THE LIBRARY 
 
 OF 
 
 THE UNIVERSITY 
 OF CALIFORNIA 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND 
 MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID 
 
PLATE. 6. 
 
 I-:. GO 
 
 T Way imp 
 
 ' 
 
 EdibU Froa 
 
BY 
 
 M.C.COOKE 
 
 LONDON. 
 ROBERT HARDWICKE, 132, PICCADILLY. 
 
OUR REPTILES. 
 
 A PLAIN AND EAST ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 LIZARDS, SNAKES, NEWTS, TOADS, FROGS, 
 AND TORTOISES 
 
 INDIGENOUS TO GREAT BRITAIN. 
 
 BY 
 
 M. C. COOKE, 
 
 AUTHOR OF "RUST, SMUT, MILDEW, AND MOULD," "A PLAIN AND EASY 
 ACCOUNT OF BRITISH FUNGI," "MANUAL OF STRUCTURAL BOTANY," 
 
 "MANUAL OF BOTANIC TERMS," ETC. ETC. 
 
 WITH ORIGINAL FIGURES OF EVERY SPECIES, 
 
 AND NUMEROUS WOODCUTS. 
 
 LONDON : 
 ROBERT HARDWICKE, 192, PICCADILLY. 
 
 1865. 
 
 e v 
 
COX AND WYilAK", 
 
 ORIENTAL, CLASSICAL, ASD GENEIIAL PRINTERS, 
 GREAT QUEEN STEEET, \V.C. 
 
PREFACE, 
 
 TT may cause surprise to some who are not 
 amongst my most * intimate friends, that my 
 name should be attached to a volume on any 
 other branch of Natural History than one which 
 is in some way associated with the Vegetable 
 Kingdom. To these it may be necessary to 
 explain that I have only returned on this oc- 
 casion to an " old love," long deserted for the 
 fascinating charms o% " moulds and mildews." 
 In more youthful days I bird's -nested, caught 
 butterflies, and worried reptiles, with all the 
 pertinacity of youth, and amongst all these 
 pursuits acquired a taste for the study of our 
 native birds, reptiles, and insects, which led to 
 my first lessons in the classificatory sciences. 
 From these, it is true, I diverged in later years, 
 and almost confined myself to plants; but in a 
 
VI PKEFACE. 
 
 foolish moment, perhaps, the old hankering to 
 have a word or two with one's "first love/' has 
 come over me, and resulted in this humble 
 account of " Our Reptiles/' I make no preten- 
 sions to the production of anything more than 
 a popular volume on a rather unpopular subject, 
 to the espousal of the cause of a much-abused 
 and scandalized class ; and if I only aid in 
 recovering their character from a little of the 
 obloquy which attaches to them, I shall not 
 regret the venture. The man of science, if he 
 seeks for that which is novel or abstruse, had 
 better close the book, and go no further. I do 
 not presume to have written anything for him ; 
 but for those who know little or nothing of the 
 subject, I hope that herein may be found a useful 
 introduction, and a trustworthy guide. The 
 order of the chapters is not precisely that of the 
 classification of the animals described, but in the 
 Appendix a Systematic Arrangement has been 
 pursued. In conclusion, I acknowledge with 
 pleasure the kind and courteous assistance 
 rendered to me by Dr. Albert Glinther and Dr. 
 J. E. Gray, of the British Museum, in procuring 
 
PREFACE. Vll 
 
 figures to illustrate the work,, as well as for 
 hints and suggestions in its prosecution. To 
 those who honour it with a perusal, I now 
 commend it with " all its imperfections on its 
 head," 
 
 M. C. C. 
 
 UPPER HOLLOWAY. 
 
INDIAN SNAKE-CHARMER. 
 
 (From a Sketch by a Native Artist.) 
 
 BEPTILES AND SNAKE-STONES. 
 
 REPTILES, in zoology, constitute a Class of 
 vertebrate animals (that is, animals with 
 a backbone) intermediate between birds and 
 fishes, having a greater affinity with the latter 
 than the former. They are generally described 
 in scientific works as having cold blood, being 
 the possessors of a heart with sometimes one 
 and sometimes two auricles, but with only one 
 ventricle ; so that, at most, there are but three 
 chambers in their hearts instead of four. They 
 are still further characterized as oviparous, 
 breathing by lungs, or partly by lungs and partly 
 by means of gills; thus combining one of the 
 elements of fish-life with those of higher organ- 
 
2 OUR EEPTILES. 
 
 isms. Finally, their scientific portrait is com- 
 pleted by the announcement that the body is 
 either covered with shelly plates (as in the Tor- 
 toises, &c.), or with scales (as in the Snakes), or 
 with a soft naked skin (as in the Toads and 
 Progs) . 
 
 This is the orthodox definition of what con- 
 stitutes a Reptile, but not the best definition, 
 nevertheless, as Mr. Edward Newman has shown 
 in some important remarks on the classification 
 of these animals. 
 
 " The epidermis," he writes, " or outer skin 
 of quadrupeds, is clothed with hair, of birds 
 with feathers, of fishes with scales, but in 
 reptiles it is uncovered, perfectly naked. The 
 processes, whether described as squamce (in 
 Latin), or ecailles (in French), are projections, 
 folds, or rugosities of the under-skin ; and are 
 not deciduous like hairs, feathers, and scales, 
 but are as permanent and durable as the bones 
 themselves. This may be seen when the slough 
 of a snake is found. This slough is continuous, 
 and contains a faithful mould of each of these 
 processes : it is a very beautiful and very instruc- 
 tive object. The tortoise exhibits the pecu- 
 liarity of an articulated skin, the articulation 
 being clearly discernible in the living animal, but 
 becoming more conspicuous after death, when 
 dehiscence takes place and the plates fall off, per- 
 
REPTILES AND SNAKE-STONES. 3 
 
 fectly detached from each, other."* Let any one 
 examine the cast-off skin, as it is called, of a 
 viper or snake, and he will find it to be a thin 
 delicate cuticle which had covered all the pro- 
 jections and inequalities of the true skin, con- 
 taining a little pouch for each of the ' scales ' 
 (falsely so called) into each of which a projection 
 had extended. True scales are easily rubbed off 
 from the skin in fish, but there is no rubbing 
 them from that of a snake ; they are permanent 
 projections with a scale-like form. If there is 
 any value in words, then ' scale ' cannot be 
 applied at the same time to the deciduous, flat, 
 horny plates of fish, and the flat, depressed, but 
 persistent irregularities of the skin in reptiles. 
 However, with this reservation, we shall pro- 
 ceed to call them ' scales ' in deference to 
 custom, and the collective wisdom of those more 
 learned in reptiles than ourselves. 
 
 Having endeavoured to satisfy our scientific 
 friends, by taking off our cap to ( authority/ 
 and furnishing a ( red-tape ' description of the 
 class REPTILIA, we may be allowed to digress 
 a little by way of commentary upon the text. 
 We will not suppose it necessary to state that 
 ' Reptile' is derived from the Latin word rej)to., 
 ' I crawl/ nor justify its application to such as 
 
 * The Zoologist, p. 8450, 
 B 2 
 
4 OUE KEPTILES. 
 
 do not crawl. Nor shall we deem it advisable 
 to plunge into the controversy concerning the 
 mode of progression with the serpent before it 
 fell a victim to the curse, " upon thy belly shalt 
 thou go, and dust shalt thou eat, all the days of 
 thy life." It would, notwithstanding, be an in- 
 teresting occupation to trace the intimate con- 
 nection between the reptile race and some of 
 the most important religions of the world, 
 therein to seek the hidden and mysterious 
 meaning of which serpents, especially, were but 
 the symbol. This would lead us far, both from 
 our subject and our object, and we will rest con- 
 tent with hinting at a wide field of inquiry. 
 
 The heart and blood are two important 
 points of difference between reptiles and the 
 higher vertebrate animals. All reptiles are cold- 
 blooded. They possess a heart, it is true ; but, 
 as compared with higher organisms, an imper- 
 fect one, inasmuch as it has but one ventricle : 
 the result of this is that respiration is imper- 
 fect, and as respiration gives heat to the blood, 
 which in turn sustains the heat of the body, it 
 follows necessarily from their organization that 
 the temperature in reptiles should be very low. 
 Let a frog leap upon your hand, or take a newt 
 between your fingers, and the chilly, smooth, 
 apparently slimy appeal to the sense of touch 
 will carry conviction far swifter than argument. 
 
EEPTILES AND SNAKE-STONES. 5 
 
 In being oviparous, or producing their young 
 from an egg, these creatures agree with birds as 
 well as fishes ; but in some instances the outer 
 covering of the egg, then only a thin membrane, 
 and not a hard shell, is broken at the moment it 
 issues into the world, and the lively young 
 escape, in all respects miniature representatives 
 of their parents. In the latter case the term 
 ' ovo-viviparous ' is generally applied, and in 
 this sense we may, perhaps, have occasion to 
 use it. The features of a double life, wherein 
 one portion is spent in water, breathing by 
 means of gills, and the other on land, respiring 
 with lungs, will be illustrated when treating of 
 toads and frogs and other amphibians, so that it 
 will be unnecessary to enter upon the subject 
 here. 
 
 The multiform variations in reptile life may 
 well surprise the uninitiated, even perhaps 
 amounting to a doubt whether such things as 
 Tortoises, Alligators, Snakes, Toads, Newts, 
 Lizards, &c., differing so greatly in external ap- 
 pearance, can be regarded by scientific men as 
 members of the same class. Indeed, the last- 
 named gentlemen are not agreed that they shall 
 constitute one class, but a portion are separated, 
 such as toads, frogs, and newts, to constitute 
 another class, to which the name of Amphibia is 
 given. Our readers will not thank us for enter- 
 
t> OUR REPTILES. 
 
 ing upon a long dissertation on the merits of 
 the case, or appreciate any fine-drawn distinc- 
 tions which it might please us to make. Suffice 
 it to say that, although perhaps the majority of 
 Erpetologists (' learned in reptiles ') admit the 
 Amphibians as a distinct order, we shall, in the 
 present instance, adhere to the old method, and 
 regard them all as ' Reptiles/ 
 
 For the purposes, not only of classification, but 
 of orderly description, these animals are naturally 
 divisible into four groups, we may call them 
 orders, of which the first are the Chelo- 
 nians or Tortoises and Turtles, the second 
 the Saurians or Lizards, the third the Ophi- 
 dians or Snakes, and the fourth the Amphibians 
 or Toads, Frogs, and Newts. The first, or Che- 
 lonians, are scarcely represented in Great Britain 
 at all. The few turtles, which have been borne 
 in times past upon the waves that wash our 
 shores, and cast relentlessly upon our coast, had 
 really no business there, and only came as occa- 
 sional, distinguished, and probably involuntary 
 visitors. Under these circumstances we have 
 given them a place at the end of the volume, 
 although, according to rigid science, they should 
 have been at the beginning. 
 
 The Saurians or Lizards are represented in 
 Britain by four species, three having visible legs, 
 and the fourth snake-like in form. That the 
 
REPTILES AND SNAKE- STONES. / 
 
 Sand Lizard and the Viviparous Lizard, as well 
 as the Slow -worm, are true natives no one will 
 doubt ; but whether the Green Lizard deserves a 
 place in our Fauna is a more open question, and 
 is again referred to hereafter. The great Gavial 
 of the Ganges, sometimes nearly eighteen feet 
 long, the Crocodile of the Nile, the Alligator of 
 North America, and the Caymans of the South, 
 are the giants of this order ; but of these we have, 
 happily, no representative. In neither of the two 
 orders named do any of its members possess 
 poison-bags or venomous fangs, though we hap- 
 pen to know that it is a firmly-rooted opinion in 
 India that there is one or more species of lizard 
 capable of causing death by a wound, rendered 
 mortal either by a virulent saliva, or some other 
 means. Such a lizard, however, is entirely un- 
 known to scientific men, and by them the Bis- 
 cobra is believed to be only a phantom of ' the 
 heat-oppressed brain/ A surgeon, for many 
 years on service in India, tells us that he knew 
 of an instance of a man descending a well being 
 bitten by such a lizard, that he was drawn up 
 and indicated the position of the reptile ; that a 
 second man descended and killed the bis-cobra > 
 which was afterwards preserved in spirits at the 
 barrack -hospital for many years, and, finally, 
 that the man who was bitten died in consequence 
 in a few hours. 
 
O OUR REPTILES. 
 
 The third order includes all the snakes, from 
 the monstrous Boa constrictor and the dreadful 
 Rattlesnake and Cobra to the Ringed Snake and 
 Viper of our own islands. Of these we possess 
 but three, two of which belong to the harmless 
 snakes and the third to the venomous snakes. 
 There are many others known on the Continent 
 of Europe which do not occur on this side the 
 Channel, and in Ireland those of Britain are also 
 unknown. 
 
 The last group or order contains the Amphi- 
 bians, or those reptiles which at some period of 
 their lives inhabit the water and are truly aquatic, 
 and at another are either wholly or chiefly ter- 
 restrial. There are some very singular creatures 
 in this group, such as the Salamander, to which 
 such romantic stories of its incombustibility be- 
 longed, and of whom it was said, "If a salamander 
 bites you, put on your shroud." As late as 1789 
 a French consul at Rhodes, hearing a loud cry 
 in his kitchen, rushed to learn the cause, when 
 his cook, in a horrible fright, informed him that 
 he had seen a certain personage, who shall be 
 nameless, in the fire. The consul affirms that he 
 thereupon looked into the bright fire and saw a 
 little animal with open mouth and palpitating 
 throat. He took up the tongs to secure it, but 
 at first it scampered into a corner of the chimney, 
 lost a bit of its tail, then hid amongst some hot 
 
REPTILES AND SNAKE-STONES. 9 
 
 ashes. It was ultimately secured, found to be a 
 little lizard, was put into spirits, and sent to 
 Buffon. Thus runs the story, of which we must 
 permit our readers to believe in proportion to 
 their credulity. 
 
 We have now indicated the primary groups 
 which include the seventeen species found either 
 as true natives, or naturalized, or as occasional 
 visitors to the British Isles. Of these, two belong 
 to the Chelonians or Tortoises, four to the Saurians 
 or Lizards, three to the Ophidians or Snakes, and 
 eight to the Amphibians, of which latter, half 
 belong to -the section in which the individuals, 
 when mature, are not possessed of a tail, and 
 half to the section of Amphibians having tails 
 in all the stages of their existence. Only one of 
 the seventeen is capable of inflicting serious 
 injury by means of its venomous fangs, although 
 the toad secretes an acrid fluid beneath its skin, 
 to which allusion will hereafter be made. 
 
 " Frogs and toads are found on the Shetlands, 
 whilst Viper a berus, the most northern snake, is 
 already scarce in the north of Scotland. Rana 
 temporaries is met with in the Alps, round lakes, 
 near the region of eternal snow, which are nine 
 months covered with ice; whilst Vipera berus 
 reaches only to the height of 5,000 feet in the 
 Alps, and of 7,000 in the Pyrenees. A triton 
 or a frog, being frozen in water, will awake to its 
 
10 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 former life if the water is gradually thawed; I 
 found myself that even the eggs of Eana tem- 
 poraria, frozen in ice during seven hours, 
 suffered no harm by it, and afterwards were 
 developed. A snake can only endure a much 
 less degree of cold : even in the cold nights of 
 summer it falls into the state of lethargy ; it 
 awakes late in the spring, when some frogs and 
 tritons have already finished their propagation ; 
 it retires early into its recess in harvest, whilst 
 still the evenings resound with the vigorous 
 croaking of the tree-frogs and the bell-like 
 clamour of Alytes obstetricans. Our European 
 snakes die generally in captivity during the 
 winter, partly from want of food, partly by the 
 cold nights. The eggs of our oviparous species 
 are deposited during the hottest part of the year, 
 requiring a high temperature for development. 
 Further, though some accounts of Batrachians 
 enclosed in cavities of the earth or trees may be 
 exaggerated, the fact is stated by men whose 
 knowledge and truth are beyond all doubt, that 
 such animals live many years apparently without 
 the supply of food necessary for preserving the 
 energies of the vital functions."* 
 
 In this country, all Reptiles pass the winter 
 
 * Dr. A. Giinther on the Geographical Distribution of 
 Reptiles. Proceedings of Zoological Society. 
 
EEPTILES AND SNAKE-STONES. 11 
 
 in a state of repose, retiring to holes, clefts, or 
 other available places, apparently secure from 
 disturbance, either in company or singly, for a 
 quiet six months' ' nap/ During this period 
 no food is taken, growth is impeded, the circu- 
 lation is tardy, respiration is low, and the 
 semblance of death is almost complete. In the 
 spring the warm sun quickens their blood, 
 awakens them from their dreams, and again 
 they crawl or leap into active existence, to the 
 terror of ' unprotected females ' and the insect 
 life on which they prey. 
 
 The curious habit they have of changing their 
 habits, or casting off the outer cuticle of their 
 skins periodically and then devouring them, 
 offers an economical suggestion to those who 
 advocate ' the utilization of waste substances/ 
 in respect to cast-off clothes. Indeed, we are 
 not altogether innocent of devouring our old 
 clothing, but with this difference between our- 
 selves and the reptiles, they appropriate them 
 immediately and in their unchanged condition, 
 ours suffer mutilation, and manifold intermediate 
 changes, before they enter our mouths. 
 
 Although Reptiles are neither sufficiently nu- 
 merous nor venomous in our temperate climes 
 to give 'the traveller serious alarm, such is far 
 from being the case in tropical countries. There 
 we consequently hear of snake remedies, snake 
 
12 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 charms, and snake charmers, to an almost un- 
 limited extent. Any one who has paid attention 
 to the Materia Medica of hot climates knows how 
 common ' snake-roots ' and antidotes to snake 
 poison are in all such countries. In many in- 
 stances these substances are in themselves per- 
 fectly useless, and derived their reputation in a 
 great measure from their external resemblance 
 in form to the sinuous or coiled reptile. In 
 many others they are only stimulant or tonic. 
 
 The most notable of remedies is the snake- 
 stone, not only because of the wonderful powers 
 ascribed to it, but also on account of the belief 
 still entertained, even by many Europeans, of 
 its marvellous curative properties. There is 
 some confusion with regard to it, on account of 
 its numerous imitations. The true snake-stone 
 of the East is undoubtedly a kind of Bezoar or 
 biliary concretion found in the stomach of various 
 animals. Factitious Bezoars are generally 
 either of calcined bone, gypsum, or other ab- 
 sorbent material. The Zuhr Mohra or Zelwr 
 Morah, as it is called in India, is a kind of 
 Bezoar celebrated in Eastern works as a remedy 
 for snake-bites, hydrophobia, &c., and Dr. 
 Ainslie says it is supposed by the Hindoos to 
 possess sovereign virtues as an external appli- 
 cation in cases of snake-bites or stings of 
 scorpions ; and its various Oriental names imply 
 
KEPTILES AND SNAKE-STONES. 13 
 
 that it destroys poisons. Dr. Davy, on examin- 
 ing what are called snake-stones in India, found 
 them to be Bezoars. The same kind of sub- 
 stance is known in the island of Ceylon under 
 the name of Pamboo Kaloo. Berthollet mentions 
 eight kinds of Bezoar, which are chiefly phos- 
 phates. These were deemed efficacious not only 
 when taken as medicine, but even when merely 
 carried about the person, so that credulous 
 people would hire them on particular occasions 
 for a ducat per day. A single Oriental Bezoar 
 has been known to sell for six thousand livres. 
 The goat Bezoar was found in the fourth stomach 
 of the Capra agagrus of Persia, and was said to 
 be oblong, of the size of a kidney-bean, shining, 
 and of a dark green colour. This was doubtless 
 the most esteemed as a snake-stone. 
 
 An account, recently published, of one of these 
 snake-stones, which has great reputation in the 
 island of Corfu, thus describes the manner in 
 which it is employed :* 
 
 When a person is bitten by a poisonous snake, the bite 
 must be opened by a cut of a lancet or razor longways, and 
 the stone applied within twenty-four hours. The stone then 
 attaches itself firmly on the wound, and when it has done its 
 office falls off ; the cure is then complete. The stone must 
 then be thrown into milk ; whereupon it vomits the poison 
 it has absorbed, which remains green upon the top of the 
 
 P. M. Colquhoun, in All the Year Round, No. 139. 
 
14 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 milk, and the stone is then again fit for use. This stone 
 has been from time immemorial in the family of Ventura, 
 of Corfu, a house of Italian origin, and is notorious, so that 
 peasants immediately apply for its aid. In a case where 
 two were stung at the same time by serpents, the stone was 
 applied to one, who recovered, but the other, for whom it 
 could not be used, died. It never failed but once, and then 
 it was applied after the twenty-four hours. Its colour is so 
 dark as not to be distinguished from black. 
 
 In confirmation of the above, another writer 
 adds :* 
 
 While in Corfu, where I resided some years, I became 
 slightly acquainted with the gentleman in question, Signor 
 Ventura, of the Strada Keale, Corfu. His family is, as 
 stated, of great antiquity in the island. He does not know 
 exactly when the stone first came into their possession, but 
 conjectures it was brought from India by one of his ances- 
 tors. I have myself never seen this remarkable stone, but 
 am fully satisfied as to its efficacy, as I have constantly 
 heard of people being cured by it ; in fact, the first thing 
 the Greeks do when bitten by a venomous snake, of which 
 there are several species in Greece, is to apply to Signor 
 Ventura. The stone is then applied, exactly in the manner 
 described above, and the patient in due time is cured. 
 
 The instance alluded to where one died while it was being 
 used for another, is of a countryman who was bitten by the 
 viper while cutting myrtle or bay for church decoration. 
 He as soon as bitten ran to the town, distant some miles, 
 and arrived when the stone was in use. When it was pro- 
 cured for him, it would not adhere ; for it seems this singular 
 stone requires to rest in milk for some time, to vomit, as it 
 were, the poison absorbed. Before it was fit for use again 
 
 A. M. Browne, in Science Gossip, Vol. i. p. 38. 
 
REPTILES AND SNAKE- STONES. 15 
 
 he man died. The stone was broken by a very clever but 
 unscrupulous native physician, who procured it to look at 
 it, as he said, but who broke it in halves, and subjected 
 one half to the most severe tests, totally failing, however, to 
 discover its component parts. The fracture of the stone has 
 slightly impaired its curative power, and in consequence I 
 
 have heard the physician, Dottore , railed at in no very 
 
 measured language by the Greeks. 
 
 Sir Emerson Tennent gives an account of the 
 Pamboo Kaloo of Ceylon, which is employed for 
 the same purposes as the above, and the know- 
 ledge of such a use he thinks was probably 
 communicated to the Singhalese by the itinerant 
 snake-charmers of the Coromandel coast. " On 
 one occasion/' he writes, " in March, 1854, a 
 friend of mine was riding with some other civil 
 officers of the Government along a jungle path 
 in the vicinity of Bintenne, when they saw one 
 of two Tamils, who were approaching them, sud- 
 denly dart into the forest and return, holding in 
 both hands a cobra de capello, which he had 
 seized by the head and tail. He called to his 
 companion for assistance to place it in their 
 covered basket ; but in doing this he handled it 
 so inexpertly that it seized him by the finger 
 and retained its hold for a few seconds, as if 
 unable to retract its fangs. The blood flowed, 
 and intense pain appeared to follow almost im- 
 mediately ; but with all expedition the friend of 
 the sufferer undid his waistcloth, and took from 
 
16 OUR EEPTILES. 
 
 it two snake- stones, each of the size of a small 
 almond, intensely black and highly polished, 
 though of an extremely light substance. Then he 
 applied one to each wound inflicted by the teeth 
 of the serpent, to which the stones attached them- 
 selves closely, the blood that oozed from the 
 bites being rapidly imbibed by the porous tex- 
 ture of the article applied. The stones adhered 
 tenaciously for three or four minutes, the wounded 
 man's companion in the mean time rubbing his 
 arm downwards from the shoulder towards the 
 fingers. At length the snake-stones dropped 
 off of their own accord ; the suffering appeared 
 to have subsided; he twisted his fingers till 
 the joints cracked, and went on his way without 
 concern/' It would appear that Sir Emerson 
 submitted one of these snake-stones to Professor 
 Faraday for chemical examination, which re- 
 sulted in the professor giving his opinion that it 
 was a piece of charred bone which had been 
 filled with blood, perhaps several times, and 
 then carefully charred again. The ash was 
 almost entirely composed of phosphate of lime. 
 
 Captain Napier mentions an instance of the 
 efficacy of the stone. One of the soldiers having 
 been bitten by a scorpion, he says, " I applied 
 the stone to the puncture; it adhered imme- 
 diately, and during the eight minutes that it 
 remained on, the patient by degrees became 
 
EEPTILES AND SNAKE-STONES. 17 
 
 easier, the pain diminishing gradually from the 
 shoulder downwards until it appeared entirely 
 confined to the immediate vicinity of the wound. 
 I then removed the stone : on putting it into a 
 cup of water, numbers of small air-bubbles rose 
 to the surface. In a short time the man 
 ceased to suffer any inconvenience from the 
 accident/'* 
 
 Who will deny the evidence of such facts, 
 simply because they cannot understand them ? 
 Mr. E. Newman remarks very pertinently on 
 this same question : cc I have often been asto- 
 nished at the ridicule thrown over facts that we 
 cannot understand. Men of learning who laugh 
 at a phenomenon they have not seen, always 
 remind me of giggling girls who titter when 
 they hear two persons speak any language but 
 their own ; the cause of cachinnation is the same, 
 simple ignorance. "f 
 
 Whether ' snake- stones ' be the true Bezoar 
 or the factitious animal charcoal, the principle of 
 action is much the same ; both are absorbents, 
 and both chiefly consist of phosphate of lime. 
 The first object appears to be inducing the blood 
 to flow freely to the wound, and then the remedy 
 is applied. It is very much like sucking out 
 
 * Gosse's " Romance of Natural History." 
 t The Zoologist, p. 6983. 
 C 
 
18 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 the poison ; and of course the sooner this is done 
 after the wound is inflicted the better. After 
 the virus becomes disseminated through the 
 blood, it is useless to suck at the portal by which 
 it entered. In cases of poisoning by the bite of 
 a viper, cupping, and the application of leeches 
 have been effectual ; such remedies, however, 
 would be insufficient against the poison of the 
 more noxious tropical reptiles. 
 
 We are not aware that the ' stones ' alluded 
 to are worn as charms, amulets, or preservatives 
 against the bites of venomous serpents, but such 
 things are not uncommon in Eastern countries. 
 As the teeth of a tiger are sometimes worn as a 
 charm against attack from that animal, so perhaps 
 the fangs of a serpent may be regarded as a pre- 
 servative against the venom of serpents them- 
 selves. It is a current belief amongst the 
 natives in some countries where serpents abound, 
 that any one swallowing the contents of the 
 poison apparatus of venomous snakes is thereby 
 preserved from any ill effects accruing from the 
 bite of a serpent of that particular species. 
 
 Another kind of ' snake-stones/ adder-gems, 
 ovum anguinum or snake eggs, enter into the 
 ancient superstitions of our own country. Bor- 
 Jase tells us * that " in most parts of Wales, and 
 
 * " Antiquities of Cornwall," p. 137. 
 
EEPTILES AND SNAKE-STONES. 19 
 
 throughout all Scotland, and in Cornwall, we 
 find it a common opinion of the vulgar that 
 about Midsummer-eve (though in the time they 
 do not all agree) it is usual for snakes to meet in 
 companies, and that by joining heads together 
 and hissing, a kind of bubble is formed, which 
 the rest, by continual hissing, blow on till it 
 passes quite through the body, and then it im- 
 mediately hardens, and resembles a glass ring, 
 which whoever finds shall prosper in all his 
 undertakings. The rings thus generated are 
 called Gleinau Nadroeth; in English, snake- 
 stones.-" In winter the viper may often be found 
 in its hybernaculum^ several individuals together, 
 intertwined and in an almost torpid state. From 
 this circumstance probably some of the notions 
 connected with the stones alluded to may have 
 been derived. Mason, in his " Caractacus," puts 
 into the mouth of a Druid the following pas- 
 
 The potent adder-stone 
 Gender'd 'fore th' autumnal moon : 
 When in undulating twine 
 The foaming snakes prolific join ; 
 When they hiss, and when they bear 
 Their wondrous egg aloof in air ; 
 Thence, before to earth it fall, 
 The Druid, in his hallow'd pall, 
 Eeceives the prize, 
 And instant flies, 
 Follow'd by th' envenom'd brood 
 Till he cross the crystal flood. 
 c 2 
 
20 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 The glass beads, in more recent times em- 
 ployed as charms, were used as a substitute 
 for the rare ' snake-stones/ These " beads are 
 not unfrequently found in barrows,* or occa- 
 sionally with skeletons whose nation and age are 
 not ascertained. Bishop Gibson engraved three : 
 one, of earth enamelled with blue, found near 
 Dolgelly, in Merionethshire ; a second of green 
 glass, found at Aberfraw; and a third, found 
 near Maes y Pandy, Merionethshire. "f Some 
 have affirmed that in Cornwall, where they 
 retain a respect for such amulets, they have a 
 charm for the snake to make the ' milprev/ as 
 it is termed, when they have found one asleep, 
 and stuck a hazel wand in the centre of her 
 spiral. " The country people," says Dr. Borlase, 
 " have a persuasion that the snakes here breathing 
 upon a hazel wand produce a stone ring of blue 
 colour, in which there appears the yellow figure 
 of a snake, and that beasts bit and envenomed, 
 being given some water to drink wherein this 
 stone has been infused, will perfectly recover of 
 the poison." 
 
 We will leave Pliny alone J with his ovum 
 anguinum, and the various other authors who have 
 
 * Stukeley's " Abury," p. 44. 
 
 t Brande's " Popular Antiquities," iil p. 371. 
 
 J Nat. Hist., lib. xxix. c. 12. 
 
REPTILES AND SNAKE-STONES. 
 
 21 
 
 referred to these amulets, and proceed to matters 
 of fact rather than of poetry and romance, con- 
 cluding this chapter with a copy of the figures 
 of c snake-stones ' given by Pennant in his 
 " British Zoology," and who says of them : "Our 
 modern Druidesses seem not to have so exalted 
 an opinion of their powers, using them only to 
 assist children in cutting their teeth, or to cure 
 the chincough or to drive away an ague." 
 
 ADDEK- STONES. 
 
22 
 
 THE COMMON LIZARD. 
 
 (Zootoca vivipara.) 
 
 Enlarged view of the upper surface of the head, showing the form and 
 arrangement of the plates.* 
 
 THE Scaly or viviparous Lizard is a common 
 inhabitant of heaths and banks in elevated dis- 
 tricts in England and Scotland, whilst it appears 
 to have been one of the few reptiles which St. 
 Patrick permitted to remain within the limits 
 of the Emerald Isle. To what circumstance such 
 forbearance in this instance is due chroniclers 
 seem to have been unable to tell. In some 
 seasons, as for instance in I860, this lizard is 
 
 * Milne-Edwards in "Ann. des Sc. Nat.," ser. i. vol. 
 xvi. t. 5, f. 5. 
 

COMMON LIZAED. 23 
 
 found in vast numbers everywhere in the county 
 of Down. The observer who records its appear- 
 ance in such plenty on the above occasion 
 remarks, as a singular circumstance, that they 
 never occurred there before, except a single 
 individual at a time, and those at long intervals.* 
 Lord Clermont observes that it is never found in 
 low countries, but frequents mountain districts 
 in the greater part of North and Central Europe, 
 and is common in Switzerland, Germany, Poland, 
 and France, as well as in Scotland, England, 
 and Ireland. In Italy it is only found in the 
 Alpine regions of the north, and it also inhabits 
 the hilly parts of Belgium and Eussia.f 
 
 This lizard differs in a most important point 
 from the other species to be mentioned, and on 
 this account has been placed by naturalists in a 
 new genus called Zootoca, from the Greek word 
 zooS) ' life/ and tokos, ' offspring/ on account 
 of its young bursting through the very thin 
 membrane-like covering of the egg at the time 
 of birth, and are, therefore, ovo- viviparous ; 
 in which feature this lizard resembles the Viper. 
 The young, as soon as they are born, have the 
 free use of their limbs, and run about in com- 
 pany with their parent, soon commencing the 
 
 * The Zoologist, p. 7172. 
 
 t Clerinont's " Quad, and Kept. Eur.," p. 184.. 
 
24 OUK REPTILES. 
 
 collection of insects on their own account, im- 
 pelled by the feelings of hunger. The specific 
 name of vivipara has a Latin origin, with a like 
 meaning to the generic. This lively little reptile 
 will often be found sunning itself between spring 
 and autumn. All its movements are exceedingly 
 graceful and vivacious. In an instant it darts 
 upon an insect coming within its range, which as 
 speedily disappears down its throat. Like the 
 slow-worm and sand lizard, it is often the object 
 of persecution, though itself perfectly harmless ; 
 but, on account of its reptile form, does not escape 
 calumny. During summer the pregnant female 
 may be discovered basking in the direct rays of 
 the sun, and is then far less willing to be dis- 
 turbed than at other seasons. Tradesmen who 
 supply materials for aquaria, fern- cases, and 
 domestic vivaria, tell us that while they find a 
 ready sale for the newts, there is such small 
 demand for lizards, because " people are afraid 
 of them;" that they seldom keep any on hand, 
 but collect and supply them to order. This is a 
 foolish prejudice, because they would make an 
 agreeable addition to the attractions of a fernery, 
 and assist in keeping it free from insects. Their 
 movements are more graceful and rapid than 
 those of the newts, and certainly would not require 
 any larger amount of attention. 
 
 This species is smaller than the Sand Lizard, 
 
COMMON LIZARD. 25 
 
 not exceeding from five and a half to six inches 
 in length. The tail is longer in proportion, and 
 of a different shape, retaining the same thickness 
 for the first half of its length, and then diminishing 
 gradually to its extremity ; the palate is without 
 teeth, the temple is covered with small polygonal 
 plates, with a large angular one in the centre. 
 The scales on the back are long, narrow, and 
 hexagonal, and less distinctly keeled than in the 
 next species. The head is more depressed and 
 the nose sharper. The plates of the belly are in 
 six rows, with two small marginal series ; the pre- 
 anal plate is bordered by two rows of scales. 
 The fore legs reach to the eye, the hind legs 
 extend along two -thirds of the sides ; pores 
 from nine to twelve on each thigh. The back is 
 brown, olive, or reddish, with a black band on 
 each side from the head to the tail ; a second 
 dark band runs along the side, and is edged with 
 white. The under parts are spotted with black 
 upon a whitish ground, generally with a bluish 
 or greenish tinge.* 
 
 The relative size and viviparous character are 
 the best features whereby to distinguish this 
 species from the next. 
 
 * Lord Glenn ont's " Keptiles of Europe," p. 184. 
 
26 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 THE SAND LIZARD. 
 
 (Lacerta agilis.) 
 
 Enlarged view of the upper surface of the head, showing the form and 
 arrangement of the plates.* 
 
 THIS and the latter species were long con- 
 founded together. It appears to vary consider- 
 ably, both in colour and size, is generally larger, 
 but not so common as the Scaly Lizard. It seems 
 to be pretty widely distributed over Europe, 
 being found almost everywhere except in the 
 extreme North; confined more especially to 
 lowland districts. It is said to abound in Ger- 
 
 * Milne-Edwards in " Ann. des Sc. Nat.," ser. i. vol. xvi 
 t. 5, f. 4. 
 
THE SAND LIZARD. 27 
 
 many, Switzerland, Poland, Northern Russia, 
 in Siberia, 'and generally through central Europe. 
 It appears to occur freely in the neighbourhood 
 of Poole, but we do not remember to have met 
 with records of its occurrence in the North of 
 England, or in Scotland, although it may have 
 been confounded with the foregoing, especially 
 as it is evidently a Northern rather than a 
 Southern species. 
 
 Unlike the Scaly Lizard, which is in reality 
 the common lizard with us, it is oviparous, the 
 female laying twelve or more eggs in the sand, 
 and leaving them to be hatched by the heat of 
 the sun. She hollows out a cavity, or rude nest, 
 for the purpose, and covers her eggs with the 
 sand. It possesses a ' snappish ' temper, is 
 not readily domesticated, and refuses food under 
 confinement. Like other reptiles, it passes its 
 winters in a state of repose. 
 
 The liver, bile, excrements, and eggs of the 
 Lizard were in former times employed as remedies 
 in certain diseases, and the entire animal has 
 been proposed as a substitute for the Scink, a 
 reptile allied to the Lizards, which had a great 
 reputation in olden times, the use of which has 
 very recently been attempted to be revived. 
 Dr. Gosse, of Geneva, has maintained that the 
 ancients were justified in employing the Scink in 
 medicine, inasmuch as it possesses powerful 
 
28 OUR EEPTILES. 
 
 stimulant and sudorific properties, which might 
 be usefully employed in various diseases.* 
 
 In Mr. P. L. Simmonds's interesting and 
 amusing " Curiosities of Food/' several species 
 of reptiles are enumerated as affording food to 
 the natives in the various countries in which 
 they are found. Of these, the Iguana holds one 
 of the chief places in public esteem. This is a 
 gigantic lizard found in many tropical countries, 
 where it attains a length of three feet, and has 
 flesh " which is reckoned as delicate as chicken, 
 and but little inferior to turtle in flavour." 
 Humboldt remarks that in inter- tropical South 
 America, all lizards which inhabit dry regions 
 are esteemed delicacies for the table. The gi- 
 gantic crocodile, alligator, gavial, and cayman, 
 are also served at repasts. This, however, is some- 
 what foreign to our subject, and all who are 
 interested in reptilian delicacies we must refer 
 to the book in question. 
 
 The fossil Saurians of bygone ages were the 
 giants of those days. Dr. Mantell thought it 
 probable that the largest iguanodons may have 
 attained a length of from sixty to seventy feet. 
 The Labyrinthodons were also of considerable 
 size. Eemains and traces of numerous reptiles 
 have been found in the strata of our own islands. 
 
 * See Moquin Tandon's " Medical Zoology," p. 69. 
 
THE SAND LIZARD. 29 
 
 fc Impressions of the feet of a Labyrinthodon 
 were found by the late Mr. Hugh Strickland 
 in the lower Keuper sandstone of Shrewly 
 Common, Worcestershire ; and bones and teeth 
 have been discovered near Kenilworth, in the 
 Permian sandstones of the geological surveyors, 
 as well as in the upper Keuper beds. Five 
 species of Labyrinthodont reptiles have been 
 found in Great Britain, all of which must have 
 been very unpleasant -looking animals, with 
 fearful jaws, adapted especially for biting. And 
 yet such animals lived on the shores of a sea- 
 bed which now constitutes much of the pleasant 
 vales of Worcestershire and Cheshire, the shores 
 of the New Eed Sandstone sea.* 
 
 Returning from c stewed Iguana' and extinct 
 reptiles to the little Lizard of the present dege- 
 nerate days, we may observe, that though 
 neither formidable in size, repulsive in appear- 
 ance, nor in any sense aggressive or noxious, it 
 has many enemies, some amongst bipeds with 
 feathers, and some amongst bipeds without. It 
 has personal interest in the ' smooth snake ' 
 and its proximity to its own locality ; for that 
 reptile has a great predilection . for a lizard at 
 luncheon, whilst the common snake prefers a 
 frog or a newt. But the most relentless perse- 
 
 * " Old Bones," by the Rev. W. S. Symonds, p. 81. 
 
30 OUR EEPTILES. 
 
 cution is carried on by schoolboys, and even 
 adults, with more zeal than discretion, who fancy 
 that they are doing 'the state some service/ 
 in efforts to accomplish .its extermination. That 
 it is not only inoffensive, but useful in keeping 
 up the balance of nature, by its reduction of 
 insect life, its legitimate prey, is a truth, like 
 the ( small bird question/ which may be ac- 
 knowledged when it is all but too late. 
 
 There are two varieties of this lizard, indi- 
 cated by their relative colour. In one the 
 general tint is brown; in the other it is green. 
 The most common variety has the back of a 
 sandy-brown colour, sometimes spotted with 
 black, with the sides greenish in the male, but 
 brownish in the female : the belly is white and 
 often spotted. In length it is from seven to 
 nine inches, of which the tail occupies more than 
 half, or nearly two-thirds. The scales of the 
 upper part of the body are roundish or angular, 
 and distinctly keeled ; the plates of the belly are 
 arranged in six rows, of which the two central 
 rows are the narrowest. The tail is covered 
 with from fifty to eighty distinct whorls or rings 
 of scales, which are longer and narrower than 
 those of the back. It is thicker and rather more 
 clumsy than the last species, and the limbs are 
 stouter and stronger, and is less graceful and 
 vivacious in its movements. There are other 
 
THE SAND LIZARD. 31 
 
 and more minute points of difference, but these 
 are of interest rather to the zoologist than to the 
 general reader. It may be observed, however, 
 that in this species there are to be found, in 
 addition to the ordinary teeth at the margin of 
 the upper and lower jaws, also a few very small 
 ones seated on the back part of the palate, and 
 which are wanting in the common lizard. 
 
 Professor Bell states on the faith of a gentle- 
 man of his acquaintance, that the brown varieties 
 are confined to sandy heaths, the colours of which 
 are closely imitated by the surface of the body, 
 and that the green variety frequents the more 
 verdant localities. This, he adds, he had not 
 been in a position either to refute or confirm, 
 and could only vouch for the existence of two 
 such varieties, at a comparatively short distance 
 from each other. 
 
32 
 
 THE GREEN LIZARD. 
 
 (Lacerta viridis.) 
 
 Enlarged view of the side of the head, showing the form and arrangement 
 of the plates.* 
 
 Is the Green Lizard really a native of Britain ? 
 That is the very knotty question which we 
 desire to settle, both for our own satisfaction 
 and that of our readers, but cannot divest our 
 minds of a lingering doubt whether it may not 
 have descended to us in a similar manner to the 
 shower of edible frogs which Mr. Penney rained 
 down upon Foulmire. That this species has 
 been found in Great Britain, in an apparently 
 
 * Milne-Edwards in " Ann. des Sc. Nat.," ser. i. vol. xvi. 
 t. 7, f. 2. 
 
THE GREEN LIZAED. 33 
 
 wild state, is without a doubt, but how it came 
 there is past finding out. 
 
 If we turn over the pages of the earlier 
 volumes of the Zoologist we here and there 
 encounter little facts of a very stubborn nature, 
 relative to the Green Lizard, in every instance 
 guaranteed by some name well known in the 
 annals of science. One of the earliest of these 
 notes is by Dr. Bromfield,* in which he states 
 <r l am told, on competent authority, th&t Lacerta 
 viridis is quite frequent and even abundant in 
 the neighbourhood of Herne Bay. I may add, 
 there can be no doubt about the species, and 
 that it certainly is not the smaller green lizard of 
 Poole, but identical with the species long known 
 to inhabit Guernsey, as my friend Professor Bell 
 has received a specimen from Herne Bay, but 
 not in time to notice the discovery for the 
 second edition of his "British Eep tiles. " Corro- 
 borative of this, and on the same page of that 
 journal, occurs the following communication 
 from the late Mr. John Wolley : " Seven or 
 eight years ago, a schoolfellow of mine at Eton, 
 a native of Guernsey, assured me he had seen 
 lizards in Devonshire precisely similar to the 
 lizards of his own island;" and again, "Nearly 
 two years since a learned Professor of the TJni- 
 
 * Zoologist, p. 2707. 
 D 
 
34 OUB REPTILES. 
 
 versity of Edinburgh mentioned that he had 
 dissected a Green Lizard brought by a botanical 
 party from the Clova mountains." Still later 
 another credible witness, the Rev. W. H. Cor- 
 deaux, gives evidence to the effect that he 
 had examined the Reptilia of the Canterbury 
 Museum, and had there found a male and female 
 of this species, but that no trustworthy informa- 
 tion could be obtained of the locality and date of 
 their capture.* In 1863 a paper was read and 
 a specimen exhibited before the Holmesdale 
 Natural History Club, at Reigate, by Mr. J. A. 
 Brewer. The specimen was caught by a labourer 
 on a bank by the side of the road, a little way 
 from Dorking, on the road to Reigate, and pur- 
 chased of him the same evening. In the course 
 of this paper Mr. Brewer remarks :f " The occur- 
 rence of this solitary specimen is not sufficient in 
 itself to establish it as a British species ; but on 
 showing it, a few days since, to Mr. John E. 
 Daniel, a well-known naturalist, and who cer- 
 tainly would not have been likely to mistake 
 this beautiful species, he informed me that a few 
 years since he had observed three or four speci- 
 mens of it on the heath, about half a mile south 
 of Wareham, in Dorsetshire, one of which he 
 captured, and is quite certain of its identity with 
 
 * Zoologist, p. 2S55. f Ibid. p. 8639. 
 
THE GREEN LIZARD. 35 
 
 the Green Lizard (Lacerta viridis), a species 
 which, he is well acquainted with, having fre- 
 quently seen it in Germany, and received speci- 
 mens from the Channel Islands. Gilbert White, 
 in his " Natural History of Selborne," has the 
 following remark, which probably applies to this 
 species : " I remember well to have seen for- 
 merly several beautiful green Lacerti on the 
 sunny sand-banks near Farnham, in Surrey, and 
 Ray admits there are such in Ireland." All we 
 can say to such evidence is, that the facts are 
 too strong and well attested to deny that the 
 Green Lizard has been several times found in 
 this country ; and though it is quite possible, 
 nay, certain, that many a time and oft they have 
 been brought from Guernsey, and turned adrift 
 here, they are at least naturalized and deserve a 
 notice in any history of " Our Reptiles." Some 
 of the more recent captures may have been indi- 
 viduals from the ' imports/ but it is equally 
 probable that the Green Lizards mentioned by 
 White were really indigenous, and the same 
 species. Who shall determine satisfactorily that 
 they were not ? 
 
 The large Lizard quoted by Pennant can 
 scarcely be the same as the present, unless the 
 length was much exaggerated. He thus records 
 it: 
 
 The most uncommon species we ever met with any account 
 D 2 
 
36 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 of, is that which was killed near Woscot, in the parish of 
 Swinford, Worcestershire, in 1741, which was two feet six 
 inches long and four inches in girth. The fore legs were 
 placed eight inches from the head, the hind legs five inches 
 beyond those : the legs two inches long, the feet divided 
 into four toes, each furnished with a sharp claw. Another 
 was killed at Penbury, in the same county. Whether these 
 are not of exotic descent, and whether the breed continues, 
 we are at present uninformed. 
 
 This reptile is found inhabiting the greater part 
 of Central and Southern Europe, including 
 France as far north as Paris. It is very com- 
 mon in the south of that country, all over Italy 
 and the south of Switzerland ; is found in Sicily, 
 Greece, Poland, Austria, the Crimea, and Bar- 
 bary.* 
 
 This is a really fine lizard, large, beautiful, 
 and attractive, at least as much so as a reptile 
 can be. Its entire length seldom exceeds fifteen 
 inches, though sometimes attaining eighteen 
 inches in the Morea. Although the colouring is 
 very variable, green is a prevailing tint. The 
 upper surface is sometimes of a uniform green, 
 at others green with yellow spots, and occa- 
 sionally brown with green or white markings, 
 rarely brown with white streaks edged with 
 black. The lower surface is usually yellow. It 
 occurs on hedge-banks and grassy places. 
 
 * Lord Clermont's " Quadrupeds and Keptiles of Europe," 
 p. 1 
 
THE GEEEN LIZAED. 37 
 
 It is of a rather tractable nature, submits to 
 confinement, and ultimately becomes familiar, 
 for which reason it is not an uncommon pet in 
 the warmer countries of Europe, where it is 
 chiefly found ; and is occasionally imported into 
 this 'country for a like purpose. If it really 
 cannot be proved to be truly indigenous to 
 Great Britain, all we can say is, ' the morels the 
 pity/ because it would be a handsome addition 
 to the reptile fauna of any country, and being 
 inoffensive and tractable, could be welcomed 
 without regret. 
 
 Enlarged view of the upper surface of the head of the Green Lizard 
 (Lacerta viridis) showing the form and arrangement of the plates. 
 Milne-Edwards, t. 5, f. 3. 
 
38 
 
 THE BLINDWORM. 
 
 (Anguis fragilis.) 
 
 IN external form, the Slow-worm so much re- 
 sembles a little snake that those of our readers 
 who have not delved deeply in the mines of 
 Reptilian knowledge will, at first, evince sur- 
 prise at finding it amongst the Lizards, in com- 
 pany with whom it is placed by scientific men. 
 But as much as first appearances are opposed to 
 this union, a closer examination will prove that 
 it is ' the right thing in the right place/ The 
 most convincing proof of this is to be found in 
 the fact that, although not possessed of external 
 legs, the rudiments of these organs are concealed 
 beneath the skin. The eyes, again, are furnished 
 with moveable eyelids a phenomenon not oc- 
 
THE BLINDWOKM. 39 
 
 curring amongst the Snakes, but found in the 
 Lizards. Then, again, the jaws of serpents are 
 so constructed as to expand sufficiently to admit 
 as large a body as will pass down into the 
 stomach, whilst in the Blindworm this is not 
 the case. The tongue, also, is notched at the 
 point, but not cleft or forked, as in the Ophi- 
 dians. Finally, the back, belly, sides, and tail 
 are all covered with small rounded scales, which, 
 as we shall see shortly, is by no means the case 
 with serpents. For these reasons, and some 
 others too technical to deserve a place here, 
 the Blindworm, or Slow-worm, is classed with 
 Lizards, and is, in fact, a Lizard without visible 
 legs. 
 
 This anomalous reptile is found all over Europe, 
 except the most northern countries, and, again, 
 we must except Ireland ; but in England and 
 Scotland it is very common. Being less sus- 
 ceptible of cold, it is found further north, and 
 comes out from its hybernaculum earlier than 
 most other reptiles. Like the snakes, it casts 
 its slough, which it leaves behind, and does not 
 attempt to devour. This is generally turned 
 1 inside out/ as in the snake and viper ; but the 
 tail portion is sometimes excepted : out of this 
 the tail is sometimes drawn without the skin 
 being reversed. When in confinement the slough 
 usually comes off in fragments. 
 
40 OUK REPTILES. 
 
 Like the viper and the scaly Lizard, the Blind- 
 worm is ovo-viviparous i. e., its young are 
 brought forth alive, from 7 or 8 to 10 or 12 at a 
 birth. 
 
 There is one peculiarity in this reptile, which 
 is met with in no other British species ; whence 
 its specific name of fragilis is derived. When 
 attacked, alarmed, or taken hold of, it becomes 
 rigid ; and in this condition any effort to bend 
 it results in breaking off a portion of the tail ; 
 a slight blow will sever it in the same manner ; 
 and when taken hold of by the tail it will some- 
 times make its escape, leaving that extremity 
 in the hand. Within certain limits it has also 
 the power of replacing the broken part ; for a 
 short conical tip at length occupies the place of 
 the severed tail. It is very inoffensive, quiet, 
 timid, and retiring in its habits ; and is, in fact, 
 a model of reptile virtues, without possessing 
 any taint of reptile vices. Like some friends, 
 it ' improves upon a closer acquaintance/ 
 
 Mr. George Daniel has given us some of the 
 most complete observations on the habits of this 
 reptile : " A Blindworm that I kept alive for 
 nine weeks would, when touched, turn and bite, 
 although not very sharply ; its bite was not 
 sufficient to draw blood, but it always retained 
 its hold until released. It drank sparingly of 
 milk, raising the head when drinking. It fed 
 
THE BLINDWORM. 41 
 
 upon the little white slug, so common in fields 
 and gardens, eating six or seven of them, one 
 after the other ; but it did not eat every day. 
 It invariably took them in one position. Ele- 
 vating its head slowly above its victim, it would 
 suddenly seize the slug by the middle, in the 
 same way that a ferret or dog will generally 
 take a rat by the loins ; it would then hold it 
 thus sometimes for more than a minute, when 
 it would pass its prey through its jaws, and 
 swallow the slug head foremost. It refused the 
 larger slugs, and would not touch either young 
 frogs or mice. Snakes kept in the same cage 
 took both frogs and mice. The Blindworm 
 avoided the water; the snakes, on the contrary, 
 coiled themselves in the pan containing the 
 water which was put into the cage, and ap- 
 peared to delight in it. The Blindworm was 
 a remarkably fine one, measuring fifteen inches 
 in length. It cast its slough whilst in my keep- 
 ing. The skin came off in separate pieces, the 
 largest of which was two inches in length, 
 splitting first beneath, and the peeling from 
 the head being completed the last."* 
 
 As will be seen on comparing this extract 
 with some of our own observations, it does not 
 entirely accord in all its minor details. For 
 
 * Note to White's "Selborne," Bennett's edition. 
 
42 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 instance, in its food ; for, although it is not at 
 first disposed to eat in confinement, it becomes 
 at length more sociable, and will then eat 
 earthworms as freely as slugs. 
 
 Of all the guiltless beings which are met 
 with, we have none less chargeable with crimi- 
 nality than the poor Slow-worm; yet none are 
 more frequently destroyed than it, included, as 
 it is, in the general and deep-rooted prejudice 
 attached to the serpent race. The viper and 
 snake, though they experience no mercy, escape 
 often by activity of action; but this creature, 
 from the slowness of its movements, falls a more 
 ready victim. We call it a ' blindworm/ pos- 
 sibly from the supposition that, as it makes little 
 effort to escape, it sees badly ; but its eyes^ 
 though rather small, are clear and lively, with 
 no apparent defect of vision. The natural 
 habits of the Slow- worm are obscure; and 
 living in the deepest foliage and the roughest 
 banks, he is generally secreted from observa- 
 tion; but loving warmth, like all his race, he 
 creeps, half torpid, from his hole, to bask in 
 spring-time in the rays of the sun, and is, if 
 seen, inevitably destroyed. Exquisitely formed 
 as all these gliding creatures are, for rapid and 
 uninterrupted transit through herbage and such 
 impediments, it is yet impossible to examine a 
 Slow- worm without admiration at the peculiar 
 
THE BLINDWORM. 43 
 
 neatness and fineness of the scales with which it 
 is covered. All separate as they are, they lap 
 over and close upon each other with such ex- 
 quisite exactitude, as to appear only as faint 
 markings upon the skin, requiring a magnifier 
 to ascertain their separations ; and to give him 
 additional facility of proceeding through rough 
 places, these are all highly polished, appearing 
 lustrous in the sun, the animal looking like a 
 thick piece of tarnished copper wire. When 
 surprised in his transit from the hedge, contrary 
 to the custom of snake or viper, which writhe 
 themselves away into the grass in the ditch, he 
 stops, as if fearful of proceeding, or to escape 
 observation by remaining motionless ; but if 
 touched, he makes some effort to escape. This 
 habit of the poor Slow-worm becomes frequently 
 the cause of his destruction.* 
 
 This species is generally about ten inches in 
 length, and rarely exceeds fourteen inches. Its 
 general colour on the upper surface is of a 
 brownish grey, with a silvery or bright steel- 
 like appearance. There are commonly several 
 parallel rows of minute darker spots along the 
 sides, and one down the middle of the back. 
 Underneath it is of a bluish black, with a whitish 
 network. The young at first are whitish, then 
 
 * Knapp's " Journal of a Naturalist," p. 309. 
 
44 OUR EEPTILES. 
 
 of a light yellowish grey above, with a black 
 line running down the back, and with black 
 bellies. The mature reptile is cylindrical, or 
 slightly squared, in form, gradually decreasing 
 towards the tail, which ends abruptly. The 
 latter often equals the body in length, and is 
 covered above and below, as well as the body, 
 with small, rounded, closely-fitting scales. The 
 eyes are small, and provided with moveable eye- 
 lids. The tongue is broad, but not very long, 
 and notched at the tip ; and the teeth are minute, 
 and slightly hooked. 
 
45 
 
 THE COMMON SNAKE. 
 
 (Tropidonotus natrix. Dum. & Bibr.) 
 
 A mass of Snake's eggs from a dunghill. 
 
 EVERYBODY involuntarily shudders at the name 
 of a snake. Very few possess courage enough 
 to attempt staring one out of countenance, or 
 staying to count the number of scales on its 
 head. Fancy oneself deeply intent, with nose 
 unusually low, seeking the ruddy wild straw- 
 berry on a 'sunny hedge -bank, and even whilst 
 smacking the lips with the relish of the tart 
 
46 OUR EEPTILES. 
 
 little fruit but lately conveyed there, about to 
 pluck another yet larger and redder, when lo ! 
 beneath our very fingers glides the sleek, at- 
 tenuated form of the reptile ay, within ten 
 inches of our depressed nose. Under such 
 circumstances, should we be surprised at finding 
 ourselves starting back ; at feeling a slight and 
 momentary sensation, as of a drop of water 
 trickling down our back ; or at forgetting to 
 observe whether the intruder was really a viper 
 or a snake ? 
 
 What is called the Common or Ringed Snake 
 with us, is really the most common snake in 
 Europe. It is found in almost every country 
 from Sweden in the north, to Sicily in the south, 
 excepting Ireland, whence it is said to have been 
 banished by the good Saint Patrick, and in the 
 extreme north of Russia, whence it is probably 
 excluded by the temperature, independent of 
 saintly proscription. In Britain it is far more 
 common in the South than in the North ; some 
 have even had the temerity to deny its occurrence 
 in Scotland, but apparently without good found- 
 ation. Attempts have been made to introduce 
 it into Ireland, an account of one such being 
 narrated in Bell's " British Reptiles." But the 
 hand of every true Irishman was armed against 
 the innovation, and the imports soon suffered 
 extermination. 
 
THE COMMON SNAKE. 47 
 
 However one may shudder at the sight of a 
 snake, this species is perfectly harmless, indeed 
 rather tractable under confinement, and certainly, 
 in common with the rest of its tribe, exceedingly 
 graceful in its undulations, and possessed of 
 a truly fascinating eye. As we write this para- 
 graph, a lively individual about two feet in 
 length is gazing intently at the movements of 
 our fingers, as if to divine therefrom whether 
 any malignant libel is being penned, or whether 
 the movements are those of flattery. 
 
 This species is truly oviparous. Its eggs, 
 from sixteen to twenty in number, attached 
 together by a glutinous secretion, are deposited 
 in some favourable locality, as a dunghill, and 
 are hatched by the heat developed, or that de- 
 rived from direct exposure to the sun. In this 
 circumstance it will be seen to differ from the 
 viper. Knapp gives a good account of a nest of 
 snake's eggs : 
 
 My labourer, this July the 18th, in turning over some 
 manure, laid open a mass of snake's eggs, fifteen only ; and 
 they must have been recently deposited, the manure having 
 very lately been placed where they were found. They were 
 larger than the eggs of a sparrow, obtuse at each end, of a 
 very pale yellow colour, feeling tough and soft, like little 
 bags of some gelatinous substance. The inner part con- 
 sisted of a glareous matter like that of the hen, enveloping 
 the young snake, imperfect, yet the eyes and form sufficiently 
 denned. Snakes must protrude their eggs singly, but pro- 
 
48 OUE REPTILES, 
 
 bably all at one time, as they preserve no regular disposition 
 of them, but place them in a promiscuous heap. At the 
 time of protrusion they appear to be surrounded with a 
 clammy substance, which, drying in the air, leaves the mass 
 of eggs united wherever they touch each other. I have heard 
 of forty eggs being found in these deposits ; yet, notwith- 
 standing such provision for multitudes, the snake, generally 
 speaking, is not a very common animal.* 
 
 Having deposited her eggs, the female appears 
 to have no further care or thought of her progeny. 
 She neither watches over them to preserve them 
 from injury, nor, when hatched, does she take 
 them under tuition in the tortuous policy of a 
 snake's existence. The incubation of snakes was 
 a knotty point widely discussed when the Python 
 of the Zoological Gardens laid eggs, which were 
 never hatched. 
 
 This snake, in common with others, changes 
 its skin at intervals, but not, as has been stated, 
 at regular periods, or once a year ; but some- 
 times four or five times during the year, and 
 often less, according to circumstances. In this 
 ' sloughing * process the reptile bursts the 
 cuticle about its neck, draws out its head, the 
 old skin is thrust back, and the snake crawls 
 out. In this process the skin is turned inside 
 out, and left on the grass to scare unwary 
 females into the belief that they have seen a 
 
 * Knapp's u Journal of a Naturalist," p. 306. 
 
THE COMMON SNAKE. 49 
 
 snake, little dreaming that they have only been 
 shuddering at its old clothes. 
 
 What does the snake eat ? Undoubtedly it 
 delights in frogs, young birds, birds 7 eggs, and 
 even mice. Imagine the little shudder and 
 start in which we indulged in boyhood, on 
 putting our hand, with felonious intent, into 
 a bird's nest (we couldn't see into it), and find- 
 ing our fingers come in contact with the smooth 
 cold folds of a coiled-up snake ! It was the last 
 time we felt for eggs before seeing them. That 
 was an experiment too satisfactory in its results 
 to require repetition. The author already quoted 
 gives an interesting account of a snake's meal : 
 "If it be a frog, it generally seizes it by the 
 hinder leg, because it is usually taken in pursuit. 
 As soon as this takes place, the frog ceases to 
 make any struggle or attempt to escape. The 
 whole body and legs are stretched out, as it were, 
 convulsively, and the snake gradually draws in 
 first the leg he has seized and afterwards the 
 rest of the animal, portion after portion, by 
 means of the peculiar mechanism of the jaws, so 
 admirably adapted for this purpose. When a 
 frog is in the process of being swallowed in this 
 manner, as soon as the snake's jaws have reached 
 the body, the other hind leg becomes turned 
 forwards ; and as the body gradually disappears, 
 the three legs and the head are seen standing 
 
50 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 forwards out of the snake's mouth, in a very 
 singular manner. Should the snake, however, 
 have taken the frog by the middle of the body, 
 it invariably turns it, until the head is directed 
 towards the throat of the snake, and it is then 
 swallowed, head foremost." The frog is not 
 only alive during the above process, but often 
 after it has reached the stomach. Mr. Bell says, 
 " I once saw a very small one, which had been 
 swallowed by a large snake in my possession, 
 leap again out of the mouth of the latter, which 
 happened to gape, as they frequently do imme- 
 diately after taking food." 
 
 During the present summer a gentleman of 
 our acquaintance saw a lad kill a snake in a 
 wood. It was a very large one, and the boy cut 
 it open along the under surface with his pocket- 
 knife. By this means a full-sized frog was 
 liberated from the stomach of the snake. It was 
 very lively and soon hopped away. Why may 
 not young vipers remain as long with equal ease 
 in the stomach of their parent ? 
 
 The snake is very .fond of the water, and may 
 often be surprised coiled up in sunny weather 
 with its head out enjoying the luxury of a bath. 
 It will dive after the water-newts, especially 
 when rather hungry, bringing them to the shore 
 in its month and devouring them upon dry land. 
 Some kinds of snake have been detected catch- 
 
THE COMMON SNAKE. 51 
 
 ing fish. ; but whether this was merely an idiosyn- 
 crasy on the part of one or two individuals, or 
 whether it is a confirmed habit, we are not in 
 possession of sufficient evidence to determine. 
 Such a predilection on the part of the common 
 snake we have not yet heard of. This reptile 
 is generally found in wet situations, or not 
 far from water, whilst the viper evidently 
 prefers a drier locality. We have heard of vipers 
 being found on marshes, but are doubtful 
 whether the creatures so called were not 
 common snakes. 
 
 The entire ]ength of this species is generally 
 over two feet, sometimes exceeding three feet, 
 and rare instances have been recorded, of which 
 several occur in the pages of the Zoologist, 
 of its reaching, and even exceeding, four feet. 
 The female is usually the largest. The colour 
 of reptiles is very prone to variation, but the tint 
 of the upper surface in this species is generally 
 of a brownish-grey with a greenish tinge, some- 
 times nearly that of an ash stick. Along the 
 back are two parallel rows of small black spots, 
 with a series of larger blotches of black of vari- 
 able sizes along each side. The under surface is 
 of a dull lead-colour, sometimes mottled. The 
 scales and their arrangement, especially on the 
 head, differ from those of the viper. In the 
 common snake the head is covered by large 
 E 2 
 
52 
 
 OUR EEPTILES. 
 
 plates, of which, there are three between the eyes, 
 and those above and below are arranged in pairs. 
 The scales along the back are oval and distinctly 
 keeled, with those of the sides broader, and less 
 keeled. On the belly the plates are single, 
 extending from side to side, and about one 
 hundred and seventy in number; but in this 
 there is also variation. The under plates of 
 the tail are in pairs. Behind the head is a 
 broad collar or a pair of spots of a bright 
 yellow colour, behind which are black spots. 
 The teeth are in two rows in both upper and 
 lower jaws, and the tongue is forked to one- 
 third of its length. 
 
53 
 
 THE SMOOTH SNAKE. 
 
 (Coronella Icevis. Boie.) 
 
 THERE can be little doubt that this reptile has 
 been occasionally found in this country for many 
 years, although it is only recently that it has 
 received the name to which it appears to be 
 entitled, and therewith its true place in our 
 reptile fauna. It is somewhere about half a 
 century since Mr. Simmons caught a curious 
 little snake near Dumfries, which appeared to 
 differ so much from the common ringed snake 
 that Sowerby figured it in his " British Miscel- 
 lany/'* and called it the Dumfries snake (Coluber 
 Dumfrisiensis) . After this, the account and a 
 eopy of the figure appeared in London's " Maga- 
 zine of Natural History." f When Professor 
 Bell published his account of the British Reptiles, 
 he gave these particulars, but at the same time 
 
 * Sowerby's " Miscellanies," iii. t. 3. f Vol. ii. p. 438. 
 
54 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 expressed a doubt whether the specimen was not 
 an immature one of the common species.* As the 
 specimen is not in existence, it cannot be positively 
 affirmed what it was ; but, from the description, 
 there is reason to believe it was really the first 
 recorded capture of the snake whose name stands 
 at the head of this chapter. <f It was about 
 three or four inches in length, of a pale-brown 
 colour, with pairs of reddish-brown stripes from 
 side to side, over the back, somewhat zigzag, 
 with intervening spots on the sides. The abdo- 
 minal plates were 162, those under the tail about 
 eighty. The most remarkable peculiarity men- 
 tioned, however, is, that the scales are extremely 
 simple, not carinated." 
 
 Towards the close of 1859 the Hon. Arthur 
 Russell sent to the British Museum a female speci- 
 men of the Smooth Snake, which was taken by a 
 resident near the flagstaff at Bournemouth, Hamp- 
 shire, and Dr. Gray communicated a notice of the 
 fact to the Zoologist (p. 6731). Supplementary 
 to this notice, the editor added a description of 
 the reptile from Lord Clermont's work. In the 
 next number a communication appeared from 
 Mr. Frederick Bond, in which he stated, " I 
 captured a specimen of the new British snake 
 five or six years ago, in June, near Ringwood, 
 
 * Bell's " Keptiles," 2nd ed. p. 60. 
 
THE SMOOTH SNAKE. 55 
 
 Hants. I thought at the time I had something 
 new, but, not taking much interest in the rep- 
 tiles, it was put into spirits and forgotten until I 
 saw Dr. Gray's notice. I have sent this speci- 
 men to the British Museum, so that any one 
 may see it."* 
 
 Nothing more was heard of the Smooth Snake 
 in Britain till the year 1862, when, between 
 October and December, several communica- 
 tions appeared in the Field, and Mr. Buckland 
 seemed to claim its discovery as an addition 
 to the British Fauna. Mr. Bartlett, of the Zoo- 
 logical Gardens, Regent 's Park, ultimately pub- 
 lished an account, in which he stated, f " It was 
 on the morning of the 24th August, 1862, I saw 
 for the first time one of these animals, Mr. 
 Fenton having stopped me as I was driving 
 along the road in the Kegentfs Park, and taking 
 from his pocket what I then thought was a viper, 
 asked me if I would accept it for the Zoological 
 Gardens." From the Proceedings of the Zoo- 
 logical Society we learn that, on one occasion, 
 Mr. F. Buckland exhibited this specimen, and 
 ultimately f several others, which had been found 
 in this country. So deficient, however, in all 
 the necessary details of date, place, and circuxn- 
 
 * Zoologist, p. 6787. t Intellectual Observer, iii. p. 149. 
 j November llth, 1862. 
 
56 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 stances of capture were these recent accounts, 
 that, had there not been prior and more satis- 
 factory records in existence, it would have been 
 doubtful whether, on such incomplete details, it 
 had been prudent to recognize the Smooth Snake 
 as a British native. All who have devoted them- 
 selves to the study of the natural history sciences 
 know how very essential it is that the evidence 
 of the occurrence of any new, or supposed new 
 species, should be complete and authentic. Defi- 
 ciencies in these respects have heretofore caused 
 infinite trouble, and too great prudence cannot 
 be exercised in the endeavour to prevent their 
 occurrence again. In this case we think the 
 evidence sufficient, as above detailed, for the 
 recognition of the present species as a true 
 native. 
 
 The Smooth Snake inhabits central and 
 southern Europe, is found in various parts of 
 France, but is not very common in the south of 
 that country : it occurs in Sicily and in the whole 
 of Italy and its islands, but is more frequent in 
 the north than in the south of that peninsula; 
 it is included in the fauna of Galicia and the 
 Bukovina, Silesia, and Carniola ; it is common in 
 Switzerland, near Zurich, but rare in Belgium, 
 where it has been met with near Louvain, and 
 on the right bank of the Moselle. Schinz states 
 
THE SMOOTH SNAKE. . 57 
 
 that it has been found in Sweden, but it is every- 
 where less abundant than the common snake.* 
 
 In reference to the occurrence of this snake in 
 Sweden, Mr. Wheelwright, in a communication 
 to the Field newspaper, f says, " It is common on 
 most parts of the Continent, and by no means 
 rare in Sweden. It is met with as far north as 
 Upsala, but nowhere more common than around 
 Gothenburg. We call it in Sweden the c Slat 
 Snok ' or smooth snake ; and in this lies the 
 principal distinguishing mark between it and the 
 common ringed snake. In the common snake 
 the scales on the upper parts of the body are im- 
 bricated, those on the back being lancet-shaped, 
 and distinctly keeled along the middle, whereas 
 in the Smooth Snake the scales are oval, altogether 
 smooth, without the slightest indication of a 
 keel." As far as I can observe, with us the 
 Smooth Snake appears to be partial to stony 
 tracts; it is perfectly harmless, and its prin- 
 cipal food appears to be mice ; and one which 
 was kept a long time in confinement would not 
 touch a frog. With us it rarely exceeds about 
 two feet in length ; it appears to be of a much 
 tamer and more companionable nature than the 
 common snake. A most singular thing is that, 
 
 * Lord Clermont's " Quadrupeds and Reptiles of Europe." 
 t The Field, October 18, 1862. 
 
58 . OUR REPTILES. 
 
 according to Schlegel, the female brings forth 
 living young. He says, " The eggs take three 
 or four months to hatch inside the mother, and 
 in the end of August she brings forth about 
 twelve young, which are at first altogether 
 white. " This latter point was definitely set at 
 rest by the fact of a snake of this species, caught 
 in the New Forest, giving birth to six young ones 
 whilst in confinement. Mr. Buckland gave a 
 full account, at the time, of the circumstances 
 connected with the history of this reptile progeny/ 
 " The old mother snake is coiled up in a graceful 
 combination of circles, her little family are nestled 
 together on her back ; they have twisted their 
 tiny bodies together into a shape somewhat re- 
 sembling a double figure of 8, and there they 
 lie basking at their ease in the mid-day sun. 
 The old mother is vibrating her forked tongue at 
 me ; the little ones are imitating their mother's 
 actions, and are vibrating their tiny tongues 
 also; the mamma's head is most beautifully 
 iridescent in the sun, and her babies are in this 
 respect nearly as pretty as their mother. They 
 are about five inches long, about as thick as a 
 small goose- quill, and smoother than the finest 
 velvet. Their eyes are like their mother's, their 
 tails are unlike their mother's ; she has lost the 
 tip of her tail her young ones have not, they 
 are tapered off to a point as sharp as a pin. 
 
THE SMOOTH SNAKE. 59 
 
 Their skins are of a brownish-black colour, and 
 marked like their mother's, only that these mark- 
 ings are not yet well developed. The scales on 
 the under parts of their bodies are of a beautiful 
 pale glittering blue; altogether they are real 
 little beauties." * Evidently the writer of these 
 lines looked upon his pets with the eyes of a con- 
 noisseur, and had they been anything else but 
 snakes no doubt the ladies would have made a 
 rush at him to have secured pets to ornament 
 their boudoirs. Amongst the interesting com- 
 munications which appeared at the time relative 
 to the Smooth Snake, was one from Dr. Giinther, 
 our best authority in serpent lore. " A large 
 male specimen of this snake," he says, ec which I 
 kept for a long time on account of its tameness, 
 fed exclusively on lizards, never on mice or frogs. 
 After having fed it for some time with ordinary- 
 sized lizards, proportionate to the size of the 
 snake, I brought a very large specimen of Lacerta 
 acfilis to its cage, in order to try the strength of 
 the snake. The lizard was immediately seized ; 
 but after a long fight, during which the lizard 
 several times appeared to be entangled in the 
 writhings of the snake, always managing, how- 
 ever, to free its head which had been seized by 
 the snake, the latter changed the point of attack, 
 
 * The Field, October, 1862. 
 
60 OUE EEPTILES. 
 
 and got hold of the tail of the lizard. This, of 
 course, broke off, and was devoured by the snake. 
 From this time the snake always seized the tails 
 of the lizards given him for food, without further 
 attacking them ; nor, if tailless lizards were put 
 to him, would he attempt to devour them."* 
 
 Still more recently Dr. Opel has contributed 
 to our knowledge of the habits of this snake, 
 especially when under confinement, f From his 
 observations it would appear that the ground 
 colour for the six or seven days succeeding 
 ' sloughing Ms of a beautiful steel-blue, which 
 from that time gradually fades, until at last it 
 settles into a dirty brownish-yellow. One of the 
 specimens on which Dr. OpeFs observations were 
 made was captured by him in the Fiirstensteiner 
 Grund, near Salzbrunn, in Silesia, and carried 
 to Dresden closely packed in a tin case. After a 
 journey of eight days in this manner, it was in 
 good health, and gave no signs of exhaustion. 
 Minute particulars are given of three separate 
 ' sloughings/ which took place during one year 
 in the months of June, July, and August ; but 
 he adds there can be no doubt that, in the wild 
 state, the first sloughing commences in April. 
 " Immediately upon losing its skin follows a 
 
 * The Field, September 13, 1862. 
 f The Zoologist, p. 9505. 
 
THE SMOOTH SNAKE. 61 
 
 desire for food; at the same time the prisoner 
 makes numerous attempts to escape, and is alto- 
 gether restless and excited, though at other 
 times it lies quietly in a corner of its cage/' After 
 alluding to the fact that it is of rare occurrence 
 for any one to observe the Coronella taking its 
 food, Dr. Opel gives an interesting account of a 
 contest between one of his snakes and a Slow- 
 worm (Anguis fragilis) . 
 
 In the year 1857 I was in possession of such a number 
 of snakes of various species that I was obliged to place my 
 Coronella in the same cage with a Blindworm, which had 
 been there for some time already. The two appeared to be 
 good friends, and took no particular notice of each other. 
 Both passed into their winter sleep as the cold came on ; 
 and, with the return of spring, again woke up and shared 
 the cage in peace, coiled up together on the side where the 
 sun's rays struck warmest. The Blindworm ate freely of 
 the earthworms offered to it, though all attempts failed to 
 induce the Coronella to take any food. Small lizards placed 
 near it were allowed to crawl away without notice, and even 
 young mice were disregarded. One morning (May 9) I ob- 
 served a great commotion in the cage. At this time the 
 Coronella had not cast its skin, nor had it eaten anything 
 for nearly nine months. The Blindworm was striving to 
 escape the fixed gaze of its companion, which was following 
 it all over their prison. I placed some fresh water in the 
 cage, and just at that instant the snake threw itself with 
 irresistible force upon the Blindworm, fixed its teeth into 
 its head, and flinging fold after fold of its body round its 
 victim, held it in a vice-like grip, exactly after the manner 
 of the giant serpents of the tropics. So tightly, indeed, 
 did it embrace the unhappy Blindworm, that the contents 
 
62 OUR EEPTILES. 
 
 of the latter's intestinal canal were violently forced out, and 
 scattered over the glass sides. Each desperate struggle of 
 the Blindworm was followed by a closer grasp on the part 
 of the Coronella, which looked exactly like a roll of tobacco, 
 through which the extreme end of the Blindworm's tail 
 protruded. 
 
 Of course this contest ended in favour of the 
 snake ; and the Blindworm was slowly devoured. 
 This latter act occupied more than three hours ; 
 for the Blindworm was a large one, measuring 
 eleven inches in length. After its meal, the 
 Coronella refreshed himself with a bath, and 
 seemed to take great pleasure in the water, 
 which doubtless served to mitigate the great 
 heat of its very rapid digestion. So active is 
 that, that Dr. Opel remarks : " I have known 
 the portion of the prey enclosed in the stomach 
 to be in a state of decomposition while the other 
 portion was still outside the jaws." When 
 bathing, the Coronella generally takes great care 
 not to immerse its head, except during very 
 warm weather, and then it will keep its head 
 beneath the surface for a quarter of an hour at 
 a time. 
 
 In reference to its hybernation, Dr. Opel ob- 
 served that this was neither so long nor deep as 
 in many other reptiles. Nor did the Coronella 
 bury itself in the sand, but always stretched 
 itself, and slept on the surface. The vitality of 
 this species appears, however, to be one of its 
 
THE SMOOTH SNAKE. 63 
 
 leading characteristics, as may be gathered from 
 the following circumstance : In the autumn of 
 1858 Dr. Opel was obliged to be absent from 
 home for five weeks. Having no one with whom 
 to intrust his pets, he packed them into a vas- 
 culum which was attached to his knapsack, and 
 used by him for botanical specimens. In this 
 they travelled the whole time he was from. home. 
 They did not appear to be in the least affected 
 by the close confinement to which they were 
 subjected, but returned to Dresden in safety and 
 good health. For its home, he says that it chooses 
 in preference rocky ground, overgrown with 
 wood, secreting itself among stones and thick 
 moss. Though nowhere so common as the 
 Ringed Snake, several localities are named in 
 Saxony in which this species is found. 
 
 This reptile belongs not only to a different 
 genus, but also to a different tribe of Colubrines, 
 to the Ringed Snake. Dr. Giinther's brief de- 
 scription of the species is : " Scales in twenty- 
 one rows, and scales bifid ; upper labials seven. 
 Brown. Back with two (sometimes confluent) 
 series of irregularly rounded dark spots. Hinder 
 maxillary tooth smooth/-'* In size and appear- 
 ance it approximates more to the viper than the 
 snake, but, like the latter, is perfectly harmless. 
 
 * Dr. Giinther's " Catalogue of Keptiles in British 
 Museum." 
 
64 OUE EEPTILES. 
 
 It never attains a great length, the maximum 
 being scarcely two feet. " The head is but 
 slightly distinct from the body; the tail short 
 and strong at the base ; the eyes small ; the 
 rostral plate presses much upon the muzzle, and 
 is of a triangular form, with its top pointed; 
 there are seven labial plates on the upper lip on 
 each side, the third and fourth of which touch 
 upon the eye ; the scales of the body are smooth, 
 rhomboid, in nineteen longitudinal rows. The 
 plates on the belly number from 160 to 164; 
 those on the under surface of the tail from sixty 
 to sixty-four pairs. The upper maxillary teeth 
 are on the same line with the others, and longer. 
 The upper parts are greenish-brown, with two 
 parallel rows of black markings along the back, 
 more distinct towards the head than in the hinder 
 portion; sometimes the spots on the back are 
 small and few in number. The lower parts have 
 a lighter ground-colour, but are often much 
 darkened by black markings."* We have been 
 more prolix in this description than otherwise 
 we should have been ; but it is desirable that a 
 minute detail of the chief features of this snake 
 should be disseminated in order that it may be 
 recognized and recorded, so as more fully to 
 establish it as a truly indigenous species. 
 
 * The Zoologist, p. 6731. 
 
'"" 
 
THE SMOOTH SNAKE. 65 
 
 Of its disposition we at present know but 
 little from experience. Mr. Bartlett says, "I 
 could not help observing that it is much more 
 fierce than the common snake ; it bit me several 
 times, but without any injury to the skin, in 
 consequence of the shortness of its teeth." 
 And this is confirmed by Dr. Opel, who says 
 that, as a rule, it is irascible and ever ready to 
 bite. In this, however, individuals vary. While 
 the two he procured from Silesia never attempted 
 to use their teeth, were particularly gentle, and 
 suffered themselves to be taken up without 
 making any effort to escape, others would bite 
 at the finger on the slightest provocation, and 
 hang on by their teeth, so that it took some 
 little violence to remove them. He makes, how- 
 ever, one very consolatory observation upon this 
 portion of his experience, to the effect that he 
 never found the slightest inflammation or other 
 ill consequence follow from the bite ; and from 
 numerous experiments he fully bears out opinions 
 elsewhere expressed, that neither mammals nor 
 birds are in the least degree affected by the bite 
 of the Coronella l&vis, or ' Smooth Snake/ 
 
66 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 THE VIPER, OR ADDER. 
 
 (Pelias Berus.) 
 
 FORTUNATELY for us, the present is the only 
 venomous species which inhabits our island, and 
 this is by no means equal to the venomous little 
 reptiles of tropical countries in poisonous power. 
 In Scotland, the Adder is common, whilst the 
 Ringed Snake is but little known, and in England 
 and Wales it is as abundant as any could wish. 
 Of course it is unknown in Ireland. Whether 
 Saint Patrick did or did not banish them, 
 matters little; it is, however, certain that in 
 these latter times no snake-like reptile is to be 
 found there. The Viper, or Adder, for in some 
 districts it is known by one name and in some 
 
THE VIPER, OR ADDER. 67 
 
 by the other, is not such a lover of water as the 
 Snake, and may generally be found in dry woods 
 and heaths, in sandy banks, and similar local- 
 ities. It has been said that they are more than 
 usually common in the dry woods on the chalky 
 soil of Kent, and they certainly come nearly 
 within the sound of Bow bells, for they have 
 been met with in the little woods around Hamp- 
 stead, Highgate, and Hornsey. 
 
 It is a common belief that the venom of the 
 Viper, and other serpents, is almost innocuous 
 in winter, that its virulence is proportionate 
 to the heat of the weather, whether at home or 
 abroad ; and that the snakes of tropical climes 
 are more deadly venomous than those of tem- 
 perate countries, on account of the greater heat. 
 Recently Dr. Guyon has set himself to inves- 
 tigate this subject, especially whether the poison 
 is innocuous in winter, with the following 
 results : 
 
 Regarding its violence, he says there is a 
 general belief abroad that it is much more 
 powerful in summer than in winter ; but this he 
 does not consider well authenticated, and quotes 
 against it the case of one Drake, an exhibitor of 
 snakes, who, having in the summer of 1827, at 
 Rouen, handled a rattlesnake which he took to 
 be dead, while it was only benumbed by the 
 cold, was bitten by it and died in the course of 
 F 2 
 
68 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 nine hours. From a considerable number of 
 observations, Dr. Guyon concludes that the in- 
 tensity or power of the venom is less owing to 
 difference of season than to the length of time 
 it has been accumulating in the reservoir of the 
 reptile ; and the greatest accumulation neces- 
 sarily occurs during winter, because the animal 
 is in a torpid state and does not take any food 
 during that season. So it was in the case of 
 Drake, and so Dr. Guyon found it in that of a 
 horned viper which had been given to him at 
 the caravanserai of Sidi-Makhlouf, Algeria. This 
 reptile had been put into a bottle, which had 
 since remained hermetically closed. It had been 
 in there for six weeks, without food and without 
 air, and looked quite dead, since it could not stir 
 in the bottle, which it filled entirely. And yet, 
 on opening the bottle, the doctor found the 
 reptile perfectly sound, and saw it kill a large 
 fowl instantaneously with its sting. Our author 
 quotes another case, that of a scorpion, that had 
 been kept in a bottle for a long time, and on 
 being released killed two sparrows in less than 
 a minute, and a pigeon in three hours. 
 
 A circumstance has come to our knowledge 
 which occurred in Warwickshire, of a boy that 
 was bitten by a viper during the winter : 
 
 The 19th of January, 1864, was an unusually warm and 
 sunny day for the time of year. A boy, aged 11 years, 
 
THE VIPER, OR ADDER. 69 
 
 started for a walk to Kenilworth, about two miles from the 
 village where he lived. Under one part of the road flows 
 a small brook. The boy had his dog with him, and he 
 wished to see whether he would follow him across, as the 
 stream was shallow, and there were some large stones to 
 step upon. The opposite bank is rather steep, and there 
 were several large pieces of wood and roots projecting from 
 it. One of his leggings was caught in the roots and became 
 unfastened, whereupon he sat down on one of the stumps to 
 refasten it and watch his dog in the water, but not for more 
 than two or three minutes. They then started off again, and 
 had not gone more than a quarter of a mile before the boy 
 felt a sharp pain in his wrist. On looking at his wrist he 
 saw plainly, and to his great horror, three little punctures 
 and places, as though a nettle had stung him. His first 
 impression was that he had been bitten by an adder, and 
 he immediately tried to bite out the piece of flesh. The first 
 time he could not manage it, and after two unsuccessful 
 attempts, the third time he bit out the flesh sucked the 
 wounded part, and at intervals spitting out the poisoned 
 blood. 
 
 Being fond of natural history, he remembered reading 
 some of the particulars about the bite of an adder, and was 
 frequently Ln the habit of expressing his fear of going where 
 the grass was long, lest he should meet with one. He went 
 on a little farther, but feeling faint and weak, and getting 
 frightened about the bite, he returned home. On arriving 
 there he could hardly speak, from excitement and the haste 
 he had made ; but his first words were : " Mother, I think 
 I have been bitten by an adder : though I did not see one, 
 I feel and see on my wrist the hard white swelling which 
 always comes after a bite." 
 
 His mother immediately put his arm into very hot water, 
 and then applied a bread and oil poultice. When the doctor 
 arrived, he said all was done right, and the boy had saved 
 his own life by the courage and presence of mind he had 
 
70 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 shown in at once biting out the piece of flesh. The poison, 
 however, had swelled up his arm through his veins as high 
 as his shoulder ; but by the next day this black streak of 
 poison apparent in the veins of his arm had completely dis- 
 appeared, and in the course of a few weeks the boy was 
 perfectly restored to health.* 
 
 The poison apparatus of the viper (see wood- 
 cut at the head of this chapter) consists of the 
 gland in which it is secreted, the duct or canal 
 along which it travels, and the fang by means 
 of which it is injected. The gland is placed at 
 the side of the head (a], and consists of an 
 assemblage of lobes. The substance is soft and 
 yellow, with a spongy appearance. The duct or 
 canal through which the poison is conveyed to the 
 fang is a narrow cylindrical tube (b) swelling in 
 the centre of its course into a kind of reservoir, 
 and terminating at the base of the fang (c) . This 
 latter is a tooth in the form of a tube, much 
 longer than the other teeth, and curved (d). It is 
 placed in the upper jaw, one on each side of 
 the mouth. Behind these are the similarly 
 shaped, but smaller, fangs of replacement. 
 On the outer surface of the fang, near the 
 apex, is an elongated opening or slit (e} } from 
 which a canal passes through the hollow in the 
 interior of the tooth and is united to the duct 
 which communicates with the poison-gland. 
 
 * Hardwicke's Science Gossip, vol. i. p. 131. 
 
THE VIPER, OR ADDER. 71 
 
 These fangs fall backwards,, and lie concealed in 
 a groove of the gum when not in use. 
 
 The following elaborate description of the 
 mode by which the Viper wounds and envenoms 
 its prey scarcely leaves anything to be desired : 
 "When a viper is struck, it first coils itself 
 up, leaving its head in the centre or at the sum- 
 mit of the coil, and drawn a little back, as if for 
 the purpose of reconnoitering. Speedily the 
 animal uncoils itself like a spring. Its body is 
 then launched out with such rapidity, that, for a 
 moment, the eye cannot follow it. In this move- 
 ment the viper clears a space nearly equal to its 
 own length; but it never leaves the ground, 
 where it remains supported on its tail or pos- 
 terior portion of the body, ready to coil itself 
 up again and aim afresh a second blow, if the 
 first should fail. To do this the Viper distends 
 its mouth, draws back its fangs, arranges them 
 in the right direction, and then plunges them 
 into its enemy by a blow of the head or upper 
 jaw : this done the fangs are withdrawn. The 
 lower jaw, which is closed at the same moment, 
 serves as a point of resistance and favours the 
 entrance of the poison-fangs ; but this assistance 
 is very slight, and the reptile acts by striking 
 rather than biting. There are times, however, 
 when the Viper bites without coiling itself up 
 and then darting forth. This occurs, for instance, 
 
72 OUE REPTILES. 
 
 when it meets with some small animal, which it 
 destroys at leisure and without anger, or when 
 it is seized by the tail or middle of the body, in 
 which case it turns round and plunges in its 
 fangs. As the teeth are buried in the tissues 
 of the body struck, the poison is driven down 
 the canals which pass through them by the 
 action of the muscles which close the mouth, and 
 the injection takes place with a force propor- 
 tionate to the vigour and rage of the reptile, 
 and the supply of poison with which it is fur- 
 nished.^* In the bite there are two punctures 
 corresponding to the poison-fangs. 
 
 It has been taken for granted that the bite of 
 the Viper proves fatal in this country, without 
 perhaps a knowledge of instances in which it so 
 terminated. Professor Bell declares that he had 
 never seen a case which terminated in death, 
 nor had he been able to trace to an authentic 
 source any of the numerous reports of such a 
 termination which have at various times beei} 
 confidently promulgated. f Nevertheless, so 
 recently as the present summer (1865), a case 
 was reported in the papers, in which a woman 
 was bitten in Epping Forest, and shortly 
 afterwards died ; and we know that in France 
 and other continental countries many in- 
 
 * M. Moquin-Tandon's " Zoologie Me"dicale." 
 f Bell's " British Reptiles," p. 59. 
 
THE VIPER, OR ADDER. 73 
 
 stances are recorded. Bedard, in his lectures, 
 relates a case of a young man in the neighbour- 
 hood of Angers, who, falling down in a meadow, 
 was bitten by a viper in several places, and died 
 in consequence in a few hours. Matthiole re- 
 cords an instance in which a countryman falling 
 down in a meadow happened to divide one of 
 these reptiles in the middle ; he seized the por- 
 tion of the trunk to which the head was attached, 
 in an awkward manner, and was in consequence 
 bitten in the finger, and died from the effects 
 of the wound. It should be remembered in 
 connection with these instances, that the reptile 
 which is regarded as the common viper in France 
 is the Asp, and not the same species as that 
 which occurs in Britain, whilst our Viper, not 
 uncommon also, is called the Little Viper. The 
 former of these is doubtless more venomous 
 than the latter. 
 
 It may be of interest to record here the expe- 
 riences of a sufferer from the bite of a viper, 
 and the mode of treatment resorted to : 
 
 The viper was very sluggish ; but on touching it, and en- 
 deavouring to take it by the neck, as I had done before, it 
 struck at me, and bit my left forefinger. I immediately 
 threw it down and stamped upon it, and sucked the place, 
 cutting it with a knife, and putting ammonia to it. Mean- 
 while, my brother went for the doctor, and before he came 
 I began x to feel very faint, and inclined to vomit. When he 
 came, he cut two incisions in the finger, and tied it up at 
 
74 OUE EEPTILES. 
 
 the root, putting it into as hot water as I could bear. He 
 also made me drink a quantity of ammonia and water, and 
 then go to bed. The finger was very painful, and bled 
 for a long time, and I was very feverish. The next day I 
 got up, but was very weak, and there was a green mark all 
 up from my finger, which was very large, to my left side, and 
 all up my arm. The mark as far as the side was in a 
 narrow line, but at the side it was in a large blotch. My 
 finger was poulticed, and I had a cushion, dipped in water in 
 which broken poppy-heads had been boiled, placed between 
 my arm and side. The arm was much swelled, and I soon 
 went to bed again. The next day I got up again, and from 
 thence began rapidly to get well, and in a week had my arm 
 out of a sling and my finger almost well. I was perfectly 
 well by the day fortnight on which the bite occurred. These 
 facts are, I need hardly say, perfectly true, and the more 
 remarkable because olive oil was not used at all.* 
 
 The Viper is ovo-viviparous, that is, the young 
 escape from the egg just before, or at the time 
 of parturition, the membrane being very thin 
 and easily ruptured. From ten to twenty young 
 are produced at a birth, and these are as vigor- 
 ous and pugnacious as their parents immediately 
 on their entrance into the world. Before the 
 event takes place which ushers so many little 
 reptiles into society, the parent female, then in a 
 more sluggish and inactive condition than at 
 other times, may often be observed lying in the 
 full blaze of sunshine, to acquire from that source 
 
 * Science Gossip, vol. i. p. 160. 
 
 I 
 
THE VIPER_, OR ADDER. 75 
 
 the heat which is essential, and which her own 
 cold blood fails to supply. 
 
 Gilbert White says: "On August 4th, 1775, 
 we surprised a large viper, which seemed very 
 heavy and bloated, as it lay in the grass basking 
 in the sun. When we came to cut it up, we 
 found that the abdomen was crowded with young, 
 fifteen in number, the shortest of which measured 
 full seven inches, and were about the size of full- 
 grown earth-worms. This little fry issued into 
 the world with the true viper spirit about them, 
 showing great alertness as soon as disengaged. 
 They twisted and wriggled about, and set them- 
 selves up, and gaped very wide when touched 
 with a stick, showing manifest tokens of menace 
 and defiance, though as yet they had no manner 
 of fangs that we could find, even with the help 
 of our glasses." * Again adverting to this, lest 
 it should be considered that he favoured the 
 popular notion that the Viper swallows its young 
 on the advent of danger, he adds, " There was 
 little room to suppose that this brood had ever 
 been in the open air before, and that they were 
 taken in for refuge at the mouth of the dam, 
 when she perceived that danger was approaching ; 
 because then probably we should have found 
 
 " Natural History of Selborne," Lett. xxxi. 
 
76 OUR EEPTILES. 
 
 them somewhere in the neck, and not in the 
 abdomen." 
 
 During the winter, vipers, snakes, and other 
 reptiles retire to some snug spot to hibernate. 
 At this period a company of vipers may some- 
 times be found locked in each others' coils, in a 
 hole at the foot of a tree, or in some other out- 
 of-the-way place. Here they remain without 
 food till the spring, when they come out with the 
 sunshine to enjoy themselves. During the sum- 
 mer, the " sloughing " process takes place, once 
 or oftener, according to circumstances ; the skin 
 becomes loosened, turned back, and as the reptile 
 glides amongst the grass its old coat is slipped 
 off and left behind. It is much brighter in colour 
 after this change than before. 
 
 Does the Viper swallow its young ? The belief 
 has a firm hold in the minds of many, that, on 
 the approach of danger, the young of the viper 
 glide to their parent for protection, and that she 
 opens her mouth, and, one by one, they pass 
 down her throat, where they rest in security till 
 the danger is past. To prove a negative is always 
 a difficult task, but the effort to remove a pre- 
 judice must be even greater to be successful. 
 Clergymen, naturalists, men of science and 
 repute, in common with those who make no pro- 
 fession of learning, have combined in this belief, 
 and to them we are indebted for many such 
 
THE VIPER, OR ADDER. 77 
 
 accounts as the following : " Walking in an 
 orchard near Tyneham House, in Dorsetshire, I 
 came upon an old adder basking in the sun, with 
 her young around her ; she was lying on some 
 grass that had been long cut, and had become 
 smooth and bleached by exposure to the weather. 
 Alarmed by my approach, I distinctly saw the 
 young ones run down their mother' s throat. At 
 that time I had never heard of the controversy 
 respecting the fact, otherwise I should have been 
 more anxious to have killed the adder, to further 
 prove the case." * Nothing can well be more 
 positive, clear, definite, and many would think 
 decisive, than the foregoing ; yet, so sceptical are 
 some men on this subject, that they still dare to 
 doubt whether there may not be some error in 
 the observation. Let us advert to other wit- 
 nesses, and evidence still more complete, and 
 we do so with as earnest a desire for truth as 
 the witnesses themselves, and to know that the 
 debate is closed for ever. 
 
 J. H. Grurney, Esq., of Catton Hall, near Nor- 
 wich, well known as an ornithologist, and espe- 
 cially for the splendid collection of Raptorial 
 Birds in the Norwich Museum, which has been 
 obtained chiefly through his instrumentality, in 
 
 '"* Rev. H. Bond, South Petherton, Somerset, in Zoologist, 
 p. 7278. 
 
78 OUE EEPTILES. 
 
 the year 1863 communicated to the Zoologist the 
 following instance, told to him by a person in 
 whose accuracy he had the fullest reliance. 
 " John Galley saw a viper at Swannington, in 
 Norfolk, surrounded by several young ones ; the 
 parent reptile perceiving itself to be observed, 
 opened its mouth, and one of the young ones im- 
 mediately crept down its throat; a second fol- 
 lowed, but.after entering for about half its length, 
 wriggled out again, as though unable to accom- 
 plish an entrance. Upon this Galley killed and 
 opened the viper, and found in the gullet, imme- 
 diately behind the jaws, the young one which he 
 had seen enter, and close behind that a recently 
 swallowed mouse. Galley was of opinion that 
 the first young viper which entered was unable 
 to pass the mouse, and that consequently there 
 was not sufficient room for the second young one, 
 which endeavoured unsuccessfully to follow in the 
 wake of the first. " * 
 
 To this we may add another instance corrobo- 
 rative, and yet more conclusive, on the faith of a 
 clergyman with whose name and address we are 
 furnished, and in whose testimony we have the 
 greatest confidence. " Now, ' seeing is be- 
 lieving/ and I well remember having seen in my 
 
 The Zoologist, p. 8856. 
 
THE VIPEE, OR ADDER. 79 
 
 boyhood some thirty years ago an instance of 
 the fact, the truth of which is doubted because 
 resting merely on the testimony of unscientific 
 country people. Now, I have no pretensions to 
 science, but I vouch for the truth above referred 
 to of having, in my boyhood when out on a 
 birds'-nesting expedition, in a southern county, 
 with some three or four companions come sud- 
 denly upon a viper sunning her young brood on 
 an open grassy spot in a broad hedge-row : 
 hedge-rows were common in those days. Im- 
 mediately she saw us, she began to hiss, and 
 away went the young, previously some feet from 
 her, 'helter-skelter' towards their mother; rushed 
 into her mouth expanded to an immense width 
 for so small a creature and down her throat, 
 one over the other, while you could say ( Jack 
 Robinson/ The space where she was recreating 
 was some twenty feet square, so that before she 
 could beat to cover, we, boylike, being armed 
 with sticks, had beaten her to death. This done, 
 one of the party with his knife opened the body, 
 and out came again the little ones, all of which 
 we killed. I do not remember the exact number, 
 but my impression is that it was not more than 
 six or eight." * Another gentleman recently 
 communicated to Science Gossip the following 
 occurrence : 
 
 * Science Gossip, p. 108. 
 
80 OUE REPTILES. 
 
 Some years since I was shooting in a wood, and came 
 suddenly on a viper lying on a sunny bank. As soon as the 
 viper caught sight of me, it began to hiss, and I distinctly 
 saw several young ones, about three or four inches long, run 
 up to the parent and vanish down its throat ; and from the 
 way in which the parent kept its mouth open, and the young 
 ones glided into it, I should say they were accustomed to 
 that sort of thing.* 
 
 We must not forget that some time since the 
 following occurrences were narrated in the 
 Zoologist, by the editor himself, and whilst they 
 strengthen the evidence of the Viper swallowing 
 its young, further serve to establish the fact of 
 viviparous reptiles being addicted to that habit. 
 Both these illustrations refer to the " Scaly 
 Lizard/' which, like the Viper, brings forth its 
 young alive. " My late lamented friend William 
 Christy, jun., found a fine specimen of the 
 common Scaly Lizard with two young ones; 
 taking an interest in everything relating to 
 Natural History, he put them into a small pocket 
 vasculum to bring home, but when he next 
 opened the vasculum the young ones had dis- 
 appeared, and the belly of the parent was greatly 
 distended ; he concluded she had devoured her 
 own offspring. At night the vasculum was laid 
 on a table, and the lizard was therefore at rest ; 
 
 * Science Gossip, p. 160. 
 
THE VIPER, OR ADDER. 81 
 
 in the morning the young ones had re-appeared, 
 and the mother was as lean as at first. 
 
 " Mr. Henry Doubleday, of Epping, supplies the 
 following information : ' A person whose name 
 is English, a good observer, and one, as it were 
 brought up in natural history under Mr. Double- 
 day's tuition, once happened to set his foot on 
 a lizard in the forest, and while the lizard was 
 thus held down by his foot, he distinctly saw 
 three young ones run out of her mouth ; struck 
 by such a phenomenon, he killed and opened the 
 old one, and found two other young ones which 
 had been injured when he trod on her/ In both 
 these instances," Mr. Newman adds, " the 
 narrators are of that class who do know what to 
 observe, and how to observe it ; and the facts, 
 whatever explanation they may admit, are not to 
 be dismissed as the result of imagination or mis- 
 taken observation."* 
 
 We must confess that our own incredulity has 
 been so staggered of late by these and similar 
 instances, that we are by no means disposed to 
 deny, because we cannot fully comprehend, the 
 mystery of the process. It is admitted by some 
 physiologists, if not by all, that there is no sound 
 physiological reason against such an occurrence ; 
 and, until we are convinced by better arguments< 
 
 * The Zoologist, p. 2269. 
 G 
 
82 OUR EEPTILES. 
 
 than have hitherto been advanced, we are bound 
 to admit that in ' ' our inmost hearts " there lurks 
 a belief that the maternal viper has a knack of 
 swallowing its young. Whether our scientific 
 friends consider us renegade froni the true faith 
 or not, we will at least be true to ourselves. 
 
 Vipers were formerly held in some estimation 
 as a medicine ; Pliny, Galen, and others extolled 
 their flesh for the cure of ulcers. Very recently, 
 in the French tariff, they were subject to a duty 
 of four shillings per pound. In Italy, a stew or 
 jelly of vipers is said to be regarded as a luxury. 
 
 The poison of vipers still appears to have some 
 reputation amongst medical men practising in 
 the East. Dr. Honinberger, late physician to 
 the Court at Lahore, seems to have had faith in 
 it for " rumbling in the bowels." He thus 
 details the manner in which he procured the 
 virus, which on one occasion was obtained from 
 the Aspis Naja : 
 
 The man who brought the serpents to me, having wrapped 
 his hand in a cloth, took them by the back of the neck, and, 
 with a small stick, forced open the mouth, when, by means 
 of a pair of forceps, I held a small lump of sugar under the 
 tooth, above which is the bladder containing the poison ; 
 and, on his pressing the bladder with the stick, a drop of 
 limpid fluid fell through the tubular tooth on the sugar, 
 which I instantly deposited in a porcelain mortar, moistening 
 it with a few drops of spirit, and commenced trituration ; I 
 then put the powder into a small phial containing one drachm 
 
THE VIPER, OR ADDER. 83 
 
 of proof spirit, shaking them together when it was fit for 
 use. I kept it in a box, secluded from light, and before 
 administering it, shook it well up ; one drop constituted a 
 dose. * 
 
 In concluding our account of this reptile, it 
 may not be out of place to indicate the chief 
 features by which the Viper may be distinguished 
 from the Snake. 
 
 It is the Snake that is harmless, and the Viper 
 that is venomous ; the latter being probably less 
 so in winter, and most dangerous in the hottest 
 weather, because then the secretion is more 
 rapid, induced by the greater activity of the 
 reptile. The Snake is commonly the largest of 
 the two, and is found in the dampest situations, 
 generally in near proximity to water, in which it 
 delights to bask. The Snake has large plates, 
 or scales, upon its head, few in number ; in the 
 Viper they are numerous and small. The Snake 
 has no continuous line of a darker colour running 
 along its body, but is spotted all over ; the Viper 
 has a continuous line, zigzag and blotched, 
 running down its entire length. The head in 
 the Snake is more depressed and acutely pointed 
 in front than in the Viper, which latter has a 
 characteristic blotch something like the " death's 
 
 * Dr. Honinberger's " Thirty-five Years in the East," 
 vol. ii. p. 230. 
 
 G 2 
 
84 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 head and thigh-bones " of the ''death's-head 
 moth/' on the top of its cranium. Whether or 
 not its venom is fatal, we would strongly advise 
 our readers not to permit the Viper to make an 
 experimental dart at their shins. It is better to 
 indulge in a shudder when only a harmless snake 
 crosses our path, than make the mistake of 
 hugging a viper to our bosom. 
 
 Snakes or vipers are not perhaps the easiest 
 of all animals to be determined by a novice ; at 
 any rate they will require some little observation 
 at first, until the eye is accustomed to see and 
 recognize the differences whereby one species 
 may be distinguished from another. There are 
 nevertheless some points of difference more than 
 usually distinct between the Viper and the Snake, 
 which will be apparent on comparing the de- 
 scriptions and figures. It may be premised that 
 in depth and tone of colour there is considerable 
 variation in some reptiles, and this is especially 
 the case with the Viper, so that no reliance should 
 be placed on that as a feature. In general colour 
 it is often brownish or olive, but this may be- 
 come nearly black, or it may be pallid grey, 
 nearly white, or of a warm red-brown. The 
 markings, however, are more permanent, a dark 
 mark between the eyes, a spot on each side the 
 hind part of the head, an obscure V, as though 
 it bore the initial of its name on its crown, and a 
 
THE VIPER, OE ADDER. 85 
 
 broad zigzag line down the whole length of its 
 body and tail, apparently formed by the conflu- 
 ence of a series of dark lozenge -shaped spots, 
 with irregular triangular spots on each side, are 
 the chief features in the markings of this species. 
 The scales, less visible without a closer examina- 
 tion, are also distinctive. Those on the top of 
 the head are not large plates as in the innocuous 
 snakes, but a greater number of smaller scales, 
 three being larger than the rest. The scales of 
 the back and sides are distinctly keeled, aftd dis- 
 posed in eighteen series. Those of the under 
 parts vary in their number, but are generally 
 from one hundred and forty to one hundred and 
 fifty, with about thirty-five pairs to the tail. It 
 is seldom so large as the common snake, and 
 the female, as amongst rapacious birds, is the 
 largest. 
 
 Winged Scarabseus and Asps, from an Egyptian ornament. 
 
86 
 
 THE COMMON FKOG. 
 
 (Eancb temporaria). 
 
 THIS reptile is common enough everywhere 
 in Great Britain for us to dispense with 
 any very lengthened description. It occurs all 
 over Europe, from the south to the extreme 
 north, it being abundant at North Cape and not 
 uncommon in Italy. In Ireland also the Frog 
 has become naturalized, it having been intro- 
 duced about the beginning of the 18th century. 
 
 As the Batrachians or Amphibians, to which 
 the toads, frogs, and newts belong, differ from 
 the reptiles already described in their being at 
 one portion of their existence entirely aquatic, 
 and at other periods entirely, or in part, dwellers 
 on the land, some account will be necessary of 
 the transformations which they undergo. Pro- 
 
THE COMMON FROG. 87 
 
 fessor Quatrefages has well described these 
 changes : 
 
 In this group we meet with both complete and incomplete 
 metamorphoses ; but here we find them marked by quite 
 different features from those among insects. The changes 
 do not appear to take place suddenly, nor is there anything 
 like the apparently torpid condition of the pupa. All the 
 transformations take place gradually, and as far as the ex- 
 ternal organs are concerned, the development may be closely 
 watched by the observer. 
 
 The development of frogs presents another curious pheno- 
 menon. It is this : the young animal, after it has left the 
 egg, and before it has become a larva, is still in a semi- 
 embryonic condition. At this period the digestive tube and 
 its appendages are exceedingly rudimentary. The greater 
 portion of the body is filled by a large mass of yolk or 
 vitellus, inclosed by the skin, which has been formed for 
 some time ; and it is at the expense of this alimentary matter 
 that the development proceeds. 
 
 The external characters are in keeping with the imperfect 
 condition of the animal at this period. The head is large, 
 and appears to be divided in two on the under surface, each 
 half being prolonged as a sort of process by which the animal 
 attaches itself to surrounding objects ; as yet there are no 
 traces of either eyes, nostrils, respiratory or auditory organs ; 
 and the belly, of an oblong form, is continued posteriorly as 
 a short tail bordered with a riband-like membrane. This 
 primitive condition, however, does not last long. About 
 the fourth day after birth, the head, which is now as long as 
 the body, has somewhat the appearance of a thimble ; the 
 mouth is provided with a pair of soft lips ; the nostrils, eyes, 
 and auditory apparatus have made their appearance ; the 
 head is separated by a deep groove from the belly, which has 
 assumed a spherical form, and from which spring a pair of 
 opercula, clothed with little branching gills ; and the tail 
 
88 OUE REPTILES. 
 
 has grown so much that it is now quite as large as the body. 
 The mouth is very soon armed with a horny beak, capable of 
 dividing the vegetable food ; the intestine, which is now very 
 long, becomes more fully formed, and assumes a spiral ar- 
 rangement ; the tail is elongated and widened, and the little 
 creature is then called a tadpole. 
 
 At this period, one of those alterations occurs which are 
 so intimately associated with the ideas we are endeavouring 
 to convey, that we must not pass them by in silence. Our 
 larva first breathed by its skin alone, and afterwards by a 
 pair of little branching gills attached to the opercula. About 
 the seventh or eighth day, however, the opercula are gra- 
 dually soldered to the abdomen, and the gills fade away and 
 disappear. At the same time a set of new and more com- 
 plex branchia are developed, in chambers situate on either 
 side of the neck. The new gills are arranged hi tufts at- 
 tached to a solid framework of four cartilaginous arches, and 
 are about a hundred and twelve in number for each side of 
 the body. Here we see a rapid substitution of one organ for 
 another, though both discharge their functions in the same 
 manner, inasmuch as the respiration is just as aquatic in 
 character after the alteration as it was before it. 
 
 But the modifications of the respiratory apparatus do not 
 cease here. Before the tadpole can become a frog, it must 
 do away with these second gills and replace them by lungs ; 
 and at the necessary time, a set of changes takes place 
 analogous to those we have already described. The vascular 
 tufts are atrophied, and the lungs, which till now were solid 
 and rudimentary, open up and increase in size. The circu- 
 latory organs are correspondingly modified. The calibre of the 
 large branchial vessels is diminished, and the pulmonary trunks 
 increase in number and diameter. Later on, the solid parts 
 of the branchial apparatus disappear also, the bones and 
 cartilages being gradually reabsorbed. Eventually the 
 alteration is fully accomplished, and there remains not the 
 slightest trace of the former branchial apparatus. In this 
 
THE COMMON FROG. 89 
 
 instance, not only has there been transformation and substi- 
 tution, but an actual metamorphosis has occurred ; for the 
 respiration, which was aquatic before, has become atmo- 
 spheric, and, strictly speaking, the animal from having been 
 a fish has been converted into a batrachian. 
 
 If we examine any particular apparatus, we shall find it 
 also presenting many curious phenomena in the course of 
 its development. We shall find that as the herbivorous 
 habits give place to carnivorous ones, the digestive apparatus 
 undergoes a change adapting it to the new form of diet. 
 The mouth increases in size and gape ; the little beak- 
 organs, or more correctly, the horny lips, are replaced by 
 teeth, which are attached to the palatine arch, and not to 
 the jaw ; the intestine, which before was long and almost 
 cylindrical, becomes shorter, and is inflated in certain por- 
 tions of its length ; and the abdomen, which had been 
 almost spherical, becomes thin and slender. The meta- 
 morphoses may now be seen in its entire extent, and more 
 distinctly as regards the locomotive system than any other. 
 
 The tadpole at first exhibits no trace of either internal or 
 external limbs. It swims about like a fish by the action of 
 its tail, which is an extensive organ, longer and wider than 
 the body, supported by a prolongation of the vertebral 
 column, moved by powerful muscles, and supplied with 
 large blood-vessels and numerous nervous branches. Be- 
 neath the skin and muscles of the anterior and posterior 
 regions of the body, two little projections appear at a certain 
 period. These are the limbs, and are at first attached to 
 the adjacent structures by the nerves and blood-vessels 
 which are supplied to them. These projections increase in 
 size, their appendages appear in due course, and eventually 
 the hip and shoulder bones are developed. As soon as these 
 locomotive organs enter upon the discharge of their functions, 
 the tail begins to disappear. Its skin, muscles, nerves, 
 bones, and blood-vessels atrophy, and vanish from our 
 sight. They have not faded away, they have not simply 
 
90 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 fallen off, they have not been cast off by a species of moult- 
 ing, as in the case of insect larvae. They have been got rid 
 of by none of these methods ; their substance has been re- 
 absorbed, atom by atom ; and hence, although it has ceased 
 to exist, it is not the less alive on that account. 
 
 We see, then, that frogs undergo complete metamorphoses 
 not only in regard to their entire organism, but as to each 
 set of apparatus, with the exception of the nervous system. 
 The salamanders are not similarly situated. These maintain 
 their external gills throughout the entire larval period, and 
 never acquire internal branchiae. When reaching the air- 
 breathing condition, they skip, as it were, one of the trans- 
 formations which frogs undergo. The salamanders have 
 also four legs in the perfect state ; but then, in addition to 
 these, they preserve the tail* 
 
 Frogs spawn most commonly about the middle 
 of March. A large number of small round 
 opaque bodies, enclosed in a glairy mass, are 
 deposited at the bottom of pools and ditches. 
 Speedily, by the absorption of water, the enve- 
 lope swells, and each ovum, like a little black 
 dot, is enclosed within its sphere of gelatine. 
 These masses of ova soon rise and float on the 
 surface of the water, in which state they are 
 known to all country people as " frog spawn/' 
 
 At first the embryo is a small globular body, 
 rather darker on one side than the other. In 
 about four-and-twenty hours the sphere elon- 
 gates, and in eight-and-forty hours the presence 
 
 * " Metamorphoses of Man and the Lower Animals." 
 Translated by Dr. Lawson. London : Hardwicke. 
 
THE COMMON FROG. 91 
 
 of a head and tail may be distinguished. 
 Gradually the fin appears around the tail, and 
 the rudiments of the branchice, in the form of 
 tubercles, project from each side of the neck. 
 Within about four days from the deposit of the 
 ova, in a warm climate, such as Italy, the mem- 
 brane is ruptured and the tadpoles become free ; 
 but in our own clime a much longer period is 
 required, and the eggs are not usually hatched 
 for a month after their deposition. 
 
 Soon after the emergence of the tadpoles from 
 the egg the branchice or extended gills attain 
 their full development, when they gradually 
 diminish in size, until at length they become with- 
 drawn into the cavity prepared for their recep- 
 tion, and are closed by a fold of the skin. For 
 some time the tadpoles continue to grow day by 
 day, and increase in bulk without any material 
 change in form. If carefully watched, however, 
 little tubercles or buds will be observed in the 
 course of time to make their appearance both 
 towards the upper and lower portions, or rather 
 forwards and backwards on the body ; these are 
 the rudimentary legs. 
 
 As the latter grow and manifest themselves, 
 the tail, which is in danger of becoming a useless 
 appendage, is gradually absorbed, until the little 
 "froggies," with their stumps of tails, cease to 
 be " tadpoles," and merge into veritable little 
 
92 OUR EEPTILES. 
 
 " frogs." It is very usual for persons living in 
 towns to patronize tadpoles in their aquaria ; but 
 so many are their misfortunes that a colony of 
 town-bred frogs seldom gladdens the eyes of a 
 Cockney. The tadpoles have a cannibal pro- 
 pensity to kill and eat each other, as their limbs 
 begin to bud. " I placed in a large glass globe 
 of water several tadpoles/' says Mr. Bell, "more 
 or less nearly approaching their final change, and 
 I observed that almost as soon as one had ac- 
 quired limbs it was found dead at the bottom of 
 the water, and the remaining tadpoles feeding 
 upon it. This took place with all of them suc- 
 cessively excepting the last; which lived on to 
 complete its change, and for a considerable time 
 afterwards." Whilst in the earlier stages, at 
 least, of their existence, the green confervoid vege- 
 table deposit of the tank appears to be the legiti- 
 mate food of the tadpole, seasoned perhaps with a 
 small quantity of minute animal life. The Frog is 
 almost entirely insectivorous. Its favourite food 
 consists of all kinds of minute insects, such as 
 the little green plant-lice, which are the pest of 
 gardeners, other larger insects, small slugs, and 
 such forms of animal life. This habit ought to 
 procure for frogs, not only the protection, but 
 the fostering care of gardeners and all cultivators 
 of the soil. How much less cause would they 
 have to complain of insect enemies, if they would 
 
THE COMMON FKOG. 93 
 
 but exercise more care in the preservation and 
 increase of toads and frogs, and establish on 
 their own domains a kind of " local game law," 
 instead of winking at the persecution, if not 
 really encouraging the extirpation, of their best 
 friends. It is strange that Nature should so well 
 provide for the "balance of power," and that 
 man should so pertinaciously endeavour to over- 
 turn her work, by the wholesale destruction of 
 insectivorous birds, or the persecution of harm- 
 less and beneficent reptiles. Yet in the primeval 
 forests, where sparrow clubs are unknown, and 
 insectivorous animals dwell unmolested, no evi- 
 dence can be traced of any great mistake which 
 Nature has made in the preponderance of any 
 given forms, nor can we trace any manifest 
 " bungle " which requires the wisdom of " the 
 lord of the creation " to put right. 
 
 Of all reptiles submitted to incarceration none 
 behave better in captivity than this, as the fol- 
 lowing testimony will prove : 
 
 In a fern-case, about 3 feet by 1 foot in area, I kept two toads, 
 a small frog, and a number of newts. The frog did not 
 appear fond of the water ; the newts would not go in, and 
 if thrown in, immediately crawled out again. The toads, on 
 the contrary, appeared to enjoy an occasional bath, remaining 
 in the water, with the mouth and eyes above the surface, for 
 several hours together. They lived, the one for about a year, 
 the other for nearly two. The newts dropped off one by one, 
 the last surviving for, I think, upwards of eighteen months. 
 
94 OUR EEPTILES. 
 
 The frog lived for several months, and was a very interesting 
 creature. When on the upper part of the fern-fronds, where 
 he delighted to bask, he appeared of a distinctly greenish 
 tint ; but when on the soil, at the bottom, the hue changed 
 to so decided a brown that it was difficult to find him. 
 During the time that these creatures were among the ferns, 
 I ain not aware of having seen an aphis, whereas, since their 
 decease, the young fronds (especially those of the Polypods) 
 are, during the summer months, infested with them. * 
 
 The voice of the frog is not generally regarded 
 as particularly charming, and its vocal efforts are 
 commonly called " croaking ;" but there is 
 another kind of ' c croaking/' uttered by animals 
 of a much higher order in creation, which we 
 regard as far less musical. A concert of frogs, 
 heard remote from towns and railways, on a 
 quiet evening, is not so inharmonious as " croak- 
 ing" might lead us to suppose. There may be 
 something in association, being ourselves of East 
 Anglian birth, but we certainly like to hear an 
 occasional " frog concert." 
 
 Mr. C. Darwin mentions a similar feeling which 
 took possession of him at Rio de Janeiro : 
 
 After the hot days, it was delicious to sit quietly in the 
 garden, and watch the evening pass into night. Nature in 
 these climes chooses her vocalists from more humble per- 
 formers than in Europe. A small frog, of the genus Hyla, 
 sits on a blade of grass, about an inch above the surface of 
 
 * Hardwicke's Science Gossip, vol. i. p. 86. 
 
THE COMMON FEOG. 95 
 
 the water, and sends forth a pleasing chirp : when several 
 are together they sing in harmony on different notes. * 
 
 Probably the American frogs are really more 
 musical than ours, as they have to compensate 
 much for the loss of singing-birds, or at least 
 melodious ones. The "Old Bushman" says that 
 in Sweden a little frog emits during the pairing 
 season a note like the ringing of bells, and as 
 this sound proceeds from the depth of the water, 
 it appears to come from a long distance, although 
 the frog may be within a few fathoms. 
 
 During the winter these reptiles, in common 
 with others of their race, proceed to winter quar- 
 ters, hiding themselves in holes of the ground, 
 but more commonly buried in mud congregated 
 together in considerable companies. With the 
 early spring they awake from their torpidity, 
 break up their association, commence their career 
 of love, and seek fitting localities for the deposi- 
 tion of ova and development of their young. In 
 and about ditches and swamps, bog and fen, 
 treacherous to human feet, 
 
 By night or by day, were you there about, 
 
 You might see them creep in or see them creep out. 
 
 Dr. Hermann Masius says of the Frog, he may 
 be looked upon as a character : in popular 
 stories, fairy tales, and poesy he plays no unim- 
 
 * Darwin's " Journal of Eesearches," p. 29. 
 
96 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 portant part. Full of meaning is the myth of 
 the Frogs of Latona ; also the fable of their 
 election of a king. ^Esop related it to the 
 Athenians,, when Pisistratus had usurped the 
 government; and very lately its influence was 
 put to the test by working it up into a political 
 drama. Aristophanes had already brought the 
 Frog people on the stage, just as two thousand 
 years later it appears to have furnished one of 
 the greatest German satirists with a welcome 
 subject. Unfortunately, of Fischart's "Frosch- 
 gosch " the name alone is preserved ; another 
 poem, however, which, in the heroic style of the 
 Homerian epic, sings the battle between the 
 Frogs and Mice, affords us a compensation. I 
 mean the " Batrachomyomachia," and the new 
 version of it by Rollenhagen. Appearing as it 
 did towards the end of the sixteenth century, 
 " Froschmausler " was long, and very justly, a 
 favourite book of Protestant Germany. In 1787, 
 when Prussian troops marched into insurrec- 
 tionary Holland, a third frog epic appeared, as 
 if to show how inexhaustible the subject was. 
 Thus has this race of animals won for itself an 
 inalienable place in poesy ; and, beginning with 
 fable and with riddles, runs through the whole 
 of song. 
 
 The Koran relates of Mohammed that he 
 knew how to appreciate these despised animals, 
 
THE COMMON FKOG. 97 
 
 for that he caused them to be respected for 
 having saved Abraham from a fiery death. 
 When the Chaldeans had thrown the patriarch 
 into the flames, in order to kill him, frogs came 
 compassionately to the rescue, spat water into 
 the fire, and extinguished it. 
 
 We have not adverted to two very extraordinary 
 phenomena attributed to these reptiles. If the 
 frequency with which accounts of these phe- 
 nomena illustrate the columns of our newspaper 
 press may be accepted as proof of their verity, 
 then there are no mysteries of Batrachian life so 
 true as " showers of frogs," and live frogs or 
 toads found embedded in coal, limestone, granite, 
 &c., immured for ages, or since times cotempo- 
 raneous with the patriarch Noah. We know it 
 is not philosophic to deny, because we cannot 
 explain, any of the marvellous things recorded 
 of sea-serpents, buried toads, or frog-showers ; 
 nevertheless, we will venture to doubt, whilst 
 believing that future generations will, one day, 
 set these matters at rest, beyond the possibility 
 of doubt. It would be folly to deny that there are 
 still very many estimable people in existence who 
 believe in showers of frogs ; perhaps a still larger 
 number with faith in imprisoned reptiles, such as 
 the toad in the coal of the Great Exhibition, or 
 the frog celebrated in the Gainsborough News in 
 the following paragraph : 
 
98 OUR REPTILES, 
 
 A few days ago a very fine live frog was discovered im- 
 bedded in a large block of stone, at the Lady Lee stone- 
 quarries, near Worksop, Nottinghamshire, now occupied by 
 Mr. J. Ellis. The block was eleven feet below the surface, 
 and the frog on being liberated, jumped about quite cheer- 
 fully, and on being placed in a pond of water, swam with 
 great dexterity. It is supposed the prisoner must have been 
 confined from one to two thousand years. The block of 
 stone had the impression of the frog very distinctly marked 
 where it had lain for such a long period.* 
 
 We liad well-nigh forgotten to associate with 
 these the " true and particular account " of 
 
 Sir Froggy who would a wooing go, 
 Whether his mother would let him or no. 
 
 The climbing powers of frogs attracted the 
 attention of the Rev. C. A. Johns, of Win- 
 chester, and in a letter recently published, he 
 gives the following instances : 
 
 Three several instances, proving that they can and do 
 climb, have fallen under my own notice. These are already 
 recorded in print. A fourth came under my notice on the 
 27th of October last (1863). I was digging for pupse at 
 the base of a large willow-tree in the valley of the Itchen, 
 near Winchester, with some young friends, when one of the 
 party exclaimed, i Look at this frog climbing up the tree !' 
 I quickly ran round to the other side of the tree, and saw, 
 not one only, but five or six young frogs, from one to two 
 feet from the ground, climbing up the rugged bark, and 
 using their front and hind feet just as a sailor employs his 
 hands and feet when ascending the rigging of a ship. .One 
 
 * Retford and Gainsborough News, March llth, 1865. 
 
THE COMMON FKOG. 99 
 
 which I did not myself see was discovered at a height of five 
 feet from the ground in the act of descending. It had been 
 alarmed probably at our intrusion, and had fallen to the 
 ground before I reached the spot ; but I had no reason to 
 doubt the accuracy of the statement, for two or three mem- 
 bers of my party pointed to the exact spot from which it had 
 fallen ; and if a frog can climb two feet, there is no reason 
 why it should not climb twenty, or more.* 
 
 Mr. Henry Eeeks afterwards affirmed that he 
 had found frogs frequently in apparently inac- 
 cessible places, such as the tops of pollard willows, 
 in the vicinity of streams, to which they could 
 not have attained save by climbing. The same 
 gentleman also alludes to the toad as an adept in 
 climbing, having often found them in the nests 
 of small birds, in hedges. f Other observers have 
 borne out the above testimony that frogs do 
 climb. 
 
 The common frog has its head nearly tri- 
 angular ; the teeth are minute and arranged in a 
 single row in the upper jaw, with an irregular 
 row across the palate but none in the lower jaw. 
 The tongue is lobed at the tip, and folds back 
 upon itself when not in use. The fore feet have 
 the third toe the longest, and the second the 
 shortest. The hind legs are more than hah as 
 long again as the body, the toes webbed, the 
 
 * Eev. C. A. Johns, in the Zoologist, p. 8861. 
 t Zoologist, p. 8927. 
 
 H 2 
 
100 OUR EEPTILES. 
 
 fourth, being one -third longer than the third and 
 fifth. The skin is a little wrinkled on the thighs, 
 but is elsewhere smooth. The upper parts are 
 brownish, or yellowish-brown, sometimes very 
 dark, and spotted with black, and the legs as- 
 suming the form of bands. There is also an 
 elongated patch of brown or black on the 
 temples, with an indistinct paler line down each 
 side of the back. Length about three inches. 
 
 Tadpole, natural size, and enlarged, in its early stage. 
 
THE EDIBLE FROG. 101 
 
 THE EDIBLE FEOG. 
 
 (Eana esculenta.) 
 
 IN naming the geographical distribution of 
 the Edible Frog, the author of " The Quadrupeds 
 and Eeptiles of Europe " says, " This frog is 
 found all over Europe, except in the British 
 isles ; throughout the north of Asia to Japan, 
 and in Egypt " We venture to take exception 
 to this verdict, and affirm that the edible frog is 
 found in the British isles, as well as the rest of 
 Europe ; but whether it be truly a native, is 
 another question, the affirmation of which we do 
 not mean to be so positive in giving. There 
 exists amongst some naturalists too great a de- 
 sire, or perhaps rather a habit, to regard the 
 British Flora and Fauna as distinct from those of 
 Europe, instead of looking upon them as forming 
 portions, isolated though they may be by geo- 
 graphical position, of the great continental whole. 
 
102 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 As an island, we possess,, not only idiosyncrasies 
 but also animals, insects, or plants which are 
 somewhat peculiar; yet because we are sur- 
 rounded by the sea now, that is no reason why 
 we should regard our " tight little island " as 
 a world of our own, and forget our relationships 
 with the old continent from which we "seceded" 
 many long years ago. 
 
 The following is Mr. Berney's account of his 
 introduction of the edible frog into this country. 
 
 I went to Paris in 1837, and brought home two hundred 
 edible frogs and a great quantity of spawn. These were de- 
 posited in the ditches and in the meadows at Morton, in 
 some ponds at Hockering, and some were placed in the fens 
 at Foulden, near Stoke Ferry. They did not like the 
 meadows, and left them for ponds. In 1841, I imported 
 another lot from Brussels. In 1842, 1 brought over from St. 
 Omer thirteen hundred, in large hampers, made like slave 
 ships, with plenty of tiers ; these were rnoveable, and were 
 covered with water-lily leaves, stitched on to them, that the 
 frogs might be comfortable and feel at home. These were 
 dispersed about in the above-mentioned places, and many 
 hundreds were put into the fens at Foulden and in the neigh- 
 bourhood.* 
 
 In 1853 Mr. A. Newton and his brother were 
 driving along the road between Thetford and 
 Scoulton, in Norfolk, and hearing an unusual 
 noise, stopped to ascertain the cause. His brother 
 alighted and entered the meadow whence the 
 
 * The Zoologist, p. 6539. 
 
THE EDIBLE FKOG. 103 
 
 sound proceeded, but soon returned and informed 
 Mr. Newton that the sound proceeded from a 
 pond, and that the musicians were edible frogs. 
 
 Of course (writes the latter gentleman) I went immediately 
 to satisfy myself, and there, sure enough, were the frogs 
 some swimming to and fro in the water some sitting on the 
 aquatic plants, with which the pond was choked, and these 
 last were exceedingly noisy, puffing out their faucial sacs, 
 like so many dwellers in the cave of ^Eolus. After observing 
 them for a little while, we tried to obtain some specimens, 
 but herein fortune favoured the frogs. We had no aggressive 
 weapons beyond a walking-stick and an umbrella, and they 
 were wary to a degree, and exceedingly active. However, by 
 persevering we became possessed of four individuals, three, 
 I regret to say, dead, and one, an indiscreet youth, whom 
 we found rambling about the grass alive. We retired with 
 our spoils, the deceased were decently embalmed, and are 
 now in the Norfolk and Norwich Museum. 
 
 He afterwards relates how he made his dis- 
 covery known to Mr. J. H. Gurnev, and learnt 
 from him that many years before Mr. George 
 Berney had imported a number of these reptiles 
 alive, and liberated them in this neighbourhood. 
 Application to Mr. Berney educed the foregoing 
 account of his introduction of edible frogs into 
 this country. 
 
 How far the facts above related, adds Mr. Newton, will 
 serve to answer the inquiry propounded nearly twelve years 
 since by Mr. J. Wolley (Zoologist, p. 1821), "Is the edible 
 frog a true native of Britain ? " I do not presume to say, 
 but I will merely draw attention to one point, namely, that 
 as appears from Mr. Berney's letter, upwards of 1,500 edible 
 
104 OUE EEPTILES. 
 
 frogs, besides spawn, had been by him alone imported into 
 the East of England, some of them six years, and all more 
 than a whole year, before Mr. C. Thurnall's discovery of the 
 species in September, 1843, at Foulmire Fen, in Cambridge- 
 shire.* 
 
 The above evidence would appear very con- 
 clusive, so far as evidence of that kind could go, 
 had the publication of Mr. Newton's remarks 
 not elicited a reply from Mr. Thomas Bell, which 
 was published in a succeeding number of the 
 same journal, in which his remarks appeared. 
 Mr. Bell says : 
 
 My father, who was a native of Cambridgeshire, has often 
 described to me, as long ago as I can recollect, the peculiarly 
 loud, and somewhat musical, sound uttered by the frogs of 
 Whaddon and Foulmire, which procured for them the name 
 of " Whaddon Organs." My father was always of opinion 
 that they were of a different species from the common frog, 
 and this opinion of his, formed nearly a century ago, was 
 confirmed by Mr. Thurnall's discovery that the frogs of 
 Foulmire are of the species Rana esculenta. f 
 
 Tlie croak of the Edible Frog, as alluded to 
 already, is much louder and more musical than 
 that of the common species. 
 
 " Let me," says a German writer, " recall our 
 summer nights of Northern Germany. When 
 on the wide plain all life is asleep, and the lone- 
 some disquieting groan of the Moor-frog is all 
 that is heard sounding from afar, like a summons 
 
 * The Zoologist, p. 393. t 16., p. 6565. 
 
THE EDIBLE FROG. 105 
 
 from the nether world, on a sudden the frog in 
 the pond begins to raise his voice. It is an 
 agreeable tenor. He summons to horary prayers : 
 in a large circle round about him sits the syna- 
 gogue ; when presently a deeper voice, and evi- 
 dently of one advanced in years, chimes in ; a 
 third joins the chant, and the recitative begins. 
 A little while, and a pause ensues ; then the 
 precentor sings again alone, some long-drawn 
 responses follow, when suddenly a hurly-burly, 
 that thrills through every fibre, bursts forth in 
 the air. It lasts some minutes, until single 
 solos, in a minor key, disengage themselves 
 from the scattered tones, which soon break forth 
 again in a stormy chorus. Thus does their 
 music last on throughout the whole night, and 
 may be heard for many miles. Yet this, it would 
 seem, is but gentle music, when compared to 
 the uproar which hums in the ear of the traveller 
 when, on the shores of the Volga and the 
 Caspian Sea, the frogs in myriads celebrate their 
 marriage festivals. The bacchic rejoicings of 
 these orgies absorb everything; all is grown 
 froggish; it is as though the very earth were 
 shaking with the rest, unable to resist the inex- 
 tinguishable laughter." 
 
 The proportion of European frogs found in 
 Great Britain is small. Out of the nine species 
 inhabiting the continent we have but two. The 
 
106 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 little painted frog (Discoglossus pidus) is confined 
 to the extreme south, on the shores of the Medi- 
 terranean. The bell frog (Alytes obstetricans) is 
 smaller still, and has a wider distribution, being 
 found principally in the central countries, and is 
 not uncommon in France. The brown frog 
 (Pelobates fuscus), which gives out a strong 
 odour of garlic when touched, is apparently less 
 common, but is found in France, Belgium, and a 
 few other localities. The rough-headed frog 
 (Pelobates cultripes) has only been observed in 
 Spain and the south of France. The red-bellied 
 frog (Bombinator igneus) is found over the tem- 
 perate regions of Europe, in France, Germany, 
 Switzerland, and Russia, passing most of its time 
 in water. Lastly, the common tree frog (Hyla 
 viridis), with the extremities of its toes expanded 
 into a kind of cushion or disk. Except during 
 the spawning season, it is an inhabitant of trees 
 and shrubs. This species is found nearly every- 
 where in Europe except the British islands. It 
 is a small, light green, elegant species, with a 
 loud and musical croak. The seven species just 
 enumerated, with the two more fully described 
 as British, constitute the frog fauna of Europe. 
 Of toads there are but three, and two of these 
 belong to our islands. 
 
 The name of " edible frog" suggests a 
 
THE EDIBLE FROG. 107 
 
 gastronomic idea not much in favour with. 
 Englishmen. To cook and eat frogs was long 
 since regarded on this side the Channel as the 
 privilege only of Frenchmen. Recently we have 
 been relaxing in our prejudices, and both 
 Frenchmen and frogs, seen through a less dis- 
 torting medium, are being better understood and 
 appreciated. " Fricassee de grenouilles," which 
 we should call "preserved frogsMegs," are 
 regularly sold at some of the West-end provision 
 warehouses, packed in air-tight canisters, in the 
 same manner as many other mysterious modern 
 comestibles. It is three or four years since we 
 learnt that " French frogs " had introduced 
 themselves into British commerce, and we re- 
 solved upon testing their edible qualities. One 
 of the canisters referred to was purchased, and 
 by dint of labour opened, and what seemed 
 to be little strips of boiled chicken floated in 
 thin melted butter. We looked at them, and 
 paused smelt of them and paused again; at 
 length, with marvellous courage as we thought, 
 tasted them. At first there seemed some little 
 irresolution on the part of the internal genii, 
 whether they ought not to rebel against the 
 admission of the intruder. But, as the taste 
 was in their favour, down went the frogs. After 
 all, the flavour was very agreeable, if one could 
 
108 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 only forget for a while their origin and name,, 
 and fancy them little stewed rabbits, which they 
 most resemble. 
 
 Mr. P. Buckland, when in Paris on one 
 occasion, resolved upon a banquet of frogs. 
 
 I went (he says) to the large market in the Faubourg St. 
 Germain, and inquired for frogs. I was referred to a stately- 
 looking dame at a fish-stall, who produced a box nearly full 
 of them, huddling and crawling about, and occasionally 
 croaking, as though aware of the fate to which they were 
 destined. The price fixed was two a penny, and having 
 ordered a dish to be prepared, the dame de la halle dived 
 her hand in among them, and having secured her victim by 
 the hind legs, she severed him in twain with a sharp knife ; 
 the legs, minus skin, still struggling, were placed on a dish ; 
 and the head, with the fore-legs affixed, retained life and 
 motion, and performed such motions that the operation 
 became painful to look at. These legs were afterwards 
 cooked at the restaurateur's, being served up fried in bread- 
 crumbs, as larks are in England ; and most excellent eating 
 they were, tasting more like the delicate flesh of the rabbit 
 than anything else I can think of. I afterwards tried a dish 
 pf the common English frog, but his flesh is not so white 
 nor so tender as that of his French brother. 
 
 Frogs, and sometimes toads, are more exten- 
 sively eaten than some of us would imagine. In 
 China, at New York, on the banks of the Seine 
 and the Amazon, in the West Indies and the 
 East, in the Philippines and the Antilles, by 
 both barbarous and civilized races, frogs or 
 toads are regarded as delicacies. Professor 
 
THE EDIBLE FROG. 109 
 
 Dumeril used to warn his pupils that the dealers, 
 in collecting frogs, often met with toads, and 
 never rejected them, but cutting off the hind 
 quarters and skinning them, mixed all together, 
 toads and frogs, and sent them to Paris to be 
 eaten. The Chinese have a peculiar taste with 
 regard to frogs, and economize portions which 
 the Parisians reject. Mr. Fortune says : 
 
 They are brought to market in tubs and baskets, and the 
 vendor employs himself in skinning them as he sits making 
 sales. He is extremely expert at this part of his business. 
 He takes up the frog in his left hand, and with a knife 
 which he holds in his right, chops off the fore part of its 
 head. The skin is then drawn back over the body, and 
 down to the feet, which are chopped off and thrown away. 
 The poor frog, still alive but headless, skinless, and feetless, 
 is then thrown into another tub, and the operation is 
 repeated on the rest in the same way. Every now and then 
 the artist lays down his knife, and takes up his scales to 
 weigh these animals for his customers, and make his sales. 
 Everything in this civilized country, whether it be gold or 
 silver, geese or frogs, is sold by weight. 
 
 One of the remembrances of our school-days 
 is of one or two of the big boys who were accus- 
 tomed to astonish their juniors by the singular 
 exhibition of putting little frogs in their mouths, 
 and sometimes swallowing them. In Cheshire, 
 we are told, it is still the practice to catch little 
 frogs and place them alive in the mouths of 
 children suffering from the thrush. Of course 
 
110 OUR EEFTILES. 
 
 this is considered an infallible cure, and in some 
 eastern counties the disorder itself is known as 
 " the frog." The reptiles in these cases being 
 the common frog, that species would appear to 
 have some little claim also to be regarded as 
 edible ; though, on the other hand, if swallowed 
 alive, how can they be said to have been eaten ? 
 N'importe ! a dead rabbit is better than a live 
 frog, as an esculent, provided it is not too 
 "high." 
 
 Frogs and toads had formerly some reputation 
 in medicine, either wholly or in part ; but all 
 belief in their efficacy is now vested in a few 
 obscure matrons, who prescribe for the rustic 
 population in some out of the way villages in 
 agricultural districts. Sic transit gloria mundi. 
 
 The principal features by which the edible 
 frog may be distinguished from the common 
 frog are : the absence in the former of the 
 conspicuous dark patch, which in the latter 
 extends from the eye to the shoulder the vocal 
 sacs or bladders at the angles of the mouth in 
 the edible frog, which are distended while 
 croaking, and which are absent in the common 
 frog and the light line which runs down the 
 back of the former but which is not seen in the 
 latter. To these may be added the more distinct 
 and beautiful markings in the edible frog, its 
 louder note, and generally larger size. In their 
 
o 
 
 THE EDIBLE FKO'J. Ill 
 
 food, habits, and habitats, there is probably no 
 great difference between them, except that the 
 edible frog appears to be more exclusively 
 aquatic. Messrs. Dumeril and Bibron, the authors 
 of a large French work on Reptiles, say that 
 
 It inhabits indiscriminately running or still waters, the 
 borders of rivers, rivulets, or streams, lakes or ponds, salt 
 or fresh marshes, or even ditches and simple pools of water, 
 Sometimes they are seen on the leaves of water-lilies, or on 
 the herbage of the banks, where they love to bask in the 
 warm sunshine ; but at the slightest noise they strike into 
 the water, and do not again expose themselves until certain 
 that all danger is past. 
 
 In the edible frog the toes are cylindrical, 
 and a little swollen at the tips ; the webs of the 
 toes are slightly notched, and do not reach to the 
 extreme tips ; the fourth toe of the hind foot is 
 one-fourth longer than the third and fifth; the 
 nostrils half-way between the corner of the eye 
 and the tip of the muzzle ; the head is triangular; 
 the teeth on the palate are in a line exactly be- 
 tween the nasal openings ; the tongue is broad, 
 lobed, and covered on the surface with scattered 
 warts. On the upper surface of the body are a 
 number of rather indistinct, scattered warts or 
 folds, but the skin on the belly is smooth. The 
 male is furnished with a bladder at the angle of 
 the gape on each side, which when distended 
 
112 
 
 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 is as large as a small cherry. The colour is ex- 
 ceedingly variable, generally of a greenish tint, 
 sometimes of a rich chestnut-red. Length above 
 three inches. 
 
113 
 
 THE COMMON TOAD. 
 
 Skull of Common Toad (enlarged). 
 
 ONLY a small proportion of the European 
 species of frogs are found in Britain; whilst 
 of three toads, two are indigenous to these 
 islands. Some have even doubted whether two 
 of these species (J5. viridis and B. calamita) 
 are not varieties of the same. If this be the 
 case, all the European toads are British. We 
 think, however, that the two just named are 
 really distinct, and that the green toad (Bufo 
 viridis) is, therefore, a stranger and an alien. 
 
 The common toad is found all over Europe, 
 i 
 
114 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 from Sweden and Eussia to Greece and Italy, 
 Ireland excepted. 
 
 Pennant commences his chapter on this rep- 
 tile in the following words : 
 
 The most deformed and hideous of all animals : the body 
 broad, the back flat, and covered with a pimply dusky hide ; 
 the belly large, swagging and swelling out ; the legs short, 
 and its pace laboured and crawling ; its retreat gloomy and 
 filthy : in short, its general appearance is such as to strike 
 one with disgust and horror ; yet we have been told by 
 those who have resolution to view it with attention, that its 
 eyes are fine. To this it seems that Shakespeare alludes, 
 when he makes his Juliet remark 
 
 " Some say the lark and loathed toad change eyes." 
 
 As if they would have been better bestowed on so charming 
 a songster than on this raucous reptile.* 
 
 Pennant, however, only gave expression to 
 the feeling which was common, and almost uni- 
 versal, at the time he wrote. Toads were looked 
 upon with dread and disgust; and even now 
 many people, not only illiterate, but educated, 
 would describe it in equally prejudiced terms. 
 There is nothing very prepossessing, perhaps, in 
 a casual glance at a toad nothing to recom- 
 mend it very strongly to a lady as a drawing- 
 room pet. How often have we heard the 
 exclamation of an anxious mother to her child, 
 
 * Pennant's " British Zoology," vol. iii. p. 14. 
 
THE COMMON TOAD. 115 
 
 f c Don't go near that toad j it will spit at you ! " 
 And how long and earnestly might we plead 
 with such a mother before we could convince 
 her that the toad would do her child no harm ! 
 
 Before adverting more particularly to the 
 habits of this animal, we will endeavour to give 
 a brief epitome of what is known of the secre- 
 tions of the toad, which were in part, perhaps, 
 the basis of the belief in its injurious character. 
 
 Dr. Davy thinks that the principal use of this poison is 
 to defend the reptile against the attacks ,of carnivorous 
 animals. He also remarks that, as it contains an inflam- 
 mable substance, it may be excrementitious ; it may serve 
 to carry off a portion of carbon from the blood, and thus be 
 auxiliary to the functions of the lungs. In support of this 
 idea, the author observes that he finds each of the pulmonary 
 arteries of the toad divided into two branches, one of which 
 goes to the lungs, and the other to the cutis, ramifying most 
 abundantly where the largest follicles are situated, and where 
 there is a large venous plexus, seeming to indicate that the 
 subcutaneous distribution of the second branch of the 
 pulmonary artery may further aid the office of the lungs, 
 by bringing the blood to the surface to be acted upon by 
 the air.* 
 
 The viscid exudation from the skin in this 
 kind of reptile is regarded as a kind of poison. 
 It appears to answer as a defence to an animal 
 which has no other means of defending itself; 
 but, as there are no provisions for inoculation of 
 
 * " Philos. Trans, for 1826," pt. ii. p. 127 
 
 i 2 
 
116 OUR EEPTILES. 
 
 the fluid, it cannot be employed as a means of 
 attack. According to M. Moquin Tandon, it is 
 a thick, viscid, milky fluid, with a slight yellow 
 tint, and poisonous odour. It has a disagreeable 
 caustic, bitter taste ; becomes solid on exposure 
 to air, and assumes the form of scales when 
 placed on glass.* M. Pelletier affirms that its 
 acrid properties are due to the presence of an 
 acid. MM. Gratiolet and Cloez performed with 
 it some experiments on birds, such as linnets 
 and finches, which were inoculated with the 
 fluid, and died in about six minutes. They were 
 not convulsed, but opened their beaks, and 
 staggered as if in a state of drunkenness. In 
 a short time they closed their eyes as if falling 
 to sleep, and fell down dead. The same gentle- 
 man also ascertained that when a small quantity 
 of the fluid was introduced beneath the skin of 
 such mammalia as the dog or goat, it caused 
 death in less than an hour. 
 
 M. Vulpian repeated these and similar experi- 
 ments, both with the common toad and the 
 natterjack. He inoculated dogs and guinea- 
 pigs, and found that they died in from half an 
 hour to an hour and a half. This fluid acts also 
 as a poison on frogs, and generally kills them in 
 the course of an hour ; it is sufficient to apply it 
 
 '" Moquin Tandon's " Medical Zoology," p. 287. 
 
i/ Toad' 
 
THE COMMON TOAD. 117 
 
 externally upon tlieir backs'; but upon toads 
 themselves it has no influence. 
 
 It is said that in certain countries the Indians 
 hunt after several species of toads with pointed 
 sticks. They transfix the animals with these 
 sticks, and when they have collected a consi- 
 derable quantity of them, they place them before 
 a large fire, but at a sufficient distance to pre- 
 vent their being roasted. The heat excites the 
 cutaneous secretion, which is collected by the 
 Indians as it is discharged from the pustules, for 
 the purpose of poisoning their arrows. The 
 humour secreted in the follicles of the triton, 
 or great water newt, has similar properties, but 
 is less virulent. 
 
 In a recent number of a French journal, an 
 instance is recorded of the virus of the toad 
 entering the blood of a child, and causing 
 death : 
 
 A young lad, ten years of age, named Louis P , whose 
 
 parents are small tradespeople in the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 
 was playing with some of his companions near Bercy, not 
 far from a building in the course of demolition. This boy, 
 who was of a delicate constitution, had a slight abrasion of 
 the skin of the right hand. Having seen a lizard crawl into 
 a hole in an old wall, he put in his hand, but instead of the 
 lizard he drew out an enormous toad, which he immediately 
 threw on the ground. The skin of the toad is covered with 
 large tubercles, formed by an aggregation of small pustules, 
 open at their summit. A milky liquid, of a yellowish-white 
 colour, very thick, and of a fetid odour, escapes from these 
 
118 OUE KEPTILES. 
 
 tubercles when the animal is irritated. Whilst the lad had 
 the animal in his hand, this liquid, which is a violent poison, 
 was introduced through the wound in his hand into the 
 blood. He was soon after seized with vertigo, vomitings, 
 and faintings, and was carried to the house of his parents, 
 who called in a doctor immediately ; but already the malady 
 had made such progress that, in spite of the most energetic 
 means employed, the patient soon died.* 
 
 The venomous character of the toad seems to 
 have been a firm belief of the ancients ; but 
 they had, at the same time, very erroneous 
 opinions of the s ' toad^s envenomed juice," as- 
 signed to it a power and an action far different 
 to what it possesses. ^Blian regarded the toad 
 as capable of conveying death in its look and 
 breath; and Juvenal records of the Eoman 
 dames that they infused the venom of the toad 
 in wine, to form a draught whereby to rid them- 
 selves of their husbands. Our own Shakespeare 
 used it as a compound of the witches* caldron 
 in " Macbeth": 
 
 Toad, that under coldest stone, 
 Days and nights hast thirty-one 
 Sweltered venom sleeping got, 
 Boil thou first i' th' charmed pot. 
 
 Even Pennant, with all his repugnancy to the 
 toad, could not be induced to favour the popular 
 belief in its poisonous character. 
 
 * Petit Journal, 29th March, 1865. 
 
THE COMMON TOAD. 119 
 
 We shall now return (he writes) to the notion of its being 
 a poisonous animal, and deliver as our opinion, that its ex- 
 cessive deformity, joined to the faculty it has of emitting a 
 juice from its pimples, and a dusky liquid from its hind 
 parts, is the foundation of the report. That it has any 
 noxious qualities we have been unable to bring proofs in the 
 smallest degree satisfactory, though we have heard many 
 strange relations on that point. On the contrary, we know 
 several of our friends who have taken them in their naked 
 hands, and held them long without receiving the least injury. 
 It is also well known that quacks have eaten them, and have 
 besides squeezed their juices into a glass and drank them 
 with impunity. In a word, we may consider the toad as an 
 animal that has neither good nor harm in it ; that being a 
 defenceless creature, nature has furnished it, instead of arms, 
 with a most disgusting deformity, that strikes into almost 
 every being capable of annoying it, a strong repugnancy to 
 meddle with so hideous and threatening an appearance. 
 
 The toad is very easily domesticated, and 
 when under confinement, or partially so, soon 
 becomes emboldened and apparently attached to 
 those who cater for its appetite. A gentleman 
 who caught a young toad, and brought it to the 
 great metropolis to reside with him in town, 
 gives the following particulars of his pet : 
 
 He would occasionally absent himself for weeks, so that I 
 ceased to be alarmed for his welfare, even though I might 
 not have caught sight of him for a month. In this manner 
 we went on, leaving Toady to take his holidays as he pleased, 
 until the spring of last year. During one of his temporary 
 vacations, I was watching the movements of some small 
 insects, and it appeared that my pet was watching them 
 also, for on their approaching within reach of his tongue, 
 
120 OUR EEPTILES. 
 
 that organ was instantaneously thrust forward, and the in- 
 sect disappeared. Thus while losing sight of a new acquaint- 
 ance I became aware of the presence of an old friend. I 
 also derived fresh satisfaction in observing his choice of food, 
 and mode of taking it. Thenceforward I became diligent in 
 supplying him with the same kind of food, so that he soon 
 lost all appearance of shyness, would come out of his hiding- 
 place regularly, day by day, until late in November, 1863, 
 when he again disappeared as the frost set in. At this time 
 the weather was very severe for so early a period : the aqua- 
 rium was frozen, the fish were killed, the glass was broken, 
 and all its contents became a solid mass, plants, animals, 
 and everything, embedded, as it were, in a large transparent 
 crystal. Again, I was agreeably surprised, one beautiful 
 spring day in the early part of April, to observe my old friend 
 moving about, as if to inform us that he had returned again 
 from his unknown place of retreat. He had again grown 
 fatter and uglier than he was in the autumn, his skin was 
 blacker and coarser, and dark spots covered the whole body. 
 Yet his eye seemed more brilliant and thoughtful. He came 
 direct to the same spot on which I had fed him when last 
 we met, more than four months previously. He was supplied 
 with what we term " garden-hogs," woodlice, worms, and the 
 lively little black ant. None of these would he touch, if 
 dead, or did not show unmistakable signs of active life. 
 Then would he fix his calculating eye, until the object came 
 within reach of his tongue ; this he would dart at them, and 
 in an instant the object was gone. When satisfied, he would 
 return again to some quiet nook, out of sight. This summer 
 being long and dry, I have had some difficulty in providing 
 him with his necessary food. One day I placed him in a 
 large hole at the bottom of the garden, where I collected 
 the sweepings and rubbish, and he literally became a " toad- 
 in-a-hole." This was some fifty yards from the house, and I 
 left him to shift for himself amongst the insect life of the 
 rubbish. I afterwards sought him to convey him back to 
 
THE COMMON TOAD. 121 
 
 his old neighbourhood around the house, but he was nowhere 
 to be found, and this time I gave him up for lost. Four 
 days after, what was my surprise, whilst seated at supper, to 
 see Toady come tumbling heels over head down the step 
 into the room, on a visit to his old friends. The most re- 
 markable feature in this last freak is, the circuitous route he 
 must have taken before he arrived, and the obstacles he must 
 have encountered in his way.* 
 
 Toads, as well as frogs, are insectivorous ; and 
 it is curious to observe how, by means of their 
 folded tongue, they rapidly catch and appropriate 
 any small insects which may come in their way. 
 Large beetles and earthworms occasion them 
 much more trouble, sometimes annoyance. 
 
 Mr. Holland, in narrating his experiences with 
 toads, gives an excellent illustration of their 
 mode of feeding : 
 
 My toads, two in number, had lived for a year or two in 
 a hothouse which was devoted to the growth of pineapples. 
 They were, I think, first placed there purposely by the gar- 
 dener, who found them very useful in destroying insects. I 
 used very frequently to visit the place and amuse myself 
 with feeding the toads with worms, and with watching their 
 habits. The heat of the place, which was considerable, did 
 not seem to inconvenience them in the least, for they were 
 remarkably active, and of a large size ; but at the same time 
 they seemed greatly to enjoy the artificial showers when the 
 plants were syringed, and would come out from their hiding- 
 places to be rained upon. They usually remained amongst 
 
 Science Gossip, vol. i. p. 12. 
 
122 OUE REPTILES. 
 
 the pineapple plants, which grew on a bed raised some four 
 feet from the ground, where they sat under the long leaves ; 
 but when the place was watered they would not unfrequently 
 jump down and lie upon the cool, wet tiles of the floor, 
 spreading themselves out as flat as possible. How they 
 climbed up to the pine-bed again I cannot say, for I never 
 saw them do it. 
 
 They evinced very little shyness, taking worms readily 
 when offered to them. When feeding, their actions were 
 very curious. Upon placing a worm about three inches from 
 a toad, it would instantly fix its attention upon it. Then its 
 whole appearance was changed. Instead of the dull, lethargic- 
 looking animal that the toad generally appears, it was all 
 vivacity ; the body was instantly thrown somewhat back, 
 and the head bent a little downwards, its bright eye riveted 
 upon its prey ; and though the toad was perfectly still as 
 long as the worm remained motionless or nearly so, yet its 
 attitude and its eager gaze w r ere full of life and animation. 
 Directly the worm made any active movement, the toad 
 would dart forward, open its mouth from ear to ear, and 
 seize it, generally about the middle. A curious scene now 
 took place ; mouth and feet went to work in good earnest ; 
 the worm was gulped down by a series of spasmodic jerks, 
 trying to make its escape every time the mouth was opened, 
 the toad thrusting it back all the time, and forcing it down 
 its throat by the aid of its fore-feet. Altogether it was rather 
 a disgusting sight, and gave one the idea that the toad is an 
 uncommonly greedy animal. 
 
 Having got the worm down was by no means a reason 
 that it would stay there, for I have sometimes seen a worm 
 rather larger than usual make its way up again ; however, 
 the feet would immediately go to work a second time, and 
 the toad would at length remain the undisputed possessor of 
 its own dinner. 
 
 Frequently I used to cheat the toads by moving a small 
 twig before them. They would seize it directly, imagining 
 
THE COMMON TOAD. 123 
 
 it to be a worm, and would regard it with stupid astonish- 
 ment when they discovered their mistake. 
 
 I never had the good fortune to see my friends take beetles 
 or other small prey ; but these the gardener told me were 
 never seized with the mouth, but were caught with unerring 
 aim upon the point of the long tongue.* 
 
 There is a curious twitching movement of the 
 hind toes observable in the toad whilst watching 
 an insect which he purposes making its prey. 
 This movement has been noticed to us by several 
 persons who have kept toads in confinement, or 
 closely watched their habits. 
 
 Mr. G. Guyon, of Ventnor, has kindly com- 
 municated to us some additional particulars of 
 the behaviour of these reptiles under confinement. 
 There are two or three features in his letter so 
 curious, and the whole so interesting, that we 
 think no apology is needed for introducing it 
 entire. 
 
 My toads are sufficiently tame to sit quietly on the hand 
 while carried to the window, and there snap up the flies which 
 they are held within reach of, and in this way I often cleared 
 my sitting-room of these troublesome insects during last 
 summer. Indeed the notion occurred to me of constructing 
 a sort of cage of wire-work, and suspending it in the centre 
 of the room, as is done with the so-called " Fly-catcher," 
 believing that the enclosed toad would be willing to make 
 himself useful by appropriating the flies that settled on the 
 
 * Hardwicke's Science Gossip, vol. i. p. 62. 
 
124 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 wires, while visitors of limited zoological attainments would 
 be puzzled by the strange bird thus hung up. Some similar 
 arrangement attached to a window would materially reduce 
 the number of insects on the panes. It has been observed 
 that they refuse to seize anything that is not in motion, and 
 it may be added that they will attack anything that is, pro- 
 vided it is not too large to be swallowed. It would appear 
 as if their sight, or perhaps judgment, was very defective, as 
 the form or colour of an object seems of no importance, if 
 only it moves. It need not in the least resemble any living 
 creature, any small object in motion is regarded as suitable 
 prey. If the end of a pencil, or anything similar, is drawn 
 along the side of the vase which the toads inhabit, they are 
 nearly sure to strike at it ; and not learning wisdom by 
 failure, they will go at it again and again. One or two small 
 tortoises shared the same vase till the post proved too much 
 for their constitutions, and if one of these put out its head 
 with the intention of taking a slow " constitutional," the 
 movement was pretty sure to attract the attention of the 
 nearest toad, who would place himself in a convenient posi- 
 tion, intently watching his shelly companion, until the latter 
 moved again, when dab would go the toad's tongue upon its 
 head, which the tortoise would quickly draw back into the 
 shell, not appearing to relish the unceremonious salute. This 
 absurd scene, which was of frequent occurrence, was plainly 
 owing to the toad mistaking the head of the tortoise for 
 some insect small enough to be swallowed. Although the 
 toads refuse to strike at a motionless insect, they may be 
 easily deceived, and induced to attack the still object if 
 motion is communicated to themselves, no doubt thinking it 
 is the object that moves, as a child in a railway train fancies 
 the houses and trees are running past. In this way I have 
 often, when holding them to the window, made them strike 
 at flies that were quite stationary. 
 
 On one occasion, while carrying the toad about, I noticed 
 a fly near the top of the door, and presenting the reptile to 
 
THE COMMON TOAD. 125 
 
 it was surprised to find that though the usual snap was made 
 the insect never moved. On close examination I found that 
 being near-sighted I had mistaken a fly that had been smashed 
 in closing the door for a living specimen, and the toad evi- 
 dently made the same mistake. If they do not succeed 
 when they strike at an insect, they will try again and again, 
 in no way discouraged by failure. 
 
 In collecting flies for their benefit, a glass tube, closed at 
 one end with a cork, has been found very handy. Flies at 
 rest are easily caught by a rapid sweep of the hand, and if 
 the open end of the tube is then thrust into the hand, the 
 fly will quickly make its way into it, and thus one or two 
 dozen flies can be readily introduced into the tube, as they 
 will always collect at that end which is pointed to the light. 
 If this tube is then placed in the toad vivarium, the insects 
 will crawl out one by one, and as they proceed along it the 
 toads will repeatedly strike at them, not deterred by the 
 hard glass that balks their attempts. The swallow of the 
 toad must be capacious, as insects of large size go down at 
 one gulp. The cockroach of our kitchens, commonly called 
 the " black-beetle," is a substantial insect ; but the largest 
 specimen disappears as quickly as a house fly, though not un- 
 frequently one of the antennae is seen projecting cigar-fashion 
 from the toad's mouth for a minute or two. Hard beetles, if 
 of any size, appear more difficult to dispose of. I have seen 
 a large Otiorhynchus reproduced with a dreadful grimace the 
 next minute after it had been swallowed ; but a second 
 attempt was more successful and the poor insect was seen 
 no more in the land of the living. 
 
 The manner in which a toad manages to get 
 rid of his old skin has been thus minutely de- 
 scribed by an eye-witness : 
 
 About the middle of July I found a toad on a hill of 
 melons, and, not wanting him to leave, I hoed around him ; 
 
126 OUR EEPTILES. 
 
 he appeared sluggish, and not inclined to move. Presently 
 I observed him pressing his elbows hard against his sides, 
 and rubbing downwards. He appeared so singular, that I 
 watched to see what he was up to. After a few smart rubs, 
 his skin began to burst open, straight along his back. Now, 
 said I, old fellow, you have done it ; but he appeared to be 
 unconcerned, and kept on rubbing until he had worked all 
 his skin into folds on his sides and hips ; then, grasping one 
 hind leg with both his hands, he hauled off one leg of his 
 pants the same as anybody would, then stripped the other 
 hind leg in the same way. He then took this cast-off cuticle 
 forward, between his fore legs, into his mouth, and swallowed 
 it ; then, by raising and lowering his head, swallowing as 
 his head came down, he stripped off the skin underneath, 
 nntil it came to his fore legs, and then grasping one of these 
 with the opposite hand, by considerable pulling, stripped off 
 the skin ; changing hands, he stripped the other, and, by a 
 slight motion of the head, and all the while swallowing, he 
 drew it from the neck and swallowed the whole. The 
 operation seemed an agreeable one, and occupied but a short 
 time,* 
 
 Professor Bell, in Ms "British Reptiles/' gives a 
 similar account to the above, upon the faith of his 
 own observations. As the toad generally retires 
 into his private apartments to undress himself, 
 and dispose of his old clothes, opportunities for 
 observing the process do not often occur. 
 
 As we never kept toads in confinement long 
 together, for the purpose of observing their 
 traits of character, we have been obliged, as 
 
 * New 'York Independent, Dec. 29, 1859. 
 
THE COMMON TOAD. 127 
 
 our readers will have observed, to draw pretty 
 freely from the experiences of our friends. This 
 we have preferred doing in their own language, 
 at the risk of all imputation of " scissors and 
 paste/' rather than rob those of honour " to 
 whom honour is due." 
 
 This reptile is far more terrestrial in its habits 
 than the frog, yet its ova are deposited and de- 
 veloped in water ; and the first six months of its 
 career it is as aquatic as a fish. The eggs are 
 arranged in long double chains, and not deposited 
 in a mass, as is the case with the frog. There 
 appears to be very little difference between them 
 in their early stages. The ova are deposited 
 two or three weeks later ; the tadpoles are simi- 
 lar but darker, pass through the like stages, and, 
 in the autumn, having attained their legs and 
 lost their tails, they venture upon the land, as 
 miniature toads, and commence their terrestrial 
 life. In this state they crawl about in search of 
 their prey, neither running with the natterjack, 
 nor leaping with the frog, but less vivacious than 
 either, and more persecuted than both. 
 
 We have alluded to the incarceration of frogs 
 in blocks of granite, &c., and, out of courtesy to 
 the toad, which deserves as much at our hands, 
 subjoin from the Leeds Mercury, an account there 
 given of a truly patriarchal toad, at least if the 
 assumptions of its historian are true : 
 
128 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 During the excavations which are being carried out under 
 the superintendence of Mr. James Yeal, of Dyke House 
 Quay, in connection with the Hartlepool Waterworks, the 
 workmen on Friday morning found a toad embedded in a 
 block of magnesian limestone, at a depth of twenty-five feet 
 from the surface of the earth, and eight feet from any spring- 
 water vein. The block of stone had been cut by a wedge, 
 and was being reduced by the workmen, when a pick split 
 open the cavity in which the toad had been incarcerated. 
 The cavity was no larger than its body, and presented the 
 appearance of being a cast of it. The toad's eyes shone with 
 unusual brilliancy, and it was full of vivacity on its libera- 
 tion. It appeared when first discovered desirous to perform 
 the process of respiration, but evidently experienced some 
 difficulty, and the only sign of success consisted of a 
 " barking " noise, which it continues invariably to make at 
 present on being touched. The toad is in the possession of 
 Mr. S. Homer, the president of the Natural History Society, 
 and continues in as lively a state as when found. On a 
 minute examination, its mouth is found to be completely 
 closed, and the barking noise it makes proceeds from its 
 nostrils. The claws of its fore feet are turned inwards, and 
 its hind ones are of extraordinary length, and unlike the 
 present English toad. The Rev. E. Taylor,, incumbent of 
 St. Hilda's Church, Hartlepool, who is an eminent local 
 geologist, gives it as his opinion, that the animal must be at 
 least 6,000 years old. This wonderful toad is to be placed 
 in its primary habitation, and will be added to the collection 
 in the Hartlepool Museum. The toad when first released 
 was of a pale colour and not readily distinguished from the 
 stone, but shortly after its colour grew darker until it became 
 a fine olive-brown. 
 
 Professor Bell devoted some attention to this 
 question, and, nob only him but other naturalists, 
 without being convinced that such incarcerations 
 
THE COMMON TOAD. 129 
 
 for immense periods of time are proven. Mr. 
 Edward Newman, of The Zoologist, we believe 
 has, more than once or twice, inquired into the 
 particulars of such accounts, and invariably found 
 a flaw, and such a flaw as to prevent his coming 
 to the conclusion to which such accounts tend. 
 Whilst he and they are too good students of 
 nature to deny, or strive to mystify, what they 
 do not comprehend, they look too closely at facts, 
 and are too chary of deductions, without sound 
 foundation, to accept mere affirmations in lieu of 
 proof. All we can say is " It may be so, and 
 it may not. 33 The latter alternative seems the 
 most probable. 
 
 The " toad stone 33 or " toad's jewel " was one 
 of the superstitions of a superstitious age, alluded 
 to in the lines 
 
 Sweet are the uses of adversity, 
 
 Which, like the toad, ugly and venomous, 
 
 Wears yet a precious jewel in his head. 
 
 it having been supposed that in the head of the 
 toad was to be found a wonderful stone, which 
 was strong in curative power and magical virtue. 
 The most singular supposed association of 
 toads with some kinds of fungi, whence the 
 latter have been said to derive their name of 
 " toadstools/'' evidently arose in a mistaken 
 and foolish application of a new sense to an old 
 
 K 
 
130 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 compound, after the original meaning and deri- 
 vation had been forgotten. This word is clearly 
 derived from the German ' ' tod " and " stuhl," 
 meaning " death- stool/' in reference to the 
 poisonous nature of some, and the supposed 
 dangerous character of others, of the stalked 
 fungi, and, despite our woodcut, has nothing 
 whatever to do with toads, as commonly supposed. 
 
 In Norfolk those fungi which in other localities 
 are commonly called "toadstools," are called 
 " toads'-caps," according to some orthography ; 
 but as we have heard it, " toad-skeps." Any 
 one who may converse with farm labourers, or 
 their children, about any of the Agarics, except 
 the common mushroom and the Horse mushroom, 
 will hear no other name for them than " toad- 
 skeps." The etymology of this cognomen is to 
 us very obscure, although conversant with the 
 local dialect. The large wicker baskets, holding 
 a bushel, and which are extensively used in East 
 Norfolk, are there called " skeps " but what 
 connection there is between a toad and a bushel 
 basket is to us as much a problem as the asso- 
 ciation of a toad and a side-pocket, another East 
 Anglian allusion equally classical and inexplicable. 
 
 The body of the toad is broad, thick, very much 
 swollen; the head large, with the crown much 
 flattened ; muzzle obtuse and rounded ; gape very 
 wide ; no teeth either on the jaws or the palate ; 
 
THE COMMON TOAD. 
 
 131 
 
 the tongue entire, not notched ; over each eye a 
 slight porous protuberance, a larger one on each 
 side behind the ears ; on the fore feet the third 
 toe is the longest; the first and second are equal, 
 and longer than the fourth ; the hind legs scarcely 
 longer than the body, with five toes, and the 
 rudiment of a sixth, webbed for half their length ; 
 the fourth much the longest ; the third a little 
 longer than the fifth ; the skin both above and 
 below is covered with warts and pimples of 
 various sizes ; these are largest on the back, but 
 more crowded on the belly. 
 
 Length of the body about three and a half 
 inches. Often larger in some parts of Europe. 
 
 K 'I 
 
132 
 
 THE NATTERJACK. 
 
 (Bufo calamita, Laur.) 
 
 THE Natterjack is less common or widely dis- 
 tributed in this country than its congener the 
 common toad. Yet it is far from uncommon in 
 many localities, and may be regarded rather as 
 local than rare. In places where it is found at 
 all, it is often plentiful. The earliest author who 
 mentions this reptile as a British native, is 
 Pennant, in the third volume of his " British 
 Zoology." He says it had been found " on Putney 
 Common, and near Reverby Abbey, Lincolnshire, 
 where it is called the natterjack." It is t& be 
 met with in several localities around London, as 
 at Blackheath, Deptford, Cobham, and Wisley. 
 In Cambridgeshire, near Gamlingay ; in Norfolk ; 
 at Ormesby, near Yarmouth ; and one or two sta- 
 tions in the neighbourhood of Lynn and Norwich, 
 and in Suffolk, near Southwold. In Scotland it 
 
THE NATTEKJACK. 133 
 
 is recorded, on the authority of Sir William 
 Jardine, as occurring " in a marsh on the coasts 
 of the Solway Firth, almost brackish, and within 
 a hundred yards of spring- tide high- water mark. 
 It lies between the village of Carse and Sother- 
 ness Point, where I have found them, " he adds, 
 "for six or seven miles along the coast. They 
 are very abundant." In Ireland, Dr. Carrington 
 verifies that they are to be found at Ross Bay, 
 and a correspondent of the Field, at Eoscrea, 
 writes * : 
 
 Mr. Tate sent me from England three dozen natterjacks. 
 I sent two to the Zoological Gardens, Dublin, and gave the 
 others their liberty about the place. We occasionally meet 
 with some of them, and they walk about rapidly, and can 
 climb anything in their way, in a most extraordinary manner, 
 reminding one of the movements of a lizard. I kept four of 
 the " natterjacks " for a few days. They lived upon worms 
 and slugs, and whenever I uncovered them, they immediately 
 concealed themselves amongst the damp moss given them 
 for a bed, and feigned death. 
 
 In form this species is very similar to the toad, 
 but may be easily distinguished by its difference 
 in colour. It is of an olive tint, darker on the 
 flanks, and with a definite pale yellowish stripe, 
 or line, running down the back. The under 
 parts are yellowish with black spots, and dark 
 bands occur on the legs. The warts, with which 
 
 * The Field, June 24th, 1865. 
 
134 OUR EEPTILES. 
 
 the upper portion of the body is studded, are 
 of a reddish brown. In its habits it is far less 
 sluggish than the common toad, sometimes in- 
 dulging in an extempore run, and altogether is 
 far more attractive. Mr. W. R. Tate, from whom 
 we have received specimens, has, for some time, 
 kept them in conjunction with other reptiles. 
 He says, " They always go in pairs, and seem to 
 be more delicate than the common species, as 
 mine scarcely ever enter the water in cold weather, 
 which the latter frequently do. I find them most 
 commonly on sunny days, where a pond has 
 nearly dried up. Mine are now tame enough to 
 eat out of my hand. Their food consists of 
 worms and insects, which they catch by their 
 tongues in the same way as the other species. 
 Their croak is hoarser than that of the toad. A 
 person inhabiting a disused semaphore, on a 
 heath in Surrey, says that they do great mischief 
 in his garden, by digging their holes in the seed- 
 beds. These holes are dug straight for a few 
 inches, and then there is a passage at right 
 angles to the perpendicular one, in which the 
 reptile lies. The men call them " Goldenbacks." 
 In the eastern counties, where we are told that 
 this species is sufficiently common to be recognized 
 by the country people as distinct, it is called the 
 " Walking Toad." It is a matter of history that 
 superstitions and old wives' fables are by no 
 
THE NATTEJKJACK. 135 
 
 means extinct in Norfolk, and we learn of one 
 connected with the " Walking Toad," which is 
 extant in the neighbourhood of King's Lynn. 
 One of these toads is to be obtained and buried 
 in an ant's nest, where it is to be left for some 
 time. When the flesh is all cleared off by the 
 insects, and the skeleton is quite clean, the 
 shoulder bones are to be taken off and thrown 
 into a running stream. One of these bones will 
 float with the current, while the other will float 
 against it. The latter bone must be secured, and, 
 if kept as a talisman, will confer on its possessor 
 supernatural power. 
 
 The name of " natterjack " is evidently a cor- 
 ruption of the German. In that country they 
 appear to have been first known. We think that 
 natter was probably derived from nieder, Anglo- 
 Saxon naedre, " nether " or " lower/' from the 
 creeping habit of the " adder," to which it be- 
 longed, under the form of eddre ; and " jack " 
 from yager, Cf one who runs," a very applicable 
 term for such a running reptile as the natterjack. 
 Moreover, words compounded of nieder have the 
 signification of some place or object lying low, 
 and yager or jagd in such a combination would be 
 well applied to this reptile. 
 
 Pennant notices of it that " several are found 
 commonly together, and, like others of the 
 genus, they appear in the evenings ;" but Mr. 
 
136 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 Tate has given a fuller account of the nocturnal 
 habits of this species than we have seen re- 
 corded elsewhere : 
 
 After dark, or at least, after the rising of the moon, 
 I was returning home across Wisley Heath, and when 
 near a pond something ran quickly across the path. I took 
 it up, and saw by its bright vertebral stripe, showing clearly 
 in the moonlight, that it was a natterjack. I therefore com- 
 menced looking round the pond, and caught no less than 
 fifty-seven of them. The noise they were making was very 
 great; their croak being hoarse, and one continued note, 
 instead of, as in the common toad and frog, a succession of 
 short notes. The natterjack showed more sense than the 
 toads, by leaving off croaking, and squatting close to the 
 ground to escape observation whenever I approached one of 
 their haunts, while the toads kept croaking and hopping. 
 I found them always in shallow water (in which they can 
 sit with their heads out), and, as their name implies, among 
 reeds very often. I see now why their eyes are so much 
 brighter by night than by day, as they are evidently noc- 
 turnal in their habits ; but until this time I have always 
 caught them on hot sunny days going about the heath in 
 pairs.* 
 
 The "mephitic toad " of Shaw's " Zoology " 
 appears to be the present species, for his descrip- 
 tion is that of an cc olive toad, spotted with 
 brown, with reddish warts, and sulphur-coloured 
 dorsal line/' Such being the case, we must take 
 exception to some portion of his remarks : 
 
 * W. R. Tate, in Science Gossip), vol. i. p. 111. 
 
THE NATTERJACK. 137 
 
 In its pace it differs from the rest of the toad tribe, 
 running nearly in the manner of a mouse, with the body 
 and legs somewhat raised. It is chiefly a nocturnal animal, 
 lying hid by day in the cavities of walls, rocks, &c. The 
 male and female perfectly resemble each other. They breed 
 in June : so speedy is the evolution of the ova that the 
 tadpoles liberate themselves from the spawn in the space of 
 five or six days. This happens about the middle of June ; 
 and about the end of August the hind legs appear, which, 
 in a certain space, are succeeded by the fore legs, and by 
 September and October the animals appear in their complete 
 form. 
 
 Roesel informs us that this species is known in some parts 
 of Germany by the name of roeMing, or reed frog, from 
 its frequenting in spring-time such places as are overgrown 
 with reeds, where it utters a strong and singular note or 
 croak. When handled or teased, it diffuses an intolerable 
 odour, resembling that of the smoke of gunpowder, but 
 stronger ; this proceeds from a whitish acrimonious fluid, 
 which it occasionally exudes from its pores. The smell in 
 some degree resembles that of orpiment or arsenic in a state 
 of evaporation ; and sometimes the animal can ejaculate 
 this fluid to the distance of three or four feet, which, if it 
 happen to fall on any part of the room where the creature 
 is kept, will, according to Koesel, be perceived two months 
 afterwards.* 
 
 As far as this country is concerned, the forego- 
 ing is a great exaggeration of the odour emitted 
 by this toad. Lord Clermont remarks, " when 
 excited, it emits from the skin a strong sulphury 
 odour." At present we have not experienced a 
 very strong sulphury odour, much less any ap- 
 
 * Shaw's " Zoology," vol. iii. pt. i. p. 149. 
 
138 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 proximation to Shaw's description. There is, 
 however, a very appreciable odour under certain 
 conditions of excitement, &c. 
 
 Mr. Hepworth, of Wakefield, has made some 
 curious calculations and investigations on the 
 prolific nature of frogs and toads, as well as con- 
 tributed useful observations on their enemies 
 whilst in the larval state.* Mr. Couch having 
 recorded that on one occasion he had drawn out 
 and measured one of the strings of ova deposited 
 by the natterjack, and had found it at least one 
 hundred feet in length, Mr. Hep worth calculates 
 that as these strings are double, and allowing 
 eight ova to the linear inch, the number of eggs 
 deposited by one female toad of this species 
 would reach not less than nineteen thousand. He 
 afterwards makes an independent calculation on 
 the common toad. " I have taken four inches as 
 the average diameter of these masses (of ova). 
 Now, as there are eight eggs in one linear inch, 
 and six strings laid side by side fill the same 
 space, we shall have for one cubic inch 288 
 germs, and in a globular mass of four inches 
 diameter 9,650, or rather more than half the 
 number obtained from Mr. Couch's measurement 
 in the case of the natterjack." This, he argues, 
 
 * The Naturalist, vol. i. pp. 24, 73, &c. Huddersfield, 
 1865. 
 
THE NATTERJACK. 139 
 
 is nearly the same in effect, " when we consider 
 that there are two rows in the spawn of the 
 natterjack, while in the common toad there is 
 only one." As the calculation is based upon the 
 space occupied by a single ovum, whence the 
 number contained in so many cubic inches is cal- 
 culated, we cannot comprehend how that number 
 is influenced by the ova lying in pairs or singly. 
 Further, the observation that in one species the 
 line is single and in the other double arises 
 probably from regarding the alternate ova in the 
 one chain as a single zigzag line, and not as a 
 double chain with the ova alternately arranged. 
 
 After adverting to the uses of the tadpoles in 
 the economy of nature, the same gentleman 
 inquires, " What becomes of these myriads of 
 tadpoles ? " and sets about to furnish an answer. 
 
 Few of those vast swarms that blacken the waters in 
 spring with their dusky forms, ever reach the perfect frog. 
 Their enemies are many, their means of defence few. They 
 become the prey of larger or more warlike animals than 
 themselves. These constant attacks greatly thin their 
 numbers. Thus by the time they are fit to leave the water, 
 they are, though still somewhat numerous, much less so than 
 at an earlier period of their existence. But having left the 
 waters, they are still exposed to great dangers. They are 
 greedily devoured by the snake, weasel, polecat, and by 
 nearly every species of water-fowl. 
 
 Amongst the creatures who feed largely upon 
 the toad and frog in its larval state, are enume- 
 
140 OUR EEPTILES. 
 
 rated the larvae of the dragon-flies (Libellula), 
 which are exceedingly destructive ; the larvae 
 and imago of the great water-beetle (Dytiscus 
 marginalis) ; the boat-flies (Notonectidce) , the 
 various species of newts, and several fish, such 
 as the bearded loach (Gobitus barbatula), and 
 the stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Finally, 
 he concludes that not one in a thousand of the 
 young frogs which emerge from the egg in spring 
 ever reach their winter quarters. 
 
 Were it not for the unbounded fertility of the 
 frog and toad, they would be totally extermi- 
 nated in one year by the unceasing attacks of 
 their numerous terrestrial and aquatic foes. 
 Should this fertility be checked by any cause 
 whatever, these creatures, like their giant pro- 
 totypes of the Mesozoic and Cainozoic ages, 
 would soon be known only by their remains. 
 
 Its general appearance is similar to that of 
 the last species, but the eyes are more project- 
 ing, with the eyelids very much elevated above 
 the crown ; porous protuberance behind the eyes 
 not so large ; toes on the fore feet more nearly 
 equal ; the third notwithstanding a little longer 
 than the others; first and second not shorter 
 than the fourth ; hind legs not so long as the 
 body; the toes on these feet much less palmated 
 than in the common toad ; the sixth toe scarcely 
 at all developed; skin similarly covered with 
 
THE NATTERJACK. 141 
 
 warts and pimples. Above of a yellowish -brown 
 or olivaceous, clouded here and there with darker 
 shades ; a line of bright yellow along the middle 
 of the back ; warts and pimples, especially the 
 porous protuberance behind the eyes, reddish; 
 beneath whitish, often spotted with black ; legs 
 marked with transverse black bands.* 
 Length 2f inches; hind leg 2 inches. 
 
 * Jenyn's " Manual of British Vertebrate Animals," 
 p. 302. 
 
142 
 
 GKEAT WATER NEWT. 
 
 Great Water Newt, at the end of the first and second years. 
 
 (Triton cristatus.) 
 
 THE Great Water Newt, or Common Warty 
 Newt, is only a small reptile of its kind after all, 
 since it seldom exceeds a length of six inches. 
 Though not so common as the smooth newt, it 
 is by no means a rare British species, and is 
 generally to be found in ponds and large ditches, 
 where it subsists upon water insects and small 
 animals, occasionally making a meal of its cousin 
 the little eft or smooth newt. On the Continent 
 this triton is the most common species, extend- 
 
GREAT WATER NEWT. 143 
 
 ing in its geographical distribution from Italy 
 to Sweden ; is plentiful all through Italy and 
 Switzerland, and is not uncommon in the South 
 of France, Belgium, and Carniola. 
 
 Any one who has paid the slightest attention 
 to the British newts, will at least have noticed this 
 rough-skinned species and the common smooth 
 newt. It is now upwards of twelve years since 
 a very patient and earnest observer made pets of 
 the British tritons, and studied closely their 
 habits and changes through a period of five 
 years. Since we cannot lay claim to any such 
 close and continued observation, the principal 
 facts of our history of this species will be derived 
 from this source, which is the most complete and 
 authentic account we possess. 
 
 To commence with the egg, we learn that the 
 ova begin to be deposited as early as the begin- 
 ning of April, and continue to be deposited until 
 the first or second week in July. These ova are 
 carefully enclosed, singly, in the folds caused by 
 the bending together of the leaves of certain 
 aquatic plants. Those most favourable for this 
 purpose have been found to be Water Speedwell 
 (Veronica anagallis) and long grasses. If the 
 leaf be too pliable and soft, it opens and exposes 
 the ovum so that it perishes; if too rigid, the 
 triton is unable to bend or break the fibres so 
 as to fold it conveniently. 
 
144 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 If a plant with long leaves be thrown into a pool where 
 there are tritons, for only a single night during the breed- 
 ing season, it will be found on the following morning to 
 have a number of its leaves folded, and within each fold an 
 ovum.* 
 
 When it is first deposited, the ovum or egg is 
 of a globular shape, with a little white yolk in 
 its centre, floating in a watery fluid and sur- 
 rounded by a delicate but firm transparent shell 
 or capsule. This latter is covered on the outside 
 with a gelatinous adhesive substance which assists 
 in securing the ovum to the leaf within which it 
 is folded. If the egg becomes exposed too early 
 to the full influence of the water, it is addled or 
 rendered sterile. Within about fourteen days they 
 become so large as to force the folds of the leaf 
 apart, and expose themselves to the water, which 
 at that period exerts no deleterious influence. 
 From a series of experiments instituted by Mr. 
 Higginbottom, it is clear that constant counter- 
 currents are going on, of water passing into 
 and out of the cell of the ova, through their 
 transparent walls. This is doubtless necessary 
 at the present stage for the perfect development 
 of the eggs. At the end of three weeks the 
 embryo is fully formed, moves freely within its 
 envelope, and shortly escapes. External circum- 
 
 * Higginbottom, in " Ann. Nat. Hist.," 2nd ser. XII. p. 
 371. 
 
GEEAT WATEE NEWT. 145 
 
 stances, especially temperature, exert consider- 
 able influence upon the growth of the embryo, 
 and either hasten or retard its development. 
 When the tadpole leaves the ovum it swims away 
 freely, and either attaches itself to the sides or 
 falls to the bottom of the vessel. It soon com- 
 mences to feed voraciously, is not at all particular 
 about its diet, and will devour the tadpoles of 
 the smooth newt with no compunction on account 
 of their near relationship. " I have seen the 
 warty triton," says Mr. Higginbottom,* " in its 
 branchial state with three of the smaller species 
 in its stomach at one time." The legs appear 
 to be very tardy in their development, and until 
 they possess sufficient strength to support the 
 reptile on land it continues to inhabit the water 
 in its fish-like state. It is not until three months 
 after their exclusion from the egg that the triton- 
 tadpoles give any evidence of their quadrupedal 
 tendencies. Even at this period the hind legs 
 are exceedingly delicate, though the fore legs are 
 developed in as many weeks. When the legs 
 are all fully formed the branchiae are absorbed, 
 the gills are closed, and the triton emerges upon 
 dry land to enter upon its terrestrial existence. 
 
 * " On the Influence of Physical Agents on the Develop- 
 ment of the Triton." Philosophical Transactions, 1850 
 part ii. p. 431. 
 
 L 
 
146 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 This generally occurs about the middle of Sep- 
 tember. It may be noted that tritons which 
 emerge from the ova too late in the season to 
 develop their legs before the cold weather sets 
 in, make no progress during the winter, and do 
 not attain a terrestrial state until the ensuing 
 spring. Under ordinary and favourable circum- 
 stances, five or six months are necessary for their 
 passage through their metamorphoses. 
 
 There were, prior to Mr. Higginbottom's paper 
 becoming known, two puzzles in the history and 
 habits of the tritons. Why were they so com- 
 monly collected from water, and yet, soon after 
 being transferred to water in confinement, make 
 every effort to escape from that element ? And, 
 why were so many varieties and sizes, crested or 
 uncrested, found, and yet so nearly allied as 
 to appear but as forms of the same species? 
 Answers to both these queries are found in the 
 terrestrial habit and slow development of the 
 reptile through three whole years after its change 
 from the tadpole stage. "The triton does not 
 commonly return to the water until the expiration 
 of the third year, when it is so far advanced towards 
 maturity as to be able to reproduce its kind." 
 We have here a singular instance of protracted 
 development, of a slow growth through four suc- 
 cessive summers, and a cessation of growth 
 through four inglorious winters. At length the 
 
GREAT WATER NEWT. 147 
 
 full period of efthood is arrived at, when, the 
 crested male having attained the dimensions of 
 a perfect gentleman-newt, may take to himself a 
 spouse, or the more soberly attired lady- newt 
 lend a willing ear or eye to the advances of the 
 other sex. 
 
 At the close of the first year the length of the 
 triton is about two inches, of the second year 
 three inches, of the third year four inches, and at 
 the expiration of the fourth year it has reached 
 from five to six inches, thus adding annually 
 about an inch to its length. 
 
 In its earliest terrestrial state the skin is but 
 slightly rough, and through the first and second 
 year very little change takes place in this respect j 
 but at the close of the third year the skin becomes 
 manifestly rougher, which attains the perfection 
 of its warted appearance in the fourth year. 
 
 During the first and second year there is 
 scarcely any difference in the sexes ; but during 
 the breeding season in the third year, the male 
 aspires to an incipient crest, the tail expands, 
 and a permanent silvery stripe appears along 
 either side. The average weight of the triton at 
 the close of each of the first four years is thus 
 given by the observer already quoted : At the 
 end of the first year 25 grains, of the second year 
 54 grains, of the third year 75 grains, and of the 
 fourth year 134 grains. Hence, we learn that 
 L 2 
 
148 OUR EEPTILES. 
 
 whilst the weight is more than doubled at the 
 close of the second year, but little more than 
 one-third is added during the third year, whilst 
 in the fourth year three -fourths of the prior 
 year's weight becomes superadded. 
 
 At the close of March the perfect triton again 
 resumes its predilections for the water, and 
 returns to an aquatic life. At this period it 
 becomes voracious, the male is full crested, with 
 which appendage the female, generally the 
 largest, is not adorned. After a little more than 
 three months of this second life in the water, the 
 crest of the male diminishes to a mere ridge, the 
 female has deposited her ova, and both return 
 again to a terrestrial existence until the following 
 and succeeding years. Thus are the phases of 
 their existence passed, and there is little reason 
 to wonder at the fact that the same species 
 should have been regarded as distinct in some of 
 these stages when the history of their career 
 was unknown, and their metamorphoses little 
 understood. 
 
 Hitherto we have not specially referred to the 
 period of hybernation. Prior to this there is a 
 general meeting of all ages, which occurs at no 
 other period of the year, and takes place about 
 the month of September. 
 
 In the summer the tritons are found in abundance in 
 old brick-yards. The brickmakers, who are constantly dis- 
 
GREAT WATER NEWT. 149 
 
 turbing the water and removing the clay, and who occasion- 
 ally clear the bottoms of the pools, state that they never find 
 any tritons in the water during the winter months ; but 
 they discover great numbers of them in holes in the clay, and 
 sometimes ten or twelve coiled together. I have observed 
 that either a very wet or very dry situation is fatal to the 
 triton during its state of hybernation, and that a moderately 
 damp one is always chosen for that state of existence. 
 
 When in this state respiration is very low, and 
 is believed to be carried on through the pores of 
 the skin. No food is taken or required during 
 this period, and the body is comparatively stiff. 
 Tritons of the third and subsequent years usually 
 hybernate in company, a number of them being 
 rolled together into a lump as large as a cricket- 
 ball. Those of an earlier period seem to descend 
 deeper into the earth, and hybernate singly, 
 
 WTien these reptiles are kept in confinement, 
 it will be supposed from what has already been 
 stated, that the aquarium is not the best place 
 for them except in the tadpole state, or the 
 breeding season for mature specimens ; but that 
 they should be kept in a case under some 
 arrangement that water may be sought of their- 
 own will when desired, and that during the 
 winter some provision should be made for their 
 hybernation under somewhat similar conditions 
 to those enjoyed in the natural state. To force 
 them at some periods of their life to exist in 
 water is something like endeavouring to compel 
 
150 OUE EEPTILES. 
 
 eels to live on land, and exchange their fishy 
 habits for those of a snake. The snake may love 
 to lie in water sometimes, but it still remains 
 terrestrial, and the eel may be found on land, 
 but is no less aquatic. The triton may be 
 thoroughly aquatic at one period of its existence, 
 and as completely terrestrial at another. Any 
 attempts to subvert nature will only end in dis- 
 appointment. 
 
 The amount of cold which the triton is able 
 to bear is greater than one would suppose. On 
 this point Mr. Higginbottom writes : 
 
 I put two tritons into some water, and exposed them to a 
 freezing temperature during the night ; in the morning I 
 found the water frozen very firmly, with the tritons enclosed 
 in its centre. On thawing they were lively and flexible. In 
 the second experiment there was a piece of ice at the bottom 
 of a circular vessel. I placed two tritons upon it, and then 
 another covering of ice, and filled the vessel with water. I 
 exposed it during the night in the open air to a temperature 
 of 28 F. In the morning the whole had become a solid 
 mass of ice twelve inches in circumference, with the animals 
 in the centre. On breaking the ice carefully they were 
 found completely encased in the ice. I had some difficulty 
 in separating the extremity of one, but being liberated it 
 used its arms and legs equally well."* 
 
 The Warty Newt is characterized by the fol- 
 lowing features. The skin is warted, and uni- 
 formly covered with scattered pores ; a row of 
 
 * " Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist.," 1853, p. 378. 
 
GREAT WATER NEWT. 151 
 
 pores occur on each side of the head, and along 
 each side of the body, so as to form a line along 
 the space between the fore and hind legs. A 
 collar formed by a loose fold of the skin passes 
 beneath the neck. The tail is very much flattened 
 laterally, with sharp edges above and below, and 
 terminates gradually in a blunt point. In spring 
 a high membranous crest with a jagged edge 
 runs along the back from between the eyes nearly 
 to the tail, which also is crested. The upper 
 parts are blackish-brown, blotched with rounded 
 spots of a darker tint. The breast and belly are 
 of a bright orange, or orange -yellow, with con- 
 spicuous round black spots, sometimes confluent, 
 or running one into the other, and forming 
 irregular bands. The sides are dotted with 
 white, and there is often a silvery white band 
 along the sides of the tail. 
 
 Entire length about five or six inches. 
 
152 
 
 COMMON SMOOTH NEWT OR EFT. 
 
 MALE SMOOTH NEWT. 
 
 (Lophinus punctatus.) 
 
 THE Smooth Newt, Eft, or Effet, is the most 
 common species of newt in the British isles. It 
 is found over a large part of Europe ; is very 
 common in Switzerland, Belgium, Galicia, and 
 the Bukovina; uncommonly numerous in Silesia, 
 and very abundant in Italy, especially near 
 Rome ; inhabits many parts of France, and is 
 found in Carniola.* In our country it is found 
 in almost every clear ditch or pond, sometimes 
 in great numbers, where it feeds upon aquatic 
 insects and worms, and in their turn, as some 
 have observed, themselves become food for the 
 great warty newt. 
 
 Though perfectly harmless, these poor crea- 
 tures, devoid of any means of defence or offence, 
 
 * Lord Clermont's " Quadrupeds and Reptiles of Europe." 
 
COMMON SMOOTH NEWT OR EFT. 153 
 
 are often the subject of persecution in rural dis- 
 tricts. Schoolboys, especially, consider them 
 fair game for torture, and adults view its in- 
 fliction with complacency, or at lea$t without 
 protestation, because not a few still entertain 
 superstitious or fabulous notions either of their 
 poisonous properties, or their secret association 
 with the " black art." In towns, since aquaria, 
 vivaria, and such "parlour menageries" have 
 become fashionable, newts and lizards have been 
 better known and appreciated, and have even 
 been taken under the protection of the fair sex. 
 In common with the warty newt, this species is 
 slow in arriving at maturity, and there is every 
 reason to believe that the remarks made under 
 that species, as to development, &c., will also 
 apply to the present. In the first edition of 
 BelPs ' ' British Reptiles " considerable confusion 
 was made of the smooth newts, on account of 
 the different appearances presented by them at 
 different periods of their career. In the second 
 edition most of the errors were corrected, but 
 one was still maintained, to which Dr. Gray has 
 referred in the following terms : " Mr. Bell, 
 believing that the form of the upper lip afforded 
 a good character for the distinction of the species 
 of these animals, divides them into two species, 
 thus, (1.) ' Lissotriton punctatus, upper lip 
 straight, not overhanging the lower. (2.) Lis- 
 
154 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 sotriton palmipes, upper lip pendulous at the 
 sides, overhanging the under in a distinct festoon 
 as far as the base of the lower jaw. Toes of the 
 hinder feet fringed with a short membrane at all 
 seasons/ I may observe that the latter is not 
 the Triton palmipes of Latreille, which has the 
 hind feet of the male, in the breeding season, 
 webbed ; and that I believe it only differs from 
 the former by being in the fully developed state 
 at the season of reproduction. I am borne out 
 in this idea by the observations of Messrs. 
 Higginbottom, Hogg, and many others. The 
 former observes : 'Some tritons have been 
 distinguished by the upper lip overhanging the 
 lower/ I have observed that in the first year of 
 Triton asper (T. cristatus) the upper lip over- 
 hangs the under," &c.* 
 
 Newts undergo confinement with complacency, 
 and under such circumstances their insectivorous 
 habits may render them useful. The results of 
 one of these experiments is thus recorded : 
 
 In the fern-case I formed a small pond of water, thinking 
 that as effets are mostly found in ponds during the day, in 
 summer they would enjoy the luxury of a bath. Not so, 
 however. I never saw them voluntarily go into the water, 
 and when thrown in they always scrambled out as soon as 
 possible. The same thing occurs in keeping them in the 
 
 * Dr. Gray, in " Proceedings of the Zoological Society," 
 1858, p. 137. 
 
COMMON SMOOTH NEWT OR EFT. 155 
 
 aquarium ; they always crawl out if they have the oppor- 
 tunity, seeming to eschew the very element they are gene- 
 rally found in when caught. These effets readily took food 
 from the hand, particularly if it was rubbed against their 
 noses ; they seemed almost too sluggish to take much trouble 
 in the matter else. I gave them small worms, gentles, and 
 ants' eggs ; they seized them with a bite, and got them down 
 with a series of gulps. But I hardly ever fed them, perhaps 
 not more than a dozen times altogether, as my object was to 
 combine business with pleasure ; the fern-case, in common 
 with most others I expect, being at times much blighted 
 with green fly. I first put in lizards, to try and keep them 
 down, but could not keep the lizards alive for any length of 
 time, owing, I think, to the dampness of the case not being 
 suitable to their constitutions, and their active habits making 
 them require more food than they could obtain. I then 
 tried small toads, and had the same luck with them as with 
 the lizards. My third venture, the newts, were a great 
 success ; they soon cleared off all the green fly within reach, 
 crawling to nearly the top of the ponds for that purpose. I 
 have never had any trouble with the green fly since their 
 introduction to the case.* 
 
 About the month of September, the smooth 
 newts seek a comfortable spot in which to pass 
 their long winter sleep. It may be under stones, 
 bricks, or pieces of timber, but is not often far 
 beneath the surface of the soil. On this occasion 
 they may be found, like the warty newt, in com- 
 panies, closely packed together 
 
 Rolled up like a ball, 
 In a hole snug and small, 
 They sleep till warm weather comes back, poor things. 
 
 Science Gossip, vol. L p. 39. 
 
156 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 Though the children in the nursery sing thus 
 of the dormouse, it is equally applicable to the 
 newts. In the early spring they emerge from 
 their places of concealment, and the mature 
 animals seek the water to pass a tripled honey- 
 moon in an aquatic state. 
 
 The eft, in common with other reptiles, casts 
 its skin at certain, or perhaps uncertain, periods 
 of the year. Mr. Guyon has thus described the 
 process, from his own observation : 
 
 The operation was nearly completed, the skin being 
 pushed down the body in a ring, by which the hinder legs 
 were, to use an Irishism, handcuffed to the tail. The snout 
 was principally used in pushing it down, and the tail was 
 scarcely free when the animal seized the skin with its mouth, 
 and in half a dozen gulps swallowed it. This act occupied 
 nearly a minute, during which three filmy gloves, the integu- 
 ments of the paws, were projecting from the mouth. Al- 
 though a tremendous yawn testified to the fatigue of the 
 performance, the newt made no objection to concluding the 
 meal with a scrap of roast mutton.* 
 
 From Mr. Higginbottom's remarks one might 
 conclude that the mode of depositing the ova 
 was the same in this instance as in that of the 
 warty newt, and that each ovum was deposited 
 separately in the fold of a leaf. To this conclu- 
 sion Mr. Kinahan dissents, and observes that he 
 has seen the ova of the smooth newt deposited 
 
 * The Zoologist, p. 6210. 
 
COMMON SMOOTH NEWT OR EFT. 157 
 
 in strings of from four to six about the roots of 
 aquatic plants, and that such ova he has hatched* 
 Our own observations confirm those of Mr. 
 Kinahan, as we have seen them deposited in 
 similar strings or chains, on stones, &c., but 
 have never attempted to preserve or place them 
 in conditions for hatching. Three of the species 
 of newt herein recorded are said to be inhabitants 
 of Ireland, and of these the present species is 
 most common. The warty newt is more doubt- 
 ful, and the palmate d newt was found by Mr. 
 Thompson in the western wilds. There is no 
 doubt that all are condemned to death as soon 
 as they meet the eye of a thorough-going Irish- 
 man. 
 
 In a paper by Mr. Kinahan, read before the 
 Dublin Natural History Society (Feb. 10, 1854), 
 the superstitions regarding these reptiles hold 
 a conspicuous place. "In almost every part of 
 the country we find these animals," he says, 
 " looked on with disgust and horror, if not with 
 dread. This arises from two superstitions : one 
 of them, common to great part of Ireland, 
 relating chiefly to the animal in its aquatic state, 
 and which in the county of Dublin has earned 
 for it the names of Man-eater and Man-keeper ; 
 though the dry ask of the county of Dublin that 
 is, the animal in its terrestrial stage is supposed 
 to be equally guilty with the first-mentioned in 
 
158 OUE EEPTILES. 
 
 the habit of going down the throats of those 
 people who are so silly as either to go to sleep 
 in the fields with their mouths open, or to drink 
 from the streams in which the dark lewkers 
 (newts in the aquatic state) harbour : they are 
 also said to be swallowed by the thirsty cattle. 
 In consequence, the country people kill them 
 whenever they meet with them on land, and 
 poison the stream they are found in by putting 
 lime into the cattle's drinking-pools. In either 
 case the result is the same, the reptile taking up 
 his quarters in the interior of his victim in some 
 way, it would puzzle a physiologist to explain 
 how. It contrives to live on the nutriment taken 
 by the luckless individual or animal, so that, 
 deprived of its nourishment, the latter pines 
 away; nay, so comfortable does the newt make 
 herself, that, not content with living by herself, 
 she contrives to bring up a little family. Often 
 have I been told of the man who got rid of a 
 mamma newt and six young ones by the follow- 
 ing recipe, which I am assured is infallible : The 
 patient must abstain from all fluids for four-and- 
 twenty hours, and eat only salt meats ; at the 
 expiration of that time, being very thirsty, he 
 must go and lie open-mouthed over a running 
 stream the noisier the better ; when the newts, 
 dying of thirst, and hearing the music of the 
 water, cannot resist the temptation, but come 
 
COMMON SMOOTH NEWT OR EFT. 159 
 
 forth to drink, and of course you take care that 
 they do not get back again. The dry ask, in 
 addition to this bad character, is also supposed 
 to be endowed with the power of the f evil eye J 
 children and cows exposed to its gaze wasting 
 away. The Rev. J. Graves states that in Kil- 
 kenny it is looked on as ' a devil's beast/ and, 
 as such, burnt. But to compensate in some 
 measure for its evil qualities, the dry ask. is said 
 in Dublin to bear in it a charm. Any one desirous 
 of the power of curing scalds or burns, has only 
 to apply the tongue along the dry ask's belly to 
 obtain the power of curing these ailments by a 
 touch of that organ. In the Queen's County it 
 is also used to cure disease, but in a different 
 way ; being put into an iron pot under the 
 patient's bed, it is said to effect a certain cure, 
 though of what disease I am not quite clear." * 
 
 Lord Clermont's excellent description of this 
 reptile may usefully close this chapter : 
 
 The whole of the skin is quite smooth, without 
 any tubercles ; on the top of the head are two rows 
 of pores; occasionally there are a few distinct 
 pores on the sides, forming an indistinct lateral 
 line ; the collar beneath the throat very incon- 
 spicuous; the male in the breeding season fur- 
 nished with a crest, which runs continuously 
 
 * The Zoologist, p. 4355. 
 
160 OUE REPTILES. 
 
 from the top of the head along the tail, and is 
 regularly festooned on its edge. The upper 
 parts are of a light brownish -grey, inclining to 
 olive; yellowish beneath, becoming bright orange 
 in spring, marked all over with round, black, 
 unequal spots ; on the head the spots form about 
 five longitudinal streaks ; and there is a yellowish 
 streak under the eyes. The female is much less 
 spotted than the male, the spots being smaller 
 and often very obscure, and the under parts are 
 often quite plain. It passes a great deal of its 
 time on land, when the skin loses its softness 
 and sometimes becomes wrinkled ; the toes, from 
 being flat, become round ; the membranes of the 
 back and tail entirely disappear, and all the 
 colours become more dull.* 
 
 Entire length, from 3^ to 4 inches. 
 
 * Lord Clermont's " Quadrupeds and Reptiles of Europe," 
 p. 264. 
 
 FEMALE SMOOTH NEWT. 
 
161 
 
 PALMATE NEWT. 
 
 (Lophinus palmatus, Dum. and Bibr.) 
 
 THIS species is said to be the most common 
 newt around Paris, and Lord Clermont states 
 that it occurs in many parts of Germany, near 
 Vienna, and elsewhere. It is common in the 
 south of France, but rare in Switzerland. In 
 Italy it has been found near Rome and about Pisa. 
 To this M. Deby adds more explicitly, that it 
 was found ' ' by Fournelle in the department de 
 la Moselle, by Sturm in Germany, by Razou- 
 mowski in Switzerland, by Latreille in France, 
 and by De Selys, Van Haesendonck, and myself, 
 in Belgium/'* 
 
 The specimens described and figured in the 
 first edition of BelFs " Reptiles " as the Palmated 
 Smooth Newt (Lissotriton palmipes), do not re- 
 present a genuine species at all, but a variety of 
 
 * 'The Zoologist, p. 2231. 
 H 
 
162 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 the common newt, spotted on the sides and 
 belly with large black spots. This error was 
 corrected in the second edition, and new figures, 
 not very characteristic, added. 
 
 This species appears to have been first recog- 
 nized by Razoumowski in 1788, when it was 
 discovered in the fountain of Vernens, in the 
 canton of Vaud, in company with the Smooth 
 Newt. The first notice of it in this country, as 
 far as we are aware, is the account in the Zoolo- 
 gist, dated May 3rd, 1848, by Mr. J. Wolley, 
 in which he mentions having found it around 
 Edinburgh ; and that during a ramble in the 
 Pentland Hills he saw no other species.* In 
 the succeeding number of the same journal, Mr. 
 W. Baker, of Bridgewater, stated that he had 
 found this species in the neighbourhood of 
 Bridgewater for many years, and had forwarded 
 specimens to Mr. Belief so that the merit of 
 its discovery rests with Mr. Baker. A subse- 
 quent communication from Mr. Wolley adds 
 another locality, that of some pools by the side 
 of the hills which rise from Loch Eribol, on the 
 west.J 
 
 About this time M. Julian Deby indicated the 
 points of difference between the common newt 
 
 * The Zoologist, p. 2149. t The Zoologist, p. 2198. 
 t The Zoologist, p. 2265. 
 
PALMATE NEWT. 163 
 
 and the present species, with a view to the cor- 
 rection of those who had maintained that the 
 Palmate Newt was only a variety of the common 
 newt ; whilst Mr. Bell had announced his belief 
 in its being a species entirely new to science. 
 We believe that Mr. Edward Newman first 
 declared that it was specifically distinct from 
 Lophinus punctatus, and, moreover, that it was 
 " not new to science/' but was really the true 
 Palmated Newt. 
 
 Five-and-twenty years ago, Mr. Holdsworth 
 says, in company with other small boys, he used 
 to catch black-footed newts in a pond near Dart- 
 mouth, in Devonshire; the means of capture 
 being of the simplest kind, consisting of a bit 
 of twine fastened to a small bent pin, and a 
 worm for bait. He had since caught a great 
 many of these newts, and three years ago (1860) 
 they were abundant in the same pond. In 1863 
 he spent a few days in Herefordshire, and near 
 the village of Letton, about twelve miles from 
 Hereford, had again the satisfaction of seeing 
 Lissotriton palmipes in abundance, although, as 
 far as he could ascertain, confined to one pond. 
 In this case, as well as at Dartmouth, L. palmipes 
 was the only species to be found. A number of 
 specimens were sent by him to the Zoological 
 Gardens, and at a meeting of the Zoological 
 M 2 
 
164 OUR EEPTILES. 
 
 Society specimens were exhibited.* Its habits 
 do not apparently differ from those of the 
 common smooth newt. The males show the 
 same lateral curvature of the tail, with a rapid 
 vibration of its lash-like extremity during the 
 love season. The slough is cast entire, and, in 
 most cases, immediately swallowed by its owner. f 
 In pointing out the distinctions to be observed 
 between this species and its allies, Professor 
 Bell notes that " the whole animal is smaller ; 
 the head flatter, broader in proportion, and 
 beautifully marbled. The crest is straight, and 
 much less elevated than in the other species, 
 and begins further back on the neck. The 
 hinder feet of the male are palmate ; entirely so 
 in the summer, less so in the autumn, and 
 towards winter the web is scarcely broader than 
 in the smooth newt in the full season. The tail 
 is not much more than half the depth, termi- 
 nating rather abruptly, and furnished at its ex- 
 tremity with a small filament, which varies in 
 length from two to four lines, in the female 
 dwindling to a mere mucronation. The colours 
 of the back and sides are more clear and bright, 
 although generally darker. The spots are more 
 numerous and often confluent; and the tail has 
 
 * See " Proceedings of Zool. Soc., 1863," p. 159. 
 t E. W. H. Holdsworth, Zoologist, p. 8640. 
 
PALMATE NEWT. 165 
 
 two distinct longitudinal fasciae of spots, with 
 occasionally a few between them ; but the in- 
 ferior margin is invariably and distinctly pale 
 and immediate. The female is usually paler than 
 the male ; but the spots on the tail are in general 
 more numerous, smaller, and disposed to become 
 confluent."* Indeed, so distinct and permanent 
 are the characters which separate the present 
 species from its congeners, that it seems sur- 
 prising that it remained so long without recog- 
 nition. 
 
 In a communication made by Dr. Gray to the 
 Zoological Society in 1863, he thus adverts to 
 some points of difference between this species 
 and others : 
 
 The T. cristatus has a circular ring-like iris, and the only 
 Batrachians which appear to have the spot on each side of 
 the iris, forming a band across the eyes, are the English 
 Lophinus punctatus and L. palmatus ; the band on the 
 eyes looking in these like a continuation of the dark streak 
 on the side of the head. I may add that the best character 
 for the distinction of these two species, which are often 
 found in the same pond, is that in L. punctatus the crest of 
 the male is scalloped on the edge, and high in front, while 
 in L. palmatus it is low in front and higher behind, and has 
 a smooth straight upper edge. The tail of the latter is also 
 always truncated, and usually appendaged at the tip.t 
 
 * Bell's " Brit. Kept," 2nd ed., p. 156. 
 
 f Dr. Gray, in "Proc. ZooL Soc., 1863," p. 203. 
 
166 OUR REPTILES, 
 
 M. Deby thus compares the two species : 
 L. punctatus. L. palmatus. 
 
 1. Tail generally tapering 1. Tail suddenly truncate 
 to a point. before the apex, and termi- 
 nating in a slender filament 
 three lines in length. 
 
 2. Hind feet having the 2. Hind feet perfectly pal- 
 toes free, only edged by a mate, all the toes united by 
 membrane. a membrane. 
 
 3. Back with a very large 3. Back flattened, with two 
 festooned undulating crest, elevated lateral lines passing 
 which extends from the nape above the eyes and extending 
 of the head to the end of the to the base of the tail. The 
 tail. No lateral elevated dorsal crest small and simple, 
 ridges. 
 
 4. Length much greater 4. Size much smaller than 
 than palmatus. punctatus.* 
 
 The females are more difficult to distinguish 
 from the same sex of the common smooth newt 
 than are the males; but even these present 
 features which are characteristic, and which 
 were indicated by Mr. Wolley as supplementary 
 to the above. Their heads seem broader and 
 shorter than in L. punctatus, and the toes of 
 their hind feet are, for the most part, shorter ; 
 the males also have the former, but not the latter 
 character. As to the colour, if in a genial situ- 
 ation the belly is usually a delicate milk-and- 
 
 * The Zoologist, p. 2232. 
 
PALMATE NEWT. 167 
 
 water white, tinged more or less with yellow 
 towards the middle line ; the back and sides of 
 the body and tail are of a dark olive-green, and 
 in some, particularly very large specimens, are 
 beautifully mottled by a network of lighter 
 colour. In moor land the skin becomes harsh, 
 and coloured more like the females of the 
 common newt, sometimes even to the orange 
 belly.* 
 
 The distinguishing features of this species 
 are, besides belonging to the smooth- skinned 
 section, that there is a prominent line running 
 down on each side of the back, from the nose to 
 the hind legs. The crest, or fin, along the back 
 and tail is highest on the tail. The toes of the 
 male are united and completely webbed. The 
 upper part of the body of the male is olive- 
 brown or greenish, with dark spots, with a wide 
 band of yellowish white, bordered with round 
 spots, on the side of the tail ; and the belly is 
 yellow, with a few darker spots. The female is 
 lighter coloured, and differs so much in general 
 appearance in the spring that it has been de- 
 scribed as a distinct species, 
 
 Mr. Higginbottom thus summarizes the cha- 
 racteristics of this species : 
 
 1st. Tail suddenly truncate before the apex, 
 
 * The Zoologist, p. 2268. 
 
168 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 and terminating in a slender filament three lines 
 in length. 
 
 2nd. Hind feet perfectly palmate, all the toes 
 united by a membrane. 
 
 3rd. The dorsal crest small and simple. 
 
 4th. Size much smaller than the smooth newt 
 (Lophinus punctatus). 
 
 I have fully ascertained the changes when the 
 breeding season is over. The slender filament 
 is absorbed, and the truncated portion of the 
 tail becomes obtusely rounded off, with a slight- 
 indurated dark tip at the end, and the web on 
 the hind feet is wholly absorbed, leaving the 
 toes free.* 
 
 * " Annals of Natural Hist.," 2nd series, vol. xii. p. 382. 
 
 TADPOLE OF NEWT. 
 
169 
 
 GRAY'S BANDED NEWT. 
 
 (Ommatotriton vittatus, Gray.) 
 
 a bed 
 
 SKULLS OP NKWTS.* 
 
 THE fourth species of British Newt rests on 
 the authority of specimens in the British 
 Museum. The sole habitat of this species for 
 some time known was Lycia, with the exception 
 of the specimens in the British Museum collected 
 by Dr. Gray in the neighbourhood of London ; 
 but more recently it has been found to inhabit 
 Holland, Belgium, and Prance. Professor Bell 
 described and figured one in his "British 
 Reptiles " as a variety of his Palmated Smooth 
 Newt, which latter now proves to be a variety 
 of the Common Smooth Newt. 
 
 * a. Triton cristatus. b. Lophinus punctatus. 
 
 c. Lophinus palmatus. d. Ommatotriton vittatus. 
 
170 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 The present newt differs generically from the 
 Common Newt, that is, the difference is of such 
 a nature as to warrant its exclusion from the 
 same genus which includes the Common Newt, 
 and its being placed in another, and a new 
 genus, under the name of Ommatotriton. From 
 his remarks, it would appear that Professor Bell 
 considered the specimens above alluded to as 
 veritably indigenous, for he says, " There is no 
 reason to doubt that they are British, and there 
 is ground for believing that they were taken at 
 no great distance from London." His sole 
 objection seemed to be that he did not regard 
 them as different from his own Palm -footed 
 Newt, and he quotes Dr. Gray's letter to him on 
 the subject, which would probably not be so 
 decided then as now ; for, as it will be hereafter 
 seen, Dr. Gray is more convinced than ever that 
 he was right, and that Professor Bell was 
 wrong. 
 
 The letter quoted is to the following effect : 
 " My Salamandra vittata (meaning the present 
 species), which has been figured by Guerin,* who 
 has adopted my name, belongs to the same 
 group as the former (Triton cristatus). It agrees 
 with it in having the crest interrupted over the 
 loins, and chiefly differs from it in having smaller 
 
 * Guerin, " Icon. Keg. Animal," 17, t. 28, 2. 
 
OKAY'S BANDED NEWT. 171 
 
 tubercles, and in colour. It is easily known both 
 from S. palustris (Triton cristatus) and from 
 Triton (Lophinus) pundatus by the wide black- 
 edged white streak along the lower part of each 
 side of the body, &c. The head is much larger,, 
 and more depressed, than that of any of the 
 varieties of T. pundatus. 
 
 " The species is found in Holland and Belgium 
 as well as here. It must be very local in this 
 country, as I have seen no specimens since those 
 I caught some thirty years ago." 
 
 Whilst debating as to the propriety of includ- 
 ing this species amongst " Our Reptiles," we 
 communicated with Dr. Gray on the subject, to 
 which he replied : " Triton vittatus, Gray, is 
 not only a distinct species, but a distinct genus 
 from any of our European Tritons, characterized 
 by the form of the skull and the large size of the 
 orbits." 
 
 On referring to a paper on the Salamandrines, 
 published by Dr. Gray in 1858, we found that 
 after giving England, the North of France, and 
 Belgium, as localities for this species, he makes 
 the following observations : " Mr. Bell, in his 
 ' British Reptiles/ gives a good figure of one 
 of my specimens of this species, which he is 
 convinced 'is to be considered as a variety of 
 the Palmate Newt. The osteological character, 
 as well as the form of the dorsal crest, and the 
 
172 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 disposition of the colours, shows this is not the 
 case, and that it is not only a distinct species, 
 but a very distinct genus, as is further proved 
 by M. Duges' figure of the skull/ "* In illustra- 
 tion of the latter remark, we have given wood- 
 cuts of the skull of this species, together with 
 the other British Newts, which have been faith- 
 fully copied from M. Duges' treatise in the French 
 " Annals of Natural History." f 
 
 The habits of this species do not probably 
 differ from those of the Smooth and Warted 
 Newts ; but hitherto it has been found so seldom, 
 and the observations have been so few, that 
 beyond its merely scientific character, we have 
 no character to give it. Indeed, in a popular 
 sense we may almost say that it is a newt with- 
 out a character. So far as genus and species are 
 concerned, it is regarded as very well charac- 
 terized by scientific men. In this sense we will 
 give its character, as written by Dr. Gray. 
 
 " Pale grey, closely black-spotted. Tail nearly 
 black. Side of abdomen and middle of tail with 
 a broad wide streak, white beneath (belly). 
 Throat black-dotted. Mature male, during the 
 breeding season, with a high-toothed dorsal 
 (back) and caudal (tail) fin, the base interrupted 
 
 * Dr. Gray, in " Proc. Zool. Soc., 1858," p. 140. 
 t Ann. den Sc. Nat., 3rd series, xvii. t. 1. 
 
GKAY'S BANDED NEWT. 173 
 
 over the loins. Toes separate, webbed, slightly 
 finned." 
 
 Our figure is taken from one of Dr. Gray's 
 specimens in the British Museum, courteously 
 placed at our disposal for this purpose. 
 
 Here terminate the Amphibia, as represented 
 in the British islands. It has already been ob- 
 served that some excellent erpetologists consider 
 the Amphibia in the light of a class distinct from 
 the Eeptilia. We are heretic enough to doubt 
 whether this distinction will long be maintained ; 
 and to us it appears that recent investigations 
 and discoveries tend more to the association than 
 to the dissociation of these two groups of rep- 
 tiles. The student will find in Dr. Griinther's 
 " Reptiles of British India " facts which we are 
 fain to believe support this view. This, however, 
 is no place for the discussion of such a question, 
 which is in itself of very little importance to the 
 readers for whom these pages have been written. 
 A toad remains still a toad, and an amphibious 
 animal, whether we choose to call it a Reptile or 
 a Batrachian. 
 
174 
 
 THE HAWK'S-BILL TURTLE. 
 
 (Chelonia imbricata, Schw.) 
 
 WE have advisedly reserved the Chelonians 
 until the close of " Our Reptiles/'' instead of 
 commencing with them, as in true scientific 
 arrangement we were almost bound to do. It is 
 a doubtful point with us whether they deserve a 
 place at all, certainly not a prominent one ; and 
 that this little volume might not be regarded as 
 incomplete in its enumeration, we have added 
 them at the end, in the hope of " saving our 
 turtle," even though it should prove to be only 
 " mock turtle." 
 
 The HawkVBill Turtle is an American species, 
 and its occurrence on our coasts must be re- 
 garded as the result of accident. Sibbald refers 
 to one of which he possessed the shell, and which 
 came from the Orkneys. Dr. Fleming states : 
 " I have credible testimony of its having been 
 taken at Papa Stour, one of the West Zetland 
 Islands," and Dr. Turton records an instance of 
 one which in the year 1774 was taken in the 
 Severn, and placed in his father's fish-ponds, 
 where it lived till winter. This is all the evidence, 
 
THE HAWK'S- BILL TURTLE. 175 
 
 slender as it may be, upon which, the present 
 species is included in the Fauna of Great Britain. 
 This we shall not in the present instance much 
 regret, as it is a very interesting species, and 
 one which possesses a commercial value, so 
 that we shall avail ourselves of the example of 
 our predecessors, and include it amongst our 
 number. 
 
 The Chelonians are divided into families for 
 the purposes of classification ; one of these in- 
 cludes the Thalassians, or Sea-Turtles, to which 
 both species we shall have occasion to enumerate 
 belong. In this family the fore-limbs are con- 
 siderably lengthened, and all are modified into 
 flappers, or paddles for swimming. Turtles 
 seldom leave the sea, except to deposit their 
 eggs, though some accounts state, " they will 
 crawl up the shores of desert islands in the 
 night, and clamber up the edges of isolated rocks 
 far at sea, for the purpose of browsing on certain 
 marine plants." They may be met with far out 
 at sea, floating motionless upn the water, as if 
 dead. They are good divers, and can remain a 
 long time beneath the surface of the water. 
 Their food consists chiefly of marine plants, 
 whilst some of them do not object to a delicate 
 crustacean, or to appropriate molluscs as their 
 chief articles of food. 
 
 At the breeding season these reptiles seek a 
 
176 OUE REPTILES. 
 
 retired, sandy beach after sunset, and there, 
 above high-water mark, a hollow is excavated to 
 serve as a nest, in which during the night about 
 a hundred eggs are deposited. It is said that the 
 female repeats this operation three times in the 
 same season, at intervals of two or three weeks. 
 The eggs are lightly covered with sand, and left 
 to be hatched by the heat of the sun, which 
 operation is accomplished in two or three weeks. 
 The parents thenceforth take no regard of 
 their progeny. As soon as the young turtles 
 leave the egg, they seek the sea, some of them 
 falling a victim to rapacious birds during the 
 brief journey they have to perform, and many 
 others serving as a delicate morsel for predatory 
 fish as soon as they reach the water. Thus the 
 balance of life is maintained, or the surface of 
 the sea might soon be covered with floating 
 turtles. 
 
 The eggs of the turtles are more or less 
 spherical, and are much prized as articles of 
 food. A native Brazilian will eat twenty or 
 thirty for breakfast, as they are about the size 
 of those of a "Bantam" hen. By the river 
 Amazon a large number of turtle eggs are se- 
 cured every year for the sake of turtle-oil. The 
 stratum of eggs in the sand is ascertained by a 
 pole thrust in, and the harvest of eggs is esti- 
 mated, like the produce of a well- cultivated 
 
THE HAWK'S-BILL TUETLE. 177 
 
 acre; an acre accurately measured, of 120 feet 
 long and 30 wide, having been known to yield 
 one hundred jars of oil. The eggs when col- 
 lected are thrown into long troughs of water, 
 and being broken and stirred with shovels, they 
 remain exposed to the sun till the yolk, the oily 
 part, is collected on the surface, and has time to 
 inspissate ; as fast as this oily part is collected 
 on the surface of the water, it is taken off and 
 boiled over a quick fire. This animal oil, or 
 ( tortoise-grease/ when prepared, is limpid, in- 
 odorous, and scarcely yellow, and it is used, not 
 merely to burn in lamps, but in dressing victuals, 
 to which it imparts no disagreeable taste. It is 
 not easy, however, to produce oil of turtle' s eggs 
 quite pure; there is generally a putrid smell, 
 owing to the mixture of addled eggs. The total 
 gathering of the three shores between the junc- 
 tion of the Orinoco with the Apure, where the 
 collection of eggs is annually made, is 5,000 
 jars, and it takes about 5,000 eggs to furnish 
 one jar of oil.* By this one means, therefore, 
 in a single district, twenty-five millions of turtles 
 are prevented coming into existence every year ; 
 or, as many as would, when full grown, cover 
 eight square miles, as closely as they could be 
 placed to each other. 
 
 * Simmonds's " Curiosities of Food," p. 182. 
 N 
 
178 OUE REPTILES. 
 
 Turtle-catching is another means by which 
 excessive turtle-population is kept in check 
 whether to supply the tables of epicures with 
 the dainty " green turtle/' or to secure the 
 horny plates of the "Hawk's Bill" for con- 
 version into combs, card-cases, &c., for the use 
 of the elite of the civilized world. One method 
 adopted is to watch the females as they come on 
 shore to deposit their eggs, to turn them on 
 their backs, and let them lie helplessly vibrating 
 their " flappers " till their hunters think fit to 
 kill them, or carry them away. Another method 
 is described by Mr. Darwin as adopted at Keel- 
 ing Island. The water is so clear and shallow 
 that, although at first a turtle quickly dives out 
 of sight, yet in a canoe or boat under sail the 
 pursuers, after no very long chase, come up to 
 it. A man standing ready in the bows at this 
 moment dashes through the water upon the 
 turtle's back ; then clinging with both hands by 
 the shell of the neck he is carried away till the 
 animal becomes exhausted, and is secured.* A 
 more curious mode of capture is that by means 
 of the Remora, or sucking-fish. A number of 
 these fish are carried in tubs in the boats that 
 go in search of turtles. To the tail of each fish 
 is attached a strong cord. When the fishermen 
 
 * Darwin's " Journal of Researches." 
 
THE HAWK'S -BILL TURTLE. 179 
 
 perceive the turtle basking on the surface of 
 the sea, they drop one of these fish overboard, 
 retaining hold of the cord, which they "pay 
 out " to a sufficient length not to impede the 
 Remora. As soon as the fish observes the 
 floating reptile it makes towards it, and by 
 means of its sucker attaches itself to it so firmly 
 that both fish and turtle are drawn into the 
 boat. Several other methods are adopted in 
 other localities, but these are amongst the most 
 curious. 
 
 The tortoise-shell of commerce is in part 
 yielded by this species, although there is little 
 doubt that both in ancient times and in the 
 present, more than one, and probably several 
 species, afforded tortoise-shell. 
 
 Bruce, the African traveller, alludes to this 
 article. 
 
 The Egyptians (he says) dealt very largely with the 
 Romans in this elegant article of commerce. Pliny tells us, 
 the cutting them for veneering or inlaying was first prac- 
 tised by Carvilius Pollio, from which we should presume 
 that the Romans were ignorant of the art of separating the 
 laminaB by fire placed in the inside of the shell, when the 
 meat is taken out ; for these scales, though they appear per- 
 fectly distinct and separate, do yet adhere, and oftener break 
 than split, where the mark of separation may be seen dis- 
 tinctly. Martial says that beds were inlaid with it. Juvenal 
 and Apuleius, in his tenth book, mentions that the Indian 
 bed was all over shining with tortoise-shell on the outside, 
 and swelling with stuffing of down within. The immense 
 N2 
 
 
180 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 use of it in Rome may be guessed at by what we learn from 
 Yelleius Paterculus, who says that when Alexandria was 
 taken by Julius Caesar, the magazines or warehouses were 
 so full of this article that he proposed to have made it the 
 principal ornament of his triumph, as he did ivory after- 
 wards, when triumphing for having happily finished the 
 African war. This, too, in more modern times, was a great 
 article in the trade to China, and I have always been ex- 
 ceedingly surprised, since near the whole of the Arabian 
 gulf is comprehended in the charter of the East-India Com- 
 pany, that they do not make an experiment of fishing both 
 pearls and tortoises ; the former of which, so long abandoned, 
 must now be in great plenty and excellence ; and a few 
 fishers put on board each ship trading to Jidda, might surely 
 find very lucrative employment with a long boat or pinnace, 
 at the time the vessels were selling their cargo in the port ; 
 and while busied in this gainful occupation, the coasts of the 
 Bed Sea might be fully explored. 
 
 The thirteen plates which cover the carapace 
 are known technically as two plates, two main 
 plates, three backs, two wings, two tongues, 
 and two shoulders in all, thirteen. In an 
 animal of the ordinary size, about three feet 
 long and two and a half wide, the largest plates 
 will weigh about nine ounces, and measure 
 about twelve inches by seven, and one-fourth of 
 an inch thick in the middle.* 
 
 The market value of tortoise-shell is subject 
 to many fluctuations, but at ordinary times it 
 ranges from sixteen to thirty shillings per pound. 
 
 * The Technologist, vol. i. p. 382. 
 
THE HAWK'S-BJLL TURTLE. 181 
 
 The total value of our imports in one year is 
 estimated at about twenty-five thousand pounds. 
 The greater proportion of this is derived from 
 the British East Indies, and the residue from 
 Central and South America, Australia, Egypt, the 
 West India and Philippine Islands. 
 
 The mode of working this substance is de- 
 scribed at some length by MM. Dumeril and 
 Bibron, in their large work on " Reptiles." In 
 order to straighten the plates, which, when de- 
 tached, are bent in various ways, it is sufficient 
 to steep them in boiling water for a few minutes, 
 and then take them out and place them between 
 plates of metal or smooth blocks of hard wood, 
 leaving them to cool, great pressure being em- 
 ployed at the same time. They then retain the 
 flatness desired. They are next scraped and 
 filed, a smooth surface being obtained with as 
 little loss as possible. When these shells or 
 scales are brought to a proper thickness and 
 size, they may be then used separately ; but they 
 are generally submitted to a still further pre- 
 paration. When, for instance, they are too thin, 
 or when they are not sufficiently long or broad, 
 the following processes are employed : In order 
 to obtain single plates of great size, two are 
 soldered together, the thin part of one being 
 laid upon the thin part of the other; or, as is 
 .^sometimes done, the edges of each plate are 
 
182 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 delicately bevelled and fitted together. In 
 each case they are then put between metallic 
 plates ; to these a certain degree of pressure is 
 given, which, when the whole is plunged into 
 boiling water, is increased, and by this mode 
 they are so intimately joined together that the 
 slightest trace of their union cannot be detected. 
 
 It is almost exclusively by means of boiling 
 water that the effects upon tortoise-shell are 
 obtained. The substance of the scales becomes 
 so softened by the action of the heat, that it 
 may be acted upon like a soft mass, or a flexible 
 and ductile paste, which, by pressure in metallic 
 moulds, will assume every variety of form re- 
 quired. The soldering of two pieces together 
 is effected by means of hot pincers, which, while 
 they compress, at the same time soften the 
 opposed edges of each piece, and amalgamate 
 them into one. No portion of the scales is 
 worthless; the raspings and powder produced 
 by the file, mixed with small fragments, are put 
 into moulds, and subjected to the action of boil- 
 ing water, and thus made into plates of the 
 desired thickness, or into various articles which 
 appear as if cut out of the solid block. 
 
 The following is Dr. Turton's description of 
 the present species : 
 
 " Body roundish-ovate, slightly heart-shaped, 
 slightly carinated down the back ; head small, 
 
183 
 
 prominent, with the upper mandible curved over 
 the lower; two claws on each foot; plates of 
 the disk imbricated, thirteen in number, rather 
 square, semi-transparent, variegated ; of the 
 circumference twenty- five, pointed, and incum- 
 bent on each other in a serrated manner ; tail a 
 mere notch."* 
 
 General length from the tip of the bill to the 
 end of the shell, about three feet; has been 
 known to measure five feet. 
 
 * Turton's " Brit. Fauna," p. 78 
 
184 
 
 THE LEATHERY TURTLE. 
 
 (Sphargis coriacea.) 
 
 THIS Turtle differs materially from the pre- 
 ceding in several points. The carapace, instead 
 of being clad with plates, is covered with a 
 tough leather-like skin. Along the upper shell 
 are seven distinct ridges, running longitudinally ; 
 these are sharp and slightly toothed in the adult 
 animal, but rounded in the young. It appears 
 to be a native of the Mediterranean Sea, but 
 even there is not at all common ; it is found also 
 in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. The 
 claims of this turtle to be regarded as British 
 are founded upon a passage in Borlase's " His- 
 tory of Cornwall," and Pennant's " British 
 Zoology." Borlase records that two were taken 
 on the coast of Cornwall in the mackerel nets, 
 of a vast size, a little after Midsummer, 1756; 
 the largest weighed eight hundred pounds, the 
 lesser near seven hundred. Pennant adds, that a 
 third of equal weight with the first of the above 
 was caught on the coast of Dorsetshire, and 
 deposited in the Leverian Museum. The largest 
 of the Cornish specimens measured six feet nine 
 inches from the tip of the nose to the end of the 
 
THE LEATHERY TURTLE. 185 
 
 shell, and ten feet four inches from the extre- 
 mities of the fore fins extended. 
 
 Shaw mentions a specimen taken on the 
 French coast, in the month of August, 1729, 
 about three leagues from Nantz, not far from the 
 mouth of the Loire, ' ' and which measured seven 
 feet one inch in length, three feet seven inches 
 in breadth, and two feet in thickness. It is said 
 to have uttered a hideous noise when taken, so 
 that it might be heard to the distance of a 
 quarter of a league ; its mouth at the same time 
 foaming with rage, and exhaling a noisome 
 vapour." * The bellowing noise made by the 
 members of this genus led to the adoption 
 of the generic name, which is derived from 
 the Greek o-^a/otryew, "to make a noise in the 
 throat." 
 
 The turtle so essential to the comfort of an 
 alderman is not this species. More than one kind 
 is regarded as very good eating, but the true 
 Green Turtle is Chelonia My das. It is said that 
 the Leathery Turtle is positively injurious. Pen- 
 nant narrates an instance in his " Appendix to 
 British Zoology :"" The late Bishop of Carlisle 
 informed me that a tortoise was taken off the 
 coast of Scarborough in 1748 or 1749. It was 
 purchased by a family at that time there, and a 
 
 * Shaw's " General Zoology," vol. iv. part i. p. 78. 
 
186 OUE EEPTILES. 
 
 good deal of company invited to partake of it. 
 A gentleman who was one of the guests told 
 them it was a Mediterranean turtle, and not 
 wholesome j only one of the company eat of it, 
 and it almost killed him, being seized with a 
 dreadful vomiting and purging." 
 
 The introduction of the Green Turtle to this 
 country as an article of food is of comparatively 
 recent date, probably not much exceeding a 
 century, and it is still confined to a limited circle 
 of admirers. The plebeian eye may gaze with 
 longing on " turbot," but does not so often flash 
 with desire for turtle soup. The green fat is an 
 aristocratic delicacy, a taste for which is acquired 
 best by means of an aldermanic gown. 
 
 Of the Sea Turtles the most in request, says 
 Catesby, is the Green Turtle, which is esteemed 
 a most wholesome and delicious food. It receives 
 its name from the fat, which is of a green colour. 
 Sir Hans Sloane informs us, in his " History of 
 Jamaica/' that forty sloops are employed by the 
 inhabitants of Port Eoyal, in Jamaica, for catch- 
 ing them. The markets are there supplied with 
 turtle as ours are with butcher's meat. The 
 Bahamians carry many of them to Carolina, 
 where they turn to good account, not because 
 that plentiful country wants provisions, but 
 they are esteemed there as a rarity, and for the 
 delicacy of their flesh. They feed on a kind of 
 
THE LEATHERY TURTLE. 187 
 
 grass, growing at the bottom of the sea,* com- 
 monly called turtle-grass. The inhabitants of the 
 Bahama Islands, by often practice, are very expert 
 at catching turtles, particularly the Green Turtle. 
 In April they go, in little boats, to Cuba and 
 other neighbouring islands, where, in the even- 
 ing, especially in moonlight nights, they watch 
 the going and returning of the Turtle to and 
 from their nests, at which time they turn them 
 on their backs, where they leave them, and pro- 
 ceed on turning all they meet j for they cannot 
 get on their feet again when once turned. Some 
 are so large that it requires three men to turn 
 one of them. The way by which the turtle are 
 most commonly taken at the Bahama Islands is 
 by striking them with a small iron peg of two 
 inches long, put in a socket, at the end of a staff 
 of twelve feet long. Two men usually set out for 
 this work in a little light boat or canoe, one to 
 row and gently steer the boat, while the other 
 stands at the head of it with his striker. The 
 Turtle are sometimes discovered by their swim- 
 ming with their head and back out of the water ; 
 but they are oftenest discovered lying at the 
 bottom, a fathom or more deep. If a Turtle 
 perceives he is discovered, he starts up to make 
 
 * It is not a grass, but the sea-wrack (Zostera marina), 
 which is here alluded to. 
 
188 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 his escape, the men in the boat pursuing him, 
 endeavouring to keep sight of him, which they 
 often lose, and recover again by the Turtle 
 putting his nose out of the water to breathe ; 
 thus they pursue him, one paddling or rowing, 
 while the other stands ready with his striker. It 
 is sometimes half an hour before he is tired; 
 then he sinks at once to the bottom, which gives 
 them an opportunity of striking him, which is 
 by piercing him with an iron peg which slips out 
 of the socket, but is fastened with a string to 
 the pole. If he is spent and tired by being long 
 pursued, he tamely submits, when struck, to be 
 taken into the boat or hauled ashore. There are 
 men who by diving will get on their backs, and 
 by pressing down their hind parts, and raising 
 the fore parts of them by force, bring them to 
 the top of the water, while another slips a noose 
 about their necks.* 
 
 To return to the more immediate subject of 
 this chapter, it is supposed that the Leathery 
 Turtle was the species which supplied Mercury 
 with its back shell, to which he applied strings, 
 and thus extemporized the first lyre, which was 
 the prototype of all stringed musical instruments. 
 The seven dorsal ridges to which we have alluded 
 strengthened this supposition ; the ancient lyre 
 
 * Catesb/s " Natural History of Carolina." 
 
THE LEATHERY TURTLE. 189 
 
 having, according to some writers, that number 
 of strings. 
 
 The carapace is heart-shaped, the hinder ex- 
 tremity much pointed ; an elevated ridge follows 
 the dorsal line from end to end; and on either 
 side of this central ridge are three parallel ones, 
 equidistant from each other ; between these 
 ridges the surface is quite smooth ; the head is 
 without plates ; the jaws are very strong ; the 
 lower jaw turns upwards at its extremity, forming 
 a hook, which is received into a corresponding 
 channel in the upper jaw. In the young, the 
 lines on the carapace are formed by a succession 
 of tubercles in rows, and the entire surface, both 
 of it and of the plastron, is warty. The eyelids 
 are divided almost vertically; the fore feet, or 
 fins, are as long again as the hinder, the latter, 
 however, being the wider ; there is no trace of 
 nails to the toes ; the tail is as long as the point 
 at the hinder extremity of the carapace. The 
 general colour is brown, with numerous pale 
 yellow spots on the upper surface; the legs and 
 tail are black. 
 
 The entire length sometimes exceeds six feet.* 
 
 * Clermont's "Quadrupeds and Keptiles of Europe," 
 p. 169. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 CLASSIFICATION AND SYNONYMS OF 
 BEITISH EEPTILES. 
 
 Class. REPTILIA. 
 
 ORDER I. CHELONIANS. 
 
 FAMILY 5. CHELONIAD^E (Sea Tortoises). 
 
 1. CHELONIA IMBRICATA. Schw. Hawk's-Bill Turtle. P. 174 
 
 Caretta imbricata. Gray. 
 Testudo imbricata. Linn. 
 Testudo Caretta. Knorr. 
 Eretmotchelys imbricata. Fitz. 
 Chelonia imbricata. Hem. 
 Chelonia multiscutata. KuTil. 
 Chelonia pseudo-caretta. Less. 
 Scaled Tortoise. Grew. 
 Imbricated Turtle. Shaw. 
 Hawk's-Bill Turtle. Bdl. 
 
 2. SPHARGIS CORIACEA. Gray. Leathery Turtle. P. 184 
 
 Sphargis Mercurialis. Merr. 
 Sphargis Mercurii. Eisso. 
 Testudo coriacea. Linn. 
 Testudo Mercurii. Gesn. 
 
192 OUE EEPTILES. 
 
 Testudo lyra. Becks. 
 Testudo tuberculata. Penn. 
 Dermatochelys atlantica. Leseur. 
 Dermatochelys porcata. Wagl. (Young). 
 Coriudo coriacea. Hem. 
 Turtle. Borlase. 
 Coriaceous Tortoise. Penn. 
 Coriaceous Turtle. Shaw. 
 Leathery Turtle. Bell. 
 Spinose Tortoise. Penn. 
 Tuberculated Tortoise. 
 Trunk Turtle. 
 
 ORDER II. SAUKIANS. 
 
 FAMILY 1. LACERTINIDJE (Lizards'). 
 3. ZOOTOCA VIVIPARA. Viviparous Lizard. P. 22 
 
 Lacerta vivipara. Dum. and Bib. 
 
 Lacerta crocea. Wolf. 
 
 Lacerta nigra. Wolf. 
 
 Lacerta pyrrogaster. Merr. 
 
 Lacerta montana. Milcan. 
 
 Lacerta agilis. Pennant, Jenyns, Berkenh*, &c. 
 
 Lacerta sedura. Sheppard. 
 
 Lacerta Schreibersiana. Edw. 
 
 Lacerta chrysogaster. Andr* 
 
 Lacerta unicolor. Kuhl ? 
 
 Lacerta praticola. Evers. 
 
 Zootoca Jacquini. Cod. 
 
 Zootoca Guerini. Coct. 
 
 Zootoca muralis. Gray. 
 
 Common Lizard. Jenyns, " Man.," p. 293. 
 
 Scaly Lizard. Penn., " Brit. Zool.," iii. p. 21. 
 
 Viviparous Lizard. Bell, "Br. Kep.," p. 34. 
 
APPENDIX. 193 
 
 Nimble Lizard. 
 Harriman. (Shropshire.) 
 
 4. LACERTA AGILIS. L. The Sand Lizard. P. 26 
 
 Lacerta Europa. Pallas. 
 Lacerta vulgaris. Midler. 
 Lacerta stirpium. Daud. 
 Lacerta Laurenti. Daud. 
 Lacerta arenicola. Daud. 
 Lacerta sepium. Griff. 
 Lacerta rosea. Fitz. 
 Lacerta catenata. Fitz. 
 Seps varius. Laur. 
 Seps cserulescens. Laur. 
 Seps argus. Laur. 
 Seps ruber. Laur. 
 Seps stellatus. Schrank. 
 Lizard des Souches. Edw. 
 Lacerta di Linneo. Bonap. 
 Sand Lizard. Bell. 
 
 5. LACERTA VIRIDIS. L. The Green Lizard. P. 32 
 
 Lacerta varius. Edw. 
 Lacerta chloronata. Eafm. 
 Lacerta serpa. Eafm. 
 Lacerta elegans. Audr. 
 Lacerta smaragdina. Schinz. 
 Lacerta bistriata. Schinz. 
 Lacerta bilineata. Daud. 
 Seps terrestris. Laur. 
 Lizard piquete*. Edw. 
 Lizard vert. Duges. 
 
194 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 6. ANGUIS FRAGILIS. L. The Blindworm. P. 38 
 
 Anguis eryx. L. 
 Anguis lineata. Laur. 
 Anguis clivica. Laur. 
 Anguis bicolor. Risso. 
 Anguis incerta. Krynick. 
 Anguis cinereus. Eisso. 
 Siguana Ottonis. Gray. 
 Otophis eryx. Fitz. 
 Csecilia vulgaris. A Idrov. 
 Csecilia typheus. Charl, 
 Cecilia anglica. Petiver. 
 L'Orvet. Lacep. 
 Blindworm. Penn. 
 Slowworm. 
 Hazelworm. Van Lier. 
 
 ORDER III OPHIDIANS. 
 
 SUB-ORDER L COLUBRINES. 
 
 FAMILY. COLUBRID^E. 
 
 7. TROPIDONOTUS NATRIX. Boie. Common Snake. P. 45 
 
 Natrix torquata. Gesn. 
 
 Natrix vulgaris. Laur. 
 
 Coluber natrix. L. 
 
 Coluber torquatus. Lacep. 
 
 Coluber murorum. Vest. 
 
 Tropidonotus cliersoides. Dum. and Bib. (part). 
 
 Tropidonotus persa. Eichw. 
 
 Ringed Snake. Penn. 
 
 Common Snake. 
 
APPENDIX. 195 
 
 FAMILY. CORONELLID^E. 
 
 8. CORONELLA L^EVis. Boie. Smooth Snake. P. 53 
 
 Coronella Austriaca* Laur. 
 Coluber Austriacus. Shaw. 
 Coluber Isevis. Lacep. 
 Coluber Dumfrisiensis. Sow. 
 Coluber Thuringicus. Becks. 
 Coluber ferrugineus. Sparm. 
 Zacholus Austriacus. Wagl. 
 Natrix Dumfrisiensis. Flem. 
 Smooth Snake. 
 Dumfries Snake 
 
 SUB-ORDER II. VIPEKINES. 
 
 FAMILY. VIPERID^E. 
 
 9. PELIAS BERUS. Merr. Viper. P. 66 
 
 Coluber Berus. Linn. 
 Coluber chersea. Linn. ? 
 Coluber cseruleus. Shepp. 
 Vipera. Ray. 
 Vipera vulgaris. Latr. 
 Vipera communis. Leach. 
 Viper. Penn. 
 Red Viper. Racfatt. 
 Blue-bellied Viper. Shepp. 
 Black Viper. Leach. 
 Adder. Scotland. 
 Common Viper. Shaw. 
 Etther. Shropshire. 
 
196 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 ORDER IV. BATRACHIANS. 
 A. BATRACHIA SALIENTIA (without tails). 
 
 10. RAN A TEMPORARIA. Linn. Common Frog. P. 85 
 
 Rana muta. Laur. 
 Rana Scotica. Bell. 
 Common Frog. Penn. 
 Scottish Frog. Bell (variety). 
 
 11. RANA ESCULENT A. Gesn. Edible Frog. P. 100 
 
 Rana viridis. L. 
 
 Rana ridibunda. Pallas. 
 
 Rana cachinnans. Eichw. 
 
 Rana palmipes. Spix. 
 
 Rana maritima. Eisso. 
 
 Rana alpina. Risso. 
 
 Rana calcarata. Mich. 
 
 Rana tigrina. Eichw. 
 
 Rana Hispanica. Bonap. 
 
 Edible Frog. Penn. 
 
 Green Frog. Shaw. 
 
 Whaddon Organs. Cambridgeshire. 
 
 Moor Frog. Germany. 
 
 12. BUFO VULGARIS. Laur. Common Toad. P. 112 
 
 Bufo terrestris. Schw. 
 Bufo cinereus. Schneid. 
 Bufo palmaram. Cav. 
 Bufo alpinus. Schinz. 
 Rana rubeta. Gesn. 
 Rana bufo. Linn. 
 Toad. Penn. 
 Common Toad. Shaw. 
 
APPENDIX. ' 197 
 
 13. BUFO CALAMITA. Laur. Natterjack. P. 132 
 
 Bufo cruciatus. Schneid. 
 
 Bufo rubeta. Flem. 
 
 Bufo portentosus. Schinz. 
 
 Bufo viridis. Dum. and Bibr. (in part). 
 
 Rana foetidissima. Herm. 
 
 Rana portentosa. Blum. 
 
 Rana mephitica. Shaw. 
 
 Goldenback. Surrey. 
 
 Walking Toad. 
 
 Rcehrling, or Reed-Frog. Germany. 
 
 Mephitic Toad. Shaw. 
 
 Natterjack. Penn. 
 
 B. BATRACHIA GRADIENTIA (with tails). 
 FAMILY 1. SALAMANDRINES. 
 
 14. TRITON CRIST ATUS. Laur. Great Water Newt. P. 142 
 
 Lacerta palustris. L. 
 Lacerta aquatica. a. Gmel 
 Lacerta lacustris. Blum. 
 Lacerta porosa. Retz. 
 Lacerta palustris. 8. Gmel. 
 Lacertus aquaticus. Gesn. 
 Salamandra palustris. Schneid. 
 Salamandra cristata. Schneid. 
 Salamandra platyura. Daubent. 
 Salamandra laticauda. Bonn. 
 Salamandra platicauda. Ruse. 
 Salamandra aquatica. Ray. 
 Salaraandra carnifex. Schneid. 
 Salamandra pruinata. Schneid. 
 Molge palustris. Menem. 
 Triton Americanus. Laur. 
 
198 OUR REPTILES. 
 
 Triton Bibroni. Bell (young). 
 
 Triton marmoratus. Bibr. (non Latr.} 
 
 Triton carnifex. Laur. 
 
 Triton asper. Higgin. 
 
 Triton palustris. Jenyns, Man.,- p. 303. 
 
 Great Warty Newt. 
 
 Great "V^ater Newt. Shaio, ZooL, iii. p. 296. 
 
 Common Warty Newt. Bell, Br. Rep., p. 129. 
 
 Warty Lizard. Penn, Br. ZooL, iii. p. 23. 
 
 Warted Newt. Shaw, Nat. Misc., viii. pi. 279. 
 
 Warty Eft. Jenyns, Man., p. 303. 
 
 Salamandre cretee. Cuv. Reg. An., ii. p. 116. 
 
 15. LOPHINUS PUNCTATUS. Gray. Common Newt. P. 152 
 Lacerta aquatica. Linn. 
 Lacerta aquatica. 6. Gmel. 
 Lacerta triton. Retz. 
 Lacerta salamandra. e. Gmel. 
 Lacerta taeniata mas. Sturm. 
 Lacerta maculata. Sheppard. 
 Lacerta vulgaris. Linn. 
 Salamandra palmata. Schneicl. 
 Salamandra tgeniata. Bechs. 
 Salamandra exigua. Ruse. 
 Salamandra elegans. Daud. 
 Salamandra punctata. Daud. 
 Salamandra palustris. Bonelli. 
 Salamandra palmipes. Latr. 
 Salamandra abdominalis. Daud. 
 Molge punctata. Merrem. 
 Molge palmata. Merrem. 
 Molge cinerea. Merrem. 
 Triton parisinus. Laur. 
 Triton punctatus. Bonap. 
 Triton lobatus. Otth. 
 
APPENDIX. 199 
 
 Triton palustris. Laur. 
 Triton laevis. Higg. 
 Triton exiguus. Laur. (young). 
 Lissotriton punctatus. Bell (young). 
 Lissotriton palmatus. Bell (aged). 
 , Brown Lizard. Pennant. 
 Common Newt. Shaw. 
 Smooth Newt. Bell. 
 Man-eater. Ireland. 
 Man-keeper. Ireland. 
 Dry Ask. Ireland. 
 Dark Lewkers. Ireland. 
 Small Newt. 
 Eft, or Evet. 
 Asgal. Shropshire. 
 
 16. LOPHINUS PALMATUS. Dum. and Bibr. Palmate Newt. 
 
 P. 161 
 
 Salamandra exigua. Laur. (young). 
 Salamandra abdominalis. Daud. 
 Salamandra cincta. Daud. 
 Salamandra palmata. Cuv. (not Schneid.) 
 Triton palmatus. Bonap. 
 Triton minor. Higg. 
 Triton palmipes. Deby. 
 Lissotriton palmipes. Bell (2nd ed.) 
 Palmated Smooth Newt. Bell. 
 
 17. OMMATOTRITON VITTATUS. Gray. Gray's Banded Newt. 
 
 P. 169 
 
 Salamandra vittata. Gray. 
 Molge vittatus. Gray. 
 Triton vittatus. Jenyns. 
 Lissotriton palmipes, var. Bell, 
 
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