fe /*^l_ 1 4 6 9 1 RASSELAS By SAMUEL JOHNSON For a model of grave and majestic language, " Rasselas " will claim perhaps the first place in English composition ; nor do I recollect any work of the kind that contains so many profound reflections, and, with occasional reserve as to their generality, so many true ones. — Leigh Hunt. Rasselas PRINCE OF ABYSSINIA BY SAMUEL JOHNSON, LL.D. Neto American Isfcitton CHICAGO A. C. McCLURG AND COMPANY 1889 / : PREFATORY NOTE. [Abridged from Boswell's Johnson.] " Soon after this event, 1 Johnson wrote his ' Ras- selas.' 2 The late Mr. Strahan, the printer, told me that Johnson wrote it that with the profits he might defray the expense of his mother's funeral, and pay some little debts which she had left. He told Sir Joshua Reynolds that he composed it in the evenings of one week, sent it to the press in portions as it was written, and had never since read it over. 3 Mr. Strahan, Mr. Johnston, and Mr. Dodsley purchased it for a hundred pounds, but afterwards paid him twenty-five pounds more, when it came to a second edition. . . . We cannot but wonder at the very low price which he was content to receive for this admir- able performance, which, though he had written noth- ing else, would have rendered his name immortal in the world of literature. None of his writings has been so extensively diffused over Europe ; for it has 1 The death of Johnson's mother, which occurred in January, '759- 2 " Rasselas " was published in March or April, 1759. 3 Just before his death, however, he one day chanced to see the book in Boswell's hands, and "seized upon it with avidity." 213725 4 PREFATORY NOTE. been translated into most, if not all, of the modern languages. 1 1 " This tale, with all the charms of Oriental imagery, and all the force and beauty of which the English language is capable^ leads us through the most impor- tant scenes of human life, and shows us that this stage of our being is full of ' vanity and vexation of spirit.' To those who look no further than the present life, or who maintain that human nature has not fallen from the state in which it was created, the instruction of this sublime story will be of no avail. But they who think justly and feel with sensibility will listen with eagerness and admiration to its truth and wisdom. Voltaire's ' Candide,' written to refute the system of Optimism, which it has accomplished with brilliant success, is wonderfully similar in its plan and conduct to Johnson's ' Rasselas;' insomuch, that I have heard Johnson say that if they had not been published so closely one after the other that there was not time for imitation, it would have been in vain to deny that the scheme of that which came latest was taken from the other. Though the propo- sition illustrated by both these works was the same, — namely, that in our present state there is more evil than good, -—the intention of the writers was very different. Voltaire, I am afraid, meant only by wan- ton profaneness to obtain a sportive victory over reli- gion, and to discredit the belief of a superintending Providence ; Johnson meant, by showing the unsatis- factory nature of things temporal, to direct the hopes of man to things eternal. ' Rasselas ' . . . may be considered as a more enlarged and more deeply phil- osophical discourse in prose upon the interesting truth which in his 'Vanity of Human Wishes' he had so successfully enforced in verse. PREFATORY NOTE. 5 "The fund of thinking which this work contains is such, that almost every sentence of it may furnish a subject of long meditation. . . . Notwithstanding my high admiration of ' Rasselas,' I will not maintain that the ' morbid melancholy ' in Johnson's constitu- tion may not perhaps have made life appear to him more insipid and unhappy than it generally is. . . . Yet whatever additional shade his own particular sensations may have thrown on his representation of life, attentive observation and close inquiry have convinced me that there is too much reality in the gloomy picture. The truth, however, is, that we judge of the happiness and misery of life differently at different times, according to the state of our changeable frame. I always remember a remark made to me by a Turkish lady, educated in France, ' Ma foi, Monsieur, notre bonheur depend de lafa^on que notre sang circule? This I have learnt from a pretty hard course of experience, and would, from sincere benevolence, impress upon all who honor this book with a perusal, that until a steady conviction is obtained that the present life is an imperfect state and only a passage to a better, if we comply with the Divine scheme of progressive improvement, and also that it is a part of the mysterious plan of Providence that intellectual beings must be ' made perfect through suffering:,' there will be a continual recurrence of disappointment and uneasiness. But if we walk with hope in the 'mid-day sun ' of revelation, our temper and disposition will be such that the comforts and enjoyments in our way will be relished, while we patiently support the inconveniences and pains. After much speculation and various reasonings, I ac- knowledge myself convinced of the truth of Voltaire's conclusion, ' Apres tout, e'est un t/ionde passable. 1 " CONTENTS. Chapter Page I. Description of a Palace in a Valley . n II. The Discontent of Rasselas in the Happy Valley 16 III. The Wants of Him that wants Nothing 20 IV. The Prince continues to grieve and muse 23 V. The Prince meditates his Escape . . . 2S VI. A Dissertation on the Art of Flying . 30 VII. The Prince finds a Man of Learning . 36 VIII. The History of Imlac 3S IX. The History of Imlac continued ... 43 X. Imlac's History continued. A Disserta- tion upon Poetry 47 XI. Imlac's Narrative continued. A Hint on Pilgrimage 51 XII. The Story of Imlac continued .... 56 XIII. Rasselas discovers the Means of Escape 62 XIV. Rasselas and Imlac receive an unex- pected Visit 66 XV. The Prince and Princess leave the Val- ley, and see many wonders 69 8 CONTENTS. Chapter Pace XVI. They enter Cairo, and find every Man happy 7 2 XVII. The Prince associates with Young Men of Spirit and Gavety 77 XVIII. The Prince finds a Wise and Happy Man 80 XIX. A glimpse of Pastoral Life 84 XX. The Danger of Prosperity S6 XXI. The Happiness of Solitude. The Her- mit's History 89 XXII. The Happiness of a Life led accord- ing to Nature 93 XXIII. The Prince and his Sister divide be- tween them the Work of Observa- tion 97 XXIV. The Prince examines the Happiness of High Stations 99 XXV. The Princess pursues her Inquiry with more Diligence than Success . . . ioi XXVI. The Princess continues her Remarks upon Private Life 104 XXVII. Disquisition upon Greatness .... 108 XXVIII. Rasselas and Nekayah continue their Conversation 112 XXIX. The Debate of Marriage continued . 116 XXX. Imlac enters, and changes the Conver- sation 122 XXXI. They Visit the Pyramids 126 XXXII. They enter the Pyramid 130 XXXIII. The Princess meets with an unex- pected Misfortune 132 CONTENTS. 9 CHAPTER PACB XXXIV. They return to Cairo without Pe- kuah 134 XXXV. The Princess languishes for want of Pekuah 138 XXXVI. Pekuah is still remembered. The Progress of Sorrow 143 XXXVII. The Princess hears news of Pekuah 145 XXXVIII. The Adventures of the Lady Pekuah 14S XXXIX. The Adventures of Pekuah continued 154 XL. The History of a Man of Learning . 162 XLI. The Astronomer discovers the Cause of his Uneasiness 165 XLII. The Opinion of the Astronomer is ex- plained and justified 167 XLIII. The Astronomer leaves Imlac his di- rections 170 XLIV. The dangerous Prevalence of Imagi- nation 172 XLV. They discourse with an old Man . 176 XLVI. The Princess and Pekuah visit the Astronomer 1S1 XLVII. The Prince enters, and brings a new Topic 189 XLVIII. Imlac discourses on the Nature of the Soul 194 XLIX. The Conclusion, in which Nothing is Concluded 200 jHVl.t .fUW-Vt ; i. » n i.^l',-.-VI-^> W?> .- l . y t » i » > t w>> >i>i mnn l THE HISTORY OF RASSELAS, PRINCE OF ABYSSINIA. CHAPTER I. DESCRIPTION OF A PALACE IN A VALLEY. |sipl^|?"E who listen with credulity to the whispers of fancy, and pursue with eagerness the phantoms of hope ; who expect that age will perform the*- ' y promises of youth, and that the deficiencies of the present day will be supplied by the mor- row, — attend to the history of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia. Rasselas was the fourth son of the mighty em- peror in whose dominions the Father of Waters ^ begins his course, whose bounty pours down the • 12 RASSELAS. streams of plenty, and scatters over half the world the harvests of Egypt. According to the custom which has descended from age to age among the monarchs of the torrid zone, Rasselas was confined in a private palace with the other sons and daughters of Abyssinian royalty, till the order of succession should call him to the throne. The place, which the wisdom or policy of antiquity had destined for the residence of the Abyssinian princes, was a spacious valley in the / kingdom of Amhara, surrounded on every side by mountains, of which the summits overhang the middle part. The only passage by which it could be entered was a cavern that passed under a rock, of which it has long been disputed whether it was the work of Nature or of human industry. The outlet of the cavern was concealed by a thick wood, and the mouth, which opened into the valley, was closed with gates of iron, forged by the artificers of ancient days, so massy that no man without the help of engines could open or shut them. From the mountains on every side rivulets de- scended that filled all the valley with verdure and fertility, and formed a lake in the middle, in- habited by fish of every species, and frequented by every fowl whom Nature has taught to dip the wing in water. This lake discharged its superfluities by a stream which entered a dark cleft of the mountain on the northern side, and fell with THE HAPPY VALLEY. 1 3 dreadful noise from precipice to precipice till it was heard no more. The sides of the mountains were covered with trees, the banks of the brooks were diversified with flowers; every blast shook spices from the rocks, and every month dropped fruits from the ground. All animals that bite the grass or browse the shrub, whether wild or tame, wandered in JT this extensive circuit, secured from beasts of prey by the mountains which confined them. On one part were flocks and herds feeding in the pastures, on another all the beasts of chase frisking in the lawns ; the sprightly kid was bounding on the rocks, the subtle monkey frolicking in the trees, and the solemn elephant reposing in the shade. All the diversities of the world were brought together, the blessings of Nature were collected, and its evils extracted and excluded. The valley, wide and fruitful, supplied its in- habitants with the necessaries of life, and all delights and superfluities were added at the an- nual visit which the emperor paid his children, when the iron gate was opened to the sound of music ; and during eight days every one that re- sided in the valley was required to propose what- ever might contribute to make seclusion pleasant, to fill up the vacancies of attention, and les- sen the tediousness of time. Every desire was immediately granted. All the artificers of pleas- ure were called to gladden the festivity; and / 14 RASSELAS. musicians exerted the power of harmony, and the dancers showed their activity before the princes, in hope that they should pass their lives in this blissful captivity, to which those only were admitted whose performance was thought able to add novelty to luxury. Such was the appearance of security and delight which this retirement af- forded, that they to whom it was new always desired that it might be perpetual ; and as those on whom the iron gate had once closed were never suffered to return, the effect of long ex- perience could not be known. Thus every year produced new schemes of delight and new com- petitors for imprisonment. The palace stood on an eminence raised about thirty paces above the surface of the lake. It was divided into many squares or courts, built with greater or less magnificence according to the rank of those for whom they were designed. The roofs were turned into arches of massy stone, joined by a cement that grew harder by time ; and the build- ing stood from century to century deriding the solstitial rains and equinoctial hurricanes, without need of reparation. This house, which was so large as to be fully known to none but some ancient officers who suc- ^ cessively inherited the secrets of the place, was built as if suspicion herself had dictated the plan. To every room there was an open and secret pas- sage ; every square had a communication with the THE HAPPY VALLEY. 1 5 rest either from the upper stories by private gal- leries or by subterranean passages from the lower apartments. Many of the columns had un- suspected cavities, in which a long race of mon- archs had deposited their treasures. They then closed up the opening with marble, which was never to be removed but in the utmost exigencies of the kingdom, and recorded their accumula- tions in a book which was itself concealed in a tower not entered but by the emperor, attended by the prince who stood next in succession. CHAPTER II. THE DISCONTENT OF RASSELAS IN THE HAPPY VALLEY. ijERE the sons and daughters of Abys- sinia lived only to know the soft vicissitudes of pleasure and repose, attended by all that were skilful to delight, and gratified with whatever the senses can enjoy. They wandered in gardens of fra- grance, and slept in the fortresses of security. Every art was practised to make them pleased with their own condition. The sages who in- structed them told them of nothing but the miseries of public life, and described all beyond the mountains as regions of calamity, where dis- cord was always raging, and where man preyed upon man. To heighten their opinion of their own felicity, they were daily entertained with songs, the subject of which was the happy valley. Their appetites were excited by frequent enumer- ations of different enjoyments, and revelry and DISCONTENT OF MAN. I 7 merriment was the business of every hour from the dawn of morning to the close of even. These methods were generally successful ; Jew of the princes had ever wished to enlarge their bounds, but passed their lives in full conviction that they had all within their reach that art or nature could bestow, and pitied those whom fate • had excluded from this seat of tranquillity, as the sport of chance and the slaves of misery. Thus they rose in the morning and lay down at night, pleased with each other and with them- selves ; aU_but Rasselas, who, in the twenty-sixth year of his age, began to withdraw himself from p their pastimes and assemblies, and to delight in solitary walks and silent meditation. He often sat before tables covered with luxury, and forgot to taste the dainties that were placed before him ; he rose abruptly in the midst of the song, and hastily retired beyond the sound of music. His attendants observed the change, and endeavored to renew his love of pleasure ; he neglected their officiousness, repulsed their invitations, and spent day after day on the banks of rivulets sheltered with trees, where he sometimes listened to the ^ birds in the branches, sometimes observed the fish playing in the stream, and anon cast his eyes upon the pastures and mountains filled with animals, of which some were biting the herbage, and some sleeping among the bushes. This sin- gularity of his humor made him much observed. 1 8 RASSELAS. One of the sages, in whose conversation he had formerly delighted, followed him secretly, in hope of discovering the cause of his disquiet. Rasselas, who knew not that any one was near him, having for some time fixed his eyes upon the goats that were browsing among the rocks, began to com- pare their condition with his own. "What," said he, "makes the difference be- tween man and all the rest of the animal crea- tion? Every beast that strays beside me, has the same corporeal necessities with myself, — he is hun- gry and crops the grass ; he is thirsty, and drinks the stream ; his thirst and hunger are appeased ; he is satisfied and sleeps ; he arises again, and is hungry ; he is again fed, and is at rest. I am hun- gry and thirsty like him, but when thirst and hun- ger cease I am not at rest ; I am, like him, pained with want, but am not, like him, satisfied with ful- ness. The intermediate hours are tedious and gloomy ; I long again to be hungry, that I may again quicken my attention. The birds peck the berries or the corn, and fly away to the groves, where they sit in seeming happiness on the branches, and waste their lives in tuning one un- varied series of sounds. I likewise can call the lutanist and the singer, but the sounds that pleased me yesterday weary me to-day, and will grow yet more wearisome to-morrow. I can discover within me no power of perception which is not glutted with its proper pleasure, yet I do not feel DISCONTENT OF MAN. 1 9 m^self__delighl£d. Man surely has some latent \ ^ sense for vv4iich^his_place affords no gratification; or he has some desires distinct from sense which/ must be satisfied before he can be happy." After this he lifted up his head, and seeing the moon rising, walked towards the palace. As he passed through the fields, and saw the animals around him, " Ye," said he, " are happy, and need not envy me that walk thus among you, burdened with myself; nor do I, ye gentle beings, envy your felicity ; for it is not the felicity of man. I have many distresses from which ye are free ; I fear pain when I do not feel it ; I sometimes shrink at evils recollected, and sometimes start at evils anticipated. Surely the equity of Provi- dence has balanced peculiar sufferings with pecu-, liar enjoyments." With observations like these the prince amused himself as he returned, uttering them with a plaintive voice, yet with a look that discovered him to feel some complacence in his own per- spicuity, and to receive some solace of the mis- eries of life, from consciousness of the delicacy with which he felt, and the eloquence with which he bewailed them. He mingled cheerfully in the diversions of the evening, and all rejoiced to find that his heart was lightened. CHAPTER III. THE WANTS OF HIM THAT WANTS NOTHING. |N the next day his old instructor, imag- ining that he had now made himself acquainted with his disease of mind, was in hope of curing it by counsel, and officiously sought an opportunity of confer- ence, which the prince, having long considered him as one whose intellects were exhausted, was not very willing to afford : " Why," said he, " does this man thus obtrude upon me ; shall I be never suffered to forget those lectures which pleased only while they were new, and to become new again, must be forgotten?" He then walked into the wood, and composed himself to his usual meditations ; when, before his thoughts had taken any settled form, he perceived his pursuer at his side, and was at first prompted by his impatience to go hastily away ; but, being unwilling to offend a man whom he had once reverenced and still THE WANTS OF MAN. 21 loved, he invited him to sit down with him on the bank. The old man, thus encouraged, began to lament the change which had been lately observed in the prince, and to inquire why he so often retired from the pleasures of the palace, to loneliness and silence. " IJly from pleasure," said the prince, " because- pleasure has ceased to please : I am lonely because I am miserable, and am unwilling to cloud with my presence the happiness of others." " You, sir," said the sage, " are the first who has complained of misery in the Happy Valley. I hope to convince you that your com- plaints have no real cause. You are here in full possession of all the emperor of Abyssinia can bestow ; here is neither labor to be endured nor danger to be dreaded, yet here is all that labor or danger can procure or purchase. Look round and tell me which of your wants is without supply ; if you want nothing, how are you unhappy? " "That I want nothing," said the prince, "or that I know not what I want, is the cause of my complaint ; if I had any known want, I should have a certain wish ; that wish would excite en- deavor, and I should not then repine to see the sun move so slowly towards the western mountain, or lament when the day breaks and sleep will no longer hide me from myself. When I see the kids and the lambs chasing one another, I fancy I should be happy if I had something to pursue. 2 2 RASSELAS. But, possessing all that I can want, I find one day and one hour exactly like another, except that the latter is still more tedious than the former. Let your experience inform me how the day may now seem as short as in my childhood, while Nature was yet fresh, and every moment showed me what I never had observed before. I have already en- joyed too much; give me something to desire." The old man was surprised at this new species of affliction, and knew not what to reply, yet was un- willing to be silent. " Sir," said he, " if you had seen the miseries of the world, you would know how to value your present state." " Now," said the prince, " you have given me something to desire ; I shall long to see the miseries of the world, since the sight of them is necessary to happiness." CHAPTER IV. THE PRINCE CONTINUES TO GRIEVE AND MUSE. T this time the sound of music pro- claimed the hour of repast, and the conversation was concluded. The old man went away sufficiently discon- tented to find that his reasonings had produced the only conclusions which they were intended to prevent. But in the decline of life shame and grief are of short duration, — whether it be that we bear easily what we have borne long ; or that, finding ourselves in age less regarded, we less regard others ; or, that we look with slight regard upon afflictions to which we know that the hand of death is about to put an end. The prince, whose views were extended to a wider space, could not speedily quiet his emotions. He had been before terrified at the length of life ^ which Nature promised him, because he considered that in a long time much must be endured ; Jie, now rejoiced in his youth, because in many years much might be done. This first beam of hope, 24 RASSELAS. that had been ever darted into his mind, rekindled youth in his cheeks, and doubled the lustre of his eyes. He was fired with the desire of doing something, though he knew not yet with distinct- ness either end or means. He was now no longer gloomy and unsocial ; but, considering himself as master of a secret stock of happiness, which he could enjoy only by concealing it, he affected to be busy in all schemes of diversion, and endeav- ored to make others pleased with the state of which he himself was weary. But pleasures never can be so multiplied or continued as not to leave much of life unemployed ; there were many hours, both of the night and day, which he could spend without suspicion in solitary thought. The load of life was much lightened : he went eagerly into the assemblies, because he supposed the frequency of his presence necessary to the success of his purposes ; he retired gladly to privacy, because he had now a subject of thought. His chief amusement was to picture to himself that world which he had never seen ; to place himself in various conditions, to be entangled in imaginary difficulties, and to be engaged in wild adventures ; but his benevolence always terminated his pro- jects in the relief of distress, the detection of fraud, the defeat of oppression, and the diffusion of happiness. Thus passed twenty months of the life of Ras- selas. He busied himself so intensely in visionary IRRESOLUTION. 25 bustle, that he forgot his real solitude ; and, amidst hourly preparations for the various incidents of human affairs, neglected to consider by what means he should mingle with mankind. One day, as he was sitting on a bank, he feigned to himself an orphan virgin robbed of her little portion by a treacherous lover, and crying after him for restitution and redress. So strongly was the image impressed upon his mind, that he started up in the maid's defence, and ran forward to seize the plunderer with all the eagerness of real pursuit. Fear naturally quickens the flight of guilt. Rasselas could not catch the fugitive with his utmost efforts ; but, resolving to weary, by .perseverance, him whom he could not surpass in speed, he pressed on till the foot of the mountain stopped his course. Here he recollected himself, and smiled at his own useless impetuosity. Then raising his eyes to the mountain, "This," said he, "' is the fatal obstacle that hinders at once the enjoyment of pleasure, and the exercise of virtue. How long is it that my hopes and wishes have flown beyond this boundary of my life, which yet I never have attempted to surmount ! " Struck with this re- flection, he sat down to muse, and remembered, that since he first resolved to escape from his con- finement, the Sun had passed twice over him in his annual course. He now felt a degree of regret with which he had never been before acquainted. -4 26 RASSELAS. He considered how much might have been done in the time which had passed, and left nothing real behind it. He compared twenty months with the life of man. " In life," said he, "is not to be counted the ignorance of infancy, or the imbecility of age. We are long before we are able to think, and we soon cease from the power of acting. The true period of human existence may be reasonably estimated at forty years, of which I have mused away the four-and-twentieth part. What I have lost was certain, for I have certainly possessed it ; but of twenty months to come who can assure me? " The consciousness of his own folly pierced him deeply, and he was long before he could be reconciled to himself. "The rest of my time," sai d he, "has bee n lost by the crime or folly of my ancestors, and the absurd institutions of my country ; I remember it with disgust, yet without remorse : but the months that have passed since new light darted into my soul, since I formed a scheme of reasonable felicity, have been squan- dered by my own fault. I have lost that which can never be restored ; I have seen the sun rise and set for twenty months, an idle gazer on the light of heaven : in this time the birds have left the nest of their mother, and committed them- selves to the woods and to the skies ; the kid has forsaken the teat, and learned by degrees to climb the rocks in quest of independent sustenance. I IRRESOLUTION. 27 only have made no advances, but am still helpless and ignorant. The moon, by more than twenty changes, admonished me of the flux of life ; the stream that rolled before my feet upbraided my inactivity. I sat feasting on intellectual luxury, regardless alike of the example of the earth, and the instruction of the planets. Twenty months are passed ; who shall restore them? " These sorrowful meditations fastened upon his mind ; he passed four months in resolving to lose no more time in idle resolves, and was awakened to more vigorous exertion by hearing a maid, who had broken a porcelain cup, remark, that what cannot be repaired is not to be regretted. This was obvious ; and Rasselas reproached himself that he had not discovered it, having not known or not considered how many useful hints are obtained by chance, and how often the mind, hurried by her own ardor to distant views, neglects the truths that lie open before her. He, for a few hours, regretted his regret, and from that time bent his whole mind upon the means of escaping from the Valley of Happiness. CHAPTER V. THE PRINCE MEDITATES HIS ESCAPE. -* j E now found that it would be very diffi- cult to effect that which it was very easy to suppose effected. When he looked round about him, he saw himself con- fined by the bars of Nature, which had never yet been broken, and by the gate, through which none that once had passed it were ever able to return. He was now impatient as an eagle in the grate. He passed week after week in clambering the mountains, to see if there was any aperture which the bushes might conceal, but found all the summits inaccessible by their prominence. The iron gate he despaired to open ; for it was not only secured with all the power of art, but was always watched by successive sentinels, and was by its position exposed to the perpetual observa- tion of all the inhabitants. He then examined the cavern through which the waters of the lake were discharged ; and look- ing down at a time when the sun shone strongly MEDITATES ESCAPE. 29 upon its mouth, he discovered it to be full of broken rocks, which, though they permitted the stream to flow through many narrow passages, would stop any body of solid bulk. He returned discouraged and dejected ; but, having now known the blessing of hope, resolved never to despair. In these fruitless searches he spent ten months. The time, however, passed cheerfully away : in the morning he rose with new hope, in the even- ing applauded his own diligence, and in the night slept sound after his fatigue. He met a thousand amusements which beguiled his labor and diversified his thoughts. He discerned the various instincts of animals and properties of plants, and found the place replete with wonders, of which he purposed to solace himself with the contemplation, if he should never be able to accomplish his flight, rejoicing that his endeavors, though yet unsuccessful, had supplied him with a source of inexhaustible inquiry. But his original curiosity was not yet abated ; he resolved to obtain some knowledge of the ways of men. His wish still continued, but his hope grew less. He ceased to survey any longer the walls of his prison, and spared to search by new toils for interstices which he knew could not be found, yet determined to keep his design always in view, and lay hold on any expedient that time should offer. CHAPTER VI. a Dissertation on the art of flying. ^MONG the artists that had been allured into the happy valley, to labor for the accommodation and pleasure of its inhabitants, was a man eminent for his knowledge of the mechanic powers, who had contrived many engines both of use and recrea- tion. By a wheel, which the stream turned, he forced the water into a tower, whence it was dis- tributed to all the apartments of the palace. He erected a pavilion in the garden, around which he kept the air always cool by artificial showers. One of the groves appropriated to the ladies was ventilated by fans, to which the rivulet that ran through it gave a constant motion ; and instru- ments of soft music were placed at proper dis- tances, of which some played by the impulse of the wind, and some by the power of the stream. This artist was sometimes visited by Rasselas, who was pleased with every kind of knowledge, THE ART OF FLYING. 31 imagining that the time would come when all his acquisitions should be of use to him in the open world. He came one day to amuse himself in his usual manner, and found the master busy in building a sailing chariot ; he saw that the design was practicable on a level surface, and with ex- pressions of great esteem solicited its completion. The workman was pleased to find himself so much regarded by the prince, and resolved to gain yet higher honors. " Sir," said he, " you have seen but a small part of what the mechanic sciences can perform. I have been long of opinion, that instead of the tardy conveyance of ships and chariots, man might use the swifter migration of wings ; that the fields of air are open to knowl- edge, and that only ignorance and idleness need crawl upon the ground." This hint rekindled the prince's desire of pass- ing the mountains ; having seen what the me- chanist had already performed, he was willing to fancy that he could do more, yet resolved to in- quire further, before he suffered hope to afflict him by disappointment. " I am afraid," said he to the artist, " that your imagination prevails over your skill, and that you now tell me rather what you wish than what you know. Every animal has his element assigned to him ; the birds have the air, and man and beasts the earth." " So," re- plied the mechanist, " fishes have the water, in which yet beasts can swim by nature, and men 32 RASSELAS. by art. He that can swim needs not despair to fly : to swim is to fly in a grosser fluid, and to fly is to swim in a subtler. We are only to propor- tion our power of resistance to the different den- sity of matter through which we are to pass. You will be necessarily upborne by the air, if you can renew any impulse upon it faster than the air can recede from the pressure." " But the exercise of swimming," said the prince, " is very laborious, the strongest limbs are soon wearied ; I am afraid the act of flying will be yet more violent, and wings will be of no great use unless we can fly further than we can swim." " The labor of rising from the ground," said the artist, " will be great, as we see it in the heavier domestic fowls ; but as we mount higher, the earth's attraction and the body's gravity will be gradually diminished, till we shall arrive at a region where the man will float in the air without any tendency to fall ; no care will then be neces- sary but to move forwards, which the gentlest impulse will effect. You, sir, whose curiosity is so extensive, will easily conceive with what pleas- ure a philosopher, furnished with wings and hov- ering in the sky, would see the earth and all its inhabitants rolling beneath him and presenting to him successively, by its diurnal motion, all the countries within the same parallel. How must it amuse the pendant spectator to see the moving scene of land and ocean, cities and deserts ! To THE ART OF FLYING. i>2> survey with equal serenity the marts of trade and the fields of battle, mountains infested by bar- barians, and fruitful regions gladdened by plenty and lulled by peace ! How easily shall we then ^ trace the Nile through all his passage, pass over to distant regions, and examine the face of Nature from one extremity of the earth to the other ! " "All this," said the prince, "is much to be desired, but I am afraid that no man will be able to breathe in these regions of speculation and tranquillity. I have been told, that respiration is difficult upon lofty mountains, yet from these precipices, though so high as to produce great tenuity of air, it is very easy to fall ; therefore I suspect that, from any height where life can be supported, there may be danger of too quick descent." " Nothing," .replied the artist, " will ever be attempted, if all possible objections must be first overcome. If you will favor my project, I will try the first flight at my own hazard. I have considered the structure of all volant animals, and find the folding continuity of the bat's wings most easily accommodated to the human form. Upon this model I shall begin my task to-morrow, and in a year expect to tower into the air beyond the malice and pursuit of man. But I will work only on this condition, that the art shall not be divulged, and that you shall not require me to make wings for any but ourselves." 3 34 2? ASS EL AS. " Why," said Rasselas, " should you envy others so great an advantage ? fAIl skill ought to be ex- erted for universal good ; every man has owed much to others, and ought to repay the kindness that he has received." " If men were all virtuous," returned the artist, " I should with great alacrity teach them all to fly. But what would be the security of the good, if the bad could at pleasure invade them from the sky? Against an army sailing through the clouds, neither walls, nor mountains, nor seas, could af- ford any security. A flight of northern savages might hover in the wind, and light at once with irresistible violence upon the capital of a fruitful region that was rolling under them. Even this valley, the retreat of princes, the abode of happi- ness, might be violated by the sudden descent of some of the naked nations that swarm on the coast of the southern sea." The prince promised secrecy, and waited for the performance, not wholly hopeless of success. He visited the work from time to time, observed its progress, and remarked many ingenious con- trivances to facilitate motion, and to unite levity with strength. The artist was every day more certain that he should leave vultures and eagles behind him, and the contagion of his confidence seized upon the prince. In a year the wings were finished, and on a morning appointed the maker appeared, furnished A FALL. 35 for flight, on a little promontory ; he waved his pinions a while to gather air, then leaped from his <-} stand, and in an instant dropped into the lake. ' His wings, which were of no use in the air, sus- tained him in the water, and the prince drew him to land, half dead with terror and vexation. CHAPTER VII. THE PRINCE FINDS A MAN OF LEARNING. 3 HE prince was not much afflicted by this disaster, having suffered himself to hope for a happier event only because he had no other means of escape in view. He still persisted in his design to leave the Happy Valley by the first opportunity. His imagination was .now at a stand; he had no prospect of entering into the world ; and, not- withstanding all his endeavors to support himself, discontent by degrees preyed upon him, and he began again to lose his thoughts in sadness, when the rainy season which in these countries is peri- odical made it inconvenient to wander in the woods. The rain continued longer and with more vio- lence than had ever been known ; the clouds broke on the surrounding mountains, and the torrents streamed into the plain on every side, till the cavern was too narrow to discharge the water. The lake overflowed its banks, and all the level of the valley was covered with the inundation. The /ML AC. 37 eminence on which the palace was built, and some other spots of rising ground, were all that the eye could now discover. The herds and flocks left the pastures, and both the wild beasts and the tame retreated to the mountains. This inundation confined all the princes to domestic amusements, and the attention of Ras- selas was particularly seized by a poem which Imlac rehearsed, upon the various conditions of humanity. He commanded the poet to attend him in his apartment, and recite his verses a second time ; then entering into familiar talk, he ^r thought himself happy in having found a man who knew the world so well, and could so skilfully paint the scenes of life. He asked a thousand questions about things, to which, though common to all other mortals, his confinement from child- hood had kept him a stranger. The poet pitied his ignorance, and loved his curiosity, and enter- tained him from day to day with novelty and in- struction, so that the prince regretted the neces- sity of sleep, and longed till the morning should renew his pleasure. As they were sitting together, the prince com- manded Imlac to relate his history, and to tell by what accident he was forced, or by what motive induced, to close his life in the Happy Valley. As he was going to begin his narrative, Rasselas was called to a concert, and obliged to restrain his curiosity till the evening. 213 ^25 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^^ yr rvij K .tu^fe-t-&jfe!S [53[S1235.5jSI£S35-SSJOyLg CHAPTER VIII. c HE close of the day is in the regions of the torrid zone the only season of diversion and entertainment, and it was therefore midnight before the music ceased and the princesses retired. Ras- selas then called for his companion, and required him to begin the story of his life. " Sir," said Imlac, " my history will not be long : the life that is devoted to knowledge passes silently away, and is very little diversified by events. To talk in public, to think in solitude, to read and to hear, to inquire and answer in- quiries, is the business of a scholar. He wanders about the world without pomp or terror, and is neither known nor valued but by men like himself. " I was born in the kingdom of Goiama, at no great distance from the fountain of the Nile. My father was a wealthy merchant, who traded be- AN INDULGENT FATHER. 39 tween the inland countries of Afric and the ports of the Red Sea. He was honest, frugal, and diligent, but of mean sentiments and narrow com- prehension ; he desired only to be rich, and to conceal his riches, lest he should be spoiled by the governors of the province." " Surely," said the prince, "my father must be negligent of his charge, if any man in his domin- ions dares take that which belongs to another. Does he not know that kings are accountable for injustice permitted as well as done ? If I were emperor, not the meanest of my subjects should be oppressed with impunity. My blood boils when I am told that a merchant durst not enjoy his honest gains, for fear of losing them by the rapacity of power. Name the governor who robbed the people, that I may declare his crimes to the emperor." "Sir," said Imlac, "your ardor is the natural effect of virtue, animated by youth ; the time will come when you will acquit your father, and per- haps hear with less impatience of the governor. Oppression is, in the Abyssinian dominions, neither frequent nor tolerated ; but no form of government has yet been discovered by which cruelty can be wholly prevented. Subordination supposes power on one part, and subjection on the other ; and, if power be in the hands of men, it will sometimes be abused. The vigilance of the supreme magistrate may do much, but much 4 o RASSELAS. will still remain undone. He can never know all the crimes that are committed, and can seldom punish all that he knows." " This," said the prince, " I do not understand, but I had rather hear thee than dispute. Con- tinue thy narration." " My father," proceeded Imlac, " originally intended that I should have no other education J than such as might qualify me for commerce ; and, discovering in me great strength of memory and quickness of apprehension, often declared his hope that I should be some time the richest man in Abyssinia." " Why," said the prince, " did thy father desire the increase of his wealth, when it was already greater than he durst discover or enjoy? I am unwilling to doubt thy veracity, yet inconsisten- cies cannot both be true." "Inconsistencies," answered Imlac, "cannot both be right, but, imputed to man, they may both be true. Yet diversity is not inconsistency. My father might expect a time of great security. However, some desire is necessary to keep life in motion, and he whose real wants are supplied, must admit those of fancy." "This," said the prince, "I can in some measure conceive. I repent that I interrupted thee." "With this hope," proceeded Imlac, "he sent me to school ; but when I had once found the JMLACS TRAVELS. 41 delight of knowledge and felt the pleasure of intelligence and the pride of invention, I began silently to despise riches, and determined to dis- appoint the purpose of my father, whose grossness of conception raised my pity. I was twenty years old before his tenderness would expose me to the fatigue of travel, in which time I had been in- structed by successive masters in all the literature of my native country. As every hour taught me something new, I lived in a continual course of gratifications ; but, as I advanced towards man- hood, I lost much of the reverence with which I had been used to look on my instructors, be- cause when the lesson was ended, I did not find them wiser or better than common men. " At length my father resolved to initiate me in commerce, and, opening one of his subter- ranean treasuries, counted out ten thousand O pieces of gold. ' This, young man,' said he, ' is the stock with which you must negotiate. I began with less than the fifth part, and you see how diligence and parsimony have increased it. This is your own to waste or to improve. If you squander it by negligence or caprice, you must wait for my death before you will be rich ; if, in four years, you double your stock, we will hence- forward let subordination cease, and live together as friends and partners ; for he shall always be equal with me, who is equally skilled in the art of growing rich.' 42 RASSELAS. 4 " We laid our money upon camels, concealed in bales of cheap goods, and travelled to the shore of the Red Sea. When I cast my eye on the expanse of waters, my heart bounded like that of a prisoner escaped. I felt an inextinguishable curiosity kindled in my mind, and resolved to snatch this opportunity of seeing the manners of other nations, and of learning sciences unknown in Abyssinia. " I remembered that my father had obliged me to the improvement of my stock, not by a prom- ise which I ought not to violate, but by a penalty which I was at liberty to incur ; and therefore determined to gratify my predominant desire, and by drinking at the fountains of knowledge, to quench the thirst of curiosity. " As I was supposed to trade without connec- tion with my father, it was easy for me to become acquainted with the master of a ship, and procure a passage to some other country. I had no motives of choice to regulate my voyage ; it was sufficient for me that, wherever I wandered, I should see a country which I had not seen before. I therefore entered a ship bound for Surat, having left a letter for my father, declaring my intention." CHAPTER IX. , THE HISTORY OF IMLAC CONTINUED. HEN I first entered upon the world of waters and lost sight of land, I looked round about me with pleasing terror, and thinking my soul enlarged by the boundless prospect, imagined that I could gaze round forever without satiety; but, in a short time, I grew weary of looking on barren uni- formity, where I could only see again what I had already seen. I then descended into the ship, and doubted for a while whether all my future pleasures would not end like this in disgust and disappointment. Yet, surely, said I, the ocean and the land are very different ; the only variety of water is rest and motion, but the earth has moun- tains and valleys, deserts and cities; it is in- habited by men of different customs and contrary opinions ; and I may hope to find variety in life, though I should miss it in Nature. "With this thought I quieted my mind, and amused myself during the voyage, sometimes by f 44 RASSELAS. learning from the sailors the art of navigation, which I have never practised, and sometimes by forming schemes for my conduct in different situations, in not one of which I have been ever placed. " I was almost weary of my naval amusements when we landed safely at Surat. I secured my money, and, purchasing some commodities for show, joined myself to a caravan that was passing into the inland country. My companions, for some reason or other conjecturing that I was rich and, by my inquiries and admiration, find- ing that I was ignorant, considered me as a novice whom they had a right to cheat, and who was to learn at the usual expense the art of fraud. They exposed me to the thefts of servants and the exaction of officers, and saw me plundered upon false pretences, without any advantage to themselves but that of rejoicing in the superiority of their own knowledge." " Stop a moment," said the prince. " Is there such depravity in man, as that he should injure another without benefit to himself ? I can easily conceive that all are pleased with superiority ; but your ignorance was merely accidental, which, be- ing neither your crime nor your folly, could afford them no reason to applaud themselves ; and the knowledge which they had and which you wanted, they might as effectually have shown by warning as betraying you." MEAN PRIDE. 45 "Pride," said Imlac, "is seldom delicate, it will please itself with very mean advantages ; and envy feels not its own happiness, but when it may be compared with the misery of others. ^TrTey were my enemies because they grieved to think me rich, and my oppressors because they de- lighted to find me weak." " Proceed," said the prince ; " I doubt not of the facts which you relate, but imagine that you impute them to mistaken motives." " In this company," said Imlac, " I arrived at Agra, the capital of Indostan, the city in which the great Mogul commonly resides. I applied O myself to the language of the country, and in a few months was able to converse with the learned men, some of whom I found morose and reserved, and others easy and communicative ; some were unwilling to teach another what they had with difficulty learned themselves ; and some showed that the end of their studies was to gain the dig- nity of instructing. "To the tutor of the young princes I recom- mended myself so much, that I was presented to the emperor as a man of uncommon knowledge. The emperor asked me many questions concern- ing my country and my travels ; and though I cannot now recollect anything that he uttered above the power of a common man, he dismissed me astonished at his wisdom, and enamored of his goodness. 46 RASSELAS. " My credit was now so high that the mer- chants with whom I had travelled applied to me for recommendations to the ladies of the court. I was surprised at their confidence of solicitation, and gently reproached them with their practices on the road. They heard me with cool indiffer- ence, and showed no tokens of shame or sorrow. " They then urged their request with the offer of a bribe ; but what I would not do for kindness, I would not do for money, and refused them, not because they had injured me, but because I would not enable them to injure others ; for I knew they would have made use of my credit to cheat those who should buy their wares. " Having resided at Agra till there was no T««i*»«/ , "rnore to be learned, I travelled into Persia, where I saw many remains of ancient magnificence, and observed many new accommodations of life. The Persians are a nation eminently social, and their assemblies afforded me daily opportunities of re- marking characters and manners, and of tracing human nature through all its variations. " From Persia I passed into Arabia, where I saw a nation at once pastoral and warlike, who live without any settled habitation, whose only wealth is their flocks and herds, and who have yet carried on through all ages an hereditary war with all mankind, though they neither covet nor envy their possessions." . CHAPTER X. LMLAC'S HISTORY CONTINUED. A DISSERTATION UPON POETRY. HEREVER I went, I found that poetry was considered as the highest learn- ing, and regarded with a veneration somewhat approaching to that which man would pay to the Angelic Nature. And yet it fills me with wonder that, in almost all coun- tries, the most ancient poets are considered as the best, — whether it be that every other kind of knowledge is an acquisition gradually attained, and poetry is a gift conferred at once ; or that the first poetry of every nation surprised them as a novelty, and retained the credit by consent which it received by accident at first ; or whether, as the province of poetry is to describe N_ature and passion which are always the same, the first writers took possession of the most striking objects for description and the most probable occurrences for fiction, and left nothing to those that followed them but transcription of the same events and new combinations of the same images. Whatever 48 RASSELAS. be the reason, it is commonly observed that the early writers are in possession of Nature, and their followers of art ; that the first excel in strength and invention, and the latter in elegance and refinement. " I was desirous to add my name to this illus- trious fraternity. I read all the poets of Persia and Arabia, and was able to repeat by memory the volumes that are suspended in the mosque of Mecca ; but I soon found that no man was ever great by imitation. My desire" Of excellence 1111- pelled me to transfer my attention to Nature and to life. Nature was to be my subject, and men to be my auditors ; I could never describe what I had not seeri ; I could not hope to move those with delight or terror whose interests and opinions I did not understand. " Being now resolved to be a poet, I saw every- thing with a new purpose ; my sphere of attention was suddenly magnified ; no kind of knowledge was to be overlooked. I ranged the mountains and deserts for images and resemblances, and pictured upon my mind every tree of the forest and flower of the valley. I observed with equal care the crags of the rock and the pinnacles of the palace. Sometimes I wandered along the mazes of the rivulet, and sometimes watched the changes of the summer clouds. To a poet noth- ing can be useless. Whatever is beautiful, and whatever is dreadful, must be familiar to his im- THE POET. 49 agination ; he must be conversant with all that is awfully vast or elegantly little. The plants of the garden, the animals of the wood, the minerals of the earth, and meteors of the sky, must all concur to store his mind with inexhaustible variety ; for every idea is useful for the enforcement or deco- ration of moral or religious truth ; and he who knows most will have most power of diversifying his scenes, and of gratifying his reader with re- mote allusions and unexpected instruction. " All the appearances of Nature I was therefore careful to study ; and every country which I have surveyed has contributed something to my poetical powers." " In so wide a survey," said the prince, " you must surely have left much unobserved. I have lived till now within the circuit of these moun- tains, and yet cannot walk abroad without the sight of something which I had never beheld before, or never heeded." "The business of a poet," said Imlac, "is to examine not the individual, but the species, to remark general properties and large appearances ; he does not number the streaks of the tulip, or describe the different shades in the verdure of the forest. He is to exhibit in his portraits of Nature such prominent and striking features as recall the original to every mini, and must neglect the minuter d ; "^nminations — which one may have remarked, and another have neglected — for those 4 50 RASSELAS. characteristics which are alike obvious to vigilance and carelessness. " But the knowledge of Nature is only half the task of a poet ; he must be acquainted likewise with all the modes of life. His character requires that he estimate the happiness and misery of every condition, observe the power of all the passions in all their combinations, and trace the changes of the human mind as they are modified by various institutions and accidental influences of climate or custom, from the sprightliness of infancy to the despondence of decrepitude. He must divest himself of the prejudices of his age or country ; he must consider right and wrong in their ab- stracted and invariable state ; he must disregard present laws and opinions, and rise to general and ^transcendental truths, which will always be the same ; he must, therefore, content himself with the slow progress of his name, contemn the ap- plause of his own time, and commit his claims to the justice of posterity. He must write as the in- terpreter of nature and the legislator of mankind, and consider himself as presiding over the thoughts and manners of future generations, as a being su- perior to time and place. " His labor is not yet at an end ; he must know many languages and many sciences ; and, that his style may be worthy of his thoughts, must by incessant practice familiarize to fnoself every delicacy of speech and grace of harmon^." CHAPTER XI. IMLAC'S ^N ARRATIVE CONTINUED. A HINT ON PILGRIMAGE. JMLAC now felt the enthusiastic fit, and was proceeding to aggrandize his own profession, when the prince cried out, " Enough ! thou hast convinced me that no human being can ever be a poet. Pro- ceed with thy narration." "To be a poet," said Imlac, "is indeed very difficult." " So difficult," returned the prince, " that I will at present hear no more of his labors. Tell me whither you went when you had seen Persia." " From Persia," said the poet, " I travelled through Syria, and for three years resided in Palestine, where I conversed with great numbers of the northern and western nations of Europe, — the nations which are now in possession of all power and all knowledge, whose armies are irre- sistible, and whose fleets command the remotest parts of the globe. When I compared these men P^ 5 2 RASSELAS. with the natives of our own kingdom, and those that surround us, they appeared almost another order of beings. In their countries it is difficult to wish for anything that may not be obtained ; a thousand arts of which we never heard, are con- tinually laboring for their convenience and pleas- ure ; and whatever their own climate has denied them, is supplied by their commerce." " By what means," said the prince, " are the Europeans thus powerful ; or why, since they can so easily visit Asia and Africa for trade or con- quest, cannot the Asiatics and Africans invade their coasts, plant colonies in their ports, and give laws to their natural princes? The same wind that carries them back would bring us thither." "They are more powerful, sir, than we," an- swered Imlac, " because they are wiser. Knowl- edg e will always pred ominate over ignorance, as man governs the other animals. But why their knowledge is more than ours, I know not what reason can be given but the unsearchable will of he Supreme "Being." " When," said the prince, with a sigh, " shall 1 be able to visit Palestine, and mingle with this mighty confluence of nations? Till that happy moment shall arrive, let me fill up the time with such representations as thou canst give me. I am not ignorant of the motive that assembles such numbers in that place, and cannot but con- sider it as the centre of wisdom and piety, to THE EUROPEANS. 53 which the best and wisest men of every land must be continually resorting." " There are some nations," said Imlac, " that send few visitants to Palestine ; for many numer- ous and learned sects in Europe concur to censure pilgrimage as superstitious, or deride it as ri- diculous." " You know," said the prince, " how little my life has made me acquainted with diversity of opinions. It will be too long to hear the argu- ments on both sides ; you that have considered them tell me the result." " Pilgrimage," said Imlac, " like many other acts of piety, may be reasonable or superstitious according to the principles upon which it is per- formed. Long journeys in search of truth are not commanded. Truth, such as is necessary to \ the regulation of life7"is~al\vays found where it is honestly sought. Change of place is no natural cause of the increase of piety, for it inevitably produces dissipation of mind. Yet, since men go every day to view the fields where great actions have been performed, and return with stronger impressions of the event, curiosity of the same kind may naturally dispose us to view that coun- try whence our religion had its beginning ; and I believe no man surveys those awful scenes with- out some confirmation of holy resolutions. That the Supreme Being may be more easily propitiated in one place than in another, is the dream of 54 RASSELAS. idle superstition ; but that some places may ope-g rate upon our own minds in an uncommon man- i ner, is an opinion which hourly experience will justify. He who supposes that his vices may be more successfully combated in Palestine, will, perhaps, find himself mistaken ; yet he may go thither without folly : he who thinks they will be more freely pardoned, dishonors at once his rea- son and religion." " These," said the prince, " are European dis- tinctions. I will consider them another time. What have you found to be the effect of knowl- edge? Are those nations happier than we? " "There is so much infelicity," said the poet, " in the world that scarce any man has leisure from his own distresses to estimate the compara- . tive happiness of others. Knowledge is certainly one of the means of pleasure, as is confessed by the natural desire which every mind feels of in- creasing its ideas. Ignorance is mere privation by which nothing can be produced ; it is a vacuity in which the soul sits motionless and torpid for want of attraction ; and^without knowing why, we always rejoice when we learn, and grieve when we forget. I am therefore inclined to conclude, that if nothing counteracts the natural conse- quence of learning, we grow more happy as our minds take a wider range. "In enumerating the particular comforts of life, we shall find many advantages on the side of RELATIVE HAPPINESS. 55 the Europeans. They cure wounds and diseases with which we languish and perish. We suffer inclemencies of weather which they can obviate. They have engines for the despatch of many laborious works, which we must perform by manual industry. There is such communication between distant places that one friend can hardly be said to be absent from another. Their policy removes all public inconveniences : they have roads cut through their mountains, and bridges laid upon their rivers. And, if we descend to the privacies of life, their habitations are more commodious, and their possessions are more secure." " They are surely happy," said the prince, " who have all these conveniences, of which I envy none so much as the facility with which separated friends interchange their thoughts." "The Europeans," answered Imlac, "are less unhappy than we, but they are not happy. Hu- man life is everywhere a state in which much is to be endured, and little to be enjoyed." » •■'• CHAPTER XII. THE STORY OF IMLAC CONTINUED. | AM not yet willing," said the prince, " to suppose that happiness is so parsimoniously distributed to mortals ; nor can believe but that] if I had the choice of life, I should be able to fill every day with pleasure. I would injure no man, and should provoke no resentment. I would relieve every dis- tress and should enjoy the benedictions of grati- tude. I would choose my friends among the wise, and my wife among the virtuous, and therefore should be in no danger from treachery or unkind- ness. My children should, by my care, be learned and pious, and would repay to my age what their childhood had received. What would dare to molest him who might call on every side to thousands enriched by his bounty, or assisted by his power? And why should not life glide quietly away in the soft reciprocation of protection and reverence? All this may be done without the help of European refinements, which appear by IMLACS TRAVELS. 57 their effects to be rather specious than useful. Let us leave them and pursue our journey." " From Palestine," said Imlac, " I passed 1/ through many regions of Asia, in the more civi- lized kingdoms as a trader, and among the bar- barians of the mountains as a pilgrim. At last I began to long for my native country, that I might repose after my travels and fatigues in the places where I had spent my earliest years, and gladden my old companions with the recital of my ad- ventures. Often did I figure to myself those with whom I had sported away the gay hours of dawn- ing life, sitting round me in its evening, wonder- ing at my tales, and listening to my counsels. "When this thought had taken possession of my mind, I considered every moment as wasted which did not bring me nearer to Abyssinia. I hastened into Egypt, and, notwithstanding my impatience, was detained ten months in the con- templation of its ancient magnificence, and in inquiries after the remains of its ancient learning. I found in Cairo a mixture of all nations, — some brought thither by the love of knowledge, some by the hope of gain, and many by the desire of living after their own manner without observation, and of lying hid in the obscurity of multitudes ; for in a city populous as Cairo, it is possible to obtain at the same time the gratifications of society and the secrecy of solitude. " From Cairo I travelled to Suez, and embarked 58 RASSELAS. on the Red Sea, passing along the coast till I ar- rived at the port from which I had departed twenty years before. Here I joined myself to a caravan, and re-entered my native country. " I now expected the caresses of my kinsmen and the congratulations of my friends, and was not without hope that my father, whatever value he had set upon riches, would own with gladness and pride a son who was able to add to the felicity and honor of the nation. But I was soon convinced that my thoughts were vain. My father had been dead fourteen years, having divided his wealth among my brothers, who were removed to some other provinces. Of my companions the greater part was in the grave ; of the rest, some could with difficulty remember me, and some I considered me as one corrupted by foreign •manners. " A man used to vicissitudes is not easily de- jected. I forgot, after a time, my disappointment, and endeavored to recommend myself to the nobles of the kingdom ; they admitted me to their tables, heard my story and dismissed me. I opened a school, and was prohibited to teach. I then resolved to sit down in the quiet of do- mestic life, and addressed a lady that was fond of my conversation but rejected my suit because my father was a merchant. " Wearied at last with solicitation and repulses, I resolved to hide myself forever from the world, MEDITATED ESCAPE. 59 and depend no longer on the opinion and caprice of others. I waited for the time when the gate of the Happy Valley should open, that I might bid farewell to hope and fear ; the day came ; my performance was distinguished with favor, and I resigned myself with joy to perpetual con- finement." "Hast thou here found happiness at last?" said Rasselas. " Tell me without reserve ; art thou content with thy condition, or dost thou wish to be again wandering and inquiring ? All the inhabitants of this Valley celebrate their lot, and, at the annual visit of the emperor, invite others to partake of their felicity." " Great prince," said Imlac, " I shall speak the truth. I know not one of all your attendants who does not lament the hour when he entered this retreat. I am less unhappy than the rest, because I have a mind replete with images, which I can vary and combine at pleasure. I can amuse my solitude by the renovation of the knowledge which begins to fade from my memory, and by recollec- tion of the incidents of my past life. Yet all this ends in the sorrowful consideration that my acquirements are now useless, and that none of my pleasures can be again enjoyed. The rest, whose minds have no impression but of the present moment, are either corroded by malignant pas- sions or sit stupid in the gloom of perpetual vacancy." V 60 KASSELAS. "What passions can infest those," said the prince, "who have no rivals? We are in a place where impotence precludes malice, and where all envy is repressed by community of enjoyments." " There may be community," said Imlac, " of ] material possessions, but there can never be cora- i fnttnity of love or ol esteem. It must happen that one will please more than another. He that knows himself despised will always be envious, and still more envious and malevolent, if he is condemned to live in the presence of those who despise him. The invitations by which they allure others to a state which they feel to be wretched, proceed from the natural malignity of hopeless misery. They are weary of themselves and of each other, and expect to find relief in new companions. They envy the liberty which their folly has for- feited, and would gladly see all mankind impris- oned like themselves. " From this crime, however, I am wholly free. No man can say that he is wretched by my per- suasion. I look with pity on the crowds who are annually soliciting admission to captivity, and wish that it were lawful for me to warn them of their danger." " My dear Imlac," said the prince, " I will open to thee my whole heart. I have long meditated an escape from the Happy Valley. I have exam- ined the mountains on every side, but find myself insuperably barred. Teach me the way to break MEDITATED ESCAPE. 6 1 my prison ; thou shalt be the companion of my flight, the guide of my rambles, the partner of my fortune, and my sole director in the choice of life." " Sir," answered the poet, " your escape will be difficult, and, perhaps, you may soon repent your curiosity. The world, which you figure to your- self smooth and quiet as the lake in the Valley, you will find a sea foaming with tempests and boiling with whirlpools. You will be sometimes overwhelmed by the waves of violence, and some- times dashed against the rocks of treachery. Amidst wrongs and frauds, competitions and anx- ieties, vou will wish a thousand times for those seats of quiet, and willingly quit hope to be free from fear." " Do not seek to deter me from my purpose," said the prince. " I am impatient to see what thou hast seen ; and, since thou art thyself weary of the Valley, it is evident that thy former state was better than this. Whatever be the conse- quence of my experiment/I am resolved to judge with mine own eyes of the various conditions of -5" " s ~ men, and then to make deliberately my choice r of life.j) " I am afraid," said Imlac, " you are hindered by stronger restraints than my persuasions ; yet, if your determination is fixed, I do not counsel you to despair. Few things are impossible to diligence and skill." CHAPTER XIII. RASSELAS DISCOVERS THE MEANS OF ESCAPE. OU HE prince now dismissed his favorite to rest, but the narrative of wonders and novelties filled his mind with perturba- tion. He, revolved all that he had heard, and prepared innumerable questions for the morning. Much of his uneasiness was now removed. He had a friend to whom he could impart his thoughts, and whose experience could assist him in his de- signs. His heart was no longer condemned to swell with silent vexation. He thought that even the Happy Valley might be endured with such a companion ; and that, if they could range the world together, he should have nothing further to desire. In a few days the water was discharged and the ground dried. The prince and Imlac then walked out together to converse without the notice of the AT WORK. 6 6 rest. The prince, whose thoughts were always on the wing, as he passed by the gate, said with a countenance of sorrow, " Why art thou so strong, and why is man so weak? " "Man is not weak," answered his companion;. "knowledge is more than equivalent to force. The master of mechanics laughs at strength. V can burst the gate, but cannot do it secretly. Some other expedient must be tried." As they were walking on the side of the moun- tain, they observed that the conies, which the rain had driven from their burrows, had taken shelter among the bushes, and formed holes behind them, tending upwards in an oblique line. " It has been the opinion of antiquity," said Imlac, " that hu- man reason borrowed many arts from the instinct of animals ; let us, therefore, not think ourselves degraded by learning from the cony. We may escape by piercing the mountain in the same di- rection. We will begin where the summit hangs ^ over the middle part, and labor upwards till we issue up beyond the prominence." The eyes of the prince, when he heard this pro- posal, sparkled with joy. The execution was easy, and the success certain. No time was now lost. They hastened early in the morning to choose a place proper for their mine. They clambered with great fatigue among crags and brambles, and returned without having discovered any part that favored their design. vX I 64 RASSELAS. The second and the third day were spent in the same manner, and with the same frustration. But, on the fourth, they found a small cavern, con- cealed by a thicket, where they resolved to make their experiment. Imlac procured instruments proper to hew stone and remove earth, and they fell to their work on the next day with more eagerness than vigor. They were presently exhausted by their efforts, and sat down to pant upon the grass. The prince for a moment appeared to be discouraged. " Sir," said his companion, "practice will enable us to continue our labor for a longer time ; mark, how- ever, how far we have advanced, and you will find that our toil will some time have an end. Great works are performed, not by strength, but pex=. severance. Yonder palace was raised by single stones, yet you see its height and spaciousness. He that shall walk with vigor three hours a day, will pass in seven years a space equal to the cir- cumference of the globe." They returned to their work day after day; and, in a short time, found a fissure in the rock, which enabled them to pass far with very little obstruction. This Rasselas considered as a good omen. " Do not disturb your mind," said Imlac, "with other hopes or fears than reason may sug- gest : if you are pleased with prognostics of good, you will be terrified likewise with tokens of evil, and your whole life will be a prey to superstition. AT WORK. 65 Whatever facilitates our work is more than an omen ; it is a cause of success. This is one of those pleasing surprises which often happen to active resolution. Many things difficult to design prove easy to performance." CHAPTER XIV. O RASSELAS AND IMLAC RECEIVE AN UNEXPECTED VISIT. HEY had now wrought their way to the middle, and solaced their toil with the approach of liberty, when the prince, coming down to refresh him- self with air, found his sister Nekayah standing before the mouth of the cavity. He started and stood confused, afraid to tell his design, and yet hopeless to conceal it. A few moments deter- mined him to repose on her fidelity, and secure her secrecy by a declaration without reserve. "Do not imagine," said the princess, " that I came hither as a spy. I had long observed from my window that you and Imlac directed your walk every day towards the same point ; but I did not suppose you had any better reason for the preference than a cooler shade, or more fragrant bank, nor followed you with any other design AN UNEXPECTED VISIT. 67 than to partake of your conversation. Since, then, not suspicion but fondness has detected you, let me not lose the advantage of my discovery. I am equally weary of confinement with yourself, and not less desirous of knowing what is done or suffered in the world. Permit me to fly with you from this tastel ess tranqu illity, which will yet grow more loathsome when you have left .me. You may deny me to accompany you, but cannot hin- der me from following." The prince, who loved Nekayah above his other sisters, had no inclination to refuse her re- uj P quest, and grieved that he had lost an opportunity of showing his confidence by a voluntary com- munication. It was therefore agreed that she should leave the valley with them ; and that, in the mean time, she should watch lest any other straggler should, by chance or curiosity, follow them to the mountain. At length their labor was at an end \ they saw light beyond the prominence, and, issuing to the top of the mountain, beheld the Nile, yet a nar- row current, wandering beneath them. The prince looked round with rapture, antici- pated all the pleasures of travel, and in thought was already transported beyond his father's domin- ions. Imlac, though very joyful at his escape, had less expectation of pleasure in the world, which he had before tried, and of which he had been weary. 68 RASSELAS. Rasselas was so much delighted with a wider horizon, thaT~ne could not soon be persuaded to return into the Valley. He informed his sister that the way was open, and that nothing now re- mained but to prepare for their departure. CHAPTER XV. THE PRINCE AND PRINCESS LEAVE THE VALLEY, AND SEE MANY WONDERS. |]HE prince and princess had jewels sufficient to make them rich when- ever they came into a place of com- merce, which, by Imlac's direction, they might hide in their clothes ; and, on the night of the next full moon, all left the Valley. V The princess was followed only by a single favor- ite, who did not know whither she was going. They clambered through the cavity, and began to go down on the other side. The princess and her maid turned their eyes towards every part, and seeing nothing to bound their prospect, con- sidered themselves as in danger of being lost in a dreary vacuity. They stopped and trembled. " I am almost afraid," said the princess, " to be- gin a journey of which I cannot perceive an end, and to venture into this immense plain, where I may be approached on every side by men whom 70 KASSELAS. I never saw." The prince felt nearly the same emotions, though he thought it more manly to conceal them. Imlac smiled at their terrors, and encouraged them to proceed ; but the princess continued irresolute till she had been imperceptibly drawn forward too far to return. In the morning they found some shepherds in the field, who set milk and fruits before them. The princess wondered that she did not see a palace ready for her reception, and a table spread with delicacies ; but, being faint and hungry, she drank the milk and ate the fruits, and thought them of a higher flavor than the products of the Valley. They travelled forward by easy journeys, being all unaccustomed to toil or difficulty, and know- ing that, though they might be missed, they could not be pursued. In a few days they came into a more populous region, where Imlac was diverted Jkwith the admiration which his companions ex- pressed at the diversity of manners, stations, and employments. Their dress was such as might not bring upon them the suspicion of having anything to conceal ; yet the prince, wherever he came, expected to be J obeyed, and the princess was frightened, because those that came into her presence did not pros- trate themselves before her. Imlac was forced to observe them with great vigilance, lest they should betray their rank by their unusual behavior, and QUITTING THE VALLEY. 7 1 detained them several weeks in the first village, to accustom them to the sight of common mortals. By degrees the royal wanderers were taught to understand that they had for a time laid aside their dignity, and were to expect only such regard as liberality and courtesy could procure. And Imlac having, by many admonitions, prepared them to endure the tumults of a port, and the ruggedness of the commercial race, brought them down to the sea coast. The prince and his sister, to whom everything was new, were gratified equally at all places, and therefore remained for some months at the port without any inclination to pass further. Imlac was content with their stay, because he did not think it safe to expose them, unpractised in the world, to the hazards of a foreign country. At last he began to fear lest they should be discovered, and proposed to fix a day for their departure. They had no pretensions to judge for themselves, and referred the whole scheme to his direction. He therefore took passage in a ship to Suez ; and, when the time came, with great difficulty prevailed on the princess to enter the vessel. They had a quick and prosperous voy- age ; and from Suez travelled by land to Cairo. CHAPTER XVI. THEY ENTER CAIRO AND FIND EVERY MAN HAPPY. j^S they approached the city, which rilled the strangers with astonishment, "This," said Imlac to the prince, "is the place where travellers and mer- chants assemble from all the comers of the earth. You will here find men of every character and every occupation. Commerce is here honorable ; I will act as a merchant, and you shall live as P strangers who have no other end of travel than curiosity. It will soon be observed that we are rich ; our reputation will procure us access to all whom we shall desire to know ; you will see all the conditions of humanity, and enable yourself at leisure to make your choice of life." They now entered the town, stunned by the Q vse and offended by the crowd. Instruction had not yet so prevailed over habit, but that they wondered to see themselves pass undistinguished along the street, and met by the lowest of the people, without reverence or notice. The prin- AT CAIRO. 73 cess could not at first bear the thought of being levelled with the vulgar, and for some days con- tinued in her chamber, where she was served by her favorite Pekuah as in the palace of the Valley. Imlac, who understood traffic, sold part of the jewels the next day, and hired a house, which he adorned with such magnificence that he was im- mediately considered as a merchant of great wealth. His politeness attracted many acquaint- ance, and his generosity made him courted by many dependants. His table was crowded by men of every nation, who all admired his knowl- edge and solicited his favor. His companions not being able to mix in the conversation, could make no discovery of their ignorance or surprise, and were gradually initiated in the world as they gained knowledge of the language. The prince had, by frequent lectures, been taught the use and nature of money ; but the ladies could not for a long time comprehend what the merchants did with small pieces of gold and silver, or why things of so little use should be received as equivalent to the necessaries of life. They studied the language two years, while Imlac C was preparing to set before them the various ranks and conditions of mankind. He grew acquain with all who had anything uncommon in their fortune or conduct. He frequented the volup- tuous and the frugal, the idle and the busy, the merchants and the men of learning. 74 RASSELAS. The prince being now able to converse with fluency, and having learned the caution necessary to be observed in his intercourse with strangers, began to accompany Imlac to places of resort, and to enter into all assemblies, that he might make his choice of life. For some time he thought choice needless, because all appeared to him equally happy. Wherever he went he met gayety and kindness, and heard the song of joy or the laugh of care- lessness. He began to believe that the world overflowed with universal plenty, and that nothing was withheld either from want or merit ; that every hand showered liberality, and every heart melted with benevolence : " And who then," said he, "will be suffered to be wretched?" Imlac permitted the pleasing delusion, and was unwilling to crush the hope of inexperience, till one day, having sat awhile silent, " I know not," said the prince, " what can be the reason that I am more unhappy than any of our friends. I see them perpetually and unalterably cheerful, but feel my own mind restless and uneasy. I am un- I satisfied with those pleasures which I seem most to court. I live in the crowds of jollity, not so much to enjoy company as to shun myself, and am only loud and merry to conceal my sadness." " Every man," said Imlac, " may, by examining his own mind, guess what passes in the minds of others. When you feel that your own gayety is AT CAIRO. 75 L counterfeit, it may justly lead you to suspect that of your companions not to be sincere. Envy is commonly reciprocal. We are long before we are convinced that happiness is never to be found, and each believes it possessed by others to keep alive the hope of obtaining it for himself. In the assembly where you passed the last night, there appeared such sprightliness of air and volatility of fancy as might have suited beings of a higher order, formed to inhabit serener regions inacces- sible to care or sorrow ; yet believe me, prince, there was not one who did not dread the moment when solitude should deliver him to the tyranny of reflection." " This," said the prince, " may be true of others, since it is true of me ; yet whatever be the general infelicity of man, one condition is more happy than another, and wisdom surely directs us to take the least evil in the choice of life." " The causes of good and evil," answered Imlac, " are so various and uncertain, so often entangled with each other, so diversified by various relations, and so much subject to accidents which cannot be foreseen, that he who would fix his condition upon incontestable reasons of preference must live and die inquiring and deliberating." " But surely," said Rasselas, " the wise men, to whom we listen with reverence and wonder, chose that mode of life for themselves which they thought most likely to make them happy." 76 RASSELAS. "Very few," said the poet, "live by choice. Every man is placed in his present condition by causes which acted without his foresight, and with which he did not always willingly co-operate ; and therefore you will rarely meet one who does not think the lot of his neighbor better than his own." "" I am pleased to think," said the prince, " that my birth has given me at least one advantage over others, by enabling me to determine for myself. I have here the world before me ; I will review it f) at leisure : surely happiness is somewhere to be X r found." CHAPTER XVII. THE PRINCE ASSOCIATES WITH YOUNG MEN OF SPIRIT AND GAYETY. ASSELAS rose next day, and resolved to begin his experiments upon life. " Youth," cried he, " is the time of gladness : I will join myself to the young men, whose only business is to gratify their 4-' desires, and whose time is all spent in a succes- sion of enjoyments." To such societies he was readily admitted ; but a few days brought him back weary and disgusted. Their mirth was without images ; their laughter without motive ; their pleasures were gross and sensual, in which the mind had no part; their conduct was at once wild and mean ; they laughed at order and at law, but the frown of power de- jected, and the eye of wisdom abashed them. The prince soon concluded that he should never be happy in a course of life of which he was ashamed. He thought it unsuitable to a rea- / 78 RASSELAS. sonable being to act without a plan, and to be sad or cheerful only by chance. " Happiness," said he, " must be something solid and permanent, without fear and without uncertainty." But his young companions had gained so much of his regard by their frankness and courtesy, that he could not leave them without warning and re- monstrance. " My friends," said he, " I have seriously considered our manners and our pros- pects, and find that we have mistaken our own interest. The first years of man must make pro- vision for the last. He that never thinks never can be wise. Perpetual levity must end in igno- rance ; and intemperance, though it may fire the spirits for an hour, will make life short or miser- able. Let us consider that youth is of no long duration, and that in maturer age, when the en- chantments of fancy shall cease, and phantoms of delight dance no more about us, we shall have no comforts but the esteem of wise men, and the means of doing good. Let us, therefore, stop, while to stop is in our power. Let us live as men who are some time to grow old, and to whom it will be the most dreadful of all evils to count their past years by follies, and to be reminded of their former luxuriance of health only by the maladies which riot has produced." They stared awhile in silence one upon another, and at last drove him away by a general chorus of continued laughter. PURSUES HIS SEARCH. 79 The consciousness that his sentiments were just and his intentions kind, was scarcely sufficient to support him against the horror of derision. But he recovered his tranquillity, and pursued his search. <**& CHAPTER XVIII. P THE PRINCE FINDS A WISE AND HAPPY MAN. ^S he was one day walking in the street, he saw a spacious building, which all were, by the open doors, invited to enter. He followed the stream of people, and found it a hall or school of declama- tion, in which professors read lectures to their auditory. He fixed his eye upon a sage raised above the rest, who discoursed with great energy on the government of the passions. His look was venerable, his action graceful, his pronuncia- tion clear, and his diction elegant. He showed, with great strength of sentiment and variety of illustration, that human nature is degraded and debased when the lower faculties predominate over the higher; t hat w JafiJLfancy^ the parent- of passion, usurps the dominion of the mind noth- ing ensues but the natural effect of unlawful gov- ernment, perturbation and confusion ; that she betrays the fortresses of the intellect to rebels, A PHILOSOPHER. 8 1 and excites her children to sedition against rea- son, their lawful sovereign. H£_cornpared reason to the sun, of which the light is constant, uniform, and lasting ; and fancy to a meteor, of bright but transitory lustre, irregular in its motion, and delu- sive in its direction. He then communicated the various precepts given from time to time for the conquest of pas- sion, and displayed the happiness of those who had obtained the important victory, after which man is no longer the slave of fear, nor the fool of hope ; is no more emaciated by envy, inflamed by anger, emasculated by tenderness, or depressed by grief; but walks on calmly through the tumults or privacies of life, as the sun pursues alike his course through the calm or the stormy sky. He enumerated many examples of heroes im- movable by pain or pleasure, who looked with indifference on those modes or accidents to which the vulgar give the names of good and evil. He exhorted his hearers to lay aside their prejudices, and arm themselves against the shafts of malice or misfortune, by invulnerable patience, conclud- ing, that this state only was happiness, and that this happiness was in every one's power. Rasselas listened to him with the veneration due to the instructions of a superior being, and, waiting for him at the door, humbly implored the liberty of visiting so great a master of true wis- dom. The lecturer hesitated a moment, when 6 K 82 RASSELAS. Rasselas put a purse of gold into his hand, which he received with a mixture of joy and wonder. " I have found," said the prince, at his return to Imlac, " a man who can teach all that is necessary to be known, who, from the unshaken throne of rational fortitude, looks down on the scenes of life changing beneath him. He speaks, and attention watches his lips. He reaStms, and conviction closes his periods. This man shall be my future guide. I will learn his doctrines, and imitate his life." "Be not too hasty." said Irnlac, ''to trust, or to admire, the teachers of morality ; they dis- course like angels, but they live like men." Rasselas, who could not conceive how any man could reason so forcibly without feeling the co- gency of his own arguments, paid his visit in a few days, and was denied admission. He had now learned the power of money, and made his way by a piece of gold to the inner apartment, where he found the philosopher in a room half darkened, with his eyes misty, and his face pale. " Sir," said he, " you are come at a time when all human friendship is useless ; what I suffer cannot be remedied, what I have lost cannot be supplied. My daughter, my only daughter, from whose tenderness I expected all the comforts of my age, died last night of a fever. My views, my pur- poses, my hopes, are at an end. I am now a lonely being, disunited from society." A PHILOSOPHER. 83 " Sir," said the prince, " mortality is an event by which a wise man can never be surprised. We know that death is always near, and it should therefore always be expected." " Young man," answered the philosopher, " you speak like one that has never felt the pangs of separation." " Have you then forgot the precepts," said Rasselas, "which you so powerfully enforced? Has wisdom no strength to arm the heart against calamity? Consider that external things are naturally variable, but truth and reason are always the same." " What comfort," said the mourner, " can truth and reason afford me? Of what effect are they now, but to tell me that my daughter will not be restored? " The prince, whose humanity would not suffer him to insult misery with reproof, went away convinced of the emptiness of rhetorical sound, and the inefhcacy of polished periods and studied sentences. CHAPTER XIX. A GLIMPSE OF PASTORAL LIFE. S E was still eager upon the same inquiry ; and having heard of a hermit that lived near the lowest cataract of the Nile, and filled the whole country with the fame of his sanctity, resolved to visit his retreat, and inquire whether that felicity, which public life could not afford, was to be found in solitude ; and whether a man, whose age and virtue made him venerable, could teach any pecu- liar art of shunning evils, or enduring them ? Imlac and the princess agreed to accompany him, and, after the necessary preparations, they began their journey. Their way lay through the fields, where shepherds tended their flocks, and the lambs were playing upon the pasture. " This," said the poet, " is the life which has been often celebrated for its innocence and quiet ; let us pass the heat of the day among the shepherd's tents, and know whether all our searches are not to terminate in pastoral simplicity." PASTORAL LIFE. 85 The proposal pleased them, and they induced the shepherds, by small presents and familiar questions, to tell their opinion of their own state. They were so rude and ignorant, so little able to compare the good with the evil of the occupation, - and so indistinct in their narratives and descrip-' tions, that very little could be learned from them; But it was evident that their hearts were cankered with discontent ; that they considered themselves as condemned to labor for the luxury of the rich, and looked up with stupid malevolence towards those that were placed above them. The princess pronounced with vehemence that she would never suffer these envious savages to be her companions, and that she should not soon be desirous of seeing any more specimens of rustic happiness ; but could not believe that all the ac- counts of primeval pleasures were fabulous ; and was yet in doubt whether life had anything that could be justly preferred to the placid gratifica- tions of fields and woods. She hoped that the time woufd come, when, with a few virtuous and elegant companions, she should gather flowers planted by her own hand, fondle the lambs of her own ewe, and listen without care, among brooks and breezes, to one of her maidens reading in the shade. R CHAPTER XX. THE DANGER OF PROSPERITY. J N the next day they continued their journey, till the heat compelled them to look round for shelter. At a small distance they saw a thick wood, which they no sooner entered than they perceived that they were approaching the habitations of men. The shrubs were diligently cut away to open walks where the shades were darkest ; the boughs of opposite trees were artificially interwoven ; seats of flowery turf were raised in vacant spaces, and a rivulet that wantoned along the side of a wind- ing path, had its banks sometimes opened into small basins, and its stream sometimes obstructed by little mounds of stone heaped together to increase its murmurs. They passed slowly through the wood, delighted with such unexpected accommodations, and en- tertained each other with conjecturing what, or who, he could be, that, in those rude and un- HOPES AND FEARS. 87 frequented regions, had leisure and heart for such harmless luxury. As they advanced they heard the sound of music, and saw youths and virgins dancing in the grove ; and going still further beheld a stately palace built upon a hill surrounded with woods. The laws of eastern hospitality allowed them to enter, and the master welcomed them like a man liberal and wealthy. He was skilful enough in appearances soon to discern that they were no common guests, and spread his table with magnificence. TJie„.eiQ- quence of Imlac caught his attention, and the lofty courtesy of the princess excited his respect. When they offered to depart he entreated their stay, and was the next day still more unwilling to dismiss them than before. They were easily per- suaded to stop, and civility grew up in time to freedom and confidence. The prince now saw all the domestics cheerful, and all the face of Nature smiling round the place, and could not forbear to hope that he should find here what he was seeking ; but when he was congratulating the master upon his pos- sessions, he answered with a sigh, " My condition has indeed the appearance of happiness, but ap- pearances are delusive. My prosperity puts my life in danger; the Bassa of Egypt is my enemy, incensed only by my wealth and popularity. I have been hitherto protected against him by the 88 RASSELAS. princes of the country ; but, as the favor of the great is uncertain, I know not how soon my de- fenders may be persuaded to share the plunder with the Bassa. I have sent my treasures into a distant country, and, upon the first alarm, am prepared to follow them. Then will my enemies riot in my mansion, and enjoy the gardens which I have planted." They all joined in lamenting his danger, and deprecating his exile ; and the princess was so much disturbed with the tumult of grief and in- dignation that she retired to her apartment. They continued with their kind inviter a few days longer, and then went forward to find the hermit. CHAPTER XXI. THE HAPPINESS OF SOLITUDE. THE HERMIT'S HISTORY. HEY came on the third day, by the di- ^ rection of the peasants, to the hermit's cell. It was a cavern in the side of a mountain, over-shadowed with palm- trees, at such a distance from the cataract that t\ nothing more was heard than a gentle uniform murmur, such as composed the mind to pensive meditation, especially when it was assisted by the wind whistling among the branches. The first rude essay of Nature had been so much improved by human labor that the cave contained several apartments appropriated to different uses, and often afforded lodging to travellers, whom dark- ness or tempests happened to overtake. The hermit sat on a bench at the door, to enjoy the coolness of the evening. On one side lay a book with pens and papers ; on the other mechanical instruments of various kinds. As 90 RASSELAS. they approached him unregarded, the princess observed that he had" not the countenance of a man that had found, or could teach the way to happiness. They saluted him with great respect, which he repaid like a man not unaccustomed to the forms of courts. " My children," said he, " if you have lost your way, you shall be willingly supplied with such conveniences for the night as this cavern will afford. I have all that Nature requires, and you will not expect delicacies in a hermit's cell." They thanked him, and entering, were pleased with the neatness and regularity of the place. The hermit set flesh and wine before them, though he fed only upon fruits and water. His discourse was cheerful without levity, and pious without enthusiasm. He soon gained the esteem of his guests, and the princess repented of her hasty censure. At last Imlac began thus : "I do not now wonder that your reputation is so far extended ; we have heard at Cairo of your wisdom, and came hither to implore your direction for this young man and maiden in the choice of life." "To him that lives well," answered the hermit, " every form of life is good ; nor can I give any other rule for choice than to remove from all apparent evil." " He will remove most certainly from evil," said the prince, " who shall devote himself to CHOICE OF LIFE. 9 1 that solitude which you have recommended by your example." " I have indeed lived fifteen years in solitude," said the hermit, " but have no desire that my ex- ample should gain any imitators. In my youth I professed arms, and was raised by degrees to the highest military rank. I have traversed wide countries at the head of my troops, and seen many battles and sieges. At last, being disgusted by the preferments of a younger officer, and feeling that my vigor was beginning to decay, I resolved to close my life in peace, having found the world full of snares, discord, and misery. I had once escaped from the pursuit of the enemy by the shelter of this cavern, and therefore chose it for my final residence. I employed artificers to form it into chambers, and stored it with all that I was likely to want. " For some time after my retreat, I rejoiced like a tempest-beaten sailor at his entrance into the harbor, being delighted with the sudden change of the noise and hurry of war to stillness and repose. When the pleasure of novelty went away, I employed my hours in examining the plants which grew in the Valley, and the minerals which I collected from the rocks. But that in- quiry is now grown tasteless and irksome. IJiave been for some time unsettled and distracted ; my mind is disturbed with a thousand perplexities of doubt, and vanities of imagination, which hourly t 92 RASSELAS. prevail upon me, because I have no opportuni- ties of relaxation or diversion. I am sometimes ashamed to think that I could not secure myself from vice, but by retiring from the exercise of virtue, and begin to suspect that I was rather im- pelled by resentment, than led by devotion, into solitude. My fancy riots in scenes of folly, and I lament that I have lest so much and have gained so little. In solitude, if I escape the example of bad men, I want likewise the counsel and conversation of the good. I have been long comparing the evils with the advantages - " oT~so- ciety, and resolved to return into the world to-morrow. The life of a solitary man wiih-fee. certainly miserable, but not certainly devout." They heard his resolution with surprise, but after a short pause offered to conduct him to Cairo. He dug up a considerable treasure which he had hid among the rocks, and accompanied them to the city, on which, as he approached it, he gazed with rapture. CHAPTER XXII. THE HAPPINESS OF A LIFE LED ACCORDING TO NATURE. jjASSELAS went often to an assembly of learned men, who met at stated times to unbend their minds, and compare their opinions. Their manners were somewhat coarse, but their conversation was in- structive, and their disputations acute, though sometimes too violent, and often continued till neither controvertist remembered upon what ques- tion they began. Some faults were almost gen- I eral among them, — every one was desirous to dictate to the rest, and every one was pleased to hear the genius or knowledge of another depreciated. In this assembly Rasselas was relating his inter- view with the hermit, and the wonder with which he heard him censure a course of life which he had so deliberately chosen, and so laudably fol- lowedT The sentiments of the hearers were va- rious. Some were of opinion that the folly of his 94 RASSELAS. choice had been justly punished by condemnation to perpetual perseverance. One of the youngest among them, with great vehemence, pronounced him a hypocrite. Some talked of the right of society to the labor of individuals, and considered retirement as a desertion of duty. Others readily allowed that there was a time when the claims of the public were satisfied, and when a man might properly sequester himself, to review his life and purify his heart. One, who appeared more affected with the narrative than the rest, thought it likely that the hermit would, in a few years, go back to his re- treat, and, perhaps, if shame did not restrain, or death intercept him, return once more from his retreat into the world. " For the hope of happi- ness," said he, " is so strongly impressed, that the longest experience is not able to efface it. Of the present state, whatever it be, we feel, and are forced to confess, the misery ; yet, when the same state is again at a distance, imagination paints it as desirable. But the time will surely come, when desire will be no longer our torment, and no man shall be wretched but by his own fault." " This," said a philosopher, who had heard him with tokens of great impatience, " is the present condition of a wise man. The time is already come, when none are wretched but by their own fault. Nothing is more idle than to inquire after happiness, which Nature has kindly placed within NATURAL LIFE. 95 our reach. The way to be happy is to live ac- cording to Nature, in obedience to that universal / and unalterable law with which every heart is ) originally impressed ; which is not written on it by precept, but engraven by destiny, not instilled by education, but infused at our nativity. He that lives according to Nature, will suffer nothing from the delusions of hope, or importunities of desire ; he will receive and reject with equability of temper; and act or suffer as the reason of things shall alternately prescribe. Other men may amuse themselves with subtle definitions, or intricate ratiocinations. Let them learn to be wise by easier means ; let them observe the hind of the forest, and the linnet of the grove ; let them consider the life of animals, whose motions are regulated by instinct ; they obey their guide, and are happy. Let us, therefore, at length cease to dispute, and learn to live ; throw away the encum- brance of precepts, which they who utter them with so much pride and pomp do not understand, and carry with us this simple and intelligible maxim, ' That deviation from Nature is deviation) from happiness.' " When he had spoken, he looked round him with a placid air, and enjoyed the consciousness of his own beneficence. " Sir," said the prince, with great modesty, " as / I, like all the rest of mankind, am desirous of/ felicity, my closest attention has been fixed upon your discourse. I doubt not the truth of a 96 RASSELAS. position which a man so learned has so confidently- advanced. Let me only know what it is to live according to Nature? " " When I find young men so humble and so docile," said the philosopher, " I can deny them no information which my studies have enabled me to afford. To live according to Nature, is to act always with due regard to the fitness arising. from the relations and qualities of causes and effects.; to concur with the great an^fcichangeable scheme of universal felicity ; to co-operate with the gen- eral disposition and tendency of the present system of things." The prince soon found that this was one of the sages whom he should understand less as he heard him longer. He therefore bowed and was silent ; and the philosopher, supposing him satisfied, and the rest vanquished, rose up and departed with the air of a man that had co-operated with the present system. t^S^T^? ^^MW&WP^^ \syjf!3m r^^w^mWt!^^' \^§F$§§ S^^^^i>4f^® CHAPTER XXIII. THE PRINCE AND fflS SISTER DIVIDE BETWEEN THEM THE WORK OF OBSERVATION. ASSELAS returned home full of reflec- tions, doubtful how to direct his future steps. Of the way to happiness he found the learned and simple equally ignorant ; but, as he was yet young, he nattered himself that he had time remaining for more ex- periments, and further inquiries. He communi- cated to Imlac his observations and his doubts, but was answered by him with new doubts, and remarks that gave him no comfort. He therefore discoursed more frequently and freely with his sister, who had yet the same hope with himself, and always assisted him to give some reason why, though he had been hitherto frustrated, he might succeed at last. " We have hitherto," said she " known but lit- tle of the world ; we have never yet been either great or mean. In our own country, though we 7 y 9 8 EASSELAS. had royalty, we had no power, and in this we have not yet seen the private recesses of domestic peace. Imlac favors not our search, lest we should in time find him mistaken. We will di- vide the task between us ; you shall try what is to \ be found in the splendor of courts, and I will range the shades of humbler life. Perhaps com- mand and authority may be the supreme blessings, asjhey afford most opportunities of doing good : or, perhaps, what this wOTd can give may be found in the modest habitations of middle for- tune, too low for great designs, and too high for penury and distress." CHAPTER XXIV. THE PRINCE EXAMINES THE HAPPINESS OF HIGH STATIONS. ASSELAS applauded the design, and appeared next day with a splendid retinue at the court of the Bassa. He was soon distinguished for his magni- ficence, and admitted, as a prince whose curiosity- had brought him from distant countries, to an intimacy with the great officers, and frequent con- versation with the Bassa himself. He was at first inclined to believe that the man must be pleased with his own condition whom all approached with reverence, and heard with obedi- ence, and who had the power to extend his edicts to a whole kingdom. " There can be no pleas- ure," said he, " equal to that of feeling at once the joy of thousands all made happy by wise ad- ministration. Yet since by the law of subordina- tion this sublime delight can be in one nation but the lot of one, it is surely reasonable to think that there is some satisfaction more popular and I OO RASSELAS. accessible, and that millions can hardly be sub- jected to the will of a single man only to fill his particular breast with incommunicable content." These thoughts were often in his mind, and he found no solution of the difficulty. But as presents and civilities gained him more familiarity, he found that almost every man who stood high in employ- ment hated all the rest, and was hated by them, and that their lives were a continual succession of plpjts and detections, stratagems and escapes, faction and treachery. Many of those who sur- rounded the Bassa were sent only to watch and report his conduct ; every tongue was muttering censure, and every eye was searching for a fault. At last the letters of revocation arrived, the Bassa was carried in chains to Constantinople, and his name was mentioned no more. " What are we now to think of the prerogatives of power," said Rasselas to his sister; "is it without any efficacy to good, or is the subordi- nate degree only dangerous, and the supreme safe and glorious? Is the Sultan the only happy man in his dominions, or is the Sultan himself subject to the torments of suspicion and the dread of enemies? " In a short time the second Bassa was deposed. The Sultan that had advanced him was murdered by the Janizaries, and his successor had other views and different favorites. * CHAPTER XXV. THE PRINCESS PURSUES HER INQUIRY WITH MORE DILIGENCE THAN SUCCESS. HE princess, in the meantime, insinu- ated herself into many families ; for there are few doors through which liberality, joined with good-humor, cannot find its way. The daughters of many houses were airy and cheerful, but Nekayah had been too long accustomed to the conversation of Imlac and her brother, to be much pleased with childish levity, and prattle which had no meaning. She found their thoughts narrow, their wishes low, and their merriment often artificial. Th eir pl eas- ures, poor as they were, could not be preserved pure, b ut were embittered by petty competitions and worthless emulation. They were always jealous of the beauty of each other ; of a quality to which solitude can add nothing, and from which detraction can take nothing away. Many were in love with triflers like themselves, and 102 HASSELAS. many fancied that they were in love, when in truth they were only idle. Their affection was not fixed on sense or virtue, and therefore seldom ended but in vexation. Their grief, however, like their joy, was transient ; everything floated in their mind unconnected with the past or future, so that one desire easily gave way to another, as a second stone cast into the water effaces and confounds the circles of the first. With these girls she played as with inoffensive animals, and found them proud of her counte- nance, and weary of her company. But her purpose was to examine more deeply, and her affability easily persuaded the hearts that were swelling with sorrow to discharge their secrets in her ear ; and those whom hope flat- tered, or prosperity delighted, often courted her to partake their pleasures. The princess and her brother commonly met in the evening in a private summer-house on the bank of the Nile, and related to each other the occurrences of the day. As they were sitting together, the princess cast her eyes upon the river that flowed before her. "Answer," said she, " great father of waters, thou that rollest thy floods through eighty nations, to the invocations of the daughter of thy native king. Tell me if thou waterest through all thy course a single habitation from which thou dost not hear the murmurs of complaint? " DISCOURSE OF THE PRINCESS. 103 " You are__thejft," — said Rasselas, " not more successful in private houses than I have been in courts." " I have, since the last partition of our pro- vinces," said the princess, " enabled myself to enter familiarly into many families, where there was the fairest show of prosperity and peace, and know not one house that is not haunted by some fury that destroys their quiet. " I did not seek ease among the poor, because I concluded that there it could not be found. But I saw many poor, whom I had supposed to live in affluence. Poverty has, in large cities, very different appearances ; it is often concealed in splendor, and often in extravagance. " It is the care of a very great part of mankind to conceal their indigence from the rest ; they support themselves by temporary expedients, and every day is lost in contriving for the morrow. " This, however, was an evil, which, though frequent, I saw with less pain, because I could relieve it. Yet some have refused my bounties, more offended with my quickness to detect their wants than pleased with my readiness to succor them ; and others, whose exigencies compelled them to admit my kindness, have never been able to forgive their benefactress. Many, however, have been sincerely grateful, without the ostentation of gratitude, or the hope of other favors." 1 1 In the original edition this chapter ends the first volume. CHAPTER XXVI. THE PRINCESS CONTINUES HER REMARKS UPON PRIVATE LIFE. V EKAYAH, perceiving her brother's at- tention fixed, proceeded in her nar- rative. "In families, where there is oris not poverty, there is commonly discord ; if a king- dom be, as Imlac tells us, a great family, a family likewise is a little kingdom, torn with factions and exposed to revolutions. An unpractised observer expects the love of parents and children to be constant and equal ; but this kindness seldom continues beyond the years of infancy. In a short time the children become rivals to their parents ; benefits are allayed by reproaches, and gratitude debased by envy. " Parents and children seldom act in concert ; each child endeavors to appropriate the esteem or fondness of the parents, and the parents, with yet less temptation, betray each other to their REMARK'S UPON PRIVATE LIFE. 1 05 children ; thus, some place their confidence in the father, and some in the mother, and by degrees 1/ the house is filled with artifices and feuds. " The opinions of children and parents, of the young and the old, are naturally opposite by the contrary effects of hope and despondence, of ex- pectation and experience, without crime or folly on either side. The colors of life in youth and age appear different, as the face of Nature in spring and winter. And how can children credit the assertions of parents, which their own eyes show them to be false? " Few parents act in such a manner as much to enforce their maxims by the credit of their lives. /The old man trusts wholly to slow contrivance and gradual progressions ; the youth expects to j force his way by genius, vigor, and precipitance. / The old man pays regard to riches, and the youth reverences virtue. The old man deifies prudence ; the youth commits himself to magnanimity and chance. The young man, who intends no ill, believes that none is intended, and therefore acts with openness and candor ; but his father, having suffered the injuries of fraud, is impelled to sus- pect, and too often allured to practise it. Age. looks with anger on the temerity of youth, and youth with contempt on the scrupulosity of age. Thus parents and children, for the greatest part^ live on to love less and less; and, if those whom nature has thus closely united are the torments of 106 RASSELAS. each other, where shall we look for tenderness and consolation?" "Surely," said the prince, "you must have been unfortunate in your choice of acquaintance. I am unwilling to believe that the most tender of all relations is thus impeded in its effects by natural necessity." " Domestic discord," answered she, " is not inevitably and fatally necessary ; but yet it is not easily avoided. We seldom see that a whole family is virtuous ; the^ good and evil cannot well agree, and the evil can yet less agre£_with one another ; even the virtuous fall sometimes to variance, when their virtues are of different kinds and tending to extremes. In general, those parents have most reverence that most deserve it ; for he that lives well cannot be despised. " Many other evils infest private life. Some- are the slaves of servants whom they have trusted with their affairs. Some are kept in continual anxiety by the caprice of rich relations, whom they cannot please and dare not offend. Some husbands are imperious, and some wives per- verse ; and, as it is always more easy to do evil than good, though the wisdom or virtue of one can very rarely make many happy/_the folly or vice of one may often make many miserable.'!) " If such be the general effect of marriage," said the prince, " I shall, for the future, think it dangerous to connect my interest with that of MARRIAGE. 107 another, lest I should be unhappy by my part- ner's fault." "I have met," said the princess, "with many who live single for that reason ; but I never found that their prudence ought to raise envy. They dream away their time without friendship, with- out fondness, and are driven to rid themselves of the day, for which they have no use, by childish amusements or vicious delights. They act as be- ings under the constant sense of some known in- feriority, that fills their minds with rancor, and their tongues with censure. They are peevish at home, and malevolent abroad ; and, as the out- laws of human nature, make it their business and their pleasure to disturb that society which debars them from its privileges. [To live without feeling or exciting sympathy, to be fortunate without add- ing to the felicity of others, or afflicted without tasting the balm of pity, is a state more gloomy than solitude ; it is not retreat, but exclusion from mankindJ 1Vj>rriap;e h^s, m?\ n Y pa'™, h"t r.elihacv has no pleasures." "What then is to be done?" said Rasselasj " the more we inquire, the less we can resolve. Surely he is most likely to please himself that has no other inclination to regard." CHAPTER XXVII. DISQUISITION UPON GREATNESS. HE conversation had a short pause. The prince, having considered his sister's observations, told her that she had surveyed life with prejudice, and supposed misery where she did not find it. " Your narrative," said he, " throws yet a darker gloom upon the prospects of futurity. The pre- dictions of Imlac were but faint sketches of the evils painted by Nekayah. I ..have been lately convinced that Quiet is not the daughter of Gran- deur or of Power ; that her presence is not to be bought by wealth, nor enforced by conquest. It I is evident that as any man acts in a wider com- pass, he must be more exposed to opposition from enmity, or miscarriage from chance. Whoever has many to please or to govern, must use the minis- try of many agents, some of whom will be wicked, and some ignorant ; by some he will be misled, and by others betrayed. If he gratifies one, he DISCONTENT. 109 will offend another; those that are not favored will think themselves injured ; and, since favors can be conferred but upon few, the greater num- ber will be always discontented." " The discontent," said the princess, " which is thus unreasonable, I hope that I shall always have spirit to despise, and you power to repress." " Discontent," answered Rasselas, " will not always be without reason under the most just and vigilant administration of public affairs. None, however attentive, can always discover that merit, which indigence or faction may happen to ob- scure ; and none, however powerful, can always reward it. Yet he that sees inferior desert ad- vanced above him, will naturally impute that preference to partiality or caprice. And, indeed, it can scarcely be hoped that any man, however magnanimous by nature, or exalted by condition, will be able to persist forever in the fixed and inexorable justice of distribution. He will some- times indulge his own affections, and sometimes those of his favorites ; he will permit some to please him who can never serve him ; he will discover in those whom he loves, qualities which in reality they do not possess ; and to those from whom he receives pleasure, he will in his turn endeavor to give it. Thus will recommenda- tions sometimes prevail which were purchased by money, or by the more destructive bribery of flattery and servility. HO RASSELAS. "He that has much to do will do something wrong," and of that wrong must suffer the conse- quences ; and if it were possible that he should always act rightly, yet when such numbers are to judge of his conduct, the bad will censure and obstruct him by malevolence, and the good some- times by mistake. "The highest stations cannot therefore hope to be the abodes of happiness, which I would willingly believe to have fled from thrones and palaces to seats of humble privacy and placid obscurity. For what can hinder the satisfaction, or intercept the expectations of him whose abili- ties are adequate to his employments, who sees with his own eyes the whole circuit of his influ- ence, who chooses by his own knowledge all whom he trusts, and whom none are tempted to deceive by hope or fear? Surely he has nothing to do but to love and to be loved, to be virtuous and to be happy." " Whether perfect happiness would be procured by perfect goodness," said Nekayah, " this world will never afford an opportunity of deciding. But this, at least, may be maintained, that we do not always find visible happiness in proportion to visible virtue. All natural, and almost all political, evils are incident alike to the bad and good j they are confounded in the misery of a famine, and not much distinguished in the fury of a faction ; they sink together in a tempest, and are driven together HAPPINESS AND GOODNESS. Ill from their country by invaders. All their virtue can afford is quietness of conscience, a steady prospect of a happier state ; this may enable us to endure calamity with patience, but remember that patience must suppose pain." CHAPTER XXVIII. RASSELAS AND NEKAYAH CONTINUE THEIR CONVERSATION. EAR princess," said Rasselas, " you fall into the common errors of exaggeratory declamation, by producing in a familiar disquisition examples of national cal- amities, and scenes of extensive misery, which are found in books rather than in the world, and which, as they are horrid, are ordained to be rare. Let us not imagine evils which we do not feel, nor injure life by misrepresentations. I cannot bear that querulous eloquence which threatens every city with a siege like that of Jerusalem, that makes famine attend on every flight of locusts, and suspends pestilence on the wing of every blast that issues from the south. " On necessary and inevitable evils, which over- whelm kingdoms at once, all disputation is vain : when they happen they must be endured. Butjt- is evident that these bursts of universal distress MARRIAGE. 1 13 are more dreaded than felt ; thousands and ten thousands^ flourish in youth, and wither in age, without the knowledge of any other than domestic evils, and share the same pleasures and vexations, whether their kings are mild or cruel, whether the armies of their country pursue their enemies or retreat before them. While courts are disturbed with intestine competitions, and ambassadors are negotiating in foreign countries, the smith still plies his anvil, and the husbandman drives his plough forward ; the necessaries of life are re- quired and obtained ; and the successive business of the seasons continues to make its wonted revolutions. " Let us cease to consider what, perhaps, may ! never happen, and what, when it shall happen, j will laugh at human speculation. We will not endeavor to modify the motions of the elements, or to fix the destiny of kingdoms. It is our business to consider what beings like us may perform ; each laboring for his own happiness, by promoting within his circle, however narrow, the happiness of others. " Marriage is evidently the dictate of Nature ; men arid 'women are made to be companions of each-other, and therefore I cannot be per- suaded but that marriage is one of the means of happiness." " I know not," said the princess, " whether mar- riage be more than one of the innumerable modes 8 114 RASSELAS. of human misery. When I see and reckon the various forms of connubial infelicity, the unex- pected causes of lasting discord, the diversities of temper, the oppositions of opinion, the rude col- lisions of contrary desire where both are urged by violent impulses, the obstinate contests of disagree- able virtues where both are supported by conscious- ness of good intention, I am sometimes disposed to think with the severer casuists of most nations, that marriage is rather permitted than approved, arid that none, but by the instigation of a passion too much indulged, entangle themselves with indissoluble compacts." " You seem to forget," replied Rasselas, " that you have, even now, represented celibacy as less happy than marriage. Both conditions may be bad, but they cannot both be worst. Thus it happens when wrong opinions are entertained, that they mutually destroy each other, and leave the mind open to truth." " I did not expect," answered the princess, " to hear that imputed to falsehood which is the con- sequence only of frailty. To the mind, as to the eye, it is difficult to compare, with exactness, objects vast in their extent, and various in their parts. When we see or conceive the whole at once, we readily note the discriminations, and decide the preference ; but of two systems, of which neither can be surveyed by any human being in its full compass of magnitude and multi- MARRIAGE. 1 15 plicity of complication, where is the wonder that, judging of the whole by parts, I am alternately affected by one and the other, as either presses on my memory or fancy? We differ from our- selves just as we differ from each other, when we see only part of the question, as in the multifa- rious relations of politics and morality : but when we perceive the whole at once, as in numerical computations, all agree in one judgment, and none ever varies his opinion." "Let us not add," said the prince, "to the other evils of life, the bitterness of controversy, nor en- deavor to vie with each other in subtleties of ar- gument. \\[e are employed in a search of which both are equally to enjoy the success, or suffer by the miscarriage. It is therefore fit that we assist each other, You surely conclude too hastily from the infelicity of marriage against its institution ; will not the misery of life prove equally that life cannot be the gift of heaven ? The world must be peopled by marriage, or peopled without it.' "How the world is to be peopled," returned Nekayah, '•' is not my care, and needs not be yours. I see no danger that the present genera tion should omit to leave successors behind them we are not now inquiring for the world, but for ourselves." I f&^f»~~ CHAPTER XXIX. THE DEBATE OF MARRIAGE CONTINUED. |HE good of the whole," said Rasselas " is the same with the good of all its parts. If marriage be best for man- kind, it must be evidently best for individuals, or a permanent and necessary duty must be the cause of evil, and some must be ine- vitably sacrificed to the convenience of others. In the estimate which you have made of the two states, it appears that the incommodities of a sin- gle life are, in a great measure, necessary and cer- tain, but those of the conjugal state accidental and avoidable. " I cannot forbear to flatter myself, that pru- dence and benevolence will make marriage happy. The general folly of mankind is the cause of gen- eral complaint. What can be expected but dis- appointment and repentance from a choice made in the immaturity of youth, in the ardor of de- sire, without judgment, without foresight, without inquiry after conformity of opinions, similarity LATE MARRIAGES. II 7 of manners, rectitude of judgment, or purity of sentiment? " Such is the common process of marriage. A youth^and maiden meeting by chance, or brought together by artifice, exchange glances, reciprocate civilities,- go— home, and dream of each other. Having little to divert attention, or diversify — — '■ • 1.—— — l '_ j thought, they find themselves uneasy when they ar_e_apart, and therefore conclude that they shall be happy together." They marry, and discover what nothing but voluntary blindness before had concealed \ they wear out life in altercations, and chajgej^aturejyith cruelty. " From those early marriages proceeds likewise the rivalry of parents and children : the son is eagex-to enjoy the world before the father is will- ing to forsake it, and there is hardly room at once for two generations. The daughter begins to bloom before the mother can be content to fade, and neither can forbear to wish for the absence of the other. " Surely all these evils may be avoided by that deliberation and delay which prudence prescribes to irrevocable choice. In the variety and jollity of youthful pleasures, life maybe well enough sup- ported without the help of a partner. Longer time will increase experience, and wider views will allow better opportunities of inquiry and selection ; one advantage, at least, will be certain, — the parents will be visibly older than their children." 1 1 8 KASSELAS. " What reason cannot collect," said Nekayah, " and what experiment has not yet taught, can be known only from the report of others. I have been told that late marriages are not eminently happy. This is a question too important to be neglected, and I have often proposed it to those whose accuracy of remark and comprehensiveness of knowledge made their suffrages worthy of re- gard. They have generally determined that it is dangerous for a man and woman to suspend their fate upon each other at a time when opinions are fixed, and habits are established ; when friend- ships have been contracted on both sides, when life has been planned into method, and the mind has long enjoyed the contemplation of its own prospects. " It is scarcely possible that two, travelling through the world under the conduct of chance, should have been both directed to the same path, and it will not often happen that either will quit the track which custom has made pleasing. When the desultory levity of youth has settled into regu- larity, it is soon succeeded by pride ashamed to yield, or obstinacy, delighting to contend. And even though mutual esteem produces mutual de- sire to please, time itself, as it modifies unchange- ably the external mien, determines likewise the direction of the passion, and gives an inflexible rigidity to the manners. Long customs are not easily broken. He that attempts to change the LATE MARRIAGES. 119 course of his own life, very often labors in vain ; andTvow shall we do that for others, which we are seldom able to do for ourselves? " " But surely," interposed the prince, "you sup- pose the chief motive of choice forgotten or neglected. Whenever I shall seek a wife, it shall be my first question, whether she be willing to be led by reason?" " Thus it is," said Nekayah, " that philosophers are deceived. There are a thousand familiar dis- putes which reason never can decide, — questions that elude investigation, and make logic ridicu- . lous ; cases where something must be done, and where little can be said. Consider the state of mankind, and inquire how few can be supposed to act upon any occasions, whether small or great, with all the reasons of action present to their minds. Wretched would be the pair above all names of wretchedness, who should be doomed to adjust by reason, every morning, all the minute detail of a domestic day. " Those who marry at an advanced age, will probably escape the encroachments of their chil- dren, but, in diminution of this advantage, they wilLbe likely to leave them, ignorant and helpless, to a guardian's mercy ; or, if that should not hap- pen, they must at least go out of the world before they see those whom they love best either wise or great. 120 RASSELAS. " From their children, if they have less to fear, they have less also to hope ; and they lose, with- out equivalent, the joys of early love, and the con- venience of uniting with manners pliant, and minds susceptible of new impressions, which might wear away their dissimilitudes by long cohabitation, as soft bodies, by continual attrition, conform their surfaces to each other. "I believe it will found that those who marry late are best pleased with their children, and those who marry early with their partners." "The union of these two affections," said Rasselas, " would produce all that could be wished. Perhaps there is a time when marriage might unite them, — a time neither too early for the father, nor too late for the husband." " Every hour," answered the princess, " con- firms my prejudice in favor of the position so often uttered by the mouth of Imlac, 'That Nature sets her gifts on the right hand and on the left.' Those conditions which flatter hope and attract desire are so constituted, that as we ap- proach one we recede from another. There are goods so opposed that we cannot seize both, but, by too much prudence, may pass between them at too great a distance to reach either. This is often the fate of long consideration ; he does nothing who endeavors to do more than is allowed to humanity. Flatter not yourself with contrarie- TRUE UNIONS. 121 ties of pleasure. Of the blessings set before you, make your choice and be content. No man can taste the fruits of autumn while he is delighting his-scent with the tlowers of the spring : no man can, at the same time, fill his cup from the source and from the mouth of the Nile." CHAPTER XXX. IMLAC ENTERS, AND CHANGES THE CONVERSATION. ERE Imlac entered, and interrupted them. " Imlac," said Rasselas, " I have been taking from the princess the dismal history of private life, and am almost discouraged from farther search." " It seems to me," said Imlac, " that while you are making the choice of life you neglect to live. You wander about a single city, which, however large and diversified, can now afford few novelties, and forget that you are in a country famous among the earliest monarchies for the power and wisdom of its inhabitants, — a country where the sciences first dawned that illuminate the world, and beyond which the arts cannot be traced of civil society or domestic life. "The old Egyptians have left behind them monuments of industry and power, before which all European magnificence is confessed to fade A CHANGE OF CONVERSATION. 1 23 away. The ruins of their architecture are the schools of modern builders, and from the wonders which time has spared, we may conjecture, though uncertainly, what it has destroyed." " My curiosity," said Rasselas, " does not very strongly lead me to survey piles of stone or mounds of earth ; my business is with man. I came hither not to measure fragments of temples / or trace choked aqueducts, but to look upon the various scenes of the present world." " The things that are now before us," said the princess, " require attention, and deserve it. What have I to do with the heroes or the monu- ments of ancient times, — with times which never can return, and heroes, whose form of life was different from all that the present condition of mankind requires or allows?" " To know anything," returned the poet, " we must krio wTts effect s ; to see men we~TrTust'"3Se v "' their works, that we may learn what reason has dict ated, o r passion has i ncited, and find what are the most powerful motives of action. To judge rightly of the present, we must oppose it to the past ; for all judgment is comparative, and of the future nothing can be known. The truth is, that no mind is much employed upon the present : recoil- < tion and anticipation fill up almost all our moments. Our passions are joy and grief, love and hatred, hope and fear. Of joy and grief the past is the object, and the future of hope and fear ; 124 RASSELAS. even love and hatred respect the past, for the cause must have been before the effect. " The present state of things is the consequence of the former, and it is natural to inquire what were the sources of the good that we enjoy, or the evil that we suffer. If we act only for our- selves, to neglect the study of history is not pru- dent ; if we are intrusted with the care of others, it is not just. Ignorance, when it is voluntary, is criminal ; and he may properly be charged with evil who refused to learn how he might prevent it. " There is no part of history so generally useful as that which relates to the progress of the human mind, the gradual improvement of reason, the successive advances of science, the vicissitudes of learning and ignorance, which are the light and darkness of thinking beings, the extinction and resuscitation of arts, and the revolutions of the intellectual world. If accounts of battles and in- vasions are peculiarly the business of princes, the useful or elegant arts are not to be neglected ; those who have kingdoms to govern have under- standings to cultivate. " Example is always more efficacious than pre- cept. A soldier is formed in war, and a painter must copy pictures. In this, contemplative life has the advantage : great actions are seldom seen, but the labors of art are always at hand for those who desire to know what art has been able to perform. EXAMPLE AND PRECEPT. 1 25 " When the eye or the imagination is struck with any uncommon work, the next transition of an active mind is to the means by which it was performed. Here begins the true use of such contemplation ; we enlarge our comprehension by new ideas, and perhaps recover some art lost to mankind, or learn what is less perfectly known in our own country. At least we compare our own with former times, and either rejoice at our im- provements, or, what is the first motion towards good, discover our defects." «Iam willing," said the prince, " to see all that can deserve my search." "And I," said the princess, "shall rejoice to learn something of the manners of antiquity." "The most pompous monument of Egyptian greatness, and one of the most bulky works of manual industry," said Imlac, "are the Pyramids; fabrics raised before the time of history, and of which the earliest narratives afford us only uncer- tain traditions. Of these the greatest is still standing, very little injured by time." " Let us visit them to-morrow," said Nekayah. " I have often heard of the Pyramids, and shall not rest till I have seen them within and without with my own eyes." -£> CHAPTER XXXI. THEY VISIT THE PYRAMIDS. HE resolution being thus taken, they set out the next day. They laid tents upon their camels, being re- solved to stay among the Pyramids, till their curiosity was fully satisfied. They trav- elled gently, turned aside to everything remark- able, stopped from time to time and conversed with the inhabitants, and observed the various appearances of towns ruined and inhabited, of wild and cultivated Nature. When they came to the great pyramid, they were astonished at the extent of the base and the height of the top. Imlac explained to them the principles upon which the pyramidal form was chosen for a fabric intended to co-extend its duration with that of the world. He showed that its gradual diminution gave it such stability as defeated all the common attacks of the elements, COURAGE. 127 and could scarcely be overthrown by earthquakes themselves, the least resistible of natural vio- lence. A concussion that should shatter the pyramid would threaten the dissolution of the continent. [ They measured all its dimensions, and pitched their tents at its foot. Next day they prepared to enter its interior apartments ; and, having hired the common guides, climbed up to the first passage, when the favorite of the princess, looking into the cavity, stepped back and trembled. " Pekuah," said the princess, " of what art thou afraid?" " Of the narrow entrance," answered the lady, " and of the dreadful gloom. I dare not enter a place which must surely be inhabited by unquiet souls. The original possessors of those dreadful vaults will start up before us, and perhaps shut us in forever." She spoke, and threw her arms round the neck of her mistress. " If all your fear be of apparitions," said the prince, " I will promise you safety ; there is no danger from the dead ; he that is once buried will be seen no more." "That the dead are seen no more," said Imlac, " I will not undertake to maintain against the concurrent and unvaried testimony of all ages and of all nations. There is no people, rude or learned, among whom apparitions of the dead are not related and believed. This opinion, which 128 RASSELAS. perhaps prevails as far as human nature is dif- fused, could become universal only by its truth ; those that never heard of one another would not have agreed in a tale which nothing but experi- ence can make credible. That it is doubted by single cavillers can very little weaken the gen- eral evidence, and some who deny it with their tongues confess it by their fears. " Yet I do not mean to add new terrors to those which have already seized upon Pekuah. There can be no reason why spectres should haunt the pyramid more than other places, or why they should have power or will to hurt inno- cence and purity. Our entrance is no violation of their privileges ; we can take nothing from them, how then can we offend them?" " My dear Pekuah," said the princess, " I will always go before you, and Imlac shall follow you. Remember that you are the companion of the princess of Abyssinia." " If the princess is pleased that her servant should die," returned the lady, " let her com- mand some death less dreadful than enclosure in this horrid cavern. You know I dare not disobey you ; I must go if you command me ; but, if I once enter, I never shall come back." The princess saw that her fear was too strong for expostulation or reproof; and embracing her, told her that she should stay in the tent till her return. Pekuah was yet not satisfied, but en- COURAGE. I2Q treated the princess not to pursue so dreadful a purpose as that of entering the recesses of the pyramid. " Though I cannot teach courage," said Nekayah, " I must not learn cowardice ; nor leave at last undone what I came hither only to do." CHAPTER XXXII. THEY ENTER THE PYRAMID. EKUAH descended to the tents, and the rest entered the pyramid. They passed through the galleries, surveyed the vaults of marble, and examined the chest in which the body of the founder is supposed to have been reposited. They then sat down in one of the most spacious chambers to rest awhile, before they attempted to return. " We have now," said Imlac, " gratified our minds with an exact view of the greatest work of man, except the wall of China. " Of the wall it is very easy to assign the mo- tive. It secured a wealthy and timorous nation from the incursions of barbarians, whose unskil- fulness in arts made it easier for them to supply their wants by rapine than by industry, and who from time to time poured in upon the habitations of peaceful commerce as vultures descend upon domestic fowl. Their celerity and fierceness made the wall necessary, and their ignorance made it efficacious. THE PYRAMID. 131 " But for the Pyramids no reason has ever been given, adequate to the cost and labor of the work. The narrowness of the chamber proves that it could afford no retreat from enemies, and treasures might have been reposited at far less expense with equal security. It seems to have been Greeted only in compliance with that hunger of Imagination which preys incessantly upon life, and must be always appeased by some employe ment. Those who have already all that they can enjoy must enlarge their desires. He that has built for use, till use is supplied, must begin to build for vanity, and extend his plan to the ut- most power of human performance, that he may not be soon reduced to form another wish. " I consider this mighty structure as a monu- ment of the insufficiency of human enjoyments. A king, whose power is unlimited, and whose treas- ures surmount all real and imaginary wants, is compelled to solace, by the erection of a pyramid, the satiety of dominion and tastelessness of pleas- ures, and to amuse the tediousness of declining life, by seeing thousands laboring without end, and one stone for no purpose laid upon another. Whoever thou art, that, not content with a mode- j rate condition, imaginest happiness in royal mag- I nificence, and dreamest that command or riches I can feed the appetite of novelty with perpetual , gratifications, survey the Pyramids and confess thy folly ! " ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ =j] .kj&jiL&jaj8^^U!^Liu8^^ CHAPTER XXXIII. THE PRINCESS MEETS WITH AN UNEXPECTED MISFORTUNE. ||HEY rose up and returned through the cavity at which they had entered, and the princess prepared for her favorite a H long narrative of dark labyrinths and costly rooms, and of the different impressions which the varieties of the way had made upon her. But when they came to their train, they found every one silent and dejected ; the men dis- covered shame and fear in their countenances, and the women were weeping in their tents. What had happened, they did not try to con- jecture, but immediately inquired. " You had scarcely entered into the pyramid," said one of the attendants, " when a troop of Arabs rushed upon us : we were too few to resist them, and too slow to escape. They were about to search the tents, set us on our camels, and drive us along A MISFORTUNE. 1 33 before them, when the approach of some Turkish horsemen put them to flight ; but they seized the lady Pekuah, with her two maids, and carried them away ; the Turks are now pursuing them by our instigation, but I fear they will not be able to overtake them." The princess was overpowered with surprise and grief. Rasselas, in the first heat of his resent- ment, ordered his servants to follow him, and pre- pared to pursue the robbers with his sabre in his hand. " Sir," said Imlac, " what can you hope from violence or valor? The Arabs are mounted on horses trained to battle and retreat ; we have only beasts of burden. By leaving our present station we may lose the princess, but cannot hope to regain Pekuah." In a short time the Turks returned, having not been able to reach the enemy. The princess burst out into new lamentations, and Rasselas could scarcely forbear to reproach them with cowardice ; but Imlac was of opinion that the escape of the Arabs was no addition to their misfortune, for per- haps they would have killed their captives rather than have resigned them. it [ (>- » >->-»- > - J H> -«->^-»-g >» » » 3) » > j Hfrfci < ~o-^-<- ^ -*-g \ ^-»^-^»^h»-9-^*r ^^g^>op ■^-SkS^&Sr i^^gf ^. "J§^M^ 4?®R) ,\-j--. '■//J jl \#."JjSS ^HfM^g W* i^k^fX* 5®5*2p S25^l! WM8MH CHAPTER XXXVIII. 3 THE ADVENTURES OF THE LADY PEKUAH. i]T what time, and in what manner I was forced away," said Pekuah, "your servants have told you. The sudden- ness of the event struck me with sur- prise, and I was at first rather stupefied than agitated with any passion of either fear or sorrow. My confusion was increased by the speed and tu- mult of our flight, while we were followed by the Turks, who, as it seemed, soon despaired to over- take us, or were afraid of those whom they made a show of menacing. " When the Arabs saw themselves out of danger they slackened their course, and as I was less harassed by external violence, I began to feel more uneasiness in my mind. After some time we stopped near a spring shaded with trees in a pleasant meadow, where we were set upon the ground, and offered such refreshments as our masters were partaking. I was suffered to sit PEK UAH'S ADVENTURES. 1 49 with my maids apart from the rest, and none at- tempted to comfort or insult us. Here I first began to feel the full weight of my misery. The girls sat weeping in silence, and from time to time looked on me for succour. I knew not to what condition we were doomed, nor could conjecture where would be the place of our captivity, or whence to draw any hope of deliverance. I was in the hands of robbers and savages, and had no reason to suppose that their pity was more than their justice, or that they would forbear the grati- fication of any ardor of desire or caprice of cruelty. I, however, kissed my maids, and en- deavored to pacify them by remarking, that we were yet treated with decency, and that, since we were now carried beyond pursuit, there was no danger of violence to our lives. " When we were to be set again on horseback, my maids clung round me, and refused to be parted, but I commanded them not to irritate those who had us in their power. We travelled the remaining part of the day through an unfre- quented and pathless country, and came by moon- light to the side of a hill, where the rest of the troop was stationed. Their tents were pitched, and their fires kindled, and our chief was wel- comed as a man much beloved by his dependants. " We were received into a large tent, where we found women who had attended their husbands in the expedition. They set before us the supper 150 RASSELAS. which they had provided, and I ate rather to en- courage my maids, than to comply with any ap- petite of my own. When the meat was taken away, they spread the carpets for repose. I was weary, and hoped to find in sleep that remission of distress which Nature seldom denies. Ordering myself therefore to be undressed, I observed that the women looked very earnestly upon me, not expecting, I suppose, to see me so submissively attended. (When my upper vest was taken off, they were apparently struck with the splendor of my clothes, and one of them timorously laid her hand upon the embroidery. She then went out, and in a short time came back with another wo- man, who seemed to be of higher rank and greater authority. She did, at her entrance, the usual act of reverence, and, taking me by the hand, placed me in a smaller tent, spread with finer carpets, \, where I spent the night quietly with my maids. " In the morning, as I was sitting on the grass, the chief of the troop came towards me. I rose up to receive him, and he bowed with great re- spect. ' Illustrious lady,' said he, ' my fortune is better than I had presumed to hope : I am told by my women that I have a princess in my camp.' 'Sir,' answered I, 'your women have deceived themselves and you : I am not a princess, but an unhappy stranger, who intended soon to have left this country, in which I am now to be imprisoned forever.' ' Whoever or whencesoever you are,' POWER OF GOLD. 151 returned the Arab, ' your dress, and that of your sen-ants, show your rank to be high and your wealth to be great. Why should you, who can so easily procure your ransom, think yourself in danger of perpetual captivity? The purpose of my incursions is to increase my riches, or, more properly, to gather tribute. The sons of Ishmael are the natural and hereditary lords of this part of the continent, which is usurped by late invaders and low-born tyrants from whom we are com- pelled to take by the sword what is denied to justice. The violence of war admits no distinc- tion ; the lance that is lifted at guilt and power, will sometimes fall on innocence and gentleness.' " < How little,' said I, ' did I expect that yes- terday it should have fallen upon me ! ' " ' Misfortunes,' answered the Arab, ' should always be expected. If the eye of hostility could learn reverence or pity, excellence like yours had been exempt from injury. But the angels of afflic- tion spread their toils alike for the virtuous and the wicked, for the mighty and the mean. Do not be disconsolate : I am not one of the lawless and cruel rovers of the desert ; I know the rules of civil life ; I will fix your ransom, give a pass- port to your messenger, and perform my stipula- tion with nice punctuality.' " You will easily believe that I was pleased with his courtesy ; and finding that his predominant passion was desire of money, 1 began now to think / 152 EASSELAS. my danger less, for I knew that no sum would be thought too great for the release of Pekuah. I told him that he should have no reason to charge me with ingratitude if I was used with kindness, and that any ransom which could be expected for a maid of common rank would be paid ; but that he must not persist to rate me as a princess. He said he would consider what he should demand ; and then smiling, bowed and retired. " Soon after the women came about me, each contending to be more officious than the other, and my maids themselves were served with rever- ence. We travelled onward by short journeys. On the fourth day the chief told me, that my ransom must be two hundred ounces of gold ; which I not only promised him, but told him that I would add fifty more, if I and my maids were honorably treated. X "I never knew the power of gold before. From that time I was the leader of the troop. The march of every day was longer or shorter as I commanded, and the tents were pitched where I chose to rest. We now had camels and other conveniences for travel, my own women were always at my side, and I amused myself with ob- serving the manners of the vagrant nations, and with viewing remains of ancient edifices, with which these deserted countries appear to have been, in some distant age, lavishly embellished. "The chief of the band was a man far from THE CHIEF. 153 illiterate ; he was able to travel by the stars or the compais, and had marked, in his erratic expedi- tions, such places as are most worthy the notice of a passenger. He observed to me, that buildings are always best preserved in places little fre- quented, and difficult of access ; for, when once a country declines from its primitive splendor, the more inhabitants are left the quicker ruin will be made. Walls supply stones more easily than quarries, and palaces and temples will be demol- ished, to make stables of granite and cottages of porphyry ! " CHAPTER XXXIX. THE ADVENTURES OF PEKUAH CONTINUED. E wandered about in this manner for some weeks, whether, as our chief pretended, for my gratification, or, as I rather suspected, for some con- venience of his own. I endeavored to appear contented, where sullenness and resentment would have been of no use, and that endeavor conduced much to the calmness of my mind ; but my heart was always with Nekayah, and the troubles of the night much overbalanced the amusements of the day. My women, who threw all their cares upon their mistress, set their minds at ease from the time when they saw me treated with respect, and gave themselves up to the incidental alleviations of our fatigue without solicitude or sorrow. I was pleased with their pleasure, and animated with their confidence, i My condition had lost much of its terror, since I found that the Arab ranged the country merely to get riches. < Avarice is a uni- PEKUAH CONTINUES. 155 form and tractable vice ; other intellectual dis- tempers are different in different constitutions of mind ; that which soothes the pride of one will offend the pride of another ; but to the favor of the covetous there is a ready way ; bring money, and nothing is denied. " At last we came to the dwelling of our chief, a strong and spacious house built with stone, in an island of the Nile, which lies as I was told under the tropic. ' Lady,' said the Arab, ' you shall rest after your journey a few weeks in this place, where you are to consider yourself as sov- ereign. My occupation is war ; I have therefore chosen this obscure residence, from which I can issue unexpected, and to which I can retire un- pursued. You may now repose in security : here 1 are few pleasures, but here is no danger.' He then led me into the inner apartments, and seat- ing me on the richest couch, bowed to the ground. His women, who considered me as a rival, looked on me with malignity ; but being soon informed that I was a great lady detained only for my ransom, they began to vie with each other in ob- sequiousness and reverence. J " Being again comforted with new assurances of speedy liberty, I was for some days diverted from impatience by the novelty of the place. The turrets overlooked the country to a great distance, and afforded a view of many windings of the stream. In the day I wandered from one place 156 RASSELAS. to another, as the course of the sun varied the splendor of the prospect, and saw many things which I had never seen before. The crocodiles and river-horses are common in this unpeopled region, and I often looked upon them with ter- ror, though I knew that they could not hurt me. For some time I expected to see mermaids and tritons, which, as Imlac has told me, the Euro- pean travellers have stationed in the Nile ; but no such beings ever appeared, and the Arab, when I inquired after them, laughed at my credulity. "At night the Arab always attended me to a tower set apart for celestial observations, where he endeavored to teach me the names and courses of the stars. I had no great inclination to this study, but an appearance of attention was necessary to please my instructor, who valued himself for his skill ; and, in a little while, I found some employ- ment requisite to beguile the tediousness of time, which was to be passed always amidst the same objects. I was weary of looking in the morning on things from which I had turned away weary in the evening ; I therefore was at last willing to ob- serve the stars rather than do nothing, but could not always compose my thoughts, and was very often thinking on Nekayah when others imagined me contemplating the sky. Soon after, the Arab went upon another expedition, and then my only pleasure was to talk with my maids about the ac- DIVERSIONS OF WOMEN. 157 cident by which we were carried away, and the happiness that we should all enjoy at the end of our captivity." " There were women in your Arab's fortress," said the princess ; " why did you not make them companions, enjoy their conversation, and par- take their diversions? In a place where they found business or amusement, why should you alone sit corroded with idle melancholy ; or why could not you bear, for a few months, that condi- tion to which they were condemned for life? " AT "The diversions of the women," answered Pe- V kuah, " were only childish play, by which the mind, accustomed to stronger operations, could not be kept busy. I could do all which they delighted in doing by powers merely sensitive, whilst my intellectual faculties were flown to Cairo. They ran from room to room, as a bird hops from - $ f ' wire to wire in his cage. They danced for the sake of motion, as lambs frisk in a meadow. One sometimes pretended to be hurt, that the rest might be alarmed ; or hid herself, that another might seek her. Part of their time passed in watching the progress of light bodies that floated on the river, and part in marking the various forms into which the clouds broke in the sky. " Their business was only needlework, in which I and my maids sometimes helped them ; but you know that the mind will easily struggle from the fingers, nor will you suspect that captivity and ab- v 158 RASSELAS. sence from Nekayah could receive solace from silken flowers. " Nor was much satisfaction to be hoped from their conversation : for of what could they be ex- pected to talk? They had seen nothing ; for they had lived from early youth in that narrow spot ; of what they had not seen, they could have no knowledge, for they could not read. They had no ideas but of the few things that were within their view, and had hardly names for anything but their clothes and their food. As I bore a superior char- acter, I was often called to terminate their quar- rels, which I decided as equitably as I could. If it could have amused me to hear the complaints of each against the rest, I might have been often detained by long stories ; but the motives of their animosity were so small, that I could not listen without interrupting the tale." ) " How," said Rasselas, ""can the Arab, whom you represented as a man of more than common accomplishments, take any pleasure in his seraglio, when it is filled only with women like these ? Are they exquisitely beautiful? " "They do not," said Pekuah, "want that un- affecting and ignoble beauty which may subsist without sprightliness or sublimity, without energy of thought, or dignity of virtue. But to a man like the Arab, such beauty was only a flower casu- ally plucked and carelessly thrown away. What- ever pleasures he might find among them, they CAPTIVITY. I59 were not those of friendship or society. When they were playing about him, he looked at them with inattentive superiority; when they vied for his regard, he sometimes turned away disgusted. As they had no knowledge, their talk could take nothing from the tediousness of life ; as they had no choice, their fondness, or appearance of fond- ness, excited in him neither pride nor gratitude ; he was not exalted in his own esteem by the smiles of a woman who saw no other man, nor was much obliged by that regard of which he • # s could never know the sincerity, and which he^ff'' might. often perceive to be exerted, not so much ififif to delight him as to pain a rival. That which he gave, and they received, as love, was only a care- less distribution of superfluous time, such love as man can bestow upon that which he despises, such as has neither hope nor fear, neither joy nor sorrow." "Ye have reason, lady, to think yourself happy," said Imlac, " that you have been thus easily dis- missed. How could a mind, hungry for knowl- edge, be willing, in an intellectual famine, to lose such a banquet as Pekuah's conversation?" " I am inclined to believe," answered Pekuah, " that he was for some time in suspense : for, not- withstanding his promise, whenever I proposed to despatch a messenger to Cairo, he found some ex- cuse for delay. While I was detained in his house, he made many incursions into the neighboring 160 RASSELAS. countries, and perhaps he would have refused to discharge me, had his plunder been equal to his wishes. He returned always courteous, related his adventures, delighted to hear my observations, and endeavored to advance my acquaintance with the stars. When I importuned him to send away my letters, he soothed me with professions of honor and sincerity; and when I could be no longer decently denied, put his troop again in mo- tion, and left me to govern in his absence. I was much afflicted by this studied procrastination, and was sometimes afraid that I should be forgotten ; that you would leave Cairo, and I must end my days in an island of the Nile. " I grew at last hopeless and dejected, and cared so little to entertain him, that he for a while more frequently talked with my maids. That he should fall in love with them or with me, might have been equally fatal, and I was not much pleased with the growing friendship. My anxiety was not long ; for as I recovered some degree of cheerfulness, he returned to me, and I could not forbear to despise my former uneasiness. " He still delayed to send for my ransom, and would, perhaps, never have determined, had not your agent found his way to him. The gold, which he would not fetch, he could not reject when it was offered. He hastened to prepare for our journey hither, like a man delivered from an intestine conflict. I took leave of my RE WARDS. 1 6 1 companions in the house, who dismissed me with cold indifference." Nekayah, having heard her favorite's relation, rose and embraced her, and Rasselas gave her a hundred ounces of gold, which she presented to the Arab for the fifty that were promised. ii CHAPTER XL. THE HISTORY OF A MAN OF LEARNING. HEY returned to Cairo, and were so well pleased at finding themselves to- gether, that none of them went much abroad. The prince began to love learning, and one day declared to Imlac that he intended to devote himself to science, and pass the rest of his days in literary solitude. " Before you make your final choice," answered Imlac, " you ought to examine its hazards, and converse with those who are grown old in the company of themselves. I have just left the ob- servatory of one of the most learned astronomers in the world, who has spent forty years in un- wearied attention to the motions and appearances of the celestial bodies, and has drawn out his soul in endless calculations. He admits a few friends once a month to hear his deductions and enjoy his discoveries. I was introduced as a man of knowledge, worthy of his notice. Men of various A MAN OF LEARNING. 1 63 ideas and fluent conversation are commonly wel- come to those whose thoughts have been long fixed upon a single point, and who find the images of other things stealing away. I delighted him with_ my rema rks ; he smiled at the narrative of my travels ; and was glad to forget the constel- lations, and descend for a moment into the lower world. " On the next day of vacation I renewed my visit, and was so fortunate as to please him again. He relaxed from that time the severity of this rule, and permitted me to enter at my own choice. I found him always busy, and always glad to be relieved. As each knew much which the other was desirous of learning, we exchanged our no- tions with great delight. I perceived that I had every day more of his confidence, and always found new cause of admiration in the profundity of his mind. His comprehension is vast, his memory capacious and retentive, his discourse is methodical, and his expression clear. " His integrity and benevolence are equal to his learning. His deepest researches and most favorite studies are willingly interrupted for any opportunity of doing good by his counsel or his riches. To his closest retreat, at his most busy moments, all are admitted that want his assist- ance : ' For though I exclude idleness and pleas- ure, I will never,' says he, * bar my doors against charity. To man is permitted the contemplation 1 64 HASSELAS. of the skies, but the practice of virtue is com- manded.' " " Surely," said the princess, " this man is happy." " I visited him," said Imlac, " with more and more frequency, and was every time more enam- oured of his conversation : he was sublime with- out haughtiness, courteous without formality, and communicative without ostentation. " I was at first, great princess, of your opinion, thought him the happiest of mankind, and often congratulated him on the blessing that he enjoyed. He seemed to hear nothing with indifference but the praises of his condition, to which he always returned a general answer, and diverted the con- versation to some other topic. "Amidst this willingness to be pleased and labor to please, I had quickly reason to imagine that some painful sentiment pressed upon his mind. He often looked up earnestly towards the sun, and let bis voice fall in the midst of his dis- course. He would sometimes, when we were alone, gaze upon me in silence with the air of a man who longed to speak what he was yet re- solved to suppress. He would often send for me with vehement injunctions of haste, though, when I came to him, he had nothing extraordinary to say. And sometimes, when I was leaving him, would call me back, pause a few moments, and then dismiss me." CHAPTER XLI. THE ASTRONOMER DISCOVERS THE CAUSE OF HIS UNEASINESS. T last the time came when the secret burst his reserve. We were sitting together last night in the turret of his house, watching the emersion of a satellite of Jupiter. A sudden tempest clouded the sky, and disappointed our observation. We sat awhile silent in the dark, and then he ad- dressed himself to me in these words : ' Imlac, 1 have long_xonsidcred thy friendship as the great- est blessing of my life. Integrity vvithout knowl- edg£jsjv€ak~and--us£less, and knowledge without integrity is dangerous and dreadful. I have found in thee all the qualities requisite for trust, — be- olence, experience, arid fortitude. I have long discharged an office which I must soon quit at the call of Nature, and shall rejoice in the hour of imbecility and pain to devolve it upon thee.' 1 66 RASSELAS. " I thought myself honored by this testimony, and protested that whatever could conduce to his happiness would add likewise to mine. " ' Hear, Imlac, what thou wilt not without difficulty credit. I have possessed for five years the regulation of the weather and the distribution of the seasons ; the sun has listened to my dic- tates, and passed from tropic to tropic by my direction ; the clouds, at my call, have poured their waters, and the Nile has overflowed at my command ; I have restrained the rage of the dog- star, and mitigated the fervors of the crab. The winds alone, of all the elemental powers, have hitherto refused my authority, and multitudes have perished by equinoctial tempests, which I ;)und myself unable to prohibit or restrain. I ave administered this great office with exact ' justice, and made to the different nations of the earth an impartial dividend of rain and sunshine. What must have been the misery of half the globe, if I had limited the clouds to particular regions, or confined the sun to either side of the equator? ' " CHAPTER XLII. THE OPINION OF THE ASTRONOMER IS EXPLAINED AND JUSTIFIED. SUPPOSE he discovered in me, through the obscurity of the room, some tokens of amazement and doubt, for, after a short pause, he proceeded thus : — " ' Not to be easily credited will neither sur- prise nor offend me ; for I am, probably, the first of human beings to whom this trust has been im- parted. Nor do I know whether to deem this distinction a reward or punishment ; since I have possessed it I have been far less happy than be- fore, and nothing but the consciousness of good intention could have enabled me to support the weariness of unremitted vigilance.' " ' How long, Sir,' said I, ' has this great-office been in your hands ? ' " ' About ten years ago,' said he, ' my daily ob- servations of the changes of the sky led me to 1 68 RASSELAS. consider, whether, if I had the power of the seasons, I could confer greater plenty upon the inhabitants of the earth. This contemplation fastened on my mind, and I sat days and nights in imaginary dominion, pouring upon this country and that the showers of fertility, and seconding every fall of rain with a due proportion of sun- shine. I had yet only the will to do good, and did not imagine that I should ever have the power. " ' One day, as I was looking on the fields withering with heat, I felt in my mind a sudden wish that I could send rain on the southern moun- tains, and raise the Nile to an inundation. In the hurry of my imagination I commanded rain to fall, and by comparing the time of my com- mand with that of the inundation, I found that the clouds had listened to my lips.' " ' Might not some other cause,' said I, ' pro- duce this concurrence ? The Nile does not always rise on the same day.' " ' Do not believe,' said he with impatience, ' that such objections could escape me : I rea- soned long against my own conviction and labored against truth with the utmost obstinacy. I some- times suspected myself of madness, and should not have dared to impart this secret but to a man like you, capable of distinguishing the wonderful from the impossible, and the incredible from the false.' THE GOVERNOR OF THE SUN. 169 « < Why, Sir,' said I, ' do you call that incredi- ble which you know, or think you know, to be true ? ' " ' Because,' said he, ' I cannot prove it by any external evidence ; and I know too well the laws of demonstration to think that my conviction ought to influence another, who cannot, like me, be conscious of its force. I therefore shall not attempt to gain credit by disputation. It is suffi- cient that I feel this power, that I have long pos- sessed, and every day exerted it. But the life of man is short, the infirmities of age increase upon me, and the time will soon come, when the regu- lator of the year must mingle with the dust. The care of appointing a successor has long disturbed me ; the night and the day have been long spent in comparisons of all the characters which have come to my knowledge, and I have yet found none so worthy as thyself.' " CHAPTER XLIII. THE ASTRONOMER LEAVES IMLAC HIS DIRECTIONS. i|EAR, therefore, what I shall impart, with attention such as the welfare of a world requires. If the task of a king be considered as difficult, who has the care only of a few millions, to whom he can- not do much good or harm, what must be the anxiety of him on whom depends the action of the elements, and the great gifts of light and heat ! — Hear me therefore with attention. " ' I have diligently considered the position of the earth and sun, and formed innumerable schemes in which I changed their situation. I have sometimes turned aside the axis of the earth, and sometimes varied the ecliptic of the sun : but I have found it impossible to make a disposition by which the world may be advantaged ; what one region gains another loses by any imaginable alteration, even without considering the distant parts of the solar system with which we are unac- quainted. Do not, therefore, in thy administra- THE ASTRONOMER. 171 tion of the year, indulge thy pride by innovation j do not please thyself with thinking that thou canst make thyself renowned to all future ages, by dis- ordering the seasons. The memory of mischief is no desirable fame. Much less will it become thee to let kindness or interest prevail. Never rob other countries of rain, to pour it on thine own. For us the Nile is sufficient.' " I promised that, when I possessed the power, I would use it with inflexible integrity ; and he dismissed me, pressing my hand. ' My heart,' said he, ' will be now at rest, and my benevolence will no more destroy my quiet ; I have found a man of wisdom and virtue, to whom I can cheer- fully bequeath the inheritance of the sun.' " The prince heard this narration with very serious regard ; but the princess smiled, and Pekuah con- vulsed herself with laughter. " Ladies," said Imlac, " to mock the heaviest of human afflictions is neither charitable nor wise. Few can attain this man's knowledge, and few practise his vir- tues ; but all may suffer his calamity. Of the uncertainties of our present state, the most dread- ful and alarming is the uncertain continuance of ^p >.' reason." The princess was recollected, and the favorite was abashed. Rasselas, more deeply affected, inquired of Imlac whether he thought such mala- dies of the mind frequent, and how they were contracted ? ■*uK»B©fcJ CHAPTER XLIV. \ THE DANGEROUS PREVALENCE OF IMAGINATION. ; JISORDERS of intellect," answered Im- lac, " happen much more often than superficial observers will easily believe. Perhaps, if we speak with rigorous exactness, no human mind is in its right state. There is no man whose imagination does not sometimes predominate over his reason, who can regulate his attention wholly- by his will, and whose ideas will come and go at his command. No man will be found in whose mind airy no- tions do not sometimes tyrannize, and force him to hope or fear beyond the limits of sober prob- ability. All power of fancy over reason is a degree of insanity ; but while this power is such as we can control and repress, it is not visible to others, nor considered as any depravation of the mental faculties : it is not pronounced madness but when it becomes ungovernable, and appar- ently influences speech or action. POWER OF IMAGINATION. I 73 " To indulge the power of fiction, and send imagination out upon the wing, is often the sport of those who delight too much in silent specula- tion. Whe n we are a lone we are not always h ii^y; the labor of excogitation is too violent to last Long ; the ardor of inquiry will sometimes give way to idleness or satiety. He who has nothing external that can divert him must find pleasure in his own thoughts, and must conceive himself what he is not ; for who is pleased with what he is? He then expatiates in boundless futurity, and culls from all imaginable conditions that which for the present moment he should most desire, amuses his desires with impossible enjoyments, and confers upon his pride unattain- able dominion. ^he_mind dances from scene to scene, unites all pleasures in all combinations, and riots in delights which Nature and fortune, with all their bounty, cannot bestow. " In_tinie,-^ome_particular train of ideas fixes the attention j all other intellectual gratifications are rejected; the mind, in weariness or leisure, recurs constantly to the favorite conception, and feasts on the luscious falsehood whenever she is offended with the bitterness of truth. By degrees the reign of fancy is confirmed j she grows first imperious, and in time despotic. Then fictions begin to operate as realities, false opinions fasten upon the mind, and life passes in dreams of rapture or of anguish. 1 74 RASSELAS. "This, Sir x js__one of the dangers of solitude, which the hermit has confessed not always to promote goodness, and the astronomer's misery has proved to be not always propitious to wisdom." " I will no more," said the favorite, " imagine myself the Queen of Abyssinia. I have often spent the hours which the princess gave to my own disposal, in adjusting ceremonies and regu- lating the court ; I have repressed the pride of the powerful, and granted the petitions of the poor ; I have built new palaces in more happy situations, planted groves upon the tops of the mountains, and have exulted in the beneficence of royalty ; till, when the princess entered, I had almost forgotten to bow down before her." "And I," said the princess, "will not allow myself any more to play the shepherdess in my waking dreams. I have often soothed my thoughts with the quiet and innocence of pastoral employments, till I have, in my chamber, heard the winds whistle, and the sheep bleat ; some- times freed the lamb entangled in the thicket, and sometimes with my crook encountered the wolf. I have a dress like that of the village maids, which I put on to help my imagination ; and a pipe on which I play softly, and suppose myself followed by my flocks." " I will confess," said the prince, " an indul- gence of fantastic delight more dangerous than VISIONARY SCHEMES. I 75 yours. I have frequently endeavored to imagine the possibility of a perfect government, by which all wrong should be restrained, all vice reformed, and all the subjects preserved in tranquillity and innocence. This thought produced innumerable schemes of reformation, and dictated many use- ful regulations and salutary edicts. This has been the sport, and sometimes the labor, of my soli- tude ; and I start when I think with how little anguish I once supposed the death of my father and my brothers." "Such," says Imlac, "are the effects of vision-N ary schemes ; when we first form them we know them to be absurd, but familiarize them by degrees and in time lose sight of their folly." CHAPTER XLV. THEY DISCOURSE WITH AN OLD MAN. HE evening was now far past, and they rose to return home. As they walked along the bank of the Nile, delighted with the beams of the moon quiver- ing on the water, they saw at a small distance an old man, whom the prince had often heard in the assembly of the sages. "Yonder," said he, "is one whose years have calmed his passions, but not clouded his reason ; let us close the dis- quisitions of the night by inquiring what are his sentiments of his own state, that we may know whether youth alone is to struggle with vexation, and whether any better hope remains for the latter part of life." Here the sage approached and saluted them. They invited him to join their walk, and prattled awhile, as acquaintance that had unexpectedly met one another. The old man was cheerful and talkative, and the way seemed short in his com- PLEASURE AND EASE. I 77 pany. He was pleased to find himself not disre- garded, accompanied them to their house, and, at the prince's request, entered with them. They placed him in the seat of honor, and set wine and conserves before him. "Sir," said the princess, "an evening walk must give to a man of learning, like you, pleasures which ignorance and youth can hardly conceive. You know the qualities and causes of all that you behold, the laws by which the river flows, the periods in which the planets perform their revo- lutions. Everything must supply you with con- templation, and renew the consciousness of your own dignity." " Lady," answered he, " let the gay and the vigorous expect pleasure in their excursions ; it is enough that age can obtain ease. To me the world has lost its novelty; I look round, and see what I remember to have seen in happier days. I rest against a tree, and consider, that in the same shade I once disputed upon the annual overflow of the Nile, with a friend who is now silent in the grave. I cast my eyes upwards, fix them on the changing moon, and think with pain on the vicissitudes of life. I have ceased to take much delight in physical truth ; for what have I to do with those things which I am soon to leave?" "You may at least recreate yourself." said [m- lac, " with recollection of an honorable and useful 12 1 78 RASSELAS. life, and enjoy the praise which all agree to give you." " Praise/.' said the sage, with a sigh, " is_to an old man an empty sound. I have neither mother to be delighted with the reputation of her son, nor wife to partake the honors of her husband. I have outlived my friends and my rivals. Nothing is now of much importance ; for I cannot extend my interest beyond myself. Youth is delighted with applause, because it is considered as the ear- nest of some future good, and because the pros- pect of life is far extended ; but to me, who am now declining to decrepitude, there is little to be feared from the malevolence of men, and yet less to be hoped from their affection or esteem. Something they may yet take away, but they can give me nothing. Riches would now be useless, and high employment would be pain. My retro- spect of life recalls to my view many opportuni- ties of good neglected, much time squandered upon trifles, and more lost in idleness and va- cancy. I leave many great designs unattempted, and many great attempts unfinished. My mind is burdened with no heavy crime, and therefore I compose myself to tranquillity ; endeavor to ab- stract my thoughts from hopes and cares which, though reason knows them to be vain, still try to keep their old possession of the heart ; expect with serene humility that hour which Nature can- not long delay ; and hope to possess, in a better YOUTH AND AGE. I 79 state, that happiness which here I could not find, and that virtue which here I have not attained." He rose and went away, leaving his audience not much elated with the hope of long life. The prince consoled himself with remarking that it was not reasonable to be disappointed by this ac- count, for age had never been considered as the season of felicity ; and if it was possible to be easy in decline and weakness, it was likely that the days of vigor and alacrity might be happy, — that the noon of life might be bright, if the even- ing could be calm. The princess suspected that age was querulous and malignant, and delighted to repress the ex- pectations of those who had newly entered the world. She had seen the possessors of estates look with envy on their heirs, and known many who enjoyed pleasure no longer than they could confine it to themselves. Pekuah conjectured that the man was older than he appeared, and was willing to impute his complaints to delirious dejection ; or else supposed that he had been unfortunate, and was therefore discontented : " For nothing," said she, " is more common, than to call our own condition the con- dition of life." Imlac, who had no desire to see them de- pressed, smiled at the comforts which they could so readily procure to themselves, and remembered that at the same age he was equally confident of 180 RASSELAS. unmingled prosperity, and equally fertile of con- solatory expedients. He forbore to force upon them unwelcome knowledge, which time itself would too soon impress. The princess and her lady retired ; the madness of the astronomer hung upon their minds, and they desired Imlac to enter upon his office, and delay next morning the rising of the sun. f CHAPTER XLVI. THE PRINCESS AND PEKUAH VISIT THE ASTRONOMER. ^HE princess and Pekuah, having talked in private of Imlac's astronomer, thought his character at once so ami- able and so strange that they could not be satisfied without a nearer knowledge, and Imlac was requested to find the means of bring- ing them together. This was somewhat difficult ; the philosopher had never received any visits from women, though he lived in a city that had in it many Europeans, who followed the manners of their own countries, and many from other parts of the world, that lived there with European liberty. The ladies would not be refused, and several schemes were proposed for the accomplishment of their design. It was proposed to introduce them as strangers in distress, to whom the sage was always accessible : but, after some deliberation, it appeared that, by 1 82 RASSELAS. this artifice, no acquaintance could be formed, for their conversation would be short, and they could not decently importune him often. " This," said Rasselas, " is true ; but I have yet a stronger ob- jection against the misrepresentation of your state. I have always considered it as treason against the great republic of human nature to make any man's virtues the means of deceiving him, whether on great or little occasions. All imposture weakens confidence, and chills benevolence. When the sage finds that you are not what you seemed, he will feel the resentment natural to a man who, conscious of great abilities, discovers that he has been tricked by understandings meaner than his own ; and perhaps the distrust which he can never afterwards wholly lay aside, may stop the voice of counsel, and close the hand of charity ; and where will you find the power of restoring his benefactions to mankind, or his peace to himself ? " To this no reply was attempted, and Imlac began to hope that their curiosity would subside. But, next dayX^ekuah told him, she had now found an honest pretence for a visit to the as- tronomer ; for she would solicit permission to con- tinue under him the studies in which she had been initiated by the Arab, and the princess might go with her, either as a fellow-student, or because a woman could not decently come alone. " I am afraid," said Imlac, " that he will be soon THE ASTRONOMER. 183 weary of your company. Men advanced far in knowledge do not love to repeat the elements of their art ; and I am not certain that even of the elements, as he will deliver them connected with inferences and mingled with reflections, you are a very capable auditress." "That," said Pekuah, "must be my care; I ask of you only to take me thither. My knowl- edge is, perhaps, more than you imagine it, and, by concurring always with his opinions, I shall make him think it greater than it is." The astronomer, in pursuance of this resolu- tion, was told that a foreign lady, travelling in search of knowledge, had heard of his reputation, and was desirous to become his scholar. The uncommonness of the proposal raised at once his surprise and curiosity ; and when, after a short deliberation, he consented to admit her, he could not stay without impatience till the next day. The ladies dressed themselves magnificently, and were attended by Imlac to the astronomer, who was pleased to see himself approached with respect by persons of so splendid an appearance. In the exchange of the first civilities he was tim- orous and bashful ; but when the talk became regular, he recollected his powers, and justified the character which Imlac had given. Inquiring of Pekuah what could have turned her inclination towards astronomy, he received from her a his- 1 84 RASSELAS. tory of her adventure at the pyramid, and of the time passed at the Arab's island. She told her tale with ease and elegance, and her conversation took possession of his heart. The discourse was then turned to astronomy. Pekuah displayed what she knew ; he looked upon her as a prodigy of genius, and entreated her not to desist from a study which she had so happily begun. They came again and again, and were every time more welcome than before. The sage en- deavored to amuse them that they might pro- long their visits, for he found his thoughts grow brighter in their company ; the clouds of solici- tude vanished by degrees, as he forced himself to entertain them, and he grieved when he was left at their departure to his old employment of regulating the seasons. The princess and her favorite had now watched his lips for seyeral months, and could not catch a word from which they could judge whether he continued, or not, in the opinion of his preter- natural commission. They often contrived to bring him to an open declaration ; but he easily eluded all their attacks, and on which side soever they pressed him, escaped from them to some .other topic. As their familiarity increased they invited him often to the house of Imlac, where they distin- guished him by extraordinary respect. He began gradually to delight in sublunary pleasures. He DISAPPOINTMENTS. 1 8 5 came early and departed late ; labored to recom- mend himself by assiduity and compliance ; ex- cited their curiosity after new arts, that they, might still want his assistance ; and when they made any excursion of pleasure or inquiry, en- treated to attend them. By long experience of his integrity and wis- dom, the prince and his sister were convinced that he might be trusted without danger; and, lest he should draw any false hopes from the civ- ilities which he received, discovered to him their condition, with the motives of their journey ; and required his opinion on the choice of life. " Of the various conditions which the world spreads before you, which you shall prefer," said the sage, " I am not able to instruct you. I_can only lell that 1 have chosen wrong. I have p assed my time in study without experience ) in t he attain ment of sciences, which can, for the most part, be but remotely useful to mankind. I have purchased knowledge at the expense of all m comforts of life ; I have missed the endearing elegance of female friendship, and the happy commerce of domestic tenderness. If I have obtained any prerogatives above other stu- dents, they have been accompanied with fear, disquiet, and scrupulosity ; but even of these pre- rogatives, whatever they were, I have, since my thoughts have been diversified by more inter- course with the world, begun to question the 1 86 RASSELAS. rgality. When I have been for a few days lost in pleasing dissipation, I am always tempted to think that my inquiries have ended in error, and that I have suffered much, and suffered it in vain." Imlac was delighted to find that the sage's un- derstanding was breaking through its mists, and resolved to detain him from the planets till he should forget his task of ruling them, and reason should recover its original influence. From this time the astronomer was received into familiar friendship, and partook of all their projects and pleasures ; his respect kept him at- tentive, and the activity of Rasselas did not leave much time unengaged. Something was always to be done ; the day was spent in making obser- vations which furnished talk for the evening, and the evening was closed with a scheme for the morrow. The sage confessed to Imlac that since he had mingled in the gay tumults of life, and divided his hours by a succession of amusements, he found the conviction of his authority over the skies fade gradually from his mind, and began to trust less to an opinion which he never could prove to others, and which he now found subject to variation, from causes in which reason had no part. " If I am accidentally left alone for a few hours," said he, " my inveterate persuasion rushes upon my soul, and my thoughts are chained down by some irresistible violence ; but they are soon MELANCHOLY. 187 disentangled by the prince's conversation, and in- stantaneously released at the entrance of Pekuah. I am like a man habitually afraid of spectres, who is set at ease by a lamp, and wonders at the dread which harassed him in the dark ; yet, if his lamp be extinguished, feels again the terrors which he knows that when it is light he shall feel no more. But I am sometimes afraid lest I in- dulge my quiet by criminal negligence, and volun- tarily forget the great charge with which I am intrusted. If I favor myself in a known error, or am determined by my own ease in a doubtful question of this importance, how dreadful is my crime ! " " No disease of the imagination," answered Imlac, "is so difficult of cure as that which is complicated with the dread of guilt. Fancy and conscience then act interchangeably upon us, and so often shift their places that the illusions of one are not distinguished from the dictates of the other. If fancy presents images not moral or re- ligious, the mind drives them away when they give it pain ; but when melancholic notions take the form of duty, they lay hold on the faculties with- out opposition, because we are afraid to exclude or banish them. For this reason the superstitious are often melancholy, and the melancholy almost always superstitious. " But do not let the suggestions of timidity overpower your better reason : the danger of 1 88 HASSELAS. neglect can be but as the probability of the obli- gation which, when you consider it with freedom, you find very little, and that little growing every day less. Open your heart to the influence of the light, which, from time to time, breaks in upon you : when scruples importune you, which you in your lucid moments know to be vain, do not stand to parley, but fly to business or to Pekuah, and keep this thought always prevalent, that you are only one atom of the mass of humanity, and have neither such virtue nor vice as that you should be singled out for supernatural favors or afflictions." p yTT^^TjQQry^^z?' ^"'*jsL£jBL&JtJzjijUjz~+^j^ CHAPTER XLVII. THE PRINCE ENTERS, AND BRINGS A NEW TOPIC. FIX this," said the astronomer, " I have often thought, but my reason has been so long subjugated by an un- controllable and overwhelming idea, that it durst not confide in its own decisions. I now see how fatally I betrayed my quiet, by suf- fering chimeras to prey upon me in secret ; but melancholy shrinks from communication, and I never found a man before to whom I could im- part my troubles, though I had been certain of relief. I rejoice to find my own sentiments con- firmed by yours, who are not easily deceived, and can have no motive or purpose to deceive. I hope that time and variety will dissipate the gloom that has so long surrounded me, and the latter part of my days will be spent in peace." "Your learning and virtue," said Imlac, "may justly give you hopes." 190 RASSELAS. Rasselas then entered with the princess and -• Pekuah, and inquired whether they had contrived any new diversions for the next day? ur. — The Nation, New York. The author has shown a rare discrimination in the treatment of her subjects. And in nothing has this faculty been better dis- played than in her selection of authors. This alone is a difficult task, — one in which any writer would be sure to offend, at least by omission. But the table of contents of this book is a gratify- ing success, and the menu here provided will abundantly satisfy the most of readers. — The Express, Buffalo. Sold by all booksellers, or mailed on receipt of price, by A. C. McCLURG & CO., Publishers, Cor. Wabash Ave. and Madison St., Chicago. '"THE STANDARD CANTATAS. Their -*- Stories, their Music, and their Composers. A Hand- book. By George P. Upton. i2mo, 367 pages, yellow edges, price, $1.50 ; extra gilt, gilt edges, £2.00. In half calf, gilt top ... . $3.25 In half morocco, gilt edges . 3.75 In full morocco, flexible . . 6.00 The " Standard Cantatas " forms the third volume in the uni- form series which already includes the now we'll known " Stan- dard Operas" and the " Standard Oratorios." This latest work deals with a class of musical compositions, midway between the opera and the oratorio, which is growing rapidly in favor both with composers and audiences. As in the two former works, the subject is treated, so far as possible, in an untechnical manner, so that it may satisfy the needs of musically uneducated music lovers, and add to their en- joyment by a plain statement of the story of the cantata and a popular analysis of its music, with brief pertinent selections from its poetical text. The book includes a comprehensive essay on the origin of the cantata, and its development from rude beginnings ; biographical sketches of the composers; carefully prepared descriptions of the plots and the music ; and an apptendix containing the names and dates of composition of all the best known cantatas from the earliest times. This series of works on popular music has steadily grown in favor since the appearance of the first volume on the Operas. When the series is completed, as it will be next year bva volume on the Standard Symphonies, it will be, as the New York " Nation ' has said, indispensable to every musical library. -♦- Sold by all booksellers, or mailed on receipt of price, by A. C. McCLURG & CO., Publishers, Cor. Wabash Ave. and Madison St., Chicago. WHIST SCORES AND CARD- TABLE TALK. With a Bibliography of Whist. By Rudolf H. Rheinhardt. Illustrated, i2mo, 310 pages, gilt top, $1.00. ♦ Every whist-player, we think, will find this volume a treasure- house of information and a source of pleasure. It gives us the literature of cards, and a thoroughly interesting literature it is. . . . The author is a bright writer, and his book is sure to prove a congenial as well as useful whist-table companion. — The Ex- press, Buffalo. It is a compendium of interesting facts in regard to the game of whist, including those relative to the origin, varieties, and manufacture of cards, their peculiarities in different countries, etiquette of the card-table, tricks with cards, fortune-telling, quotations from famous people touching cards and gaming, and in fact almost everything that can be thought of in connection with the subject. — The Transcript, Boston. Mr. Rheinhardt has not only made a pretty book, but also done a new thing. He has prepared a whist score-book to con- tain the record of the play during two hundred and fifty even- ings, allowing ample space for all important data and for explan- atory remarks. This is welcome and useful, but it is not the most interesting part of the book. These scores are introduced by a brief bibliography of cards and gaming, and by a more elaborate bibliography of whist. The latter is much the fullest that we have seen ; and although the former might be amplified to advantage, — especially by the inclusion of many more French works, — it contains nearly all the chief books. Then, on the back of the whist scores, which fill only the even pages, is an excellent collection of ana and anecdotes about playing cards and card-playing, gathered from the best sources and carefully credited. — The Nation, New York. ♦ Sold by ail booksellers, or mailed on receipt of price, by A. C. McCLURG & CO., Publishers, Cor. Wabash Ave. and Madison St., Chicago. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE. By Victor Hugo. Translated by Melville B. Anderson, Svo, gilt top, 425 pages. Price, #2.00. In half calf or half morocco, $4.00. This is pre-eminently the most characteristic, the most in- tensely Hugoesque of all the author's prose works. "The splendid eloquence and heroic enthusiasm of Victor Hugo," says Swinburne, " never found more noble and sustained ex- pression than in this volume." Few prose works of the great French novelist and poet have a greater interest for English readers than this volume. — The Book Buyer, New York. Here, then, is a book that ought to have a wide reading in America. . . . No man but will live and breathe more gener- ously, nobly, and hopefully for reading Victor Hugo's book. — Tlie Herald, Boston. It would be difficult to name a book with so many unforgettable sayings upon art and literature, so many paragraphs rhythmic with passionate enthusiasm for progress and justice. — The Transcript, Boston. To read it is an education, to reflect upon it is an inspiration. To the translator the English-reading world is under a large debt of gratitude, for he has given us a book which will out- last the age in which it has been written. — The Keystone, Ph ila delph ia . This volume is much more than a study of Shakespeare. AH his- tory, all theology, and all philosophy are grasped and handled with titanic force, the bard of Avon furnishing the pretext for magni- ficent speculation. Why has this great work of Shakespeare never before been Anglicized ? — The Bulletin, Philadelphia. Sold by all booksellers, or mailed on receipt of price, by A. C. McCLURG & CO., Publishers, Cor. Wabash Ave. and Madison St., Chicago T IFE OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN, ■* — ' By the Hon. Isaac N. Arnold. With Steel Portrait. Svo, cloth, gilt top, 471 pages. Price, S2.50. In half calf, $4 75 ; half morocco, $5. 00. * It is decidedly the best and most complete Life of Lincoln that has yet appeared. — Contemporary Review, London. Mr. Arnold succeeded to a singular extent in assuming the broad view and judicious voice of posterity and exhibiting the greatest figure of our time in its true perspective. — The Trib- une., Ni-jj } 'ork. It is the only Life of Lincoln thus far published that is likely to live, — the only one that has any serious pretensions to depict him with adequate veracity, completeness, and dignity. — The Sun, New York. The author knew Mr. Lincoln long and intimately, and no one was better lilted for the task of preparing his biography. He has written with tenderness and fidelity, with keen discrimina- tion, and with graphic powers of description and analysis. — The Interior, Chisago. Mr. Arnold's " Life of President Lincoln " is excellent in almost every respect. . . . The author has painted a graphic and life-like portrait of the remarkable man who was called to decide on the destinies of his country at the crisis of its fale — The Times, London The book is particularly rich in incidents connected with the early career of Mr. Lincoln ; and it is without exception the most satisfaclory record of his life that has yet been written. Readers will also find that in its entirety it is a work of absorb- ing and enduring interest that will enchain the attention more effectually than any novel. — Magazine of American History, New York. * Sold by all booksellers, or mailed on receipt of price, by A. C. McCLURG & CO., Publishers, Cor. Wabash Ave. and Madison St., Chicago. T^HE AZTECS. Their History, Man- •*- ners, and Customs. From the French of Lucien Biart. Authorized translation by J. L. Garner. Illustrated, 8vo, 340 pages, price, $2.00. The author has travelled through the country of whose former glories his book is a recital, and his studies and discoveries leaven the book throughout. The volume is absorbingly interesting, and is as attractive in style as it is in material. — Saturday Evening; Gazette, Boston. Nowhere has this subject been more fully and intelligently treated than in this volume, now placed within reach of American readers. The mythology of the Aztecs receives special attention, and all that is known of their lives, their hopes, their fears, and aspirations finds record here. — Tfie Tribune, Chicago. The man who can rise from the study of Lucien Biart's inval- uable work, "The Aztecs," without feelings of amazement and admiration for the history and the government, and for the arts cultivated by these Romans of the New World is not to be envied. — The Advance, Chicago. The twilight origin of the present race is graphically presented ; those strange people whose traces have almost vanished from off the face of the earth again live before us. Their taxes and trib- utes, their marriage ceremonies, their burial customs, laws, medicines, food, poetry, and dances are described . . . The book is a very interesting one, and is brought out with copious illustrations. — The Traveller, Boston. M. Biart is the most competent authority living on the sub- ject of the Aztecs. He spent many years in Mexico, studied his subject carefully through all means of information, and wrote his book from the view-point of a scientist. His style is very at- tractive, and it has been very successfully translated. The gen- eral reader, as well as all scholars, will be much taken with the work. — Chronicle Telegraph, Pittsburg. ♦ Sold by all booksellers, or mailed on receipt of price, by A. C. McCLURG & CO., Publishers, Cor. Wabash Ave. and Madison St., Chicago. VyE TWO ALONE IN EUROPE. * * By Mary L. Ninde. Illustrated from Original Designs. nmo, 348 pages, price, $1.50. ♦ The foreign travels which gave rise to this volume were of a novel and perhaps unprecedented kind. Two young American girls started for " the grand tour " with the father of one of them, and he being compelled to return home from London they were courageous enough to continue their journeyings alone. They spent two years in travel, — going as far north as the North Cape and south to the Nile, and including in their itinerary St. Peters- burg and Moscow. Miss Ninde 's narrative is written in a fresh and sprightly but unsensational style, which, with the unusual ex- periences portrayed, renders the work quite unlike the ordinary books of travel. It is a narrative told so naturally and so vividly that the two gentle travellers do not seem to be " alone," but to have taken at least the reader along with them. ... It is filled with so many interesting glimpses of sights and scenes in many lands as to ren- der it thoroughly entertaining. — The Congregationalist, Boston. As the work of a bright American girl, the book is sure to com- mand wide attention. The volume is handsomely bound and copiously illustrated with views drawn, if we mistake not, by the author's own fair hands, so well do they accord with the viva- cious spirit of her narrative. — Times, Troy, New York. In these days when letters and books about travels in Europe have become generally monotonous, to say the least, it is absolute- ly refreshing to get hold of a bright, original book like " We Two alone in Europe." . . . The book is especially interesting for its fresh, bright observations on manners, customs, and objects of interest as viewed through these young girls' eyes, and the charming spice of adventure running through it. — Home Jour- nal, Boston. ♦ Sold by all booksellers, or mailed on receipt of price, by A. C. McCLURG & CO., Publishers, Cor. Wabash Avh. and Madison St., Chicago- THE HUMBLER POETS. A Colleo ticn of Newspaper and Periodical Verse. 1S70 to 1S85. By Slason Thompson. Crown Svo, 459 pages, cloth, gilt top. Price, $2.00. In half calf or half morocco, $4.00. * The publishers have done well in issuing this volume in a style of literary and artistic excellence, such as is given to the works of the poets of name and fame, because the contents richly entitle it to such distinction. — Home Journal, Boston. The high poetic character of these poems, as a whole, is sur- prising. As a unit, the collection makes an impression which even a genius of the highest order would not be adequate to pro- duce. . . . Measured by poetic richness, variety, and merit of the selections contained, the collection is a rarely good one flavored with the freshness and aroma of the present time. — Independent, New York. Mr. Thompson winnowed out the chaff from the heap, and has given us the golden grain in this volume. Many old news- paper favorites will be recognized in this collection, — many of those song-waifs which have been drifting up and down the newspaper world for years, and which nobody owns but every- body loves We are glad for ourselves that some one has been kind and tender-hearted enough to take in these fugitive chil- dren of the Muses and give them a safe and permanent home. The selection has been made with rare taste and discrimination, and the result is a delightful volume. — Observer, New York. Sold by all booksellers, or mailed on receipt of price, by A. C. McCLURG & CO., Publishers, Cor. Wabash Ave. and Madison St., Chicago. 4 6 96 1 3 Sol sT,T n 1 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Los Angeles This book is DUE on the last date stamped below. JUL 2 6 1983 DEC-^3 1984- * MARl3l98fi Kfeco torn FEB14198I N0V261 ■ii : m £ MAR 6 HAY p. _ ; m 83 - ' 1983 f 3 1158 002 6 6139 \ UC SOUTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY AA 000 380 113 1 s f