" I';-'-:- '-:' ',"'"'-.-: :.;?'
 
 THE 
 
 LIVES OF THE DEANS 
 OF CANTERBURY, 
 
 1541 to i goo. 
 
 BY 
 
 d. MEADOWS COWPER, 
 
 WITH 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 DEAN OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 Canterbury : 
 
 Cross & Jackman, Priuters and Publishers, 
 1900. 
 
 COPYRIGHT.
 
 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Preface . . . . . . . . . . v. 
 
 Note . . . . . . . . . . viii. 
 
 List of Subscribers . . . . . . . . x. 
 
 Aglionby, George . . . . . . . . 89 
 
 Alford, Henry, with portrait . . . , 225 
 
 Andrevves, Gerrard, ,, ,, . . . . 208 
 
 Bagot, Richard, ,, .. .. 215 
 
 Bargrave, Isaac, ,, ,, . . . . 78 
 
 Boys, John, ,, ,, . . . . 69 
 
 Buller, William, ,, ,, .. .. 201 
 
 Cornewall, F. H. W., . . . . 203 
 
 Cormvallis, James, ,, ,, .. .. 187 
 
 Farrar, Frederic W., ,, ,, . . . . 243 
 
 Fotherby, Charles, ,, ,, . . . . 64 
 
 Freind, William, ,, ,, .. .. 174 
 
 Godwin, Thomas, ,, ,, . . . . 28 
 
 Hooper, George, ,, ,, . . . . 138 
 
 Home, George, ,, ,, .. .. 190 
 
 Lyall, W. Rowe, ,, ,, . . . . 220 
 
 2067317
 
 iv. CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Lynch, John, with portrait .. .. 165 
 
 Moore, John, ,, ,, .. 184 
 
 Neville, Thomas, ,, ,, . . 55 
 
 North, Brownlow, ,, ,, .. J 8i 
 
 Percy, Hugh, 211 
 
 Potter, John, .. i? 8 
 
 Powys, Thomas, ,, . . 206 
 
 Rogers, Richard, ,, ,, . . . . 44 
 
 Sharp, John, ,, ,, . . 123 
 
 Smith, Robert Payne, ,, ,, . . . . 237 
 
 Stanhope, George, ,, ,, .. .. 148 
 
 Sydall, Elias, ,, .. .. 159 
 
 Tillotson, John, ,, ,, .. .. 108 
 
 Turner, Thomas, ,, ,, . . . . 94 
 
 Wotton, Nicholas, ,, ,, . . . . i
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 More than a hundred years ago a book 
 was written by the Rev. Henry John Todd, 
 one of the Minor Canons of the Cathe- 
 dral, entitled "Some Account of the Deans 
 of Canterbury." It ended with a few lines 
 on Deans Buller and Cornewall. Since 
 1798, when Dr. Cornewall was promoted 
 to the Bishopric of Hereford, there have 
 been eight Deans ; and Mr. J. Meadows 
 Cowper, in the present volume, has written 
 brief biographies of the entire series up to 
 the present date. This record naturally has 
 a special interest for all who are connected 
 with Canterbury ; but the lives of the Deans 
 may have a more general interest, because 
 they furnish various sidelights on the eccle- 
 siastical History of England. 
 
 Not a few of the Deans were prominent 
 in their day as religious writers, or as
 
 vi. PREFACE. 
 
 having taken part in questions of national 
 interest. No less than thirteen of those 
 whose biographies are here given have been 
 Archbishops or Bishops : and of these some, 
 like the saintly John Tillotson, Archbishop 
 of Canterbury, John Sharp, Archbishop of 
 York, and George Home, Bishop of Nor- 
 wich, have been men whose works still 
 survive, and whose names will long live in 
 the memory of all who love the Church of 
 England. 
 
 The present work is rendered more in- 
 teresting by the fact that the reader is here 
 furnished with a Portrait of every Dean 
 with the exception of Dr. Aglionby, who 
 was appointed in the troublous days of the 
 Commonwealth, but was never installed, and 
 probably never visited Canterbury. These 
 portraits are all, except two, photographed 
 from the unique series in the Deanery. In 
 no other Cathedral City, and not even in 
 the Deaneries of Westminster or St. Paul's, 
 is there anything which approaches a com- 
 plete series of such portraits. Many of 
 these at Canterbury are by eminent painters. 
 That of Dean Bargrave is by Cornelius
 
 PREFACE. vii. 
 
 Jansen who painted the beautiful likeness 
 of Milton at the age of nine. Three of 
 the portraits are by George Romney ; two 
 by Sir Thomas Lawrence ; and one is said 
 to be by Opie. Others are excellent works 
 of Art, although the names of the painters 
 are unknown. 
 
 The writer of these brief sketches has 
 rendered an entirely disinterested service in 
 preparing and publishing them ; and I 
 sincerely hope that a sufficient number of 
 copies will be sold to prevent him from 
 incurring any serious pecuniary loss. In 
 any case his work will be preserved, and 
 will be cherished as a slight record of the 
 varying fortunes of Canterbury Cathedral 
 for more than 350 years. 
 
 F. W. FARRAR. 
 
 THE DEANERY, 
 
 February loth, 1900.
 
 NOTE. 
 
 Eight of the Deans of Canterbury were 
 buried within the Cathedral, one, Dean 
 Lyall, was buried at Harbledown ; Deans 
 Alford and Payne Smith were buried in 
 St. Martin's Churchyard, Canterbury. The 
 whole of the Inscriptions on their tombs 
 are given in " The Memorial Inscriptions 
 of the Cathedral Church of Canterbury," 
 issued in 1897. 
 
 J. M. C.
 
 CORRECTIONS. 
 
 P. 60, 11. 5, ii from top, for Calvan-istic, ism, read 
 
 Calvinistic, Calvinism. 
 
 96, 1. 6 from bottom, for advise read advice. 
 ,, 191, 1. 3 from top, for to read in.
 
 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 
 
 The Most Reverend the Lord Archbishop of Canterbury i 
 
 The Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of Wake fie Id i 
 
 The Right Reverend the Lord Bishop of Dover . . i 
 
 The Right Reverend Bishop Mitchinson, Oxford . . i 
 
 The Right Hon. Earl Stanhope . . . . i 
 
 The Right Hon. Lord Northbourne . . . . 2 
 
 The Very Reverend the Dean of Canterbury . . 4 
 
 The Very Reverend the Dean of York . . . . i 
 
 The Very Reverend the Dean of Ripon . . . . i 
 
 The Venerable Archdeacon of Maidstone . . i 
 
 Abrahams, John, Canterbury . . . . . . i 
 
 Aitkin, Cyril H., Canterbury . . . . . . i 
 
 Amos, Daniel, J. P., Harbledown .. .. j 
 
 Anderson, Alderman John A., Faversham . . . . i 
 
 Baggs, W. H., Canterbury . . . . . . i 
 
 Bailey, the Rev. Canon, Canterbury . . . . i 
 
 Beaney Institute, The, Canterbury . . . . ^ 
 
 Benham, the Rev. Canon, London . . . . j 
 
 Bishopsgate Institute, The, London . . . . i 
 
 Bliss, the Rev. Canon, Betteshanger . . . . i 
 
 Boorman, George E., Faversham . . . . i 
 
 Bush, George, M.I.C.E., London . . . . i 
 
 Carr, the Rev. James A., Adisham . . . . i 
 
 Chaloner, Miss, Hay . . . . . . . . i 
 
 Chambers, Ebenezer, Faversham . . . . i 
 
 Clarke, George J., Iquique . . . . . . j
 
 SUBSC8ISSRS. xi. 
 
 Collard, E. Denne, Herne Bay . . . . . . i 
 
 Collard, Alderman George, Mayor of Canterbury . . i 
 
 Cowper, Benjamin Harris, London . . . . i 
 
 Cowper, the Rev. Herbert, Wandsworth, S.W. . . i 
 
 Cowper, Miss Jessie, Canterbury . . . . i 
 
 Cowper, Leonard, Chili . . . . . , i 
 
 Cowper, Miss, Santiago de Chili . . . . i 
 
 Cowper, S. Chaloner, Peru . . . . . . i 
 
 Cowper, William, Jamaica . . . . . . i 
 
 Cozens, Walter, Canterbury . . . . . . i 
 
 Cremer, Charles, Mayor of Faversham . . . . i 
 
 Crosse, the Rev. T. G., St. Lawrence, Thanet . . i 
 
 Crow, Edward, Canterbury . . . . . . i 
 
 Curtis, the Rev. H. E., Faversham . . . . i 
 
 Curtis, W. Kaylet, J.P., Canterbury . . . . i 
 
 Dawes, SirEdwyn S., K.C.M.G., Hernhill, Faversham 4 
 
 Dawson, John, London . . . . . . i 
 
 Day, R. Philip, A.R.I.B.A., London . . . . i 
 
 Deane, Hy, Bargrave, Q.C., London . . . . i 
 
 De Pledge, Martyn F., Iquique . . . . . . i 
 
 Dixon, Frederick, Canterbury . . . . . . i 
 
 Duncan, Leland L., F.S.A., Lewisham . . . . i 
 
 Easton, Thomas, Canterbury . . . . . . i 
 
 Faversham Institute, The, Faversham . . . . i 
 
 Fenner, H. C., Hornchurch . . . . . . i 
 
 Finn, Frederick, Sole Street House, Faversham . . t 
 
 Finn, Raymond, Canterbury . . . . . . i 
 
 Fradgley, H. Swann, Sidcup . . . . . . i 
 
 Fradgley, John A., London . . . . . . 4 
 
 Furley, Walter, Canterbury . . . . . . 2 
 
 Galpin, the Rev. A. J., King's School, Canterbury . . i 
 
 Gardener, Edwin L., Canterbury . . . . i 
 
 Gibbs, James, Canterbury . . . . . . i 
 
 Gillett, Thomas G., Faversham . . . . . . i 
 
 Gillman, J. W., Canterbury . . . . . . i
 
 xii. SUBSCRIBERS. 
 
 Grace, Mrs. M. P., Shenley, Herts . . . . i 
 
 Green, Mrs. E., Canterbury . . . . . . i 
 
 Greene, A. M., Birchington . . . . . . i 
 
 Griffin, Herbert J., Iquique . . . . : 4 
 
 Harvey, Robert, J.P., London . . . . . . i 
 
 Haslevvood, the Rev. F. G., L.L.D., Chislet . . i 
 
 Heaton, John Henniker, M.P., London . . . . 4 
 
 Hodgson, the Rev. R. G., Junior King's School, 
 
 Canterbury . . . . . . . . i 
 
 Holland, the Rev. Francis J., Canon of Canterbury i 
 
 Holmes, Charles, Faversham . . . . . . i 
 
 Holmes, W. C., Canterbury . . . . . . i 
 
 Horsley, Col. VV. H., St. Stephen's Lodge, Canterbury i 
 
 Hose, Robert J., London . . . . . . i 
 
 Houlden, Harry J., Canterbury . . . . . . i 
 
 Hovenden, Robert, F.S.A., Croydon . . . . 4 
 
 Hunt, Joseph, J. P., Canterbury . . . . . . i 
 
 Jackman, J. Gibbons, Canterbury . . . . i 
 
 Jackman, Joseph G., Canterbury . . . . i 
 
 Jones, Henry C., Herne Bay . . . . . . i 
 
 Joy, the Rev. Canon Samuel, Maidstone . . . . i 
 
 Kelly-Patterson, W., M.D., Canterbury .. .. i 
 
 Kingsford, Cecil E., Canterbury.. .. .. i 
 
 Knocker, Col. Sir E. Wollaston, C.B., Dover . . i 
 
 Ladd, William, Canterbury . . . . . . i 
 
 Larcome, W. H., Canterbury . . . . . . i 
 
 Lewis, Wm. Leach, J. P., K.C.C., Margate College i 
 
 Lushington, the Rev. T. G. L., Sittingbourne . . i 
 
 McMaster, John, J.P., Harbledown . . . . i 
 
 Maclear, the Rev. Canon G. F., Canterbury . . i 
 
 Mason, Professor A. J., Canon of Canterbury . . i 
 
 Mason, Alderman, W. W., Canterbury . . . . i 
 
 Massey, the Hon. and Rev. A., Brighton . . . . i 
 
 Mercer, Wm. John, Margate . . . . . . i 
 
 Merton, J. S., Herne Bay . . . . . . i
 
 SUBSCRIBERS. xiii. 
 
 Mo\vll, Worsfold, Canterbury . . . . . . 2 
 
 Murray, the Rev. Canon Francis H., Chislehurst . . i 
 
 Nicholls, J. Mayne, Iquique . . . . . . . i 
 
 Oldfield, Frank, Sandwich . . . . . . i 
 
 Peckham, Thomas G., J P., Harbledown . . . . i 
 
 Perham, Walter, Canterbury . . . . . . i 
 
 Philpot, Edward J., Canterbury . . . . . . i 
 
 Prentice, Z., Canterbury . . . . . . i 
 
 Rawlinson, the Rev. George, Canon of Canterbury i 
 
 Raydon, Alderman A. R., Birchington . . . . i 
 
 Roberts, the Rev. W. Page, Canon of Canterbury . . i 
 
 Russell, Joseph, Canterbury . . . . . . 2 
 
 Sanderson, Alderman William, Canterbury . . 4 
 
 Scripps, W. H., Canterbury . . . . . i 
 
 Sharp, Miss Evelyn, Jamaica . . . . . . i 
 
 Smith, Alderman Charles, Faversham . . . . i 
 
 Tatam, George, 60, Bassett Road, W. . . . . i 
 
 Usher, L. J., Hastings . . . . . . . . i 
 
 Warren, S. S., Canterbury . . . . . . i 
 
 Wells, Alderman Thomas, Canterbury . . . . i 
 
 Wilkie, the Rev. C. Hales, Kingston, Canterbury . . i 
 
 Woodruff, the Rev. C. E., the Rectory, Otterden . . i 
 
 Wotton, Thomas, Ramsgate . . . . . . i
 
 IRelatimj to Canterbury 
 
 J. M. COWPER. 
 
 1. OUR PARISH BOOKS AND WHAT THEY TELL Us. Holy 
 
 Cross. 1884-5. 2 Vols. Canterbury : Cross & Jackman. 
 
 2. ACCOUNTS OF THE CHURCHWARDENS OF ST. DUNSTAN'S. 
 
 1484-1580. Reprinted from Archaologia Cantiana. 1886. 
 
 3. THE REGISTERS OF ST. DUNSTAN'S, 1559-1800. 1887. 
 
 4. THE REGISTERS OF ST. PETER'S, 1560-1800. 1888. 
 
 5. THE MEMORIAL INSCRIPTIONS IN THE CHURCH AND 
 
 CHURCHYARD OF HOLY CROSS. 1889. 
 
 6. THE REGISTERS OF ST. ALPHAGE, 1558-1800. 1889. 
 
 7. THE REGISTERS OF ST. MARY MAGDALENE, 1559-1800. 1890. 
 
 8. THE REGISTERS OF ST. GEORGE THE MARTYR, 1538-1800. 
 
 1891. 
 
 9. CANTERBURY MARRIAGE LICENCES, 1568-1618 (First Series). 
 
 1892. 
 
 10. THE REGISTERS OF ST. PAUL'S, 1562-1800. 1893. 
 
 11. CANTERBURY MARRIAGE LICENCES, 1619-1660 (Second Series). 
 
 1894. 
 
 12. CANTERBURY MARRIAGE LICENCES, 1661-1676 (Third Series). 
 
 1896. 
 
 13. CANTERBURY MARRIAGE LICENSES, 1677-1700 (Fourth Series). 
 
 1898. 
 
 14. THE MONUMENTAL INSCRIPTIONS OF CANTERBURY CATHE- 
 
 DRAL, from 1376 to the present time, with numerous 
 biographical notes. 1897. 
 
 15. LIVES OF THE DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 1900.
 
 NICHOLAS WOTTOX. 
 
 To face p. i .
 
 I. 
 
 NICHOLAS WOTTON. 
 15411567. 
 
 Archbishops : CRANMER, CARD. POLE, 
 PARKER. 
 
 NICHOLAS WOTTON, a remarkable member 
 of a remarkable family, the second son of 
 Sir Robert Wotton, of Bough ton Malherbe 
 in Kent, was born about the year 1490 or 
 1 49 1 1 . He was educated at Oxford, but at 
 what college is not known. While at the 
 University he is said to have applied him- 
 self diligently to the study of Civil and 
 Canon Law, but appears to have left Oxford 
 
 1 Add. MSS. 20, 770. 
 
 A
 
 2 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 without taking the usual degree. Though 
 his inclinations led him to study law rather 
 than divinity, he was destined to enter holy 
 orders, and having been ordained, he soon 
 obtained preferment in the church. In 1517 
 his father presented him, on the death of 
 Christopher Porter, to the living of Boughton 
 Malherbe, to which he was instituted by 
 Archbishop Warham on the gth of Decem- 
 ber in that year. On the 6th of September, 
 1518, the same Archbishop admitted him 
 to the Vicarage of Sutton Valence, on the 
 presentation of the Prior and Convent of 
 Leeds in Kent. This he resigned early in 
 the year 1530, when he was collated to 
 the rectory of Ivychurch. 
 
 Although the holder of two livings, he 
 did not abandon his legal studies, and about 
 the year 1528 he took the degree of Doctor 
 of Laws. At this time he attracted the 
 attention of Tunstall, then Bishop of London, 
 who made him his official. In 1533 he 
 appears to have been engaged in the pro- 
 ceedings against Catherine of Aragon, as, 
 on the ist of October in that year he 
 attested the record. In 1536 he appeared in
 
 NICHOLAS WOTTON. 3 
 
 Court as Proctor for Queen Anne Boleyn, 
 who was then condemned to death. Shortly 
 after this he was occupied as a divine, and 
 assisted in the composition of " The Godly 
 and Pious Institution of a Christian Man," 
 commonly called "The Bishops' Book," set 
 forth by Act of Parliament in 1537. 
 
 In 1538 Archbishop Cranmer named 
 Dr. Wotton as one of the Commissioners 
 of Ecclesiastical Dispensations, and as his 
 Commissary, the latter being intended as 
 an appointment for life. In the same year 
 he became Chaplain to the King. 
 
 In 1539 he was offered a bishopric, 
 probably that of the newly founded see of 
 Gloucester ; this he declined, but in Feb- 
 ruary of the following year he accepted the 
 Archdeaconry of Gloucester, of which he 
 was the last Archdeacon before Gloucester 
 was separated from the diocese of Worcester, 
 and the first after the separation, being 
 appointed by the Charter of the 3rd of 
 September, 1541. Before his preferment to 
 Gloucester he had entered upon his diplo- 
 matic career, and had been sent to negotiate 
 the marriage between Henry VIII. and Anne
 
 4 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 of Cleves. This mission he carried through 
 successfully, and by his carefully worded 
 report to the King on the Lady Anne's 
 character, education and accomplishments 
 without incurring the wrath of his Royal 
 Master. His second mission to the Duke 
 of Cleves was of a less agreeable nature, 
 for he had then to announce that Henry 
 had decided to divorce the Lady Anne. 
 
 On the 8th of April, 1541, the Convent 
 of Christ Church, Canterbury, and all its 
 property having been surrendered to the 
 King, a new Society was incorporated con- 
 sisting of a Dean, twelve Prebendaries, 
 twelve Minor Canons and others. Although 
 Archbishop Cranmer recommended Dr. 
 Crome, who was a Reformer, the King 
 nominated Dr. Nicholas Wotton as the first 
 Dean on the new foundation, and he in due 
 course was installed. Thomas Goldwell, the 
 last Prior, and such of his brethren as did 
 not choose to accept the new order, were 
 liberally pensioned, and the Cathedral entered 
 on its reformed career. 
 
 In 1543, Bishop Bonner having been 
 recalled from the court of the Emperor
 
 NICHOLAS WOTTON. 5 
 
 Charles V., Dr. Wotton was sent as Am- 
 bassador in his room, and appears to have 
 remained abroad until the death of Henry 
 VIII. in 1547. On the igth of September, 
 1544, Dr. Wotton was present at the signing 
 of the Peace of Crepy ; on the 24th of 
 December of the same year he was installed 
 by proxy Dean of York, in the room of 
 Dr. Layton. In 1545 he became a pre- 
 bendary of the same cathedral. In February, 
 1546, our Dean was at Brussels at the 
 court of the Queen of Hungary, and after- 
 wards at Paris as Ambassador to France, 
 endeavouring to negotiate peace between 
 England, Scotland and France, and was 
 still there when Francis I. died on the 3ist 
 of March, 1547. On September gth in the 
 same year, he received a royal dispensation 
 to be non-resident on his two deaneries 
 and his prebendal stall at York. In this 
 dispensation he is styled King's Chaplain 
 and Councillor. After the death of Henry 
 VIII. Dr. Wotton returned to England. 
 
 By his will Henry VIII. committed his 
 powers to certain representatives of the 
 parties who had formed his own Council ;
 
 6 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 three reformers, three conservatives, and 
 others representing the intervening shades 
 of opinion. Among the last appears the 
 name of Dr. Wotton, which clearly shows 
 that he, so far, had not committed himself 
 to any party. As a further testimony of 
 his regard, the King named him as one 
 of his executors, and one of the governors 
 of his son, and left him a legacy of ^300. 
 By Edward VI. the Dean was appointed a 
 member of his Privy Council. In 1549 the 
 Dean took an active part against the Pro- 
 tector Somerset, in the endeavour to reduce 
 him to an equality with the other members 
 of the Council ; with the result that the 
 Protector and Sir Thomas Smith were sent 
 to the Tower, while Dr. Wotton became 
 Secretary of State as successor to Sir Thomas 
 Smith. A few days later the Dean accom- 
 panied Sir Thomas Cheyne, Lord Warden 
 of the Cinque Ports, to declare to Charles V. 
 the causes of Somerset's removal. 
 
 In January, 1550, Dr. Wotton was 
 nominated member of a special commission 
 against the Anabaptists ; and two or three 
 months later we learn the very prosaic fact
 
 NICHOLAS WOTTON. 1 
 
 that he received a licence to eat flesh in 
 Lent. Towards the end of the same year, 
 he resigned the Secretaryship in favour of 
 Cecil, but was, by the King's orders, 
 appointed still to remain a member of the 
 Council. In January, 1551, we find the 
 Dean for the first time at Canterbury, from 
 whence he wrote to Cecil ; but his stay was 
 of brief duration, for in April he was again 
 on his way to the Emperor, with instruc- 
 tions to visit the Lady Regent of Flanders 
 on his journey. The object of this embassy 
 was to discuss matters relating to the Prin- 
 cess Mary, on whose behalf the Emperor 
 had requested that she might be allowed 
 to have Mass in her own house. The Am- 
 bassadors were instructed to inform His 
 Imperial Majesty that the King of England 
 was prepared to grant as much liberty for 
 the Mass in his dominions as the Emperor 
 would allow for the English Service in the 
 countries under his control. " My Sister," 
 said Edward VI., " is my subject, and should 
 use my service appointed by Act of Parlia- 
 ment." Nothing came amiss to the versatile 
 Dean. From discussing the Mass and the 
 English Service with the Emperor, he went
 
 8 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 as a Commissioner to treat of sea affairs 
 with France. Our Protestant sailors were 
 getting accustomed to consider a vessel fly- 
 ing the flag of a Catholic country as a lawful 
 prize, to be taken or sunk as the case might 
 be ; and when Wotton was challenged to 
 cite a single instance in which punishment 
 had been inflicted on English sailors for 
 these outrages, he was unable to give one. 
 At the end of the year he returned home, 
 and in the following May was engaged with 
 the Chancellor and Mr. Secretary Cecil in 
 the case of the Merchants of the Stillyard. 
 
 The year 1552 was one of comparative 
 repose. In July the Dean was contemplat- 
 ing a visit to Canterbury, and wrote to 
 Cecil asking him to send a buck from Eltham 
 Park to make merry with in his Cathedral 
 City. 
 
 Early in 1553 he was again sent as 
 Ambassador to Henry II., King of France, 
 but in June, a fortnight before Edward VI. 
 died, he was ordered home. On the accession 
 of Queen Mary, the order was countermanded, 
 for Wotton had tendered his allegiance to
 
 NICHOLAS WOTTON. 9 
 
 Mary while still in France, and she desired 
 to retain his services. Queen Mary knew 
 him, if not personally, yet through the 
 Emperor, who had had numerous opportuni- 
 ties of learning what manner of man he 
 was. 
 
 Two men, Pole and Philip of Spain, 
 were now coming to the front, and with both 
 Wotton was soon brought into contact. 
 Pole, afterwards Cardinal Archbishop of 
 Canterbury, soon attracted the Dean's atten- 
 tion. Froude says Wotton informed the 
 Queen that Pole had said her marriage 
 with Philip should never take place; but in 
 his letter to Mary, dated 2yth of October, 
 1553, the Dean wrote: "It is well 
 known that the Emperor hath the Cardinal 
 Pole in very good estimation, which appeared 
 well in the last vacation of the Papacy, 
 where the Imperial Cardinals laboured all 
 they could to have made him Pope, .... 
 being esteemed among many to be of an 
 honest mind and virtuous life." Then, pro- 
 ceeding more cautiously, he adds: "And 
 now, for because if he come hither, it will 
 much be marked and noted of the world
 
 10 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 how I behave myself unto him, I therefore 
 beseech your Highness "it please you to let 
 me know your pleasure therein, whether I 
 shall resort to him ; and in case I do, after 
 what sort I shall use myself unto him ; 
 and, knowing your Highness' pleasure there- 
 in, I will endeavour myself to follow the 
 same in all points as best I can." 
 
 France and Spain were at war while 
 the negotiations for the marriage between 
 Philip and Mary were in progress ; and 
 England was, nominally at least, at peace 
 with both. Hence the proposed marriage 
 was viewed with disfavour by France, as it 
 was felt that, if the Queen of England 
 married Philip, Spain would gain a powerful 
 ally, and France an enemy. The Ambass- 
 ador declared that Mary had promised to 
 remain at peace with France, but he was 
 bluntly told that, being himself unmarried, 
 he knew little of the ways of women, and 
 nothing of the influence which husbands 
 obtained over their wives. 
 
 This projected marriage was a source 
 of trouble and anxiety to the Dean. While 
 still in France he wrote that, on account of
 
 DEAN WOTTON. 11 
 
 this marriage, he thought it would be very 
 hard to avoid a war between England and 
 France, and that he had little desire to 
 continue at his post. In the same letter he 
 pleads sickness, and says he is half in 
 despair to be able to do the Queen any 
 service, partly on account of his health, and 
 partly because of the marriage. He came 
 home to find Cranmer in the Tower ; 
 and, when the Archbishop was deprived, he 
 occupied himself with the affairs of the 
 diocese. 
 
 It was while engaged on the mission 
 just referred to that he wrote the following 
 letter to his very loving friend the Vice 
 Dean and Chapter of Canterbury. 
 
 "After hearty recommendations. I 
 am sorry I cannot be so soon with you 
 again as it was meant I should have 
 been when I departed from you ; but 
 howsoever it chance, it cannot be long, 
 but I shall see you, God willing. 
 
 I am sorry for the loss of your 
 Usher, remembering what difficulty we 
 had to get him, the like whereof we
 
 12 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 shall have now again, as I think. Mr. 
 Twyne r writeth unto me of one John 
 Shawe, who, he saith, is fit and willing 
 to do it. I pray you to take the pains 
 to know whether he be so indeed or 
 not, and in case you find him meet for 
 it, for his learning and honesty, I am 
 very well contented he have it. If you 
 think otherwise, then I would to God 
 you could espy out some other man 
 meet for it. But I fear it will be hard 
 to find any such, unless his wage 2 be 
 somewhat mended. And thus I wish 
 you heartily well to fare. From Poissy, 
 the 1 6th of June, 1553. 
 
 Your lover and Friend, 
 
 N. Wotton." 3 
 
 In May, 1555, the Dean was again 
 Ambassador to France, and remained there 
 for two or three years. In September, 1556, 
 Mary decided to recall him, and his suc- 
 cessor, Dr. Thomas Martin, was appointed. 
 But Philip intervened, and his return was 
 delayed. This enabled him to watch the 
 proceedings of Dudley and his companions, 
 
 1 First Head Master of the King's School, Canterbury. 
 
 2 The Usher's "wage" was 10 a year. 
 3 Ancient MS. Letters in the Cathedral Library, Vol. I.
 
 NICHOLAS WOTTON. 13 
 
 who had arrived in France, and had had 
 a midnight interview with the French King, 
 and had received promises of assistance from 
 him. These particulars Wotton communi- 
 cated to Mary, and advised her of the 
 arrival of several heretics who had fled from 
 England and were well received in France. 
 The activity which the Dean displayed was 
 of the utmost value to Mary, and enabled 
 her to forestal the attempts of her enemies, 
 many of whom were captured and executed. 
 War was declared against France on the 
 yth of June, 1557, and her Ambassador, 
 who had been chosen Treasurer of Exeter 
 Cathedral, returned to England. 
 
 Towards the end of 1558 the Earl of 
 Arundel, the Bishop of Ely (Dr. Thirlby) 
 and Dr. Wotton were sent to France to 
 treat of peace ; but before the French reply 
 to their proposals could reach England, 
 Queen Mary was dead, and Elizabeth had 
 succeeded to the throne. Mary died on 
 November i7th, and two days later Cardinal 
 Pole, Archbishop of Canterbury, also died. 
 But Wotton, whatever may have been his 
 feelings, had nothing to fear. Elizabeth re-
 
 14 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 tained him as a member of her Council and 
 as her Ambassador to France. In January, 
 1559, Wotton was in Brussels; in April, 
 after concluding 1 a peace with France, he 
 was at home ; in May, being then far from 
 well, owing to an attack of ague, he started 
 in company with Sir Nicholas Throgmorlon 
 for Paris, and, having confirmed the treaty 
 with France, was back again in June, in 
 time to take the oath of Supremacy. There 
 was some thought of making him Arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury, but his ambition did 
 not lie in that direction, and on the 22nd 
 of July he acted as compromissary at the 
 election of Matthew Parker. 
 
 In 1560, while the siege of Leith was 
 in progress, Sir William Cecil and Dean 
 Wotton were sent to Scotland to encourage 
 the Lords of the Congregation in their 
 defence of themselves and of the Protestant 
 religion against the power of France. The 
 negotiations on the part of England were 
 skilfully managed ; the French commissioners 
 renounced their pretensions to the crown of 
 England, and a complete recognition of the 
 demand for liberty of conscience was
 
 NICHOLAS WOTTON. 15 
 
 obtained. Peace was concluded at Edin- 
 burgh on the 6th of July, 1560, and Cecil 
 and Wotton returned to London. 
 
 During- his stay in this country he wrote 
 to the Vice Dean and Chapter this letter : 
 
 " After hearty recommendations. 
 Whereas of late I named three scholars 
 to be received into our School, of the 
 which John Horden was one, I perceive 
 now that there were not three rooms 
 void, for because one of the three before 
 named was admitted. Wherein appeared 
 a fault of the Schoolmaster ; for Mr. 
 Vice Dean by the Schoolmaster's infor- 
 mation certified me that they were all 
 three rejected, which now appeareth not 
 to be so. And yet in case the said 
 Horden be found sufficient upon Exami- 
 nation I would he should be put in 
 Coleman's room ; which he either shall 
 not occupy, or else, if he shall have 
 occasion to occupy it, I will provide 
 another room for him. And thus I wish 
 you heartily well to fare. From London, 
 the 1 2th of February, 1562. 
 
 Your lover and friend, 
 
 N. Wotton." 1 
 
 Ancient MS. Letters, etc., Vol. I.
 
 16 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 The Dean remained at home until 
 March, I565, 1 when he accompanied Viscount 
 Montague and Dr Haddon, as the Queen's 
 Commissioners, to Bruges, to adjust an inter- 
 course of trade with the Low Countries, 
 known as the " Colloquy of Bruges." Even 
 there his interest in school matters was 
 maintained, as the following letter, also 
 addressed to his " loving brethren," will 
 show : 
 
 " After hearty recommendations. 
 Perceiving by your letter that at the 
 last General Chapter, at My Lord of 
 Canterbury's request, you thought good 
 that an indenture tripartite betwixt my 
 said Lord's Grace, and Benet College 
 of Cambridge, and the Vicar of Roch- 
 dale for a Grammar School there to be 
 erected, should be confirmed : for as 
 much as you there understand the case 
 better than I do ; and that I trust you 
 have well considered of it, seeing you 
 like it so well ; I am content likewise 
 that it be so confirmed, and for that 
 purpose I have given order for my key 
 for the sealing of it to be delivered 
 
 1 Hook, Lives of Archbishops, says the Dean administered the Holy 
 Communion in his Cathedral on Whitsunday, 1565.
 
 NICHOLAS WOTTON. 17 
 
 when it shall be required. And thus I 
 wish you most heartily well to fare. 
 From Bruges, the gth of August 1565. 
 Your lover and friend, 
 
 N. Wotton." ' 
 
 Dr. Wotton remained at Bruges until 
 early in 1566, when he returned to England. 
 This was his last journey. His diplomatic 
 career was finished, and his life was drawing 
 towards an end. On New Year's Day, 
 1567, he received a present from the Queen, 
 and on January 26th he died in London, 
 and was brought to Canterbury to be buried 
 in the Cathedral. His funeral is thus 
 described : 
 
 " The Buryall of Doctor Wotton, 
 ffirst two conductors with blacke staues 
 then the pore two and two then the 
 Kinges scollers then the quire then the 
 ministers then gentlemen hauinge blacke 
 gounes ij and ij then the preacher then 
 Lancastere herald then Norroy Kinge of 
 Armes then the corpes borne by vi of 
 his seruantes in blacke cotes that is to 
 say Maneringe Libie Bigge Scotte 
 Suttell and Geffreye and at euery 
 
 'Ancient MS. Letters, etc., Vol. I. See Sttype's Life of Parker, 
 pp. 425, 523, ed. 1740. 
 
 B
 
 18 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 corner of the corpes a gentleman in 
 a blacke gowne with his hood one to 
 beare one of bannerrowles, vidilicet 
 Whitney Glouer Bennet and Eaton 
 then my lord Cobham chief mourner 
 then the other foure mourners ij and 
 ij videlicet Mr. Wottoa Mr Medley 
 Mr Cromer Mr Rudston Then the 
 Maior and Aldermen of the towne 
 then gentlemen hauing no blacke then 
 yeomen hauinge blacke then all other 
 his frendes." 1 
 
 In 1547 Wotton attended the sittings 
 of Convocation at which the Statute of the 
 Six Articles was discussed, and at the 
 suggestion of the bishops and clergy there 
 assembled, afterwards repealed. It was at 
 this meeting of Convocation that Dean 
 Wotton voted in favour of priests' marri- 
 ages. In 1548 he was one of those appointed 
 to enquire into the articles exhibited against 
 Robert Farrar, bishop of S. Davids, who a 
 few years later was burned at the stake in 
 Carmarthen. 
 
 Although at home, free from state cares, 
 and apparently with time at his disposal, 
 
 1 Harl. MSS. 6064.
 
 NICHOLAS WOTTON. 19 
 
 he absented himself from the famous Con- 
 vocation of 1563, and consequently took no 
 part in those proceeding's to which the 
 Reformed Church of England is indebted 
 for its existence and permanency, for 
 important decisions on points of discipline 
 and government, for its Thirty-nine Articles, 
 its Second Book of Homilies, and for 
 the Catechism of Nowell, Dean of St. 
 Paul's. His absence from a gathering at 
 which such subjects were to be discussed 
 is not very surprising. He had begun life 
 when there was little in men's minds which 
 foreshadowed the changes which were so 
 near at hand. He had retained his position 
 in Church and State through the convul- 
 sions of the closing years of Henry VIII. 
 and the feeble reign of Edward VI. During 
 Mary's reign he conformed, and when her 
 miserable life ended, and Elizabeth succeeded 
 to the throne, Wotton was still in power, 
 and was prepared silently to accept the 
 new order. He had passed untouched 
 through all the terrible scenes which occured 
 between 1530 and 1560, without a murmur 
 of protest escaping from his lips. His 
 Archbishop and Bishop Ridley, who had
 
 20 DEANS OF CANTERBURY, 
 
 been one of his first Prebendaries on the 
 new foundation, had suffered a cruel death, 
 and he had escaped. He was now growing 
 old; and what more likely than that, in his 
 declining years, he determined to take no 
 further part in religious controversy ? His 
 experience must have taught him that the 
 prominent controversialist had been generally 
 the first to go to the stake for his religious 
 principles ; while he who with quietness and 
 confidence had pursued the even tenor of 
 his way as the faithful servant of the State, 
 standing aloof from all parties, and quietly 
 accepting all changes, had lived the trusted 
 and honoured servant of kings and queens 
 as unlike each other as Henry, Edward 
 and Philip, and as Mary and Elizabeth. 
 
 When the majority of those in power 
 were eager to enrich themselves by plunder- 
 ing the church, but little surprise will be 
 felt that after the installation of the new 
 Dean there were men ready and willing to 
 dispose of what they could lay hands upon 
 for their own benefit. Canterbury Cathedral 
 had its Dean, but he was far away, and 
 therefore unable to check the rapacity of
 
 NICHOLAS WOTTON. 21 
 
 those who were in charge. But, worse than 
 his inability to check the robbery, if we 
 may believe Archbishop Parker, there was 
 proof that he shared in the spoil. The 
 plate and copes were divided, and Dr. 
 Wotton had his share, some of the church 
 property being found in his house after his 
 death. " There was not left," says Parker, 
 " in the church at my coming the tenth 
 penny of the plate and ornaments which 
 were left there at Dr. Wotton' s coming 
 thither." If the Dean had left a will we 
 should probably have learned what was in 
 his house ; but he died intestate. It was 
 suggested that enquiries should be made of 
 his heir, but nothing seems to have been 
 done either to prove his guilt or his 
 innocence, and so the suspicion remains 
 that he was even as others. 
 
 To attempt to define Dean Wotton's 
 religious principles would be a hopeless 
 task. " In an age abounding in chameleon 
 statesmen, he caught and changed colour 
 so dexterously, that he appeared a very 
 prince amongst them." One styles him as 
 the very measure of congruity; another as
 
 22 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 a centre of remarkables. He adapted him- 
 self to every government, and flourished 
 under every change. Somerset's disgrace 
 raised him higher under Warwick ; War- 
 wick's fall led directly to his promotion 
 under Mary; and Mary's favour proved no 
 barrier to his being employed in the most 
 difficult and responsible employments under 
 Elizabeth. 
 
 Of his talents as a statesman and a 
 scholar there can be no question ; as a 
 lawyer he was famous in 1538; but his 
 character was of an accommodating nature, 
 and his opinion upon the great religious 
 questions which divided men's minds during 
 his prominent career, was capable of an 
 almost indefinite adjustment to contending 
 beliefs. Burnet unhesitatingly calls him a 
 papist " in Elizabeth's time. Lloyd speaks 
 of him as a rare man, made for all 
 business so dexterous ! A man made for 
 all times so complying ! This was he who 
 lived Doctor of both Laws, and died Doctor 
 of both Gospels ! * 
 
 'Hist. Reformation, ii. p. 597, ed. 1865, 
 Tytler, Edw. VI. and Mary. I. pp. 32, 33.
 
 NICHOLAS WOTTON. 23 
 
 It is generally asserted that Nicholas 
 Wotton was born in 1497, and if we 
 accept the age, nearly seventy, as given on 
 his monument that date would be correct. 
 But was he nearly seventy when he died ? 
 The first paragraph of the inscription 1 was 
 found in his study after his death, and 
 was placed on his tomb without alteration. 
 The record, as far as it was drawn up by 
 himself, contains neither the year, month 
 nor day of his death. It gives as his last 
 public service his mission to Scotland in 
 1560, when, according to a theory I have, 
 he would be about seventy years old. 
 
 He was, as stated above, instituted 
 to the living of Boughton Malherbe in 
 1517, and in the next year to that of 
 Sutton Valence. If 1497 be taken as the 
 year of his birth we must assume that 
 Archbishop Warham ordained him, and 
 admitted him to a cure of souls before 
 he was of age. To return to the inscrip- 
 tion on his tomb. No mention is there made 
 of his journey to Bruges, from which he 
 
 1 The whole inscription is printed in my "Memorial Inscriptions of 
 Canterbury Cathedral."
 
 24 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 returned in 1566. This mission he would 
 hardly have omitted to mention, if he 
 wrote the record of his services after his 
 return home. I suggest, then, that the 
 record was written in 1560, or at the 
 beginning of 1561, and then put away 
 and forgotten. We know that in 1559 he 
 was very ill ; that he was by age and 
 travel decayed; "that he was even done, 
 and not able to labour any more. And no 
 wonder," he adds, " for within these four 
 months (if I live so long) I shall enter 
 into my great climacteric year, which the 
 physicians say is the dangerousest year 
 of all a man's life." And it was pro- 
 bably while in this despondent mood that 
 he penned his epitaph, ending with the 
 words : Hie tandem fere septvagenarivs, reqviescit. 
 If Wotton used the phrase " great climacteric 
 year" as we generally understand it now, 
 he must have been (or thought he was) 
 sixty-three in 1560, and seventy years of 
 age at the time of his death. 
 
 For fifty years Dr. Wotton had worn 
 the garb of a cleric, but his clerical duties 
 must, in the main, have been grievously
 
 NICHOLAS WOTTON. 25 
 
 neglected, or, at the best, have been per- 
 formed by deputy. As a consequence the 
 want of discipline in his Chapter at 
 Canterbury was deplorable. 
 
 In 1560 a presentment was made in 
 which it was asserted that the Prebendaries 
 came not daily to the divine service, and 
 that the Ministers were negligent in coming 
 to church. There was drunkenness among 
 some of the Petty Canons, railing and 
 jesting, with great disobedience. Some of 
 them were accused of being great quarrelers. 
 Instead of twelve Petty Canons they had 
 only seven. Another charge in this pre- 
 sentment was that Pole's Arms and Cardinal's 
 hat still hung in the church, which the 
 presenters " thought not decent, nor tolerable, 
 but abominable, and not to be suffered." 1 
 Yet Wotton's correspondence shows that 
 he was not unmindful of what he owed to 
 his Cathedral, and his references thereto 
 place his character in a light by no means 
 unfavourable. 
 
 This imperfect sketch of Dean Wotton's 
 career ought not to be closed without 
 
 1 Strype. Life of Parker, p. 74, eel. 1740.
 
 26 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 some reference to the interest he showed 
 in the King's School. In 1553 the school 
 had lost its assistant master, and Wotton, 
 remembering the difficulties the Chapter 
 encountered in obtaining his services, de- 
 plored the loss and recommended another, 
 if duly qualified, for the post. After the 
 retirement of John Twyne from the Head 
 Mastership, the Dean proposed the appoint- 
 ment of Anthony Rushe, who had spent 
 seven or eight years in the School, and 
 had been maintained by him at Oxford 
 for about seven years, until he was elected 
 a Fellow of Magdalen College. Rushe was 
 chosen Head Master, and was afterwards 
 Canon of Windsor, Canon of Canterbury 
 and Dean of Chichester. 
 
 In 1561, when Wotton was in England 
 the Chapter granted $ 6s. 8d., to the Master 
 and Usher of the School towards the expenses 
 to be incurred in the setting forth of 
 tragedies, comedies and interludes. 1 This 
 was probably the origin of the " Speech 
 Day" custom still practised. These early 
 tragedies and comedies may have been 
 
 1 Acta Capituli.
 
 NICHOLAS WOTTON. 27 
 
 witnessed by Stephen Gosson, a native of 
 Canterbury, and then seven or eight years 
 old. Christopher Marlowe was not born 
 until 1564. He was educated at this School, 
 and no doubt witnessed, and perhaps took 
 part in, the plays after Wotton's death. 
 Whether these tragedies influenced Gosson 
 and Kit Marlow, it would be idle to 
 speculate.
 
 II. 
 
 THOAIAS GODWIN. 
 
 1567 1584- 
 
 Archbishops : PARKER, GRINDALL, 
 WHITGIFT. 
 
 THOMAS GODWIN, supposed to have been 
 the son of parents in a humble condition of 
 life, was born at Wokingham in Berkshire 
 about the year 1517. He acquired the rudi- 
 ments of learning- at a school in his native 
 place, and while there attracted the attention 
 of Dr. Layton, then Archdeacon of Berks, 
 who took him into his own house and gave 
 him a classical education. About the year 
 1538 his patron sent him to Oxford, where
 
 THOMAS GODWIN. 
 
 To face p. 28.
 
 THOMAS GODWIN. 29 
 
 he was entered of Magdalen College, and 
 maintained him there at his own cost. In 
 1539, Dr. Layton, an ardent Reformer, be- 
 came the first Dean of York on the new 
 foundation ; but his promotion did not cause 
 him to forget his young friend, who enjoyed 
 the Dean's patronage until his death, when 
 others supplied him with the help, he 
 required. 
 
 In 1543 Godwin graduated B.A., and 
 soon afterwards was elected a Fellow of his 
 College ; he proceeded M.A. in 1547. 
 
 His zeal for the principles of the Refor- 
 mation drew upon him the ill will of those 
 who were opposed to them, and this induced 
 him to resign his Fellowship, and to accept 
 from his College the mastership of the school 
 at Brackley in Northamptonshire. To ex- 
 plain this appointment, it may be necessary 
 to mention that the ancient Hospital of 
 S. John and S. James, Brackley, was sold 
 with its possessions by Francis, Lord Lovel, 
 to William of Waynflete in 1484. William 
 of Waynflete was the founder of Magdalen 
 College, Oxford, and in this way the College 
 obtained the greater part of its possessions
 
 30 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 in Brackley. The College maintained a 
 chantry priest for the service in the Hospital 
 chapel until the death of John Barnard early 
 in the reign of Edward VI., and then estab- 
 lished a school in the chamber in which the 
 last chantry priest had lived and died. Of 
 this school Thomas Godwin became the first 
 Head Master, and received an annual stipend 
 from the College. ' 
 
 While at Brackley Godwin married 
 Isabella, daughter of Nicholas Purfoy of 
 Shalstone in Buckinghamshire. The time in 
 which he was not occupied in his school 
 duties he devoted to the study of medicine, 
 with the result that, in 1555, he took the 
 degree of Bachelor of Medicine, and was 
 licensed to practise as a physician. This 
 was of great advantage to him ; for, on 
 being driven from his school by the perse- 
 cution of Bonner, he was able to maintain 
 himself and his family by his medical skill. 
 
 On the accession of Elizabeth, Godwin, 
 abandoning his medical studies, turned his 
 attention to divinity, and was ordained by 
 Nicholas Bullingham, Bishop of Lincoln, 
 
 1 Northamptonshire N. and Q. iii, p. 49.
 
 THOMAS GODWIN. 31 
 
 whose chaplain he became, and was elected 
 a member of the Lower House of Convo- 
 cation. By Bullingham's influence he was 
 chosen to preach before the Queen, who, 
 pleased as much with his person as with 
 his preaching, selected him as Lent Preacher. 
 This appointment, the duties of which he 
 discharged during eighteen years, and his 
 popularity as a preacher, brought him into 
 prominence. Preferment he had already 
 received. In 1560 he had been presented 
 to the rectory of Kirkby Mallory, and to 
 the prebendal stall of Bedford Major in 
 Lincoln Cathedral. The latter he exchanged 
 for the stall of Milton Ecclesia in 1565, 
 which he resigned on accepting that of 
 Leighton Buzzard in the same Cathedral in 
 I574 1 . In 1561 he became rector of Han- 
 nington and Winwick in Northamptonshire, 
 and rector of Lutterworth in I562 2 . But 
 other rewards awaited him. In 1565, Dr. 
 Sampson having been deprived for non- 
 conformity, Godwin was promoted to the 
 Deanery of Christ Church, Oxford. 
 
 1 Le Neve. Fasti. 
 
 2 Foster (Alumni Oxon.) adds the rectory of Ruckinge, in 1573. 
 The Induction Register makes no mention of Godwin.
 
 32 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 In January 1567, Dean Wotton died, 
 and in March of the same year Dr. Godwin, 
 as a further mark of the Queen's favour, 
 was nominated as Dean of Canterbury. 
 Two months after his installation it was 
 found that there were no funds wherewith 
 to pay the stipends of the poor and inferior 
 ministers of the Cathedral, in consequence 
 of the non-payment of the revenues of the 
 Church. To meet the difficulty " divers 
 ornaments (or vestments), plate and other 
 jewels, now not lawful to be used in or 
 about the service," were entrusted to the 
 Treasurer to be conveyed by him to London 
 for sale, to enable the Chapter to pay the 
 amounts which were in arrear. The balance 
 was to be reserved to meet future pay- 
 ments 1 . This sale, and another in 15/0, for 
 the purchase of armour, were duly author- 
 ised by the Chapter, and will go some 
 way to account for the difference between 
 the Inventories made in 1563 and 1584. 
 That " it was the reign of thieves " we 
 all allow, but I cannot assent to the 
 statement that these ornaments or vestments 
 
 1 Acta Capituli.
 
 THOMAS GODWIN. 33 
 
 were sold simply because they were 
 "valuable" : they were, it was alleged, 
 "not lawful to be used in or about the 
 service." 
 
 These proceedings were made a ground 
 of complaint against Godwin by Archbishop 
 Parker, who accused him of breaking the 
 Statutes of the Cathedral, and of consuming 
 the Church's goods. In answer to these 
 charges it was shown that the Dean had 
 done nothing without the consent of his 
 Chapter, and that the money obtained by the 
 sale of unlawful church ornaments had been 
 used in a legitimate manner, and not for 
 the benefit of the Dean. It was this enquiry, 
 made necessary by the Archbishop's accusa- 
 tions, which brought out the fact that, at 
 Wotton's death, not more than a tenth of 
 the ornaments which were in the Cathedral 
 at his installation remained, and that the 
 rest had been disposed of for the benefit 
 of the Chapter. 
 
 In 1569 the Dean and Chapter were 
 called upon to contribute towards the 
 national defence, and they equipped six 
 
 c
 
 34 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 light horsemen and sent them forth to assist 
 in quelling the rebellion headed by the Earl 
 of Northumberland. In the same year the 
 deanery was destroyed by fire, and the 
 Chapter decided that if any stones were 
 required for re-building it, they might be 
 taken from any place within the precinct ; 
 to enable the Dean to pay the builders it 
 was agreed that he should take a fine of 
 ^200, arising from the renewal of a lease. 
 This was not his only building trouble; his 
 mansion in Southwark, " The floure de 
 lyce," was in a state of decay. In 1568 it 
 had been agreed to repair it, and make it 
 " apt to receive Mr. Dean as necessity shall 
 require" ;' but nothing had been done, and 
 in 1570 it was still unfit to receive him. 
 Then a grant of 6 133. 4d. was made 
 towards its reparation, and it was decided 
 that the Chapel belonging to the " floure 
 de lyce " should be pulled down, if it could 
 not be repaired. 
 
 The Chapter Minute Books afford some 
 interesting reading at this time, and give 
 some curious glimpses of the inner life of 
 
 1 Acta Capituli.
 
 THOMAS GODWIN. 35 
 
 the Cathedral. The meetings of the Chap- 
 ter usually commenced at eight o'clock in 
 the morning, and occasionally an hour 
 earlier. * Soon after Dr. Godwin's appoint- 
 ment it was found that the deliberations of 
 the Chapter had not been kept secret ; 
 whereupon it was decreed that upon proof 
 being obtained of any such offence in the 
 future, this early purveyor of secret intelli- 
 gence should, for the first offence, be 
 banished from the Chapter for a whole 
 year; for the second fault he was to be 
 excluded for three years ; while for the third 
 fault the sentence was "for ever." There 
 is nothing to show that this canonical 
 delinquent was ever discovered. Then there 
 was contention between the Dean and his 
 Prebendaries, with complaints of griefs and 
 wrongs offered to some members of the 
 Chapter. In the election of officers no 
 agreement could be arrived at, although a 
 whole day was spent on the business, and 
 the choice was finally referred to the Arch- 
 bishop and decided by him. 
 
 1 In 1576-7 "a pounde of candell for lyglit at the lecters at Christes 
 Church " was bought, and in 1578-9 the Vergerer was paid "for 
 candells at the mornyng lecter."
 
 36 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 The most troublesome and the most 
 unruly member of the Chapter at this time 
 appears to have been George Boleyn, who 
 had been preferred to a Stall in the Cathe- 
 dral in 1566. He is supposed to have been 
 a son of George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford, 
 and therefore a nephew of Queen Anne 
 Boleyn and cousin to Elizabeth. He was 
 charged with having assaulted one of his 
 brother Prebendaries ; with having castigated 
 a lawyer in the Chapter House ; and with 
 having threatened to pin the Dean to the 
 the wall with his dagger ! To the relief 
 of all, in 1574 he asked to be permitted 
 to go to Cambridge to pursue his studies ; 
 and although he made it a condition that, 
 while at Cambridge, he should receive all 
 such commodities from the Cathedral as he 
 would have been entitled to had he 
 remained in residence at Canterbury, the 
 Chapter readily agreed to allow him to 
 "pursue his studies" elsewhere. This was 
 in November; in February following he was 
 presented to the rectory of S. Dionis Back- 
 church ; but six months later he was again 
 in Canterbury, and appeared before the 
 Dean and Chapter on complaint made by
 
 THOMAS GODWIN. 37 
 
 Mr. Wood, one of the Six Preachers. In 
 answer to this complaint he confessed that 
 he had struck Mr. Wood with a dagger. 
 For this offence Boleyn was censured, and 
 excluded from the Chapter until his better 
 behaviour were approved. Then he appealed 
 to the Queen, and was soon re-instated. 
 Happily for Canterbury he was, in 1576, 
 installed Dean of Lichfield : with his deanery 
 he retained his canonry until his death in 
 January, 1604. 
 
 Little of the quiet and learned leisure, 
 usually associated in our days with the office 
 of a Dean, fell to the lot of Godwin : but 
 his troubles did not divert his attention from 
 his desire to improve the services of his 
 Cathedral. In 1567 a reward was given 
 to Mr. Selby, the Master of the Choir 
 School, in consideration of the pains he 
 had taken in making and pricking divers 
 books of music for the choir; in 1573 the 
 Queen's organ maker was sent for to 
 examine and repair the great organs of the 
 Cathedral; in 1574 it was ordered that, for 
 the better exercise of the master and 
 choristers, a set of viols and a set of lutes
 
 38 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 should be prepared at the Church's charge ; 
 in 1578 the organ maker was again in Can- 
 terbury, when he was engaged to attend 
 the Cathedral twice a year to see to the 
 organs and repair them; in 1583 the Dean, 
 Vice Dean and Treasurer were instructed 
 to see that the choir was furnished with 
 song books, and to reward such members 
 of the choir as took pains therein. Then, 
 complaint having been made that the Petty 
 Canons and lay clerks, in spite of warning, 
 still neglected to attend according to their 
 duty, it was resolved : 
 
 " That if any petty canon or lay 
 clerk fail to be present in the choir 
 at the beginning of the three daily 
 services, except in their weeks of 
 liberty, that every of them so making 
 default shall, the next service after, 
 stand at the door of the grate in the 
 choir in his surplice during the time 
 of the whole service." 
 
 But while the Dean and Chapter were 
 using their best endeavours to improve 
 the services of the Cathedral, ' they were 
 
 1 The Statutes provided for an English sermon on every Sunday in the 
 year ; but the Chapter had not been so diligent as they should 
 have been. A Reader of Divinity read in the Cathedral on every 
 Wednesday and Friday. Strype's Parker, pp. 441, 468.
 
 THOMAS GODWIN. 30 
 
 not unmindful of the King's School which 
 was under their care. In 1573 Dr. Godwin 
 went to London to ask the Queen for a 
 dispensation to remove the School out of 
 the Mint to some other place within the 
 precincts of the Church. In 1575 the plague 
 visited Canterbury, and it was "feared lest 
 by access of scholars out of the city into 
 our school some infection there of might 
 grow, it is therefore agreed that the school 
 shall break up, and that the scholars shall 
 have liberty to repair to their friends until 
 the first of September next ; and that the 
 schoolmaster and usher and scholars be 
 warned to be here present at that first of 
 September upon pain of loss of their places 
 and rooms." 
 
 For about seventeen years Dean Godwin 
 passed nearly the whole of his time in 
 Canterbury. When not harrassed with the 
 "differences" in his Chapter, he and they 
 freely dispensed charity to the poor, renewed 
 their leases, welcomed Grindal as Arch- 
 bishop, entertained the Queen when she 
 visited Canterbury, bestowed alms on the 
 poor afflicted French church in London,
 
 40 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 and arranged that the Walloons, who came 
 to Canterbury in 1575,' should have their 
 common prayer and sermons in the parish 
 church of S. Alphege, over which the 
 Cathedral appears to have had some 
 control, as it was for many years used 
 for registering the baptisms, marriages and 
 burials of those who inhabited the Precincts 
 while living, or, when they died, were 
 buried within the Cathedral itself or in 
 the cemetery attached to it. 
 
 That Dr. Godwin possessed the con- 
 fidence of the Queen may be inferred from 
 the following extracts from the Acts of the 
 Privy Council: "28th July 1577. Letter to 
 the Deane of Canterburye to receave Doctour 
 Younge ... to remain with him according 
 to certain orders sent down." " i8th 
 February 1578. To the Deane of Canter- 
 bury that where Doctour Yonge hath 
 bene committed to his custodie for his 
 obstinacie against the present state of 
 Religion, by his meanes and gentle per- 
 svvasions to have bene conformed therein, 
 
 1 F. W. Cross, Hist. Walloon and Huguenot Church at 
 Canterbury, p. 22.
 
 THOMAS GODWIN. 41 
 
 for so muche as their Lordships understand 
 that their good meaning- in that behalf can 
 take no effect in him, it is now ordered 
 that he shall be delivered under safe 
 keping in to the prison of her Majesties 
 Bench, there to remain till furder order 
 shall be taken with him." J 
 
 Dean Godwin presided at his last 
 Chapter Meeting in August 1584, and in 
 the Minutes of the proceedings is described 
 as Bishop elect of Wells. It was then 
 agreed " that there shall be a licence under 
 our seal for the consecration of our now 
 Dean elected to be Bishop of Bath and 
 Wells out of this Church." Four months 
 later (December ist 1585) it was resolved 
 to write to the Bishop of Bath and Wells 
 to signify the ruin and decay in which the 
 Dean's houses at Canterbury and Chartham 
 had been left, and to ask what allowance he 
 would make for the same, " and for other 
 things delivered into his custody, and now 
 not found to be left by him. If he do not 
 answer to our satisfaction to enter an action 
 against him for dilapidations and for other 
 
 1 Acts of P. C., New Ser., pp. 4, 168.
 
 42 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 things." 1 Nothing seems to have come 
 of this threat ; and Dr. Godwin passes from 
 his Deanery, which was not a bed of roses, 
 to his Bishopric, which was certainly a bed 
 of thorns. 
 
 In 1584 Godwin was consecrated Bishop 
 of Bath and Wells as the successor of 
 Gilbert Berkeley. The remaining years of 
 his life brought him nothing but trouble. 
 Those in high positions were opposed to the 
 church, the bishops and the clergy, not so 
 much on points of doctrine as on account 
 of their revenues, of which they were eager 
 to despoil them, and were not at a loss for 
 plausible pretences to cover their proceed- 
 ings. Godwin was nearly seventy years of 
 age, and suffered so much from gout that he 
 could hardly stand. To govern his family 
 and to enable him to devote his abilities 
 to the discharge of his episcopal duties, he 
 married a second wife, a widow nearly as 
 old as himself. The courtiers knew the 
 Queen and her objection to second episcopal 
 marriages, and they represented to her that 
 the Bishop had married a girl. They 
 
 1 Acta Capituli.
 
 THOMAS GODWIN. 43 
 
 accomplished their end. Godwin, dejected 
 in mind and broken in health, retired to his 
 native village on the advice of his 
 physicians, and there died on the gth of 
 November, 1590, in the 73rd year of his 
 age. He was buried at Wokingham. l 
 
 1 In 1578 Godwin bestowed the office of porter of the South Gate 
 on his Son Thomas. This is the only preferment he took for 
 himself or his family while at Canterbury.
 
 III. 
 
 RICHARD ROGERS. 
 
 1597- 
 
 Archbishop : WHITGIFT. 
 
 RICHARD ROGERS, son of Ralph Rogers 
 of Sutton Valence, was born about 1532. 
 He is supposed to have been educated at 
 Christ's College, Cambridge, and is "said 
 to be B.A. Oxon, and M.A Cambridge 
 1552, B.D. 1562." ' During Queen Mary's 
 reign he remained in obscurity, and may, 
 as it has been suggested, have passed the 
 time in exile on account of religion. Soon 
 after the accession of Elizabeth he emerged 
 
 1 Alumni Oxon., where it is also said he was collated to Midley in Kent 
 in 1560. There is no record of his induction to this parish.
 
 To face p. 44. 
 
 RICHARD ROGERS.
 
 RICHARD ROGERS. 45 
 
 from his privacy, and in 1559, while yet in 
 deacon's orders, was made Archdeacon of 
 S. Asaph. In 1561 he was presented to 
 the living of Great Dunmow, and soon after 
 to the rectories of Llanarmon in the county 
 of Denbigh and Little Canfield in Essex. 
 
 j 
 
 He resigned the whole of these preferments 
 before his installation as a Canon of S. 
 Paul's in 1566. In 1567 he was collated by 
 Archbishop Parker to the living of Great 
 Chart in Kent. Thus he came back to his 
 native county, in which he was destined to 
 pass the remaining thirty years of his life. 
 
 In 1568 Parker, in conformity with the 
 Act passed in the reign of Henry VIII., 
 presented two names to the Queen in 
 order that she might choose one to be 
 consecrated Suffragan Bishop of Dover in 
 the place of Richard Thornton, who had 
 recently died. The names he placed before 
 her were those of Richard Rogers, rector 
 of Great Chart, and John Butler, Canon of 
 Canterbury, vicar of Minster in Thanet, 
 rector of Kingston in Kent, rector of 
 Brandon Ferry in Suffolk and Canon of 
 a Cathedral in Wales. The Queen, acting
 
 46 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 on Pafker's recommendation, nominated 
 Rogers, and he was consecrated at Lambeth 
 on the i gth of May, 1568. In 1569 the 
 Archbishop appointed a Commission, of 
 which Dr. Rogers was a member, to visit 
 the city and diocese of Canterbury, with 
 power to examine and punish such laymen 
 and clergymen as were found guilty of 
 crimes and excesses. 
 
 In 1573 the Queen visited Canterbury; 
 the Archbishop and the Bishops of Lincoln, 
 Rochester and Dover met Her Majesty at 
 the West door of the Cathedral, to which 
 she had ridden on horseback, and when 
 her " grammarian ' had finished " his 
 oration to her " she alighted and went 
 into the Cathedral to evensong. While 
 she remained as the guest of the Arch- 
 bishop she attended the service every 
 Sunday to hear the sermon. The "gram- 
 marian " referred to was one of the 
 Scholars of the King's School. 
 
 Two years afterwards the Archbishop 
 died, and Dr. Rogers' commission to 
 exercise episcopal functions ceased, but was 
 probably renewed by Grindal who succeeded
 
 RICHARD ROGERS. 47 
 
 to the Archbishopric. Grindal died in 1583, 
 and in December of the same year .Whit- 
 gift, who had been translated from Worcester 
 to Canterbury, and held Rogers in esteem, 
 empowered .him to catechise, confirm, confer 
 orders and to do all other things properly 
 pertaining to the office of a Bishop. On 
 the promotion of Dean Godwin to the 
 bishopric of Bath and Wells it was thought 
 Dr. Lang worth, a Canon of Canterbury, 
 would succeed to the Deanery ; but Sir 
 James Hales gave Mr. Secretary Walsingham 
 Langworth's "true character," and more than 
 hinted that he was a notable hypocrite, 
 given to many lewd qualities, as swearing, 
 filthy talk, and of being suspected of even 
 worse vices. If it had not been for the 
 Lord Treasurer and Walsingham my Lord 
 of Dover, "a worthy and sufficient man," 
 would not have been Dean of Canterbury. 1 
 
 On the 1 6th of September, 1584, 
 " Andrew Peerson being Vice Dean, Richard 
 Rogers, Bishop of Dover, came into the 
 Chapter House, and then and. there 
 exhibited to the Vice-dean and Canons 
 
 ' Dom. State Papers, March, 1584.
 
 48 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 Letters of Dispensation under the seal of the 
 Faculties, ratified by the Queen under the 
 Broad Seal, for the retaining, having and 
 enjoying of the Deanery of Canterbury ; 
 also letters patent of the grant of the 
 same Deanery, with a mandate directed to 
 the Chapter to assign to the said Richard 
 Rogers a Stall in the queere and a place 
 in the Chapter, which the Vice Dean and 
 Chapter received with all humility, and 
 then, after he had taken the Oath of 
 Supremacy and the oath to observe the 
 Statutes of the Cathedral, his place in the 
 Chapter House and Stall in the Queere 
 were assigned unto him, and he was placed 
 therein." ' 
 
 After his installation Dean Rogers lost 
 no time in beginning to devote himself to 
 the work connected with his important 
 office; and during many years we find him 
 generally presiding over the Chapter Meet- 
 ings and using his influence in the further- 
 ance of many charitable acts. 
 
 In October, 1588, the Dean was chosen 
 as Proctor for the Dean and Chapter to the 
 
 1 Acta Capituli.
 
 RICHARD ROGERS. 49 
 
 Convocation to be holden in the next Parlia- 
 ment ; but in January, 1588-9, a doubt was 
 raised as to whether he would be able to 
 travel to London, or " maye be admytted yf 
 he should goe." He did not go; and 
 Dr. Bungey, a Canon of the Cathedral, 
 was chosen in his stead. 
 
 The King's School and the success of 
 the scholars are prominent topics in the 
 proceedings of the Chapter at this time. 
 Five marks were given to James Astin, one 
 of the scholars of this school, towards his 
 maintenance in the University whither he 
 mindeth to resort to be a student. The 
 sum of twenty shillings was bestowed upon 
 John Leeds, a poor scholar of Cambridge, 
 and sometime one of Her Majesty's Scholars 
 of this School, because his needs were 
 great; Thomas Tatnall, a scholar in Cam- 
 bridge, who is to proceed M.A., was 
 granted ten shillings; and William Swifte 
 received three pounds towards his charges of 
 commencement of M.A. Of these students 
 Astin became vicar of St. Dunstan's, Can- 
 terbury, and vicar of Northbourne in Kent; 
 Tatnall became vicar of S. Mary Northgate,
 
 50 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 Canterbury ; and Swifte, an ancestor of 
 Dean Swift, was afterwards rector of S. 
 Andrew's, Canterbury, and rector of Harble- 
 down. 
 
 But the Master was not forgotten. In 
 1584 the sum of five pounds was given "to 
 our School -master, Mr. Anthony Shorte, to- 
 wards his great charges in his late sickness." 
 Mr. Shorte seems to have ill requited this 
 act of kindness, for later on he was exhorted 
 by the Chapter, and earnestly admonished, 
 to have greater care, and to be more 
 diligent than heretofore he hath been, that 
 the scholars might better profit in learning, 
 as well of good manners and civility, as 
 also of letters and good learning than of 
 late they have been. In August, 1591, 
 Anthony Shorte was dead, and forthwith 
 the Dean and Chapter, in respect of her 
 distressed case, having six children and 
 nothing left her by her late husband, 
 bestowed upon his widow a yearly pension 
 of 6 133. 4d. ' 
 
 Dean Rogers' benevolent disposition was 
 not confined to such as were or had been 
 
 1 Acta Capituli.
 
 RICHARD ROGERS. 51 
 
 connected with the Cathedral. In 1595 
 there was a great dearth in the country, 
 and the poor suffered grievously. The 
 Dean took an active part in endeavouring 
 to afford relief, and urged that immediate 
 steps should be taken to call a meeting of 
 the Justices of this part of Kent, "lest," 
 as he observed, "while the grass grow, the 
 steed starve." 
 
 Reference has already been made to 
 the esteem in which Rogers was held by 
 Archbishop Parker; of the feeling between 
 Grindal, who succeeded Parker, and his 
 Suffragan Bishop we know nothing. By 
 Whitgift, who was ever on good terms with 
 him, he was collated to the Mastership of 
 Eastbridge Hospital, Canterbury, but this 
 last preferment he did not long enjoy. He 
 died May igth, 1597, and was buried in 
 the place designated by him in his will : 
 " I will to be buried in the aforesaide 
 Cathedrall Church within the Chapell there 
 now newly repaired and commonlie called the 
 preachers chapell." 1 It was the custom, when 
 sermons were preached in the Chapter House, 
 
 1 See Note, p. 23.
 
 52 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 for the preacher to retire, twenty minutes 
 before he entered the pulpit, to the Dean's 
 Chapel, where he walked to and fro, to 
 contemplate and refresh his memory. x To 
 Archbishop Whitgift Dean Rogers left by 
 will his " best cupp of plate duble guilded 
 as a token of my loue and thankfullness 
 towards him for the speciall fauour I haue 
 alwaies found at his Grace's hands." Other 
 bequests were made to the Prebendaries of 
 his Cathedral, to the choirmen, vesturers, 
 vergerers, bell-ringers and his personal 
 servants. 2 His wife survived him until 1613. 
 The Cathedral Register records her burial 
 thus: "July 23rd. Mrs. Ann Rogers, widdow 
 (sometime wife to the lord suffrecan of 
 Dover) was buried". He left two sons: 
 Goldwell Rogers, the elder son, is mentioned 
 in the Chapter Minute Books when Edward 
 Rogers, gent., having surrendered to the 
 Dean and Chapter his office of a vesturer 
 or sub-sexton, " it was agreed on April 
 26th, 1593, that a patent of the same shall 
 be made under our common Scale to 
 Gouldwell Rogers, gent." Francis Rogers, 
 
 1 Hasted, xi. 516/1. 2 The will is at Somerset House.
 
 RICHARD ROGERS. 53 
 
 M.A., 1 the younger son, was presented to 
 the parsonage of Holy Trinity (Minories) 
 London, in July, 1606, with the consent of 
 Dean Neville; but he resigned in the same 
 year, and in June, 1607, accepted the vicar- 
 age of Alkham with Capel-le-Ferne in Kent. 
 In March, 1607-8, he received the rectory 
 of Denton in the same county, and in 
 1629 he accepted from Archdeacon Fotherby 
 the rectory of S. Margaret's, Canterbury, 
 which he retained until his death in 1638. 2 
 He was buried in S. Margaret's Church. 
 
 Two extracts from the Chapter Minute 
 Books may here be given. In November, 
 1584, it was decreed that Mr. Dean should 
 have of the corn payable to the Church 
 twenty-six quarters and two bushels of 
 wheat, and sixty-three quarters of barley, 
 in as ample a manner as Dean Wotton 
 and Dean Godwin had. The second extract 
 throws a curious light on the means by 
 which the officers and "inferior ministers" 
 of the Cathedral endeavoured to augment 
 
 1 In 1618 he was described as S.T.P. See Cant. Mar. Licences, 
 ist Ser. 
 
 B Dean Rogers left one or two daughters. His daughter Calf (Coif) 
 is mentioned in his will.
 
 54 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 their stipends. " Decreed that no officer 
 nor inferior minister taking wages in this 
 Church by reason of any office or room 
 within the said Church shall be daily servant 
 or retainer to any person not being Dean, 
 Prebendary or Preacher of this Church under 
 pain of (losing) his office or room or place 
 within the Church ipso facto" From this 
 decree, dated June, 1585, it is to be inferred 
 that some of the "inferior ministers" acted 
 as daily servants to others than the Dean 
 and Prebendaries. 
 
 For over thirteen years Dean Rogers 
 held the high office of Dean of Canterbury. 
 It is true he did no very great thing during 
 those thirteen years ; but a careful examina- 
 tion of his official acts leads to the 
 conclusion that he was a quiet, God-fearing, 
 conscientious man ; always attentive to the 
 affairs of his Church ; rarely seeking his 
 own gain, or the advancement of his family. 
 He may, I think, be emphatically called a 
 good Dean ; not a man of any great parts ; 
 but one who, in a devout spirit, endeavoured 
 to do his duty in the position to which he 
 had been promoted.
 
 THOMAS NEVILLE. 
 
 To face p. 55.
 
 IV. 
 
 THOMAS NEVILLE. 
 15971615. 
 
 Archbishops : WHITGIFT, BANCROFT, ABBOT. 
 
 THOMAS NEVILLE, son of Richard 
 Neville of South Leverton, Nottinghamshire, 
 was born about the year 1543. His mother 
 was Anne Mantel, daughter of Sir Walter 
 Mantel of Nether Hey ford, Northampton- 
 shire, from whom descended the Mantells 
 of Monks Horton in Kent. Thomas Neville, 
 the future Dean, is said to have been born 
 in Canterbury, to which city his father 
 retired in his declining years, and there 
 died in August, 1599.
 
 56 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 At an early age young Thomas was 
 entered at Pembroke College, Cambridge, of 
 which he was elected a Fellow in 1570. 
 In 1580 he was appointed Senior Proctor 
 of his University, and two years later was 
 presented to the Mastership of Magdalen 
 College, Cambridge, by Lord Howard, first 
 Earl of Suffolk, a grandson of Lord Audley 
 the founder of the college. Soon after he 
 became Chaplain to the Queen, who, in 
 1587, conferred on him a prebendal stall 
 in Ely Cathedral. About the same time he 
 accepted the rectory of Dodington cum 
 March in the diocese of Ely. In 1588 he 
 was Vice Chancellor of the University of 
 Cambridge, when he received the degree of 
 D.D. In 1592 he was made Dean of 
 Peterborough, and in the next year, as a 
 further mark of the Queen's favour, he 
 was appointed Master of Trinity College, 
 Cambridge, when he resigned the Deanery 
 of Peterborough and the rectory of Dod- 
 ington, and accepted the rectory of Taver- 
 sham near Cambridge. 
 
 On the death of Dean Rogers Dr. 
 Neville was nominated as his successor, and
 
 THOMAS NEVILLE. 57 
 
 on June 28th he was installed Dean of 
 Canterbury, when the Mayor of Canterbury 
 and his brethren " paid for bankettying dyshes 
 that were sent to gratify Mr. Dean Neville 
 at his coming to Christ Church. 1 " With 
 his new dignity he retained his Mastership 
 of Trinity, and held both offices during the 
 remaining eighteen years of his life. 
 
 His life at Cambridge was an active 
 one. While Senior Proctor the proposed 
 marriage between Queen Elizabeth and the 
 Duke of Anjou gave rise to excited con- 
 troversy in Cambridge, and one Morden, 
 B.A., of Peter House, spoke against it 
 "most wickedly and without all discretion." 
 The speaker was committed to prison, and 
 an account of his conduct was submitted 
 to the Chancellor of the University ; but 
 nothing more was done, as Morden was 
 esteemed to be greatly troubled in his wits. 
 In 1587 Neville took an active and a 
 successful part in defending the University's 
 privilege of printing against the Stationers' 
 Company. While he was Vice Chancellor 
 Cuthbert Bainbridge and Francis Johnson, 
 
 1 Burghmote Book.
 
 58 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 Fellows of Christ's College, while preaching 
 before the University, had reflected unfavour- 
 ably on the Established Church. In those 
 days such an offence was not likely to be 
 overlooked, and the two preachers were 
 brought before Dr. Neville and other Heads 
 of Colleges and required to declare on oath 
 what they had preached. Refusing to con- 
 vict themselves they were committed to 
 prison, and a statement of the affair was 
 sent to Lord Burleigh who was then 
 Chancellor of the University. His opinion 
 was that the offenders had been treated 
 too severely, and he advised their accuser 
 to try more lenient methods. High legal 
 opinion was obtained to the effect that the 
 accused were bound by law to answer upon 
 oath. In the end the preachers submitted, 
 and the principle of good order in the 
 University and the authority of the Vice 
 Chancellor and the Heads of Colleges was 
 maintained. Bainbridge was restored to his 
 college ; Johnson joined the Brownists, and 
 was in prison in 1593. 
 
 While Neville was Dean of Peter- 
 borough he united with the Deans and
 
 THOMAS NEVILLE. 59 
 
 Prebendaries of the other newly founded 
 Cathedral Churches in repelling one of the 
 numerous attacks on Church property made 
 by the unscrupulous rich in the days of 
 Elizabeth, and obtained an Act of Parlia- 
 ment confirming them in their rights 
 and revenues, which were in danger of 
 being confiscated, under the pretext that 
 they were derived from lands which were 
 really the property of the Crown. In this 
 the Deans and Chapters received the 
 support of Whitgift. Neville was also 
 engaged, under the Archbishop's directions, 
 in repelling the attempts made on the 
 Church of England by Peter Baro and 
 William Barret, who denied the doctrine of 
 Predestination and Falling from Grace as 
 set forth in Article XVIII. 
 
 Baro, a native of France, had been ad- 
 mitted to the ministry at Geneva by Calvin 
 in 1560. Afterwards he came to England, 
 where he was befriended by Lord Burleigh, 
 and admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, 
 of which Whitgift was then Master. In 
 1574 Baro was chosen Lady Margaret 
 Professor of Divinity, and was one of the
 
 60 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 earliest divines in this country holding a 
 position of authority who ventured to oppose 
 the endeavour, to impart to the creed of 
 the Church of England a definitely ultra- 
 Calvanistic character. He thus takes rank 
 as the leader of the counter-movement 
 which, under Bancroft, Laud, Andrewes and 
 others, gained such an ascendancy in the 
 English Church in the first half of the 
 seventeeth century. Barret, Baro's compan- 
 ion in this attack on Galvanism, then so 
 popular at Cambridge, was a Fellow of 
 Caius College. He acknowledged that the 
 inferences drawn from his utterances in the 
 pulpit were just, and he was ordered to 
 recant. He complied by reading a pre- 
 scribed form, but in such a manner as to 
 show he was not convinced of his error. 
 Whitgift censured the hasty proceedings 
 taken against Barret, who afterwards escaped 
 to the Continent, where he embraced the 
 Roman Catholic faith. Judged by the 
 opinion of to-day, Neville's action in the 
 persecution of Baro and Barret seems un- 
 worthy of him ; but our standards are 
 different, and we must not forget that a 
 secret Synod held in London some years
 
 THOMAS NEVILLE. 61 
 
 earlier, had passed decrees against Baro ; 
 and it is possible that Neville himself was 
 a member of that Synod. 
 
 The part taken by Dean Neville in the 
 oversight of his Cathedral was of little im- 
 portance ; his chief interest lay at Cam- 
 bridge. One of his earliest acts as Dean 
 was to get the Brenchley Chapel, then on 
 the South side of the Cathedral nave, 
 repaired at the Church's expense. After 
 its repair it was prepared as a burial place 
 for the Nevilles. His father, mother, brother 
 and the Dean himself were buried within 
 it, and a sumptuous monument erected 
 during the Dean's lifetime. In 1770, when 
 Brownlow North was Dean, ^40 was given 
 by the Archbishop and ^40 by the Chap- 
 ter for the repair and embellishment of this 
 monument. But in 1787 Dean Home's zeal 
 for Church restoration led to an order for 
 the removal of the Neville Chapel, and it 
 was decreed that the monument in it should 
 "be fixed up in the Nave of the Church." 
 In the end, part was "fixed up" in the 
 Dean's Chapel, and part is still in the room 
 over S. Anselm's Chapel.
 
 62 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 It is gratifying to know that during 
 Dean Neville's time the poor Scholars of 
 the King's School were remembered as 
 they had been under previous Deans. One 
 Hutchinson, student of Trinity College, 
 Cambridge, received $ 6s. 8d., and in the 
 same year (1606) a like sum was given to 
 Isaac Coif, student of Christ's College, 
 Oxford. Nor must it be forgotten that 
 Neville, while Master of Trinity, took 
 George Herbert under his particular care, 
 and was such an encourager of his studies, 
 and such a lover of his person, that he 
 received him often into his own company. l 
 To his interest in George Herbert may be 
 added his kindness to John Hacket, after- 
 wards Bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, of 
 whom he said " the boy should go to 
 Cambridge, or he would carry him" thither 
 "on his back." 
 
 On the death of Elizabeth, Neville was 
 sent by Whitgift to address King James in 
 the name of all the clergy, and to assure him 
 of their loyalty and affection. The King 
 remembered this on his visit to Cambridge 
 
 1 Walton's Lives,, p. 265, ed. 1675.
 
 THOMAS NEVILLE. 63 
 
 in March, 1614-15, when he took three 
 bishops and several noblemen to the 
 Master's Lodge, where Neville was confined 
 by illness. The Dean did not long survive 
 the royal visit. He died on the 2nd of 
 May, 1615, and was buried in the Chapel 
 already mentioned. 1 He died unmarried. 
 During his lifetime he contributed to Trinity 
 College " (I will not say a Widow's mite, but) 
 a Bachelor's Bounty." 2 He expended more 
 than three thousand pounds in rebuilding 
 the quadrangle known as Neville's Court ; 
 and to make his College a pleasant retreat, 
 he repaired, or rather new-built it in a 
 magnificent manner, so that it might be 
 the equal of any College in Christendom in 
 extent and beauty. 
 
 1 For the whole inscription on his monument see Memorial 
 
 Inscriptions, &c., p. 92. 
 
 2 Fuller's Worthies.
 
 V. 
 
 CHARLES FOTHERBY. 
 1615 1619. 
 
 Archbishop : ABBOT. 
 
 The first member of the Fotherby 
 family who came into the diocese of 
 Canterbury as a clergyman of the Church 
 of England appears to have been John 
 Fotherby. In March 1584-5 he was inducted 
 to the vicarage of Headcorn. In the follow- 
 ing year he was collated to Smarden ; and 
 in 1602 he was further favoured by having 
 the rectory of Chart Parva bestowed upon 
 him. * John Fotherby was followed by 
 
 1 He died in 1619.
 
 CHARLES FOTHERRY. 
 
 To >'<; />. 64.
 
 CHARLES FOTHERBY. 65 
 
 Charles Fotherby, the subject of this 
 memoir, who was collated to the rectories 
 of Ch islet and Deal in 1587. Five years 
 later he was presented by the Queen to the 
 rectory of Aldington, and in 1595 to the 
 vicarage of Teynham, the Archdeaconry of 
 Canterbury being then vacant. In 1600 he 
 was collated by the Archbishop to the 
 rectory of Bishopsbourne. 
 
 The third member of the family to 
 appear on the scene was Martin Fotherby, 
 a younger brother of Charles. When the 
 latter resigned Chislet in 1592, the living 
 was bestowed upon Martin Fotherby. In 
 addition to Chislet he received the rectory 
 of Chartham, a Canonry in Canterbury 
 Cathedral, the rectory of Great Mongeham 
 and, lastly, in 1602, the rectory of Adisham. 
 He was consecrated Bishop of Salisbury in 
 1618, and died in the year following. 
 Francis Fotherby, the fourth member of the 
 family to hold preferment in this diocese, 
 was presented to the livings of St. Clement 
 in Sandwich and Lynstead in 1618. Of 
 Sandwich he was deprived in 1642, and of 
 Lynstead in 1649. Through whose influence
 
 66 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 the Fotherbys became the recipients of the 
 good things so lavishly bestowed upon them 
 is uncertain ; not one of them held a curacy 
 in the diocese ; they came, and received the 
 honours and emoluments which those in 
 authority had it in their power to give. 
 
 Dr. Redman, Archdeacon of Canterbury, 
 was consecrated Bishop of Norwich in 1594, 
 and Charles Fotherby was nominated by the 
 Queen to succeed to the Archdeaconry. At 
 the same time Whitgift collated him to a 
 Canonry in his Cathedral. By the death of 
 the Queen and of the Archbishop, Charles 
 Fotherby lost his two principal patrons, and 
 received no further preferment until the 
 death of Dean Neville, when King James 
 nominated him Dean of Canterbury. He 
 lived to enjoy his new dignity but a short 
 time, for he died in March, 1619, and was 
 buried in the Lady Chapel of his Cathedral. 1 
 
 The four years during which he held 
 the office of Dean were uneventful and 
 undisturbed by any great questions ; conse- 
 quently there was nothing to call out any 
 latent powers he may have possessed as an 
 
 1 See Memorial Inscriptions, &c., p. 95.
 
 CHARLES FOTHERBY. 67 
 
 administrator or ruler in the church, and 
 but few matters occurred which call for 
 mention. In 1618 it was agreed by the 
 Dean and Chapter, that the Sermon to be 
 preached on the 5th of August, for the 
 commemoration of the King's deliverance 
 from Gowrie's conspiracy, should go on 
 amongst the Canons and preachers as in 
 courses extraordinary. * This is the first and 
 only reference to this commemoration sermon 
 that I have seen in our Cathedral records ; 
 when the sermons began, or when they 
 ended, I have not been able to ascertain. 
 The conspiracy (so-called) occurred in 1601, 
 when James was on the Scottish throne; 
 at the time many believed that the " con- 
 spiracy " was one of the King's own con- 
 triving, to enable him to get the Ruthvens 
 into his power. 
 
 Dean Fotherby was a son of Martin 
 Fotherby of Great Grimsby. He was 
 educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, of 
 which he became a Fellow. He married 
 Cecilia Walker of Cambridge, by whom he 
 had ten children, but only his eldest son, 
 
 1 Acta Capituli.
 
 68 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 John, and four daughters survived him. 
 When Charles Fotherby was Archdeacon of 
 Canterbury, Avis, Lady Cooke, asked the 
 Earl of Salisbury to favour an offer of 
 marriage made by this John Fotherby to her 
 eldest daughter Elizabeth, to which the 
 Archdeacon objected. His objection was 
 overcome, and they were married. But 
 Lady Cooke was not satisfied; for seven 
 months after her first appeal to the Earl 
 we find her begging that her son-in-law 
 Fotherby might be made a knight, her 
 " daughter's worth and birth being much 
 disgraced by that match!" 1 It is satis- 
 factory to know that her prayer was granted. 
 Lady Fotherby died in 1636; Sir John in 
 1666, and both were buried in Canterbury 
 Cathedral. Of Dean Fotherby' s daughters, 
 one, Elizabeth, died unmarried ; Phcebe was 
 married to Sir Henry Palmer ; Priscilla to 
 Robert Moyle ; Mabella, the youngest, was 
 married to John, Lord Finch, Baron Ford- 
 wich, Lord Keeper of the Great Seal. She 
 died in 1669, and was buried in St. Martin's 
 Church, Canterbury. 
 
 1 Dom. State Papers.
 
 To face j>. 69. 
 
 JOHN HOYS.
 
 VI. 
 
 JOHN BOYS. 
 1619 1625. 
 
 Archbishop : ABBOT. 
 
 JOHN BOYS, fourth son of Thomas 
 Boys, was born at Eythorne in Kent in 
 1571. He probably received his early 
 education at the King's School, Canterbury, 
 for he went to Cambridge as a Scholar of 
 Corpus Christi College, and there took his 
 degree of M.A. in 1593, when he was 
 elected a Fellow of Clare Hall. In August, 
 1597, he was collated to the Mastership of 
 Eastbridge Hospital, Canterbury, and in the 
 next month his uncle, Sir John Boys,
 
 70 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 presented him to the rectory of Bettes- 
 hanger. Two years later the same patron 
 bestowed upon him the vicarage of Til- 
 manstone, and about the same time he was 
 chosen to preach at Paul's Cross. In 
 February, 1603-4, ne was collated to the 
 sinecure rectory of Hollingbourne. Although 
 this rectory was called a sinecure, Boys 
 does not seem to have regarded it al- 
 together in that light. In the dedication 
 of his Exposition of the Festival Epistles 
 and Gospels to the inhabitants of Rolling- 
 bourne he says : "I have lately preached 
 these notes among you, rather out of 
 entire love, than out of any trial of law." 
 In 1605 he took the degree of D.D., and 
 in 1618 he was collated to the rectory of 
 Great Mongeham, upon which he resigned 
 Tilmanstone. His other preferments he 
 retained until his death. 
 
 In 1610 the King appointed Dr. Boys 
 one of the first Fellows of Chelsea College, 
 as he had acquired the character of a 
 distinguished theologian. Chelsea College, 
 according to Fuller, was " intended for a 
 spiritual Garrison, with a Magazine of all
 
 JOHN BOYS. 71 
 
 books for that purpose, where learned Divines 
 should study, and write, in maintenance of 
 all controversies against the papists." But 
 the intention was never carried out, 
 Matthew Sutcliff, the principal founder, was 
 made the first Provost of the College. In 
 1615 the King requested the assistance of 
 all the clergy of the Province of Canter- 
 bury to aid in completing the work, but 
 their contributions were small, and the 
 College became ruinous before it was 
 finished. To add to the irony of the event, 
 Benjamin Carrier, Canon of Canterbury, and 
 one of the Fellows of Chelsea College, 
 founded to maintain controversies against 
 the papists, joined the Church of Rome. 
 
 Having enjoyed the friendship and 
 patronage of Archbishop Whitgift, who died 
 in 1604, Boys was speedily taken into 
 favour by Bancroft, on his elevation to the 
 See of Canterbury, and was selected to 
 preach at Ashford at his primary visitation 
 in 1607. In 1613 Dr. Boys published his 
 first work : " The Minister's Invitatory, 
 being an Exposition of all the Principal 
 Scriptures in the English Liturgy." This
 
 72 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 was dedicated to Bancroft. His Exposition 
 of the Gospels and Epistles appeared in 
 the following year, and was dedicated to 
 his uncle, Sir John Boys. In this dedica- 
 tion he says Archbishop Whitgift watered 
 what that worthy Knight had planted ; a 
 reference probably to the Author having 
 been maintained while at the University by 
 Sir John. This Exposition supplied a great 
 need, and passed quickly through several 
 editions. His next work was his Exposition 
 of the Festival Epistles and Gospels, and 
 was dedicated, as I have already said, to 
 the parishioners of Hollingbourne. In 1616 
 his Exposition of the Proper Psalms used 
 in the English Liturgy appeared. 
 
 It was hardly likely that a writer of 
 such eminence should long remain without 
 further preferment. Dean Fotherby died in 
 March, 1619, and the King nominated Dr. 
 Boys as his successor. He was installed 
 on May 3rd in the same year. The chief 
 historical event in Canterbury during the 
 remainder of Dean Boys' life was the 
 marriage of Charles I. to Henrietta Maria, 
 when, on June i3th, 1625, he preached in
 
 JOHN BOYS. 73 
 
 the Cathedral before the King on the 
 occasion of his marriage. I 
 
 Dean Boys died suddenly in his library 
 at the Deanery, and was buried in the Lady 
 Chapel on the 3Oth of September, 1625. 
 In his will, dated September roth, 1625, 
 he says "As for my body I desire it should 
 be buried in the litle Chappell next the 
 Sermon House, with some inscription 2 or 
 image in the wall next to the Sermon 
 House doore." The monument erected to 
 his memory is on the South side of this 
 "litle Chappell." Access from the Lady 
 Chapel to the Sermon House, or Chapter 
 House, was through a door in the north 
 wall of the chapel opposite to Dean Boys' 
 monument. This door is filled up and its 
 place partly occupied by the portrait and 
 memorial of Isaac Bargrave. The door 
 opened into the slype, or narrow passage, 
 between the Lady Chapel and the Chapter 
 House, and exactly facing it was another 
 door in the North wall of the Sermon 
 
 1 " Anno Dom. 1625. The 13 daye of June was maried Owre Nobell 
 Kinge Charles att Canterburye." Thanington Parish Reg. 
 
 * See Memorial Inscriptions, &c., p. 94.
 
 74 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 House, no trace of which is now visible : it 
 was filled up during" the recent restorations. 
 
 Dr. Boys' collected works, which were 
 published in a folio volume in 1622, and 
 dedicated to King James, continued to be 
 read until the troubles preceding the 
 Commonwealth set in. Then they fell out 
 of favour, for he was an uncompromising 
 Churchman, who did not spare those who 
 sympathised with the theology of the 
 Puritans ; and the Puritans regarded him 
 without favour and without toleration. His 
 writings were translated into German, and 
 were published at Strasburg in 1683 an d 
 1685. He was a man of most extensive 
 reading, and had a wide knowledge of 
 literature from which he quoted freely. He 
 was also one of the greatest book collectors 
 of his time. 
 
 In 1619 steps were taken to modify 
 certain abuses which had grown up round 
 the Cathedral Church, and it was agreed 
 by the Dean and Chapter that the shops 
 within the Cathedral Churchyard should not 
 be opened, nor fruit or other things sold on
 
 JOHN BOYS. 75 
 
 Sundays. It was also agreed that no more 
 standing to sell commodities without the 
 gates of the Church at any time or any 
 market be allowed, but only for the time 
 of the four Fairs. l The Fairs continued to 
 be held in the Cathedral Precincts until 
 1826, when the custom was abolished. 
 
 In 1620 the question of preaching en- 
 gaged the attention of the Chapter, and it 
 was decided that a sermon should be 
 preached every Sunday afternoon by the 
 Dean, Canons and Preachers in their turn 
 for ever. The Dean and five of the Canons 
 present thought the Sermon House the 
 fittest place, but Dr. Warner was in favour 
 of the choir of the Cathedral, and the 
 matter was submitted to the Archbishop, 
 whose decision seems to have been given 
 in favour of the Chapter House. Later on 
 it was further agreed by the Chapter that 
 the Sermons should be preached as they 
 have been, "this decree to remain in force 
 for one year." At the end of the one year 
 it was again agreed that the afternoon 
 lecture should continue until midsummer, 
 
 1 Acta Capituli..
 
 76 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 1624, as heretofore, unless some able man 
 should be found to preach instead of the 
 Dean, Canons and Preachers. This the 
 Chapter, we are told, " earnestly study to 
 bring to pass and perfection, to God's glory 
 and the Church's honour." At midsummer 
 Robert Proctor, Fellow of Peter House, 
 Cambridge, was engaged to read the sermon, 
 " Mr. Dean to provide him with diet and 
 lodging," and each of the twelve Canons 
 agreeing to pay forty shillings a year to 
 Mr. Proctor. The Six Preachers were to 
 pay him ten shillings each, or to preach 
 one sermon either in person or by deputy. 1 
 
 Dr. Boys was exemplary in character; 
 his life was pious ; his abilities great. 
 Fuller suggests that he received no higher 
 preferment owing to a great prelate having 
 borne him no good will in consequence of 
 animosities between the unnamed prelate 
 and Boys while they were at Cambridge. 
 Of this we know nothing. Had he been 
 made a bishop he would probably have 
 been an ornament to the bench, but it is 
 doubtful whether he would have been happier 
 
 1 Acta Capituli.
 
 JOHN BOYS. 77 
 
 or more useful than he was as Dean of 
 Canterbury, 
 
 In 1605 he married Angel Bargrave, 
 sister of his successor in the Deanery. She 
 survived him, until November, 1645.
 
 VII. 
 ISAAC BARGRAVE. 
 
 1625 1643. 
 
 Archbishops : ABBOT, LAUD. 
 
 ISAAC BARGRAVE, sixth son of Robert 
 Bargrave, of Bridge in Kent, was born in 
 1586. He was educated at Pembroke 
 College, Cambridge, where he took his 
 degree of B.A. in 1606;' but Todd 2 
 asserts that he was entered early at Clare 
 Hall, Cambridge, where he proceeded M.A. 
 Of his school days we know nothing, 
 though it is probable they were passed 
 at the King's School, Canterbury. In 
 
 1 Add. MSS. 5885. 2 Lives of the Deans, p. 100.
 
 ISAAC BARGRAVE. 
 
 To face p. 78.
 
 ISAAC BARGRAVE. 79 
 
 1611 Bargrave was incorporated M.A. at 
 Oxford. In 1614 he was preferred by 
 Thomas Bargrave to the rectory of Ey thorn e, 
 which he held until he was deprived shortly 
 before his death. His other parochial 
 preferments in the diocese of Canterbury 
 were the vicarage of Tenterden in 1627 
 and the vicarage of Lydd in the same 
 year. Tenterden he resigned when he 
 accepted Lydd, and the latter living he 
 resigned when he was collated to Chartham 
 in 1628. Chartham he held until his death, 
 when the Parliament, assuming the right to 
 present, bestowed the rectory upon Edward 
 Corbett, a Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, 
 who was then in deacon's orders. J 
 
 Bargrave' s first appearance before the 
 King was at Cambridge in 1615, when 
 James visited the University while Dean 
 Neville was Master of Trinity. For the 
 King's entertainment the Comedy of Ignor- 
 amus, written by George Ruggle as a 
 satire upon the lawyers, was performed, 
 and in this Bargrave took a part. Soon 
 after this he became Chaplain to the Prince 
 
 1 Register of Inductions.
 
 80 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 of Wales, and Rector of S. Margaret's 
 Westminster. About the same time he went 
 to Venice as Chaplain to Sir Henry Wotton, 
 the English Ambassador there, and made 
 the acquaintance of Father Paul, author 
 of the History of the Council of Trent. 
 He returned from Venice in 1618 with a 
 letter of introduction to the King. 
 
 In 1622 he was promoted to a Canonry 
 in Canterbury Cathedral, and for the next 
 six years was held in great esteem as a 
 diligent and faithful pastor by the Parlia- 
 ment, " who took the Sacrament constantly 
 at his hands " in S. Margaret's Church, 
 "and advice from his mouth often in 
 Convocation." 2 But early in this period he 
 incurred the anger of James in consequence 
 of a sermon preached before the Commons. 
 For this sermon Bargrave took as his text 
 " I will wash mine hands in innocence, 
 and compass thine Altar," and spoke with 
 warmth against the influence of popery, 
 bad counsellors, and corruption. This 
 sermon did not diminish Prince Charles's 
 esteem for the preacher, for, soon after his 
 
 3 Lloyd's Memoirs, p. 68;.
 
 ISAAC BARGRAVE. 81 
 
 accession to the throne, he nominated Isaac 
 Bargrave to the Deanery of Canterbury. 
 
 Placed in a position of responsibility 
 a man is apt to modify his opinions, or 
 to view matters from a different standpoint ; 
 and this seems to have been the case with 
 Bargrave. During the closing years of the 
 life of James he had been one of the 
 favourites of the popular party. He who 
 had preached against popery and evil 
 counsellors was now charged by the people 
 with being a patron of the abuses he had 
 condemned, and was destined to suffer at 
 the hands of those who had once been or 
 professed to be his friends. 
 
 Of Bargrave' s life as Dean of Canter- 
 bury, we have but few particulars, and they 
 go far to prove that in his new position 
 his behaviour was not conducive to happi- 
 ness. It is true that in 1628 there was a 
 decree passed with the general consent of 
 the Dean and Chapter, which gave promise 
 of better things than those which actually 
 occurred. In that year it was ordered that 
 every man should do all in his power to 
 
 F
 
 82 bEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 refurnish the ancient library of the Cathedral ; 
 that a book should be provided wherein 
 the names of benefactors should be regis- 
 tered; and that the two uppermost desks 
 should be fitted for the receipt of such 
 books as might be given to the encourage- 
 ment of so good a work. " But before 
 this Bargrave's troubles had begun. In 
 1627 the Chapter agreed that William 
 Jordan, the Vicar of S. Paul's, Canterbury, 
 should be admitted a Minor Canon of the 
 Cathedral. Opposite to the entry recording 
 this appointment the Dean wrote: "I protest 
 against this decree as a matter utterly 
 mistaken. Mr. Jordan being nominated and 
 admitted by me, Isaac Bargrave." 2 
 
 In the next year he fell into disfavour 
 with the citizens of Canterbury owing to 
 the ravings of one James Farrell who had 
 said " there were ten thousand men in 
 England who had as lief the king should 
 be dead as the Duke" of Buckingham. 
 The Dean thought little of this, and was 
 disposed to allow the rash expression to 
 pass unnoticed. The clamour of the people, 
 
 1 Acta Capituli. * Ibid.
 
 ISAAC B ARC RAVE. 83 
 
 then so loyal, compelled him to take action ; 
 Farrell's confession was sent to the Govern- 
 ment, who took a serious view of the 
 matter, and instructed the Attorney General 
 to take proceedings against him. l 
 
 One would hardly expect to find the 
 Dean of Canterbury embroiled with the 
 dredgers of Whitstable ; yet Bargrave was. 
 In 1633 George Kempe and other fisher- 
 men petitioned against the Dean, at whose 
 suit they had been arrested on the pretence 
 that the liberty of taking oysters belonged 
 to him, and they had been sued in the 
 Dean's own court. The petitioners prayed 
 to have the suit removed to another court, 
 and in answer to this the Lords of the 
 Admiralty requested Bargrave to forbear 
 such prosecutions until he had satisfied 
 them of his right. This satisfaction he was 
 unable to give, and nothing more was 
 heard of the matter. 2 In the same year 
 he claimed precedency before the Deans of 
 London and Westminster ; and again in 
 1633, it is said, caused an instruction to 
 be conveyed to the Ministers and Elders 
 
 1 Dom. State Papers. * Ibid.
 
 84 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 of the Walloons that their congregations 
 must resort to their parish churches ; it 
 has also been asserted that this proceeding 
 did not meet with the approval of Laud ; 
 but a reference to original documents shows 
 that this action was commenced by the 
 Archbishop himself, 1 and that the Dean 
 merely acted as one of his Commissioners. 
 
 In Laud's correspondence there are 
 many references to Bargrave, and the 
 Archbishop's good offices were frequently 
 required to compose differences between the 
 Dean and his Chapter. In one letter the 
 Primate expresses his grief that he should 
 have taken so much trouble for the honour 
 and peace of the church with so little 
 success. At one time Bargrave charged 
 William Somner with unkindness and un- 
 neighbourly dealing, because Somner, when 
 preparing the muster rolls of the clergy, 
 had not advised with him upon the tax to 
 be levied ; at another time the care of the 
 Cathedral muniments gave rise to discussion 
 in the Chapter ; the appointment of a Petty- 
 Canon ; the letting of the Canons' houses ; 
 
 1 Cross's Hist, of Huguenot and Walloon Church, pp. 100-105.
 
 ISAAC B ARC RAVE. 85 
 
 a vault which the Dean claimed from 
 Prebendary Peake ; all these trifling differ- 
 ences were referred to the Archbishop. 
 There was generally one peevish disagree- 
 ment or another to disturb the Church ; 
 and at length Laud, tired of these con- 
 stantly recurring complaints, wrote : " The 
 plain truth is I see somewhat in all .... 
 but this stiffness on all sides will breed no 
 peace to yourselves nor reputation to the 
 Church." 
 
 Thus Bargrave had alienated all parties 
 with whom he had been brought into con- 
 tact ; and when the Long Parliament met 
 he was practically without a friend. His 
 wife's cousin, Sir Edward Dering, introduced 
 a bill for the abolition of Deans and Chap- 
 ters, and Bargrave was fined ,1,000 as a 
 prominent member of Convocation. In May 
 1641 the Dean and Dr. Racket appeared 
 before the Commons and presented a petition 
 from Cambridge University and the officers 
 of Canterbury Cathedral against the bill, 
 which, for the time, was dropped, but subse- 
 quently revived and passed. Bargrave' s 
 unpopularity increased, and in 1642 Colonel
 
 86 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 Sandys appeared at Canterbury, and attacked 
 the deanery, and brutally used the Dean's 
 wife and family. Bargrave, while this was 
 going on, was at Gravesend, whither Sandys 
 followed, and arrested him and cast him into 
 the Fleet prison. There the Dean lay three 
 weeks, and was then released without having 
 been brought to trial. This was in 
 September. Broken in health, he returned 
 to Canterbury, where he found the Com- 
 munion table overthrown, the monuments 
 of the dead violated, the organ spoiled, the 
 ancient rails and seats broken down, the 
 surplices torn, and the pavement strewed 
 with the leaves of bibles, prayer books and 
 service books. J Bargrave rapidly sank, and 
 died in January, 1642-3, at the age of 56. 
 He was buried in the Lady Chapel, where 
 his portrait, painted on copper, still remains. 2 
 
 Dean Bargrave' s contribution to our 
 printed literature is limited to three Ser- 
 mons; one of which he published in 1624; 
 the other two in 1627. The first is the 
 sermon preached before the House of Com- 
 
 1 Mercurius Rusticus, p. 119. 
 2 See Memorial Inscriptions, &c., p. 90.
 
 ISAAC B ARC RAVE. 87 
 
 mons, which has already been referred to ; 
 the others are against Bribery and against 
 Self Policy; "both of which," he says, " I 
 will be bold to call, the character of mine 
 own heart toward the publike good of our 
 Church and Commonwealth." l 
 
 In 1618 he married Elizabeth Bering, 
 then of Egerton, daughter of John Bering 
 of Pluckley, by whom he had a family. 
 She died in 1667, aged 74 years. 
 
 Archbishop Laud was at Canterbury in 
 1634, when the Cathedral was furnished 
 with two candlesticks, tapers, a basin for 
 the oblations, a cushion for the service- 
 book, a silver-gilt canister for the wafers, 
 a chalice with the image of Christ and the 
 lost sheep and of the wise men and star 
 engraved on the sides and cover, and other 
 utensils, all of which he consecrated. 2 
 
 In 1636 Br. John Warner, Canon of 
 Canterbury, and afterwards Bean of Lich- 
 field and Bishop of Rochester, gave the 
 font which now stands in the nave of the 
 Cathedral. It was pulled down during 
 
 1 Todd's Lives, p. 119. "Perry's Hist. Ch. Eng., i. 490-1.
 
 88 DEANS Ol- CANTERBURY. 
 
 the Commonwealth, but the materials were 
 preserved by William Somner, and it 
 was re-erected at the Restoration. There 
 it remained until 1785, when it was ordered 
 to be removed to the " Baptistery " on the 
 North side of the Church. In 1896 it was 
 restored by Dean Farrar to its original 
 position. Previously to Warner's gift the 
 only font the Cathedral had after the Refor- 
 mation seems to have been that mentioned 
 in the Inventory of 1584: "A Bazen of 
 brasse for Christenings with a foote of Iron 
 to stand vpon."
 
 VIII. 
 GEORGE AGLIONBY. 
 
 1643. 
 
 Archbishop : LAUD. 
 
 After the death of Isaac Bargrave, 
 George Aglionby was nominated by the 
 King, while at Oxford, to the Deanery of 
 Canterbury. He was descended from an 
 ancient Cumberland family, which, it is 
 said, came to England in the time of 
 William I. For our purpose it will be 
 sufficient to say that one Edward Aglionby was 
 M.P. for Carlisle in 1529-30, and again 
 from 1547 to 1552. He was also Sheriff 
 in 1544-5. This Edward was the father of
 
 90 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 three sons, John, Edward and Thomas. In 
 due time John and Edward represented 
 Carlisle in Parliament, and Thomas sat for 
 Beverley. John Aglionby, the eldest son, 
 married a daughter of Richard Selkald of 
 Corby Castle, by whom he had a son, 
 Edward, who was M.P. for Carlisle in 
 1584-5 and 1593. He married Elizabeth, 
 daughter of Cuthbert Musgrave of Crooke- 
 dyke, and had two sons, Edward and John. 
 Edward was M.P. for Carlisle in the Parlia- 
 ment of 1624-5, and married Jane, daughter 
 of Henry Brougham. Their son John be- 
 came a zealous Royalist. John Aglionby, 
 second son of Edward by Elizabeth Mus- 
 grave, matriculated at Queen's College, 
 Oxford, in 1583, at the age of sixteen 
 years, and became a Fellow of his College 
 in 1597 and Principal of S. Edmund's 
 Hall, Oxford, in 1601. He subsequently 
 became Chaplain to Queen Elizabeth and 
 James I., and was one of the translators 
 of the New Testament. He was rector of 
 Bletchingdon from 1601, and of Islip in 
 Oxfordshire from 1607 until his death in 
 1610. He is reputed to have been a very
 
 GEORGE AGLIONBY. 91 
 
 learned and accomplished man. * He was 
 the father of George Aglionby, Dean of 
 Canterbury, who was educated at West- 
 minster School, from which he was elected 
 to Christ Church, Oxford, where he 
 matriculated in 1619, aged sixteen. He 
 graduated B.A. in 1623, and successively 
 proceeded M.A. in 1626, B.D. in 1633 an d 
 D.D. in 1635. In l &3 2 he accepted the 
 vicarage of Cassington, Oxfordshire, and, 
 on the death of his uncle, Dr. John King, 
 in 1638, was promoted to a Stall in West- 
 minster Abbey. In the following year he 
 was made a Prebendary of Chichester, and 
 in 1642 compounded for the Deanery of the 
 same Cathedral. For sometime he was a 
 master of Westminster School, and was 
 tutor to the young Duke of Buckingham. 2 
 He was a great friend of Thomas Hobbes 
 of Malmsbury, and was held to be one of 
 the most learned and witty men of his 
 University, whose conversation could attract 
 such men as Henry Cary, Viscount Falkland. 
 His only contribution to literature appears 
 to have been some verses written on the 
 
 1 Foster's Collect. Gen. and Alumni Oxon. 
 2 Alumni Oxon.
 
 92 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 occasion of the marriage of Charles I., 
 and printed in Oxford Poems. 
 
 He was deprived of his Stall at West- 
 minster, but the same cannot be said of 
 his appointment to Canterbury ; for there 
 he was never installed, and it is highly 
 probable that he never visited his Cathedral. 
 Among the manuscripts preserved in the 
 Library of Canterbury Cathedral there are 
 two references to Dr. Aglionby. The first 
 is in a fragment relating to the Treasurer's 
 Accounts, and is dated April 2Oth (or 26th) 
 1643. It is as follows : 
 
 " It is decreed that the sume of 
 Twenty and five pounds, due to the 
 Deane and Chapter of Christ Church 
 Cant : at the feast of the Annunciation 
 of the blessed Virgin last past, as ye 
 former moiety of this yeares double 
 rent for ye manour of Leysdowne, shall 
 be divided between Mr. Deane designed 
 and the prebendaryes heere under 
 specified. Viz : 
 
 Decano designate sub-divided 
 
 Vicedecano D.Casaubon. 2. i. 6." 
 
 Then follow the sums apportioned to each
 
 GEORGE AG LION BY. 93 
 
 Prebendary. It would appear that " Mr. 
 Deane designed" received nothing; but 
 that there was in April, 1643,' a " Dean 
 designate " is beyond question ; and that 
 was Aglionby. Then there is an undated 
 letter from him, addressed to Dr. Baker, 
 then Treasurer of the Cathedral : 
 
 "Mr. Treasurer, 
 
 I desire you to write me a word 
 or two by this bearer of what concerns 
 me from your office. I presume you 
 understand my meaning, and I doubt 
 not you will so much favour 
 
 Your very lo. friend, 
 
 Ge. AGLIONBY. " 2 
 
 This letter is cautiously worded, but its 
 object is clear; it refers to the income to 
 which, as Dean, he considered he was 
 entitled. What the answer was we have, 
 at present, no means of ascertaining. 
 
 In 1635 Aglionby married Sibilla Smith, 
 of S. Martin-in-the Fields, London. He 
 died at Oxford, in November, 1643, and 
 was buried in Christ Church Cathedral there. 
 
 1 LcNcve says Aglionby was constituted Dean on May 6. 
 2 Christ Church Letters, Vol. II.
 
 IX. 
 
 THOMAS TURNER. 
 1643-1672. 
 
 Archbishops : LAUD, JUXON, SHELDON. 
 
 THOMAS TURNER, son of Thomas 
 Turner, was born in the parish of S. Giles, 
 Reading, in or about 1591. His father was 
 Alderman and Mayor of Reading, but be- 
 longed to Heckfield in Hampshire. Of the 
 school at which young Thomas received his 
 early education we know nothing. In 1610 
 he was admitted to S. John's College, 
 Oxford, at which two Fellowships were 
 appropriated to persons from Reading. At 
 S. John's he was placed under the tuition
 
 THOMAS TURNER
 
 THOMAS TURNER. 93 
 
 of Juxon, then a Fellow of this College, 
 and afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 when Thomas Turner was Dean of the 
 Cathedral. He was diligent while at Oxford 
 in his application to learning, and in due 
 course was ordained and became distin- 
 guished as a divine. 
 
 In 1623 his College presented him to 
 the vicarage of S. Giles, Oxford, and he 
 held that living until 1628. 
 
 Laud became President of S. John's 
 College soon after Turner's admission, and 
 early entertained a liking for him on 
 account of his great parts and studious dis- 
 position. He appointed him his domestic 
 chaplain, and in 1629, being then Bishop of 
 London, presented him to the Prebendal Stall 
 of Newington in S. Paul's, and in the same 
 year to the Chancellorship of the same 
 Cathedral. Charles I. presented him to a 
 Canonry in S. Pauls, and made him his 
 Chaplain in Ordinary. In this capacity 
 he won the approbation of the King by 
 his talents as a preacher; and, as a further 
 proof of the royal esteem, received the
 
 96 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 rectory of S. Olave, Southwark, which he 
 held with that of Fetcham in Surrey. 
 
 In 1640 Turner preached before Con- 
 vocation in S. Paul's, when he chose 
 for his text " Behold I send you forth as 
 sheep in the midst of wolves," and commented 
 on the fact that all bishops held not the 
 reins of church discipline with an even 
 hand ; that, while some were too easy, 
 aiming at praise for being lenient, they cast 
 on other bishops, who were more severe 
 in exacting obedience, the imputation of 
 being too rigorous. As a remedy for the 
 evil he recommended all bishops to enforce 
 with strictness a universal conformity. There 
 can be little doubt that more strictness was 
 required at that time ; but, considering the 
 temper of the people, and the increasing 
 number of those who were on the point of 
 open rebellion against Church and State, 
 one may question the wisdom of the advise. 
 We must admit that there ought to be 
 no compromising with truth for any end ; 
 but there is a time to keep silent, and to 
 refrain from words which can only embitter 
 opponents. The strife had already begun,
 
 THOMAS TURNER. 97 
 
 and Turner's sermon could not have assisted 
 towards quieting it. 
 
 On the elevation of Dr. Henry King 
 to the See of Chichester, Turner was chosen 
 by Charles to succeed him as Dean of 
 Rochester. This was in 1641, and Turner 
 held Rochester until, by the death of Dr. 
 Aglionby, the Deanery of Canterbury became 
 vacant, when the King nominated Dr. Turner 
 to succeed him. Upon this preferment he 
 voluntarily resigned the living of S. Olave. 
 Thus Dr. Turner became Dean of Canter- 
 bury ; but seventeen troublous years elapsed 
 before he could enter into his office, and 
 during those years he suffered, like many 
 other loyal churchmen, and his Cathedral 
 Church suffered also, and to a greater extent. 
 
 It is probable that Dr. Turner was in 
 attendance on the King during his stay at 
 Oxford ; it is certain that he had permission 
 to visit his Royal Master while in the Isle of 
 Wight, and there can be no doubt that he 
 was a sincere mourner at the King's tragical 
 death. His adherence to the Royal cause 
 brought upon him much distress ; he was 
 
 G
 
 98 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 abused, pillaged and imprisoned. Three of 
 his houses were plundered of furniture and 
 books. The Committee of Surrey gave the 
 books to Dr. Staunton, who, sometime after 
 the Restoration, restored a few of them to 
 their rightful owner. At his church at 
 Fetcham he was seized because he had 
 supplied the King with money. It is as- 
 serted that those who held him prisoner 
 trampled the Book of Common Prayer in 
 the dirt before his face ; that they dressed 
 a trooper in a surplice, and directed him 
 to precede the Dean, whom they carried a 
 prisoner to the White Lion in Southwark. 
 
 After this, Turner retired to his estate 
 in Hertfordshire, but he \vas not left in 
 peace. The " Committee for that county 
 summoned him before them, and the Chair- 
 man charged him with malignancy for 
 attending the King and praying for him. 
 To this charge he replied that his duty as 
 Chaplain obliged him to attend the King, 
 and that he never prayed for him without 
 praying for the Parliament also, and that 
 by the express order of his Majesty.
 
 THOMAS TURNER. ^9 
 
 For the condition and history of Can- 
 terbury Cathedral from the death of Dr. 
 Aglionby to the Restoration, the records 
 are particularly scanty. We know the 
 Chapter sat in 1643, for in that year 
 they decided to pay a small sum to the 
 widow of Dean Bargrave ; but the Ada 
 Capituli and the Cathedral Treasurer's 
 accounts for the time are all lost. The 
 only records we have to guide us are the 
 Burghmote Books, in which there is frequent 
 mention of Christ Church. Unfortunately 
 they make no mention of the infamous 
 proceedings of Richard Culmer and the 
 destruction that he wrought ; but they are 
 set down in his own scandalous book 
 " Cathedrall Newes out of Canterburie," and 
 to that book I must refer my readers for his 
 share in the ruin of many a priceless work 
 of art. Turning from him and his doings, 
 it is gratifying to find the city rulers often 
 attending the Cathedral for public worship. 
 
 There was trouble about the payment 
 of taxes by those residing within the 
 Precincts, some of whom threatened to 
 sue the collectors for distraining, when the
 
 100 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 city authorities promised to hold their officers 
 harmless. This distraining was " for the 
 moiety of the ^"400,000 subsidies." In 
 July of the same year the Council " ordered 
 that Mr. Mylles and Mr. Tressee, collectors 
 for the twelve weeks' cess in Christ Church, 
 shall be borne harmless for the same by this 
 Court." * It was in connection with the non- 
 payment of this cess that the official books 
 of William Somner, the historian, were seized 
 by the collectors, as he declined to recognize 
 the authority of the Parliament. 2 In May, 
 1645, ^e Burghmote ordered the Market 
 Cross at the Bull Stake to be taken down, 
 and the Chamberlain of the City to buy 
 " the iron and ironwork now lying in the 
 Cathedral, which was brought hither out of 
 the Cathedral Church," being probably 
 part of the iron work belonging to the font. 
 
 In 1646 the members of the Council 
 agreed to meet at the Town Hall about 9 
 o'clock, a.m., on the 5th November, to attend 
 the Mayor to the Sermon in the Cathedral, 
 " for the more solempe solempnitie of the 
 said day." In 1648, Thomas Ludd, a 
 
 1 Burghmote Book. 
 2 See Canterbury Marriage Licences, 2nd Ser., p. iii.
 
 TURNER. 101 
 
 member of the Council, made known that 
 it was his " dearest desire and determined 
 resolution " to bestow upon the Mayor and 
 Corporation yearly for ever one sermon to 
 be preached on Holy Cross Day immedi- 
 ately before the election of the new Mayor, 
 at any church the Mayor, for the time being, 
 might think fit. And in the same year it 
 was ordered that the members of the Council 
 who go to church on Sabbath days to hear 
 sermons shall go in their gowns or pay a 
 fine. This order was cancelled on the 3Oth 
 of October, 1649, Dut on the same day 
 the Mayor and Council agreed to go to 
 the Cathedral at 9 o'clock and i o'clock 
 on November 5th in their gowns. ' 
 
 On the 5th day of the 5th month, 1650, 
 "The church did unanimously agree to break 
 bread in the Sermon house, and ordered 
 that henceforth it should be there"; and 
 a fortnight later the same " church agreed 
 to make use of the cathedral plate which 
 was offered by the sequestrators." 2 In 
 October, 1650, three members of the Council 
 proved that they had expended 16 45. gd. 
 
 1 Burghmote Book. 
 Minute Book of Guildhall Street Chapel, Canterbury.
 
 102 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 about soliciting and promoting the business 
 of " charitables " relating to the city, to the 
 Six Preachers of the Cathedral Church, and 
 to the school and alms-people of the same 
 Church. The Court agreed to pay ^7 43. gd. 
 as the city's portion, and advised the appli- 
 cants to wait on the Six Preachers, the 
 schoolmaster and the usher to ask them to 
 pay ;g, " which this Court doth conceive 
 they will most willingly pay and satisfy." 
 
 In 1654 the Council ordered a door to 
 be set up at the entrance to the Mayor's 
 and Aldermen's seat at Christ Church, and 
 in the following month the Mayor was paid 
 i 3s. 3d. for work done in the Sermon 
 House. These are some of the entries in 
 our city records relating to the Cathedral 
 during the Commonwealth ; but on the 
 1 6th of October, 1660, the Court of Burgh- 
 mote met again " in the year of the reign 
 of our Sovereign Lord Charles the Second, 
 now King of England, the twelfth," when 
 the Oath of Supremacy and Allegiance was. 
 taken by some of the members, while others 
 put off the test until December or January.
 
 THOMAS TURNER. 103 
 
 On the roth August, 1660, Dr. Turner 
 entered into possession of his Deanery, and 
 the Chapter set earnestly to work to put 
 their church in order. The Treasurer's 
 accounts show many sums laid out in 1660, 
 1 66 1 and 1662, for providing diaper and 
 damask for the communion table, purple 
 kersey for the communion stools, mats for 
 the Sermon House, wooden candlesticks for 
 the choir; for work for the gentlewomen's 
 pews; for " sackbutters and cornetiers;" for 
 writing the prayers in the King's School ; 
 for ruled paper for a book for the organist; 
 and for repairs to Arundel and Bell Harry 
 Steeples. 
 
 For more urgent requirements the Dean 
 seems to have advanced money, and to 
 have been repaid by the Chapter, for the 
 Treasurer " payd to Mr. Deane which he 
 had layd out for the Church : 
 " For plate for the Communion 
 
 Table >*Z 2 o o 
 
 ,, Hangings for the Choir 52 5 o 
 
 ,, Crimson damask 800 
 
 ,, Fringe 17 18 o 
 
 Sarcenet.. o 18 6
 
 104 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 For The Common Prayer 
 Book, to be kept as a 
 
 record 2 o o 
 
 ,, The Great Seal to it... 7 o o" 
 Giving a total of 220 is. 6d. expended 
 by the Dean. In addition, ten shillings 
 were given to William Somner "which he 
 had payd for bringing the font bowle and 
 other materialls of stone and yron from ye 
 towne into ye church." In 1663 the 
 Treasurer paid 95. 6d. for the carriage of 
 the Brazen Eagle from Faversham to Can- 
 terbury. 1 
 
 The font bowl and other materials 
 sent into the Cathedral by Somner were 
 the materials which he obtained when 
 Bishop Warner's font was pulled down, 
 and had been kept by him until the 
 Restoration. This font was re-erected in 
 1663 in the place where it now stands. 
 
 It is not until 1670 that we can obtain 
 any information of the proceedings of the 
 Chapter during Dr. Turner's tenure of 
 office. In that year there was a fire at 
 
 1 For this Eagle the Chapter paid ,4 to William Burroughs the 
 maker of it.
 
 THOMAS TURNER. 105 
 
 the Cathedral, and some of the Minute 
 Books were wholly or partially destroyed. In 
 the same year Warner's legacy of ^500, left 
 to be laid out in the purchase of books for 
 the Cathedral Library, was considered, when 
 it was found that ^447 had already been 
 spent. The remaining portion of the money 
 (,53) was P u t into a bag, " and laid in 
 the great bar chest with three locks and 
 keys," and ordered to be kept in the inner 
 room of the Audit house. 
 
 For twelve years Dr. Turner was in 
 actual possession of this Deanery, and these 
 he spent in the government of his Cathedral 
 and in endeavouring to repress the scandals 
 which were then all too frequent. During 
 the seventeen years of his life, from 1643 
 to 1660, and the twelve years that he 
 resided at Canterbury, he had passed 
 through many hardships, and had done 
 much work ; but he had had uninterrupted 
 good health. Now his end was drawing 
 nigh, and, patiently suffering from a painful 
 disease, he died in October, 1672, at the 
 age of 81, and was buried in the Lady
 
 106 DANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 Chapel of his Cathedral, where there is a 
 mural tablet to his memory. 1 
 
 His character, according to Dr. Du 
 Moulin, was a very admirable one. He 
 was generous, liberal and free from pride. 
 To his Cathedral and its Library he was 
 a considerable benefactor. In thankfulness 
 for an escape from danger, he dedicated to 
 the Holy Table of the Cathedral a copy 
 of the Bible with covers of silver double 
 gilt. This Bible remains to our own days, 
 and still occupies a place on the Communion 
 Table. To S. Paul's Cathedral, to Trinity 
 College and to Corpus Christi College, 
 Oxford, he contributed freely. Nor did his 
 gifts end here ; for, during their lives, he 
 took into his own care his aged parents, 
 and after their death he gave up the estate 
 which he had inherited to his younger 
 brother. 
 
 The Dean married Margaret, daughter 
 of Sir Francis Windebank, Secretary of 
 State to Charles I., and had three sons : 
 Francis, successively Fellow of New College, 
 Oxford, Master of S. John's College, 
 
 1 SM Memorial Inscriptions, &c., p. 91.
 
 THOMAS TURNER. 107 
 
 Cambridge, Prebendary of S. Paul's, Dean 
 of Windsor, Bishop of Rochester and Bishop 
 of Ely. William, the second son, became 
 Archdeacon of Durham. Thomas, the 
 youngest son, became Fellow, and after- 
 wards President of Corpus Christi College, 
 Oxford, Archdeacon of Essex, Prebendary 
 of Ely and Prebendary of S. Paul's. Dr. 
 Turner's wife survived him until July, 1692, 
 when she died aged 84, and was buried in 
 the church of S. Giles, Oxford, near to 
 the body of her son William.
 
 X. 
 
 JOHN TILLOTSON. 
 
 1672 1689. 
 
 Archbishops : SHELDON, BANCROFT. 
 
 On the 1 4th November, 1672, the 
 Chapter elected John Tillotson, to the 
 Deanery of Canterbury. He was the son 
 of Robert Tillotson, a clothier of Halifax, 
 in which place his son was born and bap- 
 tized in 1630. His father, who was a rigid 
 Puritan, brought up his son in the same 
 principles, and bestowed upon him the best 
 education that was available in his time. 
 At the age of seventeen he was sent to
 
 To face p. 108. 
 
 JOHN TILLOTSON.
 
 JOHN TILLOTSOX. 109 
 
 Cambridge, where he was admitted a pro- 
 bationer of Clare Hall and placed under 
 the tuition of David Clarkson, an eminent 
 Presbyterian divine. 
 
 In 1650 he graduated B.A., and in the 
 next year, as Clarkson had resigned his 
 position in the College, Tillotson was elected 
 Fellow in his room, and soon after became 
 Tutor. The duties pertaining to this office 
 he discharged with care and judgment. He 
 proceeded M.A. in 1657, and was soon 
 after invited by Edmund Prideaux, then 
 Attorney General, to become tutor to his 
 son. 
 
 At home and at the University, Tillot- 
 son's surroundings were all of a puritanic 
 character. His father was a Puritan ; his 
 Tutor was a Puritan ; and Holdcroft, who 
 shared his rooms at Cambridge, belonged 
 to the same party. Yet he soon became 
 inclined to larger and more liberal opinions, 
 and to a dislike of the books which were 
 placed in his hands. But when he read the 
 writings of Chillingworth, whom he styles 
 " incomparable, and the glory of his age 
 and nation," his mind was turned from its
 
 110 DEAXS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 narrow prejudices, while he maintained the 
 strictness of life in which he had been 
 brought up. 
 
 When Tillotson obtained his Fellowship, 
 Clarkson, who had accepted the living of 
 Mortlake, transferred his pupils to him, and 
 they, with others who were added, expressed 
 in later years their high opinion of his 
 piety, diligence in study and care for those 
 who were placed in his charge, His con- 
 duct while he lived at Cambridge was 
 beyond reproach. But in after days he was 
 virulently attacked, and accused of being 
 " seasoned with the principles of resistence 
 and rebellion" when he first entered the 
 University. The charge was soon proved to 
 be without foundation: the "seasoned" 
 rebel was then aged seventeen years ! 
 
 Tillotson' s removal from Cambridge to 
 the house of Attorney General Prideaux was 
 a distinct advantage to him in life. His 
 residence in London enabled him to become 
 acquainted with Browning, Bishop of Exeter, 
 with Hacket, afterwards Bishop of Lichfield, 
 and other prominent men. After Prideaux's 
 death Tillotson remained in the metropolis
 
 y TILLOTSON. in 
 
 until the Restoration. He hoped to be 
 allowed to retain his Cambridge Fellowship, 
 but in this he was disappointed ; for Dr. 
 Gunning, afterwards Bishop of Ely, who 
 had been expelled during the Common- 
 wealth, and Clarkson put into his place, 
 induced the College to restore him, and, 
 by so doing, to exclude Tillotson. 
 
 The exact date of Tillotson's ordination 
 is not known. He was ordained by Dr. 
 Sydserfe, Bishop of Galway, at the end of 
 1660 or early in 1661, about which time 
 he preached a sermon from S. Matthew vn. 
 v. 12, at Cripplegate. At that time he was 
 among the Presbyterians, and attended (as 
 an auditor) the Savoy Conference on the 
 Liturgy. At this time Calamy was offered 
 the Bishopric of Lichfield, and, if he had 
 accepted, Tillotson would have been pre- 
 ferred to a Canonry in that Cathedral. But 
 Calamy declined, and Tillotson severed his 
 connection with the Presbyterians, accepted 
 the Act of Uniformity, became a member 
 of the Church of England and preached 
 his first sermon as such at Oswaldkirk in 
 Yorkshire.
 
 112 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 The first office he held after his ordina- 
 tion was the curacy of Cheshunt in 1661 
 and 1662. The nearness of this parish to 
 London enabled Tillotson to pay frequent 
 visits to his friends in the city, and to keep 
 up his acquaintance with them, and to 
 preach for them when invited. His sermon 
 on the Advantages of Early Piety was 
 delivered at S. Lawrence Jewry in 1662, 
 in which year he was elected by the parish- 
 ioners to the living of S. Mary Aldermanbury, 
 of which Calamy had been deprived in 
 consequence of his refusing to subscribe the 
 Act of Uniformity. This living Tillotson 
 declined to accept. In the next year he 
 was offered the rectory of Kiddington in 
 Suffolk, and accepted it. His stay there 
 was short, for in November, 1663, he was 
 elected Preacher at Lincoln's Inn, and at 
 once resigned his Suffolk living, where, it 
 must be added, his ministrations were not 
 admired. 
 
 The choice of the Benchers of Lincoln's 
 Inn was soon shown to have been judicious; 
 Tillotson' s reputation as a preacher attracted 
 general attention, and procured him the
 
 JOHN TILLOTSON. 113 
 
 appointment of Tuesday Lecturer at S. Law- 
 rence Jewry in 1664, where his discourses 
 always drew numbers of hearers, among 
 whom the London clergy were conspicuous ; 
 they came "to form their minds," and to 
 listen to sermons of a new style. Hitherto 
 it had been customary to introduce quaint 
 conceits and pedantic quotations ; but of 
 these there was no trace in Tillotson's 
 sermons ; the charm of the compositions was 
 derived from the benignity and candour 
 which appeared in every line of his writings ; 
 and Dryden frequently owned that, if he 
 had any talent for English prose, it was 
 due to his having read the writings of 
 Tillotson. 1 
 
 In the same year the Lord Mayor 
 invited him to preach to himself and the 
 .Aldermen of the City at S. Paul's. At 
 that time he took for his text " And unto 
 man he said, Behold, the fear of the Lord, 
 that is wisdom ; and to depart from evil 
 is understanding." At the request of his 
 hearers the sermon was printed, and was 
 afterwards expanded and improved, and was 
 
 1 Macaulay, Hist. Eng. i. 158. 
 
 H
 
 114 DEAXS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 considered to be a perspicuous and con- 
 vincing defence of religion. 
 
 The corruption that was at this time 
 overspreading the national life now attracted 
 his serious attention. The narrowness and 
 extravagance of the times preceding the 
 Restoration, and the immorality which 
 followed the return of the King, predisposed 
 men's minds to irreligion and irregularity 
 of life. This condition of things, moral 
 and religious, urged Tillotson to labour with 
 zeal in his endeavours to make the people 
 feel the reasonableness of the truths and 
 precepts of Christianity. He believed Popery 
 was at the root of the evil, and thought 
 the aim was to make men atheists that 
 they might the more easily become Papists. 
 He considered Popery as such a corruption 
 of the whole design of Christianity that he 
 felt it to be his duty to set himself resolutely 
 against it. His success in this endeavour 
 was acknowledged by Lewis du Moulin, 
 Camden Professor of History, until the 
 Restoration, but it brought him into conflict 
 with John Sergeant, a secular priest, who 
 had seceded to Rome about 1642, and was
 
 JOHN TILLOTSON. 115 
 
 now employed in writing books in defence 
 of Romanism. 
 
 In 1670 Dr. Gunning was raised to 
 the Bishopric of Chichester, and his Stall 
 in Canterbury Cathedral became vacant. To 
 this Stall Tillotson was preferred by the 
 King. In 1672, on the death of Turner, 
 Archbishop Sheldon recommended Tillotson 
 as Dean of Canterbury, and he soon 
 entered on his new duties. This promotion 
 placed him in a position of wider usefulness. 
 He felt no inclination to slacken his labours ; 
 nor had he any desire to augment his 
 fortunes. Although Chaplain to the King 
 he did not content himself with the bare 
 residence in his Cathedral prescribed by 
 the Statutes, on the plea of his obligation 
 to attend the Court ; but devoted all the 
 time he could to his onerous duties 
 there. Money was spent on repairs to his 
 church ; the laxity among some of the lower 
 members was looked into ; one Minor Canon 
 was expelled because he was a reproach 
 to his profession; a "substitute" was sus- 
 pended "for great and scandalous offences." 1 
 
 1 Acta Capituli.
 
 116 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 The baleful influences of the Court and 
 the "classes" had not only demoralised 
 the " masses," but had extended to the 
 Church itself; and it needed the firm hand 
 and the moral courage of a great and 
 good man to check abuses and punish 
 wrongdoers. Such a man was Dean Tillot- 
 son, who had been trained and educated 
 in the austere morality of the Puritans, 
 and had maintained his character unspotted 
 through the years of the disreputable life 
 of Charles II. 
 
 The favours bestowed on him by the 
 King did not abate the energy with which 
 he attacked the Church of Rome, and the 
 exposure of her principles frequently occupied 
 him when preaching at Whitehall. His 
 sermon on " The hazard of being saved in 
 the Church of Rome" offended the Duke 
 of York, who, until then, had concealed his 
 adherence to that Church, and continued 
 his attendance at the Royal Chapel. On 
 November 5th, 1678, Tillotson, preaching 
 before the House of Commons, declared 
 that, in his judgment, Pagans were more 
 trustworthy members of society than men
 
 JOHN TILLOTSON, 117 
 
 who had been formed in the schools of the 
 Popish casuists. Two hundred years after 
 the event we may be allowed to smile at 
 the activity displayed against Rome ; in 
 Tillotson's days the danger was real, as 
 was shewn when James II. succeeded to the 
 throne. But while the Dean exercised all 
 his powers against Roman Catholicism, he 
 was not unmindful of the Nonconformists 
 who were without the pale of his own 
 Church. In 1668 and again in 1674 he 
 joined in treaty for a comprehension of 
 such as could be brought into his own 
 communion ; but his efforts and those of 
 Stillingfleet were frustrated ; the Bishops 
 refused their assent to the proposals, and 
 the endeavours to bring about a compromise 
 came to an end. 
 
 The flight of the King in 1688 brought 
 changes to many, both in Church and State. 
 As far back as 1677 Tillotson had become 
 acquainted with the Prince and Princess of 
 Orange, and probably had been able to 
 show them kindness during their stay in 
 Canterbury. While there they occupied the 
 house of Sir William Mann (not an inn, as
 
 118 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 has been erroneously stated) and the Dean 
 may have lent them his plate. But of this 
 there appears to be no evidence ; all we 
 know is that the City of Canterbury spent 
 money on upholstery at Sir William Mann's 
 house for the use of the Prince and Princess, 
 and that a " marchpaine and a banquet of 
 sweetmeats" was presented to them in the 
 name of the City. 1 
 
 Bancroft was suspended for refusing 
 the oath to the new King, and Tillotson 
 was appointed to exercise Archiepiscopal 
 jurisdiction in the Province of Canterbury. 
 Then he made one more effort to accom- 
 plish his plan of a comprehension with 
 Dissenters, and recommended to the King 
 the appointment of a Commission consisting 
 of ten bishops and twenty divines by whom 
 the proposed union was to be effected. Most 
 of the bishops who had taken the oath and 
 the divines met, and determined on several 
 alterations in the Liturgy and the constitu- 
 tion of the Church. Their decisions were 
 submitted to the Convocation of the clergy, 
 and were rejected. Dr. Jane, who had been 
 
 Chamberlain's Accounts, 1677.
 
 JOHN TILLOTSON. 119 
 
 elected Prolocutor in opposition to Tillotson, 
 concluded his speech by declaring against 
 any alteration of the laws. 
 
 In the same year (1689) Tillotson was 
 advanced to the Deanery of S. Paul's, and 
 his connection with Canterbury, as its Dean, 
 ceased. When he went to kiss hands for 
 the new appointment, he warmly thanked 
 the King. "Your Majesty" he said, " has 
 now set me at ease for the remainder of 
 my life." " No such thing, Doctor," replied 
 William, and told him that, when Sancroft 
 ceased to fill the highest ecclesiastical station, 
 he would succeed to it. "It is necessary," 
 added the King, "for my service; and I 
 must lay on your conscience the responsi- 
 bility of refusing me your help." The 
 Dean stood aghast : by nature he was quiet 
 and unambitious : he was beginning to feel 
 the infirmities of age ; and he cared little 
 for rank or money. 1 In April, 1691, he was 
 nominated Archbishop of Canterbury, and 
 was consecrated on May 3ist. On the i8th 
 of November, 1694, he was seized with 
 illness while in the Chapel at Whitehall, and, 
 
 1 Macaulay, Hist. Eng. iii. 116.
 
 120 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 dying on the 23rd of the same month, was 
 buried at S. Lawrence Jewry. " I have 
 lost," said the King-, " the best friend I 
 ever had, and the best man that I ever 
 knew." 1 
 
 In 1664 Tillotson married Elizabeth, 
 daughter of Dr. Peter French, by whom 
 he had two daughters. Dr. French had 
 married Cromwell's sister Robina, and 
 Tillotson' s wife was, therefore, the Pro- 
 tector's niece. 
 
 As a preacher Tillotson was thought 
 to have surpassed all rivals living or dead. 
 He still keeps his place as a legitimate 
 English classic. 2 His splendid talents com- 
 manded respect ; while his humility, benevo- 
 lence, charity and moderation secured es- 
 teem. " He taught more ministers to preach 
 well, and more people to live well, than 
 any other man since the Apostles' days," 
 said Burnet in the funeral sermon which he 
 preached at the Archbishop's death. 
 
 He was a man of a clear head and of 
 a sweet temper. He had the brightest 
 
 1 Macaulay, Hist. Eng. iv. 71. 2 Ibid, iii. 108.
 
 JOHN TILLOTSOX. 121 
 
 thoughts and the most correct style of all our 
 divines, and was considered to be the most 
 able preacher of his time. He was prudent, 
 and was universally esteemed and beloved. 
 No man contributed more than he did to 
 make men love the worship of the Church 
 of England. 1 He was one of the greatest 
 of all the Deans of Canterbury. 
 
 During his time it was feared much 
 inconvenience might arise from the many 
 doors which then opened into the cloisters, 
 and some of these doors were ordered to 
 be bricked up ; the gates and posterns 
 about the church were also ordered to be 
 stopped. The church windows were mended, 
 and Mr. Smyth was paid ^380 to repair 
 the great and small organs. Four Minor 
 Canons were appointed constantly to read 
 the first lessons, and they were allowed two 
 shillings each, "to be paid by them whose 
 turns they read." In 1684 there was great 
 and serious debate in the Chapter respecting 
 the time at which prayers should begin on 
 Sundays and Holy Days, and they were 
 ordered to commence at nine o'clock. In 
 
 1 Buraet, Own Times, i. 189.
 
 122 DEANS OF CANTERBURY, 
 
 1679 the Chapter decided to give 20 a 
 year for seven years towards the rebuilding 
 of S. Paul's Cathedral.
 
 JOHN SHARP.
 
 XI. 
 
 JOHN SHARP. 
 
 1689-1691. 
 
 Archbishops : SAXCROFT, TILLOTSON. 
 
 On the promotion of Dr. Tillotson to 
 the Deanery of S. Paul's, John Sharp was 
 nominated to succeed him at Canterbury. 
 The Revolution of 1688 had occurred. The 
 throne occupied by James had been declared 
 vacant. William and Mary had been called 
 to reign in his stead. The oath of allegiance 
 had been taken by the Bishops to James, 
 and they were much perturbed when they 
 found a new King and a new Queen upon 
 the throne, while its former occupant was
 
 124 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 still living. That James had been faithless 
 they all knew, and they were equally aware 
 that he had lost the confidence of his 
 people ; but they could not conscientiously 
 swear fealty to another : an oath of alleg- 
 iance was binding in their eyes, and they 
 could not be brought to take a new oath 
 until the King, to whom they had sworn it, 
 was dead. Among these was Archbishop 
 Sancroft, who, with Lake of Chichester, Lloyd 
 of S. Asaph, Ken of Bath and Wells, 
 Turner of Ely, White of Peterborough and 
 Trelawney of Bristol had been tried for what 
 James termed rebellion, and had been acquit- 
 ted. Sancroft was first suspended from his 
 Archiepiscopal office in consequence of his 
 refusal to take the new oath, and was 
 afterwards deprived. Tillotson was conse- 
 crated Archbishop of Canterbury in 1691. 
 
 John Sharp was the eldest son of 
 Thomas Sharp, a drysalter of Bradford in 
 Yorkshire, who owned the estate of Wood- 
 house near that place. John was born at 
 Bradford in 1644, and was baptized there 
 by Mr. Blazet, a clergyman of the Church 
 of England, a circumstance which in after
 
 JOHN SHARP. 125 
 
 life gave him much satisfaction. His 
 father being a Puritan and favouring the 
 parliamentary party, Fairfax, while at 
 Bradford, dwelt in his house, and offered 
 him a commission in the army. But Thomas 
 Sharp's wife was attached to the loyalist party 
 and she persuaded her husband to decline 
 the offer. Husband and wife differed on 
 religious and political questions ; but both 
 were pious, honest and hospitable, and 
 were highly esteemed by their neighbours. 
 What the son of a Puritan father and a 
 Church of England mother would become, it 
 would have been difficult to foretell. As is 
 not uncommon, maternal influence prevailed. 
 She was careful to instil into the mind of 
 her son her own principles of loyalty to 
 the King, as well as a love for the Liturgy 
 of the Church. At some risk of incurring 
 the displeasure of Fairfax, she had preserved 
 her copies of the Prayer Book in spite of 
 the diligent search that had been made for 
 that forbidden book ; and one of these, at 
 an early date, she put into the hands of 
 her boy, and taught him to value it. She 
 found him an apt pupil, for he admired the
 
 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 prayers, and especially the Litany, with 
 which he was much impressed ; after he 
 became a man it was read every morning 
 in his own family as long as he lived. 
 
 All good influences, however, did not 
 proceed from his mother. From his father 
 he learned the spirit of devotion ; from his 
 earnestness in his private prayers the child 
 gained impressions which were never for- 
 gotten. In addition to this devotional spirit 
 he received from his father beliefs which he 
 had to renounce in future years : Calvin's 
 doctrine of predestination and reprobation 
 were accepted, and he went to Cambridge 
 a predestinarian, capable, as he then thought, 
 of vindicating his principles against all who 
 might dispute with him. At the University 
 his harsh creed was overcome by the tact 
 and persuasion of his tutor, and John Sharp 
 became an altered man. 
 
 The only school at which Sharp, as a boy, 
 attended was that of his native town. There 
 his progress was so satisfactory that, when 
 he was fifteen, his father decided to send 
 him to Cambridge, and to maintain him 
 there for seven years. Accordingly he was
 
 JOHN SHARP. 127 
 
 admitted of Christ's College in that Uni- 
 versity in April, 1660, and was placed under 
 the tuition of Mr. Brooksbank, with whom 
 John Sharp's father was acquainted. His 
 tutor bestowed great pains upon him, 
 and encouraged him to lay all difficulties 
 with which he might meet in his studies 
 freely before him. This attention, it is 
 gratifying to know, was remembered by 
 Sharp, who never forgot how much he was 
 indebted to his tutor ; for whom he procured 
 the vicarage of S. Mary's, Reading, and 
 afterwards a Stall in Salisbury Cathedral. 
 
 While at Cambridge, Sharp studied 
 mathematics, chemistry and botany ; but in 
 the early part of his college career his 
 studies were interrupted by attacks of ague, 
 and he returned to Yorkshire for the benefit 
 of his health. In 1663, after his return to 
 the University, he began to read divinity, 
 using Dr. Lightfoot's "Harmony and Grotius 
 on the Gospels," from which he derived much 
 benefit. In 1664, the fourth year of his 
 residence, he was elected a Scholar of 
 his College. He greatly desired a Fellow- 
 ship, but those for Yorkshire were all full,
 
 128 DEA.VS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 and, although the Master and Fellows were 
 friendly towards him, he failed. The prospect 
 of this Fellowship, and the efforts he made to 
 fit himself for it, were not without their 
 value. From 1663, when he took his B.A. 
 degree, he diligently studied Greek authors, 
 until he proceeded M.A. in 1667. 
 
 His graceful and distinct manner of 
 reading the lessons in the College Chapel 
 attracted the attention of Dr. Henry More, 
 who thus, although Sharp did not know it, 
 became his friend, and was the means of 
 putting him in the way of his first promotion. 
 After he had taken his M.A. degree, and 
 when his seven years at College were con- 
 cluded, he left Cambridge to pursue his 
 studies at Bradford. While there Sir Heneage 
 Finch applied to Dr. More to recommend 
 some one to be his Domestic Chaplain, and 
 to undertake the tutorship of his sons, and 
 Sharp was suggested as a suitable man. 
 Before he had been in his father's house a 
 month, he left it, and entered the family of 
 Sir Heneage. This was the starting point in 
 Sharp's public career. Finch became Lord 
 Chancellor, and was thus placed in a position
 
 JOHN SHARP. 129 
 
 to benefit his chaplain, who was ordained 
 deacon and priest in August, 1667, and at 
 once took up his residence at Kensington 
 House. The time he could spare from his 
 pupils he spent in his favourite studies, his 
 patron furnishing him with such books as he 
 could not afford to buy. Two years after his 
 entrance into this family his health again 
 gave way, in consequence of his devotion to 
 his studies and the unreasonable hours in 
 which he followed them. On this account 
 he made up his mind to pay a visit to his 
 father. This was the last time that father 
 and son met. Within a month of leaving his 
 home to resume his duties in London, his 
 father died. 
 
 After this John Sharp resumed his Old 
 Testament studies, for which he found time 
 as he was without any cure of souls; and 
 his patron preferred that he should read 
 printed sermons in his ministrations to the 
 family, rather than make and preach his 
 own. Sir Heneage now began to look 
 about for some preferment for his chaplain. 
 He first endeavoured to secure for him 
 the rectory of S. Peter, Cornhill, but this 
 
 i
 
 130 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 had been promised to Beveridge afterwards 
 Bishop of S. Asaph. When Dr. Mewes was 
 consecrated Bishop of Bath and Wells in 
 1672, Sharp was made Archdeacon of Berk- 
 shire, being then twenty-eight years old. 
 
 In November 1673, Finch was appointed 
 Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, which office 
 carried with it the rights and responsibilities 
 of considerable church patronage. The new 
 Lord Keeper was a sincere churchman ; and 
 in order that he might bestow his patronage 
 worthily, he wrote to Sharp that the greatest 
 difficulty he apprehended lay in this question 
 of patronage ; " I would not," he said, 
 " knowingly prefer an unworthy person ; 
 but as my course of life and studies has 
 lain another way, I cannot think myself so 
 good a judge of the merits of suitors as 
 you are ; I therefore charge it upon your con- 
 science, as you will answer it to Almighty 
 God, that upon every such occasion, you make 
 the best enquiry, and give me the best advice 
 you can." 1 For about ten years Sharp dis- 
 charged this onerous duty. Among those 
 who passed under his scrutiny was George 
 
 1 Todd, Life of Sharp.
 
 JOHN SHARP. 131 
 
 Bull, who was promoted to a Stall in 
 Gloucester Cathedral, and afterwards became 
 Bishop of S. David's. 
 
 On three occasions, all in 1675, Finch's 
 rule as regards patronage was set aside, 
 and he acted on his own judgment : A 
 Prebend of Norwich, the living of S. Bar- 
 tholomew by the Exchange, and the rectory 
 of S. Giles-in-the-Fields were all bestowed 
 by the Lord Keeper upon his chaplain, 
 whose advice in these cases he did not ask. 
 S. Bartholomew's he resigned, soon after 
 his institution, for S. Giles's. These prefer- 
 ments were accompanied by the promise 
 that, if S. Martin-in-the-Fields became 
 vacant in Finch's time, that living should 
 be bestowed upon him. This was actually 
 offered to Sharp in 1680, but he declined 
 to leave S. Giles's, and S. Martin's was 
 given to Tenison. 
 
 Sharp, after his marriage gave up his 
 residence with Sir Heneage Finch's family, 
 in which he had lived over seven years, 
 and went to reside in Chancery Lane, where 
 he remained for four years, during which
 
 132 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 he was occupied with the affairs of his 
 parish, and in the prosecution of his studies. 
 He did not remain for long in comparative 
 obscurity ; for his abilities as a preacher 
 were soon recognised. He preached two 
 sermons before the Lord Mayor and one 
 before the House of Commons, and these 
 were printed. In 1679 ne accepted the 
 Friday Lectureship at S. Lawrence Jewry, 
 where numbers of divines attended to listen 
 to his discourses. This Lectureship he ac- 
 cepted unwillingly ; but Dr. Whichcot, vicar 
 of S. Lawrence, prevailed upon him, and 
 he held it until the vicar's death. In the 
 same year in which he accepted the Lecture- 
 ship he took the degree of D.D. at Cam- 
 bridge. 
 
 In 1 68 1 the King bestowed upon Sharp 
 the Deanery of Norwich, an appointment 
 which gratified him much, as he had been a 
 Canon of that Cathedral for over six years, 
 and was conversant with the affairs of the 
 Chapter there. This appointment was not 
 only agreeable, but it was of advantage to 
 him, as his absence from London was now 
 more frequent than had hitherto been the
 
 JOHN SHARP. 133 
 
 case. During his residence at Norwich he 
 occupied his time in improving his health 
 as well as his spiritual life. 
 
 In 1683, at the desire of Compton, 
 Bishop of London, he wrote his book on 
 "Conscience." This book was the outcome of 
 a sermon, preached in 1674, upon the subject 
 of the separation of Dissenters from the 
 Church of England, and its publication was 
 thought necessary, as his sermon had given 
 rise to some dispute. 
 
 Charles II. died in 1685, an d James 
 ascended the throne. With the accession of 
 James another kind of defence was required 
 by the Church of England. Hitherto the 
 discussions on religious questions had been 
 mainly invitations to Nonconformists to enter 
 the Church. Now the case was altogether 
 different : the question to be decided was, 
 whether the Church of England was a Church 
 or not. Into this new controversy she was 
 not ill prepared to enter ; the pulpits of the 
 metropolis were occupied by many distin- 
 guished men : Sherlock preached at the 
 Temple, Tillotson at Lincoln's Inn, Wake
 
 134 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 and Jeremy Collier at Gray's Inn, Burnet at 
 the Rolls, Stillingfleet at S. Paul's Cathedral, 
 Patrick at S. Paul's in Covent Garden, 
 Fowler at S. Giles's Cripplegate, Sharp at 
 S. Giles-in-the-Fields, Tenison at S. Martin- 
 in-the-Fields, Sprat at S. Margaret, West- 
 minster, Beveridge at S. Peter on Cornhill. 1 
 These were not unequal to the demands 
 which were about to be made upon them. 
 
 Dr. Sharp, on the Sunday after the 
 death of Charles, preached a sermon upon 
 Providence ; in March he preached at White- 
 hall on the evidence of Christianity ; at the 
 coronation he was among the chaplains and 
 dignitaries who attended on that occasion ; 
 in April, 1686, he was appointed Chaplain 
 in Ordinary to the King. In the same year 
 he incurred the displeasure of James in 
 consequence of preaching on matters con- 
 nected with the Romish religion, and this 
 subject he would not abandon. On the 2nd 
 of May, he preached in his own church on 
 i Cor. xn. 13. At the close of his sermon 
 an anonymous letter was handed to him, 
 which purported to come from one who 
 
 1 Macaulay, Hist. Eng. i. 158. 

 
 JOHN SHARP. 135 
 
 had been staggered by Roman Catholic 
 theologians, and who was anxious to be 
 satisfied that the Church of England was 
 a branch of the true Church of Christ. 1 On 
 the next Sunday Sharp preached against 
 the pretensions of the See of Rome. This 
 second sermon was misrepresented to the 
 King, and a fortnight later he was sent for 
 by Lord Chancellor Jeffreys who acquainted 
 him with the royal displeasure. The result 
 was that the Bishop of London was called 
 upon to suspend Sharp from further 
 preaching in his diocese. This the Bishop 
 could not do. Sharp drew up a petition to 
 the King, which he, after some delay, 
 presented ; but James refused to allow it to 
 be read to him ; and Sharp, on the advice 
 of Jeffreys, retired to Norwich. In January, 
 1687, he was allowed to return to his duties 
 in London, and there he employed the 
 greater part of the year in the Popish con- 
 troversy. In June, 1688, he went again to 
 Norwich, but was soon called back to 
 London, as the Ecclesiastical Commissioners 
 required the Archdeacons to appear before 
 them to give reasons for not obeying the 
 
 1 Macaulay, Hist. Eng. i. 362.
 
 136 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 order to read the Declaration issued by the 
 King. The Archdeacons, having consulted 
 together, decided not to appear, and Sharp 
 again went to Norwich. 
 
 Then came the Revolution of 1688. 
 Sharp did not abandon his allegiance to 
 James, or cease to acknowledge him as King, 
 until both Houses of Parliament had de- 
 clared the throne vacant. During the de- 
 bates in Parliament he was called upon to 
 preach before the Prince of Orange, and 
 three days later before the Commons ; on 
 both occasions he prayed for King James. 
 As the Commons had declared the throne 
 vacant, his praying for James caused some 
 surprise, and the Speaker drew attention 
 to the matter. Sir Christopher Musgrave 
 found a way out of the difficulty by sug- 
 gesting that, as the resolution respecting 
 the vacancy had not been published, Sharp 
 was not bound to know anything about it, 
 and could not have taken notice of it with- 
 out being guilty of a breach of privilege. 1 
 
 When Dr. Tillotson removed to the 
 Deanery of S. Paul's, King William nomin- 
 
 1 Macaulay, Hist. Eng. ii. 228.
 
 JOHN SHARP. 13? 
 
 ated Dr. Sharp to succeed him at Canter- 
 bury. He was also appointed one of the 
 Commissioners for preparing such alterations 
 and amendments of the Liturgy and Canons, 
 and such proposals for the reformation of 
 the Ecclesiastical Courts, as might be laid 
 before Convocation. This commission failed, 
 as has been already stated. 
 
 Dr. Sharp was installed Dean of 
 Canterbury on the 25th of November, 1689. 
 Of his life there, if he visited the city again 
 after his installation, no record remains. 
 
 In 1691, on the death of Lamplugh, 
 he became Archbishop of York. He died 
 at Bath on the 2nd of February, 1714, and 
 was buried in York Cathedral. 
 
 In 1676 he married Elizabeth Palmer, 
 sister to the wife of (Sir) William Rawlinson, 
 one of the Lords Commissioners of the 
 Great Seal at the Revolution. His son, 
 Dr. Thomas Sharp, Archdeacon of North- 
 umberland, Prebendary of York, Durham 
 and Southwell, compiled a Life of the 
 Archbishop from papers left by his father. 
 This Life was published in 1825 in two 
 volumes.
 
 XII. 
 GEORGE HOOPER. 
 
 1691-1704. 
 
 Archbishops : TILLOTSON, TENISON. 
 
 GEORGE HOOPER was the son of George 
 Hooper, a man of independent means, who 
 resided, when this son was born, at Grimley 
 in Worcestershire. From Grimley the family 
 removed to Westminster, and George was 
 elected a Scholar of S. Paul's School, but 
 was shortly afterwards removed to West- 
 minster School, of which Dr. Busby was 
 then Head Master. At Westminster he 
 obtained a King's Scholarship. Busby had 
 a high opinion of the lad, and said of him :
 
 GEORGE HOOPER. 
 
 To face p. 138.
 
 GEORGE HOOPER. 139 
 
 " This boy is the least favoured in feature 
 of any boy in the school, but he will 
 become more extraordinary than any of 
 them;" and at a later period, before it was 
 thought he would be raised to the episcopal 
 bench, " He was the best scholar, the finest 
 gentleman, and will make the completest 
 bishop that ever was educated at West- 
 minster School." 
 
 From the tuition of Dr. Busby, Hooper 
 proceeded, on his election to a Westminster 
 Scholarship, to Christ Church, Oxford, in 
 1657, where he graduated B.A. in 1661, 
 and proceeded M.A. in 1664, B.D. in 1673, 
 and D.D. in 1677. As College Tutor he 
 remained at Oxford until 1672, and while 
 there became acquainted with Thomas Ken, 
 afterwards Bishop of Bath and Wells. At 
 the University he was distinguished as a 
 most accomplished scholar, and by his desire 
 to obtain knowledge on all sorts of subjects. 
 He was a good classical scholar, was a 
 mathematician of high rank in his day, was 
 successful in philosophy, and was learned 
 in Greek and Roman antiquities. Assisted 
 by Dr. Pocock, he became a good Hebrew
 
 140 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 and Syriac scholar, and a master of Arabic, 
 of which he was able to make good use in 
 explaining obscure passages of the Old 
 Testament. 
 
 In 1672, acting under the persuasion 
 of Dr. Morley, Bishop of Winchester, 
 Hooper left Oxford, and became Chaplain 
 to the Bishop of Winchester, for whom 
 Ken acted as Chaplain at the same time. 
 Soon afterwards Dr. Morley collated Hooper 
 to the rectory of Havant, but this did not 
 suit his health owing to the dampness of 
 the situation ; and Ken, rector cf Woodhay 
 in Hampshire, resigned in favour of his 
 friend Hooper, who was then instituted to 
 the living. Isaac Mills, incumbent of High 
 Clere, a neighbouring parish, frequently 
 spoke of the rector of Woodhay as " the 
 one of all the clergymen whom he had ever 
 known in whom the three characters of 
 perfect gentleman, thorough scholar, and 
 venerable divine met in the most complete 
 accordance." 
 
 Archbishop Sheldon heard of Hooper's 
 fame, and urgently requested Dr. Morley
 
 GEORGE HOOPER. 141 
 
 to allow him to remove to Lambeth to 
 become Archbishop's Chaplain ; and to this 
 appeal Morley reluctantly agreed. In 1673 
 Hooper removed to Lambeth Palace, and 
 in 1675 the Archbishop collated him to the 
 rectory of Lambeth. Two years later the 
 same Archbishop collated him to the Pre- 
 centorship of Exeter, of which he became 
 a resident Canon in 1677. 
 
 On the marriage of the Princess Mary 
 to William of Orange, Hooper was appointed 
 Almoner to the Princess, and accompanied 
 her to Holland. At the Hague he had a 
 difficult post to fill, for the Prince was 
 disposed to a religion of the Dutch Pres- 
 byterian type, and endeavoured to impress 
 his own views on the Princess, whose former 
 Chaplain had permitted her to leave the 
 services of the Church of England for 
 those of the Dutch. Hooper was less 
 complaisant ; he persuaded her to read 
 Hooker and Eusebius in preference to the 
 dissenting books with which she had been 
 formerly supplied. He even argued church 
 matters with the Prince himself, and in 
 such a way that William said to him,
 
 142 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 " Well, Dr. Hooper, you will never be a 
 bishop." He succeeded in arranging the 
 chapel of the Princess in accordance with 
 the usage of his own church, notwith- 
 standing the opposition of the Prince. 
 
 When he had been in Holland about 
 a year he obtained permission to return to 
 England to marry Abigail Guildford, to 
 whom he had been engaged before he went 
 abroad. After his marriage he returned to 
 the Hague in fulfilment of his promise, but 
 after eight months he was succeeded in his 
 position there by his friend Ken. 
 
 In 1680 he was appointed Chaplain to 
 Charles II., and was shortly afterwards 
 offered the Regius Professorship of Divinity 
 at Oxford. This he declined, and it was 
 conferred on Dr. Jane. In 1685 James II. 
 desired him to attend the Duke of Monmouth 
 on the night preceding his execution. This 
 he did ; and on the next morning accom- 
 panied the Duke to the scaffold in company 
 with the Bishops of Ely and Bath and Wells 
 and Dr. Tenison. At the Revolution he 
 was one of the decidedly High Churchmen
 
 GEORGE HOOPER. 143 
 
 who took the oaths ; and he all but per- 
 suaded Ken to do the same. 
 
 Soon after William and Mary were 
 seated on the throne, Hooper became 
 Chaplain to their Majesties, and on the 
 elevation of Dr. Sharp to the Archbishopric 
 of York, the Queen, during the absence of 
 the King in Holland, offered him the 
 Deanery of Canterbury, a favour which, it 
 is said, he had neither solicited nor expected. 
 He was installed Dean of Canterbury on 
 July nth, 1691. He then offered to resign 
 either Lambeth or Woodhay ; but the 
 Queen replied that, though the King and 
 she never gave two livings to one man, yet 
 they never took them away, and ordered 
 him to keep both. He soon afterwards 
 resigned the rectory of Woodhay. 
 
 Hooper entered upon his duties at 
 Canterbury, but his attendance at his 
 Cathedral church seems to have been but on 
 rare occasions. He was present at Chapter 
 Meetings on November 25th, 1692, November 
 25th, 1693, and again at Midsummer, 1699. 
 Whether the arrangement made November
 
 144 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 25th, 1691, was made at his suggestion I 
 have no means of ascertaining ; but this is 
 of no importance as the only regulation 
 made in the services of his Cathedral during 
 his occupancy of the Deanery was that, on 
 Holy days, Wednesdays, Fridays, Fasting 
 and Thanksgiving days, prayers should 
 begin at ten o'clock in the morning. 
 
 In 1698 the Princess Anne and her 
 husband, Prince George of Denmark, desired 
 that Dean Hooper should be appointed tutor 
 to their son the young Duke of Gloucester, 
 but the King succeeded in placing Burnet 
 in that office. In 1701 the Dean was elected 
 Prolocutor of the Lower House of Convoca- 
 tion of Canterbury. His extensive knowledge 
 of law and history and his courteous demean- 
 our eminently qualified him for this post ; 
 and at the time when the relations between 
 the Upper and Lower Houses were strained it 
 was most necessary to have an able man at 
 the helm. He was an able defender of the 
 privileges of the Lower House, and Ken 
 acknowledged that he had greater hope of 
 the Church now that Hooper was taking the 
 lead in affairs.
 
 GEORGE HOOPER. 145 
 
 About this time the Dean was offered 
 the Primacy of Ireland, but he declined it. 
 In 1703 the Queen nominated him Bishop of 
 St. Asaph, and this, much against his will, 
 he accepted, and was consecrated on October 
 3ist in the same year. In March, 1704, he 
 was translated to Bath and Wells, but not 
 before he had solicited the re-instatement of 
 Ken, whom he considered Canonical Bishop 
 of that See. Ken was earnest in his refusal, 
 and as earnest in his entreaties to Hooper 
 to accept it. He now resigned his Deanery, 
 and devoted himself to the care of his 
 Diocese, which he governed until his death 
 on the 6th of September, 1727. He was 
 buried in Wells Cathedral, near to his wife, 
 whom he survived one year. It is said that 
 he refused the Bishopric of London on the 
 death of Compton, and the Archbishopric 
 of York on the death of Sharp. 
 
 The High Church and Low Church 
 question in his day occupied his attention, 
 and he complained of the invidious distinction 
 which the terms occasioned, and of the 
 enmity produced thereby. About 1682 he had 
 written, at the request of Bishop Compton, 
 
 J
 
 146 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 " The Church of England free from the 
 Imputation of Popery," which he reprinted 
 in 1716, and gave to his clergy at his 
 visitation in the following year. Besides 
 this he wrote several other treatises and 
 sermons, which were collected and published 
 in 1757. 
 
 His prudent and liberal behaviour to 
 the clergy and laity of his diocese secured 
 their esteem. While he confined his prefer- 
 ments to the clergy who were directly under 
 him, his disposal of them was judicious and 
 free from partiality. His regulations of 
 official proceedings were remarkable : " no 
 tedious formalities protracted business ; no 
 imperious officers insulted the clergy." 
 
 Dr. Busby's opinion of Hooper has been 
 already given, and this opinion has been 
 endorsed by Dr. Correy who knew him well. 
 Yet Burnet, speaking of Hooper when he was 
 Prolocutor to the Lower House of Convoca- 
 tion, says he was a man of learning and 
 good conduct hitherto, but was reserved, 
 crafty, and ambitious : his Deanery had not 
 softened him, for he thought he deserved to 
 be raised higher. A more modern writer is
 
 GEORGE HOOPER. 147 
 
 probably nearer the truth when he says, his 
 personal character seems to have been almost 
 as loveable as Ken's, while the range and 
 depth of his learning was far greater. 
 
 Hooper manfully fought the battles of 
 the party to which he belonged in 1701, 
 and led them from victory to victory. He 
 had figured in unseemly quarrels,- even at 
 the door of the prelates' chamber ; but he 
 did not please Atterbury, then Archdeacon 
 of Totnes, who spoke of Hooper's rapacious 
 dealings, which he declared must sink his 
 character at last, and lessen the regard of 
 all mankind for him. 1 Notwithstanding Atter- 
 bury' s adverse opinion, Hooper is one of the 
 Deans of Canterbury of whom the Diocese 
 and the Church generally has reason to be 
 proud. The time had not arrived, as it did 
 later, when aristocratic dignitaries were made 
 bishops because they were the sons of Earls, 
 and for no other reason. 2 Hooper was not 
 one of these, but he was a scholar and a 
 gentleman, and endeavoured to do his duty 
 faithfully and well. 
 
 1 Stoughton, Rel. under Anne and the Georges, i. 33-6. 
 2 Abbey. Eng. Ch. and its Bishops, ii. 270.
 
 XIII. 
 GEORGE STANHOPE. 
 
 1704-1728. 
 
 Archbishops : TENISON, WAKE. 
 
 GEORGE STANHOPE was a son of Thomas 
 Stanhope, rector of Hartshorne, Derbyshire, 
 vicar of S. Margaret's, Leicester, and 
 chaplain to the Earls of Chesterfield and 
 Clare. The grandfather of George, Dr. 
 George Hooper, was Precentor of York and 
 Chaplain to James I. and his son Charles, 
 and rector of Wheldrake, Yorkshire. On 
 account of his loyalty to Charles I. he was 
 deprived of all his preferments, and, accord- 
 ing to his grandson's statement, was driven
 
 GEORGE STANHOPE. 
 
 To face. p. 148.
 
 GEORGE STANHOPE. 149 
 
 from his home with eleven children. He 
 died in 1644. 
 
 George Stanhope was born at Harts- 
 home on the 5th of March, 1660, and was, 
 in due course, sent to school at Uppingham, 
 from which he was removed to another 
 school at Leicester, and from Leicester he 
 went to Eton, from which he was elected 
 on the foundation of King's College, Cam- 
 bridge, in 1677. 1 J 68i he graduated 
 B.A., and four years later proceeded M.A. 
 He was then ordained, but remained at the 
 University until 1688. In his youth he had 
 given promise of great abilities, and at 
 Cambridge he acquired a valuable stock of 
 learning which he carefully employed in his 
 after life. Of French, Latin, Greek and 
 Hebrew, his knowledge was extensive. 
 
 During the time he was at Cambridge, 
 and after his ordination, he officiated at the 
 church of Quy, near to that place. In 
 1688, the year in which he left the 
 University, he was Vice-Proctor; in the 
 same year he was presented to the rectory 
 of Tewin in Hertfordshire; and in 1689, 
 Lord Dartmouth, to whom he was chaplain,
 
 150 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 as well as tutor to his son, presented him 
 to the vicarage of Lewisham. Shortly after- 
 wards he was appointed Chaplain to William 
 and Mary, an appointment which he also 
 held under Queen Anne. In 1697 he took 
 the degree of D.D., having on the preceding 
 Sunday preached the commencement sermon 
 on the perfection and sufficiency of the 
 Bible. This sermon was published with 
 others in 1727, and its closing words will 
 be sufficient to give an idea of the style 
 which prevailed when the sermon was de- 
 livered : " O welcome, therefore, holy 
 religion to us dark wretched mortals ! Wel- 
 come, thou blest, thou powerful book ; pure 
 and clear, as the place from whence thou 
 comest ; and wise and good, like Him 
 whose Spirit formed thee. And may this 
 be ever first and best in our esteem ; most 
 in our thoughts, our studies, and desires ; 
 may this be writ entire, and fairly copied, 
 not in our memories only, but our hearts, 
 and thence shine bright in our conversation. 
 And reason good there is, why this divine 
 volume should have the choicest of all our 
 labours ; for this will sanctify our other 
 studies, enlarge our understandings, refine
 
 GEORGE STANHOPE. 151 
 
 and exalt our souls, and teach us not only 
 to excel others, but daily to excel ourselves. 
 This is the only exception to the preacher's 
 character. In much of all other knowledge, 
 there is much sorrow, but this makes us 
 wise with pleasure and safety ; not only 
 wiser for this world, than the rest of our 
 learning 1 can, but, which is best of all, and 
 a prerogative peculiar to itself alone, this 
 makes us wise for heaven, and to salvation." 
 
 In 1701 Stanhope was appointed Boyle 
 Lecturer, and in that office maintained, in 
 sixteen sermons, " The Truth and Excellency 
 of the Christian Religion against Jews, 
 Infidels, and Heretics." In 1703 he was 
 presented to the vicarage of Deptford, upon 
 which he resigned the rectory of Tewing, 
 and held Lewisham and Deptford by dis- 
 pensation. On the translation of Bishop 
 Hooper to Bath and Wells, Stanhope was 
 promoted to the Deanery of Canterbury, in 
 which he was installed on the 23rd of 
 March, 1704. He was now Dean of Can- 
 terbury, vicar of Lewisham, vicar of Dept- 
 ford and Tuesday Lecturer at S. Lawrence 
 Jewry. This Lectureship was, as has been
 
 152 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 already stated, held by Tillotson and Sharp, 
 of whom Stanhope was a worthy successor, 
 and he continued to maintain its reputation 
 until 1708, when he resigned. 
 
 As Dean of Canterbury he had a place 
 in the Lower House of Convocation, where 
 he took his seat when the Upper and Lower 
 Houses were in bitter conflict. As a man 
 of peace, a friend of Robert Nelson on one 
 side and of Burnet on the other, Stanhope 
 was proposed by the moderate party as 
 Prolocutor in 1705, but was defeated by a 
 high churchman, Dr. William Binckes. 
 After Atterbury's promotion to the See of 
 Rochester, Stanhope succeeded him as Prolo- 
 cutor and was afterwards elected twice. In 
 1714 Dr. Samuel Clarke's Arian doctrine 
 was censured ; and three years later the 
 Lower House also censured Bishop Hoadly's 
 sermon, preached before the King, and 
 published by royal command. To prevent 
 this matter from going to the Upper House 
 Convocation was suddenly prorogued. From 
 that time it was summoned at intervals, but 
 at each meeting was again prorogued. At 
 one of these prorogations Stanhope broke
 
 GEORGE STANHOPE. 153 
 
 up the meeting- in order to prevent Tenison, 
 Archdeacon of Carmarthen, reading a pro- 
 testation in favour of Bishop Hoadly. 
 Probably in consequence of this act Stan- 
 hope was deprived of the Royal Chaplaincy 
 which he had held from the beginning of 
 the reign of George I. His conduct was 
 fatal to Convocation ; for, from this date, 
 it remained in abeyance until 1852 in the 
 province of Canterbury, and in York until 
 1861. 
 
 Stanhope was one of the great preachers 
 of his time. He preached twice before 
 Queen Anne at S. Paul's, once in 1706 
 at the thanksgiving for the Battle of 
 Ramilies; and again in 1710. 
 
 As Dean of Canterbury he was regular 
 in his attendance at Chapter Meetings, and 
 watched over his Cathedral with much care. 
 True, matters there were not all that could 
 be desired ; non-residence among the Canons 
 had increased to such a degree that it was 
 found necessary to insist upon the presence 
 of two Minor Canons at the Sunday morning 
 services to ensure the due performance of 
 divine service and the administration of the
 
 154 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 Holy Communion. This is not surprising. 
 Tenison was Archdeacon of Carmarthen and 
 Prebendary of Lichfield ; Finch was Canon 
 of York and rector of Wigan ; Bowers was 
 Archdeacon of Canterbury and Bishop of 
 Chichester ; Sydall held two rectories as 
 well as the mastership of two hospitals ; 
 Hancock was rector of S. Martin's, Lothbury, 
 and Chaplain to the Duke of Bedford ; Wake 
 was rector of Whethamsted and Prebendary 
 of Lincoln ; Bradshaw was rector of Fawley, 
 Hampshire;. Holcombe held only his Canonry 
 here ; Grandorge was Fellow of Magdalen 
 College, Oxford, when he died ; De L'angle 
 was rector of Chartham ; Blomer was rector 
 of All Hallows, Lombard Street, and of 
 Horndon-on-the-Hill, Essex ; and Wilkins 
 was Chaplain to Archbishop Wake, rector 
 of Hadleigh and Monks Idleigh, and Arch- 
 deacon of Suffolk. There was but one Canon 
 who held no preferment in addition to his 
 Canonry of Canterbury. 
 
 In 1724 the Duke of Grafton addressed 
 a letter to the Archbishop, calling attention 
 to the fact that Royal Chaplains in ordinary 
 omitted the greater part of their Cathedral
 
 GEORGE STANHOPE. 155 
 
 residence on the plea that they were required 
 to attend upon the King. Their duty, it was 
 pointed out, only occupied half a month, 
 " and the King's will is that they be required 
 to keep their full residence" in the 
 Cathedral. 1 This neglect of residence in- 
 creased as time went on ; and Newton, 
 Bishop of Bristol, complained that, during his 
 summer residence at Bristol, neither Dean nor 
 Prebendaries belonging to the Cathedral 
 Church ever showed themselves. The whole 
 service was performed by one Minor Canon. 
 This was not a solitary case. 2 
 
 A list of Stanhope's works is given by 
 Todd, who quotes the following remarks 
 from Felton's " Dissertation on reading the 
 Classics " : " The Dean's thoughts and 
 reasoning are bright and solid ; his style 
 just both for the purity of language and for 
 strength and beauty of expression ; but the 
 periods are formed in so peculiar an order of 
 the words, that it was an observation, No- 
 body could pronounce them with the same 
 grace and advantage as himself." His 
 gentleness of manner made his company 
 
 1 Acta Capituli. 
 3 Perry, Hist. Eng. Church, iii. 399.
 
 156 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 delightful to all who came into contact with 
 him. To the misfortunes of others he was 
 ever attentive, and his words to the afflicted 
 or distressed gave consolation and improve- 
 ment to the understanding. His merits 
 generally entitle him to a high position in 
 the English Church. He died at Bath on 
 the 1 8th of March, 1728, and was buried in 
 Lewisham church on the 2gth of the same 
 month. 
 
 He was married twice ; _ his first wife 
 was Olivia, daughter of Charles Cotton, of 
 Beresford in Staffordshire, by whom he had 
 one son, who died before his father, and 
 five daughters. His first wife died in 1707. 
 His second wife was Ann Parker, half sister 
 of Sir Charles Wager. She survived the 
 Dean, and died in 1730. 
 
 In November, 1718, Dean Stanhope 
 complained to his Chapter of having been 
 insulted and molested at one o'clock in the 
 morning, as well as threatened, by Sir 
 Richard Head and George Lee, and it was 
 agreed that the gates of the Precincts 
 should be shut at ten o'clock to prevent future 
 irregularities at an assembly for dancing;
 
 GEORGE STANHOPE. 15? 
 
 In December Edmond Hardres was sent 
 for by the Chapter, and informed that 
 assemblies for dancing at his house had 
 given offence. He was pressed to promise 
 not to allow any repetition of such meetings, 
 but he excused himself by pleading that 
 that business belonged to his wife. In the 
 evening of the same day Mrs. Hardres 
 appeared, and requested leave for a meeting 
 to be held next day. Her request was 
 acceded to "for this time," but only on 
 condition that the assembly should break 
 up at eleven o'clock, and that no more 
 meetings of this sort be held. 1 
 
 In 1705 it was decided that the Choir 
 of the Cathedral should be pewed after the 
 manner of S. Paul's. In 1726 various bells 
 of the Cathedral were ordered to be re-cast, 
 and the entry in the Chapter Minute Book 
 under August 3rd clears up an interesting 
 point which has puzzled campanologists. On 
 the date mentioned it was " Agreed that a 
 new ring of eight bells be made out of the 
 six bells in the Arundel Steeple, saving that 
 the treble bell of the Arundel steeple ring 
 
 1 Acta Capituli.
 
 158 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 shall be removed up into the place of Bell- 
 Harry, and that Bell- Harry shall be cast 
 into the new ring; the tenor of which new 
 ring is to be " Elami-Flat or D Sol re 
 pitch." Samuel Knight, the founder, pro- 
 poses to complete the eight new bells for 
 ,60. "' The new bells were to be hung 
 in the Arundel steeple (the North-Western 
 tower) and the bells there were to be sold, 
 and the money arising from the sale was 
 to be spent in repairing the windows and 
 walls of the South side of the nave. From 
 this it appears that the original Bell- Harry, 
 said to have been given by Henry VIII. 
 and to have been brought from France, was 
 sold in 1726, and the present bell of that 
 name, cast by Joseph Hatch in 1635, P ut 
 in its place. 
 
 One other item from the Chapter Minute 
 Book may be here given. At the S. 
 Katharine Chapter, Nov. 25th, 1726, it was 
 agreed to pay Dr. Tenison ^20, in the 
 name of the Dean and Chapter, towards 
 the charge of the Arabic New Testament. 
 
 1 Acta Capituli.
 
 XIV. 
 ELIAS SYDALL. 
 
 1728 1733. 
 
 Archbishop : WAKE. 
 
 ELIAS SYDALL was the son of a glover of 
 Norwich, in which city he was born in 1671. 
 At the age of sixteen he was admitted 
 a Bible Clerk on Archbishop Parker's 
 foundation at Corpus Christi College, Cam- 
 bridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1691, 
 and proceeded M.A. in 1695, when he was 
 elected a Fellow of his College, having 
 been ordained the year before. He continued 
 at the University, and in 1698 was appointed 
 Junior Taxor. In the next year his College 

 
 160 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 gave him the living of S. Bennet in Cam- 
 bridge, where he remained until 1702, when, 
 on being appointed chaplain to Archbishop 
 Tenison, he resigned. At the same time 
 the Archbishop collated him to the vicarage 
 of Biddenden, upon which he relinquished 
 his Fellowship. In 1704 he was collated to 
 the rectory of Ivychurch, when he gave up 
 Biddenden. In 1705 he obtained the degree 
 of D.D. In 1707 the same Archbishop 
 collated him to the rectory of Great Monge- 
 ham, which he held by dispensation with 
 Ivychurch until 1730. In July of 1707 his 
 patron again advanced him, this time to a 
 Canonry in Canterbury Cathedral. 
 
 In 1710 he was elected Proctor in 
 Convocation for the clergy of the diocese of 
 Canterbury ; and was appointed a member 
 of the joint committee of both houses of 
 Convocation, who were ordered to prepare a 
 " Representation of the present state of 
 religion," which was to be presented to the 
 Queen. This Representation was called 
 forth by the appearance of William Whiston's 
 " Historical Preface to Primitive Christian- 
 ity," which it was asserted, was offensive to
 
 To face p. 150. 
 
 ELIAS SYDALL.
 
 ELIAS SYDALL. 161 
 
 churchmen. The composition of the Re- 
 presentation fell to Atterbury, who set to 
 work in his usual style to expose the 
 evils of the day, and to denounce all who 
 dissented from the Church of England ; while 
 those who sympathised with Whiston were 
 accused as the determined enemies of all 
 religion and goodness. This Representation 
 the Upper House would not accept, and the 
 Archbishop gave his opinion that there 
 were great difficulties in the way of cen- 
 suring Whiston' s book, or condemning the 
 author. The case was referred to the 
 judges, of whom eight held that Convocation 
 had jurisdiction in cases of heresy ; the 
 other four held the contrary opinion. The 
 Bishops therefore took up the question of 
 the book alone ; Arian and heretical propo- 
 sitions were extracted from it, and were sent 
 down to the Lower House ; and Atterbury 
 and his friends again brought the matter 
 before the Queen, but no answer was re- 
 turned. At last the final deputation, which 
 waited upon Her Majesty, was told the paper 
 had been lost ; and so the business ended. 1 
 
 1 Stoughton. Rel. under Anne and the Georges, i. 80-83. 
 
 K 

 
 162 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 In 1711 Sydall was appointed Master 
 of S. John's Hospital, Canterbury, and 
 of the Hospital of S. Nicholas, Harble- 
 down. In 1716 he became Chaplain to the 
 King. On the death of Dean Stanhope he 
 was promoted to the Deanery of Canterbury, 
 and was installed on the 28th of April, 
 1728. 
 
 He was consecrated Bishop of S. 
 David's in April, 1731, and was translated 
 to the See of Gloucester in the same year, 
 but he retained his Deanery until his death, 
 which occurred on the 24th of December, 
 1733- 
 
 During his lifetime he published six 
 sermons : a consecration sermon, preached in 
 1706 ; a sermon on fasting ; one preached 
 on the anniversary of the accession of 
 George I. ; a vindication of the English 
 clergy from the imputation of preaching 
 up themselves (two sermons) ; and one on 
 Popery. 
 
 He is said to have been a man of real 
 worth, 1 and Whiston has recorded that 
 
 1 Abbey. Eng. Ch. and its Bishops.
 
 ELIAS SYDALL. 163 
 
 Sydall was one of the best scholars he 
 had examined for Holy Orders while chap- 
 lain to Moore, Bishop of Norwich. 
 
 In 1729 the attendance of the Canons 
 was better. All were present except Dr. 
 Wake, who lacked only ten days of his 
 full number, and now could not keep his 
 residence, without danger to himself and 
 his family, on account of the prevalence of 
 small pox in Canterbury. Dr. Harrison 
 was another absentee, but he was Bishop 
 of Llandaff; and Dr. Lisle was sick. 1 By 
 1733 matters had got worse again. The 
 term of residence was ninety days a 
 year. Out of these Dr. Wilkins had missed 
 sixty, Dr. Gooch sixty-six, Dr. Geekie, 
 thirty-eight, and Dr. Dawnay sixty-seven. 
 These four Canons had "kept" 129 days, 
 and had missed 231 days. The sum de- 
 ducted from the stipends of the four was 
 14 8s. gd., from which it appears their 
 days of absence were valued at about fifteen 
 pence a day. 2 
 
 In the next year a design, proposed 
 by a Mr. Burroughs, for a new Altar piece, 
 
 1 Acta Capituli. 3 Ibid.
 
 164 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 " and for wainscotting our chancel as far 
 as the Bishop's Throne on one side and 
 the wainscott of the choir on the other 
 side," was approved by the Chapter. 
 
 Dr. Sydall married the only daughter 
 of William Deedes, a physician of Canter- 
 bury, but died without issue. The Dean 
 was buried in the chancel of S. James's 
 church, Westminster, and his widow, who 
 died in 1758, was interred in the same 
 place.
 
 JOHN LYNCH.
 
 XV. 
 JOHN LYNCH. 
 
 17341760. 
 
 Archbishops : WAKE, POTTER, HERRING, 
 HUTTON, SECKER. 
 
 JOHN LYNCH had been acquainted with 
 Canterbury from his boyhood. He was born 
 of a family long resident in Kent, one of 
 his ancestors having founded the Grammar 
 School of Cranbrook. This ancestor pur- 
 chased an estate at Staple in this county, 
 and there the future Dean was born in 
 December, 1697. His father, John Lynch, 
 was High Sheriff of Kent when Queen 
 Anne died, and it was he who proclaimed
 
 166 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 George I., and received him at the head 
 of the gentlemen of the county on his 
 arrival in England. 
 
 John Lynch, the fourth, but eldest 
 surviving son of the preceding, was educated 
 at the King's School, Canterbury, at which 
 he continued until he was seventeen years 
 old, and then removed to S. John's College, 
 Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 
 1717, and proceeded M.A. in 1721, in which 
 year he was ordained deacon. His entering 
 into Holy Orders was contrary to the wishes 
 of his father; but preferment was soon forth- 
 coming, for in his twenty-sixth year, Arch- 
 bishop Wake collated him to the rectory of 
 All Hallows, Bread Street, and S. John the 
 Evangelist in London. When Dr. Sydall 
 was promoted to the Deanery of Canterbury 
 the Archbishop bestowed on Lynch the 
 vacant Stall in his Cathedral. This was in 
 1728, in which year he took the degree 
 of D.D. 
 
 In the same year he married Mary, 
 third daughter of Archbishop Wake, which 
 probably accounts for the preferments 
 showered on Lynch both before and after
 
 JOHN LYNCH. 167 
 
 his marriage. l Edward Tenison, promoted 
 to the See of Ossory, resigned the living 
 of Sundridge, and it was conferred upon 
 Lynch by the Archbishop ; and this he was 
 allowed to hold by dispensation with his 
 London rectories. At this time he also 
 received the Mastership of Holy Cross 
 Hospital near Winchester, and exchanged 
 All Hallows, Bread Street, for All Hallows 
 the Great, Thames Street ; S. John's he 
 resigned. In 1731 his father-in-law bestowed 
 upon him the livings of Ickham and 
 Bishopsbourne near Canterbury, and the 
 sinecure rectory of Eynesford in Kent, upon 
 which he resigned All Hallows the Great. 
 But his preferment did not stop here. Dean 
 Sydall, in the same year, was consecrated 
 Bishop of S. David's, and resigned the 
 Mastership of the Hospitals of S. Nicholas, 
 Harbledown, and of S. John, Canterbury. 
 As Todd naively remarks, the same liberal 
 motive which had induced Sydall to accept 
 these from Tenison inclined Lynch to 
 receive them from Wake. 2 It is only 
 
 1 " That parson must be asleep who does not marry a Wake," 
 originated about this time. 
 
 2 Todd' s Lives, p. 213.
 
 168 DEANS OF CANTERBURY, 
 
 fair to say that, according to Todd, there 
 was no emolument attached to the office. 
 Lynch retained both Masterships until 
 1744, when they were bestowed upon 
 Thomas Lamprey, a Minor Canon of 
 Canterbury Cathedral. 
 
 Bishop Sydall died in December, 1733, 
 and the Deanery of Canterbury became 
 vacant. In January, 1734, Dr. Lynch was 
 nominated as Sydall' s successor, and was 
 installed on the i8th of the same month. 
 For three years his residence as Dean was 
 irregular. The health of the Archbishop 
 was failing, and the presence of his son-in- 
 law at Lambeth was required until that 
 prelate's death in 1/37. Lynch had, in 
 the meantime, been made Treasurer of 
 Salisbury Cathedral in 1735. After the 
 death of the Archbishop, he divided his time 
 chiefly between Canterbury and Staple ; 
 " and as he was distinguished no less for 
 his hospitality, than for his agreeable con- 
 versation, his company was much solicited, 
 and his social qualities were greatly esteemed 
 by a large and polite neighbourhood." 1 
 
 1 Tocld's Lives, p. 215.
 
 JOHN LYNCH. 169 
 
 No doubt : but this praise says little for 
 the manner in which he discharged his duties 
 as Dean of the Metropolitical Church. 
 
 His attachment to the laws and consti- 
 tution of the country, as may easily be 
 imagined, was earnest, and made him 
 contribute by his purse and influence to 
 their maintenance; while by his sermons and 
 his conversation he was not slow to expose 
 the dangers to be feared from Popery. In 
 1747 he was appointed Prolocutor of the 
 Lower House of Convocation ; an empty 
 appointment, seeing that Convocation had 
 ceased to exist for some years. But it gave 
 him the opportunity of presenting an address 
 to the King on the Peace of Aix la 
 Chapelle. 
 
 Archbishop Wake was succeeded in the 
 Primacy by Potter. Potter died of apoplexy 
 on October loth, 1747, and was succeeded 
 by Thomas Herring in the same year. The 
 Dean and the new Archbishop had been 
 acquainted with each other at the University, 
 and this earlier acquaintance now ripened 
 into friendship. Archbishop Herring died
 
 170 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 on March i3th, 1757, and soon after the 
 Dean was seized with paralysis, which "left 
 the animal, but destroyed the man." As 
 he was by this calamity rendered incapable 
 of performing 1 his duties, he obtained a 
 dispensation from the King to excuse him 
 from all duty. He remained at the Deanery, 
 where he lingered until May, 1760, when 
 he died, and was buried at Staple. 
 
 Todd gives him the character of a 
 charitable man, and says he was much 
 admired as a preacher. He published only 
 one sermon, which was delivered in 1735 
 before the Society for the Propagation of 
 the Gospel. He left two sons, Sir William 
 Lynch, who died in 1785; and John Lynch, 
 Canon and Archdeacon of Canterbury, and 
 rector of S. Dionis Backchurch. 
 
 In 1737 the minister of the Walloon 
 congregation, Canterbury, stated before the 
 Dean and Chapter that an inundation had 
 flowed into their place of worship in the 
 Cathedral Crypt, and that the said con- 
 gregation was unable to assemble there. 
 The minister, Mr. Forestier, desired to
 
 JOHN LYNCH. 171 
 
 meet in the Chapter House, and his request 
 was granted. 
 
 By the Cathedral Statutes a Minor 
 Canon could not hold more than one living 1 
 in addition to his Minor Canonry ; but in 
 1739 there were seven Minor Canons of 
 Canterbury holding sixteen livings between 
 them. Six of these held two livings each ; 
 the seventh held four ! 
 
 In 1741 the disposal of the vaults 
 " under our vestry room, audit room and 
 treasury" was considered by the Chapter, 
 and it was then decided that this part of 
 the Cathedral Crypt should be divided for 
 cellars between the Canons Drs. Wilkins, 
 Ayerst, Lisle, Dawnay, Griffith, Shuckford, 
 Stedman and Tenison. Thus this famous 
 Crypt was turned into cellars ! 
 
 In 1751 the Dean subscribed 100, 
 and eleven Canons ^50 each for the re- 
 building of the South Cross of the Choir 
 and for other repairs. The Canon who did 
 not subscribe was Dr. Young. In 1752 
 the Chapter agreed to pay Richard Bridge, 
 for repairing and rebuilding the Cathedral
 
 172 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 Organ, ^480. In the same year it was 
 decided to remove the iron rails which then 
 divided the nave from the other parts of 
 the church, and to set them up again in 
 the two porches with as little alteration as 
 need be. 
 
 In 1755 Philip Weston, of Bostock, left 
 forty marks to the Altar of the Cathedral. 
 In the next year this money was ordered 
 to be spent on the purchase of two patens 
 for bread to be used in administering the 
 Holy Sacrament. These patens are still in 
 use. On each is inscribed the name of the 
 donor, but there is no date. 
 
 During Dean Lynch's time we have 
 proofs of many charitable acts performed 
 by the Chapter. Thus, in 1755, it was 
 agreed that the Dean and such Canons as 
 might be present should be authorized to use 
 any sum not exceeding ^300 in case of 
 any public distress or calamity that may 
 happen before the next Chapter meeting. 
 
 But Lynch had his troubles : Mr. Talbot, 
 Master of the King's School, was one, and 
 he, after a time, resigned. Choir boys
 
 JOHN LYNCIL 173 
 
 were dismissed for ill behaviour in church ; 
 and three were expelled " for stealing lead 
 and other high crimes." 
 
 In 1759 "our Treasurer" was ordered to 
 send for the Gazette and Lloyd's Chronicle 
 for the use of the members of the Church.
 
 XVI. 
 
 WILLIAM FREIND. 
 1760-1766. 
 
 Archbishop : SECKER. 
 
 WILLIAM FREIND was the son of Dr. 
 Robert Freind, Head Master of Westminster 
 School. He was born in the year 1715, 
 and was admitted a Scholar at Westminster 
 in 1727, and four years later was elected to 
 Christ Church, Oxford, where he took his 
 B.A. degree, and proceeded M.A. in 1738. 
 He did not continue his studentship at the 
 University ; for his father, who was rector 
 of Witney in Oxfordshire, designed him
 
 To face p. 174. 
 
 WILLIAM FRF.IXD.
 
 H7LL1AM FREIND. 175 
 
 for the Church, and obtained permission 
 to resign that living in favour of his 
 son, when the latter was qualified to 
 accept it. This permission to resign Witney 
 was given by Bishop Hoadly, who, when 
 the request was made, replied, " If Dr. 
 Freind can ask it, I can grant it." His 
 father resigned the rectory on March 26th, 
 1739, and eight days later William Freind, 
 then twenty-four years of age, was in- 
 stituted to it. 
 
 In 1744 he was made a Prebendary of 
 Westminster, and in 1747 was presented by 
 that Collegiate Church to the rectory of Islip 
 near Oxford, and this he held by dispensa- 
 tion with Witney. In 1748 he took the 
 degree of D.D. When, in 1756, Dr. 
 Gregory, the first Professor of Modern 
 History and Languages, was promoted to 
 the Deanery of Christ Church, Oxford, Dr. 
 Freind succeeded him as Canon of that 
 church, and resigned his Stall at West- 
 minster. He remained at Christ Church 
 only four years, for, on the death of Dean 
 Lynch, he was, without solicitation on his 
 part, appointed Lynch' s successor, and was
 
 * 
 
 176 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 installed Dean of Canterbury on the i4th of 
 June, 1760. 
 
 Dean Freind's career at Canterbury was 
 as uneventful as it was brief. He seems 
 to have left no record of his life in his 
 Cathedral city, beyond the fact that he was 
 very fond of music, and that concerts were 
 frequently given at the Deanery, while he 
 resided there. The proceedings of the 
 Chapter, as recorded in their Minute Book, 
 are now utterly without interest, except that 
 in 1761 they record a subscription of two 
 guineas a year to the Rev. Mr. Kennicott 
 towards carrying out his collation of the 
 Hebrew MSS. of the Old Testament. It 
 may be quite true that few Deans have 
 been more esteemed than Dr. Freind ; that, 
 as a scholar and a gentleman, his attain- 
 ments were eminent ; that, as a divine, his 
 conduct was exemplary ; but why was he 
 made Dean of Canterbury ? His eminent 
 attainments found vent in print in the form 
 of two sermons, and a copy of verses on 
 the marriage of the Prince of Orange with 
 Anne, daughter of George II., and nothing 
 more.
 
 WILLIAM FREIND. 177 
 
 He was Chaplain in Ordinary to 
 George I. and George II., and Prolocutor 
 of the Lower House of Convocation in 1761. 
 He married a sister of Richard Robinson, 
 successively Bishop of Killala, Ferns and 
 Kildare, and Archbishop of Armagh. He 
 died on the 26th of November, 1766, and 
 was buried in Witney church. He left three 
 sons and one daughter.
 
 
 XVII. 
 JOHN POTTER. 
 
 1766 1770. 
 
 Archbishop : CORNWALLIS. 
 
 JOHN POTTER succeeded Dean Freind at 
 Canterbury. Dr. John Potter, father of the 
 new Dean, was consecrated Bishop of Oxford 
 in 1715, and on the death of Archbishop 
 Wake, was translated to Canterbury. He 
 thus attained a position which enabled him 
 to confer favours on his son. 
 
 The Dean was Bishop Potter's eldest 
 son, and was born in 1713. He received, 
 it is said, a private education, and was
 
 7'u fact p. 178. 
 
 JOHN POTTER.
 
 jf * 
 m 
 
 * 
 
 JOHN POTTER. 179 
 
 entered at Christ Church, Oxford, in 1727, 
 and soon after nominated a " Canoneer 
 Student," by his father, who was then 
 a Canon of Christ Church, as well as 
 Bishop of Oxford. He took the degree 
 of B.A., and proceeded M.A. in 1734. 
 
 He then entered into Holy Orders, and was 
 
 J & 
 
 presented by his father to the rectory of 
 
 Blackburn in Lancashire, of which he was 
 patron. From the same source he obtained 
 the valuable sinecure of Elme cum Emneth 
 in the Isle of Ely, in 1739. In 1741 the 
 Archdeaconry of Oxford was vacant, and to 
 this John Potter was presented, and was in- 
 stalled in September. 
 
 In 1742 his father, now Archbishop of 
 Canterbury, collated him to the vicarage of 
 Lydd and the rectory of Chidingstone, both 
 in Kent. In 1745 he became a Canon of 
 Canterbury, and in 1747 his father advanced 
 him to the living of Wrotham, when he 
 resigned Chidingstone, but retained Lydd. 
 On the death of Dr. Freind, Potter was 
 promoted to the Deanery of Canterbury, 
 upon which he resigned the Archdeaconry of 
 Oxford. He died at Wrotham on the 2oth 

 
 
 
 
 180 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 of September, 1770, and was buried in the 
 Dean's Chapel at Canterbury. 
 
 He married early in life and against 
 the wishes of his father, who did not make 
 him his heir. 
 
 Dr. Potter was a man of no mark 
 whatever. He owed all the preferment he 
 received to his father, or his father's in- 
 fluence ; and he, having munificently pro- 
 vided for him out of the Church's revenues, 
 could, with an easy conscience, afford to 
 disinherit him. 
 
 In 1767 it was decided that one Mylne, 
 an architect, should come to Canterbury to 
 make an exact survey of the Cathedral, and 
 give an account in writing of all repairs 
 necessary. Mylne came, but apparently did 
 little or nothing; for in 1770, Potter being 
 still Dean, the architect's services were dis- 
 continued ; the survey was found to be 
 unnecessary. 

 
 HROWNI.ONV NORTH.
 
 XVIII. 
 BROWNLOW NORTH. 
 
 17701771. 
 
 Archbishop : CORNWALLIS. 
 
 THE HONOURABLE BROWNLOW NORTH, 
 youngest son of Francis, Earl of Guilford, 
 was born in 1742, and was educated at 
 Trinity College, Oxford. He graduated 
 B.A. in 1762, and took his M.A. degree 
 from All Souls College in 1766. In 1768 
 he was made a Canon of Christ Church, 
 Oxford, and in 1770 became D.C.L. 
 
 He was installed Dean of Canterbury 
 on the gth of October, 1770, and in the
 
 182 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 next year was consecrated Bishop of Lich- 
 field and Coventry. In 1774 he was trans- 
 lated to the See of Worcester, and in 1781 
 to that of Winchester, and became Prelate 
 of the Most Noble Order of the Garter. 
 
 As a Bishop he belonged rather to the 
 ornamental order. By an easy road, he 
 entered upon the episcopal office at the 
 early age of thirty, when his elder brother, 
 Lord North, was Prime Minister. Little can 
 be said of him except that he was an 
 honourable English gentleman, dignified and 
 courteous, amiable and generous. He did 
 not aspire to anything beyond this. He 
 was of a retiring disposition, and took little 
 or no part in political life. He has been 
 commended for having discharged the duties 
 of his diocese with zeal ; but this praise 
 he hardly deserved, as he was absent for 
 years in Continental travel. ' He was liberal 
 in his contribution to charitable institutions, 
 especially for the poorer clergy, and this 
 he could well afford to be, for in addition 
 to his episcopal revenues and his private 
 income, certainly while he was Bishop of 
 
 1 Stoughton. Hist, of Religion under Anne and the Georges, ii. 26-27.
 
 BROWNLOW NORTH. 183 
 
 Lichfield, he held two livings in commendam. 
 He appears to have been generally loved 
 and esteemed by those with whom he came 
 into contact ; and in those days the gen- 
 erality of Churchmen scarcely expected 
 more. Judging from one of his portraits in 
 magnificent knightly mantle, with his collar 
 and his S. George, his pleasant face sur- 
 mounted by a ponderous wig, he appears 
 eminently fitted to figure at Court, and to 
 grace State ceremonials ' 
 
 He died after a long illness, at his 
 Palace in Chelsea, in July, 1820. 
 
 During the short time this youngest 
 of the Deans occupied his Stall only one 
 alteration of note was made in the Cathe- 
 dral. In 1770 the Minor Canons were 
 ordered to read the lessons from their own 
 seats in the Choir, and the "Eagle," as 
 not required under this new arrangement, 
 was removed into the Library. 2 The Minor 
 Canons read the lessons from their own 
 seats for the next one hundred years. 
 
 1 Abbey. Eiig. Ch. and its Bishops, ii. 217-218. Stoughton. Hist. 
 Rel. under Anne and the Georges, ii. 27. 
 
 2 Acta Capituli.
 
 XIX. 
 JOHN MOORE. 
 
 17711775. 
 
 Archbishop : CORNWALLIS. 
 
 JOHX MOORE, who held the Deanery of 
 Canterbury for four years, was the son of 
 Thomas Moore of Gloucester, and was born 
 in 1730. He was educated at Pembroke 
 College, Oxford, where he graduated B.A. 
 in 1748, M.A. in 1751, and took the 
 degrees of B.D. and D.D. in 1763, when 
 he became Canon of Christ Church, Oxford. 
 Two years before this he had been pro- 
 moted to a Prebendal Stall in Durham 
 Cathedral. In 1769 the rectory of Ryton
 
 Jo face p. 
 
 JOHN MOORE.
 
 JOHN IfOORE. 185 
 
 in the county of Durham was conferred 
 upon him. 
 
 On the elevation of Brownlow North 
 to the Episcopate, Dr. Moore was promoted 
 to the Deanery of Canterbury, in which he 
 was installed on the 2oth of September, 
 1771. In 1775 he was consecrated Bishop 
 of Bangor, and on the death of Archbishop 
 Cornwallis, was translated to Canterbury, 
 after the Primacy had been offered to Hurd, 
 Bishop of Worcester, and to Lowth, Bishop 
 of London. Hurd preferred the quietness of 
 Worcester, and Lowth, who was almost 
 dying, recommended Moore. 
 
 In earlier life the new Dean had been 
 tutor in the house of the Duke of Marl- 
 borough, and, in the absence of any 
 apparent qualifications for so exalted a 
 position, rumour was busy with stories of 
 the manner in which the Marlborough 
 influence had been used to secure Moore's 
 promotion. In these rumours there may have 
 been some truth ; and the Duke's recom- 
 mendation may have carried some weight; 
 for he was intimate with Shelburne the
 
 186 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 Prime Minister of the day, who would 
 hardly be likely to disregard altogether the 
 wishes of Marlborough. 
 
 Moore's Archiepiscopate was far from 
 being a notable one. He was a worthy man, 
 of a religious turn of mind and of businesslike 
 habits, but in nowise remarkable. He took 
 a warm interest in the religious and philan- 
 thropical movements which were prominent 
 in his day, and, besides being an earnest 
 supporter of Sunday schools, co-operated 
 with Wilberforce in his efforts to promote a 
 reformation of manners at home, to improve 
 the condition of the natives of India, and on 
 behalf of the negroes of Barbadoes. 1 He 
 died on the i8th of January, 1805. 
 
 Moore's tenure of office, as Dean and 
 Archbishop, was uneventful. Church life 
 of England at that time was at a low ebb, 
 and he did nothing to revive it, and passed 
 away leaving little more than a name in 
 the list of Deans and Archbishops. 
 
 1 Abbey. Hist, of Eng. Ch. ii. 207-8.
 
 To face p. 187. 
 
 JAMES CORNWALLIS.
 
 XX. 
 
 JAMES CORNWALLIS. 
 
 I775I78I. 
 
 Archbishop : CORNWALLIS. 
 
 THE HONOURABLE JAMES CORNWALLIS 
 was the third son of Charles, first Earl 
 Cornwallis, by Elizabeth, daughter of 
 Charles, Viscount Townsend. He was a 
 nephew of Archbishop Cornwallis, and was 
 born in Dover Street, Piccadilly, on the 
 25th of February, 1743. He received his 
 early education at Eton, whence he pro- 
 ceeded to Christ Church, Oxford, at which 
 he graduated B.A. in 1763, and was 
 afterwards given a Fellowship at Merton
 
 188 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 College, from which he took his M.A. 
 degree in 1766. 
 
 On ceasing to reside at Oxford he 
 entered as a member of the Temple, with 
 the intention of practising at the bar ; but his 
 uncle advised him to alter his mind, and 
 he was ordained. He commenced his ecclesi- 
 astical career as chaplain to Lord Townsend, 
 then Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. In 1769 
 the Archbishop collated him to the rectory 
 of Ickham in Kent, and in the following 
 year the same patron bestowed upon him 
 the rectory of Adisham. Being the son of 
 an Earl, he was at the same time made a 
 Prebendary of Westminster, and rector of 
 Newington in Oxfordshire. The uncle's 
 generosity was not yet exhausted, so in 1771 
 he collated his nephew to the rectory of 
 Wrotham in Kent, upon which he resigned 
 Ickham and Adisham, but six months later 
 was again inducted to Ickham, a dispen- 
 sation having been granted to allow him to 
 hold Wrotham and Ickham. But Ickham 
 was again resigned, this time that he might 
 take the living of Boughton Malherbe, which 
 he held until 1779.
 
 JAMES CORNIVALLIS. 189 
 
 On his promotion from Westminster to 
 the Deanery of Canterbury he took the 
 degree of D.C.L. He was installed Dean 
 on the 29th of April, 1775. With his 
 Deanery he kept Boughton Malherbe until 
 1779, and Wrotham until 1781, when he 
 was consecrated Bishop of Lichfield and 
 Coventry. On the translation of Bishop 
 Douglas from Carlisle to Salisbury in 1791, 
 the Deanery of Windsor, which Bishop 
 Douglas had held, was conferred upon 
 Cornwallis, Bishop of Lichfield, and he held 
 it until 1794, when he exchanged it for the 
 Deanery of Durham. This and his Bishop- 
 ric he held until his death. He died, at 
 Richmond, Surrey, in 1824, and was buried 
 in Lichfield Cathedral. 
 
 In 1823 the second Marquis Cornwallis 
 died, and the title becoming extinct, the 
 Earldom reverted to James Cornwallis, late 
 Dean of Canterbury. 
 
 Cornwallis married in 1771 Catharine, 
 daughter of Geoffrey Mann of Boughton 
 Malherbe, by whom he had two daughters 
 and one son, James, who succeeded to the 
 title of Earl Cornwallis.
 
 XXI. 
 GEORGE HORNE. 
 
 1781 1790. 
 
 Archbishop : MOORE. 
 
 GEORGE HORNE was born at Otham, 
 in Kent, in 1730, and was baptized there 
 on the ist of November in that year. His 
 father was the Rev. Samuel Home, rector 
 of Otham, who had been for some years 
 a Tutor at Oxford University. He was a 
 man of an independent mind, and used to 
 say he would rather be a toad-eater to a 
 mountebank, than flatter any great man 
 against his conscience. He was rector of 
 Otham from 1727 until his death in 1768.
 
 OKOKCK HOK.NK.
 
 GEORGE HORNE. 191 
 
 During a good portion of this time he 
 occupied such leisure as he could spare from 
 his parochial duties to the education of his 
 children, of whom he had four sons and 
 three daughters. Samuel Home's eldest son 
 died young ; George (afterwards Dean of 
 Canterbury) was the -second son ; of the 
 other two sons, Samuel became a Fellow of 
 University College, Oxford, and William 
 succeeded his father as rector of Otham 
 and rector of Brede in Sussex. The father 
 is said to have been of a mild and quiet 
 temper, and to have studiously avoided 
 giving trouble to anyone. So far did he 
 carry his idea of not causing trouble, that 
 when George was an infant his father used 
 to awake him with the playing of a flute, 
 that the change from sleeping to waking 
 might be gradual and pleasant. 
 
 George Home continued under his 
 father's tuition until he was thirteen, leading 
 a pleasant life, and at the same time 
 making good progress in learning, At this 
 age a friend advised that the boy should be 
 sent to school, and his father, " to avoid 
 trouble," readily agreed, and George was
 
 192 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 sent to Maidstone, and placed under the 
 Rev. Deodatus Bye, 1 Master of the Gram- 
 mar School there, and a man well learned 
 in Latin, Greek and Hebrew. When Bye 
 examined his new scholar, he gave an 
 opinion that the boy was more fit to go 
 from school than to come to one. At 
 Maidstone, George Home remained two 
 years, adding to his stock of learning and 
 obtaining an elementary knowledge of 
 Hebrew, which was of service to him after- 
 wards. When little more than fifteen he 
 was admitted at University College, Oxford, 
 having obtained a Scholarship from his 
 school. In 1 749 Home took his degree 
 of B.A., and in the following year was 
 elected Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford, 
 under very gratifying circumstances. At this 
 time the Kentish Fellowship became vacant, 
 and there was no Scholar of Magdalen from 
 Kent. The Senior Fellow of University 
 College, hearing of this, went to Magdalen 
 College, and told the Fellows there what 
 an extraordinary young man they might find 
 at his own College, and recommended them 
 
 1 Todd says Bye had been rector of Otterden, but he was not inducted 
 to that rectory until 1748. He resigned that living in the same year.
 
 GEORGE HORNE. 193 
 
 to accept Home. To this they agreed, and 
 George Home, when only twenty years old, 
 was Fellow of Magdalen College. He had 
 previously become acquainted with Jones 
 of Nayland, afterwards his chaplain and 
 biographer, with Charles Jenkinson, after- 
 wards Earl of Liverpool, and with Moore, 
 afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury. 
 
 Before he graduated he was deeply 
 engaged in the study of poetry, history, 
 philosophy and the Greek tragedians ; but 
 soon became prominent among a set of men 
 who adhered on many points to the opinions 
 of Hutchinson. To these men the Bible, 
 rightly studied, was the sum of all human 
 knowledge, and they doubted whether the 
 philosophy of Sir Isaac Newton were war- 
 ranted by the Scriptures : the very name 
 of natural religion was hateful to them. In 
 1750 Home attracted considerable attention 
 by his advocacy of the views held by 
 Hutchinson, and in the next year attacked 
 Newton's system, and published his remarks 
 anonymously. 
 
 In 1752 he proceeded M.A., and, enter- 
 ing into a controversy on the subject of 
 
 M
 
 194 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 the Cherubim, fairly commenced a literary 
 career which continued until nearly the end 
 of his life. In the next year he was 
 ordained, and preached his first sermon at 
 Findon, Northamptonshire, of which parish 
 his friend Jones was curate. Athough he 
 soon obtained the reputation of being the 
 best preacher in England, he neither sought 
 nor received any preferment ; probably be- 
 cause he loved the life of the University, 
 and had no wish to leave it. 
 
 In 1764 he took the degree of D.D., 
 four years later he was elected President 
 of his College, and soon after published his 
 " Considerations on the Life and Death of 
 S. John the Baptist." These "Considera- 
 tions" had been delivered before the 
 members of the University on S. John 
 the Baptist's Day from a stone pulpit which 
 then stood in the quadrangle of Magdalen, 
 and was on that day decked round with 
 green boughs, that the preaching might 
 more nearly resemble that of John in the 
 wilderness. In 1771 he was appointed Chap- 
 lain to the King, an appointment which he 
 retained until his promotion to Canterbury.
 
 GEORGE HORNE. 195 
 
 Apart from his entertainment of Dr. 
 Johnson and Boswell to tea at Magdalen, 
 when his guests were favourably impressed 
 by their host, 1776 was an important year 
 to Home ; for then he became Vice- 
 Chancellor of Oxford, and thus came into 
 contact with Lord North, who was Chan- 
 cellor. With two such prominent men as 
 the Earl of Liverpool and Lord North as 
 his friends, Home was not likely to remain 
 much longer without church preferment; and 
 on the removal of Dr. Cornwallis to the 
 Bishopric of Lichfield, he was nominated 
 to succeed to the Deanery of Canterbury. 
 When he accepted this appointment his 
 intention was to resign the Presidentship of 
 Magdalen, and to reside exclusively in Kent ; 
 but he was persuaded to keep both, and 
 submitted to the unsettled life of a pilgrim 
 between his College and his Deanery. With 
 everything that lay between Oxford and 
 Canterbury he was well acquainted, and 
 with little besides. I 
 
 From the age of twenty-one he had 
 been almost continually before the public, 
 
 1 Diet. Natl. Biography.
 
 196 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 either as a writer of pamphlets or of 
 sermons; but in 1776 appeared his great 
 work, " A Commentary on the Psalms," on 
 which he had been engaged for twenty 
 years. The labour bestowed upon this work 
 is said to have been prodigious ; his reading 
 for many years was principally devoted to 
 this subject ; and his study and meditation 
 together produced as fine a work, and as 
 finely written, as most in the English 
 language. ' The work attained an immense 
 popularity. The Introduction to it by its 
 tender beauty continues to inspire admiration 
 in the minds of many unprepared to accept 
 his comments. 2 
 
 After his promotion to the Deanery his 
 time was divided between Oxford and Can- 
 terbury ; at Oxford he was beloved as the 
 amiable President of Magdalen ; at Canterbury 
 as the friendly and hospitable Dean ; he 
 was always ready to assist by preaching or 
 otherwise on public occasions. The opening 
 of a new organ in his Cathedral, the 
 institution and advancement of Sunday 
 
 'Jones. Memoirs, p. 121. 
 1 Stoughton. Rel. under Anne, etc., ii, 62.
 
 GEORGE HORNE. 197 
 
 schools, the yearly meeting of old King's 
 Scholars and Archiepiscopal visitations gave 
 him ample opportunities for displaying his 
 taste in music, pleading the cause of poor 
 children, contending for the Christian faith, 
 and gratifying the public by his talents as 
 a preacher. 
 
 Dr. Home's stay at Canterbury was 
 short. The See of Norwich was vacant 
 by the translation of Dr. Lewis Bagot to 
 S. Asaph, and the Dean of Canterbury was 
 nominated his successor. He was conse- 
 crated at Lambeth on the yth of June, 1791, 
 when he resigned not only his Deanery but 
 also his Mastership of Magdalen College, 
 and took up his residence at Norwich. His 
 residence there was only for a very brief 
 period. His health was rapidly failing, and 
 he was advised to proceed to Bath, to which 
 place he had previously paid two visits and 
 received benefit. The third journey had 
 been deferred too long, for while on the 
 road he was seized with paralysis. He 
 reached Bath, but the end was near. For 
 several days he had been unable clearly to 
 express himself, but the day before his
 
 198 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 death he joined in the prayers that were 
 read in his room, and repeated the Lord's 
 Prayer with as much composure as ever he 
 did in his life. After that he received the 
 Sacrament with the various members of his 
 family, and when it was over exclaimed 
 "Now am I blessed indeed." 1 He died on 
 the i yth of January, 1792, and was buried 
 in the family vault of his father-in-law, in 
 the churchyard of Eltham in Kent. 
 
 In 1768 Home married the only 
 daughter of Philip Burton and by her had 
 three daughters. His wife survived him. 
 
 At the opening of the Radcliffe Library, 
 Oxford, it was said that when all were 
 assembled, there was not then a more 
 handsome young man in the Theatre. He 
 was "above the middle size," Todd tells 
 us, but he was not of a strong and muscu- 
 lar constitution. He was near-sighted, and 
 helpless without the use of glasses. Athletic 
 amusements gave him more trouble than 
 they were worth. "It was of service to his 
 mind, that he was no fisherman, no shooter, 
 no hunter, no horseman ; the cultivation of 
 
 1 Jones. Memoirs, p. 197.
 
 GEORGE HOR^ 7 E. 199 
 
 his understanding was therefore carried on 
 with less interruption, and his improvements 
 were rapid." 1 "If ever virtue itself was 
 visible and dwelt upon earth, it was," said 
 Dr. Thurlow, "in the person of George 
 Home." For over forty years he had been 
 prominent as a Fellow and as Master of 
 his College, as a writer on many subjects, 
 as Dean of Canterbury and as Bishop of 
 Norwich, and, as far as I am aware, there 
 is no blot on his character either as a man 
 or as a divine. As a preacher he excelled 
 in a style of composition and delivery then 
 uncommon with orthodox divines. His en- 
 deavour was to make his sermons popular 
 that he might win multitudes to his Master's 
 service. When made a Bishop some rejoiced 
 at the promotion of a man who would make 
 a truly Christian Bishop. 2 
 
 Home was a great man and a good 
 man; but his "restoration" of the Cathedral 
 savoured strongly, like many restorations 
 since, of desecration. The work began in 
 1785, when the oval part of the steps leading 
 up to the Altar was sawn off. In 1786 an 
 
 1 Jones Memoirs, p. 163. 
 3 Stoughton. Rel. under Anne, etc., ii, 62-3.
 
 200 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 order was given to Messrs. White to re- 
 pave the Nave. The old incised stones were 
 removed to the South West Transept, the 
 Chapter House and elsewhere, and many 
 were destroyed ; the ancient raised tombs 
 were also removed, and were never rebuilt. 
 There seems to have been some misgiving 
 about this work, for the Chapter paid White 
 three guineas for mapping the stones and 
 inscriptions in the church, and this "map" 
 may still be seen suspended in the Cathedral 
 Library. In 1787 the staircase from the 
 Baptistery to the Sermon House was ordered 
 to be walled up, and the painted glass was 
 taken from the same Sermon House, and 
 placed in the West window of the Nave. 
 In 1788 there was a gleam of better things; 
 music by Pett, Ebden, Webb and Boyce 
 was bought for use in the Cathedral. l 
 
 1 Acta Capituli.
 
 WILLIAM BULLKR. 
 
 fat-f p. 201.
 
 XXII. 
 WILLIAM DULLER. 
 
 1790-1792. 
 
 Archbishop : MOORE. 
 
 WILLIAM DULLER, fourth son of John 
 Francis Duller, of Morval, Cornwall, by 
 Rebecca, daughter of Sir Jonathan Trelawny, 
 Dishop of Winchester, was born in 1735. 
 He was educated at Oriel College, Oxford, 
 where he graduated D.A. in 1757, M.A. in 
 1759, and D.D. and D.D. in 1781. In 
 1760 he married Anne, daughter of John 
 Thomas, Dishop of Winchester. The issue 
 of this marriage was three sons, William, 
 Charles, and Richard. l 
 
 1 Burke. Landed Gentry.
 
 202 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 In 1784 Dr. Buller was promoted to 
 the Deanery of Exeter and to a Prebend al 
 Stall in that Cathedral The Deanery of 
 Canterbury was conferred upon him in 1790, 
 when he resigned his preferment at Exeter; 
 but two years later he was consecrated 
 Bishop of that See, and also accepted the 
 Archdeaconry of Exeter. Upon his elevation 
 to the Episcopate he resigned the Deanery 
 of Canterbury, but retained his Archdeaconry 
 of Exeter until his death, which occurred 
 on the 1 2th of December, 1796.
 
 FOLLIOTT HERBERT WALKER CORNEWALL. 
 
 To fnrr f>. 20.;.
 
 XXIII. 
 
 FOLLIOTT HERBERT WALKER 
 CORNEWALL. 
 
 I793I797. 
 
 Archbishop : MOORE. 
 
 DR. CORNEWALL, who now succeeded 
 to the Deanery, was the second son of 
 Captain Frederick Cornewall, R.N., of Diddle 
 bury, in Shropshire, by Mary, daughter 
 of Francis Herbert, M.P. for Montgomery. 
 Francis Herbert's wife was Mary, daughter 
 of Rowland Baugh by Mary, sister of 
 Henry, Lord Folliott, and first cousin to 
 the first Earl Powys. To account for the 
 Dean's third Christian name it is necessary
 
 204 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 to add that Francis Walker, of Ferney Hall, 
 Clungunford, Shropshire, was a grandson 
 of Rebecca, another sister of Henry, Lord 
 Folliott, and that Walker bequeathed his 
 estates to Dr. Cornewall. 1 
 
 He was educated at S. John's College, 
 Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. in 
 1777, and M.A. in 1780, and became a 
 Fellow. In the same year, by the influence 
 of his second cousin, Charles Wolfran 
 Cornewall, Speaker of the House of Com- 
 mons, he was appointed Chaplain to the 
 Commons. In 1784 he was installed Canon 
 of Windsor, and was made Master of 
 Wigston's Hospital, Leicester, in 1790. On 
 the 23rd of January, 1793, he was installed 
 Dean of Canterbury, and then resigned his 
 Stall at Windsor. In 1797 he was conse- 
 crated Bishop of Bristol, from which See he 
 was translated in 1803 to that of Hereford. 
 From Hereford he was translated to Wor- 
 cester in 1808, of which he remained 
 Bishop until his death on the 5th of 
 September, 1831. He was buried at Diddle- 
 bury. 
 
 1 Gent. Mag. ci., part 2.
 
 FOLLIOTT HERBERT WALKER CORNEWALL. 205 
 
 He married Anne, daughter of the Hon. 
 and Rev. George Hamilton, Canon of 
 Windsor from 1783 to 1787, by whom 
 he had two sons and one daughter. 
 
 He published a Sermon preached before 
 the House of Commons on the 3Oth of 
 January, 1782, and a Fast Sermon preached 
 before the House of Lords in 1798. 
 
 He was an elegant scholar and a man 
 of polished manners. To Bishop Hurd's 
 question " What has raised him to this 
 dignity?" the answer would be simple. He 
 was nearly related to the Speaker, and had 
 been Tutor to Lord Liverpool. 1 
 
 1 Abbey. Eng. Ch. and its Bishops, ii., 272.
 
 XXIV. 
 THOMAS POWYS. 
 
 17971809. 
 
 Archbishops : MOORE, MANNERS SUTTON. 
 
 THOMAS POWYS, son of Philip Powys, 
 of Hardwick House, Oxfordshire, matri- 
 culated at S. John's College, Oxford, on 
 the 2nd of July, 1753, being then sixteen 
 years old. He graduated B.A. in 1757, 
 and proceeded M.A. in 1760. He was 
 rector of Fawley, Buckinghamshire, and of 
 Silchester, Hampshire. In 1769 he was 
 made a Prebendary of Hereford, and in 
 1779 was promoted to the Deanery of 
 Bristol. In 1795 he took the degree of
 
 To face p. 206. 
 
 THOMAS POWYS.
 
 THOMAS POWYS. 207 
 
 B.D. and D.D., and in the following year 
 was appointed by patent Canon of Windsor ; 
 but this he resigned on accepting the 
 Deanery of Canterbury in 1797. He died 
 at Canterbury on the 7th October, 1809, 
 and was buried in the Lady Chapel of the 
 Cathedral on the same day, according to 
 the Cathedral Register.
 
 XXV. 
 GERRARD ANDREVVES. 
 
 1809 1825. 
 
 Archbishop : MANNERS SUTTON. 
 
 GERRARD ANDREWES, was the son of 
 the Rev. Gerrard Andrewes, vicar of Syston 
 and of S. Nicholas, Leicester. His mother 
 was Isabella, daughter of John Ludlam of 
 Leicester, in which town young Gerrard 
 was born on the I4th of April, 1750. His 
 father was also Master of the Grammar 
 School at Leicester, and there probably his 
 son received the rudiments of his education. 
 In 1764 the lad was elected to a Scholar- 
 ship at Westminster School, where he
 
 To face p. 208. 
 
 GERRARD ANDREWES.
 
 GERRARD ANDREWES. 209 
 
 remained until 1769, in which year he 
 matriculated at Trinity College, Cambridge. 
 In 1773 he graduated B.A., and in 1779 
 proceeded M.A. 
 
 The year before he graduated at Cam- 
 bridge he returned to Westminster School 
 as assistant master, and remained there 
 until 1784. After his ordination, and while 
 still engaged in his scholastic duties, he 
 was assistant preacher at S. Bride's church, 
 Fleet Street, and was afterwards attached 
 to S. James's Chapel, Hampstead Road. 
 In 1780 he acted as chaplain to Sir E. C. 
 Hartopp, then High Sheriff of Leicester. 
 In 1788 his former pupil, Lord Barrington, 
 presented him to the rectory of Zeal Mon- 
 achorum in Devonshire, but, following the 
 too common custom of the time, he appears 
 to have enjoyed the emoluments arising 
 from his benefice without residing upon 
 it, or even near to it. In 1791 he was 
 appointed Preacher at the Magdalen, and 
 in 1799 held a similar position at the 
 Foundling Hospital. The next year Lady 
 Talbot gave him the rectory of Mickleham 
 near Dorking, and on the roth of August, 
 
 N
 
 210 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 1802, Porteus, Bishop of London, collated 
 him to the important rectory of S. James, 
 Piccadilly. 
 
 In 1809 Spencer Perceval nominated 
 him to the Deanery of Canterbury, upon 
 which he resigned the living of Mickleham. 
 In 1812 he was offered the Bishopric of 
 Chester, but this he declined on the plea 
 of advancing age. He died at the rectory, 
 Piccadilly, on the 2nd of June, 1825, and 
 was buried at Great Bookham in Surrey. 
 
 In 1788 he married Elizabeth Maria, 
 daughter of the Rev. Thomas Ball, rector 
 of Wymondham, by whom he had one son 
 and three daughters. 
 
 In the pulpit he is said to have been 
 argumentative, but not conclusive ; a good 
 rather than a great preacher, and was often 
 striking, but seldom moving. 1 
 
 1 Gent. Mag. xcv. Part 2.
 
 HON. HUGH PERCY. 
 
 To face p. 211.
 
 XXVI. 
 HON. HUGH PERCY. 
 
 18251827. 
 
 Archbishop : MANNERS SUTTON. 
 
 HUGH PERCY, third son of Algernon, 
 first Earl of Beverley, by Susannah, second 
 daughter of Peter Burrill, was born in 
 London on the 2gth of January, 1784. His 
 mother was sister to Frances Julia Burrill, 
 who married Hugh Percy, second Duke 
 of Northumberland. With such family 
 connections it was then only to be ex- 
 pected that Hugh Percy would rise to 
 preferment in whatever path of life he might 
 choose to follow. Having taken his M.A.
 
 212 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 degree at Trinity College, Cambridge, in 
 1805, and been ordained, he further ensured 
 his success in life by wedding, in 1806, 
 Mary, the eldest daughter of Manners 
 Sutton, who had been raised to the Primacy 
 after the death of Archbishop Moore. In 
 1808 his father-in-law collated him to the 
 rectory of Bishopsbourne and he was in- 
 ducted in the same year. For some reason, 
 not now apparent, he was inducted a second 
 time in 1809, and at the same time he was 
 inducted to the rectory of Ivychurch, which 
 he also received from Manners Sutton. ' In 
 1810 he was appointed Chancellor and Pre- 
 bendary of Exeter. In 1812 he was installed 
 Chancellor of Salisbury, and in 1816 the 
 Archbishop conferred upon him a Canonry 
 in his own Cathedral, upon which he re- 
 signed the positions he held at Exeter. In 
 the same year he was further promoted to 
 
 1 In earlier times resignation and re-induction were not uncommon. 
 The holder of a benefice above a certain value could not become a 
 pluralist, but if his living were below a fixed sum he could. 
 Hence, if the smaller living were offered, he would, by arrange- 
 ment, resign the larger, for a time, and get inducted to the 
 smaller. Then, as the law allowed him to accept a richer living 
 in addition to the poorer one, he would again be inducted to 
 that which he had resigned shortly before. It was a pitiable 
 shift, merely to enable him to evade the law.
 
 JfO.V. HUGH PERCY. 213 
 
 the enormously rich Stall of Finsbury at 
 S. Paul's, which he held until his death. 
 
 In 1822 he was appointed Archdeacon 
 of Canterbury, when he resigned Bishops- 
 bourne and Ivychurch, and in 1825 became 
 Dean of Canterbury. In 1827 he was 
 consecrated Bishop of Rochester, but was, 
 in the same year, translated to the See of 
 Carlisle, which he held until his death in 
 1856. 
 
 While Dean of Canterbury he encour- 
 aged the restoration of the interior of the 
 Cathedral, and devoted his time to a 
 personal superintendence of the work. As 
 a Bishop, though he fell far short of our 
 own ideas of what a Bishop ought to do 
 and to be, he was considered able and 
 efficient, and a new and better order of 
 things began to stir the religious life of 
 the diocese of Carlisle. This was due in a 
 measure to the influence of the Oxford 
 movement, and to the fact that churchmen 
 generally were tired of the old order, under 
 which men of good position in life, but of 
 ordinary talents, practically had monopolised 
 all the rewards the Church had to give.
 
 214 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 In 1838 Percy established a Clergy Aid 
 Society for his diocese; and in 1855 a 
 Diocesan Education Society. 
 
 He is described as a genial specimen 
 of a courtly country gentleman, a good 
 judge of horses, and as being fond of 
 farming. On his journeys to London to 
 attend the House of Lords he used to drive 
 his four horses himself, a feat which, I 
 suspect, few of his episcopal successors in 
 our days could perform even if they tried, 
 and certainly would not attempt even if 
 they had the opportunity. 
 
 He died at Rose Castle on the 5th of 
 February, 1856, and was buried in the 
 churchyard of Dalston in Cumberland. 
 
 By his first wife he had three sons and 
 eight daughters. His eldest son, Algernon, 
 married Emily, daughter of Reginald Heber, 
 and afterwards assumed the name of Heber 
 in addition to his own. Bishop Percy 
 married his - second wife in 1 840. She 
 was Mary, daughter of Sir William Hope 
 Johnstone.
 
 HON. RICHARD BAOOT. 
 
 To face p. 215.
 
 XXVII. 
 HON. RICHARD BAGOT. 
 
 18271845. 
 
 Archbishops : MANNERS SUTTON, HOWLEY. 
 
 RICHARD BAGOT was the third son of 
 William, first Lord Bagot, by the Honour- 
 able Louisa St. John, daughter of John, 
 second Lord Bolingbroke. He was born at 
 Daventry on the 22nd of November, 1782, 
 and entered Rugby School in 1790, at that 
 time under the mastership of Dr. James. 
 There he remained until 1800, when he 
 matriculated at Christ Church, Oxford, and 
 graduated B.A. in 1803. In the next year 
 he was elected a Fellow of All Souls 
 College, and held his Fellowship until 1806,
 
 216 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 when he married Harriet Villiers, youngest 
 daughter of the fourth Earl of Jersey. In 
 the same year he proceeded M.A., and was 
 presented by his father to the rectory of 
 Leigh, Staffordshire. In 1807 the same 
 patron conferred upon him the rectory of 
 Blithfield, also in Staffordshire. In 1817 he 
 was appointed a Prebendary of Worcester, 
 and this he held until 1822, when he was 
 appointed, by patent, Canon of Windsor. 
 
 In 1827 the Honourable Hugh Percy 
 was consecrated Bishop of Rochester, and 
 resigned the Deanery of Canterbury. Percy's 
 successor was the Honourable Richard 
 Bagot, who was installed Dean on the 
 2nd of September, 1827. In 1829 he was 
 consecrated Bishop of Oxford, which position 
 he held until 1845, afi d with it held by 
 permission the Deanery of Canterbury. In 
 1845 ne was translated to Bath and Wells; 
 but the abuse of holding ecclesiastical pre- 
 ferment in commendam having been abolished 
 in England by Statute in 1836, the Deanery 
 of Canterbury became, by his translation, 
 vacant. He died at Brighton on the i5th 
 of May, 1854, aged 71.
 
 JION. RICHARD BAGOT. 217 
 
 While he held the See of Oxford The 
 Tracts for the Times were issued, and Dr. 
 Bagot, contrary to his inclinations, was 
 brought into prominence. He was charged 
 with favouring those who were taxed with 
 being Romanisers, and was urged by the 
 press and by private correspondents to sus- 
 pend the authors of the famous Tracts, and 
 to clear the University of all who inclined 
 to the views put forward by the writers, 
 who, on their part, looked upon him as a 
 shield from the public indignation. The 
 pressure brought to bear upon Dr. Bagot 
 induced him to require that the publication 
 of the Tracts should cease, and his wish 
 had the desired effect. But the outcry 
 against them continued, and a charge de- 
 livered by him in 1842, was considered 
 as an apology for the authors. 
 
 To the excitement caused by the pub- 
 lication of The Tracts for the Times was 
 added Bishop Bagot's failing health, and 
 this was followed by an openly expressed 
 opinion that the Bishopric of Oxford required 
 to be administered by a younger and more 
 vigorous man ; and consequently, on the
 
 218 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 death of Bishop Law, Bagot was translated 
 to Bath and Wells, and Samuel Wilberforce 
 was promoted to Oxford. 
 
 His removal to Bath and Wells did 
 not relieve him from trouble. He inducted 
 the Rev. W. J. E. Bennett, a well known 
 High Churchman, to the vicarage of Frome, 
 and for this he was attacked in the House 
 of Commons. This was the forerunner of 
 the mental affliction which fell upon him, 
 and from which he never recovered. There 
 was then no law by which a Bishop could 
 relieve himself of his duties, and so the 
 affairs of his diocese were administered by 
 Dr. Monk, Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol, 
 under the provisions of an Act of Parlia- 
 ment passed for that purpose. 
 
 Dr. Bagot, in his private life, is said to 
 have been a most estimable man ; he was 
 gentle and a lover of peace; a munificent 
 patron of church societies, and a generous 
 friend to the poor. His only contributions 
 to literature were a Sermon preached before 
 the Society for the Propagation of the 
 Gospel in 1835, an d four episcopal charges 
 delivered in 1834, 1837, 1842, and 1847.
 
 HOX. RICHARD BAGOT. 219 
 
 By his wife, who survived him, he 
 had eight sons and four daughters. His 
 daughter Harriet married the Rev. Lord 
 Charles Thynne, uncle to the Marquess of 
 Bath and Canon of Canterbury. l 
 
 1 Gent. Mag., xlii, N. Ser.
 
 XXVIII. 
 WILLIAM ROWE LYALL. 
 
 18451857. 
 
 Archbishops : HOWLEY, SUMNER. 
 
 WILLIAM ROWE LYALL was the third 
 son of John Lyall, of Findon, Sussex, and 
 a younger brother of George Lyall, who 
 sat in Parliament as one of the Members 
 for London, and was for some time Chair- 
 man of the Hon. East India Company. 
 William R. Lyall was born in London on 
 the nth of February, 1788, and at the age 
 of seventeen matriculated at Trinity College, 
 Cambridge, where he obtained a Scholar- 
 ship. He graduated B.A. in 1810, and 
 M.A. in 1816.
 
 WILLIAM ROWE LYALL. 
 To face />. 220.
 
 WILLIAM ROIVE LYALL. 221 
 
 He was ordained to the curacy of 
 Fawley, Hampshire, in 1812, of which parish 
 Lord Walsingham, Archdeacon of Surrey, 
 was then rector. In 1814 Rowe was ad- 
 mitted to priest's orders. During- the time 
 he resided at Fawley he began to contribute 
 to the Quarterly Review, and two of his 
 articles on " The Philosophy of Dugald 
 Stewart" attracted considerable attention 
 from the ability and learning which they 
 displayed. 
 
 In 1815 he removed to London, and 
 succeeded to the editorship of the British 
 Critic. In 1817 he was appointed chaplain 
 of S. Thomas's Hospital, and soon after 
 became assistant preacher at Lincoln's Inn. 
 In 1820 Howley, then Bishop of London, 
 and afterwards Archbishop of Canterbury, 
 and Blomfield, afterwards Bishop of Chester 
 and Bishop of London, invited Lyall to 
 undertake the management of the " Ency- 
 clopaedia Metropolitan a," a literary work of 
 considerable interest, which had fallen into 
 abeyance. The duties connected with this 
 he performed with great ability and with 
 his usual zeal, and, having ensured the
 
 222 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 success of the work, he transferred the 
 management to other hands, and devoted 
 himself to his clerical duties. 
 
 In 1822 he accepted the appointment 
 of examining chaplain to the Bishop of 
 London, and in the next year was inducted 
 to the rectory of Weeley in Essex, In 1824 
 he was nominated to the Archdeaconry of 
 Colchester, and then quitted London, only 
 returning to it for the delivery of the 
 Warburtonian Lectures on the " Prophetical 
 Evidences of Christianity." He resided at 
 Bradfield in Essex until 1827, when he was 
 made rector of Fairsted in the same county. 
 In 1833 he exchanged the livings of Weeley 
 and Fairsted for the rectory of Hadleigh 
 in Suffolk ; and in that disorganised and 
 neglected district he contributed by his 
 advice, assistance and example, to allay 
 animosities, to heal dissensions, and to 
 promote the moral and material welfare of 
 all within his reach. In 1840, the last year 
 of his residence at Hadleigh, he published his 
 "Propsedia Prophetica," which elicited from 
 Archbishop Howley and others the warmest 
 expression of admiration and approval.
 
 WILLIAM ROWE LYALL. 223 
 
 While Archdeacon of Colchester his 
 charges to the clergy were noteworthy for 
 their ability and remarkable for the tone 
 of wisdom and conciliation which pervaded 
 them ; and Howley, knowing the man and 
 his capabilities, and having confidence in 
 him, urged Lyall to accept the Arch- 
 deaconry of Maidstone, which had just been 
 constituted. He accepted the appointment 
 without hesitation, but with reluctance, as 
 he felt unwilling to give up the Arch- 
 deaconry of Colchester, where his usefulness, 
 influence and popularity were unbounded. 
 In 1842 the Archbishop collated him to the 
 rectory of Great Chart, and this he held 
 for ten years. 
 
 In 1845 Bishop Bagot (Dean of Canter- 
 bury) was translated to Bath and Wells, 
 and resigned his Deanery, and Lyall, upon 
 the recommendation of Sir Robert Peel, 
 was appointed to succeed to the vacant 
 office. 
 
 The death of Dean Lyall was the 
 result of a paralytic stroke, which deprived 
 him, for the last few months of his life, of 
 the power of speech. He died on the
 
 224 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 1 7th of February, 1857, and was buried 
 in the churchyard of Harbledown near 
 Canterbury. 1 
 
 His intellectual qualities were of a very 
 high order, combining great dialectical skill 
 with great acuteness ; great quickness of 
 apprehension with great powers of analysis ; 
 great justness of observation with great 
 accuracy of thought ; and these qualities en- 
 abled him to bring to the discussion of con- 
 troversial questions a mind qualified to sift 
 and weigh the value of opposite arguments 
 and conflicting evidence. He was a sound 
 classical scholar ; his knowledge of ancient 
 and modern literature was extensive ; and 
 his acquaintance with divinity was remark- 
 able both for depth and accuracy. His 
 sermons, composed in terse and manlv 
 English, were replete with wisdom and 
 good sense, and were, for the most part, 
 eminently practical. 
 
 In 1817 he married Catherine, youngest 
 daughter of Joseph Brandreth, M.D., of 
 Liverpool, but left no family. 
 
 1 For some further particulars of Dean LyalPs life see The 
 Essex Review, viii. pp. 220222.
 
 HENRY ALFOKIX 
 
 To fficr p. 225
 
 XXIX. 
 HENRY ALFORD. 
 
 18571871. 
 
 Archbishops : SUMNER, LONGLEY, TAIT. 
 
 The appointment of HENRY ALFORD to 
 the Deanery of Canterbury marks a new 
 era in the history of its famous Cathedral. 
 Previously the Dean had preached three 
 sermons a year from its pulpit, and there 
 was but one sermon on a Sunday, and that 
 always in the morning. On his arrival he 
 made up his mind to alter that custom, and 
 at once commenced his attack on the old 
 state of things. As we shall see later on, 
 he met with opposition, but he carried his 
 
 o
 
 226 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 point ; the afternoon sermon was agreed 
 upon, and the Dean was to be the 
 preacher. 
 
 Henry Alford was born at 25, Alfred 
 Place, Bedford Row, London, on the yth 
 of October, 1810. He was the only child 
 of Henry' Alford, by his wife Sarah Eliza 
 Paget, whose father was a banker at Tarn- 
 worth. She died in January, 1811, leaving 
 her child, who, three years later, was 
 described as a tender delicate plant, whose 
 extreme sensibility often made him ill. 
 Notwithstanding, he was a precocious child, 
 whose chief amusement consisted in the 
 making of little books, in which he wrote 
 histories, the " Travels of S. Paul," a 
 " History of the Jews," or simply copied 
 texts from the Bible. All this was done 
 before he was nine years old. At the time 
 of his birth his father was a lawyer ; but 
 the death of his wife led him to leave his 
 profession, and, after ordination, he became 
 curate of Steeple Ashton, and acted as 
 tutor and companion to his son. From 
 Steeple Ashton the father went as curate 
 to Wraxall ; but this he resigned on account
 
 HENRY ALFORD. 227 
 
 of ill health, and in 1817 accompanied Lord 
 Calthorpe as his chaplain on a tour abroad. 
 His son was sent to a small school at 
 Charmouth, kept by Mr. Mercy. From this 
 school he was soon removed, owing- to 
 illness, but he returned to Charmouth in 
 1819; this time to a school kept by the 
 Rev. B. Jeanes, a Congregational Minister. 
 
 In 1821 he left Charmouth for another 
 school at Hammersmith, where he spent 
 about two years, and then went to Ilminster 
 Grammar School, at which he remained 
 three years and a half, and spent the time 
 happily under Mr. Allen, who was then 
 the Head Master. From Ilminster he was 
 transferred to Aston and was placed as a 
 pupil in the home of the Rev. John 
 Bickersteth. In October, 1828, having 
 completed his preparatory education, he 
 left Aston, and proceeded to Cambridge, 
 where he matriculated at Trinity College 
 in November of the same year. 
 
 At Cambridge he was assiduous in his 
 studies, and active in the pursuit of know- 
 ledge. He was also fortunate in the choice 
 of his friends and companions. In 1830 he
 
 228 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 was elected secretary to the "Fifty," a 
 small society which met for true practice in 
 speaking ; he also became a member of the 
 "Apostles," another society of reading and 
 thinking men who met weekly at each 
 other's rooms. 
 
 About this time he decided to read for 
 a Bell's Scholarship, and this he obtained 
 in March, 1831. In January, 1832, he 
 graduated 34th Wrangler, and in the next 
 month, when the Classical Tripos came out, 
 Henry Alford's name appeared eighth in 
 the First Class. In 1833 he was ordained 
 to the curacy of Ampton, of which parish 
 his father was the incumbent; in 1834 he 
 obtained his Fellowship at Trinity College, 
 Cambridge, and in the same year was 
 ordained priest. In 1835 ^ e was presented 
 to the living of Wymeswold, and immedi- 
 ately married his cousin, Frances Oke 
 Alford. 
 
 At Wymeswold his time was fully occu- 
 pied ; he there continued to take pupils, and 
 to devote his attention to his parochial duties 
 and to poetry, of which he had long been 
 a diligent writer. In 1838 he was asked
 
 HENRY ALFORD. 229 
 
 whether, in the event of the appointment 
 being offered, he would accept the proposed 
 Bishopric of New Zealand. This he declined 
 on account of his age, and three years later 
 it was offered to and accepted by Selwyn, 
 who was consecrated the first Bishop of New 
 Zealand. Seven years afterwards similar 
 overtures were made to Alford when the 
 diocese of Fredericton was about to be 
 created. 
 
 He was now fairly launched on his 
 career as an author, and was soon recog- 
 nised as a preacher of no mean ability. In 
 1839 he accepted the editorship of Dearderi 's 
 Miscellany, a monthly magazine, for which 
 he wrote articles on ancient and modern 
 poets, and contributed to it some of his 
 own poems. In 1840 he preached the 
 sermon at the primary visitation of Bishop 
 Davys; and in 1841 and 1842 was appointed 
 Hulsean Lecturer at the University of Cam- 
 bridge. These lectures were published in 
 two volumes, and were followed in 1846 by 
 a volume of "Plain Village Sermons." All 
 this time he was working hard with six 
 pupils and at his Greek Testament, which
 
 230 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 occupied so many years of his life. In 
 1848 he gave up his pupils, as he found 
 the occupations of tutor, parish clergyman 
 and commentator on the entire New Testa- 
 ment were scarcely compatible. He now 
 sought a change of situation, and made up 
 his mind to leave Wymeswold, as soon as 
 an opportunity should present itself. 
 
 In 1849 he took the degree of B.D., 
 and was a candidate, though an unsuccessful 
 one, for the Regius Professorship of Divinity 
 at Cambridge. His life at Wymeswold was 
 thus prolonged, and it was not until 1852 
 that a proposal was made to him with reference 
 to the incumbency of Quebec Chapel. This 
 he accepted in May, 1853. He had been 
 eighteen years at Wymeswold, and no offer 
 of actual promotion seems to have been 
 made to him ; now, no sooner had he 
 accepted Quebec Chapel, than the Bishop 
 of Worcester offered him the vicarage of 
 Grimley with Hallow. This came too late, 
 and was declined. 
 
 At Quebec Chapel he spent nearly four 
 years. His work there was much to his 
 liking. His morning congregation was of
 
 HENRY ALFORD. 231 
 
 course the congregation ; but his afternoon 
 congregation was his own child, and he 
 loved it best. His preaching in the morning 
 and expounding the Gospel in the afternoon 
 every Sunday, and his district work during 
 the week days were very interesting to him ; 
 and he soon began to project other spheres 
 of usefulness, and to devise plans for setting 
 schools on foot. He also at this time drew 
 attention to the expediency of a revision 
 of the Epistles, and of promoting the study 
 of the New Testament in Greek. 
 
 In 1857 Lord Palmerston offered him 
 the Deanery of Canterbury, and this was 
 accepted. He required not only time, but 
 also freedom from cares, to enable him to 
 complete the great work he had in hand. 
 The Deanery of Canterbury seemed to meet 
 all his requirements, and he entered upon 
 his new duties full of zeal and of hope. 
 His endeavour to establish an afternoon 
 sermon occupied him until December, when 
 he was able to write "After having long 
 fought the battle of the afternoon sermon, 
 I have to-day carried it." It was to be 
 begun at Easter, 1858. The spirit in which
 
 232 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 this innovation was received is exemplified 
 in the fact that, while on a tour in the 
 West of England, the Dean returned to 
 Canterbury every Saturday to preach the 
 sermon on Sunday afternoon. In 1859 ne 
 proceeded D.D., and in 1861, after a visit 
 to Rome, a plan for extensive repairs to 
 the Cathedral came under consideration, and 
 caused him much anxiety. This restoration 
 he carried through ; he removed all the old 
 houses from the north side of the Church, 
 and laid bare that extensive range of ruins 
 which extends from the " Dark Entry" 
 eastward to the house now occupied by 
 Canon Rawlinson. A new school-house and 
 Head Master's house were also built. Be- 
 sides these there was general overhauling 
 of the fabric, and much work was done, 
 including the erection of the present Library. 
 The date of the last Report on the 
 restoration, and the Balance-sheet, showing 
 the expenditure of all the money which 
 had passed through his hands as Treasurer 
 of the Fabric Fund, is dated December 8th, 
 1870 : on the I2th of January, 1871, Dean 
 Alford died.
 
 HENRY ALFORD. 233 
 
 In considering the life of Dean Alford 
 there are some points which seem to call 
 for special remark. 
 
 I. His Cambridge life was eminently 
 happy and successful. His acquaintances 
 there embraced the Tennysons, Arthur 
 Hallam, Trench, afterwards Dean of West- 
 minster and Archbishop of Dublin, Charles 
 Merivale, Spedding, Brookfield, Thompson, 
 afterwards Master of Trinity College, Cam- 
 bridge, and Christopher Wordsworth. With 
 such men for his companions and friends, 
 he must have been then a man of more 
 than ordinary promise. 
 
 II. The amount of literary work he 
 accomplished is almost amazing. In 1830, 
 when only twenty years of age, he 
 was writing hymns, which were sent to 
 the Christian Observer and the Christian 
 Guardian. In 1833, besides an article on 
 Ancient Music, he published "Poems and 
 Poetical Fragments." In 1835, two volumes 
 of Poems from his pen were published. In 
 1839 h e edited Dr. John Donne's Works 
 in six volumes. In 1841 appeared "The 
 Abbot of Muchelnay," Sonnets, etc., and
 
 234 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 "Chapters on the Poets of Ancient Greece." 
 In 1841 and 1842 he issued his " Hulsean 
 Lectures." In 1846, a volume of ''Plain 
 Village Sermons," In 1849 the fi rst volume 
 of his Greek Testament, and four " Lectures 
 on the Influence of the Fifth Command- 
 ment." These were followed by a volume 
 of Sermons, the second volume of his Greek 
 Testament, and other books and articles, all 
 while he was at Wymeswold. At Quebec 
 Chapel his literary work seems to have 
 increased ; while there he issued six volumes 
 of Sermons ; A Memoir of his Father ; a 
 second edition of the first and second volumes 
 of the Greek Testament ; a third edition of 
 the second volume ; a first and second edition 
 of the third volume; a volume of " Homilies 
 on the first ten Chapters of the Acts of the 
 Apostles," and various single Sermons. At 
 Canterbury he continued his work with, if 
 possible, increased vigour, and continued it 
 until the end. In addition to his literary 
 labour he had all the work, and some of 
 the worry, attached to his position as Dean 
 of the Metropolitical Cathedral, as well as 
 to bear the attacks which were made
 
 HENRY ALFORD. 235 
 
 upon him by those who disapproved of his 
 doctrines or of his deeds. 
 
 III. His broad-minded and generous 
 disposition ever led him to take a sym- 
 pathetic view of those who differed from 
 him. He held that men like Stoughton, 
 Binney and Allon, although they differed 
 from him on many points, were truly 
 Christian men, and as such he met with 
 them, and was prepared to work with them. 
 Fifty years earlier this would have attracted 
 little attention, and called for little dis- 
 approbation ; but a new school had arisen 
 in the Church, and this school was not 
 slow to condemn all tendencies towards 
 conciliation with Noncomformists. 
 
 Constant work, extending over practi- 
 cally the whole of his life, left his 
 constitution but ill prepared to withstand any 
 serious attack of illness. On January gth, 
 1871, he sent for his medical attendant, 
 who saw him, and treated him for a cold 
 in the chest and neuralgia ; on the loth 
 and nth he remained in bed; but so little 
 was apprehended that his daughter and her 
 children left the Deanery for London on
 
 236 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 the nth. On the next day he died peace- 
 fully and without pain. He was buried in 
 S. Martin's churchyard, and on his tomb, 
 at his own request, are inscribed the words : 
 " diversorium viatoris Hierosolymam pro- 
 ficiscentis " : The resting place of a 
 traveller on his way to Jerusalem. T 
 
 By his wife, who died in 1878, he had 
 four children ; two sons, who died in child- 
 hood, and two daughters, Alice Oke Alford, 
 who married the Rev. William Thomas 
 Bullock in 1862, and Mary Oke Alford, 
 who married the Rev. Henry Edmond 
 Tilsley Cruso in 1867. 
 
 1 Life by his Widow.
 
 ROBERT PAYNE SMITH. 
 To face p. 237.
 
 XXX. 
 
 ROBERT PAYNE SMITH. 
 
 18711895. 
 
 Archbishops : TAIT, BENSON. 
 
 ROBERT PAYNE SMITH was born at 
 Chipping- Campden in 1819. His father, 
 Robert Smith, who died in 1827, was a 
 land agent, directly descended from the 
 Thomas Smith to whom Queen Elizabeth 
 granted the manor of Campden. Robert 
 Payne Smith's mother was Esther Argles 
 Payne, a native of Surrey. 
 
 Young Robert, whose mother was of 
 limited means, was educated at the Grammar 
 School of his native place until 1837, when
 
 238 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 it was his good fortune to obtain a Scholar- 
 ship at Pembroke College, Oxford, under 
 Dr. Jeune, to whose friendship the young 
 Scholar owed much of his promotion later 
 on. While an undergraduate, Payne Smith, 
 in addition to the ordinary classical studies 
 of his College, devoted himself to Oriental 
 languages, and gained a Sanskrit Scholar- 
 ship in 1840, and the Pusey and Ellerton 
 Hebrew Scholarship three years later. At 
 this time an offer was made to him to 
 proceed to Benares, but his mother ex- 
 pressed a wish that he would remain in 
 England, and the post at Benares was 
 declined. 
 
 In 1843, after he had given up the 
 Benares project, he obtained a Fellowship 
 at his College, and was ordained a deacon. 
 At first ministerial work occupied his atten- 
 tion, while he was curate of Long Winchenden, 
 and afterwards of Thame. In his parochial 
 work in these two parishes he spent four 
 years, and then accepted a Classical Master- 
 ship in the Royal High School, Edinburgh, 
 with which, having been ordained priest in 
 1844, he held the incumbency of Trinity
 
 ROBERT PAYNE SMITH. 239 
 
 Chapel in that City. In 1853 he migrated 
 from Edinburgh, and became Head Master 
 of the Kensington Proprietary School. 
 
 While in London he resumed his 
 Oriental studies, and worked at the Syriac 
 MSS. in the British Museum, under the 
 encouragement of Dr. Cureton. In 1857 
 circumstances induced him to relinquish the 
 Mastership at Kensington. He required 
 leisure to pursue his studies ; Kensington 
 did not suit the health of Mrs. Payne 
 Smith ; and, although the change involved 
 great pecuniary loss, he accepted the post 
 of Sub-Librarian at the Bodleian Library, 
 Oxford. While he occupied this position 
 he published, in 1859, the "Commentary 
 of Cyril of Alexandria on S. Luke," in 
 Syriac and English; and in 1860 a trans- 
 lation of the third part of the " Ecclesiastical 
 History of Johannes of Ephesus," which 
 had been edited by Dr. Cureton in Syriac. 
 To Cureton, Payne Smith, in this work, 
 acknowledged his obligations for assistance 
 in his studies. In 1865 he published a 
 Catalogue of Syriac MSS. in the Bodleian 
 Library.
 
 240 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 While engaged in the preparation of 
 these works, all of which displayed accurate 
 scholarship, Payne Smith became fully aware 
 of the imperfections of the Syriac Dictionary 
 of Castell and Michaelis, which was then 
 the only one obtainable by students. In 
 1859 he had proposed to the Delegates of 
 the Clarendon Press a scheme for a new 
 Syriac Dictionary. His proposal was favour- 
 ably received, and he commenced to work 
 on his Thesaurus Syriacus, the composition 
 and publication of which formed the chief 
 literary occupation of the remaining thirty- 
 six years of his life. This work was divided 
 into ten parts, nine of which had appeared 
 at the time of his death. 
 
 He was a voluminous writer on con- 
 troversial theology, and was uniformly of 
 the Evangelical party. Like his predecessor 
 and successor in the Deanery of Canterbury, 
 he was very far from being a favourite 
 with High Churchmen. The course of ser- 
 mons, in which he vindicated the authenticity 
 and Messianic Interpretation of the Prophe- 
 cies 6f Isaiah, published in 1862, led to 
 his appointment three years later to the
 
 ROBERT PAYNE SMITH. 241 
 
 Regius Professorship of Divinity at Oxford, 
 chiefly through the influence of Lord 
 Shaftesbury and Dr. Jeune, then Bishop of 
 Peterborough. At the same time he was 
 made D.D. and Canon of Christ Church, 
 Oxford, and rector of Ewelme. 
 
 In 1869 he delivered the Bampton 
 Lectures on "Prophecy a Preparation for 
 Christ." He was a member of the Com- 
 mittee for the revision of the Old Testament 
 from 1870 to 1885. 
 
 As Dean of Canterbury, although he 
 was not considered a great or an attractive 
 preacher, his Christian courtesy and affable 
 manners won the affections of Churchmen 
 and Nonconformists alike ; to all he was 
 ever ready to afford help ; and notwith- 
 standing the urgency of the work that 
 awaited him in his own study, no one 
 invoked his aid in vain. He added to his 
 many labours by inaugurating a Sunday 
 evening service in his Cathedral. When 
 Alford came to Canterbury as Dean he 
 found the Sunday services were morning 
 prayer with sermon, and evening prayer at 
 three o'clock without a sermon ; when Payne 
 
 p
 
 242 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 Smith came he found two services and two 
 sermons ; when he died he left three full 
 services ; and the changes introduced by 
 him and Alford have been fully justified. 
 
 Payne Smith died suddenly on Sunday, 
 the 3ist of March, 1895, and was buried 
 in S. Martin's churchyard, Canterbury, near 
 to his wife who died in 1894. She was the 
 second daughter of the Rev. William George 
 Freeman, rector of Milton, Cambridgeshire. 
 They left two sons and four daughters. 
 One of the daughters was associated with 
 her father in editing the later parts of the 
 " Thesaurus."
 
 FREDERIC WILLIAM FARRAR. 
 
 To face p. 243
 
 XXXI. 
 
 FREDERIC WILLIAM FARRAR. 
 
 1895. 
 
 Archbishops : BENSON, TEMPLE. 
 
 DR. FARRAR, the present Dean of 
 Canterbury, was born at Bombay on the 
 yth of August, 1831. His father, the Rev. 
 C. P. Farrar, was sometime vicar of Sidcup 
 in Kent, and was formerly a missionary at 
 Bombay and Nassick. At the age of three 
 years the son was sent to England, and was 
 placed under the care of his aunts, and re- 
 mained at school at Aylesbury until his 
 parents returned home, when he accompanied 
 them to Castletown, in the Isle of Man,
 
 244 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 where he was entered at King William's 
 College as a day pupil. On the return of 
 his father and mother to India their son 
 became a boarder in the house of the 
 Rev. Dr. Dixon, then Head Master of the 
 College. 
 
 At the age of sixteen, his parents being 
 again in England, he left the Isle of Man 
 and joined them in London, and was entered 
 at King's College. He was there trained 
 by teachers so eminent as Dr. Jelf, Pro- 
 fessor Maurice, Professor Brewer, Archdeacon 
 Browne and Dean Plumptre. When nineteen 
 years old he graduated B.A. at the London 
 University, and won both the Matriculation 
 and the B.A. Scholarships, as well as 
 Classical and Divinity Scholarships at King's 
 College. Two years later he entered at 
 Trinity College, Cambridge, of which he 
 was successively Scholar and Fellow. At 
 the University he gained the Chancellor's 
 Medal for the English Poem (1852) and the 
 Le Bas and Norrisian Essay Prizes. In 1854 
 he graduated B.A. at Cambridge, and was 
 bracketed fourth in the first class of the 
 Classical Tripos, and was at once offered a
 
 FREDERIC WILLIAM FARRAR. 245 
 
 Mastership at Maryborough College by Dr. 
 Cotton, afterwards Bishop of Calcutta. In 
 the same year he was ordained deacon, and 
 priest in 1857, when he proceeded M.A. 
 
 From Marlborough he went by the 
 invitation of Dr. Vaughan as an assistant 
 master to Harrow, at which School he 
 remained until 1871, when he returned to 
 Marlborough College as Head Master. 
 While at Harrow he was elected a Fellow 
 of the Royal Society. In 1873 ne became 
 Chaplain in Ordinary to the Queen; in 1876 
 he resigned his Mastership on being ap- 
 pointed Canon of Westminster and rector of 
 S. Margaret's, Westminster. He afterwards 
 succeeded to the Archdeaconry of West- 
 minster. In 1890 he was made Chaplain 
 to the House of Commons, and examining 
 chaplain to the Bishop of Worcester. 
 
 He was an Honorary Fellow of King's 
 College, London, and has frequently been 
 Select Preacher both at Cambridge and at 
 Oxford. He was Hulsean Lecturer in 1870, 
 and Bampton Lecturer at Oxford in 1885. 
 He was made B.D. in 1872, and D.D. in
 
 216 DEANS OF CANTERBURY. 
 
 1873. Since 1857 he has been constantly 
 before the public as an author, and his 
 books are very widely read. 
 
 In 1895 ne was installed Dean of 
 Canterbury, and at once devoted himself to 
 the improvement of the services in his Cathe- 
 dral, and to its restoration, for which object 
 he raised a Subscription of ,19,000. With 
 this sum the Crypt and Chapter House 
 have been restored to something of their 
 pristine beauty, and many parts of the 
 Cathedral which were decayed have been 
 rendered safe. He has also established the 
 custom of annually observing the Founder's 
 Day on the 26th of May. 
 
 The five years since Dr. Farrar's 
 appointment have been signalized by several 
 Royal visits to Canterbury. He procured 
 from the Home Secretary permission to bury 
 Archbishop Benson in the Cathedral, within 
 which no Archbishop of the Reformed 
 Church had ever before been buried. Can- 
 terbury Cathedral contains the graves of 
 fifty-two Pre-Reformation Prelates; the last 
 Archbishop buried there, before Archbishop 
 Benson, was Cardinal Pole in 1558.
 
 FREDERIC WILLIAM FARRAR. 247 
 
 Another discontinuity has been repaired 
 by the rebuilding of a Palace for the Arch- 
 bishop in his own Cathedral City. The old 
 Archiepiscopal Palace, probably built in the 
 time of Archbishop Hubert or Archbishop 
 Langton, was accidentally burnt down in 
 the time of Cranmer, and was left in ruins 
 until Parker came to the See in 1559. He 
 rebuilt the Palace and resided in it when 
 in Canterbury; but after his time part of it 
 was pulled down, and part converted into 
 tenements. x The part which remained of 
 Archbishop Parker's Palace has been restored 
 and a new portion added to it, and it is, 
 after a lapse of three hundred years, again 
 the residence of the Archbishop of Canter- 
 bury. 
 
 1 See Arch. Cant. vii. 156.
 
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