 
 B. Hart, we shall have occasion to speak. Two other daughters of 
 Rev. and Mrs. Cohen were Mrs. Goody (Goodhour) Philips, and 
 Mrs, Furst, wife of Abraham Furst, * ' Shochet" of the Congregation 
 Mickveh Israel. 
 
 During the period of Rev. Mr. Cohen's pastorate, the Congregation 
 was heavily encumbered, and a subscription among the members 
 was necessary in order to pay expenses and the minister's salary. 
 
 (20) In " The Diary and Letters" of Miss Louisa B. Hart, a granddaughter 
 of Rev. Jacob Raphael Cohen, it is stated that "after four years' residence there, 
 (in Montreal) circumstances induced him (Mr. Cohen) to decide to return to 
 England with his family. Every preparation having been made, they engaged 
 passage, when lo, and behold, the vessel was ordered to New York, the war (Revo- 
 lutionary, about 1784) being ended, and the troops being required to evacuate 
 that city, the British vessels were ordered there to transport them." Hence, the 
 reason for Mr. Cohen's removal to New York City, and his subsequent election to 
 succeed Rev. Mr. Seixas in Philadelphia. — See "A Memoir of Louisa B. Hart, 
 with extracts from her Diary and Letters," by Mary M. Cohen, in the "Jewish 
 Record," October 11th, 1878, and in a number of succeeding issues of that Weekly. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 19 
 
 Another scheme had to be devised to raise the full amount required, 
 and this, in the shape of a legalized lottery, in which there were no 
 blanks, was successful, and the Congregation was once more on a 
 firm standing. The very modest, not to say insufficient, sum of fifty 
 pounds (£50) was the annual salary of the minister, who was also 
 required to act as * ' Shochet" (he who slaughters animals for Jews* 
 food) and ''Mohel" (he who performs the religious rite of circum- 
 cision). 
 
 The straitened circumstances of the Congregation, or rather the 
 serious condition of its affairs, were painfully manifest at different 
 periods, and appeals for its support came from other quarters, as 
 witness the following circular or petition, and the response with 
 which it met from those, who, though not affiliated with Israelites 
 by the ties of religion, acted as brethren, indeed, and as sharers of 
 the same citizenship with their Hebrew friends : — 
 
 " To the Humane, Charitable, and well-dispos' d People 
 
 ' ' The Representation and Solicitation of the good People of the Hebrew 
 Society in the City of Philadelphia, commonly eall'd Israelites-^ 
 
 "Whereas the religious Order of Men in this City, denominated 
 Israelites, were without any Synagogue, or House of Worship untill the 
 Year 1780 when desirous of accomodating themselves, and encouraged 
 thereto by a number of respectable & worthy bretheren of the hebrew 
 Society then in this Place (who generously contributed to the Design) 
 they purchased a Lot of Ground, & erected thereon the Buildings neces- 
 sary & proper for their religious Worship. And whereas many of their 
 Number at the close of the late War, returned to New York, Charleston, 
 & elsewhere their Homes (which they had been exiled from, & obliged 
 to leave on account of their Attachment to American Measures) leaving 
 the remaining few of their Religion here, burthen'd with a considerable 
 Charge consequent from so great an Undertaking. And whereas the 
 present Congregation, after expending all the Subscriptions, Loans, Gifts, 
 &c., made the Society by themselves, & the generous Patrons, of their 
 religious Intentions to the amount of at least £2200 were obliged to 
 borrow Money to finish the Buildings & contract other Debts that is now 
 not only pressingly claim'd but a Judgment, will actually be obtained 
 against their House of Worship which must be sold unless they are 
 speedily enabled to pay the sum of about £800 — And which from a 
 Variety of delicate & distressing Causes they are wholly unable to raise 
 among themselves. They are therefore under the necessity of earnestly 
 soliciting from their worthy fellow Citizens of every religious Denomina- 
 tion, their benevolent Aid & Help flattering themselves that their wor- 
 shipping Almighty God in a way & manner different from other religious 
 Societies, will never deter the enlightened Citizens of Philadelphia, from 
 generously subscribing towards the preservation of a religious house of 
 Worship. The subscription paper, will be enrolled, in the Archives of 
 
20 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 their Congregation, that their posterity may know, & gratefully remember 
 
 the liberal Supporters of their religious Society." 
 
 "Philadelphia, April 30th, 1788." 
 Several eminent names, among numerous others, are attached to 
 this petition. M. Nicholson subscribes five pounds ; Jonas Sergeant, 
 three pounds ; William Rush, one pound ten shillings ; William 
 Bradford, three pounds ; Hilary Baker, one pound, two shillings, six 
 pence; B. (Benjamin) Franklin, five pounds; Thomas M'Kean, 
 three pounds ; Charles Biddle, three pounds ; David Rittenhouse, 
 two pounds. Various amounts are given by others, including "a 
 worthy friend' ' and some anonymous donors. 
 
 The above document, indorsed ' * Subscription List for the Old Syn- 
 agogue," is altogether among the most valuable of the many in the 
 possession of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, and indicates plainly 
 the straits to which it was driven in early years to maintain its ex- 
 istence. Yet, notwithstanding these difficulties, its important posi- 
 tion in the community, and the standing of its members are evidenced 
 by the generosity and fellow-feeling displayed by non- Israelites, in 
 contributing towards maintaining the permanence of a Congregation 
 in Israel, in this City of Philadelphia. 
 
 During Rev. Mr. Cohen's terms of office, important events occurred 
 in the history of the nation (21), the chief one being the election of 
 General George Washington as first President ot the United States 
 of America. In the following year (1790), the subjoined address, 
 prepared in this city, was jointly sent by the Congregation Mickveh 
 Israel here, and its sister congregations of New York, Charleston, 
 and Richmond : — 
 
 THE ADDRESS OF HEBREW CONGREGATIONS 
 To THE President of the United States. 
 
 " Sir : — It is reserved for you to unite in affection for your character 
 and person every political and religious denomination of men, and in 
 this will the Hebrew congregations aforesaid yield to no class of their 
 fellow-citizens. 
 
 '* We have hitherto been prevented by various circumstances peculiar 
 to our situation from adding our congratulations to those which the rest 
 of America have offered on your elevation to the chair of the Federal 
 Government. Deign then, illustrious sir, to accept this our homage. 
 
 (21) On July 4th, 1788, the ratification of the Constitution of the United 
 States was celebrated in Philadelphia by a parade, ' ' the clergy of the different 
 Christian denominations with the Eabbi of the Jews, walking arm in arm." 
 This Rabbi was Rev. Jacob Raphael Cohen. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 21 
 
 "The wonders which The Lord of Hosts hath worked in the days of 
 our forefathers have taught us to observe the greatness of His wisdom 
 and His might throughout the events of the late glorious revolution ; 
 and, while we humble ourselves at His footstool in thanksgiving and 
 praise for the blessing of His deliverance, we acknowledge you, the 
 leader of American armies, as His chosen servant. But not to your 
 sword alone is the present happiness to be ascribed ; that, indeed, opened 
 the way to the reign of freedom, but never was it perfectly secure until 
 your hand gave birth to the Federal Constitution and you renounced the 
 joys of retirement to seal by your administration in peace what you had 
 achieved in war. 
 
 "To The Eternal God, who is thy refuge, we commit in our prayers 
 the care of thy precious life ; and when, full of years, thou shalt be 
 gathered unto thy people, 'Thy righteousness shall go before thee,' and 
 we shall remember amid our regret that ' The Lord hath set apart the 
 godly for Himself,' while thy name and thy virtues will remain an in- 
 delible memorial on our minds. 
 
 "Manuel Josephson." (22) 
 
 "For, and in behalf and under the authority of the several congrega- 
 tions aforesaid. 
 
 "Philadelphia, December 13th, 1790." 
 
 Washington's Reply. 
 
 To which the President was pleased to return the following : 
 
 "To the Hebrew congregations in the cities of Philadelphia, New 
 York, Charleston, and Richmond. — Gentlemen : The liberality of senti- 
 ment toward each other which marks every political and religious de- 
 nomination in this country stands unparalleled in the history of nations. 
 
 "The affection of such a people is a treasure beyond the reach of cal- 
 culation, and the repeated proofs which my fellow-citizens have given of 
 their attachment to me and approbation of my doings form the purest 
 source of my temporal felicity. The affectionate expressions of your 
 address again excite my gratitude and receive my warmest acknowledg- 
 ment. 
 
 "The power and goodness of The Almighty, so strongly manifested in 
 the events of our late glorious revolution, and His kind interposition in 
 our behalf, have been no less visible in the establishment of our present 
 Government. In war. He directed the sword, and in peace He has ruled 
 in our councils. My agency in both has been guided by the best in- 
 tentions and a sense of duty I owe to my country. 
 
 "And as my exertions have hitherto been amply rewarded by the ap- 
 probation of my fellow-citizens, I shall endeavor to deserve a continuance 
 of it by my future conduct. 
 
 " May the same temporal and eternal blessings which you implore for 
 me rest upon your congregations. " George Washington." 
 
 (22) Manuel Josephson is a conspicuous figure in the early annals of this 
 Congregation, being among its first members, and afterwards serving on its Board 
 of Trustees. — See "Colonial Eecords," Volume XVI., page 489, in reference to 
 "the loan of two small lottery wheels belonging to the State," to be used by the 
 Congregation "for 4rat<^ing their lottery." 
 
22 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Jews as Patriots — Non-Importation Resolutions — Haym 
 Solomon— Gratz Family— Benjamin Nones— Jonas Phillips 
 and others — Michael Hart. 
 
 Having passed the eighteenth century mark in the history of the 
 Congregation Mickveh Israel, it is meet that we touch upon the 
 careers of some important factors in its establishment, and refer in 
 some way, hoAvever brief, to leading men among the Hebrews in 
 Philadelphia, during the early years of the Republic. For public 
 opinion among Jews, and, in a measure, in the general community, 
 has given them a prominent rank, and deservedly so. They height- 
 ened the respect for their coreligionists, and by their deeds earned — 
 if they did not all receive — the gratitude of the nation. 
 
 A famous document is to be seen to this day in Independence 
 Hall. It is the Non-Importation Resolutions, adopted on October 
 25th, 1765, and signed by "the merchants and other citizens of 
 Philadelphia." In these resolutions, the signers agree ''not to have 
 any goods shipped from Great Britain until after the repeal of the 
 Stamp Act." Among the signatures noticed are those of Benjamin 
 Levy, Samson Levy, Joseph Jacobs, Hyman Levy Junior, David 
 Franks, Mathias Bush, Michael Gratz, Barnard Gratz, and Moses 
 Mordeca[i]. Benjamin Levy was one of the signers of Bills of 
 Credit in 1776. (23) Samson Levy will be referred to later on, 
 as will David Franks, and Michael and Barnard Gratz. Mathias 
 Bush figures in the acquirement of a grant of part of the Spruce 
 Street cemetery, as will be seen hereafter. He and his wife (nee 
 Tabitha Mears) were parents of Catherine Bush and Solomon Bush. 
 The former married Myer S. Solomons, and their daughter, Arabella 
 Solomons, wedded Zalegman Phillips, whom we shall meet in the 
 course of the present narrative. Solomon Bush attained considerable 
 distinction as a Major and a Lieutenant-Colonel during the American 
 Revolutionary War. [See Our Army Records]. 
 
 In "Pennsylvania Archives," (first series) Volume III, the 
 
 (23) " Journals of the Continental Congress," Volume II. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 23 
 
 names of not a few Jews are presented, together with those who took 
 the oath of allegiance to the State of Pennsylvania, between the 
 years 1776 and 1794. In this oath the subscriber declares : 
 
 "I do solemnly and sincerely declare and swear (or affiiTn), That the 
 State of Pennsylvania is, and, of right, ought to be, a free, sovereign, 
 and Independent State — and I do forever renounce all Allegiance, Sub- 
 jection, and Obedience to the King or Crown of Great Britain ; and I do 
 further swear (or solemnly, sincerely, and truely declare and affirm) that 
 I never have, since the Declaration of Independence, directly or Indi- 
 rectly aided, assisted, abetted, or, in any wise, countenanced the King 
 of Great Britain, his Generals, fleets, or armies, or their adherents, in 
 their claims upon these United States, and that I have, ever since the 
 Declaration of Independence thereof, demeaned myself as a faithful 
 citizen, and subject of this or some one of the United States, and that I 
 will, at all times, maintain and support the freedom, sovereignty and In- 
 dependence thereof." 
 
 We find these names, among others, appended to this oatli of 
 allegiance in 1779: Samuel Lyon, Levy Marks, Henry Katz, 
 Joseph Meyer, Samuel Stern, and Henry Hyneman. 
 
 Again, we meet with Jewish names appended to the oath of 
 allegiance to the State of Pennsylvania in 1799. 
 
 "As rich as a Jew," that exaggerated saying so often heard, 
 might well have been substituted, in the American Revolutionary 
 period, as well as in our own day, by the remark; "As generous as 
 a Jew." Apt illustration is found in the careers of men who, though 
 of foreign birth, and members of a religious minority, proved more 
 than loyal in times of need. Aaron Levy, (24) Haym Solomon, and 
 others loaned extraordinarily large sums towards the cause of the 
 American colonists in their struggle for independence. But it is 
 Haym Solomon who deserves a golden page in the history of the 
 United States ; for his means and his services were always at the dis- 
 posal of the Government. He aided more than a few statesmen 
 while in distress; he gave plenteously to all; he exhibited a charity 
 and a philanthropy worthy of all praise. 
 
 Haym Solomon's name is on the first list of members of the Con- 
 gregation Mickveh Israel, and in 1783 he served as a trustee of that 
 religious organization. That he subscribed liberal sums to the wor- 
 ship, goes without saying. But this was a mere fraction of the total 
 
 (24) See note 65. 
 
24 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 of his bounty. Haym Solomon was not a native of these parts, hav- 
 ing been born in Lissa, on the Prussian side of Poland, in 1740, and 
 descended from Portuguese stock. He came to this country while 
 young, and his patriotism in supporting the colonists found him a 
 prisoner in New York in 1775, while that city was in possession of 
 the British. The sufferings he experienced there, told on him sub- 
 sequently, notwithstanding that he succeeded in escaping and making 
 his way to Philadelphia. He had acquired wealth as a banker, and 
 this he freely loaned to Robert Morris, as the financier of the Revolu- 
 tion. The cause was assisted by him to the extent of over $350,- 
 000.(25) All the war subsidies obtained here from France and 
 Holland he negotiated, and sold them to American merchants at a 
 credit of two or three months, receiving for his commission but one- 
 fourth of one per cent. At a certain time he w^as banker for the 
 French Government. When Continental money was withdrawn, 
 thereby causing suffering among the poor of this city, Mr. Solomon 
 distributed $2,000 in specie to relieve distress. 
 
 Shameful to say, that, notwithstanding all claims, neither Haym 
 Solomon,- who died in January, 1785, nor his heirs, have to this day, 
 been reimbursed by a Government that ought long since to have 
 acknowledged its debt to him who proved one of its main supports in 
 the trying days of the Revolution. (26) A long array of recipients 
 of Mr. Solomon's bounty might here be presented. James Madison, 
 afterwards the fourth president of the United States, writes to Edmund 
 Randolph: "I have for some time past been a pensioner on the 
 favor of Haym Solomon. ' ' And again : * ' The kindness of our little 
 friend in Front Street, near the coffee house (Haym Solomon) is a 
 fund that will preserve me from extremities; but I never resort to it 
 without great mortification, as he obstinately rejects all recompense. 
 To a necessitous delegate he gratuitously spares a supply 
 
 (25) The amount lias been variously given, and at as much as $600,000 and 
 more. Honorable Simon Wolf, of Washington, D. C. , in February 1892, presented 
 a complete and elaborate statement of this question, based upon an inspection of 
 official documents, in an article entitled "Are Republics Ungrateful?" contributed 
 by him to the "Eeform Advocate," of Chicago, Illinois. 
 
 (26) Mr. Solomon's loan and its accruing interest would now (1893) amount 
 to over $3,000,000. Haym M. Solomon, a son of the philanthropist, and who kept 
 a store on Front Street, vainly endeavored to obtain payment of his just claim, 
 notwithstanding that it was favorably reported to the United States Senate, in 1850. 
 In this report it was said : " Haym Solomon gave great assistance to the govern- 
 ment by loans of money, and advancing liberally of his means to sustain the men 
 engaged in the struggle for independence at a time when the sinews of war were 
 essential to success." 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 25 
 
 out of his private stock. "(27) Thomas Jefferson, Arthur Lee, 
 General St. Clair, General Mifflin, Edmund Randolph, Robert 
 Morris, and others, at home and abroad, were assisted by the same 
 generous hand. In fact, Haym Solomon's record was such in which 
 he and his co-religionists as well, have cause for just pride. 
 
 The Gratz family possesses an interesting record for several genera- 
 tions. (28) We have hitherto met Barnard Gratz, who, as first 
 president of the — at that time — unorganized Congregation Mickveh 
 Israel, and, later on, as a member of its Board of Trustees, possessed 
 a truly religious spirit, and labored indefatigably for the weal of his 
 brethren. He and his brother, Michael Gratz, were merchants, and 
 in 1791, were located at 107 Sassafras (now Race) Street. The latter 
 traded with the Indians, and supplied the government with "Indian 
 goods." (29). Barnard was among the signers to the petition for 
 -the removal of an objectionable oath of office in 1783. Of the twelve 
 children of Michael Graiz and Miriam Simon, his wife, (a daughter 
 of Joseph Simon, prominent in Lancaster, Pennsylvania), Simon was 
 among the founders of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. 
 It seems that in 1802 he bought the property on the south side of 
 Market Street adjoining Seventh Street on the west side, wherein 
 Thomas Jefferson had apartments, and where he had written the 
 Declaration of Independence in 1776. (30) Simon Gratz' s brother, 
 Hyman Gratz, with whom he was associated in business in 1798, be- 
 came a well known character in the general community, was for 
 many years Treasurer of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, and 
 was otherwise prominent, as will be shown in a sketch of his career. 
 He was a man of striking figure and handsome countenance. Re- 
 becca Gratz, a sister of the above-mentioned, will also have separate 
 mention in a subsequent chapter. We meet with the name of Jacob 
 Gratz, her brother, among the officers of Mickveh Israel Congregation, 
 
 (27) See "James Madison," by Sydney Howard Gay, in "American States- 
 men" series, pages 24, 25, and 26, wherein Haym Solomon is called "the good 
 Samaritan," who "is still an unfailing reliance." 
 
 (28) The name Gratz is said by some to have been taken from a town in 
 Styria, Austria, while others maintain that its origin is to be traced to a city in 
 Posen, Poland. Both Barnard and Michael Gratz, however, were natives of Lan- 
 gcndorf, in Upper Silesia, Germany. 
 
 (29) See " Journals of the Continental Congress," Volume II. 
 
 (30) The question of the exact site of this place was definitely settled by 
 Thomas Jefferson himself, in a letter to Dr. Mease, who wrote " The Picture of 
 Philadelphia," in 1810. Jefferson's letter is dated " Monticello, September 16th, 
 1825." 
 
26 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 and as a manager and President of the Union Canal Company, in 
 1824. He also served as a member of the Pennsylvania Legisla- 
 ture. Another brother, Joseph Gratz, figured in social circles, and 
 was secretary of the aforenamed Congregation. The youngest brother, 
 Benjamin Gratz, was a lawyer and served in the War of 1812. He 
 afterwards resided in Lexington, Kentucky, where he died in 1884, 
 at an advanced age. 
 
 Benjamin Nones, President of the Congregation Mickv^h Israel, 
 in 1791, and for a number of years thereafter, is another interesting 
 personage of Revolutionary times. A native of Bordeaux, France, 
 he came over in 1777, and afterwards served on the staffs of both 
 General Washington and General Lafayette. As to his courage, 
 while serving as a Private under Count Pulaski, the following letter^ 
 originally written in French, dated Charleston, December 15th, 
 1779, and bearing the signature of Captain Verdier, is a splendid 
 testimony : 
 
 ** It is b.ut just that I should render an account of the conduct of those 
 who have most distinguished themselves for bravery in the Legion. I 
 take advantage of the occasion, and with much pleasure, in my capacity 
 of captain of volunteers attached to the suite of General Pulaski, to cer- 
 tify that Benjamin Nones has served as a volunteer in my company . 
 during the campaign of this year and at the siege of Savannah in Georgia, 
 and his behavior under fire in all the bloody actions we fought has been 
 marked by the bravery and courage which a military man is expected to 
 show for the liberties of his country, and which acts of said Nones 
 gained in his favor the esteem of General Pulaski, as well as that of all 
 the officers who witnessed his daring conduct. For which reason, I have 
 delivered to him this certificate, having been an eye-witness to his 
 bravery and good conduct on the field of battle, and which I make it a 
 duty to certify to, with truth, satisfaction, and pleasure." 
 
 Major Nones, some years after the war, was appointed Interpreter 
 of French and Spanish to the United States Government, in this 
 city, at Number 22 Chestnut Street. (31) He filled a similar position 
 on the Board of Health, and was as well a Notary Public for quite a 
 long period. (32) He was active in American politics, and a warm 
 supporter of Jefferson and his principles. The character and indi- 
 viduality of the man may well be gathered from his own words, in a 
 reply to an assailant who attacked him because of his being "a Jew, 
 
 (31) In the Directory for 1825, Benjamin Nones's office address is given at 
 Number 10 Chestnut Street, and his residence at 112 South Front Street. 
 
 (32) John Hill Martin's "Bench and Bar." 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 27 
 
 a Republican, and poor." Mr. Nones, in his reply, glories in his 
 Judaism, and declares that he has no desire to change either his 
 religious or his political feelings and opinions. "I am a Jew," he 
 says, '' and, if for no other reason, for that reason am I a Republi- 
 can." He valiantly defends his people, and shows that his poverty 
 might have arisen from a scrupulous honesty. Mr. Nones' s letter, 
 published in * ' The United States Gazette, ' ' was marked by elegance 
 of style, and at the same time crushing sarcasm and convincing argu- 
 ment. [See further reference to Major Nones in our Army Re- 
 cords]. 
 
 Hayman Levy and Daniel Gomez (the latter who came here dur- 
 ing the British occupation of New York) were prominent in Congre- 
 gational affairs. Mr. Levy, more than once during Revolutionary 
 times, loaned sums to the government. In fact, the name Levy is 
 often met mth in the annals of that period, as we shall have occasion 
 to notice. Mr. Gomez's descendants have been important factors in 
 the New York Jewish communities, and, like their sire, bear an 
 enviable reputation. Solomon Marache, also an active worker and 
 an earnest upholder of Judaism, deserves mention. He served as a 
 trustee of Mickveh Israel, and bought property in this city. Isaac 
 Moses, who was largely instrumental in the permanent organization 
 of the same Congregation, in 1782, (whose President he became) 
 and in the purchase and erection of a suitable Synagogue, had also 
 come here from New York. He evidenced his devotion to the 
 American cause by a contribution of three thousand pounds (£3000) 
 to carry on the war against Great Britain. On removing to the City 
 on the Hudson, he became noted as a merchant, and was among those 
 who first established the Bank of New York. Simon Nathan, 
 President of the Congregation from 1783 to 1791, must not be forgot- 
 ten ; for his active participation in religious and communal affairs 
 inured to the welfare of his coreligionists. The name of Samuel 
 Lyon (previously mentioned) is found among those appointed signers 
 of Bills of Credit of the United States in 1779. (33) 
 
 Jonas Phillips, father of Naphtali and Zalegman Phillips, was 
 Parnas of Mickveh Israel in 1782, as were his sons in afler years. 
 Of Spanish descent, he was born in a town near Aix-la-Chapelle, in 
 Rhenish Prussia, in 1736. He early repaired to London, England ; 
 
 (33) " Journals of the Continental Congi'css," Volume V. 
 
28 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 subsequently to Charleston (South Carolina), New York City, and 
 Philadelphia. In 1762, he married Rebecca Machado, daughter of 
 Rev. David Mendes Machado, of the Spanish and Portuguese Congre- 
 gation Shearith Israel, New York City. Mr. Machado, who w^as a 
 native of Portugal, had married Zipporah Nunes. (34) Mr. Phillips 
 was made a freeman of the City of New York in 1769. He re- 
 moved to Philadelphia in 1774, and then resided here for a lengthy 
 period. His prominence in the Congregation has been seen. He 
 was no less concerned in public affairs. On September 7th, 1787, he 
 petitioned the Federal Convention in relation to the removal of the 
 obnoxious Test Oath in Pennsylvania, which discriminated against 
 his brethren, and those who did not subscribe to Christian doctrines. 
 According to a statement, Mr. Phillips was an auctioneer. In 
 1785 he was located on Market Street, between Second and Third 
 Streets. He joined the Masonic Order, and is said to have been at 
 one time a merchant at Plymouth, Montgomery County, Pennsylva- 
 nia. Mr. and Mrs. Phillips were blessed with an offspring of some 
 sixteen or seventeen children. Portraits in oil of both father and 
 mother are in possession of Miss Emily Phillips, their grand- 
 daughter. Jonas Phillips is a genuine type of the old school. His 
 handsome face betokens the true gentleman and ardent patriot he 
 always proved to be, and his dress is in accordance with the style in 
 vogue. His wife is a true specimen of a "Sephardi," and, were it 
 not known, might be mistaken for a belle of sunny Andalusia. Mr. 
 Phillips died in New York City, on January 28th, 1803, aged sixty- 
 seven years. A rhythmical inscription in English on his tomb (pre- 
 sumably in the old cemetery of the Spanish and Portuguese Congrega- 
 tion Shearith Israel, on New Bow^ery — Oliver Street — in the city 
 mentioned) is somewhat novel, and refers to his early loss. A 
 picture, worked in different materials, represents his widow sitting at 
 his tomb, and near by a small child. His wife survived him, accord- 
 ing to a statement, twenty-eight years, and dfed at the age of eighty- 
 seven years. Jonas Phillips's descendants attained a still broader 
 reputation in this city, and beyond the sphere of the Jewish com- 
 munity. 
 
 (34) Eev. Mr. Machado' s widow is said to have married Israel Jacobs, known 
 by the rather uncomplimentary title of "Daddy Jacobs." He is evidently the 
 same Jacobs who was elected to the Assembly of Pennsylvania in 1771, and who 
 served as a member of Congress from this State in 1791-1793. [See reference to 
 him under " Politics."] 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 29 
 
 We rtieet with the name of Benjamin Cohen, as Attorney- General, 
 and as a new member of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania, as 
 early as in 1755. (35) Benjamin Vanleer is mentioned among phy- 
 sicians and surgeons in this city "soon after the peace of 1783," and 
 his residence (given in order to show a suitable location for medical 
 practitioners in those times) was on Water Street, between Race and 
 Vine Streets. (36) 
 
 As to Philip Moses Russell, born about 1745, and an ancestor of 
 the Nathans family, official records, at Washington, D. C, show 
 that at the commencement of the American Revolutionary War he 
 resided in Germantown (now a suburb of Philadelphia). After the 
 British occupied Philadelphia he became Surgeon's Mate to Surgeon 
 Norman, temporarily attached to the Second Virginia Regiment, 
 commanded by Colonel Robinson. He held other positions in the 
 Array, but his war papers were destroyed in a fire in 1811. It is 
 known, however, that he was with the Array when it went into 
 winter-quarters at Valley Forge, in 1777-1778. On his resignation 
 in 1780, he received "a letter of commendation from General 
 Washington, for his assiduous and faithful attention to the sick and 
 wounded." On November 2d, 1776, Mr. Russell was married to 
 Esther, daughter of Rev. Mordecai M. Mordecai, of New York, 
 formerly of Philadelphia. The ceremony was performed at the 
 residence of Jonas Phillips, in the latter city. Mr. Russell died on 
 August 11th, 1830. 
 
 Samuel Hays, Mark Prager, Jr., Isaac Franks, and Michael 
 Prager are named in the earliest list of subscribers to the Chestnut 
 Street Theatre, in 1792. 
 
 Michael Hart, a respected merchant of Easton, Pennsylvania, was 
 a widower when he married Esther Cohen, a daughter of Rev. Jacob 
 Raphael Cohen, second Minister of the Congregation Mickveh Israel. 
 Mr. Hart was a native of Gerraany, but, on the maternal side, 
 was descended from an Abarbanel, of Gibraltar. Of the sons and 
 daughters of this household, Naphtali, Mordecai, Hyman, Abraham 
 Luria, Samuel, Barnet B., Hannah, and Louisa B. are mentioned. 
 Of these, Abraham and Louisa were best known. The Harts were, 
 both on the father's and on the mother's side, "Cohanim" (Priests) 
 i. e., descendants of Aaron. Of Michael Hart, the father, it is said 
 
 (35) "Colonial Eecords," Volume VI. 
 
 (36) Watson's " Annals of Philadelphia," Volume II. 
 
30 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 that on a certain occasion Washington lunched with him. The fact 
 is thus recorded in Miss Louisa B. Hart's "Diary" : 
 
 "Let it be remembered that Michael Hart was a Jew, practically 
 pious, a Jew reverencing and strictly observant of the Sabbath and Fes- 
 tivals ; dietary laws were also adhered to, although he was compelled to 
 be his own 'Shochet' (he who slaughters animals for Jews' food). 
 Mark well that he, Washington, the then honored as ' first in peace, first 
 in war, and first in the hearts of his countrymen,' even during a short 
 sojourn became for the hour the guest of the worthy Jew." 
 
 Miss Hart afterwards preserved, with care, the chair then occupied 
 by Washington at her father's home, and the Rev. Dr. Morais 
 remembei'S distinctly having seen this at the lady's residence. Mrs. 
 Hart, the mother, who survived her husband, was a most estimable 
 lady, and rendered conspicuous services in charitable walks. She 
 was bom in England in 1769, but crossed the Atlantic with her 
 parents at the age of twelve years. She was among the earliest 
 managers of the Female Hebrew Benevolent Society, and continued 
 active therein until December, 1849, when advancing age obliged 
 her to withdraw. Her ennobling influence, however, was felt in the 
 circles of the community, until her death, on May 2d, 1855, at the 
 age of eighty-six years. (37) 
 
 (37) Miss Mary M. Cohen in her " Memoir of Louisa B. Hart " refers to many 
 endearing traits of Mrs. Esther Hart. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 31 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Interesting Characters in Revolutionary Times— Israel. 
 Israel not a Jew— David Franks and his Family— Re- 
 becca Franks— Others— Moses and Samson Levy. 
 
 Thus, it is seen, Hebrews had no small share in events of the 
 Revolution. In fact, the history of that period and of years prior 
 thereto is dotted with names, some of which, however, have led his- 
 torians astray. That individuals bearing such striking surnames as 
 ''Israel" and ''Isaacs," could have been members of any other race 
 but that of the Jews seems strange, indeed. Yet, curious enough, 
 while we meet with such as " Brown "(38) and "Smith" among the 
 ancient stock, ' ' Jacob Isaacs ' ' and ' ' Israel Israel ' ' seem unable to 
 determine by their names, their ancestry, or their religion. In fact, 
 Jacob Isaacs is mentioned as a member of the sect of Mennonites, 
 some of whom emigrated to this country, and settled in Germantown 
 (in the suburbs of Philadelphia) in 1686 ; Jacob Isaacs having been 
 a purchaser of 161 acres of land in Germantown. Abraham Tunes 
 was also among these settlers in Germantown, though no evidence is 
 at hand to justify the assumption that he was a Jew. (39) 
 
 Another curious name is "Jehudi" Ashman, whose likeness, 
 painted in oil, is suspended from a wall of the office of the Pennsyl- 
 vania Colonization Society. 
 
 But a far more remarkable instance is that of Israel Israel. This 
 name has furnished writers with a patriotic subject. The story of 
 Israel Israel's narrow escape from death after the Battle of Brandy- 
 wine, in September, 1777, is thrilling. The British forces were, 
 soon after that battle, in possession of Philadelphia. Israel Israel's 
 mother and family were located here, and shared the sufferings and 
 privations resulting from the state of affairs. The son, hearing of 
 their distress, sought to relieve them, and wended his way on foot on 
 
 (38) Saul Brown is mentioned as having been Minister of the Synagogue in 
 New York City, about 1695, and for some years. — See Markens's "Hebrews in 
 America," page 10, and Daly's " Settlement of the Jews in North America," 
 pages 24-25, and 27-28. 
 
 (39) See Watson's "Annals of Philadelphia;" also "The Settlements of 
 Gernuintown, " by Samuel W. Pennypacker, in "Pennsylvania Magazine of 
 History and Biography," Volume IV.— 1880. 
 
32 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 the road from Wilmington (Delaware) to this city. A Tory ac- 
 quaintance had given him the British countersign, and he was thus 
 enabled to pass the guard and arrive at the family home, only to 
 find British soldiers quartered there. His brother Joseph, who 
 served in the Continental Army, had co;iie on a secret visit, and in a 
 few hours Sir William Howe's soldiers were hunting him. He, 
 however, made his escape. But his b- other, Israel, on returning to 
 Wilmington, was betrayed by the same man who had given him the 
 countersign. He was arrested, together with his wife's brother. Ex- 
 planations as to the reason of his visit to succor his family were 
 useless, and, as a member of the Committee of Safety, he was in 
 even greater peril. Israel and his companion were carried on board 
 the frigate "Roebuck," lying in the Delaware, within sight of his 
 farm at Wilmington. Both men were very harshly treated, and 
 Israel's admission that he owned cattle, which, he said, he " would 
 sooner drive as a present to General Washington than receive thou- 
 sands of dollars in British gold for them," caused the British Gen- 
 eral to order his soldiers to seize upon and destroy Mr. Israel's cattle. 
 Mrs. Israel {nee Hannah Erwin) w^as then only about nineteen years 
 of age. AVith the aid of a young boy she drove away the^ flock in 
 spite of the bullets whizzing around them, and not one of w^hich, 
 through God's protection, touched them. The cattle were all left 
 unharmed. Meanwhile, Mr. Israel's life was in danger. He was 
 tried, and being informed that a Lodge of Free Masons was to be 
 held on board the vessel on which he was imprisoned, he, at a favor- 
 able opportunity, gave the Masonic sign to the officers in charge. 
 Instantly a change came over his captors. The w^itnesses against 
 him were rebuked and he was forthwith released bearing presents to 
 his brave wife. 
 
 Mr. Israel was a native of Pennsylvania, and was born October 
 20th, 1746. At the age of manhood he repaired to the Island of 
 Barbadoes (West Indies) where he amassed riches. He married 
 Hannah Erwin, September 7th, 1775. He became High Sheriff of 
 Philadelphia in 1800-1803, and served as Grand Master of the 
 Masonic Order in Pennsylvania in 1802, and again in 1804. He 
 died on March 17th, 1822. 
 
 The above narrative, in so far as it concerns Mr. Israel's partici- 
 pation in the American War of Independence, is found both in 
 Lossing's "Pictorial Field- Book of the Revolution," and in Mrs. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 33 
 
 Elizabeth F. Ellet's " Women of the Revolution. "(40) It is unques- 
 tionably interesting ; but, unfortunately, the character treated was 
 neither a Jew, nor the son of a Jewish mother — despite his doubly 
 Biblical name. Mr. Israel's descendants to this day are found in 
 Philadelphia and Washington, D. C. , and the writer has succeeded 
 in tracing them. Information given leaves no doubt that, originally, 
 the family was Jewish ; perhtips of Dutch extraction, but no clue is 
 at hand that can trace its origin. Mr. Israel's father, Michael Israel 
 (whose place and date of birth are not known), married Mary J. 
 Paxton, and of their children one, who died in infancy, was interred 
 in the cemetery of an Episcopal Church. Three, however, are spe- 
 cially mentioned (and, what is more peculiar. Biblical names are 
 preserved), viz.: Israel, Abigail, and Joseph. Descendants of the 
 last-named reside in this city, and Joseph Israel's sword is in pos- 
 session of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. He had been a 
 Grand Mason in New Castle, Delaware. 
 
 We have been enabled to give these statements for the first time, 
 else many an incident might tend to strengthen the impression that 
 has been hitherto conveyed as to Israel Israel being a member of 
 our race. As recent as June 24th, 1882, Honorable Thomas Clay- 
 ton, in an address on "The Grand Masters of the Grand Lodge of 
 Pennsylvania," delivered before the Grand Lodge, referred to Past 
 Grand Master Israel as an " Israelite in whom there was no guile." 
 Apparently, nothing could be more convincing. But this observa- 
 tion is disproved by the inscription on Israel Israel's tombstone, 
 which stands in South Laurel Hill Cemetery, near the division line 
 of Fairmount Park, and which inscription settles the question beyond 
 all dispute: '* A Christian patriarch, firm' in the faith," and other 
 words of a still more emphatic character, could not be found on the 
 memorial stone of any Jew. (41) A portrait of Israel Israel hangs 
 in the Grand Master's room of the Masonic temple, Philadelphia. 
 His clean-shaven face is indicative of a foreigner rather than of a 
 native, yet it is not indisputedly Jewish. His dress — somewhat of 
 
 (40) See in latter work, article, "Hannah Erwin Israel," Volume I., pages 
 155-167. Mrs, Ellet, the author of " Women of the Revolution," has heen men- 
 tioned as a daughter of Israel Israel. She is mistaken for her cousin, Mrs. Charles 
 Ellet ( nee Mary Israel ) . 
 
 (41) This inscription is given in full in "The Keystone" (Philadelphia) 
 December 17th, 1892. Mrs. Israel died on November 4th, 1813, and her husband 
 is, "at his own request," interred beside her. 
 
34 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 the style among Quakers — was common to many, not exclusively of 
 that sect, in his days. 
 
 Thus much of this story which relates to a man who ''was of 
 Jewish extraction, but was never a Jew" (the words of a descendant 
 are quoted) ; nor is there evidence to w^arrant the statement that he 
 was a Quaker, but it is more than probable that he was connected 
 with the Protestant Episcopal Church. (42) 
 
 But now to a character of whose doings in American Revolutionary 
 times particulars are afforded, and whose family occupied an in- 
 fluential station in social circles. David Franks was of Jewish 
 parentage and of Jewish birth ; he being a son of Jacob and Abigail 
 Franks. His father, a well-known New York merchant, died in 
 January, 1769. David Franks, after coming to Philadelphia, joined 
 the Congregation Mickveh Israel, but he w^as lax in his adherence 
 to Judaism, and married outside the pale of his religion. His busi- 
 ness and sofcial prominence contributed to his importance in the 
 general community. In 1748 he was a member of the Penn- 
 sylvania Assembly. He was a subscriber to the City Dancing 
 Assembly and similar institutions of his time, and his wife {nee 
 Margaret Evans, daughter of Peter Evans, Esquire, for many 
 years Registrar of Wills, Philadelphia), is mentioned among the 
 ''Philadelphia fashionables" of 1757, or thereabouts. David 
 Franks took sides with the British, and remained a Royalist — a cir- 
 cumstance hardly to his credit. In 1775 he was permitted to fur- 
 nish food and provisions to prisoners at Reading, Pennsylvania, and 
 in 1776 he was "agent to the contractors for victlialling the troops 
 of the King of Great Britain." In 1778 he was forbidden to provide 
 food as Commissary for British prisoners within the jurisdiction of 
 the United States, and was arrested for evading a law, and for 
 being "inimical to the American cause," but was soon released. 
 In October, 1780, he was again arrested on suspicion of being an 
 enemy ' ' to the American cause^ ' ' and after being confined in the 
 new prison for a brief period was ordered not to ' ' return again to 
 any of the United States during the continuance of the present War." 
 He subsequently (in the same month) received a pass ' ' for himself, 
 
 (42) There are two references to an Israel Israel, in "Colonial Records," 
 Volume XV., pages 240 and 623, In the first instance he is allowed forty-two 
 pounds for certain expenses, and in the other he becomes a Surety for an official. 
 His occupation is given as that of an Innkeeper. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 35 
 
 « 
 
 his daughter (Rebecca), one man and one maid servant" to go to 
 New York. An extension of time and other favors were afterwards 
 allowed him. (43) His adherence to the British side, in the struggle 
 of the American colonists for Independence, caused the subsequent 
 confiscation of his property. 
 
 It has been maintained that David Franks forswore the Jewish 
 religion, and this story has gained considerable currency in view 
 of his marriage. The date of his death has also been disputed, 
 some holding that it took place before the concluding decade of the 
 eighteenth century. (44) Fortunately, an official document has come 
 to light, and this completely refutes both of the above-mentioned 
 statements. It reads thus : (45) 
 
 United States : 
 
 District of Pennsilvania : ss 
 
 On the 26th Day of December in the Year of our Lord 1792 Before 
 me Richard Peters Judge of the District Court of the United States 
 ia & for the Pennsilvania District came David Franks of the City of 
 Philadelphia Gentleman & being duly sworn on the tive Books of Moses 
 (he being a Jew) doth depose & say That he from his Youth always un- 
 derstood & believed & was so informed by his Parents Jacob & Abigail 
 Franks that there was a Ditference of near Twenty Months between 
 the Ages of this Deponent & his Sister Phila Franks who intermarried 
 with the late Oliver DeLancey deceased he this Deponent having been 
 born on the 23rd Day of September 1720 & his said Sister Phila on the 
 19th Day of June 1722. 
 
 That this Deponent is not only well informed on this Subject by the 
 general Reputations & Belief of the Family but has in his Possession a 
 Copy of the Entry made by his said Father in the Family Bible of the 
 Age (among others of the Children of his said Father) of his said said 
 \_sic'] Sister Phila — That the Entry of the Birth of his said Sister is made 
 in the English Words following ** Phila born 19 " June at 6 O clock P M 
 Tuesday 1722 Tamuz "15th 5482" to to these are added in Hebrew her 
 Name & the Month & Year of her Birth. That he was present when 
 Gershom Seixias \^sic^ copied the Entries of the Names & Times of 
 Birth of the Children of the said Jacob Franks out of the Family Bible 
 
 (43) See " Journals of the Continental Congress," Volumes I. and IV. ; and 
 " Colonial Records," Volumes XI., and XII., where the case of David Franks is 
 discussed in.detail. 
 
 (44) David Franks resided in Philadelphia, at the comer of Lodge Street 
 (between Chestnut and Walnut Streets) and Second Street, opposite the old Slate 
 Roof House, once the home of William Penn. — See " Philudolphia Society One 
 Hundred Years Ago," by Frederick D. Stone, in "Pennsylvania Magazine of 
 History and Biography," Volume III. — 1879. 
 
 (45) We are indebted for this copy of the original document to Honorable 
 Simon W. Rosendale, ex- Attorney-General of the State of New York. The 
 document is preserved in the archives of the State of New York, at Albany. 
 
36 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 which this Deponent compared with the original Entries & and on his 
 Oath declares them to be just & true. 
 
 DAVID FKANKS ; 
 
 Sworn & Subscribed : 
 26th December 1792 : 
 Before 
 
 . Richard Peters 
 
 As will have been noticed in the foregoing document, Phila 
 Franks, sister of David Franks, married Oliver de Lancey, who 
 became a General in the British Army, and served in the wars with 
 France and with the American Colonists. Moses Franks, a brother 
 of David Franks, finds mention in correspondence which led to sus- 
 picion concerning the latter' s loyalty to the Colonists, and his arrest 
 and imprisonment, as already noted. Moses Franks is also referred 
 to among Americans who completed their legal studies in London in 
 1774. David Franks's children were four in number, i. e., Abigail, 
 who married Andrew Hamilton of ''the Woodlands," and once 
 Attorney-General of Pennsylvania ; Jacob ; (46) Mary or Polly, 
 who was unmarried, and Rebecca, who became the wife of Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel, afterwards General, Sir Henry Johnson, of the 
 British Army, who was defeated and captured by General Wayne 
 at the Battle of Stony Point. 
 
 It is of the last-named daughter that the social annals of this 
 epoch have much to tell. She ranked with the society ''lights" of 
 that time. Brilliant, witty, attractive, gifted with quickness of com- 
 prehension, repartee, and withal a winsome presence, there is little 
 wonder that she outshone others in the fetes and the social gather- 
 ings of her days ; notably, in the much-talked of " Meschianza," or 
 " Mischianza" (an Italian word signifying "a medley" or "a mix- 
 ture," and applied to an entertainment or a series of entertainments) 
 given at Philadelphia, and on the Delaware River, on May 18th, 
 1778, by British officers to Sir William Howe, before his return to 
 England. A tournament between the "Knights of the Blended 
 Rose" and the " Knights of the Burning Mountain," was an in- 
 teresting feature. Each Knight had his lady ; Lord Cathcart, of 
 
 (46) It is said that a son of David Franks (Jacob is the only, son men- 
 tioned) became a member of the British Parliament. — See Markens's " Hebrews 
 in America," page 73. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 37 
 
 "the Blended Rose," represented Miss Auchmuty ; and Captain 
 Wateon, of ''the Burning Mountain," Miss Franks, who was 
 decked out in dazzling attire, bespangled with ornaments, and is 
 spoken of as ''one of the most striking figures in this brilliant 
 assemblage. " (47) It was at a ball given by British officers in New 
 York City, when Sir Henry Clinton, their General, requested the 
 band to play "Britons, Strike Home!" that Rebecca Franks ex- 
 claimed : ' ' The Commander-in-chief has made a mistake ; he meant 
 to say: 'Britons, go home!' " On another occasion, Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Jack Stewart, of Maryland, who served in the Continental 
 Army, called on Miss Franks, wearing a scarlet coat. He remarked 
 to her: "I have adopted your colors, my princess, the better to 
 secure a kind reception ; deign to smile on a true knight." To this 
 the lady did not reply, but, addressing her friends around her, ex- 
 claimed : " How the ass glories in the lion's skin !" It is said that 
 General Howe was "in the habit of tying his horse before David 
 Franks' s house, and going in to have a chat with the ladies, and 
 probably to enjoy a laugh at some of Miss Rebecca's spirited sallies. 
 Although the beautiful Jewess (as she was called) shared the honors 
 of belledom with fair Willings and Shippens, no person seems to 
 have disputed her title to be considered the wit of the day among 
 womankind." What a pity that such a charming and versatile 
 woman should have inherited, as it were, a preference for the British. 
 She appears to have recognized this, when she exclaimed in 1810 : 
 ' ' Would to Heaven, I, too, had been a patriot !' ' (48) 
 
 Colonel Isaac Franks, an officer in the Revolutionary Army, and 
 an Aide- de-Camp to General George Washington, was a cousin of 
 Rebecca Franks. [His military record is given elsewhere.] He 
 married Mary Davidson, and their son was Judge (probably Mayer 
 Isaac) Franks, of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. Colonel 
 Franks rented his house in Germantown to President Washington in 
 
 (47) This fete or " Mcschianza" was presented on a scale of magnificence and 
 brilliancy rarely equalled in those days, and its reading forcibly calls to mind the 
 days of chivalry. — For a detailed and an entertaining description tlic reader is 
 referred to the article, "Rebecca Franks," in "The Women of the Kcvdliition," 
 by Elizabeth F. Ellet, Volume I.— pages 178-188. 
 
 (48) As to Eebecca Franks, compare Mrs. Ellet's "Women of the Revolu- 
 tion," as above cited ; Rosenbach's "Jews in Philadclphiii Prior to ISOO," j>ai;es 
 13-16; Markens's "Hebrews in America," pages Tl-To ; ' Pliiladc Ipliia Society 
 One Hundred Years Ago," by Frederick D. Stoiic ; ami ''rinou';!! ( olouial 
 Doorways," by Anne Hollingsworth Wharton. 
 
38 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 1793. He was Prothonotary of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania 
 from 1819 to 1822. (49) 
 
 Colonel David S. Franks, a nephew of David Franks, was also 
 attached to the Continental Army. He had an interesting, though 
 checkered, career, as will be shown in a separate sketch. [See our 
 Army Records.] (50) 
 
 Almost as important in the annals of those days were the Levys — 
 Moses, Samson, and Hetty. Moses Levy was recognized as one of 
 the lights of the Philadelphia Bar to which he was admitted in 1778, 
 having then passed his twenty-first year. He possessed " the highest 
 legal attainments," and "most persuasive eloquence." (51) As a 
 judge — though his abilities were best asserted as a lawyer — he is 
 mentioned among those who were ornaments to the Bench. When 
 a barrister, he was counsel in many important cases, some of which 
 have come down to us. At one time he * ' applied to the Court for 
 a rule to show cause why a new trial should not be granted. His 
 application was in these words : 'I move, your Honors, for this 
 rule, on the ground that John Hunt was admitted as a witness for 
 the gaining party. I suppose your Honors know John Hunt — every- 
 body knows John Hunt.' The rule was allowed. "(52) Mr. Levy's 
 office was at 311 Chestnut Street, and his residence was on the north 
 side of Chestnut Street below Eighth Street, now occupied by the 
 Washington Hotel. (53) He sold a house at 104 (now 308) Chest- 
 nut Street to the Bank of North America (the first Bank in the 
 United States) for $10,000. He became Recorder of Philadelphia 
 in 1802, and served until 1822, in which year he was commissioned 
 Presiding Judge of the District Court of this City and County, and 
 sat in that Court from December 18th, 1822, to March 21st, 1825. 
 His record was brilliant. He also served as a member of the Penn- 
 sylvania Legislature, a Trustee of the University of Pennsylvania, 
 
 (49) See J. Hill Martin's " Bench and Bar," page 25. Colonel Isaac Franks 
 is said to have asisted in founding the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue, at 
 Montreal, Canada, in 1768. His nephew, Jacob Franks, established trading posts 
 in the Hudson Bay Territory. Abraham Franks, another member of the same 
 family, resided in Montreal, Canada. 
 
 (50 J A statement has it that David S. Franks was at one time (in 1791) 
 Assistant Cashier of the Bank of North America, in Philadelphia. This state- 
 ment lacks foundation, as no such name is found in the records of that Bank. 
 
 (51) See "The Forum," by David Paul Brown. 
 
 (52) See "Anecdotes of the Bench and Bar," in "The Forum." 
 
 (53) In the Philadelphia Directory for 1825, Moses Levy is located at 221 
 Chestnut Street. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 39 
 
 (which he had entered as a student in 1772), and filled other 
 responsible positions alike acceptably. (54) He died on May 9th, 
 1826. 
 
 As prominent and a more eccentric peraonage was Moses Levy's 
 younger brother, Samson Levy. And this circumstance is our only 
 excuse for introducing him here, as his desertion of the faith of 
 Israel and conversion to the Protestant Episcopal Church was an 
 act for which no explanation is offered, nor could any explanation 
 atone for what is so utterly condemnable. Samson Levy's eccen- 
 tricities, however, rendered him a favorite with bench and bar. 
 Born in 1761, he studied law with his brother Moses, and was 
 admitted to practice in 1787. In the language of a writer, "his 
 manner of speaking was so energetic, and his voice so agreeable, 
 that the uninitiated considered him — to borrow a figure from his 
 name — ' the very Samson of the bar.' His off-hand speeches were 
 perfect gems ; there was never anything like them ; they flashed, 
 sparkled, and corruscated in every direction, but in that of the cause ; 
 and sometimes, even, from his diffusive and erratic course, he would, 
 when, of course, he could not help it, touch for a moment, though 
 
 but for a moment, the essential points in controversy " In 
 
 social or convivial intercourse, Mr. Levy was equally amusing. 
 
 Mr. Levy's education was imperfect ; but he was, nevertheless, 
 always ambitious of the society of literary men, where, from his 
 excellent manners, good temper, and merriment, he was ever wel- 
 come. (55) His career at the Bar has given origin to a fund of 
 anecdote, amusing — not to say ludicrous — which, in many instances, 
 might not be calculated to heighten the opinion of the legal pro- 
 fession. The species of quackery (the term is justified by the cir- 
 cumstances resorted to) employed by Mr. Levy in conducting cases, 
 proved very humorous, indeed ; but surprise at his boldness might 
 be mingled with the merriment his actions aroused. On a certain 
 occasion he was counsel in a Marine case ; the opposing side being 
 represented by Mr. Alexander James Dallas. It was readily 
 noticed that Mr. Levy's client had ''no case," and afler argument 
 by Mr. Dallas, the opposing attorney was called on to answer him. 
 With the utmost confidence, Mr. Levy arose and remarked : 
 
 (54) See J. Hill Martin's "Bench and Bar," and Rosenbach's "Jews in 
 Philadelphia Prior to 1800." 
 
 (55) See Brown's " Forum." 
 
40 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 **Mr. Dallas is not familiar with maritime law, your Honor, and he 
 has made some egregious mistakes in his views of the case, which I 
 should not like publicly to expose in a crowded court-house, but if 
 my learned friend will allow me a moment's private interview, I 
 will convince him of his error." The two attorneys retired, and 
 Mr. Levy then conceded the case to Mr. Dallas. 
 
 There are evidences of extortionate charges made by Mr. Levy, 
 notwithstanding that his practice brought him six or seven thousand 
 dollars annually. He is said to have affected literary ability, without 
 possessing it, and more than a few were the occasions, when his shrewd- 
 ness and wit may have led others into an exaggerated notion of his 
 acquirements. One of the best stories told at his expense was that of 
 a complicated will he was asked to examine, the request being made 
 by an individual who stated that he would pay liberally for a pro- 
 fessional opinion thereon. Mr. Levy handed the will to his students 
 to unravel its difficult points, and on the strength of the promise of 
 a large fee, invited them to a sumptuous repast. The work had been 
 done, and when the client returned, Mr. Levy read the legal paper 
 with a complaisant air. It pleased the man. He laid a note — 
 whereon the figure one (1) could be seen — on the lawyer's table and 
 withdrew. Imagine Mr. Levy's surprise on unrolling the note to 
 discover that it was not $100, but $1. There was a mistake he 
 thought, and straightway his students were despatched in every 
 direction after the man. But he was not found, and soon after it 
 leaked out that the affair had been a contrivance of the students 
 themselves, for which Mr. Levy paid dearly. Once he was about 
 to argue a case in New Jersey, but the Court informed him that 
 practice was denied to all who were not formally admitted to the 
 Bar of that State. "I beg your pardon," he said, *'I was not 
 aware of it ; but, by way of mending the matter, I will ask some of 
 my learned brethren here to move for my admission at once." The 
 Court then reminded him that it was necessary he should be first 
 examined as to his competency. ''Certainly," said Mr. Levy, ''by 
 all means. I am perfectly ready to submit to your rule, with one 
 proviso, which seems to me to be perfectly reasonable, which is this, 
 that I shall first be allowed to examine the Court, in order that I 
 may ascertain whether they are competent to examine me." At 
 another time, he disclaimed having received any fee for his services 
 in a certain case, whereupon his client, suspicious of his attorney's 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 41 
 
 action, quietly stepped up, and, in the midst of Mr. Levy's speech, 
 put a $10 note in his hand. Mr. Levy scarcely paused in his re- 
 marks, but, as if it were a part of his argument, observed : "And, 
 suppose, gentlemen of the Jury, I have received a fee, is the fact of 
 a fair and honorable compensation for my services to deprive my 
 client of his rights, or of the benefit of my argument?" 
 
 Here are some odd specimens of Mr. Levy's utterances : He 
 termed a certain case a ** hydrant sucking into its destructive vortex, 
 all the consequences that belonged to it." On another occasion he 
 exclaimed : " Behold here, gentlemen .... the enormity of this 
 man's offence stares you in the face with gigantic strides." Again : 
 '* I read this to amplify my remarks on the Court, to a point." "I 
 maintain, may it please this Honorable Court, that in every well 
 regulated society, justice is to be dispensed with throughout the 
 land." "The idea of a purchase, in its fair and simple meaning, 
 is the right to an article of which it forms the subject of a contract." 
 ' * Theories are the shackling abstruse matters, which are as different 
 as possible from the matter in hand." (56) 
 
 Well — we scarcely think the statement will be gainsaid that 
 Samson Levy was an unique and curious compound of wit, shrewd- 
 ness, and courage ; elements that seem to have rendered him success- 
 ful, if they did not add lustre to his character, or contribute to the 
 elevation of the Bar. Mr. Levy was among the incorporators of 
 the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. In social circles, he 
 was none the less known, being of an affable, courteous manner, but, 
 at the same time, sharp, satirical, and caustic in his remarks. He 
 died on December 15th, 1831. 
 
 A brother of Moses and Samson Levy, whose name, strange to say, 
 is not given, is described as "a lawyer of considerable celebrity. "(57) 
 
 Samson Levy and his sister, Hetty, belonged to the City Dancing 
 Assembly of their time. Of his sister, we find the following very 
 curious description in the ** Journal of William Black, 1744 :" (58) 
 
 (56) Brown's "Forum" abounds in anecdotes and reminiscences of Samson 
 Levy, and other lawyers of his time. 
 
 (57) See "The Germantown Eoad and Its Associations," by Townsend Ward, 
 in " Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography," Volume I.— 1877. 
 
 (58) The full title of this "Journal" is too lengthy to be given here. It is 
 inserted in "The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography," Volume I. — 
 1877. Events are referred to, also subsequent to the date given — 1744. The story 
 narrated is reproduced in the work, "Through Colonial Doorways," hitherto 
 mentioned. 
 
42 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 **Iii the evening, in Company with Mr. Lewis, and Mr. Littlepage 
 I went to Mr. Levy's, a Jew, and very Considerable Merch't; (59) 
 he was a Widdower. And his Sister, Miss Hetty Levy, kept his 
 House. We staid Tea, and was very agreeably Entertain' d by the 
 Young Lady ; She was of the middle Stature, and very well made 
 her Complection Black but very Comely, She had two Charming 
 Eyes, full of Fire and Rolling; Eye-Brows Black and well turn'd, 
 with a Beautiful head of Hair, Coal Black which She wore a Wigg, 
 waving, in wanting Curling Ringletts in her Neck ; She was a Lady 
 of a great Deal of Wit, Join'd to a Good Understanding, full of 
 Spirits, and of a Humour exceedingly Jocose and Agreeable. We 
 took our leave and came away well satisfy' d with the Ladies' Com- 
 pany." 
 
 The reader has now, perhaps, obtained an insight into certain 
 events, customs, and ways of Revolutionary times, sufficient to war- 
 rant us in proceeding with what are more distinctly matters of history 
 pertaining to the Jewish community, in this City of Philadelphia. 
 
 (59) It seems strange that if Samson Levy is meant lie should be termed 
 "a merchant." The character of the statements in general, may lead to the 
 conclusion that there was a considerable tendency to the free use of terms — re- 
 gardless of their meaning — in those early days. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 43 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Affairs in Congregation Mickv6h Israei.— Rev. Emanuel 
 NuNES Carvalho— Rev. Abraham Israel Keys— A New 
 Synagogue— Parnassim of those Days— Rev. Isaac Leeser. 
 
 The Nineteenth Century has proved, in some respects, as eventful 
 in the annals of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, as the eighteenth 
 was noted for celebrated laymen in different spheres of activity. The 
 demise of Rev. Mr. Cohen, in September, 1811, left the ministry 
 vacant four years; his son, Mr. Abraham Hyman Cohen, acting 
 meanwhile as Reader at the Synagogue. On October 29th, 1815, 
 the Congregation elected Rev. Emanuel Nunes Carvalho as its 
 religious guide. Mr. Carvalho attained considerable eminence 
 through his abilities. He was a native of London, England, born 
 November 13th, 1771. Possessing natural talents, he rapidly 
 acquired knowledge. First following mercantile pursuits in London 
 and in Liverpool, he subsequently yielded to the requests of friends, 
 and became minister of the Jewish Congregation at Bridgetown, in 
 the Island of Barbadoes, in 1799. He there studied diligently and 
 gained the knowledge of several languages, which he afterwards 
 taught in New York. Though an Englishman, he was an ardent ad- 
 vocate of Republicanism, and maintained his views, notwithstanding 
 possible hazards. In 1806 Mr. Carvalho came to New York City, 
 and was later on minister of the ** Beth Elohim" (House of God) 
 Congregation, in Charleston, South Carolina. In Philadelphia, his 
 labors afforded evidence of his energy and studious ways. He wrote 
 a Key to a Hebrew Grammar; he was a fluent writer and skilful 
 penman, and otherwise attained distinction by his scholarship. He 
 died on March 20th, 1817. (60) 
 
 Then another gap followed in the ministry of Mickveh Israel, the 
 position being without a regular occupant until 1824. During the 
 
 (60) The name of E. Nunes Carvalho is found in the list of ministers of the 
 Congregation " Shearith Israel," of New York City, but the date of his ministry- 
 there is not given. — See Markens's "Hebrews in America," page 20, Mr. Car- 
 valho's wife survived her husband over fourteen years, and died in this city, in 
 June, 1831. She was buried in Spruce Street ((Miu^tery. Of Rev. Mr. Carvalho's 
 descendants, Solomon Nunes Carvalho, who resides in New York City, is a noted 
 artist, and a scholar, whose productions have won him high praise. 
 
44 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 interim, Mr. Hartwig Cohen and Mr. Jacob Bensadon successively 
 acted as Readers. At the same time, lengthy correspondence was 
 conducted with a view to filling the vacancy. In 1817 the position 
 was tendered to Rev. Isaac B. Seixas, at a salary of $800 annually, 
 but he declined. On May 9th, 1824, Mr. E. L. Lazarus, of New 
 York, was elected to the ministry. He subsequently declined, as he 
 had desired an election not for a term of years, but '* during good 
 behavior, and at a fixed salary." Candidates were again balloted 
 for, at a meeting held on June 20th, 1824, when the names of Rev. 
 Abraham Israel Keys, Dr. Jacob de La Motta, and Rev. Isaac B. 
 Seixas were presented. Mr. Keys was then selected to the Pastor- 
 ate by a large majority. At that time he was occupying a minis- 
 terial office in Barbadoes, from which he came to his new charge. 
 Mr. Keys is said to have been a native of Great Britain, but had 
 early gone to the West Indies. He possessed many excellent quali- 
 fications as a "Chazan" (Reader) and intoned the services with 
 dignity and impressiveness. Preaching had not then been introduced 
 into the Synagogue, and a Reader's ability was altogether gauged 
 by his voice, and by his method of conducting and chanting the 
 Services, in accordance with the ritual and the rich liturgy of the 
 "Sephardim" (Spanish and Portuguese Jews). It required no 
 small capacities to be fitted for such duties. Not an unusual thing 
 it was to see Mr. Keys, attired in his robes of office, proceeding from 
 his residence to the Synagogue. In earliest times, the Minister's 
 residence was located in the rear of the Synagogue. Afterwards, 
 and to this day, the Sexton and his family have dwelt there. Mr. 
 Keys's home, however, was at the corner of Sterling Alley and Race 
 Street. During this ministration, the Congregation built a new 
 Synagogue on its property, in Cherry Street above Third Street. 
 This was dedicated with imposing ceremonies on the 21st of January, 
 1825, Rev. Mr. Keys officiating, assisted by Rev. Moses Levy Ma- 
 duro Peixotto, Minister of the Portuguese Synagogue, of New York 
 City. 
 
 Mr. Keys continued in office until his death on October 18th, 
 1828. He and his wife, Mrs. Jael Keys (who died in November, 
 1837) had several children. In connection with Mr. Keys's death 
 a curious incident is told. On the Sabbath preceding the New Moon 
 of "Cheshvan" (or "Mar-Cheshvan") Mr. Keys had sung the 
 prayers announcing that Month. After the services, though in his 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 45 
 
 usual health, he remarked to the "Sharaash" (Sexton), Mr. Abra- 
 ham E. Israel, and the latter's nephew, Mr. Jacob Ezekiel: "I have 
 blessed the incoming of ' Rosh Chodesh Cheshvan' to-day. I fear it 
 will be a Mar (bitter) 'Cheshvan.'" On the 11th of that same 
 Hebrew month, in the year 5589, Mr. Keys died. His remains were 
 interred, two days later, in the Cemetery on Spruce Street. 
 
 In all these times, the affairs of the Congregation moved on 
 smoothly. The "Parnassim" (or Presidents) since 1791, were: 
 Benjamin Nones, 1791-1799 (or 1810); Naphtali Phillips; Isaac 
 Pesoa; (61) Jacob I. Cohen, 1810-1811 ; Benjamin I. Phillips, 1811- 
 1815; Hyman Marks, 1815-1818; Levy Phillips, 1818-March, 
 1820, and again in September 1820-1821 ; Benjamin Nones (again) 
 April-September, 1820, and 1821-1822; Zalegman Phillips, 1822- 
 1834. Lyon Nathan was the first ''Shamash" (Sexton) and Abra- 
 ham Cohen, the second. 
 
 Mickveh Israel continued to hold its station among the influential 
 Congregations of the land. In the year 1829, however, a man, who 
 became the most distinguished of Hebrew spiritual guides in this 
 country; a man, who, in fact, was the pioneer, levelling the way, 
 and arranging the system for organization among the Jews in the 
 United States, was invited to become the Pastor. This man was 
 Rev. Isaac Leeser. 
 
 Circumstances relating to Mr. Leeser's election are interesting. 
 At a meeting of the Congregation, held June 28th, 1829, Mr. 
 Raphael de Cordova, Chairman of a Committee previously appointed 
 to invite candidates for the position of '^Chazan," reported that 
 **they (the Committee) have received an answer from Richmond, 
 highly recommending a gentleman by name Mr. Leezer, as also a 
 reply from Charleston, with an application from a gentleman resident 
 
 (61) The records of Mickveh Israel Congregation, for about a period of 
 twenty years, are scattering and incomplete. It is positively stated that Naph- 
 tali Phillips, a son of Jonas Phillips, was elected Parnas, on November 9th, 1799, 
 and otlier records show that Isaac Pesoa, father of David Pesoa, subsequently 
 filled the same ofhce. During what terms these worthies served, and whether 
 their administrations covered the entire period from 1799 to 1810, it is not possible 
 to ascertain. Benjamin Nones must have again resumed oltice prior to 1810, (in 
 fact, he is mentioned as Parnas in 1806) as he did at another time ; but official 
 documents are wanting to confirm this statement. The order of succession that 
 follows 1810 is generally correct, and is as warranted by the minutes, which 
 thereafter were carefully preserved. Mr. Raphael de Cordova, in March, 1820, 
 and Mr. Jacob I. Cohen in September, 1820, were elected to the presidency; but 
 both gentlemen declined that honor. Among other officers of tliis Congregation, 
 Simon Gratz served as Treasurer, and Abraham Myers Cohen as Secretary, at 
 diflferent times. 
 
46 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 of that city, which they now offer for the consideration of this meet- 
 ing." The names of Isaac Leeser, of Richmond, and Abraham 
 Ottolengui, of Charleston, were then presented. However, no elec- 
 tion was held until September 6th, 1829, when a letter was submitted 
 from Gompart S. Gomparts, who offered his services as "Chazan." 
 The candidates balloted for were E. L. Lazarus, (the same who 
 had previously been elected but had declined, and who had officiated 
 during the Passover Holidays in 1829, prior to Mr. Leeser's elec- 
 tion) and Isaac Leeser. The former received 7 votes, and the latter 
 .26 votes. Rev. Mr. Leeser was declared elected for three years, 
 beginning with ''Rosh Ha-Shana" (New Year) 5590-1829, at a 
 salary of $800 annually. 
 
 Rev. Isaac Leeser was born in Neuenkirchen, in the Province 
 of Westphalia, Prussia, December 12th, 1806. He pursued studies 
 at Miinster, and in the eighteenth year of his age sailed for the 
 United States, and was for a time employed by an uncle, Zalma 
 Rehine, at Richmond, Virginia. While engaged in business he de- 
 voted all his leisure to study, and rendered assistance likewise to 
 Rev. Isaac B. Seixas, who was then minister of the Portuguese Con- 
 gregation there. But young Leeser first became known beyond the 
 borders of Richmond, in 1828, when, in a manly and excellently 
 written article, in **The Whig," a Richmond newspaper, he de- 
 fended the Jewish people from the false charges of a writer in ' ' The 
 London Quarterly Review." So ably and thoroughly was the 
 question handled, that the article became the subject of remark, and 
 Mr. Leeser's abilities being recognized, he was called to Philadelphia 
 the following year, to an office w^hich any representative minister 
 might have eagerly desired. His entrance to the ministry opened 
 up a period of unceasing activity. He was the first to inaugurate 
 English discourses at the Synagogues generally, on June 2d, 1830. 
 Perceiving the want of union among Jews in this country, and the 
 need of a literature essentially religious, Mr. Leeser was determined 
 to meet those wants. He travelled through the United States, de- 
 livering lectures, dedicating Synagogues, propagating Judaism among 
 its adherents, and defending it and them when attacked. He was 
 active in the formation of fiearly all the important Jewish institu- 
 tions in our midst. He was among the founders and a Vice President 
 of the Board of Delegates of American Israelites — an organization 
 co-operating with others in foreign lands towards ameliorating the 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 47 
 
 condition of Hebrews in benighted countries and protecting their 
 rights everywhere. The Hebrew Education Society, whose vast 
 work in different schools — educational and industrial — is a later 
 feature; the Maimonides College, once in existence here for the 
 training of Ministers and Rabbis, and of which he was Provost; 
 the Jewish Hospital, the Board of Hebrew Ministers, the original 
 Jewish Publication Society of America, and many other institutions 
 owe their origin largely to his unremitting efforts towards benefiting 
 his people. He also advocated a union of the Jewish Charities of 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 But, perhaps, Mr. Leeser's chief field of labor outside the pulpit 
 was in literature. For twenty-five consecutive years (1843-1868) 
 he issued what became a famous magazine, ''The Occident and 
 American Jewish Advocate," in the pages of which a vast amount 
 of learning and information was represented. The influence of this 
 thoroughly Conservative Jewish Monthly, in defending and uphold- 
 ing the rights of the Jews, was immeasurable. Some of the ablest 
 writers, besides its brilliant editor, contributed thereto. This 
 periodical survived its founder only a year (1868-1869) being con- 
 ducted by Mayer Sulzberger, Esq., the distinguished lawyer, who 
 had latterly assisted Mr. Leeser in its direction. 
 
 Among other and numerous literary works of this eminent minister 
 were English translations of the Hebrew Services — Daily, Sabbath, 
 Fasts, Festivals, and Holy Days; a version of the Pentateuch; the 
 first American edition of the Hebrew Bible, with Latin prefaces, 
 edited by him and Dr. Joseph Jaquett, a Christian clergyman of 
 the Protestant Episcopal Church; but more important than all, Mr. 
 Leeser's English translation of the entire Hebrew Bible — a work 
 received with much approbation, and upon which the translator 
 labored for eighteen years. Mr. Leeser also published ** The Jews 
 and the Mosaic Law;" *'The Claims of the Jews to an Equality of 
 Rights;" volumes of his sermons on varied subjects; a Jewish 
 Catechism, and many more writings of his own, and translations, in 
 addition to scores of contributions to the secular press. 
 
 Mr. Leeser was among the earliest advocates of the Jewish Order 
 ''Bene Berith" (Sons of the Covenant) in which he held a leading 
 place. Many an author, relying upon his tact and experience, sub- 
 mitted works for his revision. He identified himself with every 
 movement for the advancement of the Jews and Judaism. He was 
 
48 
 
 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 almost as well known among Gentiles as among his own community. 
 Added to his varied gifts, Mr. Leeser possessed a remarkable 
 memory, and his retentive faculties enabled him to study much in 
 a short time. As a speaker, his services were constantly demanded, 
 and many of his addresses were extempore. 
 
 After serving twenty-one years at the Mickveh Israel Synagogue, 
 Mr. Leeser retired from office in 1850, and held no clerical position 
 until 1857, when the **Beth El Emeth" (House of the God of 
 Truth) Congregation was organized by some of his warm friends, and 
 he became its Pastor, continuing until his decease, on February 1st, 
 1868.(62) 
 
 (62) A more detailed sketch than the above will be found in "Eminent 
 Israelites of the Nineteenth Century," pages 195-201 — a specifically biographical 
 work, by the writer of this book. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 49 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Pbominent Men— Zalegman Phillips— Lewis Allen— Refer- 
 ences TO Others— Solomon Solis— Abraham Hart and his 
 MANY Works. 
 
 When Mr. Leeser first assumed the ministerial office in this city, 
 Zalegman Phillips was President of the Congregation Mickveh Israel. 
 As hitherto noted, he belonged to a family always active in congre- 
 gational and communal affairs. His father and brother had held 
 the same position to which he was afterwards called. Zalegman 
 Phillips was born in Philadelphia on June 30th, 1779. He pur- 
 sued studies, and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 
 1795. On December 4th, 1799, he was admitted to the Bar, and 
 subsequently became one of the ablest of criminal lawyers, and en- 
 joyed a large clientage. He married Arabella Solomons, daughter 
 of Myer S. and Catharine {iiee Bush) Solomons, of Baltimore. Five 
 sons were born to them, of whom four were well known. These 
 sons were Edward (or Uriah) who died in infancy ; Jonas Altamont, 
 Henry Myer, Gabriel, and Naphtali. The daughters were Rebecca 
 (Mrs. Jacob Cohen) ; Catharine (Mrs. Montgomery Moses) ; Ellen, 
 and Emily — both unmarried. Some of these will be mentioned at 
 more length in subsequent chapters. Handsome portraits in oil of 
 Zalegman Phillips (who died on August 21st, 1839) and of his wife 
 (who preceded him, in November, 1831), are preserved by the family. 
 
 There were interesting — not to say exciting — incidents during the 
 period of Zalegman Phillips's administration as President of Mickv6h 
 Israel, nor were later years, when his successors held the reins, de- 
 void of enlivening events. Mr. Phillips was followed in the Presi- 
 dency (63) by Lewis Allen (1834-1841), a merchant of high stand- 
 ing, and a son of a former President of the "Rodeph Shalom'* 
 (Follower of Peace) Congregation, of Philadelphia. Mr. Allen was 
 wedded to Anna Marks, a daughter of Michael Marks, one of the 
 early members of Mickveh Israel, whose wife, Johaveth Isaacks, 
 
 (63) When Mr. Phillips (who had served from September 8th, 1822 to Sep- 
 tember 28th, 1834) retired from office, John Moss was elected to succeed him, but 
 he declined that honor, Lewis Allen was then selected by the Board to act as 
 President protempore, and was subsequently elected Pamas. 
 
50 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 was a daughter of Moses Isaacks, of Newport, Rhode Island, who 
 served as a soldier in the American Revolutionary War. Mrs. 
 Allen, as will be seen hereafter, was also an industrious laborer in 
 the Jewish community. Of the sons of this couple, Lewis married 
 Miriam, daughter of Mayer Arnold, also a well-known merchant and 
 a member of the afore-named Congregation; Henry, Michael, Alfred, 
 and Charles Allen have assumed important labors in Philadelphia, 
 New York, and elsewhere. Michael at one time studied for the 
 ministry, but subsequently became a merchant, and now resides in 
 Hanover, Germany. Lewis and Alfred are deceased. Henry and 
 Charles married, and settled in New York. 
 
 Another well-known family related to that of Allen is Mitchell, 
 of whom Mitchell A. Mitchell, Moses Mitchell, Lewis Mitchell, and 
 Allen Mitchell were sons of Abraham and Esther Mitchell, persons 
 of character and influence in a large circle. Abraham Mitchell had 
 served in the War of 1812 ; he was also President of the "Ben^ 
 Jeshurun" (Children of Jeshurun) Congregation, of New York City. 
 His son, Mitchell A. Mitchell, was President of the United Hebrew 
 Beneficent Society, of this city. Dr. Isaac Hays, a renowned physi- 
 cian, oculist, and author must also be mentioned ; (64) likewise his 
 sister, Sara, wife of Major Alfred Mordecai, to whom further allu- 
 sion will be made, and various families, among them Cohen, Levy, 
 Florance, Etting, and Nathans. Mrs. William Florance {nee 
 Myrtilla Seixas) was a daughter of Rev. Gershom M. I. Seixas, 
 first minister of the Congregation Mickveh Israel. Mrs. Jacob 
 Florance {nee Hannah Levy) was another respected lady and 
 charity worker. Miss Miriam Gratz Etting was also a member of 
 a prominent family. Aaron Levy (65) and Lyon J. Levy were 
 
 (64) A sketch is given in another part of this work, besides a lengthier one 
 in *' Eminent Israelites of the Nineteenth Century," pages 123-126. 
 
 (65) Aaron Levy — uncle of this one — and to whom other well-known families 
 are related — was among the early Jewish settlers of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 
 and, as before mentioned, loaned sums to the American Colonists. He acquired 
 with others a grant of land from Indian tribes in 1773. This he is said to have 
 divided subsequently in such shape that shares of the same were left to Leon 
 Hyneman, Simon Gratz (said to have been his adopted son), Joseph Levy — the 
 last-named a son of his nephew (the second Aaron Levy) and others. It is stated 
 that Aaronsville, now Aaronsburgh, a city in Centre County, Pennsylvania, was 
 given that name in honor of Aaron Levy. (An interesting paper dealing with 
 this subject and entitled "Aaron Levy" has recently been written by Mrs. Isa- 
 bella H. Kosenbach, of Philadelphia, and was presented at the second series of 
 scientific sessions of the American Jewish Historical Society, held in New York 
 City, during December, 1893, It will doubtless be printed in "Publications" 
 Number 2, of that Society. ) Meyerstown, another city in Pennsylvania, is said 
 to have been called after an Israelite named Meyers. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 51 
 
 well-known characters. The latter kept a silk and dry goods store — 
 on the site of the old Post Office (south side of Chestnut Street below 
 Fifth Street) now the Drexel Building — which store was one of the 
 city's attractions, and vied with the chief mercantile establishments 
 of Philadelphia. 
 
 So many there were who obtained note that it might seem almost 
 impossible to include all. Among active workers, we must not omit 
 Solomon Solis, a member and at one time Sectetary of Mickv^h 
 Israel, and first President of the Hebrew Education Society. Bom 
 at Wilmington, Delaware, on March 13th, 1819, he at an early 
 age came to Philadelphia. His abilities, joined to many excellent 
 traits of character, won him numerous friends and contributed to 
 his prominence in the community. His bright mind was often 
 evidenced by his varied and interesting articles written for different 
 publications and marked by thought and elegance of style. Mr. 
 Solis became a warm friend of Rev. Isaac Leeser, and on several 
 occasions took up his cause in religious disputations. He labored 
 earnestly for good objects, and was a tireless worker for education in 
 different spheres, and for the interests of the Society he was so well 
 qualified to direct in its incipiency. He died much lamented on 
 June 22d, 1854. 
 
 Solomon Solis' s brother, David Hays Solis, was at one time 
 President of the Beth El Emeth Congregation. John Moss was 
 another noted character, he and his brother, Samuel Moss, being 
 representative shipping merchants. John Moss was a member of 
 various corporations and of the City Council. He was born in 
 London, England, in 1771, and came to this country while a young 
 man. As we have seen, he was prominently connected with the 
 Congregation Mickv^h Israel, and presided at a notable meeting held 
 in the Synagogue, on Thursday evening, Ab 28th, 5600 — August 
 27th, 1840, the object being to protest against the persecution of the 
 Jews in Damascus. (QQ) This eventful meeting deserves more than 
 passing mention. It was called to order by Hyman Gratz, and John 
 Moss was selected as President; Lewis Allen, Frederick Samuel, 
 Solomon Moses, Mayer Arnold, A. C. Peixotto, and Louis Bomeisler, 
 
 (66) Interesting and complete particulars of this outrage, the indignation 
 it aroused throughout the civilized world, and the action taken by Sir Moses 
 Montefiore and others are afforded in James Picciotto's "Sketches of Anglo- 
 Jewish History," pages 347-358. 
 
52 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Vice-Presidents; David Samuel, Zadok A. Davis, Henry Cohen, and 
 Elias P. Levy, Secretaries — all distinguished Israelites. The speakers 
 were Abraham Hart, Rev. Isaac Leeser, John D. Jackson, Lewis 
 Allen, Alfred A. Moss, Rev. Dr. Henry W. Ducachet, rector of St. 
 Stephen' s Protestant Episcopal Church ; Rev. Mr. Ramsay, of the 
 Presbyterian Church ; Rev. Mr. Kennedy, and Henry M. Phillips. 
 Among others present were Lyon J. Levy and Jonas Altamont 
 Phillips. The folFowing resolution, presented by Abraham Hart, 
 was unanimously adopted. It is of special interest at this time: 
 '^Resolved, That we invite our brethren of Damascus to leave the 
 land of persecution and torture, and to seek an asylum in this free 
 and happy land, where all religions are alike tolerated — where every 
 man is allowed to enjoy his own opinion — where industry prospers, 
 and where integrity is sure to meet its just reward." (67) 
 
 John Moss died on April 5th, 1847. Of his descendants, Eliezer 
 L. , Joseph L., Rebecca, and Lucien Moss have attained distinction. 
 
 In addition to those mentioned, we must not overlook Judah Laz- 
 arus Hackenburg, than whom no Hebrew w^as more highly regarded 
 for his acts of unselfishness, his true piety, and his many virtues. Mr. 
 Hackenburg was a native of Coblenz, Prussia. He came here young, 
 married Maria Allen, and was an honored merchant. He served as 
 a trustee of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, and performed deeds 
 of charity. He died on February 8th, 1862, aged seventy-four 
 years. = We cannot pass by a number of others, including Henry 
 Isaac Weil, who had been a soldier under Jerome Bonaparte, and 
 was noted for his extreme piety and self-sacrificing qualities. His 
 older son, Isaac Henry, was a man of remarkable knowledge — a 
 scholar and a critic ; his younger son, Edward Henry, is a prominent 
 attorney and a member of scientific societies. Mr. Weil's younger 
 daughter, Clara Esther, was married to the Rev. Dr. S. Morals, 
 minister of the Congregation Mickveh Israel. His older daughter, 
 Sarah Cecilia, is unmarried. Mrs. Weil (iiee Matilda Marks) was a 
 direct descendant of the family of De Leon, some of whose members 
 resided in the Iberian Peninsula during the Inquisition, and who 
 endured suffering rather than surrender their religion. = Occasion 
 will call for reference to David Pesoa, a member of the Board of 
 Managers of the Congregation above-mentioned and active in the 
 
 (67) The full proceedings of this meeting were published in a pamphlet, 
 entitled "Persecution of the Jews in the East." 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 63 
 
 community. His wife, Clara Marks, was a sister of Mrs. Weil, 
 as were Rebecca Marks, a maiden lady, loved for her nobility of 
 character, and Rachel Joseph {iiee Marks) another esteemed Jewess 
 — all daughters of Isaac and Esther {iiee Hart) Marks (68) and 
 sisters of Hart Marks. 
 
 A peculiar character was Joseph Andrade, a native of France, 
 and a bachelor, who, though possessing riches, dressed shabbily, and 
 was parsimonious in his ways. " The boys and girls," as the brothers 
 and sisters Cohen were called, were conspicuous in their way. They 
 were eight in number, i. e., Abraham, Samuel, Eliezer, Joseph, 
 Rebecca, Sarah, Rachel, and Elkalah Cohen— all children of Solo- 
 mon Myers Cohen and Bell (nee Simon) Cohen — a daughter of 
 Joseph Simon, of Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Samuel was a botanist ; 
 Joseph was a public official, and will be alluded to hereafter ; Eliezer 
 frequently ascended the steps before the Holy Ark in the Synagogue, 
 on Festivals and Holy Days and intoned the Priestly Blessing ("Bir- 
 cath Cohanim" ). The Cohen family resided at the north-east corner 
 of Fourth and Spruce Streets, and hospitably entertained many 
 visitors, specially after Synagogue on Sabbath mornings. 
 
 In the roll of workers, Hymau Polock will not be forgotten ; nor 
 Abraham S. Wolf, Joseph L. Moss, and others of later date — both 
 men and women. The ''Shamash" (Sexton) of the Congregation 
 Mickveh Israel for quite a lengthy period was Abraham Eliezer 
 Israel, a man respected for his excellent traits and sincere religious- 
 ness. He was elected to that office, on July 29th, 1824, and con- 
 tinued to serve until his death, on February 18th, 1852. 
 
 And now we have reached a name in the annals of the Congrega- 
 tion Mickveh Israel — yea, in the annals of the Jews of Philadelphia 
 and throughout the United States — the omission of which would leave 
 the most serious vacuum in the ranks of laymen. This remark has 
 reference to Abraham Hart, whose participation in the meeting in 
 1840 to protest against the Damascus persecution was not the first 
 act that brought him to public notice, though he was then quite a 
 
 (68) The maiden name of the mother- of Esther Hart (Mrs. Isaac Marks) 
 was Miss de Leon. She and her sister, Miss Abigail de Leon, were descendants 
 of exiles from Spain during the period of the Inquisition. Names, such as 
 de Leon, Eodriguez da Costa, Eodriguez Pereyra, Montes, Pacifico, Riveyra, 
 Gomez, and Lopez are met with in the early history of the Congregation Mickveh 
 Israel, and are sufficient indication of the Spanish and Portuguese ancestry of 
 many of tlie membere of this religious organization among " Sephardim." 
 
54 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 young man. He had become a member of the Congregation some 
 years before, and had served as its Secretary from 1832 to 1834, 
 when he was chosen as a member of the Board of Managers, at the 
 same time that Lewis Allen was elected President. Hyman Gratz 
 was then Treasurer, having been elected in 1824, and who served 
 continuously until his retirement in 1856. (69) Mr. Allen died on 
 November 4th, 1841, and a worthy successor was found in Mr. 
 Hart. (70) David Samuel was then elected Secretary. Mr. 
 Samuel, who was likewise well known, was the father of John 
 Samuel, a lawyer of note ; Miss Eleanor Samuel, and other sons 
 and daughters. His grandson, J. Bunford Samuel, a, son of John 
 Samuel, is Librarian of the Ridgway (or Rush) Branch of the 
 Philadelphia Library. 
 
 It is our object, however, to furnish here what may be, as near as 
 possible, an adequate sketch of the career of Abraham Hart. At 
 the north-east corner of Sixth and Chestnut Streets, extending north- 
 ward on Sixth Street, is a series of buildings, occupied as stores, 
 offices, etc., etc., and known to this day as "Hart's Buildings." 
 "Erected, 1848; Destroyed by Fire, 1851; Rebuilt, 1852," are 
 words following the name on a white slab, set in on the Sixth Street 
 side. These properties are not now owned by the Hart family, nor are 
 others adjoining, and formerly possessed by a man who rose to the 
 highest positions in the Jewish community, was widely known among 
 Gentiles, and reckoned among his friends men of world-wide 
 celebrity. 
 
 Mr. Hart's career was a varied one. As a publisher and a mer- 
 chant, as President of a Congregation, and of charitable and educa- 
 tional institutions, as a man of means and as a generous giver, as a 
 patriotic citizen, and as a public benefactor, he was alike dis- 
 tinguished. The father of Abraham Hart (after whom his son was 
 named) came from Hanover, Germany, to this city, in August, 1804, 
 engaged in the dry goods business, and became a naturalized citizen 
 of the United States in 1816. His wife, Sarah Stork, was a native 
 of Holland, and a daughter of Aaron Stork, a Hollander, who 
 
 (69) The office of Vice-President (or " Parnas.Shenee") of the Congregation 
 Mickveh Israel was only instituted a decade since under its revised Constitution 
 [5644-1884] . 
 
 (70) Mr. Hart was first selected by the Board to fill the vacancy in the 
 Presidency, and in the following year (1842) this choice was ratified by the 
 Congregation, and he was thereafter re-elected to that office for a long term of 
 years. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 65 
 
 arrived in this country in 1807. Hence, our Abraham Hart was of 
 German- Dutch parentage. He was born in Philadelphia, December 
 15th, 1810. He had scarcely attained the age of thirteen years, 
 when his mother and her family were left almost dependent upon 
 him — his father having died in August, 1823.(71) The boy, real- 
 izing the situation, started to work with a vim, and soon the family 
 were getting along comfortably. Mrs. Hart kept a little store which 
 was well patronized. Abraham's business qualities attracted the 
 attention of Moses Thomas, founder of the celebrated auction house 
 of M. Thomas & Sons, which the youth visited at book sales. Mr. 
 Thomas introduced young Hart to Henry C. Carey, the political 
 economist, who was then senior member of the firm of Carey & Lea, 
 publishers, and secured him a position in their establishment. He 
 continued there, rising step by step, until in 1829, when the business 
 became so heavy that it was rendered necessary to divide the firm, 
 Mr. Hart was associated with Edward L. Carey, brother of Henry 
 C. Carey, in publishing, while Carey & Lea did a jobbing trade. 
 
 Although but nineteen years of age, Mr. Hart had the pluck and 
 energy of a man of riper years. The new firm soon entered into 
 large business contracts, and, ere long, the character and number of 
 their publications gave them a foremost station among the American 
 book- houses. An evidence, out of many, of their enterprise is 
 afforded by the following incident : In 1836, Carey & Hart received 
 an advance copy of Bulwer's historical novel, "Rienzi," from the 
 English publishers. It came in the same packet that brought a copy 
 to the Harpers, New York. This fact was well known to Carey & 
 Hart, who at once set to work, and distributed the complete sheets 
 among twelve different printers. The entire edition was ready for 
 the binders at 9 o'clock the next morning, and on the same after- 
 noon, five hundred copies were sent by the mail stage — all the seata 
 having been secured by the firm — to New York, with Mr. Hart as 
 the only passenger. The city was reached at daylight next morning, 
 and copies of Bulwer's ''Rienzi" were placed in all the New York 
 book-stores a day in advance of Harper's edition. 
 
 First editions of numerous works were published by Carey & Hart, 
 among them **Davy Crockett," "Major Jones's Courtahip," an 
 illustrated edition of *' Longfellow's Poetical Works," Longfellow's 
 
 (71) Mrs. Sarah Hart died on August 20th, 1863. 
 
56 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 "Poets and Poetry of Europe," Griswold's "Poets and Poetry of 
 America," ''Poets and Poetry of England," "Female Poets of 
 America," and "Prose Writers of America" — all standard works — 
 some of Captain Marryatt's novels, the first collected edition of 
 Macaulay's "Essays," novels by J. Fenimore Cooper, and others, 
 etc., etc. The house had grown to be leaders in the publishing 
 business. In 1845, Edward L. Carey, senior member of the firm, 
 died, and Henry Carey Baird w as associated with Mr. Hart, as Hart 
 & Baird. He mthdrew in 1849, and Mr. Hart continued for him- 
 self until 1854, when he retired from business ; the store being then 
 at the south-east corner of Fourth and Chestnut Streets. This place 
 had become a sort of rendezvous for literary men. Much in praise 
 of the firm might be said for their extraordinarily liberal allowances 
 to writers, for their just dealings, and for their highly honorable course. 
 The position which Mr. Hart had attained was best testified to in 
 the year of his retirement, when a complimentary dinner was given 
 him by the Philadelphia Book Trade, the invitation to which was 
 signed by M. Thomas, J. B. Lippincott, T. K. Collins, L. A. Godey, 
 Morton McMichael, John Grigg, and about two hundred others. 
 At this eventful gathering, letters were read from different persons, 
 among them James Harper, founder and senior member of the 
 Harpers, and from William H. Appleton, of Appleton & Company. 
 Both gentlemen were prevented from attending the dinner. The 
 former, in the course of his letter, wrote : "I need not assure you, 
 gentlemen, of the high esteem I entertain for our friend — an esteem 
 founded on personal acquaintance and business relations which have 
 lasted for a quarter of a century. Nor need I tell you that I should 
 be proud of the opportunity to give evidence of that esteem in any 
 and every way. Indeed, gentlemen, so confident am I that our 
 worthy friend could be called upon to fill no post that he would not 
 occupy with honor to himself, that were I an inhabitant of the City 
 of Brotherly Love or of your noble Keystone State, I would go in 
 strongly for his nomination as Mayor of the City, or Governor of the 
 State. " Mr. Appleton wrote : ' ' Mr. Hart truly retires from busi- 
 ness after maintaining for many years a high position for his uniform 
 gentlemanly courtesy and honorable dealing. It is understood by 
 the members of the Trade, how many conflicting claims may arise in 
 reference to the publishing of book^ the conflict of editions, and how 
 often self-interest may govern, to the injury of another. I wish to 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 67 
 
 bear testimony, after many years of intimate business relations with 
 Mr. Hart, to his careful regard of the high right of others." Mr. 
 Hart had been an attendant at the Book Trade Sales for a number of 
 years, and even after he had quit business, his services were requested 
 by leading publishers as an auctioneer, in which capacity he had 
 always been successful. (72) 
 
 What we have given above represents but a fraction of Mr. Hart's 
 doings. He engaged in other enterprises — raining, sewing machines, 
 etc. He was Vice-President of the American, and President of the 
 Centennial Button-hole Machine (Jompanies. An ardent friend of 
 the Union during the Civil War, he became an active member of the 
 Union League. The number of societies and of other institutions to 
 which he was attached is legion. Only a few can here be cited. He 
 was President of the Hebrew Charity Association, at a period when an- 
 nual dinners were given, and he always subscribed the largest amount; 
 also President of the Board of Council, and subsequently of the 
 Board of Managers, of the Jew^ish Foster Home and Orphan Asylum; 
 President of the first Jewish Publication Society in America ; Treas- 
 urer of the Hebrew Education Society ; President of the Board of 
 Trustees of Maimonides College for the training of Jewish Ministers ; 
 President of the Board of Delegates of American Israelites. In 
 fact, no enterprise of any account was attempted that Mr. Hart's 
 counsel was not sought, and his co-operation enlisted. He presided 
 at the meeting called to consider the erection of the present Jewish 
 Hospital, at Olney Road, near York Road, and at that held by the 
 Hebrew Association, which resulted in the establishment of the 
 Young Men's Hebrew Association. He was President of the Con- 
 gregation Mickveh Israel at various crises in the affairs of the nation. 
 His generosity and open-hearted charity were ever manifest He 
 expended thousands in his donations to Societies, and in his liberal 
 gifts to the poor. Many a time the writer has witnessed his lavish 
 liberality to numerous applicants for assistance. His purse-strings 
 were never tied. Before his family partook of a meal, selected por- 
 tions were set aside for the poor. At his elegant residence, 1411 
 Arch Street (above Broad Street) Mr. Hart entertained national 
 heroes, among them General Meade. His friends were countless ; 
 General Grant, John Welsh, Anthony J. Drexel, George W. Childs, 
 
 (72) See J, C. Derby's work, " Fifty Years Among Authors, Books and Pub- 
 lishers." 
 
58 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 George H. Earle, Dr. Morris J. Raphall, and Dr. Morals, being 
 among the number. 
 
 Pages might be exhausted in telling of Abraham Hart and his 
 good deeds. He married Rebecca Cohen Isaacks, of I^ew York, in 
 1831, and three sons and four daughters were born unto them. 
 The oldest daughter, Myrtilla E. (Mrs. Allen Mitchell), is a writer 
 and poet. 
 
 Mrs. Hart seconded her husband in every act, and won the affec- 
 tion of the community by her estimable nature. She dispensed 
 money liberally, and was an active worker, and a leading officer of 
 Jewish Societies. She died in 1880 aged sixty-six years. Mr. Hart 
 continued as President of Mickveh Israel Congregation for over thirty- 
 two years, and then withdrew (in 1876) owing to ill health; though 
 he continued as a member of the Board of Managers until his death, 
 which occurred on July 22d, 1885, at Long Branch, New Jersey. 
 
 From part of 1864 to 1867, when Mr. Hart declined a re-election, 
 Lazarus J. Leberman was Parnas. He was a German by birth, 
 and a man of culture. He followed a mercantile business, but in 
 later years retired, because of sickness. He died January 29th, 
 1887. 
 
 Isaac Hyneman, a prominent member of the same Congregation, 
 was also a native of Germany, born in 1804. He married Adeline 
 Ezekiel, then of Richmond, Virginia, and their five sons are known 
 in the Congregation and in the community. Mr. Hyneman died in 
 January, 1886. — Isaac J. Phillips, deceased, served for quite a num- 
 ber of years as a Director of Mickveh Israel. — Leopold Sulzberger, 
 now deceased, was for many yeai-s *'Shochet" for the Congregation. 
 He deservedly won the esteem of all, for his purity of actions and re- 
 ligious zeal. — Elias P. Levy, Simon W. Arnold, and Eliezer Hart 
 served at different periods as Secretary. Mr. Levy was a son of 
 Joseph and a grandson of Aaron Levy (the second bearing that 
 name). He filled important offices in Jewish Secret Orders. Mr. 
 Arnold, oldest son of Mayer Arnold, took an important part in 
 affairs of his time. Mr. Hart is a brother of Abraham Hart. Their 
 sister, Miss Bluma Hart, now deceased, labored in good causes, and 
 was much respected for her virtues. = A. I. H. Bernal was elected as 
 Hebrew teacher by the Congregation in 1846. = Moses A. Dropsie, 
 the well-known lawyer, has been a prominent figure in the com- 
 munity for a number of decades. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 59 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 MiCKv^H Israel (Continued)— Election of Minister in 1851— 
 The Reverend Doctor Sabato Morais— His Eventful Course 
 AND Important Labors. 
 
 We now revert to matters directly within the Congregation. In 
 1850 the ministry became vacant, and the Divine Services were 
 conducted by Abraham Finzi, an honored member, who afterwards 
 became Shamash. He was assisted at times by Moses Cohen 
 D'Azevedo and Eliezer L. Cohen. Mr. Finzi was a native of 
 England, and a gentleman of character, mental attainments, and 
 piety, as was his successor, Edward A. Moses, also of English birth. 
 Mr. Moses had for some years previous to his arrival here resided 
 in Barbadoes, and he was at one time (1847-1848) president of the 
 "Nidche Israel" (The Outcasts of Israel) Congregation there. 
 
 Early in 1851, candidates for the ministry were again sought. 
 Among those who entered the lists were Jacob Mendes da Solla, of 
 New York City ; Isaac M. Slatky, of Buffalo, New York ; (73) 
 Jacob Rosenfeld, of Charleston, South Carolina; and Sabato Morais, 
 a native of Leghorn, Italy, but who had for five years been a 
 resident of London, England, and who came here at the earnest 
 solicitation of friends, bearing the highest credentials as to his 
 character and acquirements as a Chazan (Reader), and as a Hebrew 
 scholar. Mr. Morais arrived in New York City, March 14th, 1851, 
 and came to Philadelphia on TaJanith Esther (the Fast of Esther) the 
 day before Purim (March 17th, 1851). On the following Sabbath 
 (March 22d) he officiated in the Cherry Street Synagogue, and con- 
 tinued thereon. The election was held on April 13th, 1851. Thirty- 
 seven votes were cast, and six ballots were necessary before an election 
 could be declared ; 11 members voting on each ballot for Rev. Isaac 
 Leeser — although he was not named as a candidate — and others voting 
 for Mr. Rosenfeld. On the sixth ballot the vote stood : Leeser, 1 1 ; 
 Rosenfeld, 6; Morais, 20. The last-named having received one (1) 
 more than a majority of all the votes cast was declared elected to the 
 ministry. A committee, embracing Jonas Altamont Phillips, Mayer 
 
 (73) See Markens's " Hebrews in America," pages 119 and 120. 
 
60 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Arnold, and Moses Nathans, waited upon the new Minister and in- 
 formed him of the result. Since that year (1851) Mr. (now Dr.) 
 Morais has stood firm at his post, and has declined the most flattering 
 offers elsewhere. He was elected to his present office for life on 
 September 13th, 1868. 
 
 The history of Mickveh Israel, in nearly four and a half decades, 
 and that of its present illustrious spiritual guide are bound together. 
 He has been with the Congregation in many a crisis, and his influence, 
 his earnest devotion, his sincerity, his high sense of duty, his uncom- 
 promising religious stand, and his broad scholarship have contributed 
 immensely to its prestige. Dr. Morais's thorough acquaintance with 
 the Sephardic liturgy, his musical voice, his dignified presence at the 
 Reading- Desk and pulpit, his eloquence of speech, his fervor of utter- 
 ance have been many a time commented upon in terms of praise. (74) 
 The following sketch, though meagre, indeed, may convey to the 
 reader some information about a man whose reputation, to employ 
 the words of another reverend scholar, "is co-extensive with the 
 boundaries of Jewish habitation in the world." 
 
 The Reverend Sabato Morais, LL. D., was born at Leghorn, in 
 Tuscany, Italy, on the eve of the 2d of lyar, 5583, corresponding 
 with the 13th of April, 1823. He is one of a large family, and his 
 parents were in quite humble circumstances. His Portuguese ex- 
 traction dates several centuries back, and some of his ancestors pos- 
 sibly emigrated to Brazil, in which country there is a city situated 
 on the Equator and bearing the name "Morais." 
 
 Dr. Morais was early initiated into Hebrew and Italian lore, 
 though at a very youthful age he was obliged to earn a livelihood. 
 Teaching during the day and studying hard at night and at every 
 leisure moment, he evidenced a determined mind, so marked in after 
 years, and a desire to acquire knowledge, notwithstanding obstacles 
 and struggles which characterized his early career. His later Hebrew 
 studies were pursued under the tuition of Abraham Baruch Piperno, 
 Chief Rabbi of Leghorn, and a celebrated Hebraist and Talmudist. 
 Among Dr. Morais's classmates were several men who subsequently 
 rose to high distinction, among them the late Chevalier Emanuel 
 
 (74) It may be remarked that sermons or lectures during Mr. Leeser's 
 ministry were delivered before Mussaph, or the Additional Service, on Sabbaths, 
 Festivals, and Holy Days. Since Dr. Morais assumed the ministiy, he preaches 
 regularly in the Additional Service before the Hymn '' Adon^ Olam'^ ("Lord 
 of the Universe") which concludes the services. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 61 
 
 Felice Veueziani, almoner of Baron Maurice de Hirsch, the Jewish 
 philanthropist. 
 
 In 1845 Mr. Morais journeyed to London where he was entered as 
 a candidate for the position of Second Minister (Rev. David Aaron 
 de Sola being the First Minister or Reader) of the Spanish and 
 Portuguese Jewish Congregation ''Sha'ar^ Shamayim" (Gates of 
 Heaven), at Bevis Marks, in that city. The list embraced a number 
 of names, some of whom later on became famous ; and though Mr. 
 Morais brought with him high recommendations, he was unsuccessful, 
 solely because of his unacquaintance then with the English language ; 
 and a native Englishman, Rev. David Piza, was elected to the posi- 
 tion. Mr. Morais returned to Italy ; but so favorable was the im- 
 pression he made on the leaders of the Portuguese Jewish commu- 
 nity of London that in the following year (1846) he was invited to 
 come again to the metropolis, and assume the station of Master of 
 Hebrew, at the Orphans' School of the Portuguese Congregation. 
 Here his activity as a worker received the first impetus. In addition 
 to the instruction he imparted at the school, he taught the Italian lan- 
 guage (in the literature of which he is an adept) to a number, in- 
 cluding distinguished families, such as those of the Montefiores. He 
 early formed the acquaintance of the venerated Sir Moses Montefiore, 
 at whose home he was a frequent guest, and from whom he received 
 much encouragement. Mr. Morais also entered upon literary work, 
 delivering a number of lectures, revising a Hebrew vocabulary, and 
 publishing a brief work on the Book of Esther. 
 
 When the position of Minister of the Congregation Mickv^h Israel, 
 at Philadelphia, became vacant in 1850, Mr. Morais' s friends in 
 London urged him to apply. He hesitated, specially because of his 
 objection to a long voyage and because he had misgivings as to the 
 success of his journey. He yielded, however, to persuasion and set 
 out for America, arriving in New York (as mentioned) and proceed- 
 ing to this city. The results of his candidacy have been told. 
 
 Mr. Morais soon began work in many spheres of action. The 
 duties of the ministry, while they occupied much of his time, were 
 not allowed by him to constitute the Alpha and the Omega of his 
 labors. He engaged in every cause having for its object the welfare 
 of the Jews and Judaism. He became directly identified with nearly 
 every Jewish charitable institution in Philadelphia, and lent his active 
 aid to many others— Jewish and Gentile— within and beyond the 
 
62 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 borders of this city. He became Professor of the Bible and Biblical 
 Literature in the Maimonides College, opened in this city, for the train- 
 ing of Hebrew Ministers in 1867, and of which the late Rev. Isaac 
 Leeser was Provost. He originated the Jewish Theological Seminary, 
 situated in the City of New York, in 1886, and has, since its opening, 
 been President of the Faculty, and of the Advisory Board of Min- 
 isters; he is, in fact, the motive- power of that now celebrated in- 
 stitution. In honor of his seventieth birthday, on lyar 2d, 5653— 
 April 18th, 1893 — the ''Morais Library" was founded in the Semi- 
 nary, and the event was otherwise remembered in this city and else- 
 where. Dr. Morais was elected an honorary member of the Union 
 League, of Philadelphia, during the Civil War, because of his strong 
 Anti- Slavery views, boldly expressed in and out of the pulpit. He 
 has addressed Hebrew Congregations and meetings very often, here 
 and elsewhere ; and, while strictly Orthodox in his views (being, in 
 fact, the acknowledged leader of the Orthodox wing of Judaism in 
 America), his liberality is well known, and on many an occasion he 
 has spoken at public meetings, addressing ministers and laymen of 
 the Christian Church. On the 17th of January, 1891, he delivered 
 an address before the Protestant Episcopal Clerical Brotherhood on 
 the state of the Jews in Russia. 
 
 The influence Dr. Morais has with the community was well illus- 
 trated during the summer of 1890, when, by constant and ceaseless 
 efforts, he, with the assistance of Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow, 
 Rev. Dr. Joseph Krauskopf, and Mr. George Randorf, obtained a 
 settlement of a protracted strike of Hebrew employes of cloak 
 manufacturers. 
 
 In theological literature Dr. Morais also occupies an eminent 
 place. He has contributed separate and serial articles to dailies, 
 weeklies, and monthlies, in this and other cities, on a variety of sub- 
 jects, including, besides theology, politics, literature, philosophy, cur- 
 rent affairs, etc., etc. His chief /orfe is Biblical Exegesis, and in 
 this branch specialists have admitted his superiority as a Hebraist 
 and as a Biblical scholar. 
 
 Indirectly, Dr. Morais has been connected with Italian politics. 
 He early joined the Free Masons (as his father and grandfather had 
 before him) in order to advoqate the freedom and unification of 
 Italy. He was an intimate friend of Joseph Mazzini, the world- 
 renowned Italian patriot, and he possesses autograph letters from the 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 63 
 
 latter whom he often met in London. Dr. Morais is a Republican 
 by inheritance, as it were; his father, who had been imprisoned 
 because of his political views, having frequently exclaimed: 
 *'Even the boards of my bed are Republican." 
 
 On the 9th of June, 1887, Dr. Morais received the honorary de- 
 gree, "Doctor of Laws," from the University of Pennsylvania; he 
 being the first Hebrew thus honored by that institution. The event 
 was at that time commented on with praise by journals in different 
 parts of the world. Many other honors have been tendered to the 
 Reverend gentleman, but he has invariably declined them. Among 
 these was the Chaplaincy of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted 
 Masons in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Dr. Morais is a staunch Philadelphian, and he loves the city and 
 the country of his adoption. His sentiments, however, are as broad 
 as the world, and his correspondence with noted men in nearly every 
 clime shows the extent of his fame, notwithstanding his stationary 
 habits, and the fact that he has held but one ministerial position in a 
 period of nearly four and a half decades. 
 
 Dr. Morais converses in a number of languages, and among his 
 numerous visitors are Hebrew travellers from the Orient, with whom 
 he talks in the Sacred Language, using the polished dialect of the 
 Sephardic Jews. In appearance Dr. Morais exhibits a marked in- 
 dividuality, yet his countenance betokens liberal views and a sincerity 
 which have so distinguished this Orthodox Minister, and have won 
 him the admiration and friendship of Jews and Gentiles. 
 
64 THE JEWkS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 MiCKVEH Israel, (Concluded)— Its Present House of Worship 
 —Interesting Dedication Ceremonies — Henry Cohen- 
 Successive Presidents Since 1879— Well-Known Members- 
 School AND Society. 
 
 Dr. Morais had been but a comparatively few years with Mickveh 
 Israel when it was discovered that the Synagogue, on Cherry Street, 
 between Third and Fourth Streets, was no longer equal to require- 
 ments ; the Congregation having increased, and larger and better 
 quarters being demanded. This question was agitated for quite a 
 while, and committees were named to examine and report upon sites 
 whereon a suitable and commodious Synagogue might be erected. 
 Various localities were reported; among them, Twelfth Street beloAV 
 Spruce Street ; Arch Street above Tenth Street (south side), now 
 occupied by a church; Eleventh Street above Chestnut Street (used 
 now as a minstrel -house); and Seventh Street above Arch Street 
 (east side). So pronounced was the desire on the part of members 
 to purchase one or another of these properties that some actually in- 
 vested in the property on Eleventh Street above Chestnut Street, 
 and their heirs hold it to this day. The spot on Seventh Street, 
 above Arch Street was finally considered the most desirable ; being 
 large, and, at that time, free from what have since become disturb- 
 ing business elements in its vicinity. The property was bought in 
 1858, for $15,100. Soon after, work commenced on the new build- 
 ing, the corner-stone of which was laid with ceremonies on the 9th 
 of May, 1859. The sacred edifice, which cost upwards of $60,000, 
 was solemnly dedicated on the 3rd of Sivan, 5620 (three days be- 
 fore the Festival of Pentecost) corresponding with the 24th of May, 
 1860; Dr. Morais officiating both times. 
 
 It may be interesting to know that the committee having in charge 
 the consecration of the new Synagogue was composed of Abraham 
 Hart, Parnas; Joseph Altamont Phillips, David Pesoa, Simon W. 
 Arnold, and Henry S. Allen. With these, Abraham S. Wolf, 
 Samuel Hart, and Edward S. Mawson were associated as Building 
 Committee. Instrumental music was furnished for the occasion by 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 65 
 
 an orchestra, directed by Mark Hassler. Vocal selections were 
 arranged by Dr. Morais, after melodies employed in the Spanish and 
 Portuguese Congregation, of Leghorn, Italy. These were rendered 
 by the following choir of ladies and gentlemen, under Dr. Morais's 
 direction : The Misses Frederica Goldsmith, Rebecca Moss, Jose- 
 phine Moss, Dinah J. Emanuel, Sarah F. Emanuel, Catharine 
 Phillips, Blanche Florance, Alice Arnold, Leah D'Ancona, Edith 
 Cohen, Miriam Hohenfels, Leah Lobo, Anna Daniels, and Emma 
 Wetzlar; Messrs. Barnett Phillips, Bernard Una, Morris J. Asch, 
 M.D., Jonathan Emanuel, Bernard Summers, Alfred H. Allen, and 
 Horace A. Nathans. A Hebrew poem was composed for this 
 occasion by Dr. Morais, and rendered into English verse by Miss 
 Myrtilla E. Hart (Mrs. Allen Mitchell). The Jewish Ministers 
 present were: Rev. Gabriel Pape, Rev. Jacob Frankel, Rev. Dr. 
 Henry Vidaver, Rev. S. E. Cohen Noot, Rev. Samuel B. Breiden- 
 bach, and Rev. Ellis Lyons. Altogether this event was memorable. 
 
 The present Synagogue of Mickveh Israel Congregation (of which 
 John McArthur was architect) is a handsome structure of brick and 
 stone, with an attractive interior, which has since been further im- 
 proved and adorned. The Synagogue proper is on the second floor 
 with galleries above. The Holy Ark — one of the largest and most 
 elaborate in the United States — contains numerous Scrolls of the Re- 
 vealed Law. On the first floor is a smaller shrine, used at times for 
 a school, meetings, lectures, etc., etc., besides committee rooms. At 
 the rear of the large yard, in which a "Succah" (Tabernacle) is 
 erected during the autumnal Festival of Tabernacles, is the Sexton's 
 house, occupied by Mr. 'Hayim Polano, an earnest Jew, and an ex- 
 perienced Hebrew teacher, who is the author of a work called "Selec- 
 tions from the Talmud.'* Mr. Polano was elected to his present 
 office. May 14th, 1879. 
 
 Another removal of the Synagogue has been considered for some 
 time, but at the present writing no definite action has been the out- 
 come. 
 
 To return once more to the management of the Congregation 
 Mickveh Israel. Abraham Hart was succeeded as President in 
 September, 1876, by Henry Cohen, an energetic officer, a public- 
 spirited citizen, and a gentleman of intellectual attainments, who had 
 previously served as Treasurer, and had at one time been President 
 
66 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 of the **Beth Israel" (House of Israel) Congregation, of Philadel- 
 phia. 
 
 Henry Cohen was born in London, England, July 19th, 1810. 
 When but eighteen years of age he went abroad to see the world and 
 visited parts of Africa, Australia, and South America. He returned 
 five years later, and spent some time in Paris, acquiring the French 
 language. He came to the United States about 1837; resided at 
 first in New York City, and subsequently in Philadelphia, where he 
 started in the stationery business. This soon brought him success. 
 In 1843 he returned to England on a visit, and in April, 1844, he 
 married there Matilda, daughter of Lewis Samuel, of Liverpool. 
 Mrs. Cohen became widely known for her culture and mental abili- 
 ties, and she enjoyed an enviable position in the Jewish and in the 
 general communities. Mr. Cohen's business, located at various times 
 on Chestnut Street below Fourth Street, on the west side of Fourth 
 Street below Arch Street, and on the north side of Chestnut Street 
 above Fifth Street, increased rapidly, and finally was among the 
 most extensive of its character in this city. The manufacture of 
 envelopes was afterwards added to the stationery line, and Mr. Cohen 
 associated mth him his older son, Charles Joseph Cohen. In 1871 
 he travelled in Europe for his health, and wrote a number of in- 
 teresting descriptive letters for a local publication. Returning, he 
 retired from business, and in 1873 he took a trip to Florida. Most 
 of his time he then devoted to various interests, among them the 
 Congregation of which he was selected as the temporal head. He 
 had previously become a manager of, or was in some way identified 
 with, many other institutions in our midst. During the Civil War, 
 Mr. Cohen subscribed largely to the Union cause and he was among 
 the early members of the Union League; also a promoter of the 
 Centennial Exhibition of 1876 — for which his wife was an active 
 and conspicuous worker — and many other worthy objects. Progres- 
 sive in his views, but staunch in his Orthodoxy, Mr. Cohen won and 
 retained warm friends. His liberal gifts to good causes were other 
 evidences that earned him esteem. He died on June 20th, 1879, 
 and the void his loss occasioned may well be understood from these 
 words, reproduced from the eulogium, pronounced by the Rev. Dr. 
 Morals : 
 
 "Three years ago we chose as our temporal leader this 'Hebrew man. 
 "What suggested his name spontaneously to every reflecting member of 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 67 
 
 the congregation ? His social standing, and a general knowledge of the 
 views he entertained. For Henry Cohen did not hide his attachment to 
 the ancestral observances, because he enjoyed the familiar intercourse of 
 the cultured and respected among the professors of another creed. He 
 reverenced his religion, and held tenaciously thereunto— as an inalien- 
 able birthright — in the presence of the world. Without seeking a con- 
 troversy, the intelligent Hebrew keenly relished the opportunity which 
 enabled him to explain the reason for continuing loyal to the Law and 
 the Prophets. Nor had our chief, whose demise I deplore, been merely 
 an occasional visitor in the Minor Sanctuary. All saw him, undeterred 
 by distance, in his usual seat, an earnest worshiper, ready to signify his 
 appreciation of the honors belonging to his tribe as scions of the stock of 
 Aaron, by generous donations. The selection had been therefore 
 wisely designed and merited. Did it prove so ? Who puts that ques- 
 tion ? Would I utter a strained lament before the dead ; or lie to the 
 living, if the late President of my Congregation, had, as such, intention- 
 ally fallen short of his duties ; if he had been untrue to his trust ; if he 
 had deceived the confidence founded on a wide, established reputation, 
 and, to truckle with a worldly policy, had rushed headlong after the 
 errors of this age? Never. Eagerness to promote the welfare of the 
 Synagogue he unequivocally showed on Solemn Days by deeds of liber- 
 ality. An ardent desire to enhance the impressiveness of our ancient ser- 
 vice, he obviously evinced on winter nights, when, despite a fatal malady 
 stealing upon his body, the President travelled from afar to meet the 
 Minister, and help in the effort of training the votaries that offered their 
 voices to sing to God harmoniously." 
 
 Of the children of Mr. and Mrs. Cohen, Edith (now deceased) 
 married Alfred Cromelien, of Army note; Mary M. is a writer of 
 exceptional merit and a member of literary societies; Katharine is 
 an artist and a sculptor of decided talent ; Charles Joseph is a mer- 
 chant of high standing, and succeeded his father, in September, 
 1879, as President of Mickveh Israel; John Moss, the younger son, 
 a lawyer, is deceased. 
 
 Mr. Cohen, the son, proved equal to the duties he assumed, and 
 the Congregation prospered under his efficient management. He 
 married Clotilda, daughter of Andrew J. and Clotilda (iiee Florance) 
 Cohen, and two sons and a daughter have been born unto them. 
 
 Solomon Gans, a venerable member of the Congregation, now 
 Honorary President of the Society of the United Hebrew Charities, 
 would not accept the Presidency, but was Treasurer for a number of 
 years, and is now a member of the Board of Managers. His 
 brother, Meyer Gans, deceased, also served on the Board, as did 
 the late Jules A. Ephraim, whose generosity and kindliness were 
 constantly manifested. Marcus Cauffinan was another important 
 
68 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 member. Baruch D'Ancona must be mentioned in the roll of pious 
 Israelites. 
 
 The successive Presidents of the Congregation Mickveh Israel 
 since Mr. Cohen's (Jr.) retirement, in September, 1881, have been: 
 Louis Hano, Abraham Meyer Frechie, and David Hays Solis, Jr., 
 (whose father was an old member, and whose uncle was Solomon 
 Solis). As now constituted, the Directory is the following : Presi- 
 dent, Horace A. Nathans; Vice-President, (vacant); Treasurer, 
 William Morris; Recording Secretary, Isaac Feinberg; Correspond- 
 ing Secretary, Isaac P. Hunt ; Adjunta (Directors), Solomon Gans, 
 Lazarus Mayer (another old and valued member), Levi Mastbaum, 
 Meyer S. Frechie, Samuel Morals Hyneman, Jacob E. Hyneman, 
 and Dr. Solomon Solis Cohen. 
 
 Some of the best known Hebrew families have worshiped at Mick- 
 veh Israel Synagogue, among them being those of Allen, Ancker, 
 Andrade, Arnold, Asch, Berg, Block, Bravo, Cauffman, Cohen, 
 Cromelien, Da Costa, D'Ancona, Daniels, De Casseres, De Young, 
 Dropsie, Eckstein, Elkin, Emanuel, Ephraim, Etting, Finzi, Flor- 
 ance, Frechie, Fridenberg, Gans, Gratz, Hackenburg, Hahn, Harris, 
 Hart, Hays, Hunt, Hyneman, Isaacs, Israel, Jacobs, Jones, Leber- 
 man. Levy, Lieber, Lobo, Lowengrund, Lyons, Marks, Mastbaum, 
 Mawson, Mayer, Mitchell, Mordecai, Moses, Moss, Nathans, New- 
 house, Nusbaum, Peixotto, Pereyra, Pesoa, Phillips, Polock, Rein- 
 hard, Rhine, Rosenbach, Rosengarten, Rowland, Samuel, Sarfaty, 
 Shoyer, Solis, Steppacher, Sulzberger, Vendig, Weil, Wetzlar, Wolf, 
 and Zellner. 
 
 During many years, this Congregation did not recognize any 
 necessity for a school at which the Jewish religion and the Hebrew 
 language might be taught to the young. This omission was owing 
 to the existence of the special schools of the Hebrew Education So- 
 ciety, and those of the Hebrew Sunday School Society. Two years 
 since, however, a Congregational School was established; teachers 
 being elected, with Dr. Morals as the Superintendent. Sessions are 
 held several days weekly during each term. 
 
 The Mickveh Israel Association was recently instituted (October, 
 1892); its objects being to strengthen ** the Congregation Mickveh 
 Israel as a Conservator of Jewish faith, knowledge, Law and Tradi- 
 tions," and to promote "the mental and moral welfare of all who 
 may become members of the Association." Lectures have been 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 69 
 
 delivered in the main meeting room, or smaller Synagogue, to in- 
 terested audiences ; a class in the Jewish Liturgy has received in- 
 struction in lectures by Dr. Morals; another class in Biblical History 
 has been in charge of Dr. Solomon Solis Cohen, and to these has 
 been added a third class in the study of Jewish character, as por- 
 trayed in English literature, Mr. Jacob Sulzberger being instructor. 
 These classes and lectures are continued each season. The member- 
 ship of the Association is increasing. The officers are : Honorary 
 President, the Rev. Dr. S. Morals; President, Miss Grace M. 
 Newhouse ; Vice Presidents, Miss Amelia Tobiason and Dr. Solo- 
 mon Solis Cohen (who was first President of this Association) ; Secre- 
 tary and Treasurer, Mr. Myer Solis Cohen ; Chairman of the In- 
 struction Committee, Miss Racie Friedenwald ; Chairman of the En- 
 tertainment Committee, Miss Rebecca Rosenbach ; Chairman of the 
 Choral Committee, Mr. Theodore J. Hahn. 
 
 Mickveh Israel Congregation has recently (1893-1894) come into 
 the possession of a large legacy of Hyman Gratz (as elsewhere men- 
 tioned in this work), the entire interest of which is set aside ' *to estab- 
 lish and maintain a college for the education of Jews residing in the 
 city and county of Philadelphia," under the direction of the Congrega- 
 tion as Trustees. The Permanent Committee in charge, representing 
 the Congregation, is composed of Moses A. Dropsie, Chairman; 
 David Sulzberger, Secretary; Dr. Cyrus Adler, Charles J. Cohen, 
 Dr. Solomon Solis Cohen, Abraham M. Frechie, Samuel Morals 
 Hyneman, Levi Mastbaum, Gratz Mordecai, Horace A. Nathans, 
 Mayer Sulzberger, and the ex-offido members— Isaac Feinberg, 
 Recording Secretary, and the Rev. Dr. Sabato Morals, Minister of 
 this Congregation. 
 
 Thus, it is seen that the position attained by the Congregation 
 Mickveh Israel, among the representative Jewish bodies of America; 
 its distinctively American, yet markedly Conservative, character; 
 the dignity of its worship, while adhering closely to the Orthodox 
 Ritual of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews, and allowing no modern 
 innovations in its services; its important part in the establishment of 
 many Jewish charitable and educational institutions; the distin- 
 guished character of its spiritual guides; the social station of its 
 members, have all contributed to render it an historic landmark, 
 to which the Hebrews of this city can always point with pride. 
 
70 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Sephardim and Ashkenazim— Rodeph Shalom Congregation 
 —Its Institution— Earliest Members and Ministers— Its 
 Synagogue on Julianna Street— Rev. Jacob Frankel's 
 Pastorate. 
 
 The Hebrew language, in course of time, has undergone many 
 changes, the most striking feature being the different dialects in 
 vogue among Jews who. hail from different sections. The "Se- 
 phardim' ' or Spanish and Portuguese Jews have their system, which 
 is largely followed throughout the Orient. The "Ashkenazim," or 
 German, Polish, and Russian Jews have also theirs, with some varia- 
 tions ; and this feature has distinguished not only their pronuncia- 
 tion but their ritual from that of the Sephardim. The latter, while 
 they have been in this country, like in many others, the pioneers of 
 Judaism, are now few in number as compared with the hosts of 
 Ashkenazim, forming the bulk of the Jewish communities in the 
 United States. What was once a population amounting to but 
 50,000 is now more than 500,000 or 600,000. What in this 
 city was formerly about 4,000 or 5,000 is now near on to 40,000, 
 with prospects of a steady increase. (75) These masses are, by far, 
 composed of Ashkenazim. 
 
 The earliest congregational movement among this class in our 
 midst was that which led to the foundation of the " Rodeph Shalom" 
 (Follower of Peace) Congregation, shortly after the opening of the 
 present century. That religious services had been held prior to this, 
 we have evidence in the charter granted to ' * the Rodeph Shalom 
 German Hebrew Society," on August 12th, 1802. The earliest 
 minutes, however, and even those subsequent to 1802, seem to 
 have been destroyed in a fire ; hence, nothing definite can be accu- 
 rately told. The By-Laws, drafted in 1810, are signed by the fol- 
 lowing members : A. B. Cohen, Michael Levy, Abraham Hart, 
 
 (75) According to a statement of Mr. Isaac Harby in the year 1826, there were 
 at that time not more than 6,000 Jews in the United States, and the State of 
 Pennsylvania contained 300-400. The increase in half a century has, therefore, 
 been remarkable. — [See Mr. Harby's statement as quoted in "The Settlement 
 of the Jews in North America," page 75.] In the year 1845, it is surmised that 
 the total Jewish population of the United States did not exceed, if it equaled, 
 50,000. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 71 
 
 Abraham Gumperts, Abraham Moses, A. Stork, L. Allen, Moses 
 Abraham, Isaac Marks, Elias Hyneman, Benedict Nathan, Lyon 
 Cadet, (76) Alexander Benjamin, Abraham Eliezer Israel, Levi 
 Abraham, Jacob de Lange, Moses Spyers, L. M. Goldsmit, Mayer 
 Arnold, Simon Caufman, Emanuel Oppenheimer, Mayer Ulman, 
 J. Stuttgard, Abraham Joseph, and A. Shoyer. 
 
 On November 18th, 1810, a committee was named to select a 
 suitable place for a Synagogue and to solicit new members. The first 
 worship — as far as information goes — was held on the north side of 
 Pear Street — running west from Dock Street to Third Street, between 
 Walnut and Spruce Streets. Some time after, services were conducted 
 in a building on the north side of Church Alley (now Street) between 
 Second and Third Streets to the east and west, and Arch and Market 
 Streets to the north and south ; the entrance thereto being by means 
 of a wooden stairway leading from the street. These statements, as 
 regards location, are confirmed by Dr. Mease, who wrote in 1810, 
 and again in 1830, and by others who speak of "the German Syna- 
 gogue." Again, it is said that the services were afterwards held in 
 an edifice on the south side of Margaretta Street below Second Street, 
 and near Cable Lane (now called Newmarket Street), though posi- 
 tive evidence thereof is not at hand. It is claimed, however, that 
 for a time sacred convocations were conducted on the south side of 
 Cherry Street above Fifth Street ; then, for a while at a residence on 
 Vine Street ; (77) and later on the west side of York Avenue (west 
 of Fourth Street) above Vine Street — now a grindstone establish- 
 ment. 
 
 It is moreover asserted that a Rev. Mr. Isaacs had once been the 
 pastor, and that he was the inventor of Horse-Ferry boats, at one time 
 used on the Delaware River. This statement also lacks confirmation. 
 
 (76) Lyon Cadet was a native of Lyons, France, but had emigrated to San 
 Domingo, which he quit during the insurrection there, and came to Philadelphia. 
 He died about 1845, aged over ninety years ; his wife, who died subsequently, 
 had attained the age of one hundred years. Mr. and Mrs. Cad6t were grand- 
 parents of Mrs. William B. Hackenburg, and other members of the Schoneman 
 family, of Philadelphia. 
 
 (77) There seems to be no method of determining the chronological order of 
 the places of worship ; it being also asserted that Margaretta Street was the first, 
 Church Alley the second, and Pear Street the third locality. It is greatly to be 
 regretted that the earliest records were destroyed, as thereby much valuable in- 
 formation has doubtless been missed. It is stated that one of the rooms rented 
 for worship — probably that in Pear Street — was situated in the second story, over 
 a turner's shop, and that over against the room was the Pentutcuchal inscription 
 (words uttered by the Patriarch Jacob) singularly most appropriate in this in- 
 stance : Ma Nora Ha-Makom Haze ( " How dreadful is this place !") 
 
72 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 The name of Abraham Moses is seen as President, and that of Jacob 
 de Lange as Secretary of the Congregation in 1810. Le\vi8 Allen, 
 Senior — father of Lewis Allen, who, in later years, became President 
 of the Congregation Mickveh Israel — is mentioned as the official 
 head of the Rodeph Shalom Congregation in 1812. Mayer Ulman, 
 Louis Bomeisler, and Hyman Marks also occupied that office at 
 different periods. Not until 1823 do we meet the first Minister in 
 the records, viz. : Rev. Jacob Lipman (sometimes called Rabbi 
 Jacob and Rabbi Jacky), and he, as far as known, served until 
 1834, though the name of Wolf Benjamin is likewise found in that 
 capacity, in 1823-1824. Between the years 1834 and 1838, Rev. 
 Moses Cohen and Moses Hart are mentioned as Readers. Mr. Elias 
 S. Linse, an estimable Israelite, served as Shamash (Sexton) in 
 1839-1840. In later years he became affiliated with Mickveh Israel 
 Congregation. Rev. Moses Rau was Minister in 1842, and Rev. 
 Dr. Naphthali Kahn became Reader and Preacher in 1847 — the year 
 during which it was decided to remove to the east side of Julianna 
 Street (between Fifth and Sixth Streets) below Callowhill Street, a 
 large building having been purchased. Events previous to that 
 time are clouded in uncertainty, mainly owing to disconnected 
 records. The financial circumstances of the Congregants may, 
 however, be gauged by the statement that Rev. Mr. Lipman' s 
 salary was $150 annually, he being paid in quarterly instalments. 
 As time rolled on matters improved, and the compensation to Minis- 
 ters was gradually increased. At different periods, when regular 
 Readers could not be secured, the services were conducted by lay- 
 men, viz. : Mayer Ulman, Herman Van Beil, and others, who acted 
 in turn. 
 
 The removal to Julianna Street brought with it — in fact, it must 
 have been preceded by — a very considerable accession to the mem- 
 bership. The following circular is of interest :— 
 
 *'KAHAL KADOSH RODEPH SHALOM.'^ 
 
 Congregation "Seekers of Peace" 
 
 Julianna Street between Fifth and Sixth, and Callowhill and Vine Streets. 
 "You are respectfully informed that the new Synagogue 'Seekers of 
 Peace' will be consecrated to the worship of the God of Israel on Wed- 
 nesday, the 8th day of September, next. The committee of arrangements 
 in view of this solemn and interesting ceremony, beg leave to request 
 your attendance on that occasion. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 73 
 
 "The deep interest manifested in this solemn rite, has produced a large 
 demand for cards of admission, and the desire on the part of the com- 
 mittee to accommodate as many as the building will conveniently admit, 
 would earnestly solicit a reply on or before the Ist day of September next, 
 in order that seats may be provided and the necessary arrangements carried 
 into effect. You will please address your replies to either of the under- 
 signed. 
 
 "The congregation having incurred a heavy debt in the purchase of 
 the building and fitting it up the committee are authorized to state 
 that free-will offerings will be thankfully accepted— to be appropriated 
 toward the liquidation of the debt. 
 
 " Ceremony to commence at 4 o'clock P. M., precisely. 
 
 Rev. Doct. Kahn 
 Joseph Fatman 
 A. Stein 
 Joseph Einstein 
 
 H. SiMSON 
 
 M. GebstijEy 
 
 Jacob Langsdorf 
 "Philadelphia, July 28th, 5607—1847." (78) 
 
 The ceremonies at the dedication of the Synagogue mentioned 
 were of an impressive and edifying character ; Rev. Dr. Kahn and 
 Rev. Gabriel Pape — the latter Minister of " Beth Israel" Congrega- 
 tion—officiating, and Mr. Samuel Ehrlich arranging and conducting 
 the music. At this spot the Congregation continued uninterruptedly 
 until 1870. Rev. Moses Sulzbacher was elected Reader in 1848, at 
 a yearly salary of $200. With the selection of Rev. Jacob Frankel 
 as *'Chazan," in 1849, the status of the Congregation was bettered. 
 Mr. Frankel was an admirable Cantor, possessing a sonorous and 
 remarkably sympathetic voice, and his intoning of the services added 
 greatly to their impressiveness and solemnity. 
 
 Rev. Jacob Frankel was born at Griinstadt, Bavaria, July 
 5th, 1808. He belonged to a musical family, and early developed 
 talents of an uncommon order. His voice, afterwards a rich tenor, 
 of fine quality and of a pleasing character, was first heard in 
 Germany, where he filled the office of Assistant Chazan in his 
 native city, and subsequently at Mayence, Hesse- Darmstadt, officia- 
 ting there for a long series of years. On coming to America, in 
 1849, he was elected Reader of the Rodeph Shalom Congregation, 
 and ministered there continually until shortly before his death, 
 
 (78) We are indebted for a copy of this circular to Mr. Asher Hassler, whose 
 father, Mr. Isaac Hassler — a member of the Eodeph Shalom Congregation— had 
 preserved it. 
 
74 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 which occurred on January 12th, 1887. Mr. Frankel had traits 
 which won him the esteem of the community. A pleasant and 
 witty conversationalist, but of a mild and retiring disposition, an 
 imposing figure before the Reading- Desk, combined with a patriarchal 
 appearance in later years, rendered him the recipient of many kind- 
 nesses, and he retained the respect he had early commanded. During 
 the Civil War, Mr. Frankel acted as Chaplain of Hospitals under 
 the United States Government, and many a sick soldier felt his 
 sufferings lightened by the tender ministrations of this good and 
 faithful man. He had led worship at two Synagogues in this city, 
 and whether during a long service, or in an abbreviated ritual, 
 his chanting was marked by fervor and intelligence in the rendition 
 of Hymns and Prayers. Even in his more advanced years, the 
 venerated Cantor sang the liturgy with a fervor and sentiment that 
 thrilled the worshipers. 
 
 During Rev. Mr. Frankel's incumbency, and a few years prior 
 thereto, several preachers served the Congregation. These were : 
 Rev. Dr. Louis Salomon, an able German preacher and author of a 
 Catechism, entitled " The Mosaic System in its Fundamental Princi- 
 ples ;" Rev. Dr. Bernhard Illowy, also a talented Rabbi ; and 
 Rev. Dr. Henry Vidaver, elected in 1860. The last-named after- 
 wards removed to St. Louis, Missouri, then to New York City, to 
 assume other charges ; and subsequently to San Francisco, California, 
 in which city he died some years since. Dr. Vidaver was a man ot 
 extraordinary abilities ; a speaker, a scholar, and a fluent and forcible 
 writer. He assisted Jacob Levi Levinski in editing an * ' Abridged 
 School and Family Bible," in Hebrew and English, etc., etc. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 75 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 RoDEPH Shalom (Continued)— Election of Rev. Dr. Marcus 
 M. Jastrow as Rabbi— Removal to Broad and Mount Ver- 
 non Streets— A Handsome Edifice— Sketch of Dr. Jastrow 
 —Rev. Solomon Kauffmann Elected as Reader. 
 
 The Congregation was now again without a Preacher. In 1866, 
 however, there arrived in this country a Rabbi, whose fame had 
 preceded him. He came at the special invitation of the Congrega- 
 tion. Rev. Dr. Marcus Mordecai Jastrow met with a flattering re- 
 ception from Rodeph Shalom, and, shortly after his coming, he was 
 elected its preacher for life. The Congregation still worshiped in 
 Julianna Street, but its numbers increased so rapidly that a new 
 Synagogue was, ere long, discussed. It was soon determined to erect 
 a large and imposing edifice at the south-east corner of Broad and 
 Mount Vernon Streets. On the 20th of July, 1869, the comer- 
 stone was duly laid; the participants in the service being Rev. Jacob 
 Frankel, who chanted the prayers, assisted by a choir under the 
 direction of Professor Leopold Engelke ; Rev. George Jacobs, who 
 offered an invocation ; Rev. Dr. Jastrow, who preached the sermon 
 in English, and gave the Benediction; Rev. Dr. Samuel Hirsch, 
 who delivered a German address ; Mr. Solomon Teller, Chairman of 
 the Building Committee, and Mr. Joseph Einstein, President of the 
 Congregation, — both of whom spoke briefly in English. A poem, 
 written in honor of the occasion, by Mr, W. J. Skillman, a Gentile, 
 formed a feature of the ceremonies. On Friday, September 9th, 
 1870, the new building was dedicated; Dr. Jastrow and other 
 Ministers officiating. 
 
 This Synagogue (which, with the property on which it is located, 
 cost $250,000) ranks with the most attractive edifices on Broad 
 Street. Architecturally it is of the Moresque order, being surmounted 
 by a tower 125 feet in height. Among inscriptions carved on the 
 front is this : * * My House shall be called the House of Prayer for 
 all Nations." The interior is especially striking, and the seating 
 capacity is about sixteen hundred. Public Services, in which all 
 Jews have joined in more than a single instance, were held there; 
 
76 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 specially the Memorial Services for Isaac Adolphe Cremieux, the 
 world- renowned Hebrew and French statesman, in March, 1880, 
 and those for James Abram Garfield, the lamented President of the 
 United States, on September 26th, 1881. The Commemorative 
 Services in honor of the centennial birthday of the great Jewish 
 philanthropist. Sir Moses Montefiore, were attended there by a vast 
 gathering, on Sunday evening, October 26th, 1884. These events 
 were likewise distinguished by the presence and participation of 
 eminent ministers and laymen. This Synagogue is also among the 
 centres of attraction to strangers, and many of these are seen there 
 on different occasions. 
 
 Before the removal from Julianna Street to Broad Street, the Con- 
 gregation altered its worship and its ritual, which had formerly been 
 Orthodox. It then adopted some of the innovations of the ' ' Re- 
 form" wing of Judaism, and others later on. Among these were an 
 abridged service and the acceptance of a ritual compiled by its 
 Rabbi, Dr. Jastrow, and others; instrumental music by means of a 
 large organ; the introduction of family pews, in which both sexes sit 
 together; choral music rendered by a choir consisting of both Jews 
 and Gentiles, besides a few other changes not sanctioned by the Or- 
 thodox. The services here have been rendered in Hebrew, English, 
 and German, and the sermons until recently were at times in Ger- 
 man, at others in English. The latter language now prevails. A 
 son of Rabbi Jastrow, Professor Morris Jastrow, Jr., Ph.D., now of 
 the University of Pennsylvania, was assistant preacher for a year, 
 after which he retired from the ministry. Dr. Jastrow, Sr. , intro- 
 duced a number of new features as regards services and the form of 
 worship, among them being services on Friday evening after dark — 
 in addition to those towards sunset, as among the Orthodox — and 
 at which sermons are preached. This custom, originating in West- 
 ern States, has also taken root among some Congregations in the 
 East. 
 
 In March, 1887, Rev. Solomon Kauffmann, who had been Minister 
 at Selma, Alabama, was elected to succeed the lamented Rev. Jacob 
 Frankel. Dr. Jastrow continued as Rabbi- Preacher until Decem- 
 ber, 1892, when he retired from office and was elected Rabbi-Emeri- 
 tus; his successor being Rev. Dr. Henry Berkowitz. 
 
 Dr. Jastrow's reputation as a scholar and a writer extends far be- 
 yond this city, and, in fact, the United States. He was born at 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 77 
 
 Rogasen, in the Province of Posen, Prussian- Poland, June 5th, 1829. 
 His parents were Abraham and Yetta Jastrow. His father was a 
 merchant well versed in Hebrew lore. The son early received an 
 educational training, much above the ordinary. He studied religion 
 and Hebrew literature, under Rabbi Moses Feilchenfeld, at his native 
 city, and later on, secular branches of knowledge, at the Gymnasium 
 there. These studies he continued at the University of Berlin, and 
 graduated therefrom in 1855. Proceeding to Halle, in Saxony, he 
 underwent an examination at its University, and received the degree 
 of "Doctor of Philosophy." He then became teacher at a religious 
 school in Berlin. 
 
 Dr. Jastrow w^as first called to the ministry in 1857, as Assistant 
 to Rabbi Baer Meisels, at a Congregation in Warsaw, Russian- 
 Poland. There his active work began, not simply Congregationally, 
 but in the entire community. Nor did he labor exclusively for the 
 interests of his coreligionists, but was outspoken in his political 
 views. When five Polish patriots were massacred in a riot, brought 
 on by Russian officials, he attended their funerals, dressed in his 
 robes, and thereafter delivered numerous addresses on the question 
 of freedom, and labored to disseminate liberal views. His fame and 
 his expressions spread abroad, and won for him the respect of many, 
 but aroused the suspicion of the Russian Government. Nor was he 
 alone an object of its fear; but Rabbi Meisels and a number of 
 clergymen and laymen were likewise watched by the Tsar's officers. 
 A crisis was reached towards the end of the year 1861, when, on a 
 certain night, all those ministers mentioned were seized in their beds 
 and conveyed to prison, where they remained three months. They 
 were then taken to the frontier and expelled from Russia. The 
 edict of banishment was subsequently repealed, but Dr. Jastrow had, 
 meanwhile, become Rabbi at Manheim, in Baden. He afterwards 
 yielded to requests and returned to the Congregation at Warsaw. 
 But in July, 1864, a political revolution arose there, while Dr. 
 Jastrow was absent at a watering-place. Then it was regarded best 
 for his safety not to go back. He accepted a call from a large and 
 influential Congregation at Worms, in Hesse-Darmstadt, and while 
 there, he received an invitation (in 1866) to become Rabbi of the 
 Rodeph Shalom Congregation, of this city. 
 
 Dr. Jastrow' 8 work in this city is well known; he has been, and is, 
 identified with many Jewish and secular movements ; he became 
 
78 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Professor of Talmud at the Maimonides College, once in this city ; 
 he is an active worker in educational and charitable societies ; a Vice- 
 President of the Jewish Ministers' Association of America; a mem- 
 ber of the Publication Committee of the Jewish Publication Society 
 of America, besides belonging to other institutions. As a Rabbi and 
 an orator he is also distinguished, preaching in both the German and 
 English languages, and handling the subjects with an ability which 
 evidences ripe experience and depth of scholarship. Dr. Jastrow*s 
 forte is the Talmud — that inexhaustible mine, embracing the Oral 
 Law, the traditions, and the wisdom of the Hebrew Sages, from 
 Post-Biblical times to the fifth or sixth century. He enjoys an 
 enviable reputation in this respect, and has given his best years to 
 study. 
 
 The twenty- fifth anniversary of Dr. Jastrow's ministry at Rodeph 
 Shalom was celebrated with eclat on Wednesday evening, November 
 4th, 1891, at the Synagogue of his Congregation. Addresses, laud- 
 atory of the celebrant and his work, were delivered by the Rev. Dr. 
 Sabato Morais, Rev. Solomon Kauffbaann, and Mayer Sulzberger, 
 Esq. Dr. Jastrow responded feelingly to the sentiments expressed 
 by the speakers. 
 
 As a writer Dr. Jastrow has issued several works, among them 
 "Four Centuries of Jewish History." He has written numerous 
 pamphlets, besides contributing largely to newspapers and magazines. 
 But his chef d'oeuvre is a voluminous w^ork, *' A Dictionary of the 
 Targumim, the Talmud Bahli (Babylonian) and Yerushalmi (called 
 Jerusalem) and the Midrashic Literature," which is now nearing 
 completion, and is being issued in parts, at Leipzig, Germany. This 
 effort is highly thought of by scholars, and the Doctor has spent years 
 in its preparation. 
 
 Dr. Jastrow married Bertha Wolffsohn, at Warsaw, Russia, in 
 1858. Seven children were born to them, but two sons died some 
 years since. There are now two sons and three daughters. The 
 older son, Dr. Morris Jastrow, Jr. , is Professor of Semitic languages 
 and Assistant Librarian at the University of Pennsylvania. The 
 second son. Dr. Joseph Jastrow, is Professor of Experimental and 
 Comparative Psychology, in the University of Wisconsin. 
 
 Rev. Solomon Kauffmann, the Reader from 1887 to March, 1893, 
 is a specialist in Pedagogy. He was born at Wronke, Posen, 
 Eastern Prussia, January 24th, 1846. His inclinations for teaching 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 79 
 
 were early manifested, and his capacities were favorably tested in his 
 youth, both in private tuition, and later on at Institutes. He 
 officiated as Reader, in Merow, Mecklenburg- Schwerin, and was an 
 instructor in Hebrew, German and Latin, at Seesen, Brunswick; 
 and at Essen, Prussia. He came to the United States in 1873, and 
 his first ministerial office was at Memphis, .Tennessee ; then at Ports- 
 mouth, Ohio; in 1883, at Chicago; and in 1885-1887 at Selma, 
 Alabama. His voice, his abilities as a teacher, and his pleasing de- 
 livery as a preacher, combined to render him popular in the com- 
 munity, and with reluctance, his resignation as a Reader of Rodeph 
 Shalom Congregation was accepted. Mr. Kauffmann is at present 
 devoting considerable of his time to private instruction, while filling 
 another ministerial position in this city. He married Bertha Eichel- 
 stein. They have three children — a son and two daughters. 
 
80 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 RoDEPH Shalom (Concluded) — Rev. Dr. Henry Berkowitz 
 Becomes Rabbi — Formally Installed— Synagogal Matters 
 — Rev. William Lcewenberg, Reader — Congregational 
 ■ Management— Auxiliary Societies. 
 
 On the Eve of the Sabbath— December 2d, 1892-5653— Rev. 
 Dr. Henry Berkowitz became Rabbi-Preacher of Rodeph Shalom 
 Congregation. In his inaugural sermon he pledged himself to be a 
 disciple of Aaron, "loving peace and following peace." A few 
 scattered excerpts are here given : — 
 
 *'I shall wave aloft," he said, "in conciliatory hand the censer of 
 reverent devotion, and in it I shall offer up to God as sweet incense 
 whatever confidence and good-will and co-operation I may be able to 
 win from you. I shall try to show due regard for the tendernesses of old 
 associations, even while pointing out the needs of the new 
 
 "While thus in the pattern of Aaron and by the dictum of Hillel, I 
 shall strive for peace, let me ask of you to join with me in the effort to 
 realize those aims which the sage sets forth as the object of the pursuit 
 of peace, when, in the closing words of his injunction, he says ' Love 
 thy fellow-men and bring them near to the Torah — all whose ways are 
 ways of pleasantness, and all whose paths are peace. ' 
 
 " Standing firmly on the basis of Judaism in its purest conception, let 
 us live and labor for the higher humanity, ever craving God's blessing." 
 
 Dr. Berkowitz, who is a native of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, was 
 born March 18th, 1857. He graduated at the High School in that 
 city. After studying awhile at Cornell University, he returned to 
 his native city and read law. He soon abandoned this for the 
 ministry, and was entered among the first students at the Hebrew 
 Union College, in Cincinnati, Ohio, founded in 1875. Eight years 
 later he graduated therefrom, after having completed a course at the 
 University of Cincinnati, in 1881. He was ordained as Rabbi, and 
 received the Post-Graduate degree of "Doctor of Divinity" in 
 1887. After quitting college at Cincinnati, Dr. Berkowitz was 
 united in marriage, October 28th, 1883, to Miss Flora Brunn. 
 Two children have been born to them. 
 
 Dr. Berkowitz' s first charge was at Mobile, Alabama. There his 
 abilities, particularly as a public speaker, were demonstrated. On 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 81 
 
 the resignation of Dr. J. Krauskopf as Rabbi of the "Ben6 
 Jehudah" (Children of Judah) Congregation, at Kansas City, 
 Missouri, Dr. Berkowitz, his brother-in-law, was selected to fill the 
 office, in 1888. The young Rabbi's activity in various spheres was 
 then still further manifested. Having a larger field he worked un- 
 tiringly, and delivered lectures, particularly at Sabbath Eve later 
 services, which, by their style and their composition, obtained much 
 favor. He engaged in earnest work among Jews, and took part 
 also in secular movements. His preaching, his labors, and his pro- 
 ductions helped to spread his name. 
 
 In September, 1892, Dr. Berkowitz came to this city as a parti- 
 cipant in the dedication ceremonies of the new " Ken^seth Israel** 
 (Assembly of Israel) temple. He was then solicited for the Pas- 
 torate of the Rodeph Shalom Congregation, it being understood that 
 Dr. Jastrow would retire and become Rabbi-Emeritus upon the 
 election of his successor. On September ] 9th, Dr. Berkowitz was 
 selected to the office mentioned by a majority vote of the members. 
 
 The new Rabbi at once evinced his desire to promote educational 
 movements in this centre, and he has labored without pause in that 
 direction. What gives promise of good results is a scheme, which 
 owes its origin to him, viz. : a Jewish Department of the Chautauqua 
 Movement, and other features distinctively marked in that educa- 
 tional plan. To this department further allusion will be made. 
 
 Dr. Berkowitz is part- author, together with Dr. Krauskopf, of 
 *' Bible Ethics," and a " Hebrew Reader." He has issued in book- 
 let shape a work entitled ** Judaism and the Social Question." 
 Among Dr. Berkowitz' s marked characteristics are a pleasing and 
 engaging address, an interesting manner, and a bold utterance. 
 
 Dr. Berkowitz' s advent in this city was marked by the introduc- 
 tion of Sabbath Eve later services at the Synagogue, though pre- 
 viously held at the school- house, 956-962 North Eighth Street, 
 below Girard Avenue. This edifice, built in 1887, at a cost of 
 $36,000, is of substantial brick and is fitted up with all the neces- 
 saries of a modern school- house. The main room on the second floor 
 is occasionally devoted to Sabbath and Second Day Festival services. 
 The Congregational School is thoroughly equipped, and is attended 
 by several hundred male and female children of seat-holders. Dr. 
 Berkowitz is Superintendent. The Synagogue has recently been 
 renovated at a large expense, and has now an attractive interior. 
 
82 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 
 
 Some innovations have been introduced since Dr. Berkowitz's in- 
 duction into office, and the officiating Ministers have adopted the 
 "Radical Reform" custom of worshiping without religious garment 
 and with uncovered head. 
 
 Rev. William Loewenberg, formerly Minister at Scranton, Penn- 
 sylvania, was selected as Reader, in March, 1893. His chanting of 
 the services has elicited favorable comment. Rodeph Shalom Con- 
 gregation has recently (1898) returned to membership of the Union 
 of American Hebrew Congregations in the West, having withdrawn 
 therefrom in 1885. It also contributes to the Jewish Theological 
 Seminary, at New York City, and is represented in the Association. 
 Dr. Jastrow, the Rabbi- Emeritus, is a member of the Advisory 
 Board of the latter institution. 
 
 There are few important events to record in recent years. Mr. 
 Reuben Strauss, a venerated teacher, who had served many years, 
 died in January, 1892. The successive Presidents of this Congre- 
 gation, for a lengthy period, were : Samuel Adler, Joseph Einstein, 
 Elias Wolf, and Levi Mayer. The official head at this time is David 
 Teller, a gentleman known for decades as an active merchant and 
 an earnest worker. He has been President of other Corporations, 
 and enjoys quite a reputation for his experience, ability, courteous 
 and dignified manner. Mr. Teller's wife (nee Rebecca Hackenburg) 
 is the daughter of the lamented Judah Lazarus Hackenburg, and 
 sister of William B. Hackenburg, a prominent Israelite. 
 
 The Congregational Board, as now composed, is as follows : Presi- 
 dent, David Teller; Vice-President, Meyer Frank; Treasurer, 
 Benjamin F. Teller ; Secretary, Benjamin Nusbaum ; Directors, 
 Herman B. Blumenthal, Louis Frankel, William Gerstley, Charles 
 Heidelberger, A. Hess, L. Hirsh, J. Koch, L. Loeb, H. S. Louch- 
 heim, Levi Mayer, Jacob Miller, I. Nusbaum, A. I. Rosenheim, Emil 
 Selig, M. Stern, and Clarence Wolf. A former Secretary of Rodeph 
 Shalom was Lewis Ellinger, deceased. His successor was Alexander 
 Reinstine, for a number of terms member of the City Common Coun- 
 cil, and an officer of Societies, Secret Orders, etc., etc. He died on 
 November 25th, 1892. Mr. Alexander Goodman was long the faith- 
 ful Sexton of the Congregation. He died on June 8th, 1894. Mr. 
 Leopold Schlesinger, his successor, is an experienced teacher in the 
 Hebrew and religious school. He has for twenty-five years (1894) 
 served acceptably in the latter capacity, and as Assistant Reader. 
 
THB JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 83 
 
 The Jewish Culture Association sprung directly from this Congre- 
 gation. It has, however, been superseded by a new Auxiliary 
 Association of Rodeph Shalom Congregation, instituted at a meeting 
 held January 15th, 1894. Its aim is "to further the religious, 
 educational, and moral undertakings of the Congregation, and to 
 foster a closer bond of fellowship among its adherents. ' ' Four sec- 
 tions — each having specified objects — have been established, viz. : 
 Congregational, Literary, School, and Charity. The officers are : 
 President, Dr. H. Berkowitz ; Vice-President, Simon Miller ; 
 Treasurer, Alfred Curtin Hirsh ; Secretary, Dr. Lee Kaiifer 
 Frankel ; Chairmen of respective sections (as above-named), Charles 
 Hoffman, Mrs. Charles Heidelberger, Mrs. H. S. Louchheim, and 
 Louis Wolf. Membership is limited to those identified with the 
 Congregation. 
 
 Rodeph Shalom continues to hold rank among the leading Con- 
 gregations in the United States. It has witnessed not a few changes, 
 from within and from without. Yet its large membership, financial 
 standing, and active part in the doings of the Jewish community are 
 evidences of its permanence and continued usefulness as a factor in 
 Congregational growth and communal development. 
 
84 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 Beth Israel. Congregation — Originated in 1840— Rev. 
 Gabriel Pape— Preachers ai^d Readers at Different 
 Times— Changes in the Ritual— Rev. Dr. J. B. Gross- 
 mann's Installation— Present Officers. 
 
 What is known as the Polish Congregation worshiped until re- 
 cently in its Synagogue building on the east side of Crown Street 
 (between Fourth and Fifth Streets) above Race Street. The actual 
 name, however, is ''Beth Israel" (House of Israel). Its institution 
 is explained in the following circular : 
 
 "It having been intimated by several persons of the German Jewish 
 persuasion, that if there was a suitable place dedicated for the Worship 
 of the Supreme Being, in accordance with the old German and Polish 
 customs, &c., and conducted on the principle of the Great Synagogue 
 in London, it would be the means of elevating the character of that por- 
 tion of our community, instill religious and moral virtue in the rising 
 generation. 
 
 "The want of a suitable place in this large and growing community 
 has been the means of deterring many Foreigners sojourning among 
 us and caused others to depart from the religion of the forefathers. 
 
 "Being desirous to uphold our Sacred Religion and diffuse the same 
 among the rising generation of our community, we have thought it ad- 
 visable to convene a meeting for the purpose of forming a Polish and 
 German Congregation, and should you entertain the same religious 
 views and are desirous in carrying them out, you are requested to attend 
 a Meeting on Sunday Morning, 14th. Inst, at the Enniskillen Castle, 
 south Fifth near Prune Street to be held for that purpose. 
 
 "Your Obedient &C. 
 
 Fbederick Samuels, 
 Joseph M. Asch. 
 Philad'a. June 12th, 1840." 
 
 As information has it, therefore, the Beth Israel Congregation 
 was established in the month of Tamuz, 5600, corresponding with 
 June, 1840. A hall was rented on the north side of Adelphi Street 
 (between Walnut and Spruce Streets) above Fifth Street, and 
 regular worship began there ; a layman, Solomon Samuelson, officiat- 
 ing. The first officers were: Frederick Samuels, and Joseph M. 
 Asch, "Parnassim" (Presidents); Henry Cohen, Treasurer; Abra- 
 ham Collins, Jonathan Zachariah, John D. Jackson, and Hyman 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 85 
 
 Polock, Trustees; Jacob Ulman, Secretary; David A. Phillips, 
 "Shamash" (Sexton). We meet the first regular Minister in Rev. 
 Simon E. Cohen Noot, a native of Holland, elected to that office be- 
 fore the Passover of 5603-April, 1843. He served a few years and 
 was succeeded by Rev. Gabriel Pap6, who had come here from 
 Prussian-Poland. In 1847-1848 ground was broken on Crown 
 Street (as afore-raentioned) for a Synagogue. This was completed 
 and dedicated on the Great Sabbath — that occurring immediately 
 before the Passover — on March 29th, 1849. Rev. Mr. Pap6 and 
 Rev. Samuel M. Isaacs, of New York City, then officiated. 
 
 The early years of this Congregation were not distinguished, nor 
 marked by a large membership. In fact, on several occasions it 
 became necessary to appeal to Jewish Communities, in order to tide 
 over financial difficulties. However, in course of time, the debts 
 were materially lessened; the increase of the Jewish population 
 brought in new members ; and permanence was no longer a matter of 
 doubt. The Synagogue on Crown Street — the third in Philadelphia 
 — is described in the "Stranger's Guide" (1858) as "a new and im- 
 posing building, constructed of brown stone, in the Egyptian style." 
 A picture of the exterior accompanies this description. 
 
 Rev. Mr. Pape, the Minister, had studied much in his earlier days, 
 and he possessed a considerable acquaintance with Hebrew lore. He 
 seldom preached, however. He won the respect of his Congregation, 
 and continued in office until his death, in January, 1872. Mr. Pap^ 
 was for many years President of the Board of Hebrew Ministers, com- 
 posed of the majority of Jewish Clergymen in this city, who regulated 
 the manner of slaughtering animals for Jewish food, the admission 
 of proselytes to the Jewish faith, the granting of divorces according 
 to Jewish rule, and other matters relating to their community, 
 but who, as a body, did not exercise any ecclesiastical authority, such 
 as that of a Synod or a Governing Council. 
 
 During Mr. Pape's term, the Congregation engaged Preachers at 
 diflferent times. Rev. Solomon Jacobs, a native of St. Thomas, West 
 Indies, occupied the pulpit in August, 1857, and for some years sub- 
 sequent thereto. The worship all along had been conducted in the 
 strict Orthodox manner. A choir was introduced in 1860. In 
 February, 1867, Rev. Dr. Aaron S. Bettelheim, of Pressburg, 
 Austria-Hungary, was elected Preacher. On his resignation, he 
 accepted a position in San Francisco, California, and later on, at 
 
86 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Baltimore, Maryland. Both Dr. Bettelheim and Mr. Jacobs were 
 men of scholarship and possessed ability as lecturers. In the same 
 year that Rev. Mr. Pap^ died, Rev. M. Elkan, a German by birth, 
 but who had come here from Liverpool, England, was chosen Reader 
 and Preacher. Mr. Elkan's musical voice was heard to advantage 
 during his ministrations, and sermons were delivered by him with 
 frequency, in German and in English. Mr. Elkan served the Con- 
 gregation from July, 1872, to July, 1881. He is now ministering 
 in Hartford, Connecticut. His successor, in the latter year, was 
 Rev. Max Rubin, who continued in office until September, 1884. 
 
 During all this period, numerous events had transpired, and the 
 composition of the Congregation had undergone changes. The first 
 President, Frederick Samuels, was succeeded, in turn, by Joseph M. 
 Asch, Henry Cohen, Hyman Polock, Isaac M. Asch, Henry Mar- 
 cus, Harris Coleman, B. Hyman, B. Abeles, Morris Rosenthal, L. 
 Bloomberg, S. Nathan, S. Harris, and Isaac Cohen. Among those 
 who served as Secretary were, Isaac H. Weil, Louis A. Green, D. 
 Emanuel, Henry J. Hunt, and Philip Rasener. 
 
 The ministry being vacant, Rev. Victor Caro, who had previously 
 officiated in Quincy, Illinois, was elected to the position in Septem- 
 ber, 1884. Mr. Caro is a native of Hungary, having been born 
 September 19th, 1856. During his incumbency, the Congregation 
 adopted a number of innovations of the modern ''Reform" school, 
 and accepted the ritual compiled by Revs. Drs. Marcus M. Jastrow, 
 Benjamin Szold, and H. Hocheimer. Mr. Caro resigned in August, 
 1892, and is at present minister of the '' Bene Jeshurun " (Children 
 of Jeshurun) Congregation, at Milwaukee, Wisconsin. 
 
 The Congregation was without a regular pastor until October, 
 1892, when Rev. Victor Rosenstein was selected as Reader. He 
 resigned in August, 1893. 
 
 In March, 1893, Rev. Dr. J. B. Grossmann, then officiating at a 
 
 Congregation in Youngstown, Ohio, accepted a call to Beth Israel 
 
 as Preacher. He was formally inducted into office on the Eve of 
 
 the Sabbath, May 5th, 1893 — 5653. Dr. Grossmann' s inaugural 
 
 was characterized by eloquent and emphatic declarations. 
 
 "The Jewish pulpit," he said, in the course of his address, "has no 
 other reason for existence than to teach Judaism pure and simple, to 
 arouse in the hearts of our people old-time fidelity and loyalty, old-time 
 affection and devotion, to take up the heart of Judah and amid the 
 changed conditions of our age, sing new songs to Israel's God and 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 87 
 
 Israel's Law. These alone are the mighty sources whence flowed our 
 honor and glory in ages gone by; these alone formed the mighty Provi- 
 dence that guarded Israel's moral integrity and enabled them to remain 
 proof against all tiattery and abuse, against all seductions and persecu- 
 tions; these alone shielded and safeguarded Israel's domestic life in 
 vigorous purity, caused their social virtues to bud and blossom as the 
 rose, endowed the feeble with strength, the timid with courage, the 
 wretched with comfort, the peaceable and submissive with a sublime 
 moral courage that has been the wonder and admiration of the world; and 
 to these springs of living and life-giving waters I hope to lead all that 
 come here to drink. Whether I shall prosper and succeed in my en- 
 deavors. Thou, O God, knowest alone. A great mission has become mine, 
 a high and holy privilege to give direction to your thoughts, support to 
 your religious needs, help and encouragement to your every endeavor 
 after righteousness." 
 
 Dr. Grossmann's scholarly attainments are well known, and his 
 capacities have been manifested in various spheres of action. The 
 Doctor was born in North Germany, and is between forty and fifty 
 years of age. When quite young, he began to study the Talmud. 
 In later years he received instruction from Rabbi Elias Gutmacher, 
 in Griitz, and Rabbi Chon^h Rosenstein, in Berlin. At the latter 
 city, Dr. Grossmann pursued also secular studies. He arrived in 
 the United States some years since, and was, for quite a long period, 
 an instructor at a University in California. He, likewise, devoted 
 some time to journalism. As mentioned, he was ministering at 
 Youngstown, Ohio, where he had officiated six years, when he was 
 selected as Rabbi of the Beth Israel Congregation, of this city. Dr. 
 Grossmann' s writings include some studies on the critical value of 
 the Septuagint, for a restoration of the Original Text of the Holy 
 Scriptures. 
 
 The present officers of the Beth Israel Congregation are : Presi- 
 dent, Simon Jacoby; Vice-President, Samuel Sailer; Treasurer, 
 Alexander Simpson ; Secretary, Simon Ezekiel; Trustees, Benjamin 
 Sailer, Jacob Myers, Ernst Neuman, and Julius Blankensee. The 
 Hebrew and Religious School attached to this Congregation was es- 
 tablished in 1859. The Rabbi is Superintendent, and there are 
 several teachers. The present Board of School Directors is com- 
 posed of Alexander Simpson, Simon Ezekiel, A. Rosenblat, Benja- 
 min Sailer, Abraham Sailer, Jacob Rosen, and Isaac Schwerin. 
 Moses Baer was Sexton of this Synagogue for a lengthy term. 
 Philip Wittenberg now fills that position. 
 
 "Daughters of Beth Israel " is the name given to an Auxiliary 
 
88 
 
 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Association, recently established in this Congregation, the object of 
 which is to aid it in various ways. 
 
 Beth Israel's Synagogue, on Crown Street above Race Street, has 
 been sold, and the Congregation has purchased a church building, 
 on Eighth Street below Jefferson Street, which will be suitably 
 altered for a Jewish House of Worship, and as such will be dedi- 
 cated before the Autumnal Season of 1894 — 5655. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 The " Reform" Movement and its Work— Ken<^]Seth Israel 
 Congregation— Its Establishment and Places of Worship 
 —Successive Ministers— Rev. Dr. David Einhorn— Rev. Dr. 
 Samuel Hirsch. 
 
 Ceremonial and ritual observances, Biblically or traditionally 
 handed down, have been adhered to by the Jews with tenacity. 
 The outward features of religion which distinguish the professors 
 of Judaism from those of other creeds have always been regarded 
 as absolutely necessary to the preservation of the Jewish Faith, as 
 an active, working religion— a positive belief, and not simply a 
 series of negations. A system, the aim of which was to gradually 
 abolish ceremonialism, or to, at least, reduce its observance to a 
 minimum, originated in Germany some seven or eight decades since. 
 Judaism, its advocates maintain, represents teachings lofty enough to 
 assert themselves without the aid of any outward accompaniments, 
 which but render it exclusive, retard its mission, and hold aloof its 
 adherents from the rest of the world. Its ethical teachings, they 
 agree, are of the highest importance, and these of themselves will 
 finally assert its truths before mankind. 
 
 The movement representing those views was, however, in its early 
 stages, confined to changes in the ritual and worship at the Syna- 
 gogues — rendering these somewhat in accord with the customs of the 
 majority. It made its appearance in this country about the year 
 1840, in Charleston, South Carolina, when the introduction of an 
 organ into the services of the Portuguese Congregation there led to 
 the withdrawal of a number of the members, and the tormation 
 of another Congregation, which, however, merged again with the 
 former body— but not until 1866. This action was followed up by 
 Congregations in New York City and elsewhere, with changes of a 
 more radical character — and not in harmony with the Rabbinical 
 laws. No ecclesiastical authority existing in this country, matters 
 were allowed to shape their own course — each Congregation doing 
 as it saw fit, without referring its action to any other but its own 
 
90 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Minister, and even he, at times, was overruled by the laymen who 
 composed the membership or the Board of Trustees. 
 
 The movement spread, and, after having taken firm hold in 
 alterations of the ritual and the worship, and in repealing many 
 an ordinance of the Rabbinical code, it then showed its purpose 
 with regard to some of the Mosaic Laws — the Divine Laws embodied 
 in the Pentateuch, and, as such, regarded as inviolable for all time. 
 It declared the Dietary prescriptions as being antagonistic to the 
 spirit of the age ; it disavow^ed all belief in a Personal Resurrection 
 of the dead ; it rejected all belief in Israel's Restoration as a Nation 
 to the Holy Land, considering its Messianic Mission as apart from 
 territorial limits, and as having no element of personality within it. 
 It also declared its disbelief in a number of other distinguishing 
 features of the religion of Israel ; and finally, some, though not all, 
 of its representatives in the pulpit, regarded as necessary the insti- 
 tution of special services on the first day of the w^eek, in addition 
 to those on the Seventh Day — the Day consecrated by the Decalogue 
 as the Sabbath for all Jews. A few of the latest advocates of what 
 is termed ''Radical Reform" have also proclaimed the abolition of 
 the Seventh-Day Sabbath, and the substitution therefor of the first 
 day of the week, in accordance with the customs of the majority. 
 
 Such is, in brief, an outline of the ** Reform" movement in its 
 different stages of progression since it was first launched in Germany. 
 It may serve as an introduction to a sketch of the "Keneseth Israel" 
 (Assembly of Israel) Congregation, which, though originally an 
 Orthodox Congregation, gradually entered into the new movement, 
 and is to-day, by reason of its numerical strength and position, very 
 prominently identified therewith. 
 
 The Kenneth Israel Congregation was instituted in March, 1847, 
 by forty-five charter members. The first worship was held in a 
 hall at 528 North Second Street (between Buttonwood and Green 
 Streets), and in the following month. Rev. B. H. Gotthelf, a native 
 of Germany, became Reader, Secretary, and Sexton ; receiving at 
 first for his triple services the very modest sum of $125 annually, 
 and subsequently $400. In the same year (1847) the Congregation 
 moved its quarters to a hall on Fourth Street (York Avenue) near 
 Wood Street, where it remained until 1854, when a church building 
 on the west side of New Market Street above Noble Street, which had 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 91 
 
 been purchased, was dedicated as a Synagogue on April 10th, 1854; 
 Revs. Isaac Leeser, Jacob Frankel, Gabriel Pap4, L. Naumburg, 
 S. Morals, and other ministers taking part in these services. Pre- 
 vious to this, however, M. Sternheimer, Abraham Sulzberger, N. 
 Davidson, and N. Rosenberg had been "Chazanim" (Readers), 
 and Rev. L. Naumburg was elected Minister and Teacher in 1850, 
 serving continuously for about ten years. Some changes in the 
 liturgy — until then of the strict '* Ashkenazic" type — were intro- 
 duced during Mr. Naumburg's separate term. These also included 
 the acceptance of an organ, a mixed choir, and the abolition of 
 some traditional customs, as observed in all Synagogues. When, 
 however. Rev. Dr. Solomon Deutsch, of Posen, became the Rabbi, 
 in 1857 (Mr. Naumburg still being the Reader), innovations and 
 alterations of a more extended character were adopted ; among them 
 being the three-year cycle, and later on the seven-year cycle of read- 
 ing the Pentateuch (instead of one year), the discontinuance of call- 
 ing up individuals to the reading of the "Torah," and the abolition 
 of the Second Days of all the Festivals and Holy Days (excepting 
 that of the New Year, which was also subsequently abolished, in 
 1864). In 1860, Rev. Julius Salinger succeeded Mr. Naumburg 
 as Reader. In 1861, Rev. Dr. David Einhorn was chosen as 
 Rabbi -Preacher. The presidency of the Congregation from its 
 inception until 1863 was administered in different years by Julius 
 Stern, A. Aronheimer, L. Bernheimer, Adolph Klopfer, and Abra- 
 ham Kaufman. 
 
 Keneseth Israel had now stepped into the front ranks of " Radical 
 Reform, ' ' still more emphasized by its selection of Dr. Einhorn as 
 its leader. Dr. Einhorn ranked with the most distinguished theo- 
 logical scholars of his time. He was an accomplished Hebraist, 
 a ripe Talmudist, an eloquent German orator, and a writer of 
 considerable note. Born in Dispeck, Bavaria, November 10th, 
 1809, he early evinced an aptitude for study, and soon displayed 
 remarkable talents. He received tuition in the Talmud and 
 Rabbinical Dialectics from Rabbi Wolf Hamburger, a celebrated 
 specialist, and such was his progress that at the youthful age of 
 sixteen years he received the degree of Rabbi. Classical lore and 
 philosophy he imbibed at the Universities of Wiirzburg and Miin- 
 chen, and was titled " Doctor of Philosophy." He early disclosed 
 his leanings in the direction of "Radical Reform," and occupied 
 
92 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 several Rabbinical offices, among them that of Chief Rabbi of the 
 Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg- Schwerin. But ** Radicalism" was 
 then in its incipient stages, and was by no means favored by the 
 political authorities, who saw in it, as they thought, a tendency to 
 throw off governmental, as well as ecclesiastical, rule. Hence, when 
 Dr. Einhorn was Rabbi at Pesth, the Austrian Government ordered 
 his temple to be closed. In 1855, he came to the United States as 
 Rabbi of "Har Sinai" (Mount Sinai) Congregation, of Baltimore, 
 and might have remained there even beyond 1861 had it not been 
 for his manly and outspoken views against the curse of human 
 slavery ; which action rendered his stay in a pronounced Southern 
 City attended with danger. He then sought Philadelphia, and was 
 warmly welcomed by the Keneseth Israel Congregation. He con- 
 tinued his ministrations here until 1866, and then moved to New 
 York City to assume another charge. He remained there until his 
 death, on November 2d, 1879, having previously retired from the 
 ministry. Dr. Einhorn was a brilliant and polished German writer. 
 He edited a monthly ** called •* Sinai," and compiled Catechisms, 
 Prayer-Books, etc., etc. (79) During his term in this city the 
 Congregation added largely to its numbers and dedicated its new and 
 handsome temple (a term used instead of Synagogue by the "Re- 
 form" party) on the east side of Sixth Street above Brown Street, 
 in 1864. The following year, Rev. William Armhold, who had 
 been Minister in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, was elected Reader and 
 Teacher. Mr. Armhold, who has served ever since, is especially 
 popular in the Jewish community, because of his kindly nature and 
 sympathetic disposition. His services have proved eminently satis- 
 factory in both positions. 
 
 Rev. Dr. Samuel Hirsch succeeded Dr. Einhorn as Rabbi- 
 Preacher in 1866, continuing until 1887, when he retired from 
 the ministry. During that period there were many stirring inci- 
 dents in the Congregation, and lectures on Sunday were first intro- 
 duced in 1870. These not succeeding were discontinued, but were 
 resumed, with services in the German language, in 1881, followed in 
 1883 by English lectures, on which occasions different ministers 
 of the "Radical Reform" party filled the pulpit. Dr. Hirsch' s 
 seventieth birthday brought together a large assemblage to the 
 
 (79) A lengthier sketch of Dr. Einhorn may be found in " Eminent Israelites 
 of the Nineteenth Century," pages 66-71. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 98 
 
 temple, Sunday, June 7th, 1885, and the event waa commemorated 
 by a special celebration there. 
 
 Dr. Hirsch was born at Thalfangen, in Rhenish Prussia, June 
 8th, 1815. After a course of tuition, he graduated from the Uni- 
 versity of Leipzig, with the degree of ** Philosophy Doctor." 
 Under a number of teachers he had studied for the Rabbinate. 
 In his twenty- third year (1838) he was elected Rabbi at Dessau, 
 where he remained until 1843, when he was raised to the high 
 station of Grand Rabbi of the Duchy of Luxembourg, and occupied 
 that office constantly until 1866, when the Keneseth Israel Congre- 
 gation, of this city, invited him to be its pastor. He accepted the 
 invitation, and from his arrival became an open advocate of * * Radi- 
 cal Reform, ' ' with which he had latterly been identified in Europe, 
 having attended Rabbinical conferences in the interest of the new 
 movement, and preaching it from his pulpit. Dr. Hirsch engaged 
 in numerous ritual and doctrinal controversies while here, and in- 
 creased his reputation as a scholar and a German orator. Among 
 his writings is a work entitled : ' ' The Religious Philosophy of the 
 Jews," exhibiting the bent of his mind on religious, as well as 
 philosophical, subjects. Dr. Hirsch was among the avowed oppo- 
 nents of Ceremonialism, and advocated the abolition of many obser- 
 vances and rites peculiar to the Jews. After his retirement in 1887, 
 he went to Chicago (in 1888), and resided with his son. Dr. Emil G. 
 Hirsch, a preacher in that city. He died there, on May 14th, 1889. 
 
94 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 Ken^seth Israel (CoNCiiUDED)— Rev. Dr. Joseph Krauskopf 
 Called to the Ministry— Sunday Services— A New and 
 Larger Edifice Dedicated with I^clat — Description of the 
 Building — Lyceum Established — Sketch of Dr. Krauskopf 
 — Rev. J. L. Levy Selected as Associate Minister — Officers 
 OF THIS Congregation. 
 
 A NEW field was marked out for the Keneseth Israel Congregation, 
 when it elected to the ministry, in 1887, Rev. Dr. Joseph Kraus- 
 kopf, a graduate of the Hebrew Union College, at Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 Dr. Krauskopf s first charge was at Kansas City, Missouri, where 
 for a term of four years he was pastor of the ''Bene Jehudah'* 
 (Children of Judah) Congregation. The lectures he there delivered 
 attracted general attention, the speaker's utterances being distin- 
 guished by a winning style and a flow of speech which earned for 
 him a reputation beyond the limits of that city. The Congregation 
 in Kansas City, while it agreed to release him in 1887, after his call 
 to Philadelphia, yet seemed anxious to retain his services. How- 
 ever, a larger field was oflfered Dr. Krauskopf, in a centre rendered 
 famous by eminent ministers and representative laymen, and he ac- 
 cepted the position tendered him ; entering upon his new duties here 
 on Sabbath, October 22d, 1887, when he was duly installed by the 
 retiring Pastor, Dr. Samuel Hirsch. He then delivered a lengthy 
 inaugural on the obligations of a minister as a true ** Messenger of 
 The Lord of Hosts," and strongly declared in favor of preaching 
 naught else but religious truth as set forth in the "Torah" (Divine 
 Law) ; opposing display in the pulpit or sermonizing with a view to 
 obtaining the plaudits of the multitude. Dr. Krauskopf opened his 
 first series of Sunday morning lectures at the temple, on October 
 30th, 1887, and these have been continued during each season, 
 which embraces from seven to eight months. They have been 
 largely attended, while, nevertheless, meeting with antagonism from 
 the Orthodox and moderate ''Reform" elements, who regard them 
 — together with special services introduced since — as unwarranted 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 96 
 
 innovations. Dr. Krauskopf s and Rev. J. L. Levy's (his associate) 
 lectures on Sundays have been regularly issued in pamphlet form, 
 and circulated largely. 
 
 The Congregation's membership has been very considerably aug- 
 mented. While the edifice on Sixth Street above Brown Street had 
 a fair seating capacity, it was deemed necessary — in view of increased 
 membership — to erect another and more commodious building, on 
 the east side of Broad Street, between G)lumbia and Montgomery 
 Avenues. The ground was purchased during the year 1890 for 
 $50,000. The corner-stone was laid on Monday afternoon, October 
 19th, 1891 (one of the Middle Days of the Festival of Tabernacles 
 — 5652), with ceremonies, conducted by officers of the Grand Lodge 
 of Free and Accepted Masons, of Pennsylvania, Mr. J. Simpson 
 Africa then being Grand Master. Addresses by Dr. Krauskopf, 
 and Honorable Simon Wolf, of Washington, D. C, a Prayer by 
 Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow, then Preacher of the "Rodeph 
 Shalom" Congregation, and vocal and instrumental music also 
 marked that occasion. The new structure was completed and dedi- 
 cated on the Eve of the Sabbath, September 9th, 1892—5652; the 
 ceremonies continuing on the two following days. A number of 
 ministers from other cities and the pastor took part therein ; large 
 audiences being in attendance. The new edifice, which is of the 
 Italian Renaissance style of architecture, is built of Indiana lime- 
 stone. It is 120 feet front on Broad Street, and 150 feet in depth. 
 A stone tower, almost the height of a steeple, stands 150 feet above 
 the level and near the centre, and another tower at the southern end 
 is 70 feet high. The vestibule is paved with mosaic tile. The 
 shape of the auditorium is rectangular, and the seats on the main 
 floor are upholstered chairs. The galleries extend around the sides. 
 The seating capacity is about seventeen hundred in all. The Ark 
 is at the eastern end, and ornamented. This contains the Scrolls of 
 the Divine Law. The Perpetual Lamp is in front of the Ark. A 
 cut glass dome in the centre of the building is 112 feet high. The 
 windows are of stained glass. The wood-work is of quartered oak 
 and mahogany. On the main floor is a large parlor. In the base- 
 ment a dining-room and a kitchen are provided. The school-rooms 
 are large and well furnished, being so arranged that, by means of 
 an opening, the services in the temple may be heard. There are 
 also an assembly-room, a library, a study for the Rabbi, and other 
 
96 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 apartments — all designed after modern styles. The entire building 
 is lighted by incandescent lamps, and gas-jets are also in readiness, 
 if required. The new edifice was erected at a cost of about 
 $200,000. 
 
 A society of young people belonging to this Congregation has been 
 instituted, since Dr. Krauskopf s advent, through his efforts, and, 
 under the name of ''Knowledge Seekers," now ''Lyceum," is com- 
 posed of a number of classes which meet at stated periods for the 
 study and discussion of educational and literary topics. This 
 "Lyceum," which is now represented by a weekly publication, 
 originated the movement which led to the establishment of the 
 present Jewish Publication Society of America. A large and valu- 
 able collection of standard works, together with newspapers and 
 periodicals, renders the newly-established library an important 
 feature of the Congregational work. A section has been called after 
 Mrs. Rose Krauskopf {nee Berkowitz), the respected wife of Dr. 
 Krauskopf, who died on January 15th, 1893, much lamented by 
 the Congregation and the community. She was an active worker, 
 and her loss at an early age caused keen sorrow. Three young 
 children are left in their father's care. 
 
 Dr. Krauskopf .has interested himself in communal affairs, in 
 charities, and in educational institutions. Though still a young 
 man, he has acquired a wide reputation. He was born at Ostrowo, 
 in Prussia, January 21st, 1858, and received his earliest training at 
 home. At the age of fourteen years he followed his brothers and 
 sisters to America; arriving in New York City, during July, 1872. 
 He first engaged w^ith a brother in the tea business at Fall River, 
 Massachusetts, but was soon left to depend upon his own resources ; 
 his brother having been attacked and brutally murdered in the 
 vicinity of Princeton, New Jersey. Notwithstanding this awful 
 misfortune he persevered, and, joining a literary circle, his talents 
 began to show themselves. A Christian lady, Mrs. M. B. C. Slade, 
 befriended the youth, and was the final means of his becoming a 
 theological student at the Hebrew Union College, which had just 
 opened in Cincinnati, under the general direction of the famous Rabbi, 
 Rev. Dr. Isaac Mayer Wise. After pursuing there the regular 
 course of eight years, young Krauskopf graduated in 1883, .and was 
 at once elected in Kansas City, whence he came here. Dr. Kraus- 
 kopf has issued several works, among them "The Jews and the 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 97 
 
 Moors m SpaiD," and ''Evolution and Judaism." He was mainly 
 instrumental in originating a recent move in this city to provide 
 "Model Dwellings for the Poor." 
 
 The Presidents of Ken^seth Israel, since 1863, have been: Simon 
 Silberman, 1863-1873; and again, 1882-1883; Bernard H. Feust- 
 mann, 1873-1882; David Klein, 1883-1891; Michael C. Hirsch, 
 1891-1892. All these gentlemen have been prominent in the affairs 
 of the community; Messrs. Feustmann and Klein, both deceased, 
 having also served as officers of other institutions. This Congrega- 
 tion sustained a severe loss in January, 1894, by the death of Benja- 
 min Salinger, who had long been its Secretary. 
 
 In January, 1893, Rev. Joseph Leonard Levy was elected Asso- 
 ciate Minister, and delivered his installation address, on Sabbath 
 morning, April 24th, following. Mr. Levy is a native of London, 
 England, and the son of the late Rev. Solomon Levy, an accom- 
 plished minister. He was born November 24th, 1865. He studied 
 at the Jews' Theological College, and subsequently under the present 
 Chief Rabbi, Rev. Dr. Hermann Adler, Dr. M. Friedlcender, and 
 the renowned champion of Orthodoxy, Rev. Dr. Samson Raphael 
 Hirsch. After a course of study at the University College, he 
 entered the University of London, from which he graduated in 1884, 
 with the degree of "Bachelor of Arts." In 1885, he was ordained, 
 and elected Minister of the Jewish Congregation in Bristol, England. 
 In 1889, he came to the United States, and was Minister of a Jewish 
 Congregation in Sacramento, California, until after his election in 
 this city. Mr. Levy has in course of preparation, "A Child's His- 
 tory of the Jews," and "A Prayer- Book for Home Worship." He 
 is a talented and an industrious worker in various spheres of action. 
 He has recently been elected Professor of Hebrew in Temple Col- 
 lege, of this city. He is also editor of Lyceum Weekly. 
 
 Rev. Mr. Levy has displayed considerable activity in local move- 
 ments. During the summer of 1894, he originated a plan for sup- 
 plying sterilized milk and ice, at cost, to the poor, during the sum- 
 mer season. An organization was effected, headquarters were 
 opened, and much suffering was thereby averted. The plan adopted 
 was after that put into operation in New York City, by Mr. Nathan 
 Straus, a philanthropic Israelite. Hon. Edwin S. Stuart, Mayor 
 of Philadelphia, is President of the organization here, and Rev. Mr. 
 Levy is Vice-President and Chairman of the Executive Committee. 
 
98 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Dr. Krauskopf and Mr. Levy preach alternately at Keneseth 
 Israel temple. =■ The present officers of this institution are : President, 
 Philip Lewin ; Vice President, Morris Newburger ; Treasurer, Joseph 
 Louchheim; Secretary, Elias Braunschweig; Directors, Leopold 
 Bamberger, Morris Liveright, M. H. Pulaski, Simon B. Fleisher, 
 Jacob May, Alfred M. Klein, Armand Dalsheimer, Joseph R. Teller, 
 Solomon Blumenthal, Joseph Loeb, Michael C. Hirsch, Abraham 
 Kaufman, Arnold Kohn, Ludwig Leberman, Daniel Merz, and 
 Leon Dalsheimer; Sexton, Oscar Klonower. =In addition to the 
 Congregational School, which is attended by 486 children, a Kinder- 
 garten and other classes are maintained. 
 
 Keneseth Israel has a record of material success, quite remarkable 
 in its way. From a small beginning, it has grown numerically and 
 financially, until it has attained, in that respect, a foremost position 
 among congregations in this city. Its varied history, the different 
 phases of "Radicalism" developed in its midst, and the distinction 
 enjoyed by men called to its leadership are elements which have 
 combined to render it an influential factor in a system, that claims 
 to promote Judaism, after a manner essentially modern, and peculi- 
 arly its own. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 'Adath Jeshurun Congregation— Its Growth in Three and 
 A Half Decades — Its Ministers and their Services — Rev. 
 Elias Eppstein— Innovations in the Ritual. Adopted — 
 Rev. Henry Iliowizi and his Active and Scholarly Work 
 — Readers — Officers. 
 
 "Jeshurun" is a Hebrew term applied poetically to Israel. It 
 has, however, been adopted, in more than one instance, as a Congre- 
 gational name. Heuce, such as " Ben4 Jeshurun" (Children of 
 Jeshurun) and " 'Adath Jeshurun" (Congregation of Jeshurun) are 
 names often met with. The latter term distinguishes the large Con- 
 gregation whose House of Worship is located on the east side of 
 Seventh Street above Columbia Avenue. This imposing structure 
 was dedicated with impressive services on the Eve of the Sabbath, 
 Friday, September 24th, 1886-5646 — preceding the Autumnal 
 Holy Days and Festivals. Several of the local Jewish clergy and 
 others officiated on that occasion. The Congregation, which in re- 
 cent years, has largely increased in its membership, does not appear 
 to have had a very eventful history, though it has always counted 
 among its members individuals who have actively labored for the 
 welfare of the community. 
 
 At Horner's Hall, south-east corner of Third and Brown Streets, 
 an organization met for public worship, in August, 1859. Rev. 
 Samuel B. Breidenbach was the first Minister, and Mr. Moses 
 Blumenthal, President. In 1864, the Synagogue building on the 
 west side of New Market Street above Noble Street (formerly occu- 
 pied by the Keneseth Israel Congregation) was secured, and for ten 
 consecutive years the services were held there. Previous to this, 
 however, Rev. Moses Cohen was elected Minister ; he being suc- 
 ceeded by Rev. Dr. S. Nathans. Three other clergymen followed 
 in turn during the worship at New Market Street. These were 
 Rev. M. Hoffman, Rev. Isaac Stemple, and Rev. Charles Seiniger. 
 The last two mentioned possess remarkable voices. The latter has 
 for some years been Reader at the Synagogue of the "Sha'aray 
 Tephillah" (Gates of Prayer) Congregation, in New York City. 
 
100 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 The 'Adath Jeshurun Congregation removed to a larger edifice in 
 1874, on the west side of Julianna Street below Callowhill Street 
 (the same building in which the Rodeph Shalom Congregation had 
 held worship for a lengthy period). Here it assumed more import- 
 ance, and in time it was found necessary to obtain another and more 
 commodious Synagogue, centrally situated. A site was selected, and 
 the corner-stone of the present structure was laid on June 1st, 1886; 
 services meanwhile being held in a hall at the north-west corner of 
 Sixth Street and Girard Avenue. 
 
 In a cycle of fourteen years, Rev. S. Sanger, Rev. Adolph Bern- 
 stein, and Rev. Elias Eppstein were successively the spiritual guides. 
 Preaching was of rare occurrence until the election of Rev. Mr. 
 Eppstein. This Minister, who was born at Heschweiler, in Alsace- 
 Lorraine, October 15th, 1832, had held office in different cities of 
 the Union, but was called here from Kansas City, Missouri, in 
 September, 1883. He inaugurated successful changes, among them 
 being the introduction of Friday evening services, with a sermon, 
 after dark. That step was the first taken in this vicinity, and to- 
 day the 'Adath Jeshurun Synagogue has larger audiences on Friday 
 evenings than any Congregation here that has adopted the innova- 
 tion. Mr. Eppstein also re-organized the religious school of the 
 Congregation, and, by means of a carefully planned system, placed 
 it on an equality with the best established institutions of its kind. 
 To his efforts the Congregation is largely indebted, and it w^as during 
 his term that the movement for a new Synagogue received its im- 
 petus and was consummated. The w^orship, which had originally 
 been of an Orthodox character, was subsequently changed to 
 " Reform," and the Prayer- Book compiled by Rev. Dr. Marcus 
 M. Jastrow, of this city ; Rev. Dr. Benjamin Szold, and Rev. Dr. 
 H. Hocheimer, both of Baltimore, became the basis of the ritual. 
 Mr. Eppstein continued in office until May, 1888, taking part in 
 the dedication of the preseni Synagogue, and officiating nearly two 
 years therein. 
 
 On June 17th, 1888, the 'Adath Jeshurun Congregation elected 
 its present Minister, Rev. Henry Iliomzi, who was duly installed 
 into office August 24th following. The reverend gentleman has 
 attained wide distinction as a writer for the press, an author, and a 
 poet. Among his works in verse are ^'Sol," an epic poem, dedi- 
 cated to the venerated Sir Moses Montefiore ; *' Herod," a tragedy. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 101 
 
 in five acts ; "Joseph," a drama, in seven tableaux; and "Saul," a 
 tragedy, in five acts. His writings in prose include "Through 
 Morocco to Minneapolis — Sketches of Life in Three Ck)ntinent8 ; " 
 and ''Jewish Dreams and Realities," a remarkable volume, issued in 
 1890. He has finished an historical romance entitled " The Martyr 
 of the World," and " Pen Pictures of Men and Things in Two Hemis- 
 pheres." These latter works have not yet been published. What 
 is, perhaps, Mr. Iliowizi's chef d'ceuvre, and on which he has ex- 
 pended his best efforts, is a colossal poem, issued in twelve cantos, 
 commemorating the four hundredth anniversary of America's dis- 
 covery. It is called "The Quest of Columbus," and therein the 
 writer rhythmically pictures the trials and the voyages of the illus- 
 trious Genoese navigator, affairs of the Spanish Court of Ferdinand 
 and Isabella, the expulsion of the Jews from Hispania, and other 
 events — fortunate and untoward. 
 
 Mr. Iliowizi is a deep student, a forcible speaker, an interesting 
 and witty conversationalist, considerable of a linguist, possessing a 
 striking memory and a bold and facile pen. He was born in the 
 province of Minsk, Russia, January 2d, 1850. His parents were 
 noted for their piety. At an early age he was initiated into different 
 branches, and pursued deep studies in Jewish schools in his native 
 country. In his fourteenth year he was sent to Roumania, pro- 
 ceeding shortly after to Germany, where he followed studies at the 
 Beal Schide, in charge of Dr. Baerwald, at Frankfort- on-the-Main ; 
 then at the Jewish Teachers' Seminary in Berlin, Dr. A. Horwitz, 
 Director; and he subsequently studied for the Rabbinate, at the 
 Seminary in Breslau, Dr. David Rosin being at that time its 
 Director. Mr. Iliowizi then went to London and Paris, studying 
 different languages, after which he was dispatched to Morocco to 
 represent the Anglo- Jewish Association and the Alliance Israelite 
 Universelle in educational work among the Hebrews of Tetuan. 
 After laboring there with earnestness, persistency, and courage for 
 some time, Mr. Iliowizi determined to come to the United States, 
 where he arrived in 1880. He wished to enter the pulpit, and, ere 
 long, this wish was gratified. The "Sha'ar6 Tob" (Gates of Good- 
 ness) Congregation, of Minneapolis, Minnesota, invited him to the 
 ministry, and he remained with that body until after his election in 
 Philadelphia. In Minneapolis he became well-known among all 
 classes, and before leaving there was presented by his Congregation 
 
102 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 with a magnificent silver service ; the presentation speech being de- 
 livered by Emanuel Cohen, Esq., a former resident of this city, and 
 a lawyer whose literary ability has won recognition from a wide circle. 
 Mr. Iliowizi preaches twice weekly during each season to his Con- 
 gregation here, and he has been heard as a lecturer at public gather- 
 ings. He is an active worker, and of his writings for the press 
 quite a number are on questions of religious moment. With all 
 this he combines mechanical and inventive genius, demonstrated in 
 a number of highly useful and remarkable appliances. His wife 
 (nee Matilda Flesh) is a talented amateur in painting and in music. 
 Rev. Jacob Samuel Sherbow was for four years Cantor of the 
 'Adath Jeshurun Congregation. The present ''Chazan" (since 
 August, 1891) is Rev. Adolph Gross, who possesses a well-trained 
 voice, and is favorably known among Israelites. He had previously 
 officiated at Congregations in Easton, Pennsylvania, and in New 
 York City. = *' Our Students of Jewish History" is the name of a 
 literary society composed of young people in this religious body. 
 
 The business management of the 'Adath Jeshurun Congregation is 
 as follows : President, Simon Bacharach ; Vice- President, B. Loew- 
 enstein ; Secretary, Joseph Goldsmith ; Treasurer, Raphael Gold- 
 bacher ; Directors, M. Alkus, Augustus Bacharach, J. M. Engel, 
 William Eckstein, H. Heyman, Michael Hassler, I. Mans bach, N. 
 Pollock, Solomon Rogasner, M. Rohrheimer, S. Roof, F. Schamberg, 
 Jacob Singer, S. Strauss, M. Strousse, and A. Wise ; Sexton, Philip 
 Daniel. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 103 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 A New Congregation— Teshu'ath Tsraelt— Its Aims and its 
 Management — Rev. Victor Rosenstein — Rev. Solomon 
 Kauffmann — Sons of Halberstam Congregation. 
 
 The youngest of Congregations in the northern district is called 
 ''Teshu'ath Israel" (Salvation of Israel). It originated from a 
 movement in the summer of 1893, when a number of members ol 
 the Rodeph Shalom Congregation withdrew therefrom, and, with 
 others, established a new Congregation upon moderately Conserva- 
 tive principles. The chief actors in this move engaged a hall at 
 1518 Columbia Avenue, and provided fittings for worship. The 
 first service was held on the Eve of the Sabbath — Friday, Elul 
 20th, 5653 — September 1st, 1893 — and thereafter regularly on 
 Sabbaths, Holy Days, Festivals, etc., etc. Rev. Victor Rosenstein 
 was selected as Cantor or Reader, and requested to deliver an occa- 
 sional sermon. The ritual adopted is that compiled by Revs. 
 Drs. Marcus M. Jastrow, Benjamin Szold, and H. Hocheimer, 
 and called ^ Ahodath Israel (**The Service of Israel"). A school 
 has been opened for the religious and Hebrew instruction of the 
 children of those afiiliated with this Congregation. The present 
 quarters are temporary, as it is the intention of the directorate to 
 purchase an up-town building for a Synagogue. 
 
 Rev. Mr. Rosenstein, the first minister, is the possessor of a 
 musical voice, capable of rendering the accepted liturgy in an im- 
 pressive manner. He received vocal instruction from Professor 
 March^si, at Vienna, Austria. Among the European positions he 
 has held was that of Cantor at the East London (England) Syna- 
 gogue for a period of twelve years. He has occupied a similar 
 station in the Beth Israel Synagogue of this city. Mr. Rosenstein 
 is also considerable of a linguist and a Hebrew scholar. As a 
 preacher, he has been heard on a number of occasions. Mr. Rosen- 
 stein resigned in April, 1894, and has been succeeded by Rev. 
 Solomon Kauffmann, formerly Reader of Rodeph Shalom Congre- 
 gation. 
 
104 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 
 
 The officers of Teshii' ath Israel Congregation are : President, 
 Edward L. Rothschild ; Vice-President, Mayer Troutman ; Secre- 
 tary, Paul Steinberg ; Treasurer, Samuel Krieger ; Directors, Isaac 
 Rosskam, Moses Westheimer, Herman Fischler, Gustav Cohn, and 
 Gustav Lipschuetz. 
 
 We have now completed the list of historic Congregations whose 
 shrines are located in. the northern section of Philadelphia. This, 
 however, does not include " Chebroth" (Societies), the number of 
 which is considerable ; nor does it embrace those institutions of a 
 Congregational character that have sprung up in the southern sec- 
 tion of this city, mainly A\dthin the last decade or twelve years. As 
 these, for the most part, were the outgrowth of the Russo-Jewish 
 exodus of 1881-1882, they must be referred to in a separate chapter, 
 rather than in a disconnected form. The same method will be pur- 
 sued with the organized ''Chebroth," except that called ''The 
 Sons of Halberstam." 
 
 This Congregation now worships at the Synagogue on the west 
 side of New Market Street between Poplar and Laurel Streets, until 
 recently occupied by the " Anshe Emeth" (Men of Truth) Congre- 
 gation. " The Sons of Halberstam" came into existence in October, 
 1886; Mr. A. Gross being the first President. There were only 
 seven original members, but the present membership is 110. Wor- 
 ship was first held at the north-west corner of Second and Vine 
 Streets ; then at 508 North Second Street ; different members offi- 
 ciating at difierent times. Mr. M. Miller is the President, and is 
 assisted in the management of affairs by other officers and a Board 
 of Trustees. Rabbi 'Hayim Hirsch Kahane preaches at the Syna- 
 gogue of this Congregation, and is also at the head of two other 
 "Chebroth." 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 105 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 Former Congregations— Beth El Emeth— Rev. George Jacx)bs 
 AND Others— Ansh6 Emeth Congregation- 'Ad ath Israel 
 AND Ben]6 Israel Congregations— Jewish Hospital and 
 Jewish Foster Home Synagogues— Public Worship at Sum- 
 mer Resorts— Beth Israel Congregation of Atlantic City 
 —In Other Localities. 
 
 Some years since, there were as many as eight up- town Congrega- 
 tions. There was also a down-town body composed mainly of Hol- 
 landers. At present, the following regularly established Congrega- 
 tions flourish in the northern section of this city, viz.: Mickveh 
 Israel, Seventh Street above Arch Street; Rodeph Shalom, Broad 
 and Mount Vernon Streets; Beth Israel, Eighth Street below Jeffer- 
 son Street ; Keneseth Israel, Broad Street between Columbia and 
 Montgomery Avenues; 'Adath Jeshurun, Seventh Street above 
 Columbia Avenue; and Teshu'ath Israel, 1518 Columbia Avenue. 
 
 Of the Congregations formerly existing, the **Beth El Emeth" 
 (House of The God of Truth) had a fair membership at times, and 
 was in charge of ministers who attained distinction. It was insti- 
 tuted in the spring of 1857, and a church, on the east side of Frank- 
 lin Street above Green Street, was altered into a Synagogue, and 
 dedicated in September, 1857. Rev. Isaac Leeser was the first 
 minister, from the period given, until his death, on February 1st, 
 1868. Rev. Dr. Abraham de Sola, of Montreal, Canada, was then 
 tendered the vacant position, but he declined. Mr. Joseph New- 
 house was the first President, and Mr. David Eger was the first 
 Treasurer of this Congregation. In March, 1869, the services of 
 Rev. George Jacobs, then minister of the **Beth Shalom" (House of 
 Peace) Congregation, of Richmond, Virginia, were secured; Rev. 
 Abraham J. R. Pereira, who had been chosen assistant to Rev. Mr. 
 Leeser, having officiated during the interim. Rev. Mr. Jacobs 
 served the Congregation faithfully until his decease, on July 14th, 
 1884, before he had attained his fiftieth year. 
 
 Mr. elacobs occupied a considerable prominence in the community, 
 
106 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 and his field of labors was by no means confined to the limits of his 
 Congregation. In educational and charitable associations he dis- 
 played a lively interest, and was always active in the cause of his 
 fellow- believers. He was born at Kingston, Jamaica, September 
 24th, 1834. He was originally a merchant in his native city, 
 and afterwards at Richmond, Virginia, where he occasionally acted 
 as Minister of the **Beth Shalom " (House of Peace) Congregation. 
 Subsequently he abandoned trade, and became the guide of that 
 religious body in 1857. Twelve years later he came to this city as 
 Minister, and his really active work began here. As a member ot 
 the Young Men's Hebrew Association he became conspicuous by his 
 efforts in its behalf. As an officer of the Jewish Orders *'Ben6 
 Berith" (Sons of the Covenant), '' Kosher Shel Barzel " (Band of 
 Iron), and ''Free Sons of Israel," his efforts proved advantageous 
 to these secret institutions. Mr. Jacobs was also a distinguished 
 member of the Masonic Fraternity, and had been a Chaplain of a 
 Grand Lodge. He contributed largely to * ' The Jewish Record," 
 of this city, and he issued two Catechisms in pamphlet form, viz.: 
 "Elementary Instruction in Hebrew Faith," and ''The Path of 
 Truth." Mr. Jacobs was an imposing figure in the pulpit, being of 
 large build and striking countenance, possessing an excellent knowl- 
 edge of rhetoric, a flow of language, and a dignity, all of which con- 
 tributed to interest and impress his hearers. His decease was the 
 cause of much lament by Israelites and all who had known him for 
 his qualities of mind and heart, his genial disposition, and his suave 
 manners. 
 
 Not until April, 1885, was the vacancy filled; Mr. Samuel 
 Jacobs, older son of the late Minister, officiating meanwhile. Then 
 Rev. Joseph 'Hayira Mendes Chumaceiro was elected to this office. 
 Mr. Chumaceiro, who was born at Amsterdam, Holland, July 3d, 
 1844, had occupied ministerial offices in Charleston, South Carolina, 
 and in New Orleans, Louisiana, prior to his being called here. He 
 had also devoted considerable time to newspaper writing and had 
 edited a weekly called ' ' The Jewish South. ' ' Mr. Chumaceiro re- 
 mained in this city a few years, after which he removed to Evans- 
 ville, Indiana, and assumed a charge there. More recently he was 
 chosen Rabbi at Cura9oa, at the extreme point of the West Indies, 
 where his father had officiated for a long term of years. Since then 
 he has returned to the United States, and has occupied other minis- 
 terial stations. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 107 
 
 The Beth El Emeth Congregation— of which the late Mr. Alfred 
 T. Jones was the President for long terms at different times — con- 
 tinued to hold worship for awhile, but gradually its numbers were 
 lessened, and finally the Synagogue building on Franklin Street 
 above Green Street was sold. The Congregational cemetery, how- 
 ever, in West Philadelphia, is still maintained under the direction 
 of a number of those persons who were affiliated with the Congrega- 
 tion. 
 
 The " Ansh6 Emeth" (Men of Truth) Congregation was organized 
 in the autumn of 1872, and its founders were a number of gentle- 
 men who had been members of another Congregation. They pur- 
 chased the Baptist Church property, situated on the north side of 
 New Market Street above Poplar Street. The building was re-fitted 
 and re- arranged for a Synagogue, and was dedicated before the He- 
 brew New Year, 5633 — corresponding with the year mentioned 
 above. Rev. Dr. Isaac M. Wise, of Cincinnati, Ohio, delivered 
 the sermon on that occasion. The first minister was Rev. Isaac 
 Stemple, who had, prior to this, held office in the 'Adath Jeshurun 
 Congregation. After serving three years. Rev. Mr. Flaum suc- 
 ceeded him, but for a brief term. Rev. Nathan Ruzanowsky fol- 
 lowed, and remained four years. On his resignation Rev. Mr. 
 Bauer was elected to the ministry, which he filled about one and 
 a half years, and was succeeded for a year by Rev. Solomon 
 Rappaport. The next minister was Rev. Leo Reich, a native of 
 Hungary, and a gentleman of considerable talent, who now occupies 
 a position in a large Jewish Congregation, at Atlanta, Georgia. 
 Mr. Reich was in office here three years, during which time he 
 became an interested participant in literary affairs among the Jewish 
 community. Mr. Reich's 'successor was Rev. William Mitter, in 
 1887-1888. 
 
 Rev. Elias Eppstein became the minister, in August, 1888, hav- 
 ing already served the 'Adath Jeshurun Congregation, of this city; 
 and remained until 1890. Mr. Eppstein conducted the congrega- 
 tional school, and delivered sermons in both the English and German 
 languages, instituting also here later Friday Evening Services. 
 During a part of his term. Rev. Mr. WoUenberg was Assistant 
 Minister and Reader. Rev. Nehemiah Mosessohn, a scholarly 
 
108 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Russian, with an interesting record, entered upon his ministerial 
 duties in Anshe Emeth Congregation, on the 1st of September, 1890. 
 He retained office about a year, and is now minister of a Jewish 
 Congregation at Dallas, Texas. Rev. Mr. Mosessohn was succeded 
 by Rev. A. Garfano, after whose resignation the services were con- 
 ducted by laymen. The Congregation disbanded in 1893, and their 
 Synagogue is now the House of Prayer of a large ** Chebrah," as 
 hitherto noted. 
 
 The other up-town Congregation was the "'Adath Israel" (Con- 
 gregation of Israel), instituted in 1873, but which met for worship 
 only three years ; occupying what was formerly a church building, 
 on the east side of Eighth Street above Noble Street. Rev. Charles 
 Calmann was the minister. In 1876 'Adath Israel's members joined 
 other religious bodies in this city. Mr. Calmann subsequently re- 
 paired to Chicago. He died there early in 1893. 
 
 What was at one time a Congregation of some importance held 
 services on the east side of Fifth Street above Catharine Street, in a 
 building which had been altered into a Synagogue, and dedicated to 
 Hebrew worship, on January 5th, 1857. It was known as the 
 ''Bene Israel" (Children of Israel) Congregation; being founded 
 by Hollanders (some of whom were among early settlers in this city 
 and country) in 1852. The first place of religious meeting was on 
 the third floor of a hall at the south-east corner of George (now 
 Guilford) and South Streets (between Second and Third Streets). 
 Rev. Jacob Lipman, who had before served the Ro^eph Shalom 
 Congregation, became the Reader, and ministered about two and a 
 half years ; being occasionally assisted on the high Holy Days and 
 Festivals by Mr. Feist Bachman. In 1855, Rev. Simon E. Cohen 
 Noot succeeded him, and continued his* ministrations until 1862. 
 From that period until 1877 there were two successive ministers; 
 the first being Rev. Samuel B. Breidenbach, in 1862-1874, and the 
 other Rev. Jacob Voorsanger (who had already been an assistant) in 
 1874-1877. The former died in December, 1889. The latter is at 
 present the minister of the largest Jewish Congregation in San Fran- 
 cisco, California, and was Adjunct Rabbi there for some years; hav- 
 ing officiated before at Providence, Rhode Island, and in Houston, 
 Texas, after leaving this city. Mr. George Goudsmit then acted as 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 109 
 
 Reader at the Bene Israel Synagogue ; but the Congregation finally 
 disbanded in 1879, and some of its members also proceeded to vari- 
 ous Synagogues. Mr. Henry de Boer was the first President; Mr. 
 G. Felleman was another ; and Mr. Joseph Sanson, the present 
 Court Interpreter, was the last who directed the temporal affairs of 
 this Congregation. 
 
 The Jewish Hospital, at Olney Road, near York Pike, and the 
 Jewish Foster Home, on Mill Street, Germantown, have special 
 apartments for Synagogues, where worship is held regularly. At the 
 former, Rev. L. Ssenger and Rev. Moses Cohen officiate, and at the 
 latter, Rev. S. M. Fleischman, the Superintendent, whose addresses 
 to the children have been very favorably commented upon, and some 
 of which are given publicity. 
 
 The want of Synagogues at summer resorts, which the descendents 
 of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob frequent annually, has often been 
 felt; but not until very recent years has this want been filled. Long 
 Branch (New Jersey) was the first seashore city in the Middle 
 States, that established a House of Jewish Prayer; and Atlantic City, 
 to which Philadelphians repair in largest numbers, comes second. 
 On Pennsylvania Avenue, between Atlantic and Pacific Avenues, 
 stands the newly- erected and attractive Shrine of the **Beth Israel" 
 Congregation — an institution which originated in October, 1890. 
 The present Synagogue was dedicated with special services and ad- 
 dresses, on Friday afternoon, Ab 15th, 5653 — July 28th, 1893. 
 Prior to that time the worship was held in halls. Rev. Isaac 
 Stemple was the first minister, and Rev. Jacob Samuel Sherbow is now 
 the Reader. Mr. Sherbow is well known in the community, and had 
 previously occupied a ministerial office in the 'Adath Jeshurun Con- 
 gregation, of this city. The worship at the new Synagogue is in 
 accordance with the ritual compiled by Drs. Jastrow, Szold, and 
 Hocheimer. Sermons are occasionally delivered by visiting minis- 
 ters. The regular membership of the Congregation embraces from 
 twenty-five to thirty families — all residents of Atlantic City. This 
 number is largely augmented during the summer mouths. The 
 
110 TJIE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 officers of Beth Israel Congregation are : President, J. B. Koopman ; 
 Vice-President, G. Wieseuthal ; Treasurer, I. Blau ; Secretary, L. 
 Bledenthal. 
 
 " Sons of Israel " is a name borne by a Jewish Congregation, in 
 Camden, New Jersey. It reckons over sixty members, and has a 
 regular organization. 
 
 At the present writing, there is a movement to establish a Syna- 
 gogue at Asbury Park, New Jersey, and a plot of ground has been 
 offered for its erection there. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. HI 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 Helping the Poor— The Extensive Sphere of Work of the 
 Society of the United Hebrew Charities — Its Varied 
 Labors— Branches and Other Adjuncts. 
 
 Ministering to the Sick— The Jewish Hospital. Association- 
 Its Origin and Development — The Present Institution — 
 Home for the Aged and Infirm— Mathilde Adler-Loeb 
 Dispensary— An Active Management. 
 
 ''Deal thy bread to the hungry;" ** Bring the afflicted poor 
 into the house ;" ** When thou seest the naked cover him." — These 
 inspired words of the great Prophet Isaiah but re-echo many an 
 ordinance contained in the Pentateuch and in other Books of Holy 
 Writ. They have found obedience among the Hebrews at all times, 
 and there is no people in whose midst charitable instincts and sym- 
 pathy for the needy, the suffering, and the unfortunate are marked 
 in a larger degree. From time immemorial ; from the days when 
 they were commanded as a Nation inhabiting the Land of Canaan 
 (Palestine) to leave the gleanings and corners of their fields for the 
 poor and the stranger (a measure which prevented the existence of 
 pauperism and the need of almshouses) the Hebrews have been 
 noted as a charitable people, caring for their own under all circum- 
 stances, and seldom, if ever, asking the aid of other communities 
 with whom they dwell. Even in these days, when suffering and 
 poverty are so much on the increase ; when thousands come to these 
 shores, almost, if not utterly, penniless — thereby taxing the re- 
 sources of societies to the utmost extent — the sight of a Jew begging 
 on the streets is a rarity. Public institutions count few, indeed, of 
 this faith among their inmates or their beneficiaries. The Jew is 
 either self-dependent, or he quickly learns to become so. His name 
 figures as seldom on the records of eleemosynary institutions of a 
 general character as it does on the criminal dockets ; and in this 
 respect he is the exception to most nations. On the other hand, 
 however, his generosity is unstinted, and not confined to those of 
 his faith ; he will give to, rather than receive from, secular as well 
 
112 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 as religious establishments which have naught to do with the in- 
 terests of his own race. (80) 
 
 Our present object, however, is to point to the character and 
 work of Jewish Societies, outside the sphere of Congregationalism, 
 whose aims are charitable, religious, and educational. 
 
 United Hebrew Charities. 
 
 The varied and extensive field of its operations serves to bring 
 the Society of the United Hebrew Charities to first notice. As its 
 name indicates, it was formed by a Union of a number of diverse 
 institutions, six in all ; among which were the United Hebrew Relief 
 Association, Solomon Teller, President; the United Hebrew Bene- 
 ficent Society, the late Mitchell A. Mitchell being President ; and 
 the United Hebrew Beneficent Fuel Society, whose efficient head 
 the late David Pesoa had been for many years, being succeeded by 
 the late Abraham S. Wolf. Meetings were held for the purpose 
 stated by gentlemen connected with these Charities, and ministers of 
 different Hebrew Congregations. At the first meeting, on February 
 15th, 1869, a general discussion was had as to best means. This 
 resulted in the adoption of a plan for union, prepared by Edward 
 H. Weil, Esq., (who was the first to suggest it), at a subsequent 
 meeting, on March 23d, 1869, which meeting was held at the 
 Rodeph Shalom Synagogue, then on Julianna Street below Callow- 
 hill Street. The following June 7th (1869) the Society was duly 
 incorporated ; the application for a charter bearing the signatures 
 of Edward H. Weil, Lucien Moss, E. L. Moss, Henry Cohen, 
 Abraham Hart, Solomon Teller, Meyer Frank, Isidore Binswanger, 
 Michael Moyer, Mason Hirsh, Alfred T. Jones, Judah Isaacs, Solo- 
 mon Gans, Sr., Levi Mayer, Simon W. Arnold, Joseph L. Moss, 
 M. A. Mitchell,. Abraham S. Wolf, B. Greenewald, Elias Wolf, 
 Ernest Nusbaum, Samuel Hecht, Abraham Goldsmith, Michael 
 Hassler, David Teller, William B. Hackenburg, and Joseph Ein- 
 stein. 
 
 "The object of this Society," as stated in Article II of its Con- 
 stitution, "shall be to relieve the destitute of the Jewish people 
 
 (80) A statistical table of nine Jewish charity societies, in 1891, shows that 
 with a total membership of not more than 4,900, $141,465.96 constituted the total 
 receipts of a single year, while the amount expended reached $134,601.62 ; figures 
 (specially the last mentioned) which have since been considerably increased. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 113 
 
 of the city of Philadelphia, and to discourage pauperism." The 
 first officers, elected June 13th, 1869, were: President, Simon W. 
 Arnold ; First Vice-President, Simon Silberman; Second Vice-Presi- 
 dent, Isidore Binswanger ; Treasurer, Mason Hirsh ; Secretary, 
 Lucien Moss; Managers, Solomon Teller, Henry Cohen, Joseph 
 Einstein, M. A. Mitchell, Levi Mayer, Jules A. Ephraim, Abraham 
 S. Wolf, Moses Simon, Solomon Gans, Sr., Abraham Goldsmith, 
 Morris Rosenbach, and Joseph Rosenbaum ; Counsellor, Edward 
 H. Weil. The first President, Mr. Arnold, was a broad-minded 
 and cultured gentleman, and an energetic worker, who brought 
 system and discretion into the management of affairs. After two 
 years he retired from the presidency. He subsequently removed 
 to New York City, where he died, on March 5th, 1885. 
 
 In 1871 Mr. Moses Simon became President, and rendered excel- 
 lent service during four years. ,When he withdrew, the venerable Mr. 
 Solomon Gans — now in his ninety-first year, but who is still active 
 ^was chosen to that office (1875), and was re-elected annually until 
 1892, when he declined another term, and was chosen Honorary 
 President, which station he still worthily fills, and' continues to dis- 
 play his interest in the cause of the Society. For a long period 
 Mr. Gans has served in the management of congregational and 
 charitable institutions, and he has contributed largely to their 
 maintenance. He was succeeded in the presidency by Mr. Edward 
 L. Rothschild, a gentleman who ranks second to none in the sphere 
 of charitable labors; who has placed the Society upon a thorough 
 systematic basis; who works ardently in its cause, and who sub- 
 scribes liberally to many worthy objects. Before his election to 
 the presidency of the United Hebrew Charities, Mr. Rothschild 
 had served as a director. He was re-elected President in 1893, 
 and again in 1894, and is continuously at his post of duty. Messrs. 
 Marx B. Loeb and Alfred M. Klein are efficient Vice-Presidents. 
 Mr. Henry Hirsh succeeded his lamented brother, Mr. Mason Hirsh, 
 as Treasurer ; and Mr. Louis Wolf was selected as successor to the 
 late Mr. David Klein, who, as Secretary, performed valued labors 
 in behalf of this institution. The first Assistant Secretary was Mr. 
 Moses Lazarus, now deceased, who rendered considerable aid to the 
 Society by his knowledge of languages, which enabled him to see to 
 the wants and necessities of individuals hailing from different climes. 
 
114 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Mr. Lazarus was also a superior penman. Mr. William Lonner- 
 stadter was his able successor, and continued in office until his death, 
 on March 24th, 1894. 
 
 The Managers are : Messrs. Morris Alkus, Simon Bacharach, 
 Myer Behal, Edward Goldstein, Jacob Henly, Max Herzberg, Moses 
 Hirshler, Isidore Langsdorf, Ludwig Leberman, Joseph Louchheim, 
 Barney Selig, and Moses Stern ; Honorary Members of the Board 
 of Managers, Messrs. Arnold Kohn, Simon Loeb, and Isaac Sailer ; 
 Assistant Secretary, Mr. Jacob Lonnerstadter ; General Manager, 
 Mr. Moses Klein ; Employment Agent, Mr. George Go ward. 
 There are also physicians, counsellors, and a Ladies' Committee 
 of seventeen members, in charge of the Clothing Department. 
 
 The Society's main offices were at first located at 34 North 
 Seventh Street ; afterwards at 325 North Fifth Street. At present, 
 the premises at 636 North Sixth Street are occupied. Applicants 
 for assistance are either relieved here or by District Committees, 
 who, after investigating their condition, give aid at their homes. 
 
 A comparison of the receipts and expenditures, and the num- 
 ber of applicants assisted during the first year, with those contained 
 in the last annual report (1894), may be o*f interest, showing how 
 immensely the Society's work has been increased in twenty- five 
 years: Report of 1870 — Total receipts, $14,773.22; total expenses, 
 $13,349.95; balance, $1,384.27; number of individuals assisted, 
 682. Report of 1894 — Total receipts, including a balance, 
 $52,916.04; total expenses $46,536.00; balance, $6,380.04; 
 number of individuals assisted, 7,986. 
 
 In addition to the receipts from ordinary sources, this Society 
 receives the largest division of the proceeds of the annual Hebrew 
 Charity Balls, and the amount of collections or subscriptions at up- 
 town Synagogues on the Great Day of Atonement. Its labors are 
 exhaustless, and the female contingent, assisting the Managers, is 
 always active ; an incessant laborer in this field being Miss Esther 
 Baum, whose participation in charitable work dates years back. 
 
 Attached to the United Hebrew Charities is an Auxiliary Branch, 
 originated early in March, 1886, and whose members are mainly 
 young men. This Branch has established an Employment Bureau, 
 now located in the Hebrew Education Society's new building, at the 
 south-west corner of Tenth and Carpenter Streets. Mr. George 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 115 
 
 Goward is Superintendent, and, together with Monthly Committees, 
 strives to obtain situations for the unemployed. In one year (March, 
 1892-March, 1893) this Employment Bureau secured positions for 
 463 applicants, and expended $1,186.22 in the same period. From 
 March, 1893, to March, 1894 (during a trying period in business 
 circles), positions were obtained for 159 applicants. Mr. Henry M. 
 Reis was the first President of the Auxiliary Branch. The present 
 executive officer is Louis Wolf; Vice-Presidents, Miss Esther 
 Baum, Dr. Joseph Krauskopf, and Dr. Henry Berkowitz ; Treas- 
 urer, Clinton O. Mayer ; Recording Secretary, Jacob Weil ; Corre- 
 sponding Secretary, Max Herzberg. 
 
 The Auxiliary Branch has been given charge of the Baron 
 Maurice de Hirsch Trust for the assistance of immigrants, in so far 
 as it relajtes to Philadelphia. This Trust, instituted by the world- 
 renowned philanthropist, has the annual allotment of the settled 
 amount of $120,000, or $10,000 monthly. Of the entire sum, 
 $700 are given each month to this city ; $500 for general purposes, 
 and $200 for educational objects, in charge of the Hebrew Educa- 
 tion Society. The general direction of the Trust in this country is 
 entrusted to a Board of Managers, selected by Baron de Hirsch, and 
 representing the United States ; Messrs. Mayer Sulzberger and Wil- 
 liam B. Hackenburg being the members from this city. To these 
 the Branch reports its doings. In March, 1892-March, 1893, 668 
 persons received assistance ; of whom 303 were afforded transporta- 
 tion ; 76 were aided in business; 119 were given tools; and 115 
 were taught trades. The total expenditures were $5,687.23. In 
 the following year, 1,086 persons were assisted in different ways, 
 at an outlay of $7,451.2^. The Branch, as Agent, has recently 
 adopted a scheme for relieving overcrowded down- town districts, and 
 for aiding whole families, by removing them from cooped-up quarters 
 to small dwelling-houses, and charging each family $10 monthly. 
 This scheme is reported to be working satisfactorily, and it may, if 
 successful, contribute much towards reducing poverty, and improving 
 the condition of the indigent among Israelites. 
 
 The De Hirsch Trust is presided over by Honorable Myer S. 
 Isaacs; Mr. Jacob H. Schiff, a most generous giver, is Vice-President; 
 Mr. Emanuel Lehman is Treasurer (succeeding the late Mr. Jesse 
 Seligman); and Dr. Julius Goldman is Secretary. All these gentle- 
 men are residents of New York City, as is the General Agent of the 
 
116 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 
 
 Trust, Mr. Adolphus S. Solomons. Among the varied works to 
 which the Trust is devoted, is that of colonization, and "The Wood- 
 bine Colony," embracing a tract of five thousand acres in New 
 Jersey, on the Cape May Road, is under its management, and 
 strenuous efforts are being put forth to render it a successful and a 
 permanent settlement. 
 
 The "Personal Interest" Society, an organization composed mainly 
 of ladies, and founded over a year since, aims to assist the United 
 Hebrew Charities, by investigating cases, taking charge of separate 
 families, and relieving distress. The work is apportioned among the 
 members, and needed funds for relief are furnished by the United 
 Hebrew Charities. Miss Esther Baum first presided over this 
 branch. Mrs. Henry S. Frank now fills the executive office; Dr. 
 Joseph Krauskopf is Vice-President; Mrs. Abraham Hirsh, Record- 
 ing Secretary; and Mrs. Joseph Marschuetz, Corresponding Secre- 
 tary. There is also an Advisory Board, composed of Miss Esther 
 Baum, Mrs. B. Selig, Mrs. Louis Sailer, Dr. Henry Berkowitz, 
 Rev. J. Leonard Levy, Mr. Arnold Kohn, and Mr. Sylvan Dal- 
 sheimer. A branch of this Society was recently formed in the 
 southern section of this city. 
 
 Jewish Hospital Association. 
 
 "This Hospital was erected by the voluntary contributions of the 
 Israelites of Philadelphia, and is dedicated to the relief of the sick and 
 wounded, ivithout regard to creed, color, or nationality, under the 
 management of a Board composed of members of the Jewish Hospital 
 Association." 
 
 Such is the inscription over the main entrance to the Jewish Hos- 
 pital, located at Olney Road, near York Pike, in the Twenty-second 
 Ward. It evidences its liberal character, though deriving its revenue 
 from the contributions of Hebrews. The movement to establish this 
 institution originated at a meeting of District Grand Lodge, Number 
 3, of the Independent Order "Bene Berith" (Sons of the Covenant), 
 on August 14th, 1864. At that session Mr. Abraham Sulzberger, 
 a respected Israelite, and a well-known member of "Har Sinai" 
 (Mount Sinai) Lodge, Number 8, arose and presented the following 
 preamble and resolutions : — 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 117 
 
 " Whereas, A Jewish Hospital has been found to be a necessity in the 
 ijitiesof New York and Cincinnati, and in the large cities of Europe, and 
 
 " Whereas, All the causes that make such an institution a necessity 
 there, are in full operation here, and, 
 
 " Whereas, Within the last six months, three Israelites of this city 
 have died in Christian Hospitals without having enjpyed the privilege 
 of hearing the Shemang- Visrael— the watch-word of their faith and 
 nation. 
 
 " Whereas, It reflects the greatest discredit on so large a Jewish popu- 
 lation as that of Philadelphia to force friendless brothers to seek in sick- 
 ness and prospect of death the shelter of un- Jewish Hospitals; to eat 
 forbidden food; to be dissected after death, and sometimes even to be 
 buried with the stranger : Therefore, be it 
 
 " Resolved, That the District Grand Lodge, Number 3, of the Indepen- 
 dent Order of the Bene Berith, acting on the benevolence and brotherly 
 love, which is the motto of the Order, take immediate steps to secure 
 the co-operation of all Jewish Societies and individuals, for the purpose of 
 founding a Jewish Hospital; and further be it 
 
 *' Resolved, That the whole subject be and is hereby referred to a 
 Special Committee of Seven, to be called * the Hospital Committee.' " 
 
 These Resolutions were unanimously adopted, and a Committee, 
 embracing Messrs. Max Thalheimer, Abraham Sulzberger, Solomon 
 Hoffheiraer, Raphael Teller, Lewis Ellinger, Samuel Weil, and 
 Rev. Isaac Leeser, was selected to consider the question. This 
 Committee went at once to work, and was ready with a report on 
 August 18th following (1864). A convention of Lodges, Congre- 
 gations, and Societies met on December 4th, 1864, at which a plan 
 was prepared, and on Sunday, February 19th, 1865, the same was 
 ratified by a large meeting of Hebrews, held at National Guards* 
 Hall, on the south side of Race Street, below Sixth Street. The 
 first officers were: President, Alfred T. Jones (1866-1871); Vice- 
 President, Isidore Binswanger; Treasurer, Samuel Weil; Secretary, 
 Mayer Sulzberger ; Corresponding Secretary, Henry J. Hunt ; 
 Managers, Abraham S. Wolf, Rev. Isaac Leeser, Joseph Einstein, 
 Samuel Hecht, Simon Ezekiel, Max Thalheinfer, William B. 
 Hackenburg, Simon Alexander, Judah Isaacs, M. M. Bayersdor- 
 fer, Hezekiah W. Arnold, and Jacob May. 
 
 The Association was regularly incorporated on September 23d, 
 1865, and a property at Fifty-Sixth Street and Haverford Road, 
 West Philadelphia, was purchased, with adjoining lots, and, when 
 altered and arranged, cost 819,625. Delays in securing possession 
 interfered for a while with the opening of the Hospital, which did 
 not occur until August 6th, 1866, and the formal dedication took 
 
118 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 
 
 place May 28th, 1867. Before the Hospital was opened, the need 
 of a Home for the Aged and Infirm was recognized, and an amend- 
 ment to the Constitution provided for the addition of the same. 
 During the first year, 71 patients were treated and 5 persons -svere 
 admitted to the Home. Dr. Adolph Feldstein was the first Resi- 
 dent Physician. The buildings and grounds then occupied Z\ acres. 
 
 In 1870 the fact developed that the buildings were no longer of 
 sufficient size to accommodate the demands. After negotiations, the 
 present site, on Olney Road, near Old York Road, and containing 
 about 14^ acres, was bought for $18,500, and a beautiful structure, 
 costing about $70, 000, was erected thereupon. The corner-stone was 
 laid October 9th, 1872, with Masonic ceremonies, by the Grand 
 Lodge of Masons in Pennsylvania, Samuel C. Perkins, Esq., Grand 
 Master; Mayer Sulzberger, Esq., delivering the oration; Rev. Dr. 
 Samuel Hirsch and Rev. John Chambers, both Chaplains of the 
 Grand Lodge, also officiating. The dedication, September 14th, 
 1873, was a memorable event. The participants were: Rev. Jacob 
 Frankel, Rev. William Armhold, Rev. Charles Seiniger, Rev. 
 Isaac Stemple, Rev. George Jacobs, Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow, 
 and the Rev. Dr. S. Morals; Mr. Abraham S. Wolf, President; 
 Moses A. Dropsie, Esq., Moritz Ellinger, Esq., Mr. Solomon Gans, 
 and others; the audience numbering about twenty-five hundred 
 persons. 
 
 The new Hospital is beautifully located ; the buildings are attrac- 
 tive, but solid and substantial, and the institution generally has been 
 warmly commended by Hospital authorities. It has been remem- 
 bered in legacies and gifts by both Jews and Gentiles ; a notable gift 
 being that of Isaiah V. Williamson, who presented six yearly ground- 
 rents upon a property, which yields nearly six hundred dollars an- 
 nually. A representative of the State Board of Charities in an 
 official. report (in ^875) said of the Jewish Hospital : — 
 
 "A better arranged hospital, a more comfortable asylum, I have 
 not seen. It compares favorably with the best in the land. I re- 
 commend it as a model for similar institutions of similar magnitude 
 and for similar purpose, for adoption in cities and in country." 
 — Additional ground has been purchased from time to time. 
 
 The *'Mathilde Adler-Loeb Dispensary" is an adjoining building, 
 presented to the Jewish Hospital Association by Mr. and Mrs. Abra- 
 ham Adler and Mr, August B. Loeb (in memory of the daughter 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 119 
 
 of the two former, and the wife of the latter, after whom it is called). 
 This Dispensary— located somewhat to the north-east of the Hospital 
 building — was dedicated August 26th, 1878. It is one and a half 
 stories in height, and contains all the necessary rooms, an apothecary's 
 shop, etc., etc. 
 
 Since the removal to Olney Road, another magnificent edifice 
 has been reared for the use of Aged and Infirm Israelites, and for 
 which about $90,000 was generously donated. The corner-stone of 
 this addition was laid on Tuesday afternoon, October 9th, 1888, 
 and the dedication followed on Thursday, November 28th, 1889 
 (Thanksgiving Day). A Training School for Nurses was estab- 
 lished, January 1st, 1892, and the first four nurses received their 
 certificates, June 8th, 1893. Over 27,000 patients have been treated 
 at the Jewish Hospital and its Dispensary since these have opened; 
 5,126 being the total number from May, 1893, to May, 1894. 
 Wards for incurable cases have also been set apart in the Hospital 
 building. More than 100 persons have, at different times, been 
 kept at the Home. 
 
 An excellent evidence of the amount of worK accomplished may 
 be obtained from the statement that in the year May, 1893-May, 
 1894, the total payments were $66,332.04, and the total cost of 
 maintaining Hospital, Home, and Dispensary was $33,661.75. A 
 large amount is received annually from the proceeds of the Hebrew 
 Charity Ball, and numerous contributions increase the yearly receipts. 
 — This institution maintains an ambulance, subject to regular calls. 
 
 Before the Hospital was removed from West Philadelphia to its 
 present quarters, Mr. Abraham S. Wolf, one of its founders, and a 
 man of wide reputation in the community, had been elected Presi- 
 dent. He served from 1871 to 1878. The executive who succeeded 
 him (in 1878) is Mr. William B. Hackenburg, an earnest and 
 enthusiastic worker, and a distinguished Israelite, who is energetic in 
 many spheres of Jewish activity. Mr. Hackenburg is assisted by the 
 following Board of Officers and Directors: Vice-President, Simon 
 Muhr; Treasurer, August B. Loeb; Secretary, Ephraim Lederer; 
 Corresponding Secretary, Herman Jonas; Directors, Solomon Gans, 
 Lucien Moss, Max Liveright, Simon B. Fleisher, Simon I. Kohn, 
 Herman B. Blumenthal, Edward Wolf, Jacob Wiener, Arnold Kohn, 
 Louis Gerstley, Benjamin Wolf, and Augustus Wise; Honorary 
 Directors, Mayer Sulzberger, Abraham Wolf, Aaron Lichten, and 
 
120 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Simon A. Stern. Mrs. Charles Kaufman presides over a Ladies' 
 Visiting Committee, embracing fifteen members. Dr. Jay C. Knipe 
 is Resident Physician, and Dr. Edwin A. Jarecki is Assistant. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Edward Gruener are Superintendent and Matron, respec- 
 tively. There are also a number of consulting physicians and sur- 
 geons on the regular staff of the Jewish Hospital. 
 
 An Aid Auxiliary, the purpose of which is to obtain accessions 
 to the membership of this institution, was established at a public 
 meeting, held Sunday evening, November 5th, 1893. Its work is 
 divided among ten District Committees of ladies and gentlemen, 
 whose labors are directed towards the object just indicated. The 
 officers of this Aid Auxiliary are : President, Herman Jonas ; 
 Secretaries, Isaiah B. Langstadter and Miss Corinne B. Arnold; 
 Executive Committee, Mrs. Samuel Hexter, Miss Julia Friedberger, 
 Mrs. Herman Jonas, Miss Rosa Mordecai, Miss Leah Abeles, Mrs. 
 Solomon Selig, Mrs. Joseph A. Louchheim, Mrs. Frances Hirsch, 
 Mrs. B. F. Houseman, Mrs. Morris Lang, and Messrs. Ephraim 
 Lederer, Aaron E. Greenewald, Samuel Newburger, Isaac N. Solis, 
 Harry B. Hirsh, Charles Freedman, Ernest Kaufman, Henry M. 
 Frank, W. A. Louchheim, J. J. Rice, Alfred M. I^lein, L. Behal, 
 George Goward, William Hirsh, Benjamin Wilson, William A. 
 Stern, Benjamin Wasserman, Maurice N. Weyl, David Greenwald, 
 Solomon Bacharach, and Joseph S. Potsdamer. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. ' 121 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 Caring for the Orphan— Nearly Four Decades in the His- 
 tory OF the Jewish Foster Home— Its Different Direction 
 — Excellent Home. 
 
 Orphans' Guardians— Work Done in Private Households. 
 
 Jewish Foster Home. 
 
 The causes which led to the formation of a Home for Jewish 
 Orphans in February-May, 1855, are well defined in the following 
 extract from the Preamble to the Constitution and By-Laws of the 
 Jewish Foster Home (to which, in later years, the words, "and 
 Orphan Asylum," have been added) : 
 
 "Deeply impressed with the necessity of providing a home for desti- 
 tute and unprotected children of Jewish parentage, the ladies of the 
 several Congregations of Philadelphia have associated to form an insti- 
 tution denominated The Jewish Foster Home, wherein orphans, or the 
 children of indigent Israelites, may be rescued from the evils of igno- 
 rance and vice, comfortably provided for, instructed in moral and religi- 
 ous duties, and thus prepared to become useful members of the commu- 
 nity." 
 
 The establishment of this institution had been advocated some 
 years before (1850) by "A Daughter of Israel," who, in a com- 
 munication to The Occident, edited by Rev. Isaac Leeser, pointed 
 out the need and the desirability for an orphan home. This com- 
 munication emanated from Miss Rebecca Gratz, and five years later 
 practical results were obtained. 
 
 The meeting at which the Society was called into existence 
 occurred on Sunday, February 4th, 1855, at the Synagogue of 
 the Congregation Mickveh Israel, then on Cherry Street above 
 Third Street. The following ladies were elected first managers of 
 the new institution: Mrs. Anna Allen, First Directress; Mrs. D. 
 Samuel, Second Directress; Miss Louisa Gratz, Treasurer; Miss 
 Evelyn Bomeisler, Secretary; Mrs. William Florance, Mrs. Abra- 
 ham Hart, Mrs. Jacob L. Florance, Miss Emily Phillips, Mrs. 
 Edward J. Etting, Miss Rachel Pesoa, Mrs. Joseph L. Moss, Mrs. 
 Leon Berg, Mrs. George D. Rosengarten, Mrs. Henry Cohen, Mrs. 
 Abraham Finzi, Mrs. Benjamin Lieb^r, Mrs. Henry Newhouse, 
 
122 ' THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Mrs. J. Frankel, Mrs. Solomon Gans, Mrs. Isidore Binswanger, 
 Mrs. S. Frank, Mrs. Joseph M. Asch, Mrs. H. Simpson, Mrs. S. 
 Morais, Mrs. B. Blum, Mrs. Joseph Rosenbaum, Miss Louisa B. 
 Hart, and Mrs. L. J. Leberman, Managers. 
 
 The new Society was soon incorporated, and immediately set 
 about its labors by establishing a Home, on North Eleventh Street 
 above Jefferson Street. This was dedicated in May, 1855; Rev. 
 Dr. Morris Jacob Raphall, of New York City, and the Rev. Dr. 
 S. Morais, of Philadelphia, having parts in the exercises. Subse- 
 quently (1858) the Home was removed to 1424 North Seventh 
 Street, where it continued until 1861, and was then located at 1431 
 North Fifteenth Street. During that period, and up to 1874, the 
 Society was directed by ladies; a Board of Council, composed of 
 gentlemen assisting the Managers. Among those who served on this 
 Board were Messrs. Abraham Hart, Joseph L. Moss, L. J. Leber- 
 man, Isaac J. Phillips, Daniel Gans, Joseph Newhouse, and the Rev. 
 Dr. S. Morais. At different times and since the removal to Ger- 
 mantown, there have been from 20 to 90 or more children located at 
 the Home at the same time. 
 
 Mrs. Anna Allen, who was untiring as First Directress, resigned 
 in 1867. In later years, she resided in New York City, and con- 
 tinued to hold the esteem of all by her benevolent traits of character 
 and God-fearing ways. She died in the latter city, at an advanced 
 age, on June 30th, 1888. Mrs. Allen's successors, in turn, were 
 Mrs. L. J. Leberman (1867) and Mrs. Henry Cohen (1873). 
 
 In 1874, the Charter and Constitution were amended and the 
 main control was then transferred to gentlemen, aided by a Ladies' 
 Associate Board. The first President under the new regime was the 
 distinguished citizen, Mr. Abraham Hart, and Mrs. Henry Cohen 
 was chief of the Ladies' Associate Board. Mr. Isidore Binswanger 
 succeeded Mr. Hart, and for fifteen years (until 1890) continued at 
 the head of affairs, and ardently labored for the cause. Mr. Bins- 
 wanger, to whom the Foster Home was greatly indebted for its up- 
 building and strengthening, was identified with numerous charitable 
 and educational institutions, and gave his best years to the welfare of 
 his coreligionists. He died in May, 1890, shortly after retiring 
 from the office he had filled with ability and devotion to the Home. 
 
 During Mr. Binswanger' s presidency, the large and attractive Chew 
 Mansion and grounds on Mill Street, Germantown, were purchased, 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 128 
 
 and the Home was removed there, in June, 1881. This spot is 
 often visited, and its delightful surroundings render it a centre of 
 interest. The building occupied, while suitable in every way, was 
 soon found too small to meet the increased demands upon the institu- 
 tion. Hence, new structures were erected, at a cost of about $80, 000, 
 most of which amount was generously contributed by members of 
 the Jewish community. The new Home was dedicated with suit- 
 able exercises, on Sunday afternoon. May 15th, 1892, in the presence 
 of a numerous assemblage; the Revs. Di*s. Morais, Jastrow, Iliowizi, 
 Krauskopf, President Leo Loeb, Superintendent Fleischman, and 
 Dr. Solomon Solis Cohen taking part. The new edifice is 120 by 55 
 feet, and commands general praise. It is built upon the most im- 
 proved methods, and every feature has been carefully looked to, with 
 a view to comfort and excellence. It is designed to accommodate 
 one hundred and fifty children. The furnishings, the neatness, and 
 the appearance throughout are calculated to place this Home in the 
 front rank of Orphan Asylums. 
 
 Another matter specially noticed is the parental, rather than in- 
 stitutional, care and treatment of the children, which render the 
 place a Home, and for which the efficient and earnest Superintendent 
 and Matron, Rev. S. M. Fleischman and wife, have received de- 
 servedly high encomium. Mr. Fleischman was formerly minister in 
 Akron, Ohio. He has written for journals considerably, and has 
 published several of his works, in prose and in verse. Since his 
 coming here, fresh energy has been infused into the Home, and its 
 educational system, starting with a Kindergarten, and developing to 
 higher grades (the older children attend Public Schools) has re- 
 ceived an impetus in numerous directions. Mr. and Mrs. Fleisch- 
 man, in their efforts, are ably seconded by Miss Amelia Rosenbaum, 
 an early inmate of the Home who acts as Assistant. The Superin- 
 tendent's addresses on Sabbaths, Festivals, and Holy Days (when 
 services are held in the Synagogue attached) are timely and instruc- 
 tive. In fact, the conduct of the institution is warmly commended. 
 Some of the children, after attaining a certain age, are indentured to 
 learn trades ; the Society, meanwhile, contributing to their support. 
 
 The following persons have filled the office of Matron or Super- 
 intendent since the opening of the Home : Miss Brown, Mrs. 
 Cohen, Miss Crawcour, Mrs. Levy, Mrs. Joanna Krause, Miss 
 Zalinski, Dr. Isaac Edrehi and Mrs. Edrehi, Mr. and Mrs. S. Weil, 
 
124 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Rev. Nathan Ruzanowsky and Mrs. Ruzanowsky, and Rev. S. M. 
 Fleischman and Mrs. Fleischman. 
 
 The Home has had to lament the death of two of its Presidents 
 within a short term. Mr. Binswanger (after whom the Isidore 
 Binswanger Alumnal Association — composed of inmates and former 
 inmates of the Home — was named, in 1891) had been succeeded in 
 the presidency by Mr. Mason Hirsh, an honored Israelite, a mer- 
 chant, and a member of various organizations, public, religious, and 
 otherwise. Mr. Hirsh, who was a liberal subscriber to worthy ob- 
 jects, proved of much assistance to the Home, when called on to 
 direct its management. He died in March, 1892, much regretted. 
 Memorials of Presidents Binswanger and Hirsh have been placed in 
 this institution, in the cause of which both were so untiring in their 
 endeavors. 
 
 According to the annual statement in April, 1894, there were 
 then 99 children — 55 boys and 44 girls — in the Home, and 24 were 
 either indentured or in situations. The expenditures in a single 
 year have reached nearly $28,000, but the receipts have done more 
 than cover these; there being a handsome balance in the treasury. 
 The Home benefits by a large annual contribution of the Hebrew 
 Charity Ball Association. Its membership roll has hundreds of 
 names. 
 
 The present management is as follows: President, Leo Loeb; 
 Vice-President, Marcus Katz; Treasurer, Jacob Miller; Secretary, 
 Benjamin F. Teller; Managers, Augustus Bacharach, Isaac Blum, 
 Solomon Blumenthal, Penrose Fleisher, Meyer Frank, William 
 Gerstley, Alfred C. Hirsh, Henry A. Jeitles, Simon Kohn, Morris 
 Liveright, Ferdinand Marks, Morris May, Levi Mayer, Philip 
 Lewin, Simon Muhr, "and Clarence Wolf ; Associate Board, Mrs. 
 B. H. Feustmann, President; Miss Evelyn Bomeisler, Secretary; 
 Miss Esther Baum, Mrs. Isidore Binswanger, Mrs. Isidore Coons, 
 Mrs. Henry S. Frank, Mrs. Henry Hahn, Mrs. Isaac Hyneman, 
 Mrs. Jacob Kaufman, Mrs. Levi Mayer, Mrs. William Miller, 
 Mrs. M. M. Newman, Mrs. Simon Pfaelzer, Mrs. Adolph Rosen- 
 baum, Mrs. Isaac Rosskam, Mrs. Isaac Sailer, Mrs. A. P. Schone- 
 man, and Mrs. H. L. Strouse; Solicitor, Edward H. Weil; Con- 
 sulting Physician, A. C. Bournonville, M.D.; Attending Physi- 
 cian, A. C. Currie, M.D. ; Dentists, W. Harvey Roop, D.D.S., and 
 Maria Lasser, D. D. S. ; Eye Physician, Frederick S. Isett, M. D. ; 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 125 
 
 Superintendent and Teacher, Rev. S. M. Fleischman; Matron, Mrs. 
 S. M. Fleischman; Teacher of Kindergarten and Primary Glasses, 
 Miss Amelia Rosen baum; Teacher of Gymnastics, Professor Richard 
 Perteuch. 
 
 Orphans' Guardians. 
 
 A Society whose object is "to foster orphans of Jewish faith, place 
 them with respectable Jewish families, care for their education and 
 enable them to enjoy the benefits of family life," was organized at 
 Philadelphia, March, 26th, 1868. Until the year 1891 it was known 
 as the "Familien Waisen Erziehungs Verein" (Family Orphan 
 Educational Society), and was directed mainly by members of the 
 Keneseth Israel Congregation. Its Charter has now been amended, 
 so as to render it non- congregational, and the name of *'The Or- 
 phans' Guardians" has been substituted for the term previously used. 
 
 This Society was founded by the late Dr. Samuel Hirsch, then 
 minister of the Keneseth Israel Congregation; and from the period 
 of its inception until his removal from this city in 1888, Dr. Hirsch 
 labored constantly for its welfare. The membership roll at the start 
 contained about 130 names. At present it has increased to 429 in 
 all. The Society now cares for 36 orphans — 18 boys and 18 girls 
 —who are placed by their respective guardians in private Jewish 
 families, at an expense of $3 weekly, per capita. This system — in- 
 stead of that maintained by means of a special institution — is re- 
 garded with favor by some, as promotive of the best interests, and of 
 the happiness of those deprived of their natural guardians. Since 
 1868, more than forty-five of this Society's wards have been dis- 
 charged, after attaining a certain age and becoming self-supporting. 
 
 The funds of this institution in its first yeat amounted to but 
 $400. Its present investments are $8,000, and the yearly distribu- 
 tion for the support of its wards amounted to (in May, 1893-May, 
 1894) $3,899.61. The first Board of Officers was as follows: Presi- 
 dent, Dr. Samuel Hirsch; Vice-President, Abrahan Goldsmith; 
 Treasurer, B. H. Feustmann ; Secretary, B. Salinger. During six 
 years, S. Silberman was President; Abraham Goldsmith succeeding 
 him in 1874, and continuing until 1891, when he declined a re-elec- 
 tion. Dr. Samuel Hirsch was Secretary continuously from 1875 to 
 1888. 
 
126 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 The officers now serving are: President, Arnold Kohn; Vice- 
 President, Daniel Merz ; Treasurer, Michael C. Hirsch ; Secretary, 
 Joseph Marschuetz; Directors, David Strauss, Joseph R. Teller, 
 Hyman Herzberg, David Hirsh, Morris Liveright, Rev. Dr. 
 Henry Berkowitz; and the following, all of whom are guardians: 
 Mr. and Mrs. David Kohn, Mr. and Mrs. Barney Selig, Mr. and 
 Mrs. Philip Massman, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Loeb, Mr. and Mrs. 
 William Gerstley, Mr. Abraham Kaufman and Mrs. Samson 
 Simon, Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Wertheimer, Mr. and Mrs. A. M. 
 Kohn, Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Weil, Mr. and Mrs. Solomon Blu- 
 menthal, Mr. and Mrs. Louis Eschner, Mr. and Mrs. Abraham 
 Weil, Mr. and Mrs. David Strauss, Mr. and Mrs. Arnold Kohn, 
 Mr.* and Mrs. Samuel W. Goodman, Mr. and Mrs. David Hirsh, 
 Mr. and Mrs. Philip Lewin, Mr. and Mrs. Leopold Lisberger, Mr. 
 and Mrs. Ludwig Leberman, Mr. and Mrs. Hyman Herzberg, Mr. 
 and Mrs. Hart Blumenthal, Mrs. David Klein and Mr. Alfred 
 M. Klein, Mr. and Mrs. S. Kind, Dr. Joseph Krauskopf, Rev. 
 William Armhold and Miss Nettie Armhold, Mr. and Mrs. Max 
 Oppenheimer, Mr. and Mrs. Myer Behal, and Mr. and Mrs. Joseph 
 Marschuetz. 
 
 The beneficent work of this Society is in the hands of ladies and 
 gentlemen who spare no efforts to enhance its usefulness. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 127 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 Women's Societies — The Female Hebrew Benevolent Society 
 —The Oldest Jewish Charity in Philadelphia. 
 
 The Jewish Maternity Association— Its Well-Equipped 
 Home— Its Labors at Atlantic City. 
 
 Female Hebrew Benevolent Society. 
 
 A chapter of the Book of Proverbs describes the merits of a 
 virtuous woman, upon whom praises are bestowed: "She stretcheth 
 out her hand to the poor; yea, she reacheth forth her hands to the 
 needy." Such a marked characteristic has distinguished Hebrew 
 women in every age of the world, and the Rabbinical writings teem 
 with encomiums to the sex, and to the blessed influences wrought by 
 sincere and God-fearing wives and daughters. In many respects, 
 women have been far more successful in charity work than men. 
 They are more sympathetic by nature, and can administer charity 
 in a way that affords real assistance to the deserving, comfort to the 
 distressed, and consolation to the orphaned and the widowed. 
 
 Women have been the pioneers of Jewish charity work in Phila- 
 delphia. It is related that on a stormy day in the autumn of 1819 
 two ladies of benevolent instincts, having been painfully affected by 
 an instance of suffering brought to their notice, resolved to ask 
 assistance of their sisters in faith in order to relieve the poverty then 
 existing among the small number of Hebrews in this city, where 
 there was no charity society to aid them. Their act led to the 
 formation of the Female Hebrew Benevolent Society, a month later 
 (November, 1819), in which Miss Rebecca Gratz assumed an im- 
 portant part, and the two ladies alluded to — Mrs. Aaron Levy and 
 Miss Hannah Levy — were members of the first Board of Managers. 
 The Society, which was regularly instituted in 1820, received its 
 Articles of Incorporation in the year 1837. It is the oldest Jewish 
 Association now existing in this city, and continues its active work 
 under the direction of the successors of those who first brought it 
 into existence. Its objects are thus stated in the Preamble to its 
 Constitution : 
 
128 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 
 
 "lu all communities the means of alleviating the suft'erings of the 
 poor are considered of high importance by the benevolent and the humane. 
 The subscribers, members of the Hebrew Congregation (Mickve Israel), 
 of Philadelphia, and citizens of the United States and of the State of 
 Pennsylvania, sensible to the calls of their small society, and desirous 
 of rendering themselves useful to their indigent sisters of the House of 
 Israel, have associated themselves together for the purpose of charity, 
 and in order to make the benefit permanent have adopted this Constitu- 
 tion." 
 
 The ladies comprising the Board of Managers accomplished their 
 work quietly but effectively. The division of the city into districts, 
 each being in charge of different managers, has enabled the Society 
 to administer its charity to needy Hebrews in different localities. 
 
 In 1820, its officers were : First Directress, Mrs. Rebecca J. Phil- 
 lips ; Second Directress, Mrs. Bell Cohen ; Treasurer, Mrs. S. Bravo; 
 Secretary, Miss Rebecca Gratz ; Managers (besides the above), Mrs. 
 Richea Hays, Mrs. Phila Pesoa, Mrs. Miriam Nones, Mrs. Esther 
 Hart, Mrs. Fanny Levy, Mrs. Arabella Phillips, Mrs. Rebecca Moss, 
 Miss Sarah M. Cohen, and Miss Hannah Levy. Among subsequent 
 managers (some of whom, at different times, presided over the So- 
 ciety) were Mrs. Anna Allen, Mrs. Sarah Hart, Mrs. Maria Hack- 
 enburg. Miss Louisa B. Hart, Mrs. Sarah Lyon, Mrs. Rebecca C. 
 Hart, Miss Rachel Pesoa, Mrs. Sarah Phillips, Miss Sim' ha Cohen 
 Peixotto, Mrs. Hetty Samuel, Mrs. Matilda H. Cohen, and Miss 
 Ellen Phillips (who was Vice-President at her decease, in February, 
 1891). 
 
 The present officers of the Female Hebrew Benevolent Society 
 are: President, Mrs. Miriam H. Wolf; Vice-President, Mrs. David 
 H. Solis, Sr.; Treasurer, Mrs. Isabel R. Weil; Secretary, Mrs. 
 Myrtilla E. Mitchell ; Managers, Mrs. Ernest Nusbaum, Mrs. 
 Jonathan M. Emanuel, Mrs. Levy L. Hyneman, Mrs. Jacob Ull- 
 man, Mrs. Walter S. Berg, Mrs. Joseph Newhouse, Mrs. Jacob E. 
 Hyneman, Mrs. Charles H. Vendig, and Mrs. Julius S. Daniels. 
 
 The membership is confined to ladies of the Hebrew Faith ; the 
 dues being $2 yearly. The annual meeting is held on the first Wed- 
 nesday morning in November", at the residence in the rear of the 
 Synagogue of the Congregation Mickv^h Israel, Seventh Street, 
 above Arch Street. 
 
 When the Society of the United Hebrew Charities was formed 
 in 1869, as the result of a union of small institutions, it was thought 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 129 
 
 that the Female Hebrew Benevolent Society would also enter there- 
 into. But it preferred to remain apart ; performing its own task, 
 and striving to alleviate suffering and poverty with all the means at 
 its disposal. Its charities are dispensed by northern and southern 
 district committees. 
 
 Jewish Maternity Association. 
 
 **'Ezrath Nashim," two Hebrew words, which mean ''Helping 
 Women," denote the character of a lying-in society in this city, which 
 has, since 1891, altered its name to the Jewish Maternity Associa- 
 tion. It was founded, November 30th, 1873, and the amount of 
 suffering it has been the means of preventing is illustrated by the 
 statement that upwards of two thousand women have been assisted 
 by providing them with nurses or other helps during " the most 
 trying periods of their lives." The need of a permanent Home for 
 this Society, whose labors had been confined to rendering aid at the 
 residences of their charges, became manifest in 1891. Therefore, a 
 large property at 534 Spruce Street was purchased for $8,750. The 
 entire building was improved and renovated ; rooms furnished, and 
 fitted up for the special uses of a Maternity Home, capable of ac- 
 commodating twelve patients at the same time. An ''Ellen Phillips 
 Memorial Bed, ' ' in memory of a Jewess known and esteemed for her 
 philanthropy (who bequeathed $500 to this Association), was set 
 apart for special use. The new Home was formally opened with 
 receptions, January 12th, 13th, and 14th, 1892, and marked a new 
 career in the Society's annals. Since that time, the work has con- 
 tinued unceasingly; the number of in-door and out-door cases multi- 
 plying each month, and requiring every energy on the part of the 
 management and staff of physicians. There were 116 patients 
 treated in the Home, and 15 at private residences during 1893. A 
 training department for nurses and a course of instruction in invalid 
 cookery have been established, and an extension of the Home to 
 meet wants will soon be made. 
 
 The work, however, has not been confined to this city. The need 
 of healthful restoratives for invalid mothers and their children led, 
 in 1893, to the rental of four cottages at Chelsea, Atlantic City, and, 
 with special subscriptions for this object, these cottages were converted 
 into an institution called the Jewish Seaside Home, with thirty rooms 
 
 9 
 
130 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 and conveniences. This Home was formally dedicated, Sunday, 
 June 11th, 1893; Mrs. Ella Frauendiener having been selected as 
 Matron; Miss Bertha Hirshwald, Nurse; Dr. L. H. Armstrong, 
 Physician; and Dr. A. D. Cuskaden, Assistant Physician. The 
 Committee in charge of this Home embraced Mrs. Benjamin Strouse, 
 Mrs. Adolph Heyman, Mrs. Myer Behal, Mrs. E. Meyerhoff, Mrs. 
 Jacob Aronson, Mr. Moses H. Wiener, Mr. Samuel S. Fels, and 
 Dr. Isaac Leopold. One hundred and fifty inmates were provided 
 for at different times during the summer season of 1893, and the 
 arrangements and care exhibited at this Seaside Home were generally 
 commended. The special work here (w^hich seems to have been 
 established permanently), w^as renewed under still more favorable 
 conditions during the summer of 1894, when a larger Home — located 
 on Georgia Avenue near Atlantic Avenue, in Atlantic City — was 
 occupied, and an increased number of inmates received. Mrs. Susan 
 Wilson was Matron, and Mrs. Johanna Moritzen, Head Nurse. Mrs. 
 Myer Behal and Mrs. Samuel Sternberger were at the head of an 
 Executive Committee of ten ladies. 
 
 The success attending the labors of the Jewish Maternity Associa- 
 tion may be gauged by the fact that its membership had increased 
 from 399, in 1890, to nearly 800, in 1893. The total expenditures, 
 in all branches, in 1893, were $8,236.89; yet the generous assistance 
 accorded to this institution enabled it to present a handsome balance. 
 
 The Directorate is composed of both sexes; but it is needless to 
 say that the women of Israel are most active in the cause, and that, 
 through them, the Association has been placed in the front ranks 
 of Jewish Charities in Philadelphia. Mrs. Ester Amram, the Presi-. 
 dent, is untiring in her endeavors. She is supported by an efficient 
 Vice-President, in Mrs. Joseph Louchheim; an earnest Secretary, in 
 Mrs. S. Belle Cohn, and an experienced and capable Treasurer, in 
 Mr. Benjamin F. Teller. The Directors are : Mrs. J. M. Engel, Mrs. 
 Julia G. Arnold, Mrs. A. Levy, Mrs. E. Meyerhoff, Mrs. M. S. 
 Sailer, Mrs. M. S. Meyerhoff, Mrs. Myer Behal, and Messrs. Henry 
 J. Tickner, Louis Meyerhoff, Moses H. Wiener, Samuel S. Fels, and 
 Isaac Herzberg; Assistant Secretary, Edward L. Haas; Superinten- 
 dent and Resident Physician, Dr. Helen Kirschbaum ; Head Nurse, 
 Miss Johanna Hochman ; besides several assistants ; Visiting Physi- 
 cians, Dr. Isaac Leopold, Dr. Rebecca Fleisher, Dr. Lucy N. Tap- 
 pan, and Dr. William H. Teller ; Solicitor, David Werner Amram. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 131 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 The Exiles from Benighted Countries— Laudable Endeav- 
 ors OF the Association of Jewish Immigrants— What it 
 HAS Accomplished with Small Means. 
 
 The Hebrew Charity Ball Association— An Interesting 
 Record— Indispensable Assistance Rendered Annually. 
 
 Association of Jewish Immigrants. 
 
 In works of charity, the City of Brotherly Love has set the ex- 
 ample to the country. It has always been among the foremost to 
 recognize the needs of the times, and meet these needs with a 
 promptness and energy worthy of emulation. After the wholesale 
 exodus of Hebrews from Russia in 1882, the tide of immigration to 
 these parts rolled in so heavily that the societies then here found it 
 an extremely difficult, almost impossible, matter to cope therewith ; 
 to see to the wants of the hosts of new arrivals on incoming steamers, 
 obtain employment for them, or forward them to different destina- 
 tions throughout the United States. The Society of the United 
 Hebrew Charities was overtaxed, and its resources w^ere far from 
 equal to emergencies then rapidly multiplying upon each other. 
 What was to be done? This question was discussed at a meeting 
 held at Wheatley Dramatic Hall, at the north-east corner of Fifth 
 and Gaskill Streets, on Sunday evening, September 21st, 1884. A 
 call had been issued by Mr. Jacob Judelsohn, and met with a 
 hearty response, especially from those who had come here from the 
 land of darkness and oppression, and who were eager to aid their 
 unfortunate brethren who might be compelled to follow them to this 
 haven of refuge. The meeting was addressed by Mr. Judelsohn, 
 Mr. Moses Klein, Mr. Simon Muhr, Moses A. Dropsie, Esq. , and 
 Mr. Leopold Krause. 
 
 That gathering, however, was but a preliminary step towards the 
 formation of the Association of Jewish Immigrants at another meet- 
 ing, held at the same hall, on Sunday evening, October 5th, 1884. 
 Emanuel Cohen, Esq., then presided, and Charles Hoffman, Esq., 
 acted as Secretary; Mr. Louis E. Levy presented a series of rules 
 
132 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 for the government of the new Association, which, as its name indi- 
 cates, was originally intended to be mainly composed of Jewish im- 
 migrants, and whose object was "to effectually assist new arrivals 
 and those already here." The Rev. Dr. S. Morais, Rev. Dr. 
 Marcus M. Jastrow, Mr. Simon Muhr, Mr. Jacob Judelsohn, Dr. 
 Henry Gersoni, Mr. Jacob Singer, Mr. Jacob Miller, Mr. Samuel 
 Morais Hyneman, and Dr. Solomon Solis Cohen also participated 
 in this meeting, which started the new Association, and set it im- 
 mediately in the field of active labor. The first oflficers then elected 
 were as follows : President, Alfred T. Jones; Vice-President, Jacob 
 Miller; Treasurer, Simon Muhr; Secretary, Charles Hoflfman; 
 Directors, Abraham M. Frechie, Louis E. Levy, Dr. Lewis W. 
 Steinbach, Dr. Joseph S. Simsohn, Max Rosenthal, Max Sessler, 
 Leopold Krause, S. L. Ginsburg, A. Kessler, N. Lowenburg, N. 
 Leiken, and L. Levine. 
 
 Mr. Jacob Judelsohn, who first moved in this matter, would not 
 accept any oflSce. His interest in the Association continued to be 
 manifested during his residence in this city. Mr. Judelsohn, who 
 was born in Marionpol, Russia, in July, 1855, seems to have been 
 the pioneer in calling into action such societies as that referred to. 
 He arrived in this country in 1879, and was profoundly moved by the 
 state of affairs soon after existing. After dwelling here for a while, 
 and bringing about practical steps, as noted above, he repaired to 
 New York City, and did similar work there; though the institution 
 he then founded, had not, through various circumstances, a perma- 
 nent existence. He agitated the cause of the Russo-Jewish immigrants, 
 in articles contributed to the Jewish and the secular press. A man 
 of bright capacities and of commendable activity, he proved a warm 
 friend of the unfortunate exiles, with whom he had shared country. 
 He labored for their well-being, and had the satisfaction of witness- 
 ing, in a measure at least, gratifying results. Mr. Judelsohn was 
 united in marriage to Miss Clara Hartogensis, daughter of Dr. A. 
 E. Hartogensis, formerly of Philadelphia, but latterly of New York 
 City. He died in the latter city, on December 15th, 1891, when 
 still a young man. 
 
 The Association of Jewish Immigrants — though it never has been, 
 to any large degree, composed of immigrants themselves — was hardly 
 launched into existence than its services were in demand on all sides. 
 With a comparatively small membership and an almost insufficient 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 133 
 
 income to meet th.e heavy strain, but with an energetic President, an 
 intelligent Board of Officers, and an untiring Agent in Mr. Moses 
 Klein — who represented it on all steamers and in other capacities — it 
 was able to accomplish an enormous task in its first year. At its 
 house, 931 South Fourth Street, in charge of Mr. Adolph Klein, 
 848 persons were afibrded shelter; 1076 Jewish immigrants arrived 
 during the first year, of whom but 141 remained in this city, and 
 many pitiful stories of hardships were told by some who had landed 
 here, stripped of all their possessions. There were 900 applications 
 for employment during the first year; the expenses amounting to 
 $1,805.82 in the first thirteen months. 
 
 Beyond the mere assisting and transporting of immigrants, how- 
 ever, this Association has, many a time, been required to protect 
 them from the snares of sharpers; to rescue young women who had 
 come here helpless from falling into the traps of those who would 
 degrade them. It has been ever watchful of the interests of its 
 charges and has been enabled to secure them protection from the fact 
 of its Agent being also an Interpreter to the United States Commis- 
 sioner of Immigration. Illustrations are plentiful with regard to its 
 laudable work in this direction, as a reference to its annual reports 
 — now matters of history — will fully demonstrate. During the 
 second year, the number of immigrants was more than double that of 
 the preceding twelve months. There were 2,31 in all, 26 per cent, 
 staying in this city. By skilful management, the expenditures 
 were only $1,671.75. From November, 1886, to November, 1887, 
 however, there was a falling off" in arrivals, the total having been 
 1,680, or a decrease of 630 from the previous year. The expenses 
 then were $1,227. In 1888, the Association handled 1,761 immi- 
 grants, at an outlay of $1,423.25; in 1889 there were 1,288 ar- 
 rivals, and the total expenditures were $1,412.27. 
 
 In 1890 another crisis was developed. The re-enactment of bar- 
 barous cruelties in Russia led to another wholesale expatriation from 
 that benighted country — so that up to November 1st there were 1,982 
 new arrivals, or an increase of 694 over 1889; and of these, 1,606 
 came from Russia. The expenses, which were somewhat reduced 
 —owing to the efficient assistance rendered by the Baron Maurice de 
 Hirsch Trust, with the sums at the disposal of the Philadelphia 
 Trustees — amounted to about $1,400. 
 
 The work during 1891 (November, 1890-November, 1891) may 
 
134 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 be comprehended from the statement that in the period mentioned, 
 there were 4,984 arrivals, of whom 4,506 hailed from Poland or 
 Russia; yet, surprising to say, the expenditures amounted to not 
 more than $1,011.05, a fact which speaks volumes for the economi- 
 cal, but systematic, management. Statistics presented at the annual 
 meeting in November, 1892, showed the total arrivals during the 
 preceding twelve months to have been 3,039, of which number, 
 2,543 were Poles or Russians; the outlay, through increased needs of 
 immigrants, having been $3,157.81. The marked difference in ex- 
 penditures is not always to be accounted for by numbers, but by the 
 condition in which immigrants arrive here, the distances of cities and 
 towns to which they are destined, and other equally effective reasons. 
 The year 1893 likewise witnessed an enormous increase in immigra- 
 tion to all eastern ports of the United States. The enforcement 
 of new edicts, the inhuman acts of a rabble populace in benighted 
 Russia, and the enactment of measures calculated to force the un- 
 happy Jews still further within their very limited pale of settlement 
 have all acted in producing conditions extremely trying and difficult 
 to meet. The persecuted and hunted Israelite casts his looks towards 
 this country, seemingly, the only one that offers him any rest; hence, 
 an almost unusual state of affairs confronts us. However, much re- 
 lief is obtained from the fact that many who seek these shores pursue 
 some occupation or profession, by which they may be enabled to earn 
 a livelihood for themselves and for those dependent upon them. In 
 the year from November, 1892, to November, 1893, the number of 
 new arrivals recorded was 5,324, the highest since the exodus of 
 1881-1882. The expenditures in 1892-1893 amounted to 
 $1,293.07, slightly below the income for that year. 
 
 The Association of Jewish Immigrants follows in its course, un- 
 deterred even by crises, with a financial support far from adequate, 
 and with a membership roll painfully small. In more recent years 
 it has performed its work without any settled headquarters, yet its 
 labors, notwithstanding, can hardly be estimated. While immigra- 
 tion usually reaches its highest point during the summer months, the 
 task of handling and distributing with care and caution such vast 
 numbers may be readily imagined. Hence, in order to pursue an 
 even course, to allay distress, and assist those in sore need, while 
 exercising its efforts and its influence to check pauperism, and re- 
 lieve, by segregation, the burden of an overplus in large commercial 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 135 
 
 centres, the Association of Jewish Immigrants must have substantial 
 and practical assistance from every Israelite who is able to con- 
 tribute his mite towards the cause in which it is incessantly lal)oring. 
 The Association's first Agent, Mr. Moses Klein, was well equip- 
 ped for his position. A Hebrew scholar, a linguist, and a man 
 of sympathetic impulses, his services were rendered invaluable. 
 Mr. Klein resigned after 1889, and he was succeeded by Mr. 
 George Randorf On his resignation, September 20th, 1890, Mr. 
 Joseph Ehrlich became the Agent. He is also an Interpreter to 
 the United States Commissioner of Immigration, and a skilled and 
 faithful worker. 
 
 The Association suffered a severe loss by the decease of its able and 
 earnest President, Mr. Alfred T. Jones, on October 3rd, 1888. At 
 the annual meeting on Sunday evening, November 4th, 1888, Mr. 
 Louis Edward Levy, a gentleman of scholarship and of humane in- 
 stincts, well known for his enthusiastic efforts in the cause of charity 
 and education, was selected to succeed Mr. Jones. He still serves in 
 the presidency, and is assisted by the following officers and directors, 
 in conducting the affairs of an institution so worthy, and now demand- 
 ing extraordinary attention: Vice-President, Jacob Miller; Secre- 
 tary, Charles Hoffman ; Treasurer, Simon Muhr ; Directors, Abra- 
 ham M. Frechie, Philip Lewin, Louis Eschner, Dr. Lewis W. 
 Steinbach, Abraham Kaufman, Louis Glickman, Samuel S. Fels, 
 Andrew Kaas, Dr. Charles D. Spivak, Bernard Harris, Moses 
 Klein, and Rev. Baer L. Lewinthal ; Agent, Joseph Ehrlich. 
 
 Hebrew Charity Ball Association. 
 
 What is generally recognized as the most successful social affair 
 of each recurring winter season is the Hebrew Charity Ball, given 
 by an association bearing that name, and the net proceeds of which 
 (always the largest of social gatherings of this kind) are exclusively 
 devoted to different Jewish Charities in this city. The ball is an 
 actual necessity, and more than a single institution 'would suffer 
 were it deprived of the substantial addition to the funds which 
 this winter entertainment produces annually. Upwards of $21,000 
 have been realized at one ball, and with the increase of the different 
 societies' needs, every penny is required to meet the heavy demands 
 upon them. 
 
136 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 It is little more than fifty years since the first annual ' ' Benevolent 
 ball of the Israelites of Philadelphia" was given, and in view of 
 the financial results attained nowadays, it will seem rather amusing 
 to learn that the second annual ball, held on the 24th of January, 
 1844, ** netted the handsome sum of $489.78 cents, which, accord- 
 ing to the resolution of the contributors, was equally divided 
 among the Ladies' Benevolent, the Sewing, and the Fuel Saving 
 Societies." — (Leeser's Occident, March, 1844.) 
 
 But in a few years the wants became more numerous, and with 
 these, the list of societies was augmented, so that in 1853 the balls, 
 not yielding sufiicient, were substituted by dinners in aid of the 
 Hebrew Charitable Fund, given on a scale of elegance and bril- 
 liancy for two years — 1853 and 1854. These were held at what 
 was then known as Sansom Street Hall, now occupied by Johnson's 
 (MacKellar, Smith, and Jordan's) type foundry, on the south side 
 of Sansom Street, above Sixth Street; the first, on Wednesday even- 
 ing, February 23d, 1853; and the second, on Thursday evening, 
 February 2d, 1854. They were both interesting occasions, and 
 were phonographically reported in full for The North American and 
 United States Gazette, by Arthur Cannon. The most distinguished 
 Hebrews of this city were assembled there, together with men emi- 
 nent as Americans, as lawyers, as theologians, as writers, and as 
 statesmen. Mr. Abraham Hart, the representative Jew — con- 
 spicuous in all social, charitable, and educational affairs, noted for 
 his executive ability, and esteemed for his wide philanthropy — pre- 
 sided at both dinners. The Vice-Presidents were Messrs. Joseph 
 S. Cohen, L. J. Leberman, David Pesoa, and Henry Cohen (first 
 year); the first and the last mentioned being succeeded (second 
 year) by Messrs. Isidore Binswanger, and Abraham S. Wolf — the 
 second and third mentioned continuing ; Treasurer, Joseph New- 
 house; Secretaries (first year) Isidore Binswanger; (second year) 
 Abraham Finzi; Chairmen of the Committee of Arrangements (first 
 year) Lyon J. Levy; (second year) Simon W. Arnold. 
 
 Both banquets were opened with an English prayer, by the Rev. 
 Dr. S. Morals, who also said grace at the first in Hebrew. The toasts 
 were responded to — at the first — by Rev. Dr. Morris J. Raphall and 
 Rev. Samuel M. Isaacs — two celebrated Hebrew clergymen, of New 
 York City; Rev. Isaac Leeser; Honorable George M. Dallas, ex- 
 Vice-President of the United States ; Moses A. Dropsie, Esq. ; 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 137 
 
 Honorable Morton McMichael (who spoke of the President, Mr. Hart, 
 as ''an Israelite, indeed, in whom there is no guile"); William 
 B. Keed, Esq., District Attorney; and Honorable Charles Gilpin, 
 Mayor of the City of Philadelphia, just before Consolidation. 
 
 At the second banquet. Rev. Jacob Frankel said the grace in 
 Hebrew, and the above speakers, with the exception of Messrs. 
 Dropsie and Dallas, were again heard ; besides Mr. William Birney, 
 Dr. J. K. Mitchell, and Honorable Benjamin Harris Brewster, 
 afterwards Attorney-General of the United States. An especial 
 feature of this second banquet was Mr. Brewster's speech, sparkling 
 with wit and full of eloquent thoughts. In the course of his re- 
 marks, he said: "Here we have seated side by side Goyim (Gentiles) 
 and Yehudim (Jews), breaking bread together in the common cause 
 of human charity. Here we have men of all nations— persecuted 
 men, those who have crossed the seas to find rest for the soles of 
 their feet and bread for their mouths— who have found in this a 
 land of refuge, a sanctuary dedicated to civil and religious liberty. 
 Here again, I say, we are mingled together as one brotherhood, in 
 a sacred, common cause, all witnesses — living witnesses — testifying 
 by our presence here to our common liberties; and here, too, am I, 
 a witness chosen by your partial kindness to give my testimony, and 
 if I am a Goy, believe me, gentlemen, still I am Cosher. From the 
 same inspired source, from the same oracles of The Living God, we 
 learn the sublime command to love one another. Ages and ages 
 ago you fled from Egyptian bondage, and by miraculous power, 
 passed through the waters of the Red Sea; and, like your people, 
 we Americans and Christians fled across the dark and stormy 
 Atlantic from an Egyptian mother, who is still Egyptian to your 
 brethren, and who denies to you the civil and religious liberty which 
 we here give you all, and which is given freely to all mankind." 
 (Mr. Brewster, by this latter remark, had reference to England, 
 which did not remove the so-called ** Jewish disabilities" and admit 
 Hebrews into Parliament until 1858.) 
 
 The last toast given at this second banquet was for ''Consolidation 
 —the consolidation of the City and County of Philadelphia, this 
 week, in our Legislative halls; the consolidation of the friends of 
 humanity, of all creeds, this evening,- in our dining hall." It was 
 responded to in bumpers. A toast was drank standing to the Presi- 
 dent, Mr. Hart, " and met with the most hearty (Hart-y) approval 
 
138 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 of all present." Messrs. Kline, Levestein, and Huneker rendered 
 vocal selections, and Beck's Band gave instrumental music. = The 
 first dinner netted upwards of $5,000, and the second over $4,000— 
 which amounts were distributed among six Jewish societies. 
 
 Again the balls followed, and have since been repeated annually, 
 for a number of years, at the Academy of Music, at the south-west 
 corner of Broad and Locust Streets. When this change was resorted 
 to, Mr. Abraham Hart became the Treasurer, and continued in office 
 for a lengthy term. He was, subsequently, elected the first Honorary 
 Member ; Messrs. William B. Hackenburg and Levi Mayer being 
 similarly honored successively in later yeaiu Honorable Herman 
 Hamburger was for quite a number of years President of the Hebrew 
 Charity Ball Association. 
 
 The present officers are: President, Mr. Philip Lewin; Vice- 
 President, Mr. Leo Loeb ; Treasurer, Mr. Alfred Curtin Hirsh 
 (who succeeded his lamented father, Mr. Mason Hirsh) ; Secretary, 
 Mr. Benjamin F. Teller. Mr. Augustus Bacharach was Master 
 of Ceremonies at the annual ball, given Tuesday evening, January 
 31st, 1893, and Mr. Adolph A. Solomon was honored with the 
 same distinction at this year's ball, given Tuesday evening, January 
 30th, 1894 — and the net results of which were $17^343.36, divided 
 in different amounts among eight Jewish Charities. The members 
 of the Ball Association — numbering at present eighty- seven (exclu- 
 sive of officers and honorary members) — act as Floor Managers and 
 Reception Committee at these entertainments, which occur either 
 during the latter part of January or early in February of each 
 year. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 139 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 Smaller Societies — Rappapoht Benevolent Association — 
 Allusion to Others— Philadelphia Branch of the Uni- 
 versal Israelitish Alliance — Board of Delegates of 
 American Israelites— Jewish Alliance of America. 
 
 Former Charity Societies and Chebroth— Hebrew Society 
 for Visitation of Sick and Mutual Assistance. 
 
 Among the various Lodges of the Independent Order of Free 
 Sons of Israel, in this city, that bearing the name of ** Rappaport" — 
 after a Jewish sage of the present century — has a large membership 
 and many active workers. From this Lodge, Number 35, there 
 sprang, in 1874, the Rappaport Benevolent Association, whose main 
 object at first was "to assist members of the lodge in distress," and 
 pay the dues of those who had been stricken with poverty, in order that 
 they might still retain their membership in the lodge and be a party 
 to the benefits. But the Association has not confined its labors to 
 members solely ; it has expended sums as a regular charity society, 
 aiding the needy, and striving to uplift the unfortunate, in so far as 
 its income will allow. It was re-organized in 1876. A charter 
 was obtained in that year. By means of different entertainments, 
 excursions, balls, etc., the funds have been increased, and with these 
 also the field of work. At times, donations have been given from 
 the treasury to institutions; such as the Jewish Hospital and Home, 
 the Jewish Foster Home and Orphan Asylum, the Hebrew Educa- 
 tion Society, the Association of Jewish Immigrants, etc. Numerous 
 applicants for charity have been assisted each year. 
 
 In matters calling for aid, and of a public character, this Associa- 
 tion has always come forward and contributed generously. Its work 
 is distinctive and still important. It assists in removing the burden 
 from larger institutions; and for this reason, in addition to many 
 others, it deserves the cordial and substantial assistance of the com- 
 munity. Its officers are : President, Mr. Jacob Miller; Vice-Presi- 
 dent, Mr. P. Ertheiler; Treasurer, Mr. A. Billstein; Secretary, Mr. 
 Max Lowenthal; Directors, Messrs. P. Groldman, M. Silberman, M. 
 Gruber, L. Eschner, M. Schlesinger, S. Wiesenthal, E. Levinson, 
 L. Behal, S. Mann, and G. Erman. 
 
140 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Among other beneficial institutions met with, these may be named : 
 The Hebrew Endowment Fund (1873), from which an annual en- 
 dowment or allowance was made to members, thus assisting some in 
 humbler circumstances; the Hebrew Mutual Benefit Medical Aid 
 Society (1873), which furnished the 'sick with medicine, attendance, 
 etc., etc. ; and the Medical Aid Society (1883), with objects similar to 
 those of the aforenamed. 
 
 Universal Israelitish Alliance. 
 
 The largest and most comprehensive Jewish organization in ex- 
 istence is known as the Alliance Israelite Universelle (Universal 
 Israelitish Alliance), whose centre is at Paris, France. (81) It was 
 established in 1860 "to defend the honor of the Jewish name when- 
 ever attacked ; to encourage, by every possible means, labor and the 
 exercise of useful trades and professions; to fight, whenever neces- 
 sary, against the ignorance and vice to which servitude gives rise; 
 to promote, by the power of persuasion and moral influence, the 
 emancipation of our brethren who are still oppressed by the weight 
 of exceptional legislation ; to push forward and consolidate perfect 
 freedom by intellectual and moral regeneration. Such is the work 
 to which the Alliance Israelite Universelle has devoted itself." 
 
 Some of the most eminent Hebrews in Europe were among the 
 originators of this organization — men distinguished in theology, 
 politics, literature, philanthropy, etc. It receives the powerful 
 assistance of that prince of philanthropists, Baron Maurice de 
 Hirsch, whose munificent donations greatly aid its work. Its mem- 
 bers are reckoned by the tens of thousands, and branches have been 
 founded in every quarter of the civilized globe ; its schools in the 
 East — educational, industrial, and agricultural — have been the 
 means of improving the social, intellectual, and moral condition 
 of many thousands. It dispenses charity, it fosters knowledge, it 
 encourages literature and art, it gives an impetus to Jewish coloniza- 
 tion ; but, most of all, it labors to vindicate the Jewish name, and 
 ward off" measures and systems of persecution, which still continue 
 
 (81) As the Alliance Israilite Universelle is a universal, rather than a local, 
 organization, the reader is referred to its interesting annual, semi-annual, and 
 monthly Bulletins for fuller particulars ; also to an historic pamphlet, issued on 
 its twenty-fifth anniversary (1885), and to a pamphlet descriptive of its exhibit 
 in Chicago (1893). 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 141 
 
 to menace civilization and hinder the progress of humanity. Such 
 is, in a few words, the aims and objects of a society whose influence 
 has been shown with kings and emperors. Specimens of the work 
 done in schools under the direction of the Alliance were exhibited 
 to splendid advantage at the World's Columbian Fair, held in 
 Chicago, during 1893. 
 
 The oldest Branch of the Alliance in this land of freedom — where, 
 politically, its services are never called into requisition — was brought 
 into shape at a meeting held, October 11th, 1868, at the call of Rev. 
 Dr. Samuel Hirsch, who had, in Europe, recognized the powerful 
 good which the parent society was accomplishing. The Branch at 
 first received small support, but when its real objects became further 
 known, the membership roll was largely increased, and over four 
 hundred names are on its books. The yearly subscription is $2, and 
 the receipts — barring expenses — are remitted to the Central Com- 
 mittee, at Paris, France, as contributions towards aiding the work, 
 so multifarious in its character. The Jewish ministers annually ap- 
 peal for donations to this cause, about the period of the Purim semi- 
 festival. 
 
 Dr. S. Hirsch was first President of the Branch here— 1868-1873; 
 Mr. Isaac Long, Vice-President; Mr. B. H. Feustmann, Treasurer; 
 Mr. B. Salinger, Secretary. Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow succeeded 
 as President in 1873-1879. Moses A. Dropsie, Esq., has been the 
 executive since 1879. The other Directors are : Vice-President, 
 the Rev. Dr. S. Morals; Treasurer, Mr. Abraham M. Frechie; 
 Secretary, Mr. David Sulzberger; Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow, 
 Rev. Dr. Joseph Krauskopf, Rev. Henry Iliowizi, Rev. Dr. Henry 
 Berkowitz, and Messrs. Raphael Brunswick, A. M. Kohn, Mayer 
 Troutman, David Teller, Herbert Friedenwald, and Philip Lewin. 
 
 "The Board of Delegates of American Israelites," an institution 
 which co-operated with the comprehensive Jewish Societies in Europe 
 towards ameliorating the condition of Hebrews dwelling in benighted 
 countries, received much encouragement from this city; Rev. Isaac 
 Leeser being among the founders in 1859, and the first Vice-Presi- 
 dent. Mr. Henry I. Hart, of New York City, was the earliest 
 executive, he being succeeded by Mr. Abraham Hart, of Philadel- 
 phia. The sessions were at different times held in this city ; at others 
 
142 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 in New York. The labors of this Board were quite effective in de- 
 fending and upholding Jewish interests. After the formation of the 
 Union of American Hebrew Congregations, in the Western States, 
 in 1873, this Board was merged with it, and now constitutes a sec- 
 tion of that Association, under the name of ''The Board of Dele- 
 gates on Civil and Religious Rights. ' ' 
 
 Jewish Alliance of America. 
 
 A Society which bid fair to become national in importance had its 
 origin in Philadelphia, in 1890-1891. Adopting the name of the 
 Jewish Alliance of America, its object was to encircle the country 
 with branches, in order to aid the unfortunate exiles from oppressive 
 countries, specially Russia, and to unite Israelites in a common bond 
 "for the purpose of more effectually coping with the grave problems 
 presented by the enforced emigration of Hebrews from proscriptive 
 countries; to instruct Hebrew immigrants in the duties and obliga- 
 tions of American citizenship and to fit them for the loyal discharge 
 thereof; to aid Hebrew immigrants in America to become self-sup- 
 porting: (a) by directing the current of immigration away from 
 crowded centres of population into rural districts and towards in- 
 dustrial occupations ; {h) by specifically fostering a sentiment and 
 organizing a movement toward making agriculture a preferred occu- 
 pation; (c) by such other ways and means, as shall, from time to 
 time, seem best adapted to promote the general object." 
 
 Mr. Simon Muhr, an ardent charity worker, was selected as Presi- 
 dent (February, 1891), and representatives were chosen from differ- 
 ent parts of the United States. With a motto suggested by the 
 utterance of the inspired Prophet Jeremiah, "Behold the sound of 
 the cry of the daughter of My people is from a far-off land," the 
 Alliance started on its mission, aided by representative men, among 
 them the Rev. Dr. S. Morals, Dr. Charles D. Spivak, Mr. Bernard 
 Harris, Mr. Moses Klein, Mr. Louis Edward Levy, Honorable Simon 
 Wolf, of Washington, D. C. ; Honorable Ferdinand Levy, of New 
 York City; Rev. Dr. Henry W. Schneeberger, of Baltimore; and 
 Mr. David Solis Cohen, of Portland, Oregon. Mr. Levy arranged a 
 plan for the successful carrying on of this Society's labors. Ere 
 long, thirty-one branches were formed throughout the country. The 
 separate work was, however, maintained but a short time, owing to a 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 143 
 
 consolidation (February, 1892), with what had, subsequently, 
 originated in New York City, under the distinctive name of * * The 
 American Committee for Ameliorating the Condition of the Russian 
 Refugees." 
 
 Former Charity Societies. 
 
 Prior to the union of a number of Charity Societies here in 1869, 
 which took shape in the present Society of the United Hebrew 
 Charities, there was a larger division of the work now assumed by a 
 single institution. The United Hebrew Beneficent Society, organ- 
 ized in 1822, and of which Joseph Dreyfous, Zalegman Phillips, 
 Abraham Luria Hart, Lazarus J. Leberman, Joseph L. Moss, and 
 Mitchell A. Mitchell had been Presidents ; the United Hebrew 
 Beneficent Fuel and Savings Society, founded in 1841, and directed 
 at different periods by Zadok A. Davis, David Pesoa, and Abraham 
 S. Wolf; the United Hebrew Relief Association, of which Solomon 
 Teller was the last President ; the German Hebrew Ladies' Benevo- 
 lent Society (1845), Mrs. Goldman being President in 1854; and the 
 Ladies' Hebrew Sewing Society (1838) were all actively engaged in the 
 field of charitable labors. Miss Louisa B. Hart was First Directress 
 of the Sewing Society for a number of years, being succeeded by Miss 
 Bluma Hart, Miss Esther Stork, and others. The ladies met to sew 
 for, and distribute garments to, the needy, and during a long term 
 their sessions were held in a room in the rear of the Synagogue of 
 the Congregation Mickveh Israel, which was then located on Cherry 
 Street above Third Street. Later on the sewing was done at the 
 residences of different members, and the ladies would assemble there 
 with frequency and in large numbers to perform their self-ajssumed 
 and worthy task. 
 
 Besides the above Societies, the Female Hebrew Benevolent So- 
 ciety (the earliest of these) labored, as it still does, in its especial 
 sphere. However, in 1869, the above Societies, with the exception 
 of the last named, transferred their duties to one institution, and 
 their several features are still, in a measure, carried out by the 
 United Hebrew Charities. As an instance, its Ladies' Auxiliary 
 Committee attends to the cutting, the sewing, and the distributing of 
 garments to the poor. 
 
 Chebroth (Associations) was a term applied to a number of charity 
 
144 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 organizations — in addition to those just mentioned — which at one 
 time flourished here. Among these were the Chebrdh Chesed Ve- 
 Emeth (Mercy and Truth), for attendance on the sick and the dead, 
 which was founded in 1843; Joseph Levy, Henry Marcus, and 
 Moses Engel being Presidents in different years ; the Chebrdh Gemi- 
 kith Chasadhn oo-Mish'eneth Yatom Ve-almandh (To Bestow Kind- 
 ness upon, and give Support to, the Orphan and the Widow), estab- 
 lished in 1844 — assisting sick members and the widows and orphans 
 of deceased members — and of which Mayer Shoyer was the first 
 President; and Rev. Maximilian Michelbacher was Secretary; and 
 the Chebrdh Shel Bihur Cholim Ugmiluth Chasadim (called ''Hebrew 
 Society for Visitation of Sick and Mutual Assistance"), started as 
 early as in October, 1813, and which calls for more than simple 
 mention. The extended sphere of its labors rendered it of great 
 assistance in the community, and its cause was sustained by repre- 
 sentative Israelites. The first officers were: Jacob Cohen, Parnas 
 (President) ; Isaiah Nathans, Gabay (Treasurer) ; Joseph S. Cohen, 
 Secretary; Isaac B. Phillips and Aaron Levy, Jr., Kabranim, those 
 who represented the institution at obsequies of deceased members. 
 
 Labors among the poor, the destitute, and the suffering formed 
 much of this Society's work, and many a kindly act was religiously 
 performed by those affiliated therewith, who even braved the danger 
 of contagious diseases in ministering to the sick. Mr. Hyman Polock 
 was among its early Presidents, and among other members at dif- 
 ferent times were Honorable Henry M. Phillips (who served as 
 President in 1843, etc.), Abraham Eliezer Israel, Isaac Hendricks, 
 Isaac Rodriguez, Henry I. Weil, Elias Hyneman, Levi Phillips, 
 Abraham H. Cohen, Judah L. Hackenburg, Morris Isaacson, 
 Joseph M. Asch, Elias S. Linse, David J*esoa, Isaac M. Asch, Leon 
 Hyneman, Aaron Isaacs, Philip Nathans, M. A. Van Collera, Philip 
 Hamberg, David A. Phillips, Abraham Isaacs, Lewis I. Cohen, H. 
 Van Beil, Marcus Cauffman, Eleazer Isaacs, Isaac E. Hackenburg, 
 Leopold Sulzberger, Abraham S. Wolf, Isaac Hyneman, Leon Ham- 
 berg, J. D. Lange, S. M. Fridenberg, Nathan Haas, Julius Stern, 
 B. Kalmischer, Simon Weil, Michael Reinhard, Joseph Einstein, 
 Wolf Steppacher, Alfred T. Jones, Henry de Boer, Joseph Rosen- 
 baum, and William B. Hackenburg. In 1862, during the Ameri- 
 can Civil War, this Chebrdh subscribed a hundred dollars towards 
 the maintenance of military hospitals, and its contribution elicited a 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 146 
 
 letter of thanks from Mayor Alexander Henry, of Philadelphia — a 
 circumstance recorded in its minutes. (82) 
 
 The fiftieth anniversary of this Chebrdh was celebrated by a ban- 
 quet on Monday evening, November 9th, 1863 (Mar Cheshvan 26th, 
 5624), at Handel and Haydn Hall, at which the venerable Hyman 
 Polock — then the only survivor of the original members — was present. 
 Alfred T. Jones, at that time, was President. The participants in 
 the services, and other exercises, were Rev. Isaac Leeser, Rev. Gabriel 
 Pap6, Rev. Jacob Frankel, Mr. Polock, Mr. Isaac E. Hackenburg, 
 Charles Johnson, Esq., and the Rev. Dr. S. Morals. This semi- 
 centennial celebration seems to have been quite brilliant. The So- 
 ciety's work, however, continued but a few years beyond that period. 
 
 The existence of so many Charities in the early stages of Jewish 
 history in Philadelphia contributed in no small degree to the strength 
 of the community, and acted as a preventive of an evil which has 
 never spread itself among Hebrews, viz., pauperism. 
 
 (82) The late Moses P. Hamberg, Esq., of Philadelphia, possessed the book 
 of records of the Chebrdh mentioned, and through his courtesy, we were enabled 
 to gather useful information. 
 
 10 
 
146 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 Religious Education— The Oldest Hebrew Sunday School 
 IN America— Its Institution by Women of Israel— Rebecca 
 Gratz and Her Noble Qualities — Her Coadjutors, Louisa 
 B. Hart, Ellen Phillips, and Sim 'ha Cohen Peixotto — The 
 School and its Remarkable Growth — Northern and 
 Southern Branches— Phases of its Work. 
 
 "And ye shall teach them unto your children" is an important 
 commandment found in the Book of Deuteronomy. Instruction in 
 the Divine Law and in the precepts is meant thereby. A religious 
 education is at the basis of all other instruction. While this prin- 
 ciple has always been recognized by the Hebrews, they have by no 
 means limited their sphere of action to a religious training of the 
 youth of their people. Schools, where the knowledge of Judaism 
 has been imparted, together with that of secular branches and in- 
 dustrial pursuits, have not infrequently flourished among them. 
 Instances of this character were often met with in post- Biblical times, 
 and the like is found to-day wherever sufficient scope is afforded for 
 development, unchecked by restrictive measures, or governmental in- 
 terference. 
 
 The first thought, however, has always shaped itself into religious 
 schools for the training of the young; hence, such institutions are 
 found in most of the Hebrew Congregations of Philadelphia. In 
 these, the faith, the history, and the language of the race are, to a 
 limited extent, taught the numerous children who attend them. But 
 such schools are essentially congregational, viz., they are intended 
 for the young sons and daughters of members and seat-holders. 
 Long before their origin here, the Hebrew Sunday School was a 
 fait accompli. It was instituted at a meeting of Jewish ladies, held 
 February 4th, 1838, at which it was "Resolved, That a Sunday 
 School be established under the direction of the Board (Female 
 Hebrew Benevolent Society) and teachers appointed among the 
 young ladies of the Congregation (Mickveh Israel)." This School 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 147 
 
 was formally opened on March 4th, 1838, being the first Hebrew 
 Sunday School in America. (83) 
 
 The chief organizer of the school was a woman known for her 
 strict adherence to the tenets of Judaism, respected because of her 
 talents, and admired by reason of her beauty. This was Miss Re- 
 becca Gratz, a daughter of well-known parents, and the model of the 
 heroine, Rebekah, in Sir Walter Scott's masterly novel, "Ivanhoe." 
 The latter fact is mentioned by no less an authority than Washington 
 Irving, who himself was the cause of Scott's selection of this true 
 and beautiful Jewess, whose virtues Irving described to the famous 
 novelist and poet. 
 
 Rebecca Gratz was born in Philadelphia, March 4th, 1781. Her 
 father, Michael Gratz, a prominent merchant, had been active in 
 the affairs of the Congregation Mickveh Israel; her mother, nee 
 Miriam Simon, was a daughter of Joseph Simon, an early settler in 
 Lancaster, Pennsylvania, about whom considerable has been written, 
 and whose wife's maiden name was Rosa Bunn. (84) The early 
 education Rebecca received was supplemented by her own private 
 studies. Possessing a bright mind, social accomplishments, and un- 
 common beauty, she soon won and retained the respect of numerous 
 friends. These qualities, however, were not the sole means that 
 rendered her conspicuous in a large circle. She became best known 
 by her labors for the well-being of her kind, and for the promotion 
 of religious, educational, and charitable works. To the Hebrew 
 Sunday School she devoted her best efforts for its upbuilding and to 
 insure its permanence. Though her time was largely utilized by 
 that institution, other societies likewise benefited by her exertions; 
 among them, the Female Hebrew Benevolent Society (under whose 
 auspices the School was started), the Jewish Foster Home, the Fuel 
 Society, and the Sewing Society, in all of which she was a pioneer 
 worker, and also served as Secretary of the first named Society. 
 
 Miss Gratz recognized it as her first duty to labor for her own 
 people; but the sphere of her endeavors, was, by no means, confined 
 
 (83) It has been stated that a Jewish Sunday School was previously started 
 in Richmond, Virginia. This question, however, admits of some doubt, as the 
 Hebrew Sunday School, in Philadelphia, has, in its possession, a tablet whereon 
 it is precisely stated that the School in this city was the first in America. 
 
 (84) See sketch of Hymah Gratz, elsewhere given in this work; also Markens's 
 " Hebrews in America," pages 78-83. Another daughter of Joseph Simon mar- 
 ried Dr. Nicholas Schuyler, who was a surgeon in the American Revolutionary 
 War, and who is said to have been related to General Schuyler. 
 
148 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 to their midst. With equal earnestness, she served secular institu- 
 tions, and set a laudable example by her efforts in their behalf. 
 As early as 1801 she was Secretary of the "Female Association for 
 the Relief of Women and Children in Reduced Circumstances." 
 She was among those who founded the Philadelphia Orphan Asylum 
 in 1815, and in 1819 became Secretary of its Board of Managers; 
 serving in that capacity for more than forty years ; performing her 
 task with such rare fidelity that to her, in the language of the 
 Managers, * ' much of its prosperity is due, while to her dignity, grace 
 and noble personal qualities the managers have ever yielded the 
 tribute of their warm admiration and strong regard." Deeply at- 
 tached to the religion of her fathers, she departed not an iota from the 
 Divine Commands, nor from the observances distinguishing Israelites 
 as a religious entity. She was a regular and devout attendant at the 
 Synagogue. Her dignified bearing, her pleasing ways, her courteous 
 manner, and her talents as a conversationalist, were all noticed and 
 admired. Withal, she was modest and unassuming. 
 
 Miss Gratz's circle of acquaintances was large but select. She 
 reckoned among her friends such men as Henry Clay, the families of 
 Schuyler, Hoffman, and others, including Washington Irving. Mr. 
 Irving was a frequent visitor to the home of the Gratzes in Phila- 
 delphia, and he could not but admire a woman of a nature at once 
 lovable, sincere, and thoroughly good. Rare traits, indeed, com- 
 bined in this woman of Israel. Irving' s only love was Matilda 
 Hoffman, a dear friend of Rebecca Gratz. She died at the early age 
 of eighteen years, and the faithful lover ever mourned her. He had 
 witnessed her friend's kindness and forgot it not; he had occasion 
 to notice the exalted qualities of our Rebecca, and there is no won- 
 der that he should have then suggested that name as the typical 
 Jewess to Sir Walter Scott, when the latter was about to write his 
 famous novel, *'Ivanhoe." When Scott finished his great work, in 
 December, 1819, he sent the first copy to Irving, with this question: 
 "How do you like your Rebecca? Does the Rebecca I have 
 pictured compare well with the pattern given?" {^b) 
 
 (85) Dispute has arisen as to the origin of the Jewish characters in "Ivan- 
 hoe." J. G. Lockhart, in his "Memoirs of the Life»of Sir Walter Scott, Bart.," 
 declares that a Mr. Skene, a friend of Scott, had pictured to the latter, in 1819, 
 conditions he had observed among Jews in Grermany; whereupon Scott deter- 
 mined to introduce a group of Hebrew characters in his novel. He afterwards 
 remarked to Mr. Skene: "You will find this book owes not a little to your 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 149 
 
 Rebecca Gratz continued following paths of righteousness all her 
 days, and retained the esteem and affection of her brethren and her 
 neighbors of all creeds. She died on August 27th, 1869, having 
 passed her eighty-eighth year. 
 
 Associated with Miss Gratz at the Sunday School were Mrs. Anna 
 Allen, Mrs. R. Hart, Mrs. R. Moss, Miss Sim'ha Cohen Peixotto, 
 Miss Miriam Gratz Etting, the Misses Moses, Miss Louisa B. Hart, 
 Miss Rachel Pesoa, and Miss Ellen Phillips. These teachers had 
 the active assistance of Rev. Isaac Leeser, who issued Catechisms 
 (one of which he dedicated to Miss Gratz), and the Society also pub- 
 lished some, which were adopted as text- books. 
 
 The Sunday School first met on Walnut Street, above Fourth 
 Street, and at different periods in other localities; viz., in the old 
 Masonic Hall, on the north side of Chestnut Street above Seventh 
 Street; above the Phoenix Hose House, on Zaue (now Filbert) 
 Street, between Seventh and Eighth Streets; and from 1854, at the 
 Hebrew Education Society's building, on the east side of Seventh 
 Street below Callowhill Street. There were fifty children at its 
 opening. There are now on its rolls, about eighteen hundred names. 
 
 Miss Gratz resigned as Superintendent and as President of the 
 Hebrew Sunday School Society in 1864; being at that time in her 
 eighty-fourth year. She was followed by Miss Louisa B. Hart, 
 another indefatigable worker, who was unanimously - elected to the 
 double office, on December 8th, 1864. 
 
 Miss Hart was a daughter of Michael and Esther {nee Cohen) 
 Hart, of Easton, Pennsylvania, where she was born, June 3d, 
 1803. She obtained a liberal education and studied deeply English 
 literature and the history of Israel. Her father died when Louisa 
 was about twelve years of age. Shortly after, her mother and 
 family removed to this city. Miss Hart early displayed her interest 
 
 German reminiscences." Notwithstanding this remark, there is no reason to 
 doubt the other statement that the particular character of Rebekah was named 
 after Rebecca Gratz, whom Irving had described to Scott "during one of their 
 many conversations wlien personal and family affairs were the topics." Moreover, 
 Irving had visited Scott in 1817, and "Ivanhoe" was produced in 1819. — This 
 point is sustained and interestingly developed in an article in the Century 
 Magazine, of September, 1882, entitled "The Original of Rebecca in Ivanhoe,"— a 
 descriptive portraiture, by Graetz Van Rensselaer (pages 679-682). 
 
 " Recollections of my Aunt, Rebecca Gnitz, by 'one of her Nieces'" is the 
 title of a personal description. of Miss Gratz, by the late Mrs. Sara {nl-e Hays) 
 Mordecai, wife of Major Alfred Mordecai, of Philadelphia, (in booklet form — 
 1893) . 
 
 A detailed sketch of Rebecca Gratz's career will be found in "Eminent 
 Israelites of the Nineteenth Century," pages 109-112. 
 
150 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 in things Jewish. Her virtues and intellectual attainments set her 
 in a foremost place among the women of this city. Her hospitable 
 home was sought by prominent men and women among Jews and 
 Gentiles who profited by her acquaintance, and who valued her 
 friendship. Miss Hart proved a most efficient Superintendent of the 
 Sunday School, and was an energetic laborer in other institutions. 
 She was first President of the Ladies' Hebrew Sewing Society, in 
 1838, and in her report in 1840, stated that during the previous 
 year **437 garments had been distributed" among the poor. Miss 
 Hart succeeded her mother in December, 1849, as a Manager of 
 the Female Hebrew Benevolent Society. Her interest in the 
 Jewish Foster Home was none the less manifested. She served in 
 1869 on the Visiting Committee of the Society of the United Hebrew 
 Charities. Her attachment to Judaism and its precepts, and to the 
 Synagogue was unwavering. She was an entertaining conversa- 
 tionalist, and at home on many subjects. She served as Superinten- 
 dent of the Sunday School until October, 1871, when she declined a 
 re-election. Miss Hart was called hence on May 23d, 1874. (86) 
 
 Louisa B. Hart was succeeded by a no less untiring worker in 
 Ellen Phillips, a daughter of Zalegman and Arabella {nee Solomons) 
 Phillips. In the roll of sincere and God-fearing women, the name 
 of Ellen Phillips shines forth brilliantly. Inspired by the noblest 
 thoughts, she labored for the weal of young and old throughout her 
 career. At Sunday School and at Charities, she exhibited her 
 earnestness. In many a home she ministered, and dispensed of 
 her bounty. Publicly and privately, she sought to aid the poor, 
 raise the lowly, and implant the knowledge of true Judaism. 
 Pleasant, unostentatious in her manners, and retiring in her ways, 
 her satisfaction was in doing good to others. Her sincere piety and 
 true philanthropy were shown in her love of the House of Worship 
 and in her generous gifts towards the maintenance of the Divine 
 Services. Her bequests to Jewish and to secular institutions 
 exceeded those of any Hebrew in this city; fully $110,000, having 
 been bequeathed by her to worthy causes. Miss Phillips died on 
 February 2d, 1891, mourned by the Jews of Philadelphia, in whose 
 hearts her memory is enshrined as a benefactor. 
 
 Rebecca Gratz, Louisa B. Hart, and Ellen Phillips are a trio 
 
 (86) Eeference has already been made to " The Diary and Letters of Louisa 
 B. Hart," edited, with a memoir, by Mary M. Cohen. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 161 
 
 of model women whose deeds Israelites may well hold in lasting 
 remembrance. But to these another name must be added — that of 
 Sim' ha Cohen Peixotto; for she seconded the efforts of Miss Gratz, 
 Miss Hart, and Miss Phillips at the outset, and devoted herself to the 
 interests of religion by teaching and writing. A lady of large famili- 
 arity with Jewish history. Miss Peixotto served the cause of religious 
 instruction by her Catechisms, and her explanatory works on Biblical 
 events, which were adopted in numerous schools. For many years 
 she taught an advanced class in Bible History, and also imparted 
 knowledge of the Hebrew language. Like her sisters in faith, she 
 gave time, attention, and sympathy to Hebrew Charities, and even in 
 her old age, felt intense interest in the work of her people. Miss 
 Peixotto was born in the West Indies, and, from her childhood, 
 evinced true religiousness, and unwavering adherence to the tenets 
 and ordinances of Judaism, by word and by deed. She became 
 widely known, and was respected for her qualities and exemplary 
 character. She died on July 27th, 1892, aged eighty-five years. 
 
 Nathan Weissenstein, a conscientious Israelite, proved an able 
 librarian of the Hebrew Sunday School, and labored earnestly for its 
 welfare. He died, much lamented, at an early age, on August 
 17th, 1878. 
 
 After Miss Ellen Phillips's resignation as Superintendent of the 
 Sunday School, in 1886, Miss Amelia J. Allen, an experienced in- 
 structor, was selected to fill the vacancy then existing in the Northern 
 School (it having been previously found necessary to divide the 
 School, owing to the increase of scholars from all sections). Miss 
 Allen still continues to act. This (Northern) Branch, which had 
 held its sessions in different localities, but for many years at the He- 
 brew Education Society's building, on the east side of Seventh Street 
 below Callowhill Street, is now located at Keystone Hall, on the east 
 side of Third Street above Girard Avenue. It is attended by nearly 
 six hundred pupils, there being twenty-eight teachers and assistants. 
 The Southern Branch was started in 1872, and its superintendents 
 have been, in turn. Miss Laura Mordecai, Mrs. J. H. Kahn, Mrs. 
 Simeon H. Newhouse, Miss Miriam Mordecai, Miss Mary M. Cohen, 
 Miss Nina Morais, Mr. David Hoffman, Miss Ida F. Cohen, and 
 Miss Grace M. Newhouse — who fills that oflSce at present. 
 
 The lamented Mr. David Hoffman had shown earnestness and a 
 true spirit in all his labors; as well for the Hebrew Sunday School 
 
162 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 
 
 as for other institutiona among his brethren with which he was 
 affiliated. 
 
 The Southern Hebrew Sunday School has held sessions at Twelfth 
 and Chestnut Streets, Broad Street above Locust Street, south-west 
 corner of Tenth and South Streets, Christian Street near Eighth 
 Street, Wheatley Dramatic Hall (Fifth and Gaskill Streets) and at 
 322 Bainbridge Street. Its present location is in the Hebrew Edu- 
 cation Society's new building, south-west corner of Tenth and Car- 
 penter Streets. It reckons about twelve hundred pupils, twenty-one 
 teachers and assistants. Sessions are held every Sunday morning — 
 now even during the summer months — except when a Jewish observ- 
 ance occurs thereon. Infant classes and preparatory classes are 
 maintained in both Northern and Southern Schools ; also classes 
 for special Biblical instruction. Prizes are annually awarded to 
 meritorious scholars, and each year graduates receive diplomas of 
 merit. Explanatory lessons on the Holy Bible are often given at 
 these Schools by the Rev. Dr. S. Morals, who has, for years, volun- 
 tarily directed this teaching. 
 
 A Sewing School for girls is also in charge of the Managers of 
 this Society. It numbers about three hundred and fifty pupils. Mrs. 
 A. C. Van Beil was the first Superintendent. Mrs. John Moss, Jr., 
 Miss Rebecca Rosenthal, Mrs. Levy L. Hyneman, Mrs. Horace A. 
 Nathans, and Miss Josephine P. Pesoa have been her successors. 
 Miss Pauline Friedman now fills that position. An Association of 
 teachers at the Schools met for eight years (1878-1886). 
 
 The Fiftieth Anniversary of the Hebrew Sunday School was 
 celebrated with appropriate ceremonies, at the Academy of Music, 
 in this city, on Saturday evening, March 3d, 1888, in the presence 
 of a very large audience. The Reverend Sabato Morals, LL.D., 
 presided, and delivered an historical address, following a Prayer by 
 Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow. Dr. Solomon Solis Cohen spoke on 
 the history of the School. Mayer Sulzberger, Esq., was the orator 
 on that occasion. Mr. (afterwards Postmaster-General) John 
 Wanamaker likewise addressed the audience, and Rev. Dr. Joseph 
 Krauskopf pronounced a Benediction. In addition, instrumental 
 music was rendered by an orchestra, under the direction of Mr. 
 Henry Hahn, and Hymns were sung by hundreds of the pupils who 
 were seated upon the stage. The event will long be remembered. 
 
 The yearly expenditures of this institution, in October, 1892- 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 153 
 
 October, 1893, were $1,947.48. A special fund amounts to $600. 
 The officers of the Hebrew Sunday School Society are: President, 
 Mrs. Isabella H. Rosenbach; Vice-President, Mrs. Washington 
 Lieber ; Treasurer, Mrs. Max Greenbaum ; Secretary, Mrs. Henry 
 Hahn ; Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. Louis Fleisher ; Managers 
 (in addition to the officers) Miss A. L. Tobiason, Mrs. Emanuel 
 Marks, Mrs. Moreau Lieber, Miss Rebecca Moss, Mrs. Jacob Singer, 
 Miss Minnie Mayer, Miss H. Davidson, Mrs. Abraham Hirsh, Mrs. 
 Eva Coon|^ and Miss Louise de Casseres. 
 
154 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 Educational and Industkial. — The Hebrew Education So- 
 ciety — Its Early Labors and Subsequent Development — 
 Its Present Diversified Work in Different Quarters- 
 Special Features — Management. 
 
 Educational and Charitable— The Young Womei|'s Union 
 AND What it Accomplishes— A Popular Institution. 
 
 Hebrew Education Society. 
 
 **The world is saved by the breath of school children." "Jeru- 
 salem was destroyed because the instruction of the young was neg- 
 lected." — These two sayings of ancient Rabbins show clearly in 
 what high favor education was regarded in days of old. But when 
 industrial pursuits were considered, the Sages were still more em- 
 phatic, as witness the following maxim : ' ' He who teaches his son 
 no trade fits him, as it were, to become a thief. ' ' The Talmudical 
 volumes are replete with utterances about the importance of knowl- 
 edge and the dignity of labor. Many of the Rabbins themselves 
 were workmen, at the same time being teachers of the people. By 
 speech and by example, they led the multitudes aright, and taught 
 them that conformity to the Divine Law must be shown by acting and 
 by doing. Self-dependence was likewise impressed upon the people 
 thus: "Strip a carcass on the public streets and receive wages (i. e., 
 a livelihood), and say not, 'I am a priest, I am a man of distinction.' " 
 
 To implant the seeds of real progress in the Jewish community, 
 and to promote mental and physical culture are the aims of the 
 Hebrew Education Society in its several departments and spheres 
 of action. Called into existence mainly to keep alive the study of 
 the Hebrew language— that iron link ever connecting the Jewish 
 past with the Jewish present — it still adheres to that purpose, while 
 its work has been enlarged and its objects broadened. This Society 
 dates its origin from the year 1847. It was conceived, like many 
 others, by Rev. Isaac Leeser, who summoned to his assistance lay- 
 men possessing energy and enthusiasm. It was incorporated by the 
 Pennsylvania Legislature, on April 7th, 1849. At the preliminary 
 meeting, held on Sunday morning, March 7th, 1847, Mr. Zadok A. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 155 
 
 Davis acted as Chairman, and Mr. Simon M. Klasser as Secretary. 
 At the first regular meeting of the Society, held on July 16th, 1848, 
 the following officers were elected as its first Board: President, Solo- 
 mon Solis; Vice-President, Simon Elfelt; Treasurer, Abraham Hart; 
 Secretary, Zadok A. Davis; Assistant Secretary, Simon M. Klasser; 
 Directors, Abraham S. Wolf, Hyman Polock, Moses A. Dropsie, 
 Marcus Cauffman, Julius Stern, H. Van Beil, Jacob Langsdorf, 
 Moses Nathans, Lewis I. Cohen, Joseph Newhouse, Rev. Isaac 
 Leeser, and Alfred T. Jones. Such a Directory, embracing wpll- 
 known men and active workers, was worthy of the task. Mr. Solis, 
 as President, labored earnestly for the cause, and continued in office 
 until his decease, in 1854. Mr. Hart, the Treasurer, filled that 
 position for a lengthy period, and rendered many valuable services. 
 
 The first School of this Society was opened at the hall of the 
 Phoenix Hose Company on Zane (now Filbert) Street, between 
 Seventh and Eighth Streets, on Monday, April 7th, 1851. There, 
 instruction was oflfered in secular branches; also in the Hebrew, 
 Latin, French, and German languages. There were 22 pupils at 
 the start, but in a month later the number had been increased to 
 63. The Hebrew Sunday School also held its sessions at the same 
 building; and when the Hebrew Education Society moved to 
 another locality, on the east side of Seventh Street below Callow- 
 hill Street (where a church edifice was purchased and altered for 
 its uses), on November 12th, 1854, the Sunday School accompanied 
 it there. (87) Regular sessions were held by the Education Society's 
 school five days weekly — excepting on the Jewish Festivals and 
 Holy Days, and during a part of the summer. At one time there 
 were nearly a hundred and seventy pupils— girls and boys — in regu- 
 lar attendance at this pay school. The advanced branches taught in 
 the higher classes enabled the Society to secure permission from the 
 Board of Public Education to be placed upon an equal footing with 
 the Public Grammar Schools, in regard to promotions to the Girls' 
 Normal School, and the Boys' Central High School. 
 
 In 1878, however, a change became necessary; the Society there- 
 
 (87) The dedication services were distinguished by the participation therein 
 of Eev. Isaac Leeser and Moses A. Dropsie, Esq., who delivered addresses; the 
 Eev. Dr. S. Morais, who oflered the opening Prayer ; Rev. Gabriel Pap^, Rev. 
 Jacob Frankel, and Rev. Lazarus Naumburg, who chanted a number of Psalms 
 in the Hebrew language. The Committee of Arrangements embraced Messrs. 
 Mayer Arnold, Abraham Hart, and Lazarus J. Lebermao. 
 
156 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 after and for some time confining its labors to Hebrew instruction. 
 In addition to the school on Seventh Street, another was opened on 
 March 3d, 1878, in the vestry- room of the "Ben4 Israel" (Children 
 of Israel) Congregation, on Fifth Street above Catharine Street, in 
 order to afford instruction to children of down- town Israelites. A 
 third school was opened at the north-west corner of Marshall Street 
 and Girard Avenue, October 12th, 1879. This was subsequently 
 (June 1st, 1882) united with that on Seventh Street, at the Society's 
 re-oaodelled building. The missionary work of the Society received 
 an extraordinary impetus when it located a Hebrew School in Port 
 Richmond — a north-eastern suburb of this city — on December 28th, 
 1879, in a district largely inhabitated by Hebrew^s, in need of edu- 
 cation and culture. A Sewing School for girls was added in Sep- 
 tember, 1880, meeting at 624 Wayne Street. The operations were 
 thus extended, and necessity demanded larger facilities. Hence, the 
 Society purchased the houses 2854, 2856, and 2858 Lark Street, in 
 the same locality, and placed there in 1883 a new feature, viz., two 
 industrial schools where cigar-making and carpenter work were 
 taught to classes of boys and men. These being successful, other 
 industrial schools were started in June, 1886, at the Seventh Street 
 building. At these schools, iron filing and chipping, carpenter work, 
 garment- cutting, frame manufacturing, and cigar- making were in- 
 troduced. 
 
 The work at Seventh Street, however, was discontinued with the 
 sale of the property there, in January, 1889, and the Society finally 
 concentrated its main work in the southern section of this city, where 
 the bulk of the Jewish population is found, and where it has vastly 
 increased since 1882. After locating its southern Hebrew school for 
 awhile at Wheatley Hall, corner of Fifth and Gaskill Streets; at 316 
 South Fourth Street, and elsewhere, the Howard Building, at 322 
 Bainbridge Street, was leased, and there the work continued steadily 
 until December 14th, 1891, when the first school met at the new 
 and commodious building, furnished with conveniences of various 
 kinds, at the south-west corner of Tenth and Carpenter Streets. 
 This building, which, with the property, cost about $50,000, was 
 dedicated with suitable exercises on Thursday afternoon (Thanks- 
 giving Day), November 26th, 1891; the Rev. Dr. S. Morais offer- 
 ing the Dedicatory Prayer; Moses A. Dropsie, Esq., delivering an 
 address, and choral and instrumental music being rendered. The 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 157 
 
 exterior of this structure is of Moorish design ; brick, trimmed with 
 gray stone. There are three stories and a basement. In these are 
 found apartments for manual training, mechanical work, secular, 
 Hebrew, and religious instruction ; meeting rooms, and other depart- 
 ments, besides an extensive bath, showers, etc., which latter are 
 largely patronized in the warmer weather. The auditorium, on the 
 first floor, has a seating capacity of more than six hundred and is 
 quite attractive. The building is named "Touro Hall," in memory 
 of Judah Touro, the renowned American- Jewish philanthropist, who 
 bequeathed to the Society the sum of $20,000. This institution has 
 also reason to remember, with deep gratitude. Miss Ellen Phillips, for 
 her munificent bequest of $15,000. A bronze tablet, in the main 
 hall, bears this inscription : "In memory of Miss Ellen Phillips — 
 a kind friend and generous benefactress of this Society. Her un- 
 stinted and unsectarian charity and long- continued labors in the 
 religious education of youth add her name to the distinguished roll 
 of the women of Israel who have ennobled humanity." 
 
 The sum of $200 per month is received by the Society from the 
 Baron Maurice de Hirsch Trust and this aids its good work. The 
 present structure is heated by steam throughout. Quarters are found 
 therein for the Southern Hebrew Sunday School ; the Employment 
 Bureau of the United Hebrew Charities' Auxiliary Branch; the Baron 
 Maurice de Hirsch Trust Agency ; the Southern Branch of the l^oung 
 Men's Hebrew Association; and other institutions. A busy hive of 
 activity may be witnessed there on most evenings of each week 
 throughout the year. 
 
 The character and extent of the labors in this section are, in fact, 
 immeasurable, and they must be seen to be realized. The Hebrew 
 School is taught by Mr. Marcus E. Lam, and numbers about sixty 
 girls and boys. English classes for minors and adults of both sexes 
 are attended by about two hundred and twenty-five pupils; the 
 instructors being Miss Mary Goldstein, Miss Kate Rosenstein, Miss 
 Mabel Lyon, and Mr. Bernard Harris. A Kindergarten haa been 
 opened, with Miss Mary Goldstein as teacher. The dress- making 
 school is in charge of Miss Celia Abrahams and Miss Sophie Bene- 
 dict. Mr. A. Koshland instructs boys and men in the cigar school, 
 days and evenings; Mr. Adolph Lowenthal teaches scholars in the 
 garment-cutting school. There is also a carpenter shop, in charge of 
 Mr. H. Eisner. About one hundred and fifty pupils constitute the 
 
158 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 average attendance at these industrial schools. A work-shop for 
 unemployed women has recently been started in the same building, 
 under the auspices of a number of public-spirited Israelites. The 
 Education Society's reading-room is frequented by numerous persons. 
 
 Notwithstanding the enlarged sphere of work thus entered upon, this 
 Society's interests in other sections have not been allowed to suifer. 
 A Hebrew and religious school is maintained, with upwards of one 
 hundred pupils, at 1204 Germantown Avenue, in the Northern 
 district, Miss Evelyn Bomeisler being the teacher; also another 
 Hebrew and religious school (but no longer the Industrial Schools) 
 at 2856 and 2858 Lark Street, Port Richmond, with about sixty 
 pupils; Mr. Isaac Husik being the teacher there. 
 
 Thus, the Society is affording instruction in different ways to hun- 
 dreds of persons ; the admissions to all its schools, in a single year, 
 having exceeded sixteen hundred. 
 
 The career of the Hebrew Education Society has been, in fact, 
 one of ceaseless activity. In addition to its schools, the Rev. Dr. S. 
 Morals has, at different periods, gratuitously instructed classes under 
 its auspices. Dr. Morals was, for many years, a director of this 
 Society, and he has been among its foremost advocates from the start. 
 = The Presidents, who succeeded each other, were as follows: Solomon 
 Soils, 1848-1854; Abraham S. Wolf, 1854-1862; Moses A. Drop- 
 sie, 1J62-1870; Isidore Binswanger, 1870-1878; Abraham Adler, 
 1878-1879 (died during his term); Isaac Rosskam, 1879-1889; 
 Moses A. Dropsie, 1889-1892; Moyer Fleisher, since 1892. =The 
 Secretaries have been Zadok A. Davis, Simon M. Klasser, Moses A. 
 Dropsie, A. I. H. Bernal, Rev. Isaac Leeser, Alfred T. Jones, 
 Michael M. Allen, (Abraham Finzi then being Assistant Secre- 
 tary); Jonathan M. Emanuel, Lewis M. Allen, Edwin W. Arnold, 
 Dr. Jacob Da Silva Solis Cohen, Aaron Lazarus, Samuel Hecht, 
 Aaron Lichten, and David Sulzberger — the present efficient and in- 
 defatigable Secretary, who has served continuously since 1876, and 
 to whom this Society owes much for its present standing in the com- 
 munity. 
 
 In the long history of the Hebrew Education Society, Jewish men 
 and women, some of whom have risen to high distinction, have been 
 among the teachers at its schools. Of these, there may be mentioned. 
 Rev. Lazarus Naumburg, Michael M. Allen, Miss Evelyn Bomeisler, 
 Miss Clara Esther Weil (afterwards the wife of the Rev. Dr. S. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 169 
 
 Morals), Rev. Jacob Mendes Da Solla, Edward H. Weil, the well- 
 known lawyer ; Michael Heilprin, a man of remarkable attainments, 
 afterwards an associate editor of Appleton's "American Cyclopaedia;" 
 Rev. Simon C. Noot, Rev. Isaac Noot, Mayer Sulzberger, the lawyer 
 and litterateur ; Rev. L. Buttenwieser, 'Hayim Polauo, Miss E. 
 Phillips, Miss Esther Davidson, Miss Julia B. Eckstein, Miss Charity 
 Solis Cohen, Elias Braunschweig, Dr. Solomon Solis Cohen, Marcus 
 Eliezer Lam, Dr. Cyrus Adler, Henry S. Morais, Dr. Moses De 
 Ford, Dr. Charles D. Spivak, George S. Seldes, Isaac Husik, and 
 Miss Corinne B. Arnold. Among those not Israelites, who superin- 
 tended the pay school while on Seventh Street, were Eugene Smyth 
 and William H. Williams — the latter a gentleman of intellect, who 
 won respect by his method and his manner. Miss Marion Monachesi, 
 Miss E. J. Wright, Miss Wilhelmina Todd, and Miss Anna Murray 
 were among the teachers of English branches. Elias S. Linse, a 
 well-known member of the Hebrew community, was, for a long time, 
 collector for this Society, as well as for other institutions here. 
 
 The ''Leeser Library," bequeathed to the Maimonides College by 
 Rev. Isaac Leeser, is in charge of the Hebrew Education Society, and 
 is located at its building. Tenth and Carpenter Streets. It comprises 
 many valuable works in numerous departments of study, and has 
 been classified and catalogued by Dr. Cyrus Adler, its Librarian. 
 Mr. Gershon B. Levi is Assistant Librarian. 
 
 We may fitly conclude this brief sketch of a Society whose place is 
 second to none in the field of good and noble work, by presenting its 
 financial statement for the year 1849 and that for 1893, besides its 
 present Board of officers. In 1849 — receipts, $962.34; expendi- 
 tures, $58.78; balance, $903.56. In the year— March, 1893- 
 March, 1894 — receipts, $10,351.05; expenditures, $9,448.23; 
 balance in the treasury, $902.82. Investments amount to nineteen 
 thousand dollars in all. There are besides a Building Fund of 
 $1,082.31 and a Trust Fund of $550.=The present Directory is as 
 follows: President, Moyer Fleisher; Vice-President, Isaac Ross- 
 kam; Treasurer, Gabriel Blum; Secretary, David Sulzberger; 
 Directors, Louis E. Levy, Joseph J. Snellenburg, Samuel Morais 
 Hyneman, Mrs. Horace A. Nathans, Mrs. Henry S. Louchheim, 
 Louis Eschner, Andrew Kaas, Mrs. Eva Coons, Ephraim Lederer, 
 Henry M. Frank, Edward Wolf, Louis Gerstley, Edwin Wolf, 
 
160 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Mrs. William B. Hackenburg, and Jacob Muhr ; Honorary Member 
 of the Board, Moses A. Dropsie. 
 
 Young Women's Union. 
 
 There is not a Jewish institution in Philadelphia that has proved 
 of more value to the public than the Young Women's Union— a 
 branch of the Hebrew Education Society. At 230 Pine Street, in a 
 large house, it maintains a Kindergarten, a Household School, a 
 Shelter for children, a Day Nursery, a selected library, and other 
 features ; each one conspicuous in its work, and evidencing the care 
 and interest displayed by young ladies of the Jewish community 
 in helping unfortunates of their own creed, while their ministrations 
 are, at times, and as circumstances will allow, extended even beyond 
 the circles of their own people. 
 
 This Union was projected by an untiring young worker, Miss 
 Fanny Binswanger, and a few others, filled with enthusiasm in the 
 cause of good. The first meeting was held on February 5th, 1885, 
 at which the name was selected, and the objects declared to be the 
 education of the immigrant little ones, through whom, it was expected, 
 an influence for good could be extended to the parents. A direct 
 cause of the Union was the increasing tide of Jewish arrivals at this 
 port from benighted countries, mainly Russia, and it was felt that no 
 effort must be spared tending to the well-being — physically and 
 mentally — of at least a portion of a large number. Measures were 
 at once taken to establish headquarters. These were at first located 
 at 238 Pine Street; then at 318 South Fourth Street; subsequently, 
 at 316 South Fourth Street, and since April, 1892, at 230 Pine 
 Street, where an entire house is occupied. 
 
 The Union started with 15 children on its rolls. Several hundred 
 are now reckoned in its different departments, which hold sessions 
 regularly during each term, while more than seven thousand admis- 
 sions have been recorded in the Day Nursery. Little ones are cared 
 for here, and provided with meals, for a few pennies, while their 
 mothers are at work. Numerous children have also been taken in 
 at the Shelter — a temporary home for orphans, or children of sick 
 parents. Sewing classes, and evening classes for instruction in 
 English branches, are likewise maintained. During the summer 
 season, picnics are given for the children at Fairmount Park, and 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 161 
 
 many of them are annually sent to the country, under the auspices 
 of this Union and of the Children' s Country Week Association — a 
 non- sectarian institution. The Union has care of children varying 
 in age from a few months to sixteen or eighteen years, and even 
 older persons; hence, its labors are of a very responsible character. 
 That these labors have been successful, its operations year after year 
 prove beyond question. 
 
 Miss Diana Hirschler, was, for several years. Superintendent of 
 the Kindergarten. Miss Bertha Hirsch is her successor, with Miss 
 Esther Finkelstein, as Assistant. Miss Leah» Abeles, and a corps of 
 active workers direct the Household School and other branches. 
 Miss Lizzie Freedman is Matron of the House, and has charge of 
 the Shelter and Day Nursery; Miss Martha Dupree being nurse at 
 the latter. Dr. Jacob L. Heller acts as physician. 
 
 The system in vogue at the Union's Schools is after the most ap- 
 proved and recent methods, and the instruction is imparted by ex- 
 perienced teachers. Hearty and well-deserved encouragement is 
 extended to this excellent Union, and its annual Donation Days, be- 
 sides entertainments given to help on the work, enlist the support of 
 a large public, while its membership roll contains between seven and 
 eight hundred names. 
 
 A comparison of receipts and expenses for the first year and those 
 from April, 1893, to April, 1894, may be of interest: From 1885 
 to 1886— receipts, S521.69; expenses, $180.62; from April, 1893, to 
 April, 1894 (with balance) — receipts, $5,851.78; expenses, $5,191.62. 
 Investments amount to $2,000. 
 
 The Union's ofiicers are : President, Miss Rosena Fels ; Vice- 
 President, Miss Julia Friedberger ; Corresponding Secretary, Miss 
 Clara T. Potsdamer; Recording Secretary, Miss Sarah Weil; Treas- 
 urer, Miss Amelia Bissinger; Executive Board, Miss Alice E. Jas- 
 trow, Miss Estella Goldsmith, Miss Emilie Mandel, Miss Kate Gold- 
 smith, Miss Augusta Selig, Miss Diana Hirschler, Miss Ida Espen, 
 Miss Leah Abeles, Miss Minnie Loeb, and Miss Ella Jacobs. A 
 number of special committees assist the management. 
 
 -SfcfiW^^^^SafiW- 
 
162 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 Literary Societies— Their Early Existence Among Israel- 
 ites OF Philadelphia — The Hebrew Association — The 
 Young Men's Hebrew Association— Its Influential Ef- 
 forts IN Varied Spheres — Its Achievements in Northern 
 AND Southern Districts — Lectures, Entertainments, 
 Classes, Special * Studies, Reading-Room and Library, 
 Gymnasium, etc., etc. 
 
 Societies of a distinctively literary character have been found 
 among the Hebrews of this city for over half a century. Such as these 
 were often composed of young men and women, who endeavored to 
 promote knowledge by means of lectures delivered by learned Rabbis 
 and laymen; by debates, essays, and other features, through which 
 the members were afforded subjects for study, and thus developed 
 their acquaintance with Hebrew, and, at times, with contemporary 
 literature. A Young Men's Society was started in 1841, and Mr. 
 M. Goldman was President. A Society, bearing the Hebrew name 
 of "Ohab6 Lemudah" (Lovers of Religious Learning), whose ob- 
 ject was the "mutual improvement of its members," was formed in 
 May, 1844. A Hebrew Literary Association, originated in 1850, 
 was presided over by Mr. Lewis Tobiason, and subsequently by Mr. 
 Solomon C. Van Beil. Mr. Herman F. Bachman is mentioned as 
 having been President of a Young Men's Hebrew Literary Associa- 
 tion in October, 1855. He subsequently became Vice-President of 
 the Philadelphia Stock Exchange, and occupied that position until 
 his death, in 1893. 
 
 In later years, another Hebrew Literary Association — the most 
 recent bearing that name — held fortnightly meetings for a number of 
 years (1881-1888), and the proceedings at these were of an interest- 
 ing as well as of an instructive character. But the attendance 
 gradually lessened, and, after some years, the society disbanded. 
 However, its work was participated in by a few, and its aims would 
 not have been carried out by a large membership, as it would there- 
 by have been compelled to introduce social features, to a degree that 
 might have reduced its literary characteristics to a minimum. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 163 
 
 Another literary institution was "The Irving," of which Mr. David 
 Solis Cohen and Mr. Harry B. Sommer were successive presidents. 
 
 But an association more comprehensive, and whose objects are 
 more diffuse, has succeeded, already for over nineteen years, in hold- 
 ing a large share of attention, and a membership of, at times, over 
 six hundred. It is called the Young Men's Hebrew Association, 
 being but a larger growth of a smaller society, once existing here, 
 and known as the Hebrew Association. This last mentioned was 
 founded by Mr. Nathan Weissenstein, an intelligent and a religious 
 young man, who ably served the Hebrew Sunday School Society as 
 its efficient Librarian, and who recognized the good that might be 
 achieved by a union of Hebrews for literary purposes. That society 
 was organized in a room on Fifth Street above Race Street, with a 
 small membership, which gradually increased until it numbered 
 about fifty or more. Subsequent meetings were held at a hall on 
 Poplar Street above Franklin Street; afterwards at another hall, at 
 the south-east corner of Ninth and Spring Garden Streets. 
 
 This society received the active assistance of the Rev. Dr. S. 
 Morais, who consented to be its President for awhile. Among those 
 in its ranks were Mr. £.• Walter, a skilful debater; Dr. Lewis W. 
 Steinbach, Mr. Max Kohner, Mr. David Solis Cohen, and others, 
 well known among Israelites. Debates were the regular order, and 
 the meetings were enlivened by interesting, and occasionally by 
 fiery, arguments, on different questions. Lectures were likewise de- 
 livered with frequency, and many an attractive and novel subject was 
 handled by different speakers. The writer, though then quite 
 young, distinctly remembers more than a few of the meetings which 
 he attended. On a certain occasion, a Mr. Pearsall delivered a 
 lecture, in which he gave a clever expose — by means of stories — of 
 Spiritualism. The address was exceedingly entertaining ; but it 
 aroused somewhat the wrath of a certain Professor Rehn, a Spirit- 
 ualist, who was at that time giving a series of seances at Handel and 
 Haydn Hall. He argued against the speaker, and said that he had 
 long been convinced of the truth of Spiritualism. This led to his 
 engagement to speak at a subsequent meeting of the Association. 
 
 Finally it was decided to call a public meeting, with a view to en- 
 larging the sphere of the Society's work, so that it might appeal to a 
 larger constituency. At that period, Mr. A. Stern was President, 
 and at the meeting (which also constituted a celebration), held in a 
 
164 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 hall, at the south-east corner of Ninth and Spring Garden Streets, 
 Mr. Abraham Hart occupied the chair, and speeches were delivered 
 by the Rev. Dr. S. Morais, Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow, and Rev. 
 George Jacobs. Other meetings followed, and on Wednesday- 
 evening, May 12th, 1875, at Covenant Hall, on Sixth Street below 
 Fairmount Avenue, the present Young Men's Hebrew Association 
 was established. There was some dissatisfaction on the part of those 
 who had originated and managed the Hebrew Association for several 
 years, and not all signified their willingness to join the outgrowth. 
 
 The new Young Men's Hebrew Association elected as its first offi- 
 cers the following gentlemen : Mayer Sulzberger, President ; Simon 
 B. Fleisher, Vice-President; Herman S. Friedman, Treasurer; 
 Hyman P. Binswanger, Recording Secretary; David Solis Cohen, 
 Corresponding Secretary; Simon Muhr, Lucien Moss, Simon A. 
 Stern, William B. Hackenburg, Charles J. Cohen, Harry B. Som- 
 mer, Harry P. Mawson, Frank Newhouse, and Edmund R. Lyon, 
 Directors. 
 
 The object of this Association is thus defined in the Preamble to its 
 Constitution and By-Laws : ' * The subscribers, desiring to promote 
 a higher culture among the young men* and to unite them in a 
 liberal organization which shall tend to their moral, intellectual, and 
 social improvement, hereby agree to form the Young Men's Hebrew 
 Association, etc." The principal ways of furthering this object were 
 found in the establishment of a reading-room and a library, contain- 
 ing newspapers, magazines, and periodicals in difierent languages, and 
 an ample supply of books ; by lectures on Jewish and current topics ; 
 by entertainments of a social, musical, dramatic, and literary charac- 
 ter, and by other means which might be suggested from time to 
 time. With these aims in view, the Association rented a suite of 
 rooms in the Spring Garden Institute building, at the north-east cor- 
 ner of Broad and Spring Garden Streets, which were appropriately 
 furnished and became attractive to members and others. At the 
 same time, the Associate Organization, or branch, composed of junior 
 members, between the ages of 16 and 21 years, was organized, and 
 its monthly meetings — still continued — form not the least interesting 
 feature of this Society's work. Dr. Solomon Solis Cohen was the 
 first President of this section. 
 
 In the course of a few years the quarters were removed to the 
 south-east corner of Broad and Spring Garden Streets. In July, 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 165 
 
 1886, the Association removed to the Harrison Building, on the east 
 side of Eighth Street between Spring Garden and Green Streets, 
 where extensive and handsomely arranged rooms were occupied. 
 On June 30th, 1892, the present building at 933 North Broad 
 Street, below Girard Avenue, was rented. It contains numerous 
 rooms, and seems well adapted to the objects of the Association. A 
 parlor, meeting-room, reading-room and library, lecture hall, gym- 
 nasium, and other apartments are all suitably furnished. A large 
 garden in the rear is used, at times, for summer concerts. The rooms 
 are opened nightly, and on certain days of each week throughout the 
 year. The class in athletic exercises has made considerable progress 
 under the tuition of Mr. Leon M. Leopold, and his successor, Mr. 
 Hyman Cohen, who has recently been elected Director of the Gym- 
 nasium. A Ladies' Gymnastic class has also held sessions at the 
 present headquarters. 
 
 The career of this Association has been one of uninterrupted 
 activity. Numerous entertainments at large halls, ''informal" 
 affairs at its rooms, and lectures on varied subjects by distinguished 
 speakers have marked each season since its incipiency. At times, 
 prizes have been awarded for best essays on chosen subjects. The 
 
 . fifteenth anniversary was celebrated at St. George's Hall, south-west 
 corner of Thirteenth and Arch Streets, on Monday evening, May 11th, 
 1890, when, besides music rendered by vocalists and an orchestra, 
 directed by Mr. Henry Hahn, speeches were delivered by Mayer 
 Sulzberger, Esq., President of the Association ; Rev. Dr. Marcus M. 
 Jastrow ; and Mr. Perry Frankel, President of the Associate 
 Branch. The membership roll has, at times, contained as many as 
 619 names, of which number 231 were given as members of the As- 
 sociate Branch. The Library numbers 1450 volumes, embracing 
 historical works, novels, etc., etc. At the rooms up-town and down- 
 town (Tenth and Carpenter Streets) there are dailies, weeklies, and 
 monthlies, in different languages; also chess tables, and other useful 
 
 » articles. 
 
 A paper called "The Association Review," was started under the 
 auspices of the Young Men's Hebrew Association, in 1877, and was 
 issued monthly for awhile. In 1881 a bi-monthly magazine, styled 
 " The Association Bulletin," and * 'devoted to the interests of Young 
 Men's Hebrew Associations and kindred societies," was published in 
 this city, but it suspended early in 1883. The Active and Associate 
 
166 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 branches include most of the Association's members. The latter 
 branch has contributed largely to the general progress; a recent 
 feature being an amateur orchestra instituted through the efforts of 
 Mr. David Berlizheimer, in 1888, and now directed by Mr. Marcus 
 Lewin. A monthly publication, ** The Associate," was issued dur- 
 ing 1890 under the direction of several members of the junior 
 branch — Mr. Charles Seligman Bernheimer being Editor-in-chief — 
 from September, 1889, to June, 1890, inclusive. *' The Associate" 
 has since been discontinued. The first number of an ''Annual," 
 called ''The Y. M. H. A. Record," was published during Novem- 
 ber, 1892, and contained articles, illustrations, etc., etc., the occasion 
 being a "Columbian Festival," given by the Association. A 
 Ghanucdh entertainment and a Purim Ball (or Reception) are given 
 annually, on the recurrence of these joyous festivals. 
 
 The missionary work of this Association, however, is, obviously, 
 in the southern section of this city, where, during several seasons, it 
 has given entertainments, and where its influences have already been 
 shown to marked advantage. It established a small reading-room 
 and library at the Howard Building, 322 Bainbridge Street, from 
 which it subsequently removed to the new building of the Hebrew 
 Education Society. Newspapers, magazines, and books have been 
 placed there for the use of indigent Hebrews who seek culture. A 
 number of entertainments are held each season, at which lectures and 
 other exercises prove successful. Classes for the study of Jewish 
 and American History, etc., etc., also meet. There are signs of a 
 large increase in this direction of the Association's work, and much of 
 its energy will eventually be concentrated at its down- to Wn branch. 
 
 As regards finances, the Hebrew Association's receipts from No- 
 vember, 1873, to February, 1875, were $146.25; expenditures, 
 $96. 25. The Young Men's Hebrew Association's statement for the 
 year — May, 1893-May, 1894 — gave the receipts, including a bal- 
 ance, at $3,809.70; expenditures, $3,602.49. 
 
 These gentlemen have successively presided over this Association's 
 affairs ; Mayer Sulzberger, 1875-1878 ; Herman S. Friedman, 
 1878-1879; Charles J. Cohen, 1879 (resigned shortly after his elec- 
 tion; Harry B. Sommer, 1879-1880; Mayer Sulzberger, 1880 (re- 
 signed after being elected) ; Samuel Morals Hyneman, 1880-1882; 
 Morris H. Pulaski, 1882-1883; Adolph A. Solomon, 1883-1884; Dr. 
 Solomon Solis Cohen, 1884-1885; Mayer Sulzberger, 1885-1890; 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 167 
 
 Alfred Curtin Hirsh, since 1890. The present Vice-President is 
 Adolph Eichholz; Recording Secretary, Jacob Bauer; Correspond- 
 ing Secretary, David Kirschbaum ; Treasurer, Edward Wolf ; Man- 
 agers, Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow, Albert Wolf, Jacob Weil, 
 David Werner Amram, Max Herzberg, Ephraim Lederer, Oscar 
 B. Teller, Dr. Lewis W. Steinbach, Mayer Sulzberger, Benjamin 
 W. Fleisher, Jr., Myer Behal, and Dr. Michael V. Ball.=The 
 present officers of the Associate branch are : President, Charles 
 S. Friedman; Vice-President, Isaac Hassler; Recording Secretary, 
 Maurice S. Lewin ; Corresponding Secretary, J. Elkish; Editor, L. 
 Lowenstein. The Associate branch is entitled to representation at' 
 the meetings of the main association, on the basis of one delegate for 
 every ten of its members. 
 
 The following are among those who have served as Librarians of 
 the Association at different periods : Rev. Jacob Voorsanger, now 
 minister of the Congregation '"Emanu El," of San Francisco, Cali- 
 fornia; Dr. Lewis W. Steinbach, Dr. Moses De Ford, Dr. A. L. 
 Barcus, Mr. Jacob Lychenheim, Dr. Charles D. Spivak, Mr. George 
 S. Seldes, Mr. Benjamin Gordon, and Mr. David Liknaitz — the 
 present incumbent. Librarians at the Southern branch. Dr. Jacob 
 L. Heller, and Mr. Gershon B. Levi. 
 
168 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 Other Literary Institutions— Congregational Societies- 
 Smaller Organizations— General Mention. 
 
 Jewish Chautauqua Department— An Important Movement 
 OF Recent Date. 
 
 Societies-, whose objects are more contracted than that of the 
 Young Men's Hebrew Association, but, nevertheless, of marked 
 benefit to many, are those attached to different Congregations, viz., 
 Auxiliary Association of Rodeph Shalom, Lyceum of Keneseth 
 Israel, Mickveh Israel Association, and * ' Our Students of Jewish 
 History" of 'Adath Jeshurun Congregation. The first-named has 
 hitherto been mentioned. It occupies the place filled by the Jewish 
 Culture Association, organized October 3d, 1888, and which, for 
 several seasons, did excellent work, under the direction of Rev. Dr. 
 Marcus M. Jastrow, now Rabbi-Emeritus of Rodeph Shalom Con- 
 gregation, and a corps of active officers and managers. The new 
 Auxiliary Association has objects very similar to, and even more 
 extended than, the Jewish Culture Association. Rev. Dr. Henry 
 Berkowitz, the Rabbi of the Congregation, is its President, and he 
 devotes time and energy to the work in hand. Meetings and sessions 
 of different sections are held at the Congregation's school- house, 
 956-962 North Eighth Street, below Girard Avenue, where classes 
 convene. Dr. Berkowitz, Rev. William Lcewenberg, and others 
 lend their assistance as instructors. 
 
 The "Knowledge Seekers," now the "Lyceum" of Keneseth 
 Israel Congregation, has been previously referred to. It also carries 
 on effective work among its members, embracing young ladies and 
 gentlemen, belonging to that religious body. It was established 
 December 1st, 1887, since which period it has met at stated times 
 in the Congregation's building. Formerly, members wrote and read 
 resumes of articles in magazines, and these were discussed at the meet- 
 ings. Lectures and classes on special topics are now features, besides 
 public meetings and entertainments, a gymnasium, and a " Lyceum 
 Weekly," conducted by Rev. Joseph Leonard Levy, Associate 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 169 
 
 Minister of the Congregation. The library contains newspapers, 
 periodicals, and numerous books on a variety of subjects, including 
 history, literature, science, art, religion, etc., etc. Miss Jennie 
 Gerson is Librarian. 
 
 At this Society's meetings, the first steps were taken towards the 
 establishment of the present Jewish Publication Society of America. 
 The ** Lyceum" Committee is as follows: Director, Rev. J. L. Levy; 
 Chairman, Leon Dalsheimer; Alfred M. Klein, Charles S. Bern- 
 heimer, Daniel Merz, Jacob Weil, Max Herzberg, and Joseph 
 Hagedorn. The Committee on Library embraces Joseph R. Teller, 
 Chairman; Dr. Joseph Krauskopf, Arnold Kohn, Daniel Merz, 
 Solomon Blumenthal, and L. M. Leberman. 
 
 The Mickveh Israel Association — named after the Congregation 
 from whose midst it emanated — has, in a single year, evidenced its 
 usefulness which is extended beyond the circle of this Congregation. 
 Its work of instruction is done by means of lectures and classes in 
 special studies, to which allusion has been made in a preceding 
 chapter. The membership has largely increased in a comparatively 
 brief space of time. 
 
 "Our Students of Jewish History" is a literary organization 
 connected with the 'Adath Jeshurun Congregation. It was insti- 
 tuted some few years since, but has shown more activity within a 
 year. Meetings are held on alternate Tuesday evenings, in the 
 school- rooms of the Synagogue; the object being the study of Jewish 
 history in a broad sense, and, with it, "the study of Jewish character 
 as delineated in noted literary productions." Entertainments are 
 given at different times, and a dramaticf circle has been established. 
 This Society has the valuable assistance of Rev. Henry Iliowizi, 
 Minister of the 'Adath Jeshurun Congregation^. Its aims are broad, 
 and its scope and membership are extended beyond the immediate 
 circle of the Congregation. 
 
 The officers are: President, Isaac Hassler; Vice-President, Solo- 
 mon Bacharach ; Secretary and Treasurer, Miss Estelle Stamm ; 
 Literary Committee, Marcus Bacharach, Miss Rose Hassler, Miss 
 Laura Hamberg, Miss Pauline Hamberg, Miss Estelle Stamm, Solo- 
 mon Bacharach, Joseph Green, and Isaac Hassler. 
 
170 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 The " Entre Nous Literary and Social Club" was established in 
 recent years, with objects indicated by its lull name. Its present 
 quarters are at 1217 North Eighth Street, above Girard Avenue, 
 where meetings are held, at which recitations and debates are inter- 
 spersed with social features. The Club's officers are : President, 
 Isaac R. Heidelberger ; Vice-Presidents, Abraham S. Pyke and Isaac 
 Levy; Treasurer, M. Friedman; Recording Secretary, I. Brandeis; 
 Corresponding Secretary, Sigmund Alexander; Correspondent, H. 
 Sundheim; Critic, A. Koshland ; Associate Critic, E. Frank; Direc- 
 tors, M. Behrend and B. Alexander. The members are all young 
 men of the Jewish persuasion. 
 
 The "Forum," another club, with literary and social objects, 
 meets at 714 Poplar Street. Its present officers are: President, 
 Daniel Liebman ; Vice-President, Philip Shellmach ; Financial Sec- 
 retary, Herman Gross ; Corresponding Secretary, Samuel Metzel ; 
 Treasurer, Jacob C. Kuhn; Critic, Paul Kirstein; Trustees, Samuel 
 Wolff, Paul Kirstein, and Harry Adler. 
 
 The Young Women's Arena Club is the name borne by a society 
 originated in 1893, and whose aim is to afford education and amuse- 
 ment to females in humble circumstances. This aim is mainly carried 
 out by means of lectures and entertainments in southern sections of 
 this city. Sessions of the club are held weekly during each season, 
 at 230 Pine Street, and those having charge labor earnestly to pro- 
 mote its commendable objects. Miss Diana Hirschler is President; 
 Miss Gazelle Heller, Vice-President; Miss Lena Schattenstein, Sec- 
 retary ; Miss Kathryn Goldsmith, Treasurer. 
 
 * * Montefiore Social" is the name of a society in Atlantic City, 
 established in March, 1894. Its object is "to cultivate literary 
 tastes, hold weekly entertainments, and provide a source of enjoy- 
 ment for the guests of its members during the summer. ' * 
 
 Of the smaller literary societies, now, or at one time, in existence, 
 the following may be mentioned : Leeser — established April 10th, 
 1881 ; Disraeli— January, 1883 ; Whittier— November 28th, 1884; 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 171 
 
 "The Literary"— January, 1886; Longfellow— January 15th, 1888; 
 and Tennyson — all of which combined social, and, occasionally, dra- 
 matic entertainments. 
 
 The Grace Aguilar Literary Society, originated in October, 1885, 
 held fortnightly meetings at halls, and worked successfully for several 
 years; its members being of both sexes. 
 
 For a number of years, the Hillel Literary and Dramatic Asso- 
 ciation — originated in 1874, and taking its appellation from Hillel, 
 the name borne by several ancient Hebrew sages of great renown — 
 flourished in this city, and was, perhaps, the most prominent of the 
 smaller associations; contributing by its meetings, its entertainments, 
 and its publication — in the form of a paper called " Hillel Scraps," 
 issued on special occasions, and reflecting the literary efforts of its 
 members — towards intellectual progress in the community. How- 
 ever, it finally succumbed to reverses, and in later years it has only 
 had a remembrance by an annual gathering of some who were iden- 
 tified with it, and who celebrate the anniversary of its institution by 
 a banquet. 
 
 Most of the above societies, located in up- town districts, labored in 
 prescribed spheres, and mainly for the instruction or amusement of 
 those within their own circles. Institutions of a somewhat similar 
 character have also sprung forth in the southern section of this city, 
 as will be shown in a succeeding chapter. 
 
 Jewish Chautauqua Department. 
 
 What gives promise of being an important educational factor had 
 its inception in this city during the spring of 1893. The Chautauqua 
 Literary and Scientific Circle is the name of an institution, whose 
 centre is at Chautauqua, New York. For twenty years it has been 
 known as a system for popularizing instruction, by means of readings, 
 correspondence, lectures at headquarters, and in other ways. The 
 work, however, is largely done by readers themselves, and for them- 
 selves, at their own homes or in circles. It has grown and spread 
 far and wide ; both in its elementary and in its special courses of 
 
172 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 instruction. The general course is of four years' standing, and on 
 its completion a diploma of merit is awarded. 
 
 The importance of this Chautauqua movement is becoming more 
 recognized every year, and, with a view to offering its advantages 
 to the Jewish public. Rev. Dr. Henry Berkowitz earnestly urged 
 the matter before Jewish Literary Societies ; and at a meeting held, 
 April 18th, 1893, measures were agreed on for establishing a de- 
 partment of Jewish studies in connection with the system. The 
 project has been favorably acted upon, and has met with the hearty 
 co-operation of the leaders in the general movement. 
 
 The new Department (or rather the addition of Jewish features) 
 embraces a Young Folks' Reading Course; a Normal Course for 
 Jewish Teachers ; a Course in Jewish Literature ; a Special Course 
 for Immigrants; a Special Course in Hebrew, by the Correspond- 
 ence Method; and a Course in Jewish History (the first part of 
 which has just been published, and includes a period commencing 
 with the return of the Jews from Babylon to the opening of the 
 Christian era — this being the first year's course). The second part 
 of the same course in Jewish history (or second year's course) will 
 extend to the destruction of the Second Holy Temple (70 A. C. E.). 
 Later on, a new English translation of that sublime ethical work, 
 Pirhe Ahoth ("Sayings of the Fathers"), with annotations, will 
 be added to the studies. The existing Chautauqua Special Courses 
 are also open to all. Each year's course is complete in itself; but 
 a definite course covers four years. The nominal fee of fifty cents 
 annually is charged for membership. Books required may be pur- 
 chased, or obtained from libraries. "The Chautauquan," a literary 
 monthly, is specially devoted to the interests of the movement gene- 
 rally, and contains articles and papers on varied subjects. 
 
 The Chautauqua system commends itself, particularly to busy 
 people, and 210,000 readers, it is stated, have joined the Circle since 
 1878. The outlook for the Jewish Department is encouraging, and 
 circles have already been organized in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and 
 elsewhere. The Committe on Organization of this Branch is com- 
 posed of Rev. Dr. Henry Berkowitz, Chairman; Rev. Dr. Joseph 
 Krauskopf, Dr. Lewis W. Steinbach, Dr. Solomon Solis Cohen, 
 Mayer Sulzberger, Isaac Feinberg, Simon Miller, Max Herzberg, 
 and Clinton O. Mayer, Secretary. Dr. Berkowitz has general 
 charge, and Isaac Hassler is Corresponding Secretary. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 173 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 The Study of Hebrew Literature— How it is Promotei>^ 
 National. Institutions— Jewish Publication Societies— 
 Their History and Products — The Present Society — Its 
 
 Scope and Extensive Work— Books Published The 
 
 American Jewish Historical Society Daughters in 
 
 Israel National Council of Jewish Women. 
 
 Not unseldom is the assertion heard that Hebrew " is a dead lan- 
 guage." Determined from the standpoint of a spoken tongue, this 
 assertion may be both agreed to and denied. • The Hebrew language* 
 while not used to any very great extent as a means of communica- 
 tion, yet does, and always will, remain a peculiar treasure to the 
 people who are its appointed custodians, and by whom it is often 
 employed in conversation ; especially by those who dwell in, or hail 
 from. Eastern and Southern Europe, while in a certain few sections 
 of Asia, where the Jewish population nearly predominates, the lan- 
 guage is said to be almost as commonly spoken as the vernacular. 
 Besides this, it is written extensively. But what furnishes the most 
 powerful evidence of its preservation is the fact of its being the lan- 
 guage of Prayer in Synagogues universally. Its influence on the 
 Hebrew race in keeping up the identity of God's chosen people is 
 immeasurable. A Jew may go to any part of the habitable globe, 
 and, with the Hebrew language at his call, or even with a few words 
 thereof, find a welcome wherever any of his brethren exist. It is, 
 indeed, the Living Word— the mighty bond that unites Jew and 
 Jew wherever the dispersion has forced them. 
 
 The Hebrew literature is exceptionally rich. Beginning with the 
 ages in which- the different Books of the Holy Bible were written, 
 and continuing through post-Biblical times down to the compilation of 
 the Mishnah (the Oral Law) in the third century, and the Gemard 
 (the voluminous commentaries thereon, containing, however, count- 
 less foreign words), with collateral works — completed about the end 
 of the fifth century of the Christian era, during the Middle Ages, and 
 to the present day, the contributions to Hebrew literature have formed 
 an almost unbroken link, and have rendered it an inexhaustible 
 
174 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 mine from which the deep student is constantly digging out priceless 
 gems. It has even been said that every subject within the range 
 of human knowledge — including questions that have only in very 
 modern times been developed — formed subjects of discussion in the 
 ancient Rabbinical writings or in those of later centuries. Not a 
 small cause of the anti-Semitic agitation in the Middle Ages, which 
 has its reflex to-day in Germany, France, and other countries, boast- 
 ing of their enlightenment and of their culture, are the prominence 
 and predominance of the Hebrews in literary, educational, scholastic, 
 and journalistic affairs. The number of Jewish professors at uni- 
 versities and colleges is constantly on an increase. The ranks of 
 journalism are being filled with descendants of Jacob. And all 
 this, irrespective of their position in other departments, not allied 
 to those dependent upon»mental training. 
 
 While the Hebrews have a distinctive literature of their own, 
 they have also the vehicles for conveying a knowledge of this far 
 and wide. Publications such as annuals, semi-annuals, quarterlies, 
 monthlies, fortnightlies, weeklies, and even dailies abound in Europe 
 and in the East. Many are printed in Hebrew; others in jargon, or 
 Juedisch Deutsch (to this day a means of communication among tens 
 of thousands of those who originally emigrated to Russia, Poland, 
 Germany, and Austria). Numerous periodicals, however, are issued 
 in the vernacular of the countries in which the " Dispersed of Judah" 
 have taken up their residence. In America, and more particularly 
 in the United States, all three languages are employed, viz. , Hebrew, 
 the jargon, and English; but the English is used by about fifteen 
 Jewish weeklies, a monthly — the ''Menorah" (published in New 
 York City); a quarterly, ''The Magnet" (issued in Atlanta, 
 Georgia); and an annual, ''The American Jews' Annual" (at 
 Cincinnati, Ohio). These publications circulate in different cities 
 of the Union. 
 
 The study of the Hebrew language not being carried on as exten- 
 sively as in former ages, the second best means has been adopted for 
 perpetuating the literature, and encouraging writers to contribute 
 thereto, viz., by the issuance of books and booklets, either as trans- 
 lations, or as new productions in the English language. This again 
 has led to the formation of Jewish Publication Societies. In Eng- 
 land, the Jewish Association for the Diffusion of Religious Knowl- 
 edge, the Society of Hebrew Literature, and other institutions of a 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 175 
 
 like character have brought forth works of real and permanent 
 value, varying from small pamphlets to thick volumes. In addition 
 to these, Jewish writers, both in England and in America, have not 
 hesitated to contribute productions of substantial value, and indi- 
 vidually assume the expense of their publication. Thus, it will be 
 seen that activity has existed also in this sphere. 
 
 The first Jewish Publication Society in the United States, of which 
 we have any record, was established in Philadelphia, November 9th, 
 1845, after meetings held for that purpose in 1844, and at which meas- 
 ures towards effecting an organization were adopted. Its officers were 
 as follows: President, AbrahamHart; Vice-Presidents, Henry Cohen 
 and David Samuel ; Treasurer, Joseph L. -Moss ; Recording Secre- 
 tary, Alfred T. Jones; Corresponding Secretary, Rev. Isaac Leeser; 
 Trustees, John Moss, Mayer Arnold, and Gratz Etting ; Managers, 
 Hyman Gratz, Lazarus Arnold, Louis Bomeisler, Leon Hyneman, 
 Elias P. Levy, and Abraham S. Wolf Rev. Isaac Leeser intro- 
 duced a number of Jewish writers before the American public, 
 amongst whom was the renowned Miss Grace Aguilar, an Anglo- 
 Jewish authoress whose charming works of romance as well as of 
 history and of religion, augured a brilliant career, alas, cut short at 
 an early age. Mr. Leeser, foremost in all Jewish matters, earnestly 
 urged the formation of a Publication Society in his monthly, " The 
 Occident." The result was afterwards shown, and during some 
 years the above-named American Jewish Publication Society, under 
 Mr. Hart's efficient direction, and with a Publication Committee, 
 embracing Messrs. Leeser, Hart, and Solomon Solis, proved itself 
 worthy of general encouragement and practical support. = An Aux- 
 iliary Society was also organized in Richmond, Virginia. 
 
 The following works were first issued or re-produced by this 
 Society at different periods, and widely disseminated : " Caleb 
 Asher;" ** Hebrew Tales," by Professor Hyman Hurwitz; "The 
 Prophet's Daughter," by Mrs. Marion Hartog; '* Memoirs of Moses 
 Mendelssohn," etc., by M. Samuels; **The Path of Israel," in three 
 parts, translated from the French novel, Le Sentier D' Israel, of 
 J. Ennery, of Strasbourg, by A. I. H. Bernal, Hebrew teacher of 
 the Congregation Mickv^h Israel, qf Philadelphia— this work being 
 a descriptive history of the Holy Bible; "Days of Old," by 
 
176 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Charlotte Elizabeth (Mrs. Tonna); "Rachel Levy;" "The Jews 
 and their Religion," by Rev. Isaac Leeser; "Patriarchal Times," a 
 romance of the Patriarchs, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and others 
 of their descendants, by Miss Adelaide O'Keefe; "The Perez Family," 
 and **The Spirit of Judaism" — the last two being from the pen of 
 Grace Aguilar. 
 
 Subsequently, this Society disbanded. It had met with severe 
 losses from a fii^e, which occurred on the night of December 27th, 
 1851, and destroyed Mr. Abraham Hart's large building, at the 
 north-east corner of Sixth and Chestnut Streets, w^herein, among 
 other property, nearly all the works published by this Society were 
 stored, and on which there was no insurance. After that untoward 
 event, there seems to have been no revival of interest, and not until 
 1871 was another attempt put forth which resulted in the organi- 
 zation of a society with a similar name, but with headquarters in 
 New York City. Leopold Bamberger was President; Benjamin I. 
 Hart and Myer Stern, Vice-Presidents; Edw^ard Morrison, Honorary 
 Secretary; Arnold Tanzer, Treasurer; together with four directors, 
 a Publication Committee of five members, a General Agent, and 
 Honorary Vice-Presidents in different cities of the United States. 
 
 Among this Society's publications was a translation from the 
 German of the fourth volume of Professor Dr. Hirsch Graetz's 
 famous "History of the Jews," in eleven volumes. Rev. James K. 
 Gutheim, a Jewish minister and scholar, at New Orleans, Louisiana, 
 was the translator of this volume, which embraced the period of 
 history, ' ' from the downfall of the Jewish State to the conclusion 
 of the Talmud." This was follow- ed by "Jewish Family Papers; 
 or Letters of a Missionary," translated from the German of Dr. 
 Wilhelm Herzberg, by Rev. Dr. Frederic de Sola Mendes, of New 
 York City; and ''Hebrew Characteristics," a volume of miscella- 
 neous papers, embracing translations by William Lewis, from the 
 German, of "Extracts from Jewish Moralists (from the eleventh 
 to the fifteenth century)," by Dr. Leopold Zunz; "Jewish Marriage 
 in Post- Biblical Times," by Dr. Joseph Perles, and "On Interment 
 of the Dead in Post- Biblical Judaism — a study in archseology, " 
 also by Dr. Joseph Perles. This Society, however, did not receive 
 the necessary support, and was eventually compelled to abandon its 
 labors. 
 
 From that occurrence (1875) until 1888, no publication society 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 177 
 
 among Jews was established here, and those persons who produced 
 works of instruction and interest to Jews in particular, were more 
 than once discouraged by financial losses or by an insignificant return 
 iov their labor. The present Jewish Publication Society, which, 
 with its three thousand members throughout the country, gives 
 promise of better results, was organized in this city at a convention 
 held at Touro Hall (in a building formerly belonging to the Hebrew 
 Education Society), then on Seventh Street below Callowhill Street, 
 Sunday afternoon and evening, June 3d, 1888. It was first sug- 
 gested by Rev. Dr. Joseph Krauskopf, preacher of Keneseth Israel 
 Congregation, at a meeting of the ** Knowledge Seekers," now the 
 ''Lyceum," which Society took steps, in January, 1888, towards 
 obtaining the co-operation of Jewish congregations and associations 
 generally. At the Convention in June many distinguished repre- 
 sentatives were present from near and far. Honorable Simon W. 
 Rosendale, of Albany, New York, presided, and Adolph Eichholz, 
 Esq., of Philadelphia, acted as Secretary. A Constitution was 
 adopted, the objects of the Society being defined thus: ''(1) To 
 publish works on the religion, literature, and history of the Jews; 
 (2) to foster original work by Am'erican scholars on these subjects." 
 
 The first ofiScers were: Morris Newburger, of Philadelphia, Presi- 
 dent; Jacob H. Schiff*, Rev. Dr. Gustav Gottheil, both of New 
 York City, Bernhard Bettman, of Cincinnati, and Leo N. Levi, of 
 Galveston, Texas, Vice-Presidents; Herman S. Friedman, of Phila- 
 delphia, Treasurer; Rev. Dr. Joseph Krauskopf, of Philadelphia, 
 Recording Secretary; Miss Mary M. Cohen, of Philadelphia, Corre- 
 sponding Secretary; Ephraim Lederer, of Philadelphia, Assistant 
 Secretary ; an Executive Committee of tw enty members, and a Pub- 
 lication Committee of nine members. The Society meets in Conven- 
 tion biennially; the second having been held at Mercantile Hall 
 (on Franklin Street above Parish Street), Sunday afternoon, June 
 8th, 1890; the third, on Sunday afternoon, June 5th, 1892, at the 
 same hall; and the fourth, on Sunday afternoon, May 13th, 1894, 
 also at the same hall. 
 
 The present directory of the Society is as follows : President, 
 Morris Newburger, of Philadelphia ; Vice-Presidents, Dr. Henry 
 M. Leipziger, of New York City ; Harris Weinstock, of Sacramento, 
 California; Solomon Blumenthal, of Philadelphia; and Marcus 
 Bernheimer, of St. Louis, Missouri ; Treasurer, Morris Dannenbaum, 
 
 12 
 
178 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 of Philadelphia ; Recording Secretary, Rev. Dr. Joseph Kraus- 
 kopf, of Philadelphia ; Corresponding Secretary, Miss Ella Jacobs, 
 of Philadelphia; Assistant Secretary, Charles Seligman Bern- 
 heimer, of Philadelphia. The Executive Committee now embraces 
 Dr. Cyrus Adler, Washington, D. C. ; Marcus Bernheimer, St. 
 Louis ; Solomon Blumenthal, Philadelphia ; Rev. Henry Cohen, 
 Galveston, Texas ; Morris Dannenbaum, Philadelphia ; Henry C. 
 Ezekiel, Cincinnati; Julius J. Frank, New York; Dr. A. Frieden- 
 wald, Baltimore; Daniel Guggenheim, New York; Daniel P. Hays, 
 New York; Rev. Dr. Max Heller, New Orleans, Louisiana; Albert 
 F. Hochstadter, New York; Miss Ella Jacobs, Philadelphia; Rev. 
 Dr. Joseph Krauskopf, Philadelphia ; Dr. Henry M. Leipziger, 
 New York; Simon W. Rosendale, Albany, New York; Mrs. Henry 
 Solomon, Chicago; Rev. Joseph Stolz, Chicago; Mayer Sulzberger, 
 Philadelphia; Simon Wolf, Washington, D. C. ; and Harris Wein- 
 stock, Sacramento, California. 
 
 The Publication Committee consists of Mayer Sulzberger, Chair- 
 man, Philadelphia; Dr. Cyrus Adler, Washington, D. C. ; Dr. 
 Solomon Solis Cohen, Philadelphia; Rev. Dr. B. Felsenthal, 
 Chicago ; Dr. Charles Gross, Cambridge, Massachusetts ; Dr. 
 Abram S. Isaacs, New York; Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow, Phila- 
 delphia ; Rev. Dr. Joseph Krauskopf, Philadelphia ; Rev. Dr. Max 
 Landsberg, Rochester, New York ; Dr. Henry M. Leipziger, New 
 York; Simon A. Stern, Philadelphia; and Miss Henrietta Szold, 
 Secretary, Baltimore. 
 
 The ''Michael Heilprin Memorial (Permanent) Fund" of this 
 Society, established to honor the memory of a lamented scholar and 
 philanthropist, and to which Mr. Jacob H. Schiff and Mr. Meyer 
 Guggenheim each contributed $5,000, and Mr. and Mrs. Morris 
 Newburger, $500, in memory of their son, Morton McMichael 
 Newburger, now amounts in all — together with a legacy of Mr. 
 J. D. Bernd, of Pittsburg, amounting to $475, life memberships, 
 and miscellaneous donations — to $16,450. The receipts (May, 
 1892-May, 1894) were, including a previous balance, $31,159.65; 
 expenditures, $28,061.15; balance in the treasury, $3,098.50, of 
 which amount $2,978.50 are deposited in the general fund, and $120 
 in the permanent fund, besides the "Memorial Fund," above men- 
 tioned. There are, at the present writing, 3234 members in all, in 
 different parts of the United States, Canada, and England. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 179 
 
 The office of this Society, formerly at 714 Market Street, is at 
 present situated at 1015 Arch Street, Philadelphia. Branch So- 
 cieties have been instituted in a number of cities. 
 
 The Jewish Publication Society of America has thus far issued the 
 following works: 1890 — * 'Outlines of Jewish History," from B. C. 
 E. 586 to A. C. E. 1890, by Lady Kate Magnus, revised by M. 
 Friedl?ender, Ph.D., and supplemented by three chapters on the 
 Hebrews in North America, etc. , written specially by others. This 
 work has, as a frontispiece, a map representing the Holy Temple at 
 Jerusalem, as rebuilt by Herod I. 1890 — "Think and Thank," an 
 illustrated tale for the young, narrating in romantic form the boy- 
 hood of Sir Moses Montefiore, by Samuel W. Cooper. 1891 — 
 ''History of the Jews," by Professor Dr. H. Graetz — Volume I, 
 from the earliest period to the death of Simon the Maccabee (135 
 B. C. E.), translated by Bella Lowy. 1893— Volume II of the 
 above work — period, from the reign of Hyrcanus (135 B. C. K ) 
 to the completion of the Babylonian Talmud (500 A. C. E.). 1894 
 — Volume III of the same work — period, from the Revolt against 
 the Zendik (511 A. C. E.) to the Capture of St. Jean D'Acre by 
 the Mahometans (1291 A. C. E.). This translation into English of 
 an abridged edition of the larger work in eleven volumes, without 
 including the notes, will be published here in five volumes (the 
 fourth volume is now in press), similar to the edition being issued 
 in London, England, under the especial patronage of Mr. Frederic 
 D. Mocatta, a noted Jewish scholar and philanthropist. Other 
 works issued by the same Society: 1891 — "Rabbi and Priest," 
 a story by Milton Goldsmith, of Philadelphia, who has demon- 
 strated his ability in prose and in poetical writings. 1892 — "Some 
 Jewish Women," by the late Dr. Henry Zirndorf, of Cincinnati, 
 who pictures female characters in the Apocrypha and in later post- 
 Biblical ages. 1892 — "Children of the Ghetto," being pictures of 
 a peculiar people, in two volumes, by Israel Zangwill, of London, 
 England. This remarkable work of fact and fancy has been widely 
 noticed, and extensively read. 1893 — "Sabbath Hours," thoughts 
 by the late Dr. Liebman Adler, of Chicago; this being a series of 
 fifty-four sermons for as many Sabbaths of each year, translated 
 from the German language. This work is dedicated "to the faith- 
 ful keepers of the Perpetual Light of Jewish feeling and practice — 
 the Jewish Women." 1894 — "Papers of the Jewish Women's 
 
180 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Congress, held at Chicago, September 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th, 1893" 
 — a volume in which a variety of subjects is contained, and which 
 reflects to a marked degree the literary attainments of Jewesses of 
 our own age and country. 
 
 The Publication Society has also published two of a Special Series 
 of brochures — the first being on "The Persecution of the Jews in 
 Russia" (1891), reprinted from a publication of the Russo- Jewish 
 Committee, of London, England, and including a map of Russia, 
 showing the pale of Jewish settlement. The second of this Special 
 Series is a number of stories entitled '^ Voegele's Marriage and other 
 Tales" (1892), by Louis Schnabel, of New York City. 
 
 While this Society has other works in contemplation, including 
 an English version of Dr. Gustav Karpeles's ''Jewish Literature 
 and other Essays," and ''Old European Jewries," by Dr. David 
 Philipson. However, its most important publication by far is now 
 under consideration, viz., an English translation of the Holy Scrip- 
 tures. It is felt that such a work will fill a need ; none having been 
 attempted under Jewish auspices, since that made by Rev. Isaac 
 Leeser, the value of which will be recognized by all scholars, and 
 those engaged in the new •translation. Ways and means are now 
 being determined by the Society's Publication Committee, together 
 with a Consultation Committee, composed of the Rev. Dr. S. Morais, 
 of Philadelphia; Rev. Dr. Gustav Gottheil, and Rev. Dr. Kaufi*- 
 mann Kohler, New York City ; Rev. Dr. Isaac M. Wise, Cincinnati ; 
 Rev. Dr. Benjamin Szold, Baltimore; and Rev. Dr. Emil G. Hirsch, 
 of Chicago. 
 
 The seal of the Jewish Publication Society of America on all its 
 works has been designed by Chevalier Moses Ezekiel, the celebrated 
 American Jewish sculptor, at Rome, Italy. It represents the fulfil- 
 ment of the glorious prophecy of Isaiah — the lion and the lamb 
 lying down together and a little boy leading them. The two He- 
 brew letters ( Yod twice), representing The Name of The Lord, are 
 emblazoned above, and within the seal are these words: "Israel's 
 mission is peace." 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 181 
 
 American Jewish Historical Society. 
 
 It has often been a matter of remark that no systematic attempt 
 has been made to gather and publish, in connected form, records of 
 the settlement and progress of the Jews on this side of the Atlantic. 
 Until very recent years, this remark has been permitted to go un- 
 heeded. True, scattered materials here and there have occasionally 
 been brought to light in some current publication ; but little of in- 
 terest and of permanent value had been exhibited to view until a 
 Society, whose object is the furtherance of such work, was estab- 
 lished in June, 1892. 
 
 The American Jewish Historical Society is, as its name indicates, 
 a national — not a local — institution. Neither did it directly emanate 
 from Philadelphia. Among those who gave the first impetus to- 
 wards its organization, however, were a number of residents of this 
 city, and the importance of Philadelphia as a literary centre was 
 recognized, when the first scientific sessions of this Society were held 
 here. 
 
 Such an institution was the outgrowth of an occasional agitation 
 in the Jewish press, and it may have been spurred on by the unaided 
 work of a few in their strivings for a dissemination of valuable his- 
 torical information bearing upon our people who dwell in the United 
 States. Of the workers in this field, Mr. Isaac Markens deserves 
 special mention for his excellent book, "The Hebrews in America," 
 published in 1888. It has led to other attempts, the latest being the 
 publication of Honorable Charles P. Daly's historical production, 
 largely amplified and annotated by Max J. Kohler, A. M. , LL. B., 
 and entitled "The Settlement of the Jews in North America," 
 (1893). 
 
 The American Jewish Historical Society was organized in New 
 York City, June 6th, 1892, as the result of a call issued by Dr. 
 Cyrus Adler, of the United States National Museum, Washington, 
 D. C, and other gentlemen residing in different parts of this country. 
 At its first scientific sessions, held in Philadelphia, December 15th, 
 1892, its initial labors were made manifest in a series of historical 
 papers, most of which have since been issued in the first "Pub- 
 lications" (Number I) of the Society. These papers evidence 
 research and commendable perseverance on the part of their respec- 
 tive writers, and they have been welcomed by numerous students 
 
182 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 and general readers. At the second series of sessions, held in New 
 York City, December 27th and 28th, 1893, further progress was noted. 
 This Society's membership — embracing Jews and Gentiles — (for 
 its objects ''are not sectarian, but American ") — is on the increase, 
 and its efforts in the right direction will doubtless receive substantial 
 encouragement. Honorable Oscar S. Straus, of New York City, 
 is President; the Vice-Presidents are Dr. Charles Gross, of Cam- 
 bridge, Massachusetts ; Paul Leicester Ford, of New York City ; 
 and Honorable Simon W. Rosendale, of Albany, New York ; 
 Treasurer, Professor Richard J. H. Gottheil, of New York City; 
 Corresponding Secretary, Dr. Cyrus Adler, of Washington, D. C; 
 Recording Secretary, Herbert Friedenwald, of Philadelphia; Ex- 
 ecutive Council (including also the above officers) Max Cohen, of 
 New York City; Mendes Cohen, of Baltimore; Rev. Dr. B. Felsen- 
 thal, of Chicago, Illinois; Rev. Dr. Maurice H. Harris, of New 
 York City; Professor Morris Jastrow, Jr., of Philadelphia; Profes- 
 sor John Bach McMaster, of Philadelphia; Naphtali Taylor Phillips, 
 of New York City ; and Mayer Sulzberger, of Philadelphia ; Hono- 
 rary Members, Dr. Moses Kayserling, of Buda-Pesth, Austria- Hun- 
 gary; Monsieur Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu, of Paris, France; and 
 Honorable Charles P. Daly, LL.D., of New York City. 
 
 Daughters in Israel. 
 
 * ' Daughters in Israel ' ' is the name given to an association — 
 seemingly national in its character — whose aims are to aid women 
 and working girls in charitable and educational spheres. The work 
 is done by Bands of young girls, who wear a distinguishing badge and 
 endeavor to further the objects in view, by spreading abroad those 
 teachings inculcated by the mottoes of this Society, viz., *'Love thy 
 neighbor as thyself;" and "Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do 
 it with thy might." A Working Girls' Club, Mothers' Meetings, and 
 other means are employed to help on this worthy cause, and lift the 
 lowly to a higher plane. 
 
 National Council of Jewish Women. 
 
 As a result of the Jewish Women's Congress, held at Chicago, 
 during September, 1893, a National Council of Jewish Women was 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 183 
 
 organized, its purposes being * * to bring about closer relations among 
 Jewish women, to furnish by an organic union a medium of com- 
 munication and a means of prosecuting work of common interest, to 
 further united efforts in behalf of Judaism by supplying means of 
 study, and in behalf of the work of social reform by the application 
 of the best philanthropic thought. " The objects of this Council are 
 three-fold — Religious, Educational, and Philanthropic. Local sec- 
 tions have been established in different cities; that in Philadelphia 
 having been organized May 14th, 1894. The following are its 
 officers: President, Mrs. Simon B. Fleisher; Vice-President, Mrs. 
 Charles Hoffman; Secretary, Miss Gertrude Berg; Treasurer, Mrs. 
 Henry Berkowitz. The work here has not yet been inaugurated. 
 = The National Council is presided over by Mrs. Henry Solomon, of 
 Chicago, and Mrs. Pauline H. Rosenberg, of Allegheny City, is 
 Vice-President for the State of Pennsylvania. 
 
184 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 Jewish Secret Orders — Bene Berith — Kesher Shel Barzel, — 
 Free Sons of Israel— Sons of Benjamin— Judaic Union, etc., 
 
 ETC. — Statue to Religious Liberty An Insurance 
 
 Corporation. 
 
 There exist in Philadelphia numerous Lodges of Jewish Secret 
 Orders, whose members are scattered throughout the country, and 
 even, to some extent, in other countries. Prominent among these 
 Lodges are those of the Independent Order "Bene Berith" (Sons, or 
 Children, of the Covenant), founded in the year 1843, by Henry 
 Jones and a few others, and whose motto is '' Benevolence, Brotherly 
 Love, and Harmony." Its semi-centennial has recently been cele- 
 brated in New York City, Philadelphia, and elsewhere, amid great 
 edai. This Order has a total membership in the United States and 
 in foreign countries of over twenty- eight thousand. It is divided 
 into Districts — Number 3 including the States of Pennsylvania, New 
 Jersey, Delaware, and West Virginia, and having thirty- eight 
 Lodges with nearly eighteen hundred members, and a reserve fund 
 of more than fifty- three thousand dollars. For some time past, a 
 movement has been on foot in its midst looking to the establishment 
 of an Industrial School for Jewish children. This has met with en- 
 couragement; a large sum having been subscribed for the purpose 
 by different Lodges in District Number 3. The expense of main- 
 taining this School— which will, probably, be soon established — will 
 be derived from a slight increase of the annual dues of members. 
 It is thought the new institution will be located at the Hebrew Edu- 
 cation Society's building, south-west corner of Tenth and Carpenter 
 Streets, which offers facilities, and is well adapted for such purposes. 
 A Special Committee has the matter in charge. The administration 
 of affairs of the Order in this District is in the hands of the following 
 Grand Lodge officers : Jacob Singer, President ; Joseph D. Coons 
 and Charles Hoffman, Vice-Presidents ; Marcus K. Cohen, Secretary; 
 Michael C. Hirsch, Treasurer; Israel Schnurman, Sergeant-at- 
 Arms ; Samuel Rosenbaum, Messenger. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 185 
 
 The Independent Order Free Sons of Israel, founded in 1848, 
 numbers 106 Lodges, and more than thirteen thousand members in 
 all, with a total reserve fund of over five hundred and eighteen 
 thousand dollars. It is represented in this city by three I^odges 
 with a membership of about two hundred. Julius Harburger, of 
 New York City, is Grand Master of this Order, and M. S. Meyer- 
 hoff, of Philadelphia, is a Deputy Grand Master. 
 
 The Order ''Kosher Shel Barzel" (Band of Iron), originated in 
 1868, reckons twelve thousand adherents. R. M. Kopf, of 
 Charlotte, North Carolina, is President of this District (Number 3), 
 and several Philadelphians are among.its officers, including Samuel 
 W. Goodman, Secretary; and Isaac Alkus, Treasurer. The endow- 
 ment fund in this District amounts to about fifty- seven thousand 
 dollars. 
 
 The Independent Order Sons of Benjamin was established in 
 1879. It has 176 Lodges, and about seventeen thousand members. 
 The six Lodges (five male and one female) in this city number about 
 six hundred adherents. Each Lodge has a reserve fund. Honor- 
 able Ferdinand Levy, Register of the Gty of New York, is Grand 
 Master. 
 
 The Independent Order of United Israelites, instituted at Phila- 
 delphia, in 1886, is represented here by four Lodges out of a total 
 of two hundred throughout the United States. 
 
 A comparatively new institution is the Improved Order ' * Ben6 
 Berith," having had its origin in 1887. It has expended in endow- 
 ments about sixteen thousand dollars. Eleazer Ottenheimer, of 
 Baltimore, is its President, and Abraham Rosenblatt, of Philadelphia, 
 is a Vice-President. 
 
 The Judaic Union, an Order whose three Lodges are located in 
 this city, has a combined membership of about two hundred and 
 
186 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 seventy- five; a reserve fund of about four thousand dollars, and a 
 capital of about eight or nine thousand dollars. The officers of its 
 Grand Lodge are: Grand Master, Louis Sulka; Deputy Grand 
 Master, Jacob Mann; Grand Treasurer, H. H. Heilbron; Grand 
 Secretary, E. Asher; Grand Conductor, Alphonse Fleischer; Outer 
 Guard, B. Samuels; Executive Committee, Aaron Anspach, Walter 
 B. Winstock, and Harry Moyer; Appeal Committee, H. H. Heil- 
 bron, Clarence K. Arnold, Alphonse Fleischer, and B. Samuels. 
 
 Among other Secret Societies are the Improved Order Free 
 Sons of Israel, instituted some years since; the Independent Order 
 **Ahabath Israel" (Love of Israel), with a Lodge in this city 
 named "Dr. S. Morais Lodge, Number 51;" the Order ''Berith 
 Abraham" (Covenant of Abraham) with Lodges in this city; a 
 Junior Order of Free Sons of Israel, embracing youths; and 
 Women's Lodges in different Orders, specially those of the Free 
 Daughters of Israel, and of the Independent Order of True Sisters. 
 
 Each Lodge of the respective Orders has its own Board of officers, 
 but is usually subject to the rules of the District Grand Lodge, which 
 again derives its authority from the Executive Council of the entire 
 Order. Among Philadelphians, Rev. Isaac Leeser, Rev. George 
 Jacobs, Mr. Alfred T. Jones, and Mr. David Klein attained high 
 rank, especially in the Order ''Bene Berith," whose sessions have 
 been and are often held at Covenant Hall, on the west side of Sixth 
 Street above Fairmount Avenue (first opened on Monday evening, 
 April 22d, 1867), which is almost exclusively used for meetings of 
 Jewish Secret Orders. 
 
 The chief aims of these Orders are the advancement of their mem- 
 bers and of Jews generally. They pay sick benefits to those con- 
 nected with them, and are also, in a measure, life insurance com- 
 panies, although this feature is of a more recent development, not 
 having been contemplated when the first Order was established. 
 
 Among the adornments of Fairmount Park is the Statue to Reli- 
 gious Liberty, erected in November (Thanksgiving Day) of 1876 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 187 
 
 by the Independent Order *'Ben^ Berith." It occupies a com- 
 manding position in the West Park, near the site of the Centennial 
 Exhibition. The goddess of Liberty is a lofty figure in the centre ; 
 a boy stands on her right, holding a lamp, which represents light; 
 on the other side is an eagle crushing a serpent, which represents 
 intolerance. The Statue is mounted on an attractive pedestal, which 
 bears this inscription: "■ Religious Liberty. — Dedicated to the People 
 of the United States by the Order 'Bene Berith' and Israelites 
 of America, in Commemoration of the Centennial Anniversary of 
 American Independence." This work, which, as a specimen of art, 
 ranks with the best productions seen in this country, is from the 
 chisel of Chevalier Moses Ezekiel, an American Hebrew sculptor of 
 wide fame, whose classic studio — located in what were the Diocletian 
 baths, among the old ruins of Rome, Italy — is visited by notabili- 
 ties, whose busts or statues Mr. Ezekiel has modelled, in addition to 
 many other productions in sculpture, which have won the admiration 
 of connoisseurs wherever the fine arts find appreciation. 
 
 An Insurance Corporation. 
 
 The Mutual Benefit Company, of Pennsylvania, an insurance cor- 
 poration—not sectarian — but controlled largely by members of the 
 Hebrew faith — was chartered in September, 1871. It counted a 
 very considerable membership. Mr. Simon W. Arnold was first 
 President; his successors were Mr. David Teller and Mr. Aaron 
 Gans. Mr. Alexander Reinstine and Mr. Herman S. Friedman 
 served in succession as Secretary; and Mayer Sulzberger, Esq., was 
 Counsellor. In 1893 this Corporation adopted a plan to merge with 
 the New York Life Insurance Company; most of its members agree- 
 ing thereto, and entering into the latter Company. 
 
188 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 Theologicai Institutions — Maimonides College — The Jewish 
 Theological Seminary — The Hebrew Union College. 
 Cantors' Association of America — General Mention. 
 
 Maimonides College. 
 
 A Theological College, established jointly under the auspices 
 of the Hebrew Education Society, of Philadelphia, and of the Board 
 of Delegates of American Israelites, was opened at the building of 
 the former Society (then on Seventh Street below Callowhill Street), 
 in October, 1867. This institution— named Maimonides, after one. 
 of the greatest Sages, Rabbi Moses Ben Maimon, who flourished in 
 the twelfth century — had long been advocated by Rev. Isaac Leeser, 
 and its successful opening was ^hiefly due to his indefatigable exer- 
 tions. Mr. Leeser became President of the Faculty, and taught 
 homiletics, belles-lettres, and comparative theology ; but he died on 
 February 1st, 1868, before the College had brought forth any fruits. 
 The professors who gave instruction there, besides Mr. Leeser, were 
 the Rev. Dr. S. Morais, whose branch was the Bible and Biblical 
 literature, and in him the Trustees secured the services of a man 
 who, to quote a scholarly writer, is ''confessedly one of the finest 
 Hebraists and Biblical scholars in America;" Rev. Dr. Marcus M. 
 Jastrow, the accomplished and celebrated Talmudist, who was Pro- 
 fessor of the Talmud, Hebrew philosophy, and Jewish history and 
 literature ; Rev. Dr. Aaron S. Bettelheim, Professor of the Mishndh 
 (the Oral Law), with commentaries, etc.; Rev. L. Buttenwieser, 
 Professor of the Hebrew, Chaldaic, and Greek languages, and of the 
 Talmud. Subsequently, Rev. George Jacobs was elected to the chair 
 of English literature ; Mr. 'Hayim Polano became an instructor in 
 different Hebrew branches, and Mr. William H. Williams imparted 
 English and Latin branches. Mr. Abraham Hart was President, 
 and Mayer Sulzberger, Esq., was Secretary of the Board of Trustees. 
 
 Quite a number of students received a theological training at this 
 College, among these being Rev. Dr. Samuel Mendelsohn, now Rabbi 
 of the "Temple of Israel" Congregation, at Wilmington, North 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 189 
 
 Carolina, and a scholar of note ; Rev. David Levi, formerly minis- 
 ter of the '' Beth Elohim" (House of God) Congregation, of Charles- 
 ton, South Qarolina, now Minister of another Jewish Congregation, in 
 New Haven, Connecticut; and Mr. Marcus Eliezer Lam, a Hebrew 
 teacher at Philadelphia. The College continued for over six years, 
 but lack of support caused it finally to cease its labors. However, 
 the flame thus enkindled was not suffered to be quenched, and the 
 work of Maimonides College has now found a field in New York 
 City, where the Jewish Theological Seminary, instituted in 1886, 
 upon similar principles, gives evidence of stability and strength, 
 and where a very fair number of theological students avail them- 
 selves of a tuition which is based upon precept and example. 
 
 Jewish Theological Seminary. 
 
 The Jewish Theological Seminary, instituted in January, 1886, 
 was conceived by the Reverend Sabato Morais, LL.D., of Phila- 
 delphia. Its aims are clearly set forth in the following Preamble 
 to its Constitution and By-Laws: 
 
 " The necessity having been made manifest for associated and organ- 
 ized effort on the part of the Jews of America faithful to Mosaic Law 
 and ancestral traditions, for the purpose of keeping alive the true Judaic 
 spirit; in particular by the establishment of a Seminary where the Bible 
 shall be impartially taught, and Rabbinical literature faithfully ex- 
 pounded, and more especially where youths, desirous of entering the 
 ministry, may be thoroughly grounded in Jewish knowledge and inspired 
 by the precept and the example of their instructors with the love of the 
 Hebrew language, and a spirit of fidelity and devotion to the Jewish 
 law ; the subscribers have, in accordance with a resolution adopted at a 
 meeting of ministers held Shebat 25th, 5(>46 (January 31st, 1886), at the 
 Synagogue 'Shearith Israel,' New York, agreed to organize Trie Jewish 
 Theological Seminary Associalion." 
 
 The Seminary was at once organized, thoroughly equipped for its 
 special purposes, and quarters were rented at Cooper Union, in the 
 City of New York. Since 1892, however, this institution has occu- 
 pied its large and handsome building, at 736 Lexington Avenue, in 
 the same city. There are thirty regular students; also a number of 
 attendants. The full term is either eight or nine years — dependent 
 upon qualifications of students. The first student to graduate was 
 Rev. Dr. Joseph Herman Hertz, who received his degree of Rabbi, 
 June 14th, 1894, and who, in advance of his graduation, was elected 
 
190 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Minister of ^"Adath Jeshurun?' (Congregation of Jeshurun) Con- 
 gregation, in Syracuse, New York— a position he formally assumed 
 on the following Sabbath— June 16th, 1894. At the same time, 
 teachers' diplomas were given to Henry Speaker and David Witten- 
 berg. A Literary Society has recently been formed by the students 
 of the Seminary. The Faculty embraces: Dr. Morais, President; 
 Rev. Dr. Bernard Drachman, Dean; Rev. Dr. Moses Maisner, 
 Rev. Dr. Henry Pereira Mendes, Dr. A. Joshua JofFe, and Mr. 
 Henry Speaker. Honorable Joseph Blumenthal, of New York 
 City, is President of the Board of Trustees, embracing twenty mem- 
 bers from different parts of the Union ; and Dr. Morais presides over 
 an Advisory Board composed of eleven ministers. 
 
 This Theological Institution has risen to a high rank, and by 
 means of generous endow^ments of Mr. Jacob H. Schiff, Mrs. R. S. 
 Piza, Miss Ellen Phillips, Mrs. Katharine Kaas, Mr. Jonas Frieden- 
 wald, and other Israelites of New York, Philadelphia, and Balti- 
 more, its work is pursued successfully and thoroughly. The late 
 Rev. Dr. Alexander Kohut w^as an indefatigable laborer in its cause, 
 and served in the Faculty, as Vice-Chairman and as a Professor. 
 What will render the Seminary a centre of interest is a new and 
 valuable addition, in the shape of the library of the late Dr. David 
 Cassel, composed of several thousand works on scholastic, scientific, 
 and general topics which has recently been purchased, and named 
 ''Morais Library," in honor of the founder and President. In- 
 cluded therein are other important collections of books ; among them 
 those hitherto belonging to the Seminary, and some donated by the 
 widow of the late Rev. Dr. Aaron S. Bettelheim, of Baltimore, and 
 by the widow of the late Rev. Dr. Henry S. Jacobs, of New York 
 City. 
 
 The Philadelphia members of the Board of Trustees are: Dr. 
 Solomon Solis Cohen, Samuel Morais Hyneman, Edward L. Roth- 
 schild, Jacob Singer, and David Sulzberger. = A local branch of the 
 Jewish Theological Seminary Association was organized in this city, 
 in March, 1887. Its Managers are: President, Edward L. Roth- 
 schild; Vice-Presidents, David Teller, Jacob Singer, and Dr. Solo- 
 mon Solis Cohen; Treasurer, Dr. Lewis W. Steinbach; Secretary, 
 Ephraim Lederer; Executive Committee, the Rev. Dr. S. Morais, 
 Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow, Rev. Henry Iliowizi, Michael I. Asch, 
 Charles Hoffman, Morris Alkus, and Samuel Krieger. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 191 
 
 Hebrew Union College. 
 
 The other Jewish collegiate institution in this country is the He- 
 brew Union College, at Cincinnati, Ohio, of which Rev. Dr. Isaac 
 M. Wise is the moving spirit and President of its Faculty. It was 
 opened in the city mentioned in 1875. It occupies its own building, 
 and from it many students have emerged and now fill pulpits in 
 different sections of the Union. This College is under the direction 
 of a Board of Governors, who are selected at biennial Councils, of 
 the Union of American Hebrew Congregations — instituted in 1873. 
 Rev. Dr. Henry Berkowitz — since December, 1892, Rabbi-Preacher 
 of Rodeph Shalom Congregation, of Philadelphia, is a graduate of 
 this College, and a member of the above Board. Arnold Kohn 
 and Philip Lewin, of this city, also serve on the same Board; 
 Morris Newburger is a member of the Executive Board ; and Wil- 
 liam B. Hackenburg represents this city on the Board of Delegates 
 on Civil and Religious Rights. Among the graduates of the Union 
 College, besides Dr. Berkowitz, is Rev. Dr. Joseph Krauskopf, 
 since October, 1887, Rabbi- Preacher of Ken^seth Israel Congrega- 
 tion, of Philadelphia. 
 
 Cantors' Association of America. 
 
 The Chazanim, or those who chant the Divine Services in the 
 Synagogues, have recently formed themselves into an Association 
 whose objects are : " the upholding and elevation of the standard of 
 the profession of Cantors, and the maintenance of brotherly feelings 
 and harmony among its members, the furtherance of Synagogual 
 music and the elevation of the service of the Synagogue, as far as it 
 stands under the supervision of the Cantors." 
 
 The office of Chazdn is one of no small responsibility; requiring 
 as it does knowledge of the services, of the liturgy, of the methods 
 of cantilation, and a thorough understanding of the text, in order to 
 impart intelligence, with melody, in the chanting of the Prayers, 
 and the reading of the Ihrdh (Law). Many eminent and pious 
 men in different ages have filled this honorable station, and its im- 
 portance is deservedly emphasized in all Congregations adhering to 
 the traditional rituals and worship in the Synagogues. In these, the 
 Chazdn — also called Sheliach Tsihhur (Messenger of the Congregation) 
 
192 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 — which name is the oldest by which this official has been termed — 
 intones the entire services, and leads in the singing of Hymns and 
 Psalmodies. In modern * * Reform ' ' shrines, his services are of a 
 rather secondary character ; still, they are recognized as of some 
 necessity. 
 
 The Cantors' organization — which is national in its character and 
 scope — desires to preserve the traditional Synagogal music as ob- 
 served both among the Sephardim (Spanish and Portuguese Jews), 
 and the Ashkenazim (German and other Jews), and those melodies 
 w^ith which prominent Cantors of our age have further enriched the 
 respective liturgies. All active Cantors of Congregations are eligible 
 to membership in the Cantors' Association of America. 
 
 General Mention. 
 
 The Jewish Ministers' Association of America, and the Central 
 Conference of American Rabbis are also organizations of a national 
 character. 
 
 A number of Societies composed of Jewish young people sent 
 representatives to a meeting held in Chicago, during August, 1893. 
 These resolved themselves into a national institution, and selected as 
 a name "The Sabbath Visitor Association." The object of this 
 Union is **to secure the organized co-operation of young Israel of 
 America in behalf of Judaism, by securing their active interest in 
 the Congregation and Sabbath- School, and by promoting the study 
 of Jewish history, literature, and doctrines." The Sabbath Visitor, 
 a weekly paper, is the official organ of this Association. Its officers 
 are selected from diffiarent cities; Rev. Dr. Joseph Stolz, of Chicago, 
 being President. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 193 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 Social Clubs— Mercantil.e, Garrick, and Franklin — 
 Athletic Clubs and Other Assemblies. 
 
 Mercantile Club. 
 
 There are three large Clubs in this city whose members are He- 
 brews. The oldest and largest is the Mercantile Club, established 
 November 10th, 1853, at 22 Dillwyn Street, by Messrs. Lazarus 
 Mayer, David Eger, William Tandler, Louis Bomeisler, Jacob 
 Nirdlinger, Ernest Nusbaum, Jacob Mayer, Jacob Haas, Morris 
 Rosenbach, Lazarus Shloss, I. Hochstadter, Charles Bloomingdale, 
 Abraham S. Wolf, Marcus Goldman, Adolph Klopfer, Emanuel 
 Arnold, Jacob Langsdorf, and Isidore Binswanger. The first 
 President was Louis Bomeisler. The Club was incorporated April 
 17th, 1869. Since its origin, it has occupied apartments, also, on 
 the south side of Arch Street above Sixth Street, at the north-west 
 corner of Fourth and Race Streets, on the west side of Crown Street 
 (between Fourth and Fifth Streets) above Callowhill Street, and, 
 since January, 1880, at the handsome and well-furnished house, 864 
 North Seventh Street. This latter property has, besides, a large 
 garden adjoining it at the south, at which concerts are occasionally 
 given. The property also extends to Franklin Street; on that side 
 being Mercantile Hall, which has a seating capacity of between five 
 and six hundred, and is often used by the Club, and rented as well 
 for entertainments by different institutions, etc., etc. 
 
 An fedifice is now being erected at 1422, 1424, and 1426 North 
 Broad Street, which, when completed, will vie with the most attrac- 
 tive structures of its kind in Philadelphia; occupying a large extent 
 of ground, and finished in accordance with the latest architectural 
 designs. The new building will, with the property, entail an outlay 
 of several hundred thousand dollars, and a considerable amount has 
 already been subscribed. 
 
 More than a few charitable movements have emanated from the 
 Mercantile Club, and among its members, numbering in all four 
 
 13 
 
194 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 hundred, are many representative Israelites. Its officers are : 
 President, Herman Jonas; Vice-President, Clarence Wolf; Treas- 
 urer, Benjamin F. Teller; Secretary, Aaron E. Greene wald (who 
 has occupied that office for twenty-five consecutive years) ; Directors, 
 Abraham Hirsh, Harry F. Stern, Max Liveright, William Marks, 
 Adolph A. Solomon, Alexander M. Appel, Louis Gerstley, M. 
 Hirshler, and Isidore Kaufman. 
 
 Garrick Club. 
 
 The Garrick Club reckons between two hundred and fifty and 
 three hundred members. It is an outgrowth of the Garrick Literary 
 and Dramatic Association, which held meetings at the north-east 
 corner of Fourth Street and Fairmount Avenue, and subsequently, 
 on the east side of Fifth Street below Noble Street. The Club first 
 met, eleven years since, at 950 Franklin Street; but for the past 
 nine years its quarters have been at 707 and 709 Franklin Street. 
 Additions have been built to this house, and entertainments to 
 members and their ladies are often given there. Samuel A. May 
 was first President; William Strauss is the present Executive; Mor- 
 ris H. Myers being Vice-President; Simon Friedman, Secretary; 
 Benjamin Kahn, Treasurer ; Directors, Samuel A. May, S. Wer- 
 theimer, M. Gerson, D. Bacharach, M. Rosenberg, M. Loeb, Joseph 
 Mastbaum, Dr. B. Herz, and G. Rosenbaum. 
 
 Franklin Club. 
 
 The quarters of the Franklin Club (which have recently been 
 handsomely re-fitted and re- furnished) are at the north-west corner 
 of Franklin and Poplar Streets. There the Club has met regularly. 
 Its organization dates from 1872. Its principal founders were: 
 Meyer Frank, Henry Muhr, Jacob May, and Simon Silberman 
 (first President). The Franklin Club is the successor of what was 
 once known as the Harmonia Club. It has 155 members. At 
 different periods this Club has donated sums to different Jewish 
 charitable institutions. Leopold Marks is President; Joseph Harris, 
 Vice-President; Aaron Schloss, Secretary; Bernard Levy, Trea- 
 surer; Directors, Augustus Bacharach, Lehman Goldsmith, Henry 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 195 
 
 Mitchell, Emanuel MeyerhofF, Gus Rosenbaum, Samuel Weil, 
 Meyer Goldsmith, Bernard Levy, and Adolph Platosky. 
 
 Other Clubs. 
 
 Among other Clubs are the Columbian, the German Young Men's, 
 and the Unique — located in different sections of this city. Of 
 those Clubs formerly in existence here, was the Delaware, which 
 disbanded after having been in the field between seven and eight 
 years (1883-1891). 
 
 Several Athletic Clubs and organizations for physical culture 
 have been started at different times among the younger element of 
 the Jewish population, and these have been located at separate 
 headquarters, where the ** manly art" might be developed to a 
 limited extent, without resorting to such devices as tend to degrade 
 the individual and lower the standing of the Clubs. 
 
 Other assemblies of a social character exist among Jewish young 
 folks, and these have entertainments during the seasons. 
 
196 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 Jewish Journals— The Occident — The Jewish Index — The 
 Jewish Record — The Jewish Exponent— Other Ventures- 
 Weeklies Published in Juedisch Deutsch. 
 
 Like other religious denominations, the Hebrews have advocates 
 in journals exclusively devoted to their interests — congregationally, 
 communally, educationally, socially, and, where necessity calls for, 
 politically. Members of our faith have attained high distinction in 
 the realms of secular journalism. But it is the essentially Jewish 
 newspapers with which we are now concerned. As in other repects, 
 Philadelphia was here also among the pioneers. 
 
 With the exception of a paper called The Jew, issued in New York 
 City, by Mr. S. J. Jackson, in 1823, we have no other record pre- 
 vious to the issue of The Occident and American Jewish AdvocatCy 
 first issued in this city, in April, 1843. It was founded and edited 
 for a space of nearly twenty- five consecutive years by Rev. Isaac 
 Leeser; being issued as a Monthly — but one year as a Weekly. 
 With the motto "To learn and to teach, to observe and to do," 
 it became widely known as a valiant defender of Judaism and 
 the Jews; as a magazine containing good literary matter, with a 
 scholarly and fearless editorial tone, and a dignified standing. After 
 Mr. Leeser' s decease, on February 1st, 1868, Mayer Sulzberger, 
 Esq., who acted for several years as Mr. Leeser's assistant, and who 
 was an executor of his estate (Messrs. William B. Hackenburg and 
 Hezekiah W. Arnold having been the others), edited the Occident 
 for the space of a year (March, 1868-March, 1869), when he found 
 it necessary, by reason of his increasing practice as a lawyer, to 
 withdraw from editorial duties ; and the publication of the Occident 
 was then discontinued. 
 
 At different periods, various Jewish Weeklies were attempted here, 
 but few had a long existence. On October 2d, 1872 (the Eve of the 
 New Year, 5633), The Jewish Index first appeared, its editor being 
 Mr. (now Rev. Dr.) Samuel Mendelsohn, associated with Mr. S. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 197 
 
 Pincus, and later on with Mr. H. La Grange, as publishers. This 
 organ had the constant assistance of the Rev. Dr. S. Morais, who 
 contributed a large amount of matter to each issue. Rev. Dr. 
 Marcus M. Jastrow and Rev. George Jacobs also wrote for it. 
 However, it did not receive sufficient financial support, and its issu- 
 ance was discontinued after January 1st, 1873. 
 
 A journal of more stability was The Jewish Record, started as a 
 weekly, April 16th, 1875, by the late Mr. Alfred T. Jones. Its 
 career was checkered, and while at times it received a fair support, 
 its success was often due to the persistence and constant attention of 
 its editor. Published at first at 321 Chestnut Street, it was bought 
 during the same year (December 24th, 1875), by Dr. E. Morwitz, 
 proprietor of the German Vemokrat, who entrusted its financial man- 
 agement to a number of his assistants; the Business Manager being 
 Mr. Marcus K. Cohen. Mr. Jones continued to edit the paper — 
 then issued from 614 Chestnut Street — until its suspension on June 
 25th, J.886, after having met with numerous reverses, which the 
 energetic editor endeavored in vain to prevent. As a reflex of the 
 Jewish thought of the time. The Jewish Record held its own with 
 the foremost journals published in the interest of the Hebrew race. 
 Scores of well-known writers — male and female — among clergy and 
 laity, gave their productions to grace its columns, and the paper 
 achieved a reputation far beyond the limits of Philadelphia. It 
 presented stories, articles on current and special topics, editorials, 
 criticisms, translations from the Hebrew and other languages, while 
 it offered considerable space to events of the day, and to matters 
 affecting the Jews in every corner of the world. 
 
 Jewish Women, a monthly, was issued for a year (October, 1892- 
 October, 1893), and contained stories, poems, and other contribu- 
 tions and selections of special interest to the female sex. Mr. Her- 
 man Brunswick was the Manager. 
 
 The Jewish Exponent was first issued on April 15th, 1887 (during 
 the Passover, 5647). Its publishers are a stock company ; the Presi- 
 dent being Mr. Benjamin F. Teller; Treasurer, Mr. Simon Muhr; 
 Secretary, Mr. Charles Hoffman; Directors, Messrs. Leo Loeb, 
 
198 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Louis E. Levy, Felix N. Gerson, Jacob Singer, and Mayer Sulz- 
 berger. The editors were, originally, Messrs. Henry S. Morais, 
 Melvin G. Winstock, and Charles Hoffman. Mr. Winstock re- 
 signed after the first year ; and Mr. Morais, who had acted as Man- 
 aging Editor, relinquished his connection after the expiration of his 
 two years' contract. Mr. Hoffman still continues as editor. Mr. B. 
 H. Hartogensis, of Baltimore, represents The Exponent in that city. 
 Mr. Nathan Billstein was the first business manager of this weekly. 
 Mr. Felix N. Gerson is the present manager. Mr. Charles Selig- 
 man Bernheimer acted as its local reporter for upwards of two years 
 (1889-1891). The Exponent is devoted to news, to articles of im- 
 portance, to matters interesting women, etc., etc. It is published 
 every Friday (formerly at 929 Filbert Street, and since at 41 North 
 Tenth Street). The office is now located at 606 Chestnut Street. 
 Editorially, The Exponent is committed to no side, but on questions 
 affecting the permanence and standing of the Jewish Church, its 
 policy has been, and is. Conservative. 
 
 The Lyceum Weekly of Keneseth Israel Congregation — first issued 
 in the autumn of 1893 — has been heretofore mentioned. Rev. J. 
 Leonard Levy is its editor, and Mr. Oscar Klonower its publisher. 
 
 Since the increase of the Jewish population, by accessions from 
 countries of Eastern Europe, a new feature in journalism has been 
 introduced, viz., newspapers in the Jargon, or Juedisch Deutsch — a 
 medley of words and expressions borrowed from different languages, 
 and which is largely employed among foreigners. Though dignified 
 by the name of "language," it can scarcely be thus termed; though, 
 as an outgrowth of a systematic persecution, it became, centuries ago, 
 a means of communication between Jew and Jew, confined in narrow 
 Ghettos, and still compelled to drag an existence there, under the 
 rule of pitiless autocracies— otherwise known as ''governments." 
 The Jargon has survived, and, in order to interest the large class by 
 whom it is spoken and read, it has been found necessary to issue 
 newspapers in that form of language. Several of these have made 
 their appearance in Philadelphia, among them Das lAcht (The 
 Light), published for a few months during 1891, and The Jewish 
 Gazette, its successor; Rev. Nehemiah Mosessohn, formerly of this 
 city, now of Dallas, Texas, having edited, in turn, both papers. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 199 
 
 Other weeklies now published are Die Judische Presse (The 
 Jewish Press), issued at 708 South Fifth Street, Moses Freeman, 
 publisher ; Der Volkswcechter (The People's Guardian), issued at 
 810 South Fifth Street, Bernard Harris and John Paley, editors; 
 and Philadelphia Stadt Zeitung (City Journal), issued at 710 South 
 Third Street. Rev. Hyman Brodsky and Ch. Malitz, editors. 
 
 All these weeklies circulate among the class for whom they are 
 specially intended ; the first mentioned being the oldest ; the second, 
 exhibiting marked enterprise ; and the third — only recently estab- 
 lished — being well edited. 
 
 A number of journals in genuine Hebrew are printed in other 
 cities, but find many readers in Philadelphia. 
 
200 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 
 Cemeteries — Important History Attached to Spruce Street 
 Cemetery — Its Purchase, Upwards of a Ct:NTURY and a 
 Half Ago — Official Documents Relating to it and its 
 Possession. 
 
 Other Cemeteries, Including Those of Congregations, Har 
 Nebo, Har Ha-Zetim, Mount Sinai, etc., etc. 
 
 The following notice was inserted in The Pennsylvania Gazette, in 
 an issue of September, 1751 : 
 
 " Whereas, many unthinking people have been in the habit of setting 
 up marks, and fired several shots against the fence of the Jews' burying 
 ground, which not only destroyed said fence, but also a tombstone in it ; 
 there being a brick wall now erected, I must desire the sporismen to for- 
 bear (for the future) firing against said wall. If they do, whoever will 
 inform, so that the offender be convicted thereof before a Magistrate, 
 shall have twenty shillings reward paid by me. 
 
 "Nathan Levy. 
 "Philadelphia, September, 1761." 
 
 This date points to the fact that the cemetery in Spruce Street 
 had already been in use for some years. It was bought by Nathan 
 Levy, according to a record, in September, 1740, though there 
 exists some evidence to the effect that Mr. Levy had possession of a 
 lot of ground on the north side of Spruce Street, between Eighth 
 and Ninth Streets, in September, 1738. On September 25th, 1740, 
 Mr. Levy obtained a grant of thirty feet square, and on June 27th, 
 
 1752, an addition of ''thirty feet wide and sixty feet in depth, with 
 the liberty of an alley of ten feet wide from Spruce Street," upon his 
 application to John Penn, Chief of the Proprietary Government of 
 Pennsylvania ; for which ground Mr. Levy paid an annual tax of 
 ' ' a quit rent of five shillings sterling, or value iu coin current of 
 Pennsylvania." The place was suitably walled in, yet it was often 
 desecrated, not only by marks and shots, but by the executions of 
 deserters by British soldiers in front of its gates, during the Ameri- 
 can Revolutionary War. Nathan Levy died on December 23d, 
 
 1753, in the fiftieth year of his age, and his remains were interred in 
 that same Spruce Street cemetery. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 201 
 
 Another piece of ground, adjoining, and including two lots respec- 
 tively of ''thirty feet by thirty-five feet and an half, and thirty feet 
 by one hundred and twenty-five feet and an half, ' ' had been granted 
 to Mathias Bush by John Penn, on June 21st, 1765. The ground 
 was re-surveyed by John Lukens, Surveyor- General, on October 
 8th, 1765, and documentary evidence is at hand which shows that 
 this cemetery was intended, not only for the use of Mr. Levy's and 
 Mr. Bush's families, but ''also for the use of the Hebrew Congre- 
 gation of this city; it being intended at the time he (Mr. Levy) 
 applied for the same to be a trust for a burial place for the inter- 
 ment of Hebrews." (88) 
 
 However, much dispute has arisen as to its ownership; the con- 
 tending parties, at different times, being descendants of Mr. Levy 
 and members of the well-known Gratz family. As to the claims of 
 the latter — which have been presented time and again— it must be 
 said that a lot situated towards the west side of the cemetery, and 
 extending to the northern wall is known as "The Gratz Reserva- 
 tion . ' ' The existence of this ' ' Reservation " — though not designated 
 by any mark, nor otherwise indicated than by the interment side 
 by side of members of the Gratz household — is stated by some to be 
 due to the fact that, in purchasing additional ground, the title-deeds 
 were made out in the name of Michael Gratz, who represented the 
 Congregation Mickveh Israel in the said purchase. While no record 
 has been found to sustain the right of individual claimants, to the 
 ownership of any part or parcel of the Spruce Street cemetery, it 
 is, nevertheless, true that at a meeting of the Congregation, held 
 on September 12th, 1813, Mr. Samuel Hays being Chairman, it was 
 "on motion resolved That the strip of ground in which Mr. and Mrs. 
 Gratz are interred be continued to the depth of sixty feet from the 
 commencement of the tombstone of Mr. Gratz now erected, & re- 
 served for the exclusive burial of members of that family who may be 
 entitled to funeral rites agreeably to our Laws." The plan of this 
 assigned division — which division, as will have been noticed, was 
 neither sold nor conveyed as a separate piece of property, but 
 simply "reserved" — was prepared by Mr. Hyman Gratz, on 
 August 17th, 1852, and is indorsed by I. J. Phillips, of the Board 
 
 (88) Original copies of valuable documents relating to questions herein re- 
 ferred to are in possession of the (congregation Mickveh Israel. 
 
202 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 of Trustees of the Congregation. However, this "Reservation," or 
 lot, has long since been filled, and there exists neither individual, 
 nor family, title to it, beyond the meaning of the above-quoted resolu- 
 tion, nor any further space beyond that allotted by the terms of the 
 said resolution. . 
 
 On the other hand, the right of the Congregation Mickveh Israel 
 to the Spruce Street cemetery is fully established by the following 
 official record contained in its archives, which effectually settles the 
 whole question : 
 
 "No. 195. 
 
 " An Act to enable the Hebrew Congregation, known by the name 
 and style of ' Kaal Kadosh Mickve Israel' of the City of Philadelphia, 
 in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, to lease on ground rent a lot of 
 ground in the City of Philadelphia, belonging to said Congregation. 
 
 " Sect. I. Be it e7iacted by the Senate and House of Representa- 
 tives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylva^iia, in General Assembly 
 m-et, and it is hereby enacted by the authority of the same^ That 
 Samuel Hays, Simon Gratz, Zalegman Phillips, and Abraham Myers 
 Cohen, or a majority of them, trustees of the Hebrew Congregation of 
 the City of Philadelphia, incorporated and known by the name, style and 
 title of * Kaal Kadosh Mickve Israel,' be and they are hereby authorised, 
 whenever by a vote of a majority of the whole number of members of the 
 Corporation they shall be so directed, to sell and convey in fee simple, 
 upon ground rent for the use of the said Congregation, the whole or any 
 part of a certain lot of ground situate at the north-east corner of Spruce 
 and Ninth streets, in the City of Philadelphia, containing in front oh 
 Spruce street one hundred and nineteen feet, and in front on Ninth 
 street one hundred and twenty-seven feet six inches; and the said 
 Trustees shall be able to give good and sufficient lease or leases for 
 the same, which shall be valid in law, and the said Corporation shall 
 have power to collect, sue for and recover all rent or rents arising from 
 the same. 
 " Passed 14th April, 1828." (89) 
 
 It will be seen in the foregoing document that the cemetery 
 was situated at the north-east corner of Spruce and Ninth Streets. 
 Nathan Levy, the original purchaser, had applied for the right of 
 including the ground within a ** wooden enclosure and a ten-foot 
 alley," running north from Spruce Street. Hence, in later years, 
 the extension of the cemetery must have resulted in a division into 
 
 (89) The reader is referred to the Eev. Dr. S. Morais's paper on "Mickv6 
 Israel Congregation of Philadelphia," which contains fuller information on this 
 question in its different details.— See " Publications of the American Jewish His- 
 torical Society, Number I," 1893, and a separate issue of the above paper in a 
 pamphlet. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 203 
 
 two parts ; the alley referred to being what is now Acorn Street, to 
 the west of the present cemetery, while Duponceau Street is on its 
 east side. That part of the ground extending to the corner of Spruce 
 and Ninth Streets was afterwards sold to members of the Society of 
 Friends, by whom a small building was erected thereon. 
 
 This Spruce Street cemetery has become a landmark. The re- 
 mains of many of the old Jewish aristocracy repose there. The 
 names upon some of the tombstones call back numerous recollections. 
 A story has been in circulation many years that a certain member 
 of the Congregation Mickveh Israel had in his employ a negress, 
 who, though not born in the Faith of Israel, was more of a Jewess 
 than a Christian, as she observed with marked strictness the Jewish 
 Sabbaths, the Fasts, the Festivals, and the Holy Days. She was also 
 particular to an extraordinary degree, with regard to observances in 
 the household, and about other commandments given unto Jews 
 exclusively. Such was her piety that it became a subject of remark. 
 When she died at an old age, her employer determined that, as she 
 had lived as a Jewess, she should have, if possible, burial in a 
 Jewish cemetery. He applied for a permit to the President of the 
 Congregation Mickveh Israel. This was refused, of course, on the 
 ground that the deceased had not been a Jewess. Undaunted, how- 
 ever, her employer determined to have her buried in the Spruce 
 Street cemetery. With a number of individuals, Mr. Marks (such 
 was the name of Lucy's employer) forced in the gate, it is stated, 
 and interred her remains near the entrance. No tombstone, how- 
 ever, appears to mark the place. 
 
 Such is but a mere speck from the collection of anecdotes sur- 
 rounding the history of the old cemetery on Spruce Street. It is 
 now closed, being crowded with the remains of those who were 
 pioneers — and distinguished at that — during the early years of the 
 Jewish Church in this city. Since 1848, the cemetery on the south 
 side of Federal Street (1114), between Eleventh and Twelfth Streets, 
 has been used, and some of the old stock are buried there. 
 
 Other Cemeteries. 
 
 Other Congregations and Chebroth (Societies for religious worship) 
 and some Lodges have their respective cemeteries ; that of Rodeph 
 Shalom Congregation being located at Harrowgate, near Frankford ; 
 
204 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Beth Israel, on the south side of Federal Street, between Fifth and 
 Sixth Streets; Beth El Emeth, at Fisher's Avenue (near Fifty- 
 fifth Street) corner of Market Street, West Philadelphia ; 'Adath 
 Jeshurun, on Bridge Street, near Walker Street, Frankford ; and 
 the Chebrdh Bikur Cholim, adjoining that previously mentioned. 
 Cemeteries belonging to different Chebroth are located at Cedar 
 Hill, Frankford; in Mount Moriah, West Philadelphia; at Erie 
 Avenue; on Bridge Street, opposite Mulberry Street, Frankford; 
 on Frankford Avenue and elsewhere. 
 
 Har Neho (Mount Nebo) Cemetery is situated on the Oxford 
 Turnpike, and covers a space of 10 acres, divided into 3,242 lots. 
 It is non-Congregational, and is in charge of a Company ; Isaac 
 Levi being President; Benjamin F. Houseman, Vice-President; 
 Edwin F. Partridge, Treasurer ; Maurice Houseman, Secretary ; 
 Isaac Marquis and Walter Scott, Directors (together with the 
 officers). 
 
 Har Ha-Zetim (the Mount of Olives) Cemetery is situated in 
 Lower Merion Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. It 
 contains 19 acres ; 2 of which have been sold to Independent 
 Chebrdh Kadishd (mentioned further on), and others are held in 
 reserve for such Jewish Congregations and Societies, as may desire 
 to purchase ground for burial places. The Company owning this 
 ground is officered by William Silverstone, President; Meyer 
 Wachtel, Vice-President ; Leopold Levy, Treasurer ; Solomon 
 Kraus, Secretary ; Abraham Kessler, Joseph Rosenberg, and L. 
 Levin, Managers. 
 
 Mount Sinai Cemetery. 
 
 The chief cemetery, however, is Mount Sinai, located on Bridge 
 Street, above Jackson Street, Frankford, and adjoining that of 
 'Adath Jeshurun Congregation. It is non- Congregational, viz., any 
 Hebrew whether he be affiliated with a Congregation or not, may 
 be buried there after purchasing a lot. There are about fifty stock- 
 holders, who hold the three hundred and five shares issued by the 
 Company. A new charter was obtained on May 14th, 1872. At 
 the start, seven acres were purchased, and laid out into 1, 664 lots. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 205 
 
 Iq February, 1884, eleven additional acres, embracing 3,000 lots, 
 were bought. About 1,200 lots, each 13 by 8 in size, had been 
 sold prior to the opening of the extension by which the cemetery 
 is now enlarged to over seventeen acres. A mortuary chapel has 
 been built, also a receiving vault, for both of which a large amount 
 has been expended, in order to render them in every way suitable 
 to their uses. The prices of lots vary according to location. The 
 stockholders are privileged to exchange two and one- half shares — the 
 number necessary to membership of the Company— for a lot. 
 
 The first officers of Mount Sinai Cemetery Association were (1853): 
 President, Marcus Goldman; Vice-President, Henry Mayer; Treas- 
 urer, Moses Sternberger ; Secretary, Adolph Klopfer ; Trustees, 
 Abraham Kaufman, Louis Siedenbach, Herman Weiler, Simon 
 Schloss, and Solomon Heidelberger. The present Board consists of 
 David Teller, President; Lucien Moss, Vice-President; Aaron Gans, 
 Treasurer; Oscar B. Teller, Secretary; William B. Hackenburg, 
 Solomon Gans, Solomon Teller, Joseph Stern, Jacob May, Isidore 
 Langsdorf, and Henry Fernberger, Trustees. = The late Isaac Gross 
 (who died on November 22d, 1889) had been the Company's 
 Messenger for a lengthy period. Herman Farbish and Sigmund 
 Schlachter have, in turn, succeeded him ; the latter now occupying 
 that office. 
 
 Congregation "Sons of Israel," of Camden, New Jersey, has a 
 cemetery of fifty lots, situated in that city. 
 
206 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIV. 
 
 A New Element— The Russo-Jewish Exodus of 1882— Perse- 
 cutions AND Their Resultant— Sympathy for Sufferers— 
 A Notable Meeting— Remarkable Increase of Population 
 —Immigration Problems. 
 
 On Christmas night of the year 1881, the streets of Warsaw, in 
 Poland, Russia, were the scene of a massacre as cold-blooded — 
 though not as wide-spread — as that of St. Bartholomew's, in France, 
 on the 24th of August, 1572, when the Huguenots were shot down 
 without a moment's warning, in Paris, by the infamous order of 
 Charles IX and his mother, Catharine de Medici. In this instance — 
 but a repetition of similar butcheries — it was unoffending Hebrews 
 whose mere existence in the domains of the Romanoffs has, for ages, 
 excited the passions and the envy of an unruly populace that stopped 
 short of nothing else than outright murder. Outrages attended this 
 massacre; 6,000 people were rendered homeless; and 2,000,000 
 roubles worth of property was destroyed. The carnage continued 
 three days. The world stood aghast at such atrocities, and the 
 justice (?) that was meted out by Russian Courts gave no assurance' 
 that work of the same character would not be re-enacted at the will 
 of the rabble. A wholesale exodus followed, and the sights wit- 
 nessed in Brody, on the Austrian frontier — whither tens of thousands 
 repaired on their way to countries where life, at least, is held sacred — 
 baffle description. Exhausted men falling down by the roadside; 
 women and children begging in the streets for a morsel of bread ; 
 young mothers with babes clinging to them, and languishing for the 
 wherewith of existence;— such were among the heart-rending scenes 
 of many months in that place situated near the border line. 
 
 It was then that the efforts of the Society called the Alliance 
 Israelite Universelle were overtaxed to supply the wants of the 
 myriads who had quitted the land of the modern Pharaoh — after 
 being despoiled of every possession— to assist in transporting these 
 unfortunates to various lands, where safety to life might be insured. 
 Not a few workers were engaged in that cause, but the men who 
 performed labors actually herculean at that period were three— 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 207 
 
 Charles Netter, Isaac Edward Kann, and Emanuel F. Veneziani. 
 These three represented the Alliance— ihQ last named being the 
 special delegate of Baron Maurice de Hirsch, the philanthropist. 
 So prodigious was the work involved in this distribution that it 
 eventually told upon the constitution of each man, and to-day not 
 one of those indefatigable laborers — whose lives were largely devoted 
 to the cause of suffering Israel— survives, to tell again the story so 
 thrilling. 
 
 The emigration to the ports of the United States began at that 
 time to assume formidable proportions, as this country alone afforded 
 the safest asylum for the refugees. Many will remember the enor- 
 mous influx of Russian Jews to Philadelphia during 1882; the 
 practical measures that were then devised at public meetings, and 
 at a mass meeting held at the Academy of Music, Saturday even- 
 ing, March 4th, 1882 (the Eve of the joyous Hebrew Festival of 
 Purim), in which Christian, as well as Jewish, denominations par- 
 ticipated ; the reception of the exiles at the old depot of the Penn- 
 sylvania Railroad, at Thirty-second and Market Streets ; the sub- 
 sequent distribution of the new arrivals, and the large amount 
 subscribed by all classes for their temporary relief. 
 
 The mass meeting alluded to will, for several reasons, be long 
 remembered. It was called to order by General Charles H. T. 
 Collis, and was presided over by Honorable John Welsh ; there 
 being a lengthy list of vice-presidents, and Mr. William B. Hack- 
 enburg acting as secretary. Bishop William Bacon Stevens, of 
 the Protestant Episcopal Church ; Bishop Matthew Simpson, of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church; Rev. Dr. I. F. Horstmann (now Bishop) 
 representing Archbishop James F. Wood, of the Roman Catholic 
 Church ; Rev. Dr. George Dana Boardman, of the Baptist Church ; 
 Ex-Mayor Honorable Richard Vaux, and Mayer Sulzberger, Esq., 
 were the speakers. Mr. (afterwards Postmaster-General) John 
 Wanamaker read a series of resolutions, expressive of the senti- 
 ments of the meeting. The following minute, offered by Moses A. 
 Dropsie, Esq., was adopted: "Resolved, that the President of this 
 meeting appoint a Committee of five citizens to lay before the Presi- 
 dent and Congress of the United States the resolutions of this meet- 
 ing, and take such action in furtherance of its objects as they may 
 deem proper and necessary." 
 
 Among the many eminent gentlemen who were seated on the stage 
 
208 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 at that eventful meeting, Honorable Henry M. Hoyt, then Governor 
 of Pennsylvania, gave his approval of the cause by being present. 
 
 Since that memorable period, immigration has been on a steady 
 increase, and whenever a new prescriptive edict or ukase has been 
 issued by the Tsar or his officials, expatriation has followed it. 
 The recent revival of tortures in Russia has again seen its resultant, 
 and Philadelphia, which, up to the year 1881, numbered about 
 2,000 Jews of Russian birth, records at present almost 25,000 (in- 
 cluding Hungarians and Roumanians), with an average increase, it 
 is stated, of about 2,000 or more annually. The resources of the 
 Jewish community have, more than once, been nearly insufficient to 
 cover the expenses occasioned thereby. Many of the new immigrants 
 arrive here penniless. To remove them from cooped- up quarters in 
 certain sections; to cause them to put aside a too clannish spirit (of 
 course, engendered by long years of oppression) ; to have them avail 
 themselves of opportunities for social and intellectual improvement; 
 to cause their children, at least, to grow up with a correct knowledge 
 of our institutions, and the responsibilities of self-government; — all 
 this engages the attention and the earnest labors of more than one 
 Society in our midst. The question, however, is not of a kind that 
 can be settled in a day, in a month, or in a year. Many decades 
 may elapse ere the results hoped for will be fully attained. The 
 Jews from Russia are, as a rule, thrifty, industrious, quick in per- 
 ception, and, where they apply themselves to education, apt students. 
 As a rule, they also show a marked desire to be self-dependent. 
 These are, then, great aids towards the furtherance of good designs 
 for their betterment. 
 
 Notwithstanding the advantages noted, however, the Hebrews of 
 this city, and in fact of the entire country, have been brought face 
 to face with a problem the importance of which cannot be over- 
 estimated, viz., that of immigration and its attendant effects. All 
 the principal centres of the United States have, in recent years, 
 added hundreds and thousands to their Jewish populations. There 
 is a constantly flowing stream from the oppressive land of the Mus- 
 covite, and when it is borne in mind that Russia and its territories 
 alone contain between 4,000,000, and 5,000,000 of the descendants 
 of the Patriarchs — or about half of the total number of Jews 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADEVPHIA. 209 
 
 throughout the world — the gravity of the situation becomes most 
 evident. America, it is maintained on all sides, neither lacks the 
 space nor the facilities to admit within her bounds vast hosts, seeking 
 a refuge and a home under the segis of freedom, and who endeavor 
 to become worthy and loyal citizens of this Western Republic. The 
 United States has an immense area, of which tradesmen, not less 
 than farmers and agriculturists, might avail themselves; and were 
 the present age to witness the misfortune of an exodus unparalleled 
 in the history of Israel, if not in the annals of mankind; were it to 
 become a dire necessity for the millions of Hebrews in Russia to 
 quit that land and come hither, questions as to territorial limits 
 would not constitute any hindrance to their entrance here, and their 
 dwelling under our free Government. And were this but the only 
 feature, how readily would a vexed problem adjust itself! 
 
 The whole question, as it stands to-day, however, is attended with 
 prodigious difficulties. To conquer prejudice is the weightiest task; 
 to relieve the burden of an overplus in the large centres of popula- 
 tion, and scatter far and wide thousands already here, together with 
 those daily arriving ; to avoid any such dangers as might arise from 
 an influx of poverty-stricken individuals ; to meet the immigration 
 laws (and the technicalities so eagerly thrust upon the Jewish com- 
 munities at this period), so as to prevent the re-shipment of unfortu- 
 nates to the country they have quitted, and from which they have 
 fled for dear life : — these are the uppermost questions ; and until these 
 can be grappled with, the situation will not improve. However, 
 recent plans of distribution and of settlement, adopted by Jewish 
 Societies — mainly those of the Baron Maurice de Hirsch Trust — 
 are regarded as very encouraging; and if, when fully and com- 
 pletely tested, they are found efficacious, contentment and happiness 
 will take the place of lingering doubt and distress of mind. 
 
 14 
 
210 THE 'JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXV. 
 
 The Jew and his Mission— Colonization and its Outcome- 
 Early Attempts at Agricultural Settlements — The 
 Present Colonies in the Holy Land, and in the United 
 States — Alliance, Bosenhayn, Carmel, and Woodbine — 
 Encouraging Outlook. 
 
 The Jew is often misunderstood. His religion, his observances, 
 his customs are in no sense mysterious. He has naught to conceal. 
 His law is a law of light, of right, and of justice. It teaches that 
 God is One, and that all men are brothers; it inculcates good, sound 
 instruction; it incites to deeds of mercy, of charity, and of love. 
 Yet, the Jew is misunderstood — and this, though his Faith is the 
 mother of religions ; though it is the ever-living spring from which 
 myriads have drawn everlasting truths and lessons, which are at the 
 basis, and are the mainstay, of society and of civil order. 
 
 It is not our present intention to explain and give reasons; for w^e 
 have but to deal now with a branch of a subject, so comprehensive as 
 that indicated. It is of the Jew from Russia, in particular, that the 
 general public requires enlightenment. To find illustrations of re- 
 finement among the basest surroundings would, indeed, be surpris- 
 ing. The Jew who hails from the country of the merciless Cossack 
 is not of the average modern culture, nor does he possess the social 
 amenities to which our enlightened American institutions have 
 accustomed us. And yet, he can show evidences of appreciation 
 and a wish for self-improvement, which cannot be discovered in his 
 neighbor of the Greek Church. He has lived among the peasant 
 class of Russia as have his ancestors; but, despite circumstances 
 which would inevitably result in degrading others, the forces of his 
 own teachings — those of his religion — have prevented a demoraliza- 
 tion, the lowest ebb of which is reached by his neighbors. Such is 
 the testimony of authorities, while it is likewise true that thousands 
 of Hebrews in Russia are intellectually in advance of the masses of 
 their own brethren, confined within the pales of settlement; breath- 
 ing naught but the poionous air of their narrow Ghettos, and for- 
 bidden entrance to the outside world. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 211 
 
 Conditions have for ages forced the Hebrews — whose ancestors 
 were agriculturists, shepherds, farmers, and the like — to take to 
 trade. In the Middle Ages, yea, to this day, they were and are 
 money-lenders — the bankers of the world. And yet withal, the 
 ancient inheritance has not forsaken them, and indications every day 
 point with emphasis to the restoration of pastoral and agricultural 
 pursuits, around which the most sacred history clusters, and whose 
 influence contributed so immensely towards the development of the 
 ancient Hebrew nationality. These indications we find in twelve or 
 more recently established and markedly successful colonies in the 
 Holy Land; in some of those colonies planted and firmly rooted in 
 on the soil of New Jersey; and in the measures now being adopted 
 for the institution of other colonies and settlements by Baron Maurice 
 de Hirsch, the philanthropist, who bestows millions on worthy enter- 
 prises, and who is now laboring with all his might to see his Russian 
 coreligionists freed from the tyrant's rule, and placed in countries 
 where they may enjoy liberty, and earn by honest and upright call- 
 ings the wherewith to maintain existence. Baron de Hirsch's 
 colossal schemes will not fall short of success^ for want of energy and 
 enthusiasm. Both he and his representatives in Europe, in the 
 East, and in America are ever on the alert. Apart from the plan 
 devised for an extensive settlement in South America (the coloniz- 
 ing movement in Argentina, for some time and until very recently 
 in charge of Lieutenant- Colonel A. E. Goldsmid, of the British 
 Army — representing Baron de Hirsch — has presented many diffi- 
 culties, notwithstanding the earnest strivings of its director), land is 
 being purchased here where the soil is arable, and where its yield- 
 ings may, with care and toil, become the means to afford subsistence 
 to numerous families, and develop agricultural instincts to a large 
 degree. 
 
 The Jewish Colonies in the Land of Promise owe much to the 
 munificence of Baron Edmund de Rothschild, who, not content with 
 richly endowing them, has endeavored by every means to render 
 them permanent ; visiting them, and appointing a special agent to 
 see to their wants. Their success has been demonstrated to a high 
 degree. 
 
 In this country, as early as 1820-1825, records show an attempt 
 to establish a Jewish Colony or settlement on Grand Island, in the 
 Niagara River, New York. The scheme was planned and urged on 
 
212 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 by Major Mordecai Menasseh Noah, a celebrated Israelite, and a 
 native of Philadelphia, who rose to prominence in New York, as a 
 statesman, a diplomatist, and a journalist. While this plan was 
 never fully matured. Major Noah erected upon the spot a monument 
 to commemorate his project. This has not been preserved, but the 
 corner-stone is deposited with the Buffalo (New York) Historical 
 Society, and bears in Hebrew the words: "Hear O Israel, The 
 Eternal is our God; The Eternal is One;" and an English inscrip- 
 tion, in which the place is styled : ' * Ararat ; a City of Refuge for 
 the Jews, founded by Mordecai M. Noah, in the month Tizri 
 (Tishri) 5586, Sept. 1825 & in the 50th year of American Inde- 
 pendence;" — the name of its founder and the date being also 
 visible. 
 
 In 1837 another settlement was tried in Ulster County, New York 
 State, by Moses Cohen, and the place selected was called Shalom 
 ("Peace"). This effort, like that previously, appears to have been 
 premature, due to the comparatively small number of Hebrews in 
 our midst and the lack of system in such work. 
 
 In the first issue of The Occident and American Jewish Advocate 
 (April, 1843), edited by Rev. Isaac Leeser, there appeared an 
 article in which the writer, Mr. Julius Stern, pleaded strongly for a 
 colony in the United States, where farming and agriculture might 
 once more be reinstated, and gradually form the occupations of 
 many — as in the days of old — together with other industries. The 
 writer extolled the benefits to be derived therefrom ; he showed how 
 such conditions would foster self-dependence and promote happiness; 
 and he concluded with this remark: *' In such a society excellent 
 men and worthy women might spring up who would deserve to be 
 called an ornament to Israel and an honour to mankind." 
 
 Yet nothing further, attempted upon an extensive scale, is known 
 for many years. Nor did the majority of those colonies established 
 since the exodus of 1882, in far Western States and Territories — 
 notably in Dakota — attain success, owing largely to the severity of 
 the climate and other conditions unfavorable for development. The 
 earliest of the three New Jersey colonies is that known as "Alli- 
 ance" (1400 acres), beyond Vineland. It was first settled during 
 the spring of ] 882, but it required some years and arduous labors 
 before it could be rendered permanent, specially because of the soil, 
 which, for a long time, was thought to be unproductive. The 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 213 
 
 colonists were assisted by Hebrews of New York, Philadelphia, and 
 the Mansion House Relief Committee, of London, England. Now, 
 "Alliance" is in the front rank, and its one thousand or more 
 settlers enjoy peculiar advantages. Numerous industries and con- 
 veniences have been provided there. Two Synagogues have also 
 been instituted. 
 
 "Rosenhayn" Colony (said to contain 2,500 acres tilled by Jews), 
 between Vineland and Bridgeton, was also settled in 1882, and like- 
 wise under disadvantages. Its Jewish residents are some ninety 
 families, and it is doing fairly well. 
 
 ''Carmel" Colony (originally 848 acres, now over 2,600 acres), 
 located five miles north of Millville, is another important settlement, 
 and was, about five years since, placed upon a permanent footing by 
 Baron Maurice de Hirsch's gift of $5,000, which was obtained 
 through the efforts of the Rev. Dr. S. Morais, who endorsed a 
 petition to the Baron, and wrote to the Baron's lamented almoner. 
 Chevalier Emanuel F. Veneziani, through whose means the dona- 
 tion was sent. Dr. Morais represents the Baron at this colony, 
 having at first associated with himself Mayer Sulzberger, Esq. , and 
 Mr. Simon Muhr, at the time of disposing and apportioning the 
 remittances. Oscar B. Teller, Esq., acted as attorney for the 
 Trustees. There are at this Colony over three hundred families. 
 Among the additions are a Synagogue and a school- house. 
 
 The largest Jewish colony in these parts is known as * * Woodbine." 
 It was purchased by the Trustees of the Baron Maurice de Hirsch 
 Trust, in 1891. Located on the West Jersey Railroad, twenty-five 
 miles from Cape May and fifty-six miles from Philadelphia, it covers 
 five thousand acres. There are about five hundred colonists. 
 Farmers, agriculturists, and others are settling there in increased 
 numbers; houses are being added to; clothing and basket factories and 
 schools are in operation. Forty farms are located there, also work- 
 shops, a bath-house, a lecture- room, etc. An Agricultural School is 
 in successful operation, and a large school-house for secular branches 
 has just been opened. This Colony holds out many signs of perma- 
 nence. Colonel John B. Weber until recently represented the De 
 Hirsch Trust here. Mr. H. L. Sabsovitch is Superintendent. 
 
 Settlements have also been effected in other parts of New Jersey 
 —at Ziontown and elsewhere; and in different States of the Union; 
 
214 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 but these have not, invariably, been marked by prosperous con- 
 ditions. (90) 
 
 The position and results attained by the New Jersey Colonies (to 
 which only an incidental reference was intended here), have shown 
 the feasibility of planting new settlements, and, ere long, the 
 Atlantic Coast States, and States of the interior and far West may 
 witness thriving Jewish settlements within their borders, peopled by 
 diligent farmers and hardy tillers of the soil. An aptitude for 
 agriculture is shown, by statistics, to be on the increase, and this, of 
 all other considerations, augurs well for the future. The lamented 
 Michael Heilprin, the profound scholar and ardent friend of the 
 colonists, was most instrumental towards promoting their welfare for 
 which he labored unremittingly. (91) 
 
 (90) Settlements have been formed in Connecticut and Delaware, and other 
 Eastern and Middle States ; also in Canada ; but these, it seems, have not attracted 
 many. Climatic conditions in Canada are not favorable for colonization. 
 
 (91) An exhaustive and valuable study of the subject of colonization and 
 of colonies here, and those in the Holy Land, etc., etc., is given in the work, 
 Migdal Zophim ("The Watch Tower"), by Moses Klein.— Philadelphia, 1889. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 215 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVI. 
 
 Russian Jews — Their Settlement in Philadelphia — Dis- 
 tricts IN Which They Preponderate— Marked Features 
 and Types. 
 
 Congregational — Growth of Down-Town Elements— Two 
 Large Russo-Jewish Congregations and Their Ministers 
 — An Hungarian-Jewish Congrp^gation and its Minister 
 —Different Chebroth and Smaller Congregations— Im- 
 provised Services. 
 
 " Many of the Russian Jews who came here in 1882 have suc- 
 ceeded in establishing an independence for themselves and accumu- 
 lating wealth." This expression of a writer in a magazine article 
 is followed up by the remark that all do not wish for light work, 
 but are willing to do anything, and that many are taking to different 
 industries, the pursuit of which will not simply benefit themselves, 
 but the country at large. Examples of the above are readily found 
 in this city of Philadelphia, whose Russo-Hebrew elements now con- 
 stitute the bulk of the Jewish population. Ability and business tact 
 — counting for naught in their native country — have been here 
 signally rewarded. A marked talent for saving and an extreme 
 economy have had to do with this good fortune. Naturally, those 
 who have grown rich are rare exceptions, and these are usually, it 
 must be said, open-hearted and generous towards their brethren; 
 their own experience having taught them all the more to sympathize 
 with those who have shared their lot in the land of the oppressor. 
 
 The Russo-Jewish population mostly inhabits southern districts of 
 this city, between Front and Tenth Streets (east to west) and from 
 Pine Street to Washington Avenue (north to south). Some are also 
 found north on Front, New Market, Second, Third, Fourth, and 
 intermediate streets, Arch Street, Girard Avenue, Lehigh Avenue, 
 Frankford, and a considerable number dwell in Port Richmond. 
 The central points are, however, on South Street, and in its imme- 
 diate vicinity. Many curious signs may be noticed by the passer-by. 
 These, printed (or written) in Juedisch Deutsch (with Hebrew letters), 
 
216 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 give the shopkeeper's name, his business, and, occasionally, extra 
 points as to the character of the business. A decade since, such 
 signs were few, indeed. Now whole squares are dotted with them. 
 Meat shops are numerous, with the Hebrew words Cosher Bosor 
 ("right meat" — or, that slaughtered according to the Jewish regula- 
 tions). Then, there are many other shops, such as those of bakers, 
 tailors, shoemakers, carpenters, painters, furniture- dealers, clothiers, 
 hatters, milliners, cigar- manufacturers, besides restaurants, etc., etc. 
 — each having its own special sign, which is better understood by the 
 customers than is the vernacular language. 
 
 All the streets in which this element preponderates are busy marts 
 — day and night. Sections of this city, formerly among the slums; 
 dark and dangerous quarters have undergone radical changes since 
 the recent influx, and are now no longer rendered fearful to passers- 
 by. The Russian Jews, who inhabit such parts are eager to acquire 
 sufficient to improve their condition and purchase homes, and when 
 this success attends them they move to larger or more populous 
 neighborhoods. On many a face may be seen the imprint of sor- 
 rows undergone in the country from which escape was dearly bought. 
 Some have been robbed of those who are their own ''flesh and blood." 
 Others have left dear ones exposed to momentary dangers. Gifted 
 men and women are not infrequently met who might have risen to 
 positions in Russia— but that they are Jews. Most pitiful tales of 
 hardship and sufferings are told by hundreds; some having been in 
 affluence, and coming here stripped of their all. In fact, there are 
 very few who have not, in some way, felt the oppressor's rod, and 
 the malice of the low Russian peasantry, who, when inflamed with 
 vodka (the vilest form of adulterated whiskey) are much like the 
 savages of Java, who run amuck on the open streets and strike with 
 their weapons all they meet. 
 
 The prominent features of many of these Russian Jews contradict 
 an impression long held by Gentiles, viz. , that Hebrews are, as a 
 rule, of dark complexion, with jet black beards and piercing eyes. 
 Many of the Russian element are of a peculiarly blonde type — men 
 and women; handsome and regular features characterize scores of 
 the women, while not a few of the male portion have striking coun- 
 tenances, a dignified mien, and a general bearing far above the 
 ordinary. 
 
 More than a few Russian Jews have distinguished themselves here 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 217 
 
 not simply in mercantile pursuits, but in the learned professions, and 
 they are rapidly urging their way to the front among the representa- 
 tive men of their race. 
 
 Russo-Jewisii Institutions. 
 
 Since their arrival in large numbers in this city the Russian Jews 
 have almost constituted a community of their own, without being 
 regarded as separatists. Recognizing the importance of united 
 efforts, they have instituted Synagogues, and societies for charitable, 
 educational, and literary purposes. Trades' Unions and political 
 clubs also exist among some (though these are discountenanced by 
 the Jewish community) and other manifestations of activity are 
 plainly visible in their midst. 
 
 Congregations. 
 
 There are numerous Congregations located in southern districts of 
 this city, whose membership is exclusively composed of Russian Jews. 
 Others, embracing Hebrews, hailing from Austria, Hungary, and 
 Slavonic countries, while not as numerous, yet add to the strength 
 and importance of the down-town Jewish element. 
 
 The two largest Russo-Jewish Congregations are located on Lom- 
 bard Street — the "Bene Abraham, Anshe Russe" (Children of 
 Abraham, Men of Russia), on the north side above Fifth Street; 
 and the "Bene Ya'acob" (Children of Jacob), on the south side 
 above Fourth Street. Both Synagogue buildings were formerly 
 churches. The Ben^ Abraham Congregation purchased theirs for 
 $7,000. The building has undergone alterations, enhancing its 
 appearance, and upon which a considerable amount has been ex- 
 pended. It has a seating capacity of from six to seven hundred. 
 This Congregation was founded October 1st, 1882, by Mr. Abraham 
 Kessler and others. It first met for worship at 728 Bainbridge 
 Street; then at the south-west corner of Fifth and South Streets; 
 and prior to removing to the present edifice — in October, 1885 — at 
 514 Pine Street. From seventeen members at the start its member- 
 ship has increased to about two hundred. 
 
 The first Rabbi engaged was Rev. Israel Moses Sachs (born in 
 Russia, in 1837), who occupied that office about four yeai-s. He 
 
218 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 wielded considerable influence, and was a powerful speaker in the 
 Juedisch Deutsch jargon, being also a Talmudist. Rabbi Sachs died 
 on August 26th, 1889, at an early age, much lamented. His suc- 
 cessor was Rabbi Eleazer Kleinberg, of dignified and portly appear- 
 ance, and also a learned Hebrew scholar. Rabbi Kleinberg, who 
 was a native of Kurland, Russia (born there in 1832), became 
 Dayan, or ecclesiastical chief of the Jews in Wilna — a position 
 only obtained by men of pronounced scholarship. He subsequently 
 came to this country; but after a year's ministration at Bene Abra- 
 ham, he fell a victim to the destroyer on February 9th, 1891. 
 
 Shortly after his decease, his son-in-law. Rabbi Baer L. Lewin- 
 thal, of Bialostock, Russia, was elected. Rabbi Lewinthal has occu- 
 pied the ministerial office here since September, 1891. He was 
 born at Kovno, Russia, in 1864, and is an effective speaker in the 
 jargon dialect. He has interested himself in communal affairs ; is a 
 member of the School Board of the "Talmud Torah" (School for 
 teaching the Law), etc. The "Chazan" (Reader) of the Bene 
 Abraham Congregation is Rev. Marcus Greenblatt. The officers 
 are : President, Charles Gillis ; Vice-President, Abraham Kessler ; 
 Treasurer, William Rosenberg; Secretary, Noah Le wen berg; Assist- 
 ant Secretary, Isaac Warschawski; Trustees, Abraham Max, Solomon 
 Lerner, and Abraham Usellovitz. A smaller Synagogue, called 
 "Beth Hammedrash," is attached. 
 
 The **Bene Ya'acob" Congregation was organized in 1883, at 
 725 Lombard Street. The services were held in rooms and at a 
 hall, until the present Synagogue was purchased in 1888 for $9,000. 
 Originally, there were thirteen members. Now, more than three 
 hundred names, including seat-holders, are on the rolls. The in- 
 terior of this Synagogue has been improved. It will accommodate 
 with seats over seven hundred persons. A "Beth Hammedrash" 
 is situated in another room of the same building. The Rabbi and 
 Preacher is Rev. Hyman Brodsky, a talented and energetic worker. 
 Mr. Brodsky was born in Grodno, Russia, in 1854. After receiving 
 a Rabbinical education, he went to Bialostock, Russia, and became a 
 Rabbi. He arrived in the United States in 1886, and was, for 
 several years, minister in New York City. While there, he received 
 a call to the Bene Ya'acob Congregation. Rev. Mr. Brodsky is 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 219 
 
 chairman of the School Board of the ''Talmud Torah," President 
 of the Independent "Chebrah Kadisha," and he is also interested in 
 other institutions. He is active in inducing down- town coreligionists 
 to become citizens of the United States. 
 
 Bene Ya'acob's Reader is Rev. Mordecai Schatz, who possesses a 
 voice well adapted to this Congregation's liturgy. Louis Glickman 
 is President ; H. Rosen, Vice-President ; M. Waxman, Recording 
 Secretary; M. Binder, Financial Secretary; M. Goldman, Treas- 
 urer; J. Solcovitz, N. Harris, S. Solcovich, B. Rotkin, and Z. Levy, 
 Trustees; J. Shor, M. Goldman, W. Garson, N. Blum, H. Sacks, 
 I. Rom, Jacob Broudy, A. Cahn, Joseph Broudy, J. Kay, N. Harris, 
 J. Katz, and I. Solcovich, Directors. 
 
 Wheatley Dramatic Hall, at thg south-west corner of Fifth and 
 Gaskill Streets (between Lombard and South Streets) is a building 
 around which numerous histrionic recollections cluster. Called after 
 William Wheatley, a celebrated actor, it has been the place where 
 more than a few followers of his art have made their first public 
 appearance. More recently, however, it was utilized for different 
 purposes. A few years since, it was sold for $22,000, to the Hun- 
 garian-Jewish Congregatign "Emunath Israel" (Faith of Israel), 
 which, in 1891, united with the " Oheb Shalom" (Loving Peace) 
 Congregation, and retains both names. The former dates its origin 
 from July, 1880, at the corner of Seventh and South Streets, and 
 the latter was established in 1884, at Fourth and Gaskill Streets. 
 The combined Congregation reckons several hundred members and 
 seat-holders. The Wheatley Hall building has been almost entirely 
 remodelled, at an expense of about $15,000, and the Synagogue with 
 its two towers — one at either end— is quite an attractive sight; while 
 the interior has been handsomely altered. There are six hundred 
 seats on the main floor, and several hundred more in the galleries. 
 Meeting-rooms and school-rooms are located on the first floor of the 
 building. 
 
 This Congregation consecrated its Synagogue here, September 13th, 
 1891; the Rev. Dr. S. Morais, Dr. G. Lieberman, Rev. Nehemiah 
 Mosessohn, Mr. Charles Hoffman, Rev. Victor Caro, and Rev. M. 
 J. Beer, of New York City, having parts in the ceremonies. Rev. 
 Moses Weinberger was elected Rabbi in 1892, and was formally in- 
 ducted into office, on September 18th of that year. 
 
220 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Rabbi Weinberger was born in Sborow, Hungary, in 1855. He 
 pursued studies under his father and at Rabbinical academies, under 
 celebrated instructors ; graduating with special honors. He has 
 written frequently for Hebrew periodicals; among his productions 
 being a series of descriptive articles, entitled ' * Haperaim Be-Erets 
 Ha- Chadashdh" ("The Aborigines in America"), which work has 
 been favorably received. Another work in Hebrew from his pen 
 is entitled Ha-Yehudim Ve-Ha-Yadoth Be New York (''The Jews 
 and Judaism in New York"). For awhile, Mr. Weinberger also 
 gave attention to business. In 1880 he reached New York City, 
 and occasionally preached there; but at the same time followed busi- 
 ness. Though successful, his feelings led him to devote himself with 
 more earnestness to religion and literature. Hence, he accepted an 
 invitation in 1890 to become minister of an Hungarian Congregation, 
 in Scranton, Pennsylvania. His activity as a writer continued, and 
 several important books emanated from his pen. Rabbi Weinberger 
 has since ministered at * ' Emunath Israel-Oheb Shalom," and his ser- 
 vices are highly regarded by his numerous congregants. In addition 
 to his duties as Daydn, he preaches ; and he is in touch with the work 
 of a number of Jewish institutions. 
 
 Rev. M. Karfunkel is Reader of this Congregation. Rabbi 
 Weinberger is Superintendent of the Congregational School, and he 
 is assisted by several teachers. Mr. Nathan Kline served until 
 recently as President. The present officers are as follows: Presi- 
 dent, Gutman Klein; Vice-President, M. Weiss; Treasurer, Ignatz 
 Kline ; Secretary, M. Keller; Trustees, Solomon Green wald and J. 
 Moskovitz; Shamash (Sexton), S. Weinberger. 
 
 Chebroth. 
 
 The oldest Chebrdh, or Society holding worship and dispensing 
 benefits, is that bearing the name of *'Bikur Cholim" (Visiting the 
 Sick) — the second bearing that name instituted in this city, though 
 of a different character from the first — hitherto mentioned. This 
 C/icim/i was incorporated in 18B1; its charter- members being Solo- 
 mon Silberstein, Isidor Katz, Jacob Sweetman, Samuel Mendelsohn, 
 Morris Simon, Joseph Ackerman, Seimann Rosenbaum, Morris 
 Elkas, Joseph Markus, Simon Rosenthal, Meyer Gotthelf, Max 
 Rosenthal, Jacob Frank, Henry Myers, and L. N. Rosenthal. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 221 
 
 Divine Services are held on all Sabbaths and Festivals, in Cale- 
 donian Hall, 214 Pine Street, and on the Great Holy Days, in 
 Ma3nnerchor Hall, Fairmount Avenue near Franklin Street. Mr. 
 Abraham Seelig is the regular Reader, and Mr. Morris Rosenberg 
 officiates on the New Year Days and on the Great Day of Atone- 
 ment.^ This Chebrdh counts about one hundred and forty members. 
 Its cemetery is on Bridge Street, JFrankford. It has beneficial 
 objects. Its financial success is shown by the statement that its in- 
 vestments and general balance in the treasury now amount to nearly 
 two thousand seven hundred and fifty dollars. Elections for officers 
 are held semi-annually ; the present management being in the hands 
 of the following gentlemen : President, Alfred Rosenthal ; Vice- 
 President, Louis Rosen; Treasurer, Adolph Indig; Secretary, Morris 
 Jaretzky; Trustees, Samuel Mendelsohn, Isaac Cohen, and Jacob 
 Reinhart; Sexton, Joseph Schie. 
 
 "Kra Kauer — Beth Elohim" (House of God) Congregation also 
 has two objects — worship and charity. It was established in 1876 
 as a Congregation, and united, July 27th, 1879, with a Kra Kauer 
 (a Society of residents of Cracow, Austria) Beneficial Society, formed 
 in 1878. It has 109 members, of different nationalities. The wor- 
 ship has always been held at 417 Pine Street. The sum of $10, 
 annually, entitles each member to benefits, etc. On Sabbaths, Festi- 
 vals, and Holy Days, regular services are held, and, at times, in 
 another hall. These are conducted by the Reader, Mr. A. Milgrom, 
 who has succeeded Mr. Max Cohen, Mr. Noah Lowenberg, and 
 others, among them Messrs. Michael I. Asch, David Herzman, and 
 Lewis Federman. =This Congregation dedicated in September, 1890, 
 a cemetery in East Cedar Hill, Frankford, in which there are about 
 one hundred lots. 
 
 The officers directing aflfairs are: President, Lewis Goldberg; 
 Vice-President, Benjamin Loevenstein ; Secretary, Isidor Aussprung; 
 Financial Secretary, Samuel Gottlieb; Treasurer, Aaron J. Seligman; 
 Trustees, Benjamin Kastner, Joseph Theeman, Isaac Steinlauf, and 
 Morris Shudmak ; Messenger, Alexander Alexander ; Physician, 
 Dr. Ludwig Loeb. 
 
 The ''Chebrdh, Ben^ David" (Society, Children of David) holds 
 
222 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 worship at 418 Lombard Street. It is of recent origin and 
 numbers forty members. Samuel Pfeffer is President ; Mordecai 
 Machbem, Vice-President ; Vigdor Albus, Secretary ; Schneier 
 Zavitzky, Treasurer. 
 
 Chebrdh, ''Or .Ha-Chayim" (Society, The Light of Life) 
 meets occasionally at the hall, 479 and 481 North Third Street, be- 
 low Button wood Street; but on regular Sabbaths, at 630 North 
 Second Street, below Fairmount Avenue. It is composed of Galicians, 
 and is among the few Chebroth in up- town neighborhoods. Its 
 membership is given at eighty- seven. Mr. Elias Herscher is the 
 Reader. 
 
 Another up-town Chebrdh — "Berith Shalom" (Covenant of 
 Peace) w^orships at a hall, south-west corner of Sixth Street and 
 Girard Avenue. Mr. Elias Lang, recently deceased, officiated there 
 for some years. Mr. I. Cohen is the present Reader, and Mr. Isaac 
 Langfeld is President. Services are held regularly on all Sabbaths, 
 Festivals, and Holy Days. The ritual of the Ashhenazim (Ortho- 
 dox German Jews) is employed. 
 
 At 620 Minster Street (between Lombard and South Streets) 
 the ''Bene Reuben" (Children of Reuben) has its Synagogue; and 
 counts about a hundred members. Rev. Julius Bloom is Cantor. 
 The sum of S2, 600 was expended on the purchase of this House of 
 Worship. This organization obtained a charter, December 31st, 
 1888. Mr. Isaac Silberberg was Reader about four years; being 
 succeeded in April, 1891, by Mr. 'Hemya Krosinski, and the 
 present minister. Mr. Reuben Konavski is President, and Mr. 
 Henry Bernstein is Secretary; besides whom there are Trustees. 
 
 "Ahabath Achim, Anshe Nazin" (Brothers' Love, Men of 
 Nazin — a city in Russia) is another down- town Congregation, 
 organized August 24th, 1889. Until recently, worship was held at 
 322 Bainbridge Street. The Congregation is now^ located in the hall 
 building, 754 and 756 South Third Street. It reckons about 170 
 members. Rabbi 'Hayim Jacob Widerewitz is the spiritual guide. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 223 
 
 The officers are: President, Jacob Edelman; Vice-President, Abra 
 hamAraenson; Treasurer, Harry Rusin; Secretary, D. G. Kratzok 
 Trustees, J. Lewitzky, Joseph Kimmelraan, and Isaac Steiman 
 Sexton, Jacob Slatky. 
 
 Among other Congregations and Chebroth (Societies) are the fol- 
 lowing: ''Po'el Tsedek" (Doing Righteousness), with seventy-five 
 members; "Oheb Tsedek" (Loving Righteousness); ''Ahabath 
 Chesed, Anshe Shavele ' ' (Loving Mercy, Men of Shavele — a city 
 in Russia), A. Smith, President, has a hundred members and wor- 
 ships at 516 South Seventh Street; "Shomere Shabbath" (Ob- 
 servers of the Sabbath) at the north-west corner of Fourth and Gas- 
 kill Streets; ''Rodephe Tsedek, Anshe Szager" (Followers of 
 Righteousness, Men of Szager— a city in Russia), H. Gordon, Presi- 
 dent, numbers a hundred members, and worships at 337 South 
 Seventh Street ; ' ' Anshe Berz ' ' (Men of Berz — a city in Russia) ; 
 Chebrdh "Bene Israel" (Children of Israel); "Shomere Emunah, 
 Anshe Kelm " (Keepers of Truth; Men of Kelm — a city in Russia) ; 
 "Agudath Achim" (United Brethren), Samuel Davis, President; 
 ''Doreshe Tob" (Seekers .of Good); ''Roumanian American Che- 
 brdhf Or Chadash" (Society of New Light), reckons 145 members, 
 and meets at 515 South Fifth Street; "Chebrdh, Chesed Shel 
 Emeth" (Society of True Mercy), established a number of years, 
 holds worship in a hall at 203 Pine Street. 
 
 There exist additional religious societies, with smaller membership 
 than the above mentioned. 
 
 A number of down- town Israelites, representing different Che- 
 broth (Societies), organized during the present year (1894) a Union 
 called Aguddth Ha-Kehiloth (United Congregations). The object 
 of this Union is to direct matters pertaining to the sale of Cosher 
 (allowable) meat, and to improve the status of a number of congre- 
 gational, charitable, and educational institutions in the southern sec- 
 tion of this city. A Daydn, or ecclesiastical chief, has been elected, 
 in the person of Rabbi 'Hayim Jacob Widerewitz, a native of 
 
224 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Russia. He will be appealed to for decisions. The officers of this 
 Union are: President, Jacob Edelman; Vice-President, Samuel 
 Rovno; Secretary, Aaron Frank; Treasurer, Michael Maldaver. 
 At present, meetings are held at 430 Lombard Street. 
 
 In Port Richmond (a north-eastern suburb) three Congregations 
 have held worship. The ritual in all is of the Russo- Polish order. 
 Occasionally, during High Festivals and Holy Days, the Hebrew 
 Education Society's building, on Lark Street, has been utilized for 
 worship. At times, a school, or Cheder, has been maintained by 
 one or another of these Congregations. 
 
 All the Chebroth mentioned, and others not enumerated, have re- 
 ligious and beneficial features. By this means they obtain accessions 
 from among those in humble circumstances, to whom they minister 
 in a double sense. Added to the above list are scores of meetings 
 held for worship during the annual solemn season, marked by the 
 two days of the New Year, the succeeding Penitential Days, the 
 Penitential Sabbath, and the great Day of Atonement. In almost 
 every section of Philadelphia, such services are witnessed during 
 this annual sacred period. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 22-5 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVII. 
 
 Russian Jews— Their Charities — Wayfarers' Lodge— Mai- 
 MONiDES Clinic— Other Societies— Educational and Liter- 
 ary Institutions— Hebrew Schools — Hebrew Literature 
 Society— Other Associations of a Similar Character- 
 Michael Heilprin Lodge— General Mention. 
 
 The Hebrew Sages have time and again exalted charity. Ac- 
 cording to their dicta, it co- exists with religion. The Hebrew 
 word Tsedakdh (literally, '* righteousness") is invariably applied to 
 "Charity," showing that the latter is a religious act, and must 
 emanate from those who are truly pious — who pray and act. The 
 Hebrews, wherever their lot has been cast, have shown a true ap- 
 preciation of this true Rabbinical teaching, based upon the sublime 
 commands of the Pentateuch, re-echoed in many works of Holy 
 Writ. Not that charity which satisfies itself with alms-giving has 
 been the sphere of their labors in this particular, but the establish- 
 ment of well-regulated eleemosynary institutions — where the poor 
 and the suffering may be truly benefited and receive shelter — has 
 been the aim constantly in view. The Russian Jews have several 
 of these institutions at work in southern districts of this city, and 
 accord them a generous and hearty support. Their labors are 
 of wide scope, and a casual visit to the quarters of any will 
 convince the most incredulous of the good being done by men 
 and women who devote their efforts towards the welfare of their less 
 fortunate brethren and sisters in Israel. A few instances may be 
 cited here. 
 
 Charity Societies. 
 
 The Society Hachnasdth Orechim (literally, ** Hospitality to 
 Strangers," but called the Wayfarers' Lodge) was formed Novem- 
 ber 16th, 1890, and was chartered April 29th, 1891. Among its 
 objects is **to distribute food and clothing among the deserving 
 poor." Its first quarters, at 430 Lombard Street, were opened in 
 April, 1891. In October of the same year a removal was made to 
 218 Lombard Street, which property was purchased for $5,300, and 
 
 15 
 
226 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 has since been fitted up with various conveniences. In two years 
 over ten thousand meals have been given to the poor, and as many 
 as from eighty to a hundred individuals have been housed and 
 lodged daily in this Society's quarters, or in rooms rented for the 
 purpose near-by, when its lodging accommodations are insufficient. 
 The total expenditures in a year (October, 1892-October, 1893) 
 were $3,485.15, and 1,524 persons were lodged during that period. 
 Many a poor immigrant, who has landed at these shores without 
 relatives or friends, has been welcomed at this Home, and sheltered 
 until employment can be obtained. The Society's work, with 
 limited means, has been remarkable. Its practical and unceasing 
 labors have rendered it at times of great assistance to other institu- 
 tions and to the general community. Frequent donations of money, 
 clothing, provisions, etc., aid on the work. The membership is given 
 at six hundred. The Wayfarers' Lodge (according to last report re- 
 ceived) was directed by the following Board of Officers: President, 
 Mrs. Minna Lewinthal ; Vice-Presidents, Mrs. M. Ostrow and 
 Mrs. F. Lemisch; Honorary Recording Secretary, Mrs. Deborah 
 Spivakovski; Honorary Financial Secretary, Mrs. Chainovsky; 
 Treasurer, Mrs. Rovno ; Trustees, Mrs. Epter, Mrs. Levitsky, and 
 Mrs. Belber ; Directors, Messrs. Zadok Levi, Morris Latinsky, 
 Mr. Goldenberg, M. Freeman, S. Wiesenthal, Max Wurtzel, Nathan 
 Grayev, George GoAvard, Joseph Goldstein, J. Paley, Mrs. S. Gins, 
 Mrs. Clara Levitsky, Mr. Rubenstein, Mrs. Levin, Mrs. Lena 
 Broudy, Mrs. Klevansky, Mrs. Wolf, Mrs. Blitzstein, Mrs. Ver- 
 bitsky, Mrs. Feinstein, Mrs. Lovitch, and Mrs. Stern. 
 
 Another Society, called Hachnasatli Orechim, flourished at one 
 time at 721 South Ninth Street. 
 
 Maimonides Clinic is the name given to an institution founded by 
 Dr. Charles D. Spivak and Dr. Ludwig Loeb, on April 27th, 1891, 
 for the free treatment of indigent patients. It is named after Rabbi 
 Moses Ben Maimon (Maimonides), who flourished in 1135-1204, and 
 who combined with his monumental scholarship so great a knowledge 
 of medicine that he was selected as physician to the Sultan of 
 Egypt. Maimonides Clinic had its first quarters at 426 Lombard 
 Street; subsequently, at 419 Lombard Street; and, since June 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 227 
 
 1st, 1893, at the south-east corner of Fifth and Spruce Streets. 
 This Clinic is for both medical and surgical treatment. During 
 twelve months 2,700 patients have been attended to, and 4,489 
 visits have been paid to the Clinic. The physicians, when neces- 
 sary, visit patients at their homes. Dr. Spivak, Dr. Loeb, and 
 Dr. E. P. Davis have charge of different departments, to which 
 others will be added. An apothecary shop is attached, and Mr. 
 Charles Zentner, Ph.G., is in charge. This Clinic is non-sectarian, 
 though established by and under the superintendence of Jews. 
 It has specially evidenced its usefulness in ministering to patients 
 not familiar with the English language. It has received the ap- 
 proval of well-known members of that profession whose aim is to 
 lighten human ills. 
 
 Chohehe Dalim (" Lovers of the Poor") is the name borne by a 
 charity society, instituted January 7th, 1894; its object Jpeing to aid 
 the indigent, specially in times of prevailing distress. It is com- 
 posed of Hebrews mainly residing in northern sections of this city. 
 Its membership numbers over two hundred men and women. A 
 committee investigates cases of applicants for assistance. Jacob 
 Wiener presides over this society; Gustav Peitzman is Vice-Presi- 
 dent; Samuel Singer, Recording Secretary; Nathan Hornstein, 
 Financial Secretary; Louis A. Oser, Treasurer; Harry Hornstein, 
 Lazarus Roomberg, and Louis Lilienfeld, Trustees. There are also 
 male and female Directors. This Society has headquarters at 434 
 North Second Street. It assists numerous households. 
 
 Independent Chebrdh Kadishd ("Holy Society") was established 
 in September, 1892. Its object is to give free burial to departed 
 among the Jewish poor. With this charitable purpose in view it has 
 recently obtained a cemetery, covering two acres, in Lower Merion 
 Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania; it being a part of 
 Har Ha-Zetlm (**The Mount of Olives") Cemetery, which com- 
 prises in all 19 acres. About six hundred and fifty separate lots 
 cover the two acres in use by the Chebrdh mentioned. Five Jewish 
 Congregations in the southern section of this city are subscribers 
 to the Chebrdh, viz., "Ben6 Abraham," *'Ben^ Ya'acob," "Ben6 
 Reuben," "Ansh^ Nazin," and ''Ansh^ Berz." Twenty-four 
 
228 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 managers and the following officers conduct its affairs: President, 
 Rev. Hyman Brodsky; Vice-President, Abraham Burstein; Secre- 
 tary, Samuel Goldenberg; Treasurer, Rev. Baer L. Lewinthal. 
 
 Educational and Literary Institutions. 
 
 A school designated Talmud Torah ("Teaching of the Law") 
 formerly held sessions at Howard Hall, 322 Bainbridge Street; and 
 later on, in larger quarters, at Liberty Hall, 716 and 718 Lombard 
 Street. It is now located at 617 Pine Street. The pupils, number- 
 ing two hundred and thirty boys, are instructed on most week days, 
 in the Hebrew language, reading, and translation into Juedisch 
 Deutsch and English, in Jewish History, Religion, etc. , etc. There 
 are four classes, taught by Messrs. Samuel Gordon, Samuel Bloch, 
 Moses Aufsehev, and Israel Yareshew^sky. The Society, under whose 
 auspices this school is conducted, is supported by nearly three 
 hundred an^ fifty patrons and members. Its efforts in the cause of 
 education have met with encomium. A society of ladies called 
 Malbish ^Arumim ("Clothing the Naked"), Mrs. Deborah Spiva- 
 kovski. President, provides garments for the children of this school. 
 Mr. Gutman Klein presides over the Society in charge of the 
 School; Mr. Zadok Levi is Vice-President; Mr. Charles Schwartz, 
 Treasurer; Mr. J. Gordon, Secretary; Mr. Joseph Mitozsky, Finan- 
 cial Secretary; Mr. Arnold Kohn, Honorary Treasurer; Messrs. M. 
 Goldman, H. Rudman, and E. Rubinstein, Trustees. Rev. Hyman 
 Brodsky, Rev. Baer L. Lewinthal, and Messrs. R. Shapiro, S. 
 Rosenberg, and other directors constitute the School Board. This 
 Society is a chartered institution. 
 
 The Benoth Zion ("Daughters of Zion") Association, composed 
 of women, maintains a Night School for females at 406 South Sixth 
 Street. The Ladies' Association, bearing the above name, is com- 
 posed of sixty members. It meets semi-monthly, at 238 Pine 
 Street. 
 
 The literary efforts of the down- town Hebrew element are, in a 
 measure, reflected in the Hebrew Literature Society, instituted Feb- 
 ruary 15th, 1885. There were twenty- five members at the start, 
 
THU JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 229 
 
 and the number was, before long, very considerably augmented. 
 After meeting in different localities, this Society obtained a room, in 
 1887, at the hall, 203 Pine Street. Since then it has removed 
 (November, 1891) to more commodious quarters, at 822 Bainbridge 
 Street. There it has a well -arranged library of about three thou- 
 sand volumes, in Hebrew, Juedisch Deutscfi, Russian, German, and 
 English, besides a stock of newspapers and current publications, to 
 which there are frequent additions. The rooms are well furnished, 
 and many persons avail themselves of the educational advantages 
 afforded on different afternoons and evenings of each week. Under 
 this Society's auspices, lectures and miscellaneous entertainments are 
 provided, and these attract hundreds to the hall. Annual celebra- 
 tions and balls are features. 
 
 Notable speakers have been heard here, among them the Rev. 
 Dr. S. Morals, Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow, Rev. Leo Reich (now 
 minister at Atlanta, Georgia), Rev. Henry Iliowizi, Rev. Dr. 
 Joseph Krauskopf, Rev. Dr. Henry Berkowitz, Rev. Victor Caro 
 (now in Milwaukee, Wisconsin), Dr. Charles D. Spivak, Mr. Isaac 
 Feinberg, Ephraim Lederer, Esq., and Professor Morris Jastrow, 
 Jr., Ph.D. This Society requires, however, a more general en- 
 couragement, in order to enlarge its sphere of work and become an 
 influence and an intellectual force in the down- town community. 
 The officers (elected semi-annually) are: President, George Goward; 
 Vice-President, Judah Baroway; Treasurer, Marcus Goldman; Re- 
 cording Secretary, Jacob Getzow ; Financial Secretary, S. Friedman ; 
 Directors, N. Herr, M. Lefcovich, J. Lewis, E. Binder, S. Smule- 
 vich, and M. Rosenbaum; Librarian, Max Werblum. There are 
 125 names on the membership roll — a large number of those iden- 
 tified with this Society being active workers in its cause, and striving 
 to promote knowledge among the thousands of their brethren who 
 have recently settled in this city. 
 
 In the line of earnest endeavor must be placed the Maimonides 
 Literary Society, originated in February, 1893, through the efforts 
 of Jacob Wegman and other pupils of the Night Schools of the 
 Hebrew Education Society. Its chief aim "is the furthering of 
 the English education of its members, "ijpost of whom are foreigners. 
 For this purpose, meetings are held in the Touro Hall building of the 
 
230 TBJE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Hebrew. Education Society, every Sunday evening, in at least ten 
 months of each year, at which essays, readings, recitations, and de- 
 bates are the main features. A chairman is chosen at each session, 
 and a Secretary and Treasurer serve for stated periods. The sub- 
 jects for discussion are selected from leading questions of the times, 
 and all debate is in the English language. The membership is 
 mainly recruited from the ranks of the pupils of the Night Schools. 
 
 The Kohn Educational Club calls for some mention. Its object 
 is *'the diffusing of the English language, literature, and science 
 among the Hebrew Americans." Meetings are held for literary 
 exercises and educational purposes. The officers are : President, 
 M. Wegman; Vice-President, R. Manhoff; Treasurer, J. Eisenberg; 
 Secretary, I. J. Kohn (founder of this Club); Financial Secretary, 
 L. Broude; Director of Education, Hubert J. Frawley, A.M. 
 
 Other Associations. 
 
 Among recent institutions is Michael Heilprin Lodge, Number 
 404, of the Independent Order Ben6 Berith — established in March, 
 1890, and named after an ardent worker and savant, now deceased. 
 Its members are largely Russian Jews. The Century Lodge, an 
 up-town organization, united with Michael Heilprin Lodge, which is 
 now among the most progressive and energetic of the Order. The 
 proceedings are usually secret ; but open meetings are occasionally 
 held, at which interesting debates, lectures, and other features form 
 the exercises. Charles Hoffman, Esq., was the first President of this 
 Lodge— instituted mainly through his efforts— and its earliest officers 
 were installed by the late Mr. David Klein, President of the Grand 
 Lodge in this District (Number 3), and other officials. Messrs. 
 Bernard Harris, Joseph Rosenfeldt, and Nathan Grayev have since 
 occupied the presidential chair. The present officers are : President, 
 Joseph Lewis ; Vice-President, Rev. Hyman Brodsky ; Secretary, 
 Joseph Rosenfeldt; Financial Secretary, H. Orenstein; Treasurer, 
 Samuel Maiman ; Inside Guard, Jacob Margolis ; Outside Guard, H. 
 Tattleman ; Trustees, J. Ostrovsky and Joseph Cooperstein ; Repre- 
 sentative to District Grand Lodge, Number 3, Joseph Rosenfeldt. 
 This Lodge holds its meetings in a down-town hall. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 231 
 
 Several of the Jewish Secret Orders, heretofore cited, have been 
 founded by Israelites dwelling in southern districts of Philadelphia. 
 Among these are the Independent Order of United Israelites, the 
 Independent Order Ahabath It^rael (Love of Israel), and the Order 
 Berith Abraham (Covenant of Abraham). 
 
 The Young Men's Hebrew Social, whose headquarters are at 618 
 South Ninth Street, has done commendable work in aiding the poor. 
 It was established October 23d, 1892, and meets for social and literary 
 purposes. Its officers are: President, Martin O. Levy; Vice-Presi- 
 dent, B. Futernick; Treasurer, Herman J. Levy; Secretary, Mark 
 E. Simon; Trustees, I. Sutnik and Isidor J. Friedman. 
 
 The ''Philadelphia Society for the Relief of the Hungry," estab- 
 lished in August, 1893, during a critical period, was directed by 
 Israelites; but its charities were non- sectarian, and, through its 
 means, many hundreds have been succored. Its officers were : 
 Jacob Kyser, President; N. Cohen, Vice-President; Adolph Brown, 
 Treasurer; William Seedman, Secretary. Sixty- four members con- 
 tributed to its funds. Donations of bread, groceries, meat, and pro- 
 visions were distributed to those in want, from the office, 732 South 
 Fifth Street. 
 
 The Austro- Hungarian Charity Society was organized four years 
 since (1890). It has a membership of several hundreds, and its 
 labors are devoted to assisting needy persons of the same nationality 
 as its members. This Society is officered by E. H. Friedlander, 
 President; A. E. Theodore, Vice-President; H. E. Schermer, Treas- 
 urer; Anton Magaziner, Secretary; and the following Directors: 
 S. Frankel, M. Bush, Mrs. L. Theodore, Mrs. I. Herbach, Mrs. 
 W. Friedlander, and Mrs. Rosa Rosenstein. 
 
 General Mention. 
 
 In the list of beneficial societies, the following must be included : 
 Ahabath Chesed (Loving Mercy) — an up-town society, with sev- 
 eral hundred members; Austro- Hungarian Volksfest Vereiu, 100 
 
232 
 
 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 members; Petofy Beneficial Society, 75 members; Francis Joseph 
 Beneficial Society, 50 members ; Anshe Ilnngaria (Men of Hungary) 
 Beneficial Society, 125 members; Crown Prince Rudolph Associa- 
 tion; Karlander Unterstutzungs Verein; and the down-town Unter- 
 stWtzungs Verein (both Relief Societies). 
 
 There are, in addition, several political clubs, some of them having 
 a considerable number of adherents. 
 
 A society formerly existing here was called Chobebe Zion (Lovers 
 of Zion), aiming to encourage agriculture and settlement in the Holy 
 Land. 
 
 Another society, entitled Shabe Zion (Restorers of Zion), with 
 objects of a nearly similar character, exists in this city. 
 
 Land Associations and Land Improvement Companies have also 
 sprung up in southern parts of Philadelphia, but not all have proved 
 to be sound investments. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVIII. 
 Russian Jews— Trades' Unions— Sentiment Against Them— 
 
 JUEDISCH DEUTSCH AS A MEDIUM FOR THE PRESENTATION OF 
 
 Operas and Plays— Its Widespread Use Conclusion. 
 
 Trades' Unions. 
 
 Trades' Unions, among Jews exclusively, are of very recent date. 
 About six thousand employes of tailors, cloak-makers, bakers, shirt- 
 makers, etc., etc., are said to have composed the ''Jewish Federa- 
 tion of Labor " — as it was termed. This Union, divided into dif- 
 ferent trades, had branches in different cities. A conspicuous sign, 
 at 731 South Fourth Street, formerly indicated its headquarters there. 
 It subsequently removed to 150 South Street, but has, fortunately, 
 become since an unknown quantity. Its avowed object was to pro- 
 tect and assist its members, especially during strikes. However, its 
 means were not always found ample enough to meet requirements in 
 cases of emergency. This fact was palpably demonstrated during 
 the summer of 1890, when a strike of cloak-makers' employes — 
 lasting for several months — was finally brought to a settlement 
 through the untiring efforts of the Rev. Dr. S. Morais, assisted by 
 Mr. George Randorf. In June, 1891, some three hundred and fifty 
 or more employes of men who take out contracts for large clothing 
 establishments went on a strike. This trouble was finally adjusted by 
 concessions. Both strikes were largely caused by the employment of 
 non-union workmen and, in a measure, by the reduction of wages to 
 what were claimed to be "starving rates." While, as in most strikes, 
 right and wrong were on both sides, the cause of the unfortunate 
 workman has, invariably, been injured by the domination of labor 
 agitators, some of whom are rabid Anarchists, and would instill 
 poisonous views into the minds of the untutored. 
 
 Another ''Federation," called "The United Hebrew Trades," 
 also had branches here and elsewhere. 
 
234 THE JEWS OF PHtLADELPHlA. 
 
 The sentiment of the Jewish people always has been directly 
 opposed to the establishment of Trades' Unions, or political clubs, 
 of a sectarian character. They are regarded as productive of no 
 advantage. The unity and harmony necessary to the separate- 
 ness of the Hebrews are advocated solely with respect to religious 
 belief and religious organization. On all other questions the Jew 
 loses his identity, and is a loyal citizen of the country in which he 
 lives, having in common with his neighbor, of whatever persuasion, 
 the interests of the whole community at heart; obeying the laws of 
 the land, contributing to its progress, sharing its joys, and, if calami- 
 ties ensue, its sorrows, with every other inhabitant. And this loyalty 
 is taught in Holy Writ: — ''Seek ye the welfare of the city whither I 
 have exiled you, and pray for its sake unto The Lord, for in its 
 welfare shall ye fare well." — Jeremiah, xxix, 7. The Rabbins also 
 emphasize this duty in their oft-quoted maxim — Dma de MalcJmtha 
 D'lnd ("The law of the Government is law"). 
 
 JUEDISCH DeUTSCH AND ItS UsES. 
 
 A peculiarity which has become widespread, especially among the 
 Russian Jews, is their composite language or jargon, called Jiiedisch 
 Deiifsch. With the exception of the Hebrew language, many of 
 them are unfamiliar with any other spoken tongue. Hence, the 
 jargon is employed in all things, save Prayer. Even operatic and 
 theatrical companies — of a very unique character, however — give 
 performances in this mixture before delighted audiences. In New 
 York City, where the Russian- Hebrew element is numbered by the 
 scores of thousands, several theatres are almost exclusively devoted 
 to their amusement. In this city, numerous presentations — musical, 
 dramatic, and combined — have hitherto been given, at the Academy 
 of Music, and in other amusement halls, amid pronounced success. 
 Some time since, a movement was started to build a theatre here for 
 such purposes. With that aim in view, a property on the east side 
 of Eighth Street, below Lombard Street, was purchased. Thus far, 
 however, nothing practical has ensued ; but the satisfactory results 
 attending visits of companies such as those just referred to, may, 
 ere long, take shape in the establishment of a local troupe, and in 
 the remodelling into a theatre of this South Eighth Street hall. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 235 
 
 which has a considerable seating capacity, and is at the present time 
 rented for entertainments of a social character. 
 
 THE FUTURE OF THE RUSSIAN JEW. 
 
 In the exiled Russian Jew is found the future representative of 
 the race of Israel in the United States. Elevated by the influences 
 of modern civilization, he will outgrow the narrow teachings engen- 
 dered by centuries of inhuman restrictions and residence in Ghettos. 
 He will become liberalized, disarming prejudice on every side; he 
 will rise— socially and intellectually — the peer of his fellows in all 
 that tends to advance culture, and to promote the weal of humanity ; 
 still remaining true to the Faith of his fathers, w^hile proclaiming by 
 word and by deed among all peoples — The Universal Fatherhood of 
 The One God, and the common brotherhood of all His children. 
 
 END OF PART I. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA 
 
 PART II. 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL AND MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 MEN AND WOMEN DISTINGUISHED IN COMMUNAL 
 AFFAIRS, IN VARIOUS PROFESSIONS, ETC., ETC. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 I. 
 
 IN COMMUNAL AFFAIRS. 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 Israel in Philadelphia has never lacked representatives in 
 every sphere of social and communal progress; those who, by their 
 conduct, have compelled the majority to recognize in the minority 
 qualities that contribute to good citizenship ; enterprise and business 
 capacities, which go far towards promoting trade and commerce, 
 insuring stability to our institutions, and fostering a healthy growth. 
 And these qualities are possessed by more than a few ; but they are 
 still further admired when exercised by Jews and Jewesses who are 
 such in thought and in action ; whose Judaism is pronounced, yet 
 liberal ; whose deeds of charity and of humanity are performed 
 within and without the pale. The pursuit of such a course always 
 commands and retains the regard of the right-thinking; it has won 
 for the Jews political and social equality, and, many years since, it 
 led an eminent American statesman to say of them that " no set of 
 men can be better subjects," and to express then a hope "that other 
 countries, throughout Europe, will follow the example cf the United 
 States, which have admitted Jews to a participation in the rights of 
 free citizens." 
 
 The following series of sketches, necessarily limited in a work 
 partaking more essentially of the historical than of the biographical 
 character, will, nevertheless, bear witness to an activity prevailing 
 among an element, whose total reckoning is but a small fraction — 
 not a twenty- fifth — of the entire population of Philadelphia, and 
 whose record is, therefore, all the more remarkable. These sketches 
 will constitute an addition to those introduced in the main narra- 
 tive of the present work. 
 
240 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Abraham Abler, an Israelite respected for his virtues, his 
 affable manners and his sympathy with good works, was born at 
 Memmelsdorf, in Bavaria, Germany, July 25th, 1809. His father 
 was Reader of the Jewish Congregation in his native village. 
 The son was carefully trained in German and Hebrew, and attained 
 marked proficiency in these branches, so that he was soon able to fill 
 positions as instructor in Germany and in France. He followed the 
 calling of teacher until 1845, when he determined to come to the 
 United States. Here he entered upon a mercantile career in Phila- 
 delphia, though his love of literature, music, and the fine arts 
 continued, and much of his leisure was devoted to reading, and to 
 the development of his tastes for various studies. 
 
 Mr. Adler, after being engaged for awhile in business, removed 
 from this city to Meadville, Pennsylvania, in 1847, and, together 
 with Isaac Kohn, founded the millinery house of Kohn & Adler. 
 This partnership continued at Meadville until 1860, when both 
 gentlemen returned to Philadelphia and resumed business, with the 
 addition of Menko Stern, under the firm name of M. Stern, Kohn & 
 Company. Messrs. Kohn and Adler subsequently bought out Mr. 
 Stern's interest, and the house of Kohn, Adler & Company was 
 established, and continues under the same name at the present day 
 — though both of the original partners are deceased. The transac- 
 tions of this house increased in volume, and it became one of the 
 most successful millinery establishments in these parts. 
 
 The same respect Mr. Adler enjoyed in his business dealings he 
 earned by his kindness to worthy causes. He contributed liberally 
 to charities and educational interests, and took an active part in the 
 direction of institutions. His desire to extend education among the 
 humbler classes, and to promote a knowledge of the Hebrew lan- 
 guage and of the Jewish religion among the offspring of Jewish 
 parents led to Mr. Adler' s enlistment in the cause of the Hebrew 
 Education Society. His valuable services to that institution were 
 recognized in 1878, when he was elevated to its presidency, and then 
 displayed even more eagerness towards the furtherance of its objects. 
 Unfortunately, his labors were of short duration; for on November 
 9th, 1879, he was called to his rest, while in the midst of his works. 
 This excellent Israelite was eulogized for his good deeds, and held 
 up as an example to the young, of an honest, earnest, and God- 
 fearing man. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 241 
 
 Mrs. Adler {nee Mrs. Hannah Fleisher) survives her husband. 
 Their only daughter, Mathilde, was united in marriage to August 
 B. Ijoeb; but she died, deeply lamented, on July 7th, 1875, at the 
 early age of twenty-seven years. In memory of Mrs. Loeb and in 
 remembrance of her kindly spirit and gentle ways, Mr. and Mrs. 
 Adler, her parents, and Mr. Loeb, her husband— an ardent laborer 
 for charity — erected that most important addition to the Jewish 
 Hospital, called the Mathilde Adler- Loeb Dispensary, a beautiful 
 building located on the grounds of this Association, and the benefi- 
 cent work of which .is constantly manifested. 
 
 Mrs. Adler, by her former marriage (to Benjamin W. Fleisher, 
 also deceased), had four sons: Henry A., who died in 1881; 
 Simon B., Moyer, and Benjamin W. Fleisher. Of these, Moyer 
 Fleisher is President of the Hebrew Education Society, and both he 
 and his brothers have shown their worth by acts honorable to 
 them, as citizens and as Israelites. . 
 
 The Allen Family. — There are, perhaps, very few Jewish 
 families in this land that can boast of so distinctly an American 
 ancestry as that of the family of Allen. This surname, though not 
 markedly Jewish, is borne by households, representatives of which 
 have been found in Philadelphia for quite a number of decades, and 
 some of whom are now also located in the City of New York and 
 elsewhere. On the paternal side the nationality is readily seen, since 
 Lewis Allen (to be mentioned hereafter) was a native of England. 
 It is, however, on the maternal side that the family traces its descent 
 from genuine American stock — and that, during, and even before, the 
 American Revolutionary War. 
 
 The genealogy is as follows: Moses Isaacks was the son of Abra- 
 ham and Hannah Isaacks, whose ancestry dated back to the expul- 
 sion from Spain. He was born in New York City, March 25th, 
 1737. On August 30th, 1764, he married Rachel Mears, daughter 
 of Judah and Johaveth Meai-s, in Philadelphia. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Isaacks lived at different times in various cities and towns of the 
 New England States, and, so it appears, settled in Newport, Rhode 
 Island. Their family consisted of sixteen children. The father 
 served in the Revolutionary War, and there is positive evidence 
 that he entertained at his home in Newport no less a personage than 
 General George Washington. 
 
 i6 
 
242 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 A portrait of Mr. Isaacks is in possession of some of his descen- 
 dants, which shows him dressed in the uniform of the Continental 
 Army. He died in New York City, on August 31st, 1798. 
 
 Mr. Isaacks's oldest daughter, Johaveth, born in Norwalk, Con- 
 necticut, in 1767, was united in marriage to Michael Marks, of 
 Philadelphia, on October 11th, 1786. Mr. Marks and his father, 
 Henry Marks, had come here from England, and were among the 
 earliest members of the Congregation Mickveh Israel. His wife's 
 record is of extraordinary interest, and gives, besides, the reason 
 that impelled her parents and their family to remove from place to 
 place during the period of the struggle for Independence. When 
 Norwalk was burned by the British, the Isaacks family, with other 
 inhabitants, had no alternative but to quit the town. Their loyalty 
 to the cause of the colonists was unshaken. In their enforced jour- 
 neys, Johaveth, being the oldest child, "was made the treasurer, and 
 wore a skirt quilted with gold pieces, fjo as to conceal their money." 
 
 After her marriage to Mr. Michael Marks both settled at Sing 
 Sing, New York. They had ten children, of whom Anna, after- 
 wards the wife of Lewis Allen, will be given a separate notice. Of 
 their descendants, forty-one were grandchildren, and twenty- eight 
 were great-grandchildren. These include the families of Allen, 
 Mitchell, Hart, and others. Mrs. Michael (Johaveth) Marks "was 
 beloved for her amiable disposition." She died in Philadelphia, 
 on January 17th, 1852, in the eighty- fifth year of her age. Her 
 brother, Sampson Mears Isaacks, was the father of Rebecca, wife of 
 Abraham Hart. 
 
 Having referred to the maternal ancestry of the Allen family, a 
 few words may be added about the parents of Michael Marks, who 
 wedded Johaveth Isaacks. His father, Henry Marks, married a 
 widow named Sarah Cohen. She is said to have been "a very 
 beautiful woman, and was quite a belle" in Philadelphia society 
 of her time, figuring in "the Assembly Ball," given in this city. 
 "Her beautiful ball dresses, bequeathed to her granddaughter, 
 Mrs. Samuel Lyons (iiee Marks), were donated" by the latter to the 
 Congregation Mickveh Israel, and made into covers, or cloaks, for 
 the Sepharim (Scrolls of the Holy Law). 
 
 Truly, the Allen family may be proud of their lineage. Their 
 sires were alike distinguished in the events that gave birth to a nation 
 of freemen, in deeds of charity, in social walks, and in their 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 243 
 
 unswerving attachment to the principles, the commandments, and 
 the ceremonial precepts of the religion of Israel. 
 
 Lewis Allen, a respected merchant, and President of the Con- 
 gregation Mickveh Israel, was a son of Lewis Allen, once President 
 of the Congregation Rodeph Shalom. He was born in Loudon, 
 England, in 1793, and was brought to this country when but twelve 
 years of age. He succeeded his father (who died in 1815) in the 
 dry goods business in Philadelphia; his store being situated on 
 Market Street, between Fifth and Sixth Streets. In 1834 Mr. 
 Allen was elected President of the Congregation aforenamed, which 
 office he held until his death. He took an active part in the leading 
 movements of his time, and was Treasurer of the United Hebrew 
 Beneficent Society. He joined the Masonic Order, and became a 
 Royal Arch Mason. 
 
 Mr. Allen wedded Anna Marks, on December 10th, 1823. He 
 died on November 4th, 1841, when only forty-eight years of age. 
 In the language of the Resolutions adopted by the Congregation, 
 Mr. Allen was "an able and religious Parnass," and *'an amiable, 
 honorable, and highly respected man. All who knew him loved 
 and esteemed him. His generous heart, strict integrity, and purity 
 of principle richly merited the universal attachment and regard 
 which he received." 
 
 Anna Marks Allen, a daughter of Michael and Johaveth 
 (nee Isaacks) Marks, was highly esteemed by the Philadelphia 
 Jewish community for her labors in charities, for her virtues, and for 
 her true piety. She was born at Sing Sing, New York, March 
 30th, 1800. She came early with her parents to Philadelphia, 
 where she was reared amid social and religious influences, and soon 
 displayed a sympathetic nature. She married Lewis Allen, of Phila- 
 delphia, on December 10th, 1823. 
 
 With her sisters in faith Mrs. Allen labored to uplift the lowly 
 and minister to the needy. Her efforts were seen to advantage in 
 works done privately and in public spheres of action. She was a 
 most energetic member. Director, and for forty years Treasurer of 
 the Female Hebrew Benevolent Society, an organizer of the Hebrew 
 Sunday School Society, and of the Jewish Foster Home, of w^hich 
 she was the first President, continuing in that office twelve years ; 
 
244 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 her devotion to its interests and her righteous example inciting many 
 others on to good works. She was closely attached to the Congre- 
 gation Mickveh Israel, of which her husband had been President, 
 and many a stranger partook of her bounty. 
 
 In later years (1875) Mrs. Allen removed to New York City, 
 where most of her family resided, and where her kindness of man- 
 ner, her womanly gentleness, her hospitality, and her intelligent 
 piety attracted hosts of friends and admirers. She died on June 
 30th, 1888, truly lamented by all who knew of her worth, her nobility 
 of character, and her acts of philanthropy. 
 
 Lewis Marks Allen, oldest son of the above named, was born 
 in Philadelphia, August 5th, 1827. He was a member of the 
 wholesale liquor firm of Mitchell & Allen, who were among the 
 earliest dealers in petroleum in this city, and were interested in 
 the development of the resources of Venango County, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Mr. Allen was a member of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, 
 and a Director, and at one time Secretary, of the Hebrew Education 
 Society. He won regard for his traits of character and his attach- 
 ment to his religion. He married Miriam, a daughter of Mayer 
 Arnold. He died on March 6th, 1870. His widow, three daugh- 
 ters, and two sons survive him. 
 
 Henry Samson Allen, brother of the preceding, was born in 
 Philadelphia, October 11th, 1828. He received his education at 
 private and public schools. He was at one time a member of the 
 Board of Directors of the Congregation Mickveh Israel. Latterly, 
 he has been prominent in Jewish Societies of New York, to which 
 city he removed and where he now resides. He was among the 
 founders of the United Hebrew Charities of New York, and since 
 its organization has served as Vice-President, and as Chairman of its 
 Industrial School. He also assisted in establishing there the Monte- 
 fiore Home for Chronic Invalids — named in honor of Sir Moses 
 Montefiore — and was its first President. He is a trustee and a mem- 
 ber of the Board of Governors of the Hebrew Orphan Asylum, and 
 President of the Hebrew Relief Society of the Congregation Shearith 
 Israel of the same city, which Congregation he served as a Director. 
 He is one of the founders of the Hebrew Technical Institute ; a 
 Director of the Society to Protect Children from Cruelty ; and is 
 interested in the Mount Sinai Hospital and in other institutions. 
 
THE JEWS OF RHILADELPHIA. 2Ab 
 
 Mr. Allen ranks with the most active Israelites of New York 
 City in the sphere of benevolence. He was once engaged in the 
 banking business with his brothers, Michael and Charles C. Allen, 
 but retired some years since. In 1859 he married Rosalie Hen- 
 dricks, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Henry Hendricks, of New York 
 City. 
 
 Michael Mitchell Allen, another son of Lewis Allen, was 
 born in Philadelphia, November 24th, 1830. He served as a teacher 
 in the school of the Hebrew Education Society, was afterwards its 
 Secretary, and occasionally acted as Chazan (Reader) in the Mickveh 
 Israel and Beth El Emeth Synagogues. He was Chaplain in 
 the Fifth Pennsylvania Cavalry (Cameron Dragoons) during the 
 Civil War, and his addresses were noted for a liberality of view 
 that rendered them satisfactory to all. Mr. Allen married Julia 
 Spanier, in New York City, November 7th, 1866. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Allen and their family of four children, since 1874, have resided in 
 Hanover, Germany. Their oldest daughter is the wife of Rev. Dr. 
 J. Winter, a Chief Rabbi in Saxony. 
 
 Mention must be made of Charles Chauncey Allen, a well-known 
 New York banker; of his brother Alfred Hart Allen (deceased), 
 and of their sister, Mrs. Amelia Johaveth Mitchell (deceased), wife 
 of Mitchell A. Mitchell, of Philadelphia. Benjamin Wolf Allen, 
 another child of Lewis and Anna Marks Allen, died in infancy. 
 
 Mayer Arnold, a native of Germany, was born at Ebenhausen, 
 in 1786. He came to the United States when a lad of thirteen 
 years, entered into trade in Kutztown, Pennsylvania, and in Phila- 
 delphia. In later years he was a partner in the dry goods business 
 with Marcus Cauffman and Abraham S. Wolf, and subsequently 
 engaged in the clothing business. He amassed wealth, and freely 
 gave of his means to Congregational, charitable, and educational 
 works. He did not limit his doings to the mere giving of money, 
 but participated in communal affairs; in the Congregation Mickveh 
 Israel, of which he was a Manager, in the Hebrew Education Society, 
 in the first Jewish Publication Society, and in other matters of public 
 importance. In 1822, Mr. Arnold married Fanny Wolf, a native 
 of Richmond, Virginia, and sister of his subsequent business part- 
 ner. Fifteen children were born unto Mr. and Mrs. Arnold, viz., 
 
246 THE JEWS OF €*HILADELPHIA. 
 
 Famelia, Simon, Isabella, Clarissa, Miriam, Uriah, Hezekiah, 
 Edwin, Eli, Ezra, Aaron, Henrietta, Julia, Alice, and Mayer. 
 Mr. Arnold's course was of signal usefulness, and his sympathies 
 went out to the poor and the afflicted. He died in Philadelphia, on 
 November 25th, 1868, having attained the age of eighty-two years. 
 His widow survived him about four years ; her death occurred on 
 August 27th, 1872. 
 
 Simon Wolf Arnold, oldest son of the preceding, was born in 
 Kutztown, Pennsylvania, January 3d, 1827. He received a care- 
 ful schooling, proved an apt scholar, and was afterwards w^ell known 
 for his intellectual capacities, executive ability, and earnest labors. 
 He engaged for awhile in the clothing business with Abraham S. 
 Wolf and others. 
 
 Mr. Arnold was at one time Secretary of the Congregation Mick- 
 v^h Israel, with which he was affiliated for many years. He was an 
 original member of the Society of the United Hebrew Charities, and 
 was wisely selected as its first President. His administration was 
 marked by a systematic management, which placed the Society fore- 
 most in its sphere. After two years he retired from the presidency 
 (in 1871), but continued for awhile as Vice-President. Mr. Arnold 
 w^as first President of the Mutual Benefit Company, of Pennsylva- 
 nia, an insurance corporation, organized in 1871 ; a manager of the 
 Jewish Hospital Association ; a founder and Vice-President of the 
 Northern Savings Fund, Safe Deposit and Trust Company; a mem- 
 ber of the Board of Trade; of the Historical Society of Pennsylva- 
 nia, and of other organizations, where his talents and administrative 
 acquirements proved of benefit. 
 
 In politics, Mr. Arnold was a Democrat, and took an active part 
 in the councils of the party organization. In the Grant-Seymour 
 Presidential Campaign of 1868 he was nominated on the Democratic 
 ticket as an Elector and served in the Electoral College from 
 Pennsylvania. In the time of the Volunteer Fire Department, he 
 was connected with the old Philadelphia Hose Company, and w^as 
 afterwards elected to membership in the Volunteer Firemen's Asso- 
 ciation. In later years he removed to New York City, where he 
 died on March 5th, 1885, much lamented. His remains were 
 brought to this city, and interred in Mount Sinai Cemetery. = Mr. 
 Arnold left a widow, a son, and two daughters. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 247 
 
 Myer Asch. — In 1876, Philadelphia was the most important 
 city on the globe. To it the eyes of all nations were directed. 
 Within its confines was seen a gathering of all peoples. From the 
 remotest ends of the earth came men and women, all bent upon a 
 single object — that of celebrating in a commemorative manner the 
 Centennial birthday of a Nation's Independence. The International 
 Exhibition of 1876 opened up a new era in the development of our 
 resources and in the general prosperity. The American citizen ex- 
 changed greetings with the inhabitant of the South Sea Islands. 
 Territorial distinctions were unknown, and, for the time being, our 
 city contained an essentially cosmopolitan population. 
 
 To receive and provide for the wants of our foreign guests, 
 required men of discretion, whose knowledge, based upon experience, 
 rendered them specially qualified for a difficult and delicate task. 
 Among those who proved their signal fitness for such duties was 
 Colonel Myer Asch. He filled a responsible position, won the 
 respect of his associates, and obtained encomiums from all sides. 
 The writer has a vivid recollection of one particular visit to the 
 Centennial Exhibition. It was during the summer of 1876 that he 
 acted as escort to an Italian gentleman, high in the service of the 
 Government of Egypt. On entering the Exhibition grounds, one of 
 the first persons he met was Colonel Asch. An introduction to Com- 
 mendatore Dottore Cesare Lunel (for such was the name of the 
 foreign gentleman) served to show that Colonel Asch was thoroughly 
 at home in languages of the Continent. His genial manner, his 
 kindly offei*s of assistance, his thorough familiarity with the Exhibi- 
 tion in all its departments were noticeable, and favorably impressed 
 all whose pleasure it was to confer with him. 
 
 Myer Asch was born in Philadelphia, October 24th, 1831. His 
 father, Joseph M. Asch, a well-known Israelite of this city, served 
 as President of the Beth Israel Congregation, and was an active 
 officer in Jewish charity societies. He was born on July 12th, 
 1802, and on August 4th, 1830, he married Clarissa Ulman. He 
 died on June 22d, 1866. His wife served as a Manager of the Jewish 
 Foster Home. 
 
 Of Mr. and Mrs. Asch's eleven children, Myer was the oldest. 
 After leaving school, he travelled in Europe, and for some years 
 practised dentistry in Paris, France. A thorough American, on the 
 outbreak of the Civil War, he returned to his native land and at 
 
248 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 once enlisted in the service of the Union. His gallant conduct 
 brought him rapid promotion, and more than once he was specially 
 mentioned for meritorious services on the battle-field. [See Colonel 
 Asch's complete military record in another part of this work.] 
 
 Colonel Asch seemed to possess all the requisites for the discharge 
 of military duties and, as well, of executive and administrative 
 functions. He was tall, erect, of fine physique, and of handsome 
 and commanding features ; yet withal, unassuming. His talents 
 must, perforce, have asserted themselves. On the organization of the 
 Executive Committee of the Centennial Exhibition, he was chosen 
 as its Secretary, and became the Assistant and Confidential Secretary 
 to Director-General Goshorn. 
 
 The selection of Colonel Asch to have charge of the Foreign De- 
 partment of the Exhibition proved most excellent, and the success 
 attending his management was rendered manifest in many ways, but 
 in none, perhaps, more pronounced than in the marks of distinction 
 conferred on him by foreign governments, in recognition of the 
 services he rendered. These, as will be seen, were unusual honors, 
 bestowed only in exceptional instances. 
 
 Colonel Asch received the following decorations: from Russia, 
 that of "Knight Commander of the Order of St. Stanislaus ;" from 
 Sweden, "Knight Commander of the Order of Gustavus Vasa ;" 
 from Turkey, "Commander of the Order of Medjidie;" from Spain, 
 "Knight Commander of the Order of Isabella;" from Belgium, 
 "Knight of the Order of Leopold;" from Italy, "Officer of the 
 Crown of Italy;" from Tunis, "Officer of the Order ofTftahar;" from 
 Japan, * ' Decoration of the Order of the ' Rising Sun ; ' " from Hol- 
 land, "Knight of the Order of the Netherland Lion." Few 
 Americans have been more highly honored. 
 
 Colonel Asch spent most of his activity in Philadelphia. He was 
 elected to the Loyal Legion; he rose in the ranks of George G. 
 Meade Post, of the Grand Army of the Republic, until he became 
 Post Commander. He was a member of that magnificently 
 uniformed Battalion, the Philadelphia City Troop; and was also a 
 member of the Union League. Afterwards he removed to New 
 York City, where he pursued the even tenor of his ways, quietly and 
 modestly. He died there, on February 16th, 1890. 
 
 In Myer Asch was found — to employ the language of one of his 
 distinguished friends— "the brave soldier, the true citizen, and the 
 model of honorable manhood." 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 249 
 
 Simon Bacharach, President of the Congregation 'Adath Jesh- 
 urun, of Philadelphia, was born at Mansbach, Kuhrhessen, Germany, 
 March 14th, 1834. At the age of manhood he sought this country, 
 and engaged in mercantile pursuits, successively in Pennsylvania, 
 Maryland, and Virginia. He took up a permanent residence in this 
 city in 1863, and started in the grocery business. He soon relin- 
 quinshed this, however, for wholesale clothing, becoming a member 
 of the firm of Bacharach & Nusbaum; subsequently of Bacharach 
 Brothers; and since, of A. Bacharach & Company, this firm being 
 composed of Augustus Bacharach, Simon Bacharach, and Marks 
 Bacharach. 
 
 Mr. Bacharach has served as President of 'Adath Jeshurun Con- 
 gregation for seventeen years, and its material progress has been par- 
 ticularly noted during his administration; the Congregation having 
 removed to a larger Synagogue in a prominent location, and having 
 gained many accessions to its membership. Rev. Henry Iliowizi is 
 the scholary Rabbi of this Congregation. 
 
 Mr. Bacharach is a Director of the Society of the United Hebrew 
 Charities, and a contributor to that and many other institutions which 
 uphold the standing of Israel in Philadelphia. 
 
 Esther Baum and Jewish charity have become synonymous 
 terms. In the annals of Philadelphia Jewry there is, perhaps, not 
 another woman so closely identified with work among the poor as 
 Miss Baum. Quietly and unostentatiously, with never a thought of 
 reward, but impelled by a sense of duty, rare indeed, this devoted 
 woman in Israel has performed, and still continues to perform, deeds 
 of goodness which she regards as a privilege, which have endeared 
 her to thousands, and given her a bright page in the history of 
 philanthrophy. 
 
 Miss Baum is a native of Tiefenthal, in Rhenish Bavaria, Ger- 
 many, and was born October 7th, 1830. In her childhood, she 
 attended school at Mussbach, in the same section of Germany, and at 
 the age of thirteen years she learned the dressmaking trade. After 
 thorough instruction therein, she started in that business, continuing 
 it in her native country until 1852, when she set sail for these parts. 
 Arriving in Philadelphia, her industry and close attention to business 
 soon yielded her a competence. 
 
 It was then that Miss Baum resolved to dedicate her efforts to 
 
250 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 the cause of charity. She relinquished business cares indeed, but 
 assumed responsibilities far weightier; responsibilities involving con- 
 stant labor, tender sympathies, and a self-sacrifice known to few. 
 
 A score of years has nearly elapsed since Esther Baum voluntarily 
 took upon herself works of charity — works which have rendered her 
 an indispensable factor in communal affairs. Day afler day, this 
 toiling worker is seen at the rooms of the Society of the United 
 Hebrew^ Charities, devoting her utmost energies to its cause, and 
 setting a noble example by her industry and unwearying labors. 
 But the sphere of her work is by no means bounded by her attend- 
 ance there. Neither is her knowledge of the poor derived from her 
 labors within the confines of an institution. Many a hovel of misery 
 she has visited; many an aching heart has been soothed by her 
 sympathetic nature, by her charitable hand, by her kind words. 
 In the pursuit of her mission, this courageous woman has allowed 
 no obstacle to discourage her task, to lessen her activity. The 
 Jewish Foster Home and Orphan Asylum has also felt the influence 
 of her enthusiasm and of her zealous labors in its behalf Other 
 institutions have experienced similar benefits from her presence, 
 and the encouragement she has practically shown towards the fur- 
 therance of their worthy aims. 
 
 Esther Baum richly merits all the praise bestowed upon a good 
 woman that feareth The Lord, and walketh uprightly. 
 
 Isidore Binsw anger, an untiring worker in the cause of Jewish 
 education and charity, and a respected citizen of Philadelphia, was 
 born at Wallerstein, Bavaria, Germany, May 22d, 1820. Until 
 his thirteenth year, he attended the public school of his native town, 
 after leaving which he entered into business; first in the employ of 
 a firm at Mainz, and subsequently at Munich. He remained in the 
 latter city until 1841, when he set sail for the United States; took 
 up his residence in Baltimore, and became a partner there in the dry 
 goods business. Thence he removed to Cumberland, Maryland, and 
 after a visit, in 1846, to his parents in Germany, he returned to this 
 country and entered into partnership with his brother-in-law, David 
 Eger, at Philadelphia, in the wholesale notion business; the firm 
 subsequently extending its operations to St. Louis. Mr. Binswanger, 
 with his wife, visited Europe in 1872 for the benefit of his health, 
 and returned in the following year. He had previously (in 1869) 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 251 
 
 been elected PreBident of the Richmond Granite Company, controlling 
 large quarries in Virginia, and he remained at its head for upwards 
 of twenty years. Most of his career was spent in Philadelphia, and 
 here he became noted for his active and immediate participation in 
 affairs of the Jewish community. He was one of the early managers 
 of the Hebrew Education Society; he served as Chairman of the 
 Board of School Directors from April, 1851, until May, 1870, when 
 he was elected President of that Society, and as such, was at one time, 
 President of the Board of Trustees of Maimonides College. He 
 retired from the presidency in 1878. 
 
 Mr. Binswanger was prominent in the affairs of the Hebrew 
 Charity Association, whose annual dinners were important events, 
 and he, with others, started the Ball Association, its successor. 
 He was elected President of the Society of the United Hebrew 
 Charities in May, 1871, but during the same month declined that 
 office. Among other positions held by him were those of Presi- 
 dent of the Hebrew Relief Society, a Vice-President of the Society 
 of the United Hebrew Charities, of the Jewish Hospital Associa- 
 tion, and of the Board of Delegates of American Israelites. For 
 nearly twelve years he was President of the Mercantile Club. 
 When the Jewish Foster Home and Orphan Asylum was under the 
 management of ladies, Mr. Binswanger was selected to the Board 
 of Council, or advisory board, composed of gentlemen. The revision 
 of the constitution of that organization changed its directory, when 
 he was chosen its Treasurer. On the retirement of Mr. Abraham 
 Hart, he was elected to its presidency in 1875, and continued to 
 administer that office with an efficiency and zeal which won him the 
 approval of the public, and the respect of his co-workers, until 
 April, 1890, when he declined a re-election. During his presi- 
 dency, the Home removed to larger quarters, obtained increased 
 patronage, and strengthened its position among local Jewish institu- 
 tions. Mr. Binswanger also rendered valuable services in 1881-1882 
 at the time of the Russo- Jewish exodus to this country. During the 
 Civil War, his staunch adherence to the cause of the Union led him 
 to become a member of the Union League. In the general com- 
 munity he was honored with directorships of different institutions, 
 among them, of Wills' Eye Hospital. 
 
 Mr. Binswanger married Elizabeth Sophia Polock on June 20th, 
 1849. Their children are well known in large circles. Mr. 
 
252 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Binswanger died at Richmond, Virginia, on May 6th, 1890. His 
 remains were brought to Philadelphia for interment, and his death 
 evoked widespread regret, and tributes to his worth and the services 
 he had long rendered. 
 
 Louis Bomeisler.— The records of Congregations and Societies, 
 whose annals date back to a period when the Jewish population of 
 Philadelphia was small, indeed, as compared with the enormous 
 growth of recent years, disclose many incidents which we of to-day 
 regard as of special importance. In numerous instances, however, 
 the sifting process is needed, so as to avoid assigning undue value to 
 things of by -gone days, which have naught else but their age to 
 commend them. Historical investigation may be carried on to the 
 point of minutise, and still prove valuable; but every detail, how- 
 ever insignificant, needs not to be published to the world, nor every 
 character immortalized. Nowadays there is a decided tendency in 
 this direction, and unless reasonable boundaries are established, the 
 result may prove injurious to sound literary work in historical and 
 biographical lines. And yet withal, a dividing line is not easily 
 drawn. Men who have occupied representative or official positions, 
 whether to a greater or a less degree, the public.will naturally expect 
 to find described in the pages of national, state, or local history; 
 hence, the biographer has a difficult task. The standard adopted 
 can neither be that of wealth, nor of culture ; it must be determined by 
 the usefulness of the individual, or by his position in the ranks of a 
 large following. When, however, culture is united with position, 
 the individual's claim to public notice proves as effective as his 
 career is of interest to large numbers. This claim is peculiarly 
 strengthened in the case about to be cited. 
 
 Louis Bomeisler was born in Munich, Bavaria, Germany, No- 
 vember loth, 1790. His father, Nathan Loebl Bomeisler, who 
 married Rebecca Heller, held military rank, and was Quartermaster- 
 General for Bavaria in the wars of Napoleon. The son received a 
 liberal education, and was prepared for Heidelberg University by a 
 tutor, with whom he travelled in Europe and in Asia Minor, visiting 
 points of great interest. His studies and his travels led to that broad 
 culture and that intellectual capacity so noticeable in later years. 
 In Heidelberg University his instruction was quite thorough, and he 
 acquired a knowledge of both ancient and modern languages. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 253 
 
 Mr. Bomeisler was instinctively a gentleman, and his courtly- 
 manners and pleasing address rendered him a welcome guest among 
 the most intelligent, and won him the friendship of men of high 
 standing. In 1815, at the age of twenty-five years, he resided in 
 Paris, France, and had previously* been Aide-de-Camp to one of 
 Napoleon Bonaparte's Generals, with whom he served in military 
 campaigns, and was present at the great battles of Jena and of 
 Austerlitz.' He had been sent by Bavaria as a member of the Con- 
 gress of Vienna in 1814, which resulted in the confederation of the 
 German Government. He was otherwise interested in political 
 movements of the time, affecting the geographical boundaries of 
 European countries. Mr. Bomeisler's subsequent rise in the court 
 circles of France was marked, and the popularity he enjoyed was 
 recognized, w^hen on January 23^1, 1815, he was decorated by King 
 Louis XVIII, with the ** Order of the Lily." In Paris, he also 
 joined the Free Masons. 
 
 In 1819 Mr. Bomeisler was supercargo of a vessel bound for the 
 United States. He landed in Philadelphia, but had no intention of 
 remaining here, expecting to return on the same ship that brought 
 him. Meanwhile he became ill with fever, and the famous Dr. 
 James Rush attended him. Upon his recovery, he found that the 
 vessel had sailed, and, through the influence of Dr. Rush, he was 
 induced to remain in this city. This incident served to unite in 
 friendship the two gentlemen, and they were attached to each other 
 thereafter. On April 13th, 1824, Mr. Bomeisler qualified as a 
 citizen of the United States. Five years before, he had joined Her- 
 man Lodge, Number 125, of the Masonic Order in this city. He 
 early engaged in the shipping business at 125 High (now Market) 
 Street. Near by, the celebrated Stephen Girard had offices, at 21 
 and 23 North Water Street. Naturally, Mr. Bomeisler was drawn 
 to this well-known personage, and he was soon numbered among the 
 circle of his friends. His associations were extensive; including such 
 men as Judge Edward King, Lawyer William L. Hirst, Zalegman 
 Phillips and his sons, and many others of note. Mr. Bomeisler's 
 conversational powers, his linguistic talents (familiar, as he was with 
 seven languages) ; his^ lively manner, and his knowledge of leading 
 questions, combined to place him in a select circle. 
 
 The enviable reputation Mr. Bomeisler enjoyed among Jews and 
 Gentiles was still further broadened by his services in the Jewish 
 
254 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 community. He was a member of the Congregation Rodeph 
 Shalom, in those days when its condition was far from prosperous. 
 He gave to its affairs much of his time, and was enabled to perform 
 many services, contributing to its increase of membership and to its 
 eventual permanence. As President of this Congregation he served 
 long and well, and continued to be identified with it throughout his 
 entire career. In matters of charity and education his interest was 
 none the less manifested. He was a member of the Jewish Foster 
 Home, and of the United Hebrew Beneficent Fuel Society, and con- 
 tributed liberally to both institutions. He was among the- first 
 managers of the earliest Jewish Publication Society in this country, 
 organized in Philadelphia in 1845, and, as such, was associated with 
 Abraham Hart, Henry Cohen, David Samuel, Joseph L. Moss, 
 Alfred T. Jones, John Moss, Gratz Etting, Leon Hyneman, Solomon 
 Solis, Mayer Arnold, Hyman Gratz, Lazarus Arnold, Abraham S. 
 Wolf, Elias P. Levy, and Rev. Isaac Leeser. Mr. Bomeisler was 
 one of the original members, and first President, of the Mercantile 
 Club, established in 1853. He drew its Constitution, and con- 
 tributed much by his efforts to its rise in social concerns. He was 
 an accomplished chess player, and a lover of amusement that in- 
 structs while it pleases. 
 
 Mr. Bomeisler died in this city, on September 29th, 1856, leaving 
 a widow, Mrs. Elizabeth M. Bomeisler; three sons, Edwin, Charles 
 and Theodore; and one daughter, Evelyn. His older daughter, 
 Josephine, who married Lazarus Mayer, was noted for her intel- 
 lectual and musical attainments, and esteemed for her nobility of 
 character. She preceded her father to the home of the blessed, on 
 June 17th, 1851. His younger daughter. Miss Evelyn Bomeisler, a 
 lady who inherits many of her father's qualities of mind and heart, 
 has occupied stations of importance in the fields of Jewish charity 
 and education, to which she still devotes her talents, enhanced by 
 studies and travels in Occident and Orient. Miss Bomeisler is a 
 fluent writer and a ready and entertaining conversationalist, at home 
 in current questions, and in the religion and history of the people of 
 Israel. 
 
 Mrs. Matilda Cohen, wife of Mr. Henry Cohen, (92) and 
 fourth daughter of Lewis and Kate Samuel, was born at Liverpool, 
 
 (92) A sketch of Henry Cohen is given in our historical narrative, Chapter 
 IX. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 255 
 
 England, January 1st, 1820. She was united in marriage to 
 Mr. Cohen in April, 1844, and came to this country, residing in 
 Philadelphia. A lady of culture, a brilliant conversationalist, pos- 
 sessing besides elocutionary talent of a high order, executive ability, 
 and a dignified presence, Mrs. Cohen soon attracted and retained the 
 friendship of a select circle, and attained distinction in and beyond 
 the Jewish community. She labored earnestly for many worthy ob- 
 jects. During the Civil War, she was a delegate to the Women's 
 Branch of the United States Sanitary Commission (1863), and a 
 member of the Sanitary Fair Committee. The Women's Centennial 
 Commission (1876) received much aid from her presence in its ranks, 
 and from her earnest services in behalf of the great exhibition. She 
 was also a member, and for several years a Vice-President, of the 
 New Century Club, composed of women, besides being identified 
 with Ward Charities and other organizations. 
 
 Mrs. Cohen's efforts in behalf of Jewish Charities were seen to 
 marked advantage. For a long series of years she was a Manager 
 of the Female Hebrew Benevolent Society, and for a decade its 
 Secretary. Early identified with the Jewish Foster Home, she sub- 
 sequently became its President. The Ladies' Associate Board of the 
 United Hebrew Charities, and the Hebrew Sunday School Society 
 also secured her active co-operation as a Manager. She displayed 
 particular interest in the affairs of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, 
 of which her husband was President, and she assisted him in many 
 good works. 
 
 Mrs. Cohen continued an energetic laborer and a Jewess en- 
 thusiastic in the cause of her religion and her people. She died on 
 January 4th, 1888. 
 
 Moses Aaron Dropsie, a veteran in the service of his co- 
 religionists, has been an active participant in every step promotive 
 of the development of the Jewish community of Philadelphia. He 
 is a son of Aaron Moses Dropsie, and was born in this city, March 
 9th, 1821. He received an education at school, and at an Academy 
 in charge of Rev. William Mann, father of William B. Mann, Esq., 
 ex-District Attorney and Prothonotary of the Courts of Common 
 Pleas of Philadelphia. 
 
 Young Dropsie first entered a counting-house, and subsequently 
 learned the watchmaking trade. For a number of years he was in 
 
256 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA 
 
 business, and then took to the law. He entered, as a student, the 
 office of Honorable Benjamin Harris Brewster, pursuing therein the 
 regular course. He was admitted to practice at the Philadelphia 
 Bar, January 11th, 1851. His career as a lawyer has been distin- 
 tinguished by signal ability; his services as counsel were engaged in 
 many noted cases, his knowledge of the law rendering him an adept 
 in unravelling knotty technical questions. Mr. Dropsie did not 
 limit his studies to local. State, and even National laws, but, being 
 a diligent and careful student, his investigations led him deeply into 
 the codes and legislation of other nations— both ancient and modern. 
 The influence of the old and its bearing upon the new were to him 
 subjects calling for special and continuous research. The results of 
 this particular work have been seen to advantage in later years. 
 
 Almost immediately after his entrance to the Bar, Mr. Dropsie 
 became actively engaged in politics. He was a pronounced adherent 
 of the Whig Party, and was its candidate for Mayor of the Northern 
 Liberties, in 1852 — two years prior to the Consolidation of this city 
 under a single Mayor. He was among those who organized the 
 Republican Party in Pennsylvania in 1856, and was, from the start, 
 in the fullest sympathy with the anti-slavery movement. In 1859 
 Mr. Dropsie became interested in Passenger Railways and invested 
 largely in the Lombard and South Streets Company. In 1862 he 
 was elected President of that Corporation, and continued as such 
 .until 1882, when he withdrew. He was President of the Commission 
 having in charge the building of South Street Bridge. He has been 
 for some years President of the Green and Coates Streets Passenger 
 Railway Company. 
 
 Mr. Dropsie 's main activity, however, has been in the circles of 
 his own people. Imbued with the truths of Judaism, alive to the 
 needs of its adherents, he early rose to an important place in the 
 rank and file of ardent workers. In congregational, charitable, and 
 educational institutions his influence has alike been felt. He has 
 long been a member of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, and has 
 served on its Board of Directors. He was a Director of the Hebrew 
 Fuel Society ; prominent in the Hebrew Charity Association ; and in 
 other former societies. He was at one time President of the Mer- 
 cantile Club. He is a member of, and liberal contributor to, all 
 the Jewish societies in Philadelphia. He is President of the Phila- 
 delphia Branch of the Alliance Israelite Universelle, and has labored 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 257 
 
 to advance the cause of that universal organization among Hebrews 
 on this side of the Atlantic. The particular sphere in which his 
 greatest interest has been aroused is that of the Hebrew Education 
 Society. Ever since its establishment in 1848 he has been reckoned 
 among its constant advocates and its warmest supporters. He was 
 among its first Directors; then its Secretary; and twice its President 
 —1862-1870, and 1889-1892. At the annual meeting, in March, 
 1894, he was elected an Honorary Director for life, being the first 
 director thus honored. In every phase of this Society's work his 
 labors are disclosed, and none the less his unswerving loyalty to 
 Judaism, in battling for the preservation of the Hebrew language 
 and for its importance as the main branch of instruction in the 
 Society's schools. In this commendable action he has found an in- 
 valuable associate in Mr. David Sulzberger, than whom none is 
 more deserving of the lasting gratitude of Philadelphia Israelites, 
 for untiring activity. As President of the Hebrew Education 
 Society, Mr. Dropsie demonstrated his interest in the Maimonides 
 College, once under its direction. 
 
 Allusion has already been made to Mr. Dropsie's connection with 
 public affairs. Added to this, his knowledge of men and of events 
 for half a century, and his acquaintance with personages in many 
 and various walks have enabled him to direct his energies still fur- 
 ther towards the attainment of worthy objects. He has, at different 
 times, delivered public addresses and orations ; he has written for the 
 press on subjects of current importance, and has, besides, produced 
 several w^orks, among them: an English Translation from the German 
 of Dr. Ferdinand Mackeldey's "Handbook of the Roman Law," 
 two volumes in one (1883). This work displays careful and search- 
 ing erudition, and has also been edited by the translator. In 1892 
 there appeared Mr. Dropsie's book, "The Roman Law of Testa- 
 ments, Codicils, and Gifts in the event of Death" (Mortis Causa 
 Donationes). The same writer has also brought forth a pamphlet on 
 the "Accusation, Trial, and Alleged Resurrection of Jesus," with 
 an account of the Cross. In this publication a number of original 
 views are set forth, based upon a thorough knowledge of ancient, and 
 specially of Roman, laws. 
 
 Mr. Dropsie has latterly retired from the active practice of his 
 profession, but his interest continues unabated. His law library 
 
 17 
 
258 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 contains many rare and valuable prints; and his miscellaneous 
 library is well stocked with the works of standard writers. 
 
 Joseph Einstein, for seventeen years President of the Congre- 
 gation Rodeph Shalom, did not limit his activity to works within 
 the circle of that religious corporation, but was also an energetic 
 member of the Jewish community, interested in its doings and 
 laboring with others for its weal. Mr. Einstein was born in 
 Osterberg, Bavaria, Germany, October 14th, 1815. His parents 
 were Leopold and Leah Einstein. Coming to America when a 
 young man, he settled in Philadelphia, engaged in the jewelry busi- 
 ness, and subsequently in other enterprises. 
 
 The period when Mr. Einstein presided over the Rodeph Shalom 
 Congregation was, perhaps, the most eventful in its history. From 
 small beginnings, it had increased in membership and continued to 
 gain accessions during his administration. About that time, the 
 influence of the Congregation as representative of a large German- 
 Jewish element was perceptibly felt in local Jewish development. 
 The accepted ritual of the Ashhenazim (German Jews), until then 
 strictly adhered to, underwent some changes, and a number of inno- 
 vations were introduced in the Synagogue, followed by others in later 
 years. 
 
 In the direction of the temporal affairs of this Congregation, Mr. 
 Einstein was quite successful. Outside of its boundaries, he was 
 an effective worker in charity societies; among them the Chebrdh 
 Shel Bikur Cholim Ugmiluth Chasadim ( ' ' Society for Visitation of 
 Sick and Mutual Assistance "). For fourteen years he was Secretary 
 of the Chebrdh Gemiluth Chasadim oo-Mish'eneth YatomVe-Ahnandh 
 (** Society for the Benefit of Orphans and Widows "). 
 
 Mr. Einstein was a member of the first Board of Directors of the 
 Jewish Hospital Association; he was identified with societies which 
 merged in the United Hebrew Charities in 1869, and was an incor- 
 porator and a manager of the then newly-formed institution. His 
 sympathetic nature and tireless endeavors rendered him a valuable 
 coadjutor in the field of Jewish benevolence. 
 
 On September 2d, 1843, Mr. Einstein married Hannah May 
 (nee Trauble), widow of Emanuel May, and daughter of Leon and 
 Augusta Trauble. After his retirement from oflfice he continued to 
 reside in this city until 1883, when he removed to Bellefonte, 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 2.59 
 
 Pennsylvania. He died there, on September 18th, 1886. = Mrs. 
 Einstein survives her husband. 
 
 Jacob Ezekiel. — Another Israelite, whose family record is of 
 exceptional interest, is the venerable Jacob Ezekiel, who, though a 
 native of this city, has, for the last quarter of a century, been a 
 resident of Cincinnati, Ohio. That gentleman possesses a fund of 
 reminiscences, and he is, perhaps, one of the best posted men on the 
 early history and subsequent development of, at least, a portion of 
 the Jewish community of Philadelphia. 
 
 Mr. Ezekiel was born in Philadelphia, June 28th, 1812. - His 
 parents, Ezekiel Jacob Ezekiel and Hannah Rebecca {nee Israel) 
 Ezekiel, emigrated from Amsterdam, Holland, during the first 
 decade of the present century (1810-1811). They came here, 
 together with his mother's father, Eleazar Joseph Israel (or, as he 
 was known, by his Hebrew name. Rabbi Isaac Eleazar Bar Joseph 
 Ha- Cohen), and his children, Abraham Eliezer Israel, Michael E. 
 (Cohen) Israel, Isaac E. Israel, Rosetta Israel (who married Levi 
 M. Goldsmit, a prominent member of the Congregation Mickveh 
 Israel), and Martha Israel (then an infant). Rabbi Israel, the 
 grandfather, was a Hebrew scribe, and wrote a Sepher Tordh (Scroll 
 of the Holy Law), which was deposited in the Synagogue of the 
 Congregation Mickveh Israel — then situated on the north side of 
 Cherry Street above Third Street. Of Mr. Ezekiel's uncles, Michael 
 was a BcCal Toheang (or he who sounds the Shophdr — Ram's Horn), 
 and Abraham was for nearly twenty-eight years the respected 
 ShamcLsh (Sexton) of the Congregation aforenamed. The latter mar- 
 ried Sarah Barnett, sister of Mrs. Hyman Polock, and their daughter, 
 Martha, was wedded to Michael Reinhard. Abraham E. Israel 
 died on February 18th, 1852, in the seventy- sixth year of his age. 
 
 Jacob Ezekiel's parents had four children — Martha, born in 
 Utrecht, Holland, July 24th, 1809, and who afterwards married 
 Jacob A. Levy, of Richmond, Virginia; the second, Jacob; the 
 third, Adeline, born in Philadelphia, May 10th, 1815, and who be- 
 came the wife of Isaac Hyneman; and the fourth, a child who died 
 in infancy. Their mother died on July 28th, 1818, and their father 
 on January 5th, 1831. The children were early left in care of 
 guardians ; Jacob being in charge of his uncle, Michael, w^ho boarded 
 him, first at Mrs. Goody (Goodhour) Philips's; then at her sister's. 
 
260 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Mrs. Esther Hart (wife of Michael Hart, and mother of Miss Louisa 
 B. Hart). 
 
 After awhile Jacob received lessons in Hebrew from Jacob Bensa- 
 don, then acting Reader of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, who 
 resided in the rear of the old Synagogue, and with whose family the 
 youth boarded for some time. About the year 1823 he was 
 apprenticed to Joseph Boston, a dyer and also a chemist, at, what 
 was then, 109, Race Street — on the north side above Third Street. 
 In 1825 he became an apprentice to Robert Desilver, in the book- 
 binding business, at 110 Walnut Street — then below^ Fifth Street. 
 In 1832, his term of service having expired, he soon after (in 1833) 
 repaired to Baltimore, Maryland, and in April, 1834, removed to 
 Richmond, Virginia, where he resided from 1834 to 1869. He en- 
 gaged in mercantile pursuits, and was elected Secretary, and after- 
 wards Treasurer of the Congregation "Beth Shalom" (House of 
 Peace)— -positions held by him nearly thirty years. In 1836 Mr. 
 Ezekiel entered into the dry goods business, together with his 
 brother-in-law, Isaac Hyneman, under the firm name of Ezekiel & 
 Hyneman. During the Civil War, he was detailed by the Con- 
 federate government for military duty around the city of Richmond. 
 
 Mr. Ezekiel has performed some effective work in the interests of 
 his coreligionists. When the new code of Virginia was formed, in 
 convention, in 1849, he succeeded in having the laws, relating to 
 the observance of a day of rest so regulated, that those who observed 
 the Seventh-Day Sabbath should not incur penalties for working on 
 the first day of the week. When we consider the attitude of some 
 other States of the Union, even in our own days, and the illiberal 
 enforcement of "blue laws," under free government, in this closing 
 decade of our enlightened nineteenth century, we cannot but rejoice 
 at the fact that one of our own people was enabled to exercise so 
 goodly an influence, already forty-five years ago. But Mr. Ezekiel 
 also rendered services in other ways; notably, in 1851, by his 
 effective protest against the ratification of the Treaty with Switzer- 
 land — a Republic in name, but not in fact — which boasted of a pro- 
 gressive form of government, but persecuted the Jews who resided, 
 or who came, within certain of its Cantons. (93) This question was 
 
 (93) In connection with this proposed Treaty with the Swiss Confederation 
 the following letter, written at the time, will unquestionably prove interesting. 
 We are indebted for a copy of the same to Honorable Simon Wolf, of 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 261 
 
 again agitated by Mr. Ezekiel iu 1854, in so far as it affected the in- 
 terests of Jewish citizens of the United States, travelling or residing 
 in Switzerland. 
 
 On the same ground, Mr. Ezekiel opposed the acceptance by our 
 Government of a ''Block of Granite," contributed by the Swiss 
 Federation, in common with other nations, and with States of our 
 Union, in 1852, to be placed in the Washington monument. He 
 had previously (in 1841) written a letter to President John Tyler, 
 who had issued a Proclamation for a National Day of Prayer — in 
 memory of President William H. Harrison — marked by sectarianism, 
 and to the inappropriateness of which Mr. Ezekiel directed the 
 attention of the Chief Executive, from whom he received a courteous 
 reply. He was successful in having a law enacted in Virginia in 
 1849, by which Congregations were granted privileges accorded to 
 incorporated institutions. 
 
 Mr. Ezekiel was a charter member of Rimmon Lodge, Number 
 69, of the Independent Order Bene Berith, at Richmond, Virginia. 
 In 1869 he and his family took up their residence in Cincinnati, 
 where they have since dwelt. Becoming a member of the Bene 
 Israel (Children of Israel) Congregation, he represented that body 
 at a meeting, in 1873, when the Union of American Hebrew Con- 
 gregations was instituted. He was elected a member of the Board 
 of Governors of the Hebrew Union College, at Cincinnati, and, 
 since 1876, he has served continuously as 'Secretary of that Board. 
 
 Washington, D. C: — 
 
 Washington, Feb. 11th, 1851. 
 Dear Sir:— 
 
 I received your favor on the subj ect of the Treaty recently concluded 
 between the United States and the Swiss Confederation. I disapprove 
 entirely the restriction limiting certain provisions of the Treaty, under 
 the operation of which a highly respectable portion of our fellow-citizens 
 would be excluded from their benefits. This is not the country nor the 
 age in which ancient and unjust prejudices should receive any counte- 
 nance. 
 
 When the Senate acts on the Treaty, the matter will be fully con- 
 sidered and I hope, justly disposed of. 
 
 In the meantime, I am respectfully 
 
 Your obedient servant 
 
 Henky Clay. 
 
 Dr. S. Waterman. 
 
262 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Mr. Ezekiel married Catherine De Castro Myers, June 10th, 1835, 
 at Richmond. Their offspring consists of five sons and nine 
 daughters, and numerous grandchildren and great-grandchildren. 
 Mrs. Ezekiel died at Old Point Comfort, Virginia, on July 11th, 
 1891, in the seventy- fourth year of her age, and after a marriage 
 of over fifty -six years. 
 
 One of Mr. Ezekiel' s sons is Moses Jacob Ezekiel, the renowned 
 sculptor, who modelled the Statue of Religious Liberty, in Fairmount 
 Park, Philadelphia. He is also a Chevalier of the Crown of Italy, 
 and is honored in many climes because of the productions of his 
 chisel. 
 
 Jacob Ezekiel, at the ripe age of eighty-two years, still possesses 
 the enthusiasm of youth, and is the honored citizen, and the esteemed 
 Israelite. His sister, Mrs. Isaac Hyneman, has, for many years 
 been a resident of Philadelphia, and her generous acts have elicited 
 warm praise from without, as well as from within, the circles of her 
 people. 
 
 Bernard Henry Feustmann was born at Sulzbach, Bavaria, 
 Germany, November 2d, 1824. At the age of twenty- four years he 
 arrived in this country, settling in Philadelphia, and establishing him- 
 self in the notion business. In 1859 he entered into partnership with 
 Jacob Kauffman, the firm name being Feustmann & Kauffman, whose 
 transactions in notions became extensive. It was Mr. Feustmann 's 
 public activity, however, that calls for praiseworthy mention. He 
 was a founder and Director of the Teutonia Fire Insurance Com- 
 pany; Vice-President of the Mount Sinai Cemetery Association; 
 Treasurer of the Familien Waisen Erziehungs- Verein (now Orphans' 
 Guardians), and of the Philadelphia Branch of the Alliance Israelite 
 Universelle; a Vice-President of the Society of the United Hebrew 
 Charities; and President of the Congregation Keneseth Israel. In 
 all these associations and in others with which he was afiiliated, Mr. 
 Feustmann labored earnestly and arduously, and his social qualities 
 combined to obtain for him deserved popularity. In 1853 he mar- 
 ried Miss Charlotte Thauhauser, and after her death, in 1860, he 
 wedded Miss Rosalie Mayer, sister of Dr. Maurice Mayer, a cele- 
 brated preacher and scholar. Mr. Feustmann died, much lamented, 
 on December 9th, 1881. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 263 
 
 Alexander Fleisher was born at Philadelphia in 1841. 
 When quite young he started in business in Louisville, Kentucky. 
 Subsequently, during the "oil fever," he removed to Western Penn- 
 sylvania, and was one of the founders of Oil City. He returned to 
 his birth-place in 1869, and on the establisnment of the firm of 
 Fleisher Brothers, w^holesale clothing merchants, he became a mem- 
 ber, continuing therein until his death on May 30th, 1888. Mr. 
 Fleisher w^as a gentlemen of intelligence, business capacities, and a 
 public-spirited citizen. A prominent Mason, he served for many 
 years as a delegate to the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania. He was 
 also a member of the Merchants' Fund, Manufacturers' Club, and 
 a number of Jewish institutions, to which he contributed liberally. 
 He enjoyed the respect and friendship of many Israelites. 
 
 Simon B. Fleisher, a son of Benjamin Wolf and Hannah {nee 
 Technor) Fleisher, is a native of Pennsylvania. He was born at 
 Meadville, in Crawford County, September 18th, 1840. He first 
 attended a village school, and was then sent to an Academy in New 
 York City, of which the late Rev. Dr. Max Lilienthal was principal. 
 At the age of fifteen years he was employed at a fancy dry goods 
 house in New York, at the same time devoting his leisure to read- 
 ing and to fitting himself for a commercial career. After awhile 
 he returned home, and received employment from Messrs. Kohn & 
 Adler, general dry goods dealers, with whom he remained until 
 1862, and then succeeded this firm, conducting the same business on 
 his own account, and combining therewith the purchase and sale of 
 oil property. In 1865 Mr. Fleisher sold out his interests in Mead- 
 ville and removed to New York City, where he engaged in the 
 manufacture of cigars, and later on in the tobacco business. The 
 following year he relinquished that branch of trade, and bought a 
 plant for the manufacture of braids, removing to Philadelphia, 
 where the business has since been continued, and to which was 
 added the making of worsted and woollen yarns, under the firm 
 name of S. B. & M. Fleisher, and since as S. B. & B. W. Fleisher. 
 The business has grown to enormous proportions, and the name of 
 Fleisher is known wherever braids and yarns are quoted. 
 
 Mr. Fleisher's reputation, second to that of no merchant in the 
 community, is not solely based upon his success as a merchant, his 
 experience as a business man, and his honorable course in the walks 
 
264 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 of trade. For a lengthy period that gentleman has earnestly par- 
 ticipated in public affairs and in the doings of his coreligionists. 
 He was among the organizers and charter members of the Inde- 
 pendence National Bank, of which he is a Director, and is also a 
 Director of the Advisory Board of the Investment Company of 
 Philadelphia; the Philadelphia Bourse; the Committee of Fifty; 
 the Finance Company of Pennsylvania; and the "Model Dwelling" 
 Association, of which he is Treasurer. He is an active member and 
 Trustee of the (Congregation Keneseth Israel; a Director of the 
 Jewish Hospital Association ; and is identified with other organiza- 
 tions, secular and Jewish. He served as Vice-President, and sub- 
 sequently as a Director, of the Young Men's Hebrew Association, 
 and as Treasurer of the Hebrew Education Society. 
 
 In 1866 Mr. Fleisher was united in marriage to Miss Cecilia Hof- 
 heimer, of New York City. Mr. and Mrs. Fleisher, who have several 
 children, are patrons of music and the fine arts, and Mrs. Fleisher 
 is a pianist whose artistic playing has won the praise of the critical. 
 Their home is visited by persons of culture and by lovers of music, 
 and on more than a few occasions a group of talented members of 
 this and other families assemble there, and discourse works of masters 
 of the art that appeals to the innermost senses, that entertains while 
 it instructs, that edifies while it incites to study and thought. 
 
 MoYER Fleisher, President of the Hebrew^ Education Society, 
 was born at Meadville, Crawford County, Pennsylvania, February 
 19th, 1842. He is a son of Benjamin Wolf and Hannah {nee 
 Technor) Fleisher. He attended school until his fifteenth year. 
 He was then apprenticed to a watchmaker, under Avhom he gained 
 a thorough knowledge of the trade, continuing with him until Feb- 
 ruary, 1861, when he became a machinist, at the same time following 
 the watchmaking business. 
 
 In June, 1863, Mr. Fleisher enlisted in the cause of the Union, 
 and remained in military service until the close of the Civil War, 
 when he was discharged. On his return to Philadelphia, he engaged 
 again in the watchmaking business with G. W. Russell. During 
 that period, Mr. Fleisher invented, manufactured, and introduced 
 the first clamp skates, which superseded the method of strapping 
 skates, then in vogue. In 1868, he entered into partnership with his 
 older brother, Simon B. Fleisher, in the manufacture of w^orsted 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 265 
 
 goods, the firm name being S. B. & M. Fleisher. For sixteen years 
 this partnership continued; Mr. Fleisher retiring in 1884 on account 
 of ill health. Since that year he has not been engaged in active 
 business, but his ability as a machinist has proven useful in numerous 
 ways. 
 
 Some years since, Mr. Fleisher, who had shown interest in edu- ' 
 cational affairs, was elected a Director of the Hebrew Education 
 Society. In its cause he has displayed earnestness, and has given 
 both of his time and his means to aid on the work. In 1892, on 
 the retirement of Moses A. Dropsie, Esq., he was chosen to succeed 
 him as President of the aforenamed Society. In the discharge of 
 his duties, Mr. Fleisher has united intelligence, culture, and a liberal 
 spirit, and his services have proven advantageous to the Society in 
 its varied spheres of usefulness. 
 
 On November 10th, 1875, Mr. Fleisher married Alice H. Teller, 
 a daughter of David and Rebecca Teller, of Philadelphia. Three 
 sons have been born unto them. 
 
 Simon Fleisher, a son of Meyer and Caroline Fleisher, was 
 born in Philadelphia, April 2d, 1839. He received his education 
 at public schools and at the Boys' Central High School, from which 
 he graduated. Soon after he removed to Meadville, Pennsylvania, 
 and subsequently to Wilmington, North Carolina. While residing 
 in the latter city the Civil War broke out, and, against his will, he 
 was obliged to aid the Southern Confederacy. Eager to avoid con- 
 tinuing this, he ran the blockade, but was arrested while crossing 
 the Potomac, and was for some time detained as a prisoner in the old 
 capitol at Washington. He then repaired to Oil City, Pennsylva- 
 nia, where he remained until 1866, and then returned to Philadel- 
 phia, becoming a member of the wholesale clothing firm of Hanauer, 
 Kohn & Company. On the organization of the house of Fleisher 
 Brothers, in 1876, Mr. Fleisher entered it as senior member — his 
 associates being his brothers, Alexander (now deceased) and Penrose 
 Fleisher ; and since then Louis, Henry, and Benjamin Fleisher. 
 This firm enjoys a wide reputation, and ranks among the leading 
 wholesale clothiers. 
 
 Mr. Fleisher' s polite address, generous disposition, and other 
 estimable traits of character have secured him the warm attachment 
 of many friends. He is a liberal supporter of charitable and 
 
266 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 educational socfeties, and a member of the Masonic and Jewish 
 Secret Orders. 
 
 Mr. Fleisher married Miss Rosa Wolf, sister of Honorable Simon 
 Wolf, of Washington, D. C, and their household consists of seven 
 children. 
 
 Henry S. Frank, a native of Middleburg, Pennsylvania, was 
 born on October 10th, 1839. He received careful instruction, and 
 then engaged in mercantile pursuits at Lewistown, Mifflin County, 
 Pennsylvania. In 1856 he accompanied his parents to Philadel- 
 phia, and in 1860, on the establishment of the firm of Frank 
 Brothers & Company, wholesale clothiers, became a partner in a 
 business which soon grew to large proportions, and occupied a lead- 
 ing position in the trade. Though giving much of his time and 
 attention to this business, Mr. Frank likewise entered into other 
 enterprises, among them Coal Mining, Passenger Railways and 
 Railroads, Land Companies, Coal and Coke, and Lumber Com- 
 panies, being in all of these a holder of many shares of stock. 
 His sense of discretion and keen foresight led to his selection as an 
 officer of some of these, and as a director of banking institutions. 
 
 Mr. Frank early became interested in politics and evinced much 
 activity therein. He was a popular Democrat, but, while contribu- 
 ting largely to and otherwise aiding that party, he could never 
 be induced to accept a public office, though urged to do so. In 1886 it 
 required but his consent for an appointment as Assistant Treasurer 
 of the United States at Philadelphia. However, his determination 
 not to accept of any political preferment could not be overcome, 
 notwithstanding complimentary notices of the press and inducements 
 of leaders of the Democratic party. Mr. Frank's probity and public 
 spirit had been warmly commended, and he had been told that, in 
 accepting this office he would "confer a benefit on the City and 
 State." Still he remained firm, and subsequently, when mentioned 
 in connection with the Democratic nomination for State Treasurer of 
 Pennsylvania, he again declined to permit his name to be brought 
 forward at the State Convention of that party, though he served as 
 a delegate to conventions held at diflferent times. He was also 
 identified with Democratic Clubs and other organizations. 
 
 In Jewish aflfairs Mr. Frank evinced a warm interest. He was a 
 member of the Rodeph Shalom Congregation, a Director of the 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 267 
 
 Jewish Hospital Association, and gave liberally to these and other 
 institutions. He married Miss Rose Schloss, of Philadelphia, a lady 
 who has become known by her activity and generosity ; who is a 
 member of the Associate Board of the Jewish Hospital Association, 
 President of the Personal Interest Society, etc., etc. 
 
 Mr. Frank died in Philadelphia on August 7th, 1889. His value 
 in the community was well expressed by Honorable Robert E. Pat- 
 tison, Governor of Pennsylvania, when he wrote to the widow in 
 1890: "The counsel and advice of your husband, whom I so much 
 esteemed, were very much missed in the late campaign." 
 
 Abraham Meyer Frechie was born in Amsterdam, Holland, 
 in 1831. At a youthful age he learned the trade of cigar-making, 
 and after travelling through parts of Europe, sailed for America, 
 arriving in Philadelphia in 1857. Here he established himself as a 
 manufacturer of and dealer in cigars, and his knowledge of that 
 business led him to become an advocate of domestic tobacco. Mr. 
 Frechie has visited Europe several times, and though prolonging his 
 visits to the Continent, has invariably returned to this city, which he 
 early selected for his residence. He is now a member of the firm of 
 Emilio Nunez & Company, importers of Cuban tobacco. Mr. 
 Frechie was identified with the old Hebrew Relief Society, and he 
 is at present a Director of the Association of Jewish Immigrants, 
 and Treasurer of the Philadelphia Branch of the Alliance Israelite 
 Universelle. For a number of years he was the efficient President 
 of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, contributing of his time and 
 means to its advancement. His charities are large and his sym- 
 pathies are broad. Mr. Frechie's wife (nee Laura Pereyra) is re- 
 lated to a famous French family of bankers. 
 
 Solomon Gans is the name borne by a venerable and highly 
 respected member of the Jewish community of Philadelphia. Mr. 
 Gans was born at Natzinger, near Wartburg, in Westphalia, Ger- 
 many, August 10th, 1804. He is the oldest member of a household, 
 composed of five sons and one daughter, of whom one other brother, 
 Joseph, and his only sister, Mrs. Caroline Neustadt, who resides in 
 Germany, survive. He learned a trade and came to the United 
 States in 1834. His first employment was in the down- town tailor 
 
268 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 shop of Mr. Van Collem, where he worked at a salary of one dollar 
 per week. 
 
 What conditions were in those days it is not easy to understand, 
 but young Gans's rise must have been rapid, for soon he A'as enabled 
 to set up a business for himself in a little street running off South 
 Street, between Second and Third Streets. Here trade improved, 
 and to such an extent, that in 1839 he entered into a partnership 
 with Mr. Leon Berg, in the wholesale and retail clothing business. 
 In 1846 the firm of Gans, Leberman & Company was organized at 
 the north-west corner of Third and Market Streets, when Mr. Gans 
 became senior member, his associates being Lazarus J. Leberman, 
 Meyer Gans, and Daniel Gans. In 1854 this house was located at 
 22 North Third Street. 
 
 Mr. Gans remained active until 1873, when he retired from 
 business. His pleasure was now found in doing good works. Long 
 before he amassed wealth, he had understood the needs of charity 
 societies, and had given of his means with a free and open hand. 
 He had also served as a Director of worthy organizations. In 1875 
 he was elected President of the Society of the United Hebrew 
 Charities, and for seventeen consecutive years he administered that 
 office with a devotion to duty rare, and even surprising, in a man of 
 his years. Day after day, he spent hours of his time at the ofiSce of 
 that institution, listening to the appeals, and satisfying the wants of 
 the poor. On his retirement from that position in 1892, he was 
 elected Honorary President of the Society for life. 
 
 Mr. Gans's endeavors have been exerted in other institutions. 
 He has long been (since 1868) a Director of the Jewish Hospital 
 Association; and of Mount Sinai Cemetery Association. He was 
 among the incorporators and early managers of the Hebrew Educa- 
 tion Society; he is a life member of the Meirchants' Fund; and a 
 Director of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, to which he has been 
 attached for many years, having served as its Treasurer, but he de- 
 clined its Presidency. 
 
 Mr. Gans married Miss Bettie Leberman. She died on December 
 28th, 1887. He has three sons and two daughters. 
 
 Solomon Gans, over ninety years of age, is still a remarkably 
 active man, and it is the hope and prayer of many that this vener- 
 able patriarch may be spared to celebrate his centennial birthday. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 269 
 
 Abraham Goldsmith was born in Oberlistingen, near Cassel, 
 Germany, March 13th, 1832. At the age of eighteen years he came 
 to this country, and resided for a time at Waynesburg, Pennsylvania, 
 and subsequently at West Chester, in the same State. He had early 
 engaged in the clothing business, and after settling in Philadelphia 
 became a member of the wholesale firm of Goldsmith Brothers — 
 being associated with his brothers, Jacob and Levi Goldsmith. 
 Latterly he established the firm of A. Goldsmith & Sons— his two 
 sons, Milton and Edwin, becoming partners. 
 
 Mr. Goldsmith has been for quite a number of years active in 
 Jewish institutions; having served as President of the Orphans' 
 Guardians, Trustee of Keneseth Israel Congregation, Director and 
 Vice-President of the Jewish Hospital Association, and Secretary 
 of the United Hebrew Charities. In all positions he rendered con- 
 spicuous service, and only in recent years he was compelled to 
 withdraw therefrom, owing to poor health. 
 
 The intelligence and discretion evinced by Mr. Goldsmith, in the 
 discharge of official functions, have also been recognized by secular 
 charities and other institutions in which he has filled responsible 
 offices. 
 
 Hyman Gratz. —The history of the Gratz family is largely inter- 
 woven with that of the Congregation Mickveh Israel. From its 
 incipiency to a comparatively recent date, members of that house- 
 hold occupied leading positions in its midst, and helped to shape the 
 course of events within that religious body. We have had occasion 
 to refer to Barnard Gratz, first President of the Congregation, and 
 to his brother, Michael Gratz; also to several children of the latter, 
 among them Hyman Gratz. 
 
 Both Barnard Gratz and Michael Gratz were natives of Langen- 
 dorf, in Upper Silesia, Germany. The former was born in April, 
 1738. He crossed the Atlantic in 1754, when sixteen years of age, 
 and came to Philadelphia. His naturalization papers (doubtless as 
 a British subject) bear the date of October 11th, 1763. He took 
 the oath of allegiance to Pennsylvania, and to the United States as 
 a free nation, on November 6th, 1777. In 1760 he married Richea 
 Meyers (or Mears), whose father, Samson Meyers (or Mears), came 
 to America in 1730, afler the death of his wife, accompanied by his 
 five children; viz., Richea, Rebecca, Elkalah (who married Myer 
 
270 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Myers), Samson and Rachel, both of whom died unmarried; and a 
 niece, Rosa Bunn. 
 
 Barnard Gratz and his wife, Richea Meyers, had two children : 
 Rachel, who married Solomon Etting, of Baltimore; and Fanny, 
 who died young, unmarried. Barnard Gratz had, for some time, 
 been employed in the counting-house of David Franks, at Phila- 
 delphia, but afterwards engaged in business for himself. He died 
 in Baltimore, on April 20th, 1801. 
 
 Michael Gratz, brother of Barnard Gratz, was born in 1740. 
 After visiting London, England, he came to America in 1759, and 
 at different times resided in Philadelphia, and in Lancaster, Penn- 
 sylvania. Both he and his brother traded with the Indians, and 
 received grants of lands. Michael succeeded to the position in Mr. 
 Franks's counting-house, left vacant by his brother, Barnard, whose 
 partner he subsequently became, and remained as such until February 
 6th, 1787. He had already, on June 20th, 1769, wedded Miriam 
 Simon, daughter of Joseph Simon, of Lancaster, whose wife, Rosa 
 Bunn, had come here with her uncle, Samson Meyers (or Mears) as 
 previously mentioned. Mr. Simon figured conspicuously in the 
 history of Lancaster, and acquired large possessions. He died on 
 January 24th, 1804, aged ninety-two years; his wife, Rosa, having 
 preceded him to the world of spirits, on May 3d, 1796, in her sixty- 
 ninth year. 
 
 Michael Gratz and Miriam Simon were the parents of twelve 
 children, viz., Solomon, who died young; Frances (or Fanny), who 
 married Reuben Etting; Simon, unmarried; Richea, who became 
 the wife of Samuel Hays, and mother of Dr. Isaac Hays; Hyman, 
 Sarah, and Rebecca, all unmarried; Rachel, who wedded Solomon 
 Moses, was the mother of Sarah Gratz Moses (wife of Jacob Henry 
 Joseph, a prominent citizen of Montreal, Canada, and who now re- 
 sides there), and of Horace Moses, who died recently; Joseph, un- 
 married; Jonathan, who died young; Jacob, unmarried; and Ben- 
 jamin, who married twice, and removed to Lexington, Kentucky, 
 where he died on March 17th, 1884, in his ninety-second year. Mrs. 
 Michael Gratz died on September 12th, 1808, and her husband on 
 September 8th, 1811. 
 
 It is not our purpose here to sketch the careers of even a few 
 members of the Gratz family who rose to unusual distinction. Some 
 have hitherto been mentioned in the narrative portions of this work, 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 271 
 
 and Rebecca, the most emiaent name in the whole circle, has — as 
 will have been noticed— received recognition at our hands. Having 
 led the reader, however, into a genealogical labyrinth, we have 
 now emerged therefrom, and have at last arrived at the point of our 
 present effort. • 
 
 It becomes our duty to do more than simply mention Hyman 
 Gratz, whose influence was felt far beyond the confines of the Con- 
 gregation Mickveh Israel, and whose name has again loomed into 
 prominence, for reasons we shall presently see. He was born in 
 Philadelphia, September 23d, 1776— the great year of Independence. 
 After receiving an educational training, he entered into business, 
 and in 1798, became junior member of the firm of Simon & Hyman 
 Gratz, wholesale grocers, whose place of business was located at 
 the south-west corner of Seventh and Market Streets — the building 
 in which Thomas Jefferson wrote the first draft of the Declaration 
 of Independence. Their business in various lines was extensive, 
 and they fitted out vessels, in the interests of their export and import 
 trade, which carried to, and brought goods from, India, China, and 
 other parts of the East. When this firm dissolved, Mr. Gratz 
 interested himself in insurance matters, and on January 20th, 1818, 
 he was elected a Director of the Pennsylvania Company for Insur- 
 ance on Lives and Granting Annuities — a corporation organized in 
 1809, and chartered in 1812. He was chosen President of this in- 
 stitution on January 17th, 1837, and, as such, rendered conspicuous 
 service, and discharged his high office with signal ability for an un- 
 interrupted series of twenty years, until the time of his death. 
 During Mr. Gratz' s presidency, the Pennsylvania Company held 
 a mortgage on League Island, which mortgage being foreclosed by 
 the Company, it acquired ownership of that Island by buying in the 
 property at public sale. Mr. Gratz appointed Edward Miller, an 
 engineer, to design a wall surrounding the Island, and his own 
 nephew, Horace Moses, as Mr. Miller's assistant. Some time after, 
 this property, the value of which had increased, was sold to the City 
 of Philadelphia, at a figure greatly in excess of that paid for it. 
 League Island was subsequently presented by this City to the United 
 States Government, and there a Navy Yard is now situated. The 
 Pennsylvania Company obtained a leading position, and its reputa- 
 tion increased, as did its prosperity, under Mr. Gratz' s efficient 
 
272 TRE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 management. It now enjoys a reputation equalled by few com- 
 panies of its class in the land. 
 
 Mr. Gratz was a man of commanding features, tall and handsome, 
 possessing elegant manners, and was highly honorable in all his deal- 
 ings. - He early displayed a love of the Fine Arts, became a liberal 
 patron thereof, and served for many years as a Director (1836-1857), 
 and also as Treasurer (1841-3 857) of the Pennsylvania Academy 
 of the Fine Arts. He did much to advance the interests of that 
 institution, as of others with which he was connected. His portrait 
 in oil, by G. P. A. Healy, in possession of the Pennsylvania Insur- 
 ance Company, adorns the directors' room. It was exhibited at the 
 Academy a few years since, and is considered an excellent likeness 
 of a man whose dignified bearing and noted characteristics attracted 
 many friends, and won him an enviable place in" the regard of his 
 fellow- citizens of all creeds. 
 
 Like all his brothers and sisters, Hyman Gratz had been reared 
 amid surroundings strictly religious and intensely Jewish. This in- 
 fluence was markedly seen in his attachment to the Congregation 
 Mickveh Israel, in whose affairs he became deeply interested. He 
 and his brothers, Simon, Jacob, and Joseph, were elected to its 
 Directorate ; the last named being Secretary of the Congregation for 
 a lengthy period. On September 19th, 1824, Hyman Gratz suc- 
 ceeded Hyman Marks as Treasurer of this Congregation, and was 
 successively re-elected to that office for thirty- two consecutive years, 
 performing responsible duties in a manner that called forth unstinted 
 praise. He acted as Chairman at a number of meetings, in the ab- 
 sence of the presiding officer. He shared honors with Zalegman 
 Phillips, Lewis Allen, and Abraham Hart, successive Parnassim 
 (Presidents) of this Congregation, during Divine Services on the 
 holiest of days — the great Day of Atonement — when he stood next 
 to the Chazdn (Reader) at the intoning of the Nengilah (Conclusion 
 Service). Upon his retirement from office, September 28th, 1856, 
 resolutions bearing testimony to his Avorth, his ability, and his 
 fidelity were unanimously adopted. 
 
 Mr. Gratz was 6qually distinguished in social affairs, and even at 
 an advanced age his presence lent eclat to festive gatherings in high 
 circles. He was among those who served as managers of the first 
 Jewish Publication Society in America, originated in Philadelphia 
 in 1845. He died on January 27th, 1857, in his eighty- first year. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 273 
 
 His obsequies, on the 30th of the same month, were held at his late 
 residence, Number 2, Boston Row (a name given to a part of Chest- 
 nut Street), the site of the present Chestnut Street Theatre — on the 
 north side above Twelfth Street. He was buried in that part of the 
 Cemetery, on Spruce Street below Ninth Street, known as the 
 ''Gratz Reservation," where his parents and others of his household 
 and relatives are also interred. 
 
 What is destined to perpetuate the name of Hyman Gratz is a legacy 
 which now becomes operative for a public object. On December 
 18th, 1856, Mr. Gratz executed a deed of trust, in which he set 
 aside certain properties and shares held by him in different companies, 
 the annual income of which was to be paid to his heirs, the last 
 one mentioned being Horace Moses, his nephew, for whose benefit, and 
 that of his issue, the said income was to be paid annually. Horace 
 Moses died on October 15th, 1893, leaving no issue; hence, in ac- 
 cordance with a further provision made in that same deed of trust, 
 the entire estate — principal and all accruing interests to date — comes 
 into the possession of the Congregation Mickveh Israel for the estab- 
 lishment and maintenance, under its direction, of " a College for the 
 Education of Jews residing in the City and County of Philadelphia." 
 The original amount has, in the course of years, multiplied exceed- 
 ingly, so that, after the usual legal preliminaries have been disposed 
 of, a sum amounting, it is thought, to between one hundred and 
 thirty and one hundred and fifty thousand dollars (or about $6000 
 annually) will become available for the specific purpose just stated. 
 The value of such an institution as that provided for, and the good 
 results it may produce, cannot be overestimated. What its exact 
 object will be has not yet been definitely determined. Be that as it 
 may, however, the Hebrew College, to be established in this city 
 through the munificent grant of Hyman Gratz, will immortalize the 
 generous giver, and may become the means of strengthening and 
 giving permanence to historical, traditional Judaism in Philadel- 
 phia. 
 
 William Bower Hackenburg, a representative American 
 Jew, who has for years been closely associated with the leading 
 movements among his people, is a son of Judah Lazarus and Maria 
 {nee Allen) Hackenburg. He was born in Philadelphia, June 2d, 
 1837. His father, a native of Coblenz, Prussia, was justly 
 
 18 
 
274 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 esteemed for his qualities of mind and heart. His mother, who 
 was of English birth, was distinguished by her acts of charity. Of 
 his brothers, Isaac E. Hackenburg was known in Jewish Societies 
 and in the Masonic Order. His only sister, Rebecca, is the wife of 
 David Teller. 
 
 Mr. Hackenburg was a pupil at public schools in this city, and 
 received religious and Hebrew instruction from A. I. H. Bernal, and 
 Miss Sim' ha Cohen Peixotto. In 1850 he was sent to New York 
 City, and attended there a boarding-school in charge of Rev. Dr. 
 Max Lilienthal, afterwards Rabbi in Cincinnati, Ohio. Two years 
 later he was employed in the general merchandise store of S. & D. 
 Teller, at Wilmington, North Carolina, remaining there several 
 years. On his return to Philadelphia he was given an interest in 
 his father's business, which was that of a jobber in shawls and 
 dress goods. After the death of his father, in 1861, the business 
 was closed out. 
 
 In 1863 Mr. Hackenburg, together with Jacob Aub and Anthony 
 Bohem, established the firm of Aub, Hackenburg & Company, 
 manufacturers of, and dealers in, machine and sewing silks. The 
 business of this house increased so rapidly, and the demand for its 
 goods was so large, that a commodious building was required, and 
 branch offices were established in several of the larger cities of the 
 United States. After the death of Mr. Aub, in 1887, the firm 
 name was changed to W. B. Hackenburg & Company. Mr. 
 Bohem, the other partner, died in 1889. 
 
 Mr. Hackenburg early turned his attention to communal affairs, 
 to which he has since given every spare moment and, in fact, much 
 of his business time. He was long a member of the Congregation 
 Beth El Emeth during the ministry of Rev. Isaac Leeser and that of 
 Rev. George Jacobs. He is now identified with the Congregation 
 Rodeph Shalom. He was a member, or officer, of a number of the 
 smaller charity societies, in existence prior to the institution of the 
 Society of the United Hebrew Charities, of which latter Society he 
 was an incorporator. He has also been active in the Jewish Foster 
 Home and Orphan Asylum, in the Young Men's Hebrew Associa- 
 tion, and in the Hebrew Charity Ball Association. As a mark of 
 recognition for his services to the last named, he was elected an 
 honorary member, which honor only Mr. Abraham Hart had pre- 
 viously received. Mr. Hackenburg is a supporter of almost every 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 275 
 
 Jewish charity in Philadelphia. He was a Director of the Mutual 
 Benefit Company of Pennsylvania, and holds a similar office in the 
 Mount Sinai Cemetery Association. 
 
 When the Jewish Hospital Association was founded, in 1865, 
 through the efforts of Mr. Abraham Sulzberger and others, Mr. 
 Hackenburg evinced a deep concern therein, was elected to its first 
 Board of Directors, and in 1868 as its Treasurer, serving continu- 
 ously until 1878, when he succeeded Mr. Abraham S. Wolf as 
 President of the Association. The Hospital had already been 
 moved to its present locality, and its work had grown largely. 
 Since Mr. Hackenburg's incumbency of the presidential office, the 
 Hospital has become still further known, its labors have increased, 
 and a Dispensary, and a Home for Aged and Infirm Israelites have 
 been erected on its extensive grounds, on Olney Road near York 
 Pike. 
 
 In national movements: — Mr. Hackenburg was a member, and 
 at one time a Vice-President, of the Board of Delegates of American 
 Israelites. When that organization was merged with the Union of 
 American Hebrew Congregations, it became known as the Board of 
 Delegates on Civil and Religious Rights, and Mr. Hackenburg still 
 serves thereon. At the sixth Council of the Union aforenamed, 
 held in New York City in 1879, he was selected to preside over its 
 deliberations, and received a formal vote of thanks for the executive 
 ability there displayed. He also presided at the second triennial 
 convention of the Order Kesher Shel Barzel and at a joint conven- 
 tion of Districts Numbers 4 and 5, of the same Order, held at De- 
 troit, Michigan. 
 
 The services rendered by Mr. Hackenburg during the period of 
 the Russo- Jewish exodus of 1881-1882 were of a weighty charac- 
 ter. He was Secretary of the Town Meeting held at the Academy 
 of Music in March, 1882, to protest against Russia's persecution of 
 the Jews. On the organization, by Baron Maurice de Hirsch, of a 
 Trust in the United States, having the direction of plans for the 
 amelioration of the condition of the Russian Jews in this country, 
 Mr. Hackenburg was named by the Baron as one of the nine Trus- 
 tees having in charge the apportionment of the annual income of 
 a fund of $2,500,000. The work moves on successfully. 
 
 Another effort which contributed to spread Mr. Hackenburg's 
 reputation was his compilation of statistics concerning Jews in the 
 
276 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 United States in 1878; giving their reported number, their con- 
 gregations, membership of the same, and other statistical information. 
 This work was done at the instance of the Union of American He- 
 brew Congregations. 
 
 In Masonic circles Mr. Hackenburg has risen to a high rank. 
 He is Past Master of Shekinah Lodge, Number 246; a life member 
 of Keystone Royal Arch Chapter; and a member of the Grand 
 Lodge of Pennsylvania, having served therein as a Steward of 
 the Girard Charity Fund, and on important committees, among 
 them that on Appeals, of which he has long been a member. On 
 various occasions during Masonic ceremonies he has been an 
 acting officer of the Grand Lodge. To Ward Charities and other 
 secular institutions Mr. Hackenburg has also lent his assistance. 
 Political offices he has invariably declined. 
 
 On September 14th, 1864, Mr. Hackenburg was united in mar- 
 riage to Adeline Schoneman, a daughter of Joseph and Clara Schone- 
 man, of Philadelphia. His wife ably seconds him in many of his 
 worthy acts. 
 
 Mr. Hackenburg' s career has been, indeed, remarkable. He still 
 possesses youthful vigor and a ceaseless energy, both of which, his 
 brethren earnestly hope, may continue long after the next century 
 will have dawned. 
 
 Rebecca Cohen Isaacks Hart, the esteemed wife of Abraham 
 Hart, (94) was a woman widely noted for her endearing traits, her 
 generosity, her charity, and her practical sympathy for the poor and 
 the afflicted. With dignity she presided over her household; with 
 devotion she assisted her noble husband in the furtherance of good 
 aims; with social refinement she received distinguished guests at her 
 home; with kindliness and an open hand she responded to the 
 numerous appeals for her assistance. In her benefactions she knew 
 of neither race nor creed; yet she peculiarly associated her labors 
 with those of other workers in the special ckuse of her coreligionists. 
 
 Mrs. Hart was a daughter of Sampson Mears and Catherine {nee 
 Cohen) Isaacks — descendants of exiles from Spain in the period of 
 the Jnquisition. Her father was a son of Moses Isaacks who served 
 in the American Revolutionary War. She was born in the City of 
 
 (94) Asketcli of Abraham Hart's career is presented in our historical narra- 
 tive of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, Chapter VII. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 277 
 
 New York, August 5th, 1814, and received there her education. 
 The influences moulding her character were seen to advantage in 
 after years, when she wedded Abraham Hart (November 23d, 
 1831). Philadelphia- then became her residence, and the field of 
 her work in religion and charity. She was a constant attendant at 
 worship in the Synagogue Mickv^h Israel, where her husband pre- 
 sided, and he owed much of his enthusiasm in the cause of Judaism 
 and the Jews to the benign influence of his wife. 
 
 Mrs. Hart was for thirty consecutive years President of the 
 Female Hebrew Benevolent Society, and rendered inestimable 
 services to that Society and to the Jewish Foster Home, of which she 
 was long a manager. Other ijistitutions, such as the Hebrew 
 Ladies' Sewing Society, received her patronage and support, in addi- 
 tion to her private acts of charity, which were almost without 
 number. Wealth she rightly considered as a blessing intended by 
 The Almighty for the help of the unfortunate and the suflTering. 
 In later years she experienced trials, but bore them all with true 
 religious fortitude. 
 
 Mrs. Hart died on December 20th, 1880, bequeathing to her pos- 
 terity the memory of good deeds and womanly virtues. 
 
 Mason Hirsh, a merchant of high standing and wide reputation, 
 an Israelite, whose deeds of goodness were only equalled by his 
 kindness of heart, will long be remembered by his Philadelphia 
 coreligionists. Mr. Hirsh was born in the Province of Hesse- 
 Darmstadt, Germany, March 7th, 1830. He obtained rudimentary 
 instruction in his native city, and when eighteen years of age came 
 to the United States, and was first located at Reading, Pennsylva- 
 nia. He remained there but a short time, removing to Staunton, 
 Virginia, and there entering into business with his brother. He 
 settled in Philadelphia in 1853, following a mercantile pursuit. 
 Ten years later, he and his brother, Leopold Hirsh, started 
 together in the business of manufacturing umbrellas and parasols, 
 under the firm name of Hirsh & Brother, their house being located 
 at 414 Market Street, and subsequently enlarged. 
 
 The firm's dealings became extensive, and increased to such a 
 degree that the annual output assumed enormous figures, and in 1886 
 a removal was made to a much larger building occupying the 
 Numbers 1309-1317 Market Street, where, it is claimed, that the 
 
278 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 manufacturing of umbrellas is carried on to an extent larger than that 
 of any other house of the same character in the world. Mr. Hirsh 
 devoted a large share of his attention to this business, and other part- 
 ners were admitted — Henry Hirsh, his brother ; Otto J. Lang, his 
 son-in-law ; and his sons, Alfred Curtin, Harry, William, and E. 
 Hampton Hirsh ; his brother, Leopold, having retired from the firm. 
 Branches were established in New York City, Boston, Baltimore, 
 Chicago, and San Francisco. 
 
 But now for a reference to Mr. Hirsh's work among his brethren 
 and the poor. For years he was a prominent member of the Rodeph 
 •Shalom Congregation, and had served on its Board of Directors. 
 He was for a long time Treasurer of the Society of the United 
 Hebrew Charities, to which he often advanced amounts to cover 
 deficits ; also Treasurer of the Hebrew Charity Ball Association ; a 
 Director of the Manufacturers' National Bank ; a member of the 
 Manufacturers' Club ; the Mercantile Club ; and a charter member 
 of the Bourse. His interest in municipal affairs was shown by his 
 membership of the old Committee of One Hundred, whose aim was 
 reform in politics. In other public matters, such as the Centennial 
 Celebration of the Adoption of the Constitution of the United 
 States, Mr. Hirsh was assigned an important place. 
 
 Perhaps his most earnest work was done in connection with the 
 Jewish Foster Home and Orphan Asylum, of which he served suc- 
 cessively, as a Manager, Vice-President, and President — in the latter 
 office, succeeding Mr. Isidore Binswanger, and filling it to the time 
 of his death. 
 
 Of Mr. Hirsh's generosity, it may truly be said that in no good 
 cause was he appealed to in vain. In fact, he sought means by 
 which his charity might be distributed and become effective. His 
 courteous ways, pleasant address, and innate kindness reflected the 
 character of the man, and heightened the esteem in which he w^as 
 held by all classes. It was a source of keen sorrow to a vast number 
 to hear of an accident that befell Mr. Hirsh in New York City, on 
 March 10th, 1892, and the news of his death on the following day 
 was a veritable shock to the community, though he had been ailing 
 for quite awhile. 
 
 Sterling qualities, united with tender sympathies, contributed to 
 render Mason Hirsh an influence for good in every sphere of work 
 with which his name was identified. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 279 
 
 Alfred Curtin Hirsh, a son of Mr. Hirsh, though still a young 
 man, has rendered services to his people, as President of the Young 
 Men's Hebrew Association, and in several other offices where his 
 energies have been well directed. 
 
 Simon Jacoby, President of the Congregation Beth Israel, was 
 born in Filehne, Prussia, October 3d, 1828. In 1849 he sailed for 
 the United States, and, after a short residence in Pennsylvania, went 
 South, and for five years was located in the State of Georgia. Re- 
 turning to Philadelphia, he was appointed, in 1869, Lieutenant of 
 the Fairmount Park and Harbor Police, which station he occupied 
 during the administration of Mayor Daniel M. Fox. 
 
 Mr. Jacoby is identified with the Jewish Secret Orders Bene 
 Berith, Kesher Shel Barzel, and Independent Order Free Sons of 
 Israel, and a contributor to other organizations. An important office 
 he has held for several years is that of President of Beth Israel Con- 
 gregation, of which Rev. Dr. J. B. Grossmann is the able minister. 
 He has been for some time, and is at present, engaged in the coal 
 business. 
 
 David Klein, an Israelite who rose to deserved prominence in 
 this city, was born in Hassfurt, Bavaria, Germany, November 13th, 
 1831. His father, Maier Klein, had intended his son for a teacher; 
 hence David received careful training, and a tuition the results of 
 which were evidenced in his discharge of various functions in later 
 years. He crossed the Atlantic in 1851, and after reaching these 
 shores did not become a pedagogue, but started in business at Mana- 
 yunk, now a suburb of Philadelphia. In 1864 he was joined by 
 his brother, Louis, and the business — retail clothing — was centred 
 in this city, the store at Manayunk being continued as a branch. 
 Subsequently (in 1885) Mr. Klein's oldest son, Alfred M. Klein, 
 was admitted as a partner, and the house became well known by its 
 specialties in the manufacture of uniforms for officers in the employ 
 of different governmental departments. David Klein's commercial 
 enterprise brought substantial reward, and placed the business on a 
 sound financial basis. 
 
 It was not, however, in that direction that Mr. Klein could lay 
 more than the usual claim to the recognition of. his fellow-citizens, 
 and particularly of his brethren in faith. Possessing capacities far 
 
280 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 above the average, an industry which admitted of little rest, an 
 interest in Jewish affairs that spurred him on to practical work, he 
 at once entered upon a career of activity, the duration of which was 
 only limited by the time allotted to him on earth. Identifying him- 
 self with Keneseth Israel Congregation, he was soon chosen a mem- 
 ber of its Board of Trustees, and in 1883 its President, an office he 
 filled uninterruptedly until his death, on February 24th, 1891. 
 He represented that Congregation in the Union of American Hebrew 
 Congregations, and in the Board of Governors of the Hebrew Union 
 College, at Cincinnati, Ohio. He labored incessantly for its interests, 
 and many a project calculated to advance its material growth eman- 
 ated from him. He was instrumental in founding Keneseth Israel 
 Lodge of the Independent Order Bene Berith, and became Presi- 
 dent of that Order in District Number 3 at a time when its financial 
 condition gave cause for serious alarm. To his efforts, more than 
 to those of any other man, the rehabilitation of the Order in 
 this District was due, and under his administration it rose to the 
 position it has since occupied. 
 
 But Mr. Klein performed arduous labors in other organizations. 
 He was a Director, and afterwards Secretary of the Society of the 
 United Hebrew Charities; Vice-President of the Orphans' Guar- 
 dians; Vice-President of the Philadelphia Branch of the Alliance 
 Israelite Universelle; President of the Endowment Fund of the 
 Order Kesher Shel Barzel; a Past Master in the Masonic Order, 
 and a member of the Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, as such being 
 one of the Almoners of the Stephen Girard Fund. He presided at 
 the Council of the Union of American Hebrew Congregations held 
 at Detroit, Michigan, in 1890, and was a member of the Executive 
 Board of that institution. He also served for a term in the Common 
 Council of Philadelphia, being a Republican in politics, and warmly 
 attached to that Party. 
 
 Mr. Klein married Miss Sarah Goldman, a native of Germany. 
 His wife and four children survive him. 
 
 David Klein's career was indeed that of general usefulness, and 
 his death, while in the exercise of his numerous works, was lamented 
 by a wide circle of friends, and even by those who, while not shar- 
 ing his views, admired his plain utterance, his earnest manner, his 
 courage of opinion, and his unflagging energy. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 281 
 
 Arnold Koiin, whose long service in works of charity entitles 
 him to general recognition, was born in Bucun, Wiirtemberg, Ger- 
 many, August 4th, 1838. He was but twelve years old when he 
 landed in the United States, and had naught to guide him but his own 
 wits. In extremely humble circumstances, he sought this city and 
 obtained a scant livelihood by peddling matches and selling news- 
 papers. Not discouraged he worked hard, and three years after his 
 arrival succeeded in obtaining a position as a clerk in a clothing 
 store, remaining there three years. He next took to peddling in the 
 Southern States, and on the outbreak of the Civil War he became a 
 sutler in the army. In 1863 he established himself in the clothing 
 business at McGregor, Iowa. In 1867 he returned to Philadelphia, 
 and started the wholesale clothing firm of Kohn, Arnold & Roth- 
 schild, which house, however, dissolved in 1869. Mr. Kohn then 
 found employment as a salesman, continuing as such until 1874, 
 when he formed a partnership with his brother, Abraham M. Kohn, 
 and A. I. Rosenheim, in the wholesale clothing business. This firm 
 has been successful in building up a large trade, and now controls 
 an extensive establishment. 
 
 As a member of the Board of Directors of the United Hebrew 
 Charities, and as a Vice-President of that institution Mr. Kohn has 
 done yeoman's service. In touch with other representative men of 
 the Jewish community, a sympathetic friend of the unfortunate, an 
 arduous and indefatigable laborer, he has accomplished much in the 
 sphere of charity operations; he has improved the condition of the 
 poor, and has striven to his utmost to promote the interests and the 
 well being of his coreligionists. His efforts, which were specially 
 manifested during the period of the Russo- Jewish exodus of 1881- 
 1882, have not been limited to a single society, but he has, in many 
 organizations, demonstrated his earnestness and enthusiasm. He is 
 an efiacient member of the Board of Directors of the Jewish Hos- 
 pital Association ; President of the Orphans' Guardians ; Honorary 
 Treasurer of Talmud Tordhy a down-town school ; a member of the 
 Board of Governors of the Hebrew Union College, at Cincinnati, 
 Ohio; and a member of other Jewish institutions, besides being a 
 Trustee of Ken^seth Israel Congregation. In secular works, he assists 
 in relief associations, and is a manager of the Mechanics' National 
 Bank. He has recently been appointed Trustee of the new State 
 Chronic Insane Asylum, at Wernersville, Pennsylvania. Mr. Kohn 
 
282 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 is now an honorary member of the Board of the United Hebrew 
 Charities, and he still evinces a lively interest in its doings by his 
 attendance at the rooms, and his participation in the work of benefi- 
 cence. 
 
 Philip Lewin, President .of the Congregation Ken^seth Israel, 
 was born in Neustadt, Prussia, September 18th, 1836. His father 
 had, for several decades, been Cantor, and later on Rabbi, of the 
 Congregation in his native city. Young Lewin attended public 
 school; subsequent to which he served as a scribe in a magistrate's 
 office. When seventeen years of age he journeyed to Newcastle- upon- 
 Tyne, England, residing there for a year with his two older brothers. 
 Coming then to this country he proceeded to Chicago, and remained 
 there until 1859, when he went to Southern States. In 1861 he 
 returned North, and located at Green Bay, Wisconsin, becoming 
 there a member of the business firm of HoflTman & Lewin. In the 
 spring of 1869 Mr. Lewin removed to Philadelphia, and entered as 
 a partner in the wholesale boot and shoe manufacturing house of 
 Sailer, Lewin & Company — a firm that occupies a representative 
 position in the trade. , His associates are : Isaac Sailer, Louis Sailer, 
 and Simon Loeb. 
 
 In the sphere of communal work, Mr. Lewin' s endeavors have 
 proven effective. Notwithstanding business cares, he has freely 
 given time and labor to the furtherance of congregational and 
 society interests, and his conduct of affairs has resulted in increased 
 material success. In addition to presiding over Keneseth Israel 
 Congregation, he is Treasurer of the Jewish Foster Home and 
 Orphan Asylum; President of the Hebrew Charity Ball Associa- 
 tion; Manager of the Orphans' Guardians; Member of the Board 
 of Governors of the Hebrew Union College, at Cincinnati, Ohio; 
 and he is active in other fields, requiring ability, energy, and perse- 
 verance. = In 1865 Mr. Lewin married Miss Hannah Rosenbaum, of 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Mr. Lewin 's business capacities, his tact and knowledge as an ex- 
 ecutive oflScer, and his devotion to varied interests have combined, 
 with a courteous manner, to render their possessor well fitted for the 
 trusts reposed in him by associates and by the Jewish community of 
 Philadelphia. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 283 
 
 Leo Loeb, President of the Jewish Foster Home and Orphan 
 Asylum, was born in Bechtheim, Rhein-Hessen, Germany, July 
 28th, 1844. After receiving a liberal education he came to 
 America in 1860, following up his studies in Philadelphia, and 
 afterwards repairing to Staunton, Virginia, where he entered in 
 business, and experienced hardships during the Civil War. In 
 1871 he returned to this city, and a year later became a member 
 of the firm of Strouse, Loeb & Company, wholesale clothiers, and 
 now one of the leading local houses in this branch of trade. 
 
 Through Mr. Loeb's special efforts the first Clothing Exchange 
 was established in this city, which led to the formation of others of 
 the same character in different sections of the Union. Mr. Loeb has 
 filled the presidency of both local and national institutions. For 
 nearly eighteen years he has been identified with the Congregation 
 Rodeph Shalom, serving as a Director and a member of its School 
 Board, and proving his eflSciency. 
 
 Mr. Loeb's most effective labors, however, have been manifested 
 in his connection with the Jewish Foster Home and Orphan Asylum. 
 After a long service on its Board of Directors, he was chosen in 1892, 
 to succeed the late Mason Hirsh, as President of that institution, and 
 to the discharge of that important office he has brought fitness and 
 ability. Among other positions held by him are those of Vice-Presi- 
 dent of the Hebrew Charity Ball Association, Director of the Com- 
 mercial National Bank, and of the Trades' League of Philadelphia. 
 He is a member of, and generous contributor to, numerous charitable 
 societies. 
 
 Mr. Loeb married, in 1872, Miss Rosetta Wolf, daughter of Mr. 
 Abraham Wolf, of this city. 
 
 Jacob Miller & Sons are leaders in the manufacture of shirts, 
 and have in recent years extended their business operations far and 
 wide. Jacob Miller, the senior member, came to this country from 
 Europe, and in 1868 formed a partnership with his brother, Solomon 
 Miller, as Miller & Brother. Trade increased, and in 1875 the firm 
 introduced new facilities. Solomon Miller retired in 1878, and has 
 since conducted business on his own account. Jacob Miller after- 
 wards associated with him his sons, William, Charles, and Simon, 
 Isidor Schwartz, and others in the partnership which has since been 
 known as Jacob Miller & Sons. The annual output of this house 
 
284 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 reaches an extraordinary figure. Factories have been established in 
 Philadelphia — the firm's headquarters — and in Bordentown, New 
 Jersey, and agencies exist in New York City, Chicago, and St. Louis. 
 The store in this city, now at Numbers 926 and 928 Market Street, is 
 a capacious building, prominently located. 
 
 The senior member of the firm has added to his business qualifica- 
 tions a high sense of honor, a gentlemanly bearing, charitable ways, 
 and other traits which, without doubt, have contributed to the 
 success of his house, so ably managed by himself, and his sons, in 
 whom qualities of their father are reflected, and who second him in 
 kindly acts, not less than in business enterprise. Mr. Jacob Miller 
 is prominently identified with Rodeph Shalom Congregation; he is 
 Vice-President of the Jewish Foster Home and Orphan Asylum, and 
 a liberal contributor to other institutions. 
 
 Mitchell Abraham Mitchell, a merchant, and an Israelite 
 prominently interested in the social and religious concerns of his 
 fellow- believers, was a son of Abraham and Esther {^nee Allen) 
 Mitchell. His parents were well known and respected in two Jewish 
 communities, viz. , New York and Philadelphia. Mr. Mitchell was 
 born in New York City, February 1st, 1822, and was educated in a 
 private school there. He removed to Philadelphia in 1848, and 
 soon after formed a partnership with Lewis Marks Allen, under the 
 firm name of Mitchell & Allen, wholesale liquor dealers, who were 
 largely interested in petroleum. This house conducted an extensive 
 trade in different States of the Union. 
 
 On settling in this city, Mr. Mitchell became a member of the 
 Congregation Mickveh Israel, to which he was thereafter devotedly 
 attached during his whole career. He proved his eflSciency as a 
 member of its Board of Directors. He succeeded Joseph L. Moss 
 as President of the United Hebrew^ Beneficent Society, which oflfice 
 he held when the union of different Hebrew Charities was consum- 
 mated in the United Hebrew Charities, of which he was a charter- 
 member, and a Manager. He also served as a Manager of the 
 Hebrew Education Society in its early years. 
 
 Mr. Mitchell was a man of affable disposition, kindly sentiments, 
 and a staunch adherent of traditional Judaism. On September 6th, 
 1848, he married Amelia Johaveth Allen, oldest child of Lewis and 
 Anna (^tiee Marks) Allen— a virtuous and God-fearing woman, who 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 285 
 
 reared her children in strict conformity with the tenets and observ- 
 ances of the Jewish people. 
 
 Mrs. Mitchell was summoned to rest on June 27th, 1856, at an 
 early age, and in less than eight years after her marriage. Her 
 husband, who outlived her, had only passed his fifty-third year, 
 when he too was called away on May 22d, 1875. His remains 
 were laid beside those of his wife in the old Cemetery of the Con- 
 gregation, on Spruce Street near Ninth Street — that historic spot 
 where so many of the ancient stock were interred. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Mitchell left one son and three daughters. It has 
 been truly said of Mr. Mitchell that he was ' ' a man of strict in- 
 tegrity, of rare sincerity, and of warm affections. " 
 
 Joseph Lyons Moss, a well-known Jewish citizen of former 
 times, was the oldest son of John Moss, a native of England, who 
 came to Philadelphia, and attained distinction. He was born in this 
 city, December 10th, 1804. Mr. Moss's mother, Rebecca Lyons, 
 was a daughter of parents who left Holland, and settled in Lancas- 
 ter, Pennsylvania, and to-day there are in Philadelphia several 
 families who, either on the paternal or maternal side, come from the 
 same stock. 
 
 Mrs. John Moss lived amid the exciting events of the American 
 Revolutionary War, and would tell her offspring of scenes she had 
 witnessed, and describe George Washington and other Generals of 
 the Colonial and British Armies. Her son, Joseph, early entered 
 into mercantile pursuits, and eventually became a partner of Messrs. 
 R. & I. Phillips, who first represented in this couutry the renowned 
 banking house of Rothschild, of London, England. Mr. Moss con- 
 tinued many years thereafter in the banking and brokerage business, 
 establishing himself as a Note and Bill Broker, on Walnut Street 
 above Fourth Street. During the Civil War, two of his sons served 
 the Union in the Army and Navy. 
 
 Mr. Moss exhibited interest in the affairs of the Congregation 
 Mickveh Israel, with which he, and his father before him, as well as 
 other relations, were identified. In the sphere of Hebrew Benevo- 
 lent Societies, his assistance was also felt for good. He was Presi- 
 dent of the United Hebrew Beneficent Society; an incorporator of 
 the Society of the United Hebrew Charities ; and he exerted an in- 
 fluence in other institutions, beyond the pale, such as in the Musical 
 
286 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Fund Society, which he joined at the age of twenty- one yeai^, and 
 of whose course he was an ardent supporter. 
 
 In cultured circles of the community, Mr. Moss had a large 
 acquaintanceship, and he was respected for qualities betokening the 
 upright man, the loyal citizen, and the true Jew. On December 
 24th, 1828, he married, in New York City, Julia Levy, daughter 
 of Solomon and Rebecca {nee Hendricks) Levy. Mrs. Moss was 
 among the founders and first managers of the Jewish Foster Home, 
 of this city. Of her nine children, four survive; namely. Dr. Wil- 
 liam, Rebecca, Florian, and Frank Moss. 
 
 Mr. Moss, the father, died on January 28th, 1874, after having 
 endured sufferings for many years, with fortitude and resignation. 
 His wife died on January 26th, 1886, in her eighty-fourth year, 
 having been born in New York City, April 15th, 1802. 
 
 LuciEN Moss, a gentleman well known in Jewish and secular 
 charities, is a son of Eliezer L. and Julia INIoss. He w^as born in 
 Philadelphia, May 25th, 1831. He attended school here, and later 
 on in New Haven, Connecticut. It had been intended that he 
 should enter Yale College, but, exhibiting a decided preference for a 
 trade, he entered a machine-shop where he remained several years, 
 and subsequently journeyed to Porto Rico, in the Spanish West 
 Indies, where he was engaged in putting up sugar-mills. After a 
 considerable stay he returned home, and, with William Wiler, 
 established the firm of Wiler & Moss, manufacturers of stair-rods, 
 mouldings, wrought brass- w^ork, etc. The business of this house soon 
 became extensive, and after a long partnership Mr. Moss withdrew 
 in .1878. 
 
 Since that period he has displayed his activity as a member or a 
 Director of different corporations. He served in the First Regiment, 
 National Guards of Pennsylvania, and is still attached to Company 
 D, of the Old Guard of that Regiment. He was a member of the 
 Board of Guardians of the Poor, and, at one time, Chairman of its 
 Hospital Committee. In 1887 he served on the Board of Civil Ser- 
 vice Examiners. He was among those instrumental in consolidating 
 a number of smaller Jewish Charities into the present Society of the 
 United Hebrew Charities, of which he was the first Secretary. He 
 has also occupied the same position in, and that of a Director of, 
 the Jewish Foster Home and Orphan Asylum, of the Hebrew 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 287 
 
 Education Society, and of the Jewish Maternity Association. Not a 
 few other organizations count upon his active assistance. Of these 
 may be mentioned the Jewish Hospital- Association in whose direc- 
 tory he has served continuously for a lengthy term ; Mount Sinai 
 Cemetery Association, of which he is Vice-President; Society for 
 Organizing Charity ; Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to 
 Animals ; Society to Protect Children from Cruelty ; Wayfarers' 
 Lodges ; Pennsylvania Prison Association ; Municipal Associa- 
 tion; and other institutions of diverse characters, in all of which 
 he has fulfilled his duties with fidelity and public spirit. Mr. 
 Moss is also a member of the Historical Society of Pennyslvania. 
 On more than a single occasion he has defended his coreligionists, 
 and, by his intelligence, culture, and social qualities he has won the 
 respect and confidence of his fellow-citizens of all creeds. 
 
 Mr. Moss married Sarah Nathan, a daughter of Benjamin 
 Nathan, an esteemed Israelite of New York City. Mrs. Moss died 
 on May 11th, 1883. Mr. Moss's second wife {;nee Amanda Levy), 
 is a daughter of the late David C. Levy, formerly of Charleston, 
 South Carolina, but latterly of Philadelphia. 
 
 Simon Muhr, oldest son of Henry Muhr, was born at Hiirben, 
 Bavaria, Germany, April 19th, 1845. At the age of eight years 
 he accompanied his parents to this- country. After an ordinary 
 school education, he began, at the age of thirteen years, to learn 
 watchmaking in his father' s store ; but he early evinced a desire to 
 follow the business, rather than the mechanical, side of the watch 
 and jewelry trade. To that branch he gave his atterition so that the 
 business of the house increased. 
 
 When Simon reached his twenty-first year (in 1866) he became a 
 member of the firm of H. Muhr & Son, whose annual business deal- 
 ings then amounted to about seventy-five thousand dollars. Li 
 1869 the firm began the manufacture of jewelry in a small room 
 fitted up for a shop. From that year the business has grown, and 
 new departments were added at different times. In 1885 the 
 colossal building at the south-west corner of Broad and Race Streets 
 was erected, and the manufacturing business of the establishment 
 has since been continued there. This edifice is seven stories 
 in height, and occupies a commanding position on a leading 
 thoroughfare. 
 
288 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 In 1873 the father, Henry Muhr, retired from the business. 
 He died on November 21st, 1892, aged seventy-seven years. 
 Since the father retired, the firm's name has been that of H. Muhr's 
 Sons, the partners being Simon, Joseph, and Jacob Muhr. In 
 1888, Joseph Muhr withdrew, and subsequently died in New York 
 City. 
 
 All along the business continued to increase rapidly, a feature 
 being the importation of precious stones. The sales in a single 
 year are said to have reached as high a mark as a million of 
 dollars. Its trade increased still further when the firm occupied its 
 present handsome store at 629 and 631 Chestnut Street, below 
 Seventh Street. 
 
 Simon Muhr's popularity, genial manner, and business tact have 
 contributed largely to the success of the house. He is a kind 
 etnployer and a generous friend. His benevolent acts know not of 
 race or creed. His charitable disposition and his open nature have 
 been incentives to many good acts, and his purse-strings are ever 
 loosened for the needy and the unfortunate. In general affairs Mr. 
 Muhr is aflftliated with many and various associations promotive of 
 the best interests of the city — whether politically, educationally, or 
 in the fields of charitable work. His presence at meetings and 
 social gatherings has been of advantage in numerous ways, while his 
 support of measures for the public good has had an influence, the 
 value of which has been appreciated many a time. In politics Mr. 
 Muhr is a pronounced Democrat, but neither his time nor his inclina- 
 tions have ever permitted him to accept of important public offices, 
 though more than once some have been tendered him. 
 
 In no sphere have Simon Muhr's labors been productive of more 
 benefit than in the community of Israel in Philadelphia. It would 
 be a diflScult matter to enumerate the services he has rendered here. 
 In the Jewish Hospital Association of which he is Vice-President ; 
 in the Jewish Foster Home and Orphan Asylum of which he is a 
 Manager ; in the Association of Jewish Immigrants of which he is 
 Treasurer ; in the Society of the United Hebrew Charities ; in the 
 Hebrew Charity Ball Association ; in the Philadelphia Branch of 
 the Alliance Israelite Universelle ; in the once-existing Jewish Alli- 
 ance of America, of which he was President ; and in other worthy 
 causes, here and elsewhere, he has been, and is still, a toiling worker 
 and a most liberal supporter. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 289 
 
 Mr. Muhr's undaunted perseverance and powers of endurance 
 have rendered it possible for him to do what few men would have 
 attempted. He works on and on in the sphere of self-imposed labors, 
 conscious only of his duties, and desiring no other reward than the 
 satisfaction of seeing his labors well bestowed, and productive of 
 results, at once beneficent and permanent. 
 
 Horace Augustus Nathans, a son of Moses and Benvenida 
 Valentina (nee Solis) Nathans, was born in Philadelphia, October 
 10th, 1840. His maternal ancestors were Spanish Jews, and some 
 of their descendants became prominent in our local affairs. Mr. 
 Nathans received his education at an Academy, and partly at the 
 University of Pennsylvania. In early years he entered into busi- 
 ness, and is still active in that sphere, having attained success by his 
 diligence and intelligent ways. Mr. Nathans, from his youth, has 
 been a lover of music, and has studied that art and the composers 
 with true fervor, as evidenced in his vocal talents, and in his author- 
 ship of songs and other morceaux. He became an ardent worker for 
 the Abt Male Singing Society, of which he was Vice-President. 
 This society, or chorus, numbered the best male amateur talent of 
 the time, and its concerts at Musical Fund Hall were attended by 
 interested audiences who hailed their return with intense pleasure. 
 So capable and well-trained a body of choristers has rarely been 
 heard in this city, and the Abt rose to an eminence richly deserved. 
 However, in course of years, some of its members became so deeply 
 engrossed in various pursuits, and others were so much occupied 
 with music as a calling, that the organization disbanded, to the 
 general regret. 
 
 Mr. Nathans has since given his attention to affairs of a different 
 character, while still displaying his interest in music in its progres- 
 sive stages. He has become active in congregational and educational 
 movements. His wife, nee Marie Louise Samson, of New York 
 City (whom he married February 14th, 1877), is a Director of the 
 Hebrew Education Society, and an enthusiastic laborer in its cause, 
 as in that of others. 
 
 Mr. Nathans, after serving awhile as a member of the Board of 
 Directors of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, was recently (1893) 
 elected as its President, and he has already evinced determined 
 energy. Since his entry into office, this Congregation has come into 
 
290 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 possession of an enormous legacy conveyed in a deed of trust executed 
 by Hyman Gratz. This gift, for the establishment of a college for 
 the education of Jews in Philadelphia, will soon be applied to the 
 uses for which it was bequeathed, and President Nathans will, as a 
 member of the Special Committee, have much to do with the ad- 
 ministration of the Trust, and with the direction of the institution 
 provided for by Mr. Gratz. 
 
 What adds interest to Mr. Nathans's presidency of Mickveh Israel 
 Congregation is the fact that several of his ancestors were among its 
 original or early members, among them Mordecai M. Mordecai, 
 Philip M. Russell, and Isaiah Nathans. Maternally, Mr. Nathans 
 is related to the family of Solis, of whose members, Solomon was a 
 valued worker, and David, his brother, was a well-known Israelite. 
 
 Morris Newburger, President of the Jewish Publication Society 
 of America, was born in the Principality of Hohenzollern-Sigma- 
 ringen, Germany, November 12th, 1834. His father, a teacher, was 
 the descendant of a family of Rabbis. Morris was early instructed 
 in elementary and in higher branches, including classics. On leav- 
 ing school he entered a dry goods store, and for some time followed 
 business in Europe. In 1854 he came to the United States, and was 
 located in New York, afterwards in the South, and in 1856 he 
 went to Cedar Rapids, Iowa, following trade there, and subsequently 
 at Rock Island, Illinois. In the spring of 1863 he removed to 
 Philadelphia, where he has since resided. 
 
 Mr. Newburger at once engaged in active business pursuits, and 
 entered into partnership with Adolph, Albert, and David Hochstad- 
 ter, brother of his wife. Miss Betty Hochstadter, whom he married 
 in 1862. Under the firm name of Newburger & Hochstadters, the 
 house rose to importance in the wholesale clothing trade. When 
 a change was made, and the brothers Hochstadter withdrew, Mr. 
 Newburger associated with himself — at different times — three of 
 his four sons; but his second son, Morton, died in 1888, much 
 lamented. The others, with their father, continue the business 
 successfully. 
 
 Mr. Newburger has attained note outside the boundaries of his 
 business operations. For upwards of twenty-five years, he has been 
 a Trustee of Keneseth Israel Congregation, and has served for a 
 lengthy period as its Vice-President, and Chairman of its School 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 291 
 
 Committee. He is a member of the Board of Governors of the 
 Hebrew Union College, at Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 
 What has given Mr. Newburger national prominence, however, 
 is his position as President of the Jewish Publication Society of 
 America. He had assumed an active part in the establishment of 
 that Society, and on its organization was selected to the office which 
 he has since filled with exceptional ability, marked earnestness, and 
 entire devotion to the cause of that comprehensive institution. He 
 is also a member of the Executive Board of the Union of American 
 Hebrew Congregations. 
 
 In secular movements : — Mr. Newburger displayed extraordinary 
 interest in the Centennial Exhibition of 1876, and was one of a 
 committee of gentlemen, who in various ways aided on that great 
 work. In municipal affairs, he has been identified with . the Com- 
 mittee of One Hundred; the Committee of Fifty; and the Citizens' 
 Municipal Association, and he was a member of the Executive Com- 
 mittee of the last named. He has long been a Director of the 
 Mechanics' National Bank. 
 
 It will have been seen, from the above resume, that Mr. New- 
 burger has risen to a representative place among Israelites, and 
 that his honors have been earned by constant and unselfish labors. 
 
 Joseph Newhouse was born at Ettingen, Bavaria, Germany, 
 March 12th, 1812. His parents, Simeon and Florence (nee Ober- 
 dorfer) Newhouse, gave him a liberal education. At the age of 
 nineteen years he landed in this country, settled first in Philadel- 
 phia, and later on in Cincinnati, Ohio, becoming there senior partner 
 of the firm of Newhouse, Einstein & Bernheimer, dealers in notions, 
 etc. In 1847 Mr. Newhouse returned to Philadelphia, and subse- 
 quently engaged in the clothing business with Bernard Spatz and 
 others as a member of the firm of Newhouse, Spatz <fe Company. 
 On the dissolution of this house, he interested himself in oil fields 
 of Western Pennsylvania; purchasing extensive tracts of land, and 
 becoming an exporter of petroleum, in the production of which he 
 was more or less engaged during his career. He was the founder 
 of the Belmont Oil Refinery. 
 
 Mr. Newhouse was for a number of years a member of the Con- 
 gregation Mickveh Israel, and served on its Board of Managers. 
 When the Congregation Beth El Emeth was established, in 1857, 
 
292 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 he was selected as its first President, and continued for a long 
 period in its Directory. He was one of the earliest Directors of the 
 Hebrew Education Society, Treasurer of the United Hebrew Bene- 
 ficent Fuel Society, a Manager of the United Hebrew Beneficent 
 Society, Treasurer of the Hebrew Charity Association, Treasurer 
 of a Fund for the Relief of Jews in Palestine, a member of the 
 Hebrew Charity Ball Association, German Society, Merchants' 
 Fund, a Manager of the Hebrew Beneficial Society, of Cincin- 
 nati, etc. 
 
 Mr. Newhouse's career was of varied usefulness. On January 
 2d, 1839, he married Abigail Marks, daughter of Hyman and 
 Grace (jiee Seixas-Judah) Marks. They had nine sons and four 
 daughters. 
 
 Mr. Newhouse died in Philadelphia, on October 21st, 1892. His 
 wife, four sons, and four daughters survive him. 
 
 David Pesoa. — The close relationship existing among numerous 
 families of Jews has often been a subject of remark. The early 
 settlers were few; these largely intermarried, and, as numbers in- 
 creased, and the progeny of some grew larger, frequent marriages 
 extended the circle; and hence to-day, in several of our large cities, 
 a dozen, perhaps, even a score, of families trace their descent from 
 the same ancestry. This circumstance tends to cement ties, to pro- 
 mote still further a community of interests, and to emphasize those 
 domestic traits and attachment to kindred so distinguishing the Jews. 
 In our midst — in Philadelphia— instances have time and again been 
 found. To cite a few examples: from the family of Isaacks, of 
 Newport, Rhode Island, have descended the Markses, the Aliens, 
 the Harts, the Pincuses, and the Joneses ; from that of Seixas, have 
 come the Levys, the Nathans, and the Florences; from that of 
 Bush, have come the Solomons, the Phillipses, the Pesoas, the 
 Markses, and the Weils. 
 
 We have met with Jonas Phillips, who figures prominently in the 
 early history of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, having been its 
 President, and a guiding spirit of his times. Mr. Phillips and his 
 wife {nee Rebecca Mendes Machado) were blessed with a numerous 
 offspring — sixteen or seventeen children. Among the sons and 
 daughters were Naphtali, Zalegman, and Uriah; Phila, Rachel, 
 and Zipporah. Rachel Phillips married Michael Levy, father of 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 293 
 
 the famous officer in the United States Navy, Uriah Phillips Levy. 
 Zipporah Phillips wedded Manuel Noah, father of Mordecai M. 
 Noah. Phila married Isaac Pesoa, a native of Jamaica, and of 
 Portuguese descent. Mr. (or Dr.) Pesoa was a druggist, and fol- 
 lowed that calling in this city. His wife was noted for her labors in 
 charity circles. Of their five children, David Pesoa is best known; 
 the others were Rachel, Hetty, Abraham, and Rebecca. 
 
 David Pesoa was born in Philadelphia, January 11th, 1801. He 
 early learned saddlery, but soon took a fancy to mercantile pursuits, 
 and subsequently engaged in the dry goods business on Second Street 
 below Spruce Street. Here he did a thriving trade, and later on 
 moved to 29 South 10th Street, above Chestnut Street, where his 
 business still further improved, and his customers were numbered 
 from among the oldest and most aristocratic local families. Mr. 
 Pesoa continued in active business until his death, on October 19th, 
 1865. 
 
 While the reputation of his house had grown, it was not because 
 of that fact that David Pesoa is entitled to a share in these notices. 
 His labors as an Israelite, and as a member of the community of 
 his brethren in this city of his birth and residence are the accepted 
 standards. Mr. Pesoa entered thoroughly and heartily into the field 
 of good works. In his time, the Jewish element was not strong in 
 numbers; yet its needs were proportionately as great as to-day; the 
 workers were not too numerous; hence, every accession was hailed 
 with satisfaction. And in Mr. Pesoa, a valuable supporter was 
 found. He did not limit his efforts to any particular sphere, but 
 he sought in all ways to help on the work in hand. In the Congre- 
 gation Mickveh Israel, his good offices as a member, and as one of 
 its Board of Adjunta (or Trustees) proved of benefit. As President 
 of the United Hebrew Beneficent Fuel Society, he was energetic, 
 and his kindness to the poor was a matter of note. As Vice-Presi- 
 dent of the Hebrew Charity Association, as a Manager of the 
 Hebrew Education Society, and as a director of or contributor to 
 other societies — charitable and educational — he evinced constant 
 interest, and thoughtfulness for their welfare. In fact, every 
 movement emanating from the circle of his coreligionists appealed 
 to him, and won his active sympathy. 
 
 In 1835, Mr. Pesoa married Clara Marks, a daughter of Isaac 
 and Esther {nee De Leon) Marks, and she shared his qualities and 
 
294 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 kindly sentiments. Their daughter, Miss Josephine Phillips Pesoa, 
 has been identified with sewing societies for the relief of the poor, 
 and was for several years and until recently Superintendent of the 
 Rebecca Gratz Sewing School, under the auspices of the Hebrew 
 Sunday School Society of Philadelphia. 
 
 Hyman Polock, a name well known to Philadelphia Jews of a 
 quarter, and even of a half, century ago, was born at Amsterdam, 
 Holland, April 23d, 1786. His father's ancestors had come from 
 Poland about the middle of the seventeenth century, and the surname 
 adopted indicates the native origin of the family. When still a boy, 
 Hyman went to London, England, where, on June 12th, 1811, he 
 married Rebecca Barnett, a descendant of the family of Levy — 
 early settlers in Pennsylvania. The ceremony was performed by 
 Rev. Dr. Solomon Hirschel, Chief Rabbi of the German-Jewish 
 Congregations of British Isles. 
 
 Two weeks later Mr. and Mrs. Polock set sail for the United 
 States. They settled in Philadelphia, where Mr. Polock engaged 
 in the jewelry business, and followed that pursuit for many years. 
 His identification with Jewish interests began almost at the same time 
 with his arrival here. He joined the Congregation Mickveh Israel, 
 but was for some years connected with the Beth Israel Congregation, 
 which latter organization he served as President. Mr. Polock was 
 among the original members and incorporators of the "Hebrew 
 Society for Visitation of Sick and Mutual Assistance," founded in 
 1813, and of which he was at one time President. At the fiftieth 
 anniversary of this society, on November 9th, 1863, Mr. Polock 
 was present as the only survivor of those who had given it existence. 
 
 These institutions honored Mr. Polock and his work by the presen- 
 tation of testimonials reciting his qualities and the valuable services 
 he had rendered them. In fact, congregational, charitable, and 
 educational affairs occupied a large share of his attention. He was 
 among the founders and first Directors of the Hebrew Education 
 Society. He had studied Jewish lore, and the knowledge he ob- 
 tained served him well on many an occasion. 
 
 Mr. Polock was a strict adherent of Judaism and of the cere- 
 monial ordinances of the Faith of Israel. Liberal in his opinions, 
 of a cheerful disposition, and straightforward in his actions, he could 
 truthfully lay claim to the sincere regard of his brethren. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 295 
 
 Mr. Polock early became a member of a military company of in- 
 dependent volunteers, and was conspicuous in other organizations — 
 secular and Jewish. He died in Philadelphia, on August 15th, 
 1870. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Polock' s children have attained prominence in 
 different spheres among their coreligionists. 
 
 Edward L. Rothschild, President of the Society of the United 
 Hebrew Charities, is a notable example of a man who has attained, 
 while still young, comparative wealth and a representative position 
 among his coreligionists. He owes both to his individual exertions, 
 combined with foresight, discretion, and executive ability. 
 
 Mr. Rothschild was born in Odernheim, Rhenish Bavaria, Ger- 
 many, January 7th, 1850. He is a son of Lippman and Henrietta 
 {nee Baumgarten) Rothschild. His father was a grain merchant. 
 At an early age, EdAvard received instruction at a school in his 
 native town, after which he pursued studies at the Gymnasium (or 
 High School) at Sobernheim, Prussia, obtaining an education in 
 necessary branches, in the Hebrew language, and considerably in 
 classics. When but seventeen years of age (in 1867) young Roth- 
 schild came to the United States, first clerking in Philadelphia, and 
 then securing employment at Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania. Soon 
 after, he went to Johnstown, in the same State, and, with an amount 
 so small that many a man would have hesitated before entering into 
 business, he became a partner in the wholesale liquor house of 
 Vowinkel & Rothschild. He returned to Philadelphia after dis- 
 posing of his business interests in Johnstown, and was associated with 
 Aaron Wolf in wholesale liquors. 
 
 On obtaining a competence, Mr. Rothschild sent for his brothers, 
 and subsequently for his widowed mother and his sisters, to come to 
 these shores and share his prosperity. He established the firm of 
 Rothschild Brothers, together with his brother Henry, and eventually 
 his two younger brothers, Samuel and Leopold, and his brothers-in- 
 law, Moses Westheimer and Paul Steinberg, became members of the 
 firm. The busiiiess operations of this house grew quite extensive, 
 'and it was enabled to withstand successfully the panic of 1873, when 
 many a firm collapsed. 
 
 While Mr. Rothschild has given careful attention to his business 
 interests, he is best known by his labors in Jewish Congregational 
 
296 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 and Charity circles. For quite a number of years affiliated with the 
 Rodeph Shalom Congregation, he served for some time on its Board 
 of Directors ; but latterly he has become identified with a Congrega- 
 tional movement based upon more Conservative principles, and 
 which has assumed shape in the Congregation Teshu'ath Israel, of 
 which organization he is President. Mr. Rothschild's main work, 
 however, has been as a Director and as President of the United 
 Hebrew Charities. Since May, 1892, when he was elected to the 
 latter office, his systematic conduct of that Society's affairs has been 
 evidenced in many ways, and has won commendation. The dis- 
 charge of such duties is attended with numerous difficulties, — 
 especially in properly administering to the needs of the indigent, and 
 in determining questions requiring the exercise of wise discrimina- 
 tion, coupled with true sympathy. Mr. Rothschild's active energies, 
 have proved him equal to the task, and his services are liberally and 
 freely bestowed in the direction of true charity. His efforts in 
 this city in behalf of the Jewish Theological Seminary, of which 
 the Rev. Dr. Sabato Morais is the founder and President, constitute 
 another evidence of his earnestness in the cause of good. Mr. 
 Rothschild is President of the Philadelphia Branch of the Seminary 
 Association, and his contributions to that object, as well as to con- 
 gregational, charitable, educational, and other institutions are large 
 and frequent, while he displays an interest in all. He has also 
 been a Manager of the Hebrew Education Society and fif the 
 Orphans' Guardians. 
 
 Mr. Rothschild married, in 1885, Esther, daughter of Elias Gates 
 De Casseres, a respected merchant of Philadelphia. She died in 
 1887, leaving one child — Lippman. In 1893 he married Carrie De 
 Casseres, a sister of his first wife. = The family residence is noted for 
 a collection of paintings, etchings, engravings, works in marble, etc. 
 — very attractive, and worthy of the attention of connoisseurs. 
 
 David G. Seixas.— The Jews are a clannish race — so we are told. 
 They move not a step beyond their own boundaries, but seek to con- 
 fine all their effi)rts within their immediate circles. They care 
 naught for the outside world. In religion and in social affairs they 
 are exclusive; they hold aloof from the general community, and 
 mingle solely among themselves. 
 
 Such ill-natured charges have been made time and again ; but 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 297 
 
 time and again facts have disproved them. True, there is that 
 adhesion in matters of religion that all sensible people would 
 naturally expect ; but, socially, charitably, educationally — while 
 laboring in their own midst — the Jews have been, and are, active 
 supporters of righteous works, be these within or without the 
 camp of Israel. Palpable, yea, convincing illustrations have been 
 afforded, and none more so than in the cause which led to the origin 
 of so important an institution as that for the education of the deaf 
 and dumb. 
 
 The man of strictly racial sympathies cannot have developed 
 within him those finer sensibilities, those true emotions, those lofty 
 sentiments which render their possessor alive to that ''touch of 
 nature which makes all the world kin ; " which is seen in an eager- 
 ness to allay human ills ; to respond to the cry of the suffering, to 
 uplift the lowly, to better the unfortunate, to render different from 
 what they are, those who, from some mysterious cause, are deprived 
 of one or another of the five senses that tend to completeness in man. 
 
 The Jews, far from harboring any such narrowness, have been 
 the teachers of world- elevating doctrines. Evidences are at hand 
 in every age confirmatory of the sublime ethical principles laid 
 down in Holy Writ. We have them in modern times and in our 
 own days. But to cite an instance in a single sphere. = In the 
 eighteenth century, Jacob Rodriguez Pereira, in the Eastern Conti- 
 nent, established a school for the training of deaf mutes. In the 
 nineteenth century David G. Seixas, in the Western Continent, in 
 this City of Philadelphia, gave the impetus to the founding of an 
 institution which has become a testimony for good ; a feature of 
 humanitarian work in a community noted for its achievements in 
 that direction. 
 
 It was David G. Seixas who, in 1819, in his walks along the 
 streets of this great city, noticed with pity the sad condition of a 
 number of deaf children who wandered about, not only unaided, 
 but exposed to the jeers of the heartless and the uncorapassionate. 
 Mr. Seixas, who was a son of Rev. Gershom Mendes Seixas, first 
 minister of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, kept a little crockery 
 store on Market Street between Sixteenth and Seventeenth Streets. 
 He was in humble circumstances ; yet his sympathetic nature 
 impelled him to care for these poor children ; and, beckoning to some 
 of them on the streets he brought them to his home, where, at his own 
 
298 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 expense, he fed and clothed them, and even endeavored to teach 
 them. He had, probably, some knowledge of the methods in vogue, 
 added to which his ability and cleverness proved to a degree effec- 
 tive, and his little school soon numbered eleven pupils — six girls 
 and five boys. Ere long, the philanthropic work he was pursuing 
 became known, and Mr. Seixas, in April, 1820, conferred with a 
 number of prominent citizens, the result being the adoption of plans 
 for the establishment of an institution where those deprived of the 
 gifts of speech and of hearing might be cared for and instructed, by 
 means of the sign language and other agencies. 
 
 The institution was opened in May, 1820, temporarily, at Mr. 
 Seixas's residence, and in the autumn of the same year, a house was 
 secured on High (now Market) Street near Seventeenth Street. The 
 first Directors, among whom were Jacob Gratz and Joseph Gratz, 
 acted wisely in engaging Mr. Seixas's services as Principal of the new 
 institution. Under his charge the pupils made such progress that 
 an exhibition of their skill before the members of the Pennsylvania 
 Legislature, in January, 1821, resulted in the incorporation of the 
 institution, and in the appropriation of $8, 000 to assist the cause. 
 Meanwhile, new quarters had been obtained at the south-east corner 
 of Eleventh and Market Streets, the site of the present Bingham 
 House. Mr. Seixas accomplished very much, and when he retired 
 from the position of Principal, in October, 1821, the school numbered 
 fifty-one pupils. He displayed an interest in a number of good 
 works, and was among the first who took daguerro types in this 
 country. He died at South Bend, Indiana, about 1880, unmarried. 
 
 The subsequent progress of the Pennsylvania Institution for the 
 Deaf and Dumb, its removal to Broad and Pine Streets, and its 
 present occupation of the handsome and commodious buildings erected 
 at Mount Airy (in the suburbs of Philadelphia) are matters of 
 local history familiar to all. Mr. A. L. E. Crouter is the present 
 efficient Principal. 
 
 The little seed planted has developed wondrously, and some four 
 hundred and fifty children are now reaping the benefits of that 
 institution with whose origin David G. Seixas was so immediately 
 identified. All honor to that Israelite and lover of his kind. His 
 work deserves an imperishable record in the annals of the City of 
 Brotherly Love. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 299 
 
 Moses Simon, a former President of the Society of the United 
 Hebrew Charities, has for a series of years given time and attention 
 to public objects. He was born at Roxheim, Rhenish Bavaria, 
 Germany, May 18th, 1824; his parents, Emanuel and Julia (iiee 
 Mayer) Simon, being natives of the same town. 
 
 Mr. Simon, at the age of seventeen years, arrived in this country. 
 He located first at Memphis, Tennessee; then at Philadelphia, and 
 again at Memphis, where he entered into partnership with Louis 
 Walker in the wholesale dry goods business, under the firm name 
 of Simon & Walker. Subsequently, he associated with him John 
 Walker, and later on followed business on his own account, under 
 the name of M. Simon & Company. 
 
 After a stay in Europe, Mr. Simon returned to Philadelphia, 
 where he has since resided. From the time that he permanently 
 settled here, he became affiliated with Jewish institutions. He 
 joined Keneseth Israel Congregation, and was a member of its 
 Board of Directors continuously until 3 892, when he resigned. 
 Mr. Simon was among the earliest members of the Society of the 
 United Hebrew Charities; he became a Director of that institution, 
 and in 1871 was chosen its President. He filled that oflSce four years, 
 in a manner honorable to himself, marked by devotion to its inter- 
 ests, and with executive ability and earnestness. His administration 
 met with favor. In 1875 he declined a re-election to the presidency, 
 but accepted an election as a Vice-President, which he continued to 
 be until 1892, and was then elected an Honorary Director of the 
 Charities. Mr. Simon was at one time a Manager of the Jewish Foster 
 Home and Orphan Asylum, and of the Orphans' Guardians. For 
 fifteen years he was Vice-President of the Mutual Benefit Company 
 of Pennsylvania. He has also been identified with the German 
 Society, is a member of the Masonic Order, of the Odd Fellows, 
 and of the Independent Order Bene Berith. 
 
 Mr. Simon was married in this city, March 13th, 1850; his wife 
 (nee Fanny Straus) being a daughter of David and Caroline {nee 
 Simon) Straus. Their family consists of three sons and three 
 daughters. 
 
 By reason of his health, Mr. Simon has been recently compelled 
 to withdraw from active participation in communal work; yet his in- 
 terest therein continues, and he is still a warm supporter of, and 
 liberal coutriliutor to, organized agencies promotive of the welfare 
 of his brethren. ' 
 
300 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 N. Snellenburg & Company. — In the retail clothing trade, few 
 firms have, in a comparatively short space of time, risen to the im- 
 portance attained by Messrs. N. Snellenburg & Company. Two im- 
 mense establishments, hundreds of employes, and sales amounting 
 to thousands testify to the success marking their efforts. The in- 
 dividual members of this business house are : Nathan Snellenburg, 
 Samuel Snellenburg, Simon L. Bloch, and Joseph J. Snellenburg. 
 All are natives of Germany, and came here in their youth. They 
 have risen from hiynble conditions to remarkable prosperity. 
 
 Joseph Snellenburg, the father of the Messrs. Snellenburg, started 
 business, on a small scale, at 318 South Street. On his death, in 
 1868, his son, Nathan, succeeded him, and carried on a successful 
 trade. In 1873, he associated with him Simon L. Bloch, and in 
 1874, his brother, Samuel, who had previously been in business 
 elsewhere with Joseph, another brother. Nathan and Samuel, 
 together with Mr. Bloch, took the store at 936 Market Street, in 
 conjunction with their down-town establishment, and afterwards 
 secured the building at 918 Market Street, adding a wholesale 
 clothing department to their retail business. Joseph J. Snellenburg 
 was subsequently (in 1886) admitted into the firm, whose dealings 
 had already increased to large proportions, requiring the purchase 
 (in 1882) of an extensive triangular piece of ground bounded by 
 Fifth Street, South Street, and Passyunk Avenue. There the retail 
 feature has since been continued; the wholesale department at one 
 time being located at Numbers 40 and 42 North Third Street. In 
 addition to the building in the southern section of this city, which is in 
 every way suited to its purposes, the colossal establishment now occu- 
 pied at the south-east corner of Twelfth and Market Streets is a hive 
 of industry, as it is an attractive feature of a great business thorough- 
 fare. It is supplied with every means for conducting trade in varied 
 branches, and for the comfort of both customers and employes. 
 
 Nearly two thousand persons are in the service of this firm whose 
 individual members are concerned in Jewish, financial, social, and 
 real estate matters, and have proven useful citizens. During the 
 Civil War, the oldest brother, Isaac Snellenburg, enlisted in the 
 ranks of the Pennsylvania Volunteers, and lost his life on the battle- 
 field in the defence of the Union. 
 
 In charitable deeds and in public spirit, the Snellenburgs are alike 
 known, and generous gifts to worthy causes prove their sympathy 
 with, and co-operation in, good works. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 301 
 
 Mayer Sulzberger, a lawyer, a scholar, and a citizen of national 
 reputation, is a son of the late Abraham and Sophia (;nee Einstein) 
 Sulzberger. His paternal grandfather had been a Rabbi at Heidel- 
 sheim, in Baden, Germany, and his son— Mayer's father — had in- 
 herited the Rabbi's piety and had studied Jewish lore to a very 
 considerable degree. He had been both a teacher and a Chazdn 
 (Reader) in Heidelsheim, where Mayer was born, June 22d, 1843. 
 Knowledge, it seems, has been a peculiar possession of this family. 
 Intellectual parents were an example to each of their six children — 
 four sons and two daughters — and this example spurred them on 
 to achievement, and developed in each a taste for study. Inborn 
 talent was, however, the main incentive, and the eagerness to culti- 
 vate it was notably evinced by the subject of the present sketch. 
 
 During the Revolution of 1848 Abraham Sulzberger shared the 
 troubles of his fellow- believers, and the condition of affairs deter- 
 mined him to come to America, where, with his wife and family, 
 he arrived in 1849, and took up a residence in Philadelphia. Mr. 
 Sulzberger's love of his religion and his people was illustrated by 
 many an act. It was he who originated the movement that culmi- 
 nated in the establishment of the Jewish Hospital, which stands as 
 a monument to his good deeds, and tells of the compassion and sin- 
 cere feeling for his suffering fellow- men. Abraham Sulzberger, after 
 a career of righteousness, was called to his reward, on December 30th, 
 1886. 
 
 It is thus seen that Mayer Sulzberger was but a child of six years 
 of age when this city became his home. His early education, as that 
 of most boys, was received at public schools and at the Boys' Central 
 High School, where he was graduated in 1859 as a Bachelor of Arts. 
 Studies at school, however, were but a single feature of the instruc- 
 tion he obtained. The importance of a thorough knowledge of the 
 language, the history, and the religion of the Jewish people was 
 recognized by his father, and the young man received instruction at 
 home from his parent, from Professor Solomon Eppinger, but prin- 
 cipally from that champion of historical Judaism — Rev. Isaac Leeser. 
 Some lessons were also pursued under the tuition of the Rev. Dr. 
 Sabato Morals. It goes without saying that he profited by the in- 
 struction given, and the example set him by such teachers. He 
 became warmly attached to Mr. Leeser, and, as will be seen, ren- 
 dered him valuable services. Mr. Sulzberger's father had intended 
 
302 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 him for a lawyer, but, owing to his youth, Mayer first took a position 
 with a business firm, and subsequently became a bookkeeper in 
 another house. His knowledge of figures and mathematics was 
 thereby broadened, and this has served him well in his professional 
 career. 
 
 In 1862 Mr. Sulzberger entered as a student in the law oflftce of 
 Moses A. Dropsie, Esq. His progress was rapid, though at the same 
 time he labored for a livelihood, as a teacher in the School of the 
 Hebrew Education Society. On September 16th, .1865, he was 
 admitted to the Bar, and immediately began his practice of the 
 profession. His abilities were soon recognized, and, ere long, his 
 clientage grew large, and important cases were placed in his hands. 
 Early in 1876 Mr. Sulzberger, who had, until then, occupied offices 
 with Mr. Dropsie at 29 South Sixth Street, removed to the second 
 floor of the north-east corner of Fourth and Chestnut Streets. 
 There his practice increased, and, in course of time, to such an ex- 
 tent that his office proved too small for requirements. Hence, in 
 1879, he located in larger quarters on the second floor of the north- 
 east corner of Sixth and Chestnut Streets. The period of his greatest 
 activity and of his greatest success dates from that time. The results 
 of a deep study of the law in all its branches, of profound literary 
 investigations, of an acute understanding of men, joined to a marked 
 penetration, a quickness of perception, and a splendid memory, have 
 been palpably demonstrated in Mr. Sulzberger's career at the Bar, 
 and have placed their possessor among its shining lights, and— as 
 admitted by his colleagues — in the foremost rank of those who, by 
 their brilliancy, have made the Philadelphia lawyer a synonym 
 for all that is thorough in the legal profession. Only recently, a 
 number of his most distinguished associates bore testimony to Mr. 
 Sulzberger's commanding abilities and to his eminent fitness to occupy 
 a seat on the Bench — a position in connection with which his name 
 has been more than once mentioned, but which he has never sought. 
 It is not unlikely, however, that he will soon be persuaded to accept 
 of judicial office. 
 
 In Jewish affairs, the distinction Mr. Sulzberger has attained 
 might be placed side by side with his remarkable success at the 
 Bar. When still a young man, he assisted Rev. Mr. Leeser as a 
 contributor to that excellent monthly publication, The Occident and 
 American Jewish Advocate, His articles were of such value that 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 308 
 
 they attracted general notice, and his translation of a large part of 
 G. B. De Rossi's "Dictionary of Hebrew Authors" was a work of 
 substantial importance and of permanent interest. On the death of 
 Mr. Leeser, on February 1st, 1868, Mr. Sulzberger, in compliance 
 with the expressed wish of his learned friend, continued the publica- 
 tion of The Occident — he being also an executor of Mr. Leeser's 
 estate, and, as such, associated with William B. Hackenburg and 
 Hezekiah W. Arnold. For a year (March, 1868-March, 1869) 
 he edited The Occident, and was ably supported by Dr. Morais and 
 other distinguished scholars. The demands upon his time had then 
 so increased, however, that he felt compelled to relinquish its pub- 
 lication in 1869. 
 
 When the Jewish Hospital Association was instituted in 1865, 
 Mr. Sulzberger was elected its first Secretary, and has since served 
 continuously on its Board of Directors, being recently chosen an 
 Honorary Director. On the organization of the Young Men's He- 
 brew Association in 1875, he became its President, filling that office 
 until 1878, and again from 1885 to 1890. His labors in behalf of 
 that Association added to his prominence, insured it a large mem- 
 bership and gave it permanence. Mr. Sulzberger's eiforts have also 
 been felt in other directions. He took an active part in the establish- 
 ment of the Jewish Publication Society of America, in 1888, and 
 while he declined the presidency of that institution, he accepted the 
 Chairmanship of its Committee on Publication, and in this position 
 has rendered invaluable services. He is one of the two Trustees 
 from this city of the Baron Maurice de Hirsch Trust in the United 
 States. 
 
 Many other institutions have, at different times, received the 
 benefit of his counsel and earnest endeavors. Historical, scientific, 
 and other learned societies have warmly welcomed Mr. Sulzberger 
 as a member. His donations to worthy objects have been large and 
 frequent, as his interest in current questions has been unflagging. 
 Bold and fearless in his utterances, he has always advocated the 
 cause of his brethren, and has proved a valiant defender. Gifted 
 with an extraordinary insight and with a rare flow of speech, he has 
 been selected as a lecturer and as an orator on numerous public 
 occasions. He delivered the oration at a memorial service in honor 
 of the late President of the United States, James Abram Garfield, 
 in Rodeph Shalom Synagogue, September 26th, 1881; also at the 
 
304 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 celebration, in this city, of the Centennial Anniversary of the birth 
 of Sir Moses Montefiore, in the same Synagogue, October 26th, 
 1884; and at the Semi-centennial Anniversary of the First Hebrew 
 Sunday School in America, at the Academy of Music, in this city, 
 March 3d, 1888. He has lectured before societies in this and other 
 cities; he has written for newspapers and magazines; he has been 
 and is most active in other ways — serviceable and praiseworthy. In 
 politics, he has always been identified with the Republican Party, 
 but has never accepted of office. He was tendered the position of 
 United States Minister to Turkey during President Benjamin Har- 
 rison's administration, but declined that honor. 
 
 Mr. Sulzberger's library is a treasure. Numbering in all about 
 ten thousand volumes — distributed among works on law, religion, 
 history, literature, philosophy, philology, fiction, travels, miscel- 
 lany, etc., etc., — it possesses an unique interest. Almost every lead- 
 ing branch of study is represented in an extensive and admirably 
 arranged apartment. The constant addition of books, rare manu- 
 scripts, and curious relics renders this library still more notable, 
 among the largest and most select private libraries in the land. 
 
 The reader has now obtained a portraiture, however faint, of a 
 man whose advance has been striking, whose name has spread far 
 and wide, and whose sympathies are bound up with the community 
 of Philadelphia and with Philadelphia Israelites. His labors have 
 been many- sided; they have tended to raise him in the esteem of his 
 fellows, and have set aloft the name of the Jew. 
 
 David Teller, President of the Congregation Rodeph Shalom, 
 and for many years a prominent Jewish citizen, was born at Kirch- 
 heim, Rhenish Bavaria, Grermany, in February, 1824. In 1842 he 
 left his native land and came to America, settling in Wilmington, 
 North Carolina, and in the following year entering into partnership 
 with his brother, Solomon Teller, in the dry goods business. There 
 he continued until 1856, when he sold out his interest in the busi- 
 ness and removed to Philadelphia. Here he and his brothers, 
 Solomon and Raphael, established themselves as manufacturers and 
 importers of leaf tobacco — an enterprise which yielded them profit- 
 able results. In 1891 Mr. Teller retired from active business. 
 
 Soon after his arrival in this city Mr. Teller exhibited a marked 
 interest in communal work. He identified himself with the Rodeph 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 305 
 
 Shalom Congregation, was elected to its School Board in 1859, and, 
 soon after, to its Board of Directors, becoming successively Vice- 
 President and President; being unanimously elected to the latter 
 office in April, 1879. Under his regime, the Congregation has seen 
 prosperity and advancement. 
 
 Mr. Teller was one of the charter members of the Mercantile 
 Club, and served as its Vice-President for several years. He was 
 among the incorporators of the Society of the United Hebrew 
 Charities. He took part in the organization of the Mutual Benefit 
 Company of Pennsylvania, in 1870 ; becoming subsequently its 
 Vice-President, and afterwards its President, and continuing as such 
 until 1892, when he declined a re-election. For a long period he has 
 been President of the Mount Sinai Cemetery Association, which has 
 an extensive piece of ground in Frankford — a suburb of this city. 
 
 Mr. Teller is also a member of the Merchants' Fund, Jewish 
 Hospital Association, Jewish Foster Home and Orphan Asylum, 
 and other societies, among them the Philadelphia Branch of the 
 Jewish Theological Seminary Association, of which he is a Vice- 
 President. He has been a member of the Masonic Order since his 
 twenty- first year, and held various positions therein while residing 
 in Wilmington, North Carolina. He is now a life member of 
 Shekinah Lodge, Number 246, A. Y. M. =Mr. Teller was united 
 in marriage, in 1853, to Rebecca Hackenburg, daughter of the late 
 Judah L. Hackenburg. Their sons and daughters are well known 
 in the community. 
 
 David Teller has justly earned the regard of the Jewish public; 
 for his endeavors have been freely devoted to the furtherance of 
 worthy objects, and to the advancement of the status of his fellow- 
 believers. 
 
 Benjamin Franklin Teller, son of Raphael and Louisa 
 {nee Mayer) Teller, was born in Philadelphia, July 22d, 1853. 
 He attended public schools, and graduated from the Boys' Central 
 High School in February, 1871, receiving thereT the degree of 
 Bachelor of Arts, and in 1876 that of Master of Arts from the 
 same institution. He frequented the Law School of the University 
 of Pennsylvania, and profited by the lectures delivered there. In 
 October, 1871, he entered as clerk in the Conveyancing and Real 
 Estate office of W. Frederick Snyder, remaining there until January 
 
 20 
 
306 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 1st, 1876. He then opened an office on the second floor of the 
 north-east corner of Fifth and Chestnut Streets, being located there 
 from January until April, 1876. In the latter month he took 
 quarters with Mayer Sulzberger, Esq., on the second floor of the 
 north-east corner of Fourth and Chestnut Streets. 
 
 Mr. Teller's beginning was humble indeed, but in the lapse of 
 three years his business increased beyond the capacities of his small 
 office; so that in April, 1879, he and Mr. Sulzberger secured large 
 rooms on the second floor of the north-east corner of Sixth and Chest- 
 nut Streets (Hart's Buildings). Pluck, energy, and perseverance 
 had brought their reward, and Mr. Teller's business increased to such 
 extraordinary proportions that, notwithstanding enlarged accommo- 
 dations, the firm — then consisting of Benjamin F. and Joseph 
 Raphael Teller (the latter having been admitted to partnership in 
 February, 1884) — found it necessary to secure additional room, and 
 removed to the second floor of the north-west corner of Sixth and 
 Chestnut Streets in March, 1888. There they possessed almost 
 every fecility for the conduct of their Conveyancing, and more par- 
 ticularly Real Estate, business, which, however, continued to grow 
 still larger, requiring in May, 1891, another removal — this time to 
 the capacious second floor of the Public Ledger Building at the 
 south-west corner of Sixth and Chestnut Streets, Avhich they have 
 since occupied, except during an interval occasioned by a fire in 
 December, 1892. =Oscar Benjamin Teller, a well-known attorney, 
 has his office in the same quarters. 
 
 Benjamin F. Teller & Brother now direct a Real Estate business, 
 by far, the largest ever known in the history of Philadelphia, and 
 vieing with the most extensive houses of the same kind in the United 
 States. In this connection a statement may be of interest. In 
 1876 the senior member of the firm employed two clerks, con- 
 ducted negotiations for the rental or sale of less than one hundred 
 houses, and handled cash amounting in all to less than tw^o hundred 
 thousand dollars ($200,000). In 1893 the firm had in its employ 
 over fifty inside and outside clerks, had for rental or sale six thousand 
 houses in Philadelphia and suburbs, and handled cash amounting to 
 upwards of three million dollars ($3,000,000). 
 
 The Messrs. Teller are attorneys-in-fact for numerous persons 
 in the purchase of real estate and mortgages. They are members 
 or contributors to secular and Jewish institutions, and have, at 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 307 
 
 various times, been solicitors for a large number of Building Asso- 
 ciations. They were organizers and managers of the once-existing 
 Real Estate Exchange. Notwithstanding the increasing volume of 
 their business, the senior member, Benjamin F. Teller, has become 
 one of the most untiring laborers in the community of his fellow- 
 religionists. A simple mention of the functions he discharges in 
 Jewish institutions will suffice to demonstrate his exceptional useful- 
 ness. Since April, 1884, Mr. Teller has been Treasurer of the 
 Congregation Rodeph Shalom of which he had previously (since 
 April, 1882) been a Director. For the past fifteen years he has 
 been Secretary of the Jewish Foster Home and Orphan Asylum. 
 Since October, 1877, he has occupied a similar position in the He- 
 brew Charity Ball Association. In January, 1891, he was elected 
 Treasurer of the Jewish Maternity Association. On the organisa- 
 tion of the Jewish Exponent Publishing Company, in April, 1887, 
 he was elected its President. He is a member of the Mercantile 
 Club, and has served as its Treasurer continuously since December, 
 1876. 
 
 All these positions, and others are filled by Benjamin F. Teller 
 with scrupulous fidelity and uncommon ability. His career — and he 
 is. still a young man— has been as remarkable as his labors are con- 
 stant. On the one hand he has been the gainer, and on the other 
 the community of his brethren has greatly benefited by his unremit- 
 ting services. 
 
 Edward Henry Weil, younger son of Henry Isaac and 
 Matilda {nee Marks) Weil, was* born in Philadelphia, November 
 12th, 1836. His parents were in humble circumstances, but Edward 
 was, nevertheless, afforded a thorough education at public schools 
 and at the Boys' Central High School, from which he graduated, re- 
 ceiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and afterwards that of Mas- 
 ter of Arts. He obtained his instruction in the Hebrew language 
 from the Rev. Dr. S. Morals. 'He became a Hebrew teacher for 
 awhile, and in that capacity served in the School of the Hebrew 
 Education Society. Evincing a taste for the study of law, he 
 entered the office of Honorable Henry Myer Phillips, an attorney of 
 wide reputation, and also attended lectures at the Law Department 
 of the University of Pennsylvania. After completing his course, he 
 was admitted to the Philadelphia Bar in 1857. 
 
308 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Mr. Weil soon built up a large clientage, and his legal knowledge 
 and forensic ability early brought him to the front among members 
 of the profession. His practice has not been confined to this city or 
 State, but he has argued difficult questions, involving matters of 
 international dispute, before United States Courts, at Washington, 
 D. C. He enjoys prominence at the Bar, and is often consulted as 
 an authority on intricate technical questions. 
 
 In Jewish affairs, Mr. Weil also evinced a lively interest. He 
 has for many years been a member and, at different times. Secretary 
 and Solicitor of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, of which his 
 brother-in-law, Dr. Morals, is the esteemed Minister. His main 
 work, however, was performed in connection with the establish- 
 ment of the Society of the United Hebrew Charities, of this city. 
 It had long been felt that a union of various smaller Charities 
 would be productive of better results than by scattered and, there- 
 fore, unsystematic methods of granting relief to the poor. The 
 subject had been agitated for some years ; but Mr. Weil >vas the first 
 to initiate practical steps early in 1869, having in view the desired 
 end. A meeting was held at his office, and the plan for the union 
 of the different societies was prepared by him, and not only 
 effectually served the intended purpose, but was the system after 
 which many essential features of general charity organizations were 
 copied, both here and in other sections of the country. In recogni- 
 tion of his labors, Mr. Weil was tendered the presidency of the new 
 Society of the United Hebrew Charities, which, however, he declined, 
 but served as its Counsellor for quite a number of years, and as such 
 rendered conspicuous services. 
 
 Mr. Weil has algo shown his interest in the work of other institu- 
 tions, among them the Jewish Hospital, the Jewish Foster Home, and 
 the Society for Organizing Charity, of which latter he was a Director. 
 The law relating to Wayfarers' Lodges, as passed by the Legislature 
 of Pennsylvania, was devised by him, and the beneficial effects of 
 these Lodges have been experienced* time and again, as the poor are 
 thereby taught self-dependence, while being given relief Mr. Weil 
 has had much to do with charity work in his own ward, serving as 
 Chairman of the Relief Committee. Some years since, he was 
 elected a Trustee of Jefferson Medical College, and now occupies the 
 position of Treasurer of that celebrated institution. He is also a 
 member of the American Philosophical Society. On the organization 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 309 
 
 of the Geographical Club in 1891, Mr. Weil was selected as its 
 first Vice-President — an office he filled for some time — evidencing 
 his desire to advance scientific work. He has been further honored 
 by election to other positions. As a public speaker, he has frequently 
 been called to address large assemblages, and his subject-matter has 
 demonstrated his broad acquaintance with topics of a varying char- 
 acter. 
 
 In September, 1866, Mr. Weil married Isabel R. Lyons, a 
 daughter of the late Jacob C. and Louisa (nee Hart) Lyons, 
 formerly of Columbia, South Carolina. Of their five children, four 
 are living. The oldest, Gertrude, is a promising art student. The 
 second, Matilda, has developed knowledge and thought in her treat- 
 ment of questions in the world of literature. The third, Arthur 
 Edward, is a student at the University of Pennsylvania, and, by his 
 proficiency in classics, has won several prizes. The youngest child, 
 Ethel, attends school. 
 
 Mrs. Weil is Treasurer of the Female Hebrew Benevolent 
 Society. She partakes of her husband's literary tastes, which have 
 so contributed to his position in the general community, and which 
 have left an impress upon their children. 
 
 Abraham Simon Wolf occupied a conspicuous place in the 
 Jewish community of Philadelphia. He was born at Charlottes- 
 ville, Virginia, September 15th, 1809. His mercantile career 
 opened as a clerk in the employ of Mayer Arnold, at Kutztown, 
 Pennsylvania. He subsequently started business in a country store 
 in Meyerstown, in the same State. He worked on, meeting with 
 success, and in 1838 took up his residence in Philadelphia, entering 
 as a partner in the wholesale dry goods firm of Arnold, Cauffinan & 
 Wolf, afterwards known as CaufFman & Wolf When this house 
 dissolved, Mr. Wolf engaged in the clothing business, his firm being 
 called Abraham S. Wolf & Company. Later on, Simon W. Arnold 
 became a partner; the house being called Wolf, Arnold & Company. 
 
 After awhile Mr. Wolf quitted trade, and interested himself in 
 coal lands and in other speculations. He was elected President of 
 the Locust Gap Coal Company, and filled. that office until the Com- 
 pany was absorbed by the Reading Railroad. He also served as a 
 Director of the Consolidation Bank, of the Equitable Life Insur- 
 ance Company, and as Vice-President of the Northern Savings 
 Fund, Safe Deposit and Trust Company. 
 
310 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Thus in general affairs, Mr. Wolf's interest was manifested. But 
 not because of that interest would he lay claim to particular notice. 
 In the circles of his coreligionists, he performed those labors which 
 have contributed to place his name on the roll of honor. An early 
 member of the Hebrew Charity Association, he served as a Vice- 
 President during a period when its annual dinners were leading 
 events. He was among the first Directors, and served as President 
 of the Hebrew Education Society from 1854 to 1862 ; and of the 
 United Hebrew Beneficent Fuel Society, when that ^vas merged in 
 the present Society of the United Hebrew Charities, and he was a 
 charter- member and manager of the latter. He was among the 
 founders, and the energetic President of the Jewish Hospital Asso- 
 ciation from 1871 to 1878. He was besides connected with other 
 societies and corporations, among them the first Jewish Publication 
 Society in America — evincing in all a steadiness of purpose, and 
 untiring exertions in behalf of their objects. 
 
 In the Congregation Mickveh Israel Mr. Wolf's counsel was 
 sought, and he proved an earnest member and an active Trustee 
 of that religious organization, which he also served as Treasurer, 
 succeeding Hyman Gratz in 1856-1861. His work was not con- 
 fined to a few institutions, but he sought in every way to promote 
 the welfare of his coreligionists, and to that end, he gave his means, 
 his time, and his strength. 
 
 Mr. Wolf early joined the Masonic fraternity, and was a member 
 of Shekinah Lodge, Number 246, A. Y. M. In later years, he was 
 also affiliated with the Independent Order Bene Berith. In 1860, 
 he was united in marriage to Miriam H. Polock, a daughter of the 
 venerable Hyman Polock, of this city. 
 
 Abraham S. Wolf died at Orkney Springs, West Virginia, on 
 August 2d, 1880. His remains were brought to this city for inter- 
 ment, and his obsequies were attended by men of note with whom he 
 had associated, and who valued his friendship as the community re- 
 spected him for his services. 
 
 GENERAL MENTION. 
 
 The roll of workers is not exhausted. Indeed, there are many 
 additional names that might readily be selected. It is impossible to 
 mention more than a few within the limits of the present work. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 311 
 
 We must not, however, pass by without some allusion to such names 
 as David Sulzberger, the untiring Secretary of the Hebrew Educa- 
 tion Society, whose labors in its interests have identified his name 
 with its history, and with Jewish educational progress in Philadel- 
 phia; Mrs. Ester Amram, the earnest and whole-souled President 
 of the Jewish Maternity Association; Mrs. S. Belle Cohn, the effi- 
 cient Secretary of the same institution; Mrs. Miriam H. Wolf, the 
 faithful and energetic President of the Female Hebrew Benevolent 
 Society; Raphael Brunswick, a former President of the 'Adath 
 Jeshurun Congregation, until recently a manager of the United 
 Hebrew Charities, officer in Jewish Secret Orders, etc.; Charles 
 Joseph Cohen, a merchant and a gentleman of broad culture, who 
 has been President of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, and of the 
 Young Men's Hebrew Association, of Philadelphia, and a manager 
 of other institutions; Jacob Singer, President of District Grand 
 Lodge, Number 3, of the Independent Order Bene Berith, who 
 has infused fresh energy into the Order; his efficient associates, 
 Charles Hoffman, Vice-President; Marcus K. Cohen, Secretary; 
 Michael C. Hirsch, Treasurer, and formerly President of the Con- 
 gregation Keneseth Israel, etc.; and Samuel Weil, a veteran in 
 Bene Berith and other Orders; M. S. Meyerhoff, who has also 
 attained rank in Jewish Secret Orders; Joseph Rosenbaum, an 
 active worker in Charities some years since, and still a generous 
 contributor to many; Solomon Teller, President of the once-exist- 
 ing United Hebrew Relief Association, and formerly a Vice-Presi- 
 dent of the United Hebrew Charities; Jacob Miller, Vice-President 
 of the Association of Jewish Immigrants, and President of the Rap- 
 paport Benevolent Association; Isaac Bedichimer, prominent in the 
 Masonic Order; August B. Loeb, the able Treasurer of the Jewish 
 Hospital Association; Herman Jonas, its Corresponding Secretary, 
 and President of the Mercantile Club; Marcus Katz, the capable 
 Vice-President of the Jewish Foster Home and Orphan Asylum, an 
 earnest and a valuable worker, whose charity labors, however, are 
 not limited to that institution; Solomon Blumenthal, an active Vice- 
 President of the Jewish Publication Society of America; Dr. Charles 
 D. Spivak, Dr. Ludwig Loeb, Bernard Harris, and George Goward, 
 who have labored with enthusiasm to uplift their lowly brethren; 
 Samuel Sternberger, Solomon Miller, William, Ferdinand, and 
 Emanuel Marks, Herman B. Blumenthal, Henry M. Reis, Simon 
 
312 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 and Morris Pfaelzer, Max, Simon, and Morris Liveright, members 
 of the firm of Hirsh & Brother, Gimbel Brothers, Henry S. and 
 Joseph Louchheim, Aaron and Moses H. Lichten, Isaac, Gabriel, 
 and Ralph Blum — all well-known merchants; Levi Mayer, who has 
 been for years very active in Congregational and Society affairs; 
 Elias and Abraham Wolf, Marx B. Loeb, Simon Loeb, Meyer 
 Frank, Samuel Hecht, Simon I. Kohn, Isaac Sailer, Isaac Rosskam, 
 Joseph Loeb, Isaiah B. Langstadter, Jacob J. Rice, Alfred M. Klein, 
 Ephraim Lederer, Louis Wolf, Alfred Curtin Hirsh, Max Herzberg, 
 Walter S. Gans, Mrs. Adolph Rosenbaum, Mrs. Benjamin Strauss, 
 Mrs. Fanny Binswanger Hoffman, Miss Rosena Fels, Mrs. Morris 
 Pfaelzer, Mrs. H. S. Frank, Mrs. Charles Kaufman, Mrs. Bernard 
 Selig, Mrs. S. Kind, Mrs. Isabella H. Rosenbach, Mrs. Clara Hahn, 
 Miss Minnie Mayer, and Miss Diana Hirschler — all workers in Con- 
 gregations, Charity, and Educational Societies. 
 
 Among those now deceased, whose labors are worthy of more than 
 cursory mention, were: Gratz Etting, Zadok A. Davis, David Solo- 
 mon, Marcus Cauffman, Lyon J. Levy, Joseph S. Cohen, Abraham 
 Luria Hart, David Samuel, Eliezer L. Moss, Abraham Finzi, Moses 
 Nathans, Lazarus J. Leber man, Elias P. Levy, Jules A. Ephraim, 
 Morris Rosenbach, David H. Solis (Senior), Alexander Hexter, 
 Bernard Abeles, Samuel Nathan, Moses Lazarus — long Assistant 
 Secretary of the United Hebrew Charities; Daniel Gans, whose 
 munificent bequests to Jewish Societies have proved of great assist- 
 ance to the cause; Henry Friedberger, a merchant of old standing, 
 an earnest communal worker, and widely known for his charitable 
 and sympathetic impulses; Mrs. Hannah Florance, Mrs. William 
 Florance, Mrs. David Samuel, Miss Louisa Gratz, Mrs. Hannah 
 Emanuel, Mrs. Rebecca Hart (wife of Phineas Hart), Simon Sil- 
 berman, Isaac Kohn, Herman Heller, Jacob Kauflfman, Benjamin 
 Salinger— long Secretary of Keneseth Israel Congregation; and last, 
 but, by no means least, David Hoflfman, whose death at a very early 
 age, on August 23d, 1892, caused deep regret. Mr. Hoffman was an 
 exceptional young man, whose efforts in the interests of Jewish educa- 
 tion, and for the promotion of the study of Hebrew history and litera- 
 ture were deservedly appreciated, and whose qualities won him the 
 regard of his coreligionists. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 313 
 
 II. 
 
 IN LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND JOURNALISM. 
 
 In literature and science, Philadelphia Israelites can present quite 
 an array of persons of local, and even of national, celebrity. The 
 subjoined sketches are designed as an illustration. As will be 
 noticed, they treat of men and women — all from the laity — who, as 
 natives, or at any time residents of this city, have contributed to its 
 importance as an intellectual centre, by their published works, their 
 writings for the press, or their achievements in specific lines of pro- 
 fessional activity. In this department, journalists and miscellaneous 
 writers are also included. 
 
 Leon Solis Cohen, a son of Myer and Judith (iiee Solis) Cohen, 
 of Philadelphia, was of a family whose members have won deserved 
 respect for their mental attainments, deep religiousness, and unwaver- 
 ing attachment to the principles and observances of Judaism. Mr. 
 Cohen was born in this city, October 16th, 1840. Possessed of a 
 bright mind, a kindliness of nature, and keen sympathies, he soon 
 attracted a host of friends. His love of literature incited him to 
 study, and subsequently to original productions. In early years he 
 assumed a prominent station in the Philadelphia Literary Institute, 
 and in other literary societies, for which he wrote largely. 
 
 A loyal patriot, on the outbreak of the Civil War, Mr. Cohen 
 shouldered a gun, and proceeded to a place among the defenders of 
 his country. He served continuously in the Army until immedi- 
 ately before the Battle of Gettysburg, when an injury received 
 rendered him unfit for military service. During a residence in 
 Memphis, Tennessee, he wrote a number of stories, based upon Rab- 
 binical legends, and other compositions of a humorous character, 
 bearing on incidents in literature and folk-lore. 
 
314 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Mr. Cohen's nmn deplume was ** Lemon S. Cream," but he was 
 also known by that of "Sh'muel," — most of his Jewish stories being 
 written over that pseudonym. In New Orleans, where he was 
 located for awhile, he contributed to the columns of some of its 
 newspapers. He attended a whole series of lectures at Jefferson 
 Medical College, Philadelphia, with a view towards practising medi- 
 cine; but soon removing to New York, he married there and 
 engaged in business. He became an adept in amateur photography, 
 and a series of views of '*The Rebel Capital and its Environs," 
 taken by him and Cornelius Levy, of Philadelphia, after the Civil 
 War, possessed much interest, and were readily sold. 
 
 Mr. Cohen studied sciences, and applied his knowledge in useful 
 ways. But an incurable disease was fast sapping his existence. It 
 could not, however, alter the tenderness of his nature, and his 
 solicitude for others, his warmth of feeling, and his mental clearness 
 continued until the last. His soul was too soon called to its heavenly 
 rest, on September 19th, 1884 ; but he left behind the remem- 
 brance of deeds of sacrifice, of noble qualities, and a ''good name," 
 which " is better than precious ointment. ' ' 
 
 Some of the poems of Leon Solis Cohen have been republished, 
 and it were well if all the writings of that gifted young man were 
 collected and issued together, as a tribute to his worth and his 
 attainments. 
 
 David Solis Cohen, third son of Myer and Judith {nee Solis) 
 Cohen, was born in Philadelphia, October 15th, 1850. His early 
 instruction did not differ from that given to most boys. His natural 
 talents developed remarkably, and to his thorough methods of study 
 were added elocutionary powers, which subsequently proved of ad- 
 vantage to their possessor and of benefit to many others. Mr. Cohen 
 commenced his career, as a proof-reader on the Public Ledger, when 
 that journal was published at Third and Chestnut Streets. This was 
 the first step in his career of honor and of value. He became a 
 frequent contributor to newspapers and magazines, and as ' ' Daisy 
 Shortcut" — his nom de plume— his reputation was extended. For a 
 considerable period he conducted a humorous department of the 
 Sunday Dispatch, which became a feature of that leading Sunday 
 newspaper. 
 
 To many a worthy cause he lent his services as a reader, a 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. ' 315 
 
 speaker, or as an impersonator of characters in plays given by 
 amateurs. Not a few persons will remember Mr. Cohen's successful 
 and brilliant efforts as an interpreter of the main role in comedies 
 and farces produced at the Amateur Drawing Room to assist work 
 in connection with the Centennial Exhibition. His rare gifts as a 
 comedian were the means of delight to numerous auditors. His 
 efforts, however, were exerted as well in other directions. For five 
 years he was President of the Irving Literary Association, to w^hich 
 he rendered excellent service. He became identified with the He- 
 brew Association — another literary body — at whose meetings he fre- 
 quently spoke. He was among those who took the initiative in 
 forming the Young Men' s Hebrew Association — an outgrowth of the 
 Hebrew Association — and he served on its first Board of Officers as 
 Corresponding Secretary. Mr. Cohen continued to display an 
 earnest interest in literary, educational, and congregational institu- 
 tions in this city, until his removal to Portland, Oregon, where he 
 has resided since 1878. He is still occasionally heard when, on his 
 annual visits to this city, he is invited to address public assemblies. 
 
 To literature Mr. Cohen has contributed valuable material of a 
 varied character. As a book writer he is best known by "Our 
 Show," of which he and Harry B. Sommer are the authors, and 
 which, as a work of humor, illustrative of the Centennial, met with 
 a large sale, and afforded rare amusement. "Doves and Pigeons" 
 is the title of a comedy that has emanated from his pen. Two of 
 his plays have been put on the stage. 
 
 In Portland Mr. Cohen soon became a representative merchant 
 and citizen. He is senior member of the firm of Cohen, Davis & 
 Company, wholesale dealers in and extensive importers of toys and 
 notions, and a leading house. Business cares have not been allowed 
 to engross his time. In fact, his labors in various spheres of com- 
 mercial, intellectual, political, social, and religious work have 
 proven his untiring activity. His services are in constant demand, 
 and, as an orator, several of his brilliant efforts have been given 
 wide publicity; specially his masterly oration delivered on the 
 occasion of the hundredth birthday of the venerated Sir Moses 
 Montefiore. 
 
 Mr. Cohen has risen to an eminence in Portland, and far 
 beyond its limits, attained by few men. Of the numerous offices 
 filled by him, the following may be mentioned : Member of the 
 
316 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Oregon Board of Immigration; Portland Board of Charities and 
 Correction ; Director of the Chamber of Commerce ; Portland Trust 
 Company ; Grand Master of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, 
 for Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia; a Royal Arch 
 Mason ; Grand President of District Grand Lodge of the Indepen- 
 dent Order Bene Berith in the territory comprising Pacific Coast 
 States; President of the Young Men's Hebrew Association, of Port- 
 land; and a Police Commissioner of Portland, to which position he 
 was elected on the Independent ticket, by an overwhelming majority. 
 In 1892 Mr. Cohen was nominated for Mayor of the combined cities 
 of Portland and East Portland-^for whose consolidation he had 
 labored effectively — but he declined the honor. He has recently 
 been prominently mentioned as Democratic nominee for Senator of 
 the United States from Oregon, and the election of such a man to 
 such an office would undoubtedly be hailed with satisfaction by 
 every Israelite in the United States. = On April 4th, 1894, Mr. 
 Cohen was married to Miss Bertha Kahn, of Portland. 
 
 Mr. Cohen's praise is best spoken by his own record. It is one of 
 rare achievement for a young man who is, to quote another, "the 
 leading and most popular Jew in the great Northwest;" and to w^hich 
 remark we may add — a Jew, unyielding in his adherence to the 
 religion of his forefathers, and of whom the House of Israel has just 
 cause to be proud. 
 
 Mary M. Cohen is justly ranked with the most energetic Hebrew 
 women writers of the United States. In her childhood she evi- 
 denced a bright and promising intellect, and her adaptability to 
 literary pursuits has been manifest for years. Under the refining 
 influences of such a home as she enjoyed, her thought was framed, 
 and her religious sentiments likewise developed. Miss Cohen is the 
 second daughter of Mr. Henry and Mrs. Matilda {nee Samuel) 
 Cohen. She was born in Philadelphia, February 26th, 1854. 
 Her father and mother were pre-eminent in intellectual circles, and 
 their daughter, Mary— as, indeed, all their children, — received an 
 education becoming a child of cultured parents. At private schools 
 and under tutors, she acquired a knowledge of elementary and of 
 higher branches, besides that of several languages, music, and other 
 arts. Her fondness for literature was seen already at the age of 
 thirteen years, when she composed short stories. Her first attempt. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 317 
 
 however, of a more encouraging character was that entitled '' Reli- 
 gion Tends to Cheerfulness," which was published in the columns of 
 the Jewish Index, a weekly paper then issued in this city. This was 
 her formal introduction to the public, and it must have served as an 
 impetus to subsequent efforts ; for, from that period, her pen has 
 been most active. 
 
 Under her own name, and that of "Coralie," Miss Cohen has 
 contributed an extraordinarily large quota of articles, essays, poems, 
 and miscellaneous writings to the secular and the Jewish press, and 
 to magazines and periodicals of high merit. Her work has been 
 marked not only by a care and study, but by an insight into subjects 
 of a varied character ; demonstrating the comprehensiveness of her 
 intellect, and her methods of studious research, joined to a sympathy 
 with the subjects handled ; thus rendering their discussion by her 
 all *the more interesting and of a character appealing to literary 
 circles. It is not within the compass of these few lines to quote 
 from Miss Cohen's productions ; nor even to set in array the very 
 numerous examples of her brilliant pen. She has indited sketches 
 of celebrated men and women for publications ; she has handled 
 general literature in prose and in poetry, and questions belonging 
 to the sphere of Judaism with equal ability ; she has contributed 
 articles on the status and important roles assumed by Hebrews 
 and Hebrew women, besides stories and reviews to Jewish, secular, 
 and Christian religious journals of this and other cities. Among 
 these writings, are * 'Orthodox and Reform Jews ;" "The Synagogue 
 and the Jewess;" a poem in honor of Sir Moses Montefiore ; "The 
 Influence of Faith;" "Hebrew Women;" "Jewish Working 
 Girls ; " studies of Robert Browning's poems, among them "Rabbi 
 Ben Ezra," "Saul," and " Jochanan Ha Kadosh " (the Holy); 
 "Miss Hattie; " "A Book That Has Helped Me," being a review 
 of ' ' The Story of Avis," by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps ; and a paper on 
 Emma Lazarus' s writings. At the Hebrew Women's Congress, held 
 in Chicago during the World's Columbian Exhibition, in 1893, Miss 
 Cohen read her paper on * ' The Influence of the Jewish Religion on 
 the Home;" and another, on "What Judaism has done for the 
 Theological Emancipation of Women," before the Unitarian Con- 
 gress in Chicago during the same Exhibition. She has also edited 
 " The Diary and Letters of Louisa B. Hart," together with a 
 memoir of Miss Hart, 
 
318 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Miss Cohen has been conspicuous in literary organizations, among 
 them the Young Men's Hebrew Association, the Women's New 
 Century Club, and the Browning Society — a large and important 
 institution, composed of men and women of culture and thought, 
 and of which Society she is president. Before these, as well as 
 before the Philadelphia and the American Social Science Associations, 
 she has read papers on such topics as "Hebrew Charities;" *' Per- 
 sonality as a Moving Power; " "The Balance of Power Between 
 Industrial and Intellectual Work;" and "Interdependence of the 
 Poetic and Critical Faculties. ' ' The simple mention of titles is an 
 evidence of the breadth of Miss Cohen's mental powers, and her 
 grasp of leading questions of our times. 
 
 To Jewish affairs, Miss Cohen has also lent her time and her 
 talents. The Hebrew Sunday School was fortunate in having her 
 services ; first, as an instructor in its Northern branch, and subse- 
 quently as Superintendent of its Southern Sunday School. The 
 Young Women' s Union and other charitable, educational, and social 
 institutions have had her hearty co-operation in their work, and 
 the benefit of her knowledge and ripe experience. She was a 
 member of the first Executive Committee, and afterwards Corres- 
 ponding Secretary of the present Jewish Publication Society of 
 America. She is a member of the Committee on Religion of the 
 National Council of Jewish Women. Her accomplishments in 
 varied spheres are not due solely to continuous reading, but she has 
 gathered in stores of useful information from observation in travels 
 through European countries and the United States. 
 
 Thoughtful and scholarly as a writer, attractive as a conversa- 
 tionalist, sympathetic in her nature, possessed of strongly- marked 
 religious sentiments, unwavering in her attachment to historical 
 Judaism, Miss Cohen rightly deserves a place among representative 
 Jewesses of our age. She has honored Israel by signalizing the 
 exalted mission of her people in the sight of their neighbors. 
 
 Emanuel Cohen, lawyer and scholar, was born in Carboudale, 
 Pennsylvania, May 11th, 1855. In schools and finally at Williams 
 College (Massachusetts) he obtained instruction, and soon evidenced 
 the possession of extraordinary talents. His taste for literature de- 
 veloped early, and his fondness for historical and scientific research 
 brought forth excellent results, as shown in his writings and in his 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 319 
 
 public lectures. A prize essay on the principles of sociology, written 
 by Mr. Cohen for the Young Men's Hebrew Association, of Phila- 
 delphia, strengthened the impression as to his peculiar adaptability 
 to literary pursuits. He, however, selected the law as his profession, 
 and coming to this city, entered the office of Honorable Frederick 
 Carroll Brewster, a distinguished practitioner. He was admitted to 
 the Philadelphia Bar in 1878, and became a partner of Samuel 
 Morais Hyneman, in the law firm of Hyneman & Cohen. In 
 1886, he removed to Minneapolis, Minnesota, to become associated 
 with Messrs. Kitchel and Shaw, in the law firm of Kitchel, Cohen 
 & Shaw — now one of the leading partnerships of this character in 
 the Northwest. 
 
 Mr. Cohen's forensic ability has been signally marked since his 
 residence in Minneapolis; his knowledge of America:; history. Con- 
 stitution and State laws; his able utterance, and his success in plead- 
 ing before Court are elements that have combined to give him a 
 well-merited prominence, and augur for him a brilliant future. 
 
 On December 15th, 1886, Mr. Cohen was united in marriage to 
 Miss Nina Morais, of Philadelphia. 
 
 Nina Morais Cohen, wife of Emanuel Cohen, is the oldest 
 daughter of the Rev. Dr. Sabato, and Clara Esther {nee Weil) 
 Morais, of Philadelphia. She was born in this city, December 6th, 
 1855. Her education was systematic and thorough— at public and 
 private schools, and at the Girls' Normal School, where she attained 
 proficiency, and completed her tuition. From her early years, she 
 was a constant reader of the literature of the day and of ancient 
 and modern writers. Her progress in various branches, notably 
 in composition and geometry, rendered her services valuable as a 
 teacher in schools and at homes. Notwithstanding numerous domestic 
 duties occasioned by the early death of her beloved mother, she found 
 leisure for literary work, and contributed articles on Jewish and 
 general subjects to secular and Jewish journals and magazines, 
 either as a correspondent or as a special writer. An essay entitled 
 "Circumstances as a Factor" won her a prize from the Young 
 Men's Hebrew Association, of Philadelphia. Her two articles, 
 which attracted most notice, and received wide attention were: 
 *'The Limitations of Sex," in which she favored, from different 
 points of view, the placing of women on a similar political plane 
 
320 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 with men; and "Jewish Ostracism in America," a thoughtful article 
 prompted by a series of events regrettable amid enlightened influ- 
 ences. Both of these were published in the North American Review. 
 On school questions she has also written, besides having given trans- 
 lations from the Italian of poetical effusions of some of the masters. 
 
 Since her removal to Minneapolis, in December, 1886, Mrs. 
 Cohen has been a member of a literary coterie, composed of cul- 
 tured ladies, before whom she has read papers on scholarly ques- 
 tions. Prior to her marriage, she appeared at times in public as 
 an elocutionist, and her recitations and readings in verse and prose 
 evidenced the possession of natural gifts, and a cultivated mind, 
 which led to favorable comment from critics, and to repeated evi- 
 dences of satisfaction from the discriminating and the thoughtful. 
 
 Mrs. Cohen is Vice-President for Minnesota of the National 
 Council of Jewish Women, organized in Chicago, during Septem- 
 ber, 1893. 
 
 Felix N. Gerson, writer, poet, and journalist, was born in 
 Philadelphia, October 18th, 1862. He attended public schools and 
 the Boys' Central High School, after which he spent some time in 
 the study of civil engineering. From 1880 until 1890 he was in 
 the employ of the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad Company, at 
 the Port Richmond Coal Terminal. In that Company he received 
 rapid promotion, and finally became Department Chief Clerk. 
 During the railroad strikes in Philadelphia and New York in 
 1887, he was assigned to the coal docks of New York harbor, and 
 his skill, energy, and promptness of action had much to do with 
 quelling the strike and restoring business to its normal condition. 
 
 Mr. Gerson, who had previously been a writer and correspondent 
 for different journals, accepted in December, 1890, the post of 
 Managing Editor of the Chicago Edition of the American Israelite, 
 of Cincinnati. He returned to Philadelphia during the summer of 
 1891, and has, since that period, been Manager of the Jewish 
 Exponent of this city — a position he has filled successfully, and 
 with credit to himself. Mr. Gerson has for some years been known 
 as a writer of prose and verse for different publications. As a critic, 
 his work has been shown in Freund's Music and Drama, and in the 
 American Musician, both of which New York Weeklies he has 
 represented in this city. "Some Verses" is the title of a dainty 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 321 
 
 volume written by him, containing numerous original poems and 
 translations — issued in 1893. This work has received merited com- 
 pliment from the press, and it is quite a remarkable evidence of 
 the development of the poetic instinct in a man young in years, but 
 ripe in general knowledge and in the utterance of thoughts clothed 
 in the magic garb of winsome and beauteous verse. 
 
 On January 28th, 1892, Mr. Gerson was united in marriage to 
 Miss Emily Goldsmith, a daughter of Mr. Abraham Goldsmith, of 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Milton Goldsmith is the oldest son of Abraham and Cecelia 
 {nee Adler) Goldsmith, of Philadelphia. He was born in this city. 
 May 22d, 1861. After receiving an educational training here he 
 sailed for Europe, and for three years was a student at an Academy 
 in Zurich, Switzerland. He returned to the United States in 1879, 
 and engaged in the wholesale clothing business, successively in this 
 city, in Norfolk (Virginia), and in New York City. In 1888 he 
 became a partner in the same business at Philadelphia, with his 
 father and younger brother, Edwin M. Goldsmith, the firm name 
 being A. Goldsmith & Sons. 
 
 Mr. Goldsmith has found leisure for literary work, for which he 
 evinced an inclination in his youth. From his fertile pen, articles 
 and sketches in prose and in verse have emanated. His stories have 
 been read with interest, and their pleasing style and clever elabora- 
 tion have combined to render the writer popular, and have increased 
 the demand for his compositions. Of these, many represent scenes 
 in Jewish life, in the presentation of which the author discloses a 
 vivid imagination, delicacy of treatment, and pronounced sympathies. 
 His literary reputation has been considerably enhanced by his novel 
 entitled ''Rabbi and Priest," issued in 1891 by the Jewish Publica- 
 tion Society of America. Numerous and favorable have been the 
 comments on this work from near and far. 
 
 Mr. Goldsmith's talent has been further proven by comic operas, 
 songs, and miscellaneous writings. As a musician, he possesses 
 ability, specially in the knowledge of the piano- forte. He is con- 
 siderable of a linguist, and withal an earnest student. Mr. Gold- 
 smith has lent his aid to congregational, charitable, and educational 
 institutions among the Jews of Philadelphia, and business cares have 
 not caused him to relax in his efforts in various directions. 
 
 21 
 
322 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Michael Heilprin is a name that no chronicler of Jewish 
 history must overlook. True, he was neither a native of Phila- 
 delphia nor did he perform those works here which entitled him to 
 a place among the rare scholars and philanthropists of the nineteenth 
 century. Yet this city was the stepping-stone to his future eminence, 
 and one of its respected citizens was the man who recognized in 
 Heilprin that erudition and genius destined to illumine all who were 
 privileged to reap benefit from his stupendous attainments. The fol- 
 lowing sketch, however inadequate, may convey some information. 
 It was indited by the writer of this work at the time of Mr. Heilprin's 
 death, which occurred at Summit, New Jersey, on May 10th, 1888. 
 
 Michael Heilprin was born in Russian Poland, in 1823. His 
 learned father, Rabbi Phineas Mendel Heilprin, who shone among 
 the luminaries in the horizon of Jewish literature, came to the 
 United States, in later years, and resided for a time in this city. 
 He died at Washington, on January 30th, 1863. [See sketch of his 
 career in -"Eminent Israelites of the Nineteenth Century, " pages 
 126-130]. Michael, his older son, studied deeply, and acquired 
 such a store of learning, that when still young his attainments in 
 many fields were remarkable. He removed to Hungary, and in 
 1848 took part in the Hungarian Revolution, being an ardent 
 follower of Louis Kossuth, and attached to the literary bureau of 
 his Department of the Interior, in 1849. He preceded his father to 
 this country in 1856, having previously dwelt in exile with Kossuth, 
 after the Hungarian Revolution had failed. The abilities he 
 possessed immediately attracted attention. 
 
 Mr. Heilprin resided for some years at Philadelphia, and was a 
 teacher in the School of the Hebrew Education Society. But his 
 brilliant talents forced him to the front, despite exceeding modesty 
 which always characterized him. Mr. Abraham Hart, who was 
 much impressed with Mr. Heilprin, used his influence, and the latter 
 was selected as an Associate Editor of Appleton' s "American Cyclo- 
 paedia." 
 
 The publishers soon had cause to congratulate themselves on such 
 an addition to their forces. Mr. Heilprin was, to use the term em- 
 ployed by the publishers themselves in an appreciative sketch, ' ' the 
 walking cyclopaedia of the establishment." Every page of the 
 voluminous cyclopaedia issued by the Appletons was submitted to his 
 correction before the work was printed; and bis knowledge on 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 323 
 
 subjects pertaining especially to history, geography, orthography, 
 philology, and general literature is said to have been amazing, 
 "extending to the minutest details." Mr. Heilprin contributed 
 many articles to the '* American Cyclopaedia," and to the * 'Condensed 
 American Cyclopaedia," of which he was also an Associate Editor. 
 Of these, his splendid article on the "Hebrews" is worthy of special 
 note, and his writings on Cyrus, Hungary, Francis Joseph, Kossuth, 
 Media, Poland, and other topics, all treated with thought and deep 
 scholarship, evidenced the acute intellect and remarkable mind that 
 he possessed. He also had charge of the literary reviews of the 
 Nation, and was a frequent writer for that representative literary 
 weekly of America. 
 
 Mr. Heilprin, as a linguist, won high respect. He spoke with 
 ease twelve languages, and understood most of the languages of 
 modern Europe; and his knowledge of the Hebrew was, of course, 
 extensive and profound. Such a man, indeed, was remarkable, and 
 it is not likely that his superior, if his equal, in scholarship, could 
 be found among his contemporaries in America. 
 
 In 1879, Mr. Heilprin issued the first volume of **The Historical 
 Poetry of the Ancient Hebrews;" the second volume being published 
 in 1880. In this work he examines the subject mentioned, from a 
 critical, but very radical, standpoint, and his views seem to be affected 
 by the schools of Wellhausen and Kuenen. 
 
 During the Civil War, Mr. Heilprin engaged in a controversy 
 against slavery, and he was outspoken as an Abolitionist, especially 
 in the columns of the New York Tribune. 
 
 When the Jewish refugees from oppressive Russia arrived at these 
 free shores, Mr. Heilprin at once took part in the labors to relieve 
 their wants, and helped to locate them in different parts of the country. 
 He started a movement to settle these immigrants as farmers in the 
 Western territories. He founded colonies of Jewish immigrants in 
 Dakota, Oregon, Nebraska, Kansas, and in other sections. He 
 always took a profound interest in these colonies, and journeyed to 
 some, personally superintending matters, and trying to uplift his 
 coreligionists by the honorable occupations of farmers and agri- 
 culturists. Nor was his concern for the *' Alliance" Colony — in the 
 suburbs of Vineland, New Jersey— shown any the less, and for 
 the neighboring colony of ''Carmel, " founded by him. In fact, 
 since the heavy immigration to this country commenced, he was most 
 
324 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 active in providing for the future new-comei-s, giving his time, his 
 means, and his abilities for the welfare of his unfortunate brethren 
 in Israel; and Jews everywhere were free to acknowledge the im- 
 portant works he had accomplished. Said one of Heilprin's warm 
 friends: "He was a youthful enthusiast and such he continued; he 
 believed in man's ability to self- elevation, and to promote it he gave 
 all the ardor of his youthful enthusiasm." Said another: "His 
 modesty was as great as his scholarship was far-reaching." 
 
 Mr. Heilprin's wife, sons, and daughters have shown their in- 
 tellectual ability, as if a direct result from contact with the husband 
 and father. Of his sons, Louis, born in Hungary, in 1851, is a 
 specialist in matters of history, and has published an ' ' Historical 
 Reference- Book," besides contributing to cyclopedias, etc., etc. He 
 resides at Washington, D. C. = Angelo, another son, is a scientist 
 and paleontologist of renown. = Mr. Heilprin's nephew, Fabian 
 Franklin, of Baltimore, has risen to a high station as a mathema- 
 tician. 
 
 Angelo Heilprin, the scion of a distinguished household, the 
 learned son of a learned father, takes rank with the most industrious 
 and thorough scientists of our age. His lectures, his writings, his 
 explorations, his contributions to the fields of geology and paleon- 
 tology have marked him out as an authority in an important sphere 
 of literature. Professor Heilprin was born in Satoralja-Ujhely, 
 Hungary, March 31st, 1853. He was brought to this country by 
 his father when only three years old. In schools at Brooklyn, and 
 then at Yonkers he imbibed first lessons. In his home he learned 
 much, and early displayed an eagerness for knowledge. After 
 serving in a business house his abilities won recognition, so that his 
 father called on him and his elder brother, Louis, to assist their 
 parent in the revision of Appleton's "New American Cyclopiedia," of 
 which the father was an Associate Editor. Angelo's successful work 
 here was further shown by several excellent articles contributed by 
 him to the above publication, among them biographies of Professor 
 John Tyndall and Sir Roderick Murchison. His inclination for 
 science had already shown itself ; hence, in 1876, he proceeded to 
 London (England), there to study biology under Professor Huxley, 
 geology under Professor Judd, and paleontology under Professor 
 Etheridge. He made such advancement that in 1877 he received 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 325 
 
 the Forbes Medal. He next went to Paris (France), thence to the 
 University of Geneva (Switzerland), studying mineralogy and 
 geology and attending lectures on paleontology by Professor Carl 
 Vogt, and later at Museums of Florence (Italy), and at the 
 Imperial Geological Institute of Vienna (Austria). He then took 
 to travelling in a number of European countries, studying nature 
 and its wonders, and profiting by an education— brilliant in many 
 and complete in several departments. 
 
 Mr. Heilprin returned to the United States in June, 1879. In 
 the following January (1880) he was selected as a correspondent of 
 the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, and towards the 
 end of the same year Professor of Invertebrate Paleontology in the 
 same institution — a position he fills with honor at the present time. 
 But his abilities as a scholar and in excutive affairs were to meet 
 with further acknowledgement. On October 2d, 1883, he was 
 chosen to the Board of Curators — composed of four members — of 
 the Academy of Natural Sciences, and only a week after, October 
 9th, 1883, he was made Curator-in-Charge of the Academy, which 
 office he held continuously until his resignation in April, 1892. He 
 became Professor of Geology in the Wagner Free Institute of Science, 
 Philadelphia, in 1885, and in 1888, Curator of its Museum. His 
 addresses there, as well as his frequent courses of lectures at the 
 Academy mentioned, have drawn large and intelligent audiences, 
 and the Professor's services are much in demand by scientific and 
 literary societies. 
 
 Professor Heilprin is President of the Geographical Club, of 
 recent origin (1891) ; also a member of the American Philosophi- 
 cal Society, the Society of American Naturalists, a Fellow of the 
 American Geological and of the American Geographical Societies, 
 and of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. 
 He has conducted explorations in Florida, and made discoveries 
 there of signal importance to the cause of scientific investigation ; also 
 in the Bermuda Islands, in Yucatan, and in Mexico. Among his 
 discoveries in the last named, one is of special value, and has tended 
 to disprove previous theories ; namely, that the Peak of Orizaba 
 (18,200 feet), and not Popocatapetl, is the terminating point of the 
 North American Continent. This opinion was not at first accepted, 
 but has been verified by later measurements. In his desire to 
 advance the interests of scientific research. Professor Heilprin has 
 
326 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 allowed no obstacle to interfere. He ascended the glacier-covered 
 Peak of Ixtaccihuatl, and established its height as 16,960 feet. In 
 June, 1891, he led the expedition of scientists North, in connection 
 with the Arctic expedition in command of Lieutenant R. E. Peary, 
 and in the following year (1892) he commanded the Peary Relief 
 Expedition to Greenland — both being under the auspices of the 
 Academy of Natural Sciences. Professor Heilprin is an earnest 
 advocate of Arctic exploration, and he has lectured frequently on 
 that topic, giving his views on the status and prospects of research 
 in the ice-bound regions of the North. His services to that cause 
 were recognized by Lieutenant Peary, who named one of the largest 
 glaciers in the world "Heilprin Glacier." It forms the eastern 
 side of Inglefield Gulf, in Northwest Greenland. 
 
 We have thus referred to Professor Heilprin as a lecturer and an 
 explorer. Much could be said of him as a prolific writer. Irre- 
 spective of his contributions to journals, magazines, and periodicals, 
 he has produced works of decided value — w^orks in which his splendid 
 acquaintance with different departments of science is luminously 
 exhibited. Among these may be mentioned : " Explorations on the 
 West Coast of Florida and in the Okeechobee Wilderness ; " " The 
 Bermuda Islands: a Contribution to the Physical History and 
 Zoology of the Somers Archipelago ; " ''Contributions to the Ter- 
 tiary Geology and Paleontology of the Eastern United States;" 
 "Town Geology ; the Lesson of the Philadelphia Rocks ; " "The 
 Geographical and Geological Distribution of Animals;" "The 
 Geological Evidences of Evolution ;" "The Animal Life of our 
 Seashore ;" ''The Principles of Geology "—being Volume VII of 
 the " Iconographic Encyclopsedia, " a work now in course of publi- 
 cation ; ' ' The Arctic Problem and Narrative of the Peary Relief 
 Expedition." He is at present editor of Around the World — a 
 monthly magazine of " tours, travels, and explorations," magnifi- 
 cently illustrated and of superior merit. 
 
 Professor Heilprin — who has evinced decided talent also as a 
 painter and a pianist — is still young, active, and persistent in his labors 
 for the advancement of the science wnth which he is specially identi- 
 fied. His efforts, however, are by no means confined thereto. He is 
 interested in all intellectual movements that tend to broaden human 
 knowledge and add ta human -achievement ; his personal traits, his 
 inherited modesty, and his genial manners have increased the circle 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 327 
 
 of his friends and admirers, and have rendered his acquirements of 
 still more advantage to a large and interested public. 
 
 Leon Hyneman, as a member of the Masonic Order, as a writer 
 on Masonic questions, and as a promoter of the highest interests ot 
 Free Masonry, gained a reputation second to that of no Israelite 
 identified with the Fraternity. Mr. Hyneman was born in Mont- 
 gomery County, Pennsylvania, May 14th, 1808. His father, Elias 
 Hyneman, was a direct descendant of a family of note in Spain 
 during the Middle Ages, whose members, like those of many other 
 families, were compelled to quit that country during the Inquisition, 
 in the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella. They took up a residence 
 in Holland, whither many of the exiles had repaired. There, Elias 
 Hyneman was born; but at a youthful age he came to the United 
 States, and established himself in a country town of Pennsylvania 
 as a keeper of a hotel and store. Subsequent to his marriage he 
 removed to Philadelphia, where he engaged in a mercantile business. 
 
 Of Mr. Hyneman' s thirteen children, Leon was the oldest. At 
 school and college the boy exhibited exceptional aptitude for study. 
 The father desired him to enter into business, but he manifested so 
 strong an aversion to trade that, rather than adopt it, he left his 
 home, and for five years travelled through parts of Pennsylvania, 
 Ohio, and New York, earning a livelihood by teaching in country 
 schools. In the course of his travels he paid a lengthy visit to the 
 Shaker Colony, at Mount Lebanon, New York. There he met 
 Frederick \V. Evans, a prominent leader of the Shakers, which 
 sect he learned to admire because of their altruistic and economic 
 ideas, but which, as a religious body, he could not join. 
 
 Mr. Hyneman returned to Philadelphia in 1834, and soon dis- 
 played an interest in Free Masonry. In 1838 he became a member 
 of Lafayette Lodge of the Masonic Order in Philadelphia, and in 
 1840 was elected Master of that Lodge. He was at one time a 
 member of Shekinah Lodge, Number 246, A. Y. M. ; also of the 
 Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Leon Hyneman' s fame, however, is based upon his works in the 
 field of Masonic literature. His activity in this direction began in 
 1852, when he established in Philadelphia a weekly, called the 
 Masonic Mirror and American Keystone — an eight- page folio, de- 
 voted to the "diffusion of Masonic Intelligence, Literature, the Fine 
 
328 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Arts, etc." This paper he edited continuously from 1852 to 1860. 
 Its value as an organ of Masonry was further enhanced by its merit 
 as a literary publication ; among its most valued contributors being 
 Mrs. Rebekah Hyneman — a sister-in-law of its editor — who wrote 
 for it sketches, poems, translations, and novels. Mr. Hyneman's 
 conduct of the Mirror and Keystone was distinguished by a boldness 
 of expression and an utterance of liberal views. His main efforts 
 were directed towards the complete secularization of the Masonic 
 Order and the promotion of fraternal feelings among all men — rich 
 and poor, and of varying shades of religious belief. He strongly 
 advocated the preservation of a true spirit in the lodge-room, 
 rather than mere pomp and outward display. In his writings he 
 endeavored to prove that the origin of the Masonic Order was due to 
 "a class desiring to perpetuate the knowledge of the existence of 
 The One God of the Jews, and also that Brotherhood so strongly 
 inculcated in the Laws of Moses." He had much to do with 
 framing legislation for the government of Masonic bodies. In 1849 
 he originated the Order of Druidesses, and wrote its ritual. Mr. 
 Hyneman was identified with the Orders of Odd Fellows and of 
 Druids, becoming Past Grand Patriarch of the former Order. 
 In these also he was a formidable opponent of sectarianism, and 
 proved a valuable member. He is mentioned among managers of 
 the Jewish Publication Society of America, in 1845. 
 
 Mr. Hyneman's published works treat chiefly of Masonry. They 
 include "Masonic Library," in two volumes; "World's Masonic 
 Register," containing name, number, location, and time of meeting 
 of every Chapter, Council, and Commandery in the United States; 
 "The Origin of Free Masonry;" "Ancient York and London Grand 
 Lodges;" "Free Masonry in England from 1567 to 1813;" and 
 ' * Fundamental Principles of Science, ' ' a work in which he main- 
 tains that "the labor question concerns both men and women," and 
 wherein he argues that that question will not be solved " until the 
 dual principle is recognized, and woman is accorded her full rights 
 as the equal of man in the enjoyment of all rights and participation 
 in all the interests man possesses." 
 
 Mr. Hyneman was once tendered the Grand Mastership of the 
 "Rite of Memphis" in the ranks of "Egyptian Masonry," which 
 honor, however, he declined. His acquaintanceship with Masons 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 329 
 
 included many — prominent in the Order; his kindliness of disposi- 
 tion and engaging address secured for him respect and friendship. 
 
 Mr. Hynemau married Sarah Gumpert, who died in 1874, in her 
 sixty-fourth year. Of their eight children, Moses Leon and Alice are 
 well-known writers; Annie married Nathaniel Barnett; and Leona 
 married Jacob Lowengrund, and was for some years (as ''Leona 
 Moss") a talented actress. 
 
 Leon Hyneman possessed a rare library, containing valuable 
 works on Masonry. He continued active, contributing to different 
 papers until his death, which occurred on March 4th, 1879, in New 
 York City ; his remains being interred in Philadelphia. 
 
 Rebekah Hyneman, wife of Benjamin Hyneman, was not born 
 within the pale of Judaism. Yet there are few, indeed, among the 
 daughters of Israel, who, by their religious fervor, poetic sentiment, 
 and unfailing love for the cause of their people, can lay better claim 
 to recognition at our hands. Rebekah Gumpert (for such was her 
 maiden name) was the daughter of a Jewish father and a Christian 
 mother. The mother, however, had no decidedly religious leanings, 
 though, perhaps, she was more inclined to her husband's belief. In 
 after years her offspring followed their own inclinations, some re- 
 maining Christians, and others adopting the Jewish faith. Of the 
 latter, Rebekah became most devotedly attached to the religion 
 which she had eagerly embraced. She was born in Philadelphia, 
 September 8th, 1812. Modest, unassuming, hesitating, never prone 
 to estimate her qualities of mind and heart, but rather disposed to a 
 lack of self-confidence and to a recognition of her own foibles— such 
 were characteristics of the Rebekah who was to sing the Song of 
 Israel's triumph, and picture its grandeur, its aspirations, in lines of 
 charming prose, in words of flowing rhythm. 
 
 There is no possibility within the limits of this sketch, even to 
 refer to the many products of a fruitful pen. Rebekah Hyneman 
 proved a diligent student in her childhood. She eagerly sought 
 books, and from these imbibed varied knowledge. Her mental 
 activity began when still quite young, and continued, notwithstand- 
 ing trials of a character rending the soul — trials testing faith— yet, 
 above which she rose. Benjamin Hyneman, her husband, in the 
 pursuit of his vocation, left on his travels and was seen no more. 
 Her brave son, Ellas Leon Hyneman, who nobly came forward to 
 
330 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 serve his country in the hour of its peril, performed a deed of rare 
 self-sacrifice which resulted in his capture by the rebels, and after 
 most cruel treatment in the rebel prison at Andersonville, he died 
 there from sheer starvation. Her other son, Barton Hyneman, 
 suffered long from a disease which finally proved fatal. Grief was 
 again intensified by the death of Mrs. Hyneman's sister, Sarah, 
 wife of Leon Hyneman. 
 
 Surely the soul of our poetess was overweighted with sorrow ; yet 
 she must have found comfort in still following the work she had 
 long since begun, and her firm belief in the teachings of Holy Writ, 
 and in the mission and promises concerning her people, brought solace 
 to her broken heart. Mrs. Hyneman wrote extensively for the 
 Masonic Mirror and Keystone; her contributions, including essays, 
 original stories, scattered poems, and, at times, translations from the 
 works of foreign authors. Among her published writings are ' ' The 
 Leper and Other Poems;" ''The Muses;" ''Livia;" "Zara," or 
 the unfortunate Jewess of Tangiers ; besides numerous poems and 
 prose w^ritings — all of which bear witness to her wealth of im- 
 agery and beauty of delineation. Her "Tales for Children," and 
 her descriptions of women of the Holy Scriptures and of the Apoc- 
 rypha are further testimonies to her zeal and her descriptive powers. 
 
 Rebekah Hyneman's love of the Holy Land and of Jerusalem, 
 the City of the Redeemed, is manifest in poems burning with all the 
 ardor of a pious soul. We cannot refrain from quoting a few lines 
 illustrative of the poet, and the sentiments she cherished, as reflected 
 in her lofty utterances about the Land of Promise. 
 
 " A glorious thing to be 
 So near the scenes made holy by our God — 
 To tread again the paths our fathers trod, 
 And dream of freedom, Israel, for thee !" 
 
 And again, in mourning over the desolation of Jerusalem: — 
 
 ' ' Oh, mournful mother ! who hast wept 
 
 So long o'er thy bright joys departed, 
 What lonely vigils have been kept 
 
 By thee, forlorn and broken-hearted, 
 With scarce a ray of hope to bless 
 Thy bosom's aching loneliness. 
 
 Bowed down beneath a weight of shame, 
 
 Dishonored, stricken and opprest, 
 The power of thy once queenly name 
 
 Became a by- word and a jest 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 331 
 
 Dishonored ! thou, Jerusalem ! 
 
 How can a Hebrew speak that word ? 
 Though fallen is thy diadem, 
 
 Though in thy sacred halls is heard 
 No longer the consoling prayer, 
 Which raised our hearts above despair — 
 
 Oh ! still a sacred thing thou art, . 
 
 Cherished above all earthly power — 
 Dearer to every faithful heart, 
 
 Even in thy most degraded hour, 
 Than aught to which the fancy clings 
 In all our earthly wanderings." 
 
 On September 10th, 1875, the spirit of Rebekah Hyneman was 
 summoned to the realms of the righteous. 
 
 [For an analytical resume of Mrs. Hyneman' s career and writings, 
 the reader is referred to an article by Nina Morais Cohen, in ' ' The 
 American Jews' Annual, for 5646, A. M. "] 
 
 Alfred T. Jones is deserving of special mention in the roll of 
 representative men in the Jewish community. For a period of 
 fully four decades, his labors in the cause of education and charity 
 were unremitting, and there was scarce an effort of any importance 
 but in it he figured prominently. Mr. Jones was born in Boston, 
 Massachusetts, on the 4th of July, 1822. He saw light on a day 
 dear to all Americans, and was a lineal descendant of a man who 
 had staked his existence for his country in the Revolutionary War. 
 Mr. Jones's mother, Maria Marks, was a daughter of Michael and 
 Johaveth Marks, the latter being a daughter of Moses Isaacks, of 
 Newport, Rhode Island, who served in the struggle for Independence. 
 His father, Andrew A. Jones, who married Maria Marks, was a 
 native of Amsterdam, Holland, born March 11th, 1777. He was 
 educated in England, and came to this country when still young. 
 For nearly twenty years he occupied the position of Assistant Sur- 
 veyor of the Port of New York, and in 1835, he wrote the work 
 entitled "Jones's Digest," being a particular and detailed account 
 of the duties performed by the various officers belonging to the 
 Custom House departments of the United States. Andrew A. 
 Jones died on January 18th, 1850, in New York City. Thus, on 
 both sides, the family had been in the service of the government. 
 
 Alfred T. Jones received instruction in New York City, and when 
 
332 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 twenty years of age, took up his residence in Philadelphia, and 
 engaged in mercantile pursuits. Subsequently, in 1859, he entered 
 into the printing business with Rudolph Stein, under the firm name 
 of Stein & Jones* On the death of Mr. Stein, the surviving partner 
 associated with him Theodore B. Potsdamer; the firm name being 
 changed to Jones & Potsdamer. These two continued operations for 
 a number of years, and until after the Jewish Record was established 
 in 1875. 
 
 Mr. Jones, who had been a regular contributor to Jewish news- 
 papers, had long conceived the idea of a weekly here that would 
 represent the community. At that time, Philadelphia Israelites 
 were without an organ, a previous attempt a few years prior to 
 1875 having proved a failure. It w^as up-hill work to render any 
 venture of this character successful. Mr. Jones, nothing daunted, 
 obtained the support of a few prominent men among the clergy and 
 laity, and proceeded onward with his work, though often beset with 
 difficulties, sometimes threatening disaster. After being published 
 for a short period at 321 Chestnut Street, the paper was bought 
 by Morwitz & Company, proprietors of the German Demokrat; 
 Mr. Marcus K. Cohen became its business manager, and Mr. Jones 
 continued as its editor, then at 614 Chestnut Street. For more than 
 eleven years the paper was published \veekly, and contained articles 
 by distinguished writers, among Jews and Gentiles. It finally suc- 
 cumbed to reverses, despite every effort of its editor to overcome 
 them. 
 
 Mr. Jones, however, had, long before the establishment of the 
 Jewish Record, led a career of usefulness in varied ways. In his early 
 years he displayed an interest in politics, and filled positions in the 
 gift of the Democratic Party then and at later periods. He became 
 affiliated with the Masonic Order when a young man, and was a Past 
 Master of Shekinah Lodge, Number 246, A. Y. M., and its Secretary 
 for more than three decades; also a member and an officer of other 
 branches of the Masonic Order, of the Grand Chapter, and of the 
 Grand Lodge, acting on some occasions as an officer of the latter. 
 He was at one time President of the Hebrew Society for Visitation 
 of Sick and Mutual Assistance, succeeding Honorable Henry M. 
 Phillips; Secretary of the United Hebrew Beneficent Fuel Society; 
 manager of the Hebrew Relief Association ; manager of the Hebrew 
 Ball Association; manager of the Hebrew Education Society; 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 333 
 
 Recording Secretary of the Jewish Publication Society, in 1845; a 
 charter- member of the Society of the United Hebrew Charities ; 
 and a member of the Board of Council (or Board of Advisors- 
 composed of gentlemen) of the Jewish Foster Home, when that 
 institution was conducted by ladies?. 
 
 When the Jewish Hospital Association was organized under the 
 auspices of the Independent Order Bene Berith (Sons of the Cove- 
 nant), Mr. Jones became its first President, and served five years as 
 such, and eighteen years on its Board of Directors. He was also 
 active in establishing Beth El Emeth (House of the God of Truth) 
 Congregation, in 1857, of which Rev. Isaac Leeser was first Minis- 
 ter, and served as a manager and as President. In Jewish Secret 
 Orders, Mr. Jones took an active part, and was Secretary of numer- 
 ous lodges, among them District Grand Lodge, Number 3, of the 
 Independent Order Bene Berith, in which Order he was widely 
 known, and to which he rendered conspicuous services. He served 
 as Secretary at all the General Conventions from 1869, and for a full 
 decade and a half thereafter. He was instrumental in bringing 
 about the union of different districts of the Order Kesher Shel 
 Barzel (Band of Iron) under a single head. He was first Secretary, 
 and afterwards Vice-President of the Covenant Hall Association. 
 On the organization of the Association of Jewish Immigrants, he was 
 selected as its President, and continued as such until his death, on 
 October 3d, 1888. In that office he rendered most effective service 
 to the community at large. His labors during the period of the 
 Russo-Jewish exodus in 1881-1882, and subsequent to that untoward 
 event ; his indefatigable efforts in behalf of the "Alliance" Colony, 
 in the suburbs of Vineland, New Jersey, in which he had the sup- 
 port of Mr. Simon Muhr, and others, including his devoted wife, Mrs. 
 Jessica Jones, and his earnest daughter, Rebecca (Mrs. Charles I. 
 Phillips) ; his work performed in various other directions — charitable 
 and educational — would require pages to adequately describe. 
 
 Suffice that Alfred T. Jones always proved a tireless worker. 
 As a speaker his gifts were remarkable, and evoked the encomium 
 of critics, and of many who were enabled to hear him read the 
 Masonic ritual, or deliver an oration at a public assembly. 
 
 Louis Edward Levy occupies the positions of journalist, littera- 
 teur, publisher, and man of affairs. He was born in Stenowitz, 
 
334 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Bohemia, October 12th, 1846, but is practically an American, having 
 come to this country with his father at the age of eight years. In 
 Detroit, Michigan, his early studies were pursued. His knowledge 
 of mathematics secured for him a position in the office of the City 
 Surveyor of Detroit. He quitted this occupation to enter the employ 
 of a firm in the manufacture of optical and philosophical instruments, 
 for which work he evidenced a pronounced aptitude, and with which 
 he soon became thoroughly familiarized. In this firm he eventually 
 became a partner. Studies in scientific research, in chemistry, and 
 in microscopy began to occupy his time, and developed his faculties 
 to such an extent that he soon attained note, and was selected with 
 others to perform analytical work in the examination of cases of 
 trichinosis. In 1866 he was employed by the Government in the 
 Meteorological Observatory of the United States Lake Survey Station 
 at Detroit, and afterwards attended scientific lectures at Ann Arbor 
 (Michigan) University. Microscopic photography next engaged his 
 attention, w^hile conducting the business of his firm in Milwaukee, 
 Wisconsin. His investigations led to results which were published 
 iu 1870, and spread his name here and abroad. 
 
 After extensive travel, Mr. Levy settled in Baltimore in 1873, and 
 there continued his labors in photo-chemical engraving (begun in 
 Milwaukee), bringing forth a process which rapidly gained favor and 
 patronage. This process, completed in conjunction with Mr. David 
 Bacharach, Jr., of Baltimore, was given the distinctive name of the 
 ** Levy type, " and was patented in January, 1875, being the first of 
 its class in this country. Among the earliest works illustrated by this 
 system was Dr. Solomon Deutsch's book on Biblical history. The 
 business grew, and soon extended beyond the confines of Baltimore. 
 In 1877 it was determined to remove it to Philadelphia. Here the 
 business has attained large proportions, and many literary publica- 
 tions and art works have been illustrated by the process of which 
 Mr. Levy is the inventor. In time it has been developed with the 
 •progress of the graphic arts, and has steadily held a leading place in 
 the scientific and business world. 
 
 Mr. Levy, who at present is the sole conductor of this enterprise, 
 has added to his departments the full equipments of a printing 
 establishment, thus effecting a combination which has contributed to 
 the effectiveness and excellence of his system. Quite a number of 
 notable examples of typography in foreign languages, as well as in 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 335 
 
 English, have been produced by this house; its published works in 
 the Spanish language having attracted general attention. 
 
 In the newspaper world, Mr. Levy has been connected, in different 
 capacities and at different times, with the Detroit Post; the Pohj- 
 technic Review ; the Engineering and Mining Journal; the Journal 
 of Fabrics, New York City; and the Industrial Review and Textile 
 Reporter, of this city. For the columns of these and other publica- 
 tions he has written numerous articles on varied topics, manifesting 
 his grasp of technical questions. In 1884, Mr. Levy became 
 associated with others in the publishing of a work of magnitude, 
 called "The Iconographic Encyclopaedia of the Arts and Sciences," 
 a task assumed in accordance with an agreement made with F. 
 Brockhaus, the noted Leipsic (Germany) publisher. A company 
 now controls this publication; Mr. Levy managing the affairs. This 
 work, of which a considerable part has appeared, will, when com- 
 pleted, consist of fifteen volumes. Besides translations from the 
 German made by experts, this Encyclopaedia, copiously illustrated, 
 is distinguished by original work of American scholars and specialists, 
 among them Mr. Levy, who has in preparation a special volume 
 on "The Graphic Arts." There is now issuing from Mr. Levy's 
 press an illustrated work of unusual interest to Israelites. It is 
 entitled "The Jewish Year, illustrated with Pictures of Old-time 
 Jewish Family Life, Customs, and Observances, reproduced from 
 paintings by Professor Moritz Oppenheim." This work, in portfolio, 
 and embracing some twenty-one pictures, is accompanied by a text 
 written by Mr. Levy, and embellished by numerous interesting 
 illustrations. 
 
 For several years, the Evening Herald (a daily) and the Sunday 
 Mercury (a weekly) were controlled by a company in which Mr. 
 Levy was the chief director. The Herald was a Democratic organ ; 
 the Sunday Mercury, to which Mr. Levy's best energies were 
 devoted, rose to a leading position among illustrated papers — its 
 artistic quality being of a superior character. These papers have 
 since changed hands, and Mr. Levy's time is now engrossed in his 
 business, in literary labors, and in charitable and educational works. 
 He is a most incessant toiler in these fields. 
 
 A former director of the Association of Jewish Immigrants, Mr. 
 Levy succeeded the late Mr. Alfred T. Jones as President, and has 
 proved his efficiency and adaptability to practical management in all 
 
336 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 the complicated matters brought to his attention. He has long been 
 a director of the Hebrew Education Society, and displays a lively 
 interest in its labors. Other institutions, secular and religious, 
 reckon him as a director or a member, and in this field, he has the 
 active co-operation of Mrs. Levy {nee Pauline Dalsheimer), of Balti- 
 more. His systematic knowledge, his logical methods, and his in- 
 dustrious ways have united in rendering Mr. Levy an experienced 
 worker in many enterprises, and an eminently valuable member of 
 society. 
 
 MoRiTZ LoEB, journalist and man of affairs, was born in Unk- 
 stein, Germany, August 12th, 1812. That he had acquired a 
 knowledge of general and of special branches of literature was indis- 
 putably proven by his conduct of Der Morgenstern (" The Morning 
 Star"), a weekly newspaper, of Doylestown, Pennsylvania, in the office 
 of which he first learned printing, and which paper, he subsequently 
 edited and controlled for nearly fifty years. Its news, literary, and 
 political importance, specially among the German element, rendered 
 its editor's utterances of much weight. Mr. Loeb had previously 
 been connected with a newspaper in Lebanon, Pennsylvania, and 
 after having served there nine years, he purchased a half interest 
 in Der Morgenstern, afterwards becoming its sole proprietor. He 
 early manifested an interest in his adopted country. He was an 
 active Whig, and later on an ardent Republican. During the Civil 
 War, he evinced his firm attachment to the party whose cause was 
 that of anti-slavery and of universal freedom to all men. 
 
 Mr. Loeb's opinions and energetic labors brought him into active 
 contact with distinguished men at different periods. President 
 Abraham Lincoln tendered him the position of United States Consul 
 at Stuttgart, Germany, which, however, he declined, not caring for 
 political preferments, but simply for the free expression of his views 
 to help on the cause of right. His influence procured the exemption 
 of the Mennonites from military services. In 1885, he sold his 
 paper, and retired from active journalism. 
 
 Mr. Loeb wrote considerably for other newspapers, among them 
 the Deborah, of Cincinnati, edited by Dr. Isaac M. Wise, to which 
 he contributed serial stories. He was also the author of a number 
 of German plays, and the leading characters, in one of these — 
 written in 1857 for the dedication of Concordia Hall, Philadelphia 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 337 
 
 — were assumed by a number of Israelites. He was an adept in 
 the Pennsylvania- Dutch dialect. 
 
 Moritz Loeb died at Doylestown, Pennsylvania, on December 
 20th, 1887. His brother, Rev. Dr. Henri Loeb, a distinguished 
 theologian and writer, once Chief Rabbi of Belgium, died in 1891, 
 aged over eighty years. 
 
 Myrtilla Eudora Mitchell was born in Philadelphia, March 
 5th, 1842. She is the oldest daughter of Abraham and Rebecca 
 C. Hart. She received her early training at a private seminary, 
 and exhibited literary tastes when quite young ; some of her essays 
 being given publication. At the age of eighteen years she was 
 united in marriage to Mr. Allen Mitchell, of New York City; but 
 they have always resided in Philadelphia. Family cares did not 
 dampen Mrs. Mitchell's literary ardor ; but, on the contrary, she 
 became a frequent contributor to newspapers, magazines, and peri- 
 odicals ; wrote prose and verse for special occasions ; and has been 
 otherwise active in the same sphere. Her writings are largely of a 
 moral and religious character, and many of these are specially 
 designed for young folks. Her English version of some Psalms, 
 Hymns, and Prayers in the Jewish liturgy has elicited favorable 
 comment. At the dedication of the Synagogue of the Spanish and 
 Portuguese Congregation Mickveh Israel, on Seventh Street above 
 Arch Street, in May, 1860, Mrs. Mitchell rendered into English 
 verse, a Hebrew poem, specially composed for that occasion, by its 
 Minister, the Rev. Dr. S. Morals. 
 
 Through her father's prominence and her own talent as a writer, 
 Mrs. Mitchell has met celebrated men and women in literature, 
 science, art, politics, and religion. Her pen continues active, and 
 she has rendered notable service by her earnestness and enthusiasm, 
 displayed not only in her writings, but in her interest and active 
 participation in the work of Charity Societies. At different periods, 
 she has been a manager of the Hebrew Ladies' Sewing Society, the 
 Jewish Foster Home, and the Hebrew Sunday School Society. For 
 nearly twenty years, she has served as Secretary of the Female 
 Hebrew Benevolent Society, the oldest Jewish Charity in Philadel- 
 phia, and for which her mother had also labored effectively and 
 indefatigably. Mrs. Mitchell is the mother of one daughter, and 
 
338 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 three sons, the youngest of whom, Percival Allen Mitchell, is an 
 electrician of ability and inventive talent. 
 
 Edward Morwitz, M.D., proprietor of the leading Philadelphia 
 German newspaper, Die Demokrat, was born at Dantzic, Prussia, 
 June 11th, 1815. The son of a wealthy merchant, he had many 
 opportunities to pursue a thorough course of instruction. These he 
 embraced to a large degree, and besides acquiring general knowl- 
 edge took up the study of Semitic languages. Oriental literature, 
 philosophy, theology, and finally medicine, at Dantzic, Berlin, Halle, 
 and Leipsic, graduating in 1840 from the University of Berlin. 
 He at first became assistant physician in the clinic of the Berlin 
 University, and at the same time wrote essays on medical subjects, 
 and a work in two volumes on "The History of Medicine," 
 published in 1848-1849. In 1843, Dr. Morwitz made a tour of 
 parts of Germany, France, and Switzerland, and returning to 
 Prussia, took up his residence in the town of Conitz, where he 
 practised his profession and his specialty in the treatment of nervous 
 and mental disorders. So successful he was at Conitz that he 
 there started and supported a hospital for the poor. 
 
 The Doctor's attention to medicine was interrupted by the Revolu- 
 tion of 1848, when he took sides with the party favoring Democracy. 
 His opinions won him friends, but also enemies, and on a certain 
 occasion his carriage was overturned, and the Doctor met with severe 
 injuries, from which, however, he gradually recovered. Soon after, 
 he invented a breech- loading gun, but finding no field for this 
 patent in Germany, he sought England and the United States in 
 1850. He soon returned to Europe, but having determined to 
 settle in America, again set sail for this country and on arriving 
 here, he located in Philadelphia. At that time, the German Demo- 
 kraty a daily newspaper, was published by John S. Hoffmann. It 
 had been established in May, 1838, and was the first journal of its 
 kind in the United States. In 1853, Dr. Morwitz bought the paper 
 of Mr. Hofimann, who, nevertheless, remained with him in the firm, 
 and as an adviser, until 1874, when he quit business. Since then 
 Morwitz & Company have been proprietors. In his conduct of this 
 daily. Dr. Morwitz advocated measures for the improvement of the 
 city; among them the act to consolidate its different sections under a 
 single Mayor. In 1855, be began the publication of a political weekly 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 339 
 
 called Vereinlgte Staaten Zeitung ("United States Journal"), the 
 influence of which was felt in the election of Richard Vaux as Mayor 
 in 1856. In the same year, Dr. Morwitz issued a Sunday paper 
 Die Neue Welt ("The New World"), the issuance of which has since 
 continued, the Demokrat not being published on that day of the 
 week. 
 
 In politics the Doctor became an active Democrat, and advocated 
 the election of James Buchanan as President of the United States. 
 For a few years, he freely ventilated his political views in a paper he 
 had psrchased, called the Pennsylvanian. This he sold in 1860, when 
 he recognized dangers arising from the separate nominations of 
 Stephen A. Douglas and John C. Breckenridge as candidates for the 
 presidency. He confined his efforts to the Demokrat, which, there- 
 after, adopted a neutral policy. He re- opened the German Dispensary 
 here, which, for. quite a period, continued its operations among the 
 sick poor. 
 
 While, at first, he thought the Civil War might be averted. Dr. 
 Morwitz remained loyal to the Union, and helped to organize and 
 equip regiments sent to the field. In 1862 he was active in 
 establishing the German Press Association of Pennsylvania. In 1870 
 he called a meeting to raise funds for assisting German soldiers in 
 the war with France. About six hundred thousand dollars were 
 raised throughout the country and sent to the Vaterland. In 
 1874, Dr. Morwitz purchased the Age, a daily newspaper, of this 
 city, published in the English language; but in 1875 he sold it to 
 the Times Publishing Company — the result of which was the 
 establishment of the present Times, a daily newspaper. Dr. Morwitz 
 controlled, perhaps, more newspapers than any other man, having 
 under his management at one time as many as three hundred of these, 
 and among them eight dailies. The building in which the Demokrat 
 and other German and English publications are printed is an 
 attractive edifice, at 612 and 614 Chestnut Street, well adapted to 
 its uses. It is surmounted by a statue of Guttenburg — the father of 
 the art of printing. 
 
 Dr. Morwitz was interested in municipal affairs, and became a 
 member of, and a contributor to, many local societies. He died on 
 December 13th, 1893. 
 
 Dr. Morwitz and his paper — with which several Israelites have 
 long been identified, among them the Doctor's son, Mr. Joseph 
 
340 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Morwitz— have occupied an unique place in Philadelphia's history, 
 and in that of the development of its German population, now an 
 essentially important factor in the general community. 
 
 Barnet Phillips has long been regarded as among the ablest 
 writers for the press. He is a native of Philadelphia, born Decem- 
 ber 9th, 1828; his father, Isaac Phillips, having come to this country 
 from England. The son pursued studies here and in Europe, and 
 received a thorough classical education. He became a chemist and 
 engaged also in mercantile callings. Subsequently he turned his 
 attention to journalism, for which profession he soon proved to be 
 eminently qualified. Since 1872, Mr. Phillips has occupied an im- 
 portant position on the New York Times, a daily journal of high 
 merit. His work has been that of literary editor, and many a 
 brilliant article has borne evidence to his scholarship and critical 
 acumen. His labors have, however, not been confined to newspaper 
 writing, but he has contributed to various publications and to the 
 records of learned societies. Archaeology and fish-culture are sub- 
 jects which have engaged his special attention. He has likewise 
 written works of fiction, among them a novel called ''The Struggle," 
 and ''Burning their Ships." An interesting evidence of Mr. 
 Phillips's insight into Jewish history, Jewish life, and folk-lore is 
 shown in his " Preface to the American Edition" of Karl Emil 
 Franzos's popular and widely read novel "The Jews of Barnow," 
 a series of stories, translated from the German by M. W. Macdowall, 
 and published in 1883. Mr. Phillips has been Secretary of the 
 American Fish- Cultural Association, and since 1882 he has been 
 Honorary Agent of the United States National Museum. 
 
 Henry Phillips, Jr., a son of Jonas Altamont Phillips, was born 
 in Philadelphia, September 6th, 1838. He received a liberal edu- 
 cation at schools and colleges here and elsewhere, among them at 
 the University of Pennsylvania. He read law, and in his twenty- 
 first year was admitted to the Philadelphia Bar. Mr. Phillips has 
 attained distinction as a scholar and a specialist on subjects requiring 
 deep research, exact knowledge, and systematic methods. Numis- 
 matics, archaeology, and philology are the special branches to which 
 he has devoted his efforts, and with such success that he is now re- 
 garded as an authority. His writings on these subjects have been 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 341 
 
 accepted as standards, and have won for their author gold medals 
 and other evidences of appreciation from the learned. 
 
 Mr. Phillips has been a diligent student of the science of languages, 
 and the remarkable knowledge he possesses may readily be seen in his 
 discussion of the varied questions treated in his works. The value 
 of his writings has been attested in many an instance, and those on 
 the paper currency of the American colonies and on American 
 Continental .money — the first dealing with such questions — have 
 been regarded with the highest favor; indeed, to such a degree that 
 views set forth therein have been quoted in legal-tender cases by the 
 Supreme Court of the United States. 
 
 Mr. Phillips's productions include '' History of American Colonial 
 Paper Currency;" "History of American Continental Paper- Money ;" 
 and "Pleasures of Numismatic Science." But their author has not 
 confined his attention to strictly technical subjects. His love of 
 general literature and of poetry, and his insight into the writings 
 of eminent minds are well reflected .in his translations, embracing 
 "Poems from the Spanish and German;" Chamisso's *' Faust," 
 translated from the German, and other versions of authors of dif- 
 ferent nations. 
 
 Societies have recognized Mr. Phillips's merits in honors conferred 
 on him. He has been Treasurer and Secretary of the Numismatic 
 and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia, and since 1880 Secretary 
 of the American Philosophical Society, of which he was subsequently 
 (in 1885) selected as its librarian. He is also a member of learned 
 societies in different parts of the United States and in European 
 countries. 
 
 Isaac Leopold Rice was born in Wachenheim, Bavaria, Ger- 
 many, February 22d, 1850. He came with his parents to the 
 United States in 1856. In Philadelphia, young Rice received his 
 first instruction at schools and at the Boys' Central High School. 
 Developing a decided talent for music, he pursued studies in that 
 department, first in Philadelphia, and later on, through the patron- 
 age of friends, at the Paris Conservatoire. United with his knowl- 
 edge of music, Mr. Rice soon evinced marked literary capacities, 
 and, while abroad, contributed letters to a Philadelphia daily. 
 After completing his course of musical studies in Paris (in 1868), he 
 repaired to England and became a teacher of music and of languages. 
 
342 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 In 1869 Mr. Rice returned to the United States and settled in 
 New York City. At first he gave instruction in music. His 
 resolve to study law led him to attend Columbia College Law School, 
 from which he graduated in 1880. He entered upon the practice 
 of the law, and soon took up, as a specialty, railroad law. He 
 founded the Academy of Political Science. In different years he 
 was lecturer on and instructor of law in Columbia College, and libra- 
 rian of the political science library of that institution. Mr. Rice was 
 one of the founders of the Forum— o. monthly magazine, which has 
 assumed an important place in American periodical literature — and 
 he is President of the Forum Publishing Company. He is regarded 
 as one of the ablest specialists on railroad matters in the United 
 States, and he has occupied no small part in affairs involved in the 
 Philadelphia and Reading Railroad receivership ; he being one of 
 the largest stockholders in that company, and until recently its 
 foreign representative, and a leading party in the contest waged in 
 connection with the affairs of that corporation. He was a candidate 
 for the presidency of the Reading Railroad at its annual meeting in 
 1894, but the former President, Mr. Joseph S. Harris, was re- 
 elected. 
 
 Mr. Rice is a prolific writer on current questions, political science, 
 music, etc., etc. ** What is Music?" and *' How Geometrical Lines 
 have their Counterparts in Music" are titles of two of the works that 
 have emanated from his fertile pen. 
 
 Hyman Polock Rosenbach, oldest son of Morris and Isabella H. 
 {nee Polock) Rosenbach, was born in Philadelphia, September 16th, 
 1858. His education was obtained at a Friends' Academy and in 
 the School of the Hebrew Education Society. At first he was 
 employed by his father in the stationery business, but soon entered 
 into the book business of his maternal uncle, Moses Polock. His 
 thirst for knowledge rendered this occupation both pleasant and 
 valuable. The rare works his relative had gathered were *'at his 
 beck and call," and young Rosenbach soon possessed a fund of 
 useful knowledge on a variety of subjects. He soon entered the 
 field of journalism, and after contributing to different publications, 
 became an attache of the local staff of the Public Ledger, of Phila- 
 delphia. At the same time, he filled a position on the Court Com- 
 bination, composed of a number of men who supply the daily papers 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 343 
 
 with Court doings — both Civil and Criminal — and in Local, Supreme, 
 and United States Circuit and District Courts. By this means, Mr. 
 Rosenbach — whose ability proved him equal to that and tasks of a 
 widely different character — became acquainted with representative 
 men, who recognized his talents. His other duties required the 
 exercise of a ready pen in dealing with every-day subjects, in 
 writing articles on special topics; and at times he wrote on bibliog- 
 raphy and kindred questions, besides describing a number of large 
 private libraries in this city. He was a student of music and had 
 acquired an amount of critical exactness that gave his opinions 
 thereon considerable importance. 
 
 The work by which Mr. Rosenbach is best known, and which will 
 continue to be appreciated, is entitled "The Jews in Philadelphia 
 Prior to 1800." Originally a lecture delivered before the Young 
 Men's Hebrew Association of this city,''the writer was, fortunately, 
 induced to issue a limited edition of two hundred and fifty copies in 
 booklet shape (1883). This production is marked by research into 
 historic archives, and by information of a decidedly valuable char- 
 acter. No easy matter it was to deal intelligently with a subject 
 about which materials are so meagre, and with a period when the 
 Jewish community had scarcely begun to assume a definite shape. 
 Mr. Rosenbach' s work was successful, and it is largely quoted in the 
 domains of local history. The Historical Society of Pennsylvania 
 selected its author as a member. He was also affiliated with other 
 institutions. 
 
 Mr. Rosenbach's physical strength did not keep pace with his 
 mental activity. Disease soon told on him, and he died, when still 
 quite young, on March 4th, 1892. 
 
 Joseph George Rosengarten, lawyer, scholar, and prominent 
 citizen, is a son of George David and Elizabeth (iiee Bennett) Rosen- 
 garten. He was born in Philadelphia, July 14th, 1835. His father, 
 born in Hesse-Cassel, Germany, June 20th, 1801, was a well-known 
 merchant, and founded the famous drug house of Rosengarten & 
 Sons. He was identified with different enterprises, and had amassed 
 a large fortune. He died in this city, March 18th, 1890, leaving 
 five sons and two daughters, of whom Joseph has attained the 
 widest reputation. The latter, after graduating from the Univei-sity 
 of Pennsylvania, read law, and was admitted to practice at the 
 
344 TH£1 JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Philadelphia Bar in 1856, having previously been Recorder of the 
 Law Academy (in 1855). He also undertook a course of study in 
 Heidelberg, Germany, after which he returned to his native city. 
 Mr. Rosengarten rendered excellent service during the Civil War, on 
 the staff* of General John F. Reynolds, of the Army of the Potomac. 
 [His war record is referred to elsewhere. ] 
 
 Major Rosengarten's literary abilities have time and again been 
 demonstrated, in his scholarly lectures, and in papers on historical 
 and kindred subjects, among them being one on ''The Life and 
 Public Services of General John F. Reynolds," read before the 
 Historical Society of Pennsylvania, and published (in 1880). A 
 valuable work from his pen, and one of permanent interest, is "The 
 German Soldier in the Wars of the United States." 
 
 Mr. Rosengarten has come forward in numerous public move- 
 ments. He is a Vice-Presiclent of the Geographical Club ; Solicitor 
 of the German Hospital; a manager of different institutions— among 
 them the House of Refuge — and he has given of his time and means 
 to further other worthy causes. He has a large circle of acquaint- 
 ances among prominent citizens of Philadelphia and of other cities. 
 He is a patron of art and of music, and has been elected a member 
 of various learned societies. 
 
 Harry B. Sommer, a writer of distinctive literary ability in the 
 field of humor, and a gentleman who has rendered valuable services 
 to Jewish literary associations in our midst, was born in Hamburg, 
 Germany, May 22d, 1851. When but two years of age he was 
 brought to this country. His family took up their residence in 
 Philadelphia where he attended public schools, and afterwards took 
 a partial course in the Boys' Central High School. He entered into 
 business later on, and is now a successful merchant. 
 
 Mr. Sommer early became identified with societies aiming to foster 
 lit-erary tastes among Jewish young men. He was President of the 
 Irving Literary Association in 1868-1870, and, together with his 
 friend, David Solis Cohen, was very active in advancing its interests 
 and promoting its mission. When the Young Men's Hebrew Asso- 
 ciation, of Philadelphia, was organized in 1875, he became one of 
 its advocates, and served continuously on its Board of Directors 
 until March, 1894, when he resigned. He was its President in 
 1879-1880. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 345 
 
 As an author Mr. Sommer's forte is in the line of humorous 
 sketches, wherein he has displayed originality and merit. His con- 
 tributions to the press are numerous, and abound in genuine wit. 
 Among the journals for which he has written at different times, are 
 the Sunday Dispatch, the Danhury NewSj the Jewish Record, and 
 the Jewish Exponent. Most of his articles have been signed **Arry 
 O'Pagus" — a pseudonym Mr. Sommer adopted some years since, 
 and by which he is well known ; his writings being largely circu- 
 lated, and affording much pleasure. He is part author with his 
 friend, Mr. Cohen ('' Daisy Shortcut"), of " Our Show," a markedly 
 original and an intensely funny book, describing in advance the 
 Centennial Exhibition and incidents (as the authors conceive them) 
 attendant thereupon. 
 
 Of Mr. Sommer's later productions, "In Lighter Vein" — a series 
 of sketches published in book form in 1891 — contains ' ' Memoirs of 
 the Prince de Monego ; " '' Help Wanted ;" ''The Curse of the Cast 
 Iron Knight;" ''The Benefit ; " "House-Cleaning;" "The Wager;" 
 "Johnny Hogan's Ambition;" "Thawing a Meter;" "Perkins's 
 Tooth;" "Sense and Nonsense;" "It Might Have Been," and 
 other compositions whose titles are sufficient in themselves to attract 
 readers. 
 
 On January 26th, 1886, Mr. Sommer was united in marriage to 
 Miss Fanny Stern,. of Philadelphia. 
 
 Alice Hyneman Sotheran, a daughter of Leon Hyneman, is 
 widely known in literary circles. She was born in Philadelphia, 
 January 31st, 1840, and comes of a family distinguished in varied 
 spheres of intellectual activity. Her father was the celebrated 
 Masonic writer and editor ; her aunt, Mrs. Rebekah Hyneman, was 
 a poet and writer of ;iierit and power ; her brother, Moses Leon 
 Hyneman, also displayed a literary spirit in his occasional writings ; 
 her sister, Mrs. Leona Lowengrund, achieved a position on the stage 
 under the name of " Leona Moss ;" and another sister, Mrs. Annie 
 Barnett, is the widow of Mr. Nathaniel Barnett, who was prominent 
 in the affairs of the Independent Order Ben6 Berith. 
 
 Miss Hyneman, after receiving careful instruction, disclosed her 
 talent for literary pursuits. She was united in marriage to Mr. 
 Henry Rhine, and removed to New York City, which became the 
 field of her labors. She has been, and still continues to be, a constant 
 
346 THE* JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 
 
 contributor of prose and verse to different periodicals and publi- 
 cations. Among these may be mentioned the North American Re- 
 view ^ the Forum, and the Popular Science Monthly, for which she has 
 written articles on miscellaneous subjects, betraying thorough ac- 
 quaintance, not only with current affairs, but with general and spe- 
 cial departments of literature. Her writings on women's works are 
 of special interest ; a remarkable instance being that on *' Woman 
 in Industry, ' ' a contribution which appeared in a publication entitled 
 ''Woman's Work in America." She has also written on subjects 
 pertaining to Israelites, and is the author of an illustrated work on 
 ''Niagara." 
 
 Mrs. Rhine, after remaining a widow for a number of years, 
 married recently (1893) Charles Sotheran, a journalist, bibliographer, 
 and writer, of New York City. 
 
 Simon Adler Stern was born in Philadelphia, December 8th, 
 1838. He is the oldest son of Mr. and Mi-s. Julius Stern, and his 
 father was well known in the Jewish community. Young Stern 
 seemed to have inherited a taste for music, and at a very early age he 
 showed his skill as a violinist. In school, his progress was marked, 
 and when but eleven years old he was ready to enter the Boys' 
 Central High School, which, however, could not then be done, his 
 age preventing it. In the meantime, while awaiting admission to 
 the High School, he pursued studies in music, and achieved a pro- 
 ficiency that helped to render him the performer he is known to be 
 on that instrument at once the most delicate, and most difficult to 
 master — an instrument, of which few, indeed, can claim a thorough 
 understanding — the violin. Young Stem, however, brought 
 knowledge and study to bear upon his interpretation of musical sound 
 and musical harmonies. His teacher, Adolph Scherzer, and subse- 
 quently Ahrens, Waldteufel, and Hauser, recognized in their pupil 
 a youth of uncommon abilities; a musician, whose love of the art 
 rendered him eager to study, and patient in endeavoring to master 
 difl[iculties attending study. 
 
 On February 16th, 1853, a concert was given for the benefit of 
 Keneseth Israel Congregation, in which Mr. Waldteufel, a well- 
 known violoncellist, and others took part. ' ' At the same concert, ' ' 
 wrote Rev. Isaac Leeser, in the Occident, of March, 1853, "a 
 youth 14 years of age, by the name of Simon Stern, son of the 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 347 
 
 President of the Congregation, Mr. Julius Stern, made his first 
 appearance as a performer on the violin, and, as far as we could 
 judge, not alone executed his part well, but exhibited powers which 
 only need cultivation to lead to farther excellence and extended 
 fame." 
 
 In 1853, young Stern entered the High School, remaining there 
 until 1855, when he was engaged by his father, who kept a millinery 
 store. Later on, he and his brother, David Stern, formed a partner- 
 ship, under the firm name of S. A. &. D. Stern, in the same 
 business. In 1871, he became associated with his brothers, Edward 
 and Harry F., who had previously been engaged in the printing and 
 publishing business, under the firm name of Edward Stern & Com- 
 pany. This firm has a large trade, and the character of its work 
 has won much approval. The oldest brother's literary ability, joined 
 to his conservative methods and wise discretion, have proven of ser- 
 vice therein. Since 1887, however, the elder Stern has been occupied 
 with another interest — the Finance Company of Pennsylvania, of 
 which he was selected as Treasurer — a position he still occupies with 
 credit, and to which most of his time is given. 
 
 However, it is not owing to the avocations he has pursued that 
 Mr. Stern has become widely known. His reputation is due to two 
 distinctive elements — his musical and his mental training. As 
 regards the former, the knowledge he has acquired renders him not 
 only a violinist and an interpreter of the masters, whose performance 
 would be hailed with delight (though he will not consent to appear 
 in public), but his familiarity with the history and the science of 
 music, and the art and method of musical interpretation in all their 
 minutiae, places him in an exceptional position among the critics of 
 the age. His wide acquaintanceship with leaders in music, and the 
 interest he has displayed in fostering and popularizing that art, 
 specially in his native city, have inured to the advantage of the 
 community of which he is a member. With adepts in music he has 
 performed, and much enjoyment has been derived by those who have 
 been privileged to attend the rehearsals of a few players — Mr. Stern 
 being of the number — held at private residences. 
 
 Mr. Stern's critical ability has been shown in numerous published 
 articles and critiques in newspapers and musical publications. To the 
 Evening Bulletin, and the North American, both of Philadelphia, he 
 has contributed writings on music, and as well on literary questions; 
 
348 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 and not a small number of his papers were seen in the pages of the 
 Penn Monthly, an excellent publication, issued in this city, some 
 years since, and of which Professor Robert Ellis Thompson was the 
 accomplished editor. Mr. Stern has also written for Dwight's 
 Musical Journal, published in Boston, and for other periodicals, 
 among them the American — a literary weekly of this city — and the 
 Industrial Review, a trade magazine, of which he was the editor. 
 While, as a musician, he has declined to be placed before the public 
 in a position to which his abilities eminently fit him, he has, 
 fortunately, not observed the same retirement in his literary work. 
 Mr. Stern has always been an ardent student, and gifted with 
 remarkable patience in his studies, to a degree that he has acquired a 
 knowledge of even a foreign language, with the aid of a reading- book 
 and a dictionary. The fruits of his studies have been well seen in 
 the character of his published works. In 1873, he wrote for 
 "Leisure Hour Series," a book titled; ''Scintillations from the 
 Prose Works of Heinrich Heine." This was the first attempt at 
 translation into English of the German poet's writings in prose, and 
 it received a warm welcome. The translator, whose style and 
 expression are marked by a consummate skill and beauty of utter- 
 ance, clothed in the choicest of English, gives an introduction in the 
 form of a sketch of Heine's career. He has no excuse, but rather 
 condemnation for the act of the man who in abjuring the religion of 
 his suffering brethren, in order to gain position " sacrificed principle 
 without attaining the paltry ends for which he sold himself." He, 
 of course, feels it necessary, to qualify his criticism, when he remarks 
 that '' an enlightened critic feels forced to admit that in judging of 
 the character and motives of a great genius, that genius must, to a 
 certain extent, furnish the tests by which he is to be criticised." 
 The work which Mr. Stern has presented in an English garb is 
 divided into two parts. The first is a series of delightful stories 
 called " Florentine Nights;" the second embraces extracts from other 
 prose writings of Heine — varied and miscellaneous in character. 
 Notwithstanding their author's condemnable course, his Jewish feel- 
 ings assert themselves in many an epigram. The Jewish blood still 
 tingled in his veins, and despite his base desertion, which he himself 
 condemns, a, sympathy for his people, and a community of interests 
 with them are evidenced time and again in words that burn into the 
 memory. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 349 
 
 In 1873, Mr. Stern produced a translation of " Waldfried," a 
 novel from the German of Berthold Auerbach, one of the ablest of 
 our modern Jewish authors. This was followed in 1875 by his 
 version of the same writer's '' On the Heights," Mr. Stern's trans- 
 lation being made at the suggestion of the author who was highly 
 pleased with the excellence of the work done on '' Waldfried.'* 
 
 Mr. Stern, as representative of a private enterprise, went to 
 China in 1887, and was absent five months. His visits to interest- 
 ing places in that immense Empire and in the adjoining country— 
 Japan — were related in a series of letters, afterwards published (in 
 1888) with the title of " Jottings of Travel in China and Japan," 
 and which book possesses a peculiar interest. 
 
 Mr. Stern has been identified to some extent with communal 
 affairs. From 1880 to 1894, he was Recording Secretary of the 
 Jewish Hospital Association, and is now an Honorary Director of that 
 institution. His valuable services were obtained by the Jewish 
 Publication Society of America, on whose Publication Committee 
 he has served continuously since its organization in 1888, and on 
 which he has further evidenced his literary discernment. He has 
 been an officer of the Beethoven Society, the Philadelphia Music 
 Festival Association, and is a Director of the Mercantile Library 
 Company, a member of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, the 
 Union League, the Penn Club, the Civil Service Reform Associa- 
 tion, and other institutions in our midst whose membership rolls are 
 honored by the name of this broad-minded gentleman and accom- 
 plished scholar. 
 
 Isaac Henry Weil. — Among the many adages that have ob- 
 tained is that which gives to merit the reward to which it is entitled. 
 This saying, as an incentive to work, has unquestionably its value. 
 But, not unlike others, it has at times outrun its course, and fallen 
 short of its meaning and application. Evidence of our statement is 
 at hand in the blighted career of many a talented soul ; of more than 
 a few men and women, the light of Vhose intellects might have 
 illumined hosts beyond their immediate surroundings, had not dis- 
 couragements, rebuffs, and lack of recognition quenched the flame 
 that burned brightly. The cause is not always to be understood ; 
 but there are reasons, and as far as these relate to the world of 
 letters and of journalism, it may be said with truth based upon 
 
350 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 experience that the preponderance of writers in the field of literature, 
 who can gratify a degenerated taste for prurient sensationalism with 
 works — both from moral and literary standpoints — unworthy of criti- 
 cism ; and the importance given in the sphere of the newspaper and 
 the periodical to some men who lack the essential elements qualifying 
 them for such work, but who, nevertheless, have been placed ther6 
 by outside reasons that weigh heavily on the material side — such, it 
 may be truthfully said, are among the causes that debar more than 
 a few from rising by their own merits ; that consign to the pit of 
 oblivion bright minds, not, perhaps, sufficiently assertive, to attempt 
 warring against existing circumstances. 
 
 Of such minds we have, perhaps, an illustration in Isaac Henry 
 Weil, older son of Henry Isaac and Matilda (/lee Marks) Weil, 
 who was born in Philadelphia, August 16th, 1823. Few more 
 pronounced types of "self-made " men have been seen. When little 
 more than a boy, Isaac was obliged to labor for his own support, and 
 partly for that of his household ; his father being in extremely hum- 
 ble circumstances. Every spare moment, however, was devoted to 
 his books. Day and night these companions were beside him. News 
 of the day in all departments, literature — ancient and modern — in 
 every branch, science in its earliest and in its latest developments, 
 were alike interesting to him. His inquiring mind led him into the 
 search of the rare and the little known in the world of study and of 
 thought. He had traversed the entire field of English literature ; 
 his knowledge of the classics and of some modern languages, besides 
 the English, was obtained by means of books and a vocabulary. His 
 familiarity witt poets and with prose writers, with philosophers and 
 with specialists, was proven by his versatile powers, by his fertility 
 of quotation of long stanzas and passages, by his astonishing memory. 
 He stopped not here, however. Music found in him an eager student, 
 an enraptured soul. He was neither an instrumentalist nor a vocal- 
 ist; yet here again his versatility and his singular mental powers 
 served him to a degree that awakened wonderment in those who 
 entered into his conversation. Eccentric in his habits, peculiar in 
 some of his views, these may have augured ill for his talents. Yet, 
 as a writer, he displayed clearness of statement, remarkable force, an 
 incisiveness, and a penetration that indicated a thorough insight into 
 the subject treated by him, with elegance of style and minuteness of 
 detail. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 351 
 
 Mr. Weil's article entitled ** What Has Bacon Originated or Dis- 
 covered ? " in the National Quarterly Bevieiu (New York) for Sep- 
 tember, 1867 — in which the writer reviewed several works, and 
 wherein he refuted the position assumed by as great a man as 
 Macaulay in his view of Bacon — was read and admired by 
 scholars, and it need not be said that it required no small ability 
 to successfully meet an opponent of the mental calibre of the 
 renowned Englishman. Mr. Weil contributed to and wrote edito- 
 rial articles for several of the Philadelphia dailies, and a testimony 
 to his ability and the excellence of his work is shown in more than 
 a few commendatory letters from the late Colonel John W. Forney, 
 Editor of the Philadelphia Press, and from others, — which letters 
 have been fortunately preserved among his scattered published and 
 unpublished works. A glance at some of the writings that emanated 
 from his pen might readily cause surprise, that a man of such 
 marked brilliancy should have passed by unnoticed. True, he was 
 not sufficiently assertive, mayhap, not persevering in his endeavors 
 to obtain the recognition eminently his due. Yet, evidence is at 
 hand of some attempts in that direction, unfortunately, without 
 success. 
 
 Mr. Weil, among his varied accomplishments, possessed a very 
 considerable acquaintance with the history, literature, and liturgy of 
 the Synagogue, aided, of course, by his prodigious memory. He was 
 a splendid penman ; and his letters and records of institutions, of 
 which at times he was Secretary, afford stril5:ing proofs. A literary 
 and a musical critic of a high order, a skilful chess-player, a 
 ready, witty, and brilliant conversationalist, the possessor of diver- 
 sified knowledge, his abilities were suffered to fall into decay ; his 
 brilliancy was unrecognized ; his early studies, pursued with such 
 tenacity and perseverance, that they, in after years, affected his 
 vision; — all these qualifications seemed of little avail to place Isaac 
 H. Weil in the circle to which he rightfully belonged. Yet he 
 preserved a lively temperament, and the humorous powers he often 
 displayed, only fell short when he spoke of certain conditions of the 
 times, and then he became pessimistic in his views, though producing 
 many a sound argument to sustain his reasoning. His faculties 
 happily continued to the last, and again his wonderful memory 
 served him when he was enabled in his sufferings to quote sentences 
 from Holy Writ, delighting the mind and comforting the soul. 
 
352 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Mr. Weil died on November 15th, 1890. Truly, he was an 
 exceptional character, and it is a privilege to include in this work 
 the name of such a man, unknown as he was to a fame he ought, 
 of right, to have obtained. 
 
 GENERAL MENTION.— I. 
 
 Among other names in the respective fields of literature, specula- 
 tive, and practical science, are: Dr. Solomon Solis Cohen, at once a 
 physician and a litterateur, whose contributions to the science of medi- 
 cine betray a depth only marked in the specialist; whose writings 
 and translations in prose and verse disclose the well- trained mind, 
 the scholarly breadth, the comprehensive intellect. Dr. Cohen, 
 though a young man, is an eminent representative of Jews and of 
 Judaism, and an exponent of both, whose pen is untiring in their 
 defence; a representative of congregational, theological, literary, 
 and other institutions; a laborious worker; a sincere Jew. He 
 comes of an honored family, and he has increased the honor due to 
 
 this household in^ Israel Professor Cyrus Adler, Ph.D., 
 
 is another young man of literary and scientific parts, and a Jew in 
 feeling and action, whose studies and travels have advanced knowl- 
 edge in special lines. Dr. Adler is Instructor of Semitic Langauges 
 in Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, and Assistant Curator in 
 the Department of Oriental Antiquities, and librarian of the United 
 States National Museum, Washington, D. C. At the recent World's 
 Columbian Exhibition, at Chicago, he had direction of the Oriental 
 exhibits, obtained largely through his instrumentality. The associa- 
 tions with which he is afiiliated, the writings and the lectures in 
 which he has evidenced study, research, and ability, have united in 
 placing Dr. Adler prominently before large literary circles, and 
 
 have extended his reputation at home and abroad Professor 
 
 Morris Jastrow, Jr., Ph.D., a son of Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow, 
 of Philadelphia, has also attained distinction as a writer, and as 
 Professor of Semitic Languages, of the Arabic Language, and of 
 Rabbinical Literature in the University of Pennsylvania. His 
 numerous papers on questions pertaining to Semitic Literature and 
 
 cognate branches possess special interest Professor Joseph 
 
 Jastrow, Ph.D., a brother of the preceding, is an adept in the 
 realms of psychology and psychical research. His contributions to 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 353 
 
 different publications bear striking testimony to this statement. He 
 is now Professor of Experimental and Comparative Psychology, in 
 
 the University of Wisconsin Dr. Lee Kaiifer Frankel is 
 
 an analytical chemist, whose treatment of technical questions has 
 given his utterances considerable weight in a special field. He was 
 formerly Instructor of Analytical Chemistry in the University of 
 
 Pennsylvania Dr. Leo Stanton Rowe is among the youngest 
 
 of our scientific scholars, and, though but twenty- three years of age, 
 bids fair to become an authority on subjects connected with City 
 Government, of which he has made a special study, and into which he 
 has pursued deep investigations. Dr. Rowe is an energetic member 
 of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, and to its 
 Annals he has contributed noteworthy articles. His residence abroad 
 has added to his stock of knowledge, and has borne fruit in his work 
 on "Municipal Finances of Berlin and Paris," recently published. 
 He now occupies a position as lecturer on Municipal Government in 
 
 the Wharton School of Finance and Economy Dr. Isaac 
 
 Joachim Schwatt, a native of Russia, is an efficient instructor of 
 
 Mathematics in the University of Pennsylvania Walter 
 
 Edward Weyl, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, now 
 studying in Europe, is a waiter on economic subjects, whose produc- 
 tions have evinced remarkable thought, and have won for him prizes. 
 
 Among writers of more or less note, Zadok A. Davis (who died 
 on April 1st, 1853) issued a work on Masonry. Mr. Davis 
 possessed abilities as a linguist, and was a conspicuous character in 
 
 Congregational and Society affairs Charles Henry Hart is 
 
 a scientific, historical, biographical, and miscellaneous writer; an 
 
 art critic, and a member of learned societies Simon S. 
 
 Skidelsky is one of the ablest and most painstaking of descriptive 
 writers who have come to the United States in recent years. He is 
 a native of Russia, and, though following mercantile pursuits, has 
 found time to devote to literature, and that of an instructive and 
 interesting character. His descriptions of life and residence in the 
 land of the Tsars, of Jewish characteristics noticed in that country 
 of oppression, his attractive methods as a writer, and his remarkable 
 skill in handling a language comparatively new to him, have won for 
 his productions eager readers. Mr. Skidelsky, besides contributing 
 sketches, articles, etc., to secular and Jewish newspapers, has done 
 translation work ; some of it in books Englished by him alone, and 
 
 23 
 
354 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 others in association with Nathan Haskell Dole, a scholar — and 
 
 markedly so — in the literature of Russia Moses Klein, a 
 
 native of Hungary, is an ardent worker in the cause of Jewish 
 charity and education. He has produced Mlgdal Zophlvi (" The 
 Watch Tower"), a valuable Hebrew-English work, descriptive of 
 immigration, and of the status of Jewish colonization in the Holy 
 Land, in North and South America, etc., etc., its conditions and its 
 prospects. Mr. Klein has also edited the foreign department of the 
 Jewish Exponent, of Philadelphia. He was formerly Agent of the 
 Association of Jewish Immigrants, and held other positions. He 
 has been an Inspector of Immigration and an Interpreter to the 
 United States Commissioner of Immigration at the port of Phila- 
 delphia. Mr. Klein was very recently selected as general mana- 
 ger in charge of the Avork of the Society of the United Hebrew 
 
 Charities of this city 'Hayim Polano, a respected Hebrew 
 
 teacher of long standing and experience, has issued an interesting 
 and an instructive work, entitled ''Selections from the Talmud," 
 which has obtained wide circulation. He has also brought forth a 
 Hebrew Primer Leo M. Kohn has produced quite a num- 
 ber of poetical effusions J. Bunford Samuel is the 
 
 accomplished Librarian of the Ridgway (or Rush) Branch of the 
 Philadelphia Library, and possesses excellent qualifications. 
 
 In the ranks of women writers. Miss Henrietta Szold, oldest 
 daughter of Rev. Dr. Benjamin Szold, of Baltimore, and now a 
 resident of this city, occupies an eminent station. In Hebrew 
 literature her pen has been most active. Her studies of the writ- 
 ings of master-minds of the Jewish people, and her treatment of 
 numerous themes in history and letters, have developed her extra- 
 ordinary acquirements. Miss Szold is a scholar and a thinker, to 
 whom her coreligionists are indebted. Her talents are now employed 
 as Secretary of the Publication Committee of the Jewish Publica- 
 tion Society of America Miss Ella Jacobs, a daughter of 
 
 the lamented Rev. George Jacobs, is a frequent contributor to 
 journals on subjects of religious and current importance. She has 
 published in booklet shape ' * Children's Prayers for Use in the School 
 and Home." Miss Jacobs's literary efforts are praiseworthy. . . . 
 Mrs. Fanny Bins wanger- Hoffman, another cultured lady, has written 
 for the press articles of merit, bearing evidence of study and 
 thought Mrs. Isabella H. Rosenbach has contributed able 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 355 
 
 papers to the department of Jewish history in the United States. 
 .... Mrs. Clara Stern- Simsohn has done excellent translation 
 work from the German, and has written several clever stories. 
 
 In the domains of applied science, Percy A. Sanguinetti is a 
 capable and an experienced engineer and draughtsman, whose 
 services have been enlisted at World's Exhibitions, latterly at that 
 in Chicago, in the departments of machinery and of mechanical 
 
 engineering Gratz Mordecai is another gentleman, whose 
 
 success as an engineer entitles him to a conspicuous place in the 
 ranks. Mr. Mordecai is an adept in a special department of a pro- 
 fession for which he has evidenced a peculiar fitness Abram 
 
 Meyer Feldman, a native of Russia, and a recent graduate of the 
 University of Pennsylvania, has also demonstrated his skill in the 
 same branches. He was an assistant to Mr. Sanguinetti at the 
 
 World's Columbian Exhibition, in Chicago Leon Philip 
 
 Feustmann has made a specialty of mining engineering in Mexico, 
 
 and his progress in that sphere has been rapid and successful 
 
 Max Biernbaum has also shown his adaptability to civil engineering, 
 
 in which profession he has advanced Theodore F. Moss is a 
 
 mining engineer and geologist. .... William Guggenheim has 
 
 given special attention to metallurgy and mining in Mexico 
 
 Joseph David Israel is a mechanical engineer, now in the service of 
 
 the Edison Electric Light Company, of Philadelphia 
 
 Jacob Lychenheim has evidenced his talent, as an analytical chemist, 
 with different companies. He is now located at Swedeland, Mont- 
 gomery County, Pennsylvania Meyer Schamberg is a 
 
 chemical expert, whose investigations have proven his ability in 
 various enterprises. At present, he is interested in coal mining and 
 
 oil and gas explorations, in Ashland, Kentucky As 
 
 practical chemists, the firm of Rosengarten & Sons ranks high. 
 This house was founded by the late George David Rosengarten, with 
 whom several of his sons were associated. These — of whom Samuel 
 George Rosengarten is a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania 
 
 — continue the business In architecture, Charles Berg, a 
 
 son of Mr. and Mrs. Leon Berg, formerly of this city; and Maurice 
 Mayer Feustmann, a son of Mr. and Mrs. B. H. Feustmann, may be 
 
 mentioned with credit In the special sphere of electrical 
 
 work, William A. Stern, formerly in the service of the great 
 inventor, Thomas A. Edison, has attained notable success. Mr. 
 
356 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Stern is now semor member of the firm of Stern & Silverman, of 
 Philadelphia, designers and builders of electric railway light, and 
 power plants. The work of this firm has been shown in the Trolley 
 system of street-car railways, rapidly being introduced in this city. 
 .... Percival Allen Mitchell deserves mention among young 
 
 electricians of decided promise In this connection, allusion 
 
 must be made to several inventors of useful appliances of various 
 kinds, viz. , H. J. Hyams, Elias Nusbaum, ( Superintendent of the 
 Pennsylvania Electric Engineering Company), Edwin Meyer Gold- 
 smith, S. Henry Pincus, Harry Davidson, and Elias Bernhard Koop- 
 man. All these gentlemen have shown inventive genius far above 
 the average order. 
 
 The list given, in several and varying departments, is by no means 
 complete, and year afler year it receives additions. Limited in 
 number as our population is, the roll of names makes quite a 
 respectable showing for a fractional part of a people, said to be a 
 race of shop-keepers and money-lenders. Facts are constantly 
 multiplying, which not only disprove this assertion of traducers of 
 the Jewish name, but establish beyond doubt the reasons which 
 forced the Jew, against his will, to become a trader and a dealer ; 
 to abandon agriculture for the shop, and intellectual and mechanical 
 pursuits for the tradesman's calling. A cruel world compelled him 
 to it ; a liberal world will recognize his advancement — will bid 
 him go forward on the road of honor and of usefulness. 
 
 GENEKAL MENTION.— II. 
 
 In journalis'm, as in other professions, Israelites have found 
 opportunities for advancement and distinction. In some countries 
 of Europe, the press is largely controlled by members of the ancient 
 race, and in the United States, considerable influence is also wielded 
 in the same direction — a single illustration being the New York World, 
 said to be the most successful paper on the Western Continent, whose 
 proprietor, Joseph Pulitzer, is of Jewish descent. In every depart- 
 ment of journalism, however, Jews have shown their fitness, and 
 some have risen from the lowest to the highest stations. In Phila- 
 delphia the number may not equal that of New York, yet, as 
 compared with population, the showing is, perhaps, to even better 
 advantage. Some names have already been mentioned at length. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 357 
 
 .... On the staffs of the German Demokrat and of the Neue Welt — 
 besides their proprietor and chief editor, Dr. Edward Morwitz, but 
 recently deceased — the following have served at different times 
 (either as writers, or in the business department): Joseph Morwitz 
 (son of Dr. Morwitz, and his successor in the management), Isaac 
 Kahn, D. Fuerstenberg, Herman Fischler, Benjamin Salinger, 
 Louis C. Hoffman, and Messrs. Grossheim, Levi, Danielus,. and 
 Friedlander. A nephew of the last-named was at one time editor 
 
 of another German paper, in this city Mr. Salinger, who 
 
 died on January 18th, 1894, was also manager of the Central News- 
 paper Union, which serves newspapers with printed matter for their 
 
 columns Messrs. Samuel N. Levi and Solomon Danielus are 
 
 connected with this Union; occupying the respective positions of 
 
 Treasurer, and Secretary Moses Finzi Lobo is a respected 
 
 name in journalism; a gentleman singularly gifted, but whose 
 modesty and unassuming ways prevent that recognition here to 
 which he is j ustly entitled. Mr. Lobo did reportorial and special 
 work for a number of years. He is now engaged in a different 
 
 vocation William Anderson, who was a member of the 
 
 editorial staff of the Sunday Dispatch, when that journal was the 
 Sunday paper of Philadelphia, still commands an able pen, and 
 since the severance of his connection with the Dispatch, he has held 
 positions on other journals. Mr. Anderson is a son-in-law of the 
 
 late Dr. Philip De Young Herman Loeb, a son of the late 
 
 Moritz Loeb, is a journalist, as if by inheritance. In his early 
 years he learned printing, and had just attained manhood when he 
 became city editor of the York (Pennsylvania) Daily Tribune. He 
 has also written for the Doylestown Democrat, the Public Ledger, 
 and the Times, and has served on the staffs of some of these. Mr. 
 Loeb has been quite successful as a story- writer, and has received 
 commendation for some of his productions. He is at present engaged 
 in printing and in the manufacture of paper- boxes, having formed a 
 partnership some years since with his brother-in-law, Eugene Lyon; 
 
 but now conducting the business on his own account Maurice 
 
 Landauer, for several years occupied a position on the Evening 
 Telegraph, where he rose to considerable note as a reporter of 
 financial matters. Mr. Landauer possesses ability in other spheres, 
 
 and has written prose and verse at different times Harry C. 
 
 Hochstadter has been connected with the Daily Hotel Reporter, and is 
 
358 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 prominent in an Amateur Journalists' Union Alfred Hoch- 
 
 stadter, who has had experience in reportorial work, now conducts 
 the Daily Hotel Reporter^ above mentioned, and Stageknid, a weekly 
 
 record of music and the drama Charles Bloomingdale, Jr. , 
 
 has shown talent in editing musical and dramatic papers, and is 
 besides a writer with original views. He has, at different periods, 
 been. attached to the Evening Herald, the Sunday Mercury, and the 
 Times, in all of which, specially the last named, his contributions 
 won him popularity, because of their pleasing flavor and unctuous 
 humor. Mr. Bloomingdale was for some time editor of the Phila- 
 delphia Music and Drama, now known as Stageland Eliezer 
 
 Isaacs, Jr. (deceased), was connected with the local staff of the 
 
 Philadelphia Press Philip Hano, formerly of this city, was 
 
 a member of the reportorial staff of the Times Louis Stern, 
 
 now of the New York Hei^ald, also held positions on Philadelphia 
 
 dailies Meyer Hoffman is a clever writer, and department 
 
 editor on the Evening Star. He had previously served on the 
 Daily News and on the Times. He has edited the National Barber, 
 
 and at present conducts the North East News George Henry 
 
 Harris is an industrious and a capable writer on the reportorial staff 
 
 of the Philadelphia Inquirer Morris Wieder is attached to 
 
 the staff of the Philadelphia Abend Post Charles Goldsmith 
 
 and Albert E. Hunt have exhibited experience and tact as reporters 
 for the Court Combination — the agency that supplies Court news to 
 a number of dailies. Both Mr. Goldsmith and Mr. Hunt have 
 
 written original articles and stories for new^spapers Max 
 
 Kaufmann is a writer of musical and dramatic criticisms on the 
 Philadelphia Press Robert Cohn is Philadelphia corre- 
 spondent of the Chicago Dramatic Times Charles Seligman 
 
 Bernheimer is an intelligent and active writer, whose services 
 have been enlisted by secular and religious papers. Mr. Bern- 
 heimer has furnished numerous reports of Jewish affairs to the 
 Philadelphia Press. He also filled a position for several years on 
 the Jewish Exponent. He has been correspondent of the Jeivi^h 
 Messenger, of New York City; has contributed articles to other 
 journals, and is now^ correspondent of the American Israelite, of 
 Cincinnati, besides being Assistant Secretary of the Jewish Publi- 
 cation Society of America. Mr. Bernheimer is a graduate of 
 the University of Pennsylvania Clarence K. Arnold is 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 359 
 
 successful in the sphere of newspaper advertising; doing real estate 
 work for a syndicate of Philadelphia dailies, and occupying an 
 official position on the Philadelphia Inquirer. Mr. Arnold has been 
 correspondent for Wilmington (Delaware) journals, and has written 
 
 for the Philadelphia News, Press, and Record George Felle- 
 
 man Fish has for some years been connected with the Philadelphia 
 
 Inquirer, and now edits its "Society" department Alfred 
 
 M. Liveright was at one time a member of the reportorial staff of 
 
 the North American, of Philadelphia Major Aaron Lazarus 
 
 is connected with the business department of the Philadelphia Record. 
 . . . . George Goldsmith is an experienced proof- reviser on the 
 Public Ledger. 
 
 Jewish journalism has also offered a field, and among those who 
 have figured therein in this city are such eminent names as Rev. 
 Isaac Leeser, editor and proprietor of that excellent monthly. The 
 Occident and American Jeivish Advocate; Mayer Sulzberger, Esq., 
 Mr. Leeser's scholarly assistant, and his successor ; Rev. Dr. 
 Samuel Mendelsohn, an editor of the Jeivish Index, now Rabbi in 
 Wilmington, North Carolina, and author of the valuable work, 
 " The Criminal Jurisprudence of the Ancient Hebrews ; " Alfred 
 T. Jones, editor of the Jewish Record (elsewhere mentioned); 
 Mrs. Caroline Cohen Joachimsen, at one time assistant editor 
 
 of the Jewish Record Of Jewish journalists of to-day, we 
 
 must mention Charles Hoffman, editor of the Jewish Exponent, 
 a deep student, a thoughtful writer, and an active worker in Jewish 
 causes ; Melvin G. Winstock, lawyer, formerly an editor of the 
 Jenish Exponent, now a resident of Seattle, (State of) Wash- 
 ington; Herman Brunswick, a correspondent for different jour- 
 nals, and manager of the once-existing monthly, Jeivish Women. 
 Marcus K. Cohen, formerly business manager of the Jewish Record, 
 is now publisher and editor of the Journal of Progress, an organ 
 of Secret Orders. Moses Freeman, Bernard Harris, and John 
 Paley are editors of weeklies published in the jargon, or Juedisch- 
 Deutsch dialect, as are Rev. Hyman Brodsky and Ch. Malitz. 
 Elias Braunschweig is an excellent German writer, and Philadel- 
 phia correspondent of the Deborah, a German Jewish weekly, pub- 
 lished in Cincinnati, Ohio. Louis Nusbaum is Philadelphia cor- 
 respondent of the Hebrew Jovrnal, of New York City. 
 
 In addition to the above names, other Israelites have, from time to 
 time, been connected with journalistic interests in various capacities. 
 
360 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 III. 
 
 IN ART. 
 
 Only in modern times has the Jew been identified with the study 
 and development of a special branch of the fine arts. This fact does 
 not arise from a want of admiration for the beautiful in creation ; for 
 the Jewish mind has ever shown itself capable of the loftiest senti- 
 ments. The answer is readily found. In days of yore, the love of 
 art was so interwoven with its worship; the productions of the 
 sculptor's chisel and the painter's brush were so often a cause of 
 idolatry that little wonder it is that the Second Commandment of the 
 Decalogue was enforced with the utmost rigidity, and even beyond 
 its application. Art, instead of becoming a refining influence, was 
 thoroughly debasing; it encouraged immorality, and catered to the 
 sensual. With the spread of civilization, the true mission of the 
 artist became better known, the character of his work appealed with 
 more emphasis to the cultured mind, the value of his calling was 
 perceived, and thus his art advanced amid enlightening influences. 
 Israel cannot boast of a Giotto, or a Correggio, a Rafael, or a 
 Michael Angelo — whose works of genius are wondered at the world 
 over; yet, in our days, an increased number of the descendants of 
 Jacob are found in the ranks of those who follow in the wake of the 
 great masters. Every civilized country now furnishes a quota from 
 among our coreligionists. The Paris Salon annually exhibits their 
 work, and the art centres of Europe and America disclose to view 
 specimens worthy of those who are rapidly gaining foremost places 
 in the profession. Moses Ezekiel, a sculptor, whose genius often 
 asserts itself in colossal figures and emblematic monuments; Ephraim 
 Keyser, another gifted representative of the same art, are but two 
 names from among American Israelites, whose products have received 
 the admiring encomiums of connoisseurs. In the realms of painters, 
 several of our leading cities furnish brilliant examples, and, as will 
 be seen, Philadelphia is by no means wanting in followers of the 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 361 
 
 art which ennobles our sensibilities, and renders us all the more 
 admirers of creation, and which should arouse in all sentiments of 
 thankfulness unto Him who has made for us those wonders of earth 
 and of sea, whose glories can but faintly be portrayed by the artist, 
 however realistic may seem the picture. 
 
 Solomon Nunes Carvalho, born in Charleston, South Carolina, 
 April 27th, 1815, is a member of a worthy family from whose midst 
 several distinguished characters have come forth. Mr. Carvalho 
 resided for some time in this city, but his main work has been done 
 elsewhere. As an artist and as a scholar, as a scientist and as a 
 writer, this gentleman has attained a wide reputation. Of Jewish 
 interest is his painting of "Moses Receiving the Tablets of the 
 Law on Sinai." His portrait in oil of Rev. Isaac Leeser, which 
 is placed on the walls of the Home for Aged and Infirm Israelites, 
 attached to the Jewish Hospital, of Philadelphia, is another evidence 
 of the excellence of work displayed by a thorough artist. Mr. Car- 
 valho's productions — whether in art or in literature — are of national 
 importance, and their author unites acquirements rarely met with in 
 one individual. Mr. Carvalho now resides in New York City. [For 
 a fuller sketch of Mr. Carvalho' s career and works, specially while 
 located in other cities, the reader is referred to Markens' s * ' Hebrews 
 in America," pages 203 and 204.] 
 
 Katherine M. Cohen, third daughter of Henry and Matilda 
 {iiee Samuel) Cohen, was born in Philadelphia, March 18th, 1859. 
 She received an education befitting the daughter of cultured parents. 
 Exhibiting a love of art, she early attended the School of Design for 
 Women, and pursued a course of study at diflTerent times under dif- 
 ferent tutors, among them Peter Moran, Miss Sarah Levis, and J. 
 Liberty Tadd ; her special branches then being china painting, deco- 
 rative art work, and modelling. Miss Cohen attended the Academy 
 of the Fine Arts under Thomas Eakins's instruction, and the School 
 of Industrial Art, where she followed sculpture, under the tuition of 
 John J. Boyle. She thus pursued both leading branches of art, and 
 was instructed in water-color painting by William J. Whittemore. 
 Later on, the famous artist, Augustus St. Gaudens, became her 
 teacher in sculpture. Miss Cohen also added to her studies a course 
 
362 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 in Paris under Mencie, and other masters, and she went a second 
 time to Europe in order to develop still further her knowledge. The 
 results have been seen to pronounced advantage in her works. 
 
 In sculpture, this artist has produced a number of busts ; two 
 representing Venitians — boy and man — which (separate works) are 
 beautifully wrought; a decorative head, entitled ''John of Algiers;" 
 "A Viking, or Northman;" ''Rabbi Ben Ezra " — a group ; portrait 
 busts of several persons, among them of Mayer Sulzberger, Esq., 
 the accomplished lawyer and scholar ; besides statuettes, models, and 
 has relievos. 
 
 Miss Cohen's work has been noted at several exhibitions, among 
 them, at the Academy of the Fine Arts and at the Art Club of 
 Philadelphia, the New York Academy, the recent World's Columbian 
 Exposition in Chicago, and in the Paris Salon. Her paintings also 
 evidence exceptional talent, force, and artistic skill, which betoken 
 a steady advance in the profession. Among these, chiefly in water- 
 coloi*s, are ' ' An African Woman ;' ' "Driving Geese at Concarneau ;" 
 ' ' Street in Cairo ; ' ' and a ' ' Moorish Mosque. ' ' 
 
 "Miss Katherine Cohen," observes a critic, "shows the stuff of 
 which good sculptors are made." The same remark, now further 
 enforced by more recent work, applies to this artist in that depart- 
 ment, which calls not only for accuracy and precision, but also for 
 beauty of conception, wealth of imagination, and delicacy of treat- 
 ment. All these acquirements Miss Cohen possesses in an eminent 
 degree, and she is, therefore, destined to a position won only by rare 
 abilities and superlative talents. 
 
 Harry Davidson has risen to an enviable position among wood 
 engravers. He is a son of Dr. David Davidson, and was born in 
 Philadelphia, March 25th, 1858. His first studies in engraving 
 were pursued under Frederick Faust, and, after a coui^se of secular 
 studies, he resolved to devote his time to wood engraving as a pro- 
 fession. He removed to New York, and continued his labors until 
 he reached an excellence that soon won recognition. He received 
 an engagement from the Century Company, and is to this day in its 
 employ as illustrator of the two monthlies, the Century Magazine and 
 St. Nicholas. Among his numerous engravings are "Israel," after 
 a beautiful drawing by Kenyon Cox ; "Reflection of Golden Gate," 
 after A. Castaigne ; "Afternoon at a Ranch," by Mary Halleck 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 363 
 
 Foote; "Farewell to Russia," after H. Sandham ; "Canterbury 
 Cathedral," after Joseph Pennell ; " A Portrait of Joseph Jefferson," 
 after Salem Scudder. 
 
 Specimens of Mr. Davidson's work have been exhibited at expo- 
 sitions in Paris, Berlin, Vienna, and at the recent World' s Exhibition 
 in Chicago. Mr. Davidson's fame is such that even his worn-out 
 instruments have been sought after for a collection of discarded tools 
 of master engravers. The thousands of readers of magazines have 
 long since been familiarized with the character of this artist's pro- 
 ductions, which have called forth unqualified admiration. Many of 
 his ''proofs" have been added to private collections. 
 
 Mr. Davidson has been the recipient of medals at exhibitions, and 
 has otherwise been honored for his work. He is a member of the 
 Society of American Wood Engravers. He is also known as an 
 inventor of a patent on the game of checkers called ' ' King Checker, " 
 by which the checker is crowned without the use of two separate 
 pieces. As an expert chess player, Mr. Davidson has been long and 
 favorably known, and, when a resident of Philadelphia, he was re- 
 garded as its leading player. He was pitted on more than a single 
 occasion against famous specialists, and astonished many by his evi- 
 dences of skill and thought in a game that calls for deep study and 
 a thorough understanding of every element of its intricate system. 
 
 Herman Naphtali Hyneman, son of Isaac and Adeline {i\ee 
 Ezekiel) Hyneman, was born in Philadelphia, July 27th, 1849. 
 His taste for drawing and painting was manifested in his childhood, 
 and developed as he reached maturer years. In 1874, he followed 
 his natural bent, and went to Europe to pursue studies at schools 
 of art. After a brief sojourn in Germany, he proceeded to Paris, 
 and became a pupil of the great French artist, M. Bonnat, remain- 
 ing abroad eight years. The effect of his thorough schooling and 
 the evidence as well of his powers as a delineator of character and 
 of expression were then seen in his picture, ' ' Desdemona, " exhibited 
 in the Paris Saloti of 1879, and subsequently occupying the post of 
 honor at an exhibition of works of American artists in the Penn- 
 sylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, in this city. This beauteous 
 product of the artist's brush is thus spoken of by a critic: "Look- 
 ing at Shakespeare's heroine as one sees her here, one sees no com- 
 mentary on the story of which she was the heroine. Although in 
 
364 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 the main intended as an ideal, Hyneman has represented her after 
 one of those stormy interviews with Othello. The face is very sad, 
 and the expressive attitude, clasped hands and patient resignation — 
 all bring Shakespeare's lovely heroine before one's eyes." *'Desde- 
 mona" was purchased by Mr. Klemm, of this city. Mr. Hyneman's 
 next picture ''Juliet," won the plaudits of connoisseurs. It was 
 exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1881, and afterwards at the National 
 Academy of Design in New York City. "It represents Shakespeare's 
 creation of the passionately-loving maiden on a balcony, looking 
 down pensively with a letter at her feet, which she has absently let fall 
 
 from her hands The countenance expresses the tenderness so 
 
 typical of that heroine." Mr. Hyneman has had studios at different 
 times in New York City and Philadelphia, and his main work has 
 been in the line of portraits, having executed several of well known 
 persons in the community. Among his romantic and imaginative 
 pictures are: "It Might Have Been," representing a young lady 
 contemplating what might have been had she a lover by her side;" 
 * ' Marguerite in Prison, ' ' depicting a most touching scence from 
 Goethe's "Faust;" "A Passing Glance;" ''On Tiptoe;" "Twelve 
 O'clock;" and "On the Pier." Quite an attractive picture is Mr. 
 Hyneman's portrayal of a scene at the race- track in Jerome Park; 
 wherein he cleverly depicts the countenances of the attendants who 
 are watching with exciting, interest the racing of the horses in their 
 attempts to outdo each other. 
 
 Mr. Hyneman is a first cousin of Moses Jacob Ezekiel, the world- 
 renowned sculptor, who, in his historic studio, in the Diocletian Baths 
 at Rome, Italy, modelled the Statue of Religious Liberty, now 
 adorning Fairmount Park, and who continues producing works 
 which have placed him in the vanguard of the most illustrious 
 sculptors of modern times — works which are, in the words of a 
 writer, "the sublime conception of a religion which draws one 
 people to another in the bond of brotherhood." 
 
 August B. Koopman, a son of Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Koopman, 
 now of Atlantic City, New Jersey, was born at Charlotte, North 
 Carolina, January 2d, 1869. After a schooling in Philadelphia, 
 he entered the "Antique" Class of the Pennsylvania Academy 
 of the Fine Arts, and following an interval, during which he 
 graduated from the Boys' Central High School, he entered the 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 365 
 
 "Life" Class, under the tuition of Thomas Hovenden. His first 
 painting was a copy of the superb work of Bouguereau, * * Orestes 
 Pursued by the Furies" — a picture belonging to the Academy, 
 and which has been considered a model of its kind. After further 
 endeavors of an encouraging character, young Koopman, in 1887, 
 was sent to Paris — the home of art and of artists. There he was 
 fortunate in obtaining instruction from Fleury and Bouguereau, and 
 was admitted to the Eeole des Beaux Arts. His progress was rapid, 
 and, ere long, he received honorable mention at the celebrated Julien 
 Academy, and a medal at the Beaux Arts. In two years, his work 
 had received such recognition that it was at once admitted to the 
 grand Salon of the Champs Elysees, in Paris, and the young artist 
 was favorably received in art centres. This entree into the Salon 
 rendered his work thereafter acceptable, and each year has found 
 Mr. Koopman's productions on the walls ; — his powerfully draw^n 
 painting, *' Benedicts, or Blessing of the Bread," exhibited in 1892, 
 being received w^ith much commendation by the Parisian critics. 
 This work is of remarkable size, and each of the seven life-sized 
 characters is considered a study worthy of an artist of high rank. 
 
 Mr. Koopman has executed portraits, which also evidence his 
 remarkable capacities. He has exhibited some of his productions 
 on this side of the Atlantic, where they have been received with 
 pronounced favor. Three of his paintings were placed among a 
 selected number for the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, 
 and were much admired. Mr. Koopman frequently visits the United 
 States, where his family resides, and Philadelphia, his former home. 
 He intends, however, locating in Paris, and there following up his 
 chosen profession. 
 
 Max Levy, born in Detroit, Michigan, July 9th, 1857, spent his 
 first active years in an architect's office, but early joined his brother, 
 Louis E. Levy, in the work of building up the Levytype Company. 
 He possesses artistic abilities of a high order, which he cultivated by 
 study at the Academy of the Fine Arts, in this city, and which were 
 given practical direction in his brother's establishment. There he 
 mastered the scientific technology of photo- chemistry. In 1891 
 he perfected his brother's invention of the engraved glass screen 
 used in the modern "half-tone" processes, and having purchased 
 the latter's interest in their joint patents, he has developed this 
 
366 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 invention to a point where it has assumed a foremost place in the 
 graphic art industries, and has superseded all other similar appli- 
 ances. 
 
 Mr. Levy was married in 1885 to Miss Diana Franklin, of 
 Baltimore, sister of Professor Fabian Franklin, of Johns Hopkins 
 University, and niece of the late scholar and philanthropist, Michael 
 Heilprin — herself a former student at the Academy of the Fine Arts, 
 of this city. 
 
 Frank Moss, a son of Joseph L. Moss, an Israelite long 
 identified with Jewish affairs, was born in Philadelphia, May 9th, 
 1837. Though evincing an inclination for art at an early age, he 
 still did not embrace that profession until later years; at first engag- 
 ing in the commission and dry goods business in New York City, 
 from which, however, he retired in 1874. He then sailed for 
 Europe, and proceeding to the Capital of France — the great centre 
 of art— pursued his studies for several years under M. Bonnat. 
 His progress was rapid, and soon the excellence of his work attracted 
 attention, and in the exhibitions of the Paris Salon, a number of his 
 paintings occupied important places on the walls. Church scenes, 
 and portraits of interest to the church, constituted his chief work; 
 his heads of Jesus, and other religious pictures being considerably in 
 demand among Catholic families, and some of them being placed in 
 churches and cathedrals, specially in the Catholic Cathedral in 
 Philadelphia. Of his pictures, a copy of Ribiera's '' Entombment" 
 (the original of which is in the Louvre, at Paris) was also presented 
 to the Cathedral in this city. 
 
 Artist Moss has exhibited on various occasions at our Academy of 
 the Fine Arts, at the New York Academy of Design, in Boston and 
 in cities of the West, his works, including "The Fortune-Teller;" 
 Tom Hood's *' Song of the Shirt;" ''The Doll's Dressmaker;" and 
 "Prayer." As a member of the Philadelphia Sketch Club, he has 
 also distinguished himself in the character of work peculiar to that 
 Club. 
 
 Mr. Moss has occasionally visited Europe in the pursuit of his 
 art, and some of his works have been painted there. For some time 
 his studio has been located in New York, and he now resides in 
 that city. 
 
 Jacques Reich affords a remarkable example of an illustrator, 
 though he has otherwise acquired fame. Mr. Reich was born in 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 367 
 
 Hungary, August 10th, 1852. He studied art in Buda-Pesth. 
 Arriving in the United States in 1873, he took a course in the 
 Academy of the Fine Arts in this city, and resided in Philadelphia 
 for a considerable period. After further study, he returned to 
 Europe, and in Paris had the opportunity of being instructed by 
 two of the great masters — Robert Fleury and William Adolphe 
 Bouguereau. Mr. Reich brought forth a large variety of sketches 
 in black and white, and in charcoal, pen and ink sketches, and 
 latterly turned his attention to book illustrating. In this last named 
 feature, he had discovered his forte, while publishers and the public 
 have been quick to recognize his pre-eminent talent. In 1885, the 
 firm of Charles Scribner's Sons obtained Mr. Reich's services as an 
 illustrator of their "Cyclopaedia of Painters and Paintings." His 
 pen and ink portraits were an immediate success, and the artist's 
 abilities were enlisted by periodicals, and by the publishing firm of 
 D. Appleton & Co., whose "Annual Cyclopaedia," in its separate 
 editions in 1886, 1887, and 1888, was illustrated by Mr. Reich. 
 Perhaps, the work, however, which testifies not only to his extra- 
 ordinary capacity and brilliancy, but to his industry, is best shown 
 in ' ' Appleton's Cyclopaedia of American Biography, ' ' issued in six 
 volumes, and to which Mr. Reich furnished sixteen hundred portraits 
 illustrative of its text and the characters whose biographies or bio- 
 graphical sketches are- presented in that work. Mr. Reich now 
 occupies a place second to none in the United States, and no small 
 credit belongs to Philadelphia, where he received part of his instruc- 
 tion, and where he developed his knowledge in a department of art 
 for which he has shown so decided an aptitude, and has through it 
 rendered his labors of signal service to the literary, not less than to 
 the art world. 
 
 Max Rosenthal has had a varied and interesting career as an 
 artist. Born in Turck, Poland, Russia, November 28th, 1833, his 
 love of art seems to have been inherited, his mother having possessed 
 considerable talent in that direction, and his brother being a painter 
 of note. At the age of fourteen years, he went to Paris, France, 
 and there pursued studies in drawing, lithography, and painting, 
 under M. Thurwanger. Two years later, in 1849, he accompanied 
 his teacher to Philadelphia. Here he continued his studies, and 
 was the first Israelite to enter the Pennsylvania Academy of the 
 Fine Arts as a student, when Hyman Gratz was its Treasurer. 
 
368 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Mr. Rosenthal early devoted himself to chrorao- lithography, in 
 which he has met success. He made the plates for the first book 
 completely illustrated by this process in the United States, ''Wild 
 Scenes and Wild Hunters." In 1854, he lithographed the interior 
 of the former Masonic Temple in this city, then situated on the north 
 side of Chestnut Street between Seventh and Eighth Streets (the 
 present site of a monster bank and trust building). His pioneer 
 work was further evidenced by the first fac-simile of water-color 
 painting in the United States, and for which work he obtained a 
 diploma from the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. On the out- 
 break of the Civil War, he followed the Army of the Potomac as 
 artist, and executed drawings of every camp until the period of the 
 Battle of Gettysburg (in July, 1863). He made the illustrated 
 plates for the report of the United States Military Commission to 
 the Crimea, presented in 1860 (this commission consisted of Captain, 
 afterwards General, George B. McClellan, Major Richard Delafield, 
 and Major Alfred Mordecai). He executed engravings of coins in 
 America for Dr. Dickinson's work, "Numismatics of the United 
 States;" also about two hundred lithographs of celebrated men, and 
 a number of large plates. 
 
 Mr. Rosenthal has illustrated some of H. W. Longfellow's poems, 
 and productions of other eminent writers, and has done artistic work 
 on interiors of notable edifices, among them St. Patrick's Cathedral, 
 New York City — a work done together with his son, Albert Rosenthal. 
 He ranks high as an etcher, as an engraver, and as a painter — both 
 in oil and in water-colors. His portrait etchings are numerous, and 
 his work is marked by original, as well as elevated, methods ; hence 
 his services as an instructor have frequently been called into requisi- 
 tion, by the Art Students' Union, and by other classes and students. 
 Mr. Rosenthal's style is much admired, and he has executed 
 numerous works for private collectors. He is a member of the 
 Historical Society of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Albert Rosenthal, a son of Max and Caroline Rosenthal, was 
 born in Philadelphia, January 30th, 1863, and, though still young, 
 he has acquired an enviable reputation among artists. Besides 
 having the advantage of his father's experience and talent in his 
 studies, he pursued courses of instruction at the Academy of the Fine 
 Arts, and in the Art Students' Union, of which he became Secretary. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 369 
 
 Mr. Rosenthal's skill was shown in his youth, and his subsequent 
 work would do honor to an artist many years his senior. He has 
 not confined himself to any particular department, though at present, 
 portrait painting is his specialty, and in that he, perhaps, excels. 
 His ''Study of an Old Man," exhibited at the Academy, bears 
 splendid evidence of this statement. His work as an etcher and an 
 illustrator, both separately and in conjunction with his father, has 
 also evoked deserved encomium. Its character is visible in his 
 etchings of George Washington, in his collection of portraits which 
 adorn Hampton L. Carson's work on the ''History of the Centennial 
 of the Constitution," in his portraits of Justices of the United States 
 Supreme Court, and in other etchings, to the number of several 
 hundred. These specimens alone have placed him in the foremost 
 line of portrait etchers, and have won his works places of honor at 
 art exhibitions. He has been exceedingly industrious in his eftbrts 
 to obtain originals of rare portraits, which he has reproduced with 
 faithful exactness. 
 
 It would be impossible to mention all of Mr. Rosenthal's produc- 
 tions within these narrow limits. Since his return from Europe, where 
 he studied in Paris under Gerome, the famous master, his works in 
 oil have commanded general attention; his portraits of different per- 
 sons, among them Justice Mitchell, of the Supreme Court of Penn- 
 sylvania, winning for him the approbation of critics, and the 
 patronage of the art- loving. 
 
 Mr. Rosenthal's studio contains a number of examples of his 
 finest work, evidencing delicacy of touch and beauty of execution. 
 The Historical Society of Tennessee elected this artist an honorary 
 member. He is also a member of the Historical Society of Penn- 
 sylvania. ^ 
 
 GENERAL MENTION. 
 
 Philadelphia Israelites have no mean representation of men and 
 
 women who have figured, at times, in the realms of art 
 
 Alexander Zellner (deceased) has left some excellent crayon work in 
 
 portraits Mrs. Dinah J. Levi (^nee Emanuel), now a 
 
 resident of New York City, has attained success in portrait paint- 
 ing ; among her productions being a portrait in oil of the Reverend 
 
 24 
 
370 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Doctor Sabato Morals Professor Angelo Heilprin, the 
 
 eminent scientist, has evinced his skill and artistic conception as a 
 painter, in several works seen in exhibitions here and elsewhere. 
 .... Philip Muhr, who studied abroad, has contributed some works 
 in oil, among them a portrait of the illustrious Jewish champion, 
 
 Sir Moses Montefiore, Baronet Tobias Theodore Cohen 
 
 (deceased), executed a splendid specimen of crayon work in 1876, 
 entitled "The First Centennial." The thought of the artist is 
 represented by the triumph of civilization over idolatry; or the dis- 
 comfiture of those still steeped in debasing heathenism, by the 
 advancing flame of enlightenment. This picture is admitted to be 
 
 well conceived and artistically elaborated Jacob Aub was 
 
 once a well-known lithographic engraver; among his productions 
 being "The Siege of Sebastopol." .... Norman Friend, his 
 
 partner, was also an engraver of merit Max Fiegman 
 
 has done creditable crayon work E. Bechhoefer, a former 
 
 resident of this city, but who, some years since, returned to France, 
 
 was likewise known as an artist in crayon portraits Miss 
 
 Gertrude Weil, oldest daughter of Edward H. and Isabel R. {nee 
 Lyons) Weil, has shown extraordinary talent in painting, and gives 
 bright promise. She is at present a student in the Pennsylvania 
 Academy of the Fine Arts, and some of her productions have been 
 exhibited here, and at the World's Exposition in Chicago. Miss 
 
 Weil has made illustrations for several books Meyer 
 
 Dantzic, a native of Russia, is another bright student of the 
 Academy of the Fine Arts. He has done work in oil, in modelling, 
 
 etc., etc., and is now pursuing studies in Paris, France 
 
 Julius C. Fireman is exceptionally clever at illustrations, and his 
 abilities have been shown in his work for different publications. 
 .... Miss Florence Einstein has attained much success in a special 
 line of art, and she is now an efficient instructor in the Philadelphia 
 School of Design for Women. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 371 
 
 lY. 
 IN MUSIC AND DRAMA. 
 
 That art identified with the noblest emotions of mankind ; that 
 art whose influence sways all, whether savage or civilized ; which 
 helps, as it were, to the completeness of one's nature ; and without 
 which, declares the immortal Shakespeare, man is '' fit for treasons, 
 stratagems, and spoils ; " that art— Music — has found its brilliant, 
 its representative exponents, among the seed of Israel from the 
 earliest periods of human history. To prove the attachment of 
 Hebrews to music, we have no need to go back to the time of Jubal, 
 the antediluvian, who is mentioned in the sacred pages of Holy 
 Writ as * ' the father of all those who play on the harp and 
 organ ; " nor to the Levites — the choristers in Tabernacle and 
 Temple ; nor to David, the matchless singer of Israel. In every 
 era, Jews have pursued with delight an art transmitted from genera- 
 tion to generation. Music always had its charms; not so the drama, 
 or rather, the stage. In ancient times, the latter was associated 
 with the most brutal and brutalizing sports ; with the murderous 
 combats of gladiators ; with the immoral Olympian games of the 
 Greeks, and the horrid arena of the Romans, wherein thousands 
 and tens of thousands were consigned to a shocking — fate to make 
 '*a Roman holiday" — as Lady Morgan observes in her work on 
 ''Italy." 
 
 True, the Greeks had their tragic authors and their tragedians ; 
 the Romans their plays and their actors ; but these were no attrac- 
 tion to the unfortunate Hebrew — the captive and the persecuted in 
 the midst of those who reveled in wealth, pomp, and luxuriousness, 
 but also in debauchery. Israel had representatives of the drama in 
 days of yore ; but these afforded no joy, no solace, in the midst of 
 a real tragedy then, and for ages after, enacted. Even music, for 
 a time, was banished ; or the Hymn of Praise gave place to the 
 
372 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Elegy and the Lamentation. The outcasts of Jiidea could not sing 
 the Songs of Zion in a strange land. 
 
 With the dawn of enlightenment, however, there came a change 
 in other conditions, and the stage soon assumed its rightful function. 
 In modern times, the opera and the theatre have been largely sup" 
 ported by the patronage of Israelites. (95) The love of the 
 drama has assumed as pronounced a form among them as the 
 admiration of music, and that music too, which both pleases and 
 arouses study ; the music of the classical school, associated in rank 
 with the plays of Shakespeare, and other writers of more recent 
 date, who have devoted their talents, yea, their genius, to render 
 the actor's art a desirable, an elevated calling ; — a sphere for the 
 presentation of that which may instruct and improve ; bettering 
 human kind, by illustrating the triumph of good over evil in a 
 manner directly appealing to the innermost senses and to the better 
 part of every man's nature. In latter days, our coreligionists have 
 taken to the stage in considerable numbers, and to-day the roll of 
 the histrionic art is emblazoned with names from among our people, 
 who have contributed their share to its success, both in the capa- 
 city of managers and actors. 
 
 Philadelphia is regarded as a centre for disciples of Thespis; its 
 numerous amusement halls being constantly added to, with the 
 growth of a population eager to seek rational amusements. In the 
 earliest introduction of the drama in the United States, our city was 
 among the favored places, and to this day an historic hall flourishes 
 in our midst in the Walnut Street Theatre, founded in 1808 ; but 
 which was preceded years before by theatres no longer in existence. 
 At this and in other houses, not a few Israelites have figured on 
 the stage in plays that will have production in all times ; in musical 
 works of renowned masters ; in comedy and in tragedy ; in grand 
 opera and in comic opera ; in farce and in satire ; in burlesque 
 and in other features — now so varied, and which give the stage a 
 
 (95) Samuel Hays, Mark Prager, Jr., Isaac Franks, and Michael Prager were, 
 as previously stated, among the earliest subscribers to the Chestnut Street 
 Theatre, Philadelphia, in 1792. [See reference in historical part of this work, 
 page 29.] 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 373 
 
 character not always, perhaps, in keeping with its real purpose, l)ut, 
 nevertheless, productive of a certain kind of success. (96) 
 
 Among actors quite distinguished in the last quarter of the 
 eighteenth century, Mr. and Mrs. Solomon, Miss C. Solomon, and 
 Miss M. Solomon are specially mentioned, and each appears to have 
 won success in a varied repertoire, presented in New York, Phila- 
 delphia, Boston, and other cities. (97) In Mr. Charles Durang's 
 history of ''The Philadelphia Stage," a number of our coreligionists 
 are mentioned as exponents of the drama and of song. (98) William 
 Dinneford, "a dashing young Israelite from London," seems to have 
 had a record as a manager, which was, to say the least, remarkable. 
 He is first mentioned in connection with the stage in 1822, and in 
 1823, he made his dehit at the Chestnut Street Theatre. He must 
 have possessed extraordinary talents, since he was engaged to fill 
 leading roles. He subsequently went to New York, and there em- 
 barked in managerial enterprises; being connected with the Bowery 
 Theatre, the Lafayette Theatre, and the South Pearl Street Theatre, 
 Albany (New York). During a period of sixteen years, Dinneford 
 is said to have conducted theatres "in almost every principal city 
 and town in the Atlantic States. ' ' His varied accomplishments and 
 agreeable ways rendered him quite popular. While as an actor he 
 obtained much favor, the managerial feature seems to have been 
 more to his taste. In 1840-1841 he was lessee of the Walnut 
 Street Theatre, and was subsequently associated with Ethelbert A. 
 Marshall in its management. Later on, he became lessee of the 
 Arch Street Theatre. It was at Dinneford' s Albany Theatre that 
 Charlotte Cushman (then in her twentieth year) appeared on 
 October 11th, 1836, as Lady Macbeth; Junius Brutus Booth im- 
 personating Macbeth. The latter was among those who graced the 
 stage of the Walnut Street Theatre during Mr. Dinneford's manage- 
 ment; playing there several nights in December, 1840. Many a 
 
 (96) The Prune Street Theatre was a well-known resort, opened in 1820, and 
 which continued until about 1825. A Mr. Bloom is mentioned as a member of a 
 ♦•ompany playing there in 1822. The building still stands on the south side of 
 what is now Locust Street, between Fifth and Sixth Streets, and is occupied by a 
 firm dealing in mineral waters. 
 
 (97) See "History of the American Theatre," in three volumes — thus far 
 issued — by George O. Seilhamer. 
 
 (98) Among other works bearing upon subjects herein discussed are : Brown's 
 " History of the American Stage ;" Phelps's " Playere of a Century :" and " The 
 Stage and its Stars — Past and Present" — in twenty-eight parts (Pliiladelphia, 
 Gel)bie & Company, 1887). 
 
374 THI] JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 story has been circulated about the elder Booth to convey the im- 
 pression that he was a Jew or of Jewish descent. While this state- 
 ment has been declared and re-asserted time and again, no substan- 
 tial proof has been offered, though incidents are quoted to sustain 
 the opinion. For instance, it has been said that, originally, the 
 family name was Succah, but that the English translation — Booth — 
 was afterwards adopted. It is, moreover, stated that the elder Booth, 
 at times, pronounced Hebrew words, and that, in London, he once 
 essayed Shylock, in "The Merchant of Venice," in Jaedisch dialect; 
 that HebreAV expressions were often known to pass his lips — and 
 similar evidences are offered, all of which — entertaining, as they must 
 prove — are, by no means, convincing. (99) 
 
 To return to Dinneford. — His theatrical ventures did not satisfy 
 his expectations; and, in 1845, he appears to have opened a restau- 
 rant, called "The Byron," in New York City. How long he con- 
 tinued in that venture is not stated; but, after a residence in the 
 West, he went to the city of Panama, where he died on December 
 8th, 1852. 
 
 The name of Phillips is of frequent occurrence in the history of 
 the American theatre, and both men and w^omen bearing that name 
 figure in its annals. Aaron J. Phillips, a son of Jonas Phillips, an 
 early President of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, was born in Phila- 
 delphia. The Arch Street Theatre was conducted by him during the 
 autumn and winter seasons of 1829-1830. In announcing its open- 
 ing, Mr. Phillips " has the satisfaction of informing the public that no 
 pains or expense has been spared to render this establishment the most 
 efficient in the country." In his company were quite a number of 
 capable actors, including his nephew, Moses S. Phillips, also a native 
 of Philadelphia, born February 23d, 1798. The latter' s action on 
 a certain occasion, when he took advantage of a mistaken identity, 
 to accept an engagement in New Orleans, intended for his uncle, was 
 not creditable to him ; however, his ability as an actor, whether in 
 comic or in serious roles, appears to have been fairly tested, and to 
 
 (99) Edwin Booth, writing of his father, observes that he was always imbued 
 with the essence of whatever part he was to perform. "If Sliylock was to be 
 his part at night, he was a Jew all day ; and, if in Baltimore at the time, he 
 Avould pass hours with a learned Israelite, who lived near by, discussing Hebrew 
 history in the vernacular, and insisting that, although he was of Welsh descent, 
 that nation is of Hebraic origin ; a belief for which there is some foundation." 
 [See, article on Junius Brutus Booth, in " Actors and Actresses of Great Britain 
 and the United States from the days of David Garri6k to the Present Time'' — in 
 several volumes — edited by Brander Matthews and Laurence llutton.] 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. B75 
 
 his advantage. On the occasion of the opening of the Arch Street 
 Theatre (or, as termed, '* Philadelphia Theatre") on August 31st, 
 1829, the prices were given as follows: Boxes, 75 cents; pit, 371 
 cents; gallery, 25 cents. (The scale was afterwards changed to 
 $1.00, 50 cents, and 25 cents, respectively.) The hill announced 
 was "The West Indian," a comedy, by Cumberland. It was well 
 received. The management spared no pains to stage the plays ac- 
 ceptably ; yet Mr. Phillips's efforts were not eventually rewarded 
 with the results looked for, and he was compelled to abandon his 
 enterprise. He had laliored hard to maintain a first-class house, 
 with a company of thorough merit, and with "stars," such as Mr. 
 James E. Murdoch, whose brilliancy as an elocutionist, and natural 
 talent as an actor ought to have brought Mr. Phillips a deserved 
 reward. Aaron J. Phillips's career on the stage was, perhaps, at- 
 tended with better success. His first appearance was at the Chestnut 
 Street Theatre as Young Norval, in "Douglas; or, the Noble 
 Shepherd," by John Home. Described in later years, as of ''un- 
 gainly appearance," he gradually took to old men's parts, and his 
 role being essentially that of a comedian, his *' make-up" and ren- 
 dition of whatever character he assumed won him applause and 
 favorable comment. Mr. Phillips also essayed among other charac- 
 ters, Dentatus, in J. Sheridan Knowles's tragedy of '' Virginius;" Sir 
 Anthony Ahmhde, in Sheridan's well known comedy of "The Rivals ;" 
 and the Second Witch, in Shakespeare's '' Macbeth." He was, at a 
 certain time, in the company supporting the elder Booth, when the 
 latter produced Shakespeare's '* Richard III." Mr. Phillips after- 
 wards received a benefit at the Walnut Street Theatre, on which 
 occasion several artists, among them Miss Charlotte Cushman, inter- 
 preted characters in the musical play of "Rob Roy." Mr. Phillips 
 was an uncle of Mordecai M. Noah, a playright of note and a dis- 
 tinguished character, elsewhere mentioned in this work. Aaron J. 
 Phillips died in New York in 1846. 
 
 Moses S. Phillips's first appearance on the stage was on May 2d, 
 1827, when he essayed Mawworm in "The Hypocrite ;" and after- 
 wards Brummagen in "Lock and Key." His repertoire included 
 many roles ; at times he was seen in comedy, at other times in 
 tragedy, and he attained quite a reputation for his versatility. He 
 and John Barnes played the two Dromios in Shakespeare's " Comedy 
 of Errors." The resemblance and enunciation were so striking that 
 
376 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 the two men could scarcely be told apart. At different periods, 
 Mr. Phillips was manager of theatres in various cities. At one 
 time, he conducted the Richmond Hill Theatre, in New York. He 
 died in that city in 1854. 
 
 Among other male actors and writers for the stage, bearing the 
 same name, and known here in the '40s and the '50s, were Mr. J. 
 Phillips, who played at the Arch Street Theatre, under Mr. W. E. 
 Burton's management; Mr. Austin H. Phillips, whose /or^e seems 
 to have been songs of a varying character ; Mr. Jonas B. Phillips, 
 a playwright of no inconsiderable merit, who wrote dramas with 
 attractive titles, and largely of the spectacular order — some of w hich 
 were markedly successful ; and Mr. J. D. Phillips, also a dramatic 
 writer; — *' The Female Spy," ''Paul Clifford," and " Beauty and 
 Booty" being among his productions. Mr. H. B. Phillips, a 
 brother of Jonas B. Phillips, became an actor and a manager of 
 note. He was born in Charleston, South Carolina, May 19th, 
 1819, and took to the stage when a young man. He appeared at the 
 Arch Street Theatre, Philadelphia, in 1842. He then resided for a 
 time in different cities, being engaged in managerial enterprises. 
 He was at the Astor Opera House, New York, during the famous 
 '' Macready Riot." (100) In more recent years (the '70s or there- 
 abouts) Mr. H. B. Phillips was connected with the Chestnut Street 
 Theatre (on the north side between Twelfth and Thirteenth Streets) 
 when that house was conducted by the celebrated "star," Mr. 
 Edward L. Davenport. Whether this was the same Phillips as the 
 afore- mentioned cannot be ascertained, though there is no evidence 
 at hand to doubt it. The stock company in those days was of 
 unusual merit, and this feature distinguished not only the Chestnut, 
 but the Walnut and the Arch Street Theatres ; in fact, all that put 
 forth claims to public recognition. Mr. Phillips essayed numerous 
 roles, and with the intelligence and skill of a consummate actor. 
 Many persons have a distinct recollection of his forceful and pathetic 
 impersonation of Isaac of York, the unfortunate Jew, in the drama- 
 tized version of Sir Walter Scott's beauteous novel of ' ' Ivanhoe ; " 
 the title-role being then in the hands of Mr. Frank Foster, and the 
 presentation being marked by general excellence. 
 
 (100) As is well known, this and similar riots were the result of ill feeling and 
 jealousy between Edwin Forrest, the American actor, and William Charles 
 Macready, the English actor, and their respective partisans. The feud was kept 
 up on both sides of the Atlantic, with— to say the least— no credit to the stage. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 377 
 
 Of actresses, the Phillipses also furnished a considerable quota. 
 
 Sophia Phillips appeared as a " star," at the Chestnut Street 
 
 Theatre, in 1828 Miss L. A. Phillips, an English artiste, came 
 
 here in 1834, with high encomiums won in London. She opened 
 her engagement at the then Chestnut Street Theatre (on the north 
 side above Sixth Street) as Juliet, in ''Romeo and Juliet;" and 
 subsequently appeared as Claudia in Miss Mitford's tragedy of 
 " Rienzi ; " Cordelia in "King Lear;" and Desdemona in 
 "Othello" — difficult parts, indeed; yet, her assumptions elicited 
 praise, though tempered with criticism. "This lady," says 
 Durang, '' possessed a fine face, expressive of softness, had dignity 
 of mien and polished manners. In declamation she was forcible, 
 which, with well- schooled elocution — impressed with all the effect 
 that she could give to passion — seemed more the effect of art than 
 nature. The display was artificial, and not the flow of natural 
 feeling. With most commanding tragic attributes, she lacked the 
 qualities of genius. Her private character was most estimable ; her 
 deportment was ever that of the gentlewoman." Miss Phillips 
 afterwards married and retired from the stage. 
 
 Miss S. Phillips is mentioned about the same period as " a culti- 
 vated vocalist," with " a very pleasing, but not a powerful, soprano 
 voice, of flexibility and easy execution." She was heard in this 
 
 city A Mrs. Phillips appeared in both opera and drama, at 
 
 the Arch Street Theatre; in the former, during the season of 1846- 
 1847 ; and in the latter, during that of 1849-1850. Whether 
 this was the same person in both instances, it is impossible to tell ; 
 
 but it may well be questioned as rather unusual Mrs. H. 
 
 Phillips, a vocalist, is another name met with about the same time. 
 
 Neither of these must be mistaken for the celebrated 
 
 artiste, Adelaide Phillips who, in all probability, was not of Jewish 
 stock Thus much for the Phillipses, in their re- 
 lation to the stage. 
 
 Madame Solomons and the Misses Arnold and Solomons were 
 members of tlie Chestnut Street Theatre's Stock Company during the 
 season of 1799-1800. A Mr. Meyer sang in opera there during 
 184G-1847. Beyond these statements, we have no further informa- 
 tion. 
 
 S. Samuels, a singer and dancer, was seen at Musical Fund Hall, 
 with " The New Orleans Serenaders," in 1844. In this company — 
 
378 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 it is well to recall it— was Ole Bull, who was then announced as 
 " only 15 years of age, and acknowledged to he the greatest violinist 
 of his age in the World." 
 
 J. J. Nathans, an equestrian, was conspicuous in the "Grand 
 Circle performances," given in January, 1846, at the National 
 Theatre and Circus (the site of Gilmore's *' Auditorium," now on 
 the north side of Walnut Street, above Eighth Street). Among his 
 feats was that of riding ''on four horses, altering their speed at 
 pleasure, from a short-hand gallop, in which the animals would step, 
 or throw out their fore-legs in an almost horizontal manner, then fly 
 into a running gait.' ' . . . . Moses Lipman, Samuel Lipman, and 
 Lewis Lipman, sons of Rev. Jacob Lipman, were all known as 
 circus performers. 
 
 Samuel B. H. Judah (mistakenly called Judas) wrote a number 
 of works for the stage, among them "A Tale of Lexington," 
 "Odofriede," *' The Mountain Torrent" (first produced in this city 
 at the Prune Street Theatre) and ''The Rose of Arragon." His 
 son, Emanuel Judah, an actor of merit, played in different cities.(lOl) 
 
 Coming down to our own day, we behold a host of bright "stars" 
 in the dramatic firmament — not all native Philadelphians, nor even 
 Americans, but who have visited this city, and met with encouraging 
 
 receptions Who can forget that world-famous tragedienne, 
 
 Madame E. Rachel? (102) Theatre-goers need not be told 
 
 of another equally talented artiste, Madame Janauschek, who is said 
 
 to be of Jewish parentage Our German fellow-citizens will 
 
 remember Bogumil Dawison, an actor of Russian birth (born at 
 Warsaw, May 18th, 1818), whose impersonations of Shakespearean 
 characters were immensely admired, and called forth praise, such as 
 is bestowed only upon leading lights of the stage. His assumption 
 of the role of Richard III was specially remarkable. Dawison 
 played here during the seasons of 1866-1868-1869 to critical 
 throngs, and stirred his auditors to enthusiasm. He afterwards re- 
 turned to Europe, and died in Dresden, Germany, on February 1st, 
 1872. 
 
 Leona Moss (Mrs. Leonie Lowengrund) is a daughter of the late 
 
 (101) Interesting sketches of the Messi-s. Judah, and of other early actoi-s iu 
 New York, are given in Judge Daly's work, "The Settlement of the Jews in 
 North America." to which the reader is referred; also to " Playei-s of a Century," 
 by H. P. Phelps. 
 
 (102) A sketch of Madame Rachel will be found in " Eminent Isi-aelites of 
 the Nineteenth Century," pages 285-287. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 379 
 
 Mr. Leou Hyneman, the celebrated Masonic writei' and editor, of 
 Philadelphia. Miss Moss essayed such roles as Queen Katherine in 
 '* Henry VIII;" Lady Macbeth in ''Macbeth;" Imogen in "Cym- 
 beline;" Pauline in "The Lady of Lyons;" Julia in ''The Hunch- 
 back;" and Bianca in "Fazio; or, the Italian Wife." An agree- 
 able stage presence, combined with a pleasing voice and decided 
 dramatic talent, won for this actress hearty encomiums. She 
 "starred" during a season with Daniel Edward Bandmann, himself 
 an Israelite, whose histrionic fame is international. 
 
 Mr. Bandmann has been seen in this city and in almost every 
 quarter of the habitable globe in a round of favorite characters, 
 including several of Shakespeare's heroes. He was born in Bett- 
 hausen, Hesse- Cassel, Germany, November 1st, 1837, and took to 
 the stage when quite young. His methods are marked by an origin- 
 ality somewhat peculiar to himself, though his abilities have long 
 since been generally admitted by competent authorities, among them 
 the late Edwin Forrest, who saw in Bandmann a tragedian of no 
 mean powers. Audiences have ])een quick to recognize in him those 
 remarkable characteristics and acquirements which have placed their 
 possessor in the front line of representative actors of this century. 
 A published work from his pen is entitled "An Actor's Tour; or, 
 Seventy Thousand Miles with Shakespeare," in which he tells of his 
 varied experiences and of his travels. 
 
 Rose Eytinge is another name, well-known to admirers of the 
 legitimate drama. Miss Eytinge is a native of Philadelphia, and 
 was born in 1835. She made her debut as an actress before reach- 
 ing womanhood, and has since appeared in companies of famous 
 histrions, among them Edwin Booth, and has evinced her dramatic 
 talents in scores of characters, not a few being Shakespeare's 
 heroines Pearl Eytinge, sister of the preceding, is also well- 
 known on the stage. 
 
 Adah Isaacs Menken attained a broad reputation in several 
 branches of stage art. Born near New Orleans, Louisiana, June 
 15th, 1835, her uncommon beauty, joined to varied accomplish- 
 ments, attracted public attention when she was still a young girl. 
 It is said that her father was a Spanish Jew, named Fuertes. She 
 married in 1856 Alexander Isaac Menken, and, though wedded to, 
 and divorced from, several husbands in turn, she retained the name 
 by which she is known. Her career, indeed, was a checkered one. A 
 
380 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 dancer, and an actress — both in tragedy and in comedy — a musician, 
 a painter, a sculptor, a poet, Adah Isaacs Menken was a unique per- 
 sonage in stage annals. She appeared in many a part; ber name, 
 however, is associated with that of Mazeppa. That character she 
 interpreted on both sides of the Atlantic. She enjoyed the acquaint- 
 ance of distinguished men in the field of letters, and her talents 
 found favor even from nobility and royalty. Her course was not 
 always free from stains. She had experienced private griefs which 
 worked upon a strongly emotional nature. But this same nature 
 also asserted itself at times in an attachment to Judaism. She died 
 on August 10th, 1868, and was buried in Mount Parnasse Cemetery 
 (on the outskirts of Paris, France). The inscription on her tomb- 
 stone consists of but two words : "Thou Knowest." (103) 
 
 Madame Sarah Bernhardt, the renowned French actress, is the 
 daughter of a Dutch Jewess. It is needless to say, that she is 
 known wherever the actor's art has found an entrance. Neither has 
 popular appreciation failed to manifest itself wherever and whenever 
 this great artiste has appeared. 
 
 Isaac Newton Gotthold deserves a prominent station among the 
 conscientious and gifted actors of our time. The son of a Jewish 
 minister, he was born in Richmond, Virginia, in 1837. His love 
 for the theatre and his natural talent for elocution soon asserted 
 themselves. His ascent on the actor's ladder w^as rapid, and, ere 
 long, he occupied a distinctly representative position on the American 
 stage. In every character he filled, a thorough conception and an 
 effective presentation of his part were distinctively marked. Such 
 men as Mr. Gotthold maintained the rightful standard of the actor's 
 profession, amidst degenerating influences on all sides. He had 
 supported such '* stars" as Edwin Forrest, Lucille Western, Law- 
 rence Barrett, Lillian Adelaide Neilson, Mary Anderson, Miss 
 Fortescue, and Jeffreys- Lewis. At one time he w^as manager of the 
 Pittsburg Opera House. Mr. Gotthold appeared frequently in this 
 city, under encouraging auspices, being last seen in September, 1887, 
 in a production of Sardou's drama of *' Dolores." During the Civil 
 War he had served in a New York Regiment. He was too soon 
 removed from his active labors, being a comparatively young man 
 
 (103) Particulars in extenso of Adah Isaacs Menken have been frequently 
 given; but considerable that is of interest may be found in Phelps's " Players of a 
 Century," wherein her successes are recounted, and estimates of her character 
 are presented. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 381 
 
 at bis death, on Septeml)er 12th, 1888. Mr. Gotthold wrote several 
 plays, of which mention must be made of "Not So Black as Painted," 
 **The Victor of Rhe," and ''Micaliz." 
 
 It is not, however, our design to dwell upon careers of individual 
 actors, but only to single out here and there those with specially 
 marked traits. Nor is it possible to recall all among our coreligion- 
 ists who have shone behind the footlights of Philadelphia theatres. 
 We might refer to Lewis Morrison (born in the British West Indies, 
 September 4th, 1844, and whose right name is Morris). He has 
 held the stage, and efficiently supported leading actors, since 1863. 
 Some two and a half decades since, he was a member of the Walnut 
 Street Theatre's Stock Company. He is now "starring" in "Faust," 
 successfully assuming the role of Mephistopheles A. S. Lip- 
 man, another versatile actor, is a grandson of Rev. Jacob Lipman. 
 His impersonations, specially in the line of comedy, have been re- 
 ceived with much favor. About fifteen years ago he was a mem- 
 ber of the stock company attached to the Arch Street Theatre. For 
 quite a number of seasons he supported Stuart Robson and William 
 H. Crane, but has latterly been identified with other theatrical com- 
 panies Charles Dickson — the stage name of a Jewish actor — 
 
 has appeared in various plays; quite successfully in comedy-farces. 
 He is part- author with Henry Dobbin of a comedy-drama, called 
 ''The Schatchen" (should be ''Shadchan" — he who secures wives 
 
 for husbands, and husbands for wives) M. B. Curtis is the 
 
 assumed name of a man who has "scored a hit" in the so-called 
 Jewish play "Samuel of Posen." Curtis has also been seen here 
 in "Spot Cash" and in "The Schatchen." .... Louis Harrison 
 and his sister, Alice Harrison, are adepts in the line of farces and 
 burlesques; probably, their most telling productions being "Skipped 
 by the Light of the Moon," and "The Pearl of Pekin"— the latter 
 
 a comic opera. Both brother and sister are Philadelphians 
 
 Minnie Seligman (a relation of the prominent New York bankers) 
 possesses beauty and talent. She has steadily advanced, and her 
 dramatic skill has been evidenced in a considerable number of 
 pieces; the latest being ''My Official Wife," given in this and 
 
 other cities Louis Aldrich, whose splendid impersonation 
 
 of the leading role in "My Partner" has always been admired, is 
 
 said to be of Jewish birth Max Freeman has a record both 
 
 as a stage manager and a careful actor Nannie Lewald, a 
 
382 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 promising actress, has interpreted leading roles, in ''Oliver Twist," 
 "Our American Cousin," "Our Boys," "Ticket- of- Leave-Man," 
 and other favorite dramas. She has also appeared in melo- dramas, 
 and in the companies of celebrated "stars." Miss Lewald, who is a 
 native of Philadelphia (born June 28th, 1867), is an educated lady, 
 with distinctive merit as an elocutionist, and the possessor of a pleas- 
 ing voice and dramatic methods of no mean order Emma L. 
 
 Billstein appeared some years since with success, mainly in emotional 
 
 parts Jay (Jacob) Hunt, a talented comedian, has been seen 
 
 to advantage in numerous and clever impersonations. He is a force- 
 ful actor, possessed of genuine humor and original stage methods. 
 
 In the general list the following must be included: Aaron R. 
 (Richard) Hunt, a brother of the preceding, an actor and a stage 
 manager, who appeared in different parts. He died on March 28th, 
 1894. Philip Hunt, another brother, who has essayed various char- 
 acters ; Mrs. Jay Hunt, who possesses marked histrionic abilities ; 
 S. F. Reynard (Simon Fox) who has played "David Garrick ;" 
 Max Arnold (Hess) in varied characters; Edward R. Mawson, who 
 has appeared in a number of dramas, among them "A Fair Rebel," 
 written by his brother, Harry P. Mawson, who is a frequent writer 
 for different publications; Fanny Cohen, in burlesques and speci- 
 alties ; and Herr Morrison, a German actor, who has figured in 
 Shakespearean characters, etc. 
 
 David Belasco, Benjamin Edward Woolf, and Sydney Rosenfeld 
 are among well-known playwrights, whose productions are often 
 brought out in this city. 
 
 In the field of elocution, Miss Ida Sternberger and Miss Emma 
 Silberman have shown extraordinary talent, and have been heard in 
 public. 
 
 As theatrical managers and as Impreswrii, Jews are also con- 
 spicuous, and when such names are cited as Max Strakosch, 
 Maurice Strakosch, Max-Maretzek, Daniel and Charles Frohman, 
 Rudolph and Edward Aronson, Jacob and Maurice Gran, and 
 Marcus R. Mayer, enough is known to realize the success attend- 
 ing efforts in this direction In the realms of the spectacular, 
 
 the brothers Kiralfy — Imre, Bolossy, and Arnold — have an inter- 
 national reputation. They built the Alhambra Palace, now the 
 South Broad Street Theatre (on the east side, between Locust and 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 383 
 
 Spruce Streets), in 1876, and conducted it until early in 1877. 
 This theatre was fitted up with a garden to the north, in which an 
 orchestra performed between the acts of showy spectacles, produced 
 in the house. The Kiralfys have since been conducting companies. 
 Arnold is a clever grotesque dancer, and he figures in most of 
 the pieces of the character mentioned. 
 
 In the domains of the " secret art" more than a few of our race 
 have exhibited their qualities and adaptability to extremely novel 
 feats ; in sleight-of-hand tricks, or as Prestidigitateurs — as they are 
 called. Signor Antonio Blitz was a leader in the "secret art." 
 His performances were attended by delighted and puzzled crowds. 
 .... A man who has attained a far wider reputation, however, 
 is Professor Alexander Herrmann. * He was born in Paris, France, 
 in 1844, and is the son of a "magician," who performed many 
 astonishing feats, and who is said to have been paid $5,000 by the 
 Sultan of Turkey, for a single performance. Herrmann, the son, 
 soon acquired a knowledge of "mysteries," and began his career as 
 a conjurer when still a boy. In almost every part of the world 
 Herrmann has appeared, constantly adding to his products of the 
 *' hidden art" and bewildering his audiences by his remarkable 
 tricks. In 1888-1889 he was manager of the South Broad Street 
 Theatre, of this city, and he has been engaged elsewhere in similar 
 ventures. Herrmann often visits Philadelphia, and is invariably 
 greeted by crowded houses. 
 
 In conducting theatres, as well as in directing companies, reward 
 has come to many, specially in Eastern cities of the United States. 
 In Philadelphia, Samuel F. Nixon (Nirdlinger) has part in the 
 management of three different houses. Mr. Nirdlinger was for- 
 merly engaged in mercantile business ; but for a long period he has 
 been identified with theatrical enterprises. He was assistant 
 manager of the Walnut Street Theatre under George K. Goodwin's 
 conduct of that establishment ; and afterwards he became associated 
 with J. Frederick Zimmerman in the direction of the Chestnut 
 Street Opera House, Chestnut Street Theatre, and South Broad 
 
 Street Theatre Frank Nirdlinger, a brother of the preceding, 
 
 is also connected with one or another of the above-mentioned 
 
 houses Charles Nirdlinger has written ''Pompadour," a 
 
 play which has been well received and favorably commented on. 
 . . . . Solomon M. Heilbrun (deceased) was for some years 
 
384 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 business manager of the Chestnut Street Theatre Isaac M. 
 
 Kahnweiler has long been the efficient and successful business 
 
 manager of the National Theatre S. Henry Pincus has 
 
 had a varied career as an actor and a manager ; latterly of the 
 Winter Circus. Mr. Pincus is a young man of exceptional abilities 
 
 in several departments Messrs. Rich and Harris, who, for 
 
 two successive seasons (1891-1892, and 1892-1893) conducted the 
 Park and Walnut Street Theatres, are old hands in the managerial 
 business, and have shown their experience in other cities. Frank 
 Howe, Jr., an accomplished manager, now directs these two houses. 
 Mention of Rich and Harris brings to remembrance another Isral- 
 ite, who labored w^ell and successfully as a manager, and won merited 
 popularity. Israel Fleishman was born in Baltimore in 1842. His 
 fondness for the stage developed when he was quite young, and he 
 inaugurated his career as a call-boy at the Holliday Street Theatre 
 in Baltimore. When sixteen years of age, he began to play minor 
 parts ; his stage name, as appearing on the bills, being *' Jake Phelps." 
 But his parents objected to this calling; hence the youth entered into 
 business. This he followed in Philadelphia for numerous years, and 
 he gradually built up a fortune. He then turned to his early love, 
 not, however, as an actor, but as the conductor of an enterprise. In 
 1882, in conjunction with Thomas A. Hall, a noted manager, he 
 leased the Walnut Street Theatre from John Sleeper Clarke. In 
 1884, Messrs. Fleishman and Hall dissolved partnership, and the 
 former continued to direct affairs ; renewing his lease in 1885, and 
 during his management introducing improvements of various kinds, 
 adding to the comfort and beauty of this theatre. Mr. Fleishman 
 engaged Edward Payson Simpson, a veteran in theatrical affaii*s, as 
 his business manager ; and his brother, Abraham Fleishman, also 
 occupied a position at the front of the house. The latter is still 
 attached to the same theatre. In 1889, Mr. Fleishman supplied an 
 up-town want when he built the handsome and luxurious Park 
 Theatre, at the' north-east corner of Broad Street and Fairmount 
 Avenue (opened September 15th, 1889), and combined its manage- 
 ment with that of the Walnut Street Theatre. The direction of both 
 houses proved successful ; Manager Fleishman securing many of the 
 leading attractions, and evidencing his knowledge of the art that 
 obtains large patronage. He also took part in communal affairs, and 
 was a public-spirited citizen. He served as a director of the State 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 385 
 
 Hospital for the Insane, at Norristown, Pennsylvania ; he was a 
 member of the Hebrew Charity Ball Association, and a liberal con- 
 tributor to charitable institutions. He died on August 22d, 1891, 
 lamented by a large circle in and out of the dramatic profession. 
 
 Mr. Fleishman's management of the Walnut Street Theatre calls 
 for the recital of a few facts connected with the history of that house 
 — now the oldest in America. It was founded (as already stated) 
 in 1808, but its .earliest years were given to circus performances. In 
 1812 the place was enlarged, and w^as called '*The Olympic Thea- 
 tre.' ' There *' The Rivals," by Sheridan, was produced. From 1820 
 until it passed into the hands of John Sleeper Clarke and his brother- 
 in-law, Edwin Booth, different managers held the reiiis. Some fifty 
 years ago "the pit" was abolished, and w^hat is known as "the par- 
 quet " replaced it on the main floor. The price of admission to that 
 circle had been 121 cents — what a desideratum to our present theatre- 
 goers : Mr. Booth subsequently retired from the management, and 
 Mr. Clarke continues to this day as owner of the historic building. 
 
 What, however, renders the Walnut Street Theatre of peculiar 
 interest, are the operatic and the theatrical memories associated 
 with it. It was the great resort for music- lovers, as well as for pa- 
 trons of the drama, prior to the erection of the Academy of Music 
 in 1857. There renowned singers stirred audiences to enthusiasm. 
 Tedesco, Bosio, Trufii, Benedetti, Alboni, Bishop, Reeves, Grisi, 
 Mario, La Grange, Brignoli, Amodio, the Seguins, and hosts of 
 other superior male and female vocalists presented the great 
 works of Mozart, Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti, Meyerbeer, Auber, 
 Halevy, Balfe, Gounod, Verdi, and other composers of Italy, 
 France, and the Continent. (104) There, the dramatic fervor 
 was aroused by the elder Booth, Edmund Kean, Edwin Forrest, 
 William Charles Macready, Edwin Booth, Charlotte Cushman, 
 Lillian Adelaide Neilson, Madame Janauschek, Tomaso Salvini, 
 John McCullough, Lawrence Barrett, Fanny Davenport, Mary 
 Anderson, and all those luminaries of the stage who have rendered 
 its annals glorious. 
 
 The history of the Walnut Street Theatre is bound up with that 
 of the American theatre, and it is a cause for gratulation that 
 
 (104) See "A Record of Opera in Philadelphia," by W. G. Armstrong (Phila- 
 delphia, 1884). This work, Avhich will be read with more than ordinary pleasure 
 by music-lovers, covers the performances given here from the earliest times to 
 April. 1883. 
 
 25 ■ . 
 
386 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 descendants of the ancient race not only trod its boards, but that 
 several of them, at different eras, were its managers. May it long 
 continue in the field of the legitimate drama — the play that amuses 
 while it instructs ; that proves of interest, while it elevates the morale 
 of the profession. 
 
 Philadelphia has likewise contributed her share to the advance- 
 ment of musicians and to the popularization of the musical idea. 
 Now, more than ever, is the love of that art visibly shown. In opera 
 and in concert — whether these be of a light, ** popular" character, or 
 whether they partake of the deeper elements of classical music — a 
 large clientele is assured. Many of the ablest instrumental per- 
 formers have been furnished by this city ; witness the rank and file 
 of several of the leading orchestras of the laud — the Boston Sym- 
 phony (quite a number of whose members are Jews), the New York 
 Symphony, and Metropolitan Orchestras ; Theodore Thomas's recent 
 Orchestra ; our own Germania Orchestra, and others. The composi- 
 tions of Max Bruch, Jacques Offenbach (who, on several occasions, 
 visited this city), the Strausses, and Waldteufel afford constant de- 
 light. Of distinguished soloists of our time, some of whom have visited 
 here, we may name Anton Rubinstein, Rafael Joseffy, and Rosen- 
 thal, pianists; Edouard Remenyi, Joseph Mosenthal, and Jacobsohn, 
 violinists ; Jules Levy, cornetist ; Dr. Leopold Damrosch and Selli 
 Simonson, conductors. To these celebrities dozens might be added 
 in both vocal and instrumental spheres. (Jewish men and women 
 are conspicuous in the ranks of singers recruited from this city. ) We 
 must be content with the mention of only a few, either natives, or at 
 any time residents, of Philadelphia. 
 
 Simon and Mark Hassler are, perhaps, better known than almost 
 any of the musicians of this city. The reason is evident. They' 
 have lived here, and have grown up with us. Simon was born in 
 Bavaria, Germany, July 25th, 1832, but came here when but ten 
 years of age. Mark has also been a resident since his boyhood. 
 The father, Henry Hassler, was a musician, who emigrated to this 
 country. His sons received a careful musical education, and when 
 still young demonstrated their capacities. Simon has written nu- 
 msroas marches, entr'actes, waltzes, polkas, etc., etc. As a conductor, 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 387 
 
 his ability and popularity have united in his favor. Mr. Hass- 
 ler has, for some years, directed the orchestra at the Chestnut Street 
 Opera House, and on many a special occasion his baton is wielded 
 over a large corps of instrumentalists. His brother, Mark, has sim- 
 ilarly attained distinction. Miss Harriet Hassler, daughter of the 
 
 latter, has musical abilities, as shown by her compositions 
 
 Henry Hahn is, by far, one of the ablest musicians in our midst. 
 Not only as a faithful and an artistic violinist has he won merit, but 
 as a thorough instructor of the art. .... His second son, Frederick 
 E. Hahn, graduated a few years since with the highest honors from 
 the Conservatory of Music, at Leipzig, Germany. His talents were 
 duly recognized when he was placed among the first violinists of the 
 renowned Boston Symphony Orchestra. Young Mr. Hahn is often 
 heard at concerts in this city, to brilliant advantage. His older 
 brother, Theodore J. Hahn, possesses a pleasing baritone voice. 
 . . . . Max Weil, of Philadelphia, has also evidenced uncom- 
 mon ability as a violinist. He is a graduate of Leipzig, and was at 
 
 one time a member of the New York Symphony Orchestra 
 
 Gustav Herzberg ranks with the prominent pianists of our city. His 
 son, Harry Herzberg, has obtained deserved recognition as a superior 
 
 violinist Samuel L. Herrmann possesses varied abilities 
 
 as a pianist, an organist, and a conductor of vocal forces. He is 
 now organist at Rodeph Shalom Synagogue, and at the Catholic 
 Cathedral here; besides being Conductor of the Msennerchor, an old 
 and a celebrated choral society, at whose concerts Mr. Herrmann's 
 musicianly qualities have been witnessed Emanuel Herr- 
 mann, brother of the preceding, is a capable and an experienced 
 
 violinist, whose services are in constant demand The father 
 
 and two sons Bendix — namely, William, Theodore, and Max — all 
 violinists — figure in local music, and the last named even more 
 widely, since his exceptional abilities won him the place of Concert- 
 master in Theodore Thomas's famous orchestra Rudolph 
 
 Calmann is a violinist, conductor, and teacher of music, who has 
 
 more recently resided in this city S. Behrens was, some 
 
 years since. Conductor of Italian Opera, and was quite efficient and 
 popular as a director of orchestra, chorus, and soloists. Subsequently 
 he became Conductor of the Young Msennerchor, a local chorus of 
 excellent quality. At present, Mr. Behrens tills the manager's 
 office; numerous performances of opera and concert being given in 
 
388 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 this city at different times, under his auspices Leo R. 
 
 Gerson is a talented solo and orchestral violinist and composer, and a 
 leader of orchestras in comic operas. He is now a member of Simon 
 Hassler's theatre orchestra Constantine Sternberg is mov- 
 ing to the front as a pianist Mr. Waldteufel (to whom the 
 
 well-known composer of waltzes is said to have been related) was a 
 superior violoncello player, and delighted audiences in this city 
 during the '50s with his charming interpretation of melodies — 
 specially those in the Divine Services ; among them such as Kal Nidre, 
 to the tune employed by Ashhenazim (German- Jewish Congrega- 
 tions). His rendition of this composition and other sacred melodies 
 proved, says the Occideyit, of March, 1853, "that the soul of music 
 was not wanting in the ancient composers of our people.". . . . 
 Apropos : this subject — Kdl Nidre — has received splendid treatment 
 in a work bearing that title, by Max Bruch, the distinguished com- 
 poser of our time Several members of the household of 
 
 Rev. Jacob Frankel, the sweet-voiced Cantor of Rodeph Shalom 
 Congregation, have possessed musical abilities of no mean order. 
 Mrs. Fanny Frankel, his wife, was an accomplished singer and 
 performer on the guitar, and freely gave her services to the cause of 
 charity. She also wrote some interesting letters from abroad, 
 
 which were published at the time Her daughter, Mrs. Rose 
 
 Frankel Ensline, had a finished and charming voice, and her vocal 
 talents, which afforded unfailing pleasure to those who were fortu- 
 nate to hear her, were also the means of aiding worthy institutions. 
 .... Max Frankel, a brother of the preceding, has contributed to 
 the music of this period, a comic opera called " Ujiji," founded on 
 Henry M. Stanley's travels in Africa. This has been successfully 
 produced. Mr. Frankel has also composed songs, and he is active 
 
 in other spheres. He resides in Scranton, Pennsylvania 
 
 Max Friedman might be termed the "old reliable." For years, 
 his sympathetic tenor voice has been heard on public occasions. 
 Both as a soloist and as a choral singer he has attained note, and is 
 
 likewise an able instructor of the vocal art Madame Selma 
 
 Koert-Kronold is an operatic soprano of varied acquirements and of 
 
 extraordinary range of voice Sophia Flora Heilbron and 
 
 Mrs. S. R. Weil are well-known names in the vocal sphere, as are 
 
 Ida M. Mawson, soprano, and Charlotte M. Mawson, contralto 
 
 Nathan Piperno is a veteran in opera, having sung with celebrated 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 389 
 
 artists for several decades. Mr. Piperno is also a composer of merit. 
 .... Edward Solomon, composer, Frederic Solomon, and S. B. Solo- 
 mon have figured in comic opera. ..... Mary Goldsmith is a pains- 
 taking and pleasing vocalist Fannie Jacobs has a mezzo- 
 soprano voice of uncommon range, and her talents are much admired. 
 .... Adolph Scherzer was an excellent musician, teacher, and 
 manager. At one time he was lessee of Concordia Hall, on the north 
 
 side of Callowhill Street, below Fifth Street James Bellak 
 
 w^as for many years engaged in the music business ; his store being 
 largely patronized, and the pianos of different manufacturers which 
 he handled being marked by their superior tone and workmanship. 
 .... The late S. Zilenziger was an active musician, with a knowl- 
 edge of several instruments, which rendered his services valuable. 
 
 For some years he was organist at Beth Israel Synagogue 
 
 Maurits Leefson is distinguished alike as a pianist, an organist, and a 
 conductor, filling the last-named position in the Young Msennerchor. 
 .... Michael Cohen has obtained praise for his technical skill, 
 displayed in his careful and brilliant execution of difficult works on 
 the piano-forte His brother, Hyman Cohen, is an accom- 
 plished soloist on the violin, and an understanding interpreter of 
 the masters. .... Lucie E. Mawson has decided talent as a pianist, 
 and has frequently performed at public concerts ; her playing 
 
 evoking the encomiums of the critical Augustus Victor 
 
 Benham is among the representative young pianists. His method 
 has been favorably commented on by critics at home and abroad, 
 and his improvised pieces have contributed not a little to his popu- 
 larity Samuel Myers is a solo pianist, and a graduate (in 
 
 1894) of the Conservatory of Music, at Leipzig, Germany 
 
 Simeon Aaron Silver is an experienced violinist and orchestral 
 
 player B. Frank Jones is an accomplished pianist 
 
 Arthur M. Hartmann is a rising young violinist, who gives much 
 
 promise, and has already won praises from critics Henry 
 
 Meyers has mastered the art of appealing to audiences, by his 
 sympathetic and remarkable playing on that loveliest of musical 
 instruments — the zither. Mr. Meyers is also a successful teacher of 
 
 the zither, the banjo, etc Mention must be made of the 
 
 Stern family— sons and daughters of Mr. and Mrs. Julius Stern — 
 though these have not followed music as a profession. Still, their 
 exceptional talents have l)een recognized by those fortunate enough 
 
390 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 to have attended private rehearsals and soirees A. Roggen- 
 
 burger is another solo violinist of extraordinary merit 
 
 Samuel Jacobs, an effective basso, and other names might be mem- 
 tioned among vocalists. .... Members of the Jonas, Fleisher 
 (notably, Mrs. Simon B. Fleisher, an artistic pianist), Pincus, 
 Bamberger, ^nd many other families in the Jewish community of 
 Philadelphia have evinced their abilities both in vocal and instru- 
 mental music William Jonas is a composer; among his 
 
 works being a march, written in honor of the venerated Sir Moses 
 Montefiore, when the latter attained his hundredth birthday, October 
 
 24th, 1884. This composition is quite familiar in our city 
 
 Professor Angelo Heilprin is a non-professional pianist, whose love of 
 music adds fervor and strength to his playing. 
 
 Our local annals do not mention librettists of the rank of Scribe 
 and of Ludovic Halevy; yet Herman Brunswick has furnished 
 several well- conceived productions to this department of literature 
 and music; among them the libretto of Frederick Wink's comic 
 
 opera, "Amina, or the Shah's Bride," produced in this city 
 
 Horace Augustus Nathans, a member of the once well-known Abt 
 Male Singing Society, is a song writer of merit. [See sketch of 
 Mr. Nathans in another part of this work. ] . . . . Marcus Lewin, 
 who directs the orchestra of the Young Men's Hebrew Association, 
 is an amateur of ability. His predecessor, David T. Berlizheimer, 
 
 has successfully followed music as a profession Gustavus A. 
 
 Sickles has conducted an orchestra of young amateurs The 
 
 recently organized (March 20th, 1892) Symphony Society of Phila- 
 delphia reckons in its orchestra Jewish members, among them David 
 Nowinski and David Dubinsky. The former has shown excep- 
 tionally bright talents as a solo violinist; and the latter directs an 
 amateur orchestra. 
 
 The lists of professionals and amateurs might be greatly lengthened, 
 but the following additions to those actively engaged as musicians will 
 suffice: S. L. Berens, Samuel Breidenbach, J. Burgauer (now in 
 Albany, New York), Nathan Cohen, S. Eckstein, Herbert Hassler, 
 Sigmund Klein, S. A. La Font, Gustav Lipschuetz, Eli Picard, 
 Benjamin Roeschmann, A. H. Rosewig, and Marcus Sherbow. 
 
 The ranks of many of the singing societies contain Jewish mem- 
 bers, and these are among the earnest workers in every effort to 
 extend the knowledge and love of an art, which, when truly 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 391 
 
 understood and rightly fostered, becomes a real blessing, the value of 
 which is inestimable. 
 
 ''All hail to music!" the Jew may well exclaim; for has he not 
 risen under its reviving influences? Has he not cast off* the garb of 
 sorrow, and put on festive raiment? Has he not become freed from 
 proscription and exclusiveness ? Has he not learned to grasp the 
 hands of men not of his race, but who recognize in him — a brother ? 
 
392 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 IN POLITICS. 
 
 In all civilized communities the Jew has asserted himself in 
 governmental affairs. His importance as a factor in the body politic 
 is increasing with the growth of population. In cities, towns, and 
 villages in which he has settled he has shown by his industry and his 
 interest in the general welfare his capacities for administrative duties, 
 and his fellow- citizens have not been loth to repose in him important 
 civic trusts and the responsibilities of public office. Yet, neither his 
 race nor his religion is the gauge that measures his capabilities. The 
 Jeffersonian test is the standard. A religious element in American 
 politics and in American government would destroy the harmony of 
 our free institutions; would jar with the principles upon which the 
 Constitution of the United States is dependent; would set at naught 
 that wise distinction betw^een Church and State which constitutes the 
 safety of our Republic. 
 
 The Jew who has attained distinction by his own worth and his 
 own fitness is a proper subject for praise when his course has reflected 
 honor upon his coreligionists, not less than upon his political constitu- 
 ents. Of such there are not a few, though not all have been so 
 closely identified with the affairs of Israel and of Judaism as might 
 be wished. Names loom up by the scores in different sections of this 
 broad land; but our present concern is only with those in Philadel- 
 phia and Pennsylvania. 
 
 The Etting Family. —For several generations members of the 
 Etting family have been conspicuous in public affairs. Not all have 
 been identified with Pennsylvania, but most of them are natives of 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 393 
 
 this City or State. .... Solomon Etting, born in York, Penn- 
 sylvania, in 1764, is mentioned among representative citizens who 
 signed an address expressing disapproval of a proposed treaty with 
 Great Britain. Mr. Etting removed to Baltimore and took a con- 
 siderable part in its municipal affairs, occupying different positions, 
 among them that of a member of its City Council in 1825, and 
 later on President of that body. He died in Baltimore in 1847. 
 .... Reuben Etting was another well-known citizen of Balti- 
 more, and first Captain of the Independent Blues in 1798. Presi- 
 dent Thomas Jefferson appointed him United States Marshal for the 
 State of Maryland in 1801. He married Frances Gratz, of this 
 
 city. He died in 1848 Elijah Gratz Etting, a son of 
 
 Reuben Etting, was a native of Baltimore, and was born July 14th, 
 1795. He graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1812, 
 and was admitted to the Philadelphia Bar in 1816. He served as 
 District Attorney of Cecil County, Maryland. He died in this city 
 
 on May 25th, 1849 Benjamin Etting and Edward J. 
 
 Etting were well-known representatives of the family in Philadel- 
 phia Frank Marx Etting, son of the former, born De- 
 cember 17th, 1833, was distinguished for his signal services in the 
 United States Army [See references elsewhere], for his talents as a 
 writer, and for his activity, specially during the period of the Cen- 
 tennial International Exhibition of 1876. Colonel Etting was the 
 historian of Independence Hall, and the author of works of perma- 
 nent value. He also served as a Director of Public Schools, and 
 was a member of learned societies and of the Philadelphia Bar. 
 
 He died in this city on June 4th, 1890 Theodore Minis 
 
 Etting — a son of Edward J. Etting, an esteemed Israelite and a 
 merchant of high standing — has won much credit by his honorable 
 course as a member of City Councils. Mr. Etting was born here, 
 May 25th, 1846, and after receiving an excellent education he 
 entered the United States Navy, where he soon rose to the station of 
 Lieutenant. His civil career began with his practice of the law in 
 1879, his specialties being corporation, shipping, and admiralty laws, 
 on which branches he has also written. Mr. Etting has represented 
 the Eighth Ward in Select Council since 1885, being continuously 
 returned to his seat, and on every occasion upholding the people's 
 interests against **boss" rule and political demagogism. He has 
 been Chairman of the Committee on Law, and has been to the front 
 
394 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 in advocating measures for the advancement of the city, such as 
 '* rapid transit." Recently, to the general regret, he declined a 
 re-election. Mr. Etting is connected with military, social, and 
 other organizations. [See Navy Records.] His brother, Charles 
 E. Etting, has served with distinction in the army during the Civil 
 War [See Records of Volunteers] ; and other members of the same 
 family, or related thereto, have rendered services to their country in 
 times of need. 
 
 Emanuel Furth was born at Reading, Pennsylvania, Septem- 
 ber 26th, 1857. He has, however, resided in Philadelphia since 
 his sixth year. He received instruction at Public Schools in this 
 city, and graduated from the Boys' Central High School in June, 
 1874. He read law, and in 1876 entered the Law Department of 
 the University of Pennsylvania, graduating therefrom in June, 
 1878. He was admitted to the Philadelphia Bar, September 28th, 
 1878, and in 1881 formed a co-partnership with Jacob Singer, under 
 the law firm name of Furth & Singer, which firm still continues. 
 
 Mr. Furth's political activity was shown in several campaigns, 
 and in 1880, he was elected to represent the Sixteenth Ward of the 
 City of Philadelphia in the Legislature of Pennsylvania (House of 
 Representatives); receiving a re-election in 1882. He was a mem- 
 ber of the Extra Session in 1883, called by Governor Pattison, to 
 apportion the State. He served as Chairman of the House Com- 
 mittee on Municipal Corporations, and figured in the debates, 
 specially in advocating the abolishment of the so-called Sunday "blue 
 laws" of 1794, specially, in so far as these compel persons, who 
 religiously and conscientiously observe as Sabbath the Seventh day 
 of the week, as Divinely commanded in the Decalogue — to refrain 
 from labor also on the first day of the week, commonly called 
 Sunday. The repeal of these obnoxious laws was long advocated, 
 notably by the lamented State Senator Horatio Gates Jones, who 
 battled in the Legislature for the cause of right, and to remove 
 a stigma from the fair name of the Keystone State. Efforts in this 
 direction have not, unfortunately, thus far, been successful; but the 
 friends of true freedom have determined to renew their efforts, which 
 must eventually result in the triumph of justice and equity. 
 
 Mr. Furth, since his retirement from the Legislature, has pursued 
 his calling in this city. He is still active in Democratic committees; 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 395 
 
 is master of Shekinah Lodge, Number 246, of the Masonic Order, 
 iu Pennsylvania, and a member of Jewish and secular institutions in 
 this community. 
 
 Herman Hamburger, who has served in both nailitary and civil 
 capacities, was born in Philadelphia, December 21 st, 1837. He 
 was afforded an education at schools, and subsequently at La Fayette 
 College, Easton, Pennsylvania, which he entered in 1852, and from 
 which he graduated in 1856. He studied law in his native city, 
 entering the office of Honorable Furman Sheppard in 1858, and 
 becoming a regular practitioner, February 16th, 1861. He rendered 
 services to his country during the Civil War. [See Army Records.] 
 In 1864, Mr. Hamburger was elected Justice of the Peace in 
 Carbon County, Pennsylvania, and in 1866 Associate Judge of 
 Carbon County; discharging his duties with ability and efficiency, 
 and winning the approval of the public. On returning to Phila- 
 delphia he became interested in Jewish affairs, was elected President 
 of the Hebrew Charity Ball Association, and President of the 
 Mercantile Club, filling both positions for a lengthy period. Some 
 years since, he removed' to North Wales, Montgomery County, 
 Pennsylvania, where he is now engaged in a manufacturing business. 
 Judge Hamburger married Madge Elias, a daughter of the late 
 David and Eleanor (nee Cohen) Elias. Mrs. Hamburger is a 
 woman of varied accomplishments. Husband and wife are much 
 respected by a large circle. 
 
 Lewis Charles Levin won considerable distinction in politics. 
 Born in Charleston, South Carolina, November 10th, 1808, he 
 early removed to Woodville, Mississippi, becoming a school teacher. 
 After a duel with an opponent, during which Mr. Levin was 
 wounded, he soon quit that town, and having read law, followed this 
 profession in different States of the Union, viz., Maryland, Ken- 
 tucky, Louisiana, and Pennsylvania. In 1838, he took up his 
 residence in Philadelphia, and was subsequently admitted to the 
 local Bar. He espoused the cause of temperance, and edited The 
 Temperance Advocate. He became known as a speaker and a writer, 
 and he is said to have been mainly instrumental in forming the Native- 
 American Party, in those days of new political organizations. Its 
 cause he assisted by the publication of The Sun, a daily paper. 
 
396 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 devoted to its interests. He took a leading part in the workings of 
 the new party, although its early days were marked by exciting 
 scenes, riot, and bloodshed. Mr. Levin, however, denounced such a 
 course in unmeasured terms. The new party won supporters, and 
 as its representative, Mr. Levin was elected to the United State? 
 House of Representatives three successive times, serving in 1845- 
 1847, 1847-1849, and 1849-1851. His importance as a member 
 of Congress was recognized in various ways, and he served as 
 Chairman of the Committee on Naval Affairs ; laboring for the weal 
 of Philadelphia by advocating measures of improvement — such as 
 the building of the Dry Dock. Mr. Levin's powers as a speaker 
 were shown to advantage on numerous occasions. He died in this 
 city, on March 14th, 1860. 
 
 Leonard Myers was born at Attleborough, Pennsylvania, in 
 1827. He early removed to Philadelphia, and was admitted to 
 the Bar, December 9th, 1848. His abilities as a lawyer asserted 
 themselves, and in addition to his private practice, he became 
 solicitor for different institutions. Pronounced in word and deed as 
 a Republican, he was regarded as a worthy representative in war 
 times, when professions of loyalty were often dubiously received. 
 Hence, at the election in 1862, Mr. Myers was chosen to the United 
 States House of Representatives in the Thirty-Eighth Congress. 
 After serving a full term, 1863-1865, he was re-elected time and 
 again to the Thirty-Ninth, Fortieth, Forty- First, Forty- Second and 
 Forty- Third Congresses, being a member continuously until 1875, and 
 representing the Third District of Pennsylvania. He served at 
 various times on these Committees : Foreign Affairs, Patents, and 
 Expenditures in the Post-Office, and on a Special Committee on 
 Civil Service. At the expiration of his term of office, Mr. Myers 
 returned to Philadelphia, where he is now engaged in the practice 
 of the law. 
 
 MoRDECAi Menasseh Noah. — Perhaps, the most striking per- 
 sonality among the Jews on the Western side of the Atlantic was 
 Mordecai Menasseh Noah (105), born in Philadelphia, July 14th, 
 
 (105) There has been dispute as to Major Noah's middle name ; some main- 
 taining it to have been Manuel. On the authority of relations, it is given as 
 Menasseh, and there are evidences to prove that this middle name is correct. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 397 
 
 1785. It would, however, require many pages to adequately describe 
 the career of a man of such versatile acquirements; a man, at once 
 eminent as a diplomatist, a statesman, a playwright, a journalist, an 
 active politician, and a religious enthusiast. Nor is a detailed sketch 
 called for, since the separate biographies of this remarkable man are 
 quite numerous in cyclopiedias and in histories; the latest published 
 being from the pen of Honorable Charles P. Daly, LL.D., in his 
 valuable work on "The Settlement of the Jews in North America," 
 edited by Max J. Kohler, A.M., LL.B., and to which article the 
 reader is referred [Pages 104-138]. The writer of this work has 
 also presented a sketch of Major Noah's career. [See "Eminent 
 Israelites of the Nineteenth Century," pages 255-258.] Still, the 
 importance of the subject forbids us passing it over with a simple 
 remark. Mordecai Menasseh Noah is, indeed, a name worthy of 
 remembrance by every American, and by every Jew ; for he who 
 bore it labored to uphold the interests of the one, and to defend 
 the cause of the other; a man of truly patriotic instincts, albeit at 
 times foully maligned by traducers; a man in whose veins flow^ed 
 the blood of a devoted son of Israel, although an unusual warmth 
 led to a mistakenly conceived scheme ; — in fact, a good man. 
 
 Of Mr. Noah's parents, we know that his father's name was 
 Manuel Noah, and that his mother, Zipporah Phillips, was a 
 daughter of Jonas Phillips, of Philadelphia. They had two 
 children — Mordecai and Judith. Both were quite young when 
 their mother died, and Mordecai was left under the guardianship 
 of his maternal grandfather. His sister grew to womanhood, but 
 died, unmarried. Mordecai soon learned a trade, but later on, 
 repaired to Charleston, South Carolina, where he studied law and 
 entered journalism and politics. His career as a dramatic writer 
 had already begun; his love of the theatre having led him to write 
 several plays, which were successfully brought out. His name, in 
 various capacities, had now come before the public, and in 1811, 
 President James Madison named him as United States Consul at 
 Riga, Russia. Mr. Noah had desired an appointment to the Barbary 
 States; hence, for various reasons, he declined this office. His abili- 
 ties and his fitness were recognized by the Administration, when, in 
 1813, he was selected as Consul-General at Tunis, with a special 
 mission to Algiers. It was an unsettled period; war with Great 
 Britain increased the difficulties, and Mr. Noah, after being held 
 
398 TH^ JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 as a prisoner in England, was, after some weeks, liberated, and 
 proceeded to his post of duty. The Governments of the Barbary 
 States were then naught else but pirates on the high seas. Mr. 
 Noah, by skilful action and great ingenuity, contrived not only to 
 assert the rights of his Government by opposing the further payment 
 of tribute for the security of our merchant marine, but endeavored 
 to obtain the liberation of Americans held as slaves by the Algerines. 
 In this he eventually succeeded, but not without financial and 
 other complications arising, and finally the Government, imagining 
 that his religion militated against the success of his mission, recalled 
 him. He returned to New York City, but with no discredit to him- 
 self, having fulfilled his duty, however shrewd may have been the 
 measures he considered necessary to adopt. 
 
 Mr. Noah's attention then turned to journalism. He aided with 
 his own money the elder Bennett — who afterwards proved an ingrate 
 and a defamer of character — to start his Neiu York Herald. He 
 founded and edited successively the National Advocate, the New 
 York Courier and Enquirer, the Evening Star, and the Lhiion 
 — a weekly. He was once editor of the Neiv York Sun. He after- 
 wards started the Times and Weekly Messenger, a newspaper which 
 he conducted until his death, and which is still continued at the 
 present time. (106) Mr. Noah's unpleasant relations with Madi- 
 son's Government (or rather with the then Secretary of State, after- 
 wards President, James Monroe) did not force him from the political 
 field. On the contrary, he was all the more active since his return 
 from abroad, and was a leading light specially in the days of Presi- 
 dent Martin Van Buren's administration. [See " The Life and 
 Times of Martin Van Buren," by William L. Mackenzie.] He had 
 previously (in 1821) been chosen Sheriff" of New York, and on an 
 outcry being raised against a Jew hanging a Christian, Mr. Noah, 
 in his sarcastic «vay, remarked: ''Pretty Christians, forsooth, to de- 
 serve hanging !" In 1829 he was appointed by President Andrew 
 Jackson as Surveyor of the Port of New York, which oflice he re- 
 signed four years later. In 1841 he became Associate Judge of the 
 
 (106) Mr. Noah is said to have edited the Trangram, or Fashionable Trifler, 
 a Philadelphia witty and satirical magazine, published in 1809.— See " Phila- 
 delphia Magazines and their Contributors," by Albert H. Smyth. Major Noah, 
 so it IS stated, also founded the New York Examiner in 1826. Compare this 
 statement, however, with sketch in Daly's "Settlement of the Jews in North 
 America," page 126, where the paper is called the National Advocate— the second 
 of that same name. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 399 
 
 Court of Sessions, in which office he continued for a short period. 
 He was also an officer of the New York Militia, and was titled 
 ' ' Major." 
 
 It is, however, to Major Noah's philanthropic efforts that we must 
 advert. His generosity and kindness of heart were exhibited in 
 many acts. On one occasion, he became bankrupt by liquidating 
 the obligations of the poor debtors, then imprisoned on Manhattan 
 Island, during the ravages of yellow fever. More than a few worthy 
 enterprises he aided by his purse, his pen, and his influence. He 
 was elected in 1842 President of the Hebrew Benevolent Society, of 
 New York City. The scheme, however, which Major Noah verily 
 believed would be a fulfilment of Messianic promises, was that of a 
 permanent settlement of the Jews on Grand Island, in the Niagara 
 River. This was not simply an ephemeral task ; for to it he devoted 
 his best exertions, and five years of constant labor. In 1820 the 
 project was announced publicly, and by means of a memorial to the 
 New York State Legislature. (107) This project was, in very 
 deed, of a humanitarian character. Its author's feelings for his 
 race led him to seek for a place where persecuted and hunted Israel 
 might find a true refuge. He, however, desired to win over to his 
 cause the Indians of North America, convinced, as others had been 
 before him, that these were descendants of the Ten Lost Tribes, ages 
 before taken into captivity by Sennacherib, King of Assyria. He 
 urged his claim, not with any thought of supplanting Messianic 
 hopes regarding an everlasting restoration to the Holy Land, but to 
 encourage merely a temporary settlement, perhaps, with a view of 
 that being a forerunner of the grand final act. There was a great 
 ceremonial in Buffalo (New York) on September 15th, 1825, where 
 the dedicatory ceremonies were held. Mr. Noah, notwithstanding, 
 was unsuccessful in inducing an emigration to the spot, designed 
 as an asylum for the oppressed Jews. The monument he erected 
 bore as its inscription (partly in Hebrew and partly in English): 
 "Hear, O Israel, The Eternal is our God; The Eternal is One. 
 — Ararat, a City of Refuge for the Jews, founded by Mordecai M. 
 Noah, in the month of Tishri, 5586 (September, 1825), and in the 
 fiftieth year of American Independence." [See previous reference in 
 
 (107) This nifemorial is referred to in "The Historical and Statistical Gazet- 
 teer of New York State" (page 200) ;— R. P. Smith, Publisher, Syracuse (New 
 York), 1860. 
 
400 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Chapter on "Jewish Colonization Here and Elsewhere;" also in the 
 work Migdal Zophim ( * ' The Watch Tower " ), by Moses Klein, in 
 which this movement is alluded to.] 
 
 It is quite impossible here to enter into a discussion of Mr. Noah's 
 career as a writer for the stage. His plays were, as a rule, con- 
 sidered as well wrought, and most of them had careful presentations, 
 though not invariably attended with favorable results. They 
 embraced various shades of the drama — from the serious to the 
 comic. Among them were '*The Fortress of Sorrento;" ''Paul 
 and Alexis, or the Orphans of the Rhine;" *'She Would be a 
 Soldier, or the Plains of Chippewa;" "Oh Yes! or, the New 
 Constitution;" "Marion, or the Hero of Lake George;" "The 
 Grecian Captive;" "Yusef Caramalli, or the Siege of Tripoli;" 
 "The Grand Canal;" — and all, it is said, were "acted with great 
 success." [See " History of the American Theatre," by William 
 Dunlap, Volume II]. 
 
 Among the most valuable of Mr. Noah's publications we may 
 mention "Travels in England, France, Spain, and the Barbary 
 States," in which facts gathered from personal observation are 
 interestingly set forth; and "Gleanings from a Gathered Harvest," 
 being a collection of miscellaneous essays, etc. He also issued a 
 translation of the "Book of Yashdr" — a work claimed to be of 
 Biblical origin, but proven long since as spurious. Major Noah 
 was, in fact, a prolific writer on a variety of subjects, in which he 
 displayed force, logic, at times sarcasm, but ability, study, and 
 courage of conviction. And all this, in addition to his editorial 
 work, evidencing his ceaseless energy and indomitable will. 
 
 Mr. Noah married Rebecca Jackson, of New York City, and their 
 offspring numbered five sons and a daughter. He died in New 
 York City, on May 22d, 1851. Altogether, he was a most remark- 
 able character ; a man of polyglot acquirements ; but, withal, a 
 thorough American, a believing Jew. 
 
 The Nones Family. — The name of Nones is borne and upheld 
 by more than a single person who served this country in troublous 
 times. We have hitherto been made familiar with the gallant record 
 of Benjamin Nones, the honored sire, who, though not a native 
 American, eagerly lent his aid to the land of his adoption, and was 
 conspicuous in the Army of the Revolution, in political affairs, and 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 401 
 
 in the annals of the Jewish community of Philadelphia 
 
 Joseph B. Nones, son of the above, entered politics at an early 
 age, and was only seventeen years old, when, as Private Secretary of 
 Henry Clay, he accompanied that celebrated statesman, and his 
 colleagues, Gallatin, Bayard, and John Quincy Adams, on the 
 Ghent Mission. Mr. Nones' s brilliant record in the Navy is else- 
 where given, and he only retired therefrom in 1822, because of 
 wounds which incapacitated him from further duty. For forty-five 
 years Mr. Nones was a Commissioner of Deeds for every State then 
 in the Union, and he enjoyed the acquaintance of many distinguished 
 Americans. He died in New York City, in the spring of 1887, hav- 
 ing entered upon his ninety- first year Another son of Major 
 
 Benjamin Nones attained distinction in the service of the United 
 States. This was Solomon B. Nones, who, in the earliest years of 
 this Government was our Consul- General to Portugal. Of him, the 
 thrilling story is related that, while on his way to the post of duty, 
 the vessel on which he sailed was captured on the Mediteranean Sea, 
 by Corsairs; that all his fellow-passengers were killed, and that, 
 singular enough (as is related in other cases), he was saved by 
 giving a Masonic sign. Membership in the Masonic Order must 
 have, indeed, come very useful — not to say, handy — in times of war, 
 
 if determined by several instances brought to our notice 
 
 Henry Benjamin Nones and Henry Beauchamp Nones, Jr., 
 are, of right, mentioned for their services in the roll of the Navy. 
 .... Still another member of the same family, Abraham B. 
 Nones,. was United States Consul- General to Maracaibo in 1837. 
 He rendered faithful services, and died while filling that office. 
 
 Jonas Altamont Phillips. — In legal circles and in social assem- 
 blages, among Gentiles as well as among his own people, Jonas 
 Altamont Phillips won unqualified respect for his talents and his 
 virtues, for his scholarship and his qualities of heart. He was 
 born in Philadelphia, July 22d, 1806, being a descendant of a 
 family known even before the American Revolution. His father, 
 Zalegman Phillips, lawyer, and President of the Congregation 
 Mickveh Israel, had married Arabella Solomons, whose grandfather, 
 Mathias Bush, with other merchants, signed the Non-Importation 
 Act, in 1765. Mr. Phillips's grandfather, Jonas Phillips, had 
 
 2G 
 
402 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 been President of Mickveh Israel in its early days. Jonas Alta- 
 mont studied deeply. He graduated from the University of Penn- 
 sylvania in 1822, having pursued a classical course, and in 1825 
 was made a Master of Arts. He read law in his father's office, 
 and profited much by instruction received there. On May 20th, 
 1826, he became a regular practitioner, and his career of honor and 
 usefulness dated from that period. 
 
 The practice of so exacting a profession as the law was not 
 allowed by Mr. Phillips to engross his time. Student and scholar 
 as he was, and recognized as such, he still found leisure for the 
 exercise of his abilities in other directions. In local affairs he 
 displayed unusual interest. He was solicitor for the Board of 
 Health in 1841-1854, and was Democratic candidate for Mayor in 
 1847-1848; his successful opponent being John Swift. President 
 Buchanan tendered him the office of Judge of the United States 
 District Court, a position to which his attainments well fitted him, 
 but which, however, he declined. His interest in matters of public 
 concern did not lessen. 
 
 Among Israelites, Mr. Phillips was an active worker, and a 
 prominent figure. In congregational, charitable, and educational 
 spheres \m advice and co-operation were sought. His fine pre- 
 sence, sound judgment, urbane manners, genial ways, and marked 
 individuality served to render him a valuable member of society, 
 and his assistance was solicited in many a good cause. For a long 
 time he was a member of the Board of Congregation Mickveh Israel, 
 and always labored with much earnestness and religious enthusiasm 
 to promote the well-being of that institution. 
 
 On April 12th, 1837, Mr. Phillips was united in marriage to 
 Frances Cohen, of Charleston, South Carolina. Three sons and 
 three daughters were born unto them. Mr. Phillips died, much 
 lamented, on October 2d, 1862, but left an imperishable record of 
 good deeds in the service of his coreligionists and the community of 
 which he was an honored member. 
 
 Henry Myer Phillips, a son of the eminent counsellor, 
 Zalegman Phillips, was born in Philadelphia, June 30th, 1811. 
 He received a liberal education, and, after completing his course 
 in private schools and at the High School of the Franklin Institute, 
 read law. He was admitted to the Philadelphia Bar, January 5th, 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 403 
 
 1832. At first he took up criminal law, and soon made his mark, 
 obtaining a large clientage, and acting as counsel in notable cases. 
 In the civil law, to which he, later on, devoted himself, he was 
 equally successful, attaining a wide reputation for his forensic 
 ability, thoroughness in knowledge of technical questions, and 
 wisdom as a counsellor, and becoming one of the leaders of the 
 profession. His advice was sought after not only by individuals, 
 but by great corporations, to some of which he became solicitor. 
 He was elected as Solicitor for the District of Spring Garden, in 
 December, 1841. 
 
 In ante-bellum times, Mr, Phillips displayed a lively interest in 
 .Municipal, State, and National politics, beiilg an active Democrat. 
 His services were recognized in a practical manner when, on October 
 14th, 1856, he was elected as a member from Philadelphia to the 
 House of Representatives in the Thirty- Fifth Congress, serving in 
 that assembly from 1857 to 1859. The period was an exciting 
 one, as were, indeed, most of the sessions of Congress held during 
 the administration of James Buchanan as President of the United 
 States. Among the great questions then debated was that on the 
 admission of Kansas into the Union as a free State or a slave State. 
 Parties were at odds. Mr. Phillips was prominent in the discussions, 
 and his speech favoring the entry of Kansas as a slave State was 
 widely circulated. At the expiration of his term of office, he con- 
 fined his labors to the practice of the law, and did not thereafter 
 accept of public office, though urged at times to become Democratic 
 candidate for Mayor of Philadelphia. 
 
 Mr. Phillips was among the original members of the Public Build- 
 ings Commission, but resigned in 1871, because he opposed the selec- 
 tion of the present site at Broad and Market Streets (Penn Square). 
 In 1869 he was chosen to the Board of City Trusts (which has the 
 management of the immense Estate of Stephen Girard, including 
 Girard College). On that Board he served in turn as member, 
 Vice-President, and President. He favored the movement for the 
 erection of the Academy of Music, at the south-west corner of Broad 
 and Locust Streets, became a Director of the stock company, and 
 subsequently President (1872-1884). 
 
 Mr. Phillips also served in many other public and semi- public 
 capacities. He was a member and afterwards President of the 
 Fairmount Park Commission; a Director of the Pennsylvania 
 
404 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Company for Insurance on Lives and Granting Annuities; a Director 
 of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company ; Philadelphia, Wilmington, 
 and Baltimore Railroad Compan}^ ; Northern Central Railroad Com- 
 pany ; Western Union Telegraph Company ; a Trustee and later 
 on Treasurer of the Jefferson Medical College, etc., etc. He also 
 occupied an enviable position in social circles; belonged to various 
 clubs, among them a Saturday night club, whose elegant entertain- 
 ments at the residences of their members — all men of wealth and 
 influence in the community — were events of the day. 
 
 Mr. Phillips had long been a member of the Masonic Order, and 
 finally rose to the highest office — that of Grand Master of the 
 Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons in the State of Pennsyl-, 
 vania, serving in 1858, and again in 1859 and in 1860. He was, 
 throughout his career, a member of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, 
 and in his earlier years displayed an interest in its affairs, and served 
 on its Board of Managers, or Adjuiita. He had besides been promi- 
 nent in Jewish Societies, and was at one time President of Chebrdh 
 Shel Bikur Gholim Ugmiluth Chasadim ("Society for Visitation of 
 Sick and Mutual Assistance"). 
 
 Mr. Phillips was a patron of the fine arts, and the parlors of his 
 magnificent residence— in later years at 1325 Walnut Street — con- 
 tained superb specimens of art in marble, bronze, ivory, besides 
 paintings, to be finally placed, as devised by his will, in Memorial 
 Hall, in Fairmount Park. 
 
 Mr. Phillips was unmarried. He died on August 28th, 1884. 
 
 Alexander Reinstine was born in Gonbach, Rhenish Bavaria, 
 Germany, January 31st, 1831. After obtaining an education he 
 came to the United States, locating in Philadelphia in 1845. He 
 subsequently pursued further studies, and then engaged in other 
 mercantile vocations. In 1870, on the formation of the Mutual 
 Benefit Company of Pennsylvania, Mr. Reinstine's knowledge of 
 mathematics, skill as an accountant, and excellence as a penman, 
 led to his being chosen its Secretary, which position he filled con- 
 tinuously until his death. Mr. Reinstine was distinguished in Secret 
 Orders; Masonic, Jewish, and others. He was first President of 
 District Grand Lodge, Number 3, Order Kesher Shel Barzel, in 
 1871-1872, and subsequently Grand Secretary ; President of Lodges 
 of Independent Order Bene Berith, Independent Order of Free 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 405 
 
 Sons of Israel ; a member of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted 
 Masons of Pennsylvania, and Master of Keystone (now Humboldt) 
 Lodge, Number 271, of that Order; a memlier of Jewish, secular, 
 and other institutions; Secretary of Rodeph Shalom Congregation 
 over twenty- five years; and a Notary Public of Pennsylvania. 
 After having been a School Director in the Twelfth Ward, he was 
 elected to represent that Ward in the Common Council, and re- 
 elected for six successive terms, serving in all twelve years (1879- 
 1891). Mr. Reinstine died in this city, on November 25th, 1892. 
 
 Stephen Samuel Remak was born in Posen, Prussian- Poland, 
 April 18th, 1821. After pursuing a course of instruction, he came 
 to the United States in 1849; read law in Philadelphia, and was ad- 
 mitted to practice at the Courts on May 3d, 1854. As a student he 
 was Librarian and Recorder of the Law Academy in 1851. In the 
 first year of his practice he was associated with his brother, Gustavus 
 Remak, in an important case, involving the surrender of an embez- 
 zler, who had fled from Prussia — an extradition treaty having just 
 before been entered into between that country and the United States. 
 Mr. Remak was successful in this case, and his reputation as a lawyer 
 was thereby established. He was soon retained as counsel in other 
 actions at law, in which the relative application of the codes of tw-o 
 nations was determined. His knowledge of this branch of the law 
 led to his being specially engaged as counsel to represent different 
 European countries. 
 
 Already in his younger years, Mr. Remak displayed an interest 
 in public matters, and became affiliated with the Democratic Party. 
 He was on intimate terms with James Buchanan, and after the latter 
 became President, Mr. Remak was nominated and confirmed (in 1858) 
 as United States Consul at Trieste — an Italian city, under Austrian 
 rule. He there upheld the honor of this country, and made its flag 
 respected. He continued in that office until 1861, and, prior to re- 
 turning home, made a tour of the Continent, and from 1863 to 1865 
 resided in Paris (France), where he wrote a book called La Paix en 
 ^mer/^we (** The Peace in America"). In 1867 he returned to 
 Philadelphia, and resumed his law practice, occasionally writing 
 articles on current topics for newspapers, and interesting himself in 
 different enterprises. He was identified with the Masonic fraternity. 
 
406 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 and served as a member of the Grand Lodge of that Order in Penn- 
 sylvania. 
 
 Mr. Remak was unmarried. He died in this city, on March 1st, 
 1890. 
 
 GENERAL MENTION. 
 
 Among others from this City or State who have served in National, 
 State, or Municipal positions, are the following : Myer Strouse, born 
 in Germany in 1825; removed to Pottsville, Pennsylvania; edited 
 the American Fanner (1848-1852); elected in 1862 to the Thirty- 
 Eighth Congress (House of Representatives), and re-elected to the 
 Thirty-Ninth Congress, serving from 1863 to 1867; was a member of 
 the House Committees on Roads and Canals, Mines, Territories, and 
 
 Expenses in Interior Department Michael W. Ash, born in 
 
 Pennsylvania; member of the United States House of Representa-* 
 tives, 1835-1837, and served on House Committee on Naval Affairs. 
 .... Davis S. Kauffman, born in Cumberland, Pennsylvania, in 
 1813 ; in early years went to Texas; as a member and as Speaker of 
 its Assembly, advocated its annexation to the United States; on that 
 being concluded, he was elected from Texas to the United States House 
 of Representatives, and served from 1846 to 1851. Mr. Kauffman 
 
 died at Washington, D. C, in 1851 Max Koch, Postmaster 
 
 of North Clarendon, Pennsylvania, in 1882 Isaac Bahny, 
 
 Chief of Fire Department of North Clarendon, Pennsylvania, in 
 
 1882 M. Seligson, former resident of Philadelphia, elected 
 
 Mayor of Galveston, Texas, in 1853 Colonel Max Einstein 
 
 appointed United States Consul at Nuremburg, Germany, by Presi- 
 dent Lincoln, in December, 1861, and served two years; later on, he 
 
 was United States Internal Revenue Agent at Philadelphia 
 
 Colonel Max Friedman was Special Inspector of the Revenue De- 
 partment in 1867-1868 Henry Marcus, David Klein, 
 
 Henry Weichselbaum, Moses Levi, and Samuel Lowenstein have 
 served at different periods as members of the Common Council of 
 Philadelphia Lewis Elkin was for twenty-five years a mem- 
 ber of the Board of Public Education of the First School District 
 of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia), and Chairman of the Committee 
 on Qualification of Teachers Moses Aaron Dropsie [See sketch 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 407 
 
 elsewhere] was candidate of the Whig Party for Mayor of Northern 
 
 Liberties (Philadelphia), in 1852 Judah Isaacs has been 
 
 active in the local politics of Philadelphia, and was once Democratic 
 
 candidate for Coroner of this County Simon Jacoby has been 
 
 Lieutenant of the Fairmount Park and Harbor Police. .... Solo- 
 mon W. May was interested in political movements. Born in this city, 
 March 4th, 1839, he served in the Sheriff's and Receiver of Taxes' 
 offices, and was latterly a clerk in the Money Order Department of 
 the Philadelphia Post- Office. Mr. May was founder. President, and 
 subsequently Marshal of the Sixth Ward Republican Club. During 
 the Civil War he enlisted on the side of the Union. He died on 
 
 October 6th, 1893 Abraham Kannewasser, who died in 
 
 March, 1892, was a Special Officer under the Mayoralty of Daniel 
 
 M. Fox Solomon Rains, a Republican, is at present a clerk 
 
 in the office of the Prothonotary of the Courts of Common Pleas 
 (Philadelphia). 
 
 Israel Jacobs, said to have been a native of Germany, is men- 
 tioned in early records as a representative of the County of Phila- 
 delphia in the Assembly (elected in October, 1771) ; and as mem- 
 ber of Congress (House of Representatives) from Pennsylvania, 
 
 1791-1793 Moses Naar, a member of the well-known 
 
 Naar family, some of whom in later years, notably David Naar, 
 rose to distinction in New Jersey and in National politics — was 
 among the early Jewish settlers here ; but he does not seem to have 
 
 occupied any public office Dr. Alexander Wertheim was a 
 
 Clerk to the Board of Health during the early part of the present 
 century, when its office was located on the east side of Fifth Street 
 between Library and Walnut Streets. He died in April, 1830, and 
 
 his remains were interred in Spruce Street Jewish cemetery 
 
 Jacob Gratz was another well-known character in early politics and 
 in public movements. Among positions he held, were those of mem- 
 ber of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, and member 
 of the Senate of the same State, to which latter office he was elected 
 
 in 1839. [See other references to Mr. Gratz in this work.] 
 
 John Moss served at one time (upwards of sixty years ago) as a 
 
 member of City Councils (Philadelphia) David Nathans 
 
 was clerk to the Board of Commissioners of Northern Liberties 
 about 1834. This was some twenty years before the different 
 
408 
 
 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 districts of the City of Philadelphia were consolidated under a single 
 Mayor Raphael J. Moses, son of Israel Moses, of Phila- 
 delphia, took part in politics in Southern States, and served in the 
 
 Confederate Army during the Civil War David Solis 
 
 Cohen, ja. highly respected member of an honored Philadelphia family, 
 has been prominent in political circles of Oregon, serving as Police 
 Commissioner of Portland. He declined the nomination for Mayor 
 of that city in 1892. [See references to Mr. Cohen elsewhere in 
 this work.] 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 409 
 
 VI. 
 
 IN LAW 
 
 The reputation of the Philadelphia lawyer is national. His 
 ability to solve intricate questions, to interpret technical points in 
 legal codes, to defend the accused, to plead at the Bar of Justice, 
 has won for him general recognition. From the earliest settlement 
 of Jews in the City founded by William Penn, representatives of 
 their number have figured in the annals of the Bar; have filled 
 posititions within the gift of the Courts and of the people ; and have 
 otherwise attained distinction among their associates. 
 
 The earliest Jewish practitioner of law, whose record is before us, 
 (108) was Moses Levy, heretofore mentioned, whose admission to 
 the Bar dates as far back as March 19th, 1778, and who, a year 
 later, was admitted to practice in the Supreme Court of Penn- 
 sylvania; who occupied various offices, and who finally became 
 Presiding Judge of ' ' the District Court for the City and County of 
 Philadelphia," which had *' original jurisdiction in all cases where 
 the sum in controversy exceeds $100. This Court holds" (to 
 continue the quotation) ''four terms annually, on the first Monday 
 in March, June, September, and December." Moses Levy, who 
 had previously been Recorder of Philadelphia (1802-1822), was 
 commissioned Presiding Judge of the District Court, on December 
 18th, 1822, and he continued to preside over its sessions until March 
 21st, 1825; his associates on the Bench (in 1825) being Joseph 
 M'Kean and Benjamin R. Morgan. (109) History goes far to 
 show Judge Levy's acquirements, both when pleading in court and 
 when clad in the judicial ermine. In the language of David Paul 
 
 (108) We meet with the name of Benjamin Cohen, who is said to have been 
 Attorney-General of Pennsylvania, and a new member of the Provincial Council 
 in 1755 ; but no information regarding him has been discovered. 
 
 (109) See "The Philadelphia Directory and Stranger's Guide," for 1825. 
 
410 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Brown: "He (Mr. Levy) reached great eminence in the legal 
 profession." (110) Moses Levy was one of the few Israelites — 
 perhaps, the only one — who sat on the Bench in Philadelphia for 
 any lengthy period; (111) and it is not unlikely that another, 
 equally, if not more distinguished, counsellor, and a Jew at that, 
 will, ere long, be elevated to a station to which his knowledge and 
 his fitness eminently entitle him. 
 
 The list of ProthoAotaries of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania 
 contains the names of at least two members of the Jewish race, who 
 occupied that office at different periods. (112) Colonel Isaac 
 Franks, of American Revolutionary fame, was Prothonotary from 
 February 18th, 1819, until his death on March 3d, 1822. (113) 
 Joseph Simon Cohen was appointed to the same office on December 
 16th, 1840, and occupied it until 1853. (114) Daniel Levy was 
 Prothonotary of Northumberland County from 1800 to 1809. (115) 
 
 (110) Quoted from "The Forum." 
 
 (111) Mayer Isaac Franks has been mentioned as a Judge of the Supreme 
 Court of Pennsylvania; but we are not in possession of facts enabling us to 
 determine the exact period when he served. David Nunes Carvalho (brother 
 of Eev. Ernanuel Nunes Carvalho), who removed from Baltimore to this city, 
 was "appointed one of the City Judges of the Court of Arbitration, occupying 
 the office until business recalled him to Baltimore." This circumstance must 
 have occurred between 1850 and 1860, but no material is at hand to confirm it. 
 
 (112) Two others are mentioned, but the only clue to their Jewish origin is 
 their names. The former, Benjamin Jacobs (mentioned as "son of the 
 Speaker"), was "elected and appointed Prothonotary of the County of Chester," 
 State of Pennsylvania, by Council, met at Philadelphia, April 4th, 1777. — 
 "Colonial Eecords," Volume XI, page 197.=The latter, Samuel Hart, was 
 appointed Prothonotary of the Court of Common Pleas, November 14th, 1839.— 
 J. Hill Martin's " Bench and Bar." 
 
 (113) In "Colonial Eecords," Volume XVI, page 1, the following action of 
 the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, February 7th, 1789, is noted : 
 
 " Upon the petition of Isaac Franks, of the city of Philadelphia, praying 
 Council to appoint him a Notary and Tabellion Public, and also a recommenda- 
 tion of him as a person well qualified to execute the duties of that office from a 
 number of citizens, 
 
 " Resolved, That the said Isaac Franks be appointed a Notary and Tabellion 
 Public in and for the said Commonwealth, and he was commissionated accord- 
 ingly." 
 
 (114) Mr. F. Gutekunst, the well-known photographer of this city, served 
 as a clerk in the Prothonotaiy's office during Joseph Simon Cohen's incumbency. 
 
 (115) Daniel Levy is mentioned as Prothonotary in "History of Northum- 
 berland County, Pennsylvania," by Herbert C. Bell (Chicago, 1891), though his 
 family relationship is incorrectly given there. He resided at Sunbury, Penn- 
 sylvania, for "more than half a century." The following reference to him is 
 found in " Annals of Bufialo Valley, Pennsylvania, 1755-1855," collated by John 
 Blair Linn, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 1877: "Daniel Levy, of Sunbury, out- 
 lived all the old lawyers, as they were popularly called ; except Mr. Bellas. He 
 was a conceited man, active as a cat, an insatiable dancer, and a hard fighter. 
 He had considerable science as a boxer, and although not large or strong, his 
 skill joined to his prodigious activity, made him quite formidable. His vanity 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 411 
 
 Quite a number of Israelites have filled the position of Inter- 
 preter of languages (either general or special). Major Benjamin 
 Nones served in that capacity to the United States Government, and 
 to the Board of Health, in 1818 and 1821. David Eytinge was a 
 General Interpreter about 1850, serving several years. He died on 
 June 30th, 1855. David A. Davis succeeded later on, receiving 
 his commission from the Governor of Pennsylvania, and filling the 
 office of Interpreter at the Courts until his death, on October 18th, 
 1862. Herman Van Beil, a native of Amsterdam, Holland, born 
 February 12th, 1799, and who came to the United States in 1817, 
 also occupied the same position subsequently, and until his death, on 
 December 26th, 1865. 
 
 Joseph Sanson, the present Court Interpreter, was first sworn in 
 on November 16th, 1861, and served a few years. He was selected 
 a second time by the Judges of the Courts of Common Pleas on 
 February 9th, 1869, and has since continued as Court Interpreter. 
 Mr. Sanson was born at Amsterdam, Holland, in 1825. He came 
 to this country in 1839, and, after clerking, entered into business. 
 He was at one time President of the "Bene Israel" (Children of 
 Israel) Congregation, then worshiping on the east side of Fifth 
 Street, above Catharine Street. 
 
 The following list embraces Israelites admitted to practice at the 
 Philadelphia Bar. The arrangement is in chronological order, as 
 it refers to date of admission : (116) • 
 
 Moses Levy, March 19th, 1778; died on May 9th, 1826. 
 Samson Levy, June 9th, 1787; died on December 15th, 1831. 
 Daniel Levy (Northumberland County), February 9th, 1791; 
 died on May 12th, 1844. 
 
 Zalegman Phillips, December 4th, 1799; died on August 21st, 
 1839. 
 
 and fondness for dress made him a capital butt, and subject of jokes for his 
 fellow-members of the bar. He lived to the age of seventy, and a fop to the 
 last." Notwithstanding this dubious compliment, Mr. Levy is classed, in the 
 same work, with "these old legal giants" (1807). 
 
 (116) Meai-s Bush is said to have been among early members of the Phila- 
 delphia Bar; but after a careful examination of lists, we have been unable to 
 discover his name. 
 
412 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Joseph Simon Cohen, May 24th, 1813 ; died on February 
 3d, 1858. 
 
 Henry Solomon, May 26th, 1813. 
 
 Elijah Gratz Etting, May 30th, 1816 ; died on May 25th, 
 1849. (117) 
 
 Benjamin Gratz, 1817; died on March 17th, 1884. (118) 
 
 Nathan Nathans, November 12th, 1819 ; died on December 
 21st, 1877. (119) 
 
 Jonas Benjamin Phillips, April 28th, 1826 ; died on May 
 15th, 1867. 
 
 Jonas Altamont Phillips, May 20th, 1826; died on October 
 2d, 1862. 
 
 Henry Myer Phillips, January 5th, 1832 ; died on August 
 28th, 1884. 
 
 Lewis Charles Levin, about 1840; died on March 14th, 1860. 
 
 Isaac Nunez Cardozo, June 26th, 1844. 
 
 GusTAVus Remak, May 7th, 1845; died on September 20th, 
 1886. (120) 
 
 Leonard Myers, December 9th, 1848. 
 
 John Samuel, October 21st, 1850. 
 
 Moses Aaron Dropsie, January 11th, 1851. 
 
 Solomon C. Van Beil, November 5th, 1851; died on December 
 12th, 1853. 
 
 Joseph Orlando Tobias, October 6th, 1852 (removed to New 
 York City). 
 
 Stephen Samuel Remak, May 3d, 1854; died on March 1st, 
 1890^ _ 
 
 (117) Elijah Gratz Etting was at one time District Attorney of Cecil County, 
 Maryland. 
 
 (118) The year of Benjamin Gratz's admission to the Bar seems uncertain: 
 March 9th, 1815, being otherwise given as the date. In March, 1883, Mr. Gratz 
 was senior member of the Bar. 
 
 (119) Mr. Nathans served as a member of City Councils.=" The old dilapi- 
 dated mansion just below Huntingdon Street, formerly owned and occupied by the 
 late Nathan Nathans, for many years a controller of the public schools, shows how 
 much Broad Street has been raised during the past thirty yeai-s. Prior to that 
 time a flight of steps led up to the mansion door, now the roof eaves are but a 
 short distance above the surface of the street." — Public Ledger, in an issue, 
 during January, 1894. 
 
 (120) Mr. Remak held a number of public offices, among them that of a 
 Commissioner of Fairmount Park. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 413 
 
 Joseph George Rosengarten, May 10th, 1856. 
 
 Edward Henry Weil, June 17th, 1857. 
 
 Frank Marx Eiting, October 10th, 1857; died on June 4th, 
 1890. 
 
 Simon Sterne, June 6th, 1859 (removed to New York 
 City). (121) 
 
 Henry Phillips, Jr., June 13th, 1859. 
 
 Herman Hamburger, February 16th, 1861. (122) 
 
 Mayer Sulzberger, September 16th, 1865. 
 
 Charles Henry Hart, November 14th, 1868. 
 
 David Tim, November 12th, 1870 (removed to New York City). 
 
 Leon H. Folz, June 29th, 1872. 
 
 Myer a. Levi, February 1st, 1873. 
 
 Samuel Morais Hyneman, June 4th, 1877. 
 
 Emanuel Furth, September 28th, 1878. 
 
 Emanuel Cohen, November 2d, 1878 (removed in 1886 to 
 Minneapolis, Minnesota. (123) 
 
 Theodore Minis Etting, June 14th, 1879. 
 
 Joseph Lippman, June 14th, 1879 (removed to Chicago). 
 
 Ernest Lowengrund, January 3d, 1880. 
 
 Richard Salinger, January 3d, 1880. 
 
 Isaac Nathans Solis, May 1st, 1880. 
 
 Joseph Lamartine Greenwald, June 18th, 1881. 
 
 Albert Jacob Bamberger, October 8th, 1881. 
 
 Jacob Singer, October 22d, 1881. 
 
 Oscar Benjamin Teller, November 12th, 1881. 
 
 (121) Simon Sterne, though a native of Philadelphia, where he was horn 
 July 23(1, 1839, has been largely identified with economic and financial interests 
 in New York City. He read law in this city, and graduated from the Law De- 
 partment of the University of Pennsylvania. Soon after his admission to the 
 Bar here, however, he removed to New York City, where he has since resided. 
 His abilities as an attorney and as a specialist in railway matters have placed him 
 in the foremost rank of the legal profession. As a lawyer, a political economist, 
 and a deep writer, his views are marked by a soundness of thought, an earnest- 
 ness of conviction, and a sincerity of purpose. 
 
 (122 J Herman Hamburger has been a Justice of the Peace (1864), and an 
 Associate Judge (1866) in Carbon County, Pennsylvania. 
 
 (123) Emanuel Cohen is a member of the distinguished law firm of Kitchel, 
 Cohen & Shaw, of Minneapolis, Minnesota, and he has attained high distinction 
 in the legal fraternity. 
 
414 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Ephraim Lederer, February 3d, 1883. 
 
 John Moss Cohen, June 16th, 1883; died on December 8th, 
 1892. 
 
 Adolph Eichholz, June 16th, 1883. 
 
 Julius C. Levi, June 16th, 1883. 
 
 Leonard Jacob Bamberger, October 11th, 1884. 
 
 Jules E. Pereyra, May 2d, 1885. 
 
 Maurice Eels, June 20th, 1885. 
 
 James M. Jeitles, January 9th, 1886. 
 
 Moses P. Hamberg, June 19th, 1886; died on June 3d, 1894. 
 
 Charles Hoffman, June 19th, 1886. 
 
 Melvin G. Winstock, July 2d, 1887 (removed to Seattle, State 
 of Washington). 
 
 Clinton O. Mayer, September 17th, 1888. 
 
 Joseph Siegmund Levin, June 15th, 1889. 
 
 Arthur Straus Arnold, June 22d, 1889. 
 
 David Werner Amram, June 29th, 1889. 
 
 Benjamin Alexander, July 12th, 1890. 
 
 Max Herzberg, June 13th, 1891. 
 
 David Emanuel Simon, June 13th, 1891. 
 
 Henry Nathan Wessel, April 9th, 1892. 
 
 Charles Goldsmith, June 24th, 1893. 
 
 Samuel Kahn Louchheim, June 24th, 1893. 
 
 David Mandel, Jr., June 2d, 1894. 
 
 Max Greenwald, June 16th, 1894. 
 
 Isaac Sion, June 16th, 1894. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 415 
 
 VII. 
 
 IN MEDICINE, DENTISTRY, ETC. 
 
 From the time that Elisha, the prophet, healed Na'araan, chief of 
 the army of the King of Syria, by means of a seven-fold bath in 
 the River Jordan; from the period that Isaiah, the inspired Seer and 
 physician, applied a fig-plaster to the wounds of Hezekiah, the 
 righteous King of Judah- — descendants of Abraham, the Hebrew, 
 have been found in numbers among the practitioners of the healing 
 art. The profession of medicine, when honestly followed, is, indeed, 
 a noble one. Healing the sick is a virtue inculcated by Holy Writ 
 and by our wise Sages, and Israelites, in this respect, have merited 
 the title, "the merciful children of merciful parents." In every age 
 and in every community, Jews have shone among the disciples of 
 ^sculapius; witness that great light of mediaeval times, Moses Ben 
 Maimon, who was physician to the Sultan of Egypt, and an authority 
 on medicine. Hosts of names might be cited, and to-day, when the 
 multiplication of scientific discoveries requires even more knowledge 
 and deeper study, Jews occupy positions in the vanguard of medicine. 
 In the Eastern and in the Western Continents, sons of our race have 
 become leaders in a branch of study and in its diverse divisions, not a 
 few of which are the products of modern research and modern in- 
 
 vestigation. 
 
 Many thoroughly equipped physicians have gone forth into various 
 parts, after having graduated from medical schools and colleges in 
 Philadelphia. These institutions have justly obtained renown for 
 the systematic tuition imparted, and for the ability displayed by men 
 who have received instruction within them. It is our design, how- 
 ever, to present— mainly for the purpose of reference — a list of 
 Israelites, as far as obtainable, who now practice the profession of 
 medicine in Philadelphia— which list will be preceded and succeeded 
 by the names of a few of former times. 
 
416 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Information -of a sufficiently authoritative cliaracter brings to 
 light the fact that in 1785 the Philadelphia Directory contained the 
 names in all of forty-six practitioners of medicine and surgery, and 
 two dentists. In the Directory for 1825 we find the names of two 
 Israelites as physicians, viz., Isaac Hays, at 35 Saasom Street, and 
 Manuel Phillips (a son of Jonas Phillips), at 41 North Fourth 
 Street, and one, as a surgeon dentist— E. Carvalho, at 23 South 
 Seventh Street. (124) The remarkable increase of population and 
 of facilities for study may be noted from the statement that to-day 
 the number of physicians is nearly two thousand, while the followers 
 of dental surgery number about five hundred ; and to both profes- 
 sions our coreligionists furnish a very considerable quota. 
 
 The College of Physicians, at Philadelphia, had its origin in 
 January, 1787, and was incorporated in March, 1789. The ad- 
 vantages of such an institution had been pointed out years before its 
 establishment, which is heralded in an issue of the Pennsylvania 
 Packet and Daily Advertiser, during February, 1787. ** The objects 
 of this College," as set forth, ''are to advance the science of medi- 
 cine, and thereby to lessen human misery, by investigating the dis- 
 eases and remedies which are peculiar to this country; by observing 
 the effect of different seasons, climates and situations upon the human 
 body ; by recording the changes which are produced in disease by the 
 progress of agriculture, arts, population and manners ; by searching 
 for medicines in the American woods, waters, and in the bowels of 
 the earth; by enlarging the avenues to knowledge from the discove- 
 ries and publications of foreign countries; and by cultivating order 
 and uniformity in the practice of physic." Such laudable aims 
 must have at once commended the institution to the profession and 
 the public ; and from its incipiency to the present time, the member- 
 ship roll of the College of Physicians has been graced by the names 
 of men eminent in their calling, whose services have been rewarded 
 by their election as "fellows ' ' of this institution. Among the limited 
 number admitted into this inner circle, several Israelites are met, 
 as will be perceived from the following list of "fellows," which we 
 are fortunate in being enabled to present. The order followed here 
 
 (124) Another dentist named Lewis Wolf (whose surname is not always 
 sufficient to determine his Jewish origin) is mentioned, and his residence is given 
 at 30 Sugar Alley (between Sixth and Seventh Streets, and above High — now 
 Market Street). 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 417 
 
 is chronological, precedence being given to date of election to mem- 
 bership, as set in front of each name: — 
 
 September, 1835 — Isaac Hays, born July 5th, 1796; A.B., 
 1816; M.D., 1820, University of Pennsylvania; Surgeon, Pennsyl- 
 vania Infirmary for Diseases of the Eye and Ear, 1822-1827; 
 Wills Hospital, 1834-1854; physician of Philadelphia Orphans' 
 Asylum; Philadelphia Dispensary; Southern Dispensary; Pennsyl- 
 vania Institution for the Instruction of the Blind; member of Phila- 
 delphia Medical Society; Medical Society, State of Pennsylvania; 
 Philadelphia County Medical Society; Kappa Lambda Society; 
 Vice-President of Alumni Association, Medical Department, Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania; President of Ophthalmological Society, 
 Philadelphia; Correspondent of Gynjscological Society, Boston; 
 Medical Society, Hamburg (Germany); Societe Universelle d' Oph- 
 thalmologic; Congres Medicale Internationale de Paris (France); 
 honorary member of American Ophthalmological Society; New 
 York State Medical Society; Rhode Island State Medical Society; 
 Medical Society, Baltimore; Academy of Medicine, Abington, Vir- 
 ginia; American Medical Association, 1847; Treasurer of same, 
 1848-1852; Chairman, Committee on Publication, 1847-1853; 
 member of Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, July, 1818; 
 on Publication Committee of same, December, 1821-December, 
 1825; Curator, 1821-1831 ; President, December, 1865-December, 
 1869 ; member of American Philosophical Society, April,' 1830; 
 Councillor of same, 1853-1877; represented College of Physicians 
 as a Delegate to Medical Conventions, and in other capacities, and 
 was a member of its Board of Censors; died on April 12th, 1879. 
 [See Sketch.] 
 
 June, 1842 — Gotthelf Moehring, born December 14th, 1802; 
 M.D. , 1825, University of Berlin, Prussia; elected member of 
 Philadelphia County Medical Society, April, 1849; physician to 
 German Benevolent Society, Philadelphia; died on October 9th, 
 1881. 
 
 1864— William Moss, born in 1833; M.D., 1854, Jefferson 
 Medical College; Surgeon, in Civil War, of Sixth Pennsylvania 
 
 27 
 
418 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Cavalry, 1861-1862; and Surgeon of United States Volunteers, 
 1862-1863; member of Philadelphia County Medical Society; Civil 
 Service Reform League, of Philadelphia, etc., etc. 
 
 April, 1871 — Jacob Da Silva Solis Cohen, born February 
 28th, 1838; M.D., 1860, University of Pennsylvania; Professor 
 Emeritus of Diseases of the Throat and Chest, in the Philadelphia 
 Polyclinic and College for Graduates; Professor (honorary) of 
 Laryngology in Jefferson Medical College ; consulting physician to 
 the Home for Consumptives, Philadelphia; Assistant Surgeon of 
 Twenty- sixth Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1861; Acting 
 Assistant Surgeon, United States Navy, 1861-1864; and at United 
 States Army Hospitals, Philadelphia, 1864; elected member of 
 American Medical Association, 1864; member of Academy of 
 Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, October, 1870; member, and form- 
 erly President, of the Philadelphia County Medical Society; physi- 
 cian to German Hospital ; first President of the Philadelphia Laryn- 
 gological Society, instituted May 7th, 1880; etc., etc.; author of 
 standard works on diseases of the throat and chest, etc., etc. [See 
 Sketch.] 
 
 January, 1872 — Isaac Minis Hays, born July 26th, 1847; 
 A.B., 1866; A.M., M.D., 1868, University of Pennsylvania; 
 Secretary-General of International Medical Congress, 1876 ; mem- 
 ber of Association of American Physicians ; Philadelphia County 
 Medical Society; American Philosophical Society — elected in 1886; 
 has been a Delegate to Medical Conventions, and a member of the 
 Library Committee and Board of Councillors of the College of 
 Physicians; he is now (1894) President of the Pennsylvania College 
 of Dental Surgery. 
 
 February, 1886 — Louis Jurist, born April 10th, 1855; 
 M.D., 1880, Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia; member of 
 Philadelphia County Medical Society ; Pathological Society, Phila- 
 delphia; German Medical Society, Philadelphia; chief clinical 
 assistant in laryngological department of Jefferson Medical College 
 Hospital; lecturer on laryngology in Jefferson Medical College, 
 Philadelphia; President (in 1886-1887) of Philadelphia Laryn- 
 gological Society, etc., etc. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 419 
 
 1888 — Solomon Solis Cohen, born September 1st, 1857; M.D., 
 1883, Jefferson Medical College ; Professor of Clinical Medicine and 
 Applied Therapeutics in the Philadelphia Polyclinic, and physician 
 to the Polyclinic Hospital ; clinical lecturer on Medicine in Jefferson 
 Medical College; visiting physician to the Philadelphia Hospital; 
 consulting physician to the Jewish Hospital, Philadelphia ; member, 
 and formerly Recording Secretary, of the Philadelphia County 
 Medical Society, etc., etc. 
 
 1888 — Abram Bernheim Hirsh, born March 21st, 1858 ; 
 M.D., 1882, Jefferson Medical College; resident physician and 
 surgeon in German Hospital, Philadelphia, 1882-1883 ; Adjunct 
 Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, in the Philadelphia Polyclinic, 
 1887-1890, etc., etc.; member of Philadelphia County Medical 
 Society ; Obstetrical Society ; Medico- Legal Society ; State Medical 
 Society of Pennsylvania, etc. , etc. 
 
 1891— Abraham Jacobi (New York City), Associate Fellow; 
 born May 6th, 1830; M.D., University of Bonn, Germany; involved 
 in revolutionary movements in Germany; has held various positions 
 in colleges and hospitals ; specialist on diseases of women and children, 
 etc.; editor; author; has been President of New York Pathological, 
 Obstetrical, and State Medical Societies, Academy of Medicine, etc. , 
 etc. 
 
 1892— Lewis W. Steinbach, born June 4th, 1851; M.D., 
 1880, Jefferson Medical College; Professor of Clinical and Operative 
 Surgery in the Philadelphia Polyclinic; Visiting Surgeon to the 
 Philadelphia Hospital, and to the Jewish Hospital, Philadelphia; 
 Recorder of the Philadelphia Academy of Surgery ; member of the 
 Philadelphia County Medical Society and of other institutions, etc., 
 etc. 
 
 October, 1893— Augustus A. Eshner, born November 17th, 
 1862; M. D., 1888, Jefferson Medical College; Adjunct Professor of 
 Clinical Medicine in the Philadelphia Polyclinic; Registrar in the 
 Neurological Department of the Philadelphia Hospital ; member of 
 the Philadelphia County Medical Society, Pathological Society, and 
 Neurological Society. 
 
420 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 March, 1894 — Max Henley Bochroch, born March 7th, 1861; 
 M.D., 1881, Jefferson Medical College; Instructor of Electro- 
 Therapeutics and Chief of Nervous Department in Jefferson Medical 
 College Hospital; Neurologist to the Northern Dispensary; member 
 of Northern Medical Society, Pathological and Philadelphia County 
 Medical Societies, and of other Societies. He has written papers on 
 medical subjects, etc., etc. 
 
 The ranks of the regular medical profession in Philadelphia contain 
 the names of the following Israelites (some of whom have attained 
 marked distinction) in addition to those aforementioned; — 
 
 Michael V. Ball, graduated in 1889, at Jefferson Medical 
 College, Philadelphia. 
 
 Adolph L. Barcus, graduated in 1891, at Jefferson Medical 
 College. 
 
 Aaron M. Billstein, graduated in 1891, at Medical Depart- 
 ment of University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 
 
 Emma L. Billstein, graduated in 1893, at Woman's Medical 
 College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (now Demonstrator of His- 
 tology and Embryology in above College). 
 
 Max Blieden, graduated in 1894, at Medical Department of 
 University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Florence Brandeis, graduated in 1894, at Woman's Medical 
 College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 
 
 Michael Brinkmann, graduated in 1848, at University of 
 Marburg, Germany; specialty — hydropathy. 
 
 Morris Weil Brinkmann, graduated in 1884, at Medical De- 
 partment of University of Pennsylvania (now residing in New 
 York City). 
 
 Leon Brinkmann, graduated in 1887, at Medical Department of 
 University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Morris S. Cohen, graduated in 1881, at Jefferson Medical 
 College (now residing at Cataract, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania). 
 
 Nathan Alexander Cohen, graduated in 1892, at Jefferson 
 Medical College ; previously graduated, in 1886, from Philadelphia 
 College of Pharmacy, and from Veterinary Department of University 
 of Pennsylvania in 1890 (now residing in Camden, New Jersey). 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 421 
 
 Sydney M. Cone, graduated in 1893, at Medical Department of 
 University of Pennsylvania (now resident physician at Methodist 
 Episcopal Hospital, Philadelphia). 
 
 Charles C. Davidson, graduated in 1880, at Jefferson Medical 
 College. 
 
 Moses De Ford, graduated in 1886, at Jefferson Medical College. 
 
 Frances Allen De Ford, graduated in 1887, at Woman's 
 Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 
 
 A. Henriques De Young, graduated in 1880, at Jefferson 
 Medical College. 
 
 Philip Elkin, graduated in 1892, at Jefferson Medical College. 
 
 Adolph Feldstein, graduated in 1864, at University of Prague, 
 Bohemia. 
 
 Morris W. Fellman, graduated in 1894, at Medical Depart- 
 ment of University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Philip Fischelis, graduated in 1885, at University of Berlin, 
 Prussia. 
 
 Rebecca Fleisher, graduated in 1886, at Woman's Medical 
 College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 
 
 Marcus Franklin, graduated in 1870, at Jefferson Medical 
 College. 
 
 Emanuel S. Gans, graduated in 1886, at Jefferson Medical 
 College. 
 
 Samuel J. Gittelson, graduated in 1892, at Medical Depart- 
 ment of University of Louisville (Kentucky). 
 
 Leopold Greenbaum, graduated in 1888, at Medico- Chirur- 
 gical College, Philadelphia (also a dentist). 
 
 Daniel F. Greenwald, graduated in 1885, at Jefferson 
 Medical College. 
 
 Maurice J. Heider, graduated in 1891, at Jefferson Medical 
 College. 
 
 Alexander Heilbrunn, graduated in 1857, at University of 
 Berlin, Prussia. 
 
 Jacob L. Heller, graduated in 1892, at Jefferson Medical 
 College. 
 
422 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Alexander Kahn, graduated iu 1881, at Jefferson Medical 
 College (now residing in Boston, Massachusetts). 
 
 Cornelia Kahn, graduated in 1887, at Woman's Medical 
 College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 
 
 Helen Kirsciibaum, graduated in 1893, at Woman's Medical 
 College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 
 
 Alexander Klein, graduated in 1889, at University of Buda- 
 Pesth, Austria-Hungary. 
 
 Isidore Martin Koch, graduated in 1891, at Medico- Chirur- 
 gical College, Philadelphia (at present in Europe, connected with 
 clinics at different hospitals on the Continent). 
 
 Isaac Leopold, graduated in 1886, at Medical Department of 
 University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 LuDWiG LoEB, graduated in 1890, at Jefierson Medical College 
 (Clinical Assistant at Polyclinic, Jefferson, and Howard Hospitals, 
 Philadelphia). 
 
 Julius Love, graduated in 1893, at Medico- Chirurgical College, 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Lee Lowengrund, graduated in 1878, at Jefferson Medical 
 College. 
 
 Sarah A. Cohen-May, graduated in 1879, at Woman's Medi- 
 cal College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 
 
 Ignatius Mayer, graduated in 1894, at Medico-Chirurgical Col- 
 lege, Philadelphia. 
 
 David Modell, graduated in 1893, at Medico-Chirurgical Col- 
 lege, Philadelphia. 
 
 Sylvan Myers, graduated in 1894, at Medical Department of 
 University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 George J. Newgarden, graduated in 1889, at Jefferson Medical 
 College (now First Lieutenant, United States Army, at Fort Sheridan, 
 Illinois). 
 
 Samuel Joseph Ottinger, graduated in 1892, at Jefferson 
 Medical College. 
 
 Joseph B. Potsdamer, graduated in 1879, at Jefferson Medical 
 College. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 423 
 
 Jacob S. Pragheimer, graduated in 1888, at Jefferson Medical 
 College. 
 
 Louise G. Rabinovitch, graduated in 1889, at Woman's Medi- 
 cal College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 
 
 David Riesman, graduated in 1892, at Medical Department of 
 University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Milton Joseph Rosen au, graduated in 1889, at Medical De- 
 partment of University of Pennsylvania (now Past Assistant Sur- 
 geon in the United States Marine Hospital Service). 
 
 Edwin Rosenthal, graduated in 1880, at Jefferson Medical 
 College. 
 
 Philip Rovno, graduated in 1894, at Jefferson Medical College. 
 
 Julius L. Salinger, graduated in 1886, at Jefferson Medical 
 College. 
 
 Jay F. Schamberg, graduated in 1892, at Medical Department 
 of University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Theodore B. Schneideman, graduated in 1883, at Jefferson 
 Medical College (Adjunct Professor of Diseases of the Eye in the 
 Polyclinic Hospital, Philadelphia). 
 
 Louis Schwarz, graduated in 1881, at Jefferson Medical College. 
 
 Bernhard Segal, graduated in 1893, at Jefferson Medical Col- 
 lege. 
 
 S. Seilikowitch, graduated in 1893, at Medico-Chirurgical Col- 
 lege, Philadelphia. 
 
 Joseph S. Simsohn, graduated in 1874, at Jefferson Medical 
 College. 
 
 Rachel S. Skidelsky, graduated in 1894, at Woman's Medical 
 College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 
 
 Rosa Slobodinsky, graduated in 1892, at Woman's Medical 
 College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (now residing in Boston, 
 Massachusetts). 
 
 Charles D. Spivak, graduated in 1890, at Jeffei-son Medical 
 College (Clinical Assistant at the Jefferson Hospital, Philadelphia). 
 
 Max J. Stern, graduated in 1885, at Jefferson Medical College 
 (Professor of Operative Surgery in the Polyclinic Hospital, Phila- 
 delphia). 
 
424 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Frederic M. Strouse, graduated in 1885, at Medical Depart- 
 ment of University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 William H. Teller, graduated in 1886, at Medical Department 
 of University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Berthold Trautmann, graduated in 1874, at Georgetown (Dis- 
 trict of Columbia) University. 
 
 George Treiman, graduated in 1893, at Medico-Chirurgical 
 College, Philadelphia. 
 
 Flora E. Wasserman, graduated in 1890, at Homoeopathic 
 Hospital College, Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL. 
 
 Isaac Hays, distinguished as a physician, an oculist, a medical 
 writer and editor, a scientist, and a humanitarian, ^vas born in 
 Philadelphia, July 5th, 1796. His parents, Samuel and Richea (iiee 
 Gratz) Hays, were respected members of prominent families. Dr. 
 Hays studied at schools and at the University of Pennsylvania, 
 graduating from the Department of Arts in 1816. After this 
 collegiate training, he took to the study of medicine at the School of 
 the aforenamed University, and received his M.D. degree therefrom 
 in 1820, having also pursued studies under Dr. Nathaniel Chapman, 
 a well-known practitioner of those times. 
 
 Dr. Hays soon obtained note, and his subsequent remarkable 
 success as an oculist added greatly to his reputatioli, while it increased 
 his practice. Notwithstanding the many requirements attending his 
 professional duties, he early became largely interested in medical 
 science. He was connected with the American Journal of the Medical 
 Sciences from February, 1827, continuously for a period of fifty-two 
 years. He also edited Medical News and other publications — each 
 attaining front rank as recognized organs in all the developments 
 attending the study and practice of the healing art. 
 
 Dr. Hays edited Hall' s edition of ' ' Wilson' s American Ornith- 
 ology," in eight volumes (1828); ''Hoblyn's Dictionary of Medical 
 Terms" (1846); " Lawrence on Diseases of the Eye " (1847); and 
 *' Arnott's Elements of Physics" (1848). He was a most indefati- 
 gable worker as physician to hospitals and as a member of numerous 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 425 
 
 societies — medical and otherwise. [See other references in this work to 
 Dr. Hays's activity.] He enjoyed the acquaintance of some of the 
 most celebrated men of his age, and his versatile talents and pleasing 
 ways rendered him a welcome guest on many public occasions, as they 
 won him the regard of his patients. His name was a tower of strength 
 in the realms of medicine, and he was esteemed highly throughout 
 the United States and Europe for his labors to advance the science 
 of the profession. 
 
 Dr. Hays was for many years identified with the Congregation 
 "Mickv^h Israel," and at one time displayed an active interest in its 
 inner affairs. He married Sarah Minis, daughter of Isaac Minis. 
 He died in Philadelphia, on April 12th, 1879, full of honors richly 
 deserved. 
 
 Of Dr. Hays's children, Dr. Isaac Minis Hays is well known as a 
 practitioner and a writer on medical questions. 
 
 Jacob Da Silva Solis Cohen, an eminent physician, is con- 
 ceded to be one of the greatest authorities on diseases of the throat 
 and chest. He is the oldest son of Myer and Judith {nee Solis) 
 Cohen. On the maternal side, the family are of Spanish origin, 
 tracing their ancestry back to the time of the expulsion from the 
 land of tortures. Dr. Cohen is a native of New York City, and 
 was born February 28th, 1838. His parents having removed to 
 Philadelphia, he received instruction here, and graduated from the 
 Boys' Central High School in February, 1855. Exhibiting a fond- 
 ness for the study of medicine, he attended lectures at the Jefferson 
 Medical College. After a residence in Memphis, Tennessee, he 
 returned to this city and completed his studies at the Medical 
 Department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1860, receiving 
 there his degree. 
 
 Dr. Cohen at once took up general practice, but in the course of 
 time devoted himself largely to the specialty in following which he 
 has attained such wide fame. He has been lecturer on laryngoscopy 
 and diseases of the throat and chest at the Jefferson Medical Col- 
 lege, and is now Honorary Professor of Laryngology in the same 
 institution. His lectures, as his writings, have been regarded as of 
 great value to students, while his published works are universally 
 accepted as text- books. 
 
 As a surgeon, Dr. Cohen showed his efficiency as well as his 
 
426 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 loyalty to the Union during the Civil AVar— as elsewhere recorded. 
 Reference to his activity in hospitals, and in medical and other socie- 
 ties, will also be found in another place in this department. He has 
 attended, as a delegate, State, National, and International Medical 
 Congresses, has figured prominently in the discussions there, and has 
 been highly honored because of his erudition and profound knowl- 
 edge of a special branch of medicine. Dr. Cohen's advice and 
 treatment have been sought by many distinguished persons, and his 
 professional opinion has often been requested by specialists in their 
 treatment of difficult cases. 
 
 Among the Doctor's works are: "A Treatise on Inhalation;" 
 ''Diseases of the Throat;" ''Croup in its Relations to Trache- 
 otomy ; " a number of monographs, and articles in medical 
 journals, and in the Transactions of medical societies. Dr. Cohen 
 is one of the translators of Ziemssen's Cyclopaedia. All his writings 
 are marked by a thoroughness, a clearness of statement, and a wealth 
 of information, which have tended to place them among the standard 
 works of that character, and among the necessary adjuncts to every 
 well- equipped medical library. 
 
 In 1875 Dr. Cohen married Miriam Binswanger, a daughter of 
 Isidore and Elizabeth Sophia {nee Polock) Binswanger, of Phila- 
 delphia. A number of children have been born unto them. 
 
 SPECIAL REFERENCES. 
 
 Among other physicians who graduated in this city, but removed 
 elsewhere, is Morris Joseph Asch, graduated in 1855, at Jefferson 
 Medical College, a practitioner in New York City. Dr. Asch's 
 brother-in-law, Mark Blumenthal, M.D., also of New York City, 
 received his early education in Philadelphia, at Public Schools and 
 at .the Boys' Central High School, but studied medicine at the Col- 
 lege of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City, from which he 
 graduated in 1852. 
 
 Additional names might be mentioned, among them Dr. Manuel 
 Phillips — already referred to — who was Assistant Surgeon in the 
 United States Navy prior to and during the War of 1812, and some 
 years subsequent thereto; Dr. Henry Heller, and his son. Dr. Max 
 Heller, both of whom, now deceased, served as Surgeons in the Army 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 427 
 
 during the Civil War; Dr. David Davidson, deceased, a well-known 
 practitioner, who graduated from the Medical Department of the 
 University of Pennsylvania, in 1871; Dr. Louis Elsberg, also de- 
 ceased, a graduate of Jefferson Medical College; celebrated as a 
 specialist in diseases of the throat, who introduced new methods in 
 treatment ; a biologist, and at one time resident physician of Mount 
 Sinai Hospital, New York City; and Dr. Mary Anna Elson, a well- 
 known female physician, who was the first Jewess to graduate from 
 the Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania (in 1858). Dr. 
 Elson w^as born in Wiirtzburg, Germany, March 14th, 1833. She 
 practiced her profession in this city, and afterwards at Goshen, 
 Indiana, and delivered lectures on medical subjects. She died on 
 
 November 18th, 1884 Dr. Edward Morwitz, who died on 
 
 December 13th, 1893, had also attained eminence as a physician, 
 and latterly as a journalist and newspaper proprietor. [A sketch 
 of his career is given in another part of this work.] 
 
 Among Philadelphians, now deceased, there are two names that 
 must not be overlooked. Both attained distinction, and both were 
 noted for their deeds of kindness to the poor. Dr. Philip De 
 Young was born in New Hanover Township, Montgomery County, 
 Pennsylvania, January 6th, 1809. His father, Joseph De Young, 
 was a country store- keeper. Philip received careful instruction. 
 His father intended him for a merchant; but the boy displayed no 
 fondness for that calling. Coming to Philadelphia in 1834, he was 
 allowed to follow the bent of his mind, and he entered the Medical 
 Department of the University of Pennsylvania, from which he 
 graduated with highest honors in 1838. Through the influence of 
 Asa Packer, a friend of the elder De Young, the young man was 
 selected as physician to the Lehigh Navigation Company, with head- 
 quarters at Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania. He returned, however, 
 to this city in 1844, and entered upon private practice. He soon 
 obtained note in his profession, and though occasionally he evinced an 
 interest in local politics — served on the Board of Health of Phila- 
 delphia, and became a member of Masonic and other Secret Orders 
 —his time was finally confined exclusively to his patients. It was 
 not remarkable that many indigent persons should have been num- 
 bered among his patients, and his goodness of heart prevented him 
 at any tinxe from amassing wealth. An experienced physician, the 
 poor found in Dr. De Young a true friend. He labored earnestly 
 
428 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 throughout his career, and died, much lamented, on September 5th, 
 1880. 
 
 Thorough Jewish sentiments, united with professional skill, marked 
 the course of Dr. Manly Emanuel, who for many years resided in 
 Philadelphia. Dr. Emanuel was born in Davenport, England, 
 February 5th, 1795. He pursued medical studies, and graduated 
 from St. George's Hospital, London, England, in June, 1816. After 
 sojourning awhile in the metropolis, he sailed for the United States 
 on the brig " Flora," commanded by Captain Thomas Durfey. For 
 a long period he dwelt in Linwood, Delaware County, Pennsylvania, 
 but subsequently removed to Philadelphia, where he continued his 
 profession, until age incapacitated him for further labors. Dr. 
 Emanuel's talents were recognized by his election as a permanent 
 member of the American Medical Association ; a Fellow of the Royal 
 College of Surgeons, London; and a member of the Pennsylvania 
 State Medical Society. He was one of the corporators of the Dela- 
 ware County Medical Society, and its President for sixteen years; 
 besides presiding for fifteen years over the Board of School Directors 
 of Delaware County; being the United States Examining Surgeon 
 for Pensions, and a Justice of the Peace for Delaware County, 
 Pennsylvania. The subject of these remarks was, to quote the w^ords of 
 another, '* an Israelite in the broadest sense of the word, conscientious 
 to the extreme in conforming to the tenets of his Faith, by example 
 as well as by precept, charitable to those who needed his advice and 
 assistance, and ever ready to relieve those who required his profes- 
 sional services." Dr. Emanuel died on July 3d, 1880 
 
 Mrs. Hannah Emanuel, the Doctor's devoted spouse, was of the 
 same religious and whole-souled character, and earned the respect of 
 many for her virtues, and her earnest, but modest, work in behalf of 
 Jewish charity societies in Philadelphia. 
 
 Of the sons of Dr. and Mrs. Emanuel, Louis Manly Emanuel 
 practiced medicine; having graduated from the Medical Department 
 of the University of Pennsylvania in 1860. He was a deep student, 
 and spent much of his time in studying cause and effect in medicine, 
 and in testing the action upon the system of certain remedies. Dr. 
 Emanuel rendered valuable services as Surgeon in the Army during 
 the Civil War. His record is given in more detail in a special 
 department of this work, devoted to the Army. He died on December 
 27th, 1868, at an early age. - 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 429 
 
 IN DENTISTRY, ETC. 
 
 . Id dentistry, as in other professions, Israelites have achieved 
 signal success. The following is a list of practitioners, most of 
 whom are located in Philadelphia : — 
 
 William Alexander, graduated in 1890, at Pennsylvania 
 College of Dental Surgery, Philadelphia. 
 
 Louis Britton, graduated in 1894, at Pennsylvania College of 
 Dental Surgery. 
 
 Leon A. Effron, graduated in 1889, at Pennsylvania College 
 of Dental Surgery. 
 
 William Simon Engle, graduated in 1891, at Philadelphia 
 Dental College. 
 
 Mendel Friedland, graduated in 1894, at Dental Department 
 of University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Leopold Greene aum, graduated in 1881, at Philadelphia 
 Dental College [See also list of physicians] . 
 
 Max Greenbaum, graduated in 1890, at Philadelphia Dental 
 College. 
 
 Samuel L. Goldsmith, graduated in 1889, at Dental Depart- 
 ment of University of Pennsylvania (now residing in New York 
 City). 
 
 Benner Herz, graduated in 1888, at Pennsylvania College of 
 Dental Surgery. 
 
 Mary S. Joffe, graduated in 1892, at Pennsylvania College of 
 Dental Surgery. 
 
 Maria Lasser, graduated in 1890, at Philadelphia Dental 
 College. 
 
 Charles Newgarden, graduated in 1892, at Dental Depart- 
 ment of University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 David A. Rosenthal, graduated in 1889, at Pennsylvania 
 College of Dental Surgery. 
 
 W. S. Rosenthal, graduated in 1889, at Philadelphia Dental 
 College. 
 
 Ernst Rosenthal, graduated in 1894, at Dental Department of 
 University of Pennsylvania. 
 
430 
 
 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Nathan J. Sanson, graduated in 1883, at Philadelphia Dental 
 College. 
 
 Charles B. Schupack, graduated in 1894, at Pennsylvania 
 College of Dental Surgery. 
 
 Morris A. Waas. 
 
 Abraham M. Waas, graduated in 1894, at Pennsylvania 
 College of Dental Surgery. 
 
 Among Veterinarians these may be mentioned: Dr. Louis A. 
 Mansbach, Dr. Leon N. Reefer, Dr. Nathan Alexander Cohen, and 
 Dr. Arthur Salinger. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 431 
 
 VIII. 
 
 IN THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 (1772-1894.) 
 
 The advantages of a collegiate training are not to be underesti- 
 mated. Many representatives of our race have recognized this fact, 
 and not a few notable men in our midst have sprung from among 
 college graduates. It is, therefore, a matter of satisfaction that we 
 are enabled to present a list, from among those who matriculated at 
 the University of Pennsylvania, commencing as early as in the 
 year 1772, and continuing until 1892, including the latest gradu- 
 ates (in 1894). For a large part of the information herein con- 
 tained, our acknowledgments are due to Dr. Ewing Jordan, who, 
 with Dr. Persifor Frazer and John Douglass Brown, Jr., Esq., com- 
 piled for the Alumni Society of the College Department a Catalogue 
 of Matriculates in the Departments of Arts and of Science of the 
 University aforenamed. 
 
 Our list is herewith annexed, the date first given, being in each 
 instance that of matriculation: — 
 
 1772 — Moses Levy, born in Philadelphia, in 1757 ; son of Samson 
 and Martha Levy; admitted to the Bar, March 19th, 1778; Trustee 
 of the University, 1802-1826 ; Recorder of Philadelphia, 1802- 
 1822; Presiding Judge of the District Court, 1822-1825; member 
 of the Pennsylvania Legislature ; died on May 9th, 1826. 
 
 1795— Zalegman Phillips, born in Philadelphia, June 30th, 1779 ; 
 son of Jonas Phillips and Rebecca Machado; admitted to the Bar, 
 December 4th, 1799 ; married at Baltimore, in 1805, Arabella 
 Solomons, daughter of Myer S. Solomons and Catherine Bush ; died 
 on August 21st, 1839. 
 
 1807— Jacob Gratz, born in Philadelphia, December 20th, 1788; 
 son of Michael Gratz and Miriam Simon; M.A., 1811 ; merchant; 
 President of the Union Canal Company; member of the House of 
 
432 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Representatives of Pennsylvania ; elected to the State Senate in 
 1839 ; unmarried; died in Philadelphia, on December 24th, 1856. 
 
 1810— Joseph Simon Cohen, born in 1788, 1789, or 1790 (year 
 uncertain, and place of birth not given); son of Solomon Myers 
 Cohen and Bell Simon (the latter a daughter of Joseph Simon, of 
 Lancaster, Pennsylvania); read law in the office of Honorable John 
 Sergeant; M.A., 1813; admitted to the Bar, May 24th, 1813; 
 Prothonotary of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania, 1840-1853 ; 
 died in Philadelphia, on February 3d, 1858. 
 
 1811— Benjamin Gratz, born in Philadelphia, September 4th, 
 1792; son of Michael Gratz and Miriam Simon; M.A., 1815; 
 admitted to the Bar, 1817 ; member of the Historical Society of 
 Pennsylvania ; Trustee of the Transylvania University, of Ken- 
 tucky ; Second Lieutenant in Captain John Swift's Company of 
 Pennsylvania Volunteers, 1813 (enlisted under General Thomas 
 Cadwalader); married Maria Gist, daughter of Colonel Nathaniel 
 Gist, and grand-daughter of General Charles Scott, of the Revolu- 
 tionary War ; married again Anne Shelby ; was senior member of 
 the Bar in 1883 ; died at Lexington, Kentucky, on March 17th, 
 1884. 
 
 1812— Elijah Gratz Etting, born in Baltimore, July 14th, 1795; 
 son of Reuben Etting and Frances Gratz; M.A., 1816; admitted to 
 the Bar, May 30th, 1816; became District Attorney of Cecil 
 County, Maryland; unmarried; died in Philadelphia, on May 25th, 
 1849. 
 
 1815 — Samuel Marx, born in Richmond, Virginia, March 4th, 
 1796; son of Joseph Marx and Richea Meyers; received silver 
 medal for superior scholarship ; M.A., 1818; merchant; Cashier and 
 President of the Bank of Virginia; unmarried; died at Richmond, 
 Virginia, on December 7th, 1860. 
 
 1816— Isaac Hays, born in Philadelphia, July 5th, 1796; son of 
 Samuel Hays and Richea Gratz; M.A. and M.D., 1820; member 
 of the American Philosophical Society, 4830; President of the 
 Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1865-1869; Associate 
 Fellow of the Academy of Arts and Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts; 
 honorary member of the Hamburg Medical Society, etc. , etc. ; Fel- 
 low of the Philadelphia College of Physicians, 1835; Editor of the 
 American Journal of the Medical Sciences, etc.; Curator, etc., etc.; 
 married Sarah Minis, daughter of Isaac Minis ; died in Philadelphia, 
 on April 12th, 1879. 
 
th:e! jews of Philadelphia. 433 
 
 1822 — Jonas Altamout Phillips, born in Philadelphia, July 22d, 
 1806; son of Zalegnian Phillips and Arabella Solomons; M.A., 
 1825; admitted to the Bar, May 20th, 1826; Democratic candidate 
 for Mayor of Philadelphia, against John Swift, in 1847-1848; 
 married (April 12th, 1837) Frances Cohen, daughter of Moses 
 Cohen and Rachel Moses, of Charleston, South Carolina; died in 
 Philadelphia, on October 2d, 1862. 
 
 1824 — Isaac Moses, born in Philadelphia, April 14th, 1807; son 
 of Solomon Moses and Rachel Gratz; M.A., 1827; merchant; un- 
 married; died near Mobile, Alabama, on April 3d, 1847. 
 
 1825 — Henry Hays, born in Philadelphia, January 17th, 1807; 
 son of Samuel Hays and Richea Gratz; M.A., 1828; merchant; 
 unmarried; died in Philadelphia, on December 31st, 1874. 
 
 1827 — Benjamin Franklin Phillips, M.A. (record unknown). 
 
 1832 — Simon Gratz Moses, born in Philadelphia, October 6th, 
 1813; son of Solomon Moses and Rachel Gratz; M.A. and M.D., 
 1835; Professor of Obstetrics at the Missouri Medical College, St. 
 Louis (1851-1854 or 1855); President of the St. Louis Obstetrical 
 Society; health officer of St. Louis; twice married — married first, 
 Mary Potter, daughter of Colonel Samuel Ashe, United States 
 Army; second, Mrs. Mary Acheson (iiee Papin). 
 
 1834 — Samuel Moss (non-graduate), born December 25th, 1816 ; 
 merchant. 
 
 1834 — Theodore Frelinghuysen Moss (non- graduate), born in 
 Philadelphia, August 24th, 1819; brother of Samuel Moss; studied 
 mineralogy in Freiberg, Germany ; mining engineer and geologist; 
 married Delia Forbes, daughter of Alfred Thornton, of Virginia. 
 
 1845 — Samuel George Rosengarten, born in Philadelphia, 
 November 8th, 1827; son of George D. Rosengarten and Elizabeth 
 Bennett; M.A. , 1848; chemist; unmarried. 
 
 1847 — Barnet Phillips, born in Philadelphia, December 9th, 
 1828; son of Isaac Phillips, of London, and Sarah Moss, of Phila- 
 delphia; M.A., 1850; studied at the University of Giessen, in Hesse, 
 1850-1851; chemist; merchant; for the last twenty years, a jour- 
 nalist; married Josephine Myers, daughter of Mordecai Myers, of 
 Savannah, Georgia. 
 
 1852 — Morris Joseph Asch, born in Philadelphia, July 4th, 1833; 
 son of Joseph M. Asch and Clarissa Ulraan; M.A., 1855; M.D., 
 Jefferson Medical College, 1855 ; Assistant Surgeon, United States 
 
 . 28 
 
434 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Army, August 5th, 1861-March 31st, 1873; Brevet Captain and 
 Brevet Major, March 13th, 1865 — both ranks received for faithful 
 and meritorious services; member of various medical societies, etc., 
 etc. ; unmarried. 
 
 1852— Joseph George Rosengarten, born in Philadelphia, July 
 14th, 1835; son of George D. Rosengarten and Elizabeth Bennett; 
 M.A., 1855; admitted to the Bar, May 10th, 1856; First Lieutenant, 
 One Hundred and Twenty-first Pennsylvania Regiment; and in 
 United States Volunteers, 1863-1864; promoted to Major on the 
 Staff of General Reynolds ; member of literary and scientific societies, 
 etc., etc. 
 
 1854 — Frank Marx Etting, born in Philadelphia, December 17th, 
 1833; son of Benjamin Etting and Harriet Marx; M.A., 1857; 
 admitted to the Bar, October 10th, 1857; Paymaster in the United 
 States Army, with the rank of Major, 1861; Chief Paymaster in 
 the United States Army, 1864-1867; Brevet Lieutenant- Colonel, 
 United States Volunteers, March 13th, 1865; Brevet Lieutenant- 
 Colonel, United States Army, 1868; Chief Paymaster for disbursing 
 reconstruction fund, on Staff of General Irwin McDowell, 1868; 
 member of the American Philosophical Society, 1875; Director of 
 Public Schools ; Chief Historian, Department of the Centennial 
 Exhibition ; wrote historical account of Independence Hall, etc., etc. ; 
 married Alioe Taney Campbell, daughter of James Mason Campbell, 
 of Baltimore, and grand-daughter of Chief Justice Taney ; died in 
 Philadelphia, on June 4th, 1890. 
 
 1855 — William De wees Hays, born in Philadelphia, October 19th, 
 1836; son of Dr. Isaac Hays and Sarah Minis; M.A., 1858; 
 Engineer and Superintendent of the Harrisburg Division of the 
 Northern Central Railway; unmarried; died in Philadelphia, on 
 January 23d, 1866. 
 
 1856— Henry Phillips, Jr., born in Philadelphia, September 6th, 
 1838; son of Jonas Altamont Phillips and Frances Cohen; admitted 
 to the Bar, June 13th, 1859; M.A., 1859; Ph.D.; linguist, 
 specialist, and writer on Archaeology, Philology, Numismatics, etc., 
 etc.; poet; translator; member of the Numismatic and Antiquarian 
 Society of Philadalphia, American Philosophical Society, etc., etc.; 
 unmarried. 
 
 1858 — Edwin Phillips (non-graduate), born in Philadelphia, 
 August 1st, 1840; brother of the preceding ; unmarried. 
 
THE JEWS' OF PHILADELPHIA. 435 
 
 1866— Isaac Minis Hays, born in Philadelphia, July 26th, 1847; 
 son of Dr. Isaac Hays and Sarah iMinis; M.A. and M.D., 1868; 
 Fellow of the Philadelphia College of Physicians, 1872 ; member of 
 the Philadelphia County Medical Society ; Pennsylvania State Medical 
 Society ; Association of American Physicians; American Philosophical 
 Society; Editor of the American Journal of the Medical Sciences — 
 the oldest and most influential medical journal in the United States ; 
 married Emma Wood, daughter of George A. Wood, of Philadel- 
 phia. 
 
 1871 — David Levi (non-graduate); born in Philadelphia, 40-45 
 years since; son of Solomon Levi; entered in 1871; left in 1872; 
 Minister of the Congregation ''Beth Elohim" (House of God), 
 Charleston, South Carolina ; since 1893, Minister of another Jewish 
 Congregation, in New^ Haven, Connecticut; married Mary Bernstein. 
 
 1871 — Marcus Eliezer Lam (non -graduate), born in Amsterdam, 
 Holland, April 5th, 1854; son of* Eliezer Lam and Julia Lissauer; 
 entered in 1871; left in 1878; teacher; merchant; married Lena 
 Schloss, daughter of Julius Schloss and Rosalie Weiman. 
 
 1872— Adolphus Henry Meyers (particulars unknown). 
 
 1875 — Esdaile Philip Cohen (place and date of birth and record 
 not given) ; son of Andrew J. Cohen and Clotilda Florance ; M. A. 
 and M.D., 1879; journalist. 
 
 1877 — Morris Weil Brinkmann, born in Philadelphia, 30-31 
 years since; son of Michael (M.D.) and Nanette Brinkmann; 
 entered in 1877; left in June, 1881; Curator, Franklin Scientific 
 Society; entered Medical Department; M. D. , 1884. 
 
 1877 — Morris Jastrow, born in Warsaw, Poland, August 13th, 
 1861; son of Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow and Bertha Wolffsohn; 
 entered September 15th, 1877; Ph.D. and M.A., University of 
 Leipsic, July 18th, 1884; member of the American Oriental 
 Society; American Philological Association; Society for Biblical 
 Archaeology (London); Akademisclie Oriental Verein (Berlin); pur- 
 sued Rabbinical, linguistic, and philosophical studies at Breslau, 
 Leipsic, Berlin, Paris, and Strasbourg; lecturer on Semitic languages 
 at the University of Pennsylvania, October 1st, 1885- January, 
 1886; has been Professor of the Arabic Language and of Rab- 
 binical Literature, and is now Professor of Semitic languages, and 
 assistant librarian in the above institution; has written on the 
 Semitic languages and similar subjects, etc. ; married in 1893, 
 
436 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 
 
 Helen Bachman, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Herman F. Bachman, 
 of Philadelphia. 
 
 1878 — Joseph Jastrow, born in Warsaw, Poland, January 30th, 
 1863; son of Rev. Dr. Marcus M. Jastrow and Bertha Wolffsohn ; 
 entered Department of Arts in September, 1878; was class poet, and 
 took Mental Science Prize in 1882; M.A., 1885; entered Johns 
 Hopkins University, Baltimore, in September, 1882, as a graduate 
 student, and remained until June, 1888; was a graduate scholar 
 therein 1884-1885; fellow, 1885-1886-1888; Ph.D., 1886; since 
 1888, he has been Professor of Experimental and Comparative 
 Psychology in the University of Wisconsin; he has written on 
 psychology, and contributed to publications, etc. ; he married Rachel 
 Szold, daughter of Rev. Dr. and Mrs. Benjamin Szold, of Balti- 
 more. 
 
 1878— Meyer Schamberg, born in Philadelphia, July 22d, 1860; 
 son of Abraham Schamberg and !£ugenie Martin; entered, Septem- 
 ber 15th, 1878; B.S., 1882; assisted the State Chemist of Delaware 
 for August, 1882; has held other positions as chief chemist and 
 chemical expert for different enterprises; engaged in mining coal 
 and exploring for oil and gas in Ashland, Kentucky; member of 
 the Franklin Institute and of the American Institute of Mining 
 Engineers. 
 
 1879 — Leon Philip Feustmann, born in Philadelphia, March 6th, 
 1861; son of Bernard Henry Feustmann and Rosalie Mayer; 
 entered as Sophomore in 1879; B.S., 1882; M.A., Institute of 
 Mining Engineers, at Catorce-E. de San Luis, Potosi, Mexico. 
 
 1881 — Leon Brinkmann (non-graduate), born in Philadelphia, 
 25-26 years since; son of Michael (M.D.) and Nanette Brinkmann; 
 entered Medical Department; M.D. 1887; Secretary of the "Phi 
 Delta Upsilon." 
 
 1882 — Joseph David Israel, born in Philadelphia, February 
 28th, 1868; son of Benjamin Israel and Denah Potsdamer; B.S., 
 1886; Mechanical Engineer, 1887; in the service of the Edison 
 Electric Light Company, Philadelphia; unmarried. 
 
 1882 — Jacob Lychenheim, born in Philadelphiaj January 16th, 
 1868; son of Solomon and Hannah Lychenheim; entered Septem- 
 ber 15th, 1882; B.S., 1886; Secretary of the Towne Scientific 
 and Literary Society; Assistant Chemist, Iron Masters' Laboratory, 
 Philadelphia, June-December, 1886; Assistant Chemist, Crane Iron 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 437 
 
 Company's Laboratory, Catasauqua, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania, 
 December, 1886-January, 1888; now at Swedeland, Montgomery 
 County, Pennsylvania. 
 
 1883 — Cyrus Adler, born in Van Buren, Arkansas, September 
 13th, 1863; son of Samuel Adler and Sarah Sulzberger; M.A., 
 University of Pennsylvania, 1886; Ph.D., Johns Hopkins Univer- 
 sity, Baltimore, 1887; member of the American Philological Asso- 
 ciation; Johns Hopkins Philological Association; American Oriental 
 Society; Anthropological Society, Washington, D. C; American 
 Historical Association; Modern Language Association; Fellow in 
 Semitic languages, Johns Hopkins University, 1885-1887; In- 
 structor in same, 1887; Assistant Curator in the Department of 
 Oriental Antiquities, United States National Museum, Washington, 
 D. C, since 1888, and now librarian; Secretary of the American 
 Jewish Historical Society; writer on special subjects, etc., etc.; 
 unmarried. 
 
 1883 — David Werner Amram, born in Philadelphia, May 16th, 
 1866 ; son of Wolf D. Amram and Ester Hammerschlag; entered 
 in 1883; LL.B., 1889; M.A., 1891 ; lawyer; member of the Law 
 Association of Philadelphia; unmarried. 
 
 1883 — Charles Seligman Bernheimer, born in Philadelphia, 
 November 13th, 1868 ; son of Seligman Bernheimer and Betty 
 Loeb; entered Towne Scientific School in 1883; graduated from 
 the Wharton 3chool of Finance and Economy as Ph.B. , 1887; took 
 several class honors; Assistant Secretary of the Jewish Publication 
 Society of America, etc., etc. ; unmarried. 
 
 1883 — Lee Kaiifer Frankel, born in Philadelphia, August 13th, 
 1867; son of Louis Frankel and Amelia Lobenberg; B.S., 1887; 
 took several class honors; practical chemist, 1888; member of the 
 Deutsche Chemische Gesellschaft (Berlin) ; Society of Chemical 
 Industry (London); and Franklin Institute, Philadelphia; formerly 
 Instructor of Analytical Chemistry at the University of Penn- 
 sylvania; now analytical and consulting chemist, and writer on 
 technical questions; unmarried. 
 
 1883 — Isaac Leopold, born in Philadelphia, January 6th, 1864; 
 son of Simon Leopold and Delia Levi ; entered Medical Department, 
 1883; M.D., 1886; member of the Pathological Society, Phila- 
 delphia; physician to the United Hebrew Charities, etc. ; married 
 Sarah Stein, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Charles Stein, of Phila- 
 delphia. ^ 
 
438 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 1884 — Joseph Siegmund Levin, born in Philadelphia, September 
 18th, 1866; son of Henry Levin and Ida Nones; entered as Sopho- 
 more, September, 1884; graduated as B.S., and entered Law 
 Department, 1887; LL.B., 1889; received honorable mention and 
 special prizes on several occasions; admitted to the Bar, June 15th, 
 1889 ; M.A., 1890. 
 
 Herbert Moses Kaufmann, born in Philadelphia, May 21st, 
 
 1870; son of Jacob Kaufmann and Sophie Loeb; B.S., 1888; pur- 
 sued studies in Europe, 1891. 
 
 1885 — Edwin Isaac Hyneman, born in Philadelphia, February 
 17th, 1869; son of Levy Leon Hyneman and Grace Marks; en- 
 tered in September, 1885; graduated in 1889; member of Univer- 
 sity Foot- Ball Team, 1887-1888; member of University Base- Ball 
 Team, 1886-1889; Captain of latter, 1889. 
 
 1886 — Maurice Mayer Feustmann, born in Philadelphia, Novem- 
 ber 16th, 1870; son of Bernard Henry Feustmann and Rosalie 
 Mayer; entered in 1886; B.S., 1890; took several class honors; 
 student of Architecture, etc. 
 
 1886 — Samuel Kahn Louchheim, born in Philadelphia, January 
 11th, 1869; son of Henry S. Louchheim and Carrie Kahn; entered 
 Junior Class of Wharton School, September, 1886; Ph.B., 1888; 
 entered Law Department, 1891; graduated in 1893; took several 
 class honors ; clerk in the Deutsche Union Bank, Frankfort- on- the- 
 Main, Germany, August, 1889-August, 1890 ; admitted to the 
 Philadelphia Bar, June 24th, 1893; life-member of the American 
 Economic Association; member of the American Academy of 
 Political and Social Science. 
 
 Nelson Baum Mayer, B.S., 1890 (other record not given). 
 
 1886 — David Emanuel Simon, born in Philadelphia, July 29th, 
 1868; son of Moses Simon and Fanny Straus; entered Wharton 
 School in 1886; Ph.B., 1888; entered Law Department in 1888; 
 LL.B., 1891; took class honors in Wharton School and in Law 
 School; admitted to the Philadelphia Bar, June 13th, 1891. 
 
 1887 — Alfred Meyer Liveright, born in Davenport, Iowa, 
 November 10th, 1872; son of Henry Liveright and Henrietta 
 Fleischer; entered in 1887; served on reportorial staffs of the Phila- 
 delphia Inquirer and of the North American; in 1893, law student. 
 
 1887 — Leo Stanton Rowe, born in McGregor, Iowa, September 
 17th, 1871; son of Louis Rowe and Katharine Raff; entered as 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 439 
 
 Sophomore, 1887-1888 term; left in 1889-1890 term; also entered 
 Wharton School, and took honors; Ph.B., 1890; Fellow in Political 
 Science, Wharton School; has since pursued Economic studies in 
 Europe; now lecturer on Municipal Government in tlie Wharton 
 School of Finance and Economy ; writer on financial and economic 
 questions; member of the American Academy of Political and 
 Social Science, etc. , etc. ; unmarried. 
 
 1888 — Abram Meyer Feldman, born in Zitomir, Russia, August 
 8th, 1862; son of Simon Feldman and Menicha Marblestone ; 
 graduate of a Teachers' Institute at Zitomir, Russia, in 1882; 
 entered University of Pennsylvania, 1888; B.S. and M.E., 1891 ; 
 mechanical engineer; member of Franklin Institute, of Philadelphia; 
 unmarried. 
 
 1890— Walter Edward Weyl, born in Philadelphia, March 11th, 
 1873; son of Nathan Weyl and Emelie Stern; entered Wharton 
 School in 1890; Ph.B., 1892; is now (1893-1894) a student at a 
 European University ; writer on economic questions, etc., etc. 
 
 1892 — Joseph Kahn Arnold, born in Jacksonville, Illinois, De- 
 cember 8th, 1868 ; son of Solomon Arnold and Elja Kahn; B.S., 
 1 894 ; member of Phi Beta Kappa Honorary Fraternity ; intends 
 entering the ministry. 
 
 1892 — Leo Belmont, born in Philadelphia, December 8th, 1875 ; 
 son of Henry Belmont and Sarah Bernheimer ; Ph.B., 1894. 
 
 1892— Elias Gates, born in Des Arc, Arkansas, August 19th, 
 1873; son of Ferdinand Gates and Sallie Meyer; Ph.B., 1894 ; in- 
 tends to study law. 
 
 1892 — Walter Abraham Hirsh, born in Philadelphia, August 
 8th, 1875 ; son of Henry Hirsh and Lilie Anathan ; received 
 Wharton School certificate, 1894. 
 
 1892— Jacob Rubel, born in Philadelphia, September 12th, 1875; 
 son of Emanuel Rubel and Pauline Hochstadter; received AVharton 
 School certificate, 1894 ; will continue his studies, for degree of Ph.B. 
 in 1895. 
 
 1892 — Harrison Bernheimer Weil, born in Philadelphia, August 
 3d, 1875 ; son of Simon R. Weil and Carrie Meyer ; received Wharton 
 School certificate, 1894; intends to study law. 
 
 Among those who graduated in the Class of 1864 was Lucien 
 J. Florance; but no particulars as to his record have been obtained. 
 
440 THE JEWS OE PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Joseph Abraham is mentioned as having received the degree of 
 Bachelor of Science in 1882. 
 
 Philip DeYoung, in 1838, Jacob Da Silva Solis Cohen, and Louis 
 Manly Emanuel, in 1860, David Davidson, in 1871, and other 
 Israelites (as elsewhere noticed) are among those who graduated 
 from the Medical Department; and Samuel L. Goldsmith, in 1889, 
 and Charles New^garden, in 1892, of those who graduated from the 
 Dental Department. 
 
 Among other graduates and those who took special courses (about 
 some of whom exact information has not been given) are : 
 
 Emil Gustavus Hirsch, son of Rev. Dr. Samuel Hirsch and Louise 
 Michel, of Philadelphia; graduated in 1872; studied in Berlin, 
 Prussia, and graduated there as Ph.D. in 1875; married Tillie 
 Einhorn, daughter of Rev. Dr. and Mrs. David Einhorn, of New 
 York City; is now preacher of "Sinai" Congregation, Chicago. 
 
 Emanuel Furth, son of Mr. and Mrs. Leopold Furth, of Phila- 
 delphia ; LL.B. , 1878; lawyer. [See sketch of his career else- 
 where. ] 
 
 Jacob Singer, son of Mr. and Mrs. Abraham Singer, of Philadel- 
 phia ; LL.B., 1881 ; a prominent lawyer and an active worker. 
 
 Edwin Meyer Goldsmith, son of Mr. and Mrs. Abraham Gold- 
 smith, of Philadelphia ; received a certificate of proficiency for special 
 course in science, in 1882; is known as an inventor. 
 
 Max Biernbaum, son of Mr. and Mrs. M. Biernbaum, of Phila- 
 delphia ; received a certificate of proficiency for special course in 
 civil engineering, in 1884; follows the profession of civil engineer. 
 
 Clinton O. Mayer, Philadelphia, LL.B., 1888; lawyer. 
 
 Leon N. Reefer, Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, in 1888. 
 
 Nathan Alexander Cohen, born July 4th, 1864; son of Mr. and 
 Mrs. T. Theodore Cohen, of Philadelphia; Doctor of Veterinary 
 Medicine, in 1890. 
 
 Arthur Salinger, son of Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Salinger, of 
 Philadelphia; Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, in 1894. 
 
 William Guggenheim, son of Mr. and Mrs. M. Guggenheim, 
 formerly of Philadelphia, now of New York City ; received a cer- 
 tificate of proficiency for partial course in metallurgy and mining, 
 in 1889; is now connected with mining interests in Mexico. 
 
 Benjamin Wilfrid Fleisher, received a certificate of proficiency 
 for studies pursued in Finance and Economic Department, in 1889. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 441 
 
 David Mandel, Jr., Philadelphia ; Ph.B,, 1891; holder of a 
 Fellowship in the University ; lawyer. 
 
 William Benjamin Rosskam, son of Mr. and Mrs. Isaac Rosskam, 
 of Philadelphia ; Ph.B., 1892. 
 
 Harry E. Kohn, son of Mr. and Mrs. Arnold Kohn ; graduate of 
 Finance and Economic Department; Doctor of Philosophy, Uni- 
 versity of Halle, Germany, in 1894. 
 
 Herbert Friedenwald, Doctor of Philosophy, 1894. 
 
 Howard Adler Loeb, Mechanical Engineer, 1894. 
 
 Special Students: Maurice Fels, Philadelphia; B.A., 1883; 
 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore ; lawyer. 
 
 Charles Hoffman, B.A., 1884; M.A., 1887; and LL.B., Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania, 1886 ; lawyer ; editor. 
 
 Wilhelmina Rachael Jastrow, daughter of Rev. Dr. Marcus M. 
 Jastrow and Bertha Wolffsohn, of Philadelphia ; student at the 
 University of Pennsylvania ; and since at the University of Wis- 
 consin. 
 
 A number of others attended the University of Pennsylvania at 
 different times, but took partial courses. Among these are: Horace 
 Augustus Nathans, Philadelphia; merchant; musician; and Presi- 
 dent of the Congregation Mickveh Israel. 
 
 Alfred Joseph Leberman, a teller in the Philadelphia Savings 
 Fund. 
 
 William Moss, Philadelphia; M.D., Jefferson Medical College. 
 
 Moses De Ford, Philadelphia; M:D., Jefferson Medical College. 
 
 Charles Bloomingdale, Jr., Philadelphia; editor. 
 
 Frank Henry Bachman, Solomon Teller, Jr., Bertram Leopold, 
 Felix Levi Goldsmith (partial course in science); Harry Bernheim 
 Hirsh (special course in civil engineering); Gustave Weinlander, 
 Jules Mastbaum, Samuel Fleisher, Frank Muhr, Lee Bowers, and 
 Frank Strouse. 
 
 Arthur Edward Weil and Isaac Husik are worthy of special 
 mention among present students of the University who have won 
 prizes for excellence in different studies. 
 
 Numerous names of graduates are furnished by the Law, Depart- 
 ment, and by several other branches of the University. 
 
442 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Each year witnesses an increase in the number of Jewish students 
 at this institution. 
 
 A memorable event was the annual commencement of the Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania, on June 9th, 1887, when the Reverend 
 Sabato Morais, Minister of the Congregation Mickveh Israel, Phila- 
 delphia, and also founder and President of the Jewish Theological 
 Seminary of America at New York City, received the honorary 
 degree of Doctor of Laws ; he being the first Israelite thus honored 
 by the University. 
 
 In the present corps of instructors at the University is Isaac 
 Joachim Schwatt, born in Mitau, Kurland, Russia, June 18th, 1867; 
 graduate of Gymnasium at Mitau; student at Dorpat University, 
 and at Riga Polytechnic School; also at University of Berlin; 
 received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the University of 
 Pennsylvania, June, 1893; he has been and is now (1894) Instructor 
 of Mathematics in latter institution; member of various societies; 
 he has contributed articles on subjects relating to mathematics to 
 different publications. 
 
 A matter of historical interest is the statement that Rev. Dr. 
 Morris Jacob Raphall, an eminent Rabbi, scholar, and orator, of 
 New York City, delivered a lecture on "The Poetry of the 
 Hebrews," in the hall of the University of Pennsylvania, during 
 January, 1850; the institution at that time being located on the west 
 side of Ninth Street above Chestnut Street — the present site of the 
 Post- Office. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 443 
 
 IX. 
 
 IN OLD PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 A GLANCE BACKWARD. 
 
 (1785, 1825.) 
 
 What Philadelphia was and what Philadelphia is might form an 
 interesting picture when delineated by those whose residence of half 
 a century or more in the City of Brotherly Love has made them 
 witnesses of its social, industrial, and commercial growth and 
 development. The advance in. all directions has been surprising; it 
 has more than kept pace with the steady increase of population ; so 
 that this City, glorious by reason of its historic memories, would 
 scarcely be recognized by those who dwelt within its once narrow 
 confines in the days of the Franklins, and the Livingstons, the 
 Rushes, and the Morrises, and even in later days. To trace our 
 progress, we need not go back to the times when the site of our 
 monumental Public Buildings was regarded as 'way beyond the city's 
 limits. The onward era saw its grandest fruition after "■ Consolida- 
 tion," and that period dates back by not more than four decades. 
 The days of the night watchman who sang out the hours and the 
 state of the weather ; the days when a prisoner in Northern Liberties, 
 who escaped below Vine Street, must needs be extradited; the days, 
 when many a custom— now succeeded by ways of comfort and 
 methods of convenience — was in vogue, are not beyond the memory 
 of our older inhabitants. 
 
 Turning over the pages of a Philadelphia Directory, not earlier 
 
444 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 than the year 1825, (125) many a curious sign of the times is visible, 
 in those days, when streets East and West were numbered from the 
 Delaware and the Schuylkill Rivers, respectively; when Front Street 
 was the abode of fashion; when High (now Market) [Street, Mulberry 
 (now Arch) Street, Sassafras (now Race) Street, East Chestnut 
 Street, East Walnut Street, and other near-by thoroughfares — now 
 entirely given over to busy marts — were the centres where wealth, 
 beauty, intelligence and culture rallied. Times, indeed, have 
 changed, and, in this respect, doubtless for the better of the city and 
 its denizens. 
 
 (125) Since writing this chapter, we have been afforded an opportunity of 
 glancing at the oldest published Directory of the City of Philadelphia, in the 
 year 1785, It is, perhaps, not more than a sixteenth the size of Gopsill's Phila- 
 delphia City Directory for 1894. The editor, Francis White, advertises the fact 
 that he " buys and sells Continental money. State money, depreciation certifi- 
 cates," etc., etc. The work itself is quite a curiosity these days. It gives only ap- 
 proximate statements of residences— -no numbers of houses or stores being visible 
 therein ; it deals in expressions for certain trades, now quite obsolete ; and it is, 
 in other respects, besides, a relic of no ordinary value. Market, Arch, Eace, and 
 some other streets are there called by the names they now bear, indicating the 
 fact that other appellations were of subsequent origin. While this work is the 
 oldest of its kind published, there is still in existence, in manuscript, a Phila- 
 delphia Directory for 1769 — in possession of the Library Company of Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 Directories, in fact, were not annual publications in early times, and a few gaps 
 are noted in their issuance, even during the present century. In later periods, 
 some of our coreligionists had a hand in their compilation. The Philadelphia 
 City Directory for 1860 was compiled by S. E. Cohen, while for quite a number 
 of years, Isaac Costa was the compiler of Gopsill's Directory of this city. 
 
 Among the few Jewish names observed in the Directory foT 1785 are: — 
 
 Moses Cohen, broker and shopkeeper. Second, near Market; Jacob Cohen, shop- 
 keeper. Third between Market and Arch ; Abraham Cohen, shopkeeper. Sterling 
 Alley, near Race ; Jacob Cohen, merchant, Coates's Alley, between Eace and Arch 
 and Front and Second ; Michael Gratz, merchant. Fourth, between Market and 
 C'hesnut ; Michael and Bernard (Barnard) Gratz, merchants, corner of Market 
 and Fourth ; Moses Levy, Esq., Counsellor at law, Chesnut, between Second and 
 Third ; Abraham Levi, gentleman. Fourth, between Eace and Arch ; Soloraan 
 (Solomon) Lyons, shopkeeper. Second between Vine and Callowhill; (the family of 
 Lyons was well known here, Samuel, Asher, and Mordecai Lyons being brothel's, 
 and the last named being in the stationery business on Chestnut Street, between 
 Second and Third Streets, about 1836 ; Mrs. John Moss, Sr., was a sister of theirs ; 
 Eev. Jacques J. Lyons, Minister of the Spanish and Portuguese Congregation 
 "Shearith Israel" of New York City, was a nephew; Mrs. David Levine 
 (deceased), Mrs. Alfred T. Jones, and Mrs. Edward Pincus are daughter of 
 Samuel Lyons, and the families of Moss and others come from the same stock ) ; 
 Henry Moses, sad[d]ler. Fourth, between Market and Chesnut; Jacob flayer, 
 shopkeeper. Arch, between Front and Second; Marrache (should be Solomon 
 Marache ) and Spencer, merchants, corner of Second and Eace ; Moses Nathan 
 (the family name was changed in later years to Nathans), broker. Third, between 
 Arch and Eace ; Moses Nathan, shopkeeper. Second, between Market and 
 Chesnut; Manuel Noah (father of Mordecai Menasseh Noah), merchant. Water, 
 between Eace and Arch ; B. H. Philips, merchant. Water, between Walnut and 
 Spruce ; Jonas Philips (should be Phillips), merchant. Market, between Second 
 and Third. 
 
 Under "Ministers of the Gospel," Jacob Cohan (should be Jacob Cohen) is 
 mentioned for the Jewish Synagogue ("Mickveh Israel"), and his residence is 
 given as on Third Street, between Eace and Arch Streets. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 445 
 
 The Jewish community ia the '20 s, yea, even in the '40 sand the '50s, 
 had not reached a mark that made its influence as a whole appreciably 
 felt. Yet, we have seen not a few personages who rose to prominence 
 in the general body. It may be interesting, with a view to comparison — 
 if for nothing else — to glance at the names, occupations, and residences 
 of some of our coreligionists, as these were given in " The Philadel- 
 phia Directory and Stranger's Guide, for 1825," etc., etc., Thomas 
 Wilson, Editor. (126) More than a few names will be recognized, 
 though the prevailing surnames to-day suggest little, indeed, that 
 bear resemblance. Let the reader determine from the following 
 selections, from a list of Jewish residents: — 
 
 Joseph Andrade, merchant, 301 Walnut Street; Joseph Andrews 
 & Sons, 259 North 2nd, S.E. corner of Callowhill; Jacob Beusa- 
 don, trader, Bryan's Court (south from 102 Cherry Street; Mr. 
 Bensadon, at one time during an interval, acted as Reader in 
 the Mickveh Israel Synagogue) ; Louis Bomeisler & Co., merchants, 
 125 High; Rodrigues Bomeisler & Co., fancy store, 93 North 3rd; 
 Lyon Cadett, dry good store, 82 North 4th (Mr. Cadett, or Cadet, 
 was the maternal grandfather of Mrs. William B. Hackenburg, 
 and an early member of the Rodeph Shalom Congregation) ; Jacob 
 Canter, cabinet-maker, 7 Filbert — dwelling-house, 143 South 11th; 
 E. Carvalho, surgeon dentist, 23 South 7th; A. B. Cohen, carver 
 and gilder, 159 Cedar (now South); A. M. & E. L. Cohen, 
 druggists, 453 High and 7 South 7th; Eleazer Cohen, merchant, 26 
 South Front; Joseph S. Cohen, attorney-at-law, 7 South 7th; M. E. 
 Cohen, dealer, 75 North 4th; Cohen & Nisbet, (127) dry goods 
 merchants, 26 South Front; Henry David, merchant, 139^ High; 
 Jacob David, merchant, 139 High — dwelling-house, 122 North 2nd ; 
 David & Vandyke, dry goods merchants, 122 North 2nd; R. De 
 Cordova, importer of Liverpool ware, 179 High; Joseph Dreyfous, 
 importer of watches, &c., 30 South 4th; S. Dreyfous, importer of 
 
 (126) The explanatory title in full is quite lengthy. A copy of this work 
 is in the possession of Moses A. Dropsie, Esq., through whose kindness we are 
 enabled to present such a list as is given here. 
 
 (127) The present Grand Secretary of the Grand Lodge of Free and Accepted 
 Masons in Pennsylvania is Michael Nisbet, whose maternal grandfather, Eleazer 
 Cohen, was a native of Holland, and a nephew of members of the celebi-ated 
 family of Rothschild. Mr. Cohen married outside the pale of Judaism, and his 
 daughter, Clarissa Cohen, was the wife of Michael Nisbet, father of the above- 
 mentioned. Mr. Nisbet has quite a variety of religious elements in his family — 
 his grandfather having been a Jew ; his grandmother, an English Episcopalian ; 
 and his father, a Scotch Presbyterian. 
 
446 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 jewelry, watches, &c., 262 South 4th; Abraham Elkin, gent. 2 
 South 10th; Barnet Ey tinge, wholesale fancy store, 16 North 
 Front — dwelling-house, 28 Callowhill; Goldsmith & Goudkop, dry 
 goods, 68 North 2nd ; Hyman Gratz, 219 Chesnut ; Jacob Gratz, 
 219 Chesnut; Joseph Gratz, merchant, 125 South Front — dwelling- 
 house, 219 Chesnut; Mrs. Sarah A. Gratz, gentlewoman, 228 Mul- 
 berry; Simon Gratz & Brother, 130 High, & 2 South 7th; 
 Abraham L. Hart, music store, 30 South 4th — dwelling-house, 75 
 North 4th; Isaac Hays, M.D., 35 Sansom; Samuel Hays, merchant 
 Chesnut above 12th; Elias Hyneman, gent. 210 North 6th; 
 M. E. Israel, merchant, 32 Walnut; Abraham Joseph, agent & 
 broker, Goforth alley (between Dock Street and Chesnut Street) ; 
 Abraham Lazarus, dealer, 246 North 2nd ; Aaron Levy, dry goods' 
 store. North 2nd below Mulberry; Joseph Levy, exchange broker, 
 11 South 3rd; Isaac J. Levy, commission merchant, 77 North 4th; 
 Moses Levy, president of District Court, 221 Chesnut ; Mrs. 
 Eachel Levy, gentlewoman, 187 Walnut; Rachel P. Levy, widow, 
 gentlewoman, 180 North 8th; Sampson Levy, counsellor at law, 
 154 Chesnut; Matthias Lopez, prompter— New Theatre, 4 Willow 
 Court (south of Pine Street and above Sixth Street); Jacob Man- 
 heimer, trader, Maiden near Beach (in the neighborhood of Queen 
 and Catharine, and Front and Second Streets, in which several 
 small streets were situated) ; Hyman Marks, exchange broker 
 — dwelling-house, 68 South Front; Isaac Marks, dealer, 115 North 
 5th ; Lewis Mayer, of Mayer & Lohman, commission merchants, 
 95 North Water, Pratt's Wharf— dwelling-house, 3 North 9th; 
 Philip M. Mordecai, paper hanging warehouse, 134 High; Sarah 
 Moses, widow, gentlewoman, 28 Cherry; Sarah Moses, fancy store, 
 193 South 2nd; Solomon Moses, merchant, North East corner Walnut 
 and Front ; Jacob Moss, quill manufacturer & penn cutter and 
 fancy stationer, 22 South 3rd (Mr. Moss was the father of Lieuten- 
 ant-Colonel Joseph L. Moss, who served in the Civil War, and of 
 Isaac M. Moss, senior member of the firm of Moss & Co. , stationers, 
 once located on the South side of Chestnut Street, below Fifth 
 Street, adjoining the former Post-Office) ; John Moss, gent. 189 
 Spruce ; Samuel Moss, merchant, 3 Gray's Alley — dwelling-house, 
 191 Spruce; David Nathans, merchant, 252 North 2nd; Isaiah 
 Nathans, dry goods merchant, 252 North 2nd; Jacob Nathans, 78 
 North 9th ; Nathan Nathans, attorney at law, 60 South 6th ; Sarah 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 447 
 
 Nathans, widow, gentlewoman, Walnut near 7th; Jacob Newman, 
 accountant, 214 South 6th; Benjamin Nones, notary public <fe 
 sworn Interpreter, 10 Chesnut — dwelling-house, 112 South Front; 
 David B. Nones, merchant, 150 South 2nd ; Jefferson B. Nones, 10 
 Chesnut; Joseph B. Nones, merchant, 112 South Front; A. C. 
 Peixotto, merchant, 179 South 5th; Phila Pesoa, widow of Isaac, 
 gentlewoman, 105 North Front; Benjamin Phillips, 21 Chester 
 (between Sassafras — or Race — and Vine, and Eighth and Ninth 
 Streets); Benjamin Phillips, late storekeeper. North West corner of 
 Mulberry and (Schuylkill) Washington ; Benjamin J. Phillips, 
 commission merchant, 20 Sassafras; Isaac Phillips, merchant, 75 
 South Front— dwelling-house, Washington Square; Jacob Phillips, 
 dealer, 90 Crown; Jacob Phillips, patent balance manufacturer, 39 
 New Market ; Joseph Phillips, accountant, 41 North 4th ; J. B. 
 Phillips, merchant, 14 Walnut; Levi Phillips, merchant, 22 North 4th; 
 Manuel Phillips, M.D., 41 North 4th; R. & J. Phillips, merchants, 
 75 South Front; Rebecca Phillips, widow, gentlewoman, 41 North 4th; 
 Zalegman Phillips, attorney at law, 118 Mulberry; Joseph Prieirya 
 (evidently, Pereyra), taper manufacturer, Bryan's Court (South 
 from 102 Cherry Street); Isaac Prince, merchant — dwelling-house, 
 154 South 10th; Philip M. Russell, merchant, 118 St. John; F. & 
 D. Samuel, hatting and shipping Jurr merchants, 9 North 3rd ; 
 David G. Seixas, principal of the Philadelphia Asylum for the 
 Deaf & Dumb, North West corner of 9th and High (128); M. B. 
 Seixas, lottery & exchange broker, 43 South 3rd; Joseph Simon, 
 gent. 253 South 2nd; Frances Solomon, widow, umbrella maker, 
 100 Cedar (South Street — southern boundary of the city in those 
 days); Samuel M. Solomon, accountant, 161 Cedar; Samuel Souza, 
 85 North 6th; Moses Spiers, dealer, 66 Callowhill; Abraham Stein, 
 watchmaker, 84 North 3rd; Aaron Stork, grocer, wine and liquor 
 merchant, 10, and dwelling-house, 90 South Front; Mayer Ulman, 
 tavern keeper, 57 Shippen (now Bainbridge Street) ; H. Van Beil, 
 2d hand clothes' store, Shippen, South- East corner of Crabb 
 (running parallel with, and near, Gaskill Street — above Cedar, 
 
 (128) This statfement is manifestly incorrect in both particulars, since Mr, 
 Seixas had retired from the office of Principal in October, 1821, and the institu- 
 tion was located at the south-east corner of 11th Street (not 9th) and High (now 
 Market) Street — the site of the present Bingham House. 
 
448 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 (now South) Street); Henry J. Weill (probably, Henry I. Weil), 
 trader, 192 North 5th Street (129). 
 
 The above list is but a fraction of the total number (130) ; yet it 
 serves to show how narrow were the confines of Philadelphia, less 
 than seven decades since — a City now, geographically, the largest in 
 the world. Our Jewish citizens seem to have located, for the most 
 part, in streets near unto each other ; inhabiting as they did neigh- 
 borhoods, at present comprising southern sections. Such a circum- 
 stance was not due to any exclusive spirit, but, rather on the con- 
 trary, to the well-established fact that Israelites in their varied call- 
 ings sought localities regarded as the centres of population. 
 
 (129) The house numbering was changed in subsequent years, after "Con- 
 solidation." Thus, 192 North Fifth Street is now 312 North Fifth Street; the 
 division — north and south — being since marked by Market Street. 
 
 (130) More than a few omissions, however, are noticed in this Directory; 
 among them, Abraham Moses, a merchant; and Abraham Gumpert, a dealer in 
 dry goods. Aaron L. Philip, also a dealer in dry goods, was— perhaps, some years 
 later — located on Second Street between Market and Chestnut Streets. 
 
 END OF PART II. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA 
 
 PART III 
 
 IN THE ARMY AND NAVY 
 
 ROLL OF ISRAELITES FROM PENNSYLVANIA WHO GAVE 
 THEIR SERVICES TO THE UNION. 
 
 CONCLUSION. 
 
 •29 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 IN THE ARMY AND NAVY. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Ever since the time when the Hebrew nation rallied to a man in 
 defence of their God-given land and the institutions of their Divine 
 religion; ever since the days when the great Mattathias and his son, 
 Judas, arose to drive out the Syrian invader and oppressor; when 
 heroes, chronicled in prose and song, donned the armor to resist the 
 Roman foe; even since those days of hoary antiquity, love of 
 country has been almost instinctive in the Jew. In whatever laud 
 he found shelter, despite surroundings calculated to render him 
 callous, he has always proven his mettle in the hour of need. Such 
 statements as these, it is hardly to be supposed, will meet with the 
 endorsement of Mr. Goldwin Smith and his confreres of Jew- baiting 
 proclivities. Their vision is too circumscribed; their prejudices too 
 deeply rooted ; their envy too manifest to allow of such an admission. 
 These worthies would still continue to deny what is a positive truth. 
 However, with them we have no immediate concern; for on many 
 an occasion their groundless assertions have been powerfully and 
 successfully refuted by able pens, including that of the scholarly Dr. 
 Hermann Adler, Chief Rabbi of the German- Jewish Congregations 
 of British Isles. We have here only to deal with facts, such as we 
 learn from the simplest investigation. Our work is, nevertheless, 
 but a fraction ; a contribution to larger and more extensive facts as 
 they loom up in every section of the civilized world. . 
 
 We have here designed to show the part taken by Jews in Phila- 
 delphia and Pennsylvania, in the struggles that gave existence to this 
 nation, and that subsequently ensured its permanence against all 
 disrupting elements. A larger work— one that will prove of decided 
 advantage — is that which is being prepared by Honorable Simon 
 Wolf, of Washington, D. C. In this work, to be entitled "The 
 American Jew as a Soldier and Patriot," Mr. Wolf will endeavor 
 
452 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 to present a complete list of Israelites in the United States who have 
 battled for this glorious Union, together with such record of their 
 separate achievements as will be accessible to that untiring writer. 
 Our department relates but to a single section in this vast territory 
 of the United States. Nor can we even boast of completeness in 
 this regard; for, while names suggestive of Jewish parentage are 
 readily met with, it is not an easy task, in every instance, to dis- 
 tinguish them from those of their fellows of Christian descent, 
 specially in these days, when surnames are often misleading. We 
 have sought to verify every name included in our lists, as far as 
 possible ; but we have had no hesitation in adding others where facts 
 go far to sustain our assumption. Yet, from the very nature of the 
 scattered material from which we have had to glean — the incom- 
 pleteness of various records, and the fragmentary character of 
 others — it is not beyond possibility that some names — and worthy 
 ones at that — may have been overlooked, notwithstanding our best 
 endeavors. For these omissions, as well as for other errors, we hope 
 to make amends — Deo Volente. It is not a venturesome statement, 
 however, when we declare our full belief that the following showing 
 is more than creditable to our coreligionists as it relates to their 
 patriotism — exhibited on every occasion before and since the founda- 
 tion of this great Republic of the West. In our lists and descrip- 
 tive matter we have included Israelites, who were natives, or at any 
 time residents, of this city, but who served in regiments of other 
 States, or in wars outside of America. 
 
 In the Army of the Revolution there were many Hebrew^s " who 
 were always at their post and always foremost in all hazardous 
 enterprises." (131) Thus wrote Solomon Etting, of Baltimore, in 
 1824, and he knew that well, from the deeds of his own family, 
 and from what they, and probably he, had witnessed at a time when 
 the Jew^ish population of both North and South America was almost 
 infinitesimal. (132) A perusal of Army and Navy Registers 
 discloses scores of Jewish names in the War of the Revolution, and 
 
 (131) Even before that period, we meet with names strikingly Jewish. To 
 cite a single example : In "Colonial Records," Volume VII, Page 232 (" Minutes 
 of the Provincial Council"), is found a letter from Colonel Armstrong to "the 
 Honourable Robert Hunter Morris, Esquire, late Governor," dated " Carlisle, 20 
 August, 1756," in which occurs the following rather curious statement: "Cap- 
 tain Jacobs said he cou'd take any Fort that wou'd (jatch Fire, and wou'd make 
 Peace with the English when they learned him to make Gunpowder." 
 
 (132) In this connection, see statement about Jewish population of the 
 United States, and of Pennsylvania, at even a later date. — Quoted, on page 70, in 
 foot-note 75, etc., etc. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 453 
 
 in that of 1812, increasing in number at the period of the War with 
 Mexico, and swelling to thousands during the great internecine 
 conflict. One statement has it that "no less than 10,000 Jews 
 served in the late war, and when we compare statistics numerically, 
 the inference can be drawn that the average of Jews in the Army 
 exceeded that of any other distinct religion." Exact numbers it is 
 difficult to give, or even approximately. Some have actually 
 trebled the figure just quoted in reference to the Civil War. Suf- 
 fice that an examination will convince the most incredulous of what 
 the Hebrew has done in the service of this government. Our lists 
 will aim to show it, and, from the modest rank of Private to that of 
 Brigadier-General, an array of names will be set before the reader. 
 But another observation before we proceed. Our detractors 
 would insist that Jews served, like many others, from mere compul- 
 sion. We are not claiming perfection for our people; for we would, 
 indeed, be open to the charge of such partiality were we to say that 
 every Israelite voluntarily gave his services. Such a statement 
 would be untenable in any age and in any country. The love of 
 existence is too pronounced to render many willing to shed their own 
 blood — be it even for a noble cause. Yet, like his fellow of the 
 bravest type, the Hebrew is, by inheritance as it were, easily 
 aroused at the call of liberty, and his action on the battle-field will 
 stand the strongest test of courage and patriotism. But let us quote 
 the words of a Commander. George W. Mindil, who was Brevet 
 Major-General of United States Volunteers during the Rebellion, in 
 the course of a letter to the writer of this work, dated October 31st, 
 1893, expressed himself in these terms: "Some of the very best 
 friends I have in the world are members of the Jewish faith, and I 
 can assure you that some of the very best soldiers we ever had in the 
 Army were Jews by birth and in faith.' ^ (^Italics are used by us.) 
 Could there be a statement more convincing? It emanates, not 
 from the ranks, but from a General whose word on the battle-field 
 is a command to all in his division. Who has better opportunity 
 for careful, unbiased, unvarnished statement? General Mindil' s 
 individual record is that of a brave soldier in every battle ; his 
 achievements have been highly honorable, and have won him the 
 applause of his brother-officers and of his countrymen. Hence, he 
 knows of what he writes, when he thus unqualifiedly pays a tribute 
 to our coreligionists, and, by the same utterances, confounds their 
 traducers. We need nothing more. Our records are now in order. 
 
454 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 IN THE UNITED STATES REGULAR ARMY. 
 
 David Salisbury (otherwise called Salesby and Solebury) 
 Franks (133) seems to have had quite a record both in civil and 
 military affairs. His nativity is not given, though he is mentioned 
 as •' a young English Jewish merchant residing in Montreal in 
 1775," having previously been a resident of Quebec. He at first 
 engaged in trade with the French- Canadian colonists; took part in 
 politics, and was prominently identified with the Spanish and Portu- 
 guese Jewish Congregation of Montreal, at one time (1775) being its 
 President. He subsequently removed to Philadelphia, and during 
 the American Revolution he displayed his active sympathy in the 
 cause of the colonists by enlisting in the ranks of the Continental 
 Army in 1775. He became Major of a regiment, and in May, 
 1778, he was placed on the staff of General Benedict Arnold as 
 Aide- de- Camp, with the rank of Major, serving in that capacity, as 
 well as private secretary to Arnold, until September 25th, 1780. 
 Arnold's treachery caused Franks to fall under suspicion, and on 
 October 2d, 1780, he was arrested on a charge of having been 
 concerned in the act. (134) At his trial, nothing could be proven 
 to sustain the accusation, and he was not only acquitted, but it was 
 shown that his course had been entirely honorable. 
 
 Franks was afterwards ordered to join the Army under Wash- 
 ington, and received other commissions, among them being the 
 bearer of public dispatches to envoys abroad in 1781. He returned 
 in 1782, and in the same year was again entrusted with the conduct 
 of certain negotiations with foreign governments. Early in 1784 
 he sailed for Europe bearing "a triplicate of the ratification of the 
 definitive treaty " to ministers plenipotentiary abroad. This was 
 the treaty already ratified in September, 1783, *' between all the 
 
 (133) There is reason to think that Salisbury was the correct middle name, 
 but that, owing to some difference in pronunciation, this word has been mistaken 
 for another. 
 
 (134) See reference to Franks in "Colonial Records," Volume XII, pages 
 141, 199, 296, 495, and 496. On the page last mentioned, this statement is found: 
 " Resolved that Major David S. Franks be required to return immediately to the 
 Army, under the command of his excellency. General Washington." 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 465 
 
 nations that had been at war. ' ' He had previously been promoted to 
 the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, and was subsequently known as 
 Colonel. He had, however, been retired from active duty in the 
 Continental Army on January 1st, 1783. 
 
 During 1784 Colonel Franks acted as Vice- Consul at Marseilles, 
 France, and in 1785 he accompanied the American agent in France 
 to Morocco to effect a treaty between the Emperor of that country 
 and the United States. This treaty was finally concluded early in 
 1787, and Colonel Franks returned to the United States, bearing a 
 copy of the same. As an officer of the American Army, he was 
 elected to membership in the Pennsylvania State Society of the 
 Cincinnati (instituted in May, 1783, and existing to this day). 
 Evidence on every side goes far to prove that he was a sincere patriot. 
 
 A miniature portrait of Colonel Franks, painted on ivory, is now 
 in the possession of Miss Sarah Joseph, of Montreal, Canada. 
 
 Isaac Franks was born in New York City, in 1759. On the 
 outbreak of the American Revolution, he took up his residence in 
 Philadelphia. Shortly after the Battle of Lexington, he entered 
 the Army. He became confidential Aide-de-Camp to General 
 Washington, holding the rank of Colonel, and serving throughout 
 the War. 
 
 Colonel Franks, subsequent to the Revolution, filled several civil 
 offices, among them Prothonotary of the Supreme Court of Penn- 
 sylvania, to which position he was appointed on February 18th, 1819. 
 His house in German town had once been occupied by General Howe, 
 of the British Army, and subsequently by Washington (1798) when 
 Philadelphia was the Capital of the Nation. 
 
 Colonel Franks died on March 3d, 1822. 
 
 Solomon Bush was an officer in the Pennsylvania Militia (in 
 1777-1787) whose record was highly creditable, and whose services 
 won for him appreciation and deserved promotion. (135) He was 
 appointed Deputy Adjutant-General of the militia of this State on 
 July 5th, 1777. As to his subsequent career in the Army, no 
 stronger testimony could be desired than that set forth in the action 
 of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, at its session 
 held on Wednesday, October 20th, 1779. It reads thus:— 
 
 (135) References to Solomon Bush: " Colonial Records," Volume XI, 
 page 240; Volume XII, pages 140 and 151 ; Volume XIV, pages 570 and 571; 
 and "Pennsylvania Archives" (second series). Volume III. 
 
456 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 *' The Petition of Major Solomon Bush, in the Militia of this 
 State being read, and due inquiry having been made into the 
 circumstances of his case, it appears that Major Bush has, on many 
 occasions, distinguished himself in the Public Service, especially in 
 the Winter one thousand seven hundred and seventy-six, when the 
 Service was Critical & Hazardous. 
 
 " That he entered again into the said Service in the Summer one 
 thousand seven hundred and seventy- seven, when General Sir 
 William Howe invaded the State, and the Militia were called out 
 pursuant to the resolutions of Congress and the requisition of his 
 Excellency General Washington; and in the Month of September, 
 one thousand seven hundred and seventy-seven, acting as Deputy 
 Adjutant General he was dangerously Wounded in a skirmish 
 between the Militia and the advance of the British Army, his thigh 
 being broke, and he brought off with great difficulty; That being 
 carried to his Father's House, on Chesnut Hill, and incapable of 
 being moved, he fell into the hands of the British Army, when it 
 moved up to Whitemarsh, in December, one thousand seven hundred 
 and seventy-seven, who took his Parole; That he has ever since been 
 Confined with his Wound, and incapable of performing any Military 
 duty, or acquiring a livelihood; but on the other hand, his situation 
 attended with much difficulty and expence. 
 
 ' ' All which circumstances being considered, and that the said 
 Major Bush being at the time of receiving his Wounds in Continental 
 Service, and now a Prisoner of War, 
 
 '' Resolved, That he be recommended to the Special Notice of the 
 Honourable Board of War, in Order to obtain Pay and rations 
 Equal to his Rank; and that this Board, in consideration of the 
 services and sufferings of Major Bush, will permit him to draw from 
 the State Store, from time to time, such articles as may be necessary 
 for his comfortable Subsistance and Support.' ' 
 
 That Major Bush had already been promoted to the rank of 
 Lieutenant- Colonel, is evidenced by another action, complimentary 
 to him, taken by the same Council only seven days later, when he 
 was *' recommended to the Honourable the Board of War, for pay 
 and rations accordingly." Again, on November 5th, 1785, the 
 Council, over which Benjamin Franklin then presided, passed an 
 Order for the payment of a pension due to Lieu tenant- Colonel Bush. 
 
 But who was Solomon Bush? Again we are, fortunately, enabled 
 
# 
 
 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 457 
 
 to answer this question. His father was none other than Mathias 
 Bush [See Historical Narrative], one of the signers of the Phila- 
 delphia Merchants' Non- Importation Resolutions (October 25th, 
 1765); his mother's maiden name was Tabitha Mears; his sister, 
 Catherine Bush, married Myer S. Solomons, of Baltimore, and their 
 daughter, Arabella Solomons, wedded Zalegman Phillips, of Phila- 
 delphia. It is thus seen that Colonel Bush was a maternal grand 
 uncle of the well-known Phillips family of our times. 
 
 Benjamin Nones, another ardent patriot, was born in Bordeaux, 
 France, and came to Philadelphia in 1777. He served at times on 
 the Staff of General Lafayette and on that of General Washington. 
 He had, previously, been a Private under General (Count) Pulaski, 
 and, as he himself declares, ''fought in almost every action which 
 took place in Carolina, and, in the disastrous affair of Savannah, 
 shared the hardships of that sanguinary day." He became Major 
 of a Hebrew legion of four hundred men attached to Baron De 
 Kalb's command. At the Battle of Camden, South Carolina, on 
 August 16th, 1780, when the brave De Kalb fell mortally wounded, 
 Major Nones — together with Captain Jacob De La Motta and Captain 
 Jacob De Leon, both of Charleston, South Carolina — bore his chief 
 from the battle-field. 
 
 Major Nones rendered conspicuous services — civil and military — 
 (as elsewhere referred to) and was sworn Interpreter for the United 
 States and for the Board of Health, at Philadelphia, in 1818, and 
 again in 1821. 
 
 Philip Moses Russell also saw considerable service during the 
 War of the Revolution. He was born in 1745, and when the war 
 broke out, he resided in Germantown, Pennsylvania. In the spring 
 of 1776 he enlisted as Surgeon's Mate under the command of General 
 Lee, serving about ten months; then as Surgeon's Mate to Surgeon 
 Norman, of the Second Virginia Regiment, after the British occu- 
 pation of Philadelphia, in September, 1777. 
 
 Dr. Russell went into winter quarters with the Army at Valley 
 Forge in 1777-1778. He was present at the Battle of Monmouth, 
 June 28th, 1778. An attack of sickness, which impaired both his 
 sight and hearing, forced him to resign in August, 1780, when he 
 received "a letter of commendation from General Washington for his 
 assiduous and faithful attention to the sick and wounded. " 
 
458 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Dr. Russell is mentioned as a resident of Philadelphia in 1818. 
 He died on August 11th, 1830. 
 
 Notwithstanding that the number of Jewish inhabitants of Penn- 
 sylvania, and, in fact, of the entire thirteen colonies, was very small 
 indeed, the showing was quite considerable; also, in the rank and 
 file of the Army of the Revolution. Names are occasionally un- 
 certain, but we know to a surety of such as Moses Isaacks, born 
 in New York City, in 1737, who married, in Philadelphia, Rachel, 
 daughter of Judah and Johaveth Mears. He served in the ranks 
 of the colonists ; entertained Washington at his home ; and resided 
 in different New England States. He died in 1798, and his de- 
 scendants have long resided in Philadelphia and New York. 
 
 Lewis Bush became First Lier.fcnant of the Sixth Pennsylvania 
 Battalion on January 9th, 177G; and Captain on June 24th, 1776. 
 He was transferred to Col^jel Thomas Hartley's Additional Conti- 
 nental Regiment, Ja^'iury 13th, 1777; and was commissioned Major, 
 March 12th, 1T77. That he proved a brave soldier, his active part 
 in a Hu^^riiber of battles affords ample evidence. At the Battle of 
 Brandywine, on September 11th, 1777, he received wounds which 
 proved fatal on September 15th following. 
 
 Noah Abraham was Captain of a Third Class Battalion of 
 Cumberland County Militia, called out, with other battalions, "by 
 an order from Council, dated July, ye 28, 1777." 
 
 Moses Hammer enlisted as a Private in the First Pennsylvania 
 Battalion on November 15th, 1775. 
 
 Solomon Isaac was a Private in Captain Robert Adams's Com- 
 pany in the Sixth Pennsylvania Battalion, commanded by Colonel 
 William Irvine. Of Mr. Isaac there seems to be no further record 
 than that he enlisted on February 6th, 1776. 
 
 Jonas Bush was in the roll of Revolutionary soldiers, but no 
 information is at hand as to his rank, date of enlistment, etc. 
 
 Henry Pike Bush served in, what was known as, "The Asso- 
 ciators and Flying Camp." 
 
 In the campaign against Quebec in 1775, a German officer, named 
 Major Maibaum, is mentioned in connection with regiments from 
 Pennsylvania. He is furthermore spoken of as a linguist, and as 
 a gentleman of remarkable accomplishments. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 459 
 
 Reuben Etting was the first Captain of the Baltimore Indepen- 
 dent Blues in 1798. In 1801 President Thomas Jefferson appointed 
 him United States Marshal for the State of Maryland. On removing 
 to Philadelphia he married Frances Gratz, daughter of Michael and 
 Miriam (^nee Simon) Gratz. He died in 1848. Mr. Etting' s de- 
 scendants, some of whom rose to prominence in civil, military, and 
 naval affairs, still reside in this city. 
 
 Joseph Bloomfield was Brigadier-General of the United States 
 Army, and in command of Military District Number 4, comprising 
 the States of Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Western New Jersey, 
 during the War of 1812. His commission was dated March 27th, 
 1812, and his headquarters were at Philadelphia. 
 
 Abraham A. Massias was First Lieutenant of a regiment of 
 riflemen. May 3d, 1808. He became Captain on July 1st, 1809; 
 afterwards Major; and in 1820 was Paymaster in the United States 
 Army. 
 
 Benjamin Gratz, a son of Michael Gratz, of Philadelphia, was 
 born in 1792. In 1813 he enlisted in the service under General 
 Thomas Cadwalader, and served as Second Lieutenant in Captain 
 John Swift's Company of Pennsylvania Volunteers. He died in 
 1884, at an advanced age. 
 
 Mordecai Myers was commissioned Captain of the Thirteenth 
 Pennsylvania Infantry, on March 12th, 1812. 
 
 Joseph Phillips, a son of Jonas Phillips, of Philadelphia, was 
 a soldier in the War of 1812. He died in 1854. 
 
 Among others who served in the War of 1812 was Abraham 
 Mitchell, father of a well-known Philadelphia family. He died 
 in this city, on October 13th, 1856. 
 
 David G. Seixas, a son of Rev. Gershom Mendes Seixas, was 
 also a soldier in the same war with Great Britain. Mr. Seixas is 
 mainly known by his efforts which resulted in the founding of the 
 Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, at Philadelphia. 
 He died at South Bend, Indiana, about 1880. 
 
 Isaac De Young had a military career of more than usual 
 interest, notwithstanding that he enlisted as a mere boy, and had not 
 
460 THE JEWS OF PHLLADELPHIA. 
 
 attained manhood at the close of the War of 1812. His military 
 exploits are well worth recounting here. 
 
 Mr. De Young was born at Rotterdam, Holland, on September 
 14th, 1795. His father, whose name was originally Jung, was 
 appointed diamond- buyer for the crown of France; and as Rotter- 
 dam was at that time the diamond centre of t'^^e world, it conse- 
 quently became his place of residence. Th.- name of the family 
 was changed to De Jung— translated Into English — De Young. 
 Isaac was brought to this countrv^t the age of eight years. When 
 war broke out in 1812, .ht, then being but sixteen years old, 
 enlisted in the Third ISf^w Jersey Heavy Regulars, and took part in 
 the Battles of Sackett's Harbor, Queenstown, Frenchtown, Fort 
 George, Rtjny Creek, Lake Champlain, Georgetown, Oswego, Chip- 
 pewa,' Lundy's Lane, and Fort McHenry. 
 
 In a bayonet charge with the British Grenadiers at the Battle of 
 Lundy's Lane, in July, 1814, De Young was shot in the groin by 
 his combatant, and in consequence of a broken thigh-bone— the 
 result of this engagement — he performed duty on crutches for one 
 year. 
 
 Another incident worthy of particular mention occurred on the 
 night before the Battle of Fort George. The commander of the 
 Fort, then Colonel (afterwards Lieutenant-General) Winfield Scott, 
 in passing out to inspect the picket line, was met by a youth who 
 stood as guard. This \yas none other than De Young. Colonel 
 Scott contrived on his return to venture past the young guard. He 
 was commanded to halt and give the sign, despite his statement that 
 he was Colonel of the Fort. Failing to do so, he was made a 
 prisoner until released. This act was another evidence of De 
 Young's courage. 
 
 Mr. De Young received his discharge from the Army in 1817, 
 when a little more than twenty-one years of age. He afterwards 
 made his home in Philadelphia, and General Scott, never forgetting 
 the incident at Fort George, called on him whenever he visited this 
 city, and they were wont to converse together about the many 
 occurrences of the war. 
 
 Mr. De Young died in Philadelphia, on December 16th, 1868. 
 His remains were interred in the Congregational Cemetery on 
 Federal Street above Eleventh Street, and annually, on Decoration 
 Day, his deeds, as those of other heroes, are remembered by com- 
 rades in Admiral Du Pout Post, Grand Army of the Republic. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 461 
 
 Alfred Mordecai, Senior, a distinguished army officer, and 
 an engineer, who, by common consent, ranks second to none in the 
 realms of scientific research, was born in Warrenton, North Caro- 
 lina, January 3d, 1804. His father, Jacob Mordecai, was a man 
 of scholarly attainments in modern languages, in the classics, and in 
 Hebrew. Alfred, one of his sons, was well trained in different 
 branches of study. He entered the United States Military 
 Academy, at West Point, on June 24th, 1819, being appointed from 
 North Carolina. The youth made rapid progress under such 
 teachers as General Sylvanus Thayer, and his advance was so 
 marked that on July 1st, 1823, he graduated at the head of his 
 class, composed of thirty-five members. Young Mordecai joined to 
 mental abilities, a graceful bearing and courteous manners, command- 
 ing the respect of all with whom he came ' in contact. These traits 
 were prominent throughout his career. The knowledge he had 
 acquired in various spheres soon won him rapid promotion to ranks 
 at once honorable and indicative of his talents. The list is lengthy, 
 but will, nevertheless, be found interesting. 
 
 With his graduation, young Mordecai became Brevet Second 
 Lieutenant of the Corps of Engineers, and on the same day (July 
 1st, 1823) Second Lieutenant. In 1823-1825 he served at the 
 Military Academy ; first, as Assistant Professor of Natural and Ex- 
 perimental Philosophy, July 1st, 1823-September 1st, 1824; and as 
 Principal Assistant Professor of Engineering, September 1st 1824- 
 July 12th, 1825. From the latter year until 1828 he was Assist- 
 ant Engineer in the construction of Forts Monroe and Calhoun for 
 the defense of Hampton Roads, Virginia. Succeeding this, he filled 
 the following positions : Assistant to the Chief Engineer at Wash- 
 ington, D. C, 1828-1832; on special duty with the Secretary of 
 War, 1832; Captain of Ordnance Corps, May 30th, 1832; Assist- 
 ant Ordnance Officer at Washington (D. C.) Arsenal, 1832-1833, 
 being in command of the Arsenal in 1833. He was on leave of 
 absence in Europe in 1833-1834. In 1835-1838 he was in command 
 of Frankford (Pennsylvania) Arsenal; and served as Assistant to 
 the Chief of Ordnance, at Washington, D. C, 1838-1842; mem- 
 ber of the Ordnance Board, May 28th, 1839-December 28th, 1860. 
 In 1840 he was temporarily in Europe on a government commission. 
 He became Assistant Inspector of Arsenals in 1842. He was en- 
 gaged in constructing and experimenting on balistic pendulums, and 
 
462 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 was on foundry duty, 1842-1844. In 1843 he was selected as a 
 member of the Board of Visitors to the Military Academy at West 
 Point. 
 
 Captain Mordecai was in command of AVashington (D. C. ) 
 Arsenal, 1844-1847, and 1848-1855; engaged in preparing de- 
 scriptions and drawings of the Artillery for the United States Land 
 Service, 1847-1848; brevetted Major, May 30th, 1848, ''for meri- 
 torious conduct, particularly in the performance of his duties in the 
 prosecution of the War with Mexico;" Major of Ordnance, Decem- 
 ber 31st, 1854; member of a "military commission to the Crimea 
 and the theatre of war in Europe" (1855-1856), which commission 
 included Captain (afterwards General) George B. McClellan and 
 Major Richard Delafield;— his observations, particularly on military 
 organization and ordnance, being published by order of Congress in 
 a "Report" issued in 1860. 
 
 Major Mordecai was placed in command of Watervliet (New 
 York) Arsenal, 1857-1861. He became a member of the Board 
 "to revise the programme of instruction at the Military Academy," 
 January 12th- April 24th, 1860. He resigned from the service on 
 May 5th, 1861. 
 
 As an author in military circles, specially in the department of 
 engineering, Major Mordecai became famous, and some of his works 
 are text- books on the subjects treated therein. Among these are : 
 a "Digest on Military Laws" (Washington, 1833); " Reports of 
 Experiments on Gunpowder" (1845 and 1849); "Artillery for the 
 United States Land Service, as devised and arranged by the Ord- 
 nance Board — with Plates" (1849); and " Ordnance Manual, for the 
 Use of the Officers of the United States Army" (1841 and 1850). 
 
 Major Mordecai was a member of the Senate of South Carolina, 
 in 1855. In May, 1861, he settled permanently in Philadelphia. 
 He was Assistant Engineer of the Mexico and Pacific Railroad (ex- 
 tending from Vera Cruz, through the City of Mexico, to the Pacific 
 Ocean), 1863-1866. From 1867 to 1887 he was Treasurer and 
 Secretary of Canal and Coal Companies controlled by the Pennsyl- 
 vania Railroad Company. As senior graduate, he presided over 
 the class reunions of the graduates of West Point, among whom 
 were some of the ablest soldiers in the Union, and Generals of the 
 Army (1884-1887). 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 463 
 
 An amusing incident in Major Mordecai's career was the follow- 
 ing : On a certain occasion he had an interview with the Tsar of 
 Russia. Conversing with him in the French language, he addressed 
 the Emperor as "Monsieur." Turning aside to General McClellan, 
 he suddenly remarked in English, "Ha! I called the fellow 
 'Mister.'" Major Mordecai's feelings may be imagined, when the 
 Tsar, who had caught his words, remarked, ' ' I speak English quite 
 well enough. Sir, to continue our interview in that language if you 
 prefer it." 
 
 When still a young man. Major Mordecai married Sara Hays, 
 daughter of Samuel and Richea (nee Gratz) Hays, a woman of 
 many estimable traits of character. He died in Philadelphia, on 
 October 23d, 1887; and at the time of his death was the oldest 
 living graduate of West Point. His widow died on May 26th, 
 1894, in her eighty-ninth year. Three daughters and three sons 
 survive their parents. 
 
 Israel Moses, of Philadelphia, son of Joshua Moses, a merchant 
 of New York City, accompanied General Loring in an overland 
 march to Oregon, in 1846. He was appointed Assistant Surgeon in 
 the United States Army in 1847, and served during the war with 
 Mexico, at Vera Cruz and at Toluca; subsequently, at Fort Craw- 
 ford, Fort Leavenworth, in Oregon, Washington Territory, and 
 Texas. He resigned from the service in 1855. During the Civil 
 War, he was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of a regiment in General 
 Daniel E. Sickles' s Brigade. He afterwards resigned on account of 
 ill health. He became Surgeon of United States Volunteers, in 
 camp hospitals of the Army of the Potomac, and accompanied 
 General Gordon Granger to the West. He was brevetted Lieuten- 
 ant-Colonel of United States Volunteers, "for faithful and meri- 
 torious services during the War," March 13th, 1865. 
 
 Gabriel Dropsie, a son of Aaron M. Dropsie, served as a 
 Private in the First Pennsylvania Regiment, Company D (Captain 
 William F. Small) in the war with Mexico— 1846-1848. Mr. 
 Dropsie is a resident of Philadelphia. 
 
 Morris Joseph Asch served in several capacities during the 
 Civil War. He is a son of Joseph M. and Clarissa {nee Ulman) 
 Asch, and was born in Philadelphia, July 4th, 1833. He pursued 
 studies, and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania in 
 
464 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 1852. His medical course was followed at the Jefferson Medical 
 College, ill Philadelphia, from which he graduated in 1855. After 
 the outbreak of the Civil War, he was appointed Assistant Surgeon 
 in the United States Army on August 5th, 1861, serving as such 
 until March 31st, 1873. He was brevetted Captain and Major on 
 the same day (March 13th, 1865), ''for faithful and meritorious 
 services during the War." As will be noticed, he continued as 
 Surgeon throughout the Civil War, "and for nearly eight years 
 subsequent thereto, resigning on March 31st, 1873. 
 
 Dr. Asch is a prominent New York physician, and is a member of 
 the Medical Journal Association, of New York ; New York Laryn- 
 gological Society, of which he was Vice-President in 1876-1877 ; 
 New York Neurological Society ; Surgeon in Aural Department of 
 New York Eye and Ear Infirmary ; and Physician of the Metro- 
 politan Throat Hospital. 
 
 Frank Marx Etting, son of Benjamin and Harriet {nee 
 Marx) Etting was born in Philadelphia, December 17th, 1833. 
 He became Paymaster in the United States Array, with the rank of 
 Major, in 1861; Chief Paymaster in the Army, in 1864-1867. 
 On March 13th, 1865, he was brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel of 
 United States Volunteers, and in 1868 he received the Brevet rank 
 of Lieutenant-Colonel in the Regular Army, serving the same year 
 on the Staff of General Irwin McDowell, for disbursing the recon- 
 struction fund. Mr. Etting' s civil record, which contributed in no 
 small degree to his prominence, is referred to in another department 
 of the present work. He rendered services as a soldier and as a 
 citizen. He died in this city, on June 4th, 1890. 
 
 Alfred MoRDECAi, Junior, a son of Major Alfred Mordecai, 
 was born in Philadelphia, June 30th, 1840. He entered the 
 Military Academy at West Point, July 1st, 1857, graduating 
 therefrom, June 24th, 1861, and on the same day was brevetted 
 Second 'Lieutenant of Topographical Engineers. His father's 
 mantle has largely descended upon his shoulders, and in the general 
 army, more particularly in the Ordnance Corps, the son has 
 achieved a wide reputation. He served at Washington, D.C., in 
 drilling volunteers for the Civil War, June 25th-July 9th, 1861, 
 He was Acting Assistant Adjutant- General, July 9th-August 31st, 
 1861, in the defenses of Washington, and in the Manassas Campaign, 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 465 
 
 being engaged in the Battle of Bull Run, July 21st, 1861. 
 During the period of this service, he became Second Lieutenant of 
 Topographical Engineers, on August 3d, 1861. On September 
 4th, following, he was chosen as Assistant Professor of Mathematics 
 at the Military Academy, serving until June 28th, 1862, and 
 during which time he was transferred to the Ordnance Corps (Octo- 
 ber 23d, 1861). After leaving the Academy, he was Assistant 
 Inspector of Ordnance at West Point (New York) Foundry, June 
 28th, 1862-June 1st, 1863; meanwhile becoming First Lieutenant 
 of Ordnance, March 3d, 1863. He was promoted Captain of 
 Ordnance, June 1st, 1863; Assistant Ordnance Officer, June 11th- 
 July 3d, 1863; Acting Chief of Ordnance, July 3d-September 
 22d, 1863; Chief of Ordnance, Department of the South, Sep- 
 tember 22d, 1863-April 22d, 1864, being engaged in the opera- 
 tions against Charleston (South Carolina), which comprised : the 
 descent upon Morris Island, July 10th, 1863; the bombardment of 
 Fort Sumter, August 17th-23d and November Ist-lOth, 1863; 
 and the Siego of Fort Wagner, July lOth-September 7th, 1863. 
 
 Lieutenant Mordecai was bre vetted Major, September 7th, 1863, 
 *'for gallant and meritorious services at the Siege of Fort Wagner, 
 South Carolina;" Chief of Ordnance, Army of the James, May 
 5th-September 2d, 1864; Major of Ordnance, June 23d, 1864; 
 Assistant Ordnance Officer at Watervliet (New York) Arsenal, 
 September 7th-17th, 1864; Acting Chief of Ordnance, Department 
 and Army of the Tennessee, October 22d-November 6th, 1864 ; 
 Chief of Ordnance, Department and Army of the Ohio, October 
 23d-November 7th, 1864 ; Senior and Supervising Ordnance 
 Officer of the Army of the Cumberland (under General Thomas), 
 November 7th, 1864-June 24th, 1865; Chief of Ordnance, De- 
 partment of the Cumberland, November 28th, 1864-June 24th, 
 1865, and of the Military Division of the Tennessee, June 24th- 
 July 10th, 1865. 
 
 Major Mordecai's services were again recognized when, on March 
 13th, 1865, he was brevetted Lieutenant- Colonel "for distinguished 
 services in the field, and faithful and meritorious services in the 
 Ordnance Department during the Rebellion." On July 12th, 
 1865, he was made Instructor of Ordnance and Gunnery at the 
 Military Academy, West Point, serving there until August 2d, 
 1869, and again on August 30th, 1874-1881. He was Assistant 
 
 30 
 
466 THE JEW^ OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Ordnance Officer at Rock Island (Illinois) Arsenal, August 2d, 
 1869-August 12th, 1870 ; in command of Leavenworth (Kansas) 
 Arsenal, acting as well in the capacity of Chief Ordnance Officer of 
 the Department of the Missouri, August 12th, 1870-May 28th, 
 1874 ; member of Board on new Cavalry outfit, November 29th, 
 1873-May 5th, 1874 ; Assistant Ordnance Officer at Watertown 
 (Massachusetts) Arsenal, June 6th- July 25th, 1874; member of 
 Board to examine officers for transfer to Ordnance Department, 
 March llth-July 22d, 1875, and April lst-7th, 1876; at Water- 
 vliet (New York) Arsenal, 1881-1886. 
 
 The Brevet rank held by Lieutenant-Colonel Mordecai was changed 
 to that of the full rank of Lieutenant- Colonel on December 4th, 
 1 882. He was a member of the Ordnance Board and the Board for 
 testing rifled cannon, in 1886; he served at New York Arsenal in 
 1887 ; and as a member of the Board of Ordnance and Fortifications, 
 from October, 1888. His present rank is that of Colonel, and he is 
 now (1893-1894) in command of the National Armory, at Spring- 
 field, Massachusetts. 
 
 It is thus seen that Colonel Mordecai' s military record is a brilliant 
 one, reflecting great credit on him and lustre on the honored name 
 he bears. 
 
 Justus Steinberger, born in Pennsylvania ; appointed to the 
 Army from Washington Territory; Captain and Assistant Adjutant- 
 General of United States Volunteers, September 28th, 1861; Major 
 and Paymaster in United States Army, November 8th, 1866; died 
 on October 13th, 1870. 
 
 Israel Waterman, transferred from ranks of Fortieth Regiment, 
 Pennsylvania Volunteers, to United States Army, November 9th, 
 1862. 
 
 Daniel M. Appel is among those who have, in more recent 
 times, entered the regular service. He was born in Pennsylvania, 
 October 28th, 1854, and was appointed to the army from the same 
 State. His positions and service to the present time are as follows: 
 First Lieutenant and Assistant Surgeon, United States Army, August 
 5th, 1876; at Fort Monroe, Virginia, to September, 1876; ordered 
 to Department of the Missouri, August 28th, 1876; Post Surgeon 
 at Fort Stanton, New Mexico, October 1876-November, 1879; Post 
 Surgeon at Fort Supply, Indian Territory, February, 1880-October, 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 467 
 
 1881; Captain and Assistant Surgeon, August 5th, 1881 ; Post Sur- 
 geon at Fort Elliott, Texas, to October, 1883; ordered to Depart- 
 ment of the East, September 14th, 1883; at Fort Porter, New York, 
 December, 1883-January, 1885; Post Surgeon at Plattsburgh (New 
 York) Barracks, to December, 1885 ; Post Surgeon at Jackson 
 (Louisiana) Barracks, to September, 1886 ; Post Surgeon at Fort 
 Davis, Texas, to December, 1888; Post Surgeon at Fort Sill, 
 Indian Territory, to June, 1889; and since, Post Surgeon at Fort. 
 Bliss, Texas. 
 
 Louis Ostheim, youngest son of Philip Ostheim, was born in 
 Philadelphia, December 11th, 1860. He received his education in 
 public schools, and was appointed to the Military Academy at West 
 Point, in August, 1878, by Honorable Samuel J. Randall, member 
 of Congress from Pennsylvania, and Speaker of the House of Rep- 
 resentatives. Cadet Ostheim entered the Military Academy Sep- 
 tember 1st, 1878, and graduated June 13th, 1883, becoming 
 Second Lieutenant of the Third Artillery. Until June, 1885, he 
 was stationed at Jackson (Louisiana) Barracks. During the same 
 period (in 1884) he was on duty distributing rations to the destitute 
 during an overflow of the Mississippi River. In June, 1885, he 
 was stationed at Washington (D. C.) Barracks. 
 
 Lieutenant Ostheim was detached to take charge of Fort Myer 
 (Virginia) December 16th, 1887; was Acting Assistant Quarter- 
 master and Acting Commissary of Subsistence at Fort Myer 
 (Virginia), 1887-1888; ordered to Fort Monroe (Virginia), Sep- 
 tember 1st, 1888. At Washington (D. C.) Barracks he was made 
 First Lieutenant of the Second Artillery. 
 
 Lieutenant Ostheim has since been stationed at Fort Warren 
 (outside of Boston, Massachusetts), and has also been on recruiting 
 service at St. Louis, Missouri. He is now (1893-1894) at Fort 
 Warren, as above mentioned. 
 
 Aaron H. Appel was born in Pennsylvania. He was appointed 
 to the army from the same State ; made First Lieutenant and Assist- 
 ant Surgeon, United States Army, June 3d, 1879; and Captain and 
 Assistant Surgeon, June 3d, 1884. 
 
 Harry J. Hirsch, son of Michael C. Hirsch, was born in Phila- 
 delphia. He entered the United States Military Academy, at West 
 Point, June 16th, 1887, and graduated June 12th, 1891. He 
 
468 
 
 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 became Second Lieutenant of the Fifteenth Infantry on the latter 
 date, and as such is now stationed at Fort Sheridan, Illinois. 
 
 George J. Newgarden, graduated as M.D. at Jefferson Medical 
 College, Philadelphia, in 1889. He was formerly Medical Examiner 
 in the Pension Office, at Washington, D. C. He is now First 
 Lieutenant, United States Army, at Fort Sheridan, Illinois. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 469 
 
 IN THE UNITED STATES NAVY. 
 
 Uriah Phillips Levy was born in Philadelphia, April 22d, 
 1792. His father, Michael Levy, was an officer in the American 
 Revolutionary War; his mother, Rachel Phillips, was a daughter 
 of Jonas Phillips, one of the early Presidents of the Congregation 
 Mickv^h Israel. Levy entered upon his naval career — one of dis- 
 tinction and bravery throughout — on October 21st, 1812, as Master 
 in the United States Navy. In that capacity he served during the 
 War of 1812 on the brig "Argus," which ran the blockade to 
 France, with Mr. Crawford, the American Minister to that country, 
 on board. The " Argus ' ' ravaged the English Channel, destroying 
 twenty-one British merchantmen, one of which alone was worth 
 $625,000. At length, in a naval battle with the '^ Pelican"— a 
 British war vessel — Levy and his companions were captured, and 
 for two years confined in Dartmoor Prison. 
 
 Levy's gallant conduct and his brilliant record are made manifest 
 by his promotions: first to Lieutentant, on March 5th, 1817; to 
 Commodore, on February 9th, 1837; and to Post-Captain, on March 
 29th, 1844. Post-Captain Levy made many cruises into foreign 
 waters. On the last of these, in 1858, he was Flag-Officer of the 
 Mediterranean Squadron. He had then attained the highest rank 
 in the Navy (the office of Admiral not having been created until the 
 Civil War). 
 
 Flag-Officer Levy will ever be held in grateful remembrance for 
 a system he inaugurated, and which has since been adopted by many 
 civilized nations; namely, the abolition of corporal punishment of 
 seamen. This cruel practice had been carried on without limit. 
 Captain Levy rightly recognized the stigma which its continuance 
 cast upon Freedom. He therefore devised a plan which, while it 
 recognized the authority of superiors, did not allow of its abuse by 
 commanders. He thus won the lasting gratitude of seamen, and the 
 encomium of all lovers of equal rights. His admiration of Thomas 
 JeflPerson was shown in his purchase of that statesman's family-seat 
 at Monticello, Virginia. This property was confiscated by the rebel 
 
470 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 government during the Civil War, but is again in the possession of 
 the Levy family. 
 
 The Common Council of New York City recognized Captain 
 Levy's valuable services to the Nation by granting him "the free- 
 dom of the City." There he resided until his death, on March 22d, 
 1862. On the monument erected to his memory, in that part of 
 Cypress Hills Cemetery, in use by the Congregation Shearith Israel, 
 these words are inscribed: "He was the father of the law for the 
 abolition of the barbarous practice of corporal punishment in the 
 United States Navy" — the act of all his acts w^hich enshrines his 
 name in the hearts of his countrymen. 
 
 Joseph B. Nones, a son of Major Benjamin Nones, a dis- 
 tinguished oflBcer of the Revolution, was born in 1797. In 1812 he 
 entered the Navy as a Midshipman. In 1814, when but seventeen 
 years of age, he, as private secretary, accompanied Henry Clay, 
 who, with Gallatin, Bayard, and John Quincy Adams, sailed on the 
 frigate ''John Adams" to Europe on the Ghent Mission. After 
 returning, Mr. Nones was ordered for duty on board the "Guer- 
 riere, ' ' under Commodore Decatur, on whose staff he served for two 
 years. He was wounded several times during an engagement with 
 the Algerian ship ''Mesusa," and was obliged to retire in 1822. 
 He died in New York in the spring of 1887, having already entered 
 upon his ninety- first year. During a period of forty-five years 
 previous to his death, Mr. Nones was a Commissioner of Deeds for 
 every State in the Union. He was often heard to say with great 
 pride that ' ' he had been frequently dandled on the knee of the 
 father of his country." 
 
 Henry Etting was born in Baltimore, Maryland, May 20th, 
 1799. He became Midshipman in the United States Navy, January 
 1st, 1818; Purser, November 7th, 1826; Paymaster, with the rank 
 of Commander, November 7th, 1830; and retired wdth the rank of 
 Captain, December 21st, 1861. During the Civil War, he was 
 Purser and Fiscal Agent of the Navy Department, at New York. 
 He was placed on the retired list as Pay Director, with the rank of 
 Commodore, March 3d, 1871. 
 
 Mr. Etting was elected to the Loyal Legion of the United States 
 (Commandery of Pennsylvania), July 2d, 1866. He died at Ports- 
 mouth, New Hampshire, on July 10th, 1876. 
 
THE Jl'lWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 471 
 
 Henry Benjamin Nones, another member of a well-known 
 family, was born in Philadelphia, April 13th, 1804. He held the 
 following ranks: Third Lieutenant, United States Revenue Marine, 
 June 10th, 1831; Second Lieutenant, June 13th, 1831; First 
 Lieutenant, June 2d, 1832; Captain, Decemlier 14th, 1838. He 
 was elected a member of the Loyal Legion of the United States 
 (Commandery of Pennsylvania), on July 3d, 1867. He died at 
 Wilmington, Delaware, on August 25th, 1868. 
 
 Jonas P. Levy, a brother of Uriah Phillips Levy, was born 
 in Philadelphia, in 1807. He commanded the United States Ship 
 "America" during the Mexican War, and was active in the trans- 
 portation of United States troops to Vera Cruz. At the surrender 
 of that port, he was appointed its Captain by General Winfield 
 Scott. On one occasion, Captain Levy was carrying iron houses 
 (so called) on his ships. Catching sight of the Mexican fleet, he 
 ordered the entire load to be cast overboard, gave chase, and inter- 
 cepted the enemy. He died in New York City, in 1883. 
 
 Horace. Moses, son of Solomon and Rachel {nee Gratz) Moses, 
 was born in 1820. His ability as an engineer led to his appointment 
 as Civil Engineer and Agent of the Reading Railroad. At one 
 time, he was private secretary to Captain (afterwards Admiral) 
 S. P. Lee. During the Waj- with Mexico, he served with the 
 American fleet around Vera Cruz. Mr. Moses's knowledge and 
 experience proved of advantage in various ways. He died in 
 Philadelphia, on October 15th, 1893. 
 
 Henry Beauchamp Nones, a native of Pennsylvania, was 
 commissioned Third Assistant Engineer in the United States Navy, 
 September 23d, 1853. He resigned, and was honorably discharged, 
 August 19th, 1856. He became Second Assistant Engineer in the 
 Navy, with the rank of Master, May 28th, 1861; First Assistant 
 Engineer, with the rank of Ensign, July 1st, 1861. He was de- 
 tailed for duty on the steam sloop ''Powhatan," of the South 
 Atlantic Squadron, in 1861-1863; on the steamer "Ascutney," of 
 the North Atlantic Squadron, in 1863-1865. Mr. Nones had 
 already been promoted Chief Engineer, with the rank of Lieutenant 
 Commander, on December 14th, 1861. He did special service on 
 the "Wilmington," in 1866; on the "Iroquois," of the Asiatic 
 Fleet, in 1867-1870; on the ''Philadelphia," in 1871; on the 
 
472 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 "Juniata," European Station, in 1872-1875. He served as a 
 member of the Board of Examiners, in 1876-1880, and in 1884- 
 1886; on the steamer "Galena," European Station, in 1880-1883. 
 He became Chief Engineer of the United States Navy, with the 
 rank of Commander, on December 1st, 1885; President of the 
 Board of Examiners, in 1886-1887. He served on the ''Rich- 
 mond," North Atlantic Station, in 1887-1890. 
 
 Mr. Nones is a member of the Loyal Legion of the United States 
 (Commandery of Pennsylvania), to which he was elected, January 
 2d, 1867, and was chosen to the Council of the Commandery, in 
 1885-1886. He has risen step by step in the Navy to the high 
 position of Chief Engineer — a station which few have been privi- 
 leged to attain. 
 
 Theodore Minis Etting, son of Edward J. Etting, a prominent 
 merchant of Philadelphia, was born in this city. May 25th, 1846. 
 He was educated in private schools, and subsequently sent to the 
 United States Naval Academy, at Annapolis (Maryland). While 
 on a leave of absence from the Academy, during the Civil War, 
 he volunteered his services to the United States Navy, and was 
 appointed Acting Midshipman, November 28th, 1862, when a little 
 over sixteen years of age. He was promoted to Midshipman, June 
 2d, 1868 (having then passed his twenty-second year). He became 
 Ensign, April 19th, 1869; Master, July 12tli, 1870; and Lieu- 
 tenant, March 3d, 1874. He resigned, and was honorably dis- 
 charged, July 1st, 1877. 
 
 Mr. Etting then studied law in the office of Henry R. Edmunds, 
 Esq., a well-known admiralty lawyer, and at the same time attended 
 lectures at the Law Department of the University of Pennsylvania. 
 He was admitted to the Bar, June 14th, 1879. As an attorney, 
 he commands a large practice, his jorte being shipping, admiralty, 
 and corporation law. Besides contributing to magazines articles 
 on shipping and admiralty law, he is the author of a work on 
 "Admiralty Jurisdiction." 
 
 In February, 1885, Mr. Etting was elected from the Eighth 
 Ward, of Philadelphia, to Select Council, and served in that 
 capacity during several successive terms. He declined a re-election 
 in 1894. He has taken an active part in municipal affairs; he is 
 a member of the Rittenhouse Club, George G. Meade Post of the 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 473 
 
 Grand Army of the Republic, Sons of the Revolution, and Loyal 
 Legion of the United States (Commandery of Pennsylvania), to 
 which he was elected, November 10th, 1880. 
 
 Jonathan Manly Emanuel, a son of Dr. Manly Emanuel, 
 was born in London, England. He came here with his parents, and 
 studied at Oakland Academy, Burlington, New Jersey, from which 
 he graduated with high honors at the head of a class of thirty. He 
 then devoted himself to the study of theoretical and practical Marine 
 Steam Engineering, and for a time followed mercantile pursuits. 
 
 At the beginning of the Civil War, Mr. Emanuel applied for 
 admission into the Engineer Corps of the United States Navy. He 
 received an appointment therein as Third Assistant Engineer, August 
 25th, 1862. His record and service from that period are as follows: 
 Promoted and commissioned Second Assistant Engineer, February 
 15th, 1864; First Assistant Engineer, June 6th, 1869; Passed 
 Assistant Engineer, February 24th, 1874;=served on Ironclad 
 "Keokuk," October 10th, 1862-April 13th, 1863 ; on Steamer 
 *'San Jacinto," Flag-ship of the East Gulf Blockading Squadron, 
 May 23d, 1863-January 1st, 1865, when this vessel was wrecked on 
 Abaco Reef, No Name Key (Bahama Islands), and where Engineer 
 Emanuel remained until February *1 0th, 1865, when he was taken 
 to Key West, Florida, on the "Tallapoosa." He had previously 
 (October 9th, 1863) been temporarily detached from the "San 
 Jacinto," and was sent to New Orleans, February 2d, 1864, in charge 
 of the prize steamer "Lizzie Davis." He served on the "Shawmut" 
 to December 3d, 1866, going on a cruising expedition to Europe, 
 and also in the South Atlantic; in examining firemen at the Boston 
 Navy Yard, and at the Boston Naval Rendezvous, December 12th, 
 1866-May 27th, 1867; on the "Guerriere," Flag-ship of the South 
 Atlantic Squadron, May 28th, 1867- June 8th, 1868; on the 
 "Shamokin," June 8th-September 10th, 1868 ; on the "Guerriere," 
 September 10th, 1868-May 31st, 1869; on the ''Kansas," South 
 Atlantic Squadron, May 31st-September 16th, 1869; on the 
 "Dictator," July 9th, 1870-June 22d, 1871; at the Navy Yard, 
 Philadelphia, July 2d-August 11th, 1873; on the " Tuscarora," to 
 July 31st, 1876, running a line of soundings for a sub-marine cable 
 from San Francisco, California, to Yokohama, Japan ; in trying 
 engines of the " Quinnebaug, " at Philadelphia, January 29th-March 
 4th, 1878; also served on the "Puritan," for trial of engines; in 
 
474 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 charge of machinery of Ironclads, **Ajax," "Catskill," "Lehigh,'^ 
 "Mahopac," and "Manhattan," then anchored in the James River, 
 off Brandon, Virginia, March 21st, 1878-July 17th, 1880; on the 
 Flag-ship "Alaska," South Pacific Squadron, 1881-1883; on the 
 "Alliance," North Atlantic Station, 1883-1885; in charge of 
 Ironclads at League Island, Philadelphia, 1886-1889; on the 
 "Mohican," Pacific Station, 1889-1890. 
 
 Mr. Emanuel fell sick while on the "Mohican," and on November 
 6th, 1890, while in port at Honolulu, Hawaii, he was ordered for 
 examination before a Medical Board. Sent to a Naval Hospital, at 
 Mare Island, California, to be treated, he remained there several 
 weeks without improving. Again examined by a Board, he was 
 declared unfit for service. He repaired to his home in Philadelphia, 
 on sick leave, December 16th, 1890. When found to be unable to 
 continue his duties in the Navy, he was retired from active service, 
 and placed on the retired list of oflScers, on April 7th, 1891, being 
 at the head of the list of Passed Assistant Engineers, and entitled 
 to promotion to Chief Engineer. 
 
 Mr. Emanuel served in the Navy nearly twenty- nine years; he 
 saw almost every part of the world, and his services, as indicated 
 simply by his record, were eflScieat and conspicuous. To these were 
 added studious habits and eminent ability as an Engineer. Mr. 
 Emanuel is a member of the Loyal Legion of the United States 
 (Commandery of Pennsylvania); and of Union Lodge, Number 
 121, of the Masonic Order. He resides with his wife and family in 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Florian Moss, a son of Joseph L. Moss, of Philadelphia, was 
 appointed Captain's Clerk, on the United States Ship ''Vermont," 
 attached to the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron, commanded 
 by Rear Admiral S. F. Du Pont, September 7th, 1862; Comman- 
 der's Clerk, on the same vessel, September 8th, 1862. He left his 
 home, in Philadelphia, to report for duty at Port Royal Harbor, 
 South Carolina, September 17th, 1862. He was appointed Com- 
 mander's Clerk, on the United States Steamship " Massachusetts," 
 at New York, December 4th, 1862 ; Commanding Officer's Clerk, 
 on the United States Steamship "Massachusetts," at Philadelphia, 
 May 31st, 1865. Mr. Moss is a resident of this city. 
 
 Solomon Pinheiro, son of Isaac Pinheiro, was born in 1846. 
 He enlisted as a Landsman in the United States Navy, January 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 475 
 
 13th, 1868, and served to December 15th, 1866. In December, 
 1864, an order was read on board the "Juniata," requiring one of 
 the crew of two hundred and seventy- five men to take in charge the 
 towing of an old steamboat, loaded with 100 tons of powder, under 
 Fort Fisher, North Carolina. All the men volunteered in a body ; 
 lots were drawn, and Solomon Pinheiro was sent in charge of the 
 expedition. Admiral Porter and General Butler formed the plan 
 of having a large quantity of powder exploded under the fortress, 
 so as to weaken the foundations and dislodge the guns. Pinheiro, 
 with eleven others, set out on the dangerous mission. The powder 
 failing to explode in bulk, the men were blown out of the boat and 
 into the water, in this way escaping what would otherwise have been 
 sure death. 
 
 The first attack on Fort Fisher, on December 24th, 1864, having 
 been a failure, the combined forces of the Army and Navy made a 
 second attack, on the 12th, 13th, and 14th days of January, 1865. 
 Pinheiro and a party of sailors and marines were sent ashore to 
 attack the Fort in front, while the military forces were active in the 
 rear. In that action, he received a scalp wound from a flying piece 
 of scrappling iron. After lying three weeks in a hospital at Beau- 
 fort, North Carolina, he recovered and rejoined his ship, the 
 "■ Juniata," at Charleston, South Carolina. He was present at the 
 surrender of that city, February 17th, 1865. He also served on 
 the frigate " Ironsides;" and remained in the service until eighteen 
 months after the War. Mr. Pinheiro is a resident of Philadelphia, 
 and is at present Captain of the Naval Veteran Legion. 
 
 Henry Levi, Landsman in the United States Navy, served on 
 the sloop-of-war, "Princeton," from July 30th, 1862, to August, 
 1862, when he was transferred to the frigate "New Ironsides," and 
 sent to Fort Monroe. He also served on the sloop-of-war, "James- 
 town;" and on board the "New Ironsides" at the time it relieved 
 the "Little Monitor" (which was lost at sea while on a trip to 
 Charleston, South Carolina, in January, 1863). 
 
 Mr. Levi was assigned to "Calcium Light" duty, in October, 
 1863- June, 1864. Subsequently, he was transferred to the battle- 
 ship, "New Hampshire;" then to the gunboat, " Mironaburg. " 
 He was wounded while on picket duty. After serving in another 
 capacity, he was, in June, 1865, transferred to the sloop-of-war, 
 " Vandalia." Mr. Levi was instrumental in saving Captain Dana 
 
476 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 from drowning, and, in fact, showed his courage and bravery on a 
 number of occasions. 
 
 Solomon Asher, a son of Michael and Sophia {nee Hart) 
 Asher, was born in New York City, July 8th, 1840. He shipped on 
 the United States gunboat, "Wissahickon,'* of the South Atlantic 
 Blockading Squadron, in September, 1862 ; and became Acting 
 Assistant Yeoman. He took part in the Attack on Fort Sumter; in 
 the Engagement on Morris Island — off Charleston, South Carolina; 
 and in the Engagement off Beaufort, South Carolina. 
 
 Mr. Asher was honorably discharged during the latter part of 
 1863. He is a member of George G. Meade Post, of the Grand 
 Army of the Republic, and resides in Philadelphia. 
 
 William Durst was born in Tar now, Galicia, Austria, May 6th, 
 1842. At an early age he went to Jamaica. He came to the United 
 States in January, 1861; voluntarily entered the Navy, in February, 
 1862, being one of the crew of "The United States Monitor"— a 
 peculiarly built war-vessel, invented and constructed by Captain John 
 Ericsson — Lieutenant (now Rear Admiral) John L. Worden com- 
 manding. This war-ship left New York and made her way to 
 Hampton Roads, Virginia; but on Friday afternoon, March 7th, 
 1862, an accident to her blower- bands (or bells) shut off drafts in 
 the fire-room, and many of the crew were overcome by escaping gas. 
 Durst and a companion, Robert Williams, succeeded in adjusting the 
 bells, and thus their comrades were rescued. Durst also distinguished 
 himself during the terrific battle between ''The Monitor" and the 
 Confederate iron-clad *'The Merrimac," on Sunday, March 9th, 
 1862 (when the former disabled the latter), carrying messages from 
 officer to officer, and bearing his commander, Lieutenant Worden, 
 into the cabin, when the latter was injured by the explosion of a shell. 
 Durst won the approval of his superiors, and continued to serve on 
 "The Monitor," until that vessel was lost at sea, in January, 1863. 
 He was saved, and again served in the Navy, on " The Catskill," 
 specially during the engagement off Charleston, South Carolina, 
 April 7th, 1863. He continued in service until April, 1864. A 
 recognition of his worth is shown in the following words inscribed on 
 the cover of a book, descriptive of "The First Monitor": "William 
 Durst, compliments of his shipmate, March 9th, 1862, Hampton 
 Roads, Va. , John L. Worden, Rear Admiral, United States Navy; 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 477 
 
 Washington, D. C. , May 27th^ 1885." =Mr. Durst has for some 
 years been a resident of Philadelphia. 
 
 Jacob da Silva Solis Cohen was appointed Acting Assistant 
 Surgeon in the Navy, September 4th, 1861. He served under Rear 
 Admiral S. F. Du Pout, iu the expedition to Port Royal Harbor, 
 South Carolina, on the United States Steamer "Florida." Dr. 
 Cohen remained in the South Atlantic Blockading Squadron until 
 January 12th, 1864, when he resigned from the Navy. 
 
 MiLTOX Joseph Rosenau was born January 1st, 1869. He 
 graduated from the Medical Department of the University of Penn- 
 sylvania in 1889, and served fifteen months at the Philadelphia 
 Hospital. He has been Assistant Surgeon, and is now Past Assistant 
 Surgeon in the United States Marine Hospital Service, having been 
 promoted with honors. 
 
 Jonas Barnett , of Philadelphia, was many years ago a Paymaster 
 in the United States Navy. He lost his life at sea by falling from 
 the rigging of the frigate " Essex.' ' 
 
 Emanuel J. Phillips, of Philadelphia, was also long since a 
 Paymaster in the Navy. 
 
 Isaac Phillips was Captain, July 3d, 1798-January 10th, 1799. 
 
 Philip Moses, Midshipman, May 17th, 1800; discharged, April 
 29th, 1801, under Peace Establishment Act. 
 
 Gershom R. Jacques, Surgeon's Mate, May 2l8t, 1800-August 
 4th, 1801; discharged under Peace Establishment Act; re-appointed 
 Surgeon's Mate, February 18th, 1802; promoted to Surgeon, 
 November 27th, 1804 ; served until April 25th, 1808. 
 
 Joseph Israel, Midshipman, January 15th, 1801; distinguished 
 himself; died while in the service, on September 4th, 1804. 
 
 Morris Newman, Master, August 1st, 1801-April 8th, 1803. 
 
 Benjamin Solomon, Midshipman, January 16th, 1809; resigned, 
 October 11th, 1810. 
 
 Manuel Phillips, Assistant Surgeon, July 18th, 1809; resigned, 
 Februry 19th, 1824. 
 
 Mears Levy, Master, May 8th, 1812-June 5th, 1813. 
 
478 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Abram Philips, Midshipman, June 8th, 1812; drowned, April 
 15th, 1813. 
 
 Israel Israel, Midshipman, November 9th, 1813; resigned, 
 February 26th, 1818. 
 
 EzEKiEL Solomon, Purser, March 26th, 1814-1816. 
 
 Joseph Cohen, Midshipman, February 1st, 1826; resigned, May 
 1st, 1828. 
 
 Jefferson H. Nones, Midshipman, December 19th, 1840- 
 February 3d, 1846. 
 
 Washington H. Nones, Third Assistant Engineer, March 8th, 
 1850; Second Assistant Engineer, February 26th, 1851; died, on 
 September 9th, 1853. 
 
 Charles H. Levy, Third Assistant Engineer, November 21st, 
 1857; Second Assistant Engineer, August 2d, 1859-July 8th, 1861. 
 
 Joseph Moss, Mate, December 20th, 1861; Acting Ensign, 
 September 15th, 1863. 
 
 Edward Moses, Acting Master, May 17th, 1862 ; died, on May 
 18th, 1864. 
 
 Albert P. Sampson, Mate, July 31st, 1862; Acting Ensign, 
 October 24th, 1863 ; honorably discharged, September 7th, 1865. 
 
 Isaac N. Goldsmith, Mate, June 5th, 1863; Acting Ensign, 
 September 5th, 1863; honorably discharged, November 8th, 1865. 
 
 Isaac P. Sampson, Mate, September 5th, 1863; Acting Ensign, 
 July 9th, 1864; resigned, May 26th, 1865. 
 
 Samuel Jessurun, Mate, September 8th, 1863-February 22d, 
 1864. 
 
 Frederic D. Henriques, Acting Third Assistant Engineer, 
 January 18th, 1864; Acting Second Assistant Engineer, October 
 14th, 1864; honorably discharged, October 8th, 1865. 
 
 Augustus Jacobson, transferred from ranks of Twenty-Seventh 
 Regiment, Pennsylvania Volunteers, to United States Navy, April 
 9th, 1864. 
 
 Benjamin Abrahams, Acting Assistant Paymaster, December 
 14th, 1864-September 24th, 1865. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 479 
 
 Nathan A. Goldsmith, Mate, June 6th, 1864; honorably dis- 
 <jharged, June 22d, 1866. 
 
 Henry M. Jacoby, born in Pennsylvania; Midshipman, July 
 27th, 1866; in Europe on ** Shenandoah " and ' ' Wachusett, " 
 1870-1873; on "Worcester," North Atlantic Station, 1873-1874; 
 Ensign, July 13th, 1871; Master, April 9th, 1874; on *'Yantic," 
 Asiatic Station, 1874-1877; with the Coast Survey, 1878-1880; 
 Lieutenant, July 11th, 1880; at Navy Yard, League Island, 1881; 
 on "Lackawanna," 1881-1882; retired, November 16th, 1883. 
 
 Charles Levin, Mate, January 25th, 1870; died in Phila- 
 delphia, on September 3d, 1874. 
 
 Daniel W. Sampson, Mate, March 4th, 1870; resigned, April 
 21st, 1873. 
 
 Jacob Jacobs, served on the United States Steamer "Ports- 
 mouth;" was on board the ''Ida," when that vessel was blown up 
 by a torpedo. 
 
480 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 IN THE CIVIL WAR 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEERS. 
 
 FIELD AND STAFF OFFICERS. 
 
 Twelfth Regiment. 
 
 Ansel Hamberg. Second Lieutenant, Company A, Ninety-First 
 Regiment (June, 1861-June 3d, 1862, when he resigned); subse- 
 quently Quartermaster and First Lieutenant ; then Major, Forty- 
 Fourth Regiment ; later on Colonel, Twelfth Regiment. (Full term 
 of service, June, 1861-July 10th, 1865.) 
 
 Battles: Alexandria, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettys- 
 burg, Mine Run, Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Petersburg, Five Forks, 
 Appomatox Court House; was present at Lee's Surrender; also at 
 Grand Review, Washington, D. C, May 23d, 1865. 
 
 Junior Vice- Commander, Meade Post, Number 1, Grand Army 
 of the Republic, 1873; Senior Vice- Commander, 1874. 
 
 Twenty -Sixth Regiment. 
 
 Jacob da Silva Solis Cohen. Assistant Surgeon, 1861. 
 Acting Assistant Surgeon, United States Army (Hospital Service), 
 Philadelphia, 1864. [See Record in Navy, and sketch among 
 Physicians.] 
 
 Twenty-Seventh Regiment. 
 
 This Regiment, originally a part of the *' Washington Brigade," 
 commanded by Colonel William F. Small, was formed for volunteer 
 service in January, 1861; its members being entirely recruited in 
 Philadelphia (in the Districts of Northern Liberties and Kensington). 
 In June, 1866, it was temporarily re- organized, and on July 4th, 
 1866, it took part in the ceremonies attendant upon the return of 
 the State Flags to the Governor of Pennsylvania. As will be seen, 
 quite a large number of Jews served in this Regiment. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 481 
 
 Max Einstein, Colonel of the Regiment, was born iu Buchau, 
 Wurtemberg, Germany, October 10th, 1822. He received his edu- 
 cation at home and in schools; he came to the United States at the 
 age of twenty- two years; kept a ribbon and silk store on Third 
 Street above Arch Street; married, in Philadelphia, Helena Guggen- 
 heim, December 26th, 1848. In 1852 he was First Lieutenant of 
 Washington Guards; in 1853 he formed the Philadelphia (Flying) 
 Artillery Company, and was chosen its Captain; became Aide-de- 
 Camp (with the rank of Lieutenant- Colonel) to Governor James 
 Pollock, of Pennsylvania, February 6th, 1856; and was appointed 
 by the latter. Paymaster- General of Pennsylvania (with the rank 
 of Brigadier-General), October 23d, 1856. In 1860 he was elected 
 Brigadier-General of the Second Brigade of Pennsylvania Militia. 
 In 1861 he organized the Twenty- Seventh Regiment, which con- 
 sisted of ten companies of 1054 men in all (100 privates in each 
 company, and the other 54 being field oflScers and officers of the 
 companies). The Regiment joined for duty, and its members were 
 enrolled. May 5th, 1861, but it was formally mustered into the 
 service of the United States, May 31st, 1861, for a three years' 
 term. Colonel Einstein, at that time, was thirty-nine years of age. 
 His commission was accepted on the dates above mentioned, and 
 signed by C. T. Ruff, Major of the United States Army, and 
 Mustering Officer at Philadelphia. 
 
 Colonel Einstein's Regiment wa^s engaged in skirmishes at Fairfax 
 Court House and at Centreville; also at the famous first Battle of 
 Bull Run, when General Irwin McDowell, the commanding officer, 
 ordered the Twenty- Seventh Regiment from the Reserve Corps into 
 the field. In that unfortunate battle, the Twenty-Seventh succeeded 
 in covering the retreat, and the record of Colonel Einstein and his 
 men may be determined from the following expressions iu the War 
 Correspondence of the Philadelphia Inquirer, written at the scene of 
 the engagement : "Colonel Einstein's Regiment behaved gallantly, 
 and won the highest compliments for their valor in covering our 
 retreat." Again: "Colonel Einstein, of the * Twenty- Seventh 
 Pennsylvania Regiment, returned to the field of battle at 1 1 o' clock, 
 Sunday night, and brought off six pieces of artillery, which he 
 delivered to the commanding officer on the Potomac yesterday even- 
 ing. " Another reference: "Colonel Einstein reports that the field 
 was then clear and not an enemy in sight." In addition, it may be 
 
482 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 
 
 stated that the Twenty-Seventh Regiment captured from the rebels a 
 battery and eighteen horses, and otherwise distinguished itself. 
 
 Colonel Einstein served until December, 1861. After his dis- 
 charge, he was appointed by President Lincoln as United States 
 Consul at Nuremburg, Germany, which post he filled for two years. 
 Returning to this country, he served as United States Internal 
 Revenue Agent in Philadelphia, and has since then been engaged in 
 business. He now resides with his family in this city. Numerous 
 diplomas, certifying to "his rank and bravery, are to be seen on the 
 walls of his house; also a full-length portrait in oil of the Colonel 
 when Paymaster-General, he being clad in the full uniform of a 
 Brigadier-General. A magnificent silver sword, encased in a scab- 
 bard of gold, bears this inscription : " Presented as a token of esteem 
 by the Philad^ battery to their battery Commanding officer Genl. 
 Max Einstein, Oct. 10th, 1856." The presentation speech was 
 made by Governor James Pollock, of Pennsylvania, who, as well as 
 Secretary of War, Honorable Simon Cameron, and other men of 
 note, often visited Colonel Einstein at his residence. 
 
 Arndt Rosenthal, Major. 
 
 Charles Leo, Second Lieutenant, Company H; Regimental 
 Adjutant. (Term of service, December 18th, 1861-May 12th, 
 1862, when he resigned.) 
 
 Julius Heimburg, Corporal, and Sergeant, Company B; Second 
 Lieutenant, Company A ; First Lieutenant, and Quartermaster. 
 (Term of service. May 31st, 1861-June 11th, 1864.) 
 
 Henry Heller, Surgeon. (Term of service. May 31st-Sep- 
 tember 25th, 1861.) 
 
 Max Heller, Assistant Surgeon; Surgeon. (Term of service, 
 May 31st, 1861-April 1st, 1863.) 
 
 Washington Cromelien, Sergeant- Major. (Term of service. 
 May 31st-August 28th, 1861, when he was discharged to accept 
 commission as Lieutenant in Sixty-Fifth Regiment.) 
 
 Twenty-Eighth Regiment. 
 
 Aaron Lazarus. Private, Corporal, Sergeant, First Sergeant, 
 Second Lieutenant, and First Lieutenant, Company D ; Regi- 
 mental Adjutant ; Brevet Captain, United States Volunteers, July 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 483 
 
 20th, 1864. (Term of service, June 6th, 1861-July 20th, 1864.) 
 Battles: Bolivar Heights, London Heights, Leesburg, Cedar 
 Mountain, White Sulphur Springs, Antietam, Winchester, Chan- 
 cellorsville, Gettysburg, Lookout Mountain, Mission Ridge, Ring- 
 gold, Alatoona Pass, Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, Rock Face 
 Ridge, Pine Knob, Peach Tree Creek, and Siege of Atlanta, Georgia. 
 Captain Lazarus became a member of Washington Grays Artillery 
 Corps in 1870; Sergeant, 1872; First Lieutenant, 1874, and re- 
 elected, 1875; Commander, 1876. Appointed Aide-de-Camp (with 
 the rank of Captain), on the Staff of Brigadier- General R. M. 
 Brinton, September 25th, 1876; Aide-de-Camp (with the rank of 
 Major), First Division of National Guard of Pennsylvania, May 
 20th, 1877. Elected to the Loyal Legion of the United States 
 (Commandery of Pennsylvania), January 14th, 1880. Major Laza- 
 rus is now connected with the business department of the Philadel- 
 phia Record. 
 
 Samuel Goodman. Second Lieutenant, and First Lieutenant, 
 Company P; Regimental Adjutant. (Term of service, October 
 15th, 1861-August 3d, 1864.) Brevet Captain, Major, Lieuten- 
 ant-Colonel, and Colonel, United States Volunteers, . March 13th, 
 1865. 
 
 Thirty- Eighth Regiment — Ninth Reserve. 
 
 Albert M. Sigmund. Assistant Surgeon, July 15th, 1862; 
 Assistant Surgeon, United States Volunteers, November 20th, 1863. 
 
 Forty- Fourth Regiment — First Cavalry. 
 
 Samuel Alexander, Assistant Surgeon. (Term of service, 
 August 27th-November 26th, 1861; killed on latter date in engage- 
 ment at Dranesville, Virginia.) 
 
 Forty-Sixth Regiment. 
 
 Cyrus Strouse. Captain, Company A, Eighth Regiment. 
 Captain, Company K, Forty-Sixth Regiment; and Major. (Term 
 of service, September 4th, 1861-May 2d, 1863; killed on latter 
 date in engagement at Chancellorsville, Virginia. ) 
 
 Sixty- Fifth Regiment — Fifth Cavalry. 
 This Regiment — composed of Cavalry — was another in which 
 
484 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Jews were largely represented. It embraced twelve companies, 
 recruited under the authority of an order issued by Honorable 
 Simon Cameron, then Secretary of War, on July 6th, 1861. The 
 entire Regiment, consisting of 1200 men, was organized by Colonel 
 Max Friedman — ten of the companies in Philadelphia, and two in 
 Pittsburg. The Regiment was known as the "Cameron Dragoons," 
 and while Colonel Friedman voluntarily relinquished his command 
 at a comparatively early period, the Regiment continued in the ser- 
 vice of the Government, until mustered out at Richmond, on August 
 7th, 1865. 
 
 The services which the Sixty- Fifth Regiment rendered during the 
 Rebellion are well attested by the following letter of Brigadier- 
 General and Brevet Major-General August V. Kautz, who only 
 recently expressed himself thus: ''It would give me great pleasure 
 to meet the survivors of the Fifth Pennsylvania Cavalry, a Regi- 
 ment that performed its full share of the arduous duties assigned to 
 the Cavalry Division of the Army of the James, which made a 
 record of which every member may well be proud." 
 
 Max Friedman, Colonel of this Regiment, w^as born in Miihl- 
 hausen, Bavaria, Germany, March 21st, 1825. In the spring of 
 1848, at the age of twenty- three years, he arrived in this country, 
 and from that period until 1861 was engaged in business. On Sep- 
 tember 3d, 1849, he married, in Philadelphia, Adeline J. Cromelien, 
 daughter of Rowland and Amelia (iiee Judah) Cromelien. Prior 
 to the Civil War, Mr. Friedman had served as Major of a Regiment 
 in the Pennsylvania Militia. After organizing the Sixty- Fifth as a 
 Cavalry Regiment — a fact already noted — he and his troops reported 
 for duty within ten days, immediately after the first Battle of Bull 
 Run, in July, 1861. The Sixty-Fifth then went into active field 
 service, and took part in various battles, under the command of 
 Colonel Friedman, until his resignation, on March 9th, 1862, during 
 the movement of the Union Army upon Manassas. Colonel Fried- 
 man had been severely w^ounded in the Battle of Vienna, Virginia, 
 in February, 1862. His injuries developed acute rheumatism, and 
 his resignation follow^ed. Subsequently, he was commissioned to 
 organize other Pennsylvania Cavalry Regiments, which he drilled 
 for service in the field. 
 
 In civil aSairs, Colonel Friedman has also been active. He was 
 appointed Special Inspector of the Revenue Department, and served 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 485 
 
 as such in 1867-1868. lu 1869 he organized the Union Square 
 National Bank, of New York City, and became its Cashier; resign- 
 ing, however, in 1870, in order to engage in the stock brokerage 
 and banking business. This latter he followed until 1884, when he 
 retired into private life. Colonel Friedman, who now resides in 
 New York City, is President of the Veteran Corps of the old 
 "Cameron Dragoons," which holds its annual reunions in Phila- 
 delphia, on Washington's birthday. 
 
 Colonel and Mrs. Friedman are the parents of two sons and three 
 daughters — all of whom are married. 
 
 Joseph L. Moss. Major; Lieutenant- Colonel. Acted temporarily 
 as Colonel, after Colonel Friedman's resignation, in March, 1862. 
 (Term of service, August 10th, 1861-April 30th, 1862, when he 
 resigned.) Lieutenant-Colonel, One Hundred and Thirteenth Regi- 
 ment. (Term of service, October 18th, 1862-July 2^, 1863.) 
 
 Adolphus Rowland. Lieutenant; Captain; Major. Distinguished 
 for his bravery. 
 
 Michael Mitchell Allen, Chaplain. Joined Regiment at 
 organization; served several months; afterwards resigned. 
 
 James Cromelien. Lieutenant, Company G; Quartermaster. 
 (Term of service,^ August 10th, 1861-April, 1862.) 
 
 Jacob Aub, Quartermaster. 
 
 Henry F. Birnbaum. Private, Company H; Hospital Sergeant. 
 (Term of service, September 23d, 1861-June 24th, 1865.) 
 
 Seventieth Regiment — Sixth Cavalry, (y Rush's 
 Lancers"). (136) 
 
 William Moss. Born in Philadelphia, in 1833; son of Joseph 
 L. and Julia Moss. Entered University of Pennsylvania in 1850; 
 left in Junior year, and began study of medicine under Dr. S. Weir 
 Mitchell, and at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, from which 
 he graduated as M. D. , in 1854; became physician to the Philadelphia 
 Hospital; studied also in Paris; practiced in Philadelphia until the 
 outbreak of the Civil War. = Private, Company A, Seventeenth 
 
 (136) This regiment, at first armed with Colt's army pistols and light 
 cavalry sabres, subsequently, at the suggestion of General George B. McClellan, 
 adopted the lance. It was called " Rush's Lancers, " after its Colonel, Richard 
 H. Rush. 
 
486 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Regiment. (Term of service, April 25th, 1861 — for three months.) 
 Surgeon, Seventieth Regiment (which he helped to raise). (Term 
 of service, September 13th, 1861-October 10th, 1862.) After his 
 resignation, in 1862, he became Surgeon of United States Volun- 
 teers; resigned at the end of 1863, and has since been practicing 
 his profession, at Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia. 
 
 Seventy-Second Regiment. 
 Nathaniel P. Barnett, Assistant Surgeon. 
 
 Seventy-Fourth Regiment. 
 
 Samuel Rothschild, Private, Company I; Commanding Ser- 
 geant. (Term of service, January 25th, 1864-August 29th, 1865.) 
 
 Eighty-Second Regiment. 
 
 Louis Manly Emanuel. Born in London, England, February 
 3d, 1834; son of Dr. Manly and Hannah Emanuel. Studied medi- 
 cine, and graduated as M.D., University of Pennsylvania, in 1860. 
 Assistant Surgeon, July 23d, 1861; Surgeon, December 12th, 1862. 
 (Term of service, July 23d, 1861 -September 23d, 1864.) 
 
 Battles : Fair Oaks (Virginia), Malvern Hill, Harrison's Land- 
 ing, Chantilly, Brownsville, Williamsport, Fredericksburg, May's 
 Heights, Gettysburg, Salem Heights, Cold Harbor, Winchester, 
 Charlestown, Shenandoah Valley, and Sailor's Creek. 
 
 The Eighty- Second Regiment was at the extreme front of the 
 Union Army at the surrender of General R. E. Lee, April 9th, 
 1865. 
 
 After the War, Dr. Emanuel resided in Linwood, Delaware 
 County, Pennsylvania. An attack of diabetes mellitus, brought on 
 by exposure in the service, caused his death on December 27th, 
 1868. He was a member of Union Lodge, Number 121, Masonic 
 Order, at Philadelphia. 
 
 Lyon Levy Emanuel. Born in Philadelphia, June 14th, 1837; 
 brother of Louis Manly Emanuel. Second Lieutenant, Company F, 
 August 6th, 1861; First Lieutenant, Company A, May 18th, 1862; 
 Captain, Company A, February 4th, 1864; Major, September 
 10th, 1864. (Term of service, August 6th, 1861-November 8th, 
 1864.) 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 487 
 
 Battles : Fair Oaks (Virginia), Malvern Hill, Harrison's Land- 
 ing, Chantilly, Brownsville, Williamsport, Fredericksburg, May's 
 Heights, Gettysburg, Salem Heights, Cold Habor, Winchester, 
 Charlestowu, and Shenandoah Valley. 
 
 After his discharge from the Army, Mr. Emanuel followed mer- 
 cantile pursuits in New York City, until taken seriously ill, when 
 he returned to Philadelphia. He died in this city, on October 2d, 
 1877. He was a member of True Craftsman's Lodge, Number 
 651, Free and Accepted Masons, by w^hom the family were pre- 
 sented w^ith resolutions testifying to the nobility of his character 
 and his many qualities. 
 
 Eighty- Fifth Regiment. 
 
 Isaac M. Abraham. Captain, Company G; Major. Wounded 
 near Deep Bottom, Virginia, August 15th, 1864. (Term of service, 
 November 6th, 1861-November 22d, 1864.) 
 
 One Hundred and Twelfth Regiment — Second Artillery. 
 
 S. RosENBERGER, Assistant Surgeon. (Term of service, August 
 6th, 1862-June 10th, 1863.) 
 
 One Hundred and Thirteenth Regiment — Twelfth 
 Cavalry. 
 
 Leopold Hoffman. Private, Company C; Regimental Quar- 
 termaster Sergeant. (Term of service, January 9th, 1862— July 
 20th, 1865.) 
 
 One Hundred and Fiftieth Regiment ("Bucktail"). (137) 
 
 Henry Strauss. Assistant Surgeon ; Surgeon. (Term of ser- 
 vice, September 19th, 1862-June 23d, 1865.) 
 
 One Hundred and Fifty- First Regiment. 
 Simon J. Arnold. Sergeant, Company K ; Sergeant- Major. 
 
 (137) Called "Bucktail," because of the ensign worn on their hats. These 
 regiments, embracing the Forty-Second, One Hundred and Forty-Ninth, and 
 One Hundred and Fiftieth, were composed of yeomen and lumbermen from 
 several counties of Pennsylvania, all of whom were skilled marksmen. 
 
 Company K of this Regiment acted as l)ody-guard to President Lincoln during 
 a part of 1862, both at the Soldier's Retreat and at the White House. In a letter 
 written by the President, and dated November 1st, 1862, Captain David V. Der- 
 ickson, of Company K, and his men are spoken of in terms of high praise. 
 
488 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Wounded at Gettysburg, July 1st, 1863. (Term of service, 
 November 5th, 1862-July 27th, 1863. ) 
 
 Jonas H. Kauffman, Assistant Surgeon. (Term of service, 
 November 26th, 1862^July 27th, 1863.) 
 
 One Hundred and Sixtieth Regiment — Fifteenth 
 (Anderson) Cavalry. (138) 
 
 Adolph G. Rosengarten. Born, December 29th, 1838; son 
 of George D. and Elizabeth {nee Bennett) Rosengarten. First 
 Sergeant, Anderson Troop ; Major, One Hundred and Sixtieth 
 Regiment. (Term of service, November 30th, 1861-December 
 29th, 1862; killed on latter date while in command of his Regi- 
 ment, at Stone River, Tennessee. ) 
 
 One Hundhed and Sixty- Fifth Regiment. 
 
 Emanuel Myers. First Sergeant, Company I; Sergeant- Major. 
 (Term of service, November 8th, 1862-July 28th, 1863.) 
 
 One Hundred and Sixty-Sixth Regiment. 
 
 Milton Sultzbach, Quartermaster. (Term of service, Decem- 
 ber 8th, 1862-July 28th, 1863.) 
 
 One Hundred and Eighty- Second Regiment — Twenty-First 
 
 Cavalry. 
 
 Benjamin J. Levy. Commissary of Subsistence; Captain and 
 Commissary of Subsistence, United States Volunteers, March 11th, 
 1865 ; and Brevet Major, United States Volunteers. (Term of 
 service, July 27th, 1863- June 29th, 1865.) 
 
 One Hundred and Eighty-Seventh Regiment. 
 
 Theodore Jacobs, Assistant Surgeon. (Term of service, 
 October 27th, 1864- August 3d, 1865.) 
 
 Two Hundred and Fourth Regiment — Fifth Artillery. 
 
 Michael Baer. First Lieutenant, and Captain, Company F, 
 One Hundred and Twenty-Third Regiment. (Term of service, 
 
 (138) The Anderson Troop, an independent cavalry company, and originally 
 organized for escort and headquarters duty with General Eobert xinderson, fur- 
 nished a large number of officers to this Eegiment from its own roll. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 489 
 
 August 8th, 1862-May 13th, 1863. ) Second Lieutenant, Battery I, 
 Two Hundred and Fourth Regiment ; Major. (Term of service, 
 September 10th, 1864-June 30th, 1865.) 
 
 Two Hundred and Tenth Regiment. 
 
 Morris Schlesinger. First Sergeant, Twelfth Regiment, United 
 States Infantry; Adjutant, Two Hundred and Tenth Regiment, 
 January 30th, 1865. Wounded at Gravelly Run, Virginia, March 
 31st, 1865; died, April 1st, 1865. 
 
 COMPANIES' OFFICERS. 
 
 Seventh Regiment. • 
 Charles Levi, First Corporal, Company F. 
 
 Eleventh Regiment. 
 
 Jacob Jacobs, Corporal, Company K. (Term of service, February 
 20th, 1862-February 20th, 1865.) 
 
 Twelfth Regiment. 
 
 Max Koenigsberg, Lieutenant, Company A. Wounded in engage- 
 ment at Gaines' Mills, Virginia; captured by enemy and sent to 
 Libby Prison. 
 
 Thirteenth Regiment. 
 
 Louis H. Mayer, Sergeant, Company C. Born in Cincinnati, 
 Ohio; enlisted in April, 1861, when sixteen years of age; served 
 three months in Virginia; returned to Cincinnati, and joined the 
 Twenty- Seventh Regiment of Ohio Volunteers, at Columbus, Ohio; 
 served with Regiment as Commissary Sergeant, and afterwartis as 
 Corporal of its Company B, until 1862, when detached for Staff 
 duty ; served on Staffs of Generals Pope. Rosecrans, and Grant. He 
 took part in Missouri Campaign, under Fremont and Hunter; Siege 
 of New Madrid, and Island Number 10; Siege and Battle of Corinth; 
 Battle of luka; and Siege of Vicksburg. He was honorably 
 
490 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 discharged in December, 1863, by Adjutant- General Lorenza 
 Thomas, to accept a position as Assistant Paymaster in United States 
 Army, at Memphis, Tennessee. He served in the Army until late 
 in 1864. At the close of the War, he settled in Huntsville, Alabama. 
 Removing to Mobile, he there took an active part in politics as a 
 member of the Republican Party. In 1870 he was appointed 
 Assessor of Internal Revenue, and later on Collector of Internal 
 Revenue, holding office until 1881. Mr. Mayer now resides in 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Fourteenth Regiment. 
 Amos Arnold, Second Sergeant, Company A. 
 
 Sixteenth Regiment. 
 
 Solomon Myers, Second Lieutenant, Company A. 
 Isaac B. Kauffman, Second Lieutenant, Company C. 
 
 Seventeenth Regiment. 
 
 Washington R. DeYoung, Second Lieutenant, Company I ; bre- 
 vetted Captain for bravery. 
 
 Eighteenth Regiment. 
 
 Jacob Hirsh, Second Lieutenant, Company G. 
 Morris Hirsh, First Corporal, Company G. 
 Henry Jacoby, Second Corporal, Company I. 
 
 Nineteenth Regiment. 
 
 Abram E. Stern, First Corporal, Company G. 
 Jacob Wolf, Second Corporal, Company H. 
 
 Twenty-First Regiment. 
 Jacob Stein, Third Corporal, Company B. 
 
 Tw^enty-Second Regiment. 
 
 Isidor Hirsch, First Lieutenant, Company A. 
 Jacob Apple, Third Corporal, Company G. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 491 
 
 Twenty-Third Regiment. 
 
 Jacob Mayer, Corporal, Company B, from August 2d, 1861. 
 Theodore Doou, Sergeant. 
 
 Twenty- Sixth Regiment. 
 
 . Nathan Rosenfelt, Sergeant, Company D. (Term of service, 
 June 1st, 1861-October 30th, 1863 ; died on latter date from 
 effects of wounds received at Gettysburg, July 2d, 1863.) 
 
 Henry Jacques. Second Lieutenant and First Lieutenant, Com- 
 pany G. Wounded at Second Battle of Bull Run, Fredericksburg, 
 Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Mine Run, and Wilderness. (Term 
 of service. May 28th, 1861-June 18th, 1864.) 
 
 Twenty-Seventh Regiment. 
 
 Jacques Adelsheimer. Private ; First Sergeant, Company B ; 
 Second Lieutenant, First Lieutenant, and Captain, Company A. 
 Wounded at Chancellorsville, and received honorable mention for 
 gallant conduct in that battle. (Term of service. May 31st, 1861- 
 June 11th, 1864.) 
 
 Solomon Roedelsheimer, Captain, Company A. (Term of ser- 
 vice. May 31st, 1861-served three months; resigned because of ill 
 health.) 
 
 Henry Floersheim, First Lieutenant, Company A. Served about 
 one year; resigned. 
 
 Sampson Goldberg, Sergeant, Company A. (Term of service, 
 May 31st-July, 1861.) 
 
 Jacob Luescher, Sergeant, Company A. (Term of service, 
 May 31st, 1861-June 11th, 1864.) 
 
 Hugo Jacoby, Corporal, Company A. (Term of service, August 
 20th, 1862-June, 1864, when transferred to One Hundred and 
 Ninth Regiment.) 
 
 Ignatz Cohn. Second Lieutenant, Company C; First Lieutenant, 
 Company A; Captain, Company B. (Term of service, August 1st, 
 1861 — served three years.) 
 
 Benjamin B. Goodman. Sergeant, Company E; First Sergeant, 
 Company B ; Regimental Orderly Sergeant ; Second Lieutenant, 
 Company B. (Term of service. May 31st, 1861-.October 23d, 
 1862, when he resigned.) Afterwards First Sergeant, Company I, 
 
492 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 
 
 One Hundred and Seventy- Fourth Regiment; First Lieutenant, 
 Company G. (Term of service, November 1st, 1862-August 7th, 
 1863.) 
 
 Samuel Wohl. Born in Dingen, Bavaria, Germany. Served 
 three years in the Bavarian Army; came to America in 1844; 
 served as Lieutenant of National Guard of Pennsylvania during 
 the '50 s. Second Lieutenant, Company B, at organization of the 
 Regiment ; served four months, participating in Battle of Bull Run 
 and other engagements ; resigned, and entered into business ; now 
 resides in this city. 
 
 Henry Spaeth, First Sergeant, Company B. 
 
 Emil Meyer. Second Lieutenant, ComjDany G ; First Lieutenant, 
 and Captain, Company C. (Term of service, September 1st, 1861- 
 June 11th, 1864.) 
 
 Frank Herman. Corporal, Company A; First Lieutenant, Com- 
 pany C. (Term of service, June 1st, 1861 — for three years.) 
 
 Maurice Rosenberg, First Sergeant, Company C. Wounded at 
 Lookout Mountain. (Term of service, June 1st, 1861-June 11th, 
 1864.) 
 
 Leo Moser, Sergeant, Company C. (Term of service, June 1st, 
 1861-June 11th, 1864.) 
 
 Daniel Eppstein. Second Lieutenant, and First Lieutenant, 
 Company D. (Term of service, June 1st, 1861-March 8th, 1863^ 
 when he resigned.) 
 
 John Ulman, First Sergeant, Company D. (Term of service, 
 June 1st, 1861-June 11th, 1864.) 
 
 Jastrow Alexander. Private; Sergeant, Company A ; First Lieu- 
 tenant, Company F, and Company I; Regimental Adjutant; 
 Captain, Company D, and Company E. Received honorable 
 mention for gallant conduct at Chancellorsville. (Term of service, 
 June 1st, 1861-June 19th, 1863, when he resigned.) Served as 
 Adjutant on Staff of General Von Stein wehr. 
 
 L. Vogel, Captain, Company E. (Term of service. May 31st, 
 1861 — served three months; resigned.) 
 
 Nathan F. Reinhart, Corporal, Company F. (Term of service, 
 June 1st, 1861-October 18th, 1862.) 
 
 Adolph Tafel, Second Lieutenant, Company H. (Term of ser- 
 vice. May 31st, 1861-September 8th, 1863, when he resigned.) 
 
 Julius Stern, Sergeant, Company H. (Term of service, June 
 Ist-September 9th, 1861.) 
 
TJU^ JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 493 
 
 Henry Roseugarten. • Coi-poral, Company A; Sergeant, Company 
 K. (Term of service, May 31st, 1861-June 11th, 1864.) 
 B. Salinger, enlisted as Private; promoted to Lieutenant. 
 Joseph Kirschheimer, Sergeant. 
 
 Twenty- Eighth Regiment. 
 
 Joseph Davidson. Private, Sergeant, and First Sergeant, Com- 
 pany I. (Term of service, July 4th, 1861-May 3d, 1863; killed 
 on latter date at Chancellorsville.) 
 
 Joseph Goodman, Sergeant, Company M, December 13th, 1861; 
 transferred to Company D, One Hundred and Forty-Seventh Regi- 
 ment. 
 
 Thirtieth Regiment — First Reserve. (139) 
 
 Isaac M. Brandon, Corporal, Company K, June 8th, 1861; 
 transferred to Twelfth United States Regulars,* January 16th, 1862. 
 
 Thirty-Fifth Regiment — Sixth Reserve. 
 
 Abraham Lyon, Corporal, Company H. (Term of service, April 
 22d, 1861-December 30th, 1862.) 
 
 Thirty-Seventh Regiment — Eighth Reserve. 
 
 Morris Wetzlar, Lieutenant, Company K. Wounded in engage- 
 ment at Pea Ridge, and disabled for service. 
 
 Forty-First Regiment — Twelfth Reserve. 
 
 Oscar H. Benjamin, Sergeant, Company B. (Term of service, 
 May 15th, 1861-June 11th, 1864.) 
 
 Augustus Hassler, Sergeant, Company F. (Term of service, 
 July 30th, 1861-May 31st, 1864 ; transferred on latter date to 
 One Hundredth and Ninetieth Regiment.) 
 
 (139) In accordance with the recommendation of Governor Andrew G. Cur- 
 tin, of Pennsylvania, a law was enacted by the State Legislature, May 15th, 1861, 
 providing for the establishment of the "Reserve Volunteer Corps of the Com- 
 monwealth." This Reserve Corps, composed of thirteen regiments of infantry, 
 one regiment of cavalry, and one regiment of light artillery, was originally in- 
 tended for the defence of the State of Pennsylvania, and did not at once enter 
 into active service, but was held to be called upon by the National Government 
 when so required by the President of the United States. This corps is repre- 
 sented in our army department by the following regiments : — Thirtieth, Thirty- 
 Second, Thirty-Third, Thirty-Fourth, Thirty-Fifth, Thirty-Sixth, Thirty- 
 Seventh, Thirty-Eighth, Fortieth, and Forty-First, 
 
494 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Forty- Fifth Regiment. 
 
 Nathaniel Bloom, Corporal, Company F. (Term of service, 
 September 3d, 1861-May 29th, 1865; discharged on latter date for 
 wounds received at Petersburg, July 25th, 1864.) 
 
 Forty-Seventh Regiment. 
 
 Moses Jacoby. Private and Corporal, Company E. (Term of 
 service, September 16th, 1861-December 25th, 1865.) 
 
 Forty-Eighth Regiment. 
 Daniel Moses, Corporal, Company K, from October 1st, 1861. 
 
 Fifty-First Regiment. 
 
 Samuel A. Apple, First Sergeant, Company B. (Term of ser- 
 vice, September 16th, 1861-June 27th, 1865.) 
 
 Philip A. Barnett, Corporal, Company B. (Term of service, 
 January 1st, 1864- July 27th, 1865.) 
 
 Henry Jacobs. Sergeant and Second Lieutenant, Company F. 
 (Term of service, October 16th, 1861-July 27th, 1865.) 
 
 Jacob Bachenheimer, Sergeant. Wounded at Cold Harbor. 
 
 Fifty-Second Regiment. 
 
 Levi K. Kauffman. Private, and Corporal, Company H. (Term 
 of service, November 6th, 1863-July 12th, 1865.) 
 
 David Moses. Sergeant, and Second Lieutenant, Company K. 
 (Term of service, November 4th, 1861-April 30th, 1865.) 
 
 Fifty- Fourth Regiment. 
 
 Moses Bahney, Corporal, Company B. (Term of service, January 
 1st, 1864-May 31st, 1865.) 
 
 William P. Levi, Sergeant, Company C. (Term of service, 
 March 12th, 1864-May 31st, 1865.) 
 
 Fifty- Seventh Regiment. 
 
 Solomon C. Miller, Sergeant, Company A. (Term of service, 
 October 4th, 1861-October 25th, 1864.) 
 
 Ellis C. Strouss. Private, Sergeant, First Sergeant, Second Lieuten- 
 ant,, and Captain, Company K; Captain, Company E. Wounded at 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 495 
 
 Charles City Cross Roads, June 30th, 1862, and at Battle of the 
 Wilderness. (Term of service, November 1st, 1861-June 29th, 
 
 1865.) 
 
 Fifty-Ninth Regiment — Second Cavalry. 
 Leon Berkowicz, Corporal, Company H, January 2d, 1862. 
 
 Sixty-First Regiment. 
 
 Jacob Miller, Corporal, Company H. (Term of service, September 
 4th, 1861-November 11th, 1862; discharged on latter date for 
 wounds received at Malvern Hill, Virginia, July 1st, 1862.) 
 
 Israel Hightull, Sergeant. 
 
 Sixty-Second Regiment. 
 Captain Gremitz. 
 J. Cohen, Sergeant. 
 Emanuel Myers, Sergeant. 
 
 Sixty-Third Regiment. 
 Moritz Rashke , Sergeant. Killed at Chancellorsville. 
 
 Sixty- Fourth Regiment — Fourth Cavalry. 
 
 Tobias Rosensteel. Second Lieutenant, and First Lieutenant, 
 
 Company C. (Term of service, September 12th, 1861-July Ist, 
 
 1865.) 
 
 Sixty-Fifth Regiment — Fifth Cavalry. 
 
 A. J. Cohen, Captain, Company A. 
 
 Leopold Rosenthal. Second Lieutenant, Company G ; Captain, 
 Company A; Captain and Commissary of Subsistence. Wounded at 
 Fort Magruder, below Williamsburg, Virginia, September 9th, 
 1862. (Term of service, August 14th, 1861— served three years.) 
 Died September 11th, 1865. 
 
 Simon Langsdorf, Corporal, Company B. (Term of service, July, 
 1861-September, 1862. ) Discharged for injuries received in falling 
 from his horse at the Battle of Williamsburg, Virginia. 
 
 Alfred Cromelien. Second Lieutenant, and First Lieutenant, 
 Company C. Captured near Williamsburg, Virginia, September 9th, 
 1862, and again April 11th, 1863. (Term of service, December 
 2d, 1861-Septeraber 26th, 1863, when he resigned.) Elected to 
 
496 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Loyal Legion of the United States (Commandery of Pennsylvania), 
 April 3d, 1867; Registrar of Commandery, 1879-1880; Acting 
 Recorder of Commandery, in August, 1879. Now titled Major. 
 
 Elias Leon Hyneman. Corporal, Company C; mustered in, 
 July 26th, 1861; promoted to Sergeant, Company C, early in 1862. 
 Captured during cavalry raid of Army of the Potomac around 
 Petersburg, Virginia, on June 29th, 1864; died at Andersonville, 
 Georgia, January 7th, 1865. 
 
 But this simple record is insufficient to tell of the career and deeds 
 of a man whose ardor for the cause of the Union was manifest in 
 his every throb ; a man than whom none is more entitled to the 
 name of hero. Elias Leon Hyneman was the older son of Benjamin 
 and Rebekah {nee Gumpert) Hyneman. At the outbreak of the 
 Civil War he was in his twenty-fourth year, and immediately after 
 the first Battle of Bull Run he quitted home and friends, and relin- 
 quished every business care, to serve his country. He voluntarily 
 enlisted in the Fifth Pennsylvania Cavalry, being among its earliest 
 members. 
 
 Mr. Hyneman's record, as will be seen hereafter, was one of which 
 any soldier might be proud. Always eager for active service, never 
 daunted by fears, submitting willingly to all privations, proving his 
 valor time and again — it is not surprising that he should have been 
 selected to perform special duties. He served with distinction in 
 Virginia, whither his Regiment had been ordered, during 1862. In 
 the great Battle of Gettysburg, on July 1st, 2d, and 3d, 1863, Ser- 
 geant Hyneman was one of the tw^elve skirmishers selected to make 
 the advance upon the enemy. With his Regiment, he fought dis- 
 mounted in the Battle of the Wilderness, in May, 1864, and was 
 equally courageous in other battles. 
 
 Hyneman had now served nearly three years, and his term had 
 expired ; yet his enthusiasm continued unabated, and in a few weeks 
 he was again with his Regiment. Whatever his political views may 
 have been, '' my flag," he wrote in one of his letters, ''is the Red, 
 White, and Blue. I firmly and faithfully believe in the old Union, 
 and am willing to lay down my life to restore it again." 
 
 Alas, for the fate that befell a man of such noble sentiments — a 
 man who proved, by word and deed, true as steel. Sergeant Hyne- 
 man had re- enlisted, but this time to become a martyr. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 497 
 
 It was during the middle of Juoe, 1864, thatGeoeral U. S. Grant, 
 then in command of the Army of the Potomac, located his forces at 
 Petersburg, Virginia. Towards the latter part of the same month, 
 the Union Cavalry made a raid in that section. Sergeant Hyneman 
 was among the forces, which were subsequently obliged to retreat 
 because of an attack by re-enforcements of the enemy. This retreat 
 was attended with much confusion, and the capture of a large num- 
 ber of the fleeing men. Hyneman, whose brave nature was coupled 
 with intense human sympathy, saw a wounded fellow- soldier, whose 
 horse had been shot under him. He immediately placed that comrade 
 upon his own horse. Scarce had this been done, than Hyneman, 
 making his way as best he could, on foot, perceived another companion 
 barefooted and bleeding. Removing his own boots, he gave them 
 to his suffering comrade. These acts of kindness, however, cost him 
 dear. The enemy was upon him; he was captured, and sent to that 
 most horrible of all the rebel prisons — Andersonville. There, hoping 
 against hope that the time would come for his exchange, he suffered 
 agonies no pen can picture. A strong, vigorous man — described as 
 of ''handsome form, dignified bearing and oriental type of face" — 
 wasted away from starvation and sickness, and on January 7th, 
 1865, the light of this brave hero went out, after twenty- nine years, 
 over six months of which were spent in a " living hell." 
 
 Poor Hyneman' s remains were afterwards located, and were 
 brought to Philadelphia, where, on May 3d, 1865, they were interred 
 in the cemetery on Federal Street above Eleventh Street, amid the 
 unutterable grief of his beloved mother, and the sorrow of many, 
 including the two comrades for whose safety he had lost his life. 
 
 The nobility of this man's character, his exemplary ways, his 
 patriotic devotion to duty — and far more than that — render Elias 
 Leon Hyneman eminently deserving of a place among the immortal 
 heroes of the Civil War. No stronger testimony to his worth is 
 needed than that contained in the following official document : — 
 
 "I hereby certify on honor that I was well and personally acquainted 
 with Elias L. Hyneman, who was a Sergeant of Company C, Fifth Regi- 
 ment, Pennsylvania Cavalry, Volunteers, that the said Elias L. Hyne- 
 man was a thorough and efficient soldier, and a ])crsou of excellent 
 habits, and known and respected as such by all in the regiment. That 
 he was ever foremost in the line of duty and at the post of danger, and 
 vigilant and patient in the prosecution of his patriotic services. That 
 by his zeal and enthusiasm to be foremost among the defenders of his 
 
 32 
 
498 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 flag he was unhappily captured by a merciless foe and consigned to an 
 ignominious and beastly prison house, there to suffer for many months 
 and at last to yield his noble spirit in death. Even his last life scenes 
 were worthy of a soldier soul and full of true manfulness. That I, being 
 a prisoner of war at the same time with said Elias L. Hyneraan, heard 
 of his many sufferings with deepest regret. I sympathize sincerely with 
 his afflicted relatives and all who mourn his loss. He fought and fell in 
 the glorious cause of Freedom and Justice omnipotent. 
 
 "Given at Camp, Fifth Pennsylvania Cavalry, near Richmond, Va., 
 this 1st day of May, 1865. 
 
 ** J. FiJANK Cameron, 
 " Capt. Com'd'g Company C, Fifth Penn. Cavalry " 
 "Approval: 
 "Colonel Commanding Regiment." 
 
 ["An American Hebrew's Heroic Life," by Alice Hyneman 
 Rhine (Mrs. Charles Sotheran), is the title of an appreciative and 
 sympathetic sketch of Elias Leon Hyneman, published in the 
 Menorah, of December, 1888. From that sketch, interesting and 
 valuable information has been obtained.] 
 
 Captain Ullman, Company E. Noted for his bravery ; served 
 throughout the Civil Waf*. He was also engaged in the war with 
 the Sioux Indians, in 1876, and was one of those in the command 
 of General Custer, on that fatal day in June, on which the entire 
 command was surrounded by the Indians ; every man, including 
 the brave General and Captain Ullman, being slaughtered. 
 
 Jacob Trautman, Sergeant, Company E. (Term of service, 
 August 9th, 1861-August 7th, 1865.) 
 
 Leopold Goldstrom. Private, Corporal, and Quartermaster Ser- 
 geant, Company E. (Term of service, July 30th, 1861-August 
 7th, 1865.) 
 
 Henry Schloss. Private, and Corporal, Company E. Wounded 
 near Richmond, Virginia, December 10th, 1864. (Term of service, 
 August 9th, 1861-August 7th, 1865.) 
 
 Abraham B. Harris. Sergeant, Company F; Regimental Quar- 
 termaster Sergeant ; Second Lieutenant, Company F. (Term of 
 service, July 30th, 1861— served until expiration of term, more than 
 three years. ) 
 
 Abram P. Schoneman. Private, Company E, Nineteenth Regi- 
 ment. (Term of service, April 17th, 1861 — served four months.) 
 First Lieutenant, Sixty-Fifth Regiment — serving eight months; 
 Bugler, Keystone Battery. (Term of service, July 26th, 1862- 
 August 24th, 1863.) 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 499 
 
 Sixty- Seventh Regiment. 
 
 Israel Myers. Private, and Corporal, Company E. (Term of 
 service, September 10th, 1862-June 20th, 1865.) 
 
 Frank P. Kohen, First Lieutenant, Company I. (Term of ser- 
 vice, April 18th-July 14th, 1865.) 
 
 Seventy-Second Regiment. 
 
 Benjamin Harris. Private, Corporal, and Sergeant, Company G. 
 (Term of service, August 10th, 1861-August 24th, 1864.) 
 
 Seventy- Third Regiment. 
 
 Abraham Hart. First Lieutenant, Company A, from September 
 7th, 1861; promoted to Captain, Company I, February 14th, 1862; 
 subsequently promoted to Brigade Adjutant-General, for meritorious 
 conduct. 
 
 Seventy- Fourth Regiment. 
 
 Joseph Goldsmith. Private, Company A ; promoted to Captain, 
 Company A. Served three years. 
 
 Isaac Myers. Corporal, Company G. (Term of service, Feb- 
 ruary 15th-August 29th, 1865.) 
 
 Seventy-Fifth Regiment. 
 
 Jacob Ullman, Corporal, Company E. Held prisoner. (Term of 
 service, August 31st, 1861-June 13th, 1865.) 
 
 Seventy-Sixth Regiment. 
 
 Henry Strouse. Private, and Corporal, Company D. (Term of 
 service, January 1st, 1864-July 18th, 1865.) 
 
 Daniel Lichtenberger. Private, Corporal, and Sergeant, Company 
 I. (Terra of service, February 1st, 1864-July 18th, 1865.) 
 
 Sigmund Myers, Corporal, Company I. (Term of service, 
 October 24th, 1861-November 28th, 1864.) 
 
 Seventy- Seventh Regiment. 
 
 Henry Stern. Private, First Lieutenant, and Captain, Company 
 G. Distinguished for his bravery. (Term of service, October 11th, 
 1861-September 9th, 1863, when he resigned.) 
 
500 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Seventy- Eighth Regiment. 
 
 David Goodman, Sergeant, Company B. (Term of service, Sep- 
 tember 29th, 1861-September 11th, 1865.) 
 
 Seventy-Ninth Regiment. 
 
 Henry Bamberger, Corporal, Company E. (Term of service, 
 September 20th, 1861-March 5th, 1862; died on latter date at 
 Munfordsville, Kentucky. ) 
 
 Eighty-First Regiment. 
 
 David J. Phillips. Second Lieutenant, Company I, from October 
 15th, 1861; Regimental Adjutant, February 1st, 1863; Captain, 
 Company I, May 1st, 1863. 
 
 Eighty-Second Regiment. 
 
 Jacob Mayer. Corporal, and Sergeant, Company F. (Term of 
 service, December 25th, 1863-July 13th, 1865.) 
 
 Louis Rosenberg. Private and Corporal, Company K. (Term of 
 service, December 9th, 1864-July 13th, 1865.) 
 
 Eighty- Third Regiment. 
 
 David A. Apple. Sergeant, First Sergeant, Second Lieutenant, 
 First Lieutenant, and Captain, Company B. (Term of service, 
 August 25th, 1861-May 23d, 1863.) Subsequently commissioned 
 Captain in Veteran Reserve Corps. Died at Washington, D. C, 
 in 1864. 
 
 Abraham Frauenthal. Private, Company G, Eighth Regiment; 
 re-enlisted as Corporal, Company D, Ninety-Second Regiment. 
 (Term of service, April 13th, 1861-December 24th, 1864.) Sub- 
 sequently, Lieutenant, Company I, Eighty- Third Regiment. 
 
 Eighty- Seventh Regiment. 
 
 Solomon Myers, Captain, Company E. (Term of service, Sep- 
 tember 13th, 1861-October 13th, 1864.) 
 
 Eighty- Ninth Regiment — Eighth Cavalry. 
 
 Lewis Fishblatt, Second Lieutenant, Company E. (Term of 
 service, September 17th, 1861-July 6th, 1862, when he resigned.) 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 501 
 
 David Wolf, Sergeant, Company H. Held prisoner, October 1 2th, 
 1863-Noveraber 20th, 1864. (Term of service, September 6th, 
 1861-February 14th, 1865.) 
 
 Ninetieth Regiment. 
 
 Benjamin L. Kauftman, Corporal, Company D. (Term of ser- 
 vice, July 15th, 1863-November 26th, 1864; transferred on latter 
 date to Company H, Eleventh Regiment.) 
 
 Ninety- First Regiment. 
 
 Corporal Goldberg, Company A. 
 
 Morris Kayser. First Lieutenant, and Captain, Company B. 
 (Term of service, November 6th, 1861-February 16th, 1864, when 
 he resigned.) 
 
 Isaac Goodman. Private, Corporal, and Sergeant, Company F. 
 Wounded at Petersburg, June 18th, 1864. (Term of service, 
 October 25th, 1861-July 10th, 1865.) 
 
 Ninety- Second Regiment — Ninth Cavalry. 
 
 Jacob Hassler. Sergeant and First Sergeant, Company D. (Term 
 of service, October 15th, 1861-July 10th, 1865.) 
 
 Charles A. Appel. First Lieutenant, Company A, October 3d, 
 1861; Captain, Company F, April 6th, 1862. 
 
 Isaac B. Kauifman, Second Lieutenant, Company H. (Term of 
 service, October 29th, 1861-June 7th, 1862; died on latter date of 
 wounds received at Moore's Hill, Kentucky, on the previous day.) 
 
 Ninety- Third Regiment. 
 
 Augustus Solomon. Private, Corporal, and Sergeant, Company B. 
 (Term of service, January 1st, 1864-June 27th, 1865.) 
 
 Ninety- Eighth Regiment. 
 
 Jacob Herrman. Private, Corporal, and Sergeant, Company C. 
 Wounded at Cedar Creek, Virginia, October 19th, 1864. (Term 
 of service, September 25th, 1861-June 29th, 1865.) 
 
502 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Ninety-Ninth Regiment. 
 
 David A. Barnett, Corporal, Company B. (Terra of service, July 
 31st, 1861-November 7th, 1863; died on latter date of wounds re- 
 ceived on same date at Kelly's Ford, Virginia.) 
 
 One Hundred and First Regiment. 
 
 Jacob Kauffman, Corporal, Company A. (Term of service, 
 March llth-June 25th, 1865.) 
 
 One Hundred and Second Regiment. 
 
 August Hirsch, Corporal, Company A. Wounded in Battle of the 
 Wilderness. (Term of service, August 16th, 1861-September 3d, 
 1864.) 
 
 David S. Salisburg, Corporal, Company B. (Term of service, 
 August 19th, 1861-July 23d, 1862.) 
 
 One Hundred and Third Regiment. 
 
 Emanuel Herman, Captain, Company D. (Term of service, 
 March 30th, 1865 — one year.) 
 
 One Hundred and Fourth Regiment. 
 
 L. A. Rosenberger. Corporal, Sergeant, First Sergeant, and Second 
 Lieutenant, Company D. Captured at Gloucester Point, Virginia, 
 November 16th, 1862. (Term of service, September 17th, 1861- 
 September 30th, 1864.) 
 
 One Hundred and Seventh Regiment. 
 
 Henry Moser, Corporal, Company F. (Term of service, March 
 8th, 1862-February 8th, 1864 ; transferred on latter date to 
 Veteran Reserve Corps.) 
 
 One Hundred and Eighth Regiment— Eleventh Cavalry. 
 
 Max Moeler, Lieutenant, Company E. 
 
 Henry Berg. Private, and Corporal, Company G. Wounded 
 near Richmond, Virginia, October 13th, 1864. (Term of service, 
 August 27th, 1862- June 8th, 1865.) 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 603 
 
 One Hundred and Eleventh Regiment. 
 
 Samuel S. Bloom, Second Lieutenant, Company H. (Term of 
 service, November 2(1, 1861-March 12th, 1862, when he resigned.) 
 
 One Hundred and Twelfth Regiment — Second Artillery. 
 
 Adolph Liebschutz, Lieutenant. Promoted in the ranks for gallant 
 conduct on the field. 
 
 One Hundred and Thirteenth Regiment — Twelfth 
 Cavalry. 
 
 Anton Goldschmidt. First Sergeant, and First Lieutenant, Com- 
 pany A. (Term of service, January 9th, 1862-July 20th, 1865.) 
 
 Ephraim Rosenthal. Private and Sergeant, Company A. (Term 
 of service, January 10th, 1862-July 20th, 1865.) 
 
 Abraham Weinbach, Quartermaster Sergeant, Company A. 
 (Term of service, February 1st, 1864-July 20th, 1865.) 
 
 Leopold Meyer, Captain, Company C. (Term of service, 
 February 3d, 1862-March 25th, 1865.) 
 
 Jacob Herzog, Captain, Company .E. (Term of service, De- 
 cember 2d, 1861-September 30th, 1862, when he resigned.) 
 
 Elias Reubenthal, Sergeant, Company I. (Term of service, 
 February 24th, 1862-July 20th, 1865.) 
 
 One Hundred and Fourteenth Regiment. 
 
 Jacob E. Arnold, Corporal, Company E. (Term of service 
 August 23d, 1862-May 29th, 1865.) 
 
 One Hundred and Fifteenth Regiment. 
 
 Evan Davis. Sergeant, First Sergeant, and First Lieutenant, 
 Company D. (Term of service, August 20th, 1862-May 18th, 
 1863 ; died on latter date at Potomac Creek, Virginia, of wounds 
 received at Chancellorsville, May 3d, 1863.) 
 
 One Hundred and Eighteenth Regiment. 
 
 Henry F. Leo. First Sergeant, First Lieutenant, and Captain, 
 Company B. (Term of service, August 13th, 1862- June 1st, 1865.) 
 
504 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 One Hundred and Twenty- First Regiment. 
 
 Charles Edward Etting. Born in Philadelphia, February 5th, 1844; 
 second son of Edward J. and Fhilippa {nee Minis) Etting. Enlisted 
 as Second Lieutenant, Company D; promoted to First Lieutenant, 
 and Captain, Company D ; Regimental Adjutant on Staff of Bri- 
 gade Commander; assigned to First Brigade, Third Division, First 
 Corps, Army of the Potomac, and joined Union forces at Sharps- 
 burg, after Battle of Antietam. He participated with gallantry in 
 Battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg; acted 
 as Aide-de-Camp in First Brigade, and served on other staff duty. 
 He was active in organizing new Pennsylvania Regiments in the 
 latter part of 1864. (Term of service, August 4th, 1862- June 2d, 
 1865.) 
 
 Returning to Philadelphia after the close of the War, Captain 
 Etting engaged in mercantile pursuits. He is a member of the 
 Pennsylvania Society of Sons of the Revolution, Society of the First 
 Army Corps, Society of the Army of the Potomac, Loyal Legion 
 of the United States (Commandery of Pennsylvania), to which he 
 was elected November 6th, 1878 ; and George G. Meade Post, 
 Number 1, Grand Army of the Republic. 
 
 Joseph George Rosengarten. First Lieutenant, Company D; 
 Major on Staff of General John F. Reynolds, Army of the 
 Potomac; Brevet Captain of United States Volunteers, March 13th, 
 1865. (Term of service, September 2d, 1862-September 6th, 1865.) 
 
 One Hundred and Twenty- Second Regiment. 
 
 Samuel W. Rowe. First Lieutenant, and Captain, Company B. 
 (Term of service, August 12th, 1862-May 15th, 1863.) 
 
 Benjamin F. Baer, Captain, Company F. (Term of service, 
 August 12th, 1862-April 13th, 1863.) 
 
 Jacob Benedict, Corporal, Company H. (Term of service, August 
 11th, 1862-February 7th, 1863.) 
 
 One Hundred and Twenty-Sixth Regiment. 
 
 Solomon B. Kauffman, Corporal, Company F. (Term of service, 
 August 9th, 1862-May 20th, 1863.) 
 
 Joseph Benedict, Sergeant, Company K. Received severe wounds 
 in action. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 505 
 
 One Hundred and Twenty-Eighth Regiment. 
 
 Lehman K. Strouse, Corporal, Company F. (Term of service, 
 August 15th, 1862-May 19th, 1863.) 
 
 Solomon H. Kramer. Corporal, and Sergeant, Company G. 
 (Term of service, August 12th, 1862-May 19th, 1863.) 
 
 Albert Myers, Sergeant, Company H. (Term of service, August 
 15th, 1862-January 8th, 1863.) 
 
 One Hundred and Twenty- Ninth Regiment. 
 
 Isaac B. Rich. Corporal, and Sergeant, Company B. (Term of 
 service, August 10th, 1862-May 18th, 1863.) 
 
 Joseph Levi. Private, and Corporal, Company G. (Term of 
 service, August 15th, 1862-May 18th, 1863.) 
 
 One Hundred and Thirtieth Regiment. 
 
 Benjamin F. Myers. Second Lieutenant, and First Lieutenant, 
 Company C. (Term of service, August 11th, 1862-May 21st, 1863.) 
 
 One Hundred and Thirty-Eighth Regiment. 
 
 Samuel B. Salsburg. Corporal, and Sergeant, Company C. 
 Wounded at Monocacy, Maryland, July 9th, 1864. (Term of 
 service, August 20th, 1862-June 23d, 1865.) 
 
 One Hundred and Thirty-Ninth Regiment. 
 
 Jacob Rosensteel. Private, Corporal, and Sergeant, Company F. 
 Wounded in Battle of Wilderness, May 5th, 1864. (Term of 
 service, September 1st, 1862-June 21st, 1865.) 
 
 One Hundred and Forty-First Regiment. 
 
 David Benjamin, Corporal, Company D.. (Term of service, 
 August 22d, 1862-May 28th, 1865.) 
 
 One Hundred and Forty-Second Regiment. 
 George Gisner, Corporal. 
 
 One Hundred and Forty-Third Regiment. 
 Levi Arnold, Sergeant, Company F. Transferred to Veteran 
 
506 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Reserve Corps, October 28th, 1863. (Term of service, September 
 8th, 1862-May 17th, 1865.) 
 
 One Hundred and Forty-Seventh Regiment. 
 
 Joel J. Hertzog. Corporal, Company M, Twenty-Eighth Regi- 
 ment ; Private, and Corporal, Company D, One Hundred and 
 Forty- Seventh Regiment. (Term of service, September 6th, 1861- 
 September 7th, 1864.) 
 
 One Hundred and Forty-Eighth Regiment. 
 
 Alfred A. Rinehard. Sergeant, Second Lieutenant, and Captain, 
 Company D. Wounded at Po River, Virginia, May 10th, 1864. 
 (Term of service, August 28th, 1862-May 15th, 1865.) 
 
 One Hundred and Fifty-Second Regiment — Third 
 Artillery. 
 
 Jacob Stein, Corporal, Battery K. November 7th, 1862. 
 
 Herman Mendel. Private, Corporal, and Sergeant, Battery L. 
 (Term of service, August 1st, 1863-November 9th, 1865.) Sub- 
 sequently, served in Company A, Fourth United States Cavalry. 
 
 Henry de Haan, Sergeant, Battery M. (Term of service, June 
 25th, 1863-March 17th, 1865; transferred on latter date to Second 
 Regiment, United States Volunteers.) 
 
 Bernhard Messing, Sergeant, Battery M. (Term of service, 
 July 27th, 1863-March 17th, 1865 ; transferred on latter date to 
 Second Regiment, United States Volunteers.) 
 
 One Hundred and Fifty- Third Regiment. 
 
 Joseph Bear, Sergeant, Company I. Wounded at Gettysburg, 
 July 1st, 1863. (Term of service, October 11th, 1862-July 24th, 
 1863.) 
 
 Aaron J. Myers, Sergeant, Company I. (Term of service, Octo- 
 ber 11th, 1862-July 6th, 1863; died on latter date, of wounds 
 received at Gettysburg, July 1st, 1863.) 
 
 One Hundred and Fifty-Fourth Regiment. 
 
 David D. Meyers. Private, and Corporal, Company A. (Term 
 of service, November 3d, 1862-September 29th, 1863.) 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 607 
 
 Joseph A. Kauffman. Second Lieutenant, and First Lieutenant, 
 Company B. (Term of service, January 6th, 1862-September 
 29th, 1863.) 
 
 One Hundred and Fifpy-Fifth Regiment. 
 
 Herman Myers. Private, and Corporal, Company A. (Term of 
 service, August 23d, 1862-June 2d, 1865.) 
 
 One Hundred and Fifty-Ninth Regiment— Fourteenth 
 
 Cavalry. 
 
 Moses Miller, Corporal, Company H, from November 23d, 1862. 
 
 One Hundred and Sixty- Second Regiment — Seventeenth 
 
 Cavalry. 
 
 Emanuel Moyer, Sergeant, Company H. (Term of service, 
 October 27th, 1862-June 21st, 1864; killed on latter date, at 
 White House, Virginia.) 
 
 One Hundred and Sixty-Third Regiment — Eighteenth 
 
 Cavalry. 
 
 James Goldsmith. Corporal, and Sergeant, Company H. (Term 
 of service, November 18th, 1862-October 31st, 1865 ; mustered out 
 on latter date with (/ompany E, Third Regiment, Provisional Cav- 
 alry. ) 
 
 Herman Hamburger. First Lieutenant, Company L ; Assistant 
 Adjutant-General of First Brigade, Third Division, Cavalry Corps, 
 Army of the Potomac, in 1862. Served with Brigade in two days 
 of the Battle of Gettysburg, and in six other cavalry engagements. 
 (Term of service, December 3d, 1862-August 18th, 1863.) 
 
 One Hundred and Sixty-Fifth Regiment. 
 
 Henry H. Jacobs, Sergeant, Company F. (Term of service, 
 November 10th, 1862-July 28th, 1863.) 
 
 Alexander Jacobs, Corporal, Company F. (Term of service, 
 November 7th, 1862-July 28th, 1863.) 
 
508 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 One Hundred and Sixty-Seventh Regiment. 
 
 Nathan Fromm, Corporal, Company A. (Term of service, 
 November lOtb, 1862-August 12th, 1863.) 
 
 Daniel Straus, Corporal, Company F, from November 12th, 
 1862. 
 
 Joseph Jacoby, Sergeant, Company I. (Term of service, 
 November 12th, 1862-August 12th, 1863.) 
 
 One Hundred and Seventy-First Regiment. 
 
 Jacob Kauffman, Corporal, Company F. (Term of service, 
 November 4th, 1862-August 8th, 1863.) 
 
 One Hundred and Seventy- Second Regiment. 
 
 Moses P. Arnold. Sergeant, Company A, from October 28th, 
 1862 ; subsequently, promoted to First Sergeant, Company A. 
 
 One Hundred and Seventy- Third Regiment. 
 
 Michael Rosenstein, First Lieutenant, Company K. (Term of 
 service, November 15th, 1862-August 18th, 1863.) 
 
 One Hundred and Seventy-Eighth Regiment. 
 
 Levi Myers, First Lieutenant, Company E. (Term of service, 
 November 22d, 1862- July 27th, 1863.) 
 
 One Hundred and Seventy-Ninth Regiment. 
 
 David S. Kauffman, Sergeant, Company F. (Term of service, 
 November 4th, 1862-July 27th, 1863.) 
 
 One Hundred and Eightieth Regiment— Nineteenth 
 
 Cavalry. 
 Henry Moser, Quartermaster Sergeant, Company B. (Term of 
 service, June 30th, 1863-July 26th, 1865.) 
 
 One Hundred and Eighty-First Regiment — Twentieth 
 
 Cavalry. 
 
 David Silva, Corporal, Company G, July 28th, 1863. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. m 
 
 One Hundred and Eighty-Third Regiment. 
 
 Jacob Simon. Private, and Corporal, Company E. (Term of 
 service, February 3d, 1864-July 13th, 1865.) 
 
 David Myers. Private, and Corporal, Company H. Seriously 
 wounded at Cold Harbor. (Terra of service, January 21st, 1864- 
 July 13th, 1865.) 
 
 One Hundred and Eighty-Sixth Regiment. 
 
 Abraham Hoffman, Corporal, Company E. (Term of service, 
 February 24th, 1864-August 15th, 1865.) 
 
 One Hundred and Ninetieth Regiment. 
 
 Aaron Miller. Private, and Corporal, Company K. Held pris- 
 oner, May 5th, 1864-March 10th, 1865. (Term cf service, Novem- 
 ber 6th, 1863-June 28th, 1865.) 
 
 One Hundred and Ninety- Third Regiment. 
 
 Phillip Levy. Corporal, and Sergeant, Company G. (Term of 
 Service, July 19th-November 9th, 1864.) 
 
 One Hundred and Ninety- Fifth Regiment. 
 
 Israel Bair, Sergeant, Company F. (Term of service, February 
 18th, 1865-January 31st, 1866.) 
 
 Joseph Bachman, Sergeant, Company H. (Term of service, 
 February 27th, 1865-January 31st, 1866.) 
 
 One Hundred and Ninety-Seventh Regiment. 
 
 Jacob Frank, Corporal, Company C. (Term of service, July 
 15th-November 11th, 1864.) 
 
 Two Hundredth Regiment. 
 
 Samuel Baum, Corporal, Company G. Wounded at Fort Stead- 
 man, Virginia, March 25th, 1865. (Term of service, August 24th, 
 1864-June 16th, 1865.) 
 
 Two Hundred and Second Regiment. 
 
 Solomon B. Kaufman, Sergeant, Company B. (Term of service, 
 September 2d, 1864-August 3d, 1865.) 
 
510 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Two Hundred and Fourth Regiment — Fifth Artillery. 
 
 Adam Salzmann, Corporal, Battery G. (Term of service, Septem- 
 ber 2d, 1864-June 30th, 1865.) 
 
 Henry Arnold. Private, and Corporal, Battery I. (Term of 
 service, September 1st, 1864- Jane 30th, I860.) 
 
 Two Hundred and Ninth Regiment. 
 
 Benjamin Apple, Corporal, Company I. (Term of service, August 
 31st, 1864-May 31st, 1865.) 
 
 Two Hundred and Tenth Regiment. 
 
 David Michaels. Corporal, First Sergeant, and Second Lieutenant, 
 Company I. (Term of service, September 19th, 1864-May 30th, 
 
 1865.) 
 
 Two Hundred and Fifteenth Regiment. 
 
 Herman Lipowitz, Sergeant, Company A. (Term of service, 
 April llth-July 31st, 1865.) 
 
 Independent Battery A. 
 
 Julius Blum. Private, and Corporal. (Term of service, August 
 11th, 1862-June 30th, 1865.) 
 
 Keystone Battery. 
 
 • 
 
 Leon Solis Cohen, Corporal. Enlisted at outbreak of Civil War ; 
 injured in 1863, previous to Battle of Gettysburg, and removed to 
 his home for medical treatment; disabled for further military service. 
 
 OFFICERS IN OTHER PENNSYLVANIA REGIMENTS. 
 
 Nathan D. Menken, Captain. Formed a body of Pennsylvania 
 Cavalry, at the beginning of the Civil War; participated in the 
 Second Battle of Bull Run, where his horse was shot under him. 
 Captain Menken was also Commander of General Pope's body-guard. 
 His bravery as a soldier earned him deserved praise. This bravery 
 was further shown, when, as a citizen of Memphis, Tennessee, he 
 refused .to quit that plague-stricken city in 1878, at a time when 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 511 
 
 hundreds fled therefrom, during a terrible visitation of yellow fever. 
 There, Captain Menken, fearing nothing, devoted himself to suffering 
 humanity. All solicitations were of no avail in inducing him to leave 
 that place. He labored on and on until the fearful scourge made 
 another victim of this true hero, who was but forty- two years of age. 
 Nathan D. Menken is a name that will shine forth in the records of 
 philanthropy. 
 
 Jacob Coons, Captain of " Wyoming Jagers " — in all probability 
 a Company composed of Germans. 
 
 PRIVATES. 
 
 (Classified and Unclassified.) 
 
 First Regiment. 
 Moses Barnet, Company A. 
 
 Second Regiment. 
 
 Moses Livermauli, Company B. 
 David Hays, Company C. 
 
 Third Regiment 
 
 Gustav Josephs, Company C. Served three years; and one year 
 in Hancock's Veteran Corps. 
 
 Fourth Regiment. 
 
 Henry Jacobs, Company B. 
 
 Fifth Regiment. 
 
 Jonas Miller, Company E. Served three years. 
 David Levy, Company I. 
 
 Sixth Regiment. 
 
 Abraham Levy, Company E. 
 S. Dinbacher, Company H. 
 S. Durlacher, Company H. 
 Bernard Sontheimer. 
 
512 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Eighth Regiment. 
 Samuel F. May, Company K. 
 
 Ninth Regiment. 
 Samuel Lowenthal, Company G. Served four years. 
 
 Tenth Regiment. 
 Daniel Israel, Company F. 
 
 Eleventh Regiment. 
 
 Jacob Rosensteel, Company I. Wounded at Rappahannock Sta- 
 tion, August 21st, 1862. (Term of service, September 20th, 1861- 
 July 1st, 1865.) 
 
 Fourteenth Regiment. 
 Aaron Goodman, Company A. 
 
 Sixteenth Regiment. 
 S. F. Schwarz, Company I. 
 
 Seventeenth Regiment. 
 Benjamin Arnold, Company B. 
 
 Eighteenth Regiment. 
 
 Louis N. David, Company E. 
 Oscar S. Nathans, Company H. 
 Theodore Nathans, Company H. 
 Henry Isaacs, Company I. 
 
 Nineteenth Regiment. 
 
 Solomon Ottenheimer, Company A. 
 Aaron Josephs, Company F. 
 Max Wimpf heimer. Company F. 
 Moses Miller, Company K. 
 Samuel Miller, Company K. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 513 
 
 Solomon W. May. Born in Philadelphia, March 4th, 1839; son 
 of Emanuel and Hannah (nt'e Trauble) May. Enlisted for three 
 months' service; discharged at expiration of term. Died in Phila- 
 delphia, October 6th, 1893. 
 
 Charles Stern. 
 
 Charles Sternberger. 
 
 Twenty- First Regiment. 
 C. Meyer, Company B. 
 
 Twenty-Second Regiment. 
 
 Alexander Miller, Company H. 
 William Miller, Company H. 
 Charles Birnbaum, Company I. 
 
 Twenty-Third Regiment. 
 
 Albert Thalheimer, Company B. Captured at Cold Harbor, June 
 1st, 1864, and held prisoner until March 27th, 1865. (Term of 
 service, August 2d, 1861-June 10th, 1865.) 
 
 David Lazarus, Company F. 
 
 M. Mitchell, Company F. 
 
 Joseph Lewenberg, Company I. Served from August 13th, 1861, 
 until discharged by order of Major-General Heintzelman. 
 
 Twenty- Fifth Regiment. 
 Solomon Ash, Company C. 
 
 Twenty -Sixth Regiment. 
 
 Aaron Levy, Company A. Served from May 27th, 1861. Trans- 
 ferred to Signal Corps. 
 
 Joseph Moritz, Company C. (Term of service, May 28th, 1861- 
 July, 1861.) 
 
 Max Rosenthal, Company D. Served from August 19th, 1863. 
 Transferred to Ninety-Ninth Regiment, May 30th, 1864. 
 
 John Moss, Company E. Served from May 28th, 1861. Trans- 
 ferred to Ninety- Ninth Regiment, May 30th, 1864. 
 
 James Goldsmith, Company F. Captured at Gettysburg. (Term 
 of service. May 28th, 1861-June 18th, 1864.) 
 
 33 
 
514 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 William Rosenstein, Company F. Served from July 10th, 
 1863. Transferred to Ninety-Ninth Regiment, May 30th, 1864. 
 
 Marcus Seligman, Company F. Served from August 21st, 1863. 
 Transferred to Ninety- Ninth Regiment, May 30th, 1864. 
 
 Solomon Pinheiro, Company G. Enlisted in April, 1861, when 
 fourteen years of age, as a drummer boy ; served fifteen months ; 
 took part in first and second Battles of Bull Run, and in about 
 twenty skirmishes ; discharged ; and entered the Navy. 
 
 Jacob EUenger , Company I. (Term of service. May 31st, 1861- 
 June 18th, 1864.) 
 
 William Ellenger, Company I. (Term of service, May 31st, 
 1861-July, 1861.) 
 
 Joseph Meyer, Company I. Wounded at Gettysburg, July 2d, 
 1863. Transferred to Ninety- Ninth Regiment, May 29th, 1864. 
 (Term of service, May 31st, 1861-July 1st, 1865.) 
 
 Twenty- Seventh Regiment. 
 
 Max Arnold, Company A. Served until November 30th, 1861. 
 
 Simon Blumenthal, Company A. Served until November 30th, 
 1861. 
 
 Mayer Friinkel, Company A. Served, May 31st, 1861-January 
 30th, 1862. Received honorable mention by the Secretary of War. 
 
 Leopold Gross, Company A. Died of wounds received at Cross 
 Keys, Virginia, June 8th, 1862. 
 
 Herman Heyman, Company A. 
 
 Augustus Jacobson, Company A. Transferred to United States 
 Navy, April 9th, 1864. 
 
 Herman Jacoby, Company A. Wounded at Missionary Ridge; 
 served throughout the War. 
 
 Magnus Kuhn, Company A. 
 
 Louis May, Company A. 
 
 Jacob Ringetstein, Company A. 
 
 Lewis Roth, Company A. Served until April 2d, 1863. 
 
 Bernard Rosenheim, Company A. 
 
 xlbraham Schloss, Company A. 
 
 Jacob N. Adler, Company B. 
 
 Noah Adler, Company B. Captured at Gettysburg ; sent to Belle 
 Island. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 515 
 
 Jacob Fuchs, Company B. Transferred to One Hundred and 
 Ninth Regiment, May 23d, 1864. 
 
 Nathan Center, Company B. Wounded in action ; served from 
 May 31st, 1861. 
 
 Jacob Israel, Company B. 
 
 John Jacob, Company B. 
 
 Abraham Kuhn, Company B. Served until October 19th, 1862. 
 
 Francis Reinhard, Company B. Served until September 26th, 
 1861. 
 
 Moses Sheier, Company B. 
 
 Emanuel Schoneman, Company B. 
 
 Joseph Siedler, Company B. 
 
 Max Silberberg, Company B. Voluntarily enlisted in the spring 
 of 1863, when but eighteen years of age; took part in engagements 
 in Pennsylvania, including Battle of Gettysburg, He is now a 
 resident of Cincinnati, Ohio ; has twice been Commander of August 
 Willich Post, Grand Army of the Republic, and has also served as 
 President of the Employment Bureau of the Grand Army of the 
 Republic Association, of Hamilton County, Ohio. 
 
 Jonas Straus, Company B. 
 
 Paul Weinberger, Company B. Transferred to Twenty-Ninth 
 Regiment, New York Volunteers, September 1st, 1861. 
 
 Abraham Dusch, Company C. Transferred to Veteran Reserve 
 Corps, September 1st, 1863. 
 
 Emanuel Ellinger, Company C. Served until June 28th, 1861. 
 
 David Heller, Company C. 
 
 Louis Kahn, Company C. 
 
 Louis Bach, Company D. Served until October 8th, 1861. 
 
 Meyer May, Company D. 
 
 Herman Mayer, Company D. 
 
 Louis Stein, Company D. 
 
 Joseph Tschopek, Company D. 
 
 Siegmund Warburg, Company D. 
 
 Bernard Weinstock, Company D. 
 
 Jacob Houseman, Company E. 
 
 Moses Meyer, Company E. 
 
 Abraham Rosenthal, Company E. 
 
 Abraham Josephs, Company F. Served three years, and one year 
 in Hancock's Veteran Corps. 
 
516 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 David Marx, Company G. 
 
 David Schoen, Company G. 
 
 Francis Appel, Company H. 
 
 Henry Appel, Company H. 
 
 Jacob Eisenman, Company H. 
 
 Philip Hermann, Company H. 
 
 H. Jacoby, Company H. 
 
 Jacob Maier, Company H. 
 
 David Moser, Company H. Died at Winchester, Virginia, April 
 27th, 1862. 
 
 Jacob Weil, Company H. 
 
 Charles Frank, Company I. 
 
 David Rosenstein, Company I. 
 
 Isaac Biggard, Company K. 
 
 Moses Schloss, Company K. (Term of service, June 4th, 1861- 
 June 11th, 1864.) 
 
 S. Adelsheimer. — J. Alexander. — Louis Cahn. — Gus Gassen- 
 heimer. 
 
 Adolph Glaser. Transferred to Fifteenth Heavy New York 
 Artillery. 
 
 B. Harris. — A. Hirsch. — A. Hochstetter. — M. Lowenstein. — 
 Jacob Max. — Max Meyer. — M. Pickard. — A. Pollock. — A. Pros- 
 kauer. — David Schloss.— Adolph Selker. — Moses Warburg. 
 
 Twenty- Eighth Regiment. 
 
 Jacob Rosenstock, Company A. Wounded at Chancellorsville. 
 (Term of service, June 28th, 1861-July 20th, 1864.) 
 
 Lazarus Belsinger, Company D. (Term of service, July 27th, 
 1862-July 18th, 1865.) 
 
 Henry Jacobs, Company F. (Term of service, July 10th, 1861- 
 July ^Oth, 1864.) 
 
 Simon P. Myers, Company G. (Term of service, February 
 13th-June 27th, 1865.) 
 
 Emanuel Marks, Company K. (Term of service, November 30th, 
 1861-June 23d, 1862. Died on latter date at Rectortown, Virginia.) 
 
 Twenty- Ninth Regiment. 
 
 Joseph Hertzog, Company E. (Term of service, January 24th, 
 1864-July 17th, 1865.) 
 
THE JEWS OE PHILADELPHIA. 617 
 
 Michael Rosenbaum, Company F. (Term of service, February 
 23d,vl864-July 17th, 1865.) 
 
 Samuel Jacobs, Company H. (Term of service, July 5th, 1861- 
 July 17th, 1865.) 
 
 F. Lachenheimer, Company K. (Term of service, July 11th, 
 1861-April 22d, 1863.) 
 
 Isaac W. Phillips, Company K. Held prisoner, February 9th- 
 March 6th, 1865. (Term of service, January 26th-July 1st, 1865.) 
 
 Elias Snowberger, Company K. (Term of service, December 
 23d, 1864-July 17th, 1865.) 
 
 Thirtieth Regiment— First Reserve. 
 
 Abraham E. Bear, Company B. (Term of service, June 4th, 
 1861-October 18th, 1862.) 
 
 Israel Jacobs, Company D. (Term of service, June 8th, 1861- 
 June 13th, 1864.) 
 
 Aaron A. Bernard, Company H. (Term of service, July 14th- 
 September 5th, 1861.) 
 
 Thirty- Second Regiment — Third Reserve. 
 
 B. Henry, Company D. 
 David Stern. 
 
 Thirty- Third Regiment — Fourth Reserve. 
 
 David J. Goodman, Company A. (Term of service, June 7th, 
 1861-June 17th, 1864.) 
 
 Isaac Calker, Company B. (Term of service. May 25th- 
 December 18th, 1861.) Died from effects of wounds. 
 
 Isaac Snellenburg, Company B. Born in 1841 ; oldest son of 
 Joseph and Bertha Snellenburg. (Term of service. May ' 25th, 
 1861-June 30th, 1862 ; killed on latter date at Charles City Cross 
 Roads, Virginia, and buried on battle-field.) 
 
 Thirty- Fourth Regiment — Fifth Reserve. 
 
 Abram B. Jacobs, Company A. Served from June 21st, 1861. 
 Transferred to Sixth United States Cavalry, October 29th, 1862. 
 
 Jacob Strous, Company G. (Term of service, June 21st, 1861- 
 June 11th, 1864.) 
 
518 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Thirty- Fifth Regiment — Sixth Reserve. 
 
 Jacob F, Katz, Company C. Served with his Regiment in every 
 battle from Dranesville to Cold Harbor. (Term of service, May 
 13th, 1861-June 11th, 1864.) 
 
 Thirty- Sixth Regiment— Seventh Reserve. 
 
 Isaac H. Phillips, Company F. (Term of service, September 
 24th, 1861-June 17th, 1862.) 
 
 Aaron Miller, Company I. (Term of service, July 7th, 1861- 
 May 5th, 1864.) 
 
 Levi Myers, Company I. (Term of service. May 10th, 1861- 
 May 5th, 1864.) 
 
 Thirty- Seventh Regiment — Eighth Reserve. 
 
 Jacob Stein, Company A. (Term of service, July lOth-Septem- 
 ber 10th, 1861.) 
 
 Philip Lang, Company I. (Term of service, June 20th, 1861- 
 March 7th, 1863.) 
 
 Thirty- Eighth Regiment — tNintii Reserve. 
 
 Samuel Lowenthal, Company G. (Term of service. May 4th, 
 1861-May 12th, 1864.) 
 
 Abraham Casner, Company I. (Term of service. May 6th, 
 1861- January 5th, 1863.) 
 
 Fortieth Regiment — Eleventh Reserve. 
 
 Lewis Grossman, Company C. Served from June 10th, 1861. 
 Wounded at Spottsylvania Court House, May 11th, 1864, losing 
 an arm and leg ; died from effect of wounds, August 3d, 1864, and 
 buried in Arlington National Cemetery. 
 
 Jacob Lebengood, Company E. (Term of service, June 21st, 
 1861-December 17th, 1862; discharged on latter date for wounds 
 received in action. ) 
 
 Israel Waterman, Company I. Served from June 17th, 1861. 
 Transferred to United States Army, November 9th, 1862. 
 
 Aaron Arnold. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 619 
 
 Forty-First Regiment — Twelfth Reserve. 
 
 Lewis Stein, Company E. (Terra of service, May 30th, 1861- 
 June 11th, 1864.) 
 
 Abram Gross, Company F. Served from August 23d, 1861. 
 Transferred to One Hundredth and Ninetieth Regiment, May 3l8t, 
 1864. 
 
 Forty-Second Regiment — ( '*Bucktail" ). 
 
 Joshua Moses, Company I. Served from May 30th, 1861. 
 
 Forty- Fourth Regiment — First Cavalry. 
 J. R. Dinkelberger, Company E. 
 
 Forty-Fifth Regiment. 
 
 Jacob Miller, Company A. Served from August 16th, 1861; 
 killed at South Mountain, September 14th, 1862. 
 
 Forty-Sixth Regiment. 
 
 Samuel Kauffman, Company A. (Term of service, February 
 25th, 1864-July 16th, 1865.) 
 
 Forty-Eighth Regiment. 
 
 Abraham Abrahams, Company G. (Term of service, February 
 18th, 1864-July 17th, 1865.) 
 
 Fiftieth Regiment. 
 Isaac Gross, Company H. Served from September 10th, 1861. 
 
 Fifty- First Regiment. 
 
 Lewis Nathan, Company A. (Term of service, January 26th- 
 June 6th, 1865.) 
 
 Fifty-Fourth Regiment. 
 
 Jacob Stine, Company C. (Term of service, February 27th- 
 May 31st, .1865.) 
 
620 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Fifty-Fifth Regiment. 
 
 Jacob Steiner, Company G. Served from February 1st, 1864. 
 Transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps. 
 
 Fifty-Seventh Regiment. 
 Jacob Herman, Company G. Served from February 27th, 1864. 
 
 Fifty- Ninth Regiment — Second Cavalry. 
 H. Bachman, Company C. 
 
 Sixtieth Regiment — Third Cavalry. 
 
 Jacob Miller, Company A. Wounded at Mine Run, Virginia, 
 November 27th, 1863; died from effects of same wounds, December 
 18th, 1863. 
 
 Morris Wolf, Company A. (Term of service, July 18th, 1861- 
 August 24th, 1864.) 
 
 Sixty- First Regiment. 
 
 Louis Goldstein, Company B. Served from August 1st, 1861. 
 
 Jacob Miller, Company C. (Term of service, October 25th, 
 1864-June 28th, 1865.) 
 
 Joseph Kline, Company I. Born in Germany. Enlisted when 
 nineteen years of age, serving from September 4th, 1861; was 
 engaged in Battles of Yorktown and Williamsburg. Killed at Fair 
 Oaks (Virginia) May 31st, 1862. 
 
 Sixty-Second Regiment. 
 
 Nathan Ostheimer, Company K. Served from July 22d, 1861. 
 Killed at Harrison's Landing, August 1st, 1862. 
 
 Sixty-Third Regiment. 
 
 Jacob Karpel, Company C. Died from wounds received at Bull 
 Run. 
 
 George Arnold. 
 F. Mazur. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 621 
 
 Sixty- Fifth Regiment— Fifth Cavalry. 
 
 Max Armhold, Company A. Held prisoner, December 10th, 
 1864-April, 1865. Served until May 20th, 18G5. 
 
 David H. Bloom, Company A. 
 
 Henry Appel, Company B. 
 
 Meyer S. Levy, Company C. 
 
 Samuel Levy, Company C. 
 
 Theodore Levy, Company C. 
 
 Ernst Lang, Company E. 
 
 Charles Max, Company E. Served until May 19th, 1865. 
 
 Joseph Ochs, Company E. 
 
 Louis Oppenheimer, Company E. 
 
 Abraham Schloss, Company E. Wounded before Richmond, 
 December 10th, 1864. 
 
 David B. Hoffman, Company G. 
 
 Michael Rhine, Company G. Served until May 9th, 1865. 
 
 Jacob Moss, Company H. Transferred to Company C, December, 
 1861. 
 
 Daniel Eisenberg, Company I. Transferred to Company B, June 
 5th, 1865. 
 
 Jacob Frank, Company I. 
 
 Simon Levi, Company I. 
 
 Emanuel Myers, Company K. 
 
 Sixty-Seventh Regiment. 
 S. Hoffman. 
 
 Sixty-Ninth Regiment. 
 
 Solomon Aarons, Company B. (Term of service, October 31st, 
 1861-July 1st, 1865.) 
 
 Asher Asher, Company I (''Gillen's Zouaves "). (140) Born 
 in Philadelphia, in 1841. Served from August 19th, 1861 ; partici- 
 pated in all battles to, and including. Fair Oaks. Killed while on 
 picket duty before Richmond, June 19th, 1862. 
 
 (140) This compuny was composed of "zouaves," and took its name after 
 the Capbiin, Daniel F. Gilleu. 
 
522 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Seventieth Regiment — Sixth Cavalry ("Rush's Lancers"). 
 
 Adolph Gerschel, Company I. (Term of service, September 
 28th, 1861-until expiration of term, in 1864.) 
 Barney Lindheimer. 
 
 Seventy- First Regiment ("Baker's California 
 Regiment"). (141) 
 
 Morris Asher, Company B. Born in New York City, February 
 23d, 1839; son of Michael and Sophia {nee Hart) Asher. Served 
 from May 21st, 1861 ; was with the Army of the Potomac in every 
 important battle to, and including, Gettysburg, where he was 
 wounded on the night of July 2d, 1863. He, however, participated 
 in the third day' s fight ; he afterwards started on the march with 
 his Regiment, but on July 4th, 1863, he Avas picked up by an 
 ambulance on Emmitsburg Road, where he had dropped from 
 exhaustion. After lying in different hospitals for about a year, he 
 was mustered out with his Company, July 2d, 1864. Mr. Asher is 
 a resident of Philadelphia. 
 
 Seventy- Second Regiment. 
 
 Nathan Rosenfelt, Company A. Served from August 10th, 1861. 
 Wounded and captured at Antietam, September 17th, 1862. Trans- 
 ferred to Veteran Reserve Corps. 
 
 Henry Isaacs, Company C. Enlisted, with Company M, August 
 10th, 1861. Transferred to Company C, November 1st, 1862. 
 
 Seventy- Ninth Regiment. 
 
 Joseph Bair, Company A. Enlisted, August 19th, 1861. Served 
 four yeai-s. AVounded at Chickamauga. 
 
 Eighty-Third Regiment. 
 
 Herman Stern, Company B. (Term of service, August 5th- 
 November 9th, 1861.) 
 
 (141) This Eegiment was named, in honor of its Colonel, Edward D. Baker, 
 United States Senator from California. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 523 
 
 Ninety- First Regiment. 
 
 Nicholas N. Kosbland, Company A. (Term of service, August 
 lOtb, 1861-July 9th, 1863.) 
 
 Ninety- Eighth Regiment. 
 
 Joseph Gassenmaier, Company D. (Term of service, October 
 6tb, 1864-June 29tb, 1865.) 
 J. Stein bruu, Company D. 
 Adolpb Fried heim, Company E. 
 Emanuel Katz. 
 
 Ninety-Ninth Regiment. 
 
 Simon Jacobs, Company D. (Term of service, October 8tb, 1862- 
 May 31st, 1865.) 
 
 Lewis Rothschild, Company K. Served from November 25th, 1861. 
 
 Albert Leopold Snowberger. Born in Philadelphia, April 4th, 
 1845; oldest son of Leopold and Brina {nee Abrahams) Snowberger; 
 sent to the Military Academy, at Portsmouth, Virginia, at fifteen 
 years of age. When the War broke out, this young hero deter- 
 mined to serve his country, and, despite the opposition of friends and 
 relatives, he yielded up his pleasant school life, and enlisted in the 
 ranks of the Union Army. He took part bravely in a number of 
 engagements, and passed unharmed ; but in the Battle of Fredericks- 
 burg, December 13th, 1862, he fell mortally wounded, and even 
 as he lay in agonies on the battle-field, "he waved his cap and 
 urged his comrades on to victory." He was taken to a hospital at 
 Washington, D. C, where his mother watched by his side until he 
 breathed his last on January 6th, 1863. His remains were interred 
 in the Jewish Cemetery on Federal Street above Eleventh Street, 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Albert Leopold Snowberger is another instance of a hero in the 
 ranks. The lad's commander wrote to his mother that "his bravery 
 and heroism were remarkable for one so young." 
 
 One Hundred and First Regiment. 
 
 M. L. Hirsch. 
 Theodore Podolsky. 
 
524 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 One Hundred and Eighth Regiment — Eleventh Cavalry. 
 
 Morris Sontheimer, Company K. (Terra of service, August Slst, 
 1861-August 13th, 1865.) 
 
 One Hundred and Ninth Regiment. 
 
 Joseph Aarons, Company B. Enlisted as a drummer boy at the 
 age of twelve years, December 16th, 1861; captured by the enemy 
 while delivering a dispatch, in second Battle of Bull Run, August 
 28th-29th, 1862; after his release, appointed Orderly on Staff of 
 General Geary, Second Division , Twelfth Army Corps. Served until 
 close of the War. 
 
 One Hundred and Tenth Regiment. 
 
 C. D. Goldenberg, Company F. Served from December 20th, 
 1861. 
 
 Henry Goldenberg, Company F. Served from August 30th, 1861. 
 
 One Hundred and Twelfth Regiment — Second Artillery. 
 
 Aaron de Haan, Battery A. Born, February, 1844. (Term of 
 service, February 1st, 1864-January 29th, 1866.) 
 Leo Karpeles. 
 
 One Hundred and Thirteenth Regiment — Twelfth 
 Cavalry. 
 
 Morris Lang. Captured by the enemy at Second Battle of Bull 
 Run, August 28th-29th, 1862. 
 
 One Hundred and Fifteenth Regiment. 
 
 Jacob W. Abel. Also in Veteran Reserve Corps. Served as Army 
 Hospital Steward. 
 
 One Hundred and Nineteenth Regiment. 
 
 Henry Lazarus, Company C. Born in Philadelphia, in 1845. 
 Enlisted in a New York Regiment, at the beginning of the Civil 
 War. Afterwards, in Company B, Tenth Regiment, Veteran Reserve 
 Corps of Pennsylvania, which was enrolled with Company C, One 
 Hundred and Nineteenth Regiment, May 9th, 1864. Mr. Lazarus 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 525 
 
 was transferred to Veteran (Invalid) Reserve Corps, because of a 
 broken collar-bone, March 11th, 1865. He rejoined his Regiment 
 after recovery, and served until July 22d, 1865. 
 
 Jacob Ezekiel Hyneraan, Company G. Born in Richmond, Vir- 
 ginia, August 5th, 1843; son of Isaac and Adeline {n'ce Ezekiel) 
 Hyneman; removed to Philadelphia about 1850; studied in Public 
 Schools and in schools of Hebrew Education Society, and received 
 higher education at Strasburg Academy, Lancaster County, Penn- 
 sylvania. Enlisted, August 14th, 1862 ; wounded at Fredericks- 
 burg, where he served December 12th and 13th, 1862; temporarily 
 assigned to Signal Corps, United States Army, April, 1863, and 
 permanently transferred, August 17th, 1863; engaged in numerous 
 battles, among them Chancellorsville, Brandy Station (wounded), 
 Gettysburg, Mine Run (wounded), Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court 
 House, Cold Harbor, Battles and Fall of Petersburg, Five Forks, 
 and Appomatox Court House; was present at Lee's Surrender, 
 April 9th, 1865; mustered out, June 24th, 1865. 
 
 Mr. Hyneman joined First Regiment, National Guard of Penn- 
 sylvania, when re-organized a few years after the War ; he served in 
 subduing riots at Susquehanna Station and Hazleton. He became 
 a member of Veteran Corps, First Regiment, National Guard of 
 Pennsylvania, at its formation ; was elected First Lieutenant of 
 same, April 19th, 1880; Quartermaster (with the rank of Captain) 
 1883; resigned, April 17th, 1891. He raised two Companies, and 
 commanded Company G, of Twentieth Regiment, National Guard of 
 Pennsylvania, during railroad and mining riots at Pittsburg, Scranton, 
 and Wilkesbarre, in July and August, 1877. Appointed Aide-de- 
 Camp (with the rank of Colonel) on the Staff of General William War- 
 ner, Commander-in-Chief of Grand Army of the Republic, 1889. 
 
 Mr. Hyneman is a member of many military, social, and business 
 organizations, and of all the principal Jewish Societies in Philadel- 
 phia. He has been in the insurance business since 1869, and has one 
 of the largest agencies in Pennsylvania. 
 
 Nathan Kline, Company K. (Term of service, August 30th, 
 1862- June 19th, 1865.) 
 
 Michael Teller, Company K. (Term of service, August 27th, 
 1862-June 19th, 1865.) 
 
 Herman Levy. 
 
 Jacob Moss. 
 
526 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 One Hundred and Twenty-Second Regiment. 
 
 Elias Bear, Company C. (Term of service, August 11th, 1862- 
 May 15th, 1863.) 
 
 Lewis Cohen, Company F. (Term of service, August 11th, 1862- 
 May 15th, 1863.) 
 
 Isaac Davidson, Company H. (Term of service, August 11th- 
 December 3d, 1862; died on latter date at Falmouth, Virginia.) 
 
 Henry Myers, Company H. (Term of service, August 11th, 
 1862-May 15th, 1863.) 
 
 David Fellenbaum, Company K. (Term of service, August 11th, 
 1862-May 15th, 1863.) 
 
 One Hundred and Twenty-Third Regiment. 
 
 Joseph Gallinger, Company B. Enlisted when eighteen years old. 
 (Term of service, August 7th, 1862-May 13th, 1863.) 
 
 Henry Arnold, Company F. Wounded at Fredericksburg, De- 
 cember 13th, 1862. (Term of service, August 8th, 1862-May 13th, 
 1863.) 
 
 One Hundred and Twenty-Sixth Regiment. 
 
 Jacob Cantner, Company C. (Term of service, August 9th, 
 1862-May 20th, 1863.) 
 
 Samuel Rosenberger, Company G. (Term of service, August 
 11th, 1862-May 20th, 1863.) 
 
 Daniel Stine, Company I. (Term of service, August 13th, 1862- 
 May 20th, 1863.) 
 
 One Hundred and Twenty- Seventh Regiment. 
 
 Emanuel Lehman, Company D. (Term of service, August 9th, 
 1862-May 29th, 1863.) 
 
 Jacob Lehman, Company D. (Term of service, August 9th, 
 1862-May 29th, 1863.) 
 
 Eli Arnold, Company L (Term of service, August 13th, 1862- 
 May 29th, 1863.) 
 
 Charles Lillienstine, Company L (Term of service, August 13th- 
 October 4th, 1862.) 
 
 Daniel S. Myers, Company I. (Term of service, August 13th, 
 1862-May 29th, 1863.) 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 527 
 
 One Hundred and Twenty- Ninth Regiment. 
 
 ' Aaron Miller, Company F. (Term of service, August 13th, 
 1862-May 18th, 1863.) 
 
 One Hundred and Thirty-Second Regiment. 
 
 William Lazarus, Company E. Served from August 13th, 1862. 
 Killed at Antietam, September 17th, 1862. 
 
 One Hundred and Thirty- Third Regiment. 
 
 Jacob Stern, Company E. (Term of service, August 14th, 
 1862-May 26th, 1863.) 
 
 Henry Bear, Company H. (Term of service, August 13th, 
 1862-May 25th, 1863.) 
 
 One Hundred and Thirty-Fourth Regiment. 
 
 Joseph A. Davidson, Company I. Served from August 19th, 
 1862. Killed at Fredericksburg, December 13th, 1862. 
 
 One Hundred and Thirty-Sixth Regiment. 
 
 Elias B. Davidson, Company G. (Term of service, August 22d, 
 1862-May 29th, 1863.) 
 
 One Hundred and Thirty-Seventh Regiment. 
 
 David S. Bloom, Company I. (Term of service, August 20th, 
 1862-June 1st, 1863.) 
 
 One Hundred and Thirty-Ninth Regiment. 
 
 Jacob B. Eckermann, Company E. Wounded at Salem Heights, 
 May 3d, 1863, and at Wilderness, May 5th, 1864. (Term of ser- 
 vice, September Ist, 1862-November 28th, 1864.) 
 
 One Hundred and Fortieth Regiment. 
 
 Simon Arnold, Company G. Served from August 22d, 1862. 
 Killed at Gettysburg, July 2d, 1863. 
 
528 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 One Hundred and Forty-Third Regiment. 
 
 Lewis Constine, Company C. Served from August 27th, 1862.* 
 Killed at White Oak Church, May 18th, 1863. 
 
 One Hundred and Fiftieth Regiment ("Bucktail"), 
 
 Jacob Myers, Company A. Served from August 19th, 1862. 
 Transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps, August 10th, 1864. 
 
 One Hundred and Fifty-First Regiment. 
 
 Israel Marks, Company E. (Term of service, October 28th, 
 1862-July 30th, 1863.) 
 
 Ferdinand K. Strouse, Company E. (Term of service, October 
 28th, 1862-July 30th, 1863.) 
 
 Jacob Loeb, Company H. (Term of service, November 1st, 
 1862-July 1st, 1863.) 
 
 Samuel B. Loeb, Company H. (Term of service, November 
 1st, 1862-July 27th, 1863.) 
 
 AVilliam B. Loeb, Company H. Served from November 1st, 
 
 1862. Died at Fairfax Seminary, Virginia, June 27th, 1863. 
 Isaac Long, Company H. (Term of service, November 1st, 
 
 1862-July 27th, 1863.) 
 
 Joel S. Strause, Company H. (Term of service, November 1st, 
 1862-July 27th, 1863.) 
 
 Solomon Strause, Company H. Wounded at Gettysburg, July 
 1st, 1863. (Term of service, November 1st, 1862-July 27th, 1863.) 
 
 William S. Strause, Company H. Wounded at Gettysburg, July 
 1st, 1863. (Term of service, November 1st, 1862-July 27th, 
 1863.) 
 
 William T. Strause, Company H. Wounded at Gettysburg, July 
 1st, 1863. (Term of service, November 1st, 1862-July 27th, 1863.) 
 
 Simon Arnold, Company I. Wounded at Gettysburg, July 1st, 
 
 1863. (Term of service, November 3d, 1862-July 27th, 1863.) 
 Michael Simon, Company I. (Term of service, November 4th, 
 
 1862-July 27th, 1863.) 
 
 Levin Sternberger, Company I. (Term of service, November 
 4th, 1862-July 27th, 1863.) 
 
THE JEWS OF PiriLADELPHIA. 529 
 
 One Hundred and Fifty-Second Regiment — Third 
 Artillery. 
 
 Simon P. Jacoby, Battery E. (Term of service, December 21st, 
 1863-November 9th, 1865.) 
 
 One Hundred and Fifty-Third Regiment. 
 
 Aaron Blum, Company B. (Term of service, Octol)er 7th, 
 1862-July 24th, 1863.) 
 
 Asher Bush, Company B, (Term of service, October 7th, 1862- 
 July 24th, 1863.) 
 
 E. Frankenfield, Company B. (Term of service, October 7tii, 
 1862-July 24th, 1863.) 
 
 George Frankenfield, Company B. (Term of service, <.)ctober 
 7th, 1862-July 24th, 1863.) 
 
 Aaron Gross, Company C. Served from October 8th, 1862. Cap- 
 tured at Gettysburg, July 1st, 1863. 
 
 One Hundred and Fifty-Ninth Regiment — Fourti:enth 
 
 Cavalry. 
 
 Solomon Altman, Company K. Served from February 23d, 
 1864. 
 
 One Hundred and Sixtieth Regiment — Fifteenth 
 (Anderson) Cavalry. 
 
 J. Schoenfeld. 
 
 One Hundred and Sixty- Ninth Regjment. 
 Aaron J. Marx, Company F. 
 
 One Hundred and Ninety-Second Regiment. 
 Samuel Dasher, Company D. 
 
 One Hundred and Ninety-Fourth Regiment. 
 
 Jacob Anstein, Company D. (Term of service, July l<sth- 
 November 6th, 1864.) 
 
 Levi A. Steiner, Company H. (Term of service, July 20th- 
 November 6th, 1864.) 
 
530 
 
 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Keystone Battery. 
 
 R. A. Schoneman. (Term of service, July 29th, 1861-August 
 24th, 1863.) 
 
 Independent Battery (Captain E. Spencer Miller's). 
 
 Charles J. Asch. Born in Philadelphia, November 20th, 1845; 
 son of Joseph M. and Clarissa {iice Ulman) Asch. Enlisted in 
 September, 1862 ; afterwards special agent of War Department, 
 Washigton, D. C. Died in Philadelphia, May 13th, 1873. 
 
 Philadelphia City Cavalry— First Troop. 
 S. H. Jacobs. 
 
 IN OTHER PENNSYLVANIA VOLUNTEER REGIMENTS. 
 
 Charles De Young. 
 
 Moyer Fleisher. Enlisted in June, 1863, as a Private, in Com- 
 pany D, Thirty-Second Regiment of Pennsylvania State Militia. 
 
 Israel Highhill. — Louis Highhill. — Solomon Lehman. — Elias 
 Levy. — David Lewi. 
 
 Simon Marks. Served in Custer's Division of Cavalry. 
 
 Jacob Neyman. Served in Signal Corps. 
 
 Abraham Samuels. 
 
 Israel W. Stern. Served four years and three months. 
 
 Simon Stern. 
 
 A. Strassman. Second Light Battery ; was twice wounded. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 531 
 
 IN OTHER REGIMENTS. 
 
 NATIVES OR RESIDENTS OF PENNSYLVANIA WHO 
 SERVED AT DIFFERENT PERIODS. 
 
 Myer Asch. Born in Philadelphia, October 24th, 1831. 
 Second Lieutenant, Company H, First Cavalry, New Jersey Volun- 
 teers, September 19th, 1861 ; First Lieutenant and Adjutant, 
 December 9th, 1861; Captain, March 24th, 1862; served as 
 Adjutant-General, on Staff' of Major-General John Pope, during 
 Virginia Campaign, and at one time commanded his cavalry in the 
 West ; afterwards Assistant Adjutant-General to General Kautz, 
 Cavalry Division, Army of the Potomac. Taken prisoner in one 
 of the battles in front of Richmond, shortly before the close of the 
 War, and confined in the rebel prisons at Libby, Danville, and 
 Saulsbury, where, for six months, he suffered all the horrors of life 
 in those prison- pens of the South. 
 
 He was brevetted Major of United States Volunteers, March 
 13th, 1865, *'for gallant and meritorious services during the war;" 
 and received also the brevet ranks of Lieutenant- Colonel and 
 Colonel of United States Volunteers ; he was honorably discharged 
 and mustered out, March 28th, 1865. He was a member, and at 
 one time an officer, of the Battalion, Philadelphia City Troop. 
 
 Colonel Asch became a member of George G. Meade Post, Number 
 1, Grand Army of the Republic, at Philadelphia, November 15th, 
 1866 ; he was elected Post Quartermaster, January 4th, 1867, and 
 re-elected, July 5th, 1867 ; Senior Vice-Commander, January 3d, 
 1868 ; and re-elected as such. May 27tli, 1871, and December 11th, 
 1872 ; Post Commander, December 10th, 1873. He wiis elected 
 to the Loyal Legion of the United States (Comraandery of Penn- 
 sylvania), May 6th, 1874; transferred to Comraandery of New 
 York, October 6th, 1880. 
 
 Colonel Asch died in New York City, on February 16th, 1890. 
 
o32 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 Adolph a. Mayer. Bom in Philadelphia, December 31st, 
 1827 ; son of Elias and Abby (^nee Ancker) Mayer. He was 
 Major of Fourth Regiment, New Mexico Volunteers, during the 
 Civil War ; Inspector General, and detailed to Philadelphia, by 
 special appointment of President Lincoln. He died in Texas, in 
 1869, from the effects of an injury received during the War. 
 
 Isaac May. Born in Rhenish Prussia, in 1810 ; studied to be 
 a teacher, and followed that profession in his native country ; came 
 to the United States about forty-five years ago, and subsequently 
 settled in Bellefoute, Pennsylvania, as a merchant. During the 
 Civil War, he was appointed to serve as Aide-de-Camp (with the rank 
 of Colonel), on the Staff of Governor Andrew G. Curtin, of Penn- 
 sylvania. Colonel May afterwards removed to Philadelphia, where 
 he became active in Jewish charitable and congregational affairs. 
 He was for a number of years Vice-President of the Congregation 
 "Rodeph Shalom," and for many years a Director of the Society of 
 the United Hebrew Charities. 
 
 Colonel May died in Philadelphia in July, 1888. 
 
 Joseph Franklin Tobias. Served as Aide-de-Camp, with the 
 rank of Major, on the Staff of General David Bell Birney, United 
 States Volunteers, April 14th, 1862-May 16th, 1864. He was 
 elected member of the Loyal Legion of the United States (Com- 
 manderyof Pennsylvania), February 3d, 1869; elected member-at- 
 large, April 14th, 1881. 
 
 Newman Borchardt. Major on Staff of General Oliver O. 
 Howard, Army of the Potomac, during the Civil War ; a resident 
 of Philadelphia. 
 
 Rev. Jacob Frankel. Born in Griinstadt, Bavaria, Ger- 
 many, July 5th, 1808. He served as a Chaplain of United States 
 Hospitals during the War ; his appointment being made by Presi- 
 dent Lincoln, and confirmed by the United States Senate, February 
 23d, 1864. 
 
 Alexander M. Appel. Enlisted as Private, Company I, Six- 
 teenth Regiment, Iowa Infantry Volunteers, January 16th, 1862; 
 promoted to Corporal, and discharged at Vicksburg, Mississippi, 
 January 14th, 1864; re-enlisted*as Corporal, Company I, Sixteenth 
 Regiment, Iowa Infantry Veteran Volunteers, January 14th, 1864 ; 
 
THE JEWS OF PHTLADELPHTA. r,.^n 
 
 member of the * 'Color Guard," April 6th, 1862-July 22d, 1864, 
 serving also as ''Color Bearer;" discharged as Regimental Com- 
 manding Sergeant, July 19th, 1865. 
 
 Battles: Shiloh, Corinth, luka, Jackson (Mississippi), Vi^ks- 
 burg, Meridian, Atlanta, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, 
 Sherman's March from Atlanta to the Sea, Pocotaligo, Orangeburg, 
 Columbia (South Carolina), and Raleigh. He was also present at 
 the Grand Review, Washington, D. C. 
 
 Sergeant Appel was taken prisoner in the action before Atlanta 
 (Georgia), July 22d, 1864, and sent to Andersonville, Georgia, 
 where he was held until exchanged at Rough and Ready Station, 
 September 22d, 1864. 
 
 Mr. Appel has been fifteen years a member of George G. Meade 
 Post, Number 1, Grand Army of the Republic ; holding various 
 positions, and in 1892 being honored with the election as Post Com- 
 mander. As such, he and his Post attended the annual encamp- 
 ment, at Washington, D. C, and w^on distinction by their bearing. 
 In 1893 he was appointed Assistant Inspector of Grand Army 
 Posts. 
 
 Leon A. Canter. Enlisted in Twelfth Regiment, New York 
 State Militia, May 27th, 1862; captured with his command at 
 Harper's Ferry (Virginia), September, 1862; exchanged in spring 
 of 1863; had previously served his term, and had been discharged 
 from service, October 8th, 1862; re-enlisted for Campaign in Penn- 
 sylvania, June 19th, 1863; discharged, at expiration of term, July 
 20th, 1863. 
 
 Adolph Herzberg. Served in a Massachusetts Regiment 
 during the War. 
 
 Isidore Cromelien. Served as Captain, Company K, First 
 Regiment, National Guard of Pennsylvania, in subduing railroad 
 and mining riots, at Susquehanna Station and Hazleton (Pennsyl- 
 vania), during July and August of 1877. 
 
 Lucien Moss. Served five years in First Regiment, National 
 Guard of Pennsylvania. He is now a member of the Old Guard, 
 Company D, First Regiment. 
 
534 
 
 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 MoRDECAi Menasseii Noaii. Bom in Philadelphia, July 14th, 
 1785. He was an officer of the New York Militia, and is mentioned 
 as Major in 1821. He died in New York City, on May 22d, 1851. 
 
 Hyman Polock (1786-1870), a well-known resident of Phila- 
 delphia, was a member of a military Company of Independent 
 Volunteers. [See sketch of Mr. Polock in another department of 
 this work.] 
 
THE JEWS OF PHfLADKLPITfA. 536 
 
 IN EUROPEAN ARMIES, 
 
 RESIDENTS OF PHILADELPHIA WHO HAD SERVED IN 
 WARS OF NAPOLEON BONAPARTE. 
 
 Henry (or Hirsch) Isaac Weil was born in Hesse- Cassel, 
 Germany, February 5th, 1793. He was the son of Isaac Weil, 
 and was related to the Mosenthal family, some of whose descendants 
 were distinguished ; Solomon H. Mosenthal being a dramatic writer, 
 and Joseph, now a celebrated violinist. 
 
 Mr. Weil was reared very strictly. In his young days, Hesse- 
 Cassel and other provinces were conquered by Napoleon Bonaparte, 
 and afterwards united into the Kingdom of Westphalia under 
 Jerome Bonaparte. Mr. Weil served in the army of the latter, 
 and became a Lieutenant of Cavalry. He won high merit for his 
 bravery, and received an autograph letter from Jerome Bonaparte, 
 commending him for his courage and his services. On one occasion 
 he requested to be released from duty for a day, it being the great 
 Day of Atonement. This request was not granted in the morning ; 
 but about two o'clock in the afternoon, before the order was given to 
 mount, Mr. Weil wa& relieved until after sunset, whereupon he pro- 
 ceeded at once to the Synagogue in the town where his regiment was 
 stationed. He had not time to change his uniform, nor to remove his 
 spurred boots. Nevertheless, accoutred as he was, he was honored 
 with a Mitzvdh, or being called to the reading of the Holy Law, 
 during the Afternoon Service, and he read the entire Prophetic Sec- 
 tion of the Afternoon Service of Atonement Day — the Book of 
 Jonah. This sacred incident was indelibly impressed on Mr. Weil's 
 memory, and many a time he recalled it. He served for some years 
 with the French army, but sought this country soon after the Battle 
 of Waterloo; for his love of Napoleon would not allow him to 
 remain in Europe after that hero saw his defeat. 
 
 Mr. Weil landed in New Orleans, came subsequently to Phila- 
 delphia, and on September 4th, 1822, he married Matilda Marks, 
 
536 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 a daughter of Isaac Marks. He became the fatlier of two sons and 
 two daughters — Isaac Henry, Edward Henry, Sarah Cecilia, and 
 Clara Esther. The last named afterwards married the Reverend 
 Doctor Sabato Morais, of Philadelphia. 
 
 Mr. Weil died in Philadelphia, on February 12th, 1853. 
 
 Elias Mayer was born in Besancon, France, in 1795. He early 
 espoused the cause of Napoleon Bonaparte, and was at the defence 
 of Belfour, when besieged by the Allies, in 1814. He also served 
 under the great General at the Battle of Waterloo. After the down- 
 fall of Napoleon, Mr. Mayer came to the United States. He 
 resided for some time at Philadelphia. In 1823 he married, at Rich- 
 mond, Virginia, Abby Ancker, of Philadelphia, and in 1831, he 
 removed with his family to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he engaged in a 
 manufacturing business, remaining there twenty-five years. After 
 the Civil War, Mr. Mayer returned east, and took up his abode in 
 Philadelphia, where he won the respect of a large circle, for his 
 piety, sterling uprightness, and many virtues. 
 
 Mr. Mayer was a member of the Masonic Order. He died in 
 Philadelphia, on January 25th, 1886, at the advanced age of 
 ninety-one years. 
 
 Mrs. Mayer, who died in Washington, D. C. , on September 2d, 
 1885, belonged to an old and respected family. She shared with 
 her husband noble traits of character. Of their offspring, a num- 
 ber of sons and daughters have become known in military, civic, 
 literary, musical, and charitable spheres. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 5:57 
 
 AUTHORITIES CONSULTED IN ARMY AND NAVY 
 DEPARTMENTS. 
 
 In the collection of names and materials for the Army and 
 Navy Departments of this volume, the following works have been 
 consulted, in addition to a number of persons (mentioned in the list 
 following the Preface) who have furnished valuable information: — 
 
 ' ' Colonial Records. ' ' 
 
 "Pennsylvania Archives" (First and Second Series). 
 
 * * Pennsylvania in the Revolution. ' ' 
 
 *' Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army during 
 the War of the Revolution" (April, 1775, to December, 1788), 
 by Francis B. Heitman. 
 
 ''Complete Regular Army Register of the United States: For 
 One Hundred Years (1779-1879)," by Thomas H. S. Hamersly. 
 
 " Records of Living Officers of the United States Army," by 
 William H. Powell, Major, Twenty-Second Infantry, United States 
 Army. 
 
 " Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the 
 United States Military Academy, at West Point, New York : From 
 its Establishment (March 16th, 1802), to the Army Reorganization 
 of 1866-1867," by Brevet Major-General George W. Cullum, 
 Colonel, Corps of Engineers, United States Army. 
 
 "Complete General Navy Register of the United States of 
 America," by Thomas H. S. Hamersly. 
 
 " The Records of Living Officers of the United States Navy and 
 Marine Corps," by Lewis Randolph Hamersly, late Lieutenant, 
 United States Marine Corps. 
 
 "History of the Mexican War," by General Cadmus M. Wilcox; 
 edited by his niece, Mary Rachel Wilcox. 
 
 " History of the Pennsylvania Volunteers," in five volumes, by 
 Samuel P. Bates. 
 
 Histories of different Regiments of Pennsylvania Volunteers. 
 
 " Record of Officers of the New Jersey Cavalry." 
 
 Records of the Loyal Legion of the United States (Commandery 
 of Pennsylvania). 
 
 " The American Jew as a Soldier and Patriot " (in so far as that 
 work relates to Pennsylvania), by Honorable Simon Wolf, of 
 Washington, D. C. 
 
 END OF PART III. 
 
538 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 
 
 CONCLUSKJN. 
 
 A Survey of Progress— The Jew at the World's Columbian 
 Exhibition— Loyalty to Country an Outgrowth of Ad- 
 herence TO Religion— The Jew of To-day and his Hopes 
 FOR THE Future— Pennsylvania, the Keystone of Truth 
 and Liberty, as a Teacher of Human Brotherhood. 
 
 And now our story is told. We have seen what the Jew has 
 done in a single city of this vast Union ; how small beginnings have 
 produced large results. We are encouraged in the belief that what 
 the Jew has accomplished in the past will be an incentive to future 
 exertions, fruitful of far-reaching advantages. For in no race more 
 than his own have growth and development been hitherto more per- 
 ceptible. In that respect, the record of one community is the record 
 of many others. Seldom has the opportunity — the rarest test — been 
 so well afforded as at the World's Columbian Exhibition, held 
 during 1893, in the city of Chicago. There the nations gathered to 
 do homage to America — the Continent whose progress, whose exalta- 
 tion in a cycle of four hundred years its immortal discoverer could 
 not have foreseen. There, with the assembled multitudes, came the 
 Jew, who outlives history; the Jew, but a nominal figure in the im- 
 mense aggregation of mankind ; the Jew, whose impress upon every 
 age, upon every civilizing movement, has been, and will ever be, 
 felt. 
 
 The Jew of the United States, in particular, there and then, told 
 most clearly of the rapid strides taken by the professors of The 
 Unity in a comparatively brief space of time ; of their high stand- 
 ing in very many directions; of the happiness they have enjoyed 
 under free institutions, to which they are attached with unswerving 
 loyalty. In the exhibits distinguishing that matchless celebration in 
 Chicago ; in the proceedings of the great Parliament of Religions ; in 
 the Religious Congresses, and specially in the Women's Congress, 
 both the Jew and the Jewess asserted themselves — and Philadelphia 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 539 
 
 shared therein to a considerable extent. Nations looking on must 
 have marvelled; for they recognized in the Jew of the United 
 States an important factor in the body politic. Even the same Jew, 
 that inveterate prejudice made an outcast and a wanderer, has risen 
 aloft in the land of free thought and of free speech —a most striking 
 lesson to persecutors and their benighted governments. 
 
 But the Columbian Exhibition, influential for good as it must 
 eventually be, could not deal with achievements otherwise than in 
 their totality. A study of growth in the centres of population — in 
 city and in town, in village and in hamlet — a study of outward con- 
 ditions and of inner workings will lead to conclusions at once remark- 
 able and astonishing. That the Jew is essentially a good citizen, 
 statistics go far to bear out. Socially, he labors hand in hand with 
 his fellow- creature. As a man, he knows of no distinctions; all 
 the children of The One God are his brethren. As a Jew, he is 
 determined to preserve his religious identity ; nor will he lose the 
 respect of the just and the sober-minded by his sincere adherence to 
 the Faith of his fathers. His industrious habits, his law-abiding 
 conduct, his active interest in the doings of nation, state, and 
 municipality, his assistance to intellectual movements, his practical 
 sympathy with the poor and the afflicted, must contribute to earn for 
 the Jew the approval of all good people. Moreover, the fact that, 
 while contributing to the furtherance of measures of public advan- 
 tage, he does not become a burden on public charity, but sees to the 
 wants of his own coreligionists, must place him still higher in the 
 regard of the just among men. 
 
 In the person of a noble philanthropist, the Jew endeavors to 
 bring back Israel to occupations of yore, promotive of handicraft 
 and agriculture. He strives to gradually undo the work of oppres- 
 sion, by leading his brethren again to pursuits under which they once 
 prospered. Maurice de Hirsch is the Jew of our age engaged in a 
 task at once stupendous and sublime. His hands ought to be 
 strengthened, his efforts encouraged, and his deeds must receive the 
 acclaim of humanity. 
 
 The success of the Jew will, in general, largely depend on his 
 return to primitive conditions of labor. " But that is not all. May 
 we not hope that, in the prosperity of the tiller of the soil— be he of 
 whatever creed — will come the solution of, perhaps, the most vexed 
 problem of our days? Partition walls might then be levelled to the 
 
•540 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 ground, the equality of all sentient creatures be recognized, and 
 the teachings of old find their fullest realization and fruition. 
 
 And our Pennsylvania will share in this general prosperity; she 
 will become free in policy, as well as in spirit; she will efface from 
 her statute-book restrictive enactments — musty, and unworthy of a 
 better age ; her sons and her daughters will rejoice that Providence 
 has cast their lot in the fairest commonwealth, established on the 
 bases of social, political, and religious liberty; a commonwealth, 
 true to the resolve of its illustrious father, William Penn, who 
 declared: "I will found a free colony for all mankind." 
 
THE JEWS OF PHTLADELPTrr.\. 541 
 
 ADDENDA AND NOTES. 
 
 {Addenda to Page 8S. ) 
 
 Congregation "Beth Israel" dedicated its present House of 
 Worship, on the East side of Eighth Street, between Master and 
 Jefferson Streets, on Thursday Evening, Elul 12th, 5654 — Septem- 
 ber 13th, 1894. There were impressive ceremonies marking that 
 event, and several distinguished Ministers, including the Rabbi, 
 Rev. Dr. J. B. Grossmann, participated therein. The building 
 now occupied — in which later Sabbath Eve services have been 
 introduced — has been altered and beautified. The Synagogue, on 
 the second floor, is well arranged in its interior, as to seating and 
 general comfort. Other conveniences have been also provided. 
 The Reading- Desk and Pulpit are located in front of an attractively 
 ornamented Holy Ark, which is surmounted by the Two Tables, bear- 
 ing the first words of the Ten Commandments. The organ, recently 
 obtained, is placed in a gallery above the entrance. In the same 
 building are committee- rooms, school-rooms, a large lecture hall on 
 the first floor, and other apartments. Additional space at the rear 
 will admit of an extension of the Synagogue, if required. It is 
 admitted that Beth Israel Congregation's removal to the present 
 locality, will increase its membership, and add to its importance in 
 the Jewish community of Philadelphia. 
 
 It should be stated that this Congregation was incorporated on 
 September 20th, 1841. — Rev. S. Goldenstein has recently (August, 
 1894) been elected Chazdn (Reader). He was formerly located in 
 New York, having pursued musical studies under Professor Sulzer, in 
 Vienna, Austria. Mr. Goldenstein is the pos-iicssor of a pleasing and 
 melodious voice, which is well adapted to rendering the liturgy of 
 this Congregation. 
 
542 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 (Addenda to Page 97, before first Paragraph.) 
 
 Dr. Krauskopf undertook a European journey, specially to 
 Russia, during the summer of 1894. He desired to see into the 
 condition of Israelites in the land of the Tsar, and to, if possible, 
 urge the adoption of measures by the government of Russia, 
 towards bettering their state, and retaining them within its bound- 
 aries. Dr. Krauskopf s visit attracted much attention and notice, 
 and the results— though nothing practical is thus far recorded — are 
 admitted by the Doctor to be quite encouraging, specially in view of 
 the fact that he — as a Jew — was allowed equal rights with other 
 American citizens travelling in Russia, was w^ell received by officials 
 of the Tsar, and was enabled to present a statement embodying his 
 suggestions to a member of the Russian ministry. 
 
 {Note to Pages 103 and lO^..) 
 
 "Teshu'ath Israel" Congregation held regular services until 
 near the close of August, 1894, when it was found inexpedient to 
 continue longer, though a considerable sum had been subscribed 
 towards the purchase of a suitable building for regular worship. Its 
 members repaired to other congregations, a majority joining 'Adath 
 Jeshurun Congregation. 
 
 {Addenda to Pages 218 and 219.) 
 
 " Bene Ya'acob " Congregation and Chebrdh " Rodephe Tsedek, 
 Anshe Szager " (see Page 223) united during August, 1894 — 5654, 
 and substituted, for their respective names, "Kesher 'Israel" (The 
 Bond of Israel). A Congregational charter has been obtained, 
 and the worship will continue at the Synagogue of the former Con- 
 gregation, on the south side of Lombard Street, west of Fourth 
 Street. This building will be enlarged and altered. Rev. Mordecai 
 Schatz remains as Reader of the united Congregation. Rev. Hyman 
 Brodsky, the Rabbi of Bene Ya'acob, has resigned, and it is stated 
 that a successor will be selected to that position. The general mem- 
 bership has been considerably increased by the union. The 
 
THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA, 
 
 543 
 
 directory has undergone some changes, as follows: President, Txiuis 
 Glickman ; Vice-President, Philip Werner; Financial Secretary, 
 Isaac Binder ; Corresponding Secretary, Abraham Selig ; Treasurer, 
 Harris Rosenthal; and a board of twenty- four directors; Sexton, 
 Jacob Rosenthal. 
 
 {Addenda to Page 407. ) 
 
 Benjamin T^evy, a son of Aaron Levy (the second mentioned), 
 served for a lengthy period as a Detective under the City Govern- 
 ment of Philadelphia. He. was regarded as quite an expert, and 
 was widely known for his skill, and methods of bringing offenders to 
 
 j ustice. 
 
544 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 CORRECTIONS AND INSERTIONS. 
 
 Page 50, Note 65, line 3 from bottom, instead of "It will doubtless 
 be," read *• It is." 
 
 Page 60, line 25, omit " and" before " bearing," 
 
 Page 61, lines 6 and 7, instead of "Sha'are Shamayim (Gates of 
 Heaven)," read "Sha'ar Ha-Shamayim (The Gate of Heaven)." 
 
 Page 64, line 4 from bottom, instead of '* Joseph Altamont Phillips," 
 read "Jonas Altamont Phillips." 
 
 Page 114, line 8, after " Messrs.," insert "Moses Simon, Solomon 
 Teller, Levi Mayer, Meyer Frank, and Michael C. Hirsch." 
 
 Page 140, line 4, instead of "humbler," read " humble." 
 
 Page 141, line 9, after " shape," insert "in this city." 
 
 Page 141, lines 10 and 11, instead of " powerful good," read "power 
 for good." 
 
 Page 142, line 8 from bottom, after "Morals," insert "(who sug- 
 gested its motto)." 
 
 Page 180, line 12, omit first word "While," and begin sentence 
 "This Society." 
 
 Page 182, after line 2, insert the following : * ' Some of the papers 
 then submitted have since been issued, with others, in the Society's 
 " Publications, Number 2." " 
 
 Page 182, lines 13 and 14, instead of "Max Cohen, of New York 
 City," read "Julius Rosenthal, of Chicago, Illinois." 
 
 Page 185, line 8, instead of " Band of Iron," read " Bond of Iron." 
 
 Page 206, line 9, instead of "stopped," read "stops." 
 
 Page 279, line 21, instead of "his son," read " him." 
 
 Page 290, line 12 from bottom, instead of " brother of his wife," 
 read "brothers of his wife." 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Abbreviations: U. S. A., United States Army; U. S. N., United States 
 Navy ; S. O., Staff Officer ; CO., Company's Officer; P., Private ; O. R., Other 
 Kegiments; E. A., European Armies. 
 
 A. 
 
 Aaroiis, Joseph (P.), o24. 
 
 Aarons, Solomon (P.), 521. 
 
 Abarbanel, Don Isaac, 5. 
 
 Abel, Jacob W. ^P.), 524. 
 
 Abeles, BerDard, 86, 312. 
 
 Abeles, Leah, Miss, 161. 
 
 Abraham, Isaac M. (S. O.), 487. 
 
 Abraham, Joseph, 440. 
 
 Abraham, Noah (U. S. A.), 458. 
 
 Abrahams, Abraham (P.), 519. 
 
 Abrahams, Benjamin (U. S. N.), 
 478. 
 
 Abrahams, Celia, Miss, 157. 
 
 Adams, John Quincy, President, 
 401, 470. 
 
 Adams, Robert, Captain, 458. 
 
 'Adath Israel Congregation, 108. 
 
 'Adath Jeshurun Congregation, 
 99-102, 542. 
 Officers and manage- 
 ment of, 102. 
 Our Students of Jew- 
 ish History, 168, 169. 
 i^'emetery, 204. 
 
 Address of Hebrew Congrega- 
 tions, 20-21. 
 
 Adelsheimer, Jacques (C. O.), 491. 
 
 Adelsheimer, S. (P.), 516. 
 
 Adler, Abraham, 118, 158, 240-241. 
 
 Adler, Abraham, Mrs., 118, 241. 
 
 Adler, Cyrus, Dr., 159, 181, 852, 487. 
 
 Adler, Hermann, Rev. Dr., 97, 
 451. 
 
 Adler, Jacob N. (P.), 514. 
 
 Adler, Noah (P.), 514. 
 
 Adler, Samuel, 82. 
 
 Africa, J. Simpson, 95. 
 
 Agudath Ha-Kehiloth, 228-224. 
 
 Aguilar, Grace, 175. 
 
 Aguilar, Grace, Literary Society, 
 171. 
 
 Ahabath Achim, An8h6 Nazin, 
 Chebrah, 222-223. 
 
 Ahabath Israel, IndeiKjndeut Or- 
 ! der of, 186, 231. 
 I Ahrens, M., 346. 
 
 Alboni, Madame, 885. 
 
 Aldrich, Louis, 381. 
 
 Alexander, Benjamin, 414. 
 
 Alexander, J. (P.), 516. 
 
 Alexander, Jastrow (CO.), 492. 
 
 Alexander, Samuel (S. O.), 483. 
 
 Alexander, William, Dr., 429. 
 
 Alkus, Isaac, 185. 
 
 Allen, Alfred Hart, 50, 245. 
 
 Allen, Amelia J., Miss, 151. 
 
 Allen, Anna Marks, Mrs., 49, 50, 
 i 122, 128, 149, 243-244, 284. 
 
 Allen, Benjamin Wolf, 245. 
 
 Allen, Charles Chauncey, 50, 245. 
 
 Allen Family, 241-243. 
 I Allen, Henry Samson, 50, 64, 244- 
 : 245. 
 [ Allen, Henry S., Mrs., 245. 
 
 Allen, Lewis, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 72, 
 I 241, 242, 243, 245, 272, 284. 
 
 Allen, Lewis, Sr., 72. 
 
 Allen, Lewis Marks, 50, 158, 244, 
 284. 
 
 Allen, Ijewis M., Mrs., 24-i. 
 
 Allen, Michael Mitchell, 50, 158, 
 245, (S. O.) 485. 
 
 Allen, M. M., Mrs., 245. 
 
 Alliance Colony, 212-213. 
 
 Alliance of America, Jewish, 142- 
 143. 
 
 Alliance Israelite Universelle, 139, 
 140, 141, 206. 
 Philadelphia branch, 141. 
 Its olticers, 141. 
 
 Altmau, Solomon (P.), 529. 
 
 American Israelites, Board of 
 Delegates of, 141-142, 188. 
 
 Amodio, 385. 
 
 35 
 
546 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Amram, David Werner, 414, 437. 
 Amram, Ester, Mrs., 130, 311. 
 Anderson, Mary, 380, 385. 
 Anderson, Robert, General, 488 
 
 (note 138). 
 Anderson, William, 357. 
 Andrade, Joseph, 53, 445. 
 Andrews, Joseph, & Sons, 445. 
 An8h6 Emeth Congregation, 104, 
 
 105, 107-108. 
 Anstein, Jacob (P.), 529. 
 Appel, Aaron H. (U. S. A.), 467. 
 Appel, Alexander M. (O. R.), 532- 
 
 533. 
 Appel, Charles A. (C. O.), 501. 
 Appel, Daniel M. (U. S. A.), 466- 
 
 467. 
 Appel, Francis (P.), 516. 
 Appel, Henry (P.), 516. 
 Appel, Henry (P.), 521. 
 Apple, Benjamin (C. O.), 510. 
 Apple, David A. (C. O.), 500. 
 Apple, Jacob (CO.), 490. 
 Apple, Samuel A. (C. O.), 494. 
 Appleton, William H., 56. 
 Aronheimer, A., 91. 
 Aronsou, Edward,- 382. 
 Aronson, Rudolph, 382. 
 Armhold, Max (P.), 521. 
 Armhold, William, Rev., 92, 118. 
 Armstrong, Colonel, 452 (note 
 
 131). 
 Armstrong, W. G., referred to, 
 
 385 (note 104). 
 Arnold, Aaron (P.), 518. 
 Arnold, Amos (CO.), 490. 
 Arnold, Arthur S., 414. 
 Arnold, Benedict, General, 454. 
 Arnold, Benjamin (P.), 512. 
 Arnold, Clarence K., 358-359. 
 Arnold, Corinne B., Miss, 159. 
 Arnold, Edwin W., 158. 
 Arnold, George (P.), 520. 
 Arnold, Henry (C O.), 510. 
 Arnold, Henry (P.), 526. 
 Arnold, Hezekiah W., 196, 303. 
 Arnold, Jacob E. (C O.), 503. 
 Arnold, Joseph Kahn, 439. 
 Arnold, Lazarus, 254. 
 Arnold, Levi (C O.), 505-506. 
 Arnold, Max, 382. 
 Arnold, Max (P.), 514. 
 Arnold, Mayer, 50, 51, 58, 59, 60, 
 
 155 (note 87), 244, 24-5-246, 254, 
 
 309. 
 Arnold, Mayer, Mrs., 245. 
 Arnold, Mayer, Children of, 246. 
 Arnold, Miss, 377. 
 
 Arnold, Moses P. (C O.), 508. 
 
 Arnold, Simon (P.), 527. 
 
 Arnold, Simon (P.), 528. 
 
 Arnold, Simon J. (S. O.), 487-488. 
 
 Arnold, Simon W., 58, 64, 113, 136, 
 187, 246, 309. 
 
 Asbury Park (N. J.), proposed 
 Synagogue at, 110. 
 
 Asch, Charles J. (P.), 530. 
 
 Asch, Isaac M., 86 
 
 Asch, Joseph M., 84, 86, 247, 463. 
 
 Asch, Joseph M., Mrs., 247, 463. 
 
 Asch, Morris Joseph, Dr., 426, 
 433-434, (U. S. A.) 463-464. 
 
 Asch, Myer, 247-248, (O. R.) 531. 
 
 Ash, Michael W., 406 
 
 Ash, Solomon (P.), 513. 
 
 Asher, Asher (P.), 521. 
 
 Asher, Michael, 476, 522. 
 
 Asher, Morris (P.), 522. 
 
 Asher, Solomon (U. S. N.), 476. 
 
 Ashman, Jehudi, 31. 
 
 Aub, Jacob, 274, 370, (S. O.) 485. 
 
 Auchmuty, Miss, 37. 
 
 Auerbach, Berthold, 349. 
 
 Austro-Hungarian Charity Soci- 
 ety, 231. 
 
 B. 
 
 Bach, Louis (P.), 515. 
 Bacharach, Augustus, 138, 249. 
 Bacharach, David, Jr., 334. 
 Bacharach, Marks, 249. 
 Bacharach, Simon, 102, 249. 
 Bachenheimer, Jacob (C O.), 494. 
 Bachman, Feist, 108. 
 Bachman, Frank H., 441. 
 Bachman, H. (P.), 520. 
 Bachman, Herman F., 162. 
 Bachman, Joseph (C O.), 509. 
 Baer, Benjamin F, (C O.), 504. 
 Baer, Michael (S. O.), 488-489. 
 Baer, Moses, 87. 
 Baerwald, Dr., 101. 
 Bahuey, Moses (C O.), 494. 
 Bahny, Isaac, 406. 
 Bair Israel (C O.), 509. 
 Bair, Joseph (P.), 522. 
 Baird, Henry Carey, 56. 
 Baker, Edward D., Colonel, 522 
 
 (note 141). 
 Baker, Hilary, 20. 
 Ball, Michael V., Dr., 420. 
 Bamberger, Albert J., 413. 
 Bamberger, Arnold, 11. 
 Bamberger Family, 390. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 647 
 
 Bamberger, Henry (CO.), oOO. 
 Bamberger, Leonard J., 414. 
 Bandmann, Daniel E., 879. 
 Barcus, Adolph L., Dr., 167, 420. 
 Barnes, John, 375. 
 Barnet, Moses (P.), 511. 
 Barnett, Annie, Mrs., 345. 
 Barnett, David A. (C. O.), 502. 
 Barnett, Jonas (U. S. N.), 477. 
 Barnett, Nathaniel, 345. 
 Barnett, Nathaniel P. (S. O.), 486. 
 Barnett, Philip A, (C. O.), 494. 
 Barrett, Lawrence, 380, 385. 
 Bauer, Rev. Mr., 107. 
 Baum, Esther, Miss, 114, 116, 249- 
 
 250. 
 Baum, Samuel (C. O.), 509. 
 Bayard, 401, 470. 
 Bear, Abraham E. (P.), 517. 
 Bear, Elias (P.), 526. 
 Bear, Henry (P.), 527. 
 Bear, Joseph (C. O.), 506. 
 Bechhoefer, E., 370. 
 Bedichimer, Isaac, 311. 
 Beer, M. J.,Rev., 219. 
 Behal, Myer, Mrs., 130. 
 Behrens, S., 387. 
 Belasco, David, 382. 
 Bell, H. C, referred to, 410 (note 
 
 115). 
 Bellak, James, 389. 
 Belmont, Leo, 439. 
 Belsinger, Lazarus (P.), 516. 
 Bendix, Max, 387. 
 Bendix, Theodore, 387. 
 Bendix, William, 387. 
 Ben6 Abraham Congregation, 217- 
 218. 
 Officers, 218. 
 Bene Berith, Improved Order of, 
 
 185. 
 Ben6 Berith, Independent Order 
 
 of, 184, 186-187. 
 Ben6 David, Chebrah, 221-222. 
 Ben<5 Israel Congregation, 108- 
 
 109. 
 Ben6 Reuben, Chebrah, 222. 
 Ben<5 Ya'acob Congregation 217, 
 218-219. 542. 
 Officers, 219. 
 Benedetti, Signor, 385. 
 Benedict, Jacob (C. O.), 504. 
 Benedict, Joseph (C. O ), 504. 
 Benedict, Bophie, Miss, 157. 
 Beneficial Societies, 231-2:^2. 
 Benham, Augustus V., 389. 
 Benjamin, David (C. O.), 505. 
 Benjamin, Oscar H. (C. O.), 493. 
 
 Benjamin, Wolf, 72. 
 
 Benoth Zion Association, 228. 
 
 Bensadou, Jacob, 44, 260, 445. 
 
 Berens, S. L., 390. 
 
 Berg, Charles, 355. 
 
 Berg, Henry (C. O.), 502. 
 
 Berg, Leon, 268, 355. 
 
 Berg, Leon, Mrs., 355. 
 
 Berith Abraham, Ordui d, 186, 
 
 231. 
 Berith Shalom, Chebrah, 222. 
 Berkowicz, Leon (C. O.), 495. 
 Berkowitz, Henry, Rev. Dr., 76, 
 
 80-81, 82, as, 168, 172, 191, 229. 
 Berlizheimer, David T., 166, 390. 
 Bernal, A. I. H., 58, 158, 274. 
 Bernal, Maestre, 4. 
 Bernard, Aaron A. (P.), 517. 
 Bernd, J. D., 178. 
 Bernhardt, Sarah, Madame, 380. 
 Bernheimer, Charles S., 166, 198, 
 
 358, 437. 
 Bernheimer, L., 91. 
 Bernstein, Adolph, Rev., 100. 
 Beth El Emeth Congregation, 
 105-107. 
 Cemetery, 204. 
 Beth Israel Congregation, 84-88, 
 
 e541. 
 
 Its organization, 84. 
 Its first officers, 84, 85. 
 Present officers and 
 
 management, 87. 
 Daughters of, 87, 88. 
 Cemetery, 204. 
 Beth Israel Congregation (Atlan- 
 tic City), 109-110. 
 Officers, 110. 
 Bettelheim, Aaron S., Rev. Dr., 
 
 85, 86, 188, 190. 
 Biddle, Charles, 20. 
 Biernbaum, Max, 355, 440. 
 Biggard, Isaac (P.), 516. 
 Bikur Cholim, Chebrah, 220-221. 
 Charter members, 220. 
 Officers, 221. 
 Cemetery, 204. 
 Billstein, Aaron M., Dr., 420. 
 Billstein, Emma L.,*I)r.. 382, 420. 
 Billstein, Nathan, 198. 
 Binswanger, Isidore, 122, 124, 186, 
 
 158, 250-252, 278, 426. 
 Binswanger, Isidore, Mrs., 251, 
 
 426. 
 Binswanger, Isidore, Alumnal 
 
 Association, 124. 
 Birnbaum, Charles (P.), 513. 
 Birnbaum, Henry F. (8. O.), 485. 
 
548 
 
 iNDEX, 
 
 Birney, William, 137. 
 
 Bishop, Madame, 385. 
 
 Black, William, quoted, 41-42. 
 
 Blieden, Max, Dr., 420. 
 
 Blitz, Antonio, Signor, 383. 
 
 Bloch, Simon L., 300. 
 
 Bloom, Mr., 373 (note 96). 
 
 Bloom, David H. (P.), 521. 
 
 Bloom, David S. (P.), 527. 
 
 Bloom, JuliuH, Eev., 222. 
 
 Bloom, Nathaniel (C. O.), 494. 
 
 Bloom, Samuel S. (C. O.), 503. 
 
 Bloomberg, L., 86. 
 
 Bloomfield, Joseph (U. S. A.), 459. 
 
 Bloomingdale, Charles, Jr., 358, 
 
 441. 
 Blum, Aaron (P.), 529. 
 Blum, Gabriel, 312. 
 Blum, Isaac, 312. 
 Blum, Julius (C. O.), 510. 
 Blum, Ralph, 312. 
 Blumenthal, Herman B., 311. 
 Blumenthal, Joseph, Hon., 190. 
 Blumenthal, Mark, Dr., 426. 
 Blumenthal, Moses, 99. 
 Blumenthal, Simon (P.), 514. 
 Blumenthal, Solomon, 311. 
 Boardman, George Dana, Rev. 
 
 Dr., 207. 
 Bochroch, Max Henley, Dr., 420. 
 Bohem, Anthony, 274. 
 Bomeisler, Evelyn, Miss, 158, 254. 
 Bomeisler, Louis, 51, 72, 193, 252- 
 
 254. 
 Bomeisler, L., Mrs., 254. 
 Bomeisler, Louis, & Co , 445. 
 Bomeisler, Nathan Loebl, 252. 
 Bomeisler, Rodrigues, & Co., 445. 
 Bonaparte, Jerome, 52, 535. 
 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 535, 536. 
 Bonnat, M., 363, 366. 
 Booth, Edwin, 374 (note 99), 379, 
 
 385. 
 Booth, Junius B., 373, 374 (note 
 
 99), 385. 
 Borchardt, Newman (O. R.), 532. 
 Bosio, Madame, 385. 
 Boston, Joseph, 260. 
 Bouguereau, William Adolphe, 
 
 365, 367. 
 Bowers, Lee, 441. 
 Boyle, John J., 361. 
 Bradford, William, 20. 
 Bran dels, Florence, Dr., 420. 
 Brandon, Isaac M. (C. O.), 493. 
 Braunschweig, Elias, 159, 359. 
 Breckenridge, John C., 339. 
 Breidenbach, Samuel, 390. i 
 
 Breidenbach, Samuel B., Rev., 66, 
 
 99, 108. 
 Brewster, Benjamin Harris, Hon., 
 
 137, 256. 
 Brewster, Frederick Carroll, Hon., 
 
 319. 
 Brignoli, Signor, 385. 
 Brinkmann, Leon, Dr., 420, 436. 
 Brinkmann, Michael, Dr., 420. 
 Brinkmann, Morris W., Dr., 420, 
 
 435. 
 Brinton, R. M., Brigadier-Gen- 
 eral, 483. 
 Britton, Louis, Dr., 429. 
 Brodsky, Hyman, Rev., 199, 218- 
 
 219, 359, 542. 
 Brown, David Paul, referred to, 
 
 38 (note 51), 39 (note 55), 41 
 
 (note 56), quoted, 409, 410. 
 Brown, John Douglass, Jr., 431. 
 Brown, Saul, 31 (note 38). 
 Brown's History of the American 
 
 Stage, referred to, 373 (note 98). 
 Bruch, Max, 386, 388. 
 Brunswick, Herman, 197, 359, 390. 
 Brunswick, Raphael, 311. 
 Buchanan, James, President, 402, 
 
 403, 405 
 Bull, Ole, 378. 
 Burgauer, J., 390. 
 Burton, W. E., 376. 
 Bush, Asher (P.), 529. 
 Bush, Catherine, 22, 457. 
 Bush, Henry P. (U. S. A.), 458. 
 Bush, Jonas (U. S. A), 458. 
 Bush, Lewis (U. S. A.), 458. 
 Bush, Mathias, 22, 201, 401, 457. 
 Bush, Mears, 411 (note 116). 
 Bush, Solomon, 22, (U. S. A.) 
 
 455-457. 
 Butler, B. F., General, 475. 
 Buttenwieser, L., Rev., 159, 188. 
 Byron, Lord, referred to, 5 (note 3). 
 
 Cad6t, Lyon, 71 (note 76), 445. 
 Cadwalader, Thomas, General, 
 
 432, 459. 
 Cahn, Louis (P.), 516. 
 Calker, Isaac (P.), 517. 
 Calle, Alonso de la, 4. 
 Calmann, Charles, Rev., 108. 
 Calmann, Rudolph, 387. 
 Cameron, J. Frank, Captain, 498. 
 Cameron, Simon, Hon., 482, 484. 
 Cannon, Arthur, 136. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 549 
 
 Canter, Jacob, 445. 
 CaDter, Leon A. (O. R.), •'^•^•^. 
 Cantner, Jacob (P.), 526. 
 Cantors' AHsociation of America, 
 
 191-192. 
 Cardozo, Isaac N., 412. 
 Carey, Edward L., 55, 56. 
 Carey, Henry C, 55. 
 Carmel Colony, 213. 
 Caro, Victor, Rev., 86, 219, 229. 
 Carvalho, David Nunes, 410 (note 
 
 111). 
 Carvalho, E., Dr., 416, 445. 
 Carvalho, Emanuel Nunes, Rev., 
 
 48, 410 (note 111). 
 Carvalho, Solomon Nunes, 48 
 
 (note 60), 361. 
 Casner, Abraham (P.), 518. 
 Cassel, David, Dr., 190. 
 Cathcart, Lord, 36. 
 Cauffman, Joseph, 11. 
 Cauffman, Marcus, 67, 155, 245, 
 
 309, 312. 
 Cemeteries, Jewish, 200-205. 
 Central Conference of American 
 
 Rabbis, 192. 
 Chambers, John, Rev., 118. 
 Chapman, Nathaniel, Dr., 424. 
 Charles IX., of France, 206. 
 Chautauqua Department, Jewish, 
 171-172. 
 Committee on Organi- 
 zation, 172. 
 Chebroth, 220-224. 
 Children's Country Week Associa- 
 tion, 161. 
 Childs, George W., 57. 
 Chobeb6 Dalim, Society, 227. 
 Chobeb6 Zion, Society, 232. 
 Chumaceiro, J. H. M., Rev., 106. 
 Clarke, John Sleeper, 384, 385. 
 Clay, Henry, 148, 261 (note 93), 
 
 401, 470 . 
 Clayton, Thomas, Hon., 33. 
 Clinton, Henry, Sir, 37. 
 Cohen & Nisbet, 445. 
 Cohen, A. B., 445. 
 Cohen, A. J. (C. O.), 495. 
 Cohen, A. M., 445. 
 Cohen, Abraham, 45. 
 Cohen, Abraham, 53. 
 Cohen, Abraham, 444 (note 125). 
 Cohen, Abraham Hyman, 43. 
 Cohen, Abraham Myers, 45 (note 
 
 61), 202. 
 Cohen, Andrew J., 67. 
 Cohen, Benjamin, 29, 409 (note 
 
 108). 
 
 Cohen, Charity Sol is, MIsm, 159. 
 Cohen, Charles ,1.. tit;, r,;, 166, 311. 
 Cohen, Clarissa, 1 lo note 127). 
 Cohen, David Soli-, 112, ji;;. 314- 
 
 316, 344, 345, 40S. 
 Cohen, K. L.. 445. 
 Cohen, Kditli, ()7. 
 Cohen, Eleazer, 445. 
 Cohen, Eliezer L., 53, 59. 
 Cohen, Elkalah, 53. 
 Cohen, Emanuel, 102, 131, 318- 
 
 319, 413. 
 Cohen, Esdaile Philip, 435. 
 Cohen Family, 50. 
 Cohen, Fanny, 382. 
 Cohen, Hart wig, 44. 
 Cohen, Henry, 52, 64, 65-67, 86, 
 
 136, 254, 316, 361. 
 Cohen, Hyman, 165, 389. 
 Cohen, I., 222. 
 Cohen, Ida F., Miss, 151. 
 Cohen, Isaac, 86. 
 Cohen, J. (C. O.), 495. 
 Cohen, Jacob, 144. 
 Cohen, Jacob, 444 (note 125). 
 Cohen, Jacob da Silva Solis, Dr., 
 
 158, 418, 425-426, 440, (IT. S. N.) 
 
 477, (S. O.) 480. 
 Cohen, Jacob da Silva Solis, Mrs., 
 
 426. 
 Cohen, Jacob I., 45. 
 Cohen, Jacob Raphael, Rev., 18, 
 
 20, 43, 444 (note 125). 
 Cohen, John M., 67, 414. 
 Cohen, Joseph (U. S. N.), 478. 
 Cohen, Joseph Simon, 53, 410, 412, 
 
 432, 445. 
 Cohen, Joseph S., 136, 144, ;n2. 
 Cohen, Judith Solis, Mrs., 313, 
 
 314, 42.5. 
 Cohen, Katherine M., 67, wil ;ui2. 
 Cohen, Leon Solis, 313-314, ^C. O.) 
 
 510. 
 Cohen, Lewis (P.), 526. 
 Cohen, Lewis I., 155. 
 Cohen, M. E., 445. 
 Cohen, Marcus K., 184, 197, 311, 
 
 332, 359. 
 Cohen, Mary M., referred to, 18 
 
 (note 20), 30 (note 37), 67, 151, 
 
 316-318. 
 Cohen. Matilda H., Mrs., 66, 122, 
 
 12s, 2.")! :J.M. 316. 
 Cohen, Mirhael, 3S!». 
 Cohen, Morris S., Dr., 42U. 
 Cohen, Moses, 212. 
 Cohen, Moses, 444 (note 125). 
 Cohen, Moses, Rev., 72. 
 
550 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Cohen, Moses, Rev., 99, 109. 
 Cohen, Myer, 313, 314, 425. 
 Cohen, Nathan, 390. 
 Cohen, Nathan A., Dr., 420, 430, 
 
 440. 
 Cohen, Nina Morals, 151, 319-320, 
 
 331. 
 Cohen, Rachel, 53. 
 Cohen, Rebecca, 53. 
 Cohen, S. E., 444 (note 125). 
 Cohen, Samuel, 53. 
 Cohen, Sarah, 53. 
 Cohen, Sarah, 242. 
 Cohen, Solomon Myers, 13, 53. 
 Cohen, Solomon Soils, Dr., 69, 123, 
 132, 152, 159, 164, 166, 190, 352, 
 419. 
 Cohen, Tobias Theodore, 370. 
 Cohn, Ignatz (C O.), 491. 
 Cohn, S. Belle, Mrs., 311. 
 Cohn, Robert, 358. 
 Coleman, Harris, 86. 
 Collins, T. K., 56. 
 Collis, Charles H. T., General, 207. 
 Colonies in Argentina, 211. 
 
 in different States, 214 (note 
 
 9(3) 
 in Holy Land, 211. 
 in Wes'tern States and Terri- 
 tories, 212. 
 Colonization, Jewish, 210-214. 
 Colony on Grand Island, Jewish, 
 
 211-212 
 Columbian Club, 195. 
 Columbus, Christopher, 3, 4, 5. 
 Cone, Sydney M., Dr., 421. 
 Constine, Lewis (P.), 528. 
 Coons, Jacob (C. O.), 511, 
 Coons, Joseph D., 184. 
 Costa, Isaac, 444 (note 125). j 
 
 Crane, William H., 381. 
 Crawford, Mr., 469. i 
 
 Cr^mieux, Isaac Adolphe, 76. ! 
 Cromelien, Alfred, 67, (C. O.) 495- \ 
 
 496. 
 Cromelien, Isidore (O. R.), 533. ; 
 Cromelien, James (S. O.), 485. 
 Cromelien, Rowland, 484. i 
 
 Cromelien, Washington (S. O.), ! 
 482. I 
 
 Crouter, A. L. E., 298. i 
 
 Culture Association, Jewish, 83, \ 
 168. I 
 
 Curtin, Andrew G., Governor, ; 
 
 493 (note 139). 
 Curtis, M. B., 381. \ 
 
 Cushman, Charlotte, 373, 385. 
 Custer, General, 498. i 
 
 I D- 
 
 ! D'Ancona, Baruch, 68. 
 I D'Azevedo, Moses Cohen, 59. 
 i Da Costa, Isaac, 12. 
 I Da Cos^a, Rodriguez, 53 (note 68). 
 Da Solla, Jacob Mendes, Rev., 59, 
 i 159. 
 
 ! Dallas, Alexander James, 39, 40. 
 i Dallas, George M., Hon., 136, 137. 
 I Daly, Charles P., LL.D., referred 
 to, 8 (note 7), 31 (note 38), 181, 
 182, referred to, 397, 398 (note 
 I 106). 
 
 ! Damrosch, Leopold, Dr., 386. 
 Daniels, A. G., referred to, 9 (note 
 
 9). • 
 Daniel us, Solomon, 357. 
 Dantzic, Meyer, 370. 
 Dasher, Samuel (P.), 529. 
 Daughters in Israel, 182. 
 Davenport, Fanny, 385. 
 David & Vandyke, 445. 
 David, Henry, 445. 
 David, Jacob, 445. 
 David, Louis N. (P.), 512. 
 Davidson, Charles C, Dr., 421. 
 Davidson, David, Dr., 362, 427, 
 
 440. 
 Davidson, Ellas B. (P.), 527. 
 Davidson, Esther, Miss, 159. 
 Davidson, Harry, 356, 362-363. 
 Davidson, Isaac (P.), 526. 
 Davidson, Joseph (C. O.), 493. 
 Davidson, Joseph A. (P.), 527. 
 Davis, David A., 411. 
 Davis, E. P., Dr., 227. 
 Davis, Evan (C. O.), 503. 
 Davis, Zadok A., 52, 143, 155, 158, 
 
 312, 353. 
 Dawison, Bogumil, 378. 
 De Boer, Henry, 109. 
 De Casseres, Elias G., 296. 
 De Cordova, Raphael, 45 (note 
 
 61), 445. 
 De Ford, Frances A., Dr., 421. 
 De Ford, Moses, Dr., 159, 167, 421, 
 
 441. 
 De Haan, Aaron (P.), 524. 
 De Haan, Henry (C. O.), 506. 
 De Hirsch Trust, 115-116, 133, 157, 
 
 209, 213, 303. 
 De Kalb, Baron, 457. 
 De La Motta, Jacob, Dr., 44. 
 De La Motta, Jacob, Captain, 457. 
 De Lancey, Oliver, 35, 36. 
 De Lange, Jacob, 72. 
 De Leon, 53 (note 68). 
 
INDEX. 
 
 551 
 
 De Leon, Abigail, 53 (note 68). 
 De Leon Family, 52. 
 De Leon, Jacob, Captain, 457. 
 De Sola, Abraham, Rev. Profes- 
 sor, LL.D., 9, 105. 
 De Sola, David Aaron, Rev., 6L 
 De Sola, Meldola, Rev., 9. 
 De Young, A. H., Dr., 42L 
 De Young, Charles (P ), 530. 
 De Young, Isaac (U. S. A.), 459- 
 
 460. 
 De Young, Joseph, 427. 
 De Young, Philip, Dr., 857, 427- 
 
 428, 440. 
 De Young, Washington R. (C. 
 
 O.), 490. 
 Decatur, Commodore, 470. 
 Delafield, Richard, Major, 368, 
 
 462. 
 Delaware Club, 195. 
 Demokrat, German, 197. 
 Derby, J. C, referred to, 57 (note 
 
 72). 
 Derickson, David V., Captain, 487 
 
 (note 137). 
 Desilver, Robert, 260. 
 Deutsch, Solomon, Rev. Dr., 91, 
 
 334. 
 Dickson, Charles, 381. 
 Dinbacher, S. (P.), 511. 
 Dinkelberger, J. R. (P.), 519. 
 Dinneford, William, 373, 374. 
 Disraeli Association, 170. 
 Dobbin, Henry, 381. 
 Dole, Nathan H., 354. 
 Donohue, John, 12. 
 Doon, Theodore (C. O.), 491. 
 Douglas, Stephen A., 339. 
 Drachman, Bernard, Rev. Dr., 190. 
 Draper, John W., Dr., referred to, 
 5 (note 2). 
 . Drexel, Anthony J., 57. 
 Dreyfous, Joseph, 143, 445. 
 Dreyfous, S., 445-446. 
 Dropsie, Aaron M., 255, 463. 
 Dropsie, Gabriel (U. S. A.), 463. 
 Dropsie, Moses A., 58, 118, 131, 
 136, 137, 155, 156, 158, 207, 255- 
 258, 265, 302, 406-407, 412, 445 
 (note 126). 
 Du Pont, S. F., Rear Admiral, 477. 
 Dubinsky, David, 390. 
 Ducachet, Henry W., Rev. Dr., 
 
 52. 
 Dupree, Martha, Miss, 161. 
 Durang, Charles, referred to, 373, 
 
 377. 
 Durfey, Thomas, Captain, 428. 
 
 Durlacher, S. (P.),511. 
 Durst, William, 47()-477. 
 Dusch, Abraham (P.), 515. 
 
 Eakins, Thomas, 381. 
 Earle, George H., 58. 
 Eckermann, Jacob B. (P.), 527. 
 Eckstein, Julia B., Miss, 159. 
 Eckstein, 8., 390. 
 Edison, Thomas A., 355. 
 Edmunds, Henry R., 472. 
 Effron, Leon A., Dr., 429. 
 Eger, David, 105, 250. 
 Ehrlich, Joseph, 135. 
 Ehrlich, Samuel, 73. 
 Eichholz, Adolph, 177, 414. 
 Einhorn, David, Rev. Dr., 91-92. 
 Einstein, Florence, Miss, 370. 
 Einstein, Joseph, 75, 82, 258-259. 
 Einstein, Joseph, Mrs., 258, 259. 
 Einstein, Leopold, 258. 
 Einstein, Max, 406, (S. O) 481-482. 
 Eisenberg, Daniel (P.), 521. 
 Eisenman, Jacob (P.), 516. 
 Elfelt, Simon, 155. 
 Ellas, David, 395. 
 Elkan, M., Rev., 86. 
 Elkin, Abraham, 446. 
 Elkin, Lewis, 406. 
 Elkin, Philip, Dr., 421. 
 Ellenger, Jacob (P.), 514. • 
 Ellenger, WiUiam (P.), 514. 
 Ellet, Charles, Mrs., 33 (note 40). 
 Ellet, Elizabeth F., referred to, 
 
 33 (note 40), 37 (note 47). 
 Ellinger, Emanuel (P.), 515. 
 Ellinger, Lewis, 82. 
 Ellinger, Moritz, 118. 
 Elsberg, Louis, Dr., 427. 
 Eisner, H., 157. 
 Elson, Mary Anna, Dr.. 427. 
 Emanuel, D., 86. 
 
 Emanuel, Hannah, M is., .'. 1 1', 4iis. 
 Emanuel, Jonathan M., Xo^, \\j.^. 
 
 N.) 473-474. 
 Emanuel, Louis M., Dr., 428, 
 
 440, (S. O.) 486. 
 Emanuel, Lyon L. (S.O.), 48(M87. 
 Emanuel, Manly, Dr., 1-S. 17.1, 
 
 486. 
 Kniunath Israel-Oheb Shalom 
 Congregation, 219-220. 
 OiriceiH. 220. 
 Engel, Moses, 111. 
 i Engelke, Leopold, Professor, 75. 
 
552 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Engle, William S., Dr., 429. 
 Ensline, Rose F., Mrs., 388. 
 Entre Nous Club, 170. 
 Ephraim, Jules A., 67, 312. 
 Eppinger, Solomon, Professor, 301 . 
 Eppstein, Daniel (C. O.), 492. 
 Eppstein, Elias, Bev., 100, 107. 
 Ericsson, John, Captain, 476. 
 Eshner, Augustus A., Dr., 419. 
 Etheridge, Professor, 324. 
 Etting, Benjamin, 393, 464. 
 Etting, Charles E., 394, (C. O.) 
 
 504. 
 Etting, Edward J., 393, 472, 504. 
 Etting, Elijah Gratz, 393, 412, 432. 
 Etting Family, 50. 
 Etting, Frances Gratz, 270. 
 Etting, Frank M., 393, 413, 434, 
 
 (U. S. A.) 464. 
 Etting, Gratz, 254, 312. 
 Etting, Henry (U. S. N.), 470. 
 Etting, Miriam Gratz, 50, 149. 
 Etting, Reuben, 270, 393, (U. S. 
 
 A.) 459. 
 Etting, Solomon, 270, 393, quoted, 
 
 452. 
 Etting, Theodore M., 393-394, 413, 
 
 (U. S. N.) 472-473. 
 Evans, Frederick W., 327. 
 Evans, Margaret, 34. 
 Evans, Peter, 34. 
 Exponent, Jewish, 196, 197-198. 
 Eytinge, Barnet, 446. 
 Eytinge, David, 411. 
 Eytinge, Pearl, 379. 
 Eytinge, Rose, 379. 
 Ezekiel, Catherine De Castro 
 
 Myers, 262. 
 Ezekiel, Ezekiel J., 259. 
 Ezekiel, Hannah Rebecca, 259. 
 Ezekiel, Jacob, 45, 259-262. 
 Ezekiel, Martha, 259. j 
 
 Ezekiel, Moses Jacob, Chevalier, 
 
 180, 187, 262, 360, 364. 
 
 Faust, Frederick, 362. 
 Federation of Labor, Jewish, 233. 
 Feilchenfeld, Moses, Rabbi, 77. 
 Feinberg, Isaac, 229. 
 Feldman, Abram Meyer, 355, 439. 
 Feldstein, Adolph, Dr., 118, 421. 
 Felleman, G., 109. 
 Fellenbaum, David (P.), 526. 
 Fellman, Morris W., Dr., 421. 
 Fels, Maurice, 414, 441. 
 
 I Fels, Rosena, Miss, 312. 
 
 i Female Hebrew Benevolent Soci- 
 
 I ety, 127-129, 143. 
 
 i Preamble, 128. 
 
 First officers and manage- 
 I ment, 128. 
 
 I Present officers and mau- 
 
 I agement, 128. 
 
 I Feustmann, Bernard H., 97, 141, 
 i 262. 
 
 1 Feustmann, B. H., Mrs., 262. 
 Feustmann, Leon P., 355, 436. 
 I Feustmann, Maurice Mayer, 355, 
 i 438. 
 
 I Fiegman, Max, 370. 
 ^ Finkelstein, Esther, Miss, 161. 
 Finzi, Abraham, 59, 136, 158, 312. 
 \ Fireman, Julius C., 370. 
 Fischelis, Philip, Dr., 421. 
 1 Fischler, Herman, 357. 
 Fish, George F., 359. 
 i Fishblatt, Lewis (C. O.), 500. 
 I Flaum, Rev. Mr., 107. 
 I Fleischman, S. M., Rev., 109, 123. 
 j Fleischman, S. M., Mrs., 123. 
 I Fleisher, Alexander, 263. 
 Fleisher, Benjamin Wilfrid, 440. 
 Fleisher, Benjamin Wolf, Sr., 241, 
 
 263, 264. 
 Fleisher, Benjamin W., Jr., 241. 
 Fleisher Family, 390. 
 Fleisher, Henry A., 241. 
 ! Fleisher, Meyer, 265. 
 I Fleisher, Moyer, 158, 241, 264-265, 
 I (P.) 530. 
 
 I Fleisher, Moyer, Mrs., 265. 
 i Fleisher, Rebecca, Dr., 421. 
 ' Fleisher, Samuel, 441. 
 Fleisher, Simon, 265-266. 
 I Fleisher, Simon, Mrs., 266. 
 Fleisher, Simon B., 241, 263-264. 
 I Fleisher, Simon B., Mrs., 264, 390. 
 ! Fleishman, Abraham, 384. 
 Fleishman, Israel, 384-385. 
 j Fleury, Robert, 365, 367. 
 Floersheim, Henry (C. O.), 491. 
 Florance Familj^ 50. 
 Florance, Hannah, Mrs., 50, 312. 
 ' Florance, Lucien J., 439. 
 Florance, William, Mrs., 50, 312. 
 Folz, Leon H., 413. 
 Forney, John W., Colonel, 351. 
 Forrest, Edwin, 376 (note 100), 
 
 379, 380, 385. 
 Fortescue, Miss, 380. 
 Forum Club, The, 170. 
 
 Officers, 170. 
 Foster, Frank, 376. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 653 
 
 Foster Home, Jewish, 121-12.5. 
 Preamble, 121. 
 First officery and man- 
 agement, 121-122. 
 Board of Council, 122. 
 Superintendents and 
 
 matrons, 123-124. 
 Present officers, man- 
 agement, and teach- 
 ers, 124-125. 
 Synagogue, 109. 
 Fox, Daniel M., Mayor, 279. 
 Frank, Charles (P.), 516. 
 Frank, Henry S., 266-267. 
 Frank, Henry S., Mrs., 267, 312. 
 Frank, Jacob (C. O.), 509. 
 Frank, Jacob (P.), 521. 
 Frank, Meyer, 312. 
 Frankel, Fanny, Mrs., 388. 
 Frankel, Jacob, Rev., 65, 73-74,. 75, 
 76, 91, 118, 137, 145, 155 (note 87), 
 388, (O. R.) 532. 
 Frankel, Lee Kaiifer, 353, 437. 
 Frankel, Max, 388. 
 Frankel, Mayer (P.), 514. 
 Frankel, Perry, 165. 
 Frankenfield, E. (P.), 529. 
 Frankenfield, George (P.), 529. 
 Franklin, Benjamin, 10, 11, 20, 
 
 456. 
 Franklin Club, 194-195. 
 Franklin, Fabian, 324, 366. 
 Franklin, Marcus, Dr., 421. 
 Franklins, 443. 
 Franks, Abigail, 34, 35. 
 Franks, Abraham, 38 (note 49). 
 Franks, David, 22, 34-36, 37, 38, 
 
 270. 
 Franks, David S., 38, (U. S. A.) 
 
 454-455. 
 
 Franks, Isaac, 29, 37, 38 (note 49), 
 
 372 (note 95), 410, (U. S. A.) 455. 
 
 Franks, Jacob, 34, 35, 38 (note 49). 
 
 Franks, Mayer Isaac, 37, 410 (note 
 
 111). 
 Franks, Moses, 36. 
 Franks, Phila, 35, 36. 
 Franks, Rebecca, 35, 36-37. 
 Frauenthal, Abraham (C. O.), 500. 
 Frazer, Persifor, Dr., 431. 
 Frechie, Abraham Meyer, 68, 267. 
 Frechie, Abraham Meyer, Mrs., 
 
 267. 
 Free Daughters of Israel, 186. 
 Free Sons of Israel, Independent 
 Order of, 185. 
 Improved Order of, 186. 
 Junior Order of, 186. 
 
 Freedman, Lizzie, Miss, 161. 
 Freeman, Max, 381. 
 Freeman, Moses, 199, 359. 
 Fremont, General,' 489. 
 Friedberger, Henry, 312. 
 Friedenwald, Jonas, 190. 
 Friedenwald, Herbert, 441. 
 Friedheim, Adolph (P.), 523. 
 Friedltender, M., Dr., 97. 
 Friedland, Mendel, 429. 
 Friedlander, Mr., 357. 
 Friedman, Herman S., 166, 187. 
 Friedman, Max, 388. 
 Friedman, Max, 406, (S. O.) 484- 
 
 485. 
 Friedman, Pauline, Miss, 152. 
 Friend, Norman, 370. 
 Frohman, Charles, 382. 
 Frohman, Daniel, 382. 
 Fromm, Nathan (C O.), 508. 
 Fuchs, Jacob (P.), 515. 
 Fuerstenberg, D., 357. 
 Furst, Abraham, 18. 
 Furth, Emanuel, 394-395, 413, 440. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gallatin, Mr., 401, 470. 
 
 Galliuger, Joseph (P.), 526. 
 
 Gans, Aaron, 187. 
 
 Gans, Daniel, 268, 312. 
 
 Gans, Emanuel S., Dr., 421. 
 
 Gans, Joseph, 267. 
 
 Gans, Meyer, 67, 268. 
 
 Gans, Solomon, 67, 113, 118, 267- 
 268. 
 
 Gans, Solomon, Mrs., 268. 
 
 Gans, Walter S., 312. 
 
 Garfano, A., Rev., 108. 
 
 Garfield, James Abram, President, 
 76, 303. 
 
 Garrick Club, 194. 
 
 Gassenheimer, Gus (P.), 516. 
 
 Gassenmaier, Joseph (P.), 523. 
 
 Gates, Elias, 439. 
 
 Gay, Sydney Howard, referred to, 
 25 (note 27). 
 
 Gazette, Jewish, 198. 
 
 Gazette, Pennsylvania, 200. 
 
 Geary, General, 524. 
 
 (Tienter, Nathan (P.), 515. 
 
 (xerman Hebrew Ijadies' Benevo- 
 lent Society, 143. 
 
 Gerorae, M., 369. 
 
 Gerschel, Adolnh (P.), 522. 
 
 Gerson, Felix I^., 198, 320-321. 
 
 Gersou, Jennie, Miss, 169. 
 
554 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Gerson, Leo R., 388. 
 Gersoni, Henry, Dr., 132. 
 Ghent Mission, 401, 470. 
 Gillen, Daniel v^.. Captain, 521 
 
 (note 140). ! 
 
 Gilpin, Charles, Mayor, 137. 
 Gimbel Brothers, 312. 
 Girard, Stephen, 253. 
 Gisner, George (C. O.), 505. 
 Gittelson, Samuel J., Dr., 421. 
 Glaser , Adolph ( P. ) , 51 6. ' 
 
 Godey, L. A., 56. 
 Goldberg, Corporal (C. O.), 501. 
 Goldberg, Sampson (C. O.), 491. 
 Goldenberg, C:. D. (P.), 524. 
 Goldenberg, Henry (P.), 524. 
 Goldenstein, S., Rev., 541. 
 Goldman, Julius, Dr., 115. 
 Goldman, M., 162. 
 Goldman, Mrs., 143. 
 Goldschmidt, Anton (C. O.), 503. | 
 Goldsmid, A. E., Lieutenant- 
 Colonel, 211. 
 Goldsmit, Levi M., 259. i 
 
 Goldsmith & Goudkop, 446. 
 Goldsmith, Abraham, 269, 321. 
 Goldsmith, ('harles, 358, 414. 
 Goldsmith, Edwin Meyer, 269, 
 
 321, 356, 440. 
 Goldsmith, Felix Levi, 441. 
 Goldsmith, George, 359. 
 Goldsmith, Isaac N. (U- S. N.), 
 
 478. 
 Goldsmith, Jacob, 269. 
 Goldsmith, James (C. O.), 507. 
 Goldsmith, James (P.), 513. 
 Goldsmith, Joseph (C. O.), 499. 
 Goldsmith, Levi, 269. 
 Goldsmith, Mary, 389. 
 Goldsmith, Milton, 269, 321. 
 Goldsmith, Nathan A. (U. S. N.), 
 
 479. 
 Goldsmith, Samuel L., Dr., 429, 
 
 440. 
 Goldstein, Louis (P.), 520. 
 Goldstein, Mary, Miss, 157. 
 Goldstrom, Leopold (C. O.), 498. 
 Gomez, 53 (note 68). 
 Gomez, Daniel, 11, 27. 
 Gomparts, Gompart S., 46. 
 Goodman, Aaron (P.), 512. 
 Goodman, Alexander, 82. 
 Goodman, Benjamin B. (C ().), 
 
 491-492. 
 Goodman, David (CO.), 500. 
 Goodman, David J. (P.), 517. 
 Goodman, Isaac (C. O.), 501. 
 Goodman, Joseph (C. 0.),493. 
 
 Goodman, Samuel (S. O.), 483. 
 Goodman, Samuel W., 185. 
 Goodwin, George K., 383. 
 Gordon, Benjamin, 167. 
 Goshorn, Director-General, 248. 
 Gottheil, Gustav, Rev. Dr., 180. 
 Gotthelf, B. H., Rev., 90 
 Gotthold, Isaac N., 380-381. 
 Goudsmit, George, 108. 
 Go ward, George, 114, 115, 311. 
 Granger, Gordon, General, 463. 
 Grant, U.S., General, 57, 489, 497, 
 Gratz, Barnard, 11, 12, 22, 25, 269- 
 
 270, 444 (note 125). 
 Gratz, Benjamin, 26, 270, 412, 432, 
 
 (U. S. A.)459. 
 Gratz Family, 201. 
 Gratz, Hvman, 25, 51, 54, 69, 147 
 (note 84), 201, 254, 269-273, 290, 
 310, 367, 446. 
 Gratz, Jacob, 25, 26, 270, 272, 298, 
 
 407, 431-432, 446. 
 Gratz, Jonathan, 270. 
 Gratz, Joseph, 26, 270, 272, 298, 
 
 446. 
 Gratz, Louisa, Miss, 312. 
 Gratz, Michael, 13, 22,25, 147, 201, 
 
 269, 270, 444 (note 125), 459. 
 Gratz, Michael, Mrs., 270. 
 Gratz, Rebecca, 25, 121, 127, 147- 
 
 149, 150, 270, 271. 
 Gratz Reservation, 201-202, 273. 
 Gratz, Sarah, 270. 
 Gratz, Sarah A., Mrs., 446. 
 Gratz, Simon, & Brother, 446. 
 Gratz, Simon, 25, 45 (note 61), 50 
 
 (note 65), 202, 270, 271, 272. 
 Gratz, Solomon, 270. 
 Gratz Trust, 69. 
 
 Committee in charge of, 
 69. 
 Grau, Jacob, 382. 
 Grau, Maurice, 382. 
 Grayev, Nathan, 230. 
 Green, Louis A., 86. 
 Greenbaum, Leopold, Dr., 421, 
 
 429. 
 Greenbaum, Max, Dr., 429. 
 Green blatt, Marcus, Rev., 218. 
 Green wald, Daniel F., Dr., 421. 
 Green wald, Joseph L., 413. 
 Greenwald, Max, 414. 
 Gremitz, Captain (CO.), 495. 
 Grigg, John, 56. 
 Grisi, Julia, Madame, 385. 
 Gross, A., 104. 
 Gross, Aaron (P.), 529. 
 Gross, Abram (P.), 519. 
 
INDEX, 
 
 .>>5 
 
 Gross, Adolph, Rev., 102. i 
 
 Gross, Charles, Ph.D., referred to, ' 
 
 4 (note 1). 
 Gross, Isaac (P.), 519. j 
 
 Gross, Leopold (P.), 514. \ 
 
 Grossheim, Mr., 357. i 
 
 Grossman, Lewis (P.), 518. ! 
 
 Grossmann, J. B., Rev. Dr., 86-1 
 
 87, 279, 541. | 
 
 Guggenheim, Mej'er, 178. i 
 
 Guggenheim, William, 355, 440. i 
 Gumpert, Abraham, 448 (note 130) . 
 Gutekunst, F., 410 (note 114). 
 Gutmacher, Elias, Rabbi, 87. 
 
 H. 
 
 Hachnasath Orechim, Society, 
 225-226. 
 Officers and manage- 
 ment, 226. 
 Former Society, 226. 
 Hackenburg, Isaac E., 145, 274. 
 Hackenburg, Judah Lazarus, 52, 
 
 82, 273, 305. 
 Hackenburg, Maria, Mrs., 128, 
 
 273. 
 Hackenburg, William B., 82, 115, 
 
 119, 138, 191, 196, 207, 273-276, 
 
 303. 
 Hackenburg, William B., Mrs., 
 
 71 (note 76), 276, 445. 
 Hahn, Frederick E., 387. 
 Hahn, Henry, 152, 165, 387. 
 Hahn, Henry, Mrs., 312. 
 Hahn, Theodore J., 387. 
 Hal^vy, Ludovic, 390. 
 Hall, Thomas A., 384 
 Hamberg, Ansel (S. O.), 480 
 Hamberg, Moses P., referred to, 
 
 145 (note 82), 414. 
 Hamburger, Herman, Hon., 138, 
 
 395, 413, (C. O.) 507. 
 Hamburger, Wolf, Rabbi, 91. 
 Hamilton, Andrew, 36. 
 Hammer, Moses (U. S. A.), 458. 
 Hano, Louis, 68. 
 Hano, Philip, 358. 
 Har Ha-Zetim Cemetery, 204. 
 Har Nebo Cemetery, 204. 
 Harburger, Julius, 18'>. 
 Harby, Isaac, referred to, 70 (note 
 
 75). 
 Harper, James, 56. 
 Harris, Abraham B. (C. O.), 498. 
 Harris, B. (P.), 516. 
 Harris, Benjamin (C. O.), 499. 
 
 Harris, Bernard, 142, 157, 199, 230, 
 
 311, 359. 
 Harris, George H., 358. 
 Harris, Joseph S , 342. 
 Harris, S., 86 
 Harrison, Alice, 381. 
 Harrison, Benjamin, President, 
 
 304. 
 Harrison, Louis, 381. 
 Harrison, William H., President, 
 
 261. 
 Hart, Abraham, Sr., 54. 
 Hart, Abraham, 52, 53-58, (;4, (i"j, 
 
 122, 136, 137, 138, 141, l.").-,. id!, 
 
 175, 176, 188, 242, 251, 'irA, -ll-l, 
 
 274, 276, 277, 322, 337. 
 Hart, Abraham, Mrs. (Rebecca C 
 
 I.), 58, 128, 242, 276-277, 337. 
 Hart, Abraham (CO.), 499. 
 Hart, Abraham Luria, 143, 312, 
 
 446. 
 Hart, Bluma, Miss, 58, 143. 
 Hart, Charles H., 353, 413. 
 Hart, EUezer, 58. 
 Hart, Esther, Mrs., 18, 260. 
 Hart, Henry I., 141. 
 Hart, Louisa B., Miss, 18, 30, 128, 
 
 143, 149-150, 151, 260, 317. 
 Hart, Michael, 18, 29-30, 149, 260. 
 
 his household, 29. 
 Hart, Moses, 72. 
 Hart, Phineas, 312. 
 Hart, Rebecca, Mrs., 149, 312. 
 Hart, Samuel, 64. 
 Hart, Samuel, 410 (note 112). 
 Hart, Sarah, Mrs., 54-55, 128. 
 Hartley, Thomas, Colonel, 458. 
 Hartm'ann, Arthur M., 389. 
 Hartogensis, A. E., Dr., 132. 
 Hartogensis, B. H., 198. 
 Hassler, Asher, 73 (note 78). 
 Hassler, Augustus (C. O.), 493. 
 Hassler, Harriet, 387. 
 Hassler, Henry, 386. 
 Hassler, Herbert, 390. 
 Hassler, Isaac, 73 (note 78). 
 Hassler, Jacob (C. O.), 501. 
 Hassler, Mark, 65, 386-387. 
 Hassler, Simon, 386-387, 388. 
 Hauser, M.,346. 
 Hays Family, 9. 
 Hays, David (P.), 511. 
 Hays, Henry, 433. 
 Hays, Isaac, Dr., 50, 416, 417, 424- 
 
 425, 432, 446. 
 Hays, Isaac, Mrs., 425. 
 Hays, Isaac Minis, Dr., 418, 425, 
 
 435. 
 
556 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Hays, Samuel, 29, 201, 202, 270, 
 
 372 (note 95), 424, 446, 468. 
 Hays, Samuel, Mrs., 270, 424, 468. 
 Hays, William D., 484. 
 Healy, G. P. A., 272. 
 Hebrew Charity Ball Association, 
 135-188. 
 Officers, 188. 
 Hebrew Education Society, 115, 
 154-160, 188. 
 Officers, 159-160. 
 Hebrew Endowment Fund, 140. 
 Hebrew Literary Association, 162- 
 
 164. 
 Hebrew Mutual Benefit Medical 
 
 Aid Society, 140. 
 Hebrew Sunday School, 146-158. 
 Southern School, 157. 
 Officers and managers, 158. 
 Hebrew Union College, 191. 
 Hecht, Samuel, 158, 812. 
 Heider, Maurice J., Dr., 421. 
 Heilbron, Sophia Flora, 388. 
 Heilbrun, Solomon M., 383-384. 
 Heilbrunn, Alexander, Dr., 421. 
 Heilprin, Angelo, 324-327, 370, 
 
 390. 
 Heilprin Lodge, Michael, 230. 
 Heilprin, Louis, 324. 
 Heilprin, Michael, 159, 214, 322- 
 
 324, 366. 
 Heilprin, Phineas Mendel, Rabbi, 
 
 322. 
 Heimburg, Julius (S. O.), 482. 
 Heine, Heinrich, 348. 
 Heintzelman, Major-General, 518. 
 Heller, David (P.), 515. 
 Heller, Henry, Dr., 426, (S. O.) 482. 
 Heller, Herman, 312. 
 Heller, Jacob L., Dr., 161, 167, 
 
 421. 
 Heller, Max, Dr., 426, (S. O.) 482. 
 Heller, Rebecca, 252. 
 Hendricks, Henry, 245. 
 Henriques, Frederic D. (U. S. N.), 
 
 478. 
 Henry, Alexander, Mayor, 145. 
 Henry, B. (P.), 517. 
 Henry, Jacob, 11. 
 Herman, Emanuel (C. O.), 502. 
 Herman, Frank (CO.), 492. 
 Herman, Jacob (P.), 520. 
 Hermann, Philip (P.), 516. 
 Herrman, Jacob (C. O.), 501. 
 Herrmann, Alexander, Professor, 
 
 383. 
 Herrmann, Emanuel, 387. 
 Herrmann, Samuel L., 387. 
 
 Herscher, Elias, 222. 
 I Hertzog, Joel J. (C. O.), 506. 
 i Hertzog, Joseph (P.), 516. 
 Hertz, Joseph Herman, Rev. Dr., 
 
 189-190. 
 Herz, Benner, Dr., 429. 
 Herzberg, Adolph (O. R.), 583. 
 Herzberg, Gustav, 887. 
 Herzberg, Harry, 387. 
 Herzberg, Max,' 812, 414. 
 Herzog, Jacob (C. O.), -508. 
 Hexter, Alexander, 812. 
 Heyman, Herman (P.), 514. 
 Highhill, Israel (P.), 530. 
 Highhill, Louis (P.), 580. 
 Hightull, Israel (C. O.), 495. 
 Hill, Henry, 12. 
 
 Hillel Literary and Dramatic As- 
 sociation, 171. 
 Hirsch, A. (P.), 516. 
 Hirsch, August (C. O ), 502. 
 Hirsch, Bertha, Miss, 161. 
 Hirsch, Emil Gustavus, Dr., 98, 
 
 180, 440. 
 Hirsch, Harry J. (U. S. A.), 467- 
 
 468. 
 Hirsch, Isidor (C. O.), 490. 
 Hirsch, M. L. (P.), 523. 
 Hirsch, Maurice de. Baron, 61, 
 
 115, 140, 207, 211, 213, 275, 589. 
 Hirsch, Michael C, 97, 184, 311, 
 
 467. 
 Hirsch, Samson Raphael, Rev. 
 
 Dr., 97. 
 Hirsch, Samuel, Rev. Dr., 75, 92- 
 
 98, 94, 118, 125, 141. 
 Hirschel, Solomon, Rev. Dr., 294. 
 Hirschler, Diana, Miss, 161, 812. 
 Hirsh & Brother, 812. 
 Hirsh, Abram Bernheim, Dr., 419. 
 Hirsh, Alfred Curtin, 167, 278, 
 
 279, 812. 
 Hirsh, E. Hampton, 278. 
 Hirsh, Harry, 278. 
 Hirsh, Harry Bernheim, 441. 
 Hirsh, Henry, 113, 278. 
 Hirsh, Jacob (C. O.), 490. 
 Hirsh, Leopold, 277, 278. 
 Hirsh, Mason, 118, 124, 277-279, 
 
 283. 
 Hirsh, Morris (C. O.), 490. 
 Hirsh, Walter Abraham, 489. 
 Hirsh, William, 278. 
 Hirst, William L., 253. 
 Historical Society, American Jew- 
 ish, 181-182. 
 Officers and manage- 
 i ment of, 182 
 
INDEX. 
 
 657 
 
 Hochstadter, Adolph, 290. 
 Hochstadter, Albert, 290. 
 Hochstadter, Alfred, 358. 
 Hochstadter, David, 290. 
 Hochstadter, Harry C, 357-358. 
 Hochstetter, A. (P)., 516. 
 Hoffman, Abraham (CO.), 509. 
 Hoffman, Charles, 131, 184, 198, 
 
 219, 230,311,359,414,441. 
 Hoffman, David, 151-152, 312. 
 Hoffman, David B. (P.), 521. 
 Hoffman Family, 148. 
 Hoffman, Fanny Binswanger-, 
 
 Mrs., 160, 312, 354. 
 Hoffman, John S., 338. 
 Hoffman, Leopold (S, O.), 487. 
 Hoffman, Louis C, 357. 
 Hoffman, M., Rev., 99. 
 Hoffman, Matilda, 148. 
 Hoffman, Meyer, 358. 
 Hoffman, S. (P.), 521. 
 Horstmann, I. F., Bishop, 207. 
 Horwitz, A., Dr., 101. 
 Hospital Association, Jewish, 116- 
 120. 
 Preamble and resolu- 
 tions, 117. 
 Committee on, 117. 
 First oflflcers and man- 
 agement, 117. 
 Home for A^ed and In- 
 firm Israelites, 119. 
 MathUde Adler-Loeb 
 Dispensary, 118-119, 
 241. 
 Synagogue, 109. 
 Present officers and 
 management, 119-120. 
 Aid Auxiliary, 120. 
 
 Its officers and man- 
 agement, 120. 
 Houseman, Jacob (P.), 515. 
 Hovenden, Thomas, 365. 
 Howe, William, Sir, 32, 36, 37, 
 
 455, 456. 
 Hoyt, Henry M., Governor, 208. 
 Hunt, Aaron R., 382. 
 Hunt, Albert E., 358. 
 Hunt, Henry J., 86. 
 Hunt, Jay, 382. 
 Hunt, Jay, Mrs., 382. 
 Hunt, Philip, 382. 
 Hunter, 489. 
 
 Husik, Isaac, 158, 159, 441. 
 Huxley, Thomas H., Prof., 324. , 
 Hyams, H. J., 356. 
 Hyman, B., 86. 
 Hyneman, Barton, 330. 
 
 ' Hyneman, Benjamin, 329, 496. 
 
 Hyneman, Klias, 327, 446. 
 
 HvuGTrian. Klias IjCoh, 329-330, 
 ,(\ ().) 411(^-498. 
 
 llyiienian, Kdwin Isaac, \'->H. 
 
 Hyneman, Henry, 23. 
 
 Hyneman, Herman N., 363-364. 
 
 Hyneman, Isaac, 58, 259, 260, 363, 
 j 525. 
 
 I Hyneman, Isaac, Mrs., 58, 259, 262, 
 i 525. 
 
 j Hyneman, Jacob E. (P.), 525. 
 I Hyneman, Le<m, 50 (note 65), 254, 
 ! 327-329, 345, 379. 
 
 Hyneman, Leon, Mrs., 329, 330. 
 
 Hyneman, Leon, Children of, 329. 
 
 Hyneman, Levy L., Mrs., 152. 
 
 Hyneman, Moses Leon, 345. 
 
 Hyneman, Ilebekah, 328, 329-331, 
 345, 496. 
 
 Hyneman, Samuel M., 132, 166, 
 190, 319, 413. 
 
 I. 
 
 Iliowizi, Henry, Rev., 100-102, 
 123, 169, 229, 249. 
 
 Iliowizi, Henry, Mrs., 102. 
 
 Illowy, Bernhard, Rev. Dr., 74. 
 
 Immigrants, Association of Jew- 
 ish, 131-135. 
 I Officers and management, 
 
 135. 
 
 Index, .Jewish, 196. 
 
 Irvine, William, Colonel, 458. 
 
 Jrving Ijiterary Association, 163. 
 
 Irving, Washington, referred to, 
 j 4 (note 1), 147, 148. 
 I Isaac, Solomon (U. S. A.), 458. 
 
 Isaacks, Abraham, 241. 
 
 Isaacks, Moses, 50, 241-242, 27(), 
 331, (U.S. A.) 458. 
 
 Isaacks, Sampson Mears, 242, liiti. 
 
 Isaacs, Rev. Mr., 71. 
 
 Isaacs, Eliezer, Jr., 358. 
 
 Isaacs, Henry (P.), 512. 
 
 Isaacs, Henry (P.), 522. 
 
 Isaacs, Jacob, 31. 
 
 Isiiacs, Judah, 407. 
 
 Isaacs, Myer S., Hon., 115. 
 
 Isaacs, Samuel M., Rev., 85, 136. 
 
 Isabella, Queen, 4. 
 
 Israel, Abraham E., 4), V'.. i^ >!). 
 
 Israel, Daniel (P.), 512. 
 
 Israel, Eleazar J., 259. 
 
 Israel, Hannah Erw in, 32, 33 (note 
 40). 
 
558 
 
 INDEX, 
 
 Israel, Isaac E., 259. 
 Israel, Israel, 31-34. 
 Israel, Israel (U. S. N.), 478. 
 Israel, Jacob (P.), 515. 
 Israel, Joseph, 32, 33. 
 Israel, Joseph (U. S. N.), 477. 
 Israel, Joseph David, 355, 436. 
 Israel, M. E., 446. 
 Israel, Martha, 259. 
 Israel, Michael, 33. 
 Israel, Michael E., 259. 
 Israel, Rosetta, 259. 
 
 Jackson, Andrew, President, 398. 
 Jackson, John D., 52. 
 Jackson, S. J., 196. 
 Jacob, John (P.), 515. 
 Jacobi, Abraham, Dr., 419. 
 Jacobs, Captain, 452 (note 131). 
 Jacobs, Abram JB. (P.), 517. 
 Jacobs, Alexander (C. O.), 507. 
 Jacobs, Benjamin, 410 (note 112). 
 Jacobs, Ella, Miss, 354. 
 Jacobs, Fannie, Miss, 389. 
 Jacobs, George, Rev., 75, 10-5-106, 
 
 118, 164, 186, 188, 197, 274, 354. 
 Jacobs, Henry (C. O.), 494. 
 Jacobs, Henry (P.), 511. 
 Jacobs, Henry (P.), 516. 
 Jacobs, Henry H. (C. O.), 507. 
 Jacobs, Henry S., Rev. Dr., 190. 
 Jacobs, Israel, 28 (note 34), 407. 
 Jacobs, Israel (P.), 517. 
 Jacobs, Jacob (U. S. N.), 479. - 
 Jacobs, Jacob (C. O.), 489. 
 Jacobs, Joseph, 22. 
 Jacobs, S. H. (P.), 530. 
 Jacobs, Samuel, 106, 390. 
 Jacobs, Samuel (P.), 517. 
 Jacobs, Simon (P.), 523. 
 Jacobs, Solomon, Rev., 85, 86. 
 Jacobs, Theodore (S. O.), 488. 
 Jacobsohn, 386. 
 Jacobson, Augustus (U. S. N.), 
 
 478, (P.) 514. 
 Jacoby, H. (P.), 516. 
 Jacoby, Henry (CO.), 490. 
 Jacoby, Henry M. (U. S. N.), 
 
 479. 
 Jacoby, Herman (P.), 514. 
 Jacoby, Hugo (C. O.), 491. 
 Jacoby, Joseph (C. O.), 508. 
 Jacoby, Moses (C. O.), 494. 
 Jacoby, Simon, 279, 407. 
 Jacoby, Simon P. (P.), 529. 
 
 Jacques, Gershom R. (U. S. N.), 
 
 477. 
 Jacques, Henry (C. O.), 491. 
 j Janauschek, Madame, 378, 385. 
 I Jaquett, Joseph, Dr., 47. 
 Jastrow, Abraham, 77. 
 Jastrow, Joseph, Professor, 78, 
 
 352-353, 436. 
 Jastrow, Marcus M., Rev. Dr., 62, 
 
 75-78, 95, 118, 123, 132, 141, 152, 
 
 164, 165, 168, 188, 197, 229, 352. 
 Jastrow, Marcus M., Mrs., 78. 
 Jastrow, Morris, Jr., Professor, 76, 
 
 78, 229, 352, 435-436. 
 Jastrow, Wilhelmina Rachael, 
 
 Miss, 441. 
 JefTerson, Thomas, President, 25, 
 
 271, 459, 469. 
 Jeitles, James M., 414. 
 Jessurun, Samuel (U. S. N.), 478. 
 Jew, The, 196. 
 j Joachimsen, Caroline Cohen, 
 
 Mrs., 359. 
 i Joff(?, A. Joshua, Dr., 190. 
 I Joff6, Mary S., Dr., 429. 
 I Johnson, Charles, 145. 
 j Johnson, Henry, Sir, 36. 
 I Jonas Family, 390. 
 Jonas, Herman, 311. 
 Jonas, William, 390. 
 Jones, Alfred T., 107, 135, 145, 155, 
 
 158, 186, 197, 254, 331-333, 335, 
 
 359. 
 Jones, Alfred T., Mrs., 333, 444 
 
 (note 125). 
 Jones, Andrew A., 331. 
 Jones, B. Frank, 389. 
 Jones, Henry, 184. 
 Jones, Horatio Gates, Hon., 394. 
 Jones, Maria Marks, 331. 
 Jordan, Ewing, Dr., 431. 
 Joseffy, Rafael, 386. 
 Joseph, Abraham, 446. 
 Joseph, Jacob Henry, 270. 
 Joseph, Sarah, Miss, 455. 
 Josephs, Aaron (P.), 512. 
 Josephs, Abraham (P.), 515. 
 Josephs, Gustav (P.), 511. 
 Josephson, Manuel, 21. 
 Journals in Hebrew, 199. 
 Judah, Emanuel, 378. 
 Judah, Samuel B. H., 378. 
 Judaic Union, 185-186. 
 
 Officers of Grand Lodge, 1 86. 
 Judd, Professor, 324. 
 Judelsohn, Jacob, 131, 132. 
 Juedisch Deutsch, 234-235. 
 Jurist, Louis, Dr., 418. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 .>59 
 
 K. 
 
 Kaas, Katharine, Mrs., 190. 
 Kadisha, Independent, Chebrah, 
 227-228. 
 Officers, 228. 
 Cemetery, 204. 
 Kahan6, 'Hayim Hirsch, Rabbi, 
 
 104. 
 Kahn, Alexander, Dr., 422. 
 Kahn, Cornelia, Dr., 151, 422. 
 Kahn, Isaac, 857. 
 Kahn, Louis (P.), 515. 
 Kahn, Naphthali, Rev. Dr., 72, 78. 
 Kahnweiler, Isaac M., 884. 
 Kann, Isaac Ed\v.ard, 207. 
 Kannewasser, Abraham, 407. 
 Karfunkel, M., Rev., 220. 
 Karpel, Jacob (P.), 520. 
 Karpeles, Leo (P.), 524. 
 Katz, Emanuel (P.), 528. 
 Katz, Henry, 28. 
 Katz, Jacob F. (P.), 518. 
 Katz, Marcus, 811. 
 Kautfman, Benjamin L. (C. O.), 
 
 501. 
 Kauflman, David S. (C. O.), 508. 
 Kauffman, Davis S., 406. 
 Kauffman, Isaac B. (C. O.), 490. 
 Kauffman, Isaac B. (C. O.), 501. 
 Kauffman, Jacob, 262, 812. 
 Kauffman, Jacob (C. O.), 502. 
 Kauffman, Jacob (C. O.), 508. 
 Kauffman, Jonas H. (S. O.), 488. 
 Kauffman, Joseph A. (C. O.), 507. 
 Kauffman, Levi K. (C. O.), 494. 
 Kauffman, Samuel (P.), 519. 
 Kauffman, Solomon B. (C. O.), 
 
 504. 
 Kauffiiiann, Solomon, Rev., 76, 
 
 78-70, 108. 
 Kaufman, Abraham, 91. 
 Kaufman, Charles, Mrs., 812. 
 Kaufman, Solomon B. (C. O.), 
 
 509. 
 Kaufmann, Herbert Moses, 438. 
 Kaufman n. Max, 358. 
 Kautz, August V., Brigadier-Gen- 
 eral, quoted, 484, 581. 
 Kayser, Morris (C. O.), 501. 
 Kayserling, Moses, Dr., 8, 4 (note 
 
 1), 5, 7 (note 6), 182. 
 Kean, Edmund, 885. 
 Keimer, Samuel, 10-11. 
 Ken^seth Israel Congregation, 89- 
 98. 
 Officers and manage- j 
 ment, 98. I 
 
 Ken^seth Israel Congregation— 
 Tjyceum of, 96, 168- 
 169. 
 Kennedy, Rev. Mr., 52. 
 K6sher Israel Congregation, 542- 
 548. 
 Officers of, 548. 
 Kosher Shel Barzel, District 8, 
 
 185. 
 Kessler, Abraham, 217. 
 Keys, Abraham Israel, Rev., 44- 
 
 45. 
 Keyser, Ephraim, 860. 
 Kind, S., Mrs., 812. 
 King, Edward, Judge, 2^58. 
 Kiralfy, Arnold, 882-888. 
 Kiralfy, Bolossy, 882. 
 Kiralfy, Imre, 882. 
 Kirschbaum, Helen, Dr., 422. 
 Kirschheimer, Joseph (CO.), 498. 
 Klasser, Simon M., 155, 158. 
 Klein, Adolph, 188. 
 Klein, Alexander, Dr., 422. 
 Klein, Alfred M., 118, 279, 812. 
 Klein, David, 97, 118, 186, 2^30, 279- 
 
 280, 406. 
 Klein, David, Mrs., 280. 
 Klein, Louis, 279. 
 Klein, Maier, 279. 
 Klein, Moses, 181, 188, 185, 142, 
 
 referred to, 214 (note 91), 854, 400. 
 Klein, Sigmund, 890. 
 Kleinberg, Eleazer, Rabbi, 218. 
 Kline, Nathan, 220. 
 Kline, Nathan (P.), 525. 
 Kline, Joseph (P.), 520. 
 Klonower, Oscar, 198. 
 Klopfer, Adolph, 91. 
 Koch, Isidore M., Dr., 422. 
 Koch, Max, 406. 
 Koenigsberg, Max (C. 0.),489. 
 Kohen, Frank P. (C. O.), 499. 
 Kohler, Kauffmann, Rev. Dr., 180. 
 Kohler, Max J., 181, referred to, 
 
 397. 
 Kohn, Abraham M., 281. 
 Kohn, Arnold, 191, 281-282. 
 Kohn Educational Club, 280. 
 Kohn, Harry E., 441. 
 Kohn, Isaac, 240, 812. 
 Kohn, Leo M., 854. 
 Kohn, Simon I., 812. 
 Kohner, Max, 168. 
 Kohut, Alexander, Rev. Dr., 190. 
 Koopman, August B., 864-365. 
 Koopmau, Elian B., 856. 
 Koopman, J. B., 864. 
 Kopf, R. M., 185. 
 
560 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Koshland, A., 157. 
 Koshland, Nicholas N. (P.), o23. 
 Kossuth, Louis, 822. 
 Kra Kauer— Beth Elohim, 221. 
 Readers, 221. 
 Oflicers, 221. 
 Kramer, Solomon H. (C. O.), 505. 
 Krause, Leopold, 181. 
 Krauskopf, Joseph, Rev. Dr., 62, 
 
 81, 94, 95, 96-97, 98, 123, 152, 177, 
 
 191, 229, 542. 
 Krauskopf, Rose, Mrs., 96. 
 Kronold, Selma Koert-, Madame, 
 
 888. 
 Kuhn, Abraham (P.), 515. 
 Kuhu, Magnus (P.), 514. 
 
 I^a Grange, Madame, 885. 
 La Grange, H., 197. 
 La Font, S. A., 890. 
 Lachenheimer, F. (P.), 517. 
 Lafayette, General, 26, 457. 
 Lam, Marcus E., 157, 159, 189, 485. 
 Lang, Elias, 222. 
 Lang, Ernst (P.), 521. 
 Lang, Morris (P.), 524. 
 Lang, Otto J., 278. 
 Lang, Philip (P), 518. 
 Langfeld, Isaac, 222. 
 Langsdorf, Jacob, 155. 
 Langsdorf, Simon (C. O.), 495. 
 Langstadter, Isaiah B., 812. 
 Land Associations, 282. 
 Landauer, Maurice, 357. 
 Lasser, Maria, Dr., 429. 
 Lazarus, Aaron, 158, 859, (S. O.) 
 
 482-483. 
 Lazarus, Abraham, 446. 
 Lazarus, David (P.), 513. 
 Lazarus, E. L., 44, 46. 
 Lazarus, Henry (P.), 524-525. 
 Lazarus, Moses, 113-114, 812. 
 Lazarus, William (P.), 527. 
 Lea, Henry Charles, referred to, 
 
 7 (note 5). 
 Lebengood, Jacob (P.), 518. 
 Leberman, Alfred Joseph, 441. 
 Leberman, Lazarus J., 58, 186, 148, 
 
 155 (note 87), 268, 812. 
 Leberman^ Lazarus J., Mrs., 122. 
 Lederer, Ephraim, 229, 312, 414. 
 Lee, Arthur, 25. 
 Lee, General, 457. 
 Lee, R. E., General, 480, 486. 
 Lee, S. P., Admiral, 471. 
 
 Leefson, Mauri ts, 389. 
 
 Leeser, Isaac, Rev., 4.5-48, 49, 51, 
 
 52, 59, 60 (note 74), 62, 91, 105, 
 
 121, 186, 145, 149, 154, 155, 158, 
 
 159, 175, 180, 186, 188, 196, 212, 
 
 ' 2.54, 274, 301, 302, 803, 833, 346, 
 
 I 359, 361. 
 
 I Leeser Library, 159. 
 
 Leeser Society, 170. 
 
 Lehman, Enianuel, 115. 
 
 Lehman, Emanuel (P.), 526. 
 
 Lehman, Jacob (P.), 526. 
 
 Lehman, Solomon (P.), 580. 
 
 Leo, Charles (S. O.), 482. 
 
 Leo, Henry F. (C. O.), 503. 
 . Leopold, Bertram, 441. 
 
 Leopold, Isaac, Dr., 422, 437. 
 ; Leopold, Leon M., 165. 
 
 Leroy-Beaulieu, Anatole, M., 182. 
 
 Levi, Abraham, 444 (note 125). 
 i Levi, Charles (C. O.), 489. 
 I Levi, David, Rev., 189, 485. 
 I Levi, Dinah J., Mrs., 869. 
 I Levi, Gershon B., 159, 167. 
 I Levi, Henry (U. S. N.), 475-476. 
 
 Levi, Joseph (C. O.), 505. 
 
 Levi, Julius C, 414. 
 
 Levi, Moses, 406. 
 
 Levi, Moses Uri, Rabbi, 7. 
 
 Levi, Myer A.,418. 
 
 Levi, Samuel N., 357. 
 
 Levi, Simon (P.), 521. 
 
 Levi, William P. (C. ().), 494. 
 
 Levin, Charles (U. S. N.), 479. 
 
 Levin, Joseph S., 414, 488. 
 
 Levin, Lewis C, 395-896, 412. 
 
 Levine, David, Mrs., 444 (note 
 125). 
 
 Levinski, Jacob Levi, 74. 
 
 Levis, Sarah, Miss, 361. 
 
 Levy, Aaron (first), 28, 50 (note 
 65). 
 
 Levy, Aaron (second), 50, and 
 (note 65), 58, 446, 548. 
 
 Levy, Aaron, Mrs., 127. 
 
 Levy, Aaron, Jr., 144. 
 
 Levy, Aaron (P.), 518. 
 
 Levy, Abraham (P.), 511. 
 
 Levy, Benjamin, 22. 
 
 Levy, Benjamin, 548. 
 
 Levy, Benjamin J. (S. O.), 488. 
 
 Levy, Charles H. (U. S. N.), 478. 
 
 Levy, Cornelius, 314. 
 
 Levv, Daniel, 410, 411. 
 
 Levy, David (P.), 511. 
 
 Levy, David C, 287. 
 
 Levy, Elias P., 52, 58, 254, 812. 
 
 Levy, Elias (P.), 530. 
 
 # 
 
INDEX. 
 
 561 
 
 Levy Family, 50. 
 
 Levy, Ferdinand, Hon., 142, ia5. 
 
 Levy, Hannah, Miss, 127. 
 
 Levy, Hayman, 12, 27. 
 
 Levy, Herman (P.), 525. 
 
 Levy, Hetty, 38 41-42. 
 
 Levy, Hyman, Jr., 22. 
 
 Levy, Isaac J., 446. 
 
 Levy, Jacob A., 259. 
 
 Levy, Jonas P. (U. S. N.), 471. 
 
 Levy, Joseph, 50 (note 65), 58. 
 
 Levy, Joseph, 144. 
 
 Levy, Joseph, 446. 
 
 Levy, Joseph Leonard, Rev., 95, 
 
 97, 98, 168, 198. 
 Levy, Jules, 386. 
 Levy, Louis Edward, 131, 135, 
 
 142, 333-336, 365. 
 Levy, Louis E., Mrs., 336. 
 Levy, Lyon J., 50, 52, 136, 312. 
 Levy, Max, 365-366. 
 Levy, Mears (U. S. N.), 477. 
 Levy, Meyers. (P.), 521. 
 Levy, Michael, 292, 469. 
 Levy, Moses, 38-39, 41, 409-410, 
 
 411, 431,444 (note 125), 446. 
 Levy, Nathan, 200, 201, 202. 
 Levy, Phillip (C. O.),509. 
 Levy, Rachel, Mrs., 446. 
 Levy, Rachel P., 446. 
 Levy, Rebecca, Mrs., 286. 
 Levy, Samson, 22, 38, 39, 40-41, 
 
 42 and (note 59), 411, 446. 
 Levy, Samuel (P.), 521. 
 Levy, Solomon, Rev., 97. 
 Levy, Solomon, 286. 
 Levy, Theodore (P.), 521. 
 Levy, Uriah Phillips, 293 (U. S. 
 
 N.), 469-470, 471. 
 Lewald, Nannie, Miss, 381-382. 
 Lewenberg, Joseph (P.), 513. 
 Lewi, David (P.), 530. 
 Lewin, Marcus, 166, 390. 
 Lewin, Philip, 98, 191, 282. 
 Lewin, Philip, Mrs., 282. 
 Lewinthal, Baer L., Rabbi, 218. 
 Lewis, Jeffreys-, 380. 
 Licht, Das, 198. 
 Lichten, Aaron, 158, 312. 
 Lichten, Moses H., 312. 
 Lichten berger, Daniel (C. O.), 499. 
 Lieberman, G.. Dr., 219. 
 Liebschutz, Adolph (C. O.), 503. 
 Liknaitz, David, 167. 
 Lilienthal, Max, Rev. Dr., 263, 274. 
 Lillienstine, Charles (P.), 526. 
 Lincoln, Abraham, President, 336, 
 
 482, 487 (note 137). 
 
 36 
 
 Lindheimer, Barney (P.), 522. 
 
 Lindo, E. L., referred to, 7 (note 6). 
 
 Linn, John B., referred to, 410 
 (note 115). 
 
 Linse, EliasS., 72,159. 
 
 Lipman, A. S., 381. 
 
 Lipman, Jacob, Rev., 72, 108, 378, 
 381. 
 
 Lipman, Lewis, 378. 
 
 Lipman, Moses, 378. 
 
 Lipman, Samuel, 378. 
 
 Lipowitz, Herman (C. O.), 510. 
 
 Lippincott, J. B., 56. 
 
 Lippman, Joseph, 413. 
 
 Lipschuetz, Gustav, 390. 
 
 Literary, The, 171. 
 
 Literature Society, Hebrew, 228- 
 229. 
 Officers, 229. 
 
 Liveright, Alfred Meyer, 359, 438. 
 
 Liveright, Max, 312. 
 
 Liveright, Morris, 312. 
 ! Liveright, Simon, 312. 
 I Livermauli, Moses (P.), 511. 
 I Livingstons, 443. 
 
 Lobo, Moses F., 357. 
 
 Lockhart, J. G., referred to, 148 
 (note 85). 
 
 Loeb, August B., 118, 241, 311. 
 
 Loeb, Henri, Rev. Dr., 337. 
 
 Loeb, Herman, 357. 
 
 Loeb, Howard Adler, 441. 
 
 Loeb, Jacob (P.), 528. 
 
 Loeb, Joseph, 312. 
 
 Loeb, Leo, 123, 283. 
 
 Loeb, Leo, Mrs., 283. 
 
 Loeb, Ludwig, Dr., 226, 227, 311, 
 422. 
 
 Loeb, Marx B., 113, 312. 
 
 Loeb, Mathilde Adler-, 241. 
 
 Loeb, Moritz, 336-337. 
 I Loeb, Samuel B. (P.), 528. 
 ' Loeb, Simon, 282, 312. 
 ! Loeb, William B. (P.), 528. 
 : LoewenbergjWilliam, Rev., 82, 168 
 j Long, Isaac, 141. 
 j Long, Isaac (P.), 528. 
 I Longfellow, H. W., 9. 
 I Longfellow Literary Society, 171. 
 
 Lonnerstadter, William, 114. 
 
 Loring, General, 463. 
 
 Lopez Family, 9, 53 (note 68). 
 
 Lopez, Matthias, 446. 
 
 Lossing, B. J., referred to, 32. 
 
 Louchheim, Henry S., 312. 
 
 Louchheim, Joseph, 312. 
 
 Louchheim, Samuel Kahu, 414, 
 438. 
 
562 
 
 INDEX, 
 
 Louis XVIII, 253. 
 
 Love, Julius, Dr., 422. 
 
 Lovers of Beligiouy Learning, 
 
 Society of, 162. 
 Lowengrund, Ernest, 413. 
 Lowengrund, Lee, Dr., 422. 
 Lowenstein, M. (P.), 516. 
 Lovk^enstein, Samuel, 406. 
 Lowenthal, Adolph, 157. 
 Lowenthal, Samuel (P.), 512. 
 Lowenthal, Samuel (P.), 518. 
 Luescher, Jacob (C. O.), 491. 
 Lukens, John, 201. 
 Lunel, Dottore Cesare, 247. 
 Lyceum Weekly, 198. 
 Lychenheim, Jacob, 167, 355, 436, 
 
 437. 
 Lyon, Abraham (C. O.), 493. 
 Lyon, Eugene, 357. 
 Lyon, Mabel, Miss, 157. 
 Lyon, Samuel, 23, 27. 
 Lyon, Sarah, Mrs., 128. 
 Lyons, Asher, 444 (note 125). 
 Lyons, Ellis, Be v., 65. 
 Lyons Family, 444 (note 125). 
 Lyons, Jacob C., 309. 
 Lyons, Jacob C, Mrs., 309. 
 Lyons, Jacques J., Rev., 444 (note 
 
 *125). 
 Lyons, Mordecai, 444 (note 125). 
 Lyons, Rebecca, 285. 
 Lyons, Samuel, 444 (note 125). 
 Lyons, Samuel, Mrs., 242. 
 Lyons, Solomon, 444 (note 125). 
 
 M. 
 
 McArthur, John, 65. 
 
 McClellan, George B., General, 
 
 368, 462, 463, 485 (note 136). 
 McCuUough, John, 385. 
 McDowell, Irwin, Gen., 464, 481. 
 M'Kean, Joseph, 409. 
 M'Kean, Thomas, 20. 
 McKegan, Edward, 12. 
 McMaster, John Bach, referred to, 
 
 10 (note 11), and 11 (note 12). 
 McMichael, Morton, Hon., 56, 137. 
 Macaulay, Lord, 351. 
 Machado, David Mendes, Rev., 28. 
 Machado, Rebecca Mendes, 28, 
 
 292. 
 Mackenzie, William L., referred 
 
 to, 398. 
 Macready, William Charles, 376 
 
 (note 100), 385. 
 Madison, James, President, 24, 397. 
 
 Maibaum, Major (U. S. A.), 458. 
 
 Maier, Jacob (P.), 516. 
 
 Maimon, Moses Ben, Rabbi, 188, 
 ! 226, 415. 
 
 Maimonides Clinic, 226-227. 
 I Maimonides College, 188-189. 
 ! Maimonides Literary Society, 229- 
 : 230. 
 
 I Maisner, Moses, Rev. Dr., 190. 
 i Malitz, Ch., 199, 359. 
 \ Mandel, David, Jr., 414, 441. 
 I Manheimer, Jacob, 446. 
 ! Mann, William, Rev., 255. 
 ! Mann, William B., 255. 
 I Mansbach, Louis A., Dr., 430. 
 I M^rache, Solomon, 11, 13, 27, 444 
 
 (note 125). 
 I March6si, Professor, 103. 
 I Marco, Surgeon, 4. 
 I Marcus, Henty, 86,' 144, 406. 
 
 Maretzek, Max, 382. 
 
 Mario, Signor, 385. 
 
 Markens, Isaac, referred to, 8 
 (note 7), 17 (note 19), 31 (note 
 ! 38), 36 (note 46), 37 (note 48), 
 43 (note 60), 59 (nofe 73), 147 
 I (note 84), 181, 361. 
 j Marks, Emanuel, 311. 
 ! Marks, Emanuel (P.), 516. 
 I Marks Family, 53. 
 I Marks, Ferdinand, 311. 
 
 Marks, Henry, 242. 
 
 Marks, Hyman, 45, 292, 446. 
 I Marks, Hyman, Mrs., 292. 
 i Marks, Hyman, 72. 
 I Marks, Isaac, 203, 293, 446. 
 
 Marks, Isaac, Mrs. (Esther De 
 Leon), 293. 
 
 Marks, Israel (P.), 528. 
 i Marks, Levy, 23. 
 I Marks, Michael, 49, 242, 331. 
 j Marks, Michael, Mrs. (Johaveth), 
 : 242, 331. 
 ! Marks, Simon (P.), 530. 
 
 Marks, William, 311. 
 I Marranos, 7 
 
 I Marschuetz, Joseph, 575. 
 I Marshall, Ethelbert A., 373. 
 I Martin, J. Hill, referred to, 38 
 I (note 49), 39 (note 54), 410 (note 
 i 112). 
 
 Marx, Aaron J. (P.), 529. 
 
 Marx, David (P.), 516. 
 
 Marx, Samuel, 432. 
 
 Masonic Mirror and American 
 Keystone, 327-328. 
 
 Massias, Abraham A. (U. S. A.), 
 459. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 563 
 
 Ma«tbaum, Jules, 441. 
 Maternity Association, Jewish, 
 129-130. 
 Officers and manage- 
 ment, 130. 
 Mawson, Charlotte M., Miss, 388. 
 Mawson, Edward R., 382. 
 Mawson, Edward S., 64. 
 Mawson, Harry P., 382. 
 Mawson, Ida M., Miss, 388. 
 Mawson, Lucie E., Miss, 389. 
 May, Emanuel, 258, 513. 
 May, Isaac (O. R.), 532. 
 May, Louis (P.), 514. 
 May, Meyer (P.), 515. 
 May, Samuel A., 194. 
 May, Samuel F. (P.), 512. 
 May, Sarah A. Cohen, Dr., 422. 
 May, Solomon W., 407, (P.) 513. 
 Mayer, Adolph A. (O. R.), 532. 
 Mayer, Clinton O., 414, 440. 
 Mayer, Ellas (E. A.), 536. 
 Mayer, Elias, Mrs., 536. 
 Mayer, Herman (P.), 515. 
 Mayer, Ignatius, Dr , 422. 
 Mayer, Jacob, 444 (note 125). 
 Mayer, Jaqob (C. O.), 491. 
 Mayer, Jacob (C. O.), 500. 
 Mayer, Lazarus, 68, 254. 
 Mayer, Levi, 82, 138, 312. 
 Mayer, Lewis, 446. 
 Mayer, Louis H. (C. O.), 489-490. 
 Mayer, Marcus R., 382. 
 Mayer, Maurice, Dr., 262. 
 Mayer, Minnie, Miss, 312. 
 Mayer, Nelson Baum, 438. 
 Max, Charles (P.), 521. 
 Max, Jacob (P.), 516. 
 Mazur, F. (P.), 520. 
 Mazzini, Joseph, 62. j 
 
 Meade, George G., General, 57. I 
 Mears, Johaveth, Mrs., 241, 458. 
 Mears, Judah, 241, 458. 
 Mears, Rachel, 241. 
 Mears, Samson, 269, 270. 
 Mears, Tabitha, 22. 
 Mease, Dr., quoted, 14, referred to, 
 
 25 (note 30), 71. 
 Medical Aid Society 140. 
 Medici, Catharine de, 206. 
 Meisels, Baer, Rabbi, 77. 
 Menci6, M., 362. 
 Mendel, Herman (CO.), 500. 
 Mendelsohn, Samuel, Rev. Dr., 
 
 188-189, 196, 359. 
 Mendes, Abraham Pereira, Rev., 9. 
 Mendes, Henry Pereira, Rev. Dr., 
 
 190. 
 
 Menken, Adah Isaac, 379-380. 
 Menken, Alexander Isaac, 379. 
 Menken, Nathan D. (C. O.), 510- 
 
 511. 
 Mercantile Club, 193-194. 
 Mercy and Truth, Society of, 144. 
 Messing Bernhard (C. O.), 506. 
 Meyer, Mr., 377. 
 Meyer, C. (P.), 513. 
 Meyer, Emil (C. O.), 492. 
 Meyer, Joseph, 23. 
 Meyer, Joseph (P.), 514. 
 Meyer, Leopold (C. O.), 503. 
 Meyer, Max (P.), 516. 
 Meyer, Moses (P.), 515. 
 Meyerhoff, M.S., 185,311. 
 Meyers, Adolph us H., 435. 
 Meyers, David D. (C. O.), 506. 
 Meyers, Henry, 389. 
 Meyers, Richea, 270. 
 Michaels, David (C. O.), 510. 
 Michel bacher, Maximilian, Rev., 
 
 144. 
 
 Mickv6h Israel Congregation, 11- 
 
 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 
 
 34, 43-46, 48, 49-54, 58, 
 
 59,60,61,64-69,128,201- 
 
 203, 444 (note 125), 445. 
 
 Memorial of (1782), 13. 
 
 Original members, 15-16. 
 
 Choir at dedication of 
 
 present Synagogue, 65. 
 
 Officers and directors, 68. 
 
 Families connected with 
 
 same, 68. 
 Asssociation, 68-69, 168, 
 
 169. 
 Officers of association, 69. 
 Mifflin, General, 25. 
 Miller, Aaron (C. O.), 509. 
 Miller, Aaron (P.), 518. 
 Miller, Aaron (P.), 527. 
 Miller, Alexander (P.), 513. 
 Miller, Charles, 283. 
 Miller, Edward, 271. 
 Miller, Jacob, 132, 311. 
 Miller, Jacob, 283-284. 
 Miller, Jacob (C. O.), 495. 
 Miller, Jacob (P.), 519. 
 Miller, Jacob (P.), 520. 
 Miller, Jacob (P.), 520. 
 Miller, Jacob, & Sons, 283-284. 
 Miller, Jonas (P.), 5n. 
 Miller, M., 104. 
 Miller, Moses (C. O.), 507. 
 Miller, Moses (P.), 512. 
 Miller, Samuel (P.), 512. 
 Miller, Simon, 283. 
 
664 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Miller, Solomon, 283, 311. 
 
 Miller, Solomon C. (C. O.), 494. 
 
 Miller, William, 283. 
 
 Mindil, George W., Brevet Major- 
 General, 453. 
 
 Minis, Isaac, 425. 
 
 Ministers' Association of America, 
 Jewish, 192. 
 
 Mitchell, Abraham, 50, 284, (U. 
 S. A.) 459. 
 
 Mitchell, Allen, 50, 337. 
 
 Mitchell, Esther, Mrs., 50. 
 
 Mitchell, Lewis, 50. 
 
 Mitchell, J. K., Dr., 137. 
 
 Mitchell, James T., Hon., 369. 
 
 Mitchell, M. (P.), 513. 
 
 Mitchell, Mitchell Abraham, 50, 
 112, 143, 245, 284-285. 
 
 Mitchell, M. A., Mrs. (Amelia! 
 Johaveth), 245, 284. \ 
 
 Mitchell, Moses, 50. 
 
 Mitchell, Myrtilla E., Mrs., 58, 
 65, 128, 337-338. 
 
 Mitchell, Percival Allen, 338, 356. 
 
 Mitchell, S. Weir, Dr., 485. 
 
 Mitter, William, Rev., 107. 
 
 Modell, David, Dr., 422. 
 
 Moehring, Gotthelf, Dr., 417. 
 
 Moeler, Max (C. O.), 502. 
 
 Monachesi, Marion, Miss, 159. j 
 
 Monroe, James, President, 398. ! 
 
 Montefiore, Moses, Sir, 51 (note ■ 
 66), 61, 76, 100, 244, 304, 315, 317, 
 370, 390. i 
 
 Montefiore Social, 170. 
 
 Montes, 53 (note 68). 
 
 Morals, City of, 60. 
 
 Morals Lodge, Dr. S., Number 51, 
 186. 
 
 Morals, Sabato, LL.D., Bev., re- 
 ferred to, 12 (note 15), 30, 52, 58, 
 59-63, 64, 65, quoted, 66-67, 68, 
 69, 78, 91, 118, 122, 123, 132, 136, 
 142, 145, 152, 155 (note 87), 156, 
 158, 159, 163, 164, 180, 188, 189, 
 190, 197, referred to, 202 (note 
 89), 213, 219, 229, 233, 296, 301, 
 303, 307, 308, 319, 337, 370, 442, 
 536. 
 
 Morals, S., Mrs., 122, 158, 319, 536. 
 
 Moran, Peter, 361. 
 
 Mordecai, Alfred, Sr., 50, 149 (note 
 85), 368, (U. S. A.) 461-463, 464. 
 
 Mordecai, Alfred, Jr. (U. S. A.), 
 464-466. 
 
 Mordecai, Gratz, 355. 
 
 Mordecai, Jacob, 461. 
 
 Mordecai, Laura, Miss, 151. 
 
 Mordecai, Miriam, Miss, 151. 
 Mordecai, Mordecai M., Rev., 29, 
 
 290. 
 Mordecai, Moses, 22. 
 Mordecai, Philip M., 446. 
 Mordecai, Sara, Mrs., .50, referred 
 . to, 149 (note 85). 
 Morgan, Benjamin R., 409. 
 Morgan, Lady, quoted, 371. 
 Moritz, Joseph (P.), 513. 
 Moritzen, Johanna, Mrs., 130. 
 Morris, 443. 
 Morris, Robert, 24, 25. 
 Morris, Robert Hunter, Hon., 452 
 
 (note 131). 
 Morrison, Herr, 382. 
 Morrison, Lewis, 381. 
 Morse, John T., Jr., referred to, 10 
 
 (note 11). 
 Morwitz & Co., 332. 
 Morwitz, Edward, Dr., 197, 338- 
 
 340, 357, 427. 
 Morwitz, Joseph, 339-340, 357. 
 Mosenthal, Joseph, 386, 535. 
 Mosenthal, Solomon H., 535. 
 Moser, David (P.), 516. 
 Moser, Henry (C. O.), 502. 
 Moser, Henry (C. O.), 508. 
 Moser, Leo (C. O.), 492. 
 Moses, the Misses, 149. 
 Moses, Abraham, 72, 448 (note 
 
 130). 
 Moses, Daniel (C. O.), 494. 
 Moses, David (C. O.), 494. 
 Moses, Edward A., 59. 
 Moses, Edward (U. S. N.), 478. 
 Moses, Henry, 444 (note 125). 
 Moses, Horace, 271,273, (U. S. N.) 
 
 471. 
 Moses, Isaac, 11, 12, 27. 
 Moses, Isaac, 433. 
 Moses, Israel, 408. 
 Moses, Israel (U. S. A.), 463. 
 Moses, Joshua, 463. 
 Moses, Joshua (P.), 519. 
 Moses, Philip (U. S. N.), 477. 
 Moses, Rachel, Mrs., 270, 471. 
 Moses, Raphael J., 408. 
 Moses, Sarah, 446. 
 Moses, Sarah Gratz, 270. 
 Moses, Simon Gratz, 433. 
 Moses, Solomon, 51, 270, 446, 471. 
 Mosessohn, Nehemiah, Rev., 107- 
 
 108, 198, 219. 
 Moss, Alfred A., 52. 
 Moss, Eliezer L., 52, 286, 312. 
 Moss, Eliezer L., Mrs., 286. 
 Moss Family, 444 (note 125). 
 
INDEX. 
 
 666 
 
 Moss, Fl()rian,286, (U. 8. N) 474. 
 
 Moss, Frank, 286, 366. 
 
 Moss, Isaac M., 446. 
 
 Moss, Jacob, 446. 
 
 Moss, Jacob (P.), 521. 
 
 Moss, Jacob (P.), 525. 
 
 Moss, John, 49 (note 68), 51-52, 
 
 254, 285, 407, 446. 
 Moss, John (P.), 513. 
 Moss, John, Jr., Mrs., 152. 
 Moss, John, Sr., Mrs., 444 (note 
 
 125). 
 Moss, Joseph (U. S. N.), 478. 
 Moss, Joseph L., 52, 53, 143, 254, 
 
 285-286, 366, 474, 485. 
 Moss, Joseph L., Mrs., 286. 
 Moss, Joseph L., 446, (S. O.) 485. 
 Moss, Leona, 378-379. 
 Moss, Lucien, 52, 286-287, (O. R.) 
 
 533. 
 Moss, Lucien, Mrs. (Amanda 
 
 Levy), 287. 
 Moss, R., Mrs., 149, 
 Moss, Rebecca, Miss, 52, 286. 
 Moss, Samuel, 51, 446. 
 Moss, Samuel, 433. 
 Moss, Sarah Nathan, Mrs., 287. 
 Moss, Theodore F., 355, 433. 
 Moss, William, Dr., 286, 417-418, 
 
 441, (S. O.) 485-486. 
 Moyer, Emanuel (C. O.), 507. 
 Mt. Sinai Cemetery, 204-205. 
 Muhr, Frank, 441. 
 Muhr, Henry, 287, 288. 
 Muhr, Jacob, 288. 
 Muhr, Joseph, 288. 
 Muhr, PhiUp, 370. 
 Muhr, Simon, 131, 132, 142, 213, 
 
 287-289, 333. 
 Murchison, Roderick, Sir, 324. 
 Murdoch, James E., 375. 
 Murray, Anna, Miss, 159. 
 Mutual Benefit Company, 187. 
 Myers, Aaron J. (C. O.), 506. 
 Myers, Albert (C. O.), 505. 
 Myers, Benjamin F. (C. O.), 505. 
 Myers, Daniel S. (P.), 526. 
 Myers, David (CO.), 509. 
 Myers, Emanuel (S. O.), 488. 
 Myers, Emanuel (P.), 521. 
 Myers, Emanuel (C. O.), 495. 
 Myers, Henry (P.), 526. 
 Myers, Herman (C. O), 507. 
 Myers, Isaac (CO.), 499. 
 Myers, Israel (C O.), 499. 
 Myers, Jacob (P.), 528. 
 Myers, Leonard, 396, 412. 
 Myers, Levi (C O.), 508. 
 
 Myers, Levi (P.), 518. 
 Myers, Mordecai (U. S. A.), 459. 
 Myers, Myer, 26f)-270. 
 Myers, Samuel, 389. 
 Myers, Sigmund (C O.), 499. 
 Myers, Simon P. (P.), 516. 
 Myers, Solomon (C. O.), 490. 
 Myers, Solomon (C O.), 500. 
 Myers, Sylvan, Dr., 422. 
 
 N. 
 
 Naar, David, 407. 
 
 Naar, Moses, 407. 
 
 Nathan, Benjamin, 287. 
 
 Nathan, Lewis (P.), 519. 
 
 Nathan, Lyon, 45. 
 
 Nathan, Moses, 444 (note 125). 
 
 Nathan, Samuel, 86, 312. 
 
 Nathan, Simon 11, 12, 13, 16, 27. 
 
 Nathans, David, 407-408. 
 
 Nathans, David, 446. 
 
 Nathans Family, 50. 
 
 Nathans, Horace A., 289-290, 390, 
 
 441. 
 Nathans, Horace A., Mrs., 152, 289. 
 Nathans, Isaiah, 144, 290, 446. 
 Nathans, J. J., 378. 
 Nathans, Jacob, 446. 
 Nathans, Moses, 60, 155, 289, 312. 
 Nathans, Moses, Mrs., 289. 
 Nathans, Nathan, 412, 446. 
 Nathans, Oscar S. (P.), 512. 
 Nathans, S., Rev. Dr., 99. . 
 Nathans, Sarah, 446-447. 
 Nathans, Theodore (P.), 512. 
 National Council of Jewish 
 Women, 182-183. 
 Philadelphia Section's 
 Officers, 183. 
 Naumburg, Lazarus, Rev., 91, 155 
 
 (note 87), 158. 
 Neilson, Lillian Adelaide, 380, 385. 
 Netter, Charles, 207. 
 Neustadt, Caroline, Mrs., 267. 
 New Orleans Serenaders, 377-378. 
 Newburger, Morris, 178, 191, 290- 
 
 291. 
 Newburger, Morris, Mrs., 178. 290. 
 Newburger, Morton McMicnael, 
 
 178, 290. 
 Newgarden, Charles, Dr. ^29, 440. 
 Newgarden, George J., Dr., 422, 
 
 (U. S. A.) 468. 
 Newhouse, Grace M., Miss, 151. 
 Newhouse, Joseph, 105, 136, 155, 
 
 291-292. 
 
566 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Newhouae, Joseph, Mrs., 292. 
 Newhouse, Simeon, 291. 
 Newhouse, Simeou, Mrs., 151, 291. 
 Newman, Jacob, 447. 
 Newman, Morris (U. S. N.), 477. 
 Neyman, Jacob (P.), 530. 
 Nicholson, M., 20. 
 Nirdlinger, Charles, 383. 
 Nirdlinger, Frank, 383. 
 Nisbet, Michael, 445 (note 127). 
 Nisbet, Michael, Sr., 445 (note 
 
 127). 
 Nixon, Samuel F., 383. 
 Noah, Judith, 397. 
 Noah, Manuel, 293, 397, 444 (note 
 
 125). 
 Noah, Mordecai M., 212, 293,375, 
 
 396-400, 444 (note 125), (O. R.) 
 
 534. 
 Non-Importation Resolutions, 22. 
 Non-Israelites, Appeal by, 19-20. 
 Nones, Abraham B., 401, 
 Nones, Benjamin, 26-27, 45, 400- 
 
 401, 411, 447, (U. S. A.) 457, 470. 
 Nones, David B., 447. 
 Nones, Henry Beauchamp, Jr., 
 
 401, (U. S. N.) 471-472. 
 Nones, Henry Benjamin, 401, (U. 
 
 S. N.) 471, 
 Nones, JeflTerson B., 447. 
 Nones, Jefferson H. (U. S. N.), 
 
 478. 
 Nones, Joseph B., 401, 447, (U. S. 
 
 A.) 470. 
 Nones, Solomon B., 401. 
 Nones, Washington H. (U. S. N.), 
 
 478. 
 Noot, Isaac, Rev., 159. 
 Noot, S. E. Cohen, Rev., 65, 85, 
 
 108, 159. 
 Norman, Surgeon, 29, 457. 
 North American and United 
 
 States Gazette, 136. 
 Nowinski, David, 390. 
 Nunes, Zipporah, 28. 
 Nusbaum, Elias, 356. 
 Nusbaum, Louis, 359. 
 
 O. 
 
 Oath of Allegiance, 23. 
 Occident, The, 136, 196, 212, 302, 
 
 303. 
 Ochs, Joseph (P.), 521. 
 Offenbach, Jacques, 386. 
 Oppenheim, Moritz, Professor, 335. 
 Or Ha-Chayim, Chebrah, 222. 
 
 i Orphans and Widows, Society to 
 
 give support to, 144. 
 Orphans' Guardians, 125-126. 
 
 First officers and man- 
 agement, 125. 
 Present officers and man- 
 agement, 126. 
 Ostheim, Louis (U. S. A.), 467. 
 Ostheim, Philip, 467. 
 Ostheimer, Nathan (P.), 520. 
 Often heimer, Eleazer, 185. 
 Ottenheimer, Solomon (P.), 512. 
 Ottinger, Samuel J., Dr., 422. 
 Ottolengui, Abraham, 46. 
 
 Pacifico, 53 (note 68). 
 
 Packer, Asa, 427. 
 
 Paley, John, 199, 359, 575. 
 
 Pape, Gabriel, Rev., 65, 73, 85-86, 
 
 91, 145, 155 (note 87). 
 Pardo, Jacob, Rabbi, 7. 
 Parrish, Robert, 12. 
 Pattison, Robert E., Hon., 267, 
 
 394. 
 Pearsall, Mr., 163. 
 Peary, R. E., Lieutenant, 326. 
 Peixotto, A. C, 51, 447. 
 Peixotto, Moses Levy Maduro, 
 
 Rev., 44 
 Peixotto, Sim'ha Cohen, Miss, 128, 
 
 149, 151, 274. 
 Penn, John, 200, 201. 
 Penn, William, 10, 35 (note 44), 
 
 540. 
 Penny packer, Samuel W., referred 
 
 to, 31 (note 39). 
 Pereira, Abraham J. R., Rev., 105. 
 Pereira, Jacob Rodriguez, 297. 
 Percy ra, Joseph, 447. 
 Pereyra, Jules E., 414. 
 Pereyra, Rodriguez, 53 (note 68). 
 Perkins, Samuel C, 118. 
 Personal Interest Society, 116. 
 Pesoa, Abraham, 293. 
 Pesoa, David, 45 (note 61), 52, 64, 
 
 112, 136, 143, 292-294. 
 Pesoa, Hetty, Miss, 293. 
 Pesoa, Isaac, 45, 293. 
 Pesoa, Josephine P., Miss, 152, 294. 
 Pesoa, Phila, Mrs., 447. 
 Pesoa, Rachel, Miss, 128, 149, 293. 
 Pesoa, Rebecca, 293. 
 Peters, Richard, 35, 36. 
 Pfaelzer, Morris, 312. 
 Pfaelzer, Morris, Mrs., 312. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 567 
 
 Pfaelzer, Simon, 311. 
 Phelps's Players of a Century, re- 
 ferred to, 373 (note 98). 
 Philip, Aaron L., 448 (note 130). 
 Philips, Abram (U. S. N.), 478. 
 Philips, B. H., 444 (note 12o). 
 Philips, Goody, Mrs., 18, 2o9. 
 Phillips, Mrs., 377. 
 Phillips, Aaron J., 374-375. 
 Phillips, Adelaide, 377. 
 Phillips, Austin H., 376. 
 Phillips, Barnet, 340, 433. 
 Phillips, Benjamin, 447. 
 Phillips, Benjamin, 447. 
 Phillips, Benjamin Franklin, 433. 
 Phillips, Benjkmin I., 45. 
 Phillips, Benjamin J., 447. 
 Phillips, Catharine, 49. 
 Phillips, Charles I., Mrs., 333. 
 Phillips, David J. (C. O.), 500. 
 Phillips, E., Miss, 159. 
 Phillips, Edward, 49. 
 Phillips, Edwin, 434. 
 Phillips, Ellen, Miss, 49, 128, 149, 
 
 150, 151, 157, 190. 
 Phillips, Emanuel J. (U. S. N.), 
 
 477. 
 Phillips, Emily, 28, 49. 
 Phillips, Gabriel, 49. 
 Phillips, H., Mrs., 377. 
 Phillips, H. B., 376. 
 Phillips, Henry, Jr., 340-341, 413, 
 
 434. 
 Phillips, Henry Meyer, 49, 52,144, 
 
 307, 332, 402-404, 412. 
 Phillips, Isaac, 340. 
 Phillips, Isaac, 447. 
 Phillips, Isaac (U. S. N.), 477. 
 Phillips, Isaac B., 144. 
 Phillips, Isaac H. (P.), 518. 
 Phillips, Isaac J., 58, 201. 
 Phillips, Isaac W. (P.), 517. 
 Phillips, J., 376. 
 Phillips, J. B., 447. 
 Phillips,!. D., 376. 
 Phillips, Jacob, 447. 
 Phillips, Jacob, 447. 
 Phillips, Jonas, 12, 13, 27-28, 29, 
 
 45 (note 61), 292, 397, 401, 416., 
 
 444 (note 125), 459, 469. 
 Phillips, Jonas Altamont, 49, 52, 
 
 59, 64, 340, 401-402, 412, 433. 
 Phillips, Jonas B., 376. 
 Phillips, Jonas Benjamin, 412. 
 Phillips, Joseph, 447. 
 Phillips, Joseph (U. S. A.), 459. 
 Phillips, L. A., Miss, 377. 
 Phillips, Levi, 447. 
 
 Phillips, Levy, 46. 
 
 Phillips, Manuel, Dr., 416. 426, 
 447, (U. S. N.) 477. 
 
 Phillips, Moses S,, 374, 375-376. 
 
 Phillips, Naphtali, 27, 45, 292. 
 
 Phillips, Naphtali (second), 49. 
 
 Phillips, Phila, 292, 293. 
 
 Phillips, R. & I., 285. 
 
 Phillips, R. & J., 447. 
 
 Phillips, Rachel, 292. 
 
 Phillips, Rebecca, 49. 
 
 Phillips, Rebecca, Mrs., 447. 
 
 Phillips, B., Miss, 377. 
 
 Phillips, Sarah, Mrs., 128. 
 
 Phillips, Sophia, 377. 
 
 Phillips, Uriah, 292. 
 
 Phillips, Zalegman, 22, 27, 45, 49, 
 I 143, 202, 253, 272, 292, 401, 402, 
 411, 431, 447, 457. 
 
 Phillips, Zipporah, 292, 29:^, 397. 
 
 Physicians, College of, 416-420. 
 
 Jewish members of, 417- 
 ; 420. 
 
 I Picard, Eli, 390. 
 j Picciotto, James, referred to, 51 
 
 (note 66). 
 I Pickard, M. (P.), 516. 
 j Pincus, Edward, Mrs., 444 (note 
 
 125). 
 I Pincus Family, 390. 
 I Pincus, S., 196-197. 
 ! Pincus, S. Henry, 356, 384. 
 I Pinheiro, Isaac, 474. 
 
 Pinheiro, Solomon (U. S. N.), 474- 
 I 475, (P.)*514. 
 
 Piperno, A. B., Chief Rabbi, 60. 
 
 Piper no, Nathan, 388-389. 
 
 Piza, David, Rev., 61. 
 
 Piza, R. S., Mrs., 190. 
 
 Podolsky, Theodore (P.), 523. 
 
 Polano, 'Hayim, 65, 159. 188, 354. 
 
 Political Clubs, 232. 
 
 Pollock, A. (P.), 516. 
 
 Pollock, James, Governor, 481, 
 482. 
 
 Polock, Hyman, 53, 86, 144, 145, 
 : 155, 294-295, 310, (O. R.) 534. 
 i Polock, Hyman, Mrs., 259, 294. 
 I Polock, Moses, 342. 
 j Pope, John, General, 489, 510. 
 ! Port Richmond (Congregations, 
 i 224. 
 
 i Porter, David D., Admiral, 476. 
 i Potsdamer, Joseph B., Dr., 422. 
 i Potsdamer, Theodore B, 332. 
 i Prager, Mark, Jr., 29, 372 (note 95). 
 
 Prj^er, Michael, 29, 372 (note 95). 
 I Pragheimer, Jacob S., Dr., 423. 
 
568 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Presse, Jiidische, 199, 575. 
 Prince, Isaac, 447. 
 Proskauer, A. (P.), 516. 
 Publication Society, Jewish (first), 
 175-176. 
 Officers and management, 
 175. 
 Publication Society, Jewish (sec- 
 ond), 176. 
 Officers, etc., 176. 
 Works produced by, 176. 
 Publication Society of America, 
 Jewish (present), 177- 
 180. 
 First officers and manage- 
 ment, 177. 
 Present officers and man- 
 agement, 177-178. 
 Michael Heilprin Memo- 
 rial Fund of, 178. 
 Works produced by, 179- 
 180. 
 Pulaski, Count, 26, 457. 
 Pulaski, Morris H., 166. 
 Pulitzer, Joseph, 356. 
 
 R. 
 
 Rabinovitch, Louise G., Dr., 423. 
 
 Rachel, E., Madame, 378. 
 
 Rains, Solomon, 407. 
 
 Ramsay, Rev. Mr., 52. 
 
 Randall, Samuel J., Hon., 467. 
 
 Randolph, Edmund, 24, 25. 
 
 Randorf, George, 62, 135, 233. 
 
 Raphall, Morris Jacob, Rev. Dr., 
 58, 122, 136, 442. 
 
 Rappaport Benevolent Associa- 
 tion, 139. 
 
 Rappaport, Solomon, Rev., 107. 
 
 Rasener, Philip, 86. 
 
 Rashke, Moritz (C. O.), 495. 
 
 Rau, Moses, Rev., 72. 
 
 Record, Jewish. 197, 332. 
 
 Reed, William B., 137. 
 
 Reefer, Leon N., Dr., 430, 440. 
 
 Reeves, Sims, 385. 
 
 Rehin6, Zalma, 46. 
 
 R6hn, Professor, 163. 
 
 Reich, Jacques, 366-367. 
 
 Reich, Leo, Rev., 107, 229. 
 
 Reinhard, Michael, 259. 
 
 Reinhard, Michael, Mrs., 259. 
 
 Reinhart, Nathan F. (C. O.), 492. 
 
 Reinstine, Alexander, 82, 187, 404- 
 405. 
 
 Reis, Henry M., 115, 311. 
 
 Relief of the Hungry, Philadel- 
 phia Society for the, 231. 
 Remak, Gustavus, 405, 412. 
 Remak, Stephen S , 405-406, 412. 
 Remenyi, Edouard, 386. 
 Reubenthal, Ehas (0. O.), 503. 
 Reynard, S. F., 382. 
 Reynolds, John F., General, 344, 
 
 504. 
 Rhine, Henry, 345. 
 Rhine, Michael (P.), 521. . 
 Rice, Isaac L., 341-342. 
 Rice, Jacob J., 312. 
 Rich and Harris. 384. 
 Rich, Isaac B. (C. O.), 505. 
 Riesman, David, Dr., 423. 
 Rinehard, Alfred A. (C. O.), 506. 
 I Ringetstein, Jacob (P.), 514. 
 I Rittenhouse, David, 20. 
 I Riveyra, 53 (note 68). 
 I Robinson, Colonel, 29. 
 I Robson, Stuart, 381. 
 I Rodeph Shalom Congregation, 
 • 70-83. 
 
 Early members, 70-71. 
 Dedication of Synagogue 
 on Julianna Street, 72- 
 73. 
 Officers and directors, 82. 
 Auxiliary Association of, 
 
 83, 168. 
 Cemetery, 203. 
 I Rodeph6 Ts6dek, Chebrah, 542. 
 j Roedelsheimer, Solomon (C. O.), 
 I 491. 
 
 j Roeschmann, Benjamin, 390. 
 ' Roggen burger. A., 390. 
 I Rosecrans, General, 489. 
 I Rosenau, Milton J., Dr., 423 (U. S. 
 i N.), 477. 
 
 ! Rosen bach, H. P., referred to, 11 
 j (note 13), 16 (note 18), 37 (note 
 
 48), 39 (note 54), 342-343. 
 Rosenbach, Isabella H., Mrs., re- 
 ferred to, 50 (note 65), 312, 342, 
 354-355. 
 Rosenbach, Morris, 312, 342. 
 Rosenbaum, Adolph, Mrs., 312. 
 Rosenbaum, Amelia, Miss, 123. 
 Rosenbaum, Joseph, 311. 
 Rosenbaum, Michael (P.), 517. 
 Rosenbaum, Samuel, 184. 
 Rosenberg, Louis (C. O.), 500. 
 Rosenberg, Maurice (C. O.), 492. 
 i Rosenberg, Morris, 221. 
 Rosenberg, N., 91. 
 j Rosenberg, Pauline H., Mrs., 183. 
 : Roseuberger, L. A. (C. O.), 502. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Rosenberger, S. (S. O.), 487. 
 Rosenberger, Samuel (P.), 526. 
 Rosenblatt, Abraham, 185. 
 Rosendale, Simon W., Hon., 35 
 
 (note 45), 177. 
 Rosen feld, Jacob, 59. 
 Rosen feld, Sydney, 382. 
 Rosenfeldt, Joseph, 230. 
 Rosenfelt, Nathan (C. O.), 491. 
 Rosenfelt, Nathan (P.), 522. 
 Roseugarten & Sons, 355. 
 Rosengarten, Adolph G, (S. O.), 
 
 488. 
 Rosengarten, George D., 343, 355, 
 
 488. 
 Rosengarten, Joseph George, 343- 
 
 344, 413, 434, 504. 
 Rosengarten, Henry (C. O.), 493. 
 Rosengarten, Samuel George, 355, 
 
 433. 
 Rosenhayn Colony, 213. 
 Rosenheim, A. I., 281. 
 Rosenheim, Bernard (P.), 514. 
 Rosensteel, Jacob (C. O.), 505. 
 Rosensteel, Jacob (P.), 512. 
 Rosensteel, Tobias (C. O.), 495. 
 Rosenstein, Chon6h, Rabbi, 87. 
 Rosenstein, David (P.), 516. 
 Rosenstein, Kate, Miss, 157, 
 Rosenstein, Michael (C. O.), 508. 
 Rosenstein, Victor, Rev., 86, 103. 
 Rosenstein, William (P.), 514. 
 Rosenstock, Jacob (P.), 516. 
 Rosenthal, 386. 
 
 Rosenthal, Abraham (P.), 515. 
 Rosenthal, Albert, 368-369. 
 Rosenthal, Arndt (S. O.), 482. 
 Rosenthal, David A., Dr., 429. 
 Rosenthal, Edwin, Dr., 423. 
 Rosenthal, Ephraim (C. O.), 503. 
 Rosenthal, Ernst, 429. 
 Rosenthal, Leopold (CO.), 495. 
 Rosenthal, Max, 367-368. 
 Rosenthal, Max (P.), 513. 
 Rosenthal, Morris, 86. 
 Rosenthal, Rebecca, Miss, 152. 
 Rosenthal, W. S., Dr., 429. 
 Rose wig, A. H., 390. 
 Rosin, David, Dr., 101. 
 Rosskam, Isaac, 158, 312. 
 Rosskam, William Benjamin, 441. 
 Roth, Lewis (P.), 514. 
 Rothschild, Carrie De Casseres, 
 
 Mrs., 296. 
 Rothschild, Edmund de. Baron, 
 
 211. 
 Rothschild, Edward L., 104, 113, 
 
 190, 295-296. 
 
 Rothschild, Esther De Casseres, 
 
 Mrs., 296. 
 Rothschild, Henrietta, Mrs., 295. 
 Rothschild, Henry, 295. 
 Rothschild, Leopold, 295. 
 Rothschild, Lewis (P.), 523. 
 Rothschild, Lippman, 295. 
 Rothschild, Samuel, 295. 
 Rothschild, Samuel (S. 0.),486. 
 Rovno, Philip, Dr., 423. 
 Rowe, Leo Stanton, Dr., 353, 438- 
 
 439. 
 Rowe, Samuel W. (C. O.). 504. 
 Rowland, Adolphus (S. 6.), 485. 
 Rubel, Jacob, 439. 
 Rubin, Max, Rev., 86. 
 Rubinstein, Anton, 386. 
 Ruff, C. T., Major, 481. 
 Rush, 443. 
 
 Rush, James, Dr., 253. 
 Rush, Richard H., Colonel, 485 
 
 (note 136). 
 Rush, William, 20. 
 Russell, Philip M., 29, 290, 447, 
 
 (U. S. A.) 457-458. 
 Russian Jews in Philadelphia, 
 
 215-224. 
 Russo-Jewish Chebroth, 220-224. 
 Russo-Jewish Congregations, 217- 
 
 220. 
 Russo-Jewish Exodus of 1882, 206- 
 
 208. 
 Russo-Jewish Institutions, 217. 
 Russo-Jewish Societies, 225-232. 
 Ruzanowsky, Nathan, Rev., 107. 
 
 S. 
 
 St. Clair, General, 25. 
 
 St. Gaudens, Augustus, 361 . 
 
 Sabbath Visitor Association, 192. 
 
 Sabsovitch, H. L., 213. 
 
 Sachs, Israel Moses, Rev.. 217-218. 
 
 Sa^nger, L., Rev., 109. 
 
 Salinger, Arthur, Dr., 430, 440. 
 
 Salinger, B. (C. O.), 493. 
 
 Salinger, Benjamin, 97, 141, 312, 
 
 357. 
 Salinger, Julius, Rev., 91. 
 Salinger, Julius L., Dr., 423. 
 Salinger, Richard, 413. 
 Salisburg, David S. (C. O.), 502. 
 Sailer, Isaac, 282, 312. 
 Sailer, Louis, 282. 
 Salomon, I^uis, Rev. Dr., 74. 
 Salsburg, Samuel B. (C. O.), 605. 
 Salvini, Toraaso, Signor, 385. 
 
570 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Salzmann, Adam (C. O.), 510. 
 Sampson, Albert P. (U.S.N.),478. 
 Sampson, Daniel W. (U. S. N.), 
 
 479. 
 Sampson, Isaac P. (U. S. N.), 478. 
 Samuel, David, 52, 54, 254, 312. 
 Samuel, David, Mrs., 312. 
 Samuel, Eleanor, Miss, 54. 
 Samuel, F. & D., 447. 
 Samuel, Frederick, 51. • 
 Samuel, Hetty, Mrs., 128. 
 Samuel, J. Bun ford, 54, 354. 
 Samuel, John, 54, 412. 
 Samuel, Lewis, 66, 254. 
 Samuels, Abraham (P.), 530. 
 Samuels, Frederick, 84, 86. 
 Samuels, S., 377. 
 Samuelson, Solomon, 84. 
 Sanchez, Gabriel, 4. 
 Sanchez, Rodrigo, 3-4. 
 Sanger, S., Rev., 100. 
 Sanguinetti, Percy A., 355. 
 Sanson, Joseph, 109, 411. 
 Sanson, Nathan J., Dr., 430. 
 San tan gel, Luis de, 4. 
 Sarasohn, Ezekiel, 575. 
 Schamberg, Jay F., Dr., 423. 
 Schamberg, Meyer, 355, 436. 
 Schatz, Mordecai, Rev., 219, 542. 
 Scherzer, Adolph, 346, 389. 
 Schiff, Jacob H., 115, 178, 190. 
 Schleiden, M. J., Dr., referred to, 
 
 5 (note 2). 
 Schlesinger, Leopold, 82. 
 Schlesinger, Morris (S. O.), 489. 
 Schloss, Abraham (P.), 514. 
 Schloss, Abraham (P.), 521. 
 Schloss, David (P.), 516. 
 Schloss, Henry (C. O.), 498. 
 Schloss, Moses (P.), 516. 
 Schneeberger, Henry W., Rev. 
 
 Dr., 142. 
 Schneideman, Theodore B., Dr., 
 
 423. 
 Schnurman, Israel, 184. 
 Schoen, David (P.), 516. 
 Schoenfeld, J. (P.), 529. 
 Schoneman, Abram P. (C. O.), 
 
 498. 
 Schoneman, Emanuel (P.), 515. 
 Schoneman Family, 71 (note 76). 
 Schoneman, Joseph, 276. 
 Schoneman, R. A. (P.), 530. 
 Schupack, Charles B., Dr., 430. 
 Schuyler, General, 147 (note 84). 
 Schuyler Family, 148. 
 Schuyler, Nicholas, Dr., 147 (note 
 
 84). 
 
 Schwartz, Isidor, 283. 
 Schwarz, Louis, Dr., 423. 
 Schwarz, S. F. (P.), 512. 
 Schwatt, Isaac J., Dr., 353, 442. 
 Scott, Walter, Sir, referred to, 147, 
 
 148. 
 Scott, Winfield, General, 460, 471. 
 Scribe, M., 390. 
 
 Seaside Home, Jewish, 129-130. . 
 Seelig, Abraham, 221. 
 Segal, Bernhard, Dr., 423. 
 Seguin, Mr. and Mrs., 385. 
 Seiihamer, George O., referred to, 
 
 373 (note 97). 
 Seiliko witch, S., Dr., 423. 
 Seiniger, Charles, Rev., 99, 118. 
 Seixas, Benjamin, 12. 
 Seixas, David G., 296-298, 447, (U. 
 
 S. A.) 459. 
 Seixas* G. M. I., Rev., 11, 12, 13, 
 16, 17, 18, 35, 50, 297, 459. 
 his family, 17. 
 Seixas, Isaac B., Rev., 44, 46. 
 Seixas, M. B.,447. 
 Seldes, George S., 159, 167. 
 Selig, Bernard, Mrs., 312. 
 Seligman, Jesse, 115. 
 Seligman, Marcus (P.), 514. 
 Seligman, Minnie, 381. 
 Seligson, M., 406. 
 Selker, Adolph (P.), 516. 
 Sergeant, Jonas, 20. 
 Sewing Society, Ladies' Hebrew, 
 
 143. 
 Shalom Colony, 212. 
 Shabe Zion, Society, 232. 
 Shearith Israel Congregation (N. 
 
 Y.), 8, 28. 
 Sheier, Moses (P.), 515. 
 Sheppard, Furman, Hon., 395. 
 Sherbow, J. S., Rev., 102, 109. 
 Sherbow, Marcus, 390. 
 Shoyer, Mayer, 144. 
 Sick and Mutual Assistance, So- 
 ciety for Visitation of, 
 144-145. 
 Prominent members, 144. 
 Sickles, Daniel E., General, 463. 
 Sickles, Gustavus A., 390. 
 Siedler, Joseph (P.), 515. 
 Sigmund, Albert M. (S. O.), 483. 
 Silberberg, Max (P.), 515. 
 Silberman, Emma, Miss, 382. 
 Silberman, Simon, 97, 312. 
 Silva, David (C. O.), 508. 
 Silver, Simeon Aaron, 389. 
 Simon, David Emanuel, 414, 438. 
 Simon, Emanuel, 299. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 571 
 
 Simon, Jacob (C. O.), 509. 
 Simon, Joseph, 25, 53, 147, 270. 
 Simon, Joseph, 447. 
 Simon, Michael (P.), 528. 
 Simon, Moses, 113, 299. 
 Simon, Moses, Mrs., 299. 
 Simonson, Selli, 386. 
 Simpson, Edward Payson, 384. 
 Simpson, Matthew, Bishop, 207. 
 Simsohn, Clara Stern-, Mrs, 3 >^. 
 Simsohn, Joseph S., Dr., 423. 
 Singer, Jacob, 132, 184, 190, 311, 
 
 394, 413, 440. 
 Sion, Isaac, 414. 
 Skene, Mr., 148 (note 85). 
 Skidelsky, Rachel S., Dr., 42;^. 
 Skidelsky, Simon S., 353-354. 
 Skillman, W. J., 75. 
 Slade,M. B. C, Mrs., 96. 
 Slatky, Isaac M., Rev., 59. 
 Slobodinsky, Rosa, Dr., 423. 
 Small, William. F., Colonel, 480. 
 Smith, Gold win, 451. 
 Smyth, Albert H., referred to, 
 
 398 (note 106). 
 Smyth, Eugene, 159. 
 Snellenburg, Isaac, 300, (P.) 517. 
 Snellenburg, Joseph, 300. 
 Snellenburg, Joseph J., 300. 
 Snellenburg, N., & Co., 300. 
 Snellenburg, Nathan, 300. 
 Snellenburg, Samuel, 300. 
 Snowberger, Albert L. (P.), 523. 
 Snowberger, Elias (P.), 517. 
 Snowberger, Leopold, 523. 
 Snyder, W. Frederick, 305. 
 Soils, David Hays, 51, 290, 312. 
 Soils, David Hays, Jr., 68. 
 Soils, Isaac N.,'413. 
 Soils, Solomon, 51,68, 155, 158, 175, 
 
 254, 290. 
 Solomon, Mr. and Mrs., 373. 
 Solomon, Adolph A,, 138, 166. 
 Solomon, Augustus (C. O.), 501. 
 Solomon, Benjamin (U. S. N.), 
 
 477. 
 Solomon, C, Miss, 373. I 
 
 Solomon, David, 312. I 
 
 Solomon, Edward, 389. I 
 
 Solomon, Ezekiel (U. S. N.), 478. ; 
 Solomon, Frances, 447. j 
 
 Solomon, Frederic, 389. ! 
 
 Solomon, Haym, 16, 23-25. j 
 
 Solomon, Haym M., 24 (note 26). j 
 Solomon, Henry, 412. I 
 
 Solomon, Henry, Mrs., 183. j 
 
 Solomon, M., Miss, 373. | 
 
 Solomon, S. B., 389. 
 
 Solomon, Samuel M., 447. 
 Solomons, Madame, 377. 
 Solomons, Miss, 377. 
 Solomons, Adolphus 8., 116. 
 Solomons, Arabella, 22 
 Solomons, Myer S., 22, 49, 457. 
 Sommer, Harry B., 163, 166, 315, 
 
 344-345. 
 Sons of Benjamin, ludei^endeut 
 
 Order of, 185. 
 Sons of Halberstam Congregation, 
 
 104. 
 Sons of Israel Congregation (Cam- 
 den, N. J.), 110. 
 Cemetery, 205. 
 Sontheimer, Bernard (P.), 511. 
 Sontheimer, Morris (P.), 524. 
 Sotheran, Alice Hyneman, 345- 
 
 346, referred to, 498. 
 Sotheran, Charles, 346. 
 Souza, Samuel, 447. 
 Spaeth, Henry (C. O.), 492. 
 Spatz, Bernard, 291. 
 Speaker, Henry, 190. 
 Spiers, Moses, 447. 
 Spivak, Charles D., Dr., 142, 159, 
 
 167, 226, 227, 229, 311, 423. 
 Spruce Street Cemetery, 200-203. 
 Document concerning, 202. 
 Stadt Zeitung, Philadelphia, 199, 
 
 575. 
 Stage and its Stars, The, Past and 
 
 Present, referred to, 373 (note 
 
 98). 
 Statue to Religious Liberty, 186- 
 
 187. 
 Stein, Abraham, 447. 
 Stein, Jacob (C. O.), 490. 
 Stein, Jacob (C. O.), 506. 
 Stein, Jacob (P.), 518. 
 Stein, Lewis (P,), 519. 
 Stein, Louis (P.), 515. 
 Stein, Rudolph, 332. 
 Stein bach, Lewis W., Dr., 1(>3, 
 
 167, 419. 
 Steinberg, Paul, 295. 
 Steinberger, Justus (U. S. A.), 466. 
 Steinbrun, J. (P.), 523. 
 Steiner, Jacob (P.), 520. 
 Steiuer, Levi A. (P.), 529. 
 Stemple, Isaac, Rev., 99, 107, 109, 
 
 118. 
 Stern, A., 163. 
 
 Stern, Abram E. (C. O.), 490. 
 Stern, Charles (P.), 513. 
 Stern, David, 347. 
 Stern, David (P.), 517. 
 Stern, Fdvvard, 347. 
 
572 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Stern Family, 389. 
 
 Stern, Harry F.. 347. 
 
 Stern, Henry (C. O.), 499. 
 
 Stern, Herman (P.), 522. 
 
 Stern, Israel W. (P.), 530. 
 
 Stern, Jacob (P.), 527. 
 
 Stern, Julius, 91, 155, 212, 346, 347. 
 
 Stern, Julius, Mrs., 346. 
 
 Stern, Julius (C. O.), 492. 
 
 Stern, Louis, 358. 
 
 Stern, Max J., Dr., 423. 
 
 Stern, Menko, 240. 
 
 Stern, Samuel, 23. 
 
 Stern, Simon (P.), 530. 
 
 Stern, Simon A., 346-349. 
 
 Stern, William A., 355-356. 
 
 Sternberg, Constantine, 388. 
 
 Stern berger, Charles (P.), 513. 
 
 Sternberger, Ida, Miss, 382. 
 
 Stern berger. Levin (P.), 528. 
 
 Sternberger, Samuel, Mrs., 130. 
 
 Sternberger, Samuel, 311. 
 
 Sterne, Simon, 413, and (note 121). 
 
 Sternheimer, M., 91. 
 
 Stevens, William Bacon, Bishop, 
 207. 
 
 Stewart, Jack, Lieutenant-Colo- 
 nel, 37. 
 
 Stine, Daniel (P.), 526. 
 
 Stine, Jacob (P.), 519. 
 
 Stolz, Joseph, Rev. Dr., 192. 
 
 Stone, Frederick D., referred to, 
 35 (note 44), 37 (note 48). 
 
 Stork, Aaron, 54, 447. 
 
 Stork, Esther, Miss, 143. 
 
 Strakosch, Maurice, 382. 
 
 Strakosch, Max, 382. 
 
 Strassman, A. (P.), 530. 
 
 Straus, Daniel (C. O.), 508. 
 
 Straus, David, 299. 
 
 Straus, David, Mrs., 299. 
 
 Straus, Jonas (P.), 515. 
 
 Straus, Nathan, 97. 
 
 Strause, Joel S. (P.), 528. 
 
 Strause, Solomon (P.), 528. 
 
 Strause, William S. (P.), 528. 
 
 Strause, William T. (P.), 528. 
 
 Strauss, 386. 
 
 Strauss, Benjamin, Mrs., 312. 
 
 Strauss, Henry (S. O.), 487. 
 
 Strauss, Reuben, 82. 
 
 Strouse, Cyrus (S. O.), 483. 
 
 Strouse, Ferdinand K. (P.), 528. 
 
 Strouse, Frank, 441. 
 
 Strouse, Frederic M., Dr., 424. 
 
 Strouse, Henry (C. O.), 499. 
 
 Strouse, Jacob (P.), 517. 
 
 Strouse, Lehman K. (C. O.), 505. 
 
 Strouse, Myer, 406. 
 Strouss, Ellis C. (C. O.), 494-495. 
 Stuart, Edwin S., Mayor, 97. 
 Stuyvesant, Peter, 8. 
 Sultzbach, Milton (S. O.), 488. 
 Sulzbacher, Moses, Rev., 73. 
 Sulzberger, Abraham, 91, 116, 275, 
 
 301. 
 Sulzberger,David, 158, 190, 257, 311. 
 Sulzberger, Jacob, 69. 
 Sulzberger, Leopold, 58. 
 Sulzberger, Mayer, 47, 78, 115, 118, 
 
 152, 159, 165, 166, 187, 188, 196, 
 
 207, 213, 301-304, 306, 359, 362, 
 
 413, 576. 
 Sulzberger, Sophia, Mrs., 3(»1. 
 Sulzer, Professor, 541. 
 Swift, John, 402. ' 
 Swift, John, Captain, 459. 
 Szold, Benjamin, Rev. Dr., 180, 
 
 354. 
 Szold, Henrietta, Miss, 354. 
 
 Tadd, J. Liberty, 361. 
 Tafel, Adolph (C. O.), 492. 
 Talmud Torah, 228. 
 
 Teachers and officers, 228. 
 Tedesco, Madame, 385. 
 Teller, Benjamin F., 305-307. 
 Teller, David, 82, 187, 265, 274, 
 
 304-305. 
 Teller, David, Mrs., 274, 305. 
 Teller, Joseph R., 306. 
 Teller, Michael (P.), 525. 
 Teller, Oscar B., 213, 306, 413. 
 Teller, Raphael, 304, 305. 
 Teller, Solomon, 75, 112, 143, 304, 
 
 311. 
 Teller, Solomon, Jr., 441. 
 Teller, William H., Dr., 424. 
 Tennyson Society, 171. 
 Teshu'ath Israel Congregation, 
 
 103-104, 542. 
 Test Oath, 28. 
 
 Thalheimer, Albert (P.), 513. 
 Thayer, Sylvanus, General, 461. 
 Theological Seminary, Jewish, 
 189-190. 
 Preamble, 189. 
 Philadelphia Branch, 190. 
 Its officers and man- 
 agement, 190. 
 Thomas, Lorenzo, Adjutant Gen- 
 eral, 490. 
 Thomas, Moses, 55, 56. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 673 
 
 Thomas, Theodore, 386, 387. 
 
 Thompson, Robert Ellis, Prof., 348. 
 
 Thurwanger, M., 367. 
 
 Tim, David, 413. 
 
 Tirado, Jacob, 7. 
 
 Tobias, Joseph Franklin(0. R.),532 
 
 Tobias, Joseph Orlando, 412. 
 
 Tobiason, Lewis, 162. 
 
 Todd, Wilhelmina, Miss, 159. 
 
 Torres, Luis de, 3, 4. 
 
 Touro, Isaac, Rev., 9. 
 
 Touro, Judah, 9. 
 
 Trades' Unions among Russian 
 
 Jews, 233-234. 
 Trades, United Hebrew, 233. 
 Trauble, Leon, 258. 
 Trautmann, Berthold, Dr., 424. 
 Trautman, Jacob (CO.), 498. 
 Treiman, George, Dr., 424. 
 Triana, Rodrigo de, 4. 
 True Sisters, Independent Order 
 
 of, 186. 
 Truffi, Madame, 385. 
 Tschopek, Joseph (P.), 515. 
 Tunes, Abraham, 31. 
 Tyler, John, President, 261, 
 Tyndall, John, Professor, 324. 
 
 U. 
 
 Ulman, John (C. O.), 492. 
 Ulman, Mayer, 72, 447. 
 Ullman, Captain (C. O.), 498. 
 Ullman, Jacob (C. O.), 499. 
 Union of American Hebrew Con- 
 gregations, 142, 191. 
 Unique Club, 195. 
 United Hebrew Beneficent So- 
 ciety, 112, 143. 
 United Hebrew Beneficent Fuel 
 
 and Savings Society, 112, 143. 
 United Hebrew Charities, 111, 112- 
 116, 128, 131. 
 Signers of charter, 112. 
 First officers and man- 
 agement, 113. 
 Board of managers, 114. 
 Auxiliary Branch, 114, 
 
 115, 157. 
 Officers and management, 
 
 115. 
 Ladies' auxiliary com- 
 mittee, 143. 
 United Hebrew Relief Associa- 
 tion, 112, 143. 
 United Israelites, Independent 
 Order of, ia5. i 
 
 Van Beil, A. C, Mrs., 152. 
 
 Van Beil, H., 447. 
 
 Van Beil, Herman, 72, 155, 411. 
 
 Van Beil, Solomon C, 162, 412. 
 
 Van Buren, Martin, President, 398. 
 
 Van Collem, Mr., 268. 
 
 Van Rensselaer, Graetz, referred 
 
 to, 149 (note 85). 
 Vanleer, Benjamin, 29. 
 Vaux, Richard, Mayor, 207, 339. 
 Vecinho,. Joseph, 4. 
 Veneziani, Emanuel F., Chevalier, 
 
 60-61, 207, 213. 
 Verdier, Captain, 26. 
 Vidaver, Henry, Rev. Dr., 65, 74. 
 Vogel, L. (C. O.), 492. 
 Vogt, Carl, Professor, 325. 
 Volkswsechter, Der, 199, 575. 
 Voorsanger, Jacob, Rev., 108, 167. 
 
 W. 
 
 Waas, Abraham M., Dr., 430. 
 
 Waas, Morris A., Dr., 430. 
 
 Waldteufel, M., 346, 388. 
 
 Waldteufel, M., 386. 
 
 Walker, John, 299. 
 
 Walker, Louis, 299. 
 
 Wall, Robert, 12. 
 
 Walnut Street Theatre, 385-386. 
 
 Walter, E., 163. 
 
 Wanamaker, John, Hon., 152, 
 207. 
 
 Warburg, Moses (P.), 516. 
 
 Warburg, Siegraund (P.), 515. 
 
 Ward, Townsend, referred to, 41 
 (note 57). 
 
 Warner, William, General, 525. 
 I Washington, George, 14, 20, 21, 
 I 26, 32, 37, 241, 285, 369, 454, 455, 
 ! 456, 457. 
 
 I Wasserman, Flora E., Dr., 424. 
 ' Waterman, Israel (U. S. A.), 466, 
 
 ; (P.) 518. 
 
 Waterman, S., Dr., 261 (note 93). 
 Watson, Captain, 37. 
 Watson's Annals, referred to, 31 
 
 (note 39). 
 Wayne, General, 36. 
 Weber, John B., Colonel, 213. 
 Wegman, Jacob, 229. 
 Weichselbaum, Henry, 406. 
 Weil, Arthur Edward, 441. 
 Weil, Edward H., 52, 112, 159, 
 
 307-309, 370 413. 
 
574 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Weil, E. H., Mrs., 309, 370. 
 
 Weil, Gertrude, Miss, 370. 
 
 Weil, Harrison Bernheimer, 439. 
 
 Weil, Henry (or Hirsch) Isaac, 
 52, 307, 350, 448, (E. A.) 535-536. 
 
 Weil, Isaac H., 52, 86, 349-352. 
 
 Weil, Jacob (P.), 516. 
 
 Weil, Matilda, Mrs., 307, 350. 
 
 Weil, Max, 387. 
 
 Weil, S. K, Mrs., 388. 
 
 Weil, Samuel, 311. 
 
 Weinbach, Abraham (C. O.), 503. 
 
 Weinberger, Moses, Rev., 219-220, 
 
 Weinberger, Paul (P.), 515. 
 
 Weinlander, Gustave, 441. 
 
 Weinstock, Bernard (P.), 515. 
 
 Weissenstein, Nathan, 151, 163. 
 
 Welsh, John, Hon. 57, 207. 
 
 Wertheim, Alexander, Dr., 407. 
 
 Western, Lucille, 380. 
 
 Westheimer, Moses, 295. 
 
 Wessel, Henry N., 414. 
 
 Wetzlar, Morris (C. O.), 493. 
 
 Weyl, Walter Edward, 353, 439. 
 
 Wharton, Anne Hollingsworth, 
 referred to, 37 (note 48). 
 
 Wheatley Dramatic Hall, 219. 
 
 White, Francis, 444 (note 125). 
 
 Whittemore, William J., 361. 
 
 Whittier Society, 170. 
 
 Widerewitz, 'Hayim Jacob, Rab- 
 bi, 222, 223. 
 
 Wieder, Morris, 358. 
 
 Wiler, William, 286. 
 
 William, of Orange, 7. 
 
 Willi amis, Robert, 476. 
 
 Williams, WilUam H., 159, 188. 
 
 Williamson, Isaiah V , 118. 
 
 Wilson, Thomas, referred to, 445. 
 
 Wilson, Susan, Mrs., 130, 
 
 Wimpfheimer, Max (P.), 512. 
 
 Wink, Frederick, 390. i 
 
 Winter, J., Rev. Dr., 245. ! 
 
 Winstock, Melvin G.., 198, 359, 414. I 
 
 Wise, I. M., Rev. Dr., 96, 107, 180, 
 191, 336. 
 
 Wittenberg, David, 190. 
 
 Wittenberg, Philip, 87. 
 
 Wohl, Samuel (C. O.), 492. 
 
 Wolf, Aaron, 295. 
 
 Wolf, Abraham, 283, 312. 
 
 Wolf, Abraham S., 53, 64, 112, 118, 
 119, 136, 143, 155, 158, 245, 246, 
 254, 275, 309-310. 
 
 Wolf, Abraham S., Mrs., 310, 311. 
 
 Wolf, David (C. O.), 501. 
 
 Wolf, Ellas, 82, 312. 
 
 Wolf, Jacob (C. O.), 490. 
 
 Wolf, Lewis, 416 (note 124). 
 
 Wolf, Louis, 113, 312. 
 
 Wolf, Morris (P.), 520. 
 
 Wolf, Simon, Hon., referred to, 
 
 24 (note 25), 95, 142, 260 (note 
 
 93), 266, 451. 
 Wollenberg, Rev. Mr., 107. 
 Women, Jewish, 197. 
 Wood, James F., Archbishop, 
 
 207. 
 Woodbine Colony, 116, 213. 
 Woolf, Benjamin E., 382. 
 Worden, John L., Rear Admiral, 
 
 476. 
 Wright, E. J., Miss, le59. 
 
 Yarnall, Mordecai, Rev., 11 (note 
 
 14). 
 Yeshu'ath Israel Congregation 
 
 (Newport, R. I.), 9. 
 Young Men's Club, German, 195. 
 Young Men's Hebrew Associa- 
 tion, 163, 164-167. 
 Preamble, 164. 
 P'irst officers and man- 
 agement, 164. 
 Present officers and man- 
 agement, 167. 
 Associate branch, 164, 165, 
 166, 167. 
 Its officers, 167. 
 Southern branch, 157. 
 Young Men's Hebrew Literary 
 
 Association, 162. 
 Young Men's Hebrew Social, 231. 
 Young Women's Arena (^lub, 170. 
 Young Women's Union, 160-161. 
 Officers and executive 
 board, 161. 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zacuto, Abraham, 4. 
 Zellner, Alexander, 369. 
 Zentner, Charles, 227. 
 Zilenziger, S., 389. 
 Zimmerman, J. F., 383. 
 Ziontown, 213. 
 
THE JEWS OF PHTLADELPHTA. 575 
 
 ADDITIONAL NOTES. 
 
 {Note, to Page 68.) 
 
 Board of Managers of Congregation Mickv^h Israel (elected Sep- 
 tember 23d, 1894): President, Horace A. Nathans; Vice-President, 
 Solomon Gans ; Treasurer, William Morris ; Recording Secretary, 
 Isaac Fein berg; Corresponding Secretary, Walter M. Steppacher; 
 Adjunta (Directors), Lazarus Mayer, Charles J. Cohen, Samuel 
 Morais Hyneman, Jacob E. Hyneman, Meyer S. Frechie, and I^evi 
 Mastbaum. 
 
 (Note to Page 87.) 
 
 Additional Trustees of Congregation Beth Israel: Abraham 
 Sailer, Abraham Rosenblat, S. Baerenkopf, and A. Hyman. Other- 
 wise the directorate is the same as stated on page 87. 
 
 (Note to Page 126.) 
 
 Mr. Joseph Marschuetz, Secretary of the Orphans' Guardians, 
 died on September 7th, 1894, lamented by many who res[)ected him 
 for his virtues. Mr. Samuel W. Goodman, was selected as his 
 successor. 
 
 (Notes to Page 199.) 
 
 Die Juedische Presse suspended publication during the Summer 
 of 1894. 
 
 Messrs. Bernard Harris and John Paley transferred their paper, 
 Der Volksiuwchter, during August, 1894, to Mr. Ezekicl Surnsohn, 
 of the Jewish Gazette, New York City. The })aper is iiou issm'il by 
 Mr. Sarasohn. 
 
 Rev. Hyman Brodsky has since relinquished his connection with 
 Philadelphia Stadt Zeitung. 
 
576 
 
 THE JEWS OF PHILADELPHIA. 
 
 (Note to Pages 30 1-30 J^.) 
 
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 1894, Mayer Sulzberger, Esq., received the unanimous nomination 
 for Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, Number 2. This nomi- 
 nation has received the cordial endorsement of press and public, and 
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