i-NRLF - ' .*" y ITT>\I. wnnNOMir>S & SOCIOLCM 0x /, . / JANUARY ! 930 fc / /s&y r^t fc^/Rdfal Econo OUTLINES of the GEOLOGY, SOILS AND MINERALS of the STATE OF ARKANSAS JIM G. FERGUS! Commissioner of Mines, Manufactures and Agriculture. JOHN C SMALL, Editor JOHN E. CASEY, Deputy DEPT. FA AKK ANS AS ECONOMICS & TEVILLE, Published by the State LITTLE ROCK 1920 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page Introduction^ 7 Review of history of Arkansas geological surveys, by Jim G. Ferguson, Commissioner of Mines, Manf. & Agr 7-12 Outline of work for new Geological Survey, suggested by Dr. Branner 14 Incidents in the history of the geological survey of Arkansas, and some conclusions to be drawn therefrom, by John C. Bran- ner, former State Geologist of Arkansas 15-20 Geology and general topographic features of Arkansas, by Hugh D. Miser 21 Topography 21-24 Geology .... 24-26 General features 24-26 Ozark region 26 Ordovician system 26 Jefferson City dolomite 26 Cotter dolomite 26 Powell limestone 26 Everton limestone 26 St. Peter sandstone 27 Joachim limestone y^ ml 4JJtflt Jasper limestone ....** 27 Plattin limestone 27 Kimmswick limestone - 28 Fernvale limestone 28 Cason shale 28 Silurian system - 29 Brassfield limestone 29 St. Glair limestone 29 Lafferty Limestone 29 Devonian system 29 Penters chert 29 Clifty limestone 29 Chattanooga stfiale 29 Carboniferous system 30 Mississippian series - - 30 Boone formation 30 Moorefield shale 30 Batesville sandstone 30 Fayetteville shale 31 Pitkin limestone 31 Pennsylvanian series 31 Morrow group 31 Winslow formation 32 Ouachita Mountain region 32 Cambrian system 32 Collier Shale 32 Ordovician system 32 Crystal Mountain sandstone 32 Mazarn shale .. Page Blakely sandstone 33 Womble shale 33 Bigfork chert 33 Polk Creek shale 33 Silurian system r ~. 34 Blaylock sandstone 34 Missouri Mountain slate 34 Devonian system 34 Arkansas novaculite 34 Carboniferous system 35 Mississippian series .. 35 Hot Springs sandstone 35 Stanley shale 36 Jackfork sandstone 36 Pennsylvanian series 36 Atoka formation 36 Arkansas Valley region 37 Carboniferous system 37 Mississippian series - 37 Jackfork sandstone 37 Pennsylvanian series 37 Atoka formation 37 Hartshorne sandstone 37 McAlester group 37 Savanna-formation 37 Gulf Coastal Plain ..?.':. *&: 38 Cretaceous system 38 Lower Cretaceous series 38 Trinity formation 38 Goodland limestone 38 Washita group 39 Upper Cretaceous series 39 Bingen formation 39 Brownstown marl 39 Austin ("Annona") chalk 39 Marlbrook marl 40 Nacatoch sand 40 Arkadelphia clay 40 Tertiary system 41 Eocene series 41 Pliocene series (?) ., 41 Quaternary system 41 Bibliography , 42 Minerals and economic products 43 Metalliferous minerals 43 Antimony 43 Bauxite 44 Origin of the deposits 45-46 Users of bauxite- 49 Production of bauxite in the United States by states. 49 Copper 51 Gold 52 Iron .. 53 Page Iron pyrites 54 Lead 54 Manganese 57 Silver 60 Zinc 61 Non-metalliferous minerals and economic products 66 Arkansite 66 Asphalt 66 Agricultural marls and chalk 67 Cretaceous marls 67 Chalky or lime marls 68 Building stone 68 Clays 68 Location of deposits 68-71 Ball or paper clay 68 Brick clay 68 Fire clay 70 Kaolin 70 Pottery clays 70 Clays for drain tiles 72 Fort Smith clays 72 Loess for brick-making 73 Fire clays 73 Pottery clays 74 Bauxite clays . 74 Shale ; !..: 74 Kaolin deposits 75 Clay report delayed 76 Cement materials 76 Chalk 77 Coal 79 Geology of the coal field 79-81 Extent of the coal supply 81 Heating value of Arkansas coal : 82 List of Arkansas coal operators 82 Sebastian County 82-83 Franklin County 84 Johnson County 84 Pope County 84 Logan County 85 Scott County 85 Crawford County 85 Yell County 85 Washington County 85 Chert 86 Diamonds 88 Fuller's earth 89 "Granite" (Syenite) 91 Character of the rocks 91 Geologic and geographic position 92 Division of the eleolite syenites of Arkansas into areas 92 Glass sand ... 93 Page Gravel 93 Deposits in the Caddo Gap and DeQueen quadrangles 93 Crowley's Ridge gravel 94 Arkansas River gravels 94 Gravels on the higher ridges 94 Graphite : 94 Gypsum 94 Lignite 95 Lignite near Camden 95 Lignite of Crowley's Ridge 96 Lignite elsewhere 97 Limestone for lime 97 Carboniferous limestones 97 Trinity limestone 97 Tertiary limestones 97 Ouachita Mountain region 97 Limestone, building 101 Marbles 101 Novaculite (Whetstones) 102 Natural gas Constantin Well, photograph 103 Introductory, by Doctor Branner 104 Structure of Fort Smith-Poteau gas field 105 Structural relations 105 Oil Dr. Drake's opinion 108-114 Hunter Well, photograph 113 Relation of Louisiana field 115 Asphalt and petroleum in southwestern Arkansas 116 Oil geology around Fayetteville 117 Outlook in north central Arkansas 117 Natural Mounds 118 Oil Shales 118 Ochre 119 Onyx 119 Paint minerals 119 Pearls 120 Phosphates 120 Northern Arkansas 120 Other deposits of phosphate 122 Potash from leucite rock 123 Precious stones 124 Quartz crystals 124 Rectorite 124 Road making materials in Arkansas, by J. C. Branner 126 Inferior materials 127 Argillaceous shales 127 Limestones 127 Syenite or "granite" 128 Sandstone 128 Superior materials 128 Arenaceous or sandy stales 129 The chert or "flint rock" ... .. 130 Page Novaculite 131 The gravels 131 Salt 132 Sandstone 133 Sand, building 133 Slate 135 Topography, geology and character of deposits 135 Microscopic analyses of slates from Arkansas 136 Soils 162-182 Description of Surveyed areas 162 Map of surveyed areas 162 Soil Reconaissance of the Ozark Region 163 Ozark Dome 163 Boston Mountain Pleateau 164 Ouachita Mountains 166 Alluvial Soil of the Ozark. region 166 Areas of the different soils 167 Description of the Prairie soils 167 Ashley County 168 Columbia County 169 Conway County 170 Craighead County 171 Fayetteville area 172 Faulkner County 173 Hempstead County 174 Howard County 176 Jefferson County 176 Mississippi County 177 Pope County . 178 Prairie County 179 Yell County 180 Talc-Soapstone 139 Tripoli 139 Water resources 140 Water power 140 Mineral waters 141 Ground waters of northeast Arkansas 143 Water supply in the rice belt 143 The hot springs of Arkansas 145 List of springs and wells 149 Minor Minerals not including Magnet Cove 153 Magnet Cove 156 Description of Magnet Cove 156 Minerals found in Magnet Cove 157 Synopsis of the regulatory mining laws of Arkansas .. .. 160 INTRODUCTION. BEVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS. Until the State Legislature deems it expedient to authorize a further survey of our mineral resources, a work that has been neglected for a good many years and for the lack of which Arkansas has been seriously hindered in its material progress, use must be made of such literature as has resulted from the splendid labors of earlier surveys, and the records of private and government researches, if our knowledge of the geology of the state is to be refreshed either for practical purposes or for our mental edification. The subject of a state geological survey of Arkansas was first brought to public attention by Governor Elias N. Conway in his message to the Leg- islature in 1856. On his recommendation the first geological survey of the state was begun under an act passed January 4, 1857. Dr. David Dale Owen, then State Geologist of Kentucky, was appointed State Geologist of Arkan- sas and entered upon his duties October 1, 1857. The results of the work done in 1857 and 1858 are given in Owen's "First Report of a Geological Reconnaissance of the Northern Counties of Arkansas," Little Rock, 1858. The bill providing for the continuation of the survey passed in February, 1859. Under this act Doctor Owen was again appointed State Geologist. Before the next Legislature convened Doctor Owen died (Nov. 3, I860), and his "Second Report of a Geological Reconnaissance," was edited by his brother, Doctor Richard Owen, and Prof. J. P. Lesley, and was printed in Philadelphia in 1862. Both of the Owens reports are now out of print. The Civil War followed shortly after the publication of Doctor Owen's second report, and all such work was necessarily suspended in the Southern States. No steps were taken to finish the geological survey of Arkansas until after the close of the war. In the General Assembly of 1866 a bill was passed by the Senate pro- viding for a geological survey of the state, but it was rejected by the Lower House. In the Legislature of 1871 a survey bill was passed, and approved May 28, 1871. Under this act Governor O. A. Hadley appointed W. F. Rob- erts, Sr., of Pennsylvania, State Geologist. Dr. George Haddock, then of Arkadelphia, was, upon Governor Hadley's recommendation, appointed Mr. Roberts' assistant and went with him through the western part of the state. Mr. Roberts' report was never delivered to the Governor. A series of ar- ticles, however, was subsequently published by Mr. Roberts in the Age of Steel, of St. Louis, Missouri (1887-88), and it is probable that these articles 8 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY represent his views of the geology of the state and give the results of his work. They are largely a repetition of the results given by Doctor Owen. In 1873 Dr. George Haddock, who had been Mr. Roberts' assistant, pub- lished at Little Rock a pamphlet of 66 pages, entitled "Report of a Geological Reconnaissance of a Part of the State of Arkansas Made During the Years 1871-72." This paper gives the only results of the work done under this ap- propriation. It is of but little or no importance and adds nothing to the work done by Doctor Owen. The paper is out of print. The General Assembly of 1873 passed a bill for the continuation of the survey. Under this act the following geologists were appointed: George Haddock, appointed May 15, 1873, removed from office January 14, 1874. Mr. Haddock made no report except the one published under a former ap- propriation and mentioned above. Wm. C. Hazeldine, appointed January 14, 1874, and removed June 29, 1874. As State Geologist he made no report and, so far as can be ascertained, did no field work. Arnold Syberg was appointed June 29, 1874, and remained in office to the end of the term. Mr. Syberg made no report, and the only work he did was to receive and examine speci- mens sent or brought in from various parts of the state. The failure of the surveys from 1868 and 1875 to yield any geological re- sults must be attributed to the general demoralization of the state govern- ment during the reconstruction period. No further efforts were made to carry on a geological survey until the year 1881, when a bill for such work was defeated in both branches of the General Assembly. In the Assembly of 1883 the only legislation passed relating to geological work was a Senate concurrent resolution "authorizing and directing the Governor to make ap- plication to the Secretary of the Interior of the United States for a geological survey of the State of Arkansas." Nothing seems to have come of this ef- fort to obtain help from the national government. In January, 1887, Governor Simon P. Hughes, in his message to the Gen- eral Assembly, suggested an appropriation for a geological survey. An act was accordingly passed providing for the appointment of a State Geologist and three assistants. Under this act Dr. J. C. Branner was appointed State Geologist and entered upon the duties of the office June 24, 1887. In the General Assembly of 1889 there was much opposition to the continuance of the survey due chiefly to the fact that the survey had declared fraudulent certain so-called gold mines in the western part of the state. The bill, how- ever, passed and Doctor Branner was reappointed State Geologist. The survey was continued by the General Assembly of 1891, with the understand- ing that it should be brought to a close by the end of March, 1893. How- ever, the General Assembly of 1893 appropriated $4,000 to complete the pub- lication of reports. During Doctor Branner's term of office a large number of reports were issued. The annual report of 1888 comprised four volumes, that of 1889 two volumes, 1891, two volumes, 1892, five volumes, and two reports remain un- published for lack of appropriations. The reports issued are chiefly of an economic nature, although a few are of a more general geologic character. A list of them follows: OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY Annual Report for 1888. Vol. I Gold and Silver, by Theo. B. Comstock, Pp. xxxi, 320, 2 maps. Vol. II Mesozoic, by R. T. Hill. Pp. xiv, 319; illustrated; 1 map. *Vol. Ill Coal (preliminary), by Arthur Winslow, Pp. x, 120; il- lustrated; 1 map. *Vol. IV Washington County, by F. W. Simonds; Plant List, by J. C. Branner and F. V. Coville. Pp. xiv, 262; illustrated; 1 map. Annual Report for 1889. Vol. I Clays, Kaolins and Bauxites. Illustrated; maps. By J. C. Branner; illustrated, about 300 pages. (Not published.) Vol. II Crowley's Ridge, by R. E. Call. Pp. xix, 283; illustrated; 2 maps. Annual Report for 1890. Vol. I Manganese, by R. A. F. Penrose, Jr. Pp. xxvii, 642; il- lustrated; 3 maps. Vol. II Igneous Rocks, by J. Francis Williams. Pp. xv, 457; il- lustrated; 6 maps. Vol. Ill Novaculites, by L. S. Griswold. Pp. xx, 443; illustrated; 2 maps. Vol. IV Marbles, by T. C. Hopkins. Pp. xxiv, 443; illustrated; atlas of 6 maps. Annual Report for 1891. *Vol. I Mineral Waters, by J. C. Branner. Pp.viii, 144; Imap. *Vol. II Miscellaneous Reports: Benton County, by F. W. Simonds and T. C. Hopkins; Elevations, by J. C. Branner; River Observations, by J. C. Branner; Magnetic Observations, by J. C. Branner; Mollusca, by F. A. Sampson; Myria- poda, by Charles H. Bollman; Fishes, by Seth E. Meek; Dallas County, by C. E. Siebenthal; Bibliography of the Geology of Arkansas, by J. C. Branner. Pp. x, 349; il- lustrated; 2 maps. Annual Report for 1892. *Vol. I Iron Deposits, by R. A. F. Penrose, Jr. Pp. x, 153; 1 map. Vol. II Tertiary, by Gilbert D. Harris. Pp. xiv, 207; illustrated, 1 map. Vol. Ill Coal, final report; illustrated; topographic maps and sec- tions. By Arthur Winslow and others. (Not published.) Vol. IV Lower Coal Measures; topographic maps, sections and il- lustrations, by J. H. Means and Geo. H. Ashley. (Not published.) * V The Zinc and Lead Deposits, by J. C. Branner. Pp. xiv, 395; illustrated; atlas of 7 maps. Relief maps of the State, of the Coal Area and of Magnet Cove were also made under the Branner survey. I The Mineral Resources of Arkansas, by J. C. Branner. (About 700 pages, illustrate.) Not published. II. Final Report upon the General Geology of Arkansas, by J. C. Branner. (About 500 pages, illustrated.) Not published. * A few copies are still on hand and may be obtained by forwarding" suffi- cient postage to the Commissioner of Mines, Manufactures and Agriculture, Little Rock, Ark. All other reports are out of print. 10 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY In 1907 there was established the Geological Survey of Arkansas in charge of the Geological Commission of Arkansas, composed of the Gov- ernor of the State, the President of the University of Arkansas, and the Commissioner of Mines, Manufactures and Agriculture. The members of the commission received no compensation for services rendered for the survey, but were reimbursed for actual necessary expenses. The Professor of Geology of the University of Arkansas was designated as Ex-Officio State Geologist and required to devote 15 per cent of his time to survey work. The assistants included one geologic aid, six engineering aids and one clerk, appointed by the State Geologist with approval of the Commission. These assistants have all been professors or advanced students of the University. Appropriations were made biennially and were partly contingent on co- operation with the U. S. Geological Survey. The Act of 1907 appropriated $1,800 "for a geological survey of the slate deposits in Arkansas in co- operation with the U. S. Geological Survey." The act of 1909 appropriated $5,000 for the purpose of carrying on the work of the survey. Three reports have been issued by the Survey under Prof. A. H. Purdue: one is on the Slates of the State; another on Coal Mining in the State; and the third is a preliminary report on the Water Powers (White River). The average annual cost of printing reports and maps for the last four years has been $1,300. This was paid from the State printing fund. New work undertaken by this survey included an investigation of the clay deposits of the state with the view of ascertaining the extent of each deposit and the purpose to which it is best suited; also an investigation of coal mining in the state, for the purpose of conserving the supply and im- proving the methods of mining. In cooperation with the Federal survey the state survey was to make a study of the water powers of the state. An appropriation of $7,500 for the Geological Survey was made at the regular session of the General Assembly in 1911, but was vetoed by the Gov- ernor, preventing the completion of the clay report, work on which was be- gun in 1909. Professor A. A. Steel's report on coal was completed at private expense and published in 1912. Since 1912 there has been no appropriation for further geological work and the Professor of Geology at the State University has carried on the work of answering inquiries as he found time in the conduct of his regular class work. Fortunately a few of Dr. Branncr's reports, unpublished at the time of the abandonment of the Survey, have become available through the gen- erosity of the author in tendering the information to the United States Geological Survey, under whose authority these valuable bulletins have been published. While these are helpful to science, they do not supply the local need of authentic information and the state has been without print- ed matter of any kind dealing with the important subject of minerals. So many calls have been made upon the department for specific or gen- eral information, which required the searching of authorities and the mak- OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 11 ing of tedious and not always complete replies, that the commissioner con- cluded to publish a summary of the various reports, issued by the state and obtained from the government, in which the mineral resources of Arkansas are treated, in as convenient a form as the limited allowance for the printing expense would permit. At the outset of the undertaking it was not hoped to include in the bulletin any new contributions to the geological literature of the state, but as the work progressed much encouragement was received, especially from those high in scientific authority, and as a result there has been obtained information of the greatest value never before published. This new matter includes chapters on Petroleum and Natural Gas, one by Doctor Branner and another by Doctor Drake, the latter being accompanied by a map, showing the favorable and unfavorable areas, such as will prove a useful guide in the future for those who are in search of these minerals. This material, with the additional matter condensed from the pre- viously published reports, presents enough of the principal facts to give the layman at least a fair idea of the extent, location and probable value of any mineral known to be present in the state, and, fortunately, there has been found room for a bibliography of Arkansas geology that will enable anyone who is sufficiently interested to pursue the study through a con- siderable list of books and reports. The collecting and assembly of this material has largely been work of an editorial nature, for the problem was to select the more important features of each report or paper and arrange it in its proper order, and by the addition of photographs and reference notes, to make each subject com- prehensive and useful for practical present-day purposes. Care has been taken to quote the authors literally rather than to attempt to summarize in new language the meanings they sought to convey. Geology is one of the most intricate of sciences and it is safest not to tamper with what the great writers have set down. After the matter had been prepared and carefully checked it was sub- mitted for criticism to Dr. John C. Branner, former state geologist, Dr. N. F. Drake, the present state geologist; and Prof. A. A. Steel, acting professor at the University of Arkansas. A chapter on The Geology and General Topographical Features of Arkansas was prepared with the permission of the Director of the United States Geological Survey, by H. D. Miser, a member of the Survey and one of the ablest authorities on the geology of Arkansas. The cooperation of these trained geologists has enabled the department to present this bulletin in a much more perfect arrangement than would have been possible had the manuscript not had the scrutiny of experts. It has been thought well to include in this volume, and in fact to make its principal feature, an article recently contributed by Doctor Branner to the Arkansas Gazette, in which a plea is made for a new geological survey of Arkansas and valuable suggestions made for obtaining the substantial means with which to conduct such work. 12 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY There is nothing that Arkansas needs so much as a new geological sur- vey. Such information as a new survey would bring forth will serve to at- tract capital and guide the forces that will develop the mineral resources of the state. It would be a splendid thing if such a survey could be made while the state has the opportunity to obtain the counsel and advice of such emi- nent men as Doctor Branner and Doctor Drake. Millions of dollars are being spent in prospecting for oil and gas in Ar- kansas at the present time. If the state was doing what Oklahoma, Texas and Louisiana are doing it would not only direct these energies to conserve the capital of investors, but it would safe-guard the interests of the com- monwealth in these great natural resources, the revelation of which will enrich the state. The meagre information contained in this synopsis of the geologic lore of the state is the strongest argument for the need of an appropriation of a sum sufficient to establish and maintain a permanent geological corps for the making of a thorough and accurate inventory of the state's mineral wealth, such as would benefit every county in the state. It should be the duty of this survey to collect records of all deep well drillings and to co- operate with the Federal government in completing a soil survey of the State that would be helpful in the agricultural development of Arkansas. Those who are not familiar with the state's mineral resources may, by a reading of this volume, form a higher estimate of ttieir value for there are vast stores of wealth yet to be uncovered regarding which the people of Arkansas, because of a want of literature on the subject, have had an op- portunity to learn very little. Doctor Branner, Doctor Purdue, Doctor Drake, Professor Steel, Hugh D. Miser and others have laid the foundation for a permanent and useful work. They have pioneered a field rich in possibilities and opened a way to opportunities which the state would be deemed recreant in its duty to the public if it did not take advantage of by the closest study and most persis- tent research, intelligently conducted by geologists of the future equal in training and ability to those of the past. Upon the work that has been ac- complished there can be built greater structures, for Arkansas in mineral resources is one of the richest states and the products of her mines and quarries form no small part of the state's contribution to the material wealth of the nation. Commissioner of Mines, Manufactures and Agriculture. Little Rock, Ark., June 20, 1920. OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 13 DOCTOR JOHN C. BRANNER, President Emeritus, Leland Stanford University, California; Former State Geologist of Arkansas. DR. BRANNER OUTLINES WORK FOR NEW GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. Jim G. Ferguson, Commissioner Mines, Manufactures and Agriculture Dear Sir: I am often asked what remains to be done on the geology of the State of Arkansas. It is quite impossible to answer this question comprehensively in a few words, but it may be worth while to mention heie some of the subjects that require first attention: 1. Bring up to date the work on the coal lands and publish the report. 2. Report on the petroleum and natural gas resources. 3. Report on the fertilizers. 4. Report on the soils cf the state, their origin, distribu- tion and treatment. 5. Report on the clavs, kaolins and fuller- earths 6. Revise and publi-h the report on the Lower Coal Measures. 7. Report on the structural materials including Portland 1 cement. 8. Report on the slate water >upplv including under- ground water-. 9. A comprehensive \vork on the general geology and geologic history of the state. 10. The preparation and publication of a large scale topographic and geologic map of the state. The work to be done and the order of its doing, must depend to some extent on developments a< the work progresses. C. <7 Stanford I'niversity. California, June 17, liVJn. OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 15 INCIDENTS IN THE HISTORY OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ARKANSAS, and SOME CONCLUSIONS TO BE DRAWN THEREFROM. By John C. Branner, Former State Geologist of Arkansas. What I may here say stands in great need of indulgence, for my attach- ment to the people of Arkansas and my interest in the welfare of the state can scarcely turn round in the narrow space allotted to this brief paper. Thirty-two years ago, I was appointed state geologist of Arkansas by Governor Simon P. Hughes and entered upon the duties of that office June 24, 1887. I was reappointed by Governor Eagle in 1889, and again in 1891, and held the office until 1893. During those six years the survey published eighteen volumes of reports, sixty maps, and 6,365 pages of text, at an ex- pense to the state of about $100,000. Though the work of the survey was far from complete when the or- ganization was abolished by the legislature in 1893, and though some of the most important of its reports were never published, and still others were never even written, the people of the state seem to think the survey was well worth while, that it was instrumental in directing attention to the val- uable mineral resources of the state, in bringing in the capital necessary to the development of several of these resources, and in increasing the value of the taxable property of the state. At the request, therefore, of the editor of the Arkansas Gazette, I venture to offer the people of the state the benefit of a life's experience in dealing with mineral resources in various parts of the world, in order to point the way to further developments of the resources of Arkansas. The success of a state geological survey depends upon the cooperation of what may be called two factors, or two sets of muscles. One of these is legislative, the other is executive. To put it differently, the state legislature must provide the laws and make the appropriations necessary for carrying on the work and for publishing the results, while the geologist must do the work and put his results in such shape as to make them available to the public. The first move must, therefore, come from some member or members of the state legislature who are willing and able to give their time and atten- tion to the details of drawing up, introducing, and piloting the necessary bill or bills through the various committees and through both houses of the legis- lature. Since the state survey was abolished in 1893 many attempts have been made to revive it, but these efforts have invariably failed, not for lack of cor- dial moral support, but simply because there was a general impression that such a bill would go through on account of its obvious value and importance. But it never did, and it never will go through in this way. It is worth while recalling briefly in this connection the history of the former state geological surveys. The first geological survey of the state was made by Dr. David Dale Owen between 1857 and 1860, and Dr. Owen published two volumes of reports, a total of 687 pages. His work was well done and so far as it went, it was found to be perfectly trustworthy, and the cost to the state was $16,800. 18 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY In 1871-3 another survey was undertaken with W. F. Roberts, Sr., as state geologist, and George Haddock assistant geologist. The only publica- tion made by these geologists was a pamphlet of 63 pages by George Had- dock. The state's appropriation for the work was $15,000. In 1873-4 the survey was continued under George Haddock, later under W. C. Hazeldine, and still later under Arnold Syberg. Their appropriations amounted to $19,628, but they made no report. It is to be noted regarding these surveys that they cover a period of seven years, that they cost the state $51,428 but that, with the exception of Dr. Owen's reports, the work was of no value. This fable teaches something worth keeping in mind in connection with state geological surveys. There followed a period of thirteen years in which the state was entirely without a state geologist. In 1886 and 1887 there was great excitement through the western part of the state, especially in Garland and Montgom- ery counties, in regard to the supposed discovery of gold, and it seems quite probable that the excitement, misleading as it turned out to be, led to the provisions made by the legislature of 1887 for a new state survey. In any case the political credit for the geological work done in Arkansas between 1867 and 1893 belongs to Hon. Elias W. Rector of Hot Springs, a member of the lower house, who not only drew up the bill passed by the legislature of 1887 providing for the survey, but who guided every step of its way through the committees and through both houses. In the legislature of 1889, and in spite of the most violent opposition from the so-called "gold miners" and from disappointed political hangers-on, Colonel Rector put through amendments that made the survey a permanent state institution, and provided much needed assistance. From the very out- set Colonel Rector left nothing to chance or to general interests, but gave his undivided personal attention to the bills at every step of the way. When some one takes up the matter of a revival of the state survey in Arkansas with the same intelligence and the same enthusiasm, the matter will go through, but otherwise it never can and it never will. While speaking of the indispensible work of the legislature, I venture to refer to a kind of opposition to such work not infrequently met with among its members. There is a natural and proper disposition among members of the legislature to look out for what are usually known as local interests. For example, a representative from the Mississippi river bottoms is liable to feel that his section of the state is not interested in the coal mines of Sebas- tian county, in the gas wells of Crawford county, in the chalk beds of Little river, or the bauxite beds of Saline and Pulaski. But in reality the interests of a state are as broad as the state itself, and it is as much the duty of the member from Chicot or Phillips county to support a state survey as it is for members from the mineral bearing counties to support the enterprises in which the river bottoms are more directly concerned. Taking a broad view of such matters, they are all state questions, and deserve to be treated broadly, and with a view to dealing justly with every interest and with every person in the state. Like geology itself, the political problem is a large one, and it needs to be dealt with in a large way. The executive part of the geological work necessarily rests chiefly in the hands of the state geologist. It goes without saying that he should be a man OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 17 THE LATE DOCTOR A. H. PURDUE, Former State Geologist of Arkansas and at the time of his death State Geologist of Tennessee. 18 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY of proper scientific training, of sound judgment, and of upright principles. When given the necessary funds to carry on his work, he should be allowed to do that work in his own way, but he should also be given the cordial moral and official support to which his position entitles him. For one of his first duties is to protect the legitimate interests and the good name of the state itself, and to do that effectively he must have the backing of those who are in a position to give it to him. When, after careful examination, it was found by the geological survey in 1888 that the hundreds of so-called gold mines of Montgomery and Gar- land counties were mostly worthless, or even fraudulent, the results were re- ported to Governor Hughes. It was as disagreeable a piece of work as ever falls to the lot of a governor or a state geologist. Did Governor Hughes hesitate about what was to be done? Not the slightest. He simply asked: "Are you sure of the correctness of your conclusions?" "I am," said I "Then go ahead and publish them; I'll back you," said he, and he did back me against companies and interests capitalized for more than a hundred and thirteen millions of dollars! Some accounts of these matters were published in the Arkansas Gazette of August 9, 1888, and up to the end of October of that year, and in the En- gineering and Mining Journal of New York for August 18 and for October 20, 1888. But back of the governor and back of the legislature, the people must support their own representatives and their own geologists. To that end they should be reminded that they cannot have the benefit of science with- out paying for it, any more than they can raise a crop without planting the necessary seed and looking after it. And it is especially important that the work be so done that it will benefit the land owners and the public rather than that it be done for the benefit of a few individuals. The farmers naturally ask what they are to get out of appropriations for geology, and they are apt to be impatient of the hard words and queer ways of the geologists. One of my assistants, on meeting a farmer on the wooded slopes of the Boston Mountains, was asked by him if he had found any "mineral." The assistant told him quite truthfully that he was not look- ing for "mineral." The farmer felt not only amazed, but wronged, and asked pointedly: "Well, if you are not looking for mineral, what in blank are you looking for?" Such a question is perfectly frank and honest, and it is entitled to an equally frank and honest answer, which is easily given. The scientific methods used by the geologist do not always permit him to approach his problem directly. Even a man who goes fishing has to spend some of his time in the indirect occupation of finding bait. The farmers have so often been the victims of selfishness that they are naturally suspicious of devices for getting big state appropriations from which they receive little or no benefit. They are rarely interested in those intangible mineral resources so much talked about in connection with a geo- logical survey, and from which they receive little or no direct benefit; but unfortunately their very suspicions have been turned to their own disadvan- tage, and to the disadvantage of the entire state in this matter of a geological survey. In many places in Arkansas agricultural lands were found by the state geologist to be of great value for the coal beneath them. In many OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 19 cases these lands that were worth many thousands of dollars an acre on account of the coal, were sold for ten to twenty dollars an acre because the report of the state geologist on coal was never published. Prospective buyers of suc'h lands put their own experts in the field to ascertain the dis- tribution of the coal, while they (the buyers) joined in the farmers' chorus for economy in state expenditures, and so kept from being published the state report that would have shown the farmers the value of their own lands which they were readily persuaded to sell for a small fraction of their real value. The duties of the state geologist cannot all be set down in black and white. Some of them are obvious enough, but others are not so easily de- nned. But too much should not be expected of him. A geologist cannot find resources that do not exist; he can only point them out when and where they do exist. But while he must devote himself to a broad study, and to the setting forth of the state's available resources, he must necessarily do a good deal of what may be termed dead work, or work of negative value. For it is quite as much his duty to determine What the state has not as it is to determine what it does have. He should also be wise enough to keep the organization and work of the survey out of politics and out of religion, for the day he is expected to provide a position on the survey for any one for any reason besides his fitness to do the work of the survey, the value of the work will begin to decline. With a single exception the young men who served as assistants during my term of office as state geologist were chosen solely because they were capable of doing the work required of them. That one exception was a po- litical roustabout who was taken on faith, and Vao was permitted to depart in peace when he was found unable to do his work. Later he came to me for subscriptions to political campaign funds, and when I explained that I was in science, not in politics, he endeavored to prevent my reappointment by Governor Eagle on the ground that I was politically off color. The gov- ernor frankly spoke to me about it, but wlien I told him I didn't know the political opinion of a single man on the survey, and that I was there solely as a geologist, he renewed the appointment without further question. As a matter of fact I had nothing to fear on the score of politics, but no self-respecting geologist could afford to have his assistants dismissed for views that had no direct bearing on the work they were doing for the state, nor could the state geologist maintain his self-respect or his scientific standing if he had to watch the political skies when there was so much work to be done under his feet. The question is often asked whether the geological survey of the state should be revived. Some people think the mineral resources of the state can take care of themselves, and that the people's money should not be spent on work that private enterprises and corporations would be glad to do at their own expense. Those \v'ho hold such views are both right and wrong; a sharp line is to be drawji between doing work to help private parties and work to help the state in a broad sense. As a rule capital is disposed to 'hesitate about investing in a state where there is no information available about its resources, and no way to find out about them except by the expenditure of its own funds. If a state wants 20 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY to borrow money, it knows that it must open up its books, and if it wants to interest capital in mines or in mineral resources, it must open up its geol- ogy. The private corporation that can send its own experts into the field and ascertain the values of lands justly regards the information thus gained as its own private property, and the valuable lands may be bought up without the owners knowing or suspecting what they are disposing of. But when such work is done by the state geologist, the results belong to the state, and the owners of the lands get the benefit of work that they could not afford to have done at their own expense. It is also worth remembering that if a state has mineral resources and doesn't take the trouble to ascertain their extent and importance, the rest of the world is justified in concluding that they are without importance. The idea that one can advertise what he has, or even what he has not, if he will only shout loud enough and use ink enough, is no longer true of mineral resources. The people of Arkansas have had enough experience of bogus mines to know that precise measurements and exact data are worth vastly more than black-face type and questionable generalizations. And it is hoped that the people will realize that the sound and abundant seed they plant today will bear sound and abundant fruit for many generations to come. If they plant not, neither shall they reap. Stanford University, California, September 3, 1919. GEOLOGY AND GENERAL TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF ARKANSAS. By Hugh D. Miser Published by Permission of the Director of the United States Geological Sur- vey. The Information Compiled for Use in this Chapter Has Been Taken from Many Reports, Some of Which Have Not Been Published. The Reports that Have Been Used are Listed at the End of the Chapter TOPOGRAPHY. The topographic features of Arkansas reveal considerable diversity and may be grouped into several natural divisions which are briefly described below. A line passing from a point near the northeast corner of the State in a general southwesterly direction through Little Rock to Arkadelphia, Clark County, and thence nearly due west through De Queen, Sevier County, di- vides the State into nearly equal parts or halves. The southeast half of the State is a comparatively low plain which is a part of a broad belt of country known as the Gulf Coastal Plain. This plain in Arkansas ranges in elevation from 100 to 700 feet above sea level and is divisible into a series of rolling uplands, lying 200 to 700 feet above sea level, and a series of nearly level to gently rolling valleys and lowlands lying 100 to 300 feet above sea level. Both the uplands and lowlands have a gentle southward slope. Crowleys Ridge is the most prominent physiographic feature in the northeastern part of the State. It is one-half to 12 miles wide and extends from Helena, Phil- lips County, northward into Missouri, though it is cut in two by gaps at some places. The crest of the ridge is 400 feet above sea level near Helena but it gradually rises northward and is 500 feet above sea level in Clay County. Most of the northwest half of the State is comparatively elevated, and is divided by the Arkansas River Valley into the Ozark region (including the Boston Mountains) on the north and the Ouachita Mountain region on the south. The part of the Ozark region lying north of .the Boston Mountains is known as the Ozark Plateau and occupies a belt, about 40 miles wide, along the northern border of the State. This belt is made up of two plateaus. The lowest one of these the Salem Plateau is in Ordovician rocks and presents an exceedingly rough topography. It forms a triangle whose apex is near Newport, Jackson County, and whose base lies on the Missouri-Ar- kansas line from Boone County to the east end of Randolph County, but the basin-like area in which Berryville, Carroll County, is situated is also a part of this plateau. 22 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY The next higher plateau, known as the Springfield Plateau, is formed by resistant cherty rocks of Mississippian age, and lies between the above- indicated triangle and the north-facing escarpment of the Boston Mountains. It is separated from the lower plateau by a sinuous escarpment which at- tains a height of 400 feet near Eureka Springs, Carroll County. Much of this pleateau is a gently rolling country but large parts of it are cut by numerous canyon-like valleys. Most of its surface stands between 1,000 and 1,500 feet above sea level. The Boston Mountains overlook the Springfield Plateau from an ir- regular north-facing escarpment 500 to 700 feet in height and many outlying peaks of these mountains stand out on the Springfield Plateau. Most of the southern slope of the mountains is less precipitous and passes off gradually into the Arkansas Valley, though at many places it is marked by abrupt de- scents and is broken by steep-sided canyon-like valleys. This mountainous region has an average width north and south of about 35 miles, and extends east and west a distance of approximately 200 miles, from the valley of Neosho (Grand) River in Oklahoma eastward to the Coastal Plain near Batesville, Ark. The mountain tops form a greatly dissected tableland, which rises 2,200 feet above sea level and 1,700 feet or more above the flood plain of Arkansas River, though a few remnants along the north side stand 2,300 to 2,400 feet above sea level. The mountains are rather rugged and have steep slopes and sharp projecting spurs separated by narrow ravines, 500 to 1,400 feet deep. The slopes are broken at many places by vertical or nearly vertical cliffs, which are due to the alternation of hard and soft beds of rock. Some of the cliffs are more than 100 feet high. The Arkansas Valley is 30 to 40 miles wide and extends from the vi- cinity of Little Rock westward into Oklahoma. It is a nearly level plain, most of which is between 300 and 600 feet above sea level; but rising above it there are a great many ridges and several mountains with a nearly east- west trend. Among the mountains are Sugarloaf, Poteau, Petit Jean, Maga- zine, Whiteoak, and Big Kock mountains and Maumelle Pinnacle. Of these Magazine Mountain, standing 2,823 feet above sea level and 2,300 feet above the surrounding country, is the highest and is also the highest mountain in Arkansas. The statement is made on page 551 of the Encyclopedia Brir- annica (Eleventh edition, 1910)) that this mountain is the "highest point between the Alleghenies and the Rockies." A still higher point, as shown on the Winding Stair topographic map of the United States Geological Sur- vey, is the west end of Rich Mountain near Page, Leflore County, Okla- homa; it is between 2,850 and 2,900 feet above sea level. The Ouachita Mountain region is 50 to 60 miles wide and extends from the vicinity of Little Rock westward into Oklahoma, It is composed of numerous, nearly east-west ridges, several intermontane basins, and a dis- sected piedmont plateau,, 15 miles wide, along its southern border. The ridges are narrow and parallel and have' steep slopes and sharp straight even crests. Just west of Little Rock they are low, scarcely exceeding 750 feet above sea level or more than 250 feet above the valleys, but they grad- ually increase in height to the west and on the western border of the State near Mena, Polk County, some of the highest ridges attain an elevation of 2,750 to 2,800 feet above sea level or about 1.750 feet above the valleys. The intermontane basins are wide valley areas whose upland surfaces range from about 5(W to 1250 feet above sea level, being lowest at the east end OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 23 DOCTOR N. F. DRAKE, State Geologist of Arkansas. 24 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY of the region and highest near the west border of the state, and they are channeled by both deep and shallow valleys. Mena, in Polk County, Mount Ida, in Montgomery County and the southern part of the city of Hot Springs are located in such basins. The piedmont plateau is known as the Athens plateau, receiving its name from Athens, Howard County. It occupies a belt of country about 15 miles wide, lying between the Ouachita mountains on the north and the Coastal Plain on the south, and extending from near Arkadel- phia, Clark County, westward into Oklahoma. When the plateau is viewed from the crests of tSie mountains to the north is appears to be a practically level plain ending abruptly against the mountains, but when it is crossed very little level country is found; the rest is greatly dissected by narrow crooked valleys of southward-flowing trunk streams and by numerous east- west valleys of small tributary streams. The upland surface of this plateau ranges from 400 to 1,100 feet above sea level, being lowest at its east end and along its south side, and highest on the north side in Pike. Howard, and Polk counties. GEOLOGY GENERAL FEATURES. The several natural divisions of the State differ considerably not only in their surface features but in the character and age of their rocks. The exposed rocks of the Ozark region consist chiefly of dolomites, limestones, cherts, sandstones, and shales, ranging in age from Ordovician to Pennsylvania!!. The rock beds, though lying nearly flat, have a slight southward dip which is disguised in parts of the region by minor folding and by a considerable, though not large, number of faults. The youngest forma- tions of the region occupy the summits of the Boston Mountains and dip southward from these mountains to the Arkansas Valley. The rocks in the Ouachita Mountain region are all of sedimentary ori gin with the exception of two small areas of igneous rocks and their assoc- iated dikes. One of these areas is at Magnet Cove, Hot Spring County, and the other at Potash Sulphur Springs, Garland County. The igneous rocks are nephelite syenites and related types and were intruded into the sedimen- tary strata late in the Lower Cretaceous epoch or early in the Upper Cre- taceous epoch. Some of the igneous dikes at and near Klondike, Saline County, have been decomposed to a soft earth to a depth of about 200 feet below the surface, and this earth is being; mined and marketed as fuller's; earth. The sedimentary rocks consist chiefly of cherts, shales, sandstones, and novaculites; they are 24,000 feet or more thick; and they range in age from Cambrian to Pennsylvanian. At or near the close of the Pennsylvanian epoch they were subjected to intense lateral compression movements which have produced numerous parallel, closely compressed, nearly east-west folds and a considerable number of faults. As a result of these movements the strata at most places dip at angles of 40 or more from the horizontal. The structure of the region, taken as a whole, is that of a vast compound anti- cline, which is known to geologists as an anticlinorium. The principal anti- cline extends from near Little Rock to the vicinity of Mena. In general the oldest strata are exposed near the middle of this anticline and the young- est northward and southward therefrom, but, on account of the deformation of the strata by folding and faulting much alternation of older and younger OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 25 beds is found everywhere in going in a northward or southward direction across the region. The Arkansas Valley lies between the southward monoclinal slope of the Boston Mountains to the north and the uplift or anticlinorium of the Ouachita region to the south and is thus a synclinal trough. The rocks of the valley consist of 24,000 feet or more of sandstones and shales which con- tain workable beds of coal over much of its western part. They are of Penn- sylvanian age, though some of the oldest rocks exposed on the south side of the valley are probably of Mississippian age. The strata like those in the Ouachita Mountain region, were compressed at or near the close of the Pennsylvanian epoch into east-west folds and have been faulted to some ex- tent, but the folding has been less intense than that in the Ouachita region. The anticlines are generally narrower and steeper than the synclines; there is a tendency for the anticlines to be steeper on their north sides; and the folding becomes more gentle toward the north. The structure bears a close relation to the topography, the long narrow ridges indicating moderately to highly inclined rocks. Buttelike mountains, such as Poteau, Sugarloaf, and Magazine mountains, indicate practically horizontal rocks in synclinal basins. The sedimentary strata underlying the surface of the Gulf Coastal Plain are chiefly clays, marls, sands, and gravels, and are of Lower Cretaceous, Upper Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary ages. They lie in a nearly hori- zontal position, though they have a general dip of 100 feet or less to the mile to the south and southeast. They were deposited upon a fairly smooth floor of Paleozoic rocks. This floor has been reached in deep wells at Nash- ville, Howard County, and at other places near the northwestern border of the Coastal Plain, but over most of the southeast half of the State it has been so deeply buried that it has not been reached in wells. The Cretaceous and younger strata overlying it along the east border of the State are more than 2,500 feet thick and those along the south border are more than 3,000 feet thick. Intrusive igneous rocks occur in the Coastal Plain on and near Fourche Mountain, which is a few miles south of Little Rock, and in small areas near Bryant and Bauxite in Saline County. They consist of pulaskite ("blue gran- ite") and nephelite syenite ("gray granite") and several other related var- ieties of rock. Associated with the igneous rocks and with the adjacent Tertiary sediments are important deposits of bauxite, the chief ore of alum- inum. Other igneous rocks, known as peridotite. occur in four small areas near Murfreesboro, Pike County. The largest of these, so far as known, contains about 75 acres. Much of the peridotite has been decomposed to earth and soft rock to a depth of 200 feet or more, and in this earth and soft rock diamonds have been found. The igneous rocks in the Coastal Plain, like those in the Ouachita Mountain region, were intruded late in the Lower Cretaceous epoch or early in the Upper Cretaceous epoch. The sedimentary rocks of Arkansas have been carefully studied over much of the State and have been grouped into numerous formations to which names have been applied. By means of the fossils in them, and by the determination of the relations of the strata one to the other, they are assigned to the different geologic systems and series. Some rock formations in the State contain no fossils, so that their age assignment is dependent en- 26 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY tirely upon their relations to overlying and underlying rocks whose ages have been determined by means of fossils. There are many minor and major unconformities that break the succession of the rocks; and on account of the geologic events that produced the unconformities many rock formations thin out and are absent over large and small areas. The rocks in each of the natural divisions of the State are briefly described below in the order of their age, with the oldest first and the youngest last. OZARK REGION. ORDOVICIAN SYSTEM. Jefferson City dolomite. The Jefferson City dolomite is exposed in the northeastern part of Marion County and in other counties farther east, and so far as known is the oldest exposed formation in northern Arkansas. It consists of at least 300 or 400 feet of gray dolomite and chert, in which a few fossils have been found. Cotter dolomite. The Cotter dolomite, 500 feet or more thick, is exposed over large areas in many counties in the northern part of the State, but has been studied in greater detail west of Baxter County than it has east of that county. The thickest outcrops are in northern Boone County and other counties farther east. Berryville, Carroll County, and Cotter, Baxter County, from which the formation takes its name, are situated on the dolomite. The formation consists mainly of two kinds of dolomite a fine-grained earthy, white to buff or gray variety known as "cotton rock/' and a more massive medium-grained gray variety whose weathered surfaces are rough and dark. Besides dolomite it contains chert that is sparingly fossiliferous and also contains thin layers of sandstone and shale. Building stone is quarried from the formation near Beaver, Carroll County. It is compact gray magnesian limestone or dolomite, in beds from 2 to 4 feet t'hick. The best beds afford durable building stone of pleasing color. Powell limestone. The Powell limestone, to 200 feet thick, is widely exposed in Benton, Carroll, Boone, Marion, Newton, and probably other counties farther east, but is absent at some places in the counties here named. It is a fine-grained gray or greenish-gray magnesian limestone, usually free from fossils, but there are a few thin beds of green shale and at some places there is a conglomerate at the base. The name of the forma- tion was taken from the abandoned station of Powell, a short distance south- east of Pyatt, Marion County. Everton limestone. The Everton limestone, to 205 feet thick, is widely exposed in Benton, Carroll, Madison, Boone, Newton, Marion, and Searcy counties, and probably others farther east. It is thickest in Boone, Newton, and Marion counties and thins to the north, west, and east. It takes its name from Everton, Boone County, where it is well exposed. The upper part of the formation is 115 feet or less thick and is composed of massive compact dove-colored limestone and some friable white sandstone, but in Marion County much of the limestone contains enough magnesium for it to be classed as a dolomite. The limestone that is free from magnesium is suitable for making lime. The middle part of the formation is a white friable sandstone in massive beds and is known as the Kings River sandstone member, re- ceiving its name from Kings River in Carroll and Madison counties. The OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 27 sandstone at places is as much as 40 feet thick and is well suited for the manufacture of plate and ordinary glass. The lower part of the formation is a sandy compact dark-drab magnesian limestone, known as the Sneeds limestone lentil, and varies in thickness from a feather edge to 50 feet. It is not as widely distributed as the middle and upper parts of the Everton. The known exposures are in Marion and Newton counties. The limestone receives its name from Sneeds Creek, in Newton County, on which it is ex- posed. St. Peter sandstone. The St. Peter sandstone a formation which is widely distributed in the upper Mississippi Valley is exposed over large areas in Carroll County and most of the other counties farther east. It and the Kings River sandstone member of the Everton limestone are described in the reports of the Arkansas Geological Survey as "saccharoidal sand- stone." It is massive and friable, is white or cream colored, and varies in thickness from a feather edge to 200 feet, being thickest to the south and east. It is being quarried for glass sand at Guion, Izard County. Outcrops of this sandstone occur in many of the picturesque bluffs along Buffalo and White Rivers. Joachim limestone. The Joachim limestone, to 150 feet thick, is ex- posed in Newton County and all of the counties b'etween it and Lawrence County. It thins to the north and west and is therefore thickest in its most eastern and southern outcrops. It is a drab-colored fine-grained, sparingly fossiliferous magnesian limestone, and at many places it is sandy and con- tains thin beds of sandstone which usually occur near the base. Jasper limestone. The Jasper limestone, to 50 feet thick, is present, so far as known, only in Newton County. It takes its name from Jasper, the county seat, near which most of the exposures occur. It is a compact bluish-gray, slightly fossiliferous limestone suitable for making lime, and it affords a beautiful and durable building stone, as is shown by buildings at Jasper that were constructed with it. A bed of white sandstone, 8 to 20 feet thick, is at the base and at some places there are thinner beds of similar sandstone that are interbedded with the limestone. Plattin limestone. The Plattin limestone, to 240 feet thick, is exposed over large areas which comprise parts of Sharp, Independence, Izard, Stone, and Searcy counties, and is thickest in the counties to the east. It is a mas- sive, even-bedded dove-colored or grayish-blue limestone which is compara- tively free from fossils and it breaks with a conchoidal fracture. It has been quarried at places for building stone and for making lime, for which it is well suited. Certain layers of the limestone are so fine grained as to suggest that they are lithographic stone of good quality and considerable prospecting has been done for such stone but the search for commercial quantities of it has not been successful. The most promising locality is on West Lafferty Creek in Izard County. In practically all of the geologic reports on Arkansas the Plattin lime- stone has been described as the "Izard limestone," but the "Izard," as it was defined, included not. only the Plattin but also the Joachim limestone, which has been described above. The Jasper limestone which overlies the Joachim limestone in Newton County was also included in the "Izard lime- stone," but it is absent in Izard County, from which the "Izard limestone" was named. 28 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY Kimmswick limestone. The Kimmswick limestone, to 55 feet thick, is exposed in Independence, Izard, and Stone counties and so far as known is absent farther west. It is an even-bedded massive light-gray fine-grained slightly fossiliferous limestone, but at places it is coarse grained and at some places its uppermost beds are compact and grayish blue, thus resem- bling the bulk of the Plattin limestone. Thin lenses and nodules of chert are present at many places but are not sufficiently numerous to prohibit the use of most of the limestone for making lime for which it is probably suit- able. The Kimmswick limestone constituted the lower part of "Polk Bayou limestone" of many of the geologic reports on northern Arkansas, whereas the Fernvale limestone, which overlies the Kimmswick, constituted the upper part of the "Polk Bayou limestone." In some of the earliest reports the Kimmswick limestone was included in what was then called the St. Clair limestone. Fernvale limestone. The Fernvale limestone, to 125 feet thick, is exposed over large areas in Independence, Izard, and Stone counties; small outcrops occur near St. Joe, Searcy County; and one small outcrop is on Little Buffalo River, a mile northeast of Jasper. The greatest thickness of the limestone given above is in Penters Bluff near Penters Bluff station, in Izard County, but the usual thickness at other places in the Batesville man- ganese district, in which Penters Bluff occurs, is about 100 feet. This lime- stone is coarse grained, massive, cross bedded, and fossiliferous, is dark gray and pinkish gray in color, and would make a valuable building stone. Deposits of manganese ore occur in the Fernvale limestone and in its resid- ual clays in the Batesville manganese district, which comprises parts of Sharp, Izard, and Independence counties, and they have been worked much of the time since 1849. The Fernvale limestone was included in the so called St. Clair limestone of some of the earlier geologic reports on northern Arkansas, also in the so-called "St. Clair marble" of some of the reports, and in the upper part of the "Polk Bayou limestone" of the more recent reports. It was first identified by E. O. Ulrich as being the same as the Fernvale limestone of middle Ten- nessee. Cason shale. The Cason shale, to 21 feet thick, is present in com- paratively small areas. The largest of these are in Independence, Izard, and Stone counties, but small outcrops occur near Duff, Searcy County, and Jas- per, Newton County. It consists of greenish-gray calcareous shale and smal- ler amounts of sandstone and phosphate, and besides these it contains man- ganese and iron minerals. Phosphate is widely distributed in the shale and has been mined at a few places near the abandoned village of Phosphate in Independence County. The mines have, however, not been worked for sev- eral years. At several places in the Batesville district notably the Cason mine 3 miles north-northeast of Batesville parts of the shale contain a large enough quantity of manganese oxides for such parts of the shale to be mixed and shipped as a low-grade manganese ore. The residual clays of the shale also contain workable quantities of manganese ore. Fossils in the Cason shale have been found at very few localities. OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 29 SILURIAN SYSTEM. Brassfield limestone. The Brassfield limestone so far as known is pres- ent at only a few places; these occur between Duff and Tomahawk, Searcy County, where it is several feet thick, but fossils that have been derived from it through weathering occur in residual clays at the Montgomery mine, 5 miles east-northeast of Cushman, Independence County. It is a granular, light-gray fossiliferous limestone and contains a small amount of glauconite. This limestone has heretofore been included in the St. Clair limestone but its lithology, fossils, and stratigraphic relations show that it is of the same age as the Brassfield limestone of Kentucky and Tennessee. St. Clair limestone. The typical St. Clair limestone, to 100 feet thick, is exposed at many places in Independence, Izard, and Stone counties. It is a coarse-grained pinkish light-gray, highly fossiliferous limestone and much of it would make a valuable building stone. The greatest thickness, 100 feet, is at the Cason mine. Lafferty limestone. The Lafferty limestone, to 85 feet thick, is a thin-bedded compact earthy, sparingly fossiliferous limestone, of which the upper part is gray in color and the lower part red. The only known oc- currence is an exposure 1*4 miles north of Penters Bluff station in Izard County. The name of the limestone is taken from West Lafferty Creek which is half a mile east of the exposure. DEVONIAN SYSTEM. Penters chert. The Penters chert, to 91 feet thick, is exposed within two small areas in Independence County, one being near Pfeiffer and the other near Penters Bluff station from which the formation takes its name. It is a compact gray and bluish chert, though the upper part is dark colored at places. No fossils have been discovered in the chert but its lithology and stratigraphic relations indicate that it is of the same age as the Camden chert of west-central Tennessee and the lower part of the Arkansas novacu- lite of west-central Arkansas and southeastern Oklahoma. The Camden chert, as shown by fossils, is equivalent in age to at least a part of the Oriskany group of the Northern Appalachian region. The Penters chert has heretofore been considered to be a part of the Boone chert, which is described later. Clifty limestone. The only exposure of the Clifty limestone in northern Arkansas is on the East Fork of the Little Clifty Creek in the southeast cor- ner of Benton County. It is a sandy compact light bluish-gray fossiliferoua limestone and the greatest thickness that has been observed is 2% feet. Chattanooga shale. The Chattanooga shale is exposed in Washington. Benton, Carroll, Madison, Searcy, and Independence counties. It is either absent or not exposed in the other counties in northern Arkansas. It is a coal black clay shale that splits into thin plates and slabs and gives off the odor of petroleum when struck with a hammer. It is thickest near the west- ern border of the State, where it attains a thickness of 70 feet. The shale is generally underlain by a white to brown sandstone, to 75 feet thick, known as the Sylamore sandstone member, which is also thickest in the western part of the State. At some places the sandstone contains chert pebbles and at some places it is phosphatic. 30 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY The Chattanooga shale in the reports of the Arkansas Geological Survey is called "Eureka shale." CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. Mississippi an Series Boone formation. The Boone formation, 250 to 400 feet thick, consists in the main of a series of cherty fossiliferous limestones and cherts that has been known as the Boone chert, a name given to the series on account of its wide distribution in Boone County. Below these over a large area in the northern part of the State lies the St. Joe limestone member of the forma- tion, a well-marked bed of gray or pink crystalline limestone, which is the basal Carboniferous bed. It is easily recognized by its color, texture, and its marked contrast with the beds that usually underlie it. This limestone ranges in thickness from a feather edge to 100 feet and forms an almost un- broken, though very sinuous outcrop from the vicinity of Mountain View, Stone County, to the State line near Seligman, Mo., and is exposed in all of the counties between that county and the western boundary of the State. Where the cherts are interbedded with much limestone they form, on decay, a fertile soil, such as is found over large areas in Boone, Benton, Washington, and Madison counties. When comparatively free from lime- stone beds the soil is generally too meager for agriculture and forms the "flint hills" of central Independence County, of western Carroll and north- ern Madison counties and the watersheds north of Marshall and southwest of Rush Creek, in Marion County, and the hilltops about Elixir Springs, Boone County, and Doddsville, Marion County. The Boone formation affords an abundance of fractured loose chert on the hillslopes, suitable for road building. The limestone in it is used for building stone and for making lime. A quarry at Pfeiffer, Independence County, is producing a high grade of ornamental limestone. Moorefield shale. In the vicinity of Batesville there is a bed of shale lying on the Boone formation. It is well exposed around Moorefield. from which place it is named. At and near Batesville it varies in thickness from less than 100 to more than 250 feet. To the west, at Marshall, it is not over 35 feet thick, and evidently it does not extend much farther westward. The shale has a light grayish or bluish color and is very friable. In places it is sandy. A fossiliferous limy phase, several feet thick, at its base has been called "Spring Creek limestone." Batesville sandstone. The Batesville sandstone, to 200 feet thick, is so named from the town of Batesville which is built on it. The sandstone is present along the base of the slopes of the isolated hills and mountains north of the Boston Mountains escarpment, in Independence, Stone, Searcy, Newton, Boone, Carroll, Madison, Washington, and Benton counties. It is thickest in its most eastern exposures. The rock is coarse grained, cream- colored to brown, often false bedded, and in some places contains beds of shale interstratified with sandstone. A light sandy soil results from its disintegra- tion. It serves as an excellent reservoir, for the wells that penetrate it usually find in it an abundance of good soft water. In the part of the State west of Harrison, Boone County, the sandstone is generally underlain by a limestone. to 50 feet thick, known as the Hinds- OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 31 ville limestone member. The greatest areal exposure of the member is near Hindsville, Madison County, from which it was named. The limestone is gray, fossiliferous, and oolitic, is interbedded with thin beds of sandstone, and includes at its base a chert-pebble conglomerate. It is suitable for building stone and for making lime. The limestone for the columns at the front entrance of the main building of the University of Arkansas, at Fay- etteville, was quarried from this limestone on Brush Creek near Hindsville. Fayetteville shale. The Fayetteville shale, 10 to 400 feet thick, consists principally of black or dark-gray carboneous shale, at many places thinly laminated, and in general is thickest to the sout'h. Near its base there is generally a thin bed of hard, dark gray or blue fossiliferous limestone, while its middle part commonly grades from a sandy shale to a true sandstone, and where the sandstone phase predominates this portion of the formation is distinguished as the Wedington sandstone member. The shale is well de- veloped in the valley of West Fork of White River near Fayetteville, from which town it is named, and the Wedington sandstone member is particu- larly prominent southwest of Fayetteville, in Wedington Mountain, where it attains a thickness of 150 feet perhaps one-half the total thickness of the formation there. The softness of the shale causes it to erode so easily that its outcrop is usually marked by a valley, or by steep slopes. Where ex- posed, the shale disintegrates readily and forms a black and fertile soil. The composition of the unweathered shale renders it suitable material for brick making. The shale beds are practically constant from the Oklahoma line to the Gulf Coastal Plain near Batesville, but the sandstone thins out at places. Pitkin limestone. The Pitkin limestone, to 100 feet thick, is widely distributed over northern Arkansas, extending along the north side of the Boston Mountains from Independence County to the western boundary of the State. It thins out to the north and is generally thickest in its most southern outcrops. It is exposed along the north face of these mountains and on many of their outliers and in some places it forms a prominent es- carpment. It is also exposed on the south side of the Boston Mountains in Franklin, Johnson, and Newton counties. It is composed of massive gray fossiliferous limestone, parts of which are probably pure enough for making lime. In the reports of the Arkansas Geological Survey it is known as the "Archimedes limestone," because of the presence of Archimedes, an easily recognized bryozoan, the screwlike stems of which are common on the weathered surface of the rock. Pennsylvanian Series Morrow group. Under the name Morrow group are included several beds of limestone, sandstone, and sftiale, which vary much in thickness, ar- rangement, and character, and are of but little topographic prominence. They lie just below the -sandstone of the "Millstone grit" of the Arkansas Geological Survey, and, as a rule, form the middle part of the northern es- carpment of the Boston Mountains. South of Batesville, near Jamestown, these beds have a total thickness of about 200 feet, while at places farther west they are about 400 feet thick. To the lower part of the group the name Hale formation has been ap- plied, and to the upper part the name Bloyd shale has been applied. The Hale formation is composed of conglomerate, sandstone, limestone, and 32 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY shale, and is known to vary in thickness from 80 to 300 feet. The Bloyd shale is composed mainly of black clay shale, but partly of limestone which occurs in two beds, the upper being known as the Kessler limestone member and the lower the Brentwood limestone member. The shale is about 200 feet thick in southern Washington County and northern Crawford County but from this part of the State it thins to the north and east and is known to be absent in parts of Madison, Carroll, Boone, and Newton counties. A coal bed, as much as 14 inches thick occurs in the Bloyd shale in Washington County and has been worked on a small scale. Winslow formation. The Winslow formation makes the summit and southern slopes of the Boston Mountains, except in the deeper ravines where older rocks have been exposed. Rocks of this formation also occur on the tops of the outliers immediately north of the Boston Mountains. The formation consists of beds of sandstone and shale, with a few thin local layers of limestone. The sandstone beds range in thickness from 3 feet to more than 50 feet. Cne of these beds, and in places two, near the base of the formation, are conglomeratic, containing waterworn quartz peb- bles of small size and form prominent bluffs along the mountain slopes. These gritty beds at and near the base of the Winslow formation were described by the Arkansas Geological Survey in the report on Washington County as the "Millstone grit." The shales, which constitute probably 75 per cent of the formation, are as a rule black and carbonaceous, though less so than the shales of the Morrow group. Coal occurs within this formation but only in beds too thin to be profitably worked. The Winslow formation in the Boston Mountain region extends up to the base of the series of rocks that contain the workable coal beds in the Arkansas coal field. Its total thickness in the southern part of the region where it is greatest is estimated to be more than 1,500 feet. CUACHITA MOUNTAIN REGION. CAMBRIAN SYSTEM. Ccllier shale. The Collier shale is exposed in a nearly east-west valley area. 1 to 3 miles wide and about 15 miles long, lying between Womble and Mount Ida, Montgomery County. The entire thickness of the formation is not known as the base is not revealed, but the exposed beds are probably at least 500 feet thick. The formation is composed mostly of bluish-black soft graphitic, intensely crumpled clay shale, but contains some bluish-gray or black limestone and a few thin layers of dark chert. No fossils have been found in the formation. Very little or none of the limestone is suitable for making lime, and none of it is suitable for building stone on account of the fractured condition of the limestone and the occurrence of quartz and calcite veins in it. ORUOVICIAN SYSTEM. Crystal Mountain sandstone. The Crystal Mountain sandstone, 850 feet thick, crops out in Montgomery County and produces high rugged ridges which extend westward from the vicinity of Crystal Springs to a point about 15 miles west of Mount Ida. A group of these ridges south of Mount Ida is known as the Crystal Mountains and from them the sandstone takes its name. The formation is composed of coarse-grained massive gray to brown OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 33 sandstone but at the base there is a conglomerate with limestone and chert pebbles that have been derived from the Collier shale. Clusters of quartz crystals .are found in fissures at numerous places and many are sold at Hot Springs, Garland County, for museum specimens and for use as ornaments. The sandstone is used as a building stone at Mount Ida. The formation has not yielded any fossils but, for reasons which can not be presented in this short paper, it is tentatively assigned to the Ordo- vician system. Mazarn shale. The Mazarn shale, 1,000 feet thick, takes its name from its occurrence on the headwaters of Mazarn Creek in Montgomery County. It is exposed at other places in this county and outcrops of it are known to extend as far east as Blakely Mountain in Garland County. The outcrops everywhere occur in valleys. The formation consists of shale and of small amounts of limestone and sandstone. The shale is ribboned, consisting of alternating black and green layers that split at an angle with the bedding. Fossil graptolites of Lower Ordovician age have been found at a few places. Blakely sandstone. The Blakely sandstone, to 500 feet thick, consists of shale in alternating black and green layers and hard gray sandstone. The shale constitutes 75 per cent of the whole, but the sandstone, which pro- duces high ridges, is the prominent feature. The ridges formed by this sandstone extend in an east-northeastward direction from Womble, Mont- gomery County, across Garland County, into Saline County. A group of these ridges in Garland County is known as Blakely Mountain and from it the sandstone has been named. The formation is absent at most places west of Womble and at probably all places north of that town. Graptolites of Lower Ordovician age have been found in shale in the formation in Blakely Mountain. Quartz crystals are found in fissures in the sandstone but they are not so numerous as they are in the Crystal Mountain sandstone. Womble shale. The Womble shale, 250 to 1,000 feet thick, is exposed in wide and narrow valley areas from the vicinity of Big Fork, Polk County, across Montgomery, Garland, and Saline counties, into Pulaski County. The name for it is taken from the town of Womble, part of which is situated on the base of the shale. The formation consists of black graphitic shale, with thin beds of sandstone near the base and beds of limestone near the top. The shale near the base is composed of black and green layers that split at an angle with the bedding and thus show ribboned cleavage surfaces. Graptolites of Lower Ordovician age are numerous. Some of the limestone has been used for making lime for local use, near Cedar Glades, Garland County, and Black Springs, Montgomery County. Bigfork chert. The Bigfork chert is exposed over large and small areas between Shady postoffice, Polk. County, and Pulaski County, and in such areas it produces numerous low steep-sided knobs. The formation is esti- mated to be 700 feet thick in Garland County and other counties farther west, where it has been studied more extensively than elsewhere. It is composed of thin-bedded gray to black, much shattered chert interbedded with thin layers of black shale. The -fossils that have been found consist mainly of graptolites. The chert is excellently adapted for road building and is beins used for this purpose at Hot Springs. Polk Creek shale. The Polk Creek shale, to 200 feet thick, is exposed on steep rocky slopes and in narrow valleys in close association with the 34 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY outcrops of the Bigfork chert, and so far as known is absent in comparatively small areas. It is a black graphitic shale; in parts it is siliceous and in others clay shale. It has been prospected for roofing slate near Big Fork, Polk County, and near Washita, Montgomery County. Graptolites are abundant in the shale. SILURIAN SYSTEM. Blaylock sandstone. The Blaylock sandstone is exposed in a small area near Bog Springs, Polk County, and in other, though not large, areas as far east as the vicinity of Malvern. Along some of its most southern outcrops it has an estimated thickness of 1,500 feet, but it thins so rapidly to the north that it is not present 3 or 4 miles north of the places where it has the above-estimated thickness. It is composed of fine-grained light-gray to dark-gray or green compact sandstone and buff to dark shale. Its areas of outcrop are very rocky, occurring on mountain slopes and in narrow valleys. One small collection of fossils, consisting entirely of graptolites, has been obtained at the south base of Blaylock Mountain, in the southwest corner of Montgomery County. Missouri Mountain slate. The Missouri Mountain slate, to 300 feet thick, is exposed on or near high ridges from Polk County east to Pulaski County, but is absent at places near Mount Ida. It is a red and green clay slate but at places is dark colored. Thus far it has not yielded any fossils. It has been extensively prospected for commercial slate at several places near Hawes and Bear, Garland County, and at many places in Polk and Montgomery counties, and has been quarried for switchboards at Slatington in the last-named county. DEVONIAN SYSTEM. Arkansas novaculite. The Arkansas novaculite is widely exposed in Polk County and the other counties between it and Pulaski County. It is exposed in more or less parallel and nearly eastward-trending belts, whose narrowness is due to the steep dips of the beds. Owing to the narrowness of these belts and to the greater resistance of the novaculite (a variety of chert) to weathering than the adjacent strata above and below, its outcrops stand up as sharp ridges, whereas both the older and younger rocks form valleys. Many rock ledges occur on the crests of the ridges and in the water gaps. The formation is thickest in its southernmost outcrops, where the thick- ness at many if not at most places is about 900 feet, but it thins to the north and is absent at places near Mount Ida, and probably at other places. It has been studied more extensively in Garland and Hot Spring counties and the other counties farther west than elsewhere in the State. There it consists of three lithologic divisions a lower one, made up almost entirely of massive white novaculite; a middle one, consisting mainly of thin layers of dense dark-colored novaculite interbedded with shale; and an upper one consist- ing chiefly of massive, highly calcareous novaculite. These divisions vary in thickness and character from place to place. The lower division is commonly from 150 to 300 feet thick, though at some places the thickness is greater. It is made up almost wholly of typical novaculite, whose white color and massiveness make it the most conspicuous part of the formation. In fact, it is this part that usually occupies the crests of the ridges. The beds are from 2 to 10 feet thick and are commonly even OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 35 bedded. The massive novaculite is usually dense, gritty, fine grained, homo- geneous, highly siliceous, translucent on thin edges, and white with a bluish tint, but where unweathered it is bluish gray. It has an uneven to conchoidal fracture and a waxy luster like that of chaledony. Though the bulk of the rock is white, much of it varies in shades of red, gray, green, yellow, and brown, and in many places it is black. These shades are produced by iron and manganese oxides and possibly in some places by carbonaceous matter. The rock contains a little calcite, but exposures of the calcereous stone are not common and have been found only in stream beds. Joints are numerous and run in all directions, but the mi-st prominent joints are normal to the bedding. Many of them are filled by white quartz veins which are usually so thin as to be inconspicuous. Slickensides along both joints and bedding planes are common. The middle part of the formation consists chiefly of interbedded nova- culite and shale. The novaculite is similar to that in the lower massive part of the formation, except that the common color is dark gray to black and that the beds are much thinner, usually between 1 inch and 6 inches thick. A con- glomerate at the base of this division was observed at a number of places. It consists of small rounded and subangular pebbles of novaculite in a sandy and dense flinty matrix. The shale ordinarily observed is black, weathering to a buff or brown color, but some of it is red. The upper part of the formation ranges from about 20 to 125 feet in thickness and is thickest along the southernmost exposures. It- consists chiefly of massive, highly calcareous light-gray to bluish-black novaculite which is so resistent that at some places where it and the accompanying beds of the formation are not overturned it produces low ridges or knobs on the slopes of the higher ridges. Some thin beds of ordinary dense chal- cedonic novaculite like that so characteristic of the middle and lower parts of the formation are also included. Fine lamination parallel with the bed- ding is common. On weathering, the more calcareous rock loses its calcium carbonate becomes white or cream-colored and porous and soft enough to receive impressions from the hammer without breaking. Novaculite from the lower part of the formation is quarried on North Mountain, Indian Mountain, and near Summit, Garland County, for oil stones or w'hetstones. It is also quarried on North Mountain, Garland County, and near Butterfield, Hot Spring County, for use in concrete. Deposits of tripoli derived from the novaculite have been prospected near Caddo Gap, Mont- gomery County and near Langley, Pike County. Manganese oxides occur in the novaculite and much prospecting for manganese ore has been done in Pike, Polk, and Montgomery counties. The lower part of the formation is considered to be of Devonian age; but the middle and upper parts are doubtfully placed in the Devonian sys- tem, as there is a possibility that these two parts may be of Mississippian age. The only fossils that have been found in the formation in Arkansas are conodonts, linguloids, sporangites, and fossil wood, all of which were obtained from the middle and upper parts of the formation. CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. Mississippian Series Hot Springs sandstone. The Hot Springs sandstone is exposed on high mountain ridges at and near the city of Hot Springs. It is simply a lenticular 36 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY formation, and so far as known is not present except near Hot Springs. The maximum thickness is 200 feet. The formation is composed of gray hard quartzitic. sandstone, and at the base there is a conglomerate which is as much as 30 feet thick. The pebbles are of all sizes up to 6 inches in diam- eter and consist mostly of novaculite. Stanley shale. The Stanley shale is the surface rock in large and small areas in Polk, Sevier, Howard, Pike, Montgomery, Clark, Hot Spring, and Garland counties, in the southern part of Yell County, in the northern part of Saline County, and in the west-central part of Pulaski County. Some of the largest areas are intermontane basins like the one in which Mena is sit- uated and the one in which the southern part of Hot Springs is situated, whereas the other large areas form a part of the Athens plateau which is south of the Ouachita Mountains. The thickness, as measured near Glen- wood, Pike County, is 6,000 feet, and it is perhaps equally as great at all other places. The formation is composed of bluish-black and black fissile clay shale and fine-grained compact greenish-gray or bluish-gray sandstone. Several tuff beds, as much as 85 feet thick, occur near the base in Polk County. The upper part of the formation in Arkansas has yielded a single collection of plants, including some ferns. Some of the shale at the base has been altered to slate and this has been prospected for commercial slate in Polk, Mont- gomery, and Garland counties. Quartz veins in the formation contain lead, zinc, and antimony minerals near Gillham, Sevier County. Jackfork sandstone. The Jackfork sandstone, 5,000 to 6,600 feet thick, forms broad low nearly east-west ridges on the Athens plateau south of the Ouachita Mountains. These ridges are forested with yellow pine and among them are Grindstone Mountain extending westward from the vicin- ity of Arkadelphia, Clark County, and several ridges that are south of Kirby, Pike county. Furthermore, the formation is widely exposed in the Ouachita Mountains themselves. In fact, its outcrops form the highest and some of the most rugged mountain ridges of the Ouachitas. Some of these are Black Fork, Rich, Fourche, Mill Creek, and Irons Fork mountains near Mena, Polk County; Muddy Creek Mountain near Washita, Montgomery County; and Blue Mountain near Cedar Glades, Garland County. In the southern exposures of the formation it is composed of massive compact fine-grained to coarse-grained light-gray sandstone with some millstone grit, especially in its basal part, and with a small amount of green shale, whereas in many of its northern exposures the shale forms the greater part of the formation and the sandstone a minor part of it. Indeterminable invertebrate fossils have been found in the millstone grit at the base. Pennsylvanian Series Atoka formation. The Atoka formation is exposed in two narrow east- west belts between Kirby and Murfreesboro, Pike County, and another belt, which is probably one of these, follows the south base of Chalybeate Moun- tain, 5 miles south of Amity, Clark County. The thickness of the formation in this part of the State is estimated to be 6,000 feet. The Atoka is also ex- posed in large areas in Scott. Yell, and Perry counties and the west-central part of Pulaski County. Two of the principal ridges formed by it are Dutch Creek and Danville mountains. The formation in Yell County is estimated to be 7,800 feet thick. Here, as elsewhere in the State, it is composed of OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOG\ 37 hard light-gray to brown sandstone and an equal or greater amount of black clay shale. ARKANSAS VALLEY REGION. CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. Mississippian Series Jackfork sandstone. The Jackfork sandstone, as has been previously stated, is composed of shale and a smaller amount of sandstone in its north- ernmost outcrops in the Ouachita Mountain region, and it is doubtless repre- sented by similar strata in some areas on the south side of the Arkansas Valley. Pennsylvanian Series Atoka formation. The Atoka formation comprises a considerable part of the thick series of sandstones and shales that underlie the coal-bearing rocks in the Arkansas coal field. This series of rocks was referred to in the pub- lications of the Arkansas Geological Survey as the "Lower or Barren Coal Measures." The uppermost formation in this series is known as the Atoka formation and contains beds which are equivalent to part of the Winslow formation of the Boston Mountains. The Atoka is estimated to be about 7,000 feet thick and is composed of sandstone separated by thick beds of black clay shale. It has not yielded any fossils in Arkansas. The sandstones form ridges and the shales underlie valleys and lowlands. Sandstone beds in the formation supply the gas from the Massard Prairie gas field near Fort Smith, the Coops Prairie gas field near Mansfield, and the Kibler gas field near Van Buren. Hartshorne sandstone. The Hartshorne sandstone lies at the base of the productive coal-bearing rocks of the Arkansas coal field. It is known to have a great areal extent, and is found cropping out around the edges of the coal bearing rocks from the east end of the Arkansas coal field west- ward into Oklahoma. It is 100 to 300 feet thick, and contains minor beds of shale in its central and upper parts. An important coal bed known as the Hartshorne coal rests on the top of the sandstone. McAlester group. Above the Hartshorne sandstone there is in the pro- ductive coal-bearing rocks a series of shales and sandstones with a num- ber of beds of workable coal. The McAlester group is divisible into three formations (1) a lower, known as the Spadra shale, consisting of three or more beds of coal and minor strata of sandstone; (2) a middle, called the Fort Smith formation, composed chiefly of sandstone and shaly sandstone beds with one or more workable beds of coal; (3) an upper, described as the Paris shale, consisting partly of beds of sandy shale with some sand- stone and one or more workable beds of coal. The Spadra shale is 400 to 500 feet thick, the Fort Smith formation 375 to 425 feet, and the Paris shale 60Q to 700 feet. Numerous collections of fossil plants have been ob- tained from the McAlester group. Savanna formation. Overlying the McAlester group there is in the pro- ductive coal series a formation consisting of several sandstone members sep- arated by shales. This is known as the Savanna formation. It occurs in Arkansas only in the tops and upper slopes of Poteau, Sugarloaf, Short, and Magazine mountains. That part of the Savanna exposed in Arkansas is es- timated not to exceed 1,000 feet, and constitutes approximately the lower two-thirds of the entire formation, which is present farther west in Okla- homa. 38 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY The rocks of this formation, as well as the other rocks of the produc- tive coal series, are all more or less folded, so that the shale and sandstone outcrops depend on the character and direction of these folds and can therefore be determined only after a study of the structure of the region. It can be said, however, that the shale outcrops generally lie in the valleys parallel to the ridges which are formed by sandstone. GULF COASTAL PLAIN. CRETACEOUS SYSTEM. Lower Cretaceous Series Trinity formation. The Trinity formation is exposed in a belt, a few miles wide, extending from a point near Delight westward across Pike, How- ard and Sevier counties and thence into Oklahoma. It has a thickness of over 600 feet at a locality 2 miles north of Center Point, Howard County, and probably has a like thickness farther west in Arkansas, but it thins out near the east border of Pike County. It consists predominantly of clay but includes subordinate beds of sand, gravel, and limestone. The lime- stone contains fossil oysters and other shells and occurs in two beds, the Dierks limestone lentil and the De Queen limestone member, both of which are exposed in narrow belts. The De Queen limestone, the higher of the two, is near the middle of the formation. It ranges in thickness from a feather edge to 72 feet, and its outcrop extends from Plaster Bluff, near Murfreesboro, westward through De Queen into Oklahoma. It is not pres- ent east of Plaster Bluff. The Dierks limestone at some places is 50 feet above the base of the formation and at others is probably 200 feet above the base. Its thickness ranges from a feather edge to 40 feet. Its outcrop extends from a locality about 2 miles north of Delight westward to Cossatot River, where it thins out. The gravel also occurs in two beds that attain a thickness of 100 feet. The lower of the two gravels is at the base of the fortnation. It is called the Pike gravel member and is exposed in an almost continuous though irregular belt from the west side of the State to the east end of the outcrop of the Trinity. The upper gravel, the Ultima Thule gravel lentil, is above the Dierks limestone and is exposed in an irregular belt ex- tending from Cossatot River westward into Oklahoma. These four lentils and members and the interbedded sands and clays of the Trinity have a slight southward dip. Although the Trinity occupies a nearly horizontal po- sition it rests upon the truncated upturned edges of steeply dipping shales and sandstones of Carboniferous age, which, however, form a smooth floor that has only minor irregularities and undulations. A pronounced uncon- formity therefore occurs at the base of the Trinity. The above-mentioned gravels are composed mostly of novaculite pebbles. They are widely distributed and constitute a very large supply of good road material. Gypsum occurs in the De Queen limestone member and has been prospected in a small way near Plaster Bluff. Limestone in this member has been used for rough building stone at De Queen, but neither it nor the Dierks limestone is pure enough for making lime. Goodland limestone. The Goodland limestone, to 25 feet thick, is a chalky fossiliferous limestone and is exposed on Little River near Cerro Gordo, Little River County. It is not exposed east of that place. OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 3\) Washita group. The Washita group consists of calcareous clays and thin beds of limestone and is exposed over a small area in the northwest corner of Little River County where it has a total thickness of over 250 feet. Upper Cretaceous Series Bingen formation. The Bingen formation receives its name from the village of Bingen, Hempstead County. Its area of outcrop is a belt, narrow to the east and wide to tine west, and extends in a west-southwestward direc- tion from the vicinity of Clear Spring, Clark County, across Pike, Hemp- stead, Howard, and Sevier counties. The formation ranges in thickness from a feather edge to 580 feet, being thickest to the southwest. It is com- posed of sand, clay, and gravel, and near Tokio and farther east contains beds to which the name Tokio sand member has been applied. This mem- ber is in fact the only part of the formation exposed east of Little Missouri River and is the only part that contains beds of quartz sand. The gravel in the Bingen occurs in several beds. The southward slop- ing plateau on which Center Point, Howard County, is located and a similar plateau west of Lockesburg, Sevier County, owe their preservation and prom- inence to these gravels. The thickest and also the most widely distributed bed which is as much as 60 feet thick, is at the base. These different gravel deposits resemble one another as well as those of the Trinity formation and are well adapted for road making. They are composed of partly rounded to well-rounded pebbles usually 1 inch or less in diameter, and most of the pebbles are novaculite. Among the other kinds of pebbles there are various types of igneous rocks, which are similar to or identical with some of the crystalline rocks of Arkansas. These are found in the basal part of the formation from the vicinity of Murfreesboro westward. A greenish cross-bedded arkosic sand composed of kaolinized feldspar and a less amount of other minerals is widely distributed west and north- west of Tokio and Highland. Besides the sand just described the for- mation contains red, light-colored and dark-colored clays and quartz sand. The light-colored clays are in beds reaching a thickness of 5 to 6 feet and consist of plastic ball clays and nonplastic kaolins. A 5-foot bed of kaolin in the NE. % SE. & sec. 24, T. 8 S., R. 25 W., is reported to be fullers earth. Some of the clays contain fossil plants. Brownstown marl. The Brownstown marl is the surface formation in a belt a few miles wide extending in an east-northeastward direction from the vicinity of Brownstown, Sevier County, to the vicinity of Hollywood, Clark County. In the western part of the belt where it is thickest it attains a thickness of 650 feet. It is a blue or gray calcareous clay containing many fossil oysters and is characterized by the presence of the large oyster Exo- gyra ponderosa, whence it has sometimes been called the "Exogyra ponde- rosa marl." The soil derived from the formation, when not mixed with sur- ficial deposits, is black and waxy, but the subsoil is yellow. Austin ("Annona") chalk. The Austin chalk consists of white chalk, which at White Cliffs, Sevier County, has a thickness of over 100 feet, but thins out rapidly to the east, disappearing entirely before reaching Okolona, Clark County, where it is composed only of chalky marl. To the west out- crops are found at Rocky Comfort. Little River County. The chalk was formerly used in the manufacture of Portland cement at White Cliffs. 40 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY Marlbrook marl. The Marlbrook marl consists of blue, chalky, some- what glauconitic marls, which are impure chalk at some places. The most extensive outcrops of this formation are along the ridge which extends from Marlbrook, the type locality in Hempstead County, to Saratoga, in southern Howard County. It forms a stiff black soil. About 200 to 300 feet above the base of this formation is a very chalky layer 20 to 50 feet thick, which has been called the "Saratoga chalk marl" or the "Saratoga formation." It is exposed in the Marlbrook-Saratoga region at the town of Okolona, where it is called "cistern rock;" at Dobyville, and on Little and Big Deciper creeks in Clark County. The thickness of the Marlbrook marl ranges from 750 feet at Texarkana to 50 feet or less at Arkadelphia. Nacatoch sand. Above the Marlbrook marl is a series of sandy beds which are of vast economic importance to a strip of country along the Mis- souri Pacific Railway between Arkadelphia and Texarkana, since they are the source of the main water supply of that region. Like the other sandy beds of the Cretaceous, at the outcrop they are distinguished with difficulty from the surficial sands that mantle the region. However, the thousands of wells which have been sunk to this horizon prove conclusively that the outcrop of this bed produces the belt of sandy land which begins on Yellow Creek south of Saratoga and extends, with interruptions of greater or less im- portance, along the main drainage channels, through Washington, De Ann, Garlandville, Nacatoch Bluff, and Keyton, and finally reaches Ouachita River at High Bluffs above Arkadelphia. Nacatoch Bluff, on Little Missouri River, in Clark County, from which the sand takes its name, reveals one of the most complete exposures occur- ring along this belt and shows calcareous and quartzitic rocks which, when encountered in wells, are called "water rocks." In the western part of this region the sands are rather light in color, although about Hope they are overlain by a very black sandy layer 3 to 15 feet thick, and have an aggregate thickness of about 100 to 160 feet. Toward Arkadelphia the sand grows darker and thinner. In the well of the Arkadel- phia Ice and Fuel Co. it appears to extend from 100 to 160 feet, and is there- fore about 60 feet thick. In a well at Prescott, it is reported to be 176 feet thick. It is apparently 178 feet thick in a well at Bodcaw, Nevada County, and is at least 185 feet thick in a well near Fulton, Hempstead County. Marls encountered in wells at Little Rock, at Cabot, Lonoke County, and Beebe, White County, contain a fauna corresponding in age to the fauna of the Nacatoch sand. There are small exposures of beds of Upper Cretaceous age in the vicinity of Newark. Independence County, and the meager fauna found in the beds indicate that they are probably of the same age as the Nacatoch sand. Arkadelphia clay. The dark laminated clays which overlie the Nacatoch aand form the "blue dirt" of the well drillers along the line of the Missouri Pacifig Railway from Arkadelphia to Texarkana. These beds contain upper- most Cretaceous fossils for 100 to 200 feet above the Nacatoch sands, the fossil-bearing beds being well developed on Yellow Creek 3 to 4 miles north- west of Fulton, 5 to 6 miles north of Hope, north and northwest of Emmet, and at Arkadelphia. Thus far no fossils have been found in the upper por- tion of this formation, which extends without any apparent break to the Eocene sand beds forming the sandy hills south of the Missouri Pacific Rail- OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 41 way. This absence of fossils, together with the fact that the Midway (Eocene) formation, though commonly characterized by limestones, con- tains dark-colored clays, makes the exact determination of the top of the Cretaceous in this section particularly difficult. The total thickness of the Arkadelphia clay, excluding the beds which appear to be stratigraphically Eocene, is from 200 to 300 feet at Arkadelphia, 500 feet at Laneburg, 500 to 600 feet at Hope and Spring Hill, and 500 feet at Texarkana. TERTIARY SYSTEM. Eocene Series Eocene deposits, including in ascending order the Midway, Wilcox, Clai- borne, and Jackson formations, 1,000 feet or more in aggregate thickness, form the core of Crowleys Ridge; they are exposed in the uplands which occupy much of south-central Arkansas, south of Little Rock; and they are exposed in small areas along the western margin of the Coastal Plain from Little Rock northeastward to the southern part of Independence County. The formations of Eocene age are more or less similar in character, and comprise sands, clays, marls, and some limestones and workable beds of lignite. These beds dip gently to the southeast; they are all more or less sandy; and but few of them are hard and consolidated. At the lignite mines of Ouachita County, however, some of the sands are indurated to very com- pact sandstones, and at some places in Crowleys Ridge they form the hard- est of quartzites. At and near Piggott in Clay County, Benton in Saline County, Malvern in Hot Spring County, Fordyce in Dallas County, Lester in Ouachita County, and other places there are valuable deposits of potter's clay and fire clay. Pliocene (?) Series Gravels and sands, possibly of Pliocene age, occur in Crowleys Ridge and cover the foothills of Lawrence, Independence, and probably other counties. QUATERNARY SYSTEM. A sheet of sedimentary materials, 200 feet or less thick, which consist of sands, clays, and gravels, cover the Tertiary area of the State and some of the adjacent Palezoic rocks and yield large quantities of water which is extensively used in the culture of rice. The country lying north of Arkansas River and east of the Palezoic hills belongs mostly to the Quaternary. The lowest strata exposed in Crowleys Ridge belong to the Eocene. All the river bottoms are of recent origin, while t'he loess, 140 feet or less thick, which caps Crowleys Ridge and likewise the river terraces and second bottoms of all the important streams belong to the Pleistocene. Bibliography. The list of reports given below includes only those that were used in the preparation of the above chapter on the topography and geology of Ar- kansas. These represent a very small percentage of the total number of publications on the geology of the State. A complete bibliography of the geology of the State by J. C. Branner was published in 1894 in Volume 2 of the Annual Report of the Arkansas Geological Survey for 1891, and a sec- ond bibliography by him, listing all of the titles up to 1909, was published by the same Survey. 42 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY Published Reports. 1891.* Williams, J. F., The igneous rocks of Arkansas: Arkansas Geol. Survey Ann. Kept, for 1890, vol. 2. 1892. Griswold, L. S., Whetstones and the novaculites of Arkansas. Arkansas Geol. Survey Ann. Kept, for 1890, vol. 3. 1893. Hopkins, T. C., Marbles and other limestones: Arkansas Geol. Survey Ann. Kept, for 1890, vol. 4. 1900. Branner, J. C., The lead and zinc region of north Arkansas: Arkansas Geol. Survey Ann. Kept, for 1892, vol. 5. 1904. Adams, G. I., Purdue, A. H., and Burchard, E. F., Zinc and lead deposits of northern Arkansas: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 24. (Out of print.) Ulrich, E. O., Determination and correlation of formations [of northern Arkansas]: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 24, pp. yO-113. (Out of print.) 1905 Adams, G. I. and Ulrich, E. O., Description of the Fayetteville quadran- gle: U. S. Geol. Survey, Geol. Atlas, Fayetteville folio (Xo. 119). 1906. Veatch, A. C., Geology and underground water resources of northern Louisiana and southern Arkansas: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 46. (Out of print.) 1907. Purdue, A. H., Description of the Winslow quadrangle: U. S. Geol. Survey, Geol. Atlas, Winslow folio (No. 154). (Out of print.) , Developed phosphate deposits of northern Arkansas: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 315, pp. 463-473. (Out of print.) Collier, A. J., The Arkansas coal field: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 326. 1908. Branner, J. C., The clays of Arkansas: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 351. 1909. Purdue, A. H., The slates of Arkansas: Arkansas Geol. Survey. 1913. Eckel, E. C., Portland cement materials and industry in the United States: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 522. 1914. Smith, C. D., Structure of the Fort Smith-Poteau gas field, Arkansas and Oklahoma: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 541, pp. 23-33. (Out of print.) 1915. Siebenthal, C. E., Origin of the zinc and lead deposits of the Joplin re- gion, Missouri, Kansas, and Oklahoma: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 606. Mead, W. J., Occurrence and origin of the bauxite deposits of Arkansas: Econ. Geology, vol. 10, pp. 28-54. 1916. Stephenson, L. W., and Crider, A. F., Geology and ground waters of northeastern Arkansas: U. S. Geol. Survey Water Supply Paper 399. Purdue, A. H., and Miser, H. D., Description of the Eureka Springs and Harrison quadrangles: U. S. Geol. Survey, Geol. Atlas, Eureka Springs-Harrison folio (No. 202). 1917. Miser, H. D., Manganese deposits of the Caddo Gap and De Queen quadrangles, Arkansas: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 660, pp. 59-122. Schrader, F. C., Stone, R. W., and Sanford, Samuel, Useful minerals of the United States: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 624. 1918. Stephenson, L. W., and Miser, H. D., Camp Pike and the adjacent coun- try: Text on back of topographic map. Little Rock quadrangle, U. S. Geol. Survey. Miser, H. D., and Purdue, A. H., Gravel deposits of the Caddo Gap and De Queen quadrangles, Arkansas: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 690, pp. 15-29. . Asphalt deposits and oil conditions in southwestern Ar- kansas: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 691, pp. 271-292. Unpublished Reports Miser, H. D., Diamond-bearing peridotite in Arkansas: U. S. Geol. Sur- vey Bull. (Manuscript not completed.) , Manganese ore deposits of the Batesville district, Arkan- sas: U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. (Preliminary report in press and de- tailed report almost ready for press.) Purdue, A. H., and Miser, H. D., Description of the De Queen and Caddo Gap quadrangles: U. S. Geol. Survey, Geol. Atlas, De Queen-Caddo Gap folio. (In course of preparation.) , Description of the Hot Springs special quadrangle: U. S. Geol. Survey, Geol. Atlas, Hot Springs folio. (In course of prepara- tion.) Ulrich, E. O., Description of the Yellville quadrangle: U. S. Geol. Sur- vey, Geol. Atlas, Yellville folio. (In course of preparation.) 'The numbers in this column are the dates of the publication of the reports. OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 43 MINERALS AND ECONOMIC PRODUCTS. METALLIFEROUS MINERALS. Antimony Since 1873 antimony has been mined intermittently in Sevier and How- ard counties, near Antimony and Gillham. This field is believed to extend westward into Oklahoma. With refernce to the antimony deposits John T. Fuller, in a special report to the Bureau of Mines, Manufactures and Agri- culture in 1913, made the following statement: "The rocks of the antimony region are alternating thinly bedded sand- stones and sandy or muddy shales, of Pennsylvanian and Mississippian age. They are of a light-yellowish or drab color where exposed, and dark gray to black where unweathered. The rocks have been thrown into very regu- lar parallel folds running a trifle north of east. The folds are so close that in many places the dip of the rocks approaches perpendicularity, and so regular that the strike of the rocks is sometimes used to tell direction. "The original minerals found in the veins are quartz, stibnite, jameson- ite, zinkenite, galena, sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, siderite, and calcite. Traces are found of arsenic, bismuth, cadmium, cobalt (?), silver and min- utely and rarely, gold. Cervantite and bindheimite occur as oxidation prod- ucts of stibnite and jamesonite, respectively. "The ores have been mostly rather pure oxide and sulphide of antimony, or lead ores, in many places silver bearing, for 40 to 115 feet from the surface, below which sphalerite and other impurities begin to come in. The ores which are easily oxidizable, or those whose oxidation products are readily soluble, have been more or less completely leached from the upper portions of the veins to the depth mentioned, which probably corresponds to the lower limit of variation of the ground-water surface. "The minerals occurring in the veins are deposited upon the faces of the quartz crystals forming the combs, and are therefore younger than most of the quartz, although a certain amount of quartz has been deposited later with the metallic minerals. "There is a central area through which the veins predominantly carry stibnite; elsewhere either the other minerals preponderate or no stibnite is present. This area runs northeastward from the Otto mine to the May a distance of about 8 miles in a direct line, and is perhaps 2 miles wide. "The ore bodies occur in thin lenticular masses whose longest dimen- sion approaches verticality and may reach more than 100 feet. The width may be from 3 or 4 feet to 20 or even 40 feet; the tihickness ranges from a "feather-edge" to 2y 2 feet." OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 45 REFERENCES. Comstock, T. B. Annual Report, Geol. Surv. of Ark., 1888, Vol. I, pp. 136, 140, 142, 144-145. Wang;, C. V. Antimony: its history, chemistry, etc. Philadelphia. 1909. (Contains bibliography.) Hess, F. L,. The Arkansas antimony deposits. Bulletin No. 340, U. S. Geol. Surv., Washington, 1908. Williams, Charles P. Occurrence of antimony in Arkansas. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Vol. Ill, May, 1874. Dunningrton, F. P. Antimony ores in Sevier County, Arkansas. Proceed- ings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science for 1887, Vol. XXVI, Salem, 1878. Santos, J. R. Analysis of native antimony ore from Sevier County, Ar- kansas. Chemical News, Vol. XXXVI, London, October, 1877. Wait, Charles E. The antimony deposits of Arkansas. Amer. Chem. Soc., Vol. I, Pamphlet. Shriver, Ellsworth H. Antimony deposits of Arkansas. Min. & Sci. Press, Vol. 114, pp. 920-922. Bauxite HISTORICAL FOREWORD BY DOCTOR BRANNER. The Arkansas bauxite deposits were discovered by me the last week in June, 1887, at several places where they were then exposed along the turn- pike running south from Little Rock to Sweet Home, and a little more than one mile south of where the road crosses Fourche Bayou. It is not to be understood that the material was not known before that date. As a matter of fact the bed of the turnpike near Sweet Home was mostly made of bauxite, and one gentleman afterwards informed me that he and his brother had driven oxen over "that stuff" forty years before. There is an old report on Fourche Cove, by Dr. W. Byrd Powell, publish- ed at Little Rock in 1842, which mentions what the author called "an ex- tensive amygdaloid formation within the cove and also upon the eastern side of it * * * * At one locality the amygdaloids are small, resembling a mass of peas." It is quite evident tliat this refers to the pisolitic bauxite, though the writer did not recognize it as such ? and he thought some of it was jasper. Dr. Owen, who was state geologict of Arkansas from 1857 to 1860, also refers to "ferruginous amygdaloid of rather peculiar character," and says that "the amygdules are very globular, so that the rock has much the appearance of peastone," but though there is no doubt that he refers to the bauxite, there is no evidence that either he or Dr. Powell suspected the true nature of the material. . At the time of these writers bauxite was very little known even in Europe, and it was not known at all in America. But no announcement was made and none could be made of the dis- covery of the nature of these deposits until the matter had been placed beyond reasonable doubt. Much work had to be done both in the field and in the laboratory before the discovery could be confirmed and made known. Mean- while the state geologist had many other duties that demanded his attention. It was not until January 7, 1891, that enough work had been done to warrant the announcement of the discovery. On that day a preliminary report was addressed to Governor Eagle, giving chemical analyses of the bauxite, the approximate location of the deposits that had been determined up to that time, and some general information about its uses. This original report to 46 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY Governor Eagle was first published in the Arkansas Gazette and in the Ark- ansas Democrat of January 8, 1891. It was also reproduced in the third and forth biennial reports of the Commission of Mines in 1894 and in 1896, and abstracts of it were published in New York, Philadelphia and London. I was a hopeful young man in those days, and I felt sure that the world would want these valuable deposits, for I knew they were the first considerable one of the kind to be found in America up to that time. But the world went about its business the n'5Xt day very much as usual. Evident- ly bauxite didn't interest people. It was somewhat disappointing, especially as there was considerable opposition to the continuation of the work of the State Geological Survey, and it was hoped that the announcement of the importance of the bauxite deposits might lead the Legislature to have more confidence in the practical value of the survey's work. The opposition grinned, and remarked that Branner had discovered a mare's nest. What the Legislature thought about it I never knew. Assuming that it would only require a remainder to some of the chemical manufacturing companies to get them interested, I wrote to the Pittsburg Reduction Works calling their attention to the deposits of bauxite awaiting development in Arkansas. The subject did not interest them. I then went to Syracuse, New York, and personally spoke to the superintendent of the Solvay Process Company about the matter. I pointed out the character of the material, the extent and accessibility of the deposits, and the low price at which the lands could probably be had at that time. If I offered to sell him a gold brick he could not have been less interested. Meanwhile the world was turning round, and there was much work to be done on the geology of Arkansas. Requests were received occasionally for specimens or for information, and these were referred to the Little Rock Board of Trade, or to the banks, or Lo the Commissioner of Mines. Mean- while the news of the existence of the deposits spread slowly through the northern states and in Europe. I have never followed the history of the development of the industry. Nor aid I ever find time to prepare a full report on the geology. Cnly two brief papers were published by me on the subject in the scientific journals: one in the American Geologist for March 1891, pp. 181-183, and the other in the Journal of Geology, Vol. V. April-May, 1897, pp. 263-289. The latter contains the first published bibliography of bauxite. The earliest published statistics of production do not show exactly when the shipment of bauxite from the state began. The first year for which figures have been published is 1899. when 5045 tons were shipped. The business seems to have been well on its feet by 1903 when the shipment amounted to 25,713 tons. In 1909 it had reached 106.874 tons; from that on the statistics are given in the following table. Stanford University, California, JOHN C. BRANNER. June 18, 1920. Rapid Growth of the Bauxite Mining Industry. Arkansas' bauxite production has increased so rapidly that since 1910 the State has produced over 80 per ceiit of the bauxite mined in this country. OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 47 In 1915 the output was more than 90 per cent of the total and has continued at this rate to the present time. The only operators of importance in 1920 are the Republic Mining and Manufacturing Company of Little Rock; the American Bauxite Company of Bauxite; the Globe Bauxite Company of Chemical Spur; and the Du Pont Chemical Company of Wilmington, Delaware. From a report on the "Occurrence and Origin of the Bauxite Deposits of Arkansas," by W. J. Mead, published in Economic Geology, Vol. X, No. I, Jan- uary, 1915, is quoted the following: "The major part of the production comes from what is known as the Bauxite District, sometimes called the Bryant District, lying about 18 miles Map of the Arkansas Bauxite Area. southwest of the city of Little Rock and covering an area of about 12 square miles in Bryant township of Saline county. The second and less important district is known as the Fourche Mountain District, lying immediately south of the city limits of Little Rock in Pulaski county and embracing an area somewhat larger than the Bauxite District. The two areas are about 14 miles apart. "A study of the general geology, chemistry and mineralogy of the de- posits has lead to the following conclusions: 48 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY "The bauxite and associated clays are the products of surface weather- ing of the syenite by normal processes of rock decomposition, and are in no sense chemical sediments. "Bauxite deposits occurring on the syenite surface have developed in situ from the syenite. "The deposits developed in situ from the syenite show evidence of downward secondary concentration of alumina. "Bauxite lenses occurring interstratified with the tertiary sediments consist of material which has been removed from its place of origin by ter- tiary streams. "The texture of the kaolinized syenite has been essential to the altera- tion of the kaolin in bauxite. "The oolitic, or pisolitic texture of the bauxite has developed in place from the granitic, or amorphous types of bauxite." Dr. Chas. W. Hayes of the U. S. Geological Survey in 1900 made a very complete report on the bauxite deposits of Arkansas. In that report Dr. Hayes made some estimates on the quantity of ore in the Arkansas deposits, and says: "It should be definitely understood that the areas represented, have not been tested in such a manner as to determine whether or not they contain bauxite. The estimates as to the extent of the ore are based entirely upon inference and from observed relations at its outcrop, and as represented, it can be regarded at best as only an approximation to the actual conditions." Dr. Hayes estimated that there was approximately, at the time of his examination, 50,000,000 tons of bauxite in the Bauxite Districts of Arkansas. Later mining and exploration of these deposits have demonstrated that the words of warning which Dr. Hayes made as to the approximation of his es- timates and the possibility of error, were justifiable. "Actual mining and prospecting operations have demonstrated that Dr. Hayes' approximate estimates are far in excess of the actual quantities of bauxite," states John T. Fuller, superintendent of the American Bauxite Company's plant. "It is still impossible to estimate with any degree of ex- actness the quantity of bauxite of merchantable grade in Arkansas, and the lessons learned since Dr. Hayes' estimate was made, have confirmed the opinion that any estimates made on a bauxite deposit based on outcrops, or geological inference, are highly speculative and dangerous. Based on mining and prospecting operations since 1900, a conservative estimates of the amount of bauxite on the areas listed by Dr. Hayes would place it at 1-10 of Dr. Hayes' figures, or approximately 5,000,000 tons from which must be deducted the bauxite mined since 1900." Each bauxite deposit opened up shows several different qualities of ore and the quality of ore exposed in the mining faces varies considerably from time to time, according to Mr. Fuller. It is necessary to- have constant analyses made of the mine facies in order that only ore of pure enough qual- ity is shipped to the consumers. The range in quality of the merchantable ore is shown by the following analyses, which may be taken as average analyses of any of fhe mine facies. OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 49 57,14 57.14 59.75 3.86 3.86 2.37 SiO* 7.15 7.15 4.78 Ti02 2.26 2.26 2.25 Loss on Ign. 29.59 30.77 30.85 Moisture 1.63 9.81 1.50 Users of Bauxite Aluminum Co. of America, Pittsburgh, Pa. Booth Chemical Co., P. O. Box 203, Elizabeth, N. J. Carborundum Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. Charles Lennig & Co. (Inc.), 112 South Front Street, Philadelphia, Pa. Charles Taylor Sons Co., Cincinnati, O. Columbus Waterworks, R. F. 5, Columbus, O. Cumberland Waterworks, R. D. 3, Cumberland, Md. Detroit Chemical Works, 238 Junction Avenue, Detroit, Mich. E. I. du Pont de Nemours Powder Co., Wilmington, Del. Erie Chemical Works, 31 Union Square, W., New York, N. Y. Exolon Co., 156 Sixth Street, Cambridge, Mass. General Abrasives Co., Niagara Falls, N. Y. General Refractories Co., Trinity Building, New York, N. Y. Harbison-Walker Refractories Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Jarecki Chemical Co., St. Bernard Station, Cincinnati, Ohio. Laclede-Christy Clay Products Co., St. Louis, Mo. Massillon Stone & Fire Brick Co., Massillon, Ohio. Merrimac Chemical Co., 33 Broad Street, Boston, Mass. Metropolitan Water District of Omaha, Omaha, Neb. Montclair Waterworks, Little Falls, N. J. Norton Co., Worcester, Mass, (also Niagara Falls, N. Y.) Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Co., Widener Building, Philadelphia, Pa. Springfield Waterworks, Springfield, Mass. Superior Chemical Co., Joliet, 111. Production of Bauxite in the United States By States. (In Tons 2240 Pounds.) States 1 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1 1917 1918 Alabama Georgia 33,096 115.,836 30,170 125,448 19,587 14,173 126,105 27,409 182,832 18,547 200,771 25,008 272,033 46,410 378,949 425,359 1 ! 62,134 37,000 506,5561532,000 Tennessee Arkansas Total 148,9321155,618 I 159,865)210,241 1 219,318|297,041 i 568.690)569,000 REFERENCES. Ashley, G. H. Bauxite mining in Tennessee; The Resources of Tennessee Vol. 1, No. 6, 1911, pp. 211-219. Aubrey- J. A. The Refractory uses of bauxite. Eng. and Min. Jour.. Feb. 3d, 1906, pp. 217-218. . Brjnner.. J. C. A preliminary report upon the bauxite deposits of Arkan- sas with locations and analyses. Arkansas Gazette, Little Rock, Jan. 8, 1891. (This was the original announcement of the discovery of the deposits.) Berger, W. F. B. Bauxite in Arkansas. Eng. and Min. Jour, Apr. 14, 1904, pp. 606-607. Branner, J. C. The Bauxite deposits of Arkansas. Jour. Geology, Vol. 5. 1897, pp. 263-289. (Contains a bibliography of bauxite.) 50 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY Day, David T. Arkansas (bauxite) 21st Annual Report, U. S. Geol. Surv., Part VI, 1901. Engineering and Mining Journal. Bauxite brick. Issue for January 19, 1905, p. 154. Hayes, C. W. Bauxite. Mineral Resources, U. S. for 1893, U. S. Geol. Surv., 1894, pp. 159-167. . The geological relations of the southern Appalachian baux- ite deposits. Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Vol. 24, 1895, 243-254. . Bauxite, its occurrence, geology, origin, economic value. Sixteenth Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., pt. 3, 1895, pp. 547-597. . The Arkansas bauxite deposits. Twenty-first Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., pt. 3, 1901, pp. 435-472. Holland, T. H. The occurrence of bauxite in India. Records Geol. Surv., India, Vol. 32, pt. 2, 1905, pp. 175-184. Horton, J. The manufacture of aluminum. Trans. Eng. Soc. School of Prac. Sci., Toronto, No. 18, 1905, pp. 113-123. Hill, James M. Bauxite and aluminum in 1917, U. S. Geol. Surv., Mineral Resources of the U. S. Part I, 1917. Hunt, Alfred E. Aluminum (and bauxite). Mineral Resources U. S. for 1892, U. S. Geol. Surv., 1893, pp. 227-254. . Bauxite. Trans. Am. Inst. Min. Eng., Vol. 24, 1895, pp. 855-861. Mineral Resources of the U. S., U. S. Geol. Surv. . Aluminum, Aluminum Co. of America, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1904, 268 pages. Institution of Mechanical Engineers. Minutes of meeting, alloys of alum- inum and copper. Engineering, Mar. 8, 1907, pp. 299-307. Judd, Edward K. Aluminum. Mineral Industry during 1905, pp. 11-22. . The bauxite industry of the South. Eng. and Min. Jour., Mar. 23, 1907, pp. 574-575. . Bauxite. Mineral Industry, Vol. 16, 1908, pp. 97-102. McCalley, H. Bauxite. The valley regions of Alabama, pt. 2, Alabama Geol. Surv., 1897, pp. 79-84; also descriptions of Calhoun and Cherokee counties. McC'allie, S. \V. Bauxite deposits of southern Georgia. Eng. and Min. Jour., May 27, 1911, p. 1050. Mead, VV. J. Occurrence and Origin of the bauxite deposits of Arkansas, Economic Geology, Vol. 10, No. 1, January, 1915. Minet, Adolphe. (Translated with additions by Leonard Waldo), The pro- ductions of aluminum and its industrial use, 1st edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1905, 266 pages. Packard, R. L,. Aluminum (and bauxite). Mineral Resources U. S. for 1891, U. S. Geol. Surv., 1892, pp. 147-163. . Aluminum. Sixteenth Ann. Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv., pt. 3, 1895, pp. 539-546. Parker, E. W. Arkansas Bauxite Deposits. Mines and Minerals, Vol. XX, Scranton, 1900. Paint, Oil and Drug Review. Aluminum paints. Issue for Aug. 15, 1906, p. 30. Phalen, \V. C. Bauxite and aluminum. Mineral Resources U. S. for 1909, pt. 1, U. S. Geol. Surv., 1911, pp. 561-572. Phalen, W. C. Bauxite and aluminum. Mineral Resources U. S. for 1910, pt. 1. U. S. Geol. Surv., 1911, pp. 711-723. Phillips, Wm. B., and Hancock, David. The commercial analysis of baux- ite. Jour. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol. 20, 1898, pp. 209-225. Richards, Joseph W. Aluminum, its history, occurrence, properties, met- allurgy, and applications, including its alloys, 3d ed., Baird & Co., Philadel- phia, 1896. . The metallurgy of aluminum in 1906. Mineral Industry, Vol. 15, 1906, pp. 12-17; Eng. and Min. Journal, June 8, 1907, pp. 1083-1086; Eng. and Min. Jour., June 15, 1907, pp. 1147-1149. Schnatterback, C. C. Aluminum and bauxite. Mineral Resources U. S. for 1904, U. S. Geol. Surv., 1905, pp. 285-294. Spencer, J. W. Bauxite (the Paleozoic group). Georgia Geol. Surv., 189S, pp. 214-239. Spurr, J. E. Alum deposits near Silver Peak, Esmeralda County Nev. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 225, 1904, pp. 501-502. UKH 'OFAEK DEPT. OF BURAL ECONOMICS & So ABKAls OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 51 Stacy-Jones, J. E. Light aluminum alloys. Indust. World, May 11, 1907, pp. 593-596. Struthers, Joseph. Aluminum and bauxite. Mineral Resources U. S. for 1903, U. S. Geol. Surv., 1904, pp. 265-279. Sutherland, James. The preparation of aluminttm from bauxite. Eng. and Min. Jour., Oct. 3, 1896, pp. 320-322. Veatch, Otto. Report on the bauxite deposits, Wilkinson County, Ga. Bull, Georgia Geol. Surv., No. 18, Appendix D. 1909, pp. 430-447. "Watson, T. L. The Georgia bauxite deposits, their chemical constituent* and genesis. Am. Geologist, Vol. 28, 1901, pp. 25-45. . Bauxite deposits of Georgia. Bull. Georgia Geol. Surv., No. 11. 1904. Wetherell, E. W. Laterite in Mysore. Mysore Geol. Dept. Memoirs, Vol. 3, pt. 1, p. 27. Copper '"There is no record of copper ore production in Arkansas, although scattering deposits have been discovered in several places and mined on a small scale, principally in north Arkansas, at one place in Pulaski County and in Polk County." John T. Fuller, Mineralogist, State Bureau of Mines, Manufactures and Agriculture, 1913. Purdue reported the presence of chalcocite of steel-gray or blackish type from Carroll county, and at the time of the compilation of this bulle- tin it is reported that ore is being mined near Eureka Springs. Chrysocolla is frequently found in cavities at the zinc mines. Aurichalcite is also com- mon at many of the zinc mines, but always in small quantities. Bright green earthy and crystalline masses of malachite (hydrous cop- per carbonate) are found in the Tomahawk copper mines, Searcy county. Two assays of malachite from this locality gave 39.48 and 39.57 per cent of metallic copper. Small quantities of the same material were shipped from the Big Bear mine near Ferndale, Pulaski County, but the mining of these ores did not prove profitable. Theo. B. Comstock has the following to say with regard to the copper deposits of the State with special reference to Polk County (Arkansas Geo- logical Survey Annual Report, 1888, Vol. I. p. 245. "The only economic source of copper as yet made manifest is the min- eral chalcopyrite, or copper pyrites, which is intimately associated with galena in nearly all of the known occurrences of that mineral. (In Pulaski, Polk, Howard, Sevier, and Montgomery counties.) "Incrustations of azurite, the blue copper carbonate, are common in the black shales, but these are of no commercial importance. In connection with these, in rare instances, a very little native copper in minute scales, in black shale, and, at times, small crystals of blue vitrol (chalcanthite) have been observed. ' These all deserve mention here, chiefly because, in the eyes of many, their striking contrasts with the surrounding rock are taken as evidence of richness out of all proportion with the facts. The azurite incrustations upon quartz in the Silver World mine, in Polk County, and in other places upon the shales, will coat a knife blade with a thin film of copper if only rubbed across it. "The amount of this mineral which is present in a ton of the rock mined is too small to have any commercial significance. One ton of the 52 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY pure mineral might be worth, say, $90, but the market value of one ton of the incrusted rock and mineral together, as saved in the form of ore at the mine would be nothing, as the valuable portion could not begin to pay the cost of separation. The copper product of this and similar mines has cut no great figure in the claims made for its resources, but as all the other material saved upon the dumps are worthless, some pains have been taken to determine the amount of this metal contained in the copper-bearing por- tions. "As indicating the presence of metallic substances somewhere in the neighborhood, the development of these Polk County mines has been use- ful. Traces of gold and silver, nickel, cobalt, zinc and tin have been found in the Silver World product and all these, except tin, in one or other of the Worthington group of prospects. In the Silver World considerable man- ganese also occurs. There is, therefore, reason to believe that some kind of an ore belt runs through the region. From other indications and from observations through the district, it is the writer's opinion that this is a manganese tract worthy of further investigation. That there are, in the region examined, any deposits of copper ore whicfr can be worked profit- ably for themselves alone, is, however, very improbable. Traces of copper in quartz and other rocks may mean little or nothing, as pyrite often con- tains very small percentages of this metal, and that mineral is widespread." REFERENCES. Brainier, John C. Report Arkansas Geological Survey, Vol. V, 18'JL'. i>p. 252-253. Gold "For many years there has been a vague but persistent faith in the existence of gold in paying quantities in Arkansas. From time to time re- peated discoveries of this metal have caused much excitement in different localities. One by one the successive "finds" have proven barren when thoroughly tested. The little known portions of the mountainous country have always been regarded curiously and the reported discovery in those regions have received more ready credence, perhaps, because of the sup- posed existence of granite rocks. Nowhere in this state, at any period of mining activity, has so much energy been shown, or so much real faith in the value of discoveries, as in Montgomery County. * * * Large expen- ditures of money in the erection of mills, and in the opening of shafts by men claiming to be competent judges, have been regarded by many as ade- quate evidence of the permanency of this district as a gold mining area. There can be no question of the honesty of these opinions, supported as they have been, in not a few instances, by the investment of all their avail- able capital on the part of those who have held them." Report Ark. Geol. Surv., Vol. 1, 1888. "The conclusions of Dr. Branner's reports are as follows: "First The various agencies which have been at work in Arkansas have not had access to any important supply of gold. "Second The processes of deposition have often acted too rapidly to accumulate the gold in workable deposits. OUTLINES OP ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 53 "Third The auriferous deposition, if any has taken place, has been spread over such vast areas as to dilute the whole to a condition of extreme poverty. "Fourth There have been no special accumulations, even in cases where such must have been formed, if gold had been present in the solutions from which other metallic ores have been locally deposited. "Fifth At the time of the formation of the deposits in which gold is being sought, the structural conditions were unfavorable to its accumula- tion. "Sixth The proper mechanical, physical and chemical conditions have often been present, yet gold is absent from those situations in which all of these conditions have been most favorable to its retention. "Seventh There is one more reason for the unfavorable opinion ex- pressed regarding the future of the gold mining industry in Arkansas. It is the invariable absence of gold in the "float" and the sands and gravels, as well as in the large number of secondary deposits, w of the most important deposits of north Arkansas, that is the bedded ones. Over a large part of the zinc region these ore beds can be traced as cer- tainly as a coal bed in western Pennsylvania. "In regard to these so-called rules, it is enough to say that ttie miners will do well to get their directions from the geology of the region in which they are working and not from the geology of some other state or some other country." Report Arkansas, Geological Survey, Vol. V. 1892. Below is a detailed report of production collected from the various lead and zinc mines of north Arkansas for the year 1917, by J. H. Hand, of Yellville, Arkansas: MARION COUNTY. Name of Shipper. No. Pounds. J. C. Shepherd M. Co 8,372,000 Morning Star M. Co 3,415,000 Yellow Rose M. Co__ __1,820,000 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 63 Edith M. Co 1,486,000 Kennedy M. Co r - 330,000 Bonanza M. Co - 270,000 Silver Hollow M. Co 180,000 Fox Den M. Co --- 300,000 Omeara M. Co 240,000 Crooked Creek M. Co 123,000 Onwata M. Co - 180,000 Seawel Brothers 180,000 Arkansas & S. C. M. Co 70,000 J. B. Rowden 70,000 W. N. North 60,000 Boone County M. Co 60,000 Monkey Hill M. Co 60,000 Beaty M. Co 60,000 Bank of Yellville 60,000 Pyatt M. Co 120,000 W. O. Headley - ... 60,000 Paradis & Worth 50,000 Bear Hill M. Co 60,000 North Star M. Co 120,000 Miscellaneous Shipments 480,000 Total 18,175,000 SEARCY COUNTY. J. C. Shepherd M. Co 8,800,000 Lucky Dog M. Co 1,104,000 N. W. Redwine M. Co 560,000 Howard M. Co . 1,210,000 Jack Pot M. Co 130,000 Wallace M. Co 120.000 Madden M. Co 60.000 Churchill-Evening Star 80,000 Lost Mountain M. Co '____ 50,000 Total 12,434,000 BOONE COUNTY. Gloria M. Co 1,376,000 L. L. Brown 1,347,000 Markle & McCurry 772,000 J. P. Harvey 438,000 D. G. & B. M. Co 670,000 Cantrell & French 214,000 Clear Creek M. Co 350,000 E. Q. Boone 839,000 Harrison M. Co 290,000 Saylors & Lewis . 167,000 Zara M. Co 128,000 Doolin & Lawhorn 150,000 Marlin & Csenbaum 140,000 Jackson M. Co 140,000 Estes Zinc Co__ 130,000 64 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY Era M. Co 197,000 Madison M. Co 48,000 W. J. Horsley 58,000 Madison M. Co 70,000 Barham Brothers 110,000 C. E. Morris 33,000 L. T. Westrich 60,000 Arkansas M. Co 60,000 J. E. Potts 60,000 Alberta M. Co 1 50,000 Polk Kendall 70,000 G. W. Capps 70,000 Total 7,726,000 NEWTON COUNTY. North Slope M. Co 1,745,000 Bald Hill M. Co 410,000 Hamilton & White 228,000 Eleventh Hour M. Co _' 460,000 Van Sicklen 214,000 Victor Primrose 890,000 Cook & McCoy 490,000 E. R. Springer 160,000 W. N. North 100,000 L. E. Lake 60,000 H. G. Moss 280,000 W. E. Luke 120,000 Hamilton & Young 60,000 Miscellaneous 1,510,000 Total 5,417,000 Total Shipments from Field 44,615,000 Ore in Docks December 31 3,800,000 Total 1917 Production 48,415,000 Two zinc smelters have been established, one at Fort Smith and one at Van Buren, near the natural gas fields, and Arkansas ore is now smelted with Arkansas gas. Year 191S 1917 1916 1915 1914 1913 1912 1911 1910 1909 1908 1907 Mine Production of Zinc in Arkansas, 1907-1918*. (Report U. S. Geol. Surv.) STT TO VTE-CARBONATE METAL CONTENT Short tons Value 310 1,670 743 594 1,419 1.407 1.857 896 516 538 $16.450 i i2.':2K 41.341 ie',916 40,425 74.136 33.1148 15,233 Short tons 2,156 17,053 16 609 7. H IT, 1,143 680 162 183 128 98 939 Value $68,333 940,224 IT.. 187 15,050 11.231 4,239 2.641 21,469 1 6.210 Tons 951 6,691 6,815 3.209 608 478 74X 664 994 510 605 474 Value $173,082 1,364.964 1,826,420 795,832 62,016 53,536 7 H', 69 6 107,352 52,080 56,870 55,932 OrTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 65 *Allowance made for smelting loss. Value given for ore is that actually received by the producer. Value of the metal is caluculated from the aver- age sales price reported by the smelters. Tenor of Arkansas Lead and Zinc Ore and Concentrates. (Report U. S. Geol. Surv.) 1917 1918 Total Crude Ore, Short Tons 203,600 37,000 Total Concentrates in Crude Ore, per cent: Lead 0.23 0.42 Zinc 8.82 6.62 Metal Content of Crude Ore, per cent: Lead .19 .32 Zinc 3.70 2.86 Average Lead Content of Galena Concentrates 80.5 77.4 Average Zinc Content of Sphalerite Concentrates,* 58.4 59.0 Average Zinc Content of Zinc Silicate and Carbonate,* 40.5 40.6 Average Value per ton: Galena Concentrates $100.41 $87.70 Sphalerite Concentrates 63.13 53.07 Zinc Silicate and Carbonate 38.15 37.70 *Includes some mixed carbonate and sphalerite. The ores are galena, sphalerite and smithsonite and the concentrates produced are generally of high grade and free from or very low in iron or lime. The sphalerite has frequently assayed 2 to 3 per cent above the price basis of 60 per cent, metallic zinc content. The sphalerite and smithsonite are shown by analysis to contain appreciable quantities of cadmium, espec- ially in a yellow variety of smithsonite, known locally as turkey fat, which shows as high as 0.8 per cent of cadmium. REFERENCES. Branner, J. C. Annual Report of the Geol. Surv. of Arkansas for 1892. Vol. V. The Zinc and lead region of north Arkansas, Little Rook, 1900. The Missouri and Arkansas zinc region. Discussion of Eric Hedburg'e paper on the Missouri and Arkansas Zinc Mines. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Vol. XXXI, New York, 1902. Chance, H. M. The Rush Creek zinc district. Transactions of the Amer- ican Institute of Mining Engineers, Vol. XVIII, New York, 1890. Schmitz, E. J. Notes of a reconnaissance from Springfield, Missouri, into Arkansas. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, 1898, v ol. .X..X vJIl. Phillips, Win. B. The zinc-lead deposits of southwest Arkansas. Engin- eering- and Mining Journal, April 6, 1901, Vol. LXXI. The removal of iron from zinc blende. Engineering and Mining Journal November 30. 1901. Vol. LXXII. New York. 1901. (Treatment for the zinc ores of southwest Arkansas.) Adams, Geo. I. Zinc and lead deposits of northern Arkansas. U. S Geol Surv., Bulletin No. 213, Washington, 1903. Transactions of the American In- stitute of Mining Engineers, 1903, Vol. XXXIV, New York, 1904. Winslow, Arthur. The lead and zinc deposits of Missouri. Geol. Survey of Missouri VI and VII., Jefferson City, 1894. (Contains a bibliography of lead Adams, Purdue and Burchard. Zinc and lead deposits of northern Arkan- sas. U. S. Geol. Surv.. Professional Paper 24. Washington. 1904. Siebenthal, C. E. Zinc and lead deposits of the Joplin region. Bui. 909. American Institute of Mining Engineers, 1257-1266. New York, Sept. 1917. 66 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY NON-METALLIFEROUS MINERALS AND ECONOMIC PRODUCTS. Arkansite. One of the rare minerals found in Magnet Cove, which has attracted wide attention among students of geology, is Arkansite (Titanic acid or Brookite). It is in the form of thick black crystals and is much sought after by collectors of mineral specimens, but has no particular commercial value. Its characteristics and geological significance is discussed in numerous papers and publications of a scientific nature. REFERENCES. Shepard, Charles Upham. On three new mineral species from Arkansas. American Journal of Science, second series, Vol. LIT. Arkansite, Ozarkite and Schloromite, New Haven, 1846. "Whitney, J. D. Examination of three new mineralogical species, proposed by Rev. C. U. Shepard. American Journal of Science, Vol. LVII, New Haven, 1849. Describes briefly Arkansite, Schloromite (with analysis) and Ozarkite. (Arkansite, Ozarkite and Schloromite). Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural Science, Vol. Ill, Boston, 1851. Farther account of the Arkansite, American Journal of Science, Second series. Vol. LVI. Chemical experiments upon Arkansite, New Haven, 1847. Asphalt. "Seven asphalt deposits, three of which are in Pike County, and four in Sevier County, in southwestern Arkansas, were examined by the writers. * * * The asphalt deposits in Pike County are near Pike, Delight, and Mur- freesboro. The deposits in Sevier county are between Dierks and DeQueen, near the village of Lebanon. "The asphalt impregnates nearly horizonal beds of loose sand in the basal part of the Dierks limestone lentil or still lower in ttie Trinity forma- tion. The deposits thus consist of asphaltic sand except at one place where the asphalt impregnates the Pike gravel member at the base of the forma- tion. The layers containing the asphalt range from an inch to 12 feet in thickness. "The asphalt deposit near Pike is the only one from which asphalt has been shipped in commercial quantity. The asphaltic sand mined at that locality from 1903 to 1906 by the Arkansas Asphalt Company is said to have amounted to 4,815 tons, valued at $22,368. It was used in Little Rock in paving West Markham Street from Main to Cross streets, a distance of 12 blocks, and in paving part of Center Street. A 2-inch surface of the asphalt was laid upon a 5-inch concrete base, which rested upon clay. Owing to improper preparation of the asphalt the paving was not entirely satisfactory. "The asphalt deposit near Delight is thin, the reported thickness being 3 to 6 feet. If the deposit is later proved to maintain that thickness under a considerable area, it might be profitably worked, but the overburden is so thick, 30 to 35 feet or more, that under-ground mining would probably be necessary. The asphalt exposed at the other localities is not thick enough to be mined and probably is no thicker away from the outcrops." Extracts from U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin 691-J, by Hugh D. Miser and A. H. Purdue. OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 67 REFERENCES. Haves, C. AV. The asphalt deposits of Pike County, Arkansas. Engineer- ing and Mining Journal, Dec. 13, 1902, Vol. LXXIV; also Bulletin No. 213, U. S. Geol. Surv., Washington, 1903. Abstract, Mineral Industry, Vol. XI, New York, 1903. Miser, Hugh D. and Purdue, A. H. Asphalt deposits and oil conditions in southwest Arkansas. U. S. Geol. Surv. Bulletin 691-J, 1918. Agricultural Marls and Chalk. (Annual Report Ark. Geol. Surv., Vol. II, 1888.) "No region of the world is more plentifully and conveniently endowed with such valuable natural marls and chalks than Arkansas, nor is there any region which could be so greatly benefited by their use. We have here large areas of soil especially deficient in the very ingredients which are so plentifully stored up in our marls. Many farmers endeavor to cultivate soils which are pure commercial marls, in which there is entirely too much lime, as in some of the black land regions, while others cultivate land utterly deficient in lime, potash, etc., which might readily be supplied by usins the natural marls. Large tracts like the prairies east of the Missouri Pacific Railway, * * * might be made the most fertile and profitable lands of the state. "It is very remarkable that in Arkansas, within a small triangular area of thirty miles square between Washington and Murfreesboro and the White Cliffs of Little River we have abundant supplies of at least four of these val- uable kinds of marl, greensand, lime, chalk and gypsum with the reasonable expectation that another year's investigation would reveal the phosphates. These facts alone, if properly utilized, will be of greater value to the state than all the gold dug within the bounds of California has been to that state. Cretaceous Marls. (Annual Report Ark. Geol. Surv., Vol. II, 1888.) "These marls are very siliceous, and the lime and greensand occur in local horizons or beds. Their chief value, if used for mixing, would be to loosen and supply phosphoric acid, iron and potash to sandy and sticky clay lands. * * * * The potash in these marls is 3.06 parts in the 100. The lime can be regulated by selecting the fossiliferous or non-fossiliferous portions. The chief point of occurrence of these greensands is in the valley of Town Creek at Washington, Hempstead County, where the greensand occurs in varying degrees of purity, accompanied or unaccompanied by shell beds, which are useful in case lime is also needed. The same greensands occur in Clark County at many places, but as far as the writer's limited observa- tions extend, in no case, so pure as those at Washington. The sandy surface residual soils of these marls, occupying an intermittent and limited strip from Arkadelphia to Columbus, are, no doubt, the finest soils possible for fruit trees and especially valuable for growing peaches. In this con- nection it is interesting to note that they present the same physical condi- tion and occupy the same geologic horizon as the celebrated peach growing regions of New Jersey. 68 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY Chalky or Lime Marls. (Annual Report Ark. Geol. Surv., Vol. II, 1888.) "The lime marls of the middle beds of the upper Cretaceous in Clark, Hempstead, southern Howard and Sevier counties are of great variety in composition, inexhaustible in quantity, and must be a source of great wealth to the agricultural industries of this part of the state in the future. The principal geologic horizons of these marls are the beds between Washing- ton greensands and the White Cliffs chalk, including the Big Deciper, Gry- phaea vesicularis and Exogyra ponderosa marls, at innumerable places wher- ever these are the surface formations. The noted cretaceous black lands are without exception, the immediate residue, or but slightly transported debris, of these formations. '"The essential ingredients in all of these lime marls are calcium car- bonate, usually in a chalky state of division, phosphoric acid and potash; the accessory ingredients, which would be noted in comparison with the soil to be treated, are sand and clay. Greensand is usually more or less abundant throughout. In general, these lime marls possess, in addition to all the vir- tues of greensand marls above described, a large and valuable percentage of the form of lime known as calcium carbonate." Gypseous Marls in Greene county and Calcareous and shell marls in Jefferson, Lonoke and St. Francis counties, in addition to the two localities already named, are reported in Bull. 624, U. S. Geol, Surv. Building Stone. See Granite. See Marble and Limestone. See Sandstone. Clays. Ball or Paper Clay. Pike county. Brick Clay. Arkansas county, common brick made from red surface clay at Stuttgart. Ashley county, alluvial buckshot clay used for common brick at Ham- burg. Benton county, pits in residual red -clay used for common brick at Ben tonville, Rogers and Siloam Springs. Boone county, at Harrison. Bradley county, at Warren. Carroll county, common brick made from residual clays at Berryville and Green Forest. Clark county, common brick made from alluvial clay at Arkadelphia and Gurdon, common brick, fire brick and draintile from Tertiary clay at Whelen Springs. OUTLINES OP ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 69 Clay county, common brick made from red clay on Crowley's Ridge at Rector, Piggott and Pratt. Cleburne county, alluvial clay used for common brick at Heber Springs. Cleveland county, pressed brick made at Kingsland. Columbia county, surface clays used for common brick at Magnolia and Waldo. Craighead county, common and pressed brick made from clays of Crow- ley's Ridge at Jonesboro. Cross county, loess and surface clay on Crowley's Ridge used at Wynne. Drew county, alluvial and leached buckshot clays used near Monticello for common brick. Faulkner county, buckshot clays used at Conway. Garland county, alluvial and residual clays and Carboniferous shales used for common red brick at Hot Springs. Greene county, pressed and common brick made from reworked loess at Paragould, and from loess at Gainesville. Hempstead county, surface clay used at Hope, Doyle and Spring Hill. Hot Spring county, alluvial clay used for common and pressed brick at Malvern; white plastic clay for white front and paving brick at Malvern. Howard county, common brick clay at Nashville. Independence county, red surface clay for common brick at Batesville. Jefferson county, alluvial and surface clays used at Pine Bluff and Red- field. Lawrence county, surface clay used for common brick at Walnut Ridge; yellow or reddish clay at Black Rock; residual clay at Imboden. Lee county, red brick from loess of Crowley's Ridge, at Marianna. Lincoln county, yellow surface clay used for common brick at Palmyra. Lonoke county, at Lonoke and Cabot, red surface clay for common brick. Miller county, Tertiary clays used at Texarkana for pressed and com- mon brick. Mississippi county, yellow alluvial clay used for common brick and draintile at Blytheville. Monroe county, at Brinkley. Nevada county, at Emmet and Prescott, common brick and building tile. Phillips county, common brick made from mixture of surface clay and loess at Helena. Poinsett county, reworked or eroded loess used at Harrisburg for com- mon brick and draintile. Polk county, common brick made from residual clay at Mena. Pope county, residual clay and shale used at Atkins. Prairie county, red surface clay used at DeValls Bluff. Pulaski county, surface cfay used for common brick at Little Rock. Randolph county, at Pocahontas, common and front brick. St. Francis County, brick clay and yellow loess on and near Crowley's Ridge, burns uniform red; used at Forrest City. 70 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY Saline county, surface clays used at Benton. Searcy county, residual clays used for common brick at Marshall and Leslie. Sebastian County, Carboniferous shales used at Fort Smith and Mans- field for common and paving brick; alluvial clay near Fort Smith burns light red, soft brick, re-pressed for front brick, uniform good color. Sevier county, surface clay used for common brick near Delmar. Union county, red surface clay used at Felsenthal. Washington county, at Prairie Grove, common brick and draintile. White county, argilliceous shales of Round Mountain suitable for sewer- pipe and paving brick; surface clay mined at Beebe, Searcy and Judsonia for common brick. Woodruff county, surface clay used at Cotton Plant; common brick and draintile, made from buckshot clay at New Augusta. Yell county, alluvial and surface clay mined at Dardanelle. Fire Clay. Clark county, fire brick made from Tertiary clay at Whelen Springs. Crawford county, disintegrated Carboniferous shales in vicinity of Van Buren makes good yellow ware; used to line kilns at Fayetteville. Hot Spring county, fire brick made at Malvern and Perla from Tertiary clays. Ouachita county, at or near Lester, * * * high grade clay which burns gray to reddish brown. The clay is used in place of imported German pot- tery for crucibles, tank blocks and the like refractory vessels for glass works. Saline county, Tertiary clays used for fire brick at Benton. Occurs also in Conway, Dallas, Franklin, Garland, Hempstead, Johnson Logan, Pike, Sebastian, White and other counties. Kaolin. Dallas County white kaolin of fair refractoriness outcrops in the Tertiary strata in the SE& section 10, T. 7 S., R. 17 W. and on Little Cypress Creek. Garland county. Hot Spring county. Lawrence county, at Black Rock and Annieville. Ouachita county, in large quantity in Tertiary strata on Sandy Branch. Pike county, beds of variable color in the Upper Cretaceous (Bingen sand) outcrop at several places on Saline. Vaughan and Clear Creeks near Delight. Pulaski county, white pisolitic kaolin in places in Fourche Mountain region, burns white and glazes well. Saline county, nearly white kaolin, residual from nephelite syenite at Bauxite. Pottery Clays. Ashley county, Tertiary clays suitable for common pottery, near Ham- burg. Bradley county, Tertiary clays at Banks, Alga Bluff, Crawford's Bluff; clay at Johnsonville formerly used. OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 71 Calhoun county, supply on Champagnolle Creek, Moro Creek and large streams. Clark county, Tertiary clays on Copeland Ridge and at Berringer mine near Whelen Springs. Clay county, Tertiary clays on Crowley's Ridge near Piggott and Green- way. Cleveland county, near New Edinburg, Mount Elba and other places. Columbia county, near Mount Holly and Magnolia. Conway county. Crawford county. Dallas county, Tertiary clays abundant and of excellent quality along streams. Drew county. Faulkner county, buckshot clays abundant over flood plains of streams. Franklin county, strong dark-red earthenware residual clays abundant. Garland county, residual clays from Paleozoic shales at Hot Springs and on Cedar Mountain formerly used for pottery. Grant county. Greene county, Tertiary clays on Crowley's Ridge at Gainesville, for- merly used. Hempstead county, Tertiary clays used for jug ware, etc., at Spring Hill. Hot Spring county, at Perla Switch, near Malvern, burns light-cream col- ored common pottery. Independence county, residual clays from Moorefield shale and Boone limestone near Sulphur Rock and Newark, formerly used. Jefferson county, White Bluff on Arkansas River. Johnson county, soft shale sagger clay in Felker mine, Coal Hill. LaFayette county, leached pottery clays along Red River. Logan county, Pennsylvanian clay abundant. Miller county, Tertiary clays used at Texarkana for jugs, churns and jars; burns solid cream color. Montgomery county, alluvial clay along Ouachita River used for stone- ware near Story. Nevada county. Ouachita county, abundant along Ouachita Valley. Pulaski county, red and yellow surface clay used for making flower pots. Saline cc-unty, Tertiary clays used for jugs, crocks, jars, art pottery and other clay ware at Benton; Burns solid cream color. Sebastian county, red and blue, has been mined in NE 1 ^ section 2'0, T. 10 N., R. 26 W.; abundant at Fort Smith and elsewhere; light yellowish sur- face clay used at Comby's pottery. Union county, abundant. Yell county, Carboniferous shale formerly used in SEV4 section 12, T. 6 N., R. 21 W. The above discussion of the clays is taken from Bulletin 624, U. S. Geol. Surv., Useful Minerals of the United States, 1917. 72 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY Tertiary Clays. (U. S. Geol. Surv., Bulletin No. 351, by John C. Branner.) "The Tertiary clays are the most important in the state. With their accompanying sands, marls and organic deposits, they underlie a large part of the state east and south of the Missouri Pacific Railway, south of Arkan- sas River. North of this and east of the Paleozoic hills the sediments are chiefly Quarternary deposits, except Crowley's Ridge, the lowest part of which is Tertiary. "Limonite hardpan, or buckshot, is found all over the low country for 50 miles or more west of Crowley's Ridge. On the east of the ridge it is but a narrow fringe along its base below Poinsett county ,but north of this county it spreads over the whole region as a subsoil, in places rising to the surface and varying in depth from 3 to 7 feet. It extends eastward to the alluvial bottoms of the St. Francis. Along the Cache River in Greene and Clay coun- ties much of the land is made up of these slashes or buckshot soil. "In the low, flat lands, commonly known as "slashes," thin beds of plastic clays are found at places where acidulated waters have leached the iron from the soil. Some small potteries get their clays from such places. The supply of available clays of this kind is uncertain, and most of the areas covered by them are small. Such clays occur in the flat lands of the Creta- ceous, Tertiary and Quarternary areas of fhe state, which, are not alluvial lands, properly speaking." Clays For Drain Tiles. (U. S. Geol. Surv., Bulletin No. 351, by John C. Branner.) "There is no lack of clay in this state available for the manufacture of good drain tiles. The light-blue clays through the country lying between Beebe and Kensett and m thence to Judsonia, and between Kensett and West Point, in White county, are available for the manufacture of tiles. The clays about Brinkley, Monroe county, are well adapted to tile making. Along the western base of Crowley's Ridge in Phillips, Lee and St. Francis counties, and on both sides of the ridge in Cross, Poinsett, Craighead, Greene and Clay counties, these clays are abundant and of excellent quality. They abound also along Bradshaw and Terre Noir creeks in Clark county. "In the counties south and southeast of Little Rock, clays available for tile making occur both as surface soils in the valleys (not alluvial) and in the widespread stratified Tertiary beds of the region." Fort Smith Clays. (U. S. Geol. Surv., Bulletin No. 351, by John C. Branner.) "Sebastian county is among the leading counties of the state in the development of its clay industries. Clay shales of the coal-bearing rocks are used in the manufacture of paving bricks. An analysis is here given of the Fort Smith clay shales, and for the purpose of comparison analyses of the OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 73 well-known Carboniferous shales of Akron, Ohio, and Cheltenham, Missouri, are added: Ft. Smith Akron, O. Cheltenham, Mo. Silica (Si r Tertiary age. They were laid down in nearly horizontal beds, which gen- erally dip toward the southeast at a low angle, so that beds that outcrop at or near the Paleozoic highlands lie at depths that become greater toward the southeast. In nature these Tertiary deposits vary from coarse sands through earthy marls to fine plastic clays. Many of the clay beds contain impres- sions of fossil leaves and small sticks of wood materials that evidently sank, with the clays that inclose them, to the bottom of the swamps or lagoons that once covered this region. While the pottery clays dip to the southeast and gradually descend to greater depths beneath the surface, the beds do not preserve throughout the characters they may display at a single exposure." Bauxite Clays. (U. S. Geol. Surv., Bulletin No. 351, by John C. Branner.) "The pisolitic clays and kaolins associated with the bauxite of Arkansas, in so far as their origin is understood, do not appear to fall under any of the foregoing classes. Their composition varies from that of an iron ore carry- ing 55 per cent of metallic iron to that of a true kaolin with but little or no iron. In some places they pass by gradual transition into true bauxite that is, a hydrated oxide of alumina; in others they are a true kaolin, a hydrous silicate or alumina. In Arkansas, as in southern Prance and in Ireland, where similar deposits occur, they are associated more or less intimately with eruptive rocks. They occur in pockety deposits of uncertain distribu- tion, with a tendency to form horizontal lenticular beds varying greatly In thickness as well as in character." Shale. (U. S. Geol. Surv., Bulletin No. 351, by John C. Branner.) Over the most of the slate-bearing area, south of the Arkansas River and west of the Missouri Pacific Railroad, shale is common and much of it OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 75 is of good quality. In northern Arkansas the Eureka shale is present in large quantities." Kaolin. Deposits of kaolin occur at many places and in a variety of formations. The best known deposits are those of Saline county, near Benton from which the famous Niloak (a reversed spelling of kaolin) pottery is made. The beauty and popularity of these wares is due as much to the skill of the artists as to the quality of the material from which the pottery is made, though the texture of the clay and its colors are important factors in ceramic art. No two pieces of this pottery are alike in arrangement of color. Two or more shades are employed, usually a blue and a brown, in interesting rota- tion and accidental pattern. No less attractive are the truly artistic designs by which the clay is shaped into vases, bowls, urns and all manner of nick- nacks, such as ornament the library table or mantle. Doctor Branner in his report says: "The kaolins found in Saline county are of three varieties: (1) a com- pact variety, derived from the feldspathic rocks by decomposition, (2) a piso- litic variety, found associated more or less intimately with the bauxite deposits, and (3) a clay-like variety of sedimentary origin, found at Benton." The report indicates extensive deposits in this locality. In the same report Doctor Branner speaks of the extensive deposits of kaolin in Pike county as follows: "The Pike county kaolin is different in physical characters from any other kaolin thus far found in the state. * * * The largest area found in any one body covered about 10 acres. No expos- ures of feldspathic rock are within 50 miles of the deposit. * * * * The greatest depth at which the kaolin was found was 25 feet. * * * An analysis of a sam- ple of kaolin from Vaughan Creek shows: Silica (Si 00 48.87; alumina (Al 2 Os) 36.51; iron (ferric) oxide (Fe 2 Os) .98; lime (Ca 0) .19; magnesia (Mg 0) .25; water 13.29. * * * It occurs in white, pink and brown colors. * * * It should be looked for at places where it will have a covering thick enough to protect it from infil- tration of iron-charged waters from the surface. * * * The analysis of this kaolin shows that except for ttie stains referred to it is sufficiently pure for the manufacture of fine porcelain ware. It seems to be well adapted also for paper finishing. It also has high refractory properties and in case it can not be found free from impurities that would injure it as a china clay, it is still available for the manufacture of a high grade of fire proof articles." In the Fourche Mountain district, where the igneous rocks are much weathered, there are beds and local deposits of kaolin or kaolinite, frequently impure from siliceous or ferruginous admixtures. Halloysite, a hydroufc alumina silicate, allied to kaolinite is found in the western part of Pulaski County and at the Montezuma mine in Garland County. A white kaolin of fair refractoriness outcrops on the Kilmer land in Dallas County and a quantity is reported on Sandy Branch in Ouachita Coun- ty. Of the latter deposit Doctor Branner says: "After the sand is removed by washing it is available for the manufacture of pottery and also as a re- fractory material. The quantity seems to be very large." The kaolin depos- its in Magnet Cove are not considered of commercial importance. 76 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY During the latter part of 1909 and the early part of 1910, under the direc- tion of the State Geological Survey, H. D. Miser, began the work of collecting samples of clay and making the necessary observations as to the thickness, extent, covering, character, etc., of the deposits for the publication of a complete report. Eighty-seven samples were collected from the different parts of the state and transported to the University of Arkansas but these samples were never tested and further work on the clay report was sus- pended due to the veto, by the Governor, of the appropriation made by the Legislature of 1911 for the maintenance of the survey. REFERENCES. 1* rainier, John C. The Clays of Arkansas. Bulletin No. 351 of the U. S. Geol. Surv., and geological majp of Arkansas, Washing-ton, 1908. B runner, John C. A bibliography of clays and the Ceramic Arts, 451 pages, published by the American Ceramic Society, Columbus, Ohio, 1906. Clays for paving bricks at Fort Smith. Fort Smith, 1889. Analyses of Fort Smith clay shales. Brick, Tile and Pottery Gazette Vol. X, No. 3, June, 1889. Chatard, J. M. Analysis of "Tallow clay," from Arkansas Bulletin No 90, U. S. Geol. Surv., Washington, 1892. Eckel, E. C. Clays of Garland County, Arkansas. Bulletin No 285 U S Geol. Surv., 1905, Washington, 1906. Eakin, L,. G. Analysis of kaolin from Garland County, Arkansas 14 miles from Hot Springs. Bulletin No. 78, U. S. Geol. Surv., Washington. 1891. Purdue, A. H. Possibilities of the Clay Industry of Arkansas, published by the Arkansas Brickmakers' Association, Little Rock, 1910. Cement Materials. "Inasmuch as clays occur in almost every part of the state in greater or less abundance, it is assumed that the location of the chalk, at White Cliffs, must determine the site of a possible cement factory. A special effort has therefore been made to ascertain whether the clays at and near the chalk deposits are available for the production of cement. Little River and Sevier county clays are intimately associated with the post-tertiary gravels, and cover large portions, not of Little River and Sevier counties alone but of several of the adjoining counties in the southwestern part of the state." Report Arkansas Geological Survey, Vol. II, 1888. The proximity of the natural gas field of northwest Louisiana to the White Cliffs chalk deposits affords an additional advantage for the utiliza- tion of the abundant supply of materials in southwest Arkansas for the manu facture of cement and at the time of the publication of this bulletin it is re- ported that a large cement plant is to be installed, natural gas promising to solve the troublesome fuel problem. "Limestone suitable for Portland cement occurs in many counties in the northwestern part of the state." U. S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 624. REFERENCES. Branner, John C. On the manufacture of Portland cement. Annual Re- port of the Geol. Surv. of Arkansas for 1888, Vol. II, Little Rock, 1888. Con- tains tables of analyses of Arkansas chalks and clays. "The Cement Materials of Southwest Arkansas." Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, 1897, Vol. XXVII. 5 cuts and map. Reply to criticism of R. T. Hill, on "The Cement Deposits of Arkansas." Transactions American Institute of Mining Engineers, Vol. XXVII, New York, 1897. Eckel, E. C. Portland Cement Resources of Arkansas. Bulletin No. 243. U. S. Geol. Surv., Washington. 1905. OUTLINES OP ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 77 Fitzhugh, G. D. The Portland cement materials of southwestern Arkan- sas. Engineering Association of the South. Transactions, Vol. XV, 1905. Hill, Robt. T. Criticism of the paper of J. C. Branner on "Cement De- posits of Arkansas." Transactions of the American Institute of Mining En- gineers, Vol. XXVII. Chalk. (See Limestone for Lime, Cement Materials and Agricultural Marls.) "The chalk deposits of the state, so far at least as the Geological Survey has been able to outline them, are confined to Little River county. It is highly probable, however, that similar or more or less modified deposits may be yet found in adjacent counties along the northeastern extension of the outcrop. The chalk is exposed at and about the village of Rocky Comfort and at and about White Cliffs Landing on Little River. The most extensive exposures are those about Rocky Comfort where the chalk and black soil derived from its decomposition cover an area of about twenty square miles. The chalk and the chalky limestones extend further north and further east than they are represented, * * * but they are covered in those directions by superficial post-tertiary deposits of clay, gravel and sands to depths which would probably render their handling unprofitable. Even the derived black soil is itself too thick in many places to admit of removal, The area over which the chalk is actually exposed and without covering about Rocky Comfort is estimated to be only about 900 acres. "The value of this chalk is hardly appreciated at the present time. When we consider that chalk is a very soft rock ,and therefore, does not require grinding as do the compact limestones, and further the greater ease with which it can be burnt to lime, its superiority over other limestones may be seen. The fact that this bed is the only one known to exist in the United States may increase its value. * * These cliffs which long have been a landmark of the region, are about 150 feet high, perpendicular, and as white and almost as pure as the celebrated chalk cliffs of Dover, England. * * * The following analyses show how closely it agrees in composition with the chalk of Medway, England, which has been so long used in the manufacture of Portland cement: Medway, Eng. Rocky Comfort White Cliffs Carbonate of Lime 88.50 88.48 90.32 Carbonate of Magnesia Trace Iron Oxide 1.05 1.25 6.85 Alumina 2.82 i:25 1.30 Alkalies 2.61 None Silica 5.45 9.77 6.85 Report Arkansas Geological Survey, Vol. II, 1888. REFERENCES. Branner, John C. Heports Arkansas Geological Survey, Vol. II, 1888, and Vol. IV, 1890. Marcou and Belknap. Jura, Neocomian and Chalk of Arkansas. American Geologist, Vol. IV, pp. 357-367, December, 1889. Anonymous. Chalk of southwestern Arkansas. Stone, April, 1902, Vol. XXIV, New York, 1902. Taff, J. A. Chalk of southwestern Arkansas, with notes on its adaptability to the manufacture of hydraulic cement. Twenty-second Annual Report of the U. S. Geol. Surv., Part III. Washington, 1902. Ten-foot Vein of Coal in a Sebastian County Mine. OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 79 GEOLOGICAL SURVev OF ARKANSAS. COAL MINING. Ontiim: map of the Arkansas coaibeld. Coal. Beneath the beds of the Arkansas River, extending westward from Russellville to the state line there are extensive deposits of coal. The law provides that all mineral deposits under the bed of the rtream belong to the state and, in a case from Ft. Smith, involving the right of certain persons to take sand from the river without compensation to the state, this law was upheld by the United States Supreme Court thus permanently estab- lishing the state's title to mineral deposits underlying the Arkansas River. Dr. John C. Branner, former State Geologist, reported these river bed coal lands in a letter to the Governor on July 29, 1895. From the reports of John C. Branner, A. H. Purdue, and A. A. Steel, and from other official publications ,the following facts are quoted: The coal-bearing area of the state is 1584 square miles in extent. The field reaches from Russellville on the east through Pope, Johnson, Logan, Yell, Franklin, Crawford, Sebastian and Scott counties to and beyond the Oklahoma border. About Clarksville and Russellville in the eastern part of the field, the product is a high-grade semi-anthracite and in the western part of the field is produced a high-grade semi-bituminous coal of almost smokeless quality. Varying widely in character, the Arkansas coals will prove of their greatest utility, when the differences of quality are more properly emphasized in the trade and employed for the specific uses to wfoich each type of fuel is especially adapted, for a coal that is remarkably well adapted to one purpose may be ill-fitted for another. The semi-anthracite is preferable for domestic use, because of its cleanliness, and the semi-bituminous is more suited to steaming purposes in locomotives or factory furnaces, because of its high- heat-producing qualities. The most promising opportunities for the development of Arkansas' coal trade lies in the increase of home consumption by the more fuller develop- 80 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY ment of the manufacturing resources of the state, for, while the geographic position of the field is favorable for the shipment of fuel to the southern states in which marketable coal is scarce or entirely absent, it must be re- membered that this advantage is offset to a large extent by competition of the Mississippi River traffic, making the eastern coal more accessible to the Gulf ports than Arkansas coal. The installation of electrical equipment for the mining of coal by ma- chinery has proved successful in this field and will no doubt revolutionize the system of mining, producing a better quality of coal and reducing the loss from waste, thereby conserving one of the state's most valuable resources. This together with the establishment of more equitable freight rates to the northwestern coal markets, is proving helpful to the coal mining industry in Arkansas. So far as now understood, the combustible matter of the coal was originally formed by plants of ancient kinds, growing in swamps, such as those of southern Louisiana or eastern Virginia. By falling into water, the vegetable matter was preserved from ordinary decay and soon changed into a condition resembling peat. After a certain time this peaty material was covered, generally by mud, as sometimes now happens to similar de- posits in the delta of the Mississippi. Additional sediment was washed in as the country was more or less gradually submerged, until the original vegetable matter of the Arkansas coal was covered by some thousands of feet of mud and sand. This mud and sand in the course of time changed respectively to shale, which the miner calls 'slate,' and to sandstone. While covered in this way, the peat also changed to coal. Since the original swamp was not everywhere equally deep, and since the vegetation grew more rapidly or decayed less in some parts than in others, the thickness of the coal is far from uniform over the entire field. The swamp also shifted its position at different times, and the growth of vegetation ceased occasionally, while thin layers of mud were washed in. Therefore, no one bed of coal is continuous over the whole coal-bearing area, and there are often one or more partings of dirt or rock known as 'middle band' or 'band rock' between the parts or 'benches' of the thicker seams. At least a thin bed of coal was formed over most of the Arkansas coal-area just after the sand which now forms the Hartshorne sandstone was put down, at which time the sea became shallow and filled with mud and vegetable matter. This Hartshorne sandstone is a thick, easily recognized stratum of rock, and indicates the most favorable place for prospecting, because the greater part of the coal in the state is just above it. This bed is known at Hartshorne coal. Smaller swamps were formed at two or three levels or 'horizons' above this, with as much as 1,000 to 1,200 feet of shale and sandstone between the resulting coal seams. In outlying parts of the main coal field, and as far away as the northwest part of the state, thin beds of coal ,mined for local use, were deposited considerably before the Hartshorne coal, and as much as 2,000 feet beneath its horizon. All of the Arkansas true coal was deposited during the great coal- forming period called by geologists the Pennsylvanian period. Much later in Tertiary time, there were extensive peat swamps over much of that part of the state which is now low and flat. This material, however, has not OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 81 been completely changed to coal, but has only reached the stage of lignite, which contains so much water that it is not now commercially valuable for direct burning, although the beds are very thick, and used to a slight extent for making gas. Since the coal was buried, the region has been raised and lowered at different times. During this process, the rock layers including the coal seams, which were originally practically flat, have been gently folded up into anticlines and down into synclines. As a result they are now seldom level, but have a dip or 'pitch' occasionally as much as 18 degrees from the horizontal, but generally less than 6 or 7 degrees or 10 feet in 100 feet. While the region has been above the sea, the original rocks of the coal-bearing formation have been attacked by weather and streams, until much of the country has been reduced to about the level of the Arkansas River by the wearing away of some thousands of feet of rocks. The present surface is below the higher part of the old anticlines of the coal beds. Con- sequently, much of the coal has been carried away by erosion. Since the land surface is hilly, the broad line, along which the main coal seam cuts the surface, or the 'outcrop' is very irregular, although most of the coal is now in the synclines or 'basins' as they are called by the miners. Some of the highest mountains in the field, such as Sugarloaf, Poteau and Magazine, are immediately over these basins. Extent of the Coal Supply. The Arkansas coal field lies in the valley of the Arkansas River between the western border of the state and Russellville.* It has roughly the shape of a Roman capital L with its base along the Oklahoma line. It is about 33 miles wide and 60 miles long, but it is only in the eastern and western parts of this area that the Hartshorne coal is probably thick enough or sufficiently free from partings to be of economic importance. Still, some 300 to 320 square miles will probably contain coal which may be mined. In places, the coal is over 8 feet thick, and when clean and of good quality, it has been mined where no thicker than 18 inches. The Hartshorne seam will probably average about 3 feet thick, and assuming this thickness over 310 square miles, that part of this bed which lies in Arkansas once contained something like a billion and a quarter tons of coal. The small amount of coal above and below the Hartshorne horizon may be nearly equivalent to that already mined, which was about 46,800,000 tons up to the end of 1919. At an average 'recovery' of 80 per cent in mining, the state will therefore yield only about 850,000,000 tons, but at the present rate of mining, this will last for 350 years. T'he rate of mining will probably increase. Upon the accompanying map is indicated the area in which the Hart- shorne coal is of known importance. Coal can not be mined from every acre of this area because there are many small tracts in it that contain only faulty or thin coal. They are often too small to map, and the exact location of many of them will not be known until all of the good coal has been mined. This faulty coal occupies^ a considerable proportion of the are^s of the mines already opened. Since the best part of the coal seam is opened first, there will be a larger proportion of faulty coal in the remaining parts of *See Collier's report for partial description of the field and geology: 82 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY the Hartshorne seam. The amount of this faulty coal has been guessed at in placing the ultimate recovery of the coal at the low figure of 80 per cent. Attention should be called to the fact that the largest part of the unmined area of thick Hartshorne coal lies beneath Sugarloaf and Poteau mountains. These tracts constitute by far the largest portion of the Arkan- sas coal reserves, estimated above. Unfortunately, most of this coal is under from 1,000 to 3,000 feet of rock and can not be profitably mined until the price of coal is largely increased. Heating Value of Arkansas Coal. The coals in the eastern part of the field have about seven to nine times as much fixed carbon as volatile combustible matter, and are rated as semi-anthracite. These are sold for domestic use at but little below the price of the Pennsylvania anthracite. Those in the western part of the field contain but three to six, generally five, times as much fixed carbon as volatile combustible, and the coals are bituminous. They are less smoky than most bituminous or soft coals. The heating value of the coal, whic r n lies between 13,700 and 14,700 British thermal units, and its specific gravity (average 1.35) place it among the best coals in the United States. Its moisture and ash are also low, but it contains a little more sulphur than other high grade coals. This sulphur, combined with iron as pyrite or 'fool's gold' often occurs as large nodules or layers, which the miners call 'sulphur balls' or 'sulphur bands.' These are noticeably heavier than the coal, and can be easily picked out by the care- ful miners. The Arkansas coal is probably a little softer than similar coals from some other fields. List of Arkansas Coal Operators. Sebastian County. Western Coal & Mining Company Jenny Lind Conroy Coal Company Hartford Central Coal & Coke Company Huntington Central Coal & Coke Company Hartford Central Coal & Coke Company Prairie Creek Mammoth Vein Coal Company Prairie Creek Hartford Coal Company Hartford Katy Coal Company Midland New Coronado Coal Company ..Arkoal National Coal Mining Company ; Hackett American Smokeless Coal Company Greenwood Greenwood Coal Company Greenwood Arkansas Coal Mining Company Hartford Woodson Bar Coal Company Bonanza Woodson Coal Company Hartford Hartford Smokeless Coal Company Hartford Bolen Darnall Coal Company Hartford Harbottle Coal Company Hartford Rush Coal Company Hartford Hackett Smokeless Coal Company Excelsior OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 83 Arkansas Valley Coal Company .-Hackett Backbone Coal Company ..Excelsior Crescent Coal Company - -Hackett Phoenix Coal Company __Arkoal Bonanza Smokeless Coal Company ...Bonanza C. C. Woodson Coal Company Montreal Greenwood Ridge Coal Company Montreal Jim Lee Coal Company Montreal G. W. Jackson Coal Company Midland Mama Coal Company ..Jenny Lind Turnipseed Coal Company Midland Trantham Coal Company Midland W. C. McCormack Coal Company Burma Robinson Coal Company ..Midland Security Coal Company Burma Dave Moody Coal Company Burma John Mantell ..Prairie Creek Martin-Rains Coal Company .Hartford Price & Wilson Coal Company ..Huntington J. F. Looper Coal Company ..Huntington Hackett-Excelsior Coal Company Ft. Smith Peacock Coal Company Jenny Lind W. H. Meillmier Coal Company Hartford S. A. McAdoo Coal Company Barling Graham-Hall Coal Company Huntington Co-Operative Coal Company Burma Jim Fork Coal Company Midland Hartford Valley Fuel Company Hartford McGehee & Urquhart Coal Company Jenny Lind Litchford Coal Company Huntington Border Coal Company Hackett Fax Coal Company Huntington F. H. Schwearjohnn Coal Company Hartford Basinger Coal Company Excelsior Bargibend Coal Company Excelsior Davis Coal Company Prairie Creek George Wilkinson Prairie Creek Roughley Coal Company Hartford M. Clayton Hartford T. H. Bunch Coal Company Hackett Great Western Coal Company Hartford Pruett Coal Company Hackett Gibson & Rice Coal Company R. F. D., Charleston Tom Hoopengarner Coal Company Huntington Thatch & Graham Montreal Smokeless Fuel Company Montreal Woodson & Abernathy :* Montreal Williamson Strip Pit Montreal Sun Coal Company _ . -Hackett 84 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY Franklin County. Western Coal & Mining Company Denning Geo. E. Dodson Coal Company Alix Wallis McKinney Coal Company Alix Denning Coal Company Denning Schmidt Blakely Coal Company Alix Semi-Anthracite Fuel Company Alix Altus Black Diamond Coal Company Altus Haskell Coal Company Charleston Douglass Coal Company Denning Douglas Coal Company Alix Lewis & Whittle Alix Moomaw Coal Company Ozark Denning Domestic Coal Company Alix Liberty Coal Company Denning Ozark Coal & Mining Company Ozark Jones Mine Ozark Carpenter Coal Company Charleston Smith Brothers Coal Company Ozark Altus Coal Company Denning Johnson County. Sterling Anthracite Coal Company Clarksville Fernwood Mining Company Clarksville Fernwood Mining Company Montana Spadra Creek Coal Company Spadra Luca Mardis Coal Company Spadra McWilliams Ward & Company Spadra Johnson King & Company Montana McKinney Bros. Coal Company Montana Clark McWilliams Coal Company Williams Spur Scranton Anthracite Coal Company Montana Collier-Dunlap Coal Company Hartman Duncan Coal Company Hartman Hoing Coal Company Coal Hill Gaelic Coal Company Coal Hill Rafter Coal Company Coal Hill Douglas Brothers Coal Company Coal Hill I. H. Mitchell Coal Hill Douglass & Sons Coal Hill Smokeless Anthracite Coal Company Spadra Consolidated Coal Company Spadra W. A. Hill Coal Company Coal Hill J. V. Herring Montana Eustice Coal Company Montana Pope County. Southern Anthracite Coal Company Russellville Ouita Anthracite Coal Company Ouita H. K. Vines Mine Russellville Claude Humphrey _ ..Russellville OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 85 Logan County. Short Mountain Coal Company Paris Goldsworthy Brothers Paris Grand Coal Company Paris Dennis Coal Company Paris Paris Coal Company Paris New Union Coal Company Paris J. R. Remy Coal Company Paris Davis Coal Company Paris Schmalz Bros. Coal Company Paris Liberty Coal Company Paris Gunter Coal Company Scranton George Daly & Company Prairie View Simon Gagaway Paris Scott County. Hodge Coal Company Bates Liles Coal Company 1_ Coaldale Harper Coal & Coke Company Bates Bates Smokeless Coal Company Bates Bethel Coal Company Mansfield Crawford County. John Owens Alma Yell County. Cornelius King Chickalah N. Goodier Dardanelle Washington County. J. W. Turnsill Baldwin J. R. Stanberry Baldwin H. M. Reed Baldwin W. M. Edwards & Son _ ..Baldwin REFERENCES. Allen, Thomas. Semi-anthracite coal 100 miles west of Little Rock. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Vol. Ill, New York, 1874. Anonymous. Arkansas anthracite coal. Engineering and Mining Jour- nal, Feb. 22, 1902, Vol. LXXIII. Branner, John C. Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Arkansas for 1888, Vol. III. The geology of the coal regions; a preliminary report upon a portion of the coal regions of Arkansas, by Arthur Winslow, map, Little Rock, 1888. Branner, John C. A preliminary statement of the distribution of coal over the area examined by the Geological Survey (of Arkansas). Arkansas Gazette, Little Rock, Feb. 13, 1889. Branner, John C. "the Coal Fields of Arkansas." Mineral Resources of the United States, Washington, 1893. Bain, H. F.. The Bonanza, Arkansas, coal mines. Engineering and Min- ing Journal, Nov. 12, 1898, Vol. LXVI, pp. 579-580. Bache, F. The Arkansas-Indian Territory coal field. Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. LXXVI, New York, Sept. "l2, 1903. ( Invrliorn. Clarence R. The preparation of Bernice anthracite coal. An- nual Report of the Geol. Surv. of Arkansas for 1888, Vol. Ill, Little Rock, 1888. 86 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY Chance, H. M. Geology of the Choctaw coal fields. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining- Engineers, Vol. XVIII, New York, 1890. Con- tains notes on Arkansas coals. Collier, Arthur J. The Arkansas coal field. Bulletin No. 316, U. S. Geol. Surv., Washington, 1907; also Bulletin No. 326, U. S. Geol. Surv., 1907. Campbell, M. B. The classification of coals. Bi-monthly Bulletin of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, No. 5, New York, Sept., 1905. (In- cludes Arkansas coals.) Crane, W. R. Coal mining in Arkansas. Engineering and Mining Jour- nal, Oct. 28, 1905. Drake, N. F. A geological reconnaissance of the coal fields of the In- dian Territory. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. XXXVI, with ills, and maps. Reference to Arkansas geology. A reprint pub- lished as No. XIV of "Contributions to Biology from the Hopkins Seaside Lab- oratory," Palo Alto, 1898. Keyes, C. R. Horizons of Arkansas and Indian Territory coals compared with those of other trans-Mississippian coals. Engineering and Mining Jour- nal, June 1, 1901, Vol. LXXI. Lawrence, B. Coal in Arkansas. De Bow's Review, Vol. II, New Orleans, 1851. McFarlane, James. The coal regions of America; their topography, geol- ogy and development, New York, 1873. (General description of Arkansas coal fields.) Pumpelly, Raphael. Production of bituminous coal in Johnson, Pope, Se- bastion, and Washington counties. Tenth Census U. S., Vol. XV. Purdue, A. H. Coal Mining in Arkansas. Arkansas Geol. Surv., Part I, Prime, Fred, Jr. Notes on the Arkansas coal field and statistics of pro- duction. Tenth Census U. S., Part II, Vol. V. Potter, Wm. B. Semi-bituminous coal of Johnson county with analyses. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Vol III 1874 Philadelphia, 1875. Steel, A. A. Arkansas Geol. Surv., A. H. Purdue, State Geologist, 1912. Savrard, Frederick K. The Coal Trade, 1890; Arkansas coal statistics and analyses. Stevenson, J. J. Anthracite of Arkansas. Bulletin of the Geological So- ciety of America, Vol. V, Rochester, 1894. Tuff, J. A. The southwestern coal field. Extract from the 22nd Annual Report of the U. S. Geol. Surv., Part III, Washington, 1902. Taff, J. A. The Camden coal fields of southwestern Arkansas, XXI Annual Report. U. S. Geol. Surv., part II, pp. 313-321), moo. Wiiislow, Arthur. A preliminary report on a portion of the coal region of Arkansas. Annual Report of the Geol. Surv. of Arkansas for 1888 Vol III map, Little Rock, 1888. Chert. Under the heading "Road Making Materials" Doctor Branner calls at- tention to the value of the hard, flinty chert belonging to the Mississippian series of the Carboniferous system and to the Ordovician system of rocks, widely distributed in all the counties north of the Boston Mountains, as a material especially suited for the building of highways. "The chert of the Boone limestone is left in large quantity on the sur- face as a residual product. Under climatic influences it is broken up into small fragments that make admirable road material. In many places the fragments have collected in enormous quantities as talus at the base of the slopes, where the material could be easily loaded on wagons with a steam shovel." Folio 202, U. S. Geological Survey. (f) U. S. Geol. Surv Map of Arkansas Diamond Field. Diamonds. Four areas of peridotite (diamond-bearing rock) near Murfressboro, Pike county, are described in a report by Hugh D. Miser, (Bulletin 540 U) published by the U. S. Geol. Surv. in 1913. One of these, that near the mouth of Prairie Creek, has been known to geologists since 1842. The rock was not known, however, to be peridotite until 1889, when Branner and Brackett studied and described the nature of the rock and its geologic relations. It is said that Dr. Branner spent half a day searching the surface of the small area for diamond specimens. Not finding any of the precious stones he re- frained from making a sensational announcement or arousing undue hopes, but published his discovery in a conservative report that at the time attracted the attention of the scientists more for its importance in suggesting the time and character of the disturbing influences, which about the close of the Cretaceous sank the greater part of Arkansas beneath the ocean, than for its value in disclosing a new diamond field. Dr. Branner's extreme cau- tion, displayed in this matter, was due no doubt to his consideration for the public mind which, at about that time, had been disappointed by the failure to find gold in the same region, following a tremendous excitement and the loss of many millions of dollars in unwise mining ventures. The first diamonds were actually found in 1906, seventeen years after the visit of Doctor Branner to the Prairie Creek district. To John Huddleston, now of Arkadelphia, belongs the credit of discovering the first diamonds. These rough stones were sent to a Little Rock jeweler and were later cut by Tiffany in New York, being pronounced perfect gems, equal in purity to those of South Africa. Thus the public came to know of the presence of OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 89 diamonds in Arkansas. The lands containing the deposits were purchased, the town of Kimberly was established and mining operations were begun by several companies. According to the best information that is available at least 5000 dia- monds were found up to the end of 1919. These included white, brown and yellow stones and a canary-colored octahedron weighing 17.85 carts and a clear flat stone of 11 carats. Only one company has operated in the field since 1913, and that upon a small scale. However, it is said that sufficient diamonds have been found to defray the small maintenance expenses. None of the Arkansas diamonds are offered for sale. Sam W. Reyburn of New York, President of t'he Arkansas Diamond Corporation, recently announced that the necessary capital had been raised to Install a modern reduction plant and that operations would be resumed by June, 1920, with equipment necessary to wash 100,000 tons of dirt and determine whether Arkansas has a real diamond field. Dr..Branner observed that the peridotite cuts across the Trinity forma- tion of lower Cretaceous age, and lately H. D. Miser, of the II. S. Geol. Survey, has described a sedimentary deposit containing pebbles from the peridotite near the base of the Bingen formation (upper Cretaceous.) This fixes the age of the peridotite and probably all the other igneous rocks of Arkansas in the interval between the upper and lower Cretaceous periods. REFERENCES. Branner, John C., and Brufkett, Richard 3V. The Peridotite of Pike Coun- ty, Arkansas. American Journal of Science, Vol. XXXVIII, 1889. The same is reproduced in the Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Arkansas, for 1890, Vol. II. Branner, John C. Some facts and corrections regarding the diamond re- gion of Arkansas. Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. LXXXVII, New York, Feb. 13, 1909. ~~ Glenn, L,. C. Arkansas Diamond-bearing Peridotite Area. Bulletin Geol. Society America, Vol. 23, 1912. Kunz. Geo. F.. and Washington.. Henry S. Diamonds in Arkansas. Bi- monthly Bulletin of the American Institute of Mining Engineers No. 20, New York, 1908. Engineering and Mining Journal, Aug. 10, 1907. Notes of the forms of Arkansas diamonds. American Journal of Science, Vol. CLXXIV, New Haven, September, 1907. Schneider, P. F. A preliminary report of the Arkansas diamond field. Bureau of Mines, Manufactures and Agriculture, 16 pp., Little Rock, 1907. Sterrett, O. B. Diamonds in Arkansas, Mineral Resources U. S., for 1909, U. S. Geol. Surv., 1910. Purdue, A. H. A new discovery of peridotite in Arkansas. Economic Geology, Vol. Ill, August-September, 1918, III. Fuller, John T. Diamond mine in Pike County, Arkansas. Engineering and Mining Journal, Vol. LXXXVII, New York, Janary 16, 1909; Mar. 20, 1909. Miser, H. D. New Areas of diamond-bearing peridotite in Arkansas. U S. Geol. Surv., Bulletin 540. Fuller's Earth. While fuller's earth is now being produced in five or more different states, the presence of this mineral in the United States was first discovered in Arkansas, near Alexander, and is mentioned in a special paper by Doctor Branner who made an analysis from specimens presented to him by John Olsen in 1890. 90 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY The material was used for a time for the clarifying of oil in the plant of the Southern Cotton Oil Company. Of this experiment Doctor Branner says: "This fuller's earth is the weathered portions of nearly horizontal beds of tertiary clays that come through the low hills over a large area in the region south and southwest of Little Rock. According to the miner's preconceived notion that ore must "improve with depth" it was expected that after the weathered edges of the clays had been passed the fuller's earth must likewise improve. I remember also that when Mr. Littlejohn (manager of the oil mill) thought the earth was going to be a great success, the miners began to congratulate themselves that the stuff was looking "good enough to eat" and consequently that it must be improving. Almost imme- diately Mr. Littlejohn reported that it was not working well. To me the reason seemed very clear; the quarymen had left the weathered zone behind and had entered the unaltered clays." U. S. Geol. Surv. Location of Fuller's Earth Deposits. In his report, "The Clays of Arkansas," Doctor Branner mentions the Arkadelphia shale as a probable source of fuller's earth. Of later developments in the mining of fuller's earth in Arkansas, Hugh D. Miser in United States Geological Survey Bulletin, 530 Q, Developed Deposits of Fuller's Earth in Arkansas, says: "The developed deposits of fuller's earth in Arkansas occur in an area of about three square miles which lies between Hot Springs and Benton. The Missouri Pacific railroad passes through this area about seven miles west of Benton. * * * * These deposits were discovered in 1897 by John Olsen of Benton. Mr. Olsen at first shipped the crude earth to the Fairbanks Pack- ing Company, St. Louis, by which it was milled and used. He later erected at Klondyke station a plant for milling the crude earth. At present the OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 91 other operators owning plants within the area are the Fuller's Earth Union (Ltd.) of London, England; the Fuller's Earth Company, General, of Wil- mington, Delaware and Fred Rossner, of Little Rock. (More recently it is reported to the Bureau that a new company has been formed to take over the Olsen interests and that mining, which has been suspended for some time, is to be resumed on a much larger scale.) ''The Arkansas earth is used for bleaching cottonseed oil, hog leaf lard, beef tallow and stearine. When the right kind of crude earth and the proper method of manufacture are used, a satisfactory earth is produced. Yet because of lack of experience in this industry some poor grades of earth have been put on the market. The production of this inferior earth has retarded to some extent the introduction of the Arkansas earth to displace the English earth, which is used mainly by American cotton-oil companies and packers. * * * * "Arkansas was the second largest producer of fuller's earth in the United States from 1904 to 1907, Florida being first in amount of production. During 1909, 1910 and 1911 Arkansas was third in output and value, Florida being in first place and Georgia second. The amount of fuller's earth pro- duced in Arkansas in 1909 was 2,314 short tons, valued at $18,313.00; in 1910 it was 2,563 short tons, valued at $29,137,00.'" REFERENCES. Middleton, Jefferson. Fuller's Earth in 1917, U. S. Geol, Surv., Mineral Resources of the U. S., 1917, Part II. Branner, John C. The Clays of Arkansas, Bulletin 351, U. S. Geol. Surv. Branner, John C. An Early Discovery of Fuller's Earth in Arkansas, Transactions of the American Institute of Mining- Engineers, New York, 1912. Miser, H. D. Developed Deposits of Fuller's Earth in Arkansas, Bulletin 530 Q, U. S. Geol. Surv. Gas. See Natural Gas. " Granite" (Syenite.) "The total area of igneous rock exposed within the boundaries of the State of Arkansas does not exceed thirteen or fourteen square miles, but the value of these rocks as building and paving materials gives them great economic importance. Their formation and mode of occurrence are of especial scientific interest on account of their relation to the geologic his- tory of the state at large; while their relations to each other are of even more importance from a purely petrographic standpoint, since they illustrate the relative positions of certain groups of igneous rocks whose mutual relations have been as yet but little studied. "Character of the Rocks: The igneous rocks of Arkansas all belong to the eleolite syenites and, their associated dike rocks. They are of the abyssal and intrusive classes, as distinguished from the metamorphic gneisses and schists and the true effusives. It has not been absolutely proved that some of the rocks did not form true eruptive masses, but on the other hand no proof that they did occur as such has been found, and OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY since their crystalline structure points to a non-effusive origin, it may well be assumed that they all belong to the abyssal and intrusive rocks. "Geologic and Geographic Position. The larger masses of igneous rocks occur on the southeastern side of the much disturbed and folded area known as the Ouachita uplift, which extends from the central portion of the state in a nearly due west direction to and across the Oklahoma boundary. The smaller dikes of intrusive rock are scattered here and there throughout the eastern half of the uplift and appear to be independent of the folds and ridges, which were formed long before the intrusion of the igneous masses. "Tiie larger masses of igneous rock are, however, all situated in or near the main anticlinal axis of the uplift and it is probable that they were forced through at points, where, by reason of the folding, the strata were somewhat weakened. It is probable that the greater part of the erosion which has modified the topography of this region to such an enormous extent had practically been completed before the intrusion of ttie igneous rocks. "Division of the eleolite syenites of Arkansas into areas: The eleolite syenites were probably all produced from one magma, but since they occur in four well defined areas, and as the rocks which form these various areas differ greatly in their mineralogic independent groups, which can hardly be sufficiently correlated with the others to allow of their all being de- scribed together. These four regions are: 1. The Fourche Mountain or Pulaski county region. 2. The Saline county region. 3. The Magnet Cove region. 4. The Potash Sulphur Springs region. "Outside of these four typical regions there are many dikes of igneous rock whic'h as far as their petrographic characteristics are concerned might be associated, as well with one group as with another, and which are, as a matter of fact, probably directly connected with none of them, although formed from the same magma from which they all derived their material. "The differences in structure and mineralogic composition observed in the rocks of the four regions are due to differentiations in the original magma from which they were formed, and are attributable in many cases directly to the conditions under which they solidified. Report Arkansas Geol. Surv., Vol. II, 1891. (In addition to the masses described by Williams there are four masses of peridotite near Murfreesboro, Pike County, together with a r.umber of related dikes. A study of these masses has proved that these igneous rocks of Arkansas were all probably formed during the land interval separating the upper and lower Cretaceous periods.) REFERENCES. Branner, John C. Annual Report of the Geol. Surv. of Arkansas for 1890, Vol. II, The igneus rocks of Arkansas, by J. Francis Williams, Little Rock, 1891. Washington, H. S. The igneous complex of Magnet Cove, Arkansas. Ab- stract, Science, March 16, 1900, Vol. XI, Bulletin Geological Society of Amer- ica. Vol. XI, Rochester, 1900. Review, American Naturalist, Vol. XXXV, May 1901. Levlew, Technology Quarterly, Vol. VII. OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 93 Glass Sand. Since the establishment of glass factories at Fort Smith and Texar- kana, where these industries have access to natural gas, the cheapest and best of fuels, a more convenient market is afforded for the valuable glass sands of the state. It is said that the Fort Smith plant uses 1,000 tons of sand a month and that the Arkansas sands are preferred, but because of an inability to get cars for the shorter 'haul the material at present is brought from Pacific, Missouri. The glass sands of the saccharodial sandstone, (St. Peter) quarried at Guion, Izard County, are probably the purest and most extensive in the state. This sand is so pure that it is not even stained. It is quite as good as -the best glass sands of Missouri, but is of finer grain. Glass sands are found in the St. Peter sandstone in north Arkansas from Batesville to Fayetteville. At Whitlock Spur, near Bryant, Saline County, there is an extensive deposit of high grade glass sand. Purdue says: "The novaculite of the Ouachita Mountains probably would produce glass of fine quality." A deposit of glass sand is reported in Jefferson County near Pine Bluff. With reference to the glass sands of Crowley's Ridse. in Gr^en* Conntv. the following is quoted from the report of the Arkansas Geological Survey, Vol. II, 1889: "The sand is white. * * * it would make an excellent bottle glass sand, or even the cheaper grades of window glass could be made from it. Its product would -be green in color, but less deep than the common green bottle glass, owing to the small amount of iron present. With soda and lime added it would make a fairly good window glass." REFERENCES. Burchard, E. F. Glass Sands of the Middle Mississippi Basin, Bulletin No. 285, U. S. Geol. Surv. Gravel. (See Roadmaking Materials.) Several thick deposits of gravel are widely distributed along the north edge of the Gulf Costal Plain. The gravels are of Lower Cretaceous, Upper Cretaceous and Quarternary age and are composed mainly of pebbles of novaculite (a variety of chert) derived from the Arkansas novaculite ex- posed in the Ouachita Mountain region. They are used in making concrete, in ballasting railroads and in the construction of wagon roads. The Pike gravel is the thickest and most persistent gravel bed in the area and has a larger surface distribution than any other. The thickness is rattier uni- form, being in most places between 20 and 50 feet, but it apparently attains 100 feet near Pike. This gravel consists of pebbles usually less than half an inch in diameter but it contains many larger ones and also many cobbles as much as ten inches in diameter. These pebbles 'have not been used in tube mills, ,but they are of such a character that it is believed well selected pebbles may be suited for this purpose. 94 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY Crowley's Ridge Gravels. The gravel beds of Crowley's Ridge in northeast Arkansas are of varying thickness, being deposited on a surface which indicates very considerable erosion at a period prior to their deposition. The gravels are made up mainly of a light-colored chert, are generally well rounded or waterworn, rarely angular and always well polished. When in place they are always rudely assorted, cross-bedded and mingled with more or less sand. The gravel is considerably above the general level of the country, reaching often to the very tops of the highest hills. Deposits occur at various points along the ridge from the Missouri border to Helena. Arkansas River Gravels. In the bed of the Arkansas River throughout its course in Arkansas and in the beds of many of its tributaries, are gravel bars containing larger quantities of material suitable for road-building. Gravels on the Higher Ridges On the higher hills about Little Rock and northwest of that city are quantities of surface gravel. Similar ridges occur in Saline, Grant and Dallas counties and in other parts of southwest Arkansas. "Gravels (road metal). Along Crowley's Ridge, in Clay, Green, Craig- head, Poinsett, Cross, and St. Francis counties. On and near the border of the highlands in Randolph, Lawrence, Independence, Jackson, White, Pulaski, Saline, Hot Spring and Clark counties, and in Bradley, Calhoun, Dallas, Drew, Howard, Jefferson, Lafayette, Pike and Sevier counties. These gravels consist almost entirely of chert, quartz and novaculite pebbles and range in age from Lower Cretaceous to Quarternary." Bulletin 624, U. S. Geol. Surv. REFERENCES. >Ii,ser, H. D., niul Purdue. A. II. Gravel Deposits of the Caddo Gap and De Queen Quadrangles, Arkansas, r. S. Geol. Surv., Bulletin 690 B. Hraiiiu'r, John C. Crowley's Ridge, Annual Report Arkansas Geological Survey, Vol. II, 1889. . Load-Making Materials of Arkansas, published elsewhere in this volume. Graphite. Graphite is abundant and pure in many localities in the Trap Mountains in Hot Spring County. It occurs also in the form of graphitic shale in Garland and Montgomery counties. Some of this material is of excellent quality, while some of it occurs in streaks of pockets only, and much is mixed with earthy matter. The impure varieties are available for paints. Purdue says: "Possibly the most promising outcrop is in the bed of Collier Creek at Buttermilk Springs, northeast of Caddo Gap in Mont- gomery County. Gypsum. "The Trinity formation (of southwest Arkansas) is rich in gypsum and gypsiferous marls .the latter too impure for the arts, but suitable for an agri- OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 95 cultural fertilizer or land plaster. At the gypsum bluff, or "Plaster Bluff," as it is familiarly called, two and one-half miles south of Murfreesboro, in Pike County, there are strata of pure saccharoidal alabaster, from 6 inches to 6 feet in thickness, with seams of satin spar. This gypsum is sufficiently pure to make plaster of paris, as well as fertilizer, and will no doubt be a source of much wealth to the country some day. The same geologic horizon as that contained the gypsum beds on Little Missouri River outcrops spar- ingly at many points along the southern scarp of the Fort Towson road valley.'' Report Arkansas Geol. Surv., Vol. II, 1888. Prof. A. H. Purdue mentions the presence of gypsum on Messers Creek, north of Center Point, in Howard County. Gypsum, or "satin spar," occurs in broad crystals, fibrous and earthy, in the zinc and lead districts of north Arkansas. This mineral also faas been observed in parts of Saline County where pyrite and limestone are found. REFERENCES. Hill, Robt. T. The Neozoic Geology of Arkansas, Vol. II, Report, Geological Survey of Arkansas, 1888. Branner, J. C. Report Arkansas Geol. Surv., Vol. V, 1892. Lignite. Camden, or Ouachita Deposit. Extending northwestward from Camden, is a small area of typical brown subcannel coal, which 'has been tested for oil and gas production with very favorable results. The coal bed had been traced from about 2 miles northwest of Camden for 13 miles to the northwest and has been opened and mined in a small way at a number of places. The coal ranges from 3 to 6 feet in thickness. Physically the Camden coal, as it comes from the mine is brownish black and compact and has a generally uniform even texture and structure. Occasonally fragments of lignite with clearly marked woody structure may be seen. It has an uneven conchoidal fracture. It is soft but not friable, that is, it may be easily mined with the pick and may be cut with a knife as readily as compact dry clay, but will not crumble between the fingers. When cut or scratched with a knife it shows a shiny or oily streak. Upon being exposed to dry air, the coal contracts and cracks both along the bed- ding and at right angles to it so that fragments may be broken by the hand, but the mass does not fall to pieces. The coal is then blacker and harder than when fresh and the streak or powder is more nearly black. On being exposed for a sfaort time to the repeated action of rain, dew, and snow, however, it will disintegrate into small particles. From this description the coal is evidently of lignite rank, but so far as tested it appears to give a 'higher candlepower gas than other lignites. Chemically, as shown by the analyses it contains from 32 to 38 per cent of water when fresh. In dry air the moisture will be reduced to 9 to 11 per cent, but this will be reincreased to 20 to 22 ^ per cent if the coal is sub- mitted to saturated air. The volatile matter in the fresh coal is 32 to 36 per cent and 44 to 46 per cent in the air-dried coal; and the fixed carbon in S6 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY the fresh coal is 17 to 23 per cent in the air-dried coal. The ash remains from 7.5 to 11 per cent in the fresh coal and and sulphur 0.5 per cent or less in the fresh material. This coal was tested by the Pittsburgh Testing Laboratory. The aver- age result of 10 tests, at a temperature of 1,800 to 2,000 degrees F., was .a yield of 11.386 cubic feet of 22.3 candlepower gas. David White, who visited the field, described as follows the two stills that were in operation: The commercial utilization of t'lie lignite from the Camden field is some- what unique, for although it is employed to a limited extent for local steam- boiler fuel and on the locomotives of the branch railroads coming to the sawmills and mines about Lester, the principal use of the coal appears to be for its distillation products. The best massive brown lignite, essen- tially "amorphous" and free from bedding, is that most sought for distil- lation. Such lignite is said to yield as high as 38 gallons of oil per ton, though the average oil production from the lignite as it is mined and distilled approximates 25 gallons per ton. Occasionally lignite which yields as low as 10 gallons per ton is dug at some of the mines in the field. At t'iie time of the field examinations of the fuel by the writer the methods of distillation were still in an experimental stage. A small distillery or "oil mill" was in operation at the town of Camden and another one near Lester. The former had seven horizontal retorts, whereas the latter had only five in an inclined position and farther above the grate. The Lester mill had a capacity of two tons in 24 hours. For three or four hours the lignite in the retort was sub- jected for a time to a temperature of about 400 degrees after which it was advanced for a time to a temperature of about 700 degrees and finally to 1,200 or 1.300 degrees F., eight or nine hours being required for the complete run. Some of the oil is given off at a temperature of about 400 degrees F., different oils being yielded at different temperatures, those distilling later at the higher temperatures being regarded as best. Likewise, the higher temperatures appear to yield by-products more tarlike and differing in other respects. The brown canneloid is said to yield a lighter-colored oil. The distillates are said to be used in the rubber industry, in soap mak- ing, in paints, and in various proprietary preparations. The residual cinder can hardly be called coke, although often on withdrawing the charge there appears to be a recondensation at the back end of the retort which results in small pieces of completely fused coke, silvery in luster and stalactytic in sculpture, though spongy and friable. The higher grade carbon or cinder derived from the more typical canneloid lignite, after having been ground at the mill, has been shipped to one of the eastern cities, where it was experi- mentally tried in the manufacture of paint. The small pieces of wood and stem are occasionally found with structure preserved, as charcoal among the lumps of lignitic cinder. Lignite of Crowley's Ridge. The lignites of the Crowley's Ridge region are all of Tertiary age. * * * They occur in the form of outcrops along the streams and in gullies with an occasional bed appearing in wells. The thickness of these lignite beds is exceedingly variable. Usually they are less than five feet thick, though OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 97 the Bolivar Creek beds in Poinsett County are seven feet or more in thickness. It is also noticeable that the vertical distribution of the several beds is irregular, some of them occurring hig'h. up in the hills, while others are at their base or below it. So far as traced all these beds are independ- ent of each other, having been formed at different times, and they are gen- erally in lenticular shapes, most of which cover but a few acres and many of them but a few hundred square yards. Their chemical analyses show I'hat the Bolivar Creek and the Clay County lignites are the best. The poorest is that found in St. Francis County, 4 N., 4 E., on section 26. This latter has been analysed with the following result: Water : 10.215 per cent Volatile Matter 40.70 " Fixed Carbon 21.50 Ash (gray) 25.65 Sulphur 2.00 " The analysis shows it to have but little or no value for commercial purposes. Report Arkansas Geological Survey, Vol. II, T889. Linnite Elsewhere. Tertiary lignites occur in most of the counties of southern Arkansas. Probably the deposits nearest approaching in value those of the Camden district are in Pike and Clark counties, but no use has yet been made of this fuel. The location of the lignite is more interesting as indicating the character of the associated clays. REFERENCES. Taflf, J. A. Preliminary report on the Camden coal field of southwestern Arkansas. Twenty-first Annual Report of the U. S. Geol. Surv., 1899-1900, Tart II, Washington, 1900. Britton, J. Blod^ett. Lignite near Camden, along the Ouachita River. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, Vol. I, New York, 1872. Ashley, Cieo. H. Cannel coal in the United States, .U S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 659. 1918. Brnnner, John ('. Clays of Arkansas. U. S. Geol. Surv., Bull. 351, 1908. Limestone For Lime. (Extracts from Annual Report Arkansas Geological Survey, Vol. IV, 1893, by T. C. Hopkins.) In spite of the abundance of limestone in Arkansas suitable for lime burning, the state imports lime instead of exporting it. As the limestone region of north Arkansas becomes traversed by railways the burning of lime s'nould become one of the most important industries. There are limestones in the Tertiary and Cretaceous areas of the central and southwestern por- tions of the state, yet the Paleozoic limestones of the north part of the state are so superior for lime burning that it is to them the state must look for its lime supply. The dhalk beds will no doubt become valuable in the manufacture of Portland cement, but for common lime it cannot compete with the Paleozoic limestones. While in north Arkansas there are not less than seven distinct beds of limestone persistent over large areas, and others of more limited extent, it 98 OUTLINES OP ARKANSAS GEOLOGY is noteworthy that nearly all the lime that has been burnt has come from a single bed the limestone in the Boone Chert. It has a greater areal extent than any of the other beds, yet others of large extent would make equally as good lime. Following is the analysis of limestone from the Boone chert formation in Independence County: Per Cent. Carbonate of Lime 98.43 Carbonate of Magnesia 95 Insoluble Residue 28 Without taking into account the proximity to transportation, the dif- ferent beds of limestone considered solely in the light of their value for making lime, would rank about as follows: First, Izard limestone. Second, Boone chert limestone. Third, St. Joe marble. Fourth, St. Clair marble. Fifth, Archimedes limestone. Sixth, Pentremital limestone. Seventh, Magnesian limestone. Besides these there are local occurrences of good limestone among the magnesian beds in the Silurian. The advantage for lime burning of the Izard limestone over the Boone Chert is the ease with which it is broken, its freedom from chert and the greater ease of burning. The St. Joe marble is properly a part of the Boone chert series but it differs essentially from the gray limestone higher in the series in being more compact and crystalline and in requiring more burning to reduce it. The St. Clair marble makes a pure lime, but its toughness makes it expensive to prepare for the kiln and its higher crystallization makes it hard to burn. The Archimedes and Pentremital limestones are often too impure to make a valuable building lime, yet in many places a good lime can be ob- tained from them, and in nearly all places they would make a lime good for fertilizing. It is difficult to compare the magnesian limestone with the others as its value depends on whether a magnesian lime is wanted. A good stone for lime occurs locally in the Silurian rocks, notably on Clear Creek, Searcy County, and at various points in Marion County. Carboniferous Limestones. The limestones on the south side of Boston Mountains have the same lithologic characteristics as those on the north, with the possible exception that they seem to be somewhat more siliceous. In some cases they thin out southward. It is quite apparent, from their relation to the overlying rocks, from a casual examination of their fossils and from their lithologic characters, that their occurrences south of the mountains is a continuation OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 99 of the beds which outcrop on the north side, and described as the Kessler, Pentremital and Archimedes limestones. For the most part limestone occurs south of the principal range of Boston Mountains only in the deepest valleys and ravines, where the streams have eroded the overlying shales and sand- stones, leaving the underlying strata exposed. Trinity Limestones. In the southwest part of this state, in Pike, Howard and Sevier counties, along the northern border of the Lower Cretaceous area, is an outcrop of limestone designated by Prof. Robt .Hill of the Survey as the Trinity lime- stone, and described by him as follows: "In general it is a series of cal- careous, gypsiferous, argillaceous sands, alternating with numerous thin strata of firm yellow crystalline bands of limestone, which vary from one inch to one foot in thickness." Tertiary Limestones. As compared with those of the Lower Carboniferous, the Tertiary lime- stones of the state are of but little importance. Their location, however, sometimes give them local value. Gilbert D. Harris, Assistant State Geologist, mentions their occurrence as follows: "T'he few exposures that are known are chiefly confined to the western border of the Tertiary area. At Grand Glaise in Jackson County fossilferous Tertiary limestones with some arenaceous layers are exposed in beds about 50 feet thick a few rods south of the railway station. Limestone ledges outcrop at Russell station on the Missouri Pacific Railway. At Little Rock Tertiary limestone is found in sinking wells on Capitol Hill. Ouachita Mountain Region. Some curbstones have been quarried from limestone beds in the nova- culite area, nine miles northwest of Hot Springs and lime has been burned at the same locality. A black crystalline limestons in lenticular masses, six to eight inches thick, is reported to occur at fifteen miles west of Little Rock. This and the limestones of the novaculite area of the state are all of Ordovician age. In Magnet Cove, Hot Spring County, there are sev- eral outcrops of a coarsely crystalline limestone which forms in one place a bluff 20 to 30 feet high. It will thus be seen that while limestone is widely distributed in the state, all that is suitable for building purposes occurs north of the Boston Mountains, and all the rocks of any considerable importance for lime- burning occur in the same place. The chalk beds of southwestern Arkan- sas are the only lime deposits south of the Boston Mountains which are likely to have any great commercial value. REFERENCES. Rranner, John C. Value of lime as a fertilizer and discussion of deposits at "White Cliffs. Arkansas Geol. Surv. of 1888, Vol. II. Hopkins, T. C Lime Industry of Arkansas. Annual Report, Arkansas Geol. Surv., 1890, Vol. IV, Little Rock, 1893. Means, J. H. Carboniferous limestones on the south side of the Boston Mountains. Annual Report of the Geol. Surv., of Arkansas for 1890 Vol IV Little Rock, 1893. Harris, Gilbert D.., Assistant Geologist. Annual Report Arkansas Geol. Surv. for 18!2. Vol. II. UNIVERSITY \> OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 101 Limestone Building. (See Marbles.) "The marbles and limestones belong to the Mississippian and Pennsyl- vanian series of the Carboniferous system and to the Ordovician and Silu- rian systems of rocks. Gray (Boone limestone), finest quality in Boone, Marion, Newton and Searcy counties; coarsely crystalline; good polish. St. Glair, light gray to chocolate brown, highly crystalline, from . Independ- ence County to Newton County; valuable building stone. St. Joe, widely distributed in nort'h Arkansas, length of outcrop is about 3500 miles; light pink to dark chocolate, spotted white, gray or pea green, varies In texture; small quarry at St. Joe. Benton County, quarried at Monte Ne and Gravette. Boone County, at Alpena and Keener. Carroll County, limestone quarried at Eureka Springs; dolomite at Beaver. Independence County, ornamental limestone is quarried at Pfeiffer, near Batesville. Izard County, quarried at Guion. Lawrence County, at Imboden for building and crushed stone. Sharp County, at Williford. Washington County, at Johnson. Bulletin 624, U. S. Geol. Surv. REFERENCES. Brainier, John C. Report Arkansas Geol. Surv., Vol. IV, 1890. Marbles. (See Limestone, Onyx, Sandstone.) "The marble region of Arkansas is in the north and northwest part of the state. It includes Marion, Boone, Benton, and parts of Independence, Izard, Stone, Baxter, Searcy, Newton, Madison and Washington counties, and extends north into the State of Missouri. "The entire region is north of the Boston Mountains, and with the ex- ception of portions of Washington and Benton counties is in the upper White River Valley. It is commonly known as North Arkansas, the Boston Moun- tains forming a natural barrier between it and the remainder of the state on the south, while the flood-plains of the Black River bound it on the east. "Comparatively little work has been done to develop the marbles and bring tSiem into the market. Probably the first piece of marble shipped out of the state was the one sent to the Washington Monument in 1836, the year in which the state was admitted to the Union. The block, weighing 9,000 pounds, was taken from near Marble City, Newton County, tSien known as Beller's Mill. It was obtained by Mr. Beller and Elijah, Samuel and William Harp. By drilling and wedging they separated the block from a ledge four feet thick. It was then put on a log wagon and with ten yoke of cattle these four men took the stone a distance of 60 miles or more over exceedingly rough and tortuous roads across the Boston Mountains to the Arkansas River near. Clarksville, w'hence it was shipped by boat. 102- OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY (The exterior walls of the New State Capitol at Little Rock were con- structed of Batesville marble, quarried at Pf eiffer. ) "The marbles of Arkansas all belong to the list of colored marbles; although some of them are very light colored, all are more or less stained with metallic oxides or with carbonaceous matter. On a stratigraphic basis all the numerous varieties of marbles in Arkansas are, with very few excep- tions, included in three classes: The St. Clair; the St. Joe; and the gray marble of the Boone chert formation. The first of these, the St. Clair marble, occurs over the eastern and south central part of t f ne area, and is of Silurian age. The St. Joe and gray marbles, occurring over the entire area, are at the base of the Lower Carboniferous rocks. The few varieties which do not occur in any of these classes are the black, yellow, "onyx," and Archimedes marbles." Annual Report, Arkansas Geological Survey, Vol. IV. 1890, by T. C. Hopkins; John C. Branner, State Geologist. Purdue says: "Marble of red, gray and pink colors outcrop at numerous places along White River and its tributaries. Black marble occurs near Marshall, Searcy County, and Jamestown, Independence County. REFERENCES. Brainier. John c. Annual Report of the Geol. Surv. of Arkansas for 1890, Vol. IV, Marbles and other limestones, by T. C. Hopkins, Little Rock, 1893. The building" stones of Arkansas, by John C. Branner. Stone Vol II Indianapolis, October, 188!). HopkiiiN T. r. Topographic features of Arkansas marble. Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Vol XXXIX Salem, 1891. Anonymous. Batesville oolitic marble. Stone, Vol. XXIX pp 345-346 Illustrated. .\>\v York. January. 1909. Novaculite (Whetstones.) The Arkansas stone is a true novaculite, satisfying all the necessary conditions regarding homogeneity, grittiness, finely granular structure and siliceous composition; it is translucent on the edges and has a marked conchoidal fracture. It occurs associated with shales into which it grades through opaque flinty layers. It is the only true novaculite quarried in quantity in this country. Novaculite is very like chert, both in composition and in its behavior as a road-making material. It occurs only in the hilly region lying south of the Coal Measures, where it forms the Zigzag Mountains about Hot Springs and tiie great Ouachita Mountain system south of the Ouachita River, ex- tending from Rockport, Hot Spring County, nearly to Oklahoma, west of Dallas, Polk County. REFERENCES. Brainier. John C. Annual Report of the Geol. Surv. of Arkansas for 1890, Vol. III. Whetstones and the novaculites of Arkansas, by L. S. Griswold, Little Rock.. 1892. Branner. John ('. and Derby, O. A. On the origin of certain silicious rocks (novaculites). Journal of Geology, 1898, Vol. VI. (iris\vold. L. S.- Indian quarries in Arkansas. Proceedings Boston So- ciety of Natural History, Vol. XXVI, Boston, 1895. Hull. Edward. Origin of novaculites of Arkansas. Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London. Vol. I, London, 1894. Rutley, Frank. On the origin of certain novaculites and quartzites. Quar. Jour. Geol. Soc., Vol. 1, London, 1894. Abstract American Geologist, Vol. XIV. Suttoii, J. J.- Oilstones. Third Biennial Report from the Bureau of Mines, Manufactures and Agriculture of Arkansas for 1893-1894. Burning Gas Well in the Fort Smith District 104 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY Oil and Gas Geology as Viewed by Dr. John C. Branner. There are two and possibly three geologic areas in the State of Arkansas in whic'h petroleum and natural gas may reasonably be expected. One of these fields, that in the western part of the state, is already known, in part, at least; another is the eastern and south-eastern part of the State, while the third is probably unsuspected and may be omitted for the present. The gas fields about Fort Smith are geologically a part of the oil and gas fields of Oklahoma, while the extension of the geology of Northern Louisiana into southeastern Arkansas naturally leads to the inference that that part of the state may likewise contain oil and gas. In the Carboniferous area of western Arkansas the geology is open to direct, inspection, and the structure can be worked out satisfactorily and in detail, so that there need be no doubt about where the wells should be located or what rocks may reasonably be expected at various depths. In the southeastern part of the state, however, the geology in its relation to oil and natural gas, is of a very different type, is much more 'difficult to deal with and can be successfully handled only by geologists and paleonto- logists of thorough training. The nature of the problem that contronts the geologist in southern and eastern Arkansas can be readily understood from a brief statement of the history of the whole region. In Cretaceous times Fait water covered all of eastern Texas, all of Louis- iana and Mississippi, and extended as far north as the mouth of the Ohio River. The western shore of this body of water was a little west of the line of the Missouri Pacific Railway from where it enters the state of Ar- kansas on the north, to Arkadelphia. and from there it ran nearly due west to the Oklahoma line at Ultima Thule. All of Arkansas east and south of that shore line was beneath this great open bay, and the mud and sediments washed down by streams and the remains of animals and plants living in those waters sank and spread over the sea bottom and gradually built up the sandstones, limestones and clays that form what are now known as the Cretaceous rocks. Later, during Tertiary times, the waters became shallower, and the Tertiary sands and clays were deposited on top of the Cretaceous beds. Finally the whole area was raised far enough to cause the salt water to withdraw entirely from the northern part of this ancient bay region. As soon as the sediments were lifted from beneath the water, streams began to cut gullies and to wash away the upper beds; and this process of erosion and denundation has gone on un- til hundreds of feet of sediment, perhaps thousands of feet, have been strip- ped away. The edges of the old sedimentary beds laid down in Cretaceous times are now exposed in Arkansas about Arkadelphia. Okolona, Washington, Saratoga, White Cliffs, Brownstown, Rocky Comfort and Ultima Thule. Almost everywhere else in the state these Cretaceous beds are concealed by the overlying Tertiary sediments. OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 105 In Louisiana and Texas petroleum and gas are found both in Cretaceous and in the overlying Tertiary rocks. It is a natural inference that the same rocks may be expected to contain petroleum and natural gas in the state of Arkansas. But though the inference is natural enough, it may not be correct. The problem of the petroleum geologist is not so simple as that. There is nothing we are more certain of today than the fact that the occurrence of petroleum at a certain geologic horizon in one place is not to be accepted as evidence of its existence at the same horizon somewhere else. It is im- possible to enter into a detailed discussion here of the many problems that must be dealt with in connection with the subject. The accumulation of petroleum and gas is controlled by certain structural features which are not now open to direct observation in the area in question. Those features are covered by hundreds of feet of overlying sediments and even the structure of the Tertiary beds is now much observed by the wide river bottoms and by the deposits of sands, gravels and clays spread out by the floods that swept over them at the close of the glacial epoch. After groping about in the dark for years the exploring companies have finally reached the reasonable conclusion that the location of prospecting wells is the work of the trained geologist and paleontologist. One of the great difficulties about the petroleum and gas question in eastern and south- eastern Arkansas is that the problems are too large and too expensive to be handled by the land owners, or by individuals. Only strong financial organizations can afford to take the rsks involved in such ventures. But while such organizations must be guided by the geologist, no competent geo- logist can guarantee the finding of petroleum at any particular place. All he can do is to get his geology right, and thus reduce the risk to be run by the exploring companies. If the companies are not prepared to take the risks they should keep out of it entirely. And if the oil is not there, not even the geologist can find it. Stanford University. California. JOHN C. BRANNER. June. 18, 1920. Natural Gas. The first gas well was drilled in Arkansas on the Massard Prairie, south of Fort Smith in 1901. The producing field at present extends north and south of the Arkansas River, from near Alma on the east to Poteau, Oklahoma, embracing parts of Crawford, Sebastian and Scott counties. The production of natural gas in this field from wells drilled in 1919 exceeded 200,000,000 cubic feet a day. One well has a record of 24,000,000 cubic feet a day and is rated as one of the largest in the Southwest, Gas is found at depths of from 750 to 3175 feet. There are seven dis- tinct producing sands, each from 40 to 280 feet thick. The product is dry, clean and odorless. Under government test this gas shows a heating record of 1057 British thermal units, which is considerably higher that the tests made by most gases from the Southwestern field. Five companies are operating in the Arkansas field and pipe lines are laid from the wells to nearby cities for distribution to more than 100 indus- tries and thousands of private homes. The public utilities of Fort Smith 106 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY and Van Buren, and coal mines nearby, are operated with power generated by natural gas. Carl D. Sm.th, in U. S. Geol. Surv., Bulletin 541, 1912, says: "The question as to the probability of striking oil at some point down the dip of the strata below the gas has been asked. It is not known, of course, whether the gas is underlain down the slope of the sand by oil or water, nor how far down the slope the contact of the water and gas or oil and gas would be found, but toward Sugarloaf and Cavanal mountains the strata dip at the rate of 200 to 300 feet to the mile; hence to reach a given bed it would be necessary to drill deeper and deeper as either of these mountains is approached. It is estimated that the top of the Hartshorne sandstone lies at a depth of 3,000 to 3,500 .feet below the town of Poteau. "It seems that, if other t'hings are equal, the chances of striking gas are better in the upward folds or anticlines than in other localities. Of course, if a porous medium be not present in the anticline, then the chances there are no better than elsewhere; but as the presence or absence of the porous medium can not be foretold, that chance must be taken as a part of the risk of drilling." The late Dr. A. H. Purdue, former State Geologist, expressed the belief that indications were favorable for the extension of the gas field through the Arkansas Valley as far east as Little Rock and recommended the drilling of wells, wherever anticlines occurred in that territory. Gas is found in small quantities in Washington County, near Fayette- ville, and in Independence County, near Batesville, but has not been com- mercially developed in either locality. The presence of seepage gas has led to the drilling of a prospect well 12 miles south of Little Rock, in Saline County. At the time this report was prepared a strong flow of gas was obtained in a prospect oil well, drilled by the Constantin Company, near El Dorado, Union County. The heavy flow from this well seems to warrant the belief that a new gas field, if not an oil and gas field, will be developed in south- central Arkansas. An examination of the stratigraphy, witfc reference to the oil and gas possibilities near Batesville was made in 1919 by H. M. Robinson and the same year a report was made by E. W. Shaw, on the Natural Gas Resources Available to Little Rock, but these reports have not yet been published. REFERENCES. Harris, G. D. Oil and Gas in Louisiana and Adjacent States. U. S. Geol. Surv., Bulletin 429, 1910. Smith, C. D. Structure of the Fort Smith-Poteau Gas Field, Arkansas- Oklahoma. U. S. Geol. Surv., Bulletin 541. OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 107 First Producer in the New Gas Field of Southern Arkansas Constantin Gas Well Near El Dorado Government geologists report favorable structure in the vicinity of this well for the presence of petroleum, for which the drillers were in search when the well began producing natural gas. 108 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY Map of Arkansas, Illustrating Relative Chances for Oil and Gas Drawn by Dr. N. F. Drake, State Geologist Petroleum and Natural Gas. By N. F. Drake, State Geologist. For the accumulation of petroleum and natural gas in commercial quantities several conditions must be fulfilled. There must be rock beds that are a source of petroleum and gas; there must be rock beds with open spaces into which oil and gas may accumulate; the porous rock bed must be so enclosed by impervious beds as to prevent the escape of the oil and gas; and finally metamorphic action in the region must have been slight, otherwise the oil and gas would have been destroyed. Geologists are in practical agreement that petroleum and natural gas originate from organic matter deposited with clays and to a lesser extent with limestones. Estauries, lagoons, and more or less stagnant areas of the sea bottom near coast lines seem to have been the most favorable loca- tions for the accumulation of the organic matter that later was converted into petroleum and natural gas. It appears that both animal and plant re- mains enter into the formation of oil and gas by the aid of bacteria work- ing on the organic matter while it is accumulating and soon after it is buried in the sediments. As the oil bearing 1 sediments become more deeply buried by other sediments the oil is driven- out- of the beds in which it OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 109 originated into adjacent porous beds. Whether the oil will then remain in the porous beds largely depends on whether it is enclosed by impervious beds, such as clay beds, in such a way as to prevent the further migration of the oil. There are a number of ways in which the porous beds may be- come enclosed reservoirs. Upward folds of the rock beds forming anti- clines and domes, or in other words inverted basins, often prevent leakage from the reservoir rock. This is especially true when impervious clay or shale beds of considerable thickness overlie and underlie the porous rock bed. Again the porous bed may be lens-shaped, pinching out at the sides and covered and surrounded toy clay or clay shale beds in such a way as to make it a .closed reservoir. Where the dip or slope of the rock beds is regular in one direction and the porous bed thins and disappears going up the slope, and clay beds overlap the porous bed at this edge, a closed reser- voir is formed. Cementing of parts of the porous bed with asphaltic de- posits or with mineral matter may also result in reservoirs. Metamorphism has for a long time been recognized as a means of de- stroying oil accumulations but it was only recently that a quantative method of estimating the destruction has been proposed. Dr. David White* developed the formula that the degree of metamorphism of the coal or carboniferous shale of a region gave a standard for estimating the chances for oil there. He estimates that where the fixed carbon content of the coal (pure coal basis) is 65% the oils which may formerly have been present in the same or underlying formations, have mostly disappeared and that where the coal shows a carbon ratio of 70% oil will not be found in com- mercial quantities though gas pools may still persist. The application of this principle to such extensive and varying oil fields as Oklahoma and Texas** as well as many other oil fields over the world has gone a long way towards establishing the formula given by Doctor White as essentially true. It offers what is apparently the best explanation for not finding oil in the Kibler, Mas sard Prairie and neighboring gas fields of western Arkansas. Taking into account all the conditions enumerated above as essential, to the formation and retention of oil pools we may now apply them to dif- ferent sections of the state and see what predictions they lead to in refer- ence to petroleum and natural gas. The accompanying map presents a rough outline showing different areas into which the state may be divided with reference to different de- grees of fitness for petroleum and natural gas. There is more or less variation within each of these areas and usually each area, in its geological features, graduates into the adjoining areas but as a whole each area as mapped forms a fairly distinct group. Area VI. The area marked "6" and by vertical lining includes the Ouachita Mountain system. in which the rock beds are severely folded into numerous anticlinal and synclinal folds extending almost east by west* the whole forming an upward bent fold or an anticlinorium. The tops of these Jour. Wash. Acad. VoL V. p. 189. Also Bull., Geol,, Soc. An>er, Vol. XXVIII p. 733. **Ec ! on. G61. Vol. XIV, p. 536. Also Eeon. Geol. Vol. T XV, -p. 225. r 110 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY folds have been eroded so that now the numerous parallel ridges stand at almost the same elevation. This means that the center of the anticlin- orium has been eroded more than at the sides so that now we have ex- posed at the surface along the central portion of the area the oldest rock beds. Going either northwards or southwards from the central oldest rocks one passes over successively younger rocks as he approaches the border of this area, except that in places severe folding has caused the complete overturning of some of the beds. In age the rocks of this area extend from the Cambrian at the base, through the Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian and into the Carboniferous at the top. The whole gives a thick- ness of 15,000 to 20,000 feet of shales, sandstones, and some cherts and limestones. The Whole area is rather highly metamorphosed so that a large part of the shales are graphitic and often the sandstones have been changed to quartzites. Much of the original pore spaces in these rocks have been filled by silica and lime carbonate. Igneous rocks in small areas, outcrop at a number of places. The severe metamorphism of the rocks in this area at once condemns it as a field for oil and gas. Area V. The area marked "5" in the north central part of the state is a part of the Ozark Plateau and its exposed rock beds are mainly Ordo- vician dolomites and sandstones but overlying these beds in regular order are Silurian, Devonian and Mississippian beds, the total giving something like 2000 feet of outcropping rock beds within this area. Limestones, sandstone and some carbonaceous shale are found in the upper part of these beds. The rock beds are broken or faulted at many places and show some gentle folds but in the main the beds lie almost horizontal or dip slightly to the south. While metamorphic action in this area has not been severe, it has been considerable so that many of the limestones are more or less crystaline. In quarymg rocks over the area a little petro- leum has beert found in small cavities in some of the limestones and dolo- mites at a number of places. This has led some people to suspect that oil in commercial quantities might be found there. It seems very doubtful whether there is present, at sufficient depth, rock beds capable of giving origin to oil. The Chattanooga shale along the south and southwest bor- der of the area is too near the surface for any oil it might have produced to have been retained in the rocks. The deep seated beds are mainly dolomites and sandstones. Metamorphic action here has almost assuredly been great enough to have destroyed oil accumulations even had they at one time existed. Furthermore test wells in this area and in the same rock beds nearby in Missouri have failed to give encouragement for oil and gas. Area. IV. The area marked "4" on the map includes the south and southwest border of the Ozark Plateau. Here the rock beds lie almost horizontal but in general have a dip of one to two degrees to the south and southwest. At places this dip increases to fire or six degrees or even more. Some gentle folding and faulting occurs over the area and heavy faulting with the downthrow on the south side of the fault planes, occurs along the south border of the area, As one goes northward over this area he reaches successively lower and older rock beds. Along the north bor- der of the area the outcropping rocks are mainly Mississippian while on the south border they are Pennsylvanian. Wells drilled 300 to 500 feet OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 111 deep near the north border, or 500 to 2000 feet deep near the south border, would pass into the Silurian or Ordovician limestones, dolomites and sand- stones. Over those beds lies the Chattanooga shale, which is usually 25 to 40 feet thick. It is highly carbonaceous and is oil and gas-producing. About 350 feet -of chert with some limestone overlies the Chattanooga shale. The chert in turn is overlain by 200 to 400 feet of hig'hly carbonaceous shale, the Fayetteville shale, that is also oil and gas-producing. Oil and gas with- in this area would naturally be expected to have been derived from those shale beds. We have then in this area beds of rock favorable for the production of oil and gas, porous sandstones suitable for reservoir rock and some gentle folding giving inverted basins that might trap the oil and gas in their up- ward migrations. In the northern portion of the area the covering over the oil-gas producing shales is not sufficient to prevent leakage but in the southern portion the covering should be ample. A well a little over 300 feet deep about five miles northwest of Fay- etteville has, for about three years, furnished enough gas fuel for cooking and heating at a farm house. This gas was struck in sandstone immedi- ately underlying the Chattanooga shale. Without any reasonable doubt this gas came from the shale. The covering over the shale is nearly 300 feet of Boone chert which would allow gas to escape to the surface and be lost while the shale itself is nearly impervious and gas collecting under the shale would be retained. A number of other wells widely distributed over this area have given small flows of natural gas but commercial flows have not yet been ob- tained. It is rather difficult to estimate the degree of alteration or meta- morphism that exists over the area. The following coal analysis by G. O. Burr of the University of Arkansas, from a sample of coal taken from the Baldwin mine, situated about seven miles east of Fayetteville, probably gives a fair average for the condition of the area as a whole: Moisture 0.87% Volatile Combustible Matter 30.75% Fixed Carbon 60.30% Ash 8.13% Sulphur 2.42% This analysis gives a carbon ratio for the coal of 66.74% which shows too high a carbon ratio for commercial pools of oil but still permits gas pools of value. It is possible that some local places within this area may have a lower alteration of the rock beds and in that case oil might be found, but the chances are against the existence of such conditions. The southern portions of this area with a better covering over the oil-gas pro- ducing shales offers good chances for commercial gas where structural conditions are favorable. Area III. The area marked "3" and by horizontal and vertical lining is practically all the area between the Ozark Plateau and the Ouachita Mountain system. The outcropping rock beds here belong to the Pennsyl- vanian series and consist of carbonaceous clay shales, sandstones, and in 112 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GE3LOGY the western part some workable coal beds. These beds thicken to the southward, probably being four times as thick in the southern part of the area as in the northern part. According to Branner* the Pennsylvanian sediments of the state reach a total thickness of 23,780 feet. The strata of this area are folded into many folds and the whole series forms a downwarp or synclinorium. As a rule the folds are gentle near the north- ern border and increase in intensity southward until in places along and near the south border some of the beds stand almost or quite vertical. Metamorphism or alteration of the rock beds has very much kept pace with the intensity of folding. As a rule the highest alteration of the rocks is to the southward and southeastward but near the heavy faulting, as in the southern part of Scott county, the metamorphism may be somewhat less. Coal analyses are not available for the whole field but the following analyses will give a fair idea of the alteration that has taken place and the way it is distributed: Locality. ! fc. * ~ * ? rt . . k. ^- ir^ : jj ^ :\t M S j > S fa o j < i ; c < Near Mates, Scott uo .Z^..|3.3yJ24.44|t)6.4o 5.79 0.87 73 U. S. G. S. Near Fbrt~S"mith /...|2TlF|l^M|72Tl5jllT66|2TO~6 i 84|U. S. G. S Hackett ".'....:". |OL86|14.91| 73.86 !M>:: 1.32j 83|Brackett htuntington 'l.02|17.88|73.61 7.491.10 80 U. S. G. S. Coal mil ....|.L.o2|i the production of general crops. A poorly drained phase and a prairie j/hase, the latter affording excellent pasturage and general farming land, are distinguished on the map. In recent years the prairie phase has been in demand for rice growing. The Crowley silt loam is a productive soil in considerable demand for rice growing. A timbered phase will need draining to fit it for cultivation. The Ruston fine sandy loam and very fine sandy loam are for the most part well-drained soils, suitable for all farm, truck and fruit crops. If not properly handled they are soon depleted of organic matter. A small area of the Orangeburg fine sandy loam exists in the county. It is especially well suited to trucking and orcharding, as well as to the general farm crops. The Portland very fine sandy Ic am is the most productive soil in the county. It occupies slight ridges in the eastern bottoms and is well adapted to general farm and truck crops. OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 169 The Portland clay is more or less swampy and is in very evident need of drainage, after which it will likely become a strong and lasting soil. The Vicksburg silt loam is a productive first-bottom soil occuring along upland streams, and subject to frequent inundations. On areas that are not too often overflowed excellent crops are produced. The Waverly silt loam is a grayish first-bottom soil lying along the Ouachita and Saline rivers and the upland streams. Owing to its poor drain- age and frequent inundations it is in a water-logged condition. The Waverly silt loam, heavy subsoil phase, and Waverly very fine sandy Icam constitute the greater part of the flat, imperfectly formed terraces along the Ouachita and Saline bottoms. In their present overflowed condi- tion they are unfit for cultivation. Some portions are used as range for hogs. The Boeuf very fine sandy loam occupies small, irregular ridges lying from 3 to 5 feet above the surrounding terrace areas. They are usually cleared and in cultivation and are not seriously affected by floods. Swamp includes the narrow strip of the first bottom occuring along the Saline and Ouachita rivers and a strip of terrace formation most likely composed of the Waverly and Bouef soils with interspersed sand and clay depressions. Owing to its inaccessibi'ity, due to the high water, no attempt was made to separate this area into soii types. Soil Survey of Ashley County, Ark., by E. S. Vanatta, B. D. Gilber^ E. B. Watson and A. H. Meyer, U. S. Bureau of Soils, 1914. COLUMBIA COUNTY. As the county lies within the Gulf Coastal Plain, the upland soils are of sedimentary origin. Including Meadow, 27 soil types are mapped. The upland, sedimentary soils are classed in the Susquehanna, Ruston, Orange- burg, Norfolk, Caddo and Lufkin series and the 'streambottom alluvial soils in the Ocklocknee and Bibb series and Meadow on the first bottoms, and in the Myatt, Cahaba and Kalima series on the second bottoms, or terraces. The Susquehanna fine sandy loam and very fine sandy loam are ex- tensively and successfully used in producing cotton, corn and miscellaneous crops. The Susquehanna sandy loam is used for the same purposes, but it is not quite so productive. The Susquehanna clay is of small extent and is the result chiefly of erosion. The rougher areas are best suited to pastur- age, while smoother portions are fairly suitable for cultivation. The Ruston fine sandy loam and \ery fine sandy loam are productive soils, used for cotton, corn and miscellaneous crops. These soils appear well suited to peaches and^various fruits. The Ruston sandy loam is better suited to cotton than to corn, owing to its somewhat droughty nature. The Ruston sand is a deep sandy soil, inclined to be droughty. It is used for general crops, but is better adapted to vegetables and early truck crops. The Orangeburg fine sandy loam is a well-drained soil, well suited to general farm and fruit crops. 170 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY The Norfolk fine sandy loam and very fine sandy loam are productive soils, well suited to general farm crops. The Norfolk sand is a loose sandy soil, rather droughty and not very productive. It is used for general farm- ing, but is better adapted to early truck. The Caddo fine sandy loam and very fine sandy loam are low, flat, poorly drained soils. The better drained phase are cleared and used for general farming. These soils afford good pasturage, but are in i-eed or artificial drainage. The Lufkin silt loam is a low, flat, poorly drained soil of compact structure, mainly forested. The better phases are cultivated with some success. General farm crops are grown and rice probably would prove successful. The Lufkin clay is mostly timbered and not suited for general crops. It could probably be used for rice. The Ochlocknee fine sandy loam has a small development, but most of it is well suited to corn and forage crops. The Ocklocknee very fine sandy loam and silt loam are brown soils, practically all forested, the former type including most of the overflowed stream bottoms. The poor drainage and frequent occurence of overflow preclude their extensive development. They are used as a range for stock. The Bibb very fine sandy loam and silt loam are light-colored soils which are forested and subject to periodical overflows. They afford some pasturage. The Myatt very fine sandy loam is flat and poorly drained. Some of it is used for cotton and corn, but most of it is forested and used for stock range. The Cahaba fine sandy loam and very fine sandy loam and the Kalmia fine sandy loam are generally well drained terrace soils, well suited to the general farm crops. Alfalfa might be successfully grown on these soils. The Cahaba fine sand is a porous sandy soil. It gives fair results with corn and cotton, but is be.tter adapted to early vegetables. Meadow is a poorly drained, first-bottom type of variable soil material which is best suited for pasturage. Soil Survey of Columbia County, Ar- kansas by Clarence Lounsbury and E. B. Deeter, U. S. Bureau of Soils, 1916. CONWAY COUNTY. The soils of the area have been classified into nine types. Five of these are residual upland and four are alluvial bottom soils. The upland soils have been correlated with the Fayetteville series, and the bottom soils with the Wabash series. Some of the upland soil types, notably the Fayetteville stony loam, are well suited to the production of apples where sufficient clay is found in the subsoil. There are phases of this type that could be used profitably in the production of peaches, provided a shipping point is sufficiently near. The soils along the river are wholly different from those on the hills and require different treatment. Most of them are well suited to the pro- OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 171 duction of cotton and corn and two types, namely, the Wabash clay and the Wabash silt loam, will grow good crops of rice in those areas where the surface is flat and the drainage somewhat poor. The Wabash silt loam, where the water table is from 5 to 10 feet below the surface, will grow good alfalfa. This is also true of the Wabash clay where good surface drainage can be secured. Soil Survey of Conway County, Arkansas, by James L. Burgess and Chas. W. Ely. U. S. Bureau of Soils, 1908. CRAIGHEAD COUNTY. The greater part of the soils belong in the lowlands, comprising both first and second bottoms. The soils range in texture from heavy plastic clay to loamy sand. In all, 13 types of soil, one with a shallow phase, are mapped in Craighead county. These are grouped in 9 series. The Memphis soils are encountered throughout the extent of Crowleys Ridge. They are well drained and are used mainly for the growing of cotton and corn. Fruits, vegetables and peanuts, lespedeza, white clover, Bermuda grass and forage crops do well. The Grenada silt loam is also an upland type, but is less well drained than the Memphis soils. This type is easily cultivated and is highly esteemed for growing cotton, corn and peanuts. Lespedeza, white clover and Ber- muda grass afford good grazing. The Collins silt loam is a first-bottom soil occuring within the limits of Crowleys Ridge. It is developed principally along Big Creek and its tributaries. It is subject to overflow tnd is poorly drained. The principal crops are cotton, corn and hay. Lespedeza does well and can be grown to good advantage both for hay and pasturage. White clover and Bermuda grass also afford good pasturage. The Sharkey clay, locally known as "gumbo," is encountered in the sloughs and the "sunk lands" lying east of Crowleys Ridge. The typical forest growth is cypress and tupelo gum. Although much of this land is now covered with water, drainage canals are being constructed which should re- claim large areas. Only a small part oi' the type is cultivated. Where drain- age is good cotton and corn do well. The Waverly clay occurs in the western part of the county along Cache River. It is poorly drained first-bottom soil and practically none of it is in cultivation. With artificial drainage this type will be productive. It will be found especially adapted to grasses and forage crops. Lespedeza, clover and Bermuda grass will give good yields of hay and pasturage. The Calhoun silt loam and its shallow phase constitute the "white" soils on the broad terraces on both sides of Crowleys Ridge. Drainage is poor. The greater part o these soils is forested. Corn, cotton, wheat, oats, sorghum, rice, lespedeza, Bermuda grass, redtop, alsike, clover and cow- peas are grown to some extent. The Oliver fine sandy loam and silt loam are terrace soils, used prin- cipally for growing cotton and corn. In places the underdrainage is poor, but in general the soils of this series rre sufficiently drained and productive. 172 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY It is well suited to the production of lespedeza, white clover and Bermuda grass. The Lintonia fine sandy loam, loamy sand and silt loam are among the best soils in the county and produce excellent yields of cotton and corn. They occur as second-bottoms, or terraces, and are generally well drained. The greatest development of the series is near the St. Francis River. It also occurs in the vicinity of the Cache River. Cotton and corn are the principal crops. Lespedeza, white clover and Bermuda grass do well, especially on the silt loam. The Crowley silt loam is used mainly for the production of rice. If thorough drainage were established, preferably with tile drains, the type could be used successfully for the production of the other crops of the region. Soil Survey of Craighead County, Arkansas, by E. B. Deeter, In Charge, and L. Vincent Davis, U. S. Bureau of Soils, 1917. FAYETTEVILLE AREA. Nine types of soil were mapped in the Fayetteville area besides Meadow and Rough stony land. The limestone soils are all silt loams with heavy silt loam or silty clay loam subsoils. Wherever the topography is much broken, varying amounts of chert are present. Where well drained as most of the upland portions are these soils are well adapted to the production of apples, peaches and berries and when well farmed satisfactory yields of the staple i'arm crops are obtained. The Clarksville silt loam ranges in price from $25 to $150 an acre, depending on location, buildings and amount of orchard; the Clarksville stony loam $5 to $15 unimproved, and $10 to $80 improved; and the Gascondae silt loam from $10 to $40 an acre. The lime- stone bottomland, the Wabash silt loam, is perhaps the best type in the area for general farming and is worth $50 an acre for that purpose, but because of its non-adaption to fruit it can be bought for less than some of the upland fruit soils. The sandstone uplands are loams and fine sandy loams overlying clay loams or fine sandy clays. The Upshur loam is a good soil for general farming, and where favorably located it is well adapted to the tree fruits and berries. It may be bought at prices ranging from $15 to $100 an acre. The Upshur fine sandy loam is one of the best types in the area for the production of strawberries. Peacbes and apples also do remarkably well when the topography and drainage are favorable, and selected positions within this type furnish conditions almost ideal for these crops. The yields of farm crops are only moderate, and the soil must be fertilized to obtain profitable returns, but it responds quickly to fertilizers. Part of the type is somewhat inaccessible, and this lowers its value. Such areas range in price from $5 to $50 an acre. Accessibility areas bring from $20 to $100 an acre, depending upon improvements and the amount of orchard. The Upsfour stony loam is adapted in part to tree fruits, general farm- ing and permanent pasture, depending- upon position and stone content Its price ranges from $5 to $50, averaging possibly $20, an acre. OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 173 The Wabash clay loam and Wabash loam are bottom-land soils derived principally from sandstone wash. They are both excellent types for corn, grass and forage crops, and in well-drained fields the other cereals are sometimes grown to advantage. In general these types are not adapted to the tree fruits, but strawberries and the cane fruits do well where drain- age is good. These types may be purchased for from $10 to $50 an acre. It would be easily possible to improve the management of the farming lands of the area in certain respects. The methods of cultivation are generally inadequate. Few of the soils receive sufficient preparation before planting, and in many instances increased tillage would profitably enlarge the crop returns. Crops are not harvested at the proper stage of ripeness, and in some cases there is much wasted. The former happens in the hay harvest, and the latter with corn, particularly, and in lesser degree with the cereals. At least one-half of the feeding value of the corn fodder is wasted because of failure to gather properly or in due season, and enlarge amounts of straw are lost. Stable manure is very valuable, particularly on the upland soils, but few farmers exercise any care in saving it. Soil Survey of the Fayetteville Area, Arkansas, by Henry J. Wilder and Charles F. Shaw, U. S. Bureau of Soils, 1907. FAULKNER COUNTY. The upland soils are residual from Pennsylvanian sandstones and shales. The alluvial soils, except those along the Arkansas River, have been formed from material derived from the near-by hills and valleys. The Arkansas River bottom soils consist of local upland sediments mixed with a large quantity of residual prairie sediments. The upland soils are classed with the Hanceville and Conway series. The Hanceville soils have brown to reddish-brown surface soils and red, moderately friable subsoils. The Hanceville stony loam is largely forested, but much of it could be used for raising live stock and growing fruit. The shale loam is of small extent. The Fanceville gravelly fine sandy loam and fine sandy loam types are used extensively for the growing of cotton and corn. They are lacking in organic matter and are generally in need of lime. The loam type is cultivated extensively; it has good drainage and is free from large quantities of rock fragments. The Conway silt loam is the typical valley soil of tne county. Much of the type is in need of drainage. The better drained areas give moderately good yields of cotton, corn, vegetables and sweet and Irish potatoes The wet areas furnish excellent pasturage and hay. The brown first-bottom soils along the streams . other than the Arkansas River are mapped as the Pope fine sandy loam and silt loam. They are particularly well adapted to the growing of corn. The gray equivalent of the Pope series is the Atkins, of which series the silty clay loam and clay are encountered in Faulkner county. These soils are prevailingly in need of better drainage. The Muskogee silt loam is a poorly drained terrace soil occuringr along the outer margin of the Arkansas River bottoms. It lies above over- flow. Fair yields of cotton and corn are obtained on this soil. 174 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY The first-bottom soils along the Arkansas River are mapped as the Portland, Yahola and Miller series. The Portland very fine sandy loam and silt loam have brown surface soils and chocolate-brown to chocolate red subsoils. Almost all their acreage is used for growing cotton and corn or as pasture land. The Portland clay is a very productive soil, but it is deficient in drainage. Parts of it have been reclaimed by ditching and as much as 1 bale of cotton per acre is produced. The Yahola very fine sandy loam is used extensively for growing cotton and corn. A part of the type lies above normal overflow. Drainage is good. The Miller series is characterized by chocolate-red or chocolate-reddish brown surface soils and chocolate-red subsoils. The Miller silty clay loam and clay are among the most highly esteemed soils in the country, giving good yields of cotton, corn and alfalfa. Riverwash includes areas of loose sand which are frequently over- flowed and have little ^agricultural value. Rough stony land comprises very stony ridge areas and steep slope land. It is too stony or steep for cultivation, but is suited in some measure to forestry and grazing. Soil Survey of Faulkner County, Arkansas, by E. B. Deeter. In Charge, and Henry I. Cohen, U. S. Bureau of Soils, 1919. HEMPSTEAD COUNTY. There are 33 types and one phaso of soils mapped in Hempstead county. These are grouped in 20 series. About 75 per cent of the soil material is residual in origin and the remainder alluvial. The fine sandy loam and clay types predominate. The residual or upland soils are classed with the Houston, Oktibbeha, Sumter, Susquehanna, Lufkin, Ruston, Orangeburg, Norfolk and Caddo series; the soils of the first bottoms of flood plains with the Trinity, Miller, Yahola, Portland, Bibb and Ochlockonee series, and those of the second bottoms or stream terraces with the Kalmia, Amite, Leaf, Myatt and Muskogee series. The Houston clay is the most productive upland type of Hempstead county, practically all of it is under cultivation. It is especially well suited to the production of long and short staple cotton, corn, cowpeas, peanuts and alfalfa. The soils of the Oktibbetha series an upland series are of moderate extent. They are underlain by calcareous deposits at shallow depths and are productive. Between 50 and 75 per cent of their area is under cultiva- tion . The Sumter clay has a rolling to hilly topography and is very much washed and dissected by gullies. General farming is carried on to a small extent on this soil, but yields are below the average for the county. OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 175 The Susquehanna very fine sandy loam is one of the most extensive and important soils of the county. Cotton, corn, cowpeas, sorghum and oats do very well on this type and on the better drained portions of the Susquehanna silt loam and clay. The Susquehanna gravelly loam has a rolling to hilly topography The rougher areas are best suited to pasturage, but the smoother areas are fairly suitable for cultivation. The Lufkin clay is a poorly drained soil of low agricultural value. Cotton, corn, oats, sorghum and Bermuda grass are grown, but the yields are low. The Ruston very fine sandy loam and fine sandy loam are the pre- dominating types of the county. They are well suited to general farming and to the production of cantaloupes and early radishes. The Ruston gravelly sandy loam is a very inextensive type, cultivated in conjunction with the fine sandy loam. Yields are somewhat lower than on the latter type. The Orangeburg fine sandy loam, although comparatively inextensive, is a productive soil. Cotton, corn, cowpeas, sorghum, peanuts, oats, canta- loupes, early radishes and a variety of other crops are grown. The soil is well suited to peaches and other iruits. The Orangeburg gravelly fine sandy loam is somewhat less productive than the fine sandy loam. The Norfolk fine sand is especially well suited to peaches, cantaloupes, early radishes and truck crops. Fair yields of cotton and corn are obtained. The Caddo very fine sandy loam and silt loam are poorly drained and unimportant, only a relatively small proportion of their area being suitable for cultivation. Cotton, corn and grasses are the principal crops. The Trinity clay, where drained, is one of the strongest soils of the county. Corn, cotton, alfalfa and Bermuda grass do especially well. The Miller very fine sand and clay are well suited to cotton, corn, alfalfa and Bermuda grass. The poorly drained areas are not in cultivation. The Yahola silty clay loam, while comparatively inextensive, is an important soil. It is well suited to cotton, corn, alfalfa and Bermuda grass. The Portland clay is very poorly drained and probably less than 5 per cent of it is under cultivation. It is naturally a strong, productive soil. The Bibb very fine sandy loam and clay are very poorly drained and are subject to inundations. They are used almost exclusively for grazing. The Ochlockonee very fine sandy loam, silt loam and clay, where properly drained, are very well adapted to the production of cotton and corn. The poorly drained areas are used for pastures. Most of the Kalmia very fine sandy loam, on account of poor drainage, is used only for grazing, but where fair drainage has been established moderate yields of cotton, corn, cantaloupes and early radishes are obtained. The Amite loam, although inextensive, is one of the best general-farming and trucking soils in the county. Nearly all of it is under cultivation. 176 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY The Leaf silt loam,, where properly drained, gives good yields of cotton, corn, cowpeas and oats. The Leaf clav is used largely for grazing. The Myatt very fine sandy loam ard clay are poorly drained and unim- portant. Only about 5 per cent of the former and none of the latter is cultivated. The Muskogee clay loam is a poorly drained soil, used mainly for grazing. A few small fields are devoted to the production of. cotton and corn, and fair yields are obtained. Soil Survey of Hempstead County, Arkansas, by Hugh E. Taylor, In Charge, and W. B. Cobb, U. S. Bureau of Soils, 1917. HOWARD COUNTY This county includes four distinct groups of soils: Upland soils, derived from the weathering of sandstone and shale; upland soils of sedimentary origin; terrace or old-alluvial soils; and first-bottom or recent-alluvial soils. The soils are separated into 34 types, representing 21 series, in addition to Rough stony land. The upland soils of residual origin, embraced in the Appalachian Pro- vince, are classed in the Hanceville series. Those derived from Coastal Plain sediments are classed in the Greenville, Orangeburg, Ruston, Caddo, Susquehanna, and Oktibbeha series where noncalcareous, and in the Houston and Sumter series where calcareous The terrace soils are classed in the Amite, Cahaba, Kalmia, Myatt^ and Leaf series. The first-bottom soils of calcareous nature are correlated with the Trinity, Catalpa, and Portland series, and the non-calcareous types with the Fannahatchee, Ochlockonee. Bibb, and Pope series. The Ha'nceville fine sandy loam i- the most important of the residual soils, which occupy the northern pait of the county. The Hanceville soils are well to excessively drained, and in general are good agricultural types. The Coastal Plain soils are desirable agricultural types, well suited to a wide range of crops. The Greenville gravelly loam is one of the most important peach soils in the United States. The terrace and first-bottom soils ere very productive types where well drained. Owing to their generally level surface they need artificial drainage in many places. The soils of Howard County offer good opportunities for diversified farming. The sandy soils are well adapted to trucking and general farm- ing. The gravelly soils are well suited to fruit. The calcareous soils are especially adapted to alfalfa and long-staple cotton. In general the soils are deficient in organic matter, and on many of the types commercial fertilizer ib apparently necessary for the best results. Soil Survey of Howard County, Arkansas, by M. W. Beck, in charge. M. Y. Longacre, F. A. Hayes and W. T. Carter, Jr. JEFFERSON COUNTY. Twenty-two soil types, representing ten series, are mapped in the county. The soils are classed in two general groups, the upland or sedimentary OUTLINES OF. ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 177 soils and the lowland or alluvial soils. The upland soils are the direct product of the weathering of unconsolidated sedimentary deposits of the Tertiary age. They comprise five soil series, the Ruston, Susquehanna, Caddo, Norfolk and Lufkin. The upland soils, excluding the Ruston, are poorly drained and require ditching or tiling to make them fully productive. They are also acid. The lowland or alluvial soils are derived from two main sources, (1) material transported from the Permian Red Beds, giving rise to the Miller series, and (2) reasserted material of the upland soils, forming the Port land and Yahola soils of the Arkansas River flood plain and the Ochlockonee and Bibb soils along the small streams traversing the upland. Tho. heavier types of the bottom soils, the silty clay loams and clays are usually imperfect- ly drained, a condition which can be improved largely through the construc- tion of lateral drainage ditches to the main canals which are completed. The sandy and silt loam types of the alluvial soils constitute the best agri- cultural land in the county. They are very productive where carefully farmed. There is a general lack of organic matter in the soils, a condition which warrants the general recommendation that every economical means be employed to increase this constituent through rotation, manuring, legume growing and green manuring. This will necessitate greater diversi- fication of farm enterprises than under the present one-crop system, but the change will increase the yields of cotton, the money crop. In addition a large part of the present expenditures for food supplies will be saved and the necessity of buying nitrogen in commercial forms will be to some extent removed. Soil Survey of Jefferson County, Arkansas, by B. W. Till- man, In Charge, R. R. Burn, W. B. Cobb and Clarence Lounsbury, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and G. G. Strickland, of the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station, 1916. MISSISSIPPI COUNTY. The soils range from loose incoherent sands to heavy, plastic clays. They are divided into two general classes, the first-bottom soils and the second-bottom or terrace soils. The Sharkey soils, of the first bottoms, are the most important in the county. They are poorly drained for the most part, but occur in large bodies and are strong and productive. A large part of this series is still in forest. Good yields of cotton, corn, and alfalfa are obtained on the Sharkey clay, better drained phase. The Sarpy soils are uniformly brown in color and have sandy subsoils. They occur along the banks of the Mississippi River and other streams. The very fine sandy loam, silt loam and silty clay loam are the most im- portant types. Good crops of alfali'a, cotton, corn and red clover are grown on these soils. The Yazoo soils occur in the vicinity of Clear Lake. Archillion and Arch- illion Station. 17S OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY The Wabash series is represented by one type, the Wabash clay. The soil occurs in low depressions throughout the terraces of the northwestern part of the county. The terraces or second bottoms are situated west of Big Lake in the northwestern corner of the county. They are not subject to ordinary over- flow. The soils of the terraces are classed with the Lintonia and Calhoun series. Lintonia are the more important of the terrace soils. They are uni- formly brown in color, and for the most part sandy in texture. Good crops of corn arid cotton are grown or these soils. The Calhoun soils occur in small areas, and represent low, poorly drain- ed spots in the terraces. Meadow and Overwash are miscellaneous soil types mapped. Soil Survey of Mississippi County, Arkansas, by E. C. Hall, T. M. Bushnell, L. V. Davis, William T. Carter, Jr. and A. L. Patrick. U. S. Bureau of Soils, 1916. POPE COUNTY. The soils are residual and alluvial. The former are derived from sandstones and shales and the latter from western residual prairie materials and from local alluvium. Six upland residual soils are mapped in addition to the Rough stony land classification. Five of these belong to the Hanceville series and one to the Conway series. Of the alluvial soils of the upland, five types belong to the Pope series, one to the Atkins series and two to the Waynesboro series. Of the Arkansas River soils 14 types besides Riverwash are mapped. These soils represent the Reinach, Yahola, Bastrop, Brewer, Osage, and Muskogee series. The stony loam, fine sandy loam and loam of the Hance- ville series each have a low phase. The Hanceville fine sandy loam is used for the production of cotton and corn and miscellaneous crops. Fruit, particularly peaches, is an im- portant product. The low phase is devoted to about the same crops, but has a lower elevation and is more accessible. The Hanceville stony loam is a rough soil, but portions of it are fairly well suited for cultivation. This type is adapted to fruit growing. The Hanceville very fine sandy loam, shale loam and the low phase of the loam are comparatively heavy textured soils suitable for general farm ing. They need thorough cultivation and an increase in humus supply. The Hanceville loam being a mountain soil, is not adapted to cotton, but produces fair crops of corn and small grains. Vegetables and fruit do well. The Conway silt loam in general is a low, poorly drained soil not well suited in its present condition to general crops. Grass does well and stock raising could easily be conducted on it. The soil is in need of artificial drainage. OUTLINES OP ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 179 The Pope silt loam ic an alluvial soil. It is well adapted to corn and cotton. Portions of the type have rather poor drainage. The Pope loam has about the same value as the silt loam. The Pope fine sandy loam is suited to corn and cotton, vegetables and truck crops. The soil . ; s in need of organic matter. The Pope sandy loam and the sto?iy loam are well suited to corn and to some extent to' cotton and miscellaneous crops. The type is so rough that cultivation is difficult, put it is considered a strong soil. The Atkin silt loam is poorly drained alluvial soi 1 , which is mainly forest- ed. Cleared areas afford some pastvrage. The Waynesboro loam and stony loam are suited to general farming. The Reinach very fine sandy loam is an Arkansas River soil, chiefly devoted to cotton and corn. The Reinach fine sand is droughty and has a low agricultural value. The silt loam of this series is suited to cotton, corn and forage crops. The Yahola very fine sandy loam has practically the same value as the Reinach very fine sandy loam. The Yahola very fine sand and the fine sand are loose, porous soils inclined to be droughty. They comprise good Ber- muda grass pastures, and are well adapted to vegetables and early truck crops. The Yahola silt loam gives good yields of cotton and corn. The Bastrop clay produces fair crops of cotton, but is rather too heavy for corn. On a few better-drained fields alfalfa does well. Portions of the type are poorly drained. The Brewer silt loam and very fine sandy loam are dark-colored soils, well suited to corn and cotton the Brewer clay is a heavy soil, portions of which are rather poorly drained. Good crops of cotton are produced, and on the better-drained phases alfalfa makes a good growth. The Osage silt loam has about the same value as the Brewer silt loam. The Muskogee silt loam and very fine sandy loam are high-terrace soils fairly well suited to general crops. Rough stony land is a nonagricultural type, suitable for forestry. Riverwash is of small extent and has no present agricultural value. Soil Survey of Pope County, Arkansas, by Clarence Lounsbury and E. B. Deeter, U. S. Soil Survey, 1915. PRAIRIE COUNTY. The soils of the area are derived from unconsolidated materials which were laid down in quiet water. There were eight types mapped. The Acadia silt loam is the most extensive, covering about one-third of the area of the county. It occupies the timbered uplands area, and much of it is under cultivation. It gives good yields of cotton, corn and oats. The Crowley silt loam is next in point of extent covering about 24 per cent of the area of the county. It is a friable and easily tilled soil and especially adapted to the production of grain. 180 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY The Waverly clay nearly equals in extent the type last mentioned. It is a river bottom soil and subject to overflow. In favorable seasons good yields of cotton and corn are secured. The Waverly silt loam is a poorly drained type found in depressions occupying intermittent stream valleys. The type is little cultivated, but could be made productive by proper drainage. About 1,300 acres only of the Biscoe silt loam occur in Prairie county. It is found in the eastern part of the county between Cache and White rivers. It is adapted to cotton, which gives moderate yields. Corn is a secondary crop. A sandy phase could be used lor trucking. The Calhoun clay, a low-lying upland soil, has about the same extent as the Biscoe loam. The surface is le\r] and the drainage is poor, and at present t.he type is but little cultivated, though it would be a very good cotton soil if reclaimed. The Collins silt loam, a type 01 minor importance, occupies about 2 per cent of the entire county. It occurs along small streams. The principal money crop is cotton, of which small :.elds are secured. Corn and potatoes are also important products. The Morse clay is an unimpor* .nt type occuring along the slopes of streams. It is difficult to cultivate and gives only moderate yields of cotton and corn. The soils in the prairie section are well adapted to the production ot rice, where irrigation is practicable. The rice industry has made con- siderable progress in other counties of Arkansas and there appears to be an excellent opportunity for rice growing in this section. The water for irrigation will have to be pumped from wells. The greater part of the Crowley silt loam would be greatly improved by underdrainage. The bottom-land types are overflowed, but possibly could be protected by levees and would be valuable land for corn and cotton if reclaimed. Soil Survey of Prairie County, Arkansas, by William T. Carter, Jr., F. N. Meeker, Howard C. Smith and E. L. Worthen, IT. S. Bureau of Soils, 1907. YELL COUNTY. The upland soils ^tre residual from sandstone and shale. The alluvial soils consists largely of material derived from the local uplands, although the soils of the Arkansas River bottoms are composed largely of residuai prairie material. Including Riverwash and Rough stony land, 23 soil types are mapped in Yell county. The upland soils are included in the Hanceville and Conway series. Some of the Hanceville stony loam :s adapted to the production of fruit, but the steeper areas and those mere remote from shipping points offer better opportunities for stock raising than for any other use. The Hance- ville fine sandy loam and very fine sandy loam are fairly strong soils for OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY 181 cotton and corn, and produce fruit of: good quality. They are deficient in organic matter. The Hanceville Icnm is extensively cultivated. Deeper plowing and the more general growing of legumes are necessary for best results on this type. The Conway silt loam is an extensive upland soil type occuring through- out the valley areas. The surface is level to gently rolling and the type is, in general, poorly drained. Liming and artificial drainage should make the soil more productive. The terrace or second-bottom soils include the Waynesboro, Bastrop, Reinach, Brewer, Teller and Muskogee series. The Waynesboro series is developed along the smaller streams of the county, draining the local uplands, while the remaining terrace series named are developed in the Arkansas River Valley. The Waynesboro loam is a relatively inextensive soil of moderate pro- ductiveness. Cotton and corn are the chief crops. Corn yields from 15 to 30 bushels and cotton from one-third to one-half bale per acre. Drainage is deficient in places. The Bastrop very fine sandy loam resembles the Miller very fine sandy loam. It is a well-drained, productive type, of small extent. The Reinach very fine sand is mainly used for cotton and corn, but melons and cantaloupes of excellent quality can be grown on this soil. The Brewer silt loam and Brewer clay are low second-bottom soils, dark brown to black in color. The silt loam is a durable soil and is well drained. The clay in many places is poorly drained. Both types are good cotton soils. The Teller very fine sandy loam is a high-lying second-bottom soil. It has a brick-red subsoil. The Muskogee silt loam is a poorly drained terrace soil developed on the outer margin of the Arkansas River bottoms. Artificial drainage is neces- sary to fit land of this type for cultivation. The alluvial first-bottom soils along the smaller streams are classed in the Pope and Atkins series. The Arkansas River first-bottom soils, where the source of the alluvium is largely residual prairie soils and per- mian Red Beds materials, are classed in the Miller and Osage series. The Pope series includes the fine sandy loam, loam and silt loam types. These are productive soils. The Atkins silty clay loam and clay are poorly drained soils subject to overflow. They are best suited in their present con- dition lor use as hay and pasture land. The predominating color of the Miller very fine sandy loam, silt loam and clay is brownish red. These soils produce good yields of cotton, corn and alfalfa. They are naturally calcareous. The Osage clay is an intractable soil, generally poorly drained. It is known locally as "black gumbo." Riverwash includes areas in which the soil is a mixture of river-deposited sands and clays. The land is frequently overflowed and is of little agri- cultural value. Rough stony land includes slopes of rough topography and stony nature, valuable only for the timber and pasturage afforded. Soil Survey of Yell 182 OUTLINES OF ARKANSAS GEOLOGY County, Arkansas, By E. B. Deeter, In Charge, and Clarence Lounsbury, U. S. Bureau of Soils. 1917. REFERENCES. Ashley County, by E. S. Vanatta, B. D. Gilbert, E. B. Watson, and A. H. Meyer, 1914. Columbia County, by Clarence Lonnsberry and E. B. Deeter, 1910. Craighead County, by E. B. Deeter and L. Vincent Davis, 1917. Conway County, by Jas. L. Burgess and Chas. W. Ely, 1908. Howard County, by M. W. Beck, M. Y. Longacre, F. A. Hayes and W. T. Carter, Jr., 1919. Fayetteville area, by Henry Wilder and Chas. F. Shaw, 1907. Hempstead County, by Arthur E. Taylor and W. B. Cook, 1917. Jefferson County, by B. W. Tillman, G. G. Strickland and others. 1916. Mississippi County, by E. C. Hall, T. M. Bushnell, L. V. Davis. Wm. T. Carter, Jr., and A. L. Patrick. Ozark region of Missouri and Arkansas, by Curtis F. Marbut, 1914. Pope County, by Clarence Lonnsbury and E. B. Deeter, 1915. Prairie County, by Wm. T. Carter, Jr., F. N. Meeker, Howard C. Smith and E. L. Worthen, 1907. Stuttgart area, Yell County, by E. B. Deeter and Clarence Lonnsbury, 1917. Faulkner County, by E. B. Deeter and H. I. Cohen. Drew County, by B. W. Tillman. Perry County, in progress. Lonoke County, in progress. INDEX. Page Actinolite - 157 Aegirite 157 Agalmatolite 153 Agarie Mineral - 153 Agate (see Precious Stones) 153 Agricultural Marls and Chalk Cretaceous Marls 67 Chalk or Lime Marls - 68 Albite ; 157 Allophane 157 Almandite 157 Aluminite ~ 153 Alunogen 153 Amethysts (see Precious Stones) 124 Ankerite 157 Annual Reports, Ark. Geol. Surv. List 9 Antimony 43 Apatite 157 Aplome 157 Aprodite 153 Aragonite 153 Arkansite '. 66-157 Arkadelphia Clay 40 Arkansas Novaculite 34 Asbolite .'. 157 Asphalt Location of deposits 66 Character of beds 66 Uses of product '. 66 Atoka formation 36-37 Augite 157 Austin ("Annona") Chalk 39 Aventurine Quartz 157 Azurite 153 B Barite 153 Bartholomite 153 Basanite 153 Batesville Sandstone 30 Bauxite Historical foreword by Dr. Branner 45 Rapid development of industry 46 Methods of mining 48 Estimates of available supply 48 Users of bauxite ... 49 Page Production by states 49 Bigfork Chert 33 Bingen formation 39 Biotite 153 Blakely sandstone 33 Blaylock sandstone 34 Boone formation 30 Bowenite 157 Branner, Dr. John C. Appointment as State Geologist . 7 List of reports , 9 Portrait 13 Outline of work proposed for new Geological Survey 14 Incidents in the history of Ark. Geol. Surv. and conclusions to be drawn therefrom 15 Brassfield limestone ^ 29 Braunite 158 Breunerite 153 Brookite 157 Brownstone Marl f 39 Brucite :. 153 Building Stone- See Granite, Marble, Limestone and Sandstone 91. 101, 133 C Cadmium 153 Calamine 153 Cambrian System 32 Carboniferous System Mississippian Series ..'. 30, 35, 37 Pennsylvanian Series 31, 36, 37 Cason Shale 28 Celestite (Strontium Sulphate) 153 Cement Materials - 76 Cerusite , 154 Chalcopyrite 153 Chalk (see Agricultural Marls and Chalk, 60) White Cliffs and Rocky Comfort deposits 77 Comparative analyses 77 Chattanooga Shale 29 Chert 86 Chrysolite :....153-157 Cinnamon Stone 157 Clays- Ball or paper clay 68 Brick clay 68 Kaolin 70-75 Pottery Clay 70-74 Tertiary clays 72 Clays for drain tile 72 Ft. Smith clays ... 72 Page Loess for brick-making 73 . Fire Clay 70 Bauxite clays 74 Shale , , , 74 Clay report delayed 76 Clifty limestone 29 Coal- Extent of coal-bearing area 79 Analyses of coals 111-112 Study of coal field geology 80 Extent of the coal supply 81 Heating tests of Arkansas coal 82 List of coal operators 82-85 Coccolite 157 Collier shale , 32 Copper Reports of chalcocite from Carroll County 51 Tomahawk copper mines, Searcy County 51 Polk county deposits 52 Copperas : 153 Cotter dolomite 26 Cretaceous system Lower Cretaceous series 38 Upper Cretaceous series 39 Crystal Mountain sandstone 32 D Devonian system j 29-34 Diamonds Four areas in Pike County 88 History of discovery and development 88 Plans of Arkansas Diamond Corporation 89 Results of new geological investigations in the Arkansas dia- mond field 89 Dog-tooth Spar 157 Dolomite 154-157 Drake, Dr. N. F. State Geologist , 11 Portrait : ; 23 E Eleotite 154 Epsom Salt 154 Everton limestone 126 F Fahlunite 154 False Topas (see Precious Stones) 124 Fayetteville shale 31 Fernvale limestone ... 28 Page Fluospar 154 Freibergite 154 Friorite (Opal) 154 Fuller's Earth First found in United States by John Olsen 89 Development work at Klondike 90 Uses of Arkansas fuller's earth 91 Some production figures 91 G Garnet 157 Gas (see Natural Gas, p. 93). Geological Surveys History reviewed 7 Geology Bibliography 41-42 Geology and General Topographic Features 24 Geyserite 157 Girasol (Opal) 154 Glass Sand Saccharodial sandstone (St. Peter) quarried at Guion .'. 93 Deposit at Whitlock Spur 93 Novaculite, a probable source 93 Deposit in Jefferson County 93 Glass sands of Crowley's Ridge 93 Gold- Unfavorable report by Branner 52-53 Goodland limestone 38 Graphite Abundant in Hot Springs County 94 Reported near Caddo Gap 94 Granite (Syenite) Character of the rocks 91 Geology and geographic position 92 Division of the Eleolite Syenites into areas 92 Gravel (see Roadmaking Material, p. 126) Description and uses 93 Crowley's Ridge gravels 94 Arkansas River gravels 94 Ridge gravels in Pulaski, Saline, Grant, Dallas and other counties 94 Greenockite r 154 Greensands 154 Grossularite 157 Gypsum 94-95 H Haddock, Dr. George Connection with Ark. Geol. Surv 7-8 Halotrichite 154 Hartshorne sandstone .. 37 Page Hazeldine, Wm. C. Connection with Ark. Geol. Surv 8 History Incidents in history of Ark. Geol. Surv., by Dr. Branner 15 Hornblende - 157 Hot Springs of Arkansas Discussion of the waters and the source of their heat 145 Action of the waters 146 Radio-activity of waters 146 Hot Springs sandstone - 35 Hydrotitanite 157 Hydrozincite : 154 Hypersthene - - 158 I Idocrase 158 lolite 158 Iron Result of investigations - 53 Iron Pyrites 54 J Jackfork sandstone 36-37 Jasper (see Precious Stones, p. 124) Jasper - 154 Jasper limestone 27 Jeffersite - 154 Jefferson City Dolomite 26 Joachim limestone 27 K Kaolin Occurrences of deposits 70 Pike County deposits 70 White kaolin of Dallas County 70 Fourche Mountain clays 70 Saline County varieties 70 Kimmswick limestone 28 L Labradorite 154 Lafferty limestone 29 Lead Where found 54 Mine production ... * 55 Tenor of Ark. lead and zinc ore and concentrates 55 Character of ores 57 Leucite Rock 123 Lignite Camden, or Ouachita deposit 95 Page Tests, report of 95 Description of field 96 Lignite of Crowley's Ridge 96 Analysis of Bolivar Creek specimen 97 Tertiary lignites general 97 Limestone Building (see Marbles, p. 101). Limestone for Lime Paleozoic Limestones of north Arkansas 97 Analysis of limestone from Boone Chert 98 List of different beds 98 Carboniferous limestones 98 Trinity limestones 98 Tertiary limestones '. 98 Ouachita Mountain region 98 Limonite . .. 168 M Magnet Cove Description, by Dr. Branner 156 List of Minerals found in Magnet Cove 157 Magnetite 158 Malachite : 154 Manganese Ores occur in two districts 57 Character of ores in Batesville district 58 Estimate of the available supply 58 Users of Manganese ores 58 Southwest Arkansas field 59 Marbles Deposits cover wide region in north Arkansas 101 First block quarried in 1836 for the Washington monument 101 Outer walls of State Capitol, constructed of Batesville marble 102 Red, gray and pink marble along White River 102 Marlbrook Marl 40 Marls (see Agricultural Marls and Chalk, p. 67). Marls 154 Mazarn shale 33 McAlester group . v 37 Melanite 158 Melanterite 154 Mellite (Honey Stone) 154 Mica (Biotite) 154-158 Microcline 158 Mineral Springs and Wells (a list) 149-152 Mining Laws of Arkansas Synopsis of regulatory statutes H'0-161 Miser, Hugh D. Chapter on the Geology and General Topographic Feature of Ar- kansas 21 Missouri Mountain slate 34 Moorefield shale , 30 Morrow group 31 N rage Nocatoch sand 4 Natural Gas Introductory, by Dr. John C. Branner 104-105 History of development 106 View of Constantin Gas Well, near El Dorado 107 Purdue on oil ang gas Structure of Ft. Smith-Poteau field 106 Indications of gas in Arkansas River valley . 106 Gas in Washington County 106 Producing well near El Dorado 106 Oil and gas possibilities near Batesville 106 Newtonite 154 Nitre (Saltpeter) 154 Novaculite (Whetstone) Description of the stone 102 Ochre 119 Octahedrite ~ - 158 Oil Petroleum Dr. Drake's opinion of the Petroleum and Natural Gas suituation in Arkansas 108-114 Photograph of Hunter Well, near Stephens .. 113 Prospect well near Winslow Relation of Louisiana field - 115 Asphalt and petroleum - 116 Oil Geology around Fayetteville - 117 Outlook in north-central Arkansas 117 Indications in Scott County 115 Some Arkansas deep well records 115-117 Structure in southern Arkansas 118 Natural mounds 118 Oil shales 118 Oilstone 154 Oligoclase '54-158 Onyx 119 Opal (see Precious Stones, p. 124). Opal 158 Ordovician system 26-32 Orthoclase (Potash feldspar) 154 Owen, Dr. David Dale Work as State Geologist reviewed 7 Ozarkite 158 P Paint Minerals 119-120 Pealite . .. 158 Page Pearls 120 Penters Chart 29 Perofskite . 158 Petroleum (see Oil, p. 111). Phosphates Description of north Arkansas area 120 Analysis 121 Southwest Arkansas area 122 Greensand Marls a possible source 122 Specimens from near Hot Springs , 122 Conglomerate specimen from near Amity 122 Finite , 158 Pitkin limestone 31 Plattin limestone 27 Polk Creek shale 33 Potash (from Leucite Rock) 123 Powell limestone 26 Prase 158 Precious stones 124 Pseudobrookite 158 Psilomelane 154 Purdue, Dr. A. H. Connection with Ark. Geol. Surv 10 Portrait ^ 17 Pyrolusite 154 Pyrophyllite 154 Pyroxene 154 Q Quarternary system 41 Quartz Crystals 124 R Rectorite Description of material 124 Results of tests 124 Reddle 154 Road Making Materials Chapter by Doctor Branner , 126 Inferior materials f 127 Superior metals 128 The chert of "Flint Rock" 129 Novaculite 130 The gravels 131 Roberts, W. F. Former State Geologist 7 Rutile 158 3 Salt 132-133 Sand, building 133 Page Sand, moulding Sandstone 133 Savanna formation 37 Sdhorlomite 158 Serpentine Silex 158 Siliceous sinter 158 Silurian system 29-34 Silver 60 Slate Topography, geology and character of deposits Section showing relation of slates 136 Microscopic analyses *. 136 Black slate from Mena P 135 Dark-reddish slate from Mena 135 Reddish slate from Missouri Mountain 136 Greenish-gray slate from Mena ,- 137 Light-greenish slate from Missouri Mountain 137 Very dark bluish-gray slates r 138 Light-gray Slates 138 Very dark gray spangled Slate - 138 Smithsonite 155 Smoky Quartz - 158 Soapstone r 155 Soapstone (see Talc) .- 139 Soils- Description of the surveyed areas , 162 Map of the surveyed areas 162 Soil Reconaissance of the Ozark region 163 Ozark Dome ,. 163 Boston Mountain Plateau ,. 164 Ouachita Mountains 166 Alluvial soil of the Ozark region ,. 166 Areas of the different soils 167 Description of the Prairie soils 167 Ashley County 168 Columbia County 169 Conway County 170 Craigfoead County 171 Payetteville area ....'. 172 Faulkner County 173 Hempstead County 174 Howard County 176 Jefferson county 176 Mississippi County 177 Pope County 178 Prairie County " 179 Yell County 180 Sphalerite 155 Stanley shale 36 Stannite 155 St. Clair limestone .. 29 Page Steel, Prof. A. A. Reference to report on Coal 10 Stibnite : 15B St. Peter sandstone 27 Strontium 156 Sulphur 158 Sunstone 155 Syberg, Arnold Former State Geologist 8 Syenite ....* 155 T Talc (Soapstone), in Magnet Cove 155-159 Tertiary System Eocene series 41 Pliocene (?) series 41 Thuringite 155 Titanium 159 Topography Described by Hugh D. Miser 21 Travertine 155 Trinity formation , 38 Tripoli- Excellent grade found near Butterfield 139 Deposits in Montgomery and other counties 139 Sample from Washington county 139 Tripoli in the zinc region 139 Turquois or Variscite (see Precious Stones, p. 124). V Variscite _ 155 Vesuvianite , 159 w Wad 155 Washita group 39 Water Resources Water power, preliminary report on White River, by W. N. Gladson 140 Little Red River Project 141 Mineral waters 141 Ground Waters of Northeast Arkansas 141 Water Supply in the Rice Belt 141 Wavelite (see Precious Stones) 159 Whetstone (see Novaculite, p. 102). Winslow formation 32 Womble shale 33 z Page Zinc Where found and character of deposits 61 Methods of mining 62 Reports of production 63-64 1930 Economics' and Sociology College of Agriculture, \ UNIVERSITY OF -^ ^ARKANSAS UNIVEESITY OF AJttKAN8Ah DEPT. OF RURAL ECONOMICS & SOOIOLOU FAYETTEVILLE, - - ARKANSAS UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY BERKELEY Return to desk from which borrowed. This book is DUE on the last date stamped below, V 3Jan5|P*K LIBRARY USE - LD 21-100m-9,'48(B399sl6)476 YC 6