MAR JACOB 
 
 BAR-HEBRMJS 
 
 ox 
 
 SYRIAC ACCENTS,
 
 A LETTER 
 
 MAR JACOB, BISHOP OF EDESSA, 
 
 SYRIAC ORTHOGRAPHY; 
 
 A TRACT BY THE SAME AUTHOR, 
 
 A DISCOURSE BY GREGORY BAR HEBR^EUS ON 
 SYRIAC ACCENTS. 
 
 NOW EDITED, IN THE ORIGINAL SYRIAC, FROM MSS. IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM, 
 WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION AND NOTES, 
 
 GEORGE PHILLIPS, D.D., 
 
 PRESIDENT OF QUEENS' COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE. 
 
 fofjicl) are afctirti gtypcntrices. 
 
 WILLIAMS AND NORGATE, 
 
 14, HENRIETTA STREET, COVEXT GARDEN, LONDON; 
 AND 20, SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH. 
 
 1869.
 
 
 
 w. M. WATTS, 80, GRAY'S INN ROAD.
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 THE two MSS. of Mar Jacob, Bishop of Edessa, on 
 Grammar, which are edited and translated in the 
 following pages, form part of a Volume of the 
 Nitrian Collection in the British Museum, marked 
 Additional 12,178, and are said to be of the 10th 
 century. 
 
 The first is a Letter on Syriac Orthography, 
 addressed to Mar George, Bishop of Sarug. More 
 than thirty years ago, a Latin Translation, with the 
 Syriac Text, of a considerable part of this Letter, 
 and that the most important part, comprising in 
 fact all of it, which really treats of Orthography, 
 was published in Rosen and ForshalTs Catalogue 
 of the Syriac MSS. in the British Museum. The 
 remainder of the Letter is almost entirely taken 
 up with scolding copyists. 
 
 The next is a Tract, which in the beginning 
 speaks very briefly of genders, persons, tenses and 
 sounds. It then proceeds with the consideration 
 of Syriac Accents, the subject about which the rest, 
 nearly the whole of the Tract, is occupied. Jacob 
 must have been a very early writer on the Accents, 
 for it is supposed, that they were not introduced till 
 the end of the fifth, or the beginning of the sixth 
 century. If so, the system had not been origi- 
 nated more than a hundred and thirty or forty 
 years before Jacob's time. But although an early, 
 he was certainly not the earliest writer on the sub- 
 
 2095210
 
 IV PREFACE. 
 
 ject, for the accentuation system seems in his clay 
 to have been pretty well matured. There is also, 
 following this Tract, a Letter on this subject, the 
 beginning of which seems to be wanting, and which 
 I believe is of more ancient date than that of the 
 Tract of Jacob. This Letter I have given, as it 
 is in the MS., with a Translation, in Appendix I. 
 The name of the Author is not mentioned, but I 
 have in the Appendix brought forward reasons, 
 satisfactory to my mind, to show that the Letter 
 must have been, if not the earliest, certainly one of 
 the earliest treatises on the Accents, and that it was 
 written as early as and probably before, the time of 
 Thomas the Deacon, i.e. in the 6th century. The 
 system must then have been in an early stage of 
 development, for the number of Accents mentioned 
 therein, is smaller than that found in the Tract of 
 Jacob, and further, compound ones are designedly 
 not treated of, because the Author says, their 
 system up to that period was unsettled, and there 
 existed no writing on the subject. Compound 
 Accents, however, are treated of by Jacob, and I 
 have no doubt that in his time, the system was 
 tolerably settled and complete, for six hundred 
 years after Jacob, precisely the same compound 
 Accents in number and in name are treated of by 
 Bar Hebrseus in his larger Grammar. This remark 
 indeed is applicable to the simple Accents ; except 
 that two or three additional ones are named by Bar 
 Hebrseus, as having been introduced by the Eastern 
 Syrians, and used only by them. We may hence 
 infer that the system of Accents continued substan- 
 tially unaltered from the time of Jacob to that of 
 Bar Hcbrseus; indeed, that it never afterwards
 
 PREFACE. V 
 
 underwent any material change. Some of tliem 
 are used, as are some of the Hebrew accents, for 
 pausal purposes ; but by far the greater part of them 
 are employed to indicate, whether a syllable be 
 long or short, to mark the rise and fall of the voice, 
 and in fact to perform strictly the office of Accents. 
 Ewald has stated as his opinion, that these 
 Accents are more ancient than the Hebrew, and 
 that the former sus^ested the introduction of the 
 
 O O 
 
 latter. His words are, " Dass diese (die hebraische 
 Accentuation) aus der altern und cinfachen syrischcn 
 Accentuation sich liervor gebildet hat, schien 
 mir schon langst, so bald ich jeiies syrische system 
 kennen gelernt hatte, sehr wahrscheinlich, und wird 
 sich bei nahcrer Ansicht immer mehr bestaticrcn. 
 
 O 
 
 So sehr auch die hebraische noch viel feincr und 
 gcnauer ausgcbildet ist : in ihrem "Wesen und Geist, 
 in ihrem Zweck und Ziel, ja auch in der Stellung 
 und Gestalt der wichtigsten und sichtbar altestcn. 
 Zcichen hat sic doch die grosste Aclmlichkeit mit 
 der syrischen." Abhandlungen, Erster Thcil, S. 130. 
 Assuming his view to be correct, the Syriac accents 
 may serve to throw light on the theory of Hebrew 
 Accentuation. 
 
 Viewed historically, these Accents are interest- 
 ing. They were introduced at a time, when the 
 vowel punctuation, if indeed it had then any ex- 
 istence, was certainly in a very imperfect state of 
 development, and were designed for a two-fold 
 purpose. First, they were used to regulate the 
 voice in the reading of the Scriptures in churches 
 and in chaunting, and hence we find them some- 
 times called by Bar Ilcbrarus rdsiwcvA >jui, metrical 
 siyns. The second purpose of these points was to
 
 VI PREFACE. 
 
 serve as a Commentary on the Scriptures, in pas- 
 sages where the sense would be otherwise doubtful. 
 Bar HebraBUS says, that they are often necessary 
 for determining the sense of a passage. In the 
 first section of the chapter of the larger Grammar, 
 which is edited in this work, he quotes two ex- 
 amples in confirmation of his statement, for which 
 see p. 34 of the translation. 
 
 My original intention was not to edit more on 
 the Accents than the Tract of Jacob ; but when I 
 examined the MS., I found that it was of itself per- 
 fectly useless to the student for the purpose of 
 teaching him the Theory of Syriac Accents. Eor 
 first there is a list of Accents given ; following it, is 
 a repetition of the list, but to the name of each 
 Accent there is a passage of Scripture appended, 
 containing its mark. Now as this mark consists of 
 one or two points, and as points perform many and 
 diverse offices in Syriac MSS. and printed books, 
 it is impossible for the student to distinguish the 
 mark of the Accent from the other points, which 
 are found in the word or the expression. Besides, 
 the marks of the Accents themselves are often not 
 rightly placed, and sometimes are not placed at all, 
 through the blundering of the copyist. In the 
 Vatican MS., of which some lithographs have been 
 just issued at Paris, in respect to the position of 
 the forty-one marks that are named, I have counted 
 not fewer than seventeen errors. In the British 
 Museum MS., which I have edited, there are five. 
 I therefore repeat, that Jacob's Tract is thoroughly 
 useless, unless it be accompanied by a Commentary. 
 I am happy to say that I am able to present to the 
 student, two Commentaries in this work, which
 
 PREFACE. Vll 
 
 have never before been printed, viz. the Discourse 
 of Bar Hebrseus, and the Letter in Appendix I., 
 already spoken of. In each of these Commentaries, 
 is mentioned in words, in every instance, where 
 the Accent should be put. a I have on the autho- 
 rity of these, stated in the foot notes to the Trans- 
 lation of Jacob's Tract, where each Accent should 
 be, so as to remove all doubt that might otherwise 
 exist in the mind of the student. Indeed in the 
 Translations of these documents with the Notes, he 
 will, I trust, find a distinct, consistent and com- 
 plete theory. 
 
 There has been no European writer, so far as I 
 know, who has ever written on Syriac Accents 
 except Ewald. The pausal accents, indeed, are 
 mentioned in Syriac Grammars, and in that of Dr. 
 Adelbert Merx, which is now in the course of pub- 
 lication, the names of some of the others are given, 
 occupying about half a page, but the accents them- 
 selves are not treated of. The three Treatises, which 
 I have translated in the following pages, and which 
 are the first Translations that have ever been made 
 of them in a Western language, comprise the 
 earliest and latest productions extant on the system 
 of the accents by native writers. 
 
 The copy of Bar HebraBus's larger Grammar, from 
 which I have transcribed the Discourse edited in 
 
 a I beg to say here to the reader, that he must look to the letter- 
 press for learning the system of Accents, and not to the points of the 
 Syriac Text, which through the carelessness of copyists arc some- 
 times inaccurate. I considered the right and honest thing to be 
 to present to him the Syriac Text, as it is in the MSS., with its 
 imperfections.
 
 Vlll PREFACE. 
 
 the following pages, is a MS. in the British 
 Museum, numbered in Rosen and ForshalTs Cata- 
 logue 720 I. This copy I have compared with the 
 two more ancient ones in the Bodleian Library at 
 Oxford. 
 
 There is in the British Museum, another copy of 
 the Letter and Tract of Jacob marked in the same 
 Catalogue 7183. It is said to be of the 12th cen- 
 tury, and is probably taken from the Nitrian MS. 
 here edited. I have noticed the principal various 
 readings, and have placed them at the foot of each 
 page of the Syriac Text, as the readings of Codex b. 
 
 I cannot close this Preface without thanking my 
 friend Dr, W. Wright, of the British Museum, which 
 I do now most sincerely, for his kind and valuable 
 help in correcting the proof-sheets.
 
 MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 THE Epistle of the holy and wise in divine things, 
 Mar Jacob, bishop of Edessa, to the pious and holy 
 Mar George, bishop of Sarug, and through him to 
 all the scribes, who may meet with this book. 
 
 Jacob, poor in the Lord, to the pious and honoured 
 of God, our spiritual brother, one in mind and in 
 the office of the ministry, Mar George, greeting. 
 
 I have seen that this is no little reproach, O thou 
 lover of God for I judge that I may intimate to 
 thee that which I have seen, and through thee also 
 to many others, who may meet with this writing 
 that in all those arts, which are for the use of men in 
 this life, the artists, i.e. the makers and teachers of 
 them, understand them much better than those, who 
 only use them, when they are finished. But this great 
 and primary art (of writing], and, as I think, high 
 above all arts, that which, contrary to these, un- 
 fortunately befalls it is, that they who become 
 acquainted with it, when it is completed, know it 
 accurately and fully, its faults and the corrections 
 of them and all the methods, which are useful for 
 its construction, more than its artists, those who 
 perform and make it, more, I say, than such as 
 those I am about to speak of. 
 
 Understand, all ye who read these things, that 
 with respect to the art of carpentry, those carpenters, 
 who perform the work, understand it, and are 
 versed in the faults and in those blemishes, which 
 are in it, and are sagacious in correcting them, 
 more than those who make use of it when its parts 
 are finished. I am speaking of a waggon, or a table, 
 
 b
 
 2 MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 or a chest, or a seat, or of other useful things of 
 those, which are constructed by it (the art). 9 - So 
 also it will appear with respect to workmanship in 
 gold, silver, iron, &c., and also with respect to 
 pottery. I say, that they, the workmen, skilful in 
 making vessels of iron, the rudder of a ploughshare, 
 the mallet, the axe and the hook, know more than 
 those, who make use of them. Similarly it is seen 
 that makers of vessels, viz. potters, know how 
 to construct conveniently and very usefully the 
 jar, and the bucket, and the pot, and other earthen 
 vessels, better than the rest of men, who only 
 buy and make use of them. Also with respect 
 to all arts, these remarks apply. The makers of 
 bows understand them better than the archers; 
 architects more than the dwellers in the buildings ; 
 those who fix b ships more than the navigators ; shoe- 
 makers more than those who wear the shoes, and 
 tailors more than those who wear the clothes. 
 
 But with respect to the great and high art of 
 constructing books, that is called writing, they 
 who make use of the writing, when it is finished, 
 i. e. the readers, they who read these books, 
 which are constructed by it (the art), know it 
 accurately, both those things, which are useful in 
 it, and the blemishes, which are in it, and their 
 corrections, more than the writers themselves, who 
 made it (the book). It is not a reproach, which all 
 arts share with this art. I judge, that it is not a 
 
 a The argument is that a carpenter is a better judge of a waggon, 
 table, &c., than those who only make use of them, after they are 
 made. 
 
 b Adjust the parts of a ship, build it.
 
 MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ORTHOGRAPHY. 6 
 
 little one, and that it doeth not a little detriment. 
 It is right that, as the art is great, and honoured 
 and the first of all arts, the performance of it should 
 also be the most honoured of all useful arts ; so also 
 they who learn it, and labour at it, should be of 
 those who are skilful, and penetrating and excelling 
 in mind above many, and not of those who are 
 so in any degree whatever. But I perceive that 
 here also it (the art) is greatly discredited. There 
 are those who, much inferior to others, being only 
 as the multitude in mind and natural penetration, 
 enter upon and learn it (the art), and work at it 
 and make books, but they know not what they see, 
 nor what they write, concerning those matters they, 
 the scribes, read. It is not for the purpose of their 
 erring more, that these remarks have been brought 
 forward; but that they may receive them readily and 
 learn and be corrected. Let them hasten to come 
 wisely and discreetly to understand that we know 
 many things in this art of copying (writing) ; we, who 
 read, more than they who copy (write). For they, 
 indeed, anxious to complete the number of quarter- 
 nions of leaves according to distances, 4 either dimi- 
 nish the lines or expand the letters of the writing. 
 They either lengthen or shorten ; or they compress 
 because of the red. 6 They either add letters and 
 
 c Dr. Payne Smith in his TJiesaurus Syriacus p. 149 under 
 *^r^ says that ocpl ^Sur^ means lv /AO/HO> TLVL, or quocunque 
 Tnodo, and he quotes several passages from different authors in 
 which this expression occurs. 
 
 d According to distances, i.e. the distances of the lines from each 
 other, so that a certain number of lines may fill the page. 
 
 e TJiey compress because of tJie red. The red refers to the expres- 
 sion which is added to the end of a book or a chapter, and is
 
 4 MAR JACOB ON SYEIAC ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 take away letters ; or they expand a member into 
 two, and divide it where it is not suitable ; or they 
 blend inconveniently two into one. But we who 
 read, ardently desire that the reason and sense of 
 those things, which are written, should be preserved, 
 and be carefully kept free for those who may meet 
 with the writings ; although the red at the end of 
 the lines may have to be assigned to a place beyond 
 the intention of the scribes. This they are instructed 
 of; but they do it not. f But that the design of 
 those things which we have mentioned may be known 
 to them, behold, I lay before them a few cautions, 
 in order that they may be very careful of our purpose, 
 although it may be that they will despise it, learning 
 that it is more expedient .that a line redundant or 
 deficient be brought forth, although there be some- 
 thing to disturb the reason and injure the sense. 
 
 1st. I prohibit all those, who may copy the books, 
 which I have translated or composed, from changing 
 of their own accord anything of those which they 
 have undertaken to copy, either in the writings, 
 or in the points, whatsoever they may find; if 
 even a manifest error be found, for every man 
 is liable to error, ourselves, the scribe, who hath 
 received the book from us, those who compare 
 copy with copy, the eye of the reader which errs 
 and deviates from correct vision. Let them not 
 
 usually found in MSS. written with red ink. The engagement of 
 the copyist having been to copy a book or a chapter for a certain 
 sum of money, his object was, to get to the red as soon as possible, 
 and with that purpose in view he was reckless as to the accuracy of 
 his copy, and cared not as to what liberties he took with the text. 
 
 f They do not put the red farther off, although they know that 
 it is required for the preservation of the sense, &c.
 
 MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ORTHOGRAPHY. 5 
 
 afterwards introduce again those letters which we 
 have cut off from nouns and verbs, and from other 
 parts of speech ; not, if the nouns be from the 
 Hebrews, nor if they be from the Greeks and 
 Romans. They shall not write ^jxsaAt. according 
 to their custom for my ^o-ssKxAoj., Solomon. 
 I well know what I have written. They shall 
 not put for me Ax-i-ft-a without a yud, for 
 which I put. Neither the noun rzi , nor 
 nor any words which are derived from 
 this noun rti, shall they write without a yud. 
 They shall not introduce for us on in the noun 
 r*znc\i , the Romans ; nor in that of >=acn 3 Rome, 
 their city : nor in that of floa.icucxa> , Synod; nor in 
 
 H H V 
 
 that of rdAflo*iir<L& Happijaui, freedom or confidence, 
 
 y 
 
 nor in other nouns such as these, because of ancient 
 custom. They shall not write ^.i ,cn, which are 
 separate, and are significant of something, together 
 in the form ^rucn, which, blended, signify a particle 
 of time. Let them also understand that, when they 
 are separate, t ca requires a point above it, but when 
 blended and made significant of time, it does not 
 require any point whatever. Let them not in any 
 place confound the particle r^.i u \rt. But let 
 them understand where we have written 
 
 together, and where we have written 
 separate. Let them know where we have written 
 rs / \ t *K > blended, and where we have written ^r^and 
 have not blended it with that which is adduced 
 
 after it. They shall not write ^ in ^uku2t&&r<, nor 
 in those words which are derived from this same 
 verb ; because I have been entreated by a man and I
 
 6 MAR JACOB ON SYEIAC ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 have received his request and $usa*a&&K', I have 
 acquiesced to make a distinction, as to that which 
 signifies request , g viz. obedience, and in it ^ is not 
 placed. They shall not write yud in the noun, viz. the 
 
 o 
 
 word for the day, which we call JLSJ&K', yesterday, 
 or l=73<kr=rj, three days ago. But they shall under- 
 
 I /T\ 
 
 stand that in the passive verb >Jc*)^r^ the yud is 
 
 V 
 
 required; also in that which we call \znb\i< or 
 >\=a^i.rc'. They shall understand with respect to 
 
 O n\ 
 
 these matters, where we write K'AuH-=>, creatures, 
 
 o i 'o 
 
 and not K'AuH-a, streets. They shall understand 
 
 o ' 
 
 where it is needful for them to put the points 
 to these words, that they may distinguish between 
 
 , streets, and those rfAuH-=> , which are 
 
 o o y 
 
 created, and also K'Au'ia , exterior* They will also 
 
 * Q O s* O y 
 
 understand why with these we mention rrf4\cui_=, 
 
 /i\ O 
 
 exterior part. They shall not write .0** e ^ together, 
 
 O V D ^ > O 
 
 nor jju ^io , nor ^i* ^1^9, nor ^LM ^ \ -i, nor 
 
 o 
 
 ^u> jjAa , nor others such as these ; so that they 
 
 may be distinguished from those nouns, which we 
 
 y y v y y y 
 
 enunciate; ^ub, ^in, ^UJLQ, ^ii-, ^um, and 
 
 from the verbs of the prseterite tense. The noun 
 
 g There must be some word or words omitted in the MS. here ; 
 for r^oxfloiSt means request, and not obedience. Ebdokns, however 
 who has adopted Jacob's distinction, makes the matter quite clear, 
 
 He says that jaajA^\^K' signifies ^SfcAxx.r*', he obeyed, and 
 oo ^ y 
 
 in*a, receiving a request. 
 
 o oy 
 
 h In the MS. we have the words K'^ucv,^ *zn ^=c\o>, denot- 
 o oy o o o y 
 
 ing that the sense of r^Au VD is the opposite of that of 
 
 o 
 interior.
 
 MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 , a fighter, must be distinguished, in 
 writing it,from the verb r^K* jL.Av^io3, 1 am fighting, 
 
 y c m 
 
 and from others which are like it in sound. i*"y , 
 ye /* yo * yo <* yo /* * -j 
 
 ^iin , ^iin , ^ii-q , ,-uin / They shall not take away 
 any of those letters, which are written by us in 
 those nouns, which are Greek or Hebrew, and they 
 shall not add to them; viz. .ttufti 
 
 and many others, cs 0.1*^1 n^ajniicua Constantine, 
 
 PX y p x o x y 
 
 tocuflor^iK'^K' Athanasius, cccu^cv.L^s^K' Amphilo- 
 
 XX X 
 
 EvayyeXiaraL 01" JBudl^3 Sia0iJKT] ) or other S Such as 
 
 these, which I am not able now to remember. 
 
 X X >. I 
 
 Let them not reject the noun K'A\cuoo.TaL*cn, by 
 
 u * t/ 
 
 changing it, because they do not know what it is, 
 viz. that it denotes >cn .1* ><TJ, identity of something. 
 
 Neither let them reject r<L\ir<&, which signifies 
 
 V ' <-J 
 
 X 
 
 the second time. Neither r^^ul*.! , a property, nor 
 K'&cuAft.i , a property, was known a hundred years 
 ago to the Syriac language, and is certainly not 
 found among the Syrian Doctors, viz. Mar Ephraim, 
 
 1 These words which are singular nouns with the pronominal 
 affix of the 1st. pers. plur. should evidently follow the word enun- 
 ciate above; then should follow "and from the verbs of the prseterite 
 
 y y 
 tense," and then should come the examples f 1 -^ 3 ^ > etc. 
 
 1 Amphilochius was Bishop of Iconium in the fourth century. 
 He attended the first general council at Constantinople A.D. 381, 
 and also the councils held A.D. 385 and 394. He was the friend 
 of Gregory Naziamcn and Basil.
 
 8 MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 Mar Jacob, Mar Isaac, or Mar Xenaja, nor in any of 
 those books, which in those times were translated 
 from the Greek ; neither was K'&CUJ-.K', quality, 
 known, nor the noun r<luor<', ovaia. But instead of 
 
 OD<> x DD x 
 
 rc'AuLn, they said r<u:tufL; instead of K'&CUI^K', 
 
 X 
 
 quality or species, rit ; instead of r^floarf, they put 
 
 O x 
 
 either rt\\** or K^aAur*', or, as the multitude, they 
 
 "^ x c> \ 
 
 said r^AuK'. Let them not blend with *7iK\, the 
 
 word .osaK', which is at the end of discourses. With 
 
 X 
 
 these I should have had many other things to have 
 taken notice of in this my writing, if they had kept 
 in my memory, for admonition to the Scribes, to 
 those who by custom write, of their own accord, 
 whatsoever is agreeable to them, thinking that they 
 are not to blame for this. 
 
 What have I to say concerning those marks, 
 which they make as they please in the beginning 
 of books or discourses, and similarly at the end of 
 them; also concerning the changes, additions and 
 abbreviations ? With respect to the position of the 
 points also, every man takes authority to himself 
 to place them as he pleases. A very few words I 
 judge I may add here, if they would acquiesce to 
 receive and attend to them. Before these, however, 
 I will mention a certain example from nature, which 
 is nothing but deformity, odiousness, and ugliness, 
 that a natural and living body should be deprived of 
 those members which have been given to it by 
 nature. For example, that it (the body) should 
 have one eye, or one ear, or one horn, or a hand or 
 foot of four digits only. Again there is something 
 absurd and ugly, when the face or the head of a man
 
 MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 or beast is found to have three ears, or three eyes, 
 or any other redundant member, besides those which 
 nature in general has granted. For a hand or foot in 
 which are six digits is not pleasing ; nor a mouth in 
 which are superfluous teeth, and dog teeth, which 
 move and go forth beyond it ; nor lips, which are long 
 and pouting. This also is ugly, that members should 
 be changed and put out of those places, which 
 have been fixed by nature. It is not becoming to 
 have the eye in the chin, nor the ear in the region 
 of the eyes of a man ; nor the fingers in the knees 
 or the elbows ; nor the nails in the legs, nor in the 
 backs of the middle part of the arms or in the 
 shoulders. But this is the beauty of nature, that 
 there be in it neither superfluity nor defect. Every 
 one of the members should be made fit for the place, 
 which has been prepared and rendered convenient 
 for it by nature, the workman, which God the 
 creator has created. 
 
 Similarly it may be seen with respect to the 
 placing of the points, which are distinguishing 
 and explanatory of the various things which are 
 placed in this Mesopotamia!!, or Edessene, or, 
 to speak more distinctly, Syriac Book ; not in 
 abundance or superfluity, nor where a member has 
 no need to be distinguished from another which is 
 similar to it in the letters, is it right that points 
 should be placed ; nor that they should be thick, and 
 like to hands and feet in each of which there are six 
 digits. Neither should they be deficient or fewer 
 than the portion by which a member may, if possible, 
 be distinguished from the others, which are like it ; 
 because that as superfluity, it has been observed, 
 is not becoming, so also deficiency is not becoming.
 
 10 MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 It is right that they be also put in places, which are 
 convenient for them, and not where there is a 
 vacant place, whether it be suitable or unsuitable. 
 For the sake of argument, I attempt to suppose 
 something, which is not significant of that which I 
 wish to teach. A lady works occasionally 1 and then 
 
 she commands the men servants and maid servants 
 
 i 
 
 to work very hard. 2 k l know that the noun K'Av^.-w 
 does not require Olaph at the beginning of it; 
 because that this my K^Uk-.iA would be judged to be 
 K'^.x* r*\ not knowledge or ignorance. Because 
 that I am not a child ; but I consider myself to be 
 a producer of inventions, for that nature hath 
 brought to me all those things which are needful to 
 instruct and confirm me ; I must, therefore, know 
 against what letter, and whether above it, or below 
 it, I may make the places of the points. These are 
 sufficient at present, for the information of the 
 scribes, lovers of God, who are right minded, ac- 
 quiescing, and receiving correction, and for thee, 
 my pious brother. 
 
 This thing I request, I say. With respect to this 
 my writing, which is intended for thy piety ; 
 
 1 Lit. She does one or two works. 
 
 2 Lit. To do many works. 
 
 k The meaning of this sentence is probably something like the 
 following. A mistress wants to inculcate industry in her servants. 
 The mode by which, she endeavours to effect this purpose is this : 
 she works occasionally herself, and then she commands her servants 
 to work very hard, as if her own example were an argument for 
 supporting her command. This, to \ise Jacob's language, would 
 not be significant of what she proposed to inculcate, and would 
 be like a copyist placing a point in a vacant place whether suitable 
 or not.
 
 MAR JACO15 ON SVKIAC ORTHOGRAPHY. 11 
 
 command the scribes copying it to place it before 
 the middle book of the work of the Epithronian 1 
 discourses. Concerning those points which are 
 bound 111 in the book which has been mentioned, 
 most of which I myself have collated, and have 
 bound, first, because of love to you, and second in 
 order that my design may be known, leave them 
 in it as they are, and erase not one of them from 
 it ; so that a copy is written by which the scribe 
 sees both those points which are bound, and 
 those which are put in the place of them. Let 
 them (the scribes] understand my design, concerning 
 those points, in this my letter to thee. 11 Afterwards 
 I request thee, my brother, to seal it with thy 
 ring, and with my letter before it; when thou 
 writest to the Abbot Mar Julian, and salutest him 
 from my humble self, send to him the letter and 
 the middle book ; so that he first may copy it, and 
 also consider the disposition of those points, both 
 those which are bound, and those which are in 
 the place of them, also those illustrations, that were 
 composed by me, which the scribe has not well 
 placed, nor are they in suitable places. I require 
 that you also intimate to him my love, for the 
 pious, the elect one spoken of, and that also he 
 
 I The, L</i,i. Ejiithi-ohii of Severus of Antiocli, which were 
 translated into Syriac by Jacob. 
 
 111 Points which are bound, are, according to Asscmani, those, 
 about which lie (Jacob) lias placed with the pen a diacritic circle. 
 His words arc the following : "Colligata vocat puncta, <|ucis circu- 
 luni duicriticum calanio apposuerat ;" Bibliutheca Urientalis, Tom. 
 L, p. 47-S. 
 
 II Those points, which Jacob had substituted in the jflacc of those 
 that were bound, and also lhc bound ones.
 
 12 MAE- JACOB ON SYRIAC ORTHOGRAPHY. 
 
 may learn of my will, that I wish to undertake 
 to write for his tranquillity. Lastly, he is there 
 who knows what he sees more than others who may 
 meet with those things which have been mentioned. 
 Mayst thou be preserved sound in our Lord, O pious 
 brother, praying for my humble self and seeking for 
 me mercies from God. Amen. 
 
 The end of the Epistle of Mar Jacob to the 
 Scribes.
 
 MAR JACOB ON PERSONS AND TENSES/ 1 
 
 THESE things then, it is right for a man to keep in 
 contemplation, respecting persons, genders, tenses, 
 sounds, and names of accents ; for the Syrians give 
 names to points, when they are placed on words. 
 They are simple and compound. There are forty 
 seven variations of accents. There are three persons ; 
 first, second and third. There are two genders ; 
 masculine and feminine. There arc three tenses, 
 preterite, present and future. There are sounds, 
 which are thick and pure. Every word or member, 
 where the sound is thick or broad, takes a point 
 above. Where the sound is narrow or pure, it takes 
 the point below. If it be intermediate, between 
 narrow and broad, and there are two other words, 
 which are like it in the writing, it takes two points, 
 one above and the other below, and this is called 
 r?\ i\y-*> ; bridliny ; K'TJ? , K'cuL . Also the names 
 of accents ; there is a proper name to each one of 
 the points, and they have measure. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 PERSONS. 
 
 m y 
 
 THERE are three persons : e.g. first, K'.TOT^, I will 
 
 O V 
 
 confess; second, K'.^OK', confess f/iou ; and third, 
 
 1 This Tract is said here to he <m Persons tiiid Tenses ; but 
 the greater part of it treats of rdzxi accents.
 
 MAR JACOB ON GENDERS. 
 
 o H 
 
 'JOIX', a firebrand* But this K'.iorV has 
 for the vowel. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 GENDERS. 
 
 THERE are two genders, masculine and feminine. 
 
 /X /l\ /T ^ /1\ 
 
 Masc. ^.1=1^. , I have made, xln^, / have formed, 
 
 /TV /t\ ^ /I\ 
 
 AxLirt', I have eaten. c Pern, &.ns , she has made, 
 
 y * y * 
 
 AJ \ i \^ s^<? ^$s formed, Ax-L^K*, 6^<? ^&s eaten. 
 
 Genders and persons being united in consequence 
 of the equality of the writings (i.e. the conso- 
 nants of each word being the same ) , they are dis- 
 tinguished from each other by the points ; thus : 
 
 /t\ /i\ <n y 
 
 \_=>i_n , I have approached, u=i_n , / have 
 
 /i\ 
 
 caused to approach, ^v=io, thou hast approached, 
 
 y 
 masc. \=io , thou hast caused to approach, masc. 
 
 y * <* y y 
 
 Axraio , she has approached, ^x=aio, she has caused 
 to approach. Again, I know also of another dis- 
 tinction between the masc. and fern, genders, 
 when they are equal in the consonants or the 
 sounds. In like consonants, the points distinguish ; 
 
 i O = O 
 
 as when we write in the masc. .-uu*. , doing 
 
 b Jacob brings forward this example of a third person. Afa'e- 
 brand, when referred to by a pronoun, would be it. It seems to 
 have been his object to fix on a word having the same letters for 
 each person, and the person to be distinguished only by the 
 pointing. 
 
 e We should have called the first person common. But as there 
 are only two genders in Syriac, and as the masc. is more worthy 
 than the fern., Jacob calls these examples masc.
 
 MAR JACOB ON GENDERS. 15 
 
 writing, ^TSBK' saying, without the placing of the 
 
 two points, which are called re'rd^ao , many ; or 
 
 v y 
 
 when we write in the fern. ^.va^. , do ye, .-ta^v-L , 
 
 y /* w v 
 
 write ye, ^'USJK', say ye, with the placing of 
 
 w 
 
 K'rdi^S . Again, there are others, which are equal 
 and similar (to the foregoing) and signify a certain 
 
 y O 
 
 person, singular or plural; as, ^^L,our works; 
 
 y D y m 
 
 Joauk, our books, r H-sar<', our lambs, the same as 
 
 * 
 saying ^JL.I r^.TaiL, ouncorks, ^Ju.i rs&*, our books, 
 
 /i\ m 
 
 ^L.i r^'isnrf, our lambs. These are equal (to the 
 preceding participial and imperative forms) in the 
 writing ; but distinguished in the sound, by the 
 points which are upon them. There are also those 
 distinguished in the consonants ; but equal in the 
 sound ; i.e. he who hears, distinguishes them by the 
 sense, or he who reads, by the sight. They are such 
 
 as these : icniK' )QCUJ , arise, shine (imper. sing, masc.) 
 y y 
 
 >>cuj, arise, shine (imper. sing, fern.), 
 y y 
 
 , arise, shine (imper. plu. masc.), ^L 
 
 go with so and so, (imper. sing, masc.), >sa^. >Xt, go 
 with me (imper. sing fern.), AcoA <xAt , go thither 
 
 (imper. plu. masc.), ^\ At , go thou (imper. sing. 
 
 fern.). 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 TENSES. 
 
 TENSES are such as : the prseterite with a point 
 
 y 
 
 below ; as, among a multitude such as, any, , he did, 
 
 y y * 
 
 i<Vj he commanded, vaK", he said, and such as these: 
 
 o o 
 
 the present, icith a point above ; as, .TS^. , doing, .vi
 
 16 MAR JACOB ON TENSES AND SOUNDS. 
 
 o 
 commanding, i?3K', saying, and such as these : the 
 
 o o o 
 
 future, as, a -is , .m\ , TJSOK' . 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 SOUNDS. 
 
 SOUNDS which are broad are 
 
 y m my y y 
 
 i^.'i&K', AA&torc', .liA.i , and such as these, i.e. those 
 
 y y 
 which keep the place of persons, genders and tenses 
 
 DO y 
 
 together. 6 With a point above are also, Klujsii., 
 o o y o y oo o o 
 
 M t?a ^i 7 *- r^i 7 s K'.-i.ai. . With a point 
 
 oy e= y 
 
 below are r^-\\ r^Hris*. rfii^iT,, . We have also 
 
 m m /? i y y y o m a: 
 
 . K'&rf 
 
 t^l^ 
 
 . JLirf . A \rf 
 
 > ^ m X m P ^ 
 
 . r^j * ,(Y> . rc'.T . r^.T^ . rf.'T-a . K'irdri 
 
 o y o y 
 
 . r^i 1 1 n . rtf'i > nf> . f These are also 
 named both in the singular and the plural, being 
 
 distinguished by the points or the letters ; such as, 
 
 \.. 
 
 . K'cnAn:' 
 
 o y 
 
 y 
 
 .crnciz. . rdJL.i . orxuh . 
 
 P ^ 
 
 4^, and such as these. 
 
 d The copyist has here through carelessness copied the examples 
 just mentioned of the present tense, as examples also of the future. 
 In the MS., which I have called codex a , the examples of the 
 future are omitted. 
 
 e Jacob is probably speaking of words, which in themselves 
 indicate the person, gender and tense, respectively belonging to 
 them. 
 
 f These examples consist of groups of words, each word of the 
 group having the same letters, but with sounds, coarse or fine or 
 intermediate, according to the sense of that word.
 
 MAR JACOB ON SYEIAC ACCENTS. 17 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 METRICAL POINTS, OR ACCENTS. 
 
 METRICAL Points are those with which accuracy of 
 meaning is especially sought for; because that 
 they contain the elegance and polish of measure in 
 this language, as has been previously mentioned. 11 
 They are simple and compound. Simple, when 
 they take one point only of those that are named, 
 besides the necessary distinctions, which are placed 
 in the passage, that is to say, r^iK, only, r^.at 
 only, &c. ; compound, when their passages take 
 on them two of the points, which are named, as 
 
 It is possible to show that all or many of them may 
 
 h Here seems to be an allusion to the last words of the in- 
 troductory remarks of this Tract : viz. ^_oooX OUK* 
 they have measure. 
 
 1 r^LikJSiflo is to be here understood as attached to 
 
 and r<LovuOT, as well as to r<l^ot, making three separate 
 examples of compound signs. 
 
 d
 
 18 MAR JACOB ON SY11IAC ACCENTS. 
 
 be compounded with one another; if not all of 
 them, yet once and twice, and more. j 
 
 Points with their names* are the following. 
 above, . ru>\, beneath, :KI*OI., equals, 
 rd<xx., variation of : rcxz., namely, r^du^z.^.i rdir. 
 loosening of the discourse, .. jnn<\:i rci^roi, tlie ndL^cni 
 which divides, rdacutoSk, section, r^it-isa, toeeping, or 
 , drooping, ndA*^ *&Lax., variation 
 variation of 
 
 commanding, rc"*7i i ut., simple, r^ona>&, reproof, 
 , interrogating, jionfr rc^.io jxao&.i rc^cbi, 
 ai, which divides, and that which does not 
 
 divide, r^\crn rfAxA^, Mra? rtL^eb'i, rCLaJUaJsa 
 
 praiser, viz. that which is called in Greek 
 
 i.e. /<? accent on the penultimate; 
 
 givmg happiness, r^oii, calling, ndi_.cu*.^3, indicating, 
 praying, r*sa*3y*, supplicating, r<lArlaLj, k 
 , making to descend, rdii^ai^ca, admiring, 
 n*g3, discontinuing, rei>.-i .u>*g3, uniting, ^Lucxx. 
 , variation of P^.V-M^J , is as it went forth 
 
 from the Greek Language; 1 r^ioi^, tearing away, 
 
 J The sense of this remark T apprehend to be, that a sign may 
 be compounded with others, once, twice, or more, e.g. rfic&\ is 
 found compounded with r^&u^JL^.i rdii., with r^Lilrdxia, 
 
 r^*OJL, &c. Other signs are also found in several different com- 
 binations. 
 
 * The points are frequently not put with their names, the 
 copyist through ignorance or carelessness having omitted them. 
 They will, however, be found in the description which follows. 
 
 k This sign has already appeared in the list. 
 
 1 I.e. In the sign r^.-u.MJSa one Greek word is translated by 
 two Syriac words ; but in tlie variation there are two words in 
 Greek as well as in Svriac.
 
 MAll JACOB ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 19 
 
 or drawing out, rfioi^.^Ujcxx., variation o 
 
 , resistance, rd^-ot , motion, r<Lk7ia>, a prop, 
 ,Acxg., variation of 'tV 'V7i<Y>; nslasajtocv rd^_c\i, 
 and r^sznso ; rc*i\-r?acv pdasaao , r^Lsznao and 
 
 and 
 
 and r_ncuflo_^ ; rd_socx_o , standing, with the 
 letters, r<Li^-aoa73 , turning back, or 
 
 circling (?}, a variation of it by letters or by lines ; m 
 
 ^ i s T.^\ >T_l. )o_^. rdJia^^j rdfit2_^^ with >TJC. 
 
 Variations of the names of signs with passages (of 
 Scripture) are the following : 
 . P^ i\s. , r*^ **^ ^.CObi cn^o.iA^.i 
 of the generation of Jesus Christ. 
 
 the former book have I written, O Theophilus. v 
 
 n Nestorians sometimes put a small line over a letter as a sign. 
 Jacob perhaps calls the sign by this name because it is a line. 
 Bar Hebncus, however, says he does not know it. 
 
 n Jacob says in the beginning of this Chapter, that there are 
 forty-seven names of signs ; but in this list he has mentioned only 
 forty-one. This may be accounted for in this way. It may be 
 that he has not recorded all the signs which were known in his 
 day. Some of the compound signs may have been omitted. There 
 are indeed two or three of these signs, which are mentioned by 
 Bar Hebrscus, but are not noticed in this tract. The list given 
 by Thomas the Deacon contains only seventeen names. See Ap- 
 pendix II. 
 
 1 Matthew i. 1. 
 
 The mark of this sign is .* as, .* 
 
 * Acts i. 1. 
 
 i 1 The mark of this sign is . as .
 
 20 MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 
 
 the Lord saw that the wickedness of man was 
 great in the earth.* 
 
 rdcix. .sluccr. , variation of r*ox. , ^33.1 r^'i -i \ \^ 4 
 : ^ ^ ^ , giants, who were of old. T This is r<lijL. 
 
 Every point, which is at the end of a 
 sentence, its name is rdnacn^ , except 
 .. jxfla&.i 
 
 yow a// ye passing the way. 8 
 
 K'orAr<' . ^oenirsK', the God of 
 father Abraham, the God of my father Isaac 
 
 
 3 Gen. vi. 5. 
 
 i The mark of this sign is : as : 
 
 4 Gen. vi. 4. 
 
 Tlie variation of rd*c\JL does not appear to be distinguished 
 from r^LkCXX. by the mark, but according to Bar Hebrseus, by the 
 elongation of the sound in pronouncing it, and it is put at the end 
 of the protasis, when the apodosis follows with KloCVPn ^ . 
 
 5 Lam. i 12. 
 
 8 The mark of this sign is put after r^uioK', and, therefore, 
 we learn that its form is ( ). Jacob, however, sometimes puts 
 it thus ". Bar Hebreeus says, " its mark is two points in a 
 straight line below." By below, I suppose he means, below or 
 under the expression, which bears the name of this sign. In 
 the example he has cited, the two points are not in a straight 
 line, which according to the above rule they ought to be, but in 
 an oblique one. This apparent discrepancy is only a blunder of 
 the copyist, for in a MS. I have seen of the sixth century in the 
 British Museum, the two points are put horizontally, thus ** ; and 
 so they are in the two copies of the r^lmsq ^.i r^Lrj^A in the 
 Bodleian Library. 
 
 6 Gen. xxxii. 9. 
 
 * The mark of this sign is the same as that of
 
 MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 21 
 
 .pg'iW .Acxx. ^ / iJirf _OA\ K'aco^ re'cviu* \*. , 7 
 all joy be to you brethren" 
 
 . KMK" Aordi-, 8 brother Saul." 
 T<LiAu> jacxaij the bride- 
 groom shall go forth from his chamber. 
 rt'-yiiMT, ^ . driicu^^ua ^n K^xL^o , and the bride 
 from her closet? 
 
 , Alas, shall the priest and the prophet be 
 slain in the sanctuary of the Lord? 
 
 1 James i. 2. 
 
 u The mark of r<* iW. ..^LuClx. is the same as that of KlA^., 
 but is distinguished from it, according to Bar Hebrseus, by the 
 length of its sound, &c. 
 
 8 Acts ix. 11. 
 
 v The same as r^ovuo\ in its mark. See Bar Hebrreus for the 
 mode by which one sign is distinguished from the other. 
 
 <J Joel. ii. 16. 
 
 w The mark is a point over the J of J3 O^i . See Appendix I. 
 
 1 The mark of r* / *ai t.u.r. is the same as that of rtLocuaoa . 
 It is said of Klocuia^ (see p. 20) " that every point which is at the 
 end of a sentence is r^Ln <XQo>. except r<lsqi.i.>T. . The word 
 r^lsa^^v^ used in the Syriac, in the case of r^aciflo^ means a 
 sentence, and in the case of Klsn.*>t. , a member of a sentence, or a 
 clause. Bar Hebrccus says that rzn. * T , may be each of the three 
 first radical signs Kl>vs., rd^xjj^ , or rdcLr. , as to its pausal 
 value. It has no r^lsa^i , i.e. it has not the second point of any 
 one of these three signs, and therefore it is called r^SLujJL, 
 simple, or single. 
 
 10 Lam. ii. 20. 
 
 has for its mark two points, which are placed 
 obliquely (see Appendix I.) over the last letter of the member of 
 those found placed in the middle, the tenour of the sentence being 
 that of chiding. A further explanation of this sign is given by Bar 
 llubrtuus.
 
 22 MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 
 
 x iiar*' .icuo-^r^ rd\ j^ic 
 
 / not visit for these tilings, saith the 
 
 Lord?* 
 
 ^ rdA '^OuaA Avt.saK' red 12 
 say to you, go not* 
 !* . ,T i \ *q 
 
 so clothed. 13 
 
 Jer. v. 9. 
 
 is here compounded in z with KLOX. and in a with 
 The r^fia^o\ shows that each expression is ad- 
 monitory, and hence the sign is useful in denning the sense. 
 12 2 Kings ii. 18. 13 Matth. vi. 30. 
 
 b We have come here to a decayed place in the MS. and the 
 writing is altogether obliterated. Happily the blank may be made 
 good by means of Codex .n . I have made the following extract 
 from it to supply the defect in our copy. 
 
 k.i , do not groan one against another, brethren, 
 that ye be not condemned. 
 
 s hear, Lai&h, and answer, Anathoth. d 
 
 " 4a 16 
 
 my son, and son of my womb, and son of my vows.* 
 
 TK'.t ? Judah is a lion's whelp? 
 
 14 James v. 9. 
 
 The mark of this sign is ". 
 
 Isaiah, x. 30. 
 
 d It will be observed that the sign " after Jtil does not divide, 
 
 for it is followed by >1^G . 16 Prov. xxxi. 2. 
 
 e Bar Hebrteus calls this sign also rt^co'i K'ouw, and quotes 
 this example. 17 Gen. xlix. 9. 
 
 f This example is given in Appendix I. as that of
 
 MAR- JACOB ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 23 
 
 '.i ocn CUcn 
 
 this is he of whom I said that he cometh after me. 
 
 -0 ^ . rVS3 ^AcvJL jaQ-iT. j_oo^w >jjA* 
 
 smSj forgive our iniquities, O Lord? 
 
 blessed is he, who fearetk the 
 
 ,A oiJ , 20 call me Nathan; 
 come Mwfo me aK ye ZAa are wearied ; 
 K'cb, 22 6e/ieW eAe lamb of God. 1 
 
 and r^lfloLoSa is mentioned as another name for the sign ^acru 
 , because it is said that those beatitudes, which are in the 
 Gospel, "were given by the Lord of all, to those doing good, with 
 praise. Gen. xlix. 9 is stated to be the only example of this sign, 
 and whether it be called K'lOl^ or K*l Q7\ ntq , there is no 
 doubt whatever respecting its mark and the position of it. The 
 mark is a point over the penultimate of K'.iooo* . The accent 
 is acute, and is called in Greek Trapo^vTovos, i.e. next to the last 
 syllable, which is called o^vrovof. 
 
 18 The example is probably from the 51st Psalm, although not 
 exactly the same as what we now have in the Syriac version. 
 
 g The mark of this sign is a point over the first letter of 
 with Kl^uA> at the end of . r*Ta . See Appendix I. under 
 r^iteu&^a and 
 
 i Ps. cxii. 1. 
 
 h The mark of this sign is a point over the first letter of the first 
 
 word ; as > oncuaO4^. See Appendix I., paragraph -=L . 
 
 20 1 Kings i. 32. 21 Matth. xi. 28. 22 John i. 29. 
 
 1 The mark of this sign is a point over the first letter of the 
 calling word. For confirmation of this, see also paragraph ."* . 
 The third example, viz. rfcoAp^.i cnTi^rc' K'cb , is one of 
 r^UCUja and not of rtiaTD. The next example of pdl*C\.ACgj 
 is found in our copy, and is that with which the MS. r** recom- 
 mences.
 
 24 MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 
 
 J beseech 
 
 Thee, o Lord. 1 
 
 rdilr^xjsi ^ vvojjK' Aoacn aA*n?; 24 where is Abel 
 
 thy brother?* 
 
 . rt^iia >i , ^ ^m? be sorrow like unto my sorrow, 
 which the Lord hath done to me. 1 
 
 searched out, how are his 
 
 secret things sought up ! p3 K'oasiAA oaco Kii^*rc' 27 
 r^Ax. , how suddenly have they become an astonish- 
 ment / m 
 
 23 Luke ix. 38. 
 
 j This example is used in Appendix I. for r^liA ^n , and the 
 
 example there given for r^lOfti^^q is that which in this tract is 
 employed for the sign rdi*A ^2a . The truth is, that both signs 
 are intended to mark prayer. The difference, so far as it can be 
 inferred from what is said of each sign in the Appendix is, that 
 rdlA <-3 marks prayer to God only ; while r^Xfioia indicates 
 prayer not only to God, but also to man, as that of the prodigal 
 son to his father on his return. The mark according to Bar 
 Hebreeus, is the same for both, viz. a point over the beginning of 
 the protasis &c. 
 
 24 Gen. iv. 9. 
 
 k The mark of this sign is a point over the asking word. 
 
 25 Lam. i. 12. 
 
 1 The murk of this sign is a point below the beginning of the 
 clause, as the point under ^. re* in the example given above. Bar 
 Hebrseus says that K'ovaxl^a expresses humility, gentleness, and 
 contrition of heart. 
 
 26 Obad. i. 6. 
 
 27 This example I cannot find in the Syriac Scriptures. 
 
 m The mark of this sign (see Appendix I.) is a point below the 
 beginning of the first member, as rdl^PC' in the example above ; 
 but Bar Hebrocus makes the mark one or two points above.
 
 30 
 
 MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 25 
 
 rdil^ass J*< rc'-u-U. K'caW i^.cnaAurc', 28 for God 
 
 is true? 
 
 rdjjaoor^rj PC'CVJL. equal in substance ; 
 
 omnipotent ; rc'&cuso r^l immortal. 
 Z. >*< r^A.i ^aua . rd\-i~> ^.i.iv^a 29 
 
 in corruption, raised in incorruption. p 
 
 cScXflordrj rc'^xordL-j rdrao-Ja rc'icnrjb , 
 '# watching, in fasting, in labour, in bonds.* 
 
 28 Rom. iii 4. 
 
 n The mark of this sign is the same as that for 
 according to Appendix I.; but not according to Bar Hebreeus. 
 Further on in this tract it is stated that the sign r^iiu-nra 
 is the contrary of r^L^.Ql motion or progress, and therefore the 
 mark is required to be put wherever the progress is expected, but 
 not had. The English of this remark I apprehend to be, that 
 wherever there is a sudden change or interruption of the subject, 
 
 this change or interruption is called by the name 
 See ex. above and John iii. 7. 
 
 These examples are expressed by one word in Greek. Its mark 
 (see Appendix I.) is a point below the last letter of the first 
 member, and another point below the first letter of the second 
 member. K'oxooxK' n OVMO\X ^^QOXOJ ^u PC'VOCU.I 
 
 rdJVurc' r^v-ocucx . r*sa:i-xi 
 
 Bar Hebrseus says the 
 mark is a point after the first member. 
 
 29 1 Cor, xv. 42. 
 
 p The mark of this sign is, according to Bar Hebrreus, a point- 
 after the first member. He says, r<li-a.'va r^a.Tcn I^XTD . 
 
 30 2 Cor. vi. 5. 
 
 q The mark of this sign is similar to that of r^lCVn ^ . See 
 Bar Hebrreus.
 
 26 MAft JACOB ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 
 
 31 
 
 **i V * , ye observe days, and months, and 
 times, and y ears. r 
 
 \*X \ *^2 
 
 r<ll_ <^k. iQ *or<!3 C^ink*.! ^ JVJ^..1O\ rtflsaCV.* ocora 
 
 kO^xinc' >r> ^oAxirc'o , in that day ye shall know that 
 
 _^ ^ _^ ^ * / / 
 
 / am ^ my father, and ye are in me. a 
 
 r*m , that which was said today in 
 this mountain, the Lord shall appear. 
 r<^.ot ^ r^-Li-Sicca rdloi-no , and beryl and 
 sapphire. * 
 
 34 
 
 righteous shall dwell in the 
 land, but sinners shall be rooted from it.* 
 
 , 35 
 
 neither death, nor life 
 
 31 Gal. iv. 10. 
 
 r Here the, members are joined by Van. The sign seems to be 
 read with the mark of KliaAn or r<*Vglflp . 
 
 32 John xiv. 20. 
 
 8 The mark of this sign (see Appendix I.) is a point. It seems that 
 this sign is called by Bar Hebrseus r<lL ^. jaXwCOL. The same 
 example, viz. John xiv. 20, is quoted by him as one of .M cix. 
 r^-U^. . The mark also, he says, is a point like rsao\i , which 
 corresponds accurately with what is said in the Appendix to which 
 reference has been made in the beginning of this note. In the 
 example cited, the mark is after ^nKlrs , thus ' 
 
 33 Gen. xxii. 14. 
 
 I The mark of the sign L^.Ql is similar to that of 
 
 34 Prov. ii. 21, 22. 
 
 II The mark of this sign is a point below the final letter of a 
 word, or it may be said to be the same in mark as 
 omitting the upper point. 
 
 35 Rom. viii. 38. 
 
 v The mark of this sign is as that of
 
 MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 27 
 
 . rdA-a-jji^a, an evil seed, children that are cor- 
 r up tors. 
 
 re'ocn 
 
 in the beginning was the word.' 1 " 
 
 io rd^o.c\ r<LiAraLai ^ co 
 *v\^cvAt , death, where is thy victory 
 
 ji Ofi<S ' 
 
 H ' r<&cui*:n ccajji , /o^e righteous- 
 ness, ye judges of the earth? 
 
 r^.-sncv-n ^ ril^.iK' jAr^ a T 1. , K'cno . K'V-wO , 4C 
 
 and he saw, and behold the face of the earth was dry ; 
 i.ui.i cb^Auir^ K'caA-rs.i cntV ->o , 41 
 
 ^ sons of Bilhah, the handmaid of Rachel, were 
 Dan and Naphtali? 
 
 36 Is. i. 4. 37 John i. 1. 
 
 w We have in this example r^A5a.Q9 under ox of OUJLT=D and 
 the mark of r^LuJ^aSQ is after r<"au2a . 
 
 38 1 Cor. xv. 55. 
 
 * The accent r^llr^T*a is over r^*itx*; that of r<L^.c\\ 
 after vv of *v\ 0\CUM and the points ja.,tt7 ^.1 r^J^oni at the 
 
 end of r^o\CO9\ 
 
 39 Wisdom i. 4. 
 
 y Here we have cx^iui for K'lCXa^ , 'r^aiCXau.it for 
 
 "orxiXk.H for jaOft^ r^l.i r<l^cni and .r^^.ir^.1 for 
 
 40 Gen. viii. 13. 41 Gen. xxxv. 25. 
 
 1 The mark of this sign is the same as that of (<LoCuaa& . 
 Bar Hebrseus says, that it is distinguished from r^Ur^lz. <\t*t 
 in that the clause which comes next, is connected by the letter 
 
 OK'O . What constitutes rdlp<ix. CVflaSi is fully explained by 
 him in the discourse here edited.
 
 28 MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 
 
 r^iauiosa or r^i^cn^a ^ . A\rqK > o 
 
 give ear, O ye heavens, and I will speak? 
 
 A variation of it by letters, KL^-iK* .s -ai T b\ 42 
 
 wsncxski cr-\J53r^=39 , the earth shall hear the word of 
 
 my mouth? 
 
 Another variation by lines, K'-C^a v^*r^ >-ai-a 43 
 
 *iAcu, my doctrine shall drop as the rain? 
 
 With respect to the letters, when the point is below, 
 
 it is that of .iln ; above, of jc*i . 
 
 r&\ i s T,& >TJL. >Uk. rdflaj\^ * : r^K* rtd.T^. 44 
 
 . ^jv=rdl K'-U-rdA oix*s3K'o, lest I come and smite 
 the earth with destruction* 
 
 It is thought that because of the proximity of the 
 place, or because of the suitability of the expres- 
 sions and the similitude of the points, it is possible 
 for a man to change the order of the reading of the 
 points. But this distinction must be added. 
 
 There may be many r<Lox. after one another; but 
 or rcvt- .<\\a3L, is only one accent in the 
 discourse, and r^mmx. is after it, and not 
 
 42 Deut. xxxii. 1. 
 
 a It is not stated by Jacob, what may be the mark of this 
 accent. Bar Hebrseus confesses that he does not know the sign, 
 nor had he ever heard it in his time. See his discourse, where he 
 quotes the authority of a learned Greek. 
 
 43 Deut. xxxii. 2. ** Mai. iv. 6. 
 
 b In the list of signs in this tract, K*ou^Z.^ iTJt. is mentioned 
 as another name for r^CXX. .MuQJL. . In the example we have 
 r<Lfla^o> and r^'avi^jt.o* ill. together after o\o>r<'. 
 
 c Here is another decayed place in the MS. The blank thus 
 caused is filled up by the following extract from Codex = .
 
 MAE JACOB ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 29 
 
 and rdL^-ot differ in that reLi*-. s. is alone 
 in the expression, whilst r^L^.o\ is put with r&snso . 
 Again there are points which are similar to one 
 another, 
 
 The r^L*u*^ are constantly being brought forth 
 in discourse, tx'iftnvaa is said to him who is great ; 
 such as, . vL^. pOLMi^r^ >i^w v^X30 r^Llr 
 beseech Thee, O Lord, have mercy on me ; 
 . ^cvA.ns. A\cA <x\-o> j-isn ^jvaj-sa , 45 I beseech 
 you, my lords, turn to your servant? 
 ~*t.^ -*-* indicates oppression, or causes to weep 
 from fear, as that which is said by Jacob the 
 patriarch; >ar^.l cnorAr*' . )ocoi_=>r<' 
 
 vvcx^cn . >\ 
 
 vv.-ci, O Goc? of my father 
 
 Abraham, O God of my father Isaac, the Lord who 
 hath said to me, return to the land of thy birth, and 
 I will deal well with thee. 
 
 It is needful that there be one order of reading of 
 and r** *'^ ,t\Clx. . But the reading is distinguished in two 
 ways. One is, that they put <LJb. .uuCUE. in the place of 
 j^tv**^ KiA.t K^cni . It is put because of the length of the 
 expression on which it is put. The second is, because it is 
 possible that two or three t^AiL, may be placed after one another; 
 this rlA^. ^AjjOJt- has K^OJLJJJC. before it and Kl^nmJL 
 after it. So also r<l*AvA\ .k\tCVA. has KlSQtULX. before it 
 and after it, and it is read interrogatively. Similarly KLOJL 
 and T^LtQJt. .^VnCXX. . 
 
 45 Gen. xix. 2. 
 
 d r<LiflOA^j33 , like r<*l*\ ^a , is farther distinguished by a 
 point at the head of the first word. 
 
 46 Gen. xxxii. 9.
 
 30 MAft JACOB ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 
 
 Also of 
 
 rzc\ =>cru, ** * V -** ; riAr/T*?3 is mentioned 
 in two ways; either he who asks is desirous to 
 learn, or he asks temptingly. He who asks to 
 learn ; as that which is said by the disciples to our 
 Saviour, ^oau ^Acn ,AvjrV, 47 when shall these 
 things be ? Isaac to his father, . rdauJao K'icu K"CO 48 
 K'&AsN K'isoK'oA^rV, behold the fire and the wood ; 
 where is the lamb for a burnt offering? He who 
 asks to tempt or try ; as that which is said by the 
 Lord, ^ajrc' Aur*' re^.nj', 49 Where art thouAdam? 
 vyajjK' A_i_=j<n cxa^rx'a, 50 and where is Abel thy 
 brother? v\xr^ni rtlico cusa, 51 what is this, which 
 
 is in thy hand ? 
 
 rcr_ucu*s*j , as he who points with the finger, accor- 
 
 ding to that which is said; K'oAK'.t miznrt K'cb 52 
 
 r^*ai\s i cnAvL^ AAZ..I oco, behold the lamb of God, 
 
 which taketh away the sin of the world ; also, cucb 53 
 
 K&K' jiAua.t AvisaK':! ocn, this is he of whom I said 
 
 that he cometh after me. 
 
 rejoin ^ . pc^t-ii <to ^ui >1 oib , 54 call me Nathan 
 
 ^x ^ - _ 
 
 the prophet; r&r\ ^_aAi^ c&\? 5 come all ye wearied; 
 o'A\, 56 come ye blessed of my father. 
 
 gather the arrows, which I cast. 
 
 r^iA^sj , such as that which is said by the priests 
 
 to God in prayer, ^uacu* rdaow, pardon our crimes ; 
 
 47 Matt. xxiv. 3. 
 BO Gen. iv. 9. 
 w John i. 30. 
 56 Matth. xxv. 14. 
 
 48 Gen. xxii. 7. 
 51 Ex. iv. 2. 
 54 1 Kings i. 35. 
 57 1 Sam. xx. 36. 
 
 49 Gen. iii. 9. 
 52 John i. 29. 
 55 Matth. xi. 28.
 
 MAR JACOB ON SYB1AC ACCENTS. 31 
 
 A, blot out our sins; ^b\o\uo jacuii-. 
 forgive our iniquities ; &c. 
 
 r<L=jcv^ ^aoru is in the word by which happiness is 
 conveyed, K'iny^ ,cncu3cO^, 58 blessed is the man. 
 There is also rdai^^ with K'Au^jc.Ax >i-Jt., thus: 
 
 ^jvardi rd^-TrdX orujASWK'a : K&K' rell.Vk., 59 lest I 
 
 come and smite the earth with destruction; .^ocuio 00 
 iop-> AA : r^i^aai , and they shall be a wonder to 
 all Jlesh. 
 
 varies from K'^UJOSJO and rf\ \\-\~n . 
 , looking to the greatness of the thing, 
 admires it, thus: rdLiAx. ^n rtcnznbi\ oooa r^j^.rc', 
 hwv suddenly have they become for an astonishment ! 
 cnAv i T^*73 t^JLia cuaax. > ^oi>r<' rO^L*rc', 61 how is 
 Esau searched out, and how are his secret things 
 sought up ! Q 
 
 rtf&ujLisa one will read without being suddenly and 
 quickly excited; the word on which r*^ > i *a is 
 placed, will be read slowly. 
 
 is the contrary of rcl^.o\, and, therefore, 
 is put everywhere when motion is thought 
 to be required, (but is not had. 1 ) It is also put 
 against r^ilr<lt2?3, where the two erect point s g 
 
 58 Ps. i. 1. 59 Mai. iv. 6. eo p s . i xv i. 34. 
 
 ei Obad. i. 6. 
 
 e Jacob in the last two pages has been recapitulating some of 
 the names of r^T il , arranging them in groups according to the 
 similarity of the marks and their positions, as is done more fully 
 in Appendix I. We have first a group of three signs, then one of 
 six, and here one of three. 
 
 f ,-.v* AuK* rd\ *3k . Bar Hebrseus. 
 
 8 By the two erect points, r^LCVi. is to be understood, and not 
 the two points of the accent K^sacvji , for that would not at all
 
 32 MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 
 
 are mentioned. But it is the contrary, KL^-ot and 
 tVyyiftt being put, i.e. f<LiA^=Lsa will stand by 
 the sign K&^X.<^ , when we mention neither rd^ot 
 nor rdAsoflo in the sentence. 
 
 rdncxaa^ and rd^ixjjjt- differ in that with respect to 
 every point which is put at the end of a sentence, it 
 is named rdacuto^; but r^aujjjc. , we say of this sign, 
 it is private, because that it is in the sentence by 
 itself, without another point, i.e. without r*&u*&i. 
 reS\v, &c. 
 
 .fiQff"! r^l.ia f>t>.i rd^eni . There is KI^CM with 
 it constantly, upon the member which is before 
 rd^eoi, as, >J.T=LS*.CXI_ > VMO "r\za ' icu* , look, O 
 Lord, and see my subjection; "r-*izn *>1^. }a_**i, 
 have mercy on me, O Lord. 
 
 Again, with respect to the sounds, which indicate 
 .1 1 s fx* ^-isarx' txliK', with all others which are 
 similar, and after these i^ojK', have points below. 1 
 
 agree with the context ; also the mark of r^Lsn CUa is not two points, 
 but one, and further on rX'ou^JC.ovi r<Lix. is mentioned, the 
 same as KLdi. ^ljjCVJE., which possesses the same mark as 
 ndcvjE. . The meaning is that "r^l \ \yi. m will stand against 
 by rtb\ i V.T..^\.I r^i-r., when Ki^.o\ and 
 are no t put. 
 
 1 I think that this and the following remarks belong to the 
 introduction or the 1 st Chapter of this tract. It is probable that 
 the copyist may have omitted these sentences in their 
 proper place, and so added them at the end of the tract. A 
 similar omission is to be found in the letter. See note h p. 7. 
 Why I consider that these sentences are out of place here is, 1 st , 
 that r<la.i \y3fl occurs in the last of them, and this is the name of 
 the intermediate vowel sound mentioned in the introduction. 2 nd ,
 
 MAR JACOB ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 33 
 
 Those sounds, which indicate AAK*, i^K*, &c., 
 have points above. 
 
 Those sounds, which denote ixiK' 
 Lord God, have two points i.e. have 
 
 that these remarks are headed r^Vb oxxnA concerning sounds, as 
 if vowel sounds were the subject of the remarks. 
 
 The object of these remarks seems to be to state the punctuation 
 proper for each of the three persons. For the 1 st and 3 rd persons 
 the author has selected verbs for his examples ; but for the 2 nii , 
 the noun >JO.1K', which, although the points are omitted by the 
 copyist, should have Kli.l^^2fl , viz. ^G.lK', i.e. a point above 
 and a point below. I suspect that avja\A ^8, and A^ \ ^n 
 should change places ; for the examples of the 1 st person should 
 have the point above, as it actually appears in the text, and the 
 examples of the 3 rd person should have the point below, according 
 to the received theory ; although the copyist has somehow managed 
 to put it above.
 
 THE BOOK OP RAYS, 
 
 BY 
 
 GREGORY BAR HEBR^EUS. 
 
 THE FOURTH DISCOURSE, SIXTH CHAPTER, ON THE 
 GREAT POINTS, FIVE SECTIONS. 
 
 THE FIRST SECTION. 
 
 ON THE NECESSITY OF METRICAL SIGNS. 3 
 
 BECAUSE in all speech, the hearer is able from 
 the hearing of one real word, without addition 
 to it, by connection of nouns, verbs and con- 
 junctions, to acquire the different senses, but by 
 a vocal variation only, Syrian Scribes have been 
 industrious in composing structures, directing their 
 speech, and have ordained point marks for metri- 
 cal signs; so that there is an appropriate sign 
 indicating the various sounds of every one of them. 
 After this manner, those who speak barbarously 
 may become at once (lit. at sight) known, from 
 hearing the speaking, or from the reading. 
 
 A RAY. 
 
 That placing the points of metrical signs is neces- 
 sary, may be known from this : he who reads, 
 .^uiTrq AU1 }uA &VJL=> ^=00 : .IAO.I.I cri2k.it 
 
 did not Christ spring from the seed of David, and from 
 
 a A summary of these sections is to be found in the 2nd. Vol. 
 of the Zeitschrift filr die Kunde des Morgenlandes, by Ewald.
 
 BAR HEBR.EUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 35 
 
 Bethlehem?* if he did not see the mark of 
 with*'re'Gcn r\ , andr<l*ax. with : .T.O.I and 
 with . p^mT^q, might think that the Messiah was 
 not horn of the seed of David and of Bethlehem. 
 Revelation also is, not whether He was horn, hut 
 whether the Scripture required him to he horn of 
 David and at Bethlehem. So also, he who reads 
 
 is it comely for a woman to pray unto God with 
 her head uncovered?^ except he saw r<Hsas.b\ with 
 rc'&Aurc', and r<L.<ku\, with . rc'crAK', he would 
 not know whether the blessed Apostle requested a 
 woman to pray with her head uncovered, or forbade. 
 The Scriptures abound with many other such passages. 
 
 A RAY. 
 
 THESE vocal marks, composed of great points, are 
 named metrical signs; because that as to every 
 logical speech there is an appropriate measure esti- 
 mated by the sign and indicated by it, so also to 
 every one of these point marks for every logical 
 speech, there is an appropriate measure estimated 
 in regard to the sign and known by it. 
 
 Observation. In the invention of the marks 
 of metrical signs, the Greek and our Syriac Lite- 
 rature are especially distinguished. Hence, with 
 respect to other books, which are deprived of them, 
 they lift up the head, as being shorn. Because 
 that these signs are of the kind of musical sounds, 
 it would not indeed be possible for the ear to find 
 their species from rumour and from the tradition of 
 
 '"' John vii. 42. t 1 Cor. xi. 13.
 
 36 BAB HEBR^TJS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 
 
 the teacher to the learner not flowing from the 
 tongue ; nor to comprehend them. 
 
 THE SECOND SECTION. 
 
 ON the number of the metrical signs and their 
 names with their marks. a 
 
 The "Western Syrians have forty marks, as metri- 
 cal signs. Pour radical, and they are, 
 above, . re^Aw^t beneath, : rd.at. equals, 
 section, and thirty six branches, which germinate 
 from them. These are either simple or compound. 
 There are twenty-eight simple signs, : tx'tW ^Laax. 
 variation of rdA^., . ru>\ ,iAucxi. variation of 
 ,<\\ Q-x. variation of rdcxJL, 
 the rcni which divides, r^u^ass 
 
 weeping, K'.icuaA commanding, . r^^ ^ - simple, 
 reproof, r-iAraLS3 interrogating, KL^cni 
 ""^ re^.t, the rtf^cbi which does not divide 
 
 and that which does divide, rd^cni K&\l\ three 
 ia\xLSs thepraiser, rdrso^ ^>cni giving hap- 
 
 piness, rcvui calling, r^Lcut8 indicating, 
 praying, rdiAix^sa supplicating, K'&u&.i^a making 
 to descend, r^-isa.i^so admiring, ***\ \ 7 * 
 contmumg, rdi .10*^3 uniting, rda.ii rq ^ 
 variation of Kla.ii i*a, re'ioi^ tearing away or 
 drawing out, K'iai^ .V\CUL. variation of 
 r^.cv\ motion, rf\*nn> a prop, rzn-a> 
 variation of relAsoflo ; reL&^ifiDO re^.oi , rd^.o\ and 
 
 and 
 
 a The marks of many of the signs, through the ignorance or 
 carelessness of the copyist, are not put with their names. They 
 appear, however, in the description which follows.
 
 BAR HEBR^EUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 37 
 
 r^.o\O r^Arc'T-g, rdArdksa and 
 and juaoA.i r^^cni; r^X.i rd^cnia K^.ot 
 and r*^^ ri'A.i rd^eni and 
 a with the letters, *** *<\-^ turning 
 back, r^iA^orisi j^Luoz. , variation of KliAAca^n ; 
 
 with t<^i\T,^ >iz.. 
 
 A RAY. 
 
 THE mark of the sign rdAx. is two points, one 
 under b the end of the clause, and the other hefore 
 the end, above, thus . 
 
 The mark of r&vu& is two points, one under 
 the end of the clause, and the other before the end, 
 below, thus *. 
 
 The mark of rd*ox., which is also named r^^oi , 
 is two points equal in position, thus : 
 
 The mark of rdocuao^ is one point under the end 
 of the sentence, thus . 
 
 The marks of these four acquire the denominations 
 from the position of their points. 
 
 Observation. From the marks of these roots, the 
 marks of their branches are composed. These may 
 be distinctly known by examples of each one of 
 them. Know, reader, that Doctors perceive a 
 vocal sign to be bound up in its mark, according to 
 the logical purpose of every clause. 33ut it is 
 thought by me that they have not accurately com- 
 
 b It seems to have been the custom of at least some Syrians to 
 write from the top of the page to the bottom, beginning at the left 
 hand. Hence A\CU>^, under, would accurately express the position 
 of this point of
 
 38 BAR HEBR/EUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 
 
 prehended, and, therefore, because knowledge such 
 as this was difficult to be learned, they cut off 
 opinion. By the excision, they decreed and declared 
 that it was not by human intelligence the measures 
 were put in the Holy Scriptures, but as it appeared 1 
 they were inspired by the Holy Ghost, by whom 
 was the placing of them. This thing is, there- 
 fore, confessed by those teaching it, that they are 
 not to take the Holy Scriptures as immutable, as 
 did the ancients. This is a very lofty notion and 
 to which human power is unable to attain. But 
 with respect to the signs, which the marks bind, 
 let them be understood as they appear ; and as they 
 have heard from their masters, let persons learn to 
 call these sounds. 
 
 Observation. In some places it is a possible 
 matter to bring forth a logical reason for the signs. 
 In the Old Testament, Av . rc'colrf K'VS &ui_xi-=i 1 
 r<l&ire' &uo rjsxt. , in the beginning God created the 
 heaven and the earth. Because that He, the lofty 
 one, descended for the creation of heaven, the name 
 is put with rdu>^, the noun relisax. with 
 , the ally of rd&v>^ . In the New Testament 
 we have . rcSn T*q ^.ojt.i co^o.i i \ .i r=>&v^ 2 
 >aeovnre'.i <ni_= e .i_a.n cni_=j, the book of the gene- 
 ration of Jesus Christ, the son of David, the son of 
 Abraham. Because that Christ the son enters into the 
 family not by David emitting in the flesh, the noun 
 
 1 Gen. i. 1. 2 Matth. i. 1. 
 
 I.e. private judgment. 
 
 d Lit., according to that which has been seen. 
 c The rdaaAvi of '.1*0.1 is omitted in the Text.
 
 BAR HEBRJEUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 39 
 
 is bound with r^i\^ , and the name David 
 with K^a^i, the ally of P^I\S . There are expressions 
 suitable for two species of points, as in the Edessene 
 
 copies of the prophet Isaiah, rcLtKla^aa f reL^ < i\ s 
 
 /i\ 
 
 rdLaJja g rd*I=3, a seed causing shame, children 
 corrupting, upon rdx.r^ -\~n is put t<-znb\\, and 
 under K"ii-, re^saao ; but in the copies of Soba r^cni 
 is on r^k-ii and ** -^ . 
 
 I was acquainted at the same time with two old 
 men at ^.y.W Melitene. There was a deliberation 
 respecting the phrase rtlicn K^ali. cxr^a . One, who 
 was Michael, placed rdJcn rdsaix. cusn, with rc"<k*xr=o, 
 as that he had received from his master and our 
 master George. But the other, who was Basil, placed 
 rdaco txlsiix. oxaj , with rdAr^xsa , as he had received 
 from his master Constantine. And so every scribe 
 measures according to what seems good to him. 
 
 THE THIRD SECTION. 
 
 ON the suitableness of the positions of the four 
 radical signs. 
 
 is put, when the first clause is finished by 
 and the second clause being long, it is 
 therefore inserted between its members; as 
 and when thou prayest (\rd* 
 >-ifni vyrf r^aco^ red , be not as the hypo- 
 
 rdocU-i, icho love to stand in the assem- 
 
 3 Isaiah i. 4. 
 
 r The K^coi of r^J^-it, the copyist has not put in the Text. 
 K The rd^cni of rd-iAra , is also left out by the copyist. In 
 the Bodleian MS. the mark upon Kl^.it and rc*)-i is " 
 * Matth. vi. 5.
 
 40 BAR HEBR^TJS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 
 
 blies, and in the corners of the streets to pray 
 
 :, that they may be seen 
 
 of men (. rdocuao^). It is also put in a long question; 
 as, . .VM rd=i^- crA Au.rc'.i rfi-3-^ ..^CL 
 what man of you hath a sheep (.T^I\S,), 
 . K^vax-.i rsjcu= K'iajiri, and if it fall in the ditch 
 on the Sabbath day (.-r^s ), . cnX >nn-qcv IUJK' r^lr*' 
 #^ A<? taketh and raiseth it (. Kixjcuaaa). It is also 
 put when many different thoughts come together. 
 Theologus. 11 KliAflo^K' r^sa r/i ^ trc'.i ^_o_^.i^.i 
 .K'iA\K' >i n\ rdfloiAxjLi , that ye may know how 
 a stranger may nourish the sons of the country 
 (.-KlAx.), . r^icun KLti*:ti\o , and a villager citi- 
 zens, (/rdA^), . >im~t r^.i oeb ^im tvrn.i ^^cuoolo 
 mirthful those who are mirthful 
 
 domestic (: r^-iA.^.) those who exceed in wealth. 
 
 V* / 
 
 A RAY. 
 
 r&u* is put at the end of the first clause, when 
 the second ends with rdncuao& ; as, cni&va o&K'o 7 
 . ^ajr^ >japK'o . r^rtlx^flo rc*Vi% , and many multi- 
 tudes came after him (. nd&v>^), and he healed 
 them (. p^flcuaa^). But if the second be long, it 
 will end with ncL^ox and rd^nob and rdocunsi; as, 
 rd*d\M^ . rtlx* ; i^ cn^cu cxaiao, and the pharisees 
 drew near to him (r<i*Avi*&), r^.ot *^fiaa^go, and 
 
 e Matth. xii. 11. h Gregory Nazianzen. 
 
 7 Matth. xii. 15.
 
 BAR HEBR.EUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 41 
 
 tempted (r/ s o\ ) , eoA cvocn , him (r**znJx> ), 
 . ^isjK'a, and said (. cuto^). There are passages, 
 where two . rtLx_u\ may be put before 
 as, pa.vocvA jz-Sirt . rji&uu&i . rd^i<L= 
 
 d_^u^ . y. l i s ^ 
 
 . vv OjjK'.i en li\ ^ r^ \ ^ cxn&^A vA , tliou 
 
 hypocrite (r^*AvuA\), first cast out the beam from 
 thine eye (rd.xjj&), and then thou shalt see plainly 
 to cast out the mote from the eye of thy brother. 
 (nd-pg m<\). There are passages, where there are 
 
 three; as, vvcuiK* vy \ % 
 
 va_=3icto {=nb\ j3C\_ni. . 
 A A\O 
 
 vuncvo =}a 
 
 there thou rememberest that thy brother hath 
 
 against thee any quarrel (. r^u>&), leave there thy 
 offering upon the altar (.r-AuA\), and go, first, 
 be reconciled to thy brother (.p*vj*A\), and then 
 come, offer thy gift (. cun^). There are now found 
 by Doctors more than three r*u\ coming one 
 after another. 
 
 A RAY. 
 
 rox. are placed at the end of the first clause, when 
 it is long, then comes ru>&\, and then ofia& ; as, 
 
 r A J r< / . rrlCXT- : ^ocruA^A <^.T-=L^- KlA 'nC'.l-D-i 
 K'OCn ^UiA . r<L.^\jj A\ . 1 "^ ^ r<^A 
 
 if I had not done in their eyes 
 
 7 Matth. xix. 3. 8 Matth. vii. 5. 
 
 9 Matth. v. 23, 24. 10 John xv. 24. 
 

 
 42 BAR HEBR^EUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 
 
 (: r*cu.), those things which no other man hath done 
 
 (. r&u&\), they had not had sin (cuaa). There are 
 passages, where, after two r*LcLx., there follows 
 
 then cuao&; as, : r^\\nte K'^K'.I ^i rdin 11 
 A\c\X ^n ^G\ rdire' i.i frq reLW.i even . r*c\JL. 
 <^CX\ ^39.1 C\CO K'ii-Z..! rduOl . rdkO-X. 
 
 . >\Si, .icnonij ocn, but when there is come 
 the Comforter (: r^cut.), ^/i^m / send unto you 
 from my Father (: rdajL.), ^e Spirit of truth, who 
 from my Father proceedeth (,rtiAu>&), He shall 
 testify of me (r^cuaa^). There are passages, where 
 many reL.ci.je. follow one another, then 
 then cujo^; as, r<Lcxz. : K'crAr? 
 
 r<L>az. : r^i^vap.i 
 
 cn.i-i.c\ CTXJL.VO 
 
 .K'eaAr<'.l 
 
 called them gods (: r^cijL), awe? the Scripture cannot 
 be broken (: rdar.), w^ow ^6 Father hath sanctified 
 and sent into the world (: rcijt.) ; ye say, Thou 
 blasphemest (rdcijt.), because I said unto you that 
 I am the Son of God (.r*L*Au&) ; and if I do not 
 the works of my Father, believe me not (CUJQ^). 
 
 Observation. r*ox. are placed as the legs of 
 sandals, 1 when there are many in the protasis, 
 
 11 John xv. 26. 12 John x. 35, 36, 37. 
 
 1 This expression is designed to represent the case when many 
 members of a sentence come together, each bearing the mark of
 
 BAR HEBRJEUS ON STRIAC ACCENTS. 43 
 
 which "being terminated by r<L.<kjj<^, the apodosis 
 ending with 0.0221. Theologus, 
 
 rc'Avi_o.v=3.i 
 .IM.\A 
 
 ^AcnX . 
 
 omit, if you please, all the 
 others (:r*cut.), Moses (rd-cLx.), Aaron himself 
 (rax.), the Judges (rd*cxx.), Samuel (rd.ai.), David 
 (rd*cxr.), Joshua (rd.cvx.), Elisha (rd.ax.), #/ie congre- 
 gation of the prophets (P*OJL), JbM (rd*ajt.), Tllias 
 (re^cu.), ^e twelve disciples (r^cit); lastly, those 
 iclio were after them, who icith much toil and labour 
 icent forth, each one of them in his time, to the 
 (sacerdotal) office (p.o_x.) ; all these we pass by 
 ; Paul only is at the head of the discourse. 
 
 A RAY. 
 
 Every point which is placed at the end of the apodosis 
 is rduisa Q rv, Posuqo proper rd^.Ji.Qo going 
 before; as, ^a jUr* K'V-w . rdi rt'N**! <Y> rc'crArf 18 
 cunSk .^jaa^vso, God (r^Asajjo) wo man hath seen at 
 any time (CUJOA); or r^^vjj^ going before; as, 
 
 13 John i. 18. " John v. 23.
 
 44 BAR HEBEJETJS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 
 
 i-.i, he who honoureth not the Son 
 honoureth not the Father ', who sent him (raa m>)' 
 This sign also, where it is connected by a con- 
 junction, occurs now and then after rf *\ s ; as, 
 
 ', for there is not a man, who doeth 
 miracles in my name (r^i\^ ), and can lightly speak 
 evil of me ( ^<**Q Occasionally cuaa follows also 
 
 */ \ / V 
 
 rd*cvi., but rdAsojto is between; as, 
 
 cuarA, ^s is from the Lord (rd^clt.), <wc? ^ & 
 marvel in our eyes (Q m\). These are accurate 
 
 cv <vi<\ , borrowed posugo 3 is that which 
 falls in the beginning of a sentence, then follows 
 ;, and after it is cuaa& proper ; as, ^ooAoj^ 1T 
 
 Paul y an 
 
 Apostle of Jesus Christ (CU^A), by the command- 
 ment of God our Saviour (rdAv*&), and of Christ 
 our hope (cuaoa proper). Several k rcilyrdx. 
 follow each other, then r&&u>^, then 
 
 as, 
 
 Q tti> . rfin^r^o a*., 5n'w^ ^^^o the Lord ye sons 
 of the mighty (lit. of the males) (euaaa), bring unto 
 the Lord glory and honour (cuat^). This whole 
 
 i 5 Mark ix. 39. 16 Ps. cxviii. 23. 17 1 Tim. i. 1. 
 
 1 Lit. one to how many. 
 
 18 Ps. xxix. 1. 
 
 k Lit. more than one.
 
 BAR HEBE^ETJS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 45 
 
 Psalm is divided by rdl^'rdx. r<Lncu&A ; lastly; 
 v\vo-l rd.i3Q . r<L,(kx)^ . cosns\ rc / \n AAu r<Li-2a 
 
 .rtiuisa cuaoA . onJso^A , the Lord will give power 
 to his people (r<LAu\), and the Lord will bless his 
 people (r^iisa cvjao^). There are passages, where 
 instead of this rd.\-M&>, . W. enters; as, 
 
 .uo.i.i <k-i_=j.i rjk.i\ ^a i y* - " , Paul, a 
 servant of Jesus Christ (cv_ao_a), called and sent 
 }, who was separated to the Gospel of God 
 }, which He had promised of old by His prophets 
 in the Holy Scriptures (rc'iK ), concerning His Son, 
 who was born in the flesh of the seed of the house of 
 David (cuaaa) . 
 
 Observation. When the protasis is long, it is divided 
 by rd*d_x., finishing with rd&ujj&; then follows the 
 apodosis. But if the apodosis be long, r^iVs are put 
 in the middle between its members ; then follows 
 The Acts; )t Qs ^IT. : i n\ tv> .va^.i K'aono 20 
 
 A_..1 
 
 oocn ^^-7^ . rclA^ . onmK' jao 
 .' orA ^1*71 OffQ ^^-j-in oocn 
 
 . K'i-iAx. K*TJo^x^33i rdl^iop.i Kl^.iAx=j , and 
 
 it came to pass that ivhen Simon Peter and John 
 went up together to the temple (rdax.), at the time 
 
 w Rom. i. 1. 20 Acts iii. 1, 2.
 
 46 BAH IIEBRyEUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 
 
 of prayer, being the ninth hour (rd*Av&), and behold 
 a certain man lame from his mother's womb (rc**\s ), 
 whom men took, who were accustomed to bring and 
 place him (r^i\s ) at the gate of the Temple, which 
 is called beautiful (cvjaoa>). But if the apodosisbe not 
 very long, one relAx. only is put in the middle of it. 
 Theologus; 
 
 ocn 
 
 vy K 
 
 J3ut time which is measured to us by the course of 
 
 the sun (rdax.), this to eternals is for ever (r 
 that which is extended to those who are existing 
 ) is a certain motion, a temporary duration 
 . These four radical signs are gathered 
 together in these apostolical and instructive expres- 
 sions. 
 
 THE FOUBTH SECTION. 
 
 ON THE SIMPLE BRANCH SIGNS. 
 
 FIRST. r*Lh. &Lj<xx., variation q/'rc / i\v , is distin- 
 guished from rc'iW. by the length of its sound. It is 
 placed after the protasis, cuao& following in the apodo- 
 sis ; then he who speaks returns to the thought. James 
 the Apostle. ^Ljoz. . Kiir*' ^OA\ r^cvcp^ K'O.UJ 
 
 , all joy be to 
 
 21 James i. 1, 2.
 
 BAR HEBILEUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 47 
 
 you, brethren (r/i\s ^Lucxx.), when ye enter into 
 many and divers temptations (cuaoa); for ye know 
 that the trial of faith (KLU&) worketh for you 
 patience (. cuaoa). 
 
 r<L,<k_w<^ ,>\ c\x., variation of r-&uu^, is distin- 
 guished from. rcL<kw<^ by its additional confirmation; 
 and therefore the Eastern Syrians add a third point 
 to it, and they call it K"<&\Xd\.i Klv*& . The Acts. 
 
 >CDCV.\ ^ tifloo . cp^\C\A Atr^ r<j_j_ljj ^.1*cn 2i 
 ,A>QA. . KuK* Aorti. . orA i^aK'o 
 
 , then Ananias went to him, 
 and put a hand upon him, and said to him, Brother 
 Saul (rdaAuA\ ,<x.\ M riv-) , our Lord Jesus hath sent 
 me, &c. The Gospel. .vA 
 
 r^>Q *TI T,, wt/ verily I say unto thee 
 .&LUOX.), ^^ ^o?* shalt not depart from 
 thence, until thou shalt have paid the last fa-r thing. 
 r<Lcu. ^Lucvjt., variation o/"r<L.cLi., is distinguished 
 from rcxx. by the length of the sound, and is put at 
 the end of the protasis, when the apodosis with a_m_a 
 follows, and there is not a return of the thought, 
 and therefore it is called rdi_x., loosening. Pen- 
 tateuch. ,>\<xi- : >A^. sai K'-iai ^ocrA > .t\"o 24 
 
 . C(.Sn <\ 
 
 Z/or<? to them the Giants of old (rdox. 
 men of renown (cym^). Paul. : CVT^T o cOu>.io 25 
 ,>\ ucx-r. : ^>cruoi-=iA.i 
 
 '" Acts ix. 17. a3 Matth. v. 20. 
 
 4/1 Gen. vi. 4. ^ Horn. i. 25.
 
 48 BAB HEBR.EUS ON SYBIAC ACCENTS. 
 
 and they feared and served the creatures 
 more than their creator (rd*or. ^LUOJL), to whom 
 be praises and blessings (rdx-x.) for ever and ever, 
 Amen (. CUM^). This Pauline example is called 
 of ri*., because that in it rdix. follows 
 
 i establishes the flow of the protasis, and 
 possesses the convenience of aofi> , k but it is distin- 
 guished from it by rdso&i before it. Its mark is 
 two points in a straight line below, and it is called 
 ftfri^.i rd^crn, because with rd^coi is joined 
 cv tti<\ ; nevertheless another clause follows not 
 tardily but quickly. Jeremiah. .La. 
 
 ovwc\, not to you all ye passing the way 
 
 cun^cv jioffi^.i), understand and see. oZa^ indeed is 
 not in some of the copies after ptlwiaK'; but that is not 
 
 V 
 
 correct. Some put 1 OO^TAI rd^eni before rdjjicvrf. 
 r*^^ rdl.i rd!^coi . Its sense and also its mark are 
 as those which are before it ; but it is distinguished 
 in that the second member follows the first without 
 
 -' 
 
 as, 
 
 orA 
 
 do not grieve one another brethren 
 , i.e. ofti^ is not coupled with it) 
 
 k This sign has the force of CU&, because the expression 
 after which it is put may be said to be independent and complete 
 in itself. 
 
 perhaps the same as the Greek d 
 26 Lam. i. 12. " James v. 9.
 
 BAR HEBIUSTJS ON STRIAC ACCENTS. 49 
 
 that ye be not judged. . r^i\\\^"r^ii>-i >i*aa* 
 O foolish Galatians. 
 
 The Eastern Syrians recognise a third 
 and its mark is three points as a triangle. They 
 use it for r^v^n <v>, where they require additional 
 assurance, and they call it cn^i^.t KL^cni from 
 the form of its figure, and also K^vA&n rd^cni ; as, 
 vv&cv-ii^ vyK* .'. K'crAr^ .-^ pa*i, 29 have mercy on 
 me, O God, according to thy goodness. ^OA\ o\\ 30 
 . >i\s\.i K'ioA ~*\{\ >zn , depart from me ye 
 cursed into everlasting fire. 
 rf\\*i -i*?q . It is also called rdj^&flosa , because 
 
 that it is with a drooping and inclining figure, and 
 affliction is poured forth. Its mark with us is 
 but with the Eastern Syrians Ki<k_w<^ 
 and it is distinguished from r_&uu^ by a 
 mournful sound, which is either by a kind of suppli- 
 cation, or by a kind of lamentation. Of the first, 
 
 the Pentateuch. cnooAr*' . rsaK'o ,JQ n s / >X-c\ 31 
 cncoArC' . acniorc' >=r<'.i , and 
 
 Jacob prayed and said, O God of my father 
 Abraham, O God of my father Isaac. Then after 
 other mournful expressions he adds, jcrja.-wW ^sa >J-A 
 . cni_=73 reliK' AAJJ.I.I A^n Jjjrf ccv7 1 ^ i , deliver 
 me from the hand of Esau my brother, for I am 
 afraid of him. Of the second, Jeremiah. 
 
 OOD 
 
 sa, though them dottiest thyself with 
 scarlet, though thou deckcst thyself with ornaments 
 
 ''* Gal. iii. 1. 29 Ps. li. 1. ^ Matth. xxv. 41. 
 
 31 Gen. xxxii. 9. 32 Jer. iv. 30. 
 
 h
 
 50 BAIl HEBE^)US ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 
 
 of gold, though thou colourest thy eyes with paint, 
 in vain shalt thou make thyself fair. 
 K'.icuiat . Its mark is one point at the head of the 
 commanding word ; as, K'ocna &u2*ucp.i **\*-r* \\ 32 
 go, as thou hast believed, be it unto thee. 
 
 n V'\\ rcis-.icun ._cu\^A> r\* , 33 give not that 
 which is holy to dogs. Know that a point such as 
 this is put without a command, and is called by the 
 name K'.iaaa; but from the mark only, and not 
 from the sense. Paul. 
 
 . T*** ^ i i i Of? . K^ T V n 
 
 ^.<y . <\AAxrri r\ ^ocal'oarjr^A.T , despiteful, proud, 
 boasters, inventors of evil things,, foolish, who are 
 disobedient to their parents. 
 
 ndioj-MJL. . This sign acquires a sound not its own, 
 but it is found in that of the three radical signs, 
 with r<!saA\i cut off, at the end of a short protasis, 
 even if the apodosis be long. In r^\s ; as, r^lxjii^ja 35 
 i, and the son of man that thou didst visit 
 
 him. In rdLAu& ; as, K'aco vca8 ^rtll-at oca=> 3G 
 rfb\ -i -r ^.ar*, at that time Jesus 
 
 walked on the sabbath day in the corn-fields. 
 In rax.; as, \\ t y^g rd\ COT^I : ^un^ r^'i*p<d 37 
 . causal , He saved others, himself he cannot save. 
 It is called rdsniuT. because of the amputation of 
 
 is called by the Eastern Syrians 
 being compared with rd^a&i , which is 
 ^t^.ygi ; they also call it rdxu, and it is 
 serviceable for perplexed matters. Its mark is two 
 
 32 Matth. viii. 13. 33 Matth. vii. 7. M Rom. i. 30. 
 
 35 Ps. \iii. 5. 3G Matth. xii. 1. 37 Matth. xxvii. 42.
 
 BAR HEBRJEUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 51 
 
 points, which are put obliquely under the word 
 on the fore side, not on the end of the word, nor 
 the beginning, nor the middle of it. This sign is 
 found either in a kind of deliberating, chiding 
 
 question; 
 
 do ye, indeed, speak righteousness ? or in an in- 
 terrogation, to which follows a chiding ; ^OA!A rc'co 
 .ix-o . r*L^.ir<lr3 ^o^ur*' ^ALsosa ndAcuL, behold all of 
 you speak iniquity in the earth, &c. ; or in a kind 
 of caustic question ; as, v^&czn 1^. *A**?Vfe rc^i-i^ 38 
 rc / \i\ v n , tJie honour of Israel is slain upon thy high 
 places; or in a kind of wailing; Jeremiah, '-^r^ 3J 
 
 rdij ^lir^J 
 
 shall the 
 
 icomen eat their fruit ? and children be beaten ? the 
 priest and the prophet be slain in the sanctuary of 
 the Lord? rdaa^ is joined with K'&^JL.^ ,-U. ; as, 
 
 until I come (rjao^&) and smite the earth with 
 destruction. 
 
 \.ri.tq ; as, rf.iacn* r^.irC'.i r*iaX , 41 Judah 
 
 tt7 
 
 is a lion's whelp. In Greek it is called -n- 
 
 that is, before the last syllable, for that it 
 
 has three points relasaflo, r<^*)$n, and the third is 
 
 rdiflolnsn.* The > of K'.TOCO* is pronounced mutter- 
 
 ingly. The Greeks put in the place of this point 
 
 r-lAjaAjjsa, a little line. Some of us put it on this 
 
 word only, i.e. on K'.icvcn* . 
 
 s? Ps. Iviii. L ^2 Sam. i. 19. ^ Lam. ii. 20. 
 40 Mai. iv. 6. " Gen. xlix. 9. 
 
 * If these three points were named in the order of collocation, they 
 would be, first rdsai\i, second r^afloVosa, and third 
 
 38, so These examples should change places with each other.
 
 52 BAR HEBR^US ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 
 
 *aco*; as, orA jia&xx.K'.'i ^ol >cr>cu3CX^ 
 blessed is he whose iniquity is forgiven ; 
 irdjj.i pA cx=acx^, blessed is he who 
 looketh on the poor. Its mark is one point at the 
 head of the first syllable, and its accent is ^i^jtsa . m 
 According to the opinion of Thomas of Harkel, 
 rc*i nn\ n*a and r=>c\ .a en* are one; and this is 
 correct, for they are equal in the sign, although in 
 r^iofi\n*33 , the point is mentioned afterwards upon 
 
 that which is the praising noun, hut in 
 upon the protasis in the beginning of the sentence. 
 Ki oio; as, ^aajxo K'rda Kb rd^'i^so rcK!\ >^oX cv& 43 
 come to me, ye that are wearied and laden, and I 
 will give you rest. Of this again the mark is one 
 point at the head of the calling word, which is pro- 
 tracted by its accent. 
 
 as, ocn cxjcn . K'coApe'.i cni.saK' rfcb ** 
 ,i<K=>.t ,cnc\\v ^iiJaK'.i , behold the lamb of 
 God! This is He of whom I said, that he cometh after 
 me. Of this sign also the mark is one point, distin- 
 guished by its sound, from that which is without it. 
 KixA^a . Its mark is one point, before the head, 
 and two behind 11 in a straight line at the end of 
 the protasis; but upon the clauses, which follow, 
 the one point only is put; as, . n^^n T->I 
 
 42 Ps. xxxii. 1, 2. 
 
 m This word and r^i CU occurring just before are forms 
 
 derived from the root i ^i, for the sense of which see Castell. 
 
 43 Matth. xi. 28. 44 John i. 29, 30. 
 
 n When the writing is from the top to the bottom, a point to 
 the left of a letter may be said to be before, pQ.TO, and when it is 
 to the right to be behind, 
 
 45 Matth. vi. 9, 10.
 
 BAR HEBR^EUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 53 
 
 .vO*=- K'aooJ . vva^sa Kr . vcsut. 
 
 Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be Thy 
 name, Thy kingdom come, Thy icill be done. 
 p^icfuvw . Its mark is similar to that of rd^A^j ; 
 as, rdsolx. ^X *\$\ r<* via , Thou, Lord, wilt keep us 
 in peace. When the protasis is long, rcisoAn follows, 
 and at the conjunction of the apodosis, is rd&vui ; as, 
 . .{."Si^. *<^.T=L2k.i . p^sa^xi ' <s\uXL:n eal3k vv-i 
 
 vvivia.vw ^n VV^VSOMCV vvi^pi v\<x^cni 
 
 . .TO vvicv^ pscv polx.ioK', O Lord, according to 
 
 all Thy righteousness, wUicli Thou hast done to 
 us, let Thine anger and Thy wrath be turned aicay 
 from Thy city Jerusalem, and from Thy holy moun- 
 tain. 
 
 rdAr^T^a . Of this also the mark is one point, at the 
 head before ; and it is joined, among many, to cu-sa, 
 
 and Kl^r^; as, '' 47 
 
 and Rebecca 
 lighted off the camel, and she said to the servant, 
 wlio is this man, who comethin the field to meet us? 
 : cn.va^A r^Lv i-ssK' r^jjsa ii^K'a .i^*0a , 48 and he 
 made obeisance and said, what saith my lord unto 
 his servant? . &UK* rc'vn*^ ^n , 49 from whence art 
 
 tllOU? aLx*A VNIWK' C^X-CLSaA ^OiM.l r^\ KllA^rV 50 
 
 r^livwi.i cn i T*a\\ how loast thou not afraid to 
 stretch forth thy hand to destroy the Lord's anointed. 
 A i ncn OOP r^A-.nc', 51 where is Abel thy 
 
 M Dan. ix. 1C. 47 Gen. xxiv. Gi, Go. 4b Josh. v. 14. 
 49 2 Sam. i. 13. M 2 Sam. i. 1-4. 51 Gen. iv. 9.
 
 54 BAB, HEBE2EUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 
 
 brother? W^&JP*' K'ijat) _co rA~iV, 52 where is 
 
 Sarah thy wife-? 
 
 r<unj. It is derived from humility, gentleness 
 and contrition of heart. The holy Jacob has said : 
 "it is proper to read the word, upon which is 
 K^xjjuisj , not suddenly and with much emotion, but 
 protractedly." Its mark is one point, at the head 
 of the word behind, and as with many, it is placed 
 before reL&vu\ . Isaiah. *i-=i:i *cn\i racu p^soAi 53 
 . cox.i r<* ^T.Q .Qknto . ^.iixi\ K'i^K', doth the 
 ploughman plough all day to sow ? doth he open and 
 break the clods of his ground ? ^o^l iiaK&K' rdAo 54 
 . t K'&uxti ^93 , and was it not said to you from the 
 beginning? But re*&vMuia and rdAu**& follow one 
 another in a solitary noun ; as, ,&znrt . *^i 55 
 AUK* &&.i v\ Auu* , Lord, when saw I Thee 
 
 .i v\ 
 
 hungry, 8fC. There are passages where r^i\\ follows 
 next to K'^uxisa . The Pentateuch. 
 iVs-> <-v>c\iA 
 
 , the Lord shall look upon you and judge, 
 for ye have made our savour to be abhorred in the 
 eyes of Pharaoh and in the eyes of his servants, to put 
 a sword in their hands to destroy us. There are 
 passages where ndocxcaSi follows next. Jer. 
 
 understand \and see, if there is sorrow as 
 my sorrow, which the Lord hath done to me. 
 Its mark is similar to that of 
 
 53 Gen. xviii. 9. 53 Is. xxviii. 24. 54 Is. xl. 21. 
 
 55 Matth. xxv. 37. 5t5 Ex. v. 21. 57 Lam. i. 12.
 
 BAR HEBR.ETJS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 55 
 
 but it is distinguished from it, in that it has position 
 at the head of the word; as, 
 how have the mighty fallen ! 
 
 how hath the Lord 
 
 - 
 
 obscured in His anger the daughter of Zion I There 
 
 are passages where r^iW follows next; as, 
 
 .K'ii^y. r^L^jpo^ riii.c\ 
 
 how is the fine gold despised, and the beautiful 
 
 colour changed ! But some of us make its mark one 
 
 point, as that of rd-iAr^jc-sa . Then it acquires a 
 
 distinction by the accent, not by the mark. 
 
 "^ ^"^ from Acua a cessation of motion,? 
 
 where it is thought that there is motion, although not 
 obtained; as, ^o^ rdAd.i vA ^iwK'.i -v=>3.i^^ rei\ 61 
 . ju-i.i pa o.iL&czA , marvel not that I say unto you, 
 it is needful for you to be born again. Here the 
 necessity of motion is apparent, of re* As or r*&u*^ 
 or some other, for the apodosis is not yet completed ; 
 but motion ceases, because that it (the apodosis) is 
 presented to the mind, very lofty, elevated, and too 
 far removed by the protasis, to be plainly understood; 
 as, . rd^i-t-o r^-i TJ rd^-a^.l i&r*' 'rdjjcvi 62 , the 
 wind bloweth ichere it willeth, &c. 
 rc^j.ti*ja is put when there is one word only in 
 Greek, but two in Syriac. Its mark is one point after 
 the first member, p and by it, the member is woven 
 
 58 2 Sam. i. 19. 59 Lara. ii. 1. 60 Lam. iv. 1. 
 
 Motion seems here to mean, continuance of the subject. It 
 ceases at the end of John iii. 7, for the reason above stated, and 
 is therefore put instead of rtMv or some other minor 
 
 point. 
 
 61 J hn iii. 7. 62 John iii. 8. 
 
 P I.e. the first member of the expression.
 
 5G BAR HEBR^ETJS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 
 
 with the other, and therefore Thomas calls it 
 as, . r*_jtoor^= . rc'cuc. equal in substance, .^^\ *> 
 A \ -i omnipotent, r*b\c\ rg . rdX immortal, rt'.'uL . r\ 
 unbegotten, t*fA_<v\._ tf At.y*gi . rdl unchangeable. 
 rcli:t-ju_*x-r*j ^.Ljjcuz. , ^ variation of p^J.iujusa . 
 Its mark is the same as that of r^i.i i *a , but it is 
 distinguished from it in the mind, namely, that 
 in Greek, as in Syriac, its expression has two mem- 
 bers; as, .pdl_a.jj rd\.i ,^'**r " rc*\ri.jL3 . ^-i-s^iiv^a, 
 sown in corruption, raised in incorruption. 
 rfioi^ joins single disjointed members, attracted 
 to one another, and its mark is one point, similar 
 to that of p^.ian<\, before the moveable letter, which 
 is at the head of every member. Paul. 
 
 *** 
 
 O^-=3 
 
 V V 
 
 . riljjai ^ojx^va . K'^u^-.'urj . T>ut in 
 every tiling we approve ourselves as the ministers of 
 God, in much patience, in afflictions, in necessities, 
 in prison, in stripes, in bonds, in tumults, in labour, 
 in watching, in fasting, by pureness, by knowledge, 
 by longsuffering, by kindness. So far we have 
 K'noi-^j from here and beyond, although the mem- 
 bers are joined together, r^ioi^ ceases, and P^.IO.^, 
 
 whose mark is a line above, is introduced, especially 
 
 \ \ 
 
 by the Eastern Syrians ; as, pdacuxa . .1 
 
 63 1 Cor. xv. 42. 64 2 Cor. vi. 46.
 
 BAR HEBRyEUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 57 
 
 .i , by the Holy Ghost, 
 by love unfeigned, by the word of truth. 
 rfnoT^ &Lu<xz., variation o/'K'icv'te^, is similar in 
 that it joins single disjointed members, which are 
 bound to one another by the letter Vau ; but it is 
 read with r^lsa&i and r^mm ; as, r^jj'i.a 'r^acu 65 
 . ^_c\Ay>r<' <-i\3 rdiiJLo 'r^_=3\o , days and months 
 and times and years ye observe. 
 
 Its mark is similar to that of 
 
 but it is put in close proximity to KLCUL. . Isaiah. 
 
 66 
 
 K^ci*?! s \o 
 
 , except the Lord of Hosts had left 
 us a remnant, ice should have been as Sodom, and 
 ice should have been like wito Gomorrah. The 
 Gospel. K^TT-to rsa^ Clears .1 ;Acsar<' A 
 
 : K'acn r^J-*. **i_=a\3 K^i ie T. . rc'oco 
 
 : K'cvcn 
 K'CVOO 
 
 time, when he was bound loith fetters and chains, he 
 broke the chains, and the fetters he cut off, and no 
 (man) was able to bind him. 
 
 rju^2>t. .MncoL., variation o/'rdi*^*. . Q Its mark is 
 one point, like rto^i ; and it is distinguished from 
 K'jLt^h. by the feebleness of the sound. As with 
 many, it falls in close proximity to rd\-M^ ; as, 
 
 55 Gal. iv. 10. Is. i. 9. " 7 Mark v. 4. 
 
 C3 Ezek. xxiii. 31. 
 This sign is called rcll-*^^. by Jacob and in Appendix i.
 
 58 BAR HEBR^ETJS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 
 
 because that thou hast walked in the way 
 
 \ 
 
 of thy sister, I will deliver her cup into thy hands. 
 
 60 
 
 K'cno 
 
 ^^r<* eon*, and behold a voice from heaven, 
 which said, This is my beloved son in whom I am icell 
 pleased. But it falls also before n^A^. in close 
 
 proximity; as, '^r^Ls r^Jp^.l ^02^.1^ r<Lincu 000=3 ' 
 
 X V * * ^ fc> - . ^^ 
 
 ye shall know that I am in my Father, and, ye are 
 in me, and I in you. 
 
 nd^_o\ , by the Eastern Syrians is named rdsa^xi , and 
 in the intonation it possesses the power (use) of 
 half of r^i\s , and its mark is one point on the fore 
 side; as, pc'.uV^.sq .rtr^j^Lso rclxJLA cni^xa C 
 
 .iocrx jo, and many multitudes icent after Him, 
 from Galilee (r^.o\), and from Decapolis, and from 
 Jerusalem (r-^.ot), and from Judah. 
 
 It possesses the power (use) of half of 
 in softness of sound. Its mark is one point 
 behind ; as, oco KV.fr>ioA.i . rcLfisn-cb rzn. 
 
 >co, not by heaven (r_xsa_ft>) , for it is 
 God's throne, neither by earth (p^Lajauao), for U is 
 Sis footstool, neither by Jerusalem (~'*^\ f ") j for it 
 is the city of the great king. And so, oisar^ oAt 73 
 
 c\ . 
 
 69 Matth. iii. 17. 70 John xiv. 20. 71 Matth. iv. 25. 
 72 Matth. v. 34, 35. 73 Matth. xi. 4, 5, 6.
 
 BAR HEBRJEUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 59 
 
 go, say to John every tiling 
 which you have seen and heard (cux^); that the blind 
 see, the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, tlie deaf 
 hear, the dead are raised, and the poor are preached 
 to (simple r<l.Au&), and blessed is he, whosoever 
 shall not be offended in me. But if a verb with .1 
 follows a noun in such as these, not r^scuao hut 
 follows; as, 
 . rc*i \ s 
 
 cux_nx.o, That the multitude 
 ) wondered, when they saw the dumb speaking, 
 the maimed made whole (rdJL^.), the lame ivalkiny 
 (r<^i\s ), the blind seeing (cuaa^); and they glorified 
 the God of Israel. 
 
 r^^nnf> ^lucxi., variation ofr^sznso, is distinguished 
 from rdAsuao by the extension of the single and simple 
 sound (rd^.o\);t but is not as r*AuA\ double of the 
 sound. Its mark is as the mark of rdSLSofio; as, 
 txAo .r*ncl\J3 rclio .relii r^lo .r^^ccja red 75 
 
 rrllo .^ala.i r^Xa .K!\JU rdXa 
 ^ 
 
 r<l\c\ 
 
 neither death, nor Ufe, nor angels, nor prmcipalities, 
 
 7 4 Matth. xv. 31. 
 
 T r^^-O\ is motion ; here it seems to mean the motion of the 
 sound. Bar Hebrseus is speaking of an extension of the motion of 
 the sound, i.e. an extension of the sound. 
 
 75 Kom. viii. 38, 39.
 
 60 BAR HEBR^TJS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 
 
 nor powers, nor things present, nor things to come, 
 nor height, nor depth, nor any other creature shall 
 be able to separate me from the love of God, which 
 is in Christ Jesus our Lord. 
 
 ns73cua is distinguished from r\*r&L. . c\oi& in that 
 the clause which follows it, is united to it by the 
 letter Vau; as, . rd^iK* >&i* aT-T. K'cna K'WJO 76 
 
 cna 
 
 fc*i On s o 
 
 dvxru rtLjjiira, and he saw, and behold the 
 face of the earth was dry (r^sacxa), and in the second 
 month, in the twenty -seventh day of the month, the 
 earth was dried. 
 
 and the sons of Bilhah, the handmaid 
 of Rachel, Dan andNaphtali (rdsacus); and the sons 
 of Zilpah, the handmaid of Leah, Gad and Asher. 
 reLx^&oora . I wished to hear the reading of this 
 sign from a distinguished old man in Melitene. He 
 confessed, "I do not know it, nor have I heard it in 
 my time. But formerly a pious man learned it from 
 a Greek, and he called it rdiaua-iixss. But now, as 
 concerns the various sounds of its expressions, the 
 sign is not known in our regions even by the 
 Greeks." An example of it is, "rc*i ^ T, &cy 78 
 
 vwrc 
 
 Give ear, ye heavens, and I will speak, and hear, 
 earth, the word of my mouth. My doctrine shall drop 
 as the rain, and my speech shall descend as the dew. 
 
 70 Gen. viii. 13, H. 77 Gen. xxxv. 25, 26. 
 
 78 Deut. xxxii. ], 2.
 
 BAR HEBILEUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 61 
 
 The pious man taught that the measure of the 
 first expression was r/i *t ^onuso, of the second 
 ,O>\MCXX. by letters, and the third J&!MOZ. 
 by lines. But we, not knowing tliese, 
 eall the first expression by r "* rd\.i r^ooi , the 
 second by rdLreit. . cuaoa , and the third by nvM&. 
 
 Observation. With the Eastern Syrians there is 
 
 o o 
 another sign, which they call r<\. > \ ; because one 
 
 proclaiming its sign, thrusts forth as much in the 
 reading as he can of strength of voice and shoutinor. 
 
 o o o 
 
 And this is either r^uii* proper, when it is not 
 fitting that the sign should be disregarded; or 
 rdLr<lx. borrowed, when the reader stays for those, 
 who are wishing for his strength. But 
 
 proper is constantly joined to VSOK*, and 
 
 borrowed to what is without i^aK'; as, pa 
 
 Homishu a sclio- 
 
 lastic said of them, where there is with K^aj either 
 isaK', or i^bre'; or, ae, . VWK'O ^.cue-> 
 Jesus answered and said, r^aicuwcs K'CVCO 
 VMK'CV .icvcoa.i , and preached in the wilderness of 
 Jiidea, saying, ^-.-isoK'a Q^S ^.i ^^cucbo, and they 
 answered, saying, fc jiir<'o rc'ioa.jla-M ^.ucn >V> o, 
 
 fwcZ if^<? loise women answered, saying. "Wlicre 
 K'.KxnA and r<^aj come together, read first K'.ICUIA , 
 
 and then if you wish, read K'-aj ; as .vut-.i ^it*^^ 79 
 . .lauLo K'.tcn, and to my servant, do tltis, and he 
 doeth (it). So far these our signs. It is not right 
 for people to estimate them, as they hear them. 
 
 7J Matth. viii. 9.
 
 62 BAR HEBRJEUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 ON THE COMPOUND BRANCH SIGNS. 
 
 ii . Isaiah. 
 
 Viw* f+ 
 
 "^oAxis*., attend, Laish, and 
 answer, O Anathoth, Madmena is removed. jtA 
 is read with jnws rcA.i rd\orn , and &ou^- with 
 nmVi r^cni ; then follows the expression "Mad- 
 menah is removed." 
 
 r^oii ne'AA^ . Proverbs. "jaoi_^ vs >^a ">i_i >^ 81 
 vy vv^w. 
 
 . Kl^Aib.i p^^AiireLsol, O my son! Oson of my 
 womb I O son of my vows I Give not thy 
 strength to women, nor thy ways for the food of 
 kings. Here the first and second, their r^^co'-i 
 do not divide; but the third, its r<^cni does divide. 
 But the Eastern Syrians do not read these with 
 rd^cpi ; but the first and second with Klsi^n and the 
 third with <xoi& . Theologus. 
 "rdirl 
 
 hear this all ye 
 
 people; Jieai* ye nations, tongues, families, the whole 
 race of men, and every thmg existing. Here the 
 first does not divide, but the second and third do 
 divide. 
 
 rdi^_=sa 82 
 
 . .iT> \ >sai3_j^^, and shall not 
 my soul be avenged upon such a people as this ? 
 
 Is. x. 30. 81 Prov. xxxi. 23. 82 Jer. v. 9.
 
 BAR HEBRJETJS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 63 
 
 . r<LcLz. : 
 
 ^OA_i^sa , if we SOW 
 in you spiritual things (r*cxx.), is it a great matter 
 ), if we reap of you carnal things? 
 
 There are passages, where r*u^ not interroga- 
 tive is put for rdvj4&\ interrogative; as, 
 
 ru900Lft:i 
 
 'f God so 
 
 clothe the grass of the field, ichich to-day is, and 
 to-morrow is cast into the oven ; shall He not much 
 more (clothe) you, ye of little faith ? But the 
 Eastern Syrians read the verh .Tn\*ja with 
 
 r<lc\.jc_o rg/ vMO r^Lco_^CT> 
 
 . r<LcxT- : * -r*f*i **>- viiiA . r<l^.ot 'r<locv2i, cind will 
 there be (rdflak^) an answer (rd*.at) to the children 
 of Israel ? (rtL.ajL). This compound the Eastern 
 Syrians name KliX.ixflaia; because the sole of the 
 expression is adorned with r^-^cvt as with a sandal. 
 
 ^ 1 
 
 . cral .uaA^K'.l , whether 
 that servant receive his thanks (r^fti^), because 
 that he hath done ivhatsoever has been commanded 
 of him? (n^Andr^j). 
 
 . :uA .T . Devon 
 
 3 1 Cor. ix. 11. ^ Matth. vi. 30. 
 
 85 Liike xvii. 9. 80 John xi. 56.
 
 64 BAR HEBE^EUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. 
 
 . rdiirdatsa . pc'.x-^.ru^A , and they said one to the 
 other in the temple ; what think ye, that he doth not 
 come to the feast ? (rclArdrsa). 
 
 87 
 ' 
 
 , Abraham (rdL^ot) begat (r*sna>) Isaac. 
 cwsix. rc'io^a, 88 and thou shalt call his name 
 Jesus. . ^t^^K'a rt^\ to.toi.nc' .xsajc., 88 Herod 
 the king heard and was troubled. This compound 
 more than any other is placed in Syriac books. 
 
 K'oen O&UK' rf^ \ rq oqnc\ 
 
 iw #^<? beginning 
 aL2o); and the looted was with God. r 
 
 Oop 
 
 God (rtLSk2a_a>) wo ma^ Aa^ seen at any time 
 (rdii^nso); the only begotten Son of God, He ivho is 
 in the bosom of His father, He hath declared. 
 
 . >co 
 
 where (r^Arc'Tra) is thy victory (rc^.ot) death? 
 rdA.i rOrtCnicv rd^.o\c\ K*ncuiSk 
 rd^cini "rd^.ir^.1 cruA^H r^-Ot 
 
 love (K'.IQ n >) righteousness 
 judges of the earth (ry*^ rdA.i rc^coi). 
 
 Observation. Of the compound signs, which the 
 Eastern Syrians only use, there is that which they call 
 K'&cnmW**} tradition ; because it was delivered by 
 the readers of the Persian school at Nisibis. Where 
 
 87 Matth. i. 2. * Luke i. 31. e9 Matth. ii. 3. 
 
 90 John i. 1. 91 John i. 18. '' z 1 Cor. xv. 55.
 
 BAR IIEBR^EUS ON SYRIAC ACCENTS. C5 
 
 they found an adherence to one another, of 
 before rduA\, followed by cuaia , they read and 
 taught to read in a restrained way, for ornament 
 and excellence. This siyn however was not in every 
 place; but in some rare passages; as, _j^ * f ** \ 94 
 
 let the loater be gathered together under 
 heaven to one place, and let the dry land be seen. 
 Zechariah; ,cnc\Qbrcxx. >soa> . ,\i-i-> -101.1 >coo!irc' 95 
 rciicr) K'Avkrs.i, the hands of Zerubbabel laid the foun- 
 dations of this house. TTIX.-IK'I oru'i-is ^n ' 9C 
 
 cvgii\T, , and she came from the uttermost 
 parts of the earth to hear the wisdom of Solomon, 
 and behold a greater than Solomon is here. 
 
 Gen. i. 9. y Zcch. iv. 9. 6 Matth. xii. 42.
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 IMMEDIATELY following the Tract of Jacob in the 
 MS. is a fragment of a Letter on the subject of the 
 accents, the author of which is not mentioned. I 
 say a fragment, for the beginning of the Letter as 
 Dr. Land has observed, is evidently wanting.* It 
 may be and probably is the case; that the fragment 
 comprises most of the Letter; but in the beginning, 
 there is no mention, according to custom, of the 
 person by whom the Letter was written, nor of the 
 person to whom it was addressed. Again, the second 
 word .AK'.I of the fragment, intimates that there 
 was something previously treated of. Those who 
 are addressed are called spiritual brethren, and, 
 therefore, it is probable that it was written for the 
 use of a Monastery. 
 
 Although we cannot say by whom the letter was 
 written, most likely, because it has not been given 
 entire, yet there is decisive evidence, that it is one 
 of the earliest writings on the subject of the accents. 
 I am disposed to think that it belongs to the sixth 
 century, and that it was written about the time of 
 Thomas the Deacon. There are correspondences 
 in the list of accents given in this Letter with the 
 list of Thomas, which do not exist with the list of 
 Jacob, or with that of Bar Hebrseus, and which 
 are of such a kind, as to suggest that they were con- 
 
 * See Anecdota Syriaca. Tom. i. p. 1C.
 
 APPENDIX I. G7 
 
 temporaneous. For instance, both in this Letter, 
 and in the list of Thomas, r=>c\ ^acn. and 
 *** \ e*\ ^ are two names of the same sign ; but by 
 Jacob and Bar Hebrseus they are made, each the 
 name of an independent sign. In the two former 
 lists, rjicnv-*s is mentioned as another name of the 
 sign rf \\\-^m ; but in the two latter, it is not given. 
 In the two former, KS<xn\ is said to be a second 
 name of the sign KLs.-u-**^; but in the two latter 
 it is not mentioned. In the two former we have 
 ^r<'ir<La as another name for the sign 
 whilst in the two latter it is the second name 
 of r^LifloLa-so. These correspondences in the two 
 former lists afford some evidence that they were 
 written about the same time, and as it is said that 
 Thomas the Deacon nourished in the sixth century, 
 I think that early in that century, this Letter first 
 saw the light. Further; in this Letter there is 
 nothing said about compound signs, and the reason 
 for not treating of them is stated. The reason was 
 because the subject was new, and that there existed 
 
 ^_Aerr=>l ^jJLkK'.l K'^CXX.i.VSn Kl^O K&CUl&iSO rd\ 110 
 
 publication, nor disquisition of men on these (accents). 
 This statement is a proof that the Letter must 
 have been written before the compound signs had 
 obtained much consideration, and consequently 
 before the Tract of Mar Jacob, who lived in the 
 succeeding century, and who has therein entered 
 into this subject, perhaps as fully, qr nearly so, 
 as any subsequent writer on the accents. On 
 account of the antiquity of this Letter, it is of 
 great importance, and I, therefore, insert it here. 
 It is, like the Discourse of Bar Ilebrceus, a very 
 useful commentary to the Tract of Jacob, which
 
 68 APPENDIX I. 
 
 precedes it in the MS. We have nothing said in 
 the Tract about the position of the mark. The 
 metrical points are given, and a passage of Scrip- 
 ture for each accent. If these passages were 
 correctly pointed, they would not be sufficient for 
 a student to learn the accents; but from the care- 
 lessness and ignorance of the copyist, several of 
 them are without the points, and there are several in 
 which the points are wrongly placed. Towards the 
 end of the Tract, some of the signs are put in 
 groups, each sign of the same group having the 
 same mark in the same place; but no intimation 
 is given, as to where that place is. Hence the 
 information contained here is valuable. 
 
 \
 
 APPENDIX I. 69 
 
 .vsl ^AcrA ^Gor** rxruUk .TITS 
 
 \ H H H 
 
 i-\ u> A : 
 
 c\coA.i 
 i on A s\ > i 
 
 .I->M >03 on^ rdiist 
 i >cn 
 
 ,cn ^. 
 
 i ^Acn 
 rdz.cn ) 
 a.i ^Acn 
 
 rdcrAt<' 
 i ttt s\ 
 
 rc'.liu* "3 . *M K'.l-JJ 
 
 : . fVi \ v
 
 APPENDIX I. 
 
 : rdc\JL : ndi-m : 
 
 : ji en t r^X.io : 
 ,=>orx : rdi_fia 
 
 \ \ n 
 
 nlxj.J r^JUrtlao . ^^oono^a .1 u.\ ^ 
 
 K'cn 
 
 K'vncu arc' &UA r^ratft? : K* : rc'&i *M^. o 
 i / rd* < u*r<'rdr>Mco.T K'^uiwrf K'Ava^Aui 
 
 . -.i-b f*^- ^ V rdicrA .- 
 
 ocp ^.i 
 
 i ocn 
 
 >cn 
 
 .i,.3 jjL^.<ki_i rcljcn.i caAnCUxfloo : S 
 . ib rd^.c\\ KllcrA . qi
 
 APPENDIX I. 71 
 
 K'.ico . Kliio 
 i : .1 : 
 
 :- en : coin irr) ^c\cm_^n K!VM rdicn . 
 
 w.^ rrr'v-ncu ocn rc'ocai : rdafiaSi p3 lQo^ ,-..1 
 rc^i i, l A r^,*3. ^\Ai >cn 
 
 : a : 
 
 i^.i cri_=A 
 
 
 vrOOflo 
 
 \ 
 
 rc*v-ncus oqno : 
 
 : \ : onuaLXa r^i^LZJivm .xAorV rdLLia rciicn 
 K'.icn &A^\.i a r^acuoo 
 
 -vsa K*v*l .' K'i^-sapC'.i cb vyrf . orA 
 
 K'ivu 
 
 > A* : vs.. 
 
 : rd^a.icn.t r^Uki.MK' roK' pa 
 
 .l Kirs ' O . 
 
 oc . . 
 
 rciicrA . rc'Vu 
 
 vyr 
 
 .t >CT3 WK* . TLi.ao.n JJU^OVXl ndx-SOT-JD CVOO 
 
 \
 
 72 APPENDIX I. 
 
 cnA.l : r^-iiacr 
 
 ii- pdicrA . 
 
 ocn . >cn PC'.IOD jion^.i ocoio j^Q^ ^ r^A.-t r^^roi.i >m 
 . \ rc'oc 
 
 *.i oc : 
 
 cn : 
 
 n A ^ \ ^ t cb .* ^. 
 
 r<lsa.icn.i 
 
 ^k.l ,<T> ^33 
 
 r^Xi *n s *^ ^J-ucu ^n rfocn 
 
 vyr^ caa rc*c\cr3 .ftik^ Kill ocn 
 
 AnT..l ocn rc'crArc'i cni^aK' rc'cn 
 
 ocn rc*ocn rdx33.i ,cn 
 
 .i : : .V, :- , crxo o cXxLo 
 
 A rfi-^^aK'.'l cn 
 Ct&.l .- 
 .i : ea* : ^\tJt %t V r^Jrx'o 
 
 ,cb 
 
 .i ; CX* : . rdif^ K'.li.l K'l 
 i.i ocrA va.i ocn 
 
 ocnii ^cn vy
 
 APPENDIX I. 73 
 
 i ,CT>CN . vA^i^rC' ^99 
 MA!* . -oaji i ns.r^.1 
 
 ocn p3 .Ti . rcicni<V73o K'.icvat ocp .1^ 003 . 
 . ocn r^.tQ n k i^Qrt'^vo icu^t.i ocn 
 
 
 cv^ ^Aon 
 : r^fln \Q-o ti_^. cxjcYi^^r^ K'cVi i \ > 'i s en \ 
 
 .i >cn CXJL.I >cn 
 K'.icn 
 
 en . 
 
 cn 
 
 .re!=>ia.i rjrJj ovsre'o . 
 ^n^cX^ AUK'.I 
 )n\ T*73 o . cniivja 
 
 .l cn.l 
 
 .i >cn 
 
 vw* 
 
 .coL.i 
 
 .""^ > . r^cWVsw K'ocn 
 . rc'.ioJiAo K'ioi^ri cno 
 
 .l >cn 
 
 .To ocn.i
 
 74 APPENDIX I. 
 
 rcl.crArc' rcLra^l^l rc^1nT Q >'aao : 
 
 Again : concerning these points ; how the place of 
 each one of them is known, as they have heen fixed 
 by studious men. a 
 
 There are also those, as I have ascertained from 
 foreign philosophers, who have worked out gram- 
 matically the position of these points, which I will, 
 therefore, in this my short writing, make known, 
 for the love of God, to you men, from the philo- 
 sophers. 
 
 a This Title to the Letter was most likely put by the copyist, 
 and was intended to apply only to the fragment which he copied.
 
 APPENDIX I. 75 
 
 Aristotle b very wisely said, that there are five 
 signs of discourse, viz. r^olrtitsi interrogating, 
 peLGio calling ', rdiaaxscso supplicating, rc'.icxo^ com- 
 manding, rciocuto^ a section. With respect to this 
 last sign, it perfects the discourse much more exactly 
 than the others. But there are other grammarians, 
 distinguished for knowledge of such matters as 
 these, who have in their writings delivered ten 
 points (or accents) for those who wish to become 
 conversant with these things. 
 
 Epiphanius," also, holy and a worker of wonders, 
 who in the pastures of the true and orthodox faith, 
 and in the folds strong and inaccessible to the 
 wild (field) swine and ravenous and tearing wolves, 
 and with those, who are found willing to work for 
 the sake of others, fed and did good to the dear 
 and beloved flock of Christ in the writings en- 
 graven by the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, he 
 has delivered (signs or accents) to boasting men. 
 But because Syrian men, such as we, are not familiar 
 
 b In the commentary of Probus on Aristotle Trepi cp/uqveias, just 
 published by Dr. Hoffmann, p. 66, he says : the object of Aristotle in 
 this book is to teach ^la concerning speech; but not concerning all 
 speech] for there are five kinds of speech, r<l*c\To , 
 
 , 
 
 Epiphanius was bishop of Salamis in the 4th century. Jerome 
 speaks of him in high terms, and says that he was called Trevra- 
 yAwTTos, a man of Jive languages, viz. Greek, Syriac, Hebrew, 
 Egyptian and Latin. It seems probable from the context and 
 from the time in which Epiphanius flourished, although he knew 
 Syriac, that what he wrote on accents, was on Greek accents. In 
 the Bibliotheca Orientalis, Tom. ii. p. 499, by Assemani, there is 
 mention of a MS. in the Vatican by Epiphanius, de punctis : de 
 ponderibus et menmris, et de signijicatione literarum alpJtabeti, a 
 Syriac version.
 
 76 APPENDIX I. 
 
 with these matters, it has appeared to me, that 
 to speak now of the distribution of these points, or 
 of how many of these and what each one of them 
 comprises, or of those which are embraced in 
 the same sentence, how much power each one of 
 them possesses, or upon what syllables it is right 
 that they should be put, viz. how many places each 
 one of them acquires, would be unseasonable. It 
 seems to me that to occupy ourselves now with 
 such things as these would be ill timed; because 
 there is no publication/ and no disquisition of men 
 in these matters. 
 
 Concerning those signs, with which we Syrians 
 are familiar, it is right that I should speak in holy 
 love to you. The rsuo> , namely K'VOCU points, 
 which we Syrians use, the number of those imposed 
 by men, has attained to twenty three; many of 
 them falling under 6 one another, being bound and 
 held by one another. 
 
 The naming of them is thus, nsW above, 
 contention, rd^-ot motion, ru>&i beneath, 
 
 a fulcrum, ** * A .*^ praying, rdox. equals, 
 
 What is here said, is to be understood of compound signs. 
 The writer excuses himself for not treating of these signs, because 
 the subject was new, or at least, there had been no work pub- 
 lished on it. He, therefore, invites the attention of those, who are 
 addressed, only to simple or single signs. The treatment of signs, 
 two, three, four, &c., combined in a sentence, and the con- 
 sideration of all the circumstances of their combination would, he 
 says, be imseasonable. We infer from what has been here men- 
 tioned, that this must have been one of the first writings on the 
 subject. 
 
 e It is said to have been a custom with many Syrians to write 
 from the top of the page to the bottom. This practice will 
 explain what is here said of signs falling under one another.
 
 APPENDIX I. 77 
 
 reproof, r*i^. loosening , a-sa^x r^cni, i.e. 
 which divides, j-o*<* r^Aso and (r^cni) which does 
 not divide, rdArciaLsa interrogating, rducu*=a in- 
 dicating, KL,c\in calling, K'.icuaa commanding, 
 ruai*2a supplicating, r^acu^ ^acri* giving happi- 
 ness, or r^ioAnsa praising, rii_sa:iAv*j admiring, 
 K'&uxi^a making to descend, r*\\\-m discontinuing -, 
 or r^iicovso shining, r^iom & weaver, or 
 uniting, r^\c\\^^dr awing out, or .aocuc 
 TrapogvTovos, rdncuaoak a section * 
 
 These are the names of the points, spiritual 
 brethren, which I have been able to make known 
 and collect for you on the instant. But that an 
 accurate knowledge may be more manifested to you 
 concerning these, and of how each one of them 
 (KiscuLftj) is placed, and by what accent it is read ; 
 behold I write for you each one of them with a 
 passage from Holy Scripture, which was spoken by 
 the Holy Spirit and delivered to all the earth by 
 hands holy and fit for these exalted matters. 
 
 1. The point which is above the last writing t of 
 the last member, being placed by nocxai^ ; this they 
 call K*I\V, according to that which is said by St. 
 Matthew in the beginning of the book of his gospel." 
 
 2. But when the point is found placed, where it 
 is said (in 1), without that (the point rducuaaa) 
 which divides the expression, there being not any 
 
 * In MS. .jtoCUCXCVAK'iKla. is omitted, and 
 is by mistake for rdoCUn2v. 
 
 | K*aiiL*0\A here, as in many other places in this Tract, 
 means a letter, or consonant. 
 
 ' rg'u.i.xrq .^.OXk.i cn^o.'UJU.l rti=>A\^ the book of the 
 generation of Jesus Christ.
 
 78 APPENDIX I. 
 
 thing contrary to this member in one of those 
 members, which are after it ; this we name K^*^A. ; 
 as, that which is said, *>ard= r^iK'.i ^a^..iA> ocn= b 
 ^^oAuK* *=a ^oAurt'o , in that (day) ye shall know 
 that I am in my father, and ye are in me* 
 
 3. Again: when the point remains as it was, 
 but there is found something contrary to this 
 member in one of the members, which are after it ; 
 this they call rd^ot , as that which is said, rsd.i 1 
 r\raK'.i r^lK" "r^cocoo* K'TX.K'I AU&K*, I came 
 not to destroy the law, but to fulfil. This is the 
 first triad of points. 
 
 4. The second triad is thus. When the point is 
 put with rdocxcoSi, below the last letter of the last 
 member of the expression, as that which begins 
 the Holy Book of the Acts ; this is named by them 
 (the accentuators) r*&u>\. 
 
 5. But when it is without rtluaoia, the point will 
 be r5oa> ; d as that which is written by the holy 
 prophet David, rdui=:t coal voooo ra*jA, 2 bread 
 sustaineth the heart of man. 
 
 6. When again the speech looketh unto God, that 
 is, is supplicating, then the point is found placed 
 as rvu& ; as one would say, v^sa rcLjrc" rdx_=a 
 
 I beseech Thee, O Lord. ^ This is named 
 praying, or ri&je^v=a supplicating. 
 
 7. The third triad of points is this : where two 
 points are found placed equally, at the end of 
 an expression, in this way (:), being incited to 
 
 b In the margin is rdsacu . c John xiv. 20. 
 
 d Literally: "as that which is rtlifioxe." 
 
 1 Matth. v. 17. 2 p s- c i v< i5 t
 
 APPENDIX I. 79 
 
 tread on the apodosis of the discourse, this they 
 name rdcu. equals; according to that which is 
 said, r^stJK'.i K& T i ~> AuA.^jaoK'.i rdisa K'v-u.i 3 
 rd^irda , the Lord saw that the wickedness of 
 men was great in the earth, which has respect to 
 sinners, and by placing it in the beginning, seems to 
 tread lightly on the flood.* 
 
 8. But where that they are ahove the last letter 
 of the member of those which are found by me 
 placed in the middle, and one purposes to rebuke 
 those, who conduct themselves amiss, as the pro- 
 phet David said, K'VM r^l ''r^SaaX.i t^Y.v rC-in.i ocb, 4 
 he who created the eyes, doth he not see? this they 
 
 Call rSL*b\. 
 
 9. Where one wishes to make an end of the 
 discourse, and it is found placed as the preceding 
 one ; as that which is placed by the holy Apostle 
 in the Epistle to the Romans, : ^'-ioaa ^ixniL^ oA.r 5 
 ^snrf ^mW. ^n\s\, to ichom be glory and blessing 
 for ever and ever, Anien ; this they call rd.-vc.. 
 
 10. The fourth group is a duality of points. It 
 consists of jun^ rdl.t rd^ctn, the r^^cni ivhich does 
 not divide, and of jux&.i oco, that ichich does divide. 
 The first is as, ^ K'OOQ KLa-sa >v*>o "r^i> icu, 6 
 look, Lord, and see what has happened to m. 
 
 3 Gen. vi. 5. 
 
 c The example of r^*OJL here given is from Gen. vi. 5. This 
 passage serves as an introduction to the subject of the flood, and a 
 reason for bringing the flood on the earth. The subject itself may 
 be considered to have its commencement at the 6th verse. There 
 is, then, an interval between r^LOJt. and the apodosis, and this 
 interval explains what is meant by treading lightly on the flood. 
 4 Ps. xciv. 9. 5 Rom. xi. 36. 6 Lam. v. 1.
 
 80 APPENDIX I. 
 
 11. The second is as, ., rci*iso ^X r^s\& r\ s O 
 Lord, suffer us not to go astray. 
 
 12. The fifth group consists of a sextuple of 
 points. They are rdAjcuj^a, *"A,*'*i J poia , 
 
 , and rdacx .a on* or raoAa28. All 
 
 these take one place ; they are put above the first 
 consonant of the first member, and their accent is 
 called according to the particular sense, which is in 
 the words which are written. The first is, as when 
 our Saviour was pointed at by John the Baptist, 
 as with the finger, to the multitude, who were not 
 persuaded concerning him, and he said, cniiaK'K'cn 7 
 r<**yi\s .1 crxko^w AJUL..I OOP K'crAr^.t, behold the 
 Lamb of God, that taketh away the sin of the world. 
 
 13. The second sign is as that which our Saviour 
 asked concerning Lazarus, >oouc\\=*ia? pv.nf, 8 where 
 have ye placed him ? 
 
 14. The third is according to that which is said 
 by our Saviour, the Word God, in His Gospels, 
 
 ^Q^uiirC' rdire'o r^lacba >\nT.o rdi'rdA ^O^ o&, 
 come ye that are wearied and heavy laden, and I 
 will give you rest? 
 
 15. The fourth is as the sign, which was men- 
 tioned by Jonathan to the boy, r^'-ird^ -\*A Ai 
 r^Jr*' r^.-w-.i, go, gather the arrows, which I cast. 10 
 
 16. The fifth signifies, when the matter is 
 brought forward by one who is inferior to one who 
 is superior ; as, those words which the prodigal son 
 devised to say to his father, pa .TM vyr<* ^ . \ - A 
 
 j Deceive me as one of thy hired^ servants. 11 
 
 ^ John i. 29. 8 John xi. 34. 9 Matth. xi. 28. 
 
 10 1 Sam. xx. 36. Luke xv. 19.
 
 APPENDIX I. 81 
 
 Also the petition which is brought forward by man 
 to God ; t-oo ins, nf, cause our sins to pass away ; 
 blot out our offences; XA.I^ rdA* 
 rci\, remember not our iniquities. This 
 is called r^imtr*i. Therefore as to rc'.icuia and 
 rs'vttii ^ , when the expression is said by one who 
 is superior to another who is inferior, it is K'.tcuia , 
 because that it is said imperatively ; but if the con- 
 trary, then it is rdiacu&s) . 
 
 17. rdix&LiS) or nL=>cO^ ^jon*. Such are those 
 beatitudes, which are given with praise in the 
 Gospel by the Lord of all to those doing good 
 works/ 
 
 18. The sixth group consists of a triad of points 
 (accents). These are rdj-i^i.iivsj and nj^uxisa and 
 rr^\\-i*?3. All these are placed the contrary of 
 those which are before them, i.e. below the first 
 letter of the first member of the expression. 
 
 19. The first is according to that which the pro- 
 phet wondering said; o.trjrfo . fVi-n\^c\\<M rdi^rc' 1 ' 2 
 rdrsini r^irslsj, how have the minhty fallen and the 
 vessels of war perished ! K 
 
 20. The second is, where there is a simple expres- 
 sion, and another following it, thus completing the 
 apodosis of the discourse; as that passage, where 
 
 is made here another name for the sign which is 
 called ndrso.:^ acn*; Imt in Jacob's Tract, and by Bar Hebncus, 
 r<*lCm n*^ is treated as an independent sign. See note to 
 r^\ Ctt\ n-*) in the Tract. 
 
 12 2 Sam. i. 27. 
 
 * The mark of this sign is put, nbove the first letter by Bar 
 
 Ilebncus, where see, under T^ii_2W.lw\2fl. 
 
 m
 
 82 APPENDIX I. 
 
 Christ saw those Apostles, whom he wished to 
 choose, mending their nets. h 
 
 21. Again, the third is as the point by John 
 the Evangelist in the beginning of his Gospel; 
 K&\\=a K'aeo ,cnoAuK' Aux.'iri 13 in the beginning was 
 the word. 1 
 
 22. Then K'icunt or KLt.i i n -a , K'iai^ and 
 rdocu*i2k make the triad of points of the seventh 
 group. These are differently put, and each one 
 takes its appropriate place. The place of the first 
 is this. Because there are words in the Greek 
 language, which, when translated into our Syriac 
 language, it is not possible to render, except by 
 two members, as those prominent negations r*iX j 
 
 unbegotten, r^^n&xsa rcd k immutable, rcli 1 
 incomprehensible, &c., it has appeared to 
 the holy fathers and translators of the holy Scrip- 
 tures, that one point should be placed below the 
 
 h This passage is an example of meekness and humility on the 
 part of the disciples in immediately leaving all, and following 
 Christ, and its sign is K'Av*xlsa. 
 
 i 3 John i. 1. 
 
 1 See this sign explained and illustrated by Bar Hebrseus. 
 
 The Syriac Text of *^, i.e. of K'noi^^ is evidently muti- 
 lated. I have not, therefore, attempted a translation. I believe 
 that the text in its integrity is found a folio or two further on in 
 the MS. which contains the Tract of Thomas the Deacon. I have 
 inserted it and given a translation in Appendix II., where see. 
 J Greek, a.ycvvr)ro<;. k Greek, d/AeraTpOTros. 
 
 1 Greek, curvAA^Trros. 
 
 The sign rdncuaa^ is mentioned in the list, but there is not 
 subsequently given any description of it. I have therefore put in 
 Appendix II. the account of it found in the Tract of Thomas the 
 Deacon, as probably similar to what we should have here, if men- 
 tioned at all.
 
 APPENDIX II. 
 
 last letter of the first member, and the other point 
 below the first letter of the second member, which 
 show that in the Syriac language there are two 
 members, but in the Greek they are one member, 
 as is the case with many. 
 
 APPENDIX II. 
 
 rc'v-ocui 
 
 .x. 
 
 Ji3 CU CXaz^. rc'i r<L2k 
 
 . en . crA 
 
 H 
 
 .l cn 
 
 >c >.TD.l >cn ^a.To.i ,cri 
 
 H \ 
 r<Llcn . jaoCV i V On % p^ 
 
 71. i y.i JJL^U&^I pc'rdjt^jao rs'caiojt. 
 
 There is the sign, which is called K'ioi^ by us 
 Syrians, and is put by some on rf.iocn* only. This 
 is bound in that which is called 0^9, which has
 
 84 APPENDIX II. 
 
 three places, i.e., it is put upon the last syllable, 
 upon that which is before the last, and upon that 
 which is before that, which is before the last. This 
 which is placed on K'.iaon* is caocuQ\m%K > ir<lA . It 
 is found put in Greek over many nouns. 
 
 j Jj, v^Qo.1 003 / ndDCVfia2i r^iia&V^a.l J3oA\ Cicn 
 
 rc*cvjja acp.t even 
 i-so nd vfcnivta : aK'o nc'^xlsn jaaa^i even 
 
 ^UK* K'^OaSO r^A 
 
 Again, that which is called rdcofio^ is that upon 
 which philosophers have been solicitous, especially 
 Aristotle, who said that it announces a truth or 
 falsehood. This is that which divides the discourse, 
 and he said that it cannot be overturned by man ; 
 such as, God is good ; the soul is immortal. 
 
 ERRATUM. 
 
 IN page 1 3, for names of accents ; for the Syrians give names to 
 points, read metrical points ; for the Syrians call points
 
 APPENDIX III. 
 
 IN the British Museum is a volume of MSS. marked 
 Additional 25,876, consisting of a series of Tracts 
 on Syriac Grammar. The compiler of them (see 
 Assemani, Bibl. Orient, torn. iii. p. 307) was John 
 Bar Zugbi. The fifth Tract of this compilation is 
 one on the great metrical points. Its title, accord- 
 ing to Assemani, is K'wocLi.t 
 
 ! -i\ a the names of the great metrical points, 
 which the holy Mar Elias, the catholic patriarch, ex- 
 plained. On p. 265 of the same volume of Assemani, 
 he gives a list of the works written by Elias the first 
 patriarch of the name. Of the works which are 
 found mentioned in this list, the last is r^'i-sar^sa 
 Grammatical Discourses. On the 
 
 same page is Note 7, as follows : " Exstat unus de 
 punctis sub Eliae Catholici nomine, quern Joannes 
 Bar Zugbi suse Grammatica? inseruit." The evi- 
 dence then is complete that Elias the catholic pa- 
 triarch was the same as Elias the first. 
 
 The chief object of this Tract appears to be to 
 explain etyrnologically the names of many of the 
 Accents, of which some are exclusively Nestorian. 
 These Syrians, it is known, carried out in compa- 
 ratively later times the accentuation system in great 
 detail, exclusively for the purpose of regulating the 
 voice and adapting it to all the varieties and niceties 
 of reading. As this Tract is, however, taken up 
 with merely giving the derivation of the names of 
 the Accents, without saying any thing about the
 
 86 APPENDIX III. 
 
 mark and the position belonging to each Accent, it 
 is of itself too imperfect for publication. I shall, 
 therefore, content myself with making extracts. 
 Some of these may be of use for illustrating what 
 has been already treated of, whilst others will intro- 
 duce three or four additional Nestorian Accents to 
 the reader. 
 
 * 
 
 >sa&jc.r<' K'vBcui r^-iura ^a : ^a r\c\\ . rf 
 ^i& . .i <ueb. Zaugo is so named from the 
 number of the points, i. e. two points. The word 
 r^^pt signifies a pair, here of course a pair of 
 points. It seems to be employed in this Tract to 
 express a pair of points, varying very considerably 
 in their position. It may be regarded as a general 
 designation ; a name for a number of Accents, each 
 of which has for its mark two points, each of which 
 too has an especial name, derived from the posi- 
 tion of the mark, or a name suggesting either the 
 sense of the passage, or the regulation of the voice. 
 For the sake of example I make the following ex- 
 tracts. rsoj<xa oon Jlx. .1=3 .'*!&&*? fl&iLfci r^\ot 
 r<*\ T T. ,cn . >cnc\vocLn : relict is named 
 because the metre of its points is elevated, i.e. 
 the chain is above. 
 
 Gc 
 
 or r^cxao is so called, because that 
 the reading is mournful, or because it steals a little 
 from the word. From this explanation of the accent, 
 I infer that it is only another name for either of two 
 accents treated of in previous pages, i.e. either for 
 rd.Au*A> or rdAx^n^o. In both cases the etymology 
 of the name is suggested by the situation of the 
 mark, the mark being a little withdrawn from the
 
 APPENDIX III. 87 
 
 word, and lying rather furtively or secretly under it. 
 
 a r<L.oiiA rt^Li A^S . KllI-A. rd^Ot . .1 
 
 is so named, because it 
 
 obstructs the reader in the progress of his reading. 
 This is another instance, which shows that re^at 
 is employed by Elias as a general name for a class 
 of Accents. Bar Hebraeus speaks of rd\at as only 
 another name for T<L*OJL . See p. 37. 
 
 . J* : 
 
 is so named from the motion of the tongue. There 
 are two Accents bearing this name, one of which is 
 called r=>i PC*IS taa , and the other r^ia^.t T^isv^a . 
 According to Bar Hebrseus, the former is the name 
 given by the Eastern Syrians to the Accent rda^&, 
 and the latter to that which is more generally called 
 by the name . r^saAvi . See p. 50. 
 
 o 
 
 vy n;' . r^Ucn K'corxKXi. : rdxu is 1 
 receives this denomination for distinction. 
 
 -a.i 
 
 is so called because it depresses the voice. The mark 
 of this Accent is not given ; but it can be ascertained 
 from another quarter. When Ewald was at Eome 
 in the year 1836, he observed in a Syriac MS. in 
 the Vatican, an account given of the names of the 
 Accents. The MS., it seems, contained the Nesto- 
 rian edition of the Epistles of St. Paul. In the 
 first leaf of this MS. there appeared the names of 
 eighteen Accents with the mark of each of them 
 placed together in a row. There was also seen by 
 him a second copy of these Accents in a different 
 handwriting from that of the first. Hence he ob- 
 serves : " dass man nicht zweifeln kann hier die 
 echten Namen und Zeichen zu sehen." In pp.
 
 88 APPENDIX III. 
 
 206, 207 of the " Zeitschrift fur die Kunde des 
 Morgenlandes," erster Band, Ewald has given these 
 two lists. The first consists of the names and 
 marks of eighteen Accents, the other of the names 
 and vowel points of the same Accents. He states 
 that he has given these two lists to prevent any 
 mistake being made as to what are vowel points 
 and what are Accents. Of the Accents mentioned 
 in these lists K^^. is one, and the mark attached 
 to it is . thus rcu_^. . 
 
 -:- KLlJi-rL-a r<Lj_iAA ,- * <T A \ ^ . rc%> <S \ . o_. 
 T<T- * \ is so called because that it strikes on the 
 tongue in the reading. This Accent is one of those 
 constituting Ewald' s list, and the mark attached 
 to it is .. thus <^.aJ . See p. 61 for the account 
 given of this Accent by Bar Hebrseus. 
 mawaO-3 )n loo rdsb.-j .-%a . cn^i-ii rd^ani . jju 
 
 K'.v.i^.'if K'&'i-aA : cn&ti^.i r^j^cni is so called be- 
 cause the position of its points is similar to the 
 thumb restrained, or bridled. According to Bar 
 Hebrgeus its mark is three points /.making a triangle. 
 See p. 49. As co&v*, is derived by Elias from K'&i*, 
 we infer that on is the pronominal affix of the third 
 person singular. See Note A, p. 96. When the thumb 
 is restrained or bridled, the position will correspond 
 to the form of the mark of this Accent. The first 
 joint will be the vertex of a triangle, the three 
 points of which will be the first joint, the second 
 joint and the end of the thumb. K'JU.I^. is the pass. 
 part, of .nk.. The root is not found in the Lexicons; 
 but it is perhaps cognate in sense with rf^w. and 
 
 In like manner K*-A. is from^L which is 
 
 also not found in the Lexicons ; although it is no 
 doubt cognate in sense with K*.. But if we
 
 APPENDIX III. 89 
 
 cannot state precisely the sense of ~iL by analogy 
 with K'.TA. and .T^ ; we are assisted by finding 
 K'^o.v.Vk- in Castell with the meaning constrictio, 
 which he gives. If the sense of the participle be 
 corresponding to this, we may translate it restrained 
 or bridled as above. 
 
 : rc'vocu K'^A'At . 03 : rc'iv^.i rdocuaflii is named 
 from the number of Us points, i.e. three points. Ac- 
 cording to the Vatican MS. as copied by Ewald, 
 its mark is . the same as that of 
 Seep. 47. *' 
 ocn 
 
 ocia ^a jifiaA.i : n f \'-n i n^q is so named, 
 because that it abides on the noun, and as thatichich 
 cuts off the expression from what is after it. Its 
 mark consists, on the authority before mentioned, of 
 two points ; thus, : p^immrq . This Accent and 
 those marked -\^ jj , r* , .1* , cu , JJL , and -^ are 
 exclusively Nestorian. 
 
 its name is derived (lit. germinates) from 
 descent. 
 
 The Tract concludes with the following observa- 
 tion. rl'cia V i K'AvLsrA isaLi..! Aicb rdx.cn 
 
 noio, therefore, ice end the discourse on 
 the jirst part of the accentuation of the great metri- 
 cal points. We infer from this remark that E lias 
 compiled a second Tract on this subject. It is 
 probable that the two Tracts together made a com- 
 plete work on the accents. Concerning the time in 
 which Elias lived, Asscmani in his Bibl. Orient., 
 torn. iii. p. 2G2, says, " Elias hujus appellationis
 
 90 APPENDIX III. 
 
 primus Nestorianomm Patriarcha anno Christ! 1028, 
 ordinatus, sedit unum supra viginti annos." He 
 then makes a quotation from the Syriac Chronicle 
 of Bar Hebraeus, of which the following is an extract. 
 
 K'acn * 
 
 p<Lru2o , and there arose after hi/ni t 
 viz. after Jeshuayab, Ellas the first, who was bishop 
 of Tirhan, an old man and an excellent scholar. 
 
 THOMAS THE DEACON. 
 
 IN Appendix I, I have used as an argument for the 
 antiquity of the Letter there published, the points 
 of resemblance between it and the Tract on Accents 
 by Thomas the Deacon. The antiquity of the Letter, 
 indeed, may be established quite independently of 
 this argument ; for the internal evidence for it 
 brought forward on p. 67, is, I think, sufficient to 
 show that it must have been written at a time 
 anterior to that of Jacob of Edessa. I have in that 
 Appendix spoken of Thomas the Deacon as living 
 in the vi th century. I have, however, offered no 
 proof in confirmation of this statement, and it may 
 be thought by some persons that I should have done 
 so. It seems to me that it is, therefore, desirable 
 that I should produce such evidence as I have to 
 give, especially as it has been recently asserted in 
 a French Periodical, that Thomas the Deacon is 
 known only by name. In seeking for information 
 of this kind, it is usual to have recourse to the 
 Biblioth. Orient, of Assemani, as the storehouse for 
 supplying such intelligence. On consulting that 
 work, I observe that he has mentioned in several
 
 APPENDIX III. 91 
 
 places Thomas the Deacon of Edessa ; yet I do not 
 find there that anything whatever is said of a 
 Thomas the Deacon as the author of a Tract on 
 Accents. The heading of the Tract of Thomas is 
 simply, r^-^aorc'AvA ^.i i 7 v .1 K'uucU.l K'cn -TI T. 
 r^Axoa. His name and office are only mentioned. 
 Hence establishing the time in which he lived can, 
 I apprehend, be done only by inference. In con- 
 ducting an inquiry into the circumstances of the 
 life of Thomas, it is fair to suppose that he might at 
 some period or other have changed his designation. 
 By this supposition, we get a Thomas, who has 
 written on Accents, and written, so far as we know, 
 according to the Tract of Thomas the Deacon. The 
 inference which I shall endeavour to draw, and which 
 I shall be able to support by evidence, is that Thomas 
 the Deacon was the same as Thomas of Harkel. This 
 Thomas, it is true, is no where spoken of as Thomas 
 the Deacon, but as Bishop of Germanicia. In the life 
 of this Thomas by an anonymous author, given in 
 Assem. Biblioth. Orient, torn. ii. p. 90, it is not said 
 that he wrote a Tract on Accents ; but then the ac- 
 count is a very brief one, and, as Asseniani has pointed 
 out, although short, yet contains three serious errors. 
 In such a biography we can only expect to meet 
 with a bare statement of the leading points of the 
 life. Again, the Tract itself is very short, and there- 
 fore the circumstance that no record of it is found 
 in the biography ought to excite no surprise. It 
 contains only three or four pages, and assuming 
 that it was written by Thomas, it would not be 
 likely to appear as a separate publication ; but 
 would be most probably appended to some larger 
 work, such as his Syriac Version of the New Testa- 
 ment. Instances of small works being placed in
 
 92 APPENDIX III. 
 
 a volume comprising a large treatise are not 
 unfrequent. One instance we have in the Letter 
 of Jacob edited in this Volume. It was originally 
 appended to his translation of the \6joi e-n-iBpoviot 
 of Severus. The scribes copying the Letter were 
 to place it before the middle book of the Epi- 
 thronian discourses. See Letter on Syriac Ortho- 
 graphy, p. 10. The version of the New Testament 
 was made A.D. 616, when Thomas was Bishop and 
 probably advanced in life. The Tract on Accents 
 was no doubt written at a much earlier period, when 
 the Author was only a Deacon of the Church, and 
 very probably in the latter half of the sixth century. 
 
 Although the particular Tract on Accents with 
 the Title as given in Appendix II. is nowhere 
 spoken of as written by Thomas of Harkel ; yet we 
 learn from Bar Hebrseus, that he certainly wrote 
 on Accents. On p. 53 Bar Hebrseus says, "accord- 
 ing to the opinion of Thomas of Harkel *< cv\ ^ 
 and pdr)0\ =)cn are one." This is exactly what is 
 stated in the list of Accents by Thomas the Deacon, 
 p. 83. Again on p. 56, Bar Hebrseus remarks that 
 the Accent r^j.<U4ja is also called by Thomas by 
 the name K*icu\ . This too is the second name of 
 the Accent rxi t u *a in the list of Thomas the 
 Deacon. This coincidence must appear still stronger, 
 when I observe that rduaoLxsa and rac\ acn* are 
 treated of as independent Accents by Jacob and all 
 other writers with whom we are acquainted, with 
 the exception of the author of the Letter given in 
 Appendix I. 
 
 The inference I draw from all the circumstances 
 which I have here enumerated is that Thomas the 
 Deacon, the Author of the Tract on Accents, was 
 the same as Thomas of Harkel.
 
 APPENDIX III. 93 
 
 ADDITIONAL EXPLANATORY NOTES AND 
 CORRECTIONS. 
 
 PAGE viii. 1. 3,/or 720 1, read 7201. 
 
 p. -a, 1. 5. j-Acn n . n^jp^ -trans' . ^K 
 
 r^JK' 
 
 The punctuation of this 
 passage causes much perplexity. The Vat. MS. too 
 has a prefixed to ^OA\A, which must be an error. 
 After a very full consideration of the passage, it 
 seems to me that the translation in p. 1 may be 
 improved as follows. I would finish the third 
 paragraph of the page with the word it, in line 23. 
 I would then for the rendering there given, viz. 
 "more, I say, than such as those I am about to 
 speak of. Understand all ye, who read these things 
 that," substitute the following : Understand all ye 
 who read those things of which I am about to speak, 
 I speak for the sake of example. That the words 
 ^*rf vyK'.i may be rendered for the sake of example, 
 
 see Payne Smith's Thesaurus Syriacus p. 149. The 
 next sentence begins with the word With in 1. 26. 
 
 p. rd*, 1. 14. Here for the negative particle ol , 
 the Vatican copy has the preposition &ol, which is 
 no doubt correct, and which makes the sense obvious. 
 But in accepting this reading, my explanatory 
 note k of this passage in p. 10 becomes evidently in- 
 correct. The defence I have to offer, I think a fair 
 one, is, that I was led astray by the particle cA , 
 and that I could only deal with the Syriac which 
 was before me, not having seen the Vat. copy at 
 the time the note was written. With the Syriac of 
 my copy, I do not see that I could do otherwise
 
 94 APPENDIX III. 
 
 than I did. Adopting the reading b\o\ , as of course 
 I do, I would in page 10, 1. 4, have instead of: 
 " For the sake of argument, I attempt to suppose 
 something, which is not significant of that which I 
 wish to teach," the following : For the sake of ex- 
 ample, I attempt to put words different in significa- 
 tion (in juxta-position), which is what I wish to 
 teach. Then follows the next sentence, which is 
 correctly translated, but which in connection with 
 the preceding one must he thus explained. In this 
 sentence the word K'.VI^. occurs four times, and 
 each time in a different sense. This difference is 
 indicated by the points, and by them only. Hence 
 this sentence affords a happy illustration of the 
 justice of Jacob's previous remark to the copyists, 
 that the points should be put in the right places, 
 and not where there is a vacant place, whether it 
 be suitable or unsuitable. 
 
 P. 22, note za. For admonitory read chiding. 
 
 P. 25, 1.1. In the Vatican copy there is no point 
 under K* of jcooiv.re', and I think that it is correct. 
 
 P. 26, 1. 19. For or read and of. 
 
 P. 32, 1. 11. Jacob means that KLx.a\ is con- 
 stantly found in the way mentioned by him in this 
 paragraph as accompanying ft 01^ rtL^cni, and 
 also ry* r^i.i r^cni . In the first example we have 
 KL^.ot with the latter named accent, and in the 
 second we have rd^-c\\ with the former named 
 accent. 
 
 P. 38, 1. 3. For By read With. 
 
 P. 39, 1. 11. rdacn r^*r\T, cua, what is this peace? 
 The difference between Michael and Basil could not 
 have been with respect to the sense of this expres- 
 sion, because it is obvious that it must be interro- 
 gative. It is impossible to strip it of that character.
 
 APPENDIX III. 95 
 
 The difference, therefore, which existed must have 
 been rather with respect to the reading or chaunt- 
 ing. An explanation of this difference may be 
 found, if we turn to p. 54, and observe what is 
 there said. Of rf&jxisa it is stated, that " its mark 
 is one point, at the head of the word, behind, and 
 as with many it is placed before KL.U&," i.e. be- 
 fore rd*xjj& interrogative. Several examples are 
 there given of rf^uusa before rd&ut interroga- 
 tive. I have, therefore, no doubt that Michael put 
 T<LU>\ after Kiscn and that he accentuated the 
 expression thus : . r^jcn rsalx. cusp . 
 
 P. 39. Dele note g. Bar Hebraeus means us 
 to understand that the nouns r^.it and r*i=> are 
 in the nominative case according to the Edessene 
 copies, and in the vocative according to the copies 
 of Soba. 
 
 P. 43, 1. 1. For 'being read are. 
 P. 51, 1. 6. Dele or in. 
 
 1. 10. For caustic read mournful. 
 1. 23. Dele rc'aacn-* . Some explanation 
 of the paragraph on r^ i on\ n -*i is necessary to make 
 it intelligible. What is required for this purpose 
 may be found in p. 83 on K'ioi^. "We learn there 
 that what has three places is not the Syriac accent 
 r^ioi^, or as it is here called, r^iaalnsa, but the 
 Greek accent 'ofela, which is found, sometimes on 
 the last syllable, sometimes on the penultimate, and 
 sometimes on the antepenultimate. Bar Hebrseus 
 gives to these different positions the respective 
 names of r^2oo> , r^im\rrg and r^lsa <M . 
 
 P. 52, 11. 9, 10. Instead of " mentioned after- 
 wards upon that which is the praising noun," it 
 would be more correct to translate, upon the praising 
 noun, which is last mentioned. In p. 81, in the
 
 96 APPENDIX III. 
 
 paragraph on this accent, reference is made to the 
 beatitudes in Matth. v. They afford a happy illus- 
 tration of the difference of position of the accents 
 rdactAy ^acn_* and rj_JuLia_a as stated by Bar 
 Hebraeus. The word ^oca=>a^ occurs several times. 
 According to him, the mark of r<L=o^ raoru is on 
 the first ^OCQ^TJCX^ mentioned in this passage, and 
 that of rdioaLosj on the last. 
 
 P. 53, 1. 23. For my lord read the lord. 
 P. 79, 1. 4. For rd^irdn read : rd^irt^s . 
 
 1. 9. For me read tts. 
 
 1.16. For preceding read first. 
 
 1. 19. For glory and blessing read praises 
 and blessings. 
 
 NOTE A. 
 
 The pronominal affix en in coo\^ seems to be pleonastic. A 
 similar construction is met with in Assern. Bibl. Orient, torn. i. p. 
 252, Note 1, where Simeon the Stylite is called ,__V-y*nT. 
 cnicx^floK'.l . Dr. Bickell, in the glossary to his edition of the 
 Nisibene Hymns, page 41, under co^Q.1.1 KoioUK'has the follow- 
 ing note : " Eadem constructio apparet in co&UA rx.i K'i-SOJ 
 panthera maculosa, versicolor, enV^OT AcUp.o occisor furiosus, 
 imrno cum nominibus propriis, OD^OarLul pa^T^K*, Ephraem 
 sapientissimus." 
 
 In concluding this work, I beg to say that I 
 believe it contains the substance of all which native 
 writers have left us on the subject of the Accents. 
 I doubt if any thing really new could be added to 
 what is here to be found. As there is no other 
 printed book which treats fully and didactically on 
 the Syriac Accents, I hope that it may be long useful 
 to those who desire to engage in the study of them.
 
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