{^LIBRARY UNtVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO i V ^ 1 A SPECIAL VOCABULARY TO VIRGIL, COVERING HTS COMPLETE WORKS. BY J. B. GREENOUGH. BOSTON: PUBLISHED BY GINN & COMPANY. 1885. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1882, by JAMES B. GREENOUGH, in the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. J. S. GUSHING & Co., PRINTERS, BOSTON. PREFACE. T^HE author, in preparing this Vocabulary to accompany his Virgil, or for use with other editions, has had two things in view : first, to supply as much information as was possible in regard to the history and uses of the Latin words, so that the book should not be a mere key to translate by, but should also furnish means for the study of the language itself; and, secondly, at the same time to give or suggest a suitable English expression for every passage. In every language which is to be rendered into another, there may be said to be three classes of meanings to the words : first, the etymological meaning, i.e., the idea that a word presented when it was first formed or used ; second, the literal meanings, i.e., the ideas which a word came to have to those who used it in its later develop- ment; and, third, the foreign meaning or translation, i.e., the word expressing the nearest equivalent idea in the language into which one wishes to translate. Of course these three classes of meanings may happen to coincide ; a word may not have deviated essentially from its primitive force, and this same force may happen to belong to some similar word in the other language. It is, however, oftener other- wise ; words have often diverged very far and in many directions from the primitive conception underlying them, and it is rare that a word in one language exactly covers the group of ideas which belongs to the nearest corresponding word in another ; and this is especially true in poetry. The author has aimed to keep these classes of meanings separate so far as space would permit. For 4 Preface. this purpose the etymological meaning, whero it may not be directly deduced from the etymology, has been given first in a parenthesis. Then follow the literal meanings, as nearly as possible in the sup- posed order of development, with such hints as could be given of the connection of ideas. Such renderings as seemed to be neces- sary in English, but which did not accord with the Latin concep- tion, have been given in their connection as examples. In this way it is hoped the pupil or teacher may find a good English expression without losing sight of the Latin conception, which is, after all, the most important of the three classes of meanings. Further, an expression rendered by a bare representation of its ultimate mechanical equivalent, often loses not only all its poetry, but also the whole conception as it presented itself to the mind of the original speaker. Take such a case zsfors dicta refutct ; the poet undoubtedly means " may fate avert the calamity I suppose," but he is far from saying so, nor could refuto to a Roman convey any such idea. What he does say is, " May fate annul (make void) my words," i.e., contra- dict, or prove false, the supposition which I make. For, in ancient times, it must be remembered any supposition or suggestion of calamity was regarded as ominous, and as tending to bring about the calamity supposed ; a force which vaguely underlies the expres- sion in English, " Oh, don't speak of it." It can hardly be hoped that the desired result has been attained in all cases, but the idea has been constantly kept in view. Nor is it supposed that the expressions given ^are the only suitable ones, but it is hoped that they will be found suggestive. In regard to the etymology, which occupies more space than is usual in such books, the author has wished to show not merely the kinship of words loosely, but, if possible, the precise manner in which one word has been formed from another. The fact is often overlooked that the Latin language, as we have it, is the growth of many centuries, during which forms have grown up and given Preface. 5 rise to new formations, while they themselves have disappeared. The new formations have given rise by analogy to others seeming to be formed like them from lost stems, which, however, perhaps never existed at all. For instance, the forms in -bundus and -cundus are unquestionably originally formations from stems in -bon and -con, which are themselves formations from stems in -bo and -co, and these in turn have been formed by adding -bus and -cm (bo and co) to simpler stems or roots. It has been attempted by hints and cross references to indicate these gradual developments, and it is hoped that the treatment will present to many persons new views of Latin stem-formation. It is not desired that all pupils should learn this etymological matter ; but the author has been led to insert it on account of the want of any such means of information in an accessible form. The actual quantity of vowels, where known, has been indicated, irrespective of syllabic quantity, in order to aid the proper pronun- ciation of Latin words. J. B. GREENOUGH. CAMBRIDGE, NOVEMBER i, 1882. ABBREVIATIONS. a. Actually long vowels are marked without reference to syllabic quantity, and all vowels (in the words when first presented) not marked long are supposed to be naturally short, although the syllable may be long by position. The pronunciation will of course depend on the rules learned from the grammar. [ ]. All matter in square brackets is etymological. [Gr. AtoXos] . A Greek word in brackets preceded by Gr. indicates that the Latin word is borrowed from the Greek one given. [?] . The interrogation in brackets marks a doubtful etymology ; after a word or suggestion it indicates, as usual, a doubt, or a suggestion not yet gen- erally received. j-servo. A dagger marks a stem, or, in some cases, a word not found in Latin, but which must once have existed. Such stems and words are printed in different type. DHA. Capitals indicate Indo-European words or roots. Vfer. The radical sign is used for convenience to indicate a root. By this is meant the simplest Latin form attainable by analysis ; though, strictly speaking, a root is impossible in Latin, as roots had ceased to exist, as such, ages before Latin was a separate language. as if. The words as if indicate that a word is formed according to such an analogy, though the actual growth of the word may have been different. wh. whence is derived. cf . Compare, either for resemblance, contrast, or etymological kinship. poss. possibly. prob. probably. unc. uncertain. (-). A hyphen indicates composition. (-)-). The plus sign indicates derivation by addition of a termination; the process originally, of course, was one of composition. reduced. The word reduced indicates the loss of a stem vowel either in composition, derivation, or inflection. Strengthened. The word strengthened indicates a vowel change by which the length of a root vowel is increased ; as ./div., fDyau, -v^snu, -f-nau. weakened. The word weakened means that a vowel has descended the vowel scale ; astrom a to o or e, o to e or *', etc. p. present participle. p.p. past participle. p.f . future participle. p. ger. gerundive. abl. ablative. dat. dative. ace. accusative. compar. comparative. superl. superlative. Italics. Matter in Italics is for translation ; in Roman, is explanatory only. VOCABULARY. VOCABULARY. a ; see ab. ab (a, abs), [reduced case form of unc. stem: cf. Gr. curb; Eng. off, of], prep, with abl., away from (cf. ex, out of) . Used of place, time, and abstract ideas, with words of motion, separation, and the like, from, off from : ducite ab urbe ; a me abducere ; defendo a fri- gore. With words not implying motion, on the side of, on. Of succession, from, after, beginning with, since : omnes a Belo ; nascor ab ; a primis mensibus. Irregu- larly, from (out of} : agnae ab ovilibus. With passives, by, on the part of. Fig., from, in rela- tion to, in accordance with (cf. ex, de) : spectare ab annis. Ad- verbial phrase : ab integro, afresh, anew. With usque, all the way from ; see usque. abactus, -a, -um, p.p. of abigo. Abaris, -is, [Gr. *Aj3pjs] , m., a war- rior in Turnus' army. Abas, -aiitis, [Gr.'A/Sas], m. : I. A mythic king of Argos, grandson of Danaus, possessor of a famous shield which was sacred to Juno, whence the use of his name in ^En. Hi. 286 ; 2. A companion of tineas ; 3. An Etrurian hero. abditus, -a, -um, p.p. of abdo. abdo [ab-do (put)], -didi, -dltum, -dere, 3. v. &.,put away, remove. With reflexive, go away, take one's self off, withdraw, retire. Also, hide, conceal: (with dat.) later! abdidit ensem, i.e., plunged the sword deeply into his side. With reflexive, conceal or hide one's self by withdrawing, withdraw and hide, hide away. abduco, -xi, -etiuii, -cere, [ab- duco], 3. v. a., leadur conduct away or from; take or bring with one: colon! abducti. draw back or away : capita ab ictu. carry off or away, get away. abductns, -a, -am, p.p. of abdaco. Abella (Av-), -ae, f., Abella or Avella ; a town of Campania (now Avella Vecchia) famous for its fruit. abeo, ivi or ii, it um, ire, [ab-eo], v. n., go from a place, &c., go away, depart, withdraw, pass away, disappear, vanish, go doiun. abfore ; see absum. abl, etc. ; see abeo. abicio, -ieci, -iectum, -icere, [ab- iacio], 3. v. a., throw from or away, throw down. abiectus, -a, -um, p.p. of abicio. abies, -ietis, [?], I., fir or spruce, a coniferous tree. Also the wood, a favorite material for shipbuilding and the like. a ship (made of the wood), a spear-handle, a spear. abigo, -egi, -actum, -ere, [ab- ago], 3. v. a., drive away, dispel, remove : nox abacta. abitus, -as, [ab-itus], m. (abstr. of abeo), a going away, departure, retirement. Concretely, an outlet, place of egress, way of escape, escape. abiungo, -xi, -ctuin, -gere, [ab- iungo], 3. v. a., unyoke, unhar- ness : iuvencum. abiiiratus, -a, -um, p.p. of abiuro. abiuro, -avi, -atum, -are, [ab- iuro], I. v. a., swear off, abjure, deny on oath : abiuratae rapinae. Vocabulary. ablatus, -a, -um, p.p. of aufero. abluu, -ui, -lit um, -uere, [abluo], 3. v. a., wash, off, out, or away : cae- dem. remove filth from any thing by washing, cleanse, purify, wash. ablut us, -a, -am, p.p. of ablao. abnego, -avi, at um, -are, [ab- nego] , I . v. a., deny (with accessory notion of refusal), refuse, deny : medicas adhibere manus. abnuo, -ui, -nit HIM or -Otuin, -uere (-uiturus), [ab-nuo], 3. v. a. and n., make a sign with the head in token of refusal, refuse, deny, decline, forbid : omen. aboleo, -evi or -ui, -Itum, -ere, [ab-oleo], 2. v. a. (properly, out- grow, but only used in the causative sense), to destroy, cause to perish : monumenta. Pass., die. Fig., take away, extirpate, blot out, re- move, &.: Sychaeum (from Dido's mind) . abolesco, -evi, no sup., -escere, [ab-olesco], 3. v. n. (outgroiv), be destroyed, decay, waste, vanish, abreptus, -a, -um, p.p. of abripio. abripiu, -ripui, -reptuni, -ere, [ab-rapio], 3. v. a., snatch from or away, drag off, carry off, tear away or from. abrumpo, - ru pi, -ruptuin, -ruin- pere, [ab-rumpo], 3-v.a. (in cau- sative sense), break off or away from, tear away, rend asunder, break away (clouds). Of dis- course, &c., break off : sermonem. Of law, &c., violate, trample on : fas. Of life, &c., tear or rend away, destroy, put an end to : vi- tam ; invisam lucem {abandon) ; somnos cura (JianisK) . abrup- tus, -a, -um, p.p., stcffi, precipi- tous, violent : procellae; abrupto sidere. In abruptum, precipi- tously. abruptus, -a, -um, p.p. of ab- rumpo. abs, fuller form of ab (cf. ex, uls). abscessus, -as, [abs-fcessus, Y/ced+tus], m., a going away, departure. abscido, -cidi, -risum, -cidere, [abs-caedo], 3. v. a., cut off or away, destroy. absclndo, -scidi, -scissum, -scin- dere, [ab-scindo], 3. v. a., cut or tear off or away, tear apart, sever, rend asunder : arva et urbes ; tear: flaventes abscissa comas ; tear or rend away from one ; de- prive one of: umeris vestem. abscissus, -a, -um, p.p. of ab- scindo^ abscondo, -di and -didi, -ditum and -sum, -dere, [abs-condo], 3. v. a., put away, put out of sight, secrete, conceal. Pass, in reflex- ive force, of the heavenly bodies : hide, disappear, vanish, set: Atlan- tides abscondantur. Of places as objects, lose sight of, leave be- hind: Phaeacum arces. Fig., conceal, hide : furto fugam. absens, -entis, p. of absura. absilio, -li or -ui, no sup., -ire, [ab-salio], 4. v. n. and a., leaf or spring away, fly off ': scintillae. absisto, -stiti, no sup., -sistcrc, [ab-sisto], 3. v. n., stand away or apart from ; withdraw, depart or go away, fly from. Fig., desist or cease from, leave off, forbear, refrain (abs. or with inf.) : moveri. abstineu, -ti u ui, -tentu in, -tliie re, [abs-teneo], 2. v. a. and n., hold or keep away from ; hold or Xv off. With reflexive, restrain one's self, refrain, keep off or away. Without reflexive, refrain, abstain (abs. or with abl.) : tactu (refuse to touch). abstractus, -a, -um, p.p. of abs- traho. abstraho, -xi, -ctum, -here, [abs- traho], 3. v. a., draw or drag away, carry off. abstrudo, -Osi, -fisum, -udere, [abs-trudo], 3. v. a., thrust away, hide, conceal. With reflexive or in passive, hide or conceal one's self. abstrusus, -a, -um, p.p. of abs- trudo. abstuli; see aufero. Vocabulary. absum, -ful, -esse, [ab-sum], (in- stead of abfui, abforem, etc., aful, aforem, etc., are also found), v. n., be, away from, be absent or distant (in place or time): hinc aberat. absens, -ntis, p. as adj., absent, away; with adv. force, in one's absence. \bsumo, -nipsi, -inptum (better than -nisi, -intum), -mere, [ab- sumo], 3. v. a., take away (to spend, or by spending, cf. sump- tus) ; devour, consume : mensas, Of persons, kill, destroy, &c. : me ferro. Of property, &c., de- vour, consume : salus absumpta (gone) ; absumptae vires (ex- hausted, all used), absumptus, -a, -inn (less correctly -nitus, etc.), p.p. of absuiiuK abundans, -ntis, p. of abuudo. abunde [tabundo-(ab-unda+us)], adv., copiously, abundantly, in pro- fusion ; in a very great or high degree, amply, in plenty, &c. With gen. = noun or adj., plenty of, sufficient : fraudis. abiindu, -avi, -atuni, -are, [tab- undo-], I . v. n.,flow off, away, over- flow, i.e., be very abundant or nu- merous; to be in abundance ; over- floiv with ; to have an abundance or superabundance. abuudaus, -utis, p. as adj., abundans lactis. ab usque ; see ab. Abydus (-dos), -i, [Gr. "At/5os], f. and m., a town in Asia, opposite Sestos (now Avido), famous for its oysters. ac 1 , reduced form of atque, \vh. see. acalanthis,-idis,[Gr. a.Ka\av0is~\, f., flie acalanthis (perhaps the thistle- finch or gold-finch), a small bird (fabled to have been changed from a girl of that name by the Muses, with whom she contended in song) . Acamas, -antis, [Gr. 'A/co^as], m., a son of Theseus and Pluedra, a hero in the Trojan war. acanthus, -I, [Gr. &/cai/0os], in. and f. Masc., the plant beards-breech, bear's-foot, or brank-ursine, of which the leaf conventionalized appears on Corinthian capitals. Fern., the acanthus, a thorny ever- green tree in Egypt. Acarnan, -anis,[Gr.'A(capi/o'],adj., of Acarnania. Masc., a native of that country. Plur., the inhabi- tants, Acarnanians. Acarnania, -ae, [f. of adj. Acar- uauius], f., a province of central Greece (now Carnia). Acca, jae, f., a friend of Camilla. accedo (ad-), -cessi, -cessuin, -cedere, (perf. ind. accestis for accessistis), [ad-cedo], 3. v. n., go towards, draw near, approach, come to, visit (persons or things). With ace. : scopulos. accelero (ad-), -avi, -atum, -are, [ad-celero], i.v. a. and n. Act, hasten, accelerate. Neut., haste, hasten, make haste. acceiido (ad-), -di, -sum, -dere, [ad-fcando (cf. incendo and candeo)], 3. v. a., set on fire, kin- dle : tantum ignem. Fig., i n- Jlame a person or thing, set on fire, kindle, excite, fire, rouse : quos merita accendit Mezentius ira. accensus (ad-), -a, -um, p.p. of accendo. acceptus, -a, -um, p.p. of accipio. at'cerso, see arcesso. accessus (ad-), -us, [ad-fcessus, cf. abscessus], m. Abstr., a going to or near, an approach, entrance, access: ventorum. Concr., an approach, an entrance. accido (ad-), -eidi, no sup., -ci- dere, [ad-caedo], 3. v. a., cut into. Of food, consume. Of trees, hew, cut, fell : ornas. accinctus (ad-), -a, -um, p.p. of aecingo. acciugo (ad-), -xi, -ctum, -gere, (inf. pass, aceingier), [ad-cin- go], 3. v. a.., gird on, gird around or about : later! ensem. Pass., gird one's self about with, gird <l Vocabulary. of means, arm, equip, furnish, provide, &c. : paribus armis, gird, i.e. prepare, make ready. With reflexive or in passive, pre- pare one's self, get ready, make one's self ready, &c. : se praedae accingunt. accio (ad-), -Ivi, -I turn, -ire, [ad- cio, cf. cieo], 4. v. a., cause to come or go to a person or place ; summon, call. accipio (ad-), -cepi, -ceptum, -cipere, [ad-capio], 3. v. a., take a person or thing to one's self, &c.; take, receive : te gremio. re- ceive or entertain as a guest, &c. : Aenean. Gen., take, get, receive, attain, take in, take up : vulnera tergo ; vitam deorum ; aequora (of ships) ; me annus (/ enter upon) ; animum quietum ; ac- cipe daque fidem. Mentally, perceive, hear, observe, learn, re- ceive intelligence of anything: so- nitum. take or regard a thing in any way; consider, interpret, explain. accipere omen; also, without omen : regard a thing as a {favorable) omen, take as an omen. acceptus, -a, -urn, p.p., acceptable, -welcome. acclpiter, -tris, [stem akin to ocior- stem akin to peto], m., a hawk. accisus, -a, -uui, p.p. of accido. accitus (ad-), -us, [ad-citus], m. (only in abl. sing.), a summoning, summons, call. accitus, -a, -inn, p.p. of accio. acclinls (ad-), -e, [ad-fclinus (weakened), cf. clino], adj., lean- ing against or towards, leaning on : arboris trunco. acclivis, -e, (-us, -a, -um), [ad + clivus (weakened)], adj., slanting upwards (opp. to de-cllvis) ; in- clining upivards,ascending, up hill. accola (ad-), -ae, [ad-fcola (cf. Incola)], comm., a dweller by or near a place; a neighbor , dwelling near by. accolo (ad-), -colui, -cultuiu, -colere, [ad-colc], 3. v. a. and n., dwell by or near a place, &c., with or without jicc. accommodu (ad-), -avi, -atuiii, -are, [ad-commodo], \.\.&.,fit or adapt ; adjust : later! accom- modat ensem. accommodus (ad-), -a, -um, [ad- commodus], adj., suitable, fit: fraudi. accubo (ad-), -ui, -itum, -are, [ad-cubo], I. v. n., lie, lie down or recline, at, by or near: iuxta accubaj,. Of shade, fall. accumbo (ad-), -cubui, -cubi- tuin, -cumbere, [ad-cumbo], 3. v. n., lay one's self down upon, lie on ; recline (at table) : epulis divum. _ acoumulo (ad-), -avi, -atum, -are, [ad-cumulo], i. v. a., heap upon, heap up, accumulate, load: animam donis. accurro (ad-), -cucurri and -cur- ri, -cursum, -currere, [ad-cur- ro], 3. v. n., run to, come toby run- ning, hasten to. acer, -eris, n., the maple. acer, -cris, -ere, [^&c + ris], adj., (sharp, pointed, edged), sharp : sonitus. Fig., violent, vehement, strong, passionate, lively, bitter, consuming: dolor; metus. Of intellectual qualities, subtle, acute, penetrating, sagacious, shrewd. Of moral qualities, in a good sense, active, ardent, spirited, zealous : Orontes ; acrior successu (in- spired) ; in a bad sense, violent, hasty, hot, fierce, severe, fiery : equus. Of things: areas (pow- erful). acerbo, no perf., -atum, -are, [facerbo-], I. v. a., to make harsh or bitter, to embitter, augment or aggravate anything disagreeable, &c. : crimen. acerb us, -a, -um, [acer + bus], adj., {pointed, sharp). To the taste, or to the feelings, harsh, biting, salt, bitter. Of persons, rough, repulsive, morose, violent, harsh, rigorous, hostile, severe. Vocabulary. 5 Neut. plur. as adv., harshly, sourly, morosely, grimly, violently : tuens (furiously, bitterly). Of things, harsh, heavy, disagreeable, bitter, troublesome, rigorous, grievoiis, sad. Neut., calamity, misfortune. Poetic, painful, violent, sad; causing pain (to others), afflictive, distressing. acernus, -a,-um, [acer+nus], adj., made of maple, maple- : trabes. acerra, -ae, [?], f., an incense-box. Acerrac, -arum, f., a town of Cam- pania, near Naples (now Acerra} . acervus, -I, [acer + vus], m., (a pointed mound'), a heap. Acesta, -ae, (-e, -es), f., a town of Sicily, named after King Acestes (earlier Egesta, later Segesla~). Acestes, -ae, [Gr. 'A/ce'oTTjs], m., a son of the river-god Crimisus by a Trojan woman Egesta, or Segesta. He received tineas as a kinsman. Achaemenides, -ae, [Gr. 'Axc"M f - vt5i}s],m.,a supposed companion of Ulysses, left on the island of Sicily. Ac hu ic i is, -a, -urn, [Gr. 'Axcm'KcJs], adj., Achaan, Grecian. AchaJus,-a,-um,[Gr.'Axai'os],adj., Achaan, Grecian. Fern, as subst., Achaia, a country in the northern part of the Peloponnesus, on the Gulf of Corinth. Less exactly, Greece. Achates, -ae, [Gr. 'AxaTTjs], m., the trusty squire of /Eneas. Acheloi'us, -a, -um, [Gr ' AxeAcoi'os] , adj., belonging to the river Acheloiis in Greece. Achelous, -i, [Gr. 'AXSA.&JOS], m., Acheloiis, a river of central Greece (now the Aspropotamd). Acheron, -ntis, [Gr. > Ax 6 V &)>/ ]> m -> a river in Epirus, which flows through the Lake Acherusia into the Ambracian Gulf (now the Ver- lichi or Delika~). Hence, a river in the infernal regions. Also, the infernal regions, the world below. Acheruns, -untis, m., the infernal rt'^ions, the world below. Achilles, -is, (-i or -ei), [Dor. Gr. m - t ^ e famous hero of the Iliad, son of Peleus and Thetis. Aehllle us, -a, -um, [Gr.' AXI AAeios] , adj., belonging or pertaining to Achilles, of Achilles, Achilles'. Achi vus, -a, -um, [Gr. ' AXCJJFOS (not found)], adj., Achcean, Grecian, Greek. Plur., Achivi, -orum, m., the Greeks. Acidalia, -ae, [f. of adj. Acida- lins], f., a name of Venus from a fountain (AcidaKus) in Boeotia. acidus, -a, -um, [lost stem faci- or faco- (cf. aciculus, aceo) + dus], adj., (pointed, sharp}. Of taste, sour, hard, acid : sorba. acies, -ei, [^/ac+ ies], f., (point}, edge, sharp edge of a sword, sickle, &c. : acies ferri ; falcis. Of sight, keen look or glance, poiver of vision, the sight, the eye : geminas flecte acies ; brightness of the heavenly bodies : stellis acies obtusa vi- detur. line or order of battle, battle-array of land or sea forces; a similar line of boys ; an army drawn up in order of battle ; the action of troops drawn up in bat- tle-array ; a battle : acie certare ; an army : eoas acies. aclis, -Idls, [Gr. aynvXis'], f., a small Acmoii, -onis, [Gr. * \KIJ.U>V~\, m., a companion of ^Eneas. Acoetes, -is, [Gr. "AKO^TTJS], m., an armor-bearer of Evander. aconitum, -i, [Gr. d/cocn-oj/], n., aconite, wolfs-bane or monk's-hood (a poisonous herb). Aconteus, -el, [Gr. 'AKoireik], m., a Latin warrior. acquire, see adquiro. Acragas, -antis, [Gr. 'AKpdyas'], m., a mountain and town in Sicily, called also Agrigentum (now Gir- _ genti\. Acrisione, -es, [Gr. ' \Kpivri~\, f., the daughter of Acrisius, i.e. Da na'e. Acrisioneus,-a, -um, adj.,/^r/ai- ing to Acrisione : coloni. Acrisius, -I, [Gr. ' A.Kplffios'], m., Acrisius, fourth king of Argos, 6 Vocabulary. father of Danae, unintentionally killed by his grandson Perseus. Acron, -onis, m., an Etruscan war- rior slain by Mezentius. act a, -ae, [Gr. aK'Hj] , f., the sea-shore. Actaeus, -a, -urn, [Gr. 'AKTCUOS], adj., of Attica, Attic. Masc. pi., Actaei, the Athenians. Actias, -adis, [Gr. 'A/crfus], adj. f., Attic, Athenian. Actium, -I, (n. of Actius), [Gr. &K-TIOV, sea-coast}, n., a promontory and town of Greece on the Ambra- cian Gulf, off which the great vic- tory of Octavius over Antony was gained. Actius, -a, -11 ni, [Gr. &KTIOS], adj., of Actium (prop, same word as Actium, but used as adj. from it). Actor, -oris, [Gr. "Ajcrwp], m., a Trojan. act us, -a, -um, p.p. of ago. actus, -ns, [ v/ag-f tus], m., a driv- ing, impulse : fertur mons mag- no actu. actutum [n. ace. of factutus (cf. cornutus)], adv., with speed, hastily, immediately, speedily, in- stantly. acuo, -ui, iif um, -ere, [facu-], 3. v. a., make sharp, sharpen : fer- rum. Fig., spur on, incite, drive on, rouse, disquiet : lupos ; curia mortalia corda. Of passions, rouse, excite : iras. acutus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., sharpened, sharp (in all senses): saxum; hinni- tus (shrill). acus, -us, [ ^/ac + us], f., (a pointed thing"), a needle: acu pingere (embroider). acutus, -a, -um, p.p. of acuo. ad [unc. case-form], prep, with ace., to, toward, against (cf. in). Of motion, direction, and tendency in all senses : tendens ad sidera E almas; spectaread; respicead aec; canit ad auras (uJ>,cflu/>-i/, 'ASco^is], m., a youth beloved by Venus. Pie was changed by her into a flower, and supposed to be mourned by her at a yearly sacred day in spring. adoperio, -erul, -ertum, -ire, [ad- operio], 4. v. a., cover over, cover. adopertus, -a, -um, p.p. of ado- perio. adoreus (-ins), -a, -um, [ador + eus], adj., of spelt (a peculiar ce- real used by the Romans as food, Triticum spelta) : liba. adorior, -ortus, -Iri, (cf. orior), [ad-orior], 4. v. dep., rise up against (perhaps from ambush), attack. Less exactly, accost. Fig., enter upon, take up, under- take, attempt, essay (with inf.). adoro, -avi, -at urn, -are, [ad-oro], I. v. a., pray to, worship, adore. Less exactly, beg, intreat, im- plore : vos adoro. adortus, -a, -um, p.p. of adorior. adpareo (app-), -ul, -itum, -ere, [ad-pareo], 2. v. n., appear at some place, appear. Fig., be visi- ble, manifest, evident, apparent. adparo (app-), -avi, -alum, -are, [ad-paro], i. v. a., prepare for, make ready for, put in order, pro- vide. Fig., prepare, be ready, make ready, be about (with inf.). 1 . adpello (app-), -puli, -pulsum, -pcllere, [ad-pello], 3. v. a., drive, move, bring to or towards. With navem (or alone), bring to land, land. 2. adpello (app-), -avi, -atum, -are, [akin to I. adpello, but diff. formation], I. v. a., address, speak to, accost (cf. adgredior) . name, call, hail: Acesten victorem. adpeto (app-), -IvI or -ii, -itum, -ere, [ad-peto], 3. v. a. and n.,fall upon, attack, assail : ferro cae- lestia corpora. adplico (app-), -avi or -ui, -atum or -itum, -are, [ad-plico], i . v. a. and n. (fold upoti), join, fix, fas- ten, attach, gird on : ensem. Fig., drive, force, bring to (nauti- cal term). adpouo (app-), -posui, -positum, -ponere, [ad-pono], 3. v. a.,//, place at, beside, or near, serve up, serve, stipply (of food) : pabula (for bees). adquiro (ac-), slvl, situm, rere, [ad-quaero], 3. v. a., get or pro- cure in addition, add to, acquire : viresque adquirit eundo. Adrastus, -I, [Gr. "ASpao-ros], m., a king of Argos, father-in-law of Tydeus. adrectus, -a, -um, p.p. of adrigo. adreptus, -a, -um, p.p. of adripio. IO Vocabulary. Adriacus, -a,-um; see Hadriacus. adrigo (arr-), -rexi, -rectum, -rigere, [ad-rego], 3. v. a., set up, raise, erect : leo comas ; adrectus in digitos (rising on) ; currus (tipped up, with the poles in the air) ; aures (prick up} ; adrectis auribus (listening) ; adrecti oculi (staring). Fig., rouse, excite: animum (encourage}. adripio (arr-), -ripui, -reptum, -rlpere, [ad-rapio] , 3. v. a., snatch, catch, seize, grasp : hanc terram veils (make for). adscendo (asc-), -scendl, -scen- s u in, -scendere, [ad-scando], 3. v. n. and a., ascend, mount up, climb: collem. 1. adscensus, -a, -um, p.p. of ad- scendo. 2. adscensus, -us, [ad-fscansus], m. ascending, ascent. adscio (asc-), no perf., no sup., -scire, [ad-scio], 4. v. a., take to one's self, receive, admit. adsclsco (asc-), adscivi, adsci- tum, adsciscere, [ad-fscisco], 3. v. a. inch., receive, admit, adopt. Fig., take or draw to one's self, receive, take, adopt, appropriate. i.adsensus (ass-), -a, -urn, p.p. of assent iu and assent ior. 2. adseusus (ass-), -us, [ad-sen- sus], m., an assenting, assent, agreement, approval, assent to or belief in any thing. Esp. (with expression), assent, approbation, sign of assent. Fig., echo (as answering in accord). adsentio (ass-), -sensi, -sensum, sentire, [ad-sentio], 4. v. n. (think in accordance with), assent, give assent, approve. Also deponent. adservo (ass-), -avi, -atum, -are, [ad-servo], r. v. a. (watch over), guard with care, preserve, protect, defend. In hostile sense, guard, watchjover, keep in custody. adsldeo (ass-), -sedi, -sessum, -ere, [ad-sedeo], 2. v. a. and n., sit by or near. Act., besiege, belea- guer : muros hostis. adsidue (ass-), adv. [abl. of ad- siduus], continually, constantly, incessantly, persistently. adsiduus, -a, -urn, [ad-fsiduus ( Y/sed + uus)], adj. (sitting by}. Fig., permanent, constant, increas- ing, perpetual, incessant : sal (of the waves) ; voces ; fuligo. adsimilis (ass-), -e, [ad-similia], adj., like, resembling, similar. adsimulo(ass-), -avi, -atum, -are, [ad-simulo], I. v. a. (make like}, compare, liken. copy, imitate. counterfeit: clipeum divini capi- tis ; formam adsimulata Camerti (assuming the form). adsisto (as-), -titi, no sup., -sis- tere, [ad-sisto], 3-v. n., stand at, by, or near : super (stand over} . adspecto, -avi, -atum, -are, [ad- specto], I. v. a. intens., gaze at (with some emotion). Fig., of a place, look towards, look out on, lie towards, lie opposite. 1. adspectus, -a, -um, p.p. of ad- spiclo. 2. adspectus (asp-), -us, [ad-spec- tus], m. Act., a seeing, looking at; a glance, look; the faculty or sense of seeing, sight. Pass., visi- bility, appearance. Of things, appearance, look. adspergo (asp-), -ersi, -ersum, -ergere,[ad-spargo], 3. v. ^scat- ter, cast, strew, spread: pecori virus. Less exactly, strew, sprin- kle about : sapores. Transferred, bestrew, strew (with something), sprinkle, bedew. adspergo (aspargo), -Inls, [ad- tspargo- (Vsparg + o)], f., a sprinkling, besprinkling. Concr., drops, spray. adspernor, -atus, -arl, [ad-(or ab- ) spernor], I. v. dep. (spurn from one's self}. Fig., disdain, reject, despise : baud adspernanda (not to be despised, not despicable}. adspersus, -a, -um, p.p. of ad- spergo. adspicio (asp-), -exi, -ectum, -icere, [ad-specio], 3. v. a. and Vocabulary. II n., look upon or at, behold, see. Esp., look with respect, admiration, or regard ' : aspice nos (regard}. Neut., look, glance : aspice ! (seef). Act., catch sight of, espy. adspiro (asp-), -avi, -atum, -are, [ad-spiro], i. v. n. and a. Neut., breathe or blow to or upon : Auster in altum. Fig., be favorable, assist, smile on : labori. Of winds, l>/ow : aurae in noctem (blow on into the night). aspire to : equis Achillis (poet. dat. for ad). Act., breathe something up- on : ventos eunti (of Juno). Fig., canenti (inspire). infuse, instil, impart : dictis amorem. Of odors : amaracus (breathe its fragrance) . adsto (ast-), -stiti, -stitum, -are, [ad-sto], I. v. n., stand at, by, or near: adstitit oris (reached}, Less exactly, stand up, stand out. adstriiigo (ast-), -iiixi, -ictuni, -ingere, [ad-stringo], 3. v. a., bind, tie, or fasten, to, bind. adsuesco (ass-), -evi, -etuin, -escere, [ad-suesco], 3. v. a. and n., accustom to : ne tanta animis adsuescite bella {become accus- tomed in your thoughts). Neut., become accustomed, be wont (with inf.). Pass., be accustomed or habituated: silvis. adsuetus (ass-), -a, -um, p.p. of adsuesco. adsultus, -us, [ad-saltus], m., a bounding towards. an attack, assault. adsuiu(ass-), -fui (aff-), -fu turns (aff-), -esse, [ad-sum], be at, near, or by, be here, be there, be in, be present : coram adest (is here before you). Esp., with idea of assisting (cf. "stand by"), aid, assist, defend, favor. In special sense, come (and be present), ap- proacly hue ades {come hither} . adsurgo (ass-), -rexi, -reetum, -gere, [ad-surgo], 3. v. n., rise up, lift one's self up. Esp., rise up out of respect, pay respect, (fig.), yield the palm to. Of things, mount or rise in height, increase in size, stand (of high objects) : turres. rise (in the heavens): Orion. rise up in or for some- thing : querelis (break out in) . Of degree, increase, rise : irae. adulter, -era, -erum, [ad-ulter ; cf. ultra, etc.], ad].(going beyond, abroad, with special sense of il- licit love). Masc., a paramour. adulteriuin, -i, [adulter + ium, n. of -ius], n., adultery. adult us, -a, -urn, part. of adolcsco. aclinic us, -a, -um, [ad-uncus], adj., hooked towards one, curved inward: rostrum. Less exactly, curved upwards. adiiro, -ussi, -ustum, -ere, [ad- uro], 3. v. a., burn into, scorch, singe, parch, dry up. From simi- lar effect, nip, freeze, bite (with frost) . ad usque ; see ad and usque. advectus, -a, -nin, p.p. of adveho. adveho, -vexi, -vectum, -ere, [ad- veho], 3. v. a., carry to, convey, bear : advecta classis (by the winds). Pass.,0 by any convey- ance, ride, sail, arrive, reach. With reflexive (rarely alone), go to, arrive, reach. advelo, -avi, -atum, -are, [ad- velo], I. v. a., cover over, wrap, encircle, surround, deck : tempera lauro. advena, -ae, [ad-fvena ; cf. ad- venio], m., one who arrives, a stranger, foreigner, new-comer, chance-comer. In adj. sense, for- eign : exercitus. advenio, -veni,-venttim,-ire, [ad- venio], 4. v. n., come to, arrive at, arrive, reach : Tyriam urbem. advento, -avi, -atum, -are, [ad- vento], I. v. n., come to often, fre- quent. Less exactly, come, arrive. adventus, -us, [ad-fventus ; cf. eveiitus], m., a coming to, arri- val, approach, coming. adversatus, -a, -um, p.p. of ad- versor. 12 Vocabulary. adversor, -at us, -ai-i, [ad-versor], I. v. dep., turn or act against, op- pose, resist, withstand ' : non ad- versata petenti {refusing). adversus, -a, -uin, p.p. of adverto. adversus, prep. ; see adverto. adverto, -verti, -versum, -ere, [ad-verto], 3. v. a. Act., turn towards or against: pedem ripae. Pass., or with reflexive, (urn, di- rect one's course. Less exactly, direct, steer, sail : classem in por- tum. Fig., turn, direct : numen mails. With anlmum or animo {turn the mind or turn with the mind'), notice, recognize, attend to, give heed, heed, give ear (with or without object) : animis advertite vestris. adversus, -a, -uin, p.p., turned towards, facing, in front obluctus adversae arenae {against the sand) ; sol adversus (opposite}; flumine (up a river}. -Also, opposing, unfavorable*, hos- tile, adverse : venti adversi. in adversum, adv., against. adversus, as prep, with ace., against. advoco, -avi, -at u in, -are, [ad- voco], I. v. a., call to one, sum- mon. Less exactly, call to one's aid, call for : arma. advolo, -avi, -alum, -are, [ad- volo] , fly to, come flying : fania. advolvo, -volvi, -volutus, -ere, [ad-volvo], 3. v. a., roll to or to-Mards, roll up : ulmos. adytum, -i, [Gr. &SUTOV (unap- proacha/>lej],-n., the sanctuary of a temple, inner shrine whence ora- cles were delivered. Less exactly, of a tomb as a temple of the Ma- nes: ex imis adytis (recesses). Aearides, -ae, [Gr. patronymic], m., son ofsEacus (Achilles and his son 1'yrrhus, and Perseus). Aeaeus, -a, -uin, adj., of *-Ka, an island of the river Phasis, in Colchis. aedes, -Is, f. [cf. aestas, and aWos, Jire], (lit., fireplace}, temple. Plur., apartments, house: cavae aedes (the interior rooms). So of bees, hive, home. aedifico, -avi, -atum, -are, [faedi- fic-, cf. opifex], I. v. a., be a house-builder, build. Less exact- ly, of other things, construct : equum. Aegaeon, -onis, [Gr. AfyaiW], in. a giant, callejd also Briareus, who attempted to scale the heavens. Aegaeus (-eus), -a, -uin, adj. [Gr. Afycuoy], Aegean (i.e. of the . Kgc- an Sea, between Greece and Asia Minor): Neptunus. Neut., with or without mare, the Aegean Sea. aeger, -gra, -grum, adj., (-rior, -rimus), [unc. root + rus], sick, weak, ill, suffering, weary, worn, feeble. Fig., sick at heart, troub- led, sad, dispirited, dejected : mor- tales. Transferred, feeble, sad, sorrowful, unfortunate : anheli- tus ; amor. _ Aegeria, see Kgeria. aegis, -idis, [Gr. aiyis~], f., the icgis (shield or breastplate) of Zeus, worn also by Pallas. Aegle, -es, [Gr. AfyArj], f., a Naiad. Aegon, -oiiis, [Gr. Alyocv], m., a shepherd. aegre [abl. of aeger], adv., weakly, with difficulty, hardly, scarcely. aegreseo, -ere, [faegre- (stem of aegreo) + sco], 3. v. &., grow sick, sicken. Fig., grow worse, in- crease : violentia Turni. Aegyptius, -a, -uin, [Gr. Aiywr- TIOS], adj., of Egypt, Egyptian : coniunx (Cleopatra, called wife of Antony). At'gyptus, -i, [Gr. Afyyirros], f., Egypt. Aemoiiides, see Haemonides. arm uhis -a, -uin, [faemo + lus, cf. imitor], adj. In good sense, vying with, emulating, rivalling: patriae laudis. In bad sense, envious, jealous, grudging : Tri- ton. Transf., of tilings, grudg- ing: senectus. rs, -ae, [Gr. patronymic from Aeneas], m., descendant of Vocabulary. s. Plur., the Trojans, his companions. Aeneas, -ae, [Gr. AiWas], m., the hero of the /Eneid. See Silvius. Aeneis, -idis, [adj. of Gr. form],f., the sEneiii, Virgil's great epic. Aeiiei'us, -a, -um, [borrowed or imitated form from Gr. adj.], adj., belonging to ALneas, of sEneas. Aenldes, -ae, m., son of sEneas. acniis (ahe-), -a, -um, [aes+nus], adj., of copper or bronze, copper, bronze : falces ; lux (such as bronze gives). Neut., copper or bronze kettle, kettle : litore aena locant. Aeolides, -ac, [Gr. patronymic from Aeolus], m., son of ALolus. Esp., Sisyphus, Ulysses (as the son of Sisyphus). -Surname of Cly- tius, a warrior under Turnus. Sur- name of Misenus (perhaps as son of 2. /Eoius). Aeolins, -a, -um, [Gr. Al6\ios, from AWA.os], adj., belonging to ^Eolus. Fern., ^olia, the country of the winds, a group of islands off the Italian coast (now Lipari Islands}. Aeolus, -I, [Gr. AlfoAos], m. : I. The god of the winds ; 2. A companion of .-Eneas. aeqnaevus (-os), -a, -um (-om), [faequo-aevo (stem of aevum)], adj., of equal age. aequalis, -e, [faequo (reduced)+ alis], adj., even, equal, of like size : corpus. Of degree of amount, &c., like, equal : aevum. In age, coeval, of same age : catervae. Masc., comrade, crony. aequatus, -a, -um, p.p. of aequo. aeque (-ins, -issime), [abl. of aequus], adv., evenly, equally, justly. Aequi, see Faliscus. Aequiculus, -a, -um, [fAequico + lus], adj., sEquian, belonging to the /Ei/uj. (a people of Italy). aequiparo, -avi, -atiim, -are, [faequo-par (as if fparo)], i.v.a., make equal. equal, match. aequo, -avi, -atum, -are, [fae- quo-], I. v. a. and n., make equal, equalize: laborem partibus iustis (divide) ; caeloaequatamachina (raised to); nocti ludum (pro- long through} aequare caelo (extol to). equal: ducem va- dentem (keep pace with) ; lacri- mis labores (do justice to). acquatus, -a, -um, p.p., level, uniform, even, regular : aurae ; aequatis velis (before the wind). aequor, -oris, [unc. root (in ae- quus) + or], n., (the level), the smooth sea. Less exactly, the sea, the waves : pascentur in aequore cervi; thesurfaceoi other waters; also, a level plain, a field. aequoreus, -a, -um, [aequor + eus], adj., of the sea, sea-, -watery : genus (tribes of the sea). aequus (-os), -a, -um (-om),(-ior, -Issimus), [?], adj., even, equal, level. Neut., a plain, a level. Fig., fair, equitable, just, impar- tial, kindly, favorable : oculi ; ae- quo foedere amantes (with re- quited love) ; aequius fuerat ; aequo Marte (on equal terms, in a drawn battle) ; aer (wholesome) . Neut., justice, equity. Of feel- ings, calm, unmoved, tranquil, resigned: sorti. With reference to something else implied, equal : pars (to the other). aer, -eris, [Gr. a?)p], m., (he air (nearer the earth than aether). Less exactly, cloud, mist. Poetically : summus . . . arboris (the top} . a era t us, -a, -um, [aes (as if faera- ) -f tus, cf. annatus], adj., pro- vided with bronze, bronze - clad, bronze - plated : postes ; navis ; acies (mail-clad). aereus, -a, -urn, [aes- (r for s) -f eus] , adj., brazen, of bronze, bronze, copper : cornua. Less exactly, bronze- or coffer-clad : clipeus. aeripes, -edis, [aes (as if faeri) -pes], adj., bronze-footed. aerius, -a, -um, [aer + ius], adj., Vocabulary. belonging to the air, aerial : mel (from heaven) ; palumbes (of the air}. Less exactly, aerial, lofty.: ulmus. aes, aeris, [?], n., copper, bronze (an alloy of copper and tin). Things made of bronze, trumpet, beak, cymbals, statues, arms, &c. Esp., money. aesculus (esc-), -I, [faesco (per- haps Y/ed + cus) + lus], f., oak (of a particular kind), Quercus esculus. aestas, -ails, [stem akin to aedes + tas], f., (heat), summer, sum- mer air. aestifer, -era, -erum, [faestu (weakened) -fer (^/fer+us)], adj., heat-bringing, burning, hot. aestlvus, -a, -um, [faestu (re- duced) + ivus], adj., belonging to heat or summer, summer, hot. N. plur. (sc. castra), a summer camp. Less exactly, a summer pasture, cattle (in pasture)'. aest no, -avi, -atum, -are, [faes- tu-J, I. v. n., be hot, boil, be aglow: ager. be heated, heat, be fired : umor. From similarity, seethe, roll in waves, ebb and flow (cf. aestus, tide), fluctuate : nebula specus (be filled with clouds of smoke) ; gurges ; in corde pudor. aestus, -us, [root akin to aedes + tus (cf. aestas)], m., heat, boil- ing, the sun. From similarity, tide, sea, waves, roll (of fire), surge. aetas, -atis, [faevo + tas], f., age (young or old) : ambo norentes aetatibus ; firmata (mature). Esp., old age, age. Less exactly, time, lapse of time. Fig., an age, a generation. aeternus, -a, -um, [faevo + ter- nus, cf. hesternus], adj., everlast- ing, eternal, endttring, immortal, nn living: ignes ; vulnus ; im- peria. Adv. phr., in aeternum, aeternum, for ever, eternally, unceasingly. aether, -eris, [Gr. aiftfip ; same root as aestas], m., the upper air (conceived as a fiery element), the ether. the sky, the //. heaven. the atmosphere, the air, the open air (opp. to the lower world). Personified, the Sky (Ju- piter). aetherius, -a, -um, [faether + ius], adj., belonging to the ether or upper air, heavenly, celestial. of the air, of the sky : plaga ; aura (of the air, opp. to the world below). Aethiops, -op!s,[Gr. Ai0/ot//], m., an Ethiopian (inhabitant of Africa). Aethon, -onis, [Gr. AWursfs forth); undam (roll) ; vias (traverse) ; testudo acta (worked, formed). With inf., urge, impel. Of acts, do, act, perform : id ago (aim at); gemitum (raise). Of time, pass, spend. nullo dis- crimine agetur (shall be treated) . agrestis, -e, [unc. stem (prob. in t, cf. eques) + tis (cf. Carmen- tis)], adj., (of the field), belonging to the country (as opposed to the town), country, rustic, woodland : calamus. Masc. and fern., a rus- tic, a countryman. Less exactly, rough, rude, wild: poma. agrieola, -ae, [fagro-fcola, cf. in- cola], m., cultivator of the land, husbandman, farmer. Agrippa, -ae, [ ?], m., M. Vipsanius Agrippa, son-in-law of Augustus, and his most distinguished general and supporter. Agyllinus, -a, -um, [Agylla (re- duced) + Tnus], adj., of Agylla (a town in Etruria, more commonly known by its later name Caere, now Cervetri). Masc. plur., its inhabitants, people of Agylla. r6 Vocabulary. ah (a), interj. (chiefly of surprise, but used also in many other states of mind), ah, oh. ah en us, see aenus. Aiax, -acis, [dialectic or corrupted form of Alas, -VTOS], m., Ajax, name of two heroes of the Trojan war: i. Telamonius, son of Tela- mon and brother of Teucer, who contended with Ulysses for the arm of Achilles ; 2. O'tleus, a less dis- tinguished warrior, son of Oileus. He offered violence to Cassandra, and was punished by Pallas. aio [perhaps -v/ag, cf. nego], v. defect., only pres. stem, say, speak. Esp., say yes, affirm (opp. to nego) . aiunt, (hey say. ala, -ae, [perhaps for faxla, cf. axilla], f., a wing. the -wing of an army, cavalry (as the cavalry originally formed the wings). riders in a hunt, huntsmen. alacer (-crls), -cris, -ere, [?], (-crlor, -cerrimus), adj., active, lively, quick. eager. joyous, happy, cheerful. Transf., lively, eager : voluptas. iilatus, -a, -um, [tala + tus (cf. annatus, arrno)], adj., winged. Alba, -ae, [f. of albus, the white town'], {., Alba Longa (the sup- posed mother city of Rome). Albanus, -a, -um, [albii + nus], adj., Alban, belonging to Alba. Masc., Ml. Albanus. albco, -ere, no perf. nor sup., [falbo-], 2. v. n., be white : campi ossibus. albeseo, -ere, no perf. nor sup., [falbe -(stem of albeo) + sco], 3. v. n., grow white, whiten, gleam : fluctus; lux (if aw it). Albulus, -a, -um, [falbo -f lus], adj., dim., white. Albula, f., ancient name of the Tiber, from the yellow paleness of its water. Albiiiiea, -ae, [f. of falbuim- (fr. albus) -f eus], f., a fountain at Tibur (Tivoli) in a sacred grove. Also, the grove itself (?). Al biirinis, -i, [?], m., a mountain in Lucania (now Monte di Posti- glione) . albus, -a, -um, [cf. &\c/>os],adj., (no comparison), pale while (opp. to ater, dull black, cf. raiididus, shining white): ligustra; scopuli ossibus. Neut. (as subst.),?.'/;?'/,-. Alexander, -dri, m., a companion of /Eneas. Alcanor, -oris, m. : I. a Trojan, father of Pandarus ; 2. a Latin. Alcathous, -oi, [Gr. 'AA*co0oor], m., a companion of ./Eneas. Alcides, -ae, [Gr. 'A\/c5jjr], m., descendant of Aloeus. Esp., a name of Hercules, his grandson. Alclmedon, -ontis, [Gr. 'AAKi/ie- 5o/], m., a famous wood-carver, mentioned only by Virgil. Alclnous, -oi, [Gr. 'AA/c/i/oos], m., king of the Phoeacians (Corf if), whose gardens became proverbial. Alcippe, -es, [Gr. 'AAKh-jrr;], f., a female slave. Alcon, -onls, [Gr. *A.\KUV~\, m., a Cretan bowman. alcyon, -onis, [Gr. aXKvciv], f., the kingfisher, halcyon. Alcyone, -es, [Gr. ' A.\Kv6vrj'] , f., a woman who with her husband Ceyx was changed by Thetis into a king- fisher. Alecto, see Allecto. ales, -itis, [ala (weakened) + tua (reduced)], adj., winged. Subst., a bird: Jovis (the eagle). Transf., sivift, winged : Auster. Alesus, see Halacsus. Aletes, -Is, [Gr. 'AATJTTJS], m., a companion of /Eneas. Alexis, -is, [Gr. 'AAffir], m., a beau- tiful slave, loved by the shepherd Corydon. alga, -ae, [?], f., seaweed. alias [unc. case-form of alius], adv., els&vhere. Of time, at another time : non alias (never before, or again). alibi [dat. or loc. of alius, cf. ibt], adv., in another place, else-Mhere. alirmis, -a, -um, [unc. stem (akin to alius) + nus], adj., belonging to Vocabulary. another, of another, another''! : volnus (meant for another}. strange, foreign : custos ; arva ; menses (unusual). Masc., a stranger. aliger, -era, -erum, [fala (weak- ened) + ger ( Vg er + U3 )]> ac U-> wing-bearing, winged. alio [old dat. of alias, cf. eo], adv., elsewhither, to another place, in another direction. alipes, -edis, [ala (weakened) + pes], adj., with winged feet, 'ann^- footcd. Masc., a horse (as swift of foot). aliqua [ahl. f. of aliquis, cf. qua], adv., by some way, in some way, somehow. aliqui, see aliquis. aliquando [fali-quando, cf. ali- quis and quaiido], adv., at some time (indef. affirmative), some time, ever, once, formerly, hereafter. Emphatically, at last, at length. aliquis(qul), -qua, -quid(quod), indef. adj. (and subst.) [fali- quis], some, some one (indef. affir- mative, cf. quisquam with neg.). Neut., something. With si and relative words, any, any one, anything. aliquot [fali-quot], indec. adj., several, a number, a few (affir- matively, cf. panel, only a few). aliter [fali + ter, cf. forti-ter], adv., otherwise : baud aliter (just so). alitus, -a, -um, p.p. of alo. ;il it u urn, irr. gen. plu.of ales, from another stem alitu- ; see ales. alius, -a, -urn, -ins, (stem alio, often ali), [y'al + ius, cf. aAAoj for aAyos] , other (not all, cf. ceteri, the rest), another, some other (of many, cf. alter, of two) : haec inter alias urbes. Esp., alius . . . alius (one . . . another} ; alii pars (some . . . another part}. Usually agreeing with its noun, rarely with partitive or equivalent construction : aliud mercedis (a different reward). allabor, see adlabor. Allecto, -us, [Gr. 'AAij/crti], f., a Fury. Allia, -ae, f., a river near Rome, famous for a defeat of the Romans by the Gauls. alligo, see adligo. allium (al-), -I (-11), [?], n., gar- lic. Also plur., same sense. alloquor, see adloquor. allfido, see adludo. alluo, see adluo. Almo, -orris, m., a Latin, son of Tyrrhus. alinus, -a, -um, [ -^/al + mus], adj., nourishing, fostering, bountiful : Ceres ; ager ; vitis. Less ex- actly, propitious, kind, kindly, re- freshing. alnus, -I, [cf. al-der~\, f., alder. a vessel or boat (made of the wood). alo, alui, alitum (altum), -ere, [ -y/al, cf. adoleo, alums], 3. v. a., nourish, feed. Less exactly, sus- tain, support, feed, bring up : Af- rica ductores (produce} ; volnus venis (of Dido, feeds, i.e., is con- sumed by) . Aloides, -ae, [Gr. 'A.\(adSr]s, patr. of "AAweus], m., descendant of Alo- eus. Plur., Otus and Ephialtes, giants. Alpes, -ium, [a foreign word akin to albus], m. plur., the Alps. Alphesiboeus, -I, [Gr.], m., a herdsman. Alpheus, -el, [Gr. 'AA^e^s, cf. al- bula], m., a river of Elis which disappears under ground, and was fabled to reappear again in Sicily. Alpheus, -a, -um, [Gr. 'AA^ejos], adj., of the river Alpheus, Alphean : Pisa (founded by a colony from Elis). Alpinus, -a, -um, [falpi (length- ened) 4- nus], adj., of the Alps, Alpine : Boreae. Alsus, -I, [?], m., a Latin. altare, -is, [n. of adj., falto- (re- duced) + firis], n., an altar (high- er than ara). alte [old abl. of altus], (-ius, -is- Vocabulary. sime), adv., highly, on high, high, deeply, deep. alter, -era, -erum, -ius, [ -y/al (c/. alius) + ter (cf. uter)], pron. adj., other (of two, cf. alius, other of many), the of her. Alter . . . alter, one . . . the other. alter . . . alterius, one of another (re- ciprocally), of one another. In order, the second, a second : pri- mus . . . alter. Opposed to both, one or the other. Fig., the sec- ond, next : alter ab illo. With negative : nee alter (another, any other) . Plur., of a number or set, &c. : alterae decem (ten more, another ten). alterno, -avi, -atum, -are, [fal- terno-] , i . v. n., do by turns, alter- nate. alternantes, p., by turns, alternately. wavering,vacillating. alternus, -a, -urn, [alter + nus], adj., belonging to the other, alter- nate, by turns, responsive, recip- rocal. Neut. pi., alternate strains, alternate acts, alternation : alter- nis. Masc. pi., matched man for man. altrix, -icis, [yal + trix], f., a nurse. As adj., nourishing, fos- tering : terra. alt us, -a, -uin,[p.p. of a\.o~\,(groivn up*), adj., high, lofty, great (in all senses) : montes ; rex lupiter. Neut., the heavens, heaven, the sky: in altum (on high). Also, deep : gurges ; quies. Neut., the deep, the sea, the high sea, the main. ex alto (from far, far). alumnus, -i, m., -a, -ae, f., [falo- (stem of alo) + mnus (cf. -ptvos, Gr. p.)], (fostered, nursed), foster child, nursling. alvearium, -i, [falveo (reduced) -f arium, n. of -arius], n., a bee- hive. ulveus, -i,[falvo (reduced) + eus], m., a hollow, cavity, channel. a boat, skiff. bed of a river, channel = (current). alvus, -i, [ -y/al + vus], f., the belly, the body (inner or lower part). amans, -fintis, p. of amo. amaracus, -i, [fir. d/xopaicos], m. and f., marjoram. ama rant us, -i, [Or. a/j.dpavros, un- fading'}, m., amaranth, an unfading flower, prob. coxcomb. amare [old abl. of amarus], adv., bitterly. amaror, -oris, [unc. stem (cf. amarus) + or], m., bitterness. amarus, -a, -um, [?], (-lor, -issi- mus), adj., bitter: salices. Of smell, harsh, ill-smelling, pungent. Fig., sad, melancholy, unfortu- nate, unhappy : amores ; rumor. bitter, implacable : hostis. ( >f words, bitter, severe, harsh : dicta. Amaryllis, -idis, [Gr. 'AjtopuAAfj], f., a rustic maid. Amasenus, -1, [?], m., a river in Latium. Amaster, -tri, [?], m., a Trojan. Amata, -ae, [f. of amatus], f., wife of King Latinus. Amathus, -flntis, [Gr.'A/ttafloSs], f., a town of Cyprus (now Limisso). amatus, p.p. of amo. Amazon, -onis, [Gr. 'A.fj.a(d>v, an- ciently supposed to mean bosom- less], f., an Amazon, one of a fabled nation of Scythia, composed only of women. Plur., the Ama- zons. Amazonicus, -a, -um, [fAmazon + icus], adj., of the Amazons, Amazonian. Am a /.on ins, -a, -um, [f Amazon -f ius], adj., Amazonian, of the Amazons. Aina/.oiiis, -Idis, [Gr. 'A^a^oi//*], adj., Amazonian, an Amazon. amb- (am-, an-), [fambi, cf. am- bo, Gr. bfupl, Germ. um~\, insep. prep. Only in composition, around, on both sides, double. ambaes,-ls, [amb-5gcs ( y'ag ?, cf. ambigo)], f., a circuit, *iil- ing, circuitous way. Of speech, circumlocution, a long story, long details. Less exactly, obscurity, anything perplexing, mystery, mys- terious expression, obscure oracle. Vocabulary, ambedo, -edi, -esum, -edere, [amb-edo], 3. v. a., eat around, gnaw, nibble, eat. Fig., consume, devour. ambesus, -a, -um, p.p. of amb- edo. ambiguus, -a, -um, [fambigo (cf. prodigus) + vus], adj., uncer- tain, doubtful, dark, mysterious, dubious, perplexing, ambiguous : domus; proles; voces (dark hints). ambio, -ii (-ivf), -Itum (cf. amb- itus), -ire, [amb-eo], 4. v. a. and n., go around. Less exactly, encircle, surround : aliquid auro (rim, edge) . For a special pur- pose, entreat, solicit : reginam ; conubiisLatinum (gain La anus's consent to) . ambo, -ae, -o, [cf. amb-], pron. adj., both (of two together, cf. " . uterque, both separately) . Less ' exactly, tioo. ambrosius, -a, -um, [Gr. a.fj.$po- ffios, immortal], adj., divine, di- vinely beautiful. Fern., the food of the gods, ambrosia. amburo, -ussi, -ustiiin, -urere, [amb-uro], 3. v. a., burn around, scorch, burn. ambustus, p.p. of amburo. amellus, -I, [?], m., starwort. iuiiciis. -entis, [ab-mens, having the mind away~\, adj., senseless, distracted, frenzied, frantic, mad- dened. amentum, -i, [unc. root + men- turn], n., thong (attached to a spear and unwinding, so as to give a rifle- hall motion to it). Amerinus, -a, -um, [simpler stem akin to Ameria + inus] , adj., of Ameria (a town of Umbria; now Amelia'), Amerian. amice [old abl. of amicus], adv., in a friendly manner, as a friend, kindly. amicio, -icui (-fad), -Ictum, -ire, [amb-iacio] ,4. v. a., throw u round, wrtW] , m., Amp/lion, a king of Thebes, hus- band of Niobe, famous for his per- formances on the lyre. Amphitryoniades, -ae, m., a de- scendant of Amphitryo (king of Thebes, husband of Alcmene), son of Amphitryo (Hercules). Amphrysius, -a, -11111, adj., belong- ing to Amphrysus, Amphrysian, of Apollo: vates (i.e. the Sibyl). Amphrysus (-os), -i, [Gr. 'Aptypv- p*(i\\, f., the scum of oil. Amyclae, arum, [Gr. "A/zwcAoi], plur. f . : i. A town in Latium ; 2. A town of Laconia. See Amyolaoiis. Amyclaeus, -a, -um, (Gr. 'A/J.V- KAeuof], adj., of ' Atnyclie (in Laco- nia), Amyclcean : canis. Amyous, -i, [Gr. "A^uwoj], m. : i. A Trojan, father of Mimas; 2. The name of two followers of /Kneas, killed by Turnus. Amyiitas, -ae, [Gr. 'A/xiWar] , m., a shepherd. Amythaonius, -a, -um, [Aray- thaon + ius], adj., of Amythaon (the father of Melampus), Amy- thaonian. an [?], conj. In disjunctive inter- rogations introducing the second part, or, or rather, or on Ike other hand, or in fact. Often with the first part suppressed, or, or indeed, or can it be that, why ! tell me ! a n n on, or not. an lie (an ne), same as an alone. Anagnia, -ae, f., a town of Latium, the chief seat of the Hernici (now Anagni). anceps, -itis, [amb-caput] , (with head on both sides), adj., with two heads, double-headed. Of weap- ons, two-edged : ferrum. Fig., double, two-fold: formido. doubt- ful, uncertain, undecided, dubious: fortuna pugnae ; dolus (treach- erous uncertainty). Of persons, wavering; doubtful. Of an ora- cle, ambiguous. Anchomolus, -I, [?], m., son of khujtus, king of the Marsians. lie fled to Turnus' father on account of an incestuous crime. Anehises, -ae, [Gr. 'Ayxtffi)*], m., a son of Capys, father of /Kneas. Anrliiseiis, -a, -um, adj., belonging to Anehises, Anchisean. Anchislades, -ae, in., the son of Anehises, i.e. /Eneas. anchora, see ancora. ancile (-ule), -Is, [fanco + ills, cf. ayKu\As], n., a small oval shield. Esp., the shield which was said to have fallen from heaven in the reign of Xuina, and on the contin- ued preservation of which the pros- perity of Rome was declared to de- pend. Also the others made like it, which were carried in procession at Rome in a religious ceremony. Vocabulary. 21 ancora (anch-), -ae, [Gr. S-y/cupa], f., an anchor. Aucus, -I, [= ancus, bent, said to refer to crooked arms, cf. aiicu- lus], m., Ancus Martius, fourth king of Rome. Aiidrogeos (-eus), -I, [Gr. 'AvSpo- 7ft)s], m. : I. A son of Minos, king of Crete, killed by the Athenians and Megarians ; 2. A Greek at the sack of Troy. Andromache, -es, (-a, -ae), [Gr. 'Ac5po/*axi?] , f-, a daughter of King Eetion, and wife of Hector. anethum, -I, [Gr. amiOov'], n., dill, anise, a sweet-smelling herb. anfractus (am-), us, [amb-frac- tus] , m., a bending, turning, wind- ing. Angitia(Angui-), -ae, [prob. akin to ango], f., a sorceress, sister of Medea and Circe, worshipped by the Marsi. ango, -xi, -ctum (-xum), -gere, [ -y/ang], 3. v. a., squeeze, compress : guttura. Of living creatures, choke, strangle. anguis, -is, [ y/ang + is, with para- sitic u], m. and f., a snake or ser- pent. Esp., as constellations, the Dragon, the Hydra, the Serpent. Aiiguitia, see Angitia. aiigusttis, -a, -um, [fangus (noun- stem akin to angor) + tus, cf. barbatus], adj., close, narrow, strait, contracted. Neut. with gen. : angusta viarum (narrow ways). Fig., narrow, slight, scanty : spes. Less exactly, nar- rcnv, trivial : res. anhelitus, -us, [fanheli- (weaker stem of anhelo) -f tns], m., pant- ing, quick or diffictilt breathing. anhelo, -avi, -atum, -are, [fan (unc. prep.) -hal (cf. exhalo)], I. v. n. and a. Neut., breathe with difficulty, breathe heavily, gasp, pant. Of flame, roar: fornaci- bus ignis. anhelus, j-a, -um, [an ( ?) -halus (cf. halo)], adj., panting, puffing, gasping: equi ; pectus (/leaving) ; Mars (breathless) ; senes (short- breathed) ; tussis (hacking) . Anicii, see Auio. A iii en us, -a, -um, [fAnien-f us], adj., pertaining to the Anio, of the Anio. anilis, -e, [fanu + flis], adj., of an old woman, anile, an old woman's. an i in a, -ae, [fani (treated as root?) -f ma, f. of -mus ; cf. animus and &vffj.os, Y/an, blow], f., a breeze, breath, blast (in Vulcan's bellows). As inhaled or exhaled, breath : viperea. Fig., breath (as vital principle), life : effundere; proi- cere (throw away life) ; purpurea (crimson stream of life). Of living persons, soul (cf. Eng. "souls"). Of the departed, shade, soul, spirit. animadversus, see animadverto. animadverto (vort-), -ti, -sum, -tere, [animum, adverto], 3. v. a., turn the mind or attention to, at- tend to, consider, regard. More simply, notice, perceive, see. animal, -alls, [n. of adj. animalis (with loss of e)], n., living crea- ture (incl. man and beast), animal. animalis, -e, [fanimii + lis], adj., pertaining to life, animate, living. ammo, -avi, -utum, -are, [ani- ma], i. v. a., animate, quicken, give life to. auimosus, -a, -um, [fanimo (re- duced) -f- osus], adj., courageous, bold, spirited : Eurus (wild, vio- lent). animus, -I, [fani- (as root) + mus ; cf. anima, oj/fjtos, y'an, Mow], m., breath, life, soul (cf. Eng. spirit), mind (including all the powers ; cf. mens, intellect ) . Esp. of thought or feeling, intention, pur- pose, will, desire, inclination, mind, impulse : omnibus idem, animus est (cf. "have a mind"). Also esp. in plur., feeling, senti- ment, courage, heart, spirit : suc- cessu animisque (the spirit of s net ess). Instead of mens, the mind, the intellect. Less exactly, 22 Vocabulary. nature, character, Of the winds (personified), wrath. In bad sense, arrogance, pride, passion, wrath (esp. in plur.). Anio (Anien), -enls or -on is, also An ic mis, -i, m., a tributary stream of the Tiber, which, taking its rise in the Apennines, passes along the southern Sabine country, separat- ing it from Latium (now Teverone) . Auius, -I (-11), m., a king and priest of Delos, who hospitably enter- tained JEnezs. Anna, -ae, [a Phoenician word], f., Anna, the sister of Dido, honored as a goddess after her death, under the name Anna Perenna. anualis, -e, [fanno- (reduced) + alls], adj., belonging to a year, yearly, annual. Masc. (sc. li- ber), a record (by years), a chron- icle, a report: laborum (details}. anne, see an. annisus, see adnisus. annitor, see adnitor. anno, see adno. aniinsus, -a, -um, [fanno- (re- duced) + osus], ad}., full of years, aged, old: bracchia (aged limbs} . annuo, see adnuo. aiiniis, -I, [?], m., a year. Less exactly, season : nunc formosis- simus annas. Adv., quotannis (as many years as there are), yearly, every year. a n n u us, -a, -urn, [fanno + us], adj., pertaining to a year, that lasts a year, of a year's duration. that returns, recurs, or happens every year, yearly, annual : sacra. aiisa, -ae, [ ?] , f., a handle : molli cir- cum est ansas amplexusacantho. 5nser, -erls, [cf. Gr. xh"i Eng. goose"], m., a goose. Antaeus, -I, [Gr. 'AvToTos] , m. : i. A Libyan giant slain by Hercules ; 2. A Rutulian. Antandros (-us), -i, [Gr. 'Avrav- Spos~], f., a maritime town of Mysia, at the foot of Ida. ante (old form antld), [abl. of fanti (cf. antes, Gr. di/n')], adv. and prep. Adv., of place, before, in front, forward. Of time, be- fore, sooner, first: ut ante (as hitherto); ante . . . quam (see antequam). With abl. of dill". : multo, etc. (long before}. As adj., like Greek : ante malorum (of for- mer trials). Prep., of place, be- fore, in front of: focum. ( >f estimation or rank, before, in pref- erence to, above : ante alios ; ante omnia (more than all else, above all) . Of time, before, ere. anteeo, -ivi (-li), no sup., -Ire, [ante-eo], 4. v. n.,go before, pre- cede. Of time, anticipate, precede. Of degree, excel, svrpass, outdo, outstrip : candore nives ; cursi- bus auras. antefero, -tuli, -latuin, -ferre, [ante-fero], 3. v. a., bear or c arry before one, &c. Of estimation, place before, prefer : quae quibus anteferam. Anteninae, -arum, [ ?] , f., a town of the Sabines, perhaps so called from its situation on the river Anio, where it falls into the Tiber. antenna (-nina), -ae, [probably borrowed from Greek], f., a sail- yard. Antenor, -orls, [Gr. 'A.m^vup'], m., a noble Trojan who was in favor of restoring Helen and making peace with the Greeks; after the fall of Troy he went to Italy and founded Patavium (Padua). Antenorides, -ae, [Gr. patrony- mic], m., a son or descendant of Antenor. anteqaam [ante, quam], rel. adv., sooner than, before, first before, ere. antes, -him, [ V an + ^is, cf. ante], m., rows or ranks of vines, &c. antevenlo, -veni, -ventum, -ve- nire, [ante-venio], 4. v. n. and a., come or arrive before. get the start of, anticipate. Absolutely, come betimes, anticipate (a dan- ger). antevolo, are, [ante-volo], i. v. a., fly before. Vocabulary. Antheus, -i, (ace., Anthea), [Gr. 'Avtfevs] ,m., a companion of . Kneas. Autigeues, -is, [Gr. 'Avi^ej/rjs], m., a shepherd. Autiphates, -ae, [Gr. 'Avrt^cmjs], m., a son of Sarpedon, slain by Turnus. aiitfquus (-os), -a, -um (-oin), [fanti (with unc. lengthening) + cus, cf. posticus], adj., belonging to former times, former, old, an- cient. Not contrasted with later times, but simply of long standing, old, ancient. Of persons, aged. Antonius, -I (-ii), m., the name of a Roman gens. Esp., M. Anto- nius, the distinguished triumvir, conquered by Octavius at Actium. Antores, -ae, m., a warrior of Evan- der, slain by Mezentius. ant ruin, -I, [Gr. &vrpov~\, n., a cave, cavern, grotto : viride. Less ex- actly, hollow : exesae arboris. Annbis, is and idis, [Gr. 'Avovftis, an Egyptian word], m., an Egyptian deity, with the head of a dog, the tutelary deity of the chase. anus, -us, [?], f., an old woman. auxins, -a, -um, [unc. stem from y/ang + ius], adj., anxious, troub- led, tormented. Transferred to the cause, distressing, anxious: timor. Anxur, -uris, [?], n. : I. A town of the Volsci, later Terracina ; 2. Masc., an Italian killed by /Eneas. Auxurus, -a, -nm, [Anxur + us], adj., of Anxur : lupiter (wor- shipped at Anxur). Aoncs, -um, [Gr. "Aoi/ey], adj., m. plur., Aonian, cf. Aonius. Aoiiius, -a (-e Gr. form), um, [fAon (cf. Aones) + ius], adj., Aonian, Boeotian. Fein., the country Aonia, a part of Bceotia in which are the Aonian moun- tains, Mt. Helicon, and the foun- tain Aganippe. - Aoruos, -I, [Gr. "Aopvos], m., the Lake Avernus (now Lago d'Aver- no). Apenmnicola, -ae, [tApennino- fcola (cf. iueola)], comm., a dweller in the Apennines. Apeuninus (App-), -i, [Gallic pen, " mountain-summit "], m., the Ap- ennines, the lofty mountain-chain that runs diagonally across Italy : pater (the mount personified). aper, apri, [?], m., a -wild boar : setosi caput apri. aperio, -ul, -turn, -Ire, [ab (or ad) -pario(cf. reperio), but connection unc.], 4. v. a., uncover, lay bare, open, unclose : antrum apertum. Less exactly, discover, display, show, reveal : his unda dehiscens terram aperit ; templum. Pass., or with reflexive, shmv itself, ap- pear : sidus (rise) ; Apollo (i.e. his temple rising above the horizon) . Xeut., without se, appear : mon- tes. Fig., disclose, unveil, reveal, make known, unfold: futura. As in Eng., open, begin: annum. apertus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., open, uncovered, clear (of the sky). apertus, -a, -uui, p.p. of aperio. apex, -icis, [ ?] m., a tip, point, a tonkin (of flame) . From the shape, a cap (of peculiar form worn by several religious functionaries at Rome). Aphidiius, -I, [?], m., a Trojan. apis (-es), -is, [?], f., a bee. apiiini, -i (-ii), [?], n., parsley, cel- ery. The leaves of one kind were usedjbr garlands. Apollo, -inis, [Gr. ' Av&\\ grasp (in apiscor) + tus, p.p. of lost verb], {fitted to), adj., joined, fastened, attached. Transferred, endowed, ornamented with : caelum stellis aptum (studded) . Fig., suited, fitted, Jit, suitable, fitting. apud [?], prep. w. ace. Of per- sons, with, by, near. Esp., at one's house, or in one's possession : apud me. Of place, at, near, in. aqua, -ae, [?], f., water: dulces (fresh water} . a stream, a river. aquarius, -a, -um, [faqua (re- duced) + arius], adj., of or relat- ing to water. Masc., the water- bearer, one of the signs of the Zodjac. Aquicolus, -i, [?], m., a Rutulian. aquila, -ae, [perhaps f. of aqnilus, dark gray, on account of its color], f., the eagle. aquilo, -onis, [faquilo- (reduced) + 6 (on), from its darkness, cf. aquila], in., the North wind. Less exactly, the North. aquosus, -a, -um, [aqua (reduced) + osus], adj., abounding in water, rainy, watery, moist, humid, full of water : hiems; Orion. ara, -ae, (old form asa), [?], f., an elevation or structure (of \vnxl, stone, earth, &c.) : ara sepulchri (a fiineral pile). Ksp., an altar: illius aram imbuet agnus. From similarity, the Altars, rocks in the Mediterranean, between Sicily and Africa. Arabs, -abis, [Gr. "Apaty], m., an Arabian, an Arab. Arabus, -a, -um, [fArab-f us], adj., Arabian, Arab. Masc. plur., the Arabs. Aracynthus, -i, [Gr. 'ApdicvvOos), m., a mountain between Boeotia and Attica. araiiea, -ae, [f. of adj., from Gr. apdxvr)^, f., a spider. Arar (Ararls), -is, [?], m., a river of Gaul (now the Saone}. arator, -oris, [ara (stem of aro) -f tor], m., one who ploughs, a plough- man, a husbandman, farmer. aratrum, -i, [ara (stem of aro) + trum], n., a plough. Araxes, -is, [Gr. 'ApofTjs], m., a river of Armenia Major. arbor, -oris, (old form arbos), [?], f., a tree. Of many things made of wood, a mast, an oar. arboreus, -a, -um, [farbor + eus], adj., of a tree: fetus (fruit). Less exactly, tree-like : cornua (branching). arbos, see arbor. arbustus, -a, -um, [farbos -f tus], adj., provided with a tree or with trees. Neut., a plantation of trees with vines trained on them. Neut. plur., trees, shrubs. arbust um, see arbustus. arbuteus, -a, -um, [farbuto (re- duced)-)- eus], adj., 0/(or per Iain- ing to) the strawberry- or arbute- tree : crates (ofarbute twigs). arbutum, -1, [(?) n. of arbutu* , n., the strawberry- or arbute-tre< : iubeo frondentia capris arbuta sufficere. the fruit of the stra'c- berry- or arbute-tree, the wild strawberry: glandes atque ar- buta. arbutus, -i, [cf. arbor], i., the wild stra-ti'berrv- or arbute-tree : dulce satis humor, depulsis arbutus haedis. Arcadia, -ae, [Gr. 'Ap/co5io, f. of adj., sc. terra], f., a mountainous district in the interior of Pelopon- nesus, which, from its position Vocabulary. long retained its primitive sim- plicity and sylvan wildness. Arc-adius, -a, -inn, [as if 'ApnaStos, adj. from 'Ap/ccts], adj., Arcadian. arc-anus, -a, -um, [farcu + nus], adj., (secreted}, secret, private. Xeut., a secret. Arc-as, -aclis, [Gr. '\pnds\, m., son uf Jupiter and Callisto, supposed ancestor of the Arcadians. 1'lur., the Arcadians. As adj. (ace. Arcada), Arcadian : rex (Evan- der) : eques (of Pallanteum). Arc-ens, -entis, m., a Sicilian. arceo, -cui, f-citum, -ere, [noun- stem akin to area], 2. v. a, shut up, enclose, keep fast. From an- other point of view, shut off, keep off, keep at a distance : periclis (protect from). With inf. orabs., hinder, prevent: manus (bind, prtvfnt from raising). arcesso (accerso), -sivi, -situ in, -sere, [ar- (= ad) -cesso?], (as causative, cause to come), call, sum- mon, bring. Less exactly, draw, take in, absorb : tenues vitas (acquire etlierial souls, of crea- tures at birth). Arc-hetius, -i, [?], m., a Rutulian. Archippus, -i, [Gr. y Apx"n>*],ni., an Umbrian. Arcitonens, -entis, [farcu- (weak- efted) -tenens],adj., holding a bow, bow-bearing. - Masc., the boiv- holder (Apollo). arc-tos (-us), -I (ace. sing, arc-ton], [Gr. &P/CTOJ], f., the Great and Lit- tle Bear (Ursa major et minor), a double constellation in the vicinity of the north pole : gelidae arcti. the north pole, the north. Arcturus, -i, [Gr. apKrovpos~\, m., the brightest star in Ilciutes, the rising and setting of which brings bad weather. the (whole) con- stellation Bootes. the rising of A r L turns : sub ipsum Arcturum. arctiis, -a, -inn, .see artus. arc-us (old form, -quus, -os), -us, [? akin to arc-a], m., a bow. Ksp., the rainbow : ceu nubibus arcus mille trahit varies adverse sole colores. Of anything shaped like a bow, a curve, arch, bend, arc, loop : portus curvatus in arcum. i.arclea, -ae, [Gr. tpcoSio's], f., a heron. 2. Ardea, -ae, [fardea], f., the capi- tal of the Rutuli, six leagues south of Rome ; it was burned by . -Eneas, and from its ashes the heron was said to have been produced. ardeo, arsi, arsuin, arclere, [ ? fardo- (contr. stem of ari- dus)], be on fire, burn, blaze. Fig., flash, glow, sparkle, shine : oculi ; clipeus. Of color, glisten, glitter, blaze : Tyrio ardebat mu- rice laena. Of emotion, burn, glow: Penthesilea (rages); spe (be fired with) ; quibus arserit amis (be ablaze) . Esp. (abs. or with ace.), love, burn, be fired : Alexin. ardens, -eutis, as adj., glowing, fiery, hot, blazing, spark- ling, burning: Tyrii (eager) ; equi (fiery); virtus (glowing). ardesc-o, arsi, ardescere, [farde (stem of ardc-o) + sco], 3. v. n. inch.), take fire, kindle, become in- flamed. Fig., gleam, glitter. Of the passions, burn, be inflamed, become more intense, increase in violence: tuendo. Of other things, become violent or furious, rage, increase : fremitusque ar- descit equorum. ardor, -oris, [fard (as if root of ardeo) + or], m., burning, fiame, fire, heat. Of the passions, &c. (cf. ardeo), heat, ardor, eager- ness, enthusiasm, fire. ardiius, -a, -urn [?], adj., steep. high, lofty, tall: campo sese ar- duus infert (/owe ring high) : cornua ; lupiter (on high) . area, -ae, [prob.faro(stem of farus, cf. iiridus) + ea (f. of -eus), dry courtyard}, f., court, yard. Esp., jueia'os], adj., Armenian^ of Armenia, a country of Asia (now Kurdistan and Anatolia). Armenia (sc. terra), f., the country itself. urn ic n tal is, -e, [farmento- (re- duced) + fills], &&}., pertaining to a herd, of the herd. armentarius, -il, [farmento (re- duced) + arius], (belonging to the kertT\, m., a herds/nan, neatherd. arm CM (11 in, -I, [prob. >/ar+ men- turn], n., cattle for ploughing. Less exactly, a drove, herd, &c., of horses, deer, or other large ani- mals. armiger, -era, -eruin, [farmo-ger ( -y/ges + us) ], adj., bearing arms, armed, warlike, an armor-bearer: lovis (the eagle, bearing the thun- derbolt). armipotens, -ontis, [farmo-po- tens], &&},, powerful in arms, war- like, Lord of arms. armisoniis, -a, -um, [farmo- sonus, having the sound of arms], adj., resounding with arms, dad in ringing arms. armo, -avi, -atum, -are, [armo-], I. v. a., furnish with weapons, arm : armare in proelia fra- tres ; agmina. Fig., arm, excite, rouse, stir up. With other equip- ments, arm, fit out, equip, fur- nish : bello armantur equi; fer- rum veneno ; classem. ariua- tus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., armed, equipped : classes. Masc. plur., armed men, warriors. armus, -I, [^/ar (fit) + mus, cf. arma], m., the shoulder, the upper arm. Less exactly, the who le arm . Of animals, the slioulders,Jlanks. aro, -a vl, -atum, -are, [ -y/ar, prob. through a noun-stem], I. v. a., plough. -Of a ship, plough: ae- quor. Of Age, furrow : frontem rugis. Less exactly, cultivate, inhabit. Arpi, -orum, m., a town of Apulia, at tirst called Argos Hippium, af- terwards Argyripa (now Foggia). arr-, see aclr-. Arruiis, -uiitis, [Etruscan word], m., an Etruscan name (properly a title, vo linger son). ars, artis, [ ^/ar (cf. arma) + tis 28 Vocabulary. (reduced)], f., (a fitting), skill, art, knowledge, workmanship, prac- tice : magicae (arts of sorcery} . Concretely, a 'work of art. Of character and conduct, habit, prac- tice. Transferred, cunning, arti- fice, stratagem, art. Of plants, habit, artificial form. artifex, -icis, [farti- (ars) -fex (y/fac as stem), comm., generally in the higher sense of ars], one ?<:'//<> practises an art, an artist (cf. opifex, artisan, mechanic), work- man (of skill). Esp., one who practises arts, a trickster, contriver. 1. artus (arc-), -a, -um, [prob. y/arc (arx, arceo) + tus, p.p. of arceo], adj., confined (cf. area), narrow, close, strait: compagea {close-fitting) ; vincla. Fig., straitened, scanty, small. 2. artus, -us, [V ar ( c f- arma) + tus], m., (a fitting). Concr., a joint. Less exactly, parts (of the world). Extended,//^ body, frame. ariuidineiis (har-), -a, -um, (farundin (stem of arundo) + eus], adj., of "or pertaining to reeds, reedy, reed- : silva. aruiido (har-), -iiiis, [?], f., a reed, cane. Sing., collectively, reeds. Fig., things made of reed, a fishing-rod, an arrcnv shaft, tin arrow, a reed pipe, syrinx (of sev- eral reeds). ariispex, see haruspex. urviiia, -ac, [?], {., grease, fat, suet, lard : pinguis. arviiui, see arvus. arvus, -a, -um, [ ^/ar (aro) -|- vus], adj., ploughed. Neut., land (cul- tivated), a field. Transferred: arva Neptunia (the sea}. a shore, a coast. the female organs of generation. arx,arois, [-y/arc (in arceo, area j as stem], f., a castle, citadel, stmng- hold. Less exactly, a height : CO- eli. Of mountains, peak, sum mi I. Asbytes, -ae, [?], m., a Trojan. Ascanlus, -ii, [Gr. 'Aff\ take away (of per- sons ctK-os], m., Assaraciis, a king of Phrygia, son 1 of Tros, brother of Ganymede and Ilus, father of Capys, and grand- father of Anchises. assensus, see adsensus. assentip, see adscntio. ussorvo, see adservo. osaideo, see adsideo. issidue, see adsiduc. assidmis, see adsiduus. assimilis, see adsimilis. assiimilatus, see ads-. assimulo, see adsimiilo. assisto, see adsisto. assueseo, see adsucsco. assuetus, see adsuctus. assultus, see adsultiis. a*smn, see adsum. assiirgo, see adsurgo. Assyrius, -a, -urn, (Gr. 'Aatrvpios], adj., of Assyria (a vaguely-bound- ed country of Asia), Assyrian. Masc. plur., the Assyrians. Less exactly, of all people of that region, Median, Pliivnician, &c. ast, older form of at. asto, see adsto. astringo, see adstringo. astruni, -I, [Gr. acrrpov}, n., a star, a constellation, a luminous celes- tial body. As divinities: astra vocat. Less exactly (in plur.), heaven, the skies, on high : sub astra (tip to the sky} ; sic itur ad astra (to the gods). Astur, -uris, m., an Etruscan. aslus, -us, [?], m., craft. In abl. (of manner), craftily, cunningly, li'itli craft. Astyanax, -actis, (ace. Asty- anarta), [Gr. ' Acr-rvava^], m., son of Hector and Andromache; at the destruction of Troy cast down by Ulysses from a tower. asylum, -I, [Gr. a-, builder, artist. Fig., promoter, adviser, contriver : fatis auctori- bus (by order of). Of cause, originator, source, author: teli. Of information, author, infor- mant, narrator, authori!\ responsibility, security, voucher, surety, guarantee, authority : cer- \&sn (more trustworthy authority) : si lupiter auctor spondeat (as a voucher). aiidiix, -aids, [lost or supposed verb-stem (cf. audeo) + CUS (re- duced)], adj., daring (\\\ good and bad sense), bold, courageous, fear- less, undaunted : populus.- More commonly in bad sense, bold, au- dacious, rash, presiijiiptiious, fool- hardy, reckless : coepta ; audax viribus (presuming on). audcns, -entis, p. of audeo. Vocabulary. audeo, ausus sum, -ere, (subj. perf. ausim), [noun-stem in 6, perhaps favido-, cf. ardeo], 2. semi-dep., venture, dare : talia ; sperare. audens, -cntis, p. as adj., daring, bold, intrepid, fear- less.^ audio, -IvI (-11), -Itum, -Ire, [akin to auris, ausculto], 4. v. a., hear, //< of, listen, learn. Esp., hear (as a judge), examine into, in- quire into: dolos. obey, heed: neque audit currus habenas. audit us, -a, -um, p.p. of audio. aufero, abstuli, ablatum, au- ferre, [ab (abs)-fero], v. a. irreg., take or bear away, carry off, re- mffiif, shut out (of the sky, cf. eri- pio) . With reflexive, remove, withdraw, retire, depart. With idea of violence or stealth, snatch away, rob, steal, wrest from : ani- mam (rob of life). Esp., sweep off or away, kill, slay. Aufidus, I, [?], m., a river of Apu- lia (now Ofanto). augeo, -xl, -ctum, -gere, [ V au S causative or fr. noun-stem], 2. v. a., (cause to grow), produce, increase, augment, add to, enlarge : nume- rum (by joining); Italos (through one's self, and one's descendants) : si qua dona ipse auxi (add more) . Esp., load or pile up with something, heap upon. augur, -uris, [favi + unknown root], comin., an augur, diviner, soothsayer (who foretold the future by observing the notes or flight of birds, the feeding of the sacred fowls, certain appearances of quad- rupeds, and other unusual occur- rences). Less exactly, one who foretells futurity by any means, a soothsayer, diviner, seer ; prophetic (in app. as adj.). augurium, -I (-ii), [augur + ium (n. of -ius)],-n., the observance and interpretation of omens, au- gurv. Less exactly, divination, prophecy, soothsaying, interpreta- tion. a presentiment, foreboding (of the future) : triste per augu- rium. a sign, omen, token. augury (as an art). auguro, -avi, -Stum, -are, [au- gur], I. v. a., act as an augur, take auguries. Fig., surmise, conjecture, forebode, presage : si quid vera mens augurat. augustus, -a, -um, [faugus- (cf. . angor, angustus) + tus], adj., magnified (cL adolcoand augeo, honor), sacred, honorable, august. Fig., venerable, magnijlfent, noble. Masc., Augustus, title (used as name) of Octavius Cresar as emperor. Augustus, -I, m. ; see augus- tus. au la, -ae, (gen. aulal), [Gr. auArj], f., a court, yard, coitrt-yard, court (of a house), hall. Less exactly, a palace, royal court. Poetically, of the queen bee, royal cell. aulacum, -i, [Gr. auAota], n., a splendidly wrottght or embroidered stuff, tapestry, arras, a covering, curtain, canopy, hangings. Esp., the curtain of a theatre (which, with the ancients, was fastened below; hence, at the beginning of a piece or an act, it was let down ; at the end drawn up. Also, a covering for beds and sofas, tapes- try. Aulestes, -ae, m., an Etruscan. (Others read Auletes). Auletes, see Aulestes. Aulis, -idis, [Gr. AtAis], f., a sea- port of Bosotia, from which the Greek fleet set sail for Troy. Auuus, -I, m., a Ligurian. aura, -ae, (gen. sing., aural), [V va + ra J> f-> a * r O n motion), a breeze, a breath of air. In more violent motion, wind, a breeze, a blast. Fig., breath, breeze: famae. More gen., the air, the atmosphere : simplex (ether aether) . As inhaled, air, vital air. Opposed to the earth or to the world below, the heavens, the upper air, the upper 'world : ad Vocabulary. auras (to ///< open air out of con- cealment or retirement) ; sub au- ras (/o light). P>y an unc. con- nection of ideas, a gleam, glitter- ing : auri. From association, an odor, exhalation. auratus, -a, -11111, [as if p.p. of auro (which was perhaps in use, cf. inaiiro)],adj., (set with gold), overlaid, ornamented, or plated with gold, gill, gilded : trabes ; tempera (adorned with gold) i.e., with a helmet). aurcus, -a, -uin, [fauro (reduced) -f eus], adj., golden, of gold : coro- na. Like a u rat us, adorned, set, or wrought with gold, gilded : tec- ta ; cingula. Fig., of color or appearance, gleaming, glittering, golden, yellow : sidera ; mala ; caesaries. Less exactly, beauti- ful, magnificent, superb : Venus ; gens; saecula (the golden age). auricoinus, -a, -inn, [fauro-coma (declined as adj.)], adj., with gold- en hair. Fig., with golden leaves or foliage. auriga, -ae, [possibly akin to auris and ago, cf. aurea, headstall], comm., driver, charioteer. Less exactly, groom. auris, -is, [fausi- (cf. ovs, on-Js)], f., the car : vellere (as an admo- nition, the ear being the seat of memory). Fig., the ear of the plough, the mould- or earth-board by which the furrow is widened and the earth turned back. auritus, -a, -uin, [as if p.p. of faurio, from auri(s), cf. aura- tus], adj., having large cars, long- eared: lepores. aurora, -ae, [-v/ us ( see uro ) f r ausosa], f., the morning, dawn, daybreak : rubescebat Aurora ; nona. Personified, Aurora, the goddess of the morning, daughter of I lyperion, wife of Tithonus, and mother of Memnon. The eastern country, the East. an ru in, -i, [ v /us (cf. aurora, uro) + um (n. of -us)], (the sinning metal}, n., gold. Of things of gold, a goblet, a bit, a hair-/i,uii/, gold coin, money. Auruncus, -a, -um, adj., of or per- taining to Aurunca (an old town in Campania), Anrniican : senes. Aurunci, -oriim, masc. plur.. the Auruiii'i. ausim, see audeo. Ausones, -uin, [Gr. A&rovfs], m., a very ancient name of the people of Southern Italy. Ausonitlac, -arum, [Greek patro- nymic of Auson, supposed progen- itor of the Ausones, see Ausones], m., the Italians. A 1 1 so n ins, -a, -um, [Auson + ius], adj., Ausonian, Italian, Latin. Ausonia, f. (sc. terra), Italy. Masc. plur., the Italians. auspex, -icis, [favi-fspex, ^/spec as stem], comm., an augur, di-'i- ner, soothsayer. Fig., di rector (see auspieium), gunk, leader, pro- tector : dis auspicibus (under the guidance of the gods). auspieium, -i (-ii), [fauspic- + ium (n. of -ius)], n., augury (from birds), auspices. Less exactly, sign, omen, divine premonition : melioribus auspiciis. Because only a commander could take the auspices, command, guidance, au- tliorily, right, po-vcr, inclination, will : meis auspiciis; infaustum Turni auspieium (/'//- omened rule. ) austcr, -trl, [ y'us -f ter (t-tro, cf. -trum)], m., a south wind (dry and hot). As an agreeable wind : sibilus iuvat. As disagreeable : floribus immisi. For winds in general: furentes. aiistrimis, -a, -um, [faustro (re- duced) -f inus], adj., pertaining to ihe. south, southern. aiisiim, -I, [n. of ausns, p.p. of aiiileo in pass, sense], n., an at- tempt, enterprise, daring deed. aiisus, -a, -um, p.p. of audeo. aut [unc., but cf. autem and Gr. av~], conj., introducing an alternative. Vocabulaiy. 33 Regularly exclusive, of, or else : quae nemora aut qui saltua; haedos depone aut si ... vere- mur licet eamus (or in case, &c.) ; quid furis, aut quonam nostri tibi cura recessit ? (or if you arc sane). Repeated, either . . . or : aut Turnus aut Rhodope pu- erum edunt. After negatives (expressed or implied) ; not exclu- sive, hut distributing the negation : quis aut Eurysthea aut nescit Busiridis iras; quid labor aut benefacta iuvant. nee . . . aut, neither . . . nor ; nee Austros aut imbrem. Without exclusion or negation : Anthea siquem videat aut Capyn ; aut Ararim Par- thus bibet aut Germania Ty- grim. autciu [cf. aut], conj. Introducing a more or less strong antithesis, or even a mere transition, hut always with some contrast, but, on the contrary, on the other hand. also, too, again, now, but then, how- -, furthermore, then again. Aiitoiiieddii, -ontis, [Gr. Ain-ojue- Swv], m., a son of Diores and char- ioteer of Achilles. autor, -oris, etc., see auctor. autuiniius(auot-), -I, [for aucto- minus, faueto (cf. augco) + minus, cf. Gr. p. -^aei/os], m., au- tumn (the season of increase). a u \ iliu m, -I, [akin to augeo, lost noun-stem + ium] , n. Abstr., help, niil, support, assistance, succor . viae auxilio {aid for their jour- ncv). Concrete, usually plural, instruments, means, or sources of aid, means of assistance, resources. Ksp., military auxiliaries, forces, allies. Also, fig., remedy, lielp, relief. avarus, -a, -um, [lost noun-stem (cf. aveo and avidus) + rus], adj., eager, eagerly desirous : agri- cola. Esp., avaricious, covetous, greet/v of money, iv:c. Of persons or things : litus. avectus, p.p. of aveho. aveho, -xi, -ctum, -crc,[ab-veho], 3. v. a., bear, carry, convey away : socios. Pass., be carried away, ride or sail away : avecti (hav- ing sailed away). avello, -veil! or -vulsi, -vulsum, -vellere, [ab-vello], 3. v. a., tear or pull away or off, pluck out, sep- arate from an object by pulling, part or remove forcibly : Palla- dium. avena, -ac, [?], f., oats: steriles avenae. Fig., a stem or stalk, a straw, reed. Poet., an oaten pipe, pastoral or shepherd' 's pipe. 1. Avciitinus, -I, m. ; -um, -i, n. (prop, adj.), [?], the Aventine, one of the seven hills of Rome, extending from the Palatine to the Coelian Hill; until the reign of Ancus Martins, without the city proper. 2. Avciitinus, -I, in., a supposed son of Hercules. Avernus, -a, -um, adj., ofo\- belong- ing to lake Avernus, in the neigh- borhood of Cuma;, Puteoli, and Baioe, almost entirely enclosed by steep and wooded hills (now J.ago d' 1 Averno) . Its deadly exhalations killed the birds flying over it ; hence in fable it was placed near the entrance to the lower world. Neut. plur., Avcrna, -oriiiu, the neighborhood of Aventus, places near or about Avernus, the lower world. aversus, -a, -um, p.p. of averto. iiverto (avor-, abv-), -ti, -sum, -tere, [ab-verto], 3. v. a., turn away, avert, turn off, turn aside, keep off (by turning aside) : regem Italia. Pass, or with reflexive (sometimes without), turn away, depart, retire, withdraw. From driving away booty, carrv off, steal. Fig., turn awav, divert, keep off. avert, war doff ': omen ; ca- sum; pestem (remove}; curas (end^). avorsus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., turned or turning awav, withdrawn, retiring, looking as- 34 Vocabulary. kance. Fig., averse, unfriendly, hostile, estranged. aviarius, -a, -um, [tavi + firius], adj., pertaining to birds, of birds, bird- : rete (bird-net). Neut., a place where birds are kept,apoultry- yard, an aviary. Less exactly, the resort of wild birds in a forest. avidus, -a, -um, [favo- (whence aveo) + dus], adj., longing, desir- ous, eager : medullae (burning with passion) . avis, -is, [?], f., a bird. avitus, -a, -um, [noun-stem akin to avus + tus, cf. auritus], adj., of or belonging to a grandfather, de- rived from a grandfather. Less exactly, of or belonging to an an- cestor, ancestral : solium. avius, -a, -urn, [ab-via (inflected as adj.)], adj., that is at a distance from the way, that goes out of on is remote from the way : hence, also, untrodden, unfrequented: vir- gulta. Neut., a pathless or out- of-the-way place. Transferred, of persons, wandering, straying : in mojites sese avius abdidit altos. avolo, -avi, -atiiiti, -are, [ab- volo], i. v. n.,yfy away. aviinculus, -I, [lost stem favdn + culus, cf. avus], m. dim., a inotli- er's brother, maternal uncle (cf. patruus, paternal uncle). avus, -I, [?], m., a grandfather, an ancestor, a grandsire. axis, -is, [perhaps akin to ago], m., an axle-tree : faginus axis. Fig., the axis of the // (supposed to turn as spheres) ; the pole, the north pole. I .ess exactly, the heavens : atlas axem umero torquet ; aetheris axis (the ethereal heaven). B. baca (bacc-), -ae, [?], f., a berry (either edible or not), small fruit (cf. pomum, larger fruit). Esp., of the olive. bacatus (bacc-), -a, -um, [baca + tus (cf. barbatus)], adj., set or adorned with pearls. In later poets baca is used for pearls: morale {pearl necklace). biicra, see baca. Imccar (-char), -aris, [Gr. &O.K- X&pts~\, n., the baccar, bacchar, or baccharis ; a plant with a fragrant root, which yielded a kind of oil, ace. to some, purple foxglove. It was supposed to possess magic powers. bacchattis, -a, -um, p.p. of bacchor. Bacchicus (-ius, -eus, -eius), -a, -um, [Gr. adjs. paxxtKbs, etc.], adj., of or pertaining to Bacchtts, Bacchic. bacchor, -atus sum, -ari, [fBac- cho-], I. v. dep., celebrate the festi- val of Bacchus. Less exactly, revel, rave, rage, or rant in any way ; go or run about in a wanton, wild, raving, or furious manner : per urbem. Fig., fly or run wildly: fama. bacchatus, a, -um, p.p. in pass, sense, sought in revels (of a place where the i.T^k-s were celebrated) : virginibus bac- chata Lacaenis Taygeta (where the maidens revel). Bacchus, -I, [Gr. Bctaxos], ni., Bacchus, a son of Jupiter and of Semele, the god of wine and of poets. Fig., the vine: Bacchus amat colles. wine: hilarans convivia Baccho. Bactra, -orum, [Gr. Bctarpa], n., Bactra, the chief city of Bactria or Bactriana (now Balkh). Baiae, -arum, [Gr. Bofa], f., a small town in Campania, on the coast between Cumse and Puteoli, a favorite resort of the Romans on account of its warm baths and pleasant situation. balatiis, -us, [fbala (stem of balo) + tus], m., a bleating: agnibala- tum exercent. Vocabulary. 35 Balearls, -e, [cf. Gr. #aAa0/>oi/] , n., an abyss, chasm, gulf, deep pit. barba, -ae, [?], f., the beard, of men or animals : barba cadebat. barbaricus, -a, -um, [Gr. /3ap/3a- PIKOS, adj. from /3apapoy], adj., of or pertaining to a barbarian, foreign, strange, barbaric, bar- barous. barbarus, -a, -um, [Gr. Pa.p&apos~] , adj., fore ign, strange, barbarous: barbara tegmina crurum. Han-ad, -orum, [masc. plur. of Barcaeus, Gr. BopKaZos], m., Bar- c it tins, inhabitants of Barce, a town in Libya. Barce, -es, [Gr. Bap/ci?], f., the nurse of Sicha_-us. Batulum, -I, n., a town built by the Samnites in Campania. Bavins, -I (-11), m., Bavins, a bad poet, contemporary with Virgil and Horace, and obnoxious to both. beatus, -a, -um, p.p. of bco as adj., happy, prosperous, blessed, fortu- nate : Eurotas ; sedes (Elysium). Bebrycius, -a, -um, adj., of or be- longing to Bebrycia (a province of Asia Minor, afterwards called Bi- thynia, the country of Amycus, a famous boxer), Bebrycian. Bel^idis, -a, -um, [fBelga- (or Belgo-) + cus], adj., Bclgic, of the Belg< or Belgians, a warlike peo- ple of German and Celtic origin dwelling in the north of Gaul. Belides, -ae, [Gr. patronymic], m., a descendant of Belus (see Belus). bellator, -oris, [fbella- (stem of bello) + tor], m., a warrior, sol- dier, fighting-man. As adj., that wages or carries on war, warlike, war-, ready to fight, martial, val- orous : deus (the warrior-god, Mars) ; equus (war-horse'} . bellatrlx, -Icis, [fbella (stem of bello) + trix], fern, adj., that wages or carries on war, warlike ; warrior (female). bellipotens, -entis, [fbello-po- tens], adj., powerful or valiant in war. Masc., the god powerful in war, i.e., Mars. bello, -avi, -atum, are, [fbello-], I. v. n. ; and bellor, perhaps no perf., -ari, I. v. dep., wage o* car- ry on war, to war : pictis bellan- tur Amazones armis. Belloiia, -ae, [unc. form (cf. pa- tronus) from stem of bellum], f., the goddess of war, and sister of Mars. bellua, see belua. bellum, -I, [unc. form akin to duo and perhaps dls-], n., war, -war- fare. Personified, War. belua (bell-), -ae, [?], f., a beast (large or ferocious), a monster (as an elephant, lion, wild boar, whale, dolphin); Lernae (the Hydra). Belus, -I, [Gr. Bf/Aos, same word as j5f/or Baal~\, m., a mythic name of several Eastern kings, among others, of several ancestors of Dido. Benacus, -i, m., a deep and rough lake in Gallia Transpadana, near Verona, through which the Min- cius {I\Iincio~) flows (now Lago di Garda~). bene [abl. of bonus], (melius, optime), adv. Of every kind of excellence, well, beautifully, ably, rightly, honorably, favorably, pros- perously, fully, completely : olentes (sweef). benefactum, -i, [p.p. neut. of Vocabulary. benefacio], n., (a thing well done, absolutely), a good, honorable, praiseworthy act ; good, honorable action; heroic deed. (a thing well done to or for some one), a benefit, kindness, service. >>"iii<>-iius, -a, -uin, [fbono-genus ( \/gen + us), ofgoodbirth~\, adj., ( )f persons as to feelings or beha- vior, good, kind, friendly, pleasing, favorable, mild, benignant, kindly. Transferred, kindly, friendly : mens. Berecyntius, -a, -urn, (-eynthi- us), [(Jr. BepeKiWios], adj., of or pertaining to Berecyntus, a moun- tain in Phrygia, sacred to Cybele, on the river Sangarius, Bcrecyn- tinn. Fein., the Berecyntian god- dess or mother (Cybele). Beroe, -es, [Gr. BepJ?;], f. : I. One of the Oceanidoe, or ocean nymphs ; 2. The wife of Doryclus of Epirus, in the Trojan company. IJmnor, -oris, [Gr. fiia, avfip], m., an ancient hero, the founder of Mantua. bibo, bibi, bibitum(?), bibcro, [redup. -y/P a ( m potus)], 3. v. a., drink : Ararim Parthus bibat {drink of} ; ut gemma bibat. Of things, imbibe, drink, drink in : sat prata biberunt ; bibit ingens arcus (draw water, of the rain- bow) . Fig. : longum amorem {drink in long draughts of love, of Dido). Transferred, bring forth or draw forth, drink (cf. haurio) : hasta bibit cruorem. bibulus, -a, -uin, [lost stem fbibo + lus], adj., drinking readily or freely. Fig., of things, that draws, sticks in, or absorbs moisture, bibu- lous, absorbent, thirsty : arena. bieolor, -oris, [bi (for dvi, cf. bis) -color], adj., of two colors, two-col- ored : equus {dappled'). bicornis, -e, [bi (for dvi, cf. bis) -cornu (weakened)], adj., with two /tor us, two-horned. Fig., with two points, two-horned, tivo-f routed : furcae. bi -foris], adj., with two doors : bifo- res valvae {double doors). Fig., two-fold, double: biforem dat ti- bia cantum (because two pipes were used, giving a double open- ing)- biformis, -e, [bi (for dvi, cf. bis) -forma (weakened)], adj., two- formed, two-shaped : Minotaurus (part man and part bull). bifrons, -ontis, [bi (for dvi, cf. bis) -frons], adj., with two fore- heads ; or. in a wider sense, with two faces, double-faced (an epithet of Janus). bij>-ae, -arum ; also -a, -ae, [bi (for dvi, cf. bis) -fagus (lost adj., skin to ago, cf. agilis, auri^i . f., a pair of horses, a span, double team. Fig., a car or chariot drawn by two horses. biiugis, -e, [bi (for dvi, cf. bis) -iugum (weakened)], adj., yoked two together : equi ( pair of horses) . biiugus, -a, -um, [cf. preceding], adj., yoked two together, leones {yoked in pairs} ; certamen (the contest with the bigne, two-horse race). Masc. plur. (sc. equi), two horses yoked abreast, a pair, span. bilinguis, -e, [bi (for dvi, cf. bis) -lingua (weakened, cf. bilingu- us)], adj., with two tongues. Fig., double-tongued, false, treaeli- erous : Tyrii. bilix, -It-is, [bi (for dvi, cf. bis) + stem akin to licinm ', adj., with a doul'le thread, two-threaded, two- ply, double : loricam. hiiiiciubris, -e, [bi (for dvi, cf. Vocabulary. 37 bis) -membrum (weakened) ] , adj ., liai' ing double members. .Masc. plur., two-formed monsters (the ( 'entaurs). hiniiis, -a, -mil, [bi (for dvi, cf. bis)- fhimus (lost stem akin to hicms), of two winters'], adj., two rears olil, of two years, continu- ing two years, two-year-old. bini, -ae, -a, [bi (for dvi, cf. bis) + nus], distrib. adj., two (distribu- tively), two apiece or for each. I .ess exactly, two, with substantives plural only. Of things that are in pairs or double : scyphos (a pair ofgo/>/ets) ; bina hastilia. bipatcns, -out is, [bi (for dvi, cf. bis) -patens], adj., opening in two ways, open in two directions, swing- ing: portae. bipeunis, -e, [bi (for dvi, cf. bis) -penna (weakened)], adj., having two edges, two-edged : ferrum. Fein. (sc. securis), an axe with two edges, double-axe, battle-axe. bipes, -etlis, [bi (for dvi, cf. bis) + pes], adj., two-footed : equi (sea- horses) ; mensa. biremis, -e, [bi (for dvi, cf. bis) -remus (weakened)], adj., two- oarcd, ha-'ing two oars. As subst., biremis, -is, (sc. iiavis), f., a small vessel with two oars, a vessel with two rows of benches or two banks of oars, ships (generally). bis [for dvis, case-form of duo as adv. (cf. cis, ids)], adv. num., twice, in two ways, in a two-fold manner: bis in hora (twice an hour). With numerals, twice a certain number : bis senos. bis tanto or tantum (twice as great or as much'). IJisaltar, -arum, m., a Thracian people on the Strymon. bisseni, see bis and seni. bissextus, see bis and sextus. Bitias, -ae, in.: i. A Trojan, son of Alcanor ; 2. A Carthaginian no- bleman. bitumen, -inis, [?], n., bitumen. bivius, -a, -um, [bi (for dvi, cf. bis) -via, declined as adj.], adj., having two wavs or passages : fauces (double). Xeut., a place where two roads meet, cross roads, corner. blandus, -a, -um, [perhaps for mlandus, akin to niollis], adj., of smooth tongue, flattering, fon- dling, caressing : canes (affection- ate). Fig., jlattcring, friendly, kind, pleasant, agreeable, enticing, alluring, charming : laudes ; flo- res; gaudia (alluring). blatta, -ae, [?], f., the blalta, a night insect, moth, bee moth. Bola, -ae, (-ae, -arum), f., a very ancient town of the ^Kqui, in Latium. bonus, -a, -um, (melior, opti- mus), adj. Of every kind of ex- cellence : physical, good, beautiful, pleasant, fit, suitable, fair. Neut. \>\m., gifts of fortune, wealth, riches, property, goods, fortune. - Mental and moral, good, fit, able, excellent, skilful, noble, virtuous, upright, honest, &c. (with inf., skil- ful). favorable, propitious : bo- num sit (a. good omen) ; bona bello cornus (well fitted). Neut. sing, and plur., advantage, weal: bonis communibus obsto. Bootes, -ae, [Gr. &ou>rr]s, plough- man~\, m., the constellation Bootes. Boreas, -ae, [Gr. Bope'as], m., Bo- reas, the mountain or north wind (pureLat.aquilo) : Boreaepene- trabile frigus. Personified, Bo- reas, the son of the river-god Stry- mon, and father of Calais and Xetes by Orithyia, daughter of Lrechtheus, king of Attica. bos, bovis, (gen. plur., bourn), [cf. Gr. /JoCs], conim. gen., one cf the ox tribe, an ox, a cow : paseite boves (cattle). bract-Ilium (brach-), -I, [?], n., an arm ; the whole arm, from the shoulder to the fingers. From similarity, a branch. Plur., the sail-yards. a (natural or arti- ficial) outwork; an arm for eon- Vocabulary. nccting two points in fortifications or preparations for besieging. a side-work, mole, dike, in the for- tification of a harbor. bractea, see brattea. brattea (bract-), -ae, [?], f., a thin plate, leaf (of metal). brevis, -e, [for fbregvis, -^/bragh + us, with accidental i as in levis, gravis, cf. ffgjftg} t adj. In dis- tance, extent, little, small, short, narrow: brevis est via. In depth, small, little, shallow : vada. Neut. plur., brevia, -iiiiu, shal- Icnus, shoals. breviter [brevi + ter (probably neuter of -terus reduced)], adv. Of space, shortly, in a small space, at a short distance. In expres- sion, briefly, in brief, with few words, concisely, summarily. Of time, shortly, in no long time. Briareus, -ei, [Gr. Bpiapeus], in., a hundred-armed giant (also called sEgicon) . Britannus, -a, -um, [?], adj., of Britain, British. Masc. plur., Britons. Also their country, Britain. Brontes, -ae, [Gr. 'Bpovrijs (Thun- derer)], m., a Cyclops in the work- shop of Vulcan. briima, -ae, [for brevima (old su- perlative of brevis, cf. iiittmiis), sc. dies], f., the shortest day in the year, the winter solstice. Less ex- actly, the winter time, winter. briintalis, -e, [fbruma (reduced) + alis], adj., of or pertaining to the winter solstice. wintry, of winter: frigus. Brutus, -i, [brutus, heavy, dull'}, m., a Roman family name. Esp., L. Junius Brutus, who expelled Tarquinius Superbus. He was saved by his feigned stupidity (hence the name). bilbo, -onis, m. (f. only once), an owl, the horned owl, the cry of which was considered as ill-boding. bubulcus, -I, [fbubulo+ cus], in., an ox-driver or wagoner, one who ploughs with oxen, a ploughman. biiccina, -ae; see buciiin. biicina (bucc-), -ae, [?], f., a shepherd's horn. a trumpet : bello dat signum rauca cruen- tum bucina. bucolicus, -a, -uin, [Gr. &OVKO\I- KO'S], adj., relating t herdsmen. -- Only neut. plur., luirolica, name of the Eclogues, as the songs of herdsmen. biicula, -ae, [fbov- (bos) + cula], f. dim., a heifer. bufo, -onis, [?], m., a toad. bulla, -ae, [cf. bullo, biillio], f., a water-bubble, bubble. ] 'ig., a boss, stud. lui mast us, -i, [Gr. /JOU/UHTTOJ], f., the bumastuS, a species of grape with large clusters. buris, -is, [?], m., hinder part of a plough, plough-tail. Busiris, -Mis, [Gr. Boixripis], m., Busiris, a king of Egypt, who sacrificed strangers, and was him- self slain by Hercules. bustuni, -I, [n. p.p. of unc. verb, but cf. comburo], n., the burned pyre, pyre (after burning), funeral pile: semusta. the hillock raised over the ashes of a burned corpse, a tomb. Plur., same meaning. But cs, -ae, [Gr. BOI/TTJS], m. : i . S. >n of Amycus, king of the IJebry- cians, slain by Dares at the tomb of Hector ; 2. An armor-bearer of Anchises and guardian of nius ; 3. A Trojan, perhaps the same as 2. Buthrotuni, -I, [(jr. Bod^wrtfr], n., a maritime town of Epirus (now Butrinto) . buxus, -i, (sometimes -uni, -i, n.), [Gr. iri/|oy], f., the box-tree, box- wood. Of things made of box- wood, a pipe or Jltitc. IJyi-sa, -ac, [prob. a Phoenician word (= Bosra), confounded with tti'vrra. (a hide)], f., the citadel of Carthage. Vocabulary. 39 c. caoumen, -inis, [unc. stem (cf. Sk. kakud, mountain) + men], n., the extreme end, extremity, or point of a thing ; the peak, top, utmost point (whether horizontal or perpendic- ular). Cams, -!,[?, cf. Caca], m., a mythi- cal monster of Italy who robbed Hercules of Geiyon's cattle, and was on that account slain by him. cadaver, -eris, [akin to cado], n., a dead body, a corpse. Of beasts, a carcass. oadens, p. of cado. cado, eccidi, casuin, cadere, [ -^cadj , 3. v. n., fall down, be pre- cipitated, sink down, fall: barba (under the sheai-s) ; vela (are low- ered} ; de montibus umbrae (are thrown by) ; imbres (drop) . Of stars, &c., decline, set : sidera. In death, fall, perish, be slain. Fig., happen, come to pass, befall one, occur to one : cadit in quen- quam tantum scelus (be con- ceived}; quocunque res cadent. decrease, diminish, perish, de- cay, cease, subside, abate : fragor ; animi (sink). p.p. as adj.: pa- tria cadens (failing, going to ruin ) . caducus, -a, -urn, [lost stem in u (from y'cad in cado) -f cus], adj., that falls or has fallen, fall- ing: frondes volitare caducas. Esp., of those who fall in battle,