-J - 
 
 ACCOUNT 
 
 J^etospiiptrs aiitr aikx ferioiritals 
 
 PUBLISH KD IN SALEM, 
 
 1768 to 1856. 
 
 BY (ilLlJEKT L. SIKEKTER. 
 
 SALEM: 
 
 WJI. IVES AND GEO. VV. I'E.VSK PUINTEKS. 
 
 OBSERVER OFFICE. 
 
 1850. 
 
i'ib 
 
 k 
 
O-Z-tv- 
 
 ACCOUNT 
 
 
 Uduspaptrs m)i otijcr f rrio^itiils 
 
 PUliLISHED I\ SALEM, 
 
 1768 to 1856. 
 
 BY (iir.r.Kirr i,. .stiii:i;ti;r. 
 
 I From the Proceedings of the Es3sx lostitutc. 
 
 SALEM; 
 
 ,WM. IVES AND GEO. W. I'EAEE I'lllNTEIIS. 
 
 OBSERVER OFFICS. 
 
 185G, 
 
NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS OF SALEM, 
 
 We 211'opose to give some account of the several nevrspapcrs 
 and other periodicals, ^vhich have been published in Salem 
 since the first introduction of the art of printing into this town 
 until the present time. The review will carry us back nearly 
 a century, to the period immediately preceding the war of the 
 Revolution ; and in glancing at the special purposes of the 
 various periodicals since that time, "we shall obtain glimpses of 
 the successive states of public opinion in this place. The list 
 of serials during these years is a long one, embracing fifty 
 separate and distinct publications, of various degrees of interest 
 and importance. We shall mention them in the order of their 
 commencement, designating each by its appropriate numeral. 
 
 Salem was the third town in the Colonies, in the order of 
 time, to enjoy the advantages of a public printing press. It 
 was preceded in this respect by both Cambridge and Boston. 
 The former place contained a printing jDress as early as 1689, 
 and as the infant University was located there, as well as the 
 local government of the colony, the persons concerned in it 
 were encouraged by grants of land from the General Court. 
 But the Puritan authorities, although ready to patronize this 
 enterprise to some extent, still regarded the freedom of printing 
 ■with a jealous eye, and accordingly, in 1662, two of the most 
 worthy and highly approved of the clergymen of the colony 
 were authorized by the General Court to act as licensers of the 
 press. Thus the dispensations of grace on the part of the 
 authorities in the matter of land w^ere not without their 
 equivalents in the more important matter of free printing. 
 The press in Boston was first established in 1674, in accordance 
 with leave specially granted by the General Court, which had 
 previously ordered, in 1664, that there should be no other press 
 than that at Cambridge. 
 
From this time until the introduction of the printing business 
 into Salem was nearly a century. In the mean time the press 
 had been relieved from the supervision and control of the 
 clergy, and its absolute independence was nearly established. 
 Several newspapers had been commenced in Boston, and there 
 was a general disposition to encourage and sustain such pub- 
 lications.^' 
 
 The person who undertook to establish the printing business 
 in Salem Avas Samuel Hall, a young man, a native of 
 Medford, and one who, from his qualities of mind and energy 
 of character, was well suited to perform the task of a pioneer 
 in this matter. He was a practical printer, and had learned 
 his trade of his uncle, Daniel Fowle, who was the first printer 
 in New Hampshire. Before coming to Salem he had been 
 concerned with Mrs. Anne Franklin, sister-in-law of Benjamin 
 Franklin, in the publication of the Newport (R.I.) Mercury, a 
 newspaper originally established by James Franklin, and 
 which has been continued until this time. 
 
 Mr. Hall opened an office here in April 1768. It was 
 located on Main street, a few doors above the Town House — 
 about where Kinsman's new building is situated. This was 
 then, as noAY, near the centre of business."!" 
 
 * The first attempt to establisli a newspaper in North America, was 
 made, in 1G90, when (Sept. 25) a single number of a small sheet Avas 
 printed in Boston, by Richard Pierce, for Benj. Harris. It was condemned, 
 at once by the public authorities, and it is believed that a second number 
 was never issued. The only copy known to be in existence is in the 
 State Paper office, in London, where it has been examined by Rev. 
 Joseph B. Felt. The first newspaper actually established in the 
 country was the Boston News-Letter, commenced April 24, 1704-, by 
 John Campbell, the postmaster of that toAvn. 
 
 t The Town House Avas a Avooden building of two stories, next above 
 the First Church, on the spot between the present church and the 
 parapet of the railroad tunnel. It was where the town meetings were 
 usually held, (in the lower story) and was also occupied, in the second 
 story, as a Court house. It was afterwards called the State House, as 
 the Provincial Assembly of Massachusetts convened therein in 1774, 
 with John Hancock as president. It was a building of humble jireten- 
 sions, its chief claim to notice arising from the circumstance that it A\'as 
 a fainted building, which was an uncommon distinction in those days. 
 In front of the building, extending on either side the door, Avas a 
 wooden bench, where the elderly men of the town were accustomed to 
 assemble to gossip and converse on iiublic and private matters. 
 
1. Mr. Hall soon resolved to commence a paper here, and in 
 July of the same year issued proposals for publishing one to be 
 entitled The Essex Gazette, to be issued weeklj, on Tuesday, 
 at Gs. 8d., per annum. The prospectus was full and explicit in 
 regard to the character of the proposed paper ; and as indicating 
 the spirit in which the enterprise was started, we quote the 
 follo^Ying passage : 
 
 " I shall exert myself to ol)tain as general and fresh a Collection of 
 News as will lay in my Power, both Foreign and Domestic, and insert 
 it \yith accuracy and in due order ; and I shall at all times assiduously 
 endeavor to procure and carefully publish, as I may have room, any 
 Compositions that may have a tendency to promote Religion, Virtue, 
 Industry, good Order, a due sense of the Rights and Liberties of our 
 Country, with the Importance of true and genuine principles of patriot- 
 ism, and whatever may servo to enliven and animate us in our known 
 Loyalty and Affection to our gracious Sovereign. In short, any Pieces 
 that may be productive of Public Good, or contribute to the innocent 
 Amusement and Entertainment of my Readers, will be inserted with 
 Pleasure ; and any writings of a Contrary Nature, will, if offered for 
 Insertion, be instantly rejected." 
 
 These comprehensive, patriotic, and emphatic statements of 
 his intentions, with more of a similar character, constituted 
 Mr. Hall's introduction to his readers. And all that he here 
 promised he thoroughly performed, for he was prompt and faith- 
 ful in the execution of all his contracts, devoting himself with 
 great energy and spirit to the discharge of his duties. 
 
 The first number of the paper appeared Aug. 2, 1768, and 
 was a very creditable publication in its typographical execution, 
 and the general character of its contents. It Avas printed upon 
 a crown sheet, folio, 10 >< 16 inches, three columns to the page. 
 This diminutive sheet, less than half the size of the Gazette 
 of to-day, was spoken of in the prospectus as "four large 
 pages, printed in folio."' It was doubtless considered as large at 
 that time. The head was adorned by a rude wood cut, com- 
 prising the figures of two Indians, with a codfish overhead, and 
 a dove with a sprig in its bill in the centre. This device bears 
 some resemblance to the Essex County seal, and was probably 
 intended to be emblematical of peace, the fisheries, and suc- 
 cessful emigration.* The head-line assured the reader, in the 
 common phraseology of that day, that the sheet contained ' ■ the 
 
 'A portion of this device iscontainod in the seal of the city of Salem. 
 
6 
 
 freshest advices, both foreign and domestic." It bore as a 
 motto a quotation from Horace. " Omne tulit punctum qui mis- 
 cuit utile dulci."' 
 
 The contents of the paper were such as "were looked for in 
 public prints at that time, chiefly items of political news from 
 various parts of the world, very concisely stated, and selected 
 with care and good judgment. Foreign news occupied a large 
 share of the columns. Domestic news was given simply, 
 under the names of the several towns in the colonies, whence "^it 
 was received. A few advertisements filled out the sheet. The 
 contents were mostly selected, but few original pieces, either 
 editorial or contributed, appearing in the columns in those days. 
 The public did not estimate so highly at that time as they 
 seem to now, the off-hand remarks, speculations, and effusions 
 generally, of editors and their correspondents.* 
 
 Mr. Hall was eminently qualified for the task he had under- 
 taken. He possessed business talents, enterprise, ability, edito- 
 rial tact and judgment, and withal sympathized entirely with 
 the state of the public mind at that time with respect to the 
 mother country. He had commenced his paper at an important 
 season. The causes were then actively at work which soon 
 eventuated in the Revolution. A spirit of independence was 
 growing up in the breasts of the people, and the principles of 
 civil and political liberty were undergoing a thorough discus- 
 sion. With this condition of popular feeling Mr. Hall sympa- 
 thized warmly and earnestly. 
 
 Subscribers to his Gazette were obtained, not only in this 
 town, but also doubtless in most of the principal places in the 
 colony; for a newspaper at that period was a much more impor- 
 tant fact than at the present day, when such publications abound 
 in all directions. There were then but five papers in the state, 
 all of which were in Boston. f There was none at the east- 
 
 * Among the contributors to Mr. Hall's paper, was Col. Timothy Pick- 
 ering jr. He published a series of able and elaborate articles upon the 
 importance of a reorganization of the Militia, which had great influ- 
 ence in arousing attention to the subject, and which suggested complete 
 plans for increasing the efBeiencj of that branch of the public service. 
 His father, Dea. Timothy Pickering, also frequently communicated with 
 Mr. Hall's readers, usually to rebuke some growing evil in the commu- 
 nity, or to encourage some good work. 
 
 t The News-Letter, Evening Post, Gazette, Chronicle, and Advertiser, 
 
^vard, except at Portsmouth. Mr. IlalFs eastern sul)scribers 
 Avere supplied by a post-rider, -who left the oifiee on publication 
 mornings for the towns between here and Newburyport, deposit- 
 ing the papers on the way.* To obtain the most recent news 
 from Boston he incurred the expense of a special messenger 
 from that town, on the previous day, who brought the latest 
 papers. The news from Ncav York was a week old, from Phil- 
 adelphia a fortnight, and from London two m.onths. 
 
 In 1772, Mr. Hall admitted his younger brother, Ebenezer, 
 into partnership with him. Their business connection continued 
 until the death of Ebenezer, in Cambridge, Peb. 1776, aged 27. 
 
 The Essex Gazette was published here nearly seven jcais, a 
 period which embraced the most important events that imme- 
 diately preceded the Revolution. All the great questions 
 which agitated the colonies during that time were discussed in 
 its columns. The odious taxes imposed by the king — the non- 
 importation agreements^- the Boston Massacre — the Boston 
 Port Bill — the Tea troubles — the doings of the people in their 
 town meetings, and other primary assemblies — the popular 
 hatred of the officers of the crown, and other similar topics, 
 were laid before Mr. Hall's readers in the succession of their 
 occurrence. 
 
 In October, 1770, an attempt was m.ode to injure the 
 subscription 'of the paper, on account of an alleged partiality in 
 its columns tOAvards the non-importation agreements. But the 
 effort was unsuccessful, and seems to have resulted in the 
 increase rather than diminution of the list. The number of 
 subscribers at this time was about seven hundred. 
 
 As indicative of the spirit of the paper, we may quote an 
 article which appeared March 6, 1771. This was the anniver- 
 sary of the Massacre in State street, Boston. The columns on 
 this occasion were draped in black. On the first page was a 
 
 * Among the most active distributors of Mr. Hall's print was Thomas 
 Diman. This person's name is often mentioned by our oldest citizens 
 when the topic of ancient carriers is introduced. He set out every 
 Tuesday, at eight o'clock, for the-towns on the Eastern route as far as 
 Newburyport, dispensing his news to eager inquirers all along his way. 
 They looked upon him as an important personage in the service of 
 gratifying their curiosity. His employment wore off the corners of 
 his self-diffidence, and rendered him not at all bashful among " the head 
 men," to whose pleasure he so much contributed. Felt's Annals, 
 o 
 
raouvning tablet, suvroundcJ by lieavj black lines, iipon -which 
 was inscribed the following animated declaration : 
 
 As A Solemn and Perpetual MEMORIAL : 
 
 Of the Tyranny of the British Administration of Government in the 
 
 years 1708, 1769, and 1770 : 
 Of the fatal and destructive Consequences of quartering Armies, in Time 
 
 of I'eace, in populous cities : 
 Of the ridiculous Policy, and infamous Absurdity, of supporting Civil 
 
 Government by a Military Force : 
 Of the great Duty and Necessity of firmly opposing Desjiotism at its 
 
 first Approaches : 
 
 Of the detestable Principles and arbitrary Conduct of those Ministers 
 in Britain who advised, and of their Tools in America who desired, 
 the Introduction of a Standing Army in this Province in the Year 170S; 
 
 Of the irrcfragible Proof which those Ministers themselves thereby 
 produced, that the Civil Government, as by them administered, was 
 weak, wicked and tyrannical: 
 
 Of the vile Ingratitude and abominable Wickedness of every American, 
 who abetted and encouraged, either in Thought, Word, or Deed, the 
 establishment of a Standing Army among his Countrymen : 
 
 Of the unaccountable Conduct of those Civil Governors, the immediate 
 llepresentatives of his Majesty, who, while the Military were 
 triumphantly insulting the whole Legislative Autiioritv of the State, 
 and while the blood of the massacred Inhabitants was flowing in the 
 Streets, persisted in repeatedly disclaiming all Authority of relieving 
 the People, by any the least Kemoval of the Troops ; 
 
 And of the savage Cruelty of the IMMEDIATE PERPETRATORS, 
 
 Be it forever Remembered, 
 
 That this Day, THE FIFTH OF MARCH, is the Anniversary of 
 
 PRESTON'S MASSACRE — IN KING STREET — BOSTON — NEW 
 
 ENGLAND — 1770. 
 
 In which Five of his Majesty's Subjects were slain and six wounded, 
 
 By the Discharge of a Number of Muskets from a Party of Soldiers 
 
 under the Command of Capt. Thomas Preston. 
 
 GOD Save the People ! 
 
 Salem, March 5, 1771. 
 
 In May, 1775, soon after the Concord fight — a full account 
 of which, as well as of Leslie's iavasion, etc., had appeared in 
 the Gazette — Mr. Hall transferred the publication of his 
 paper from Salem to Cambridge, for political purposes. The 
 last number issued here was dated May 2, and the next 
 number, in Cambridge, May 12. The office was in a building 
 
9 
 
 of the College, Stoughton Hall. The title was then enkrged 
 to " The New England Chronicle or Essex Gazette." This 
 removal was made "at the Desire of many respectable Gentle- 
 men of the Honorable Provincial Congress" — with whom Mr. 
 Hall was in high favor. The paper was continued in Cambridge 
 until the Evacuation of Boston by the British, when it was 
 removed thither, and at the same time the title of "Essex 
 Gazette" was dropped. 
 
 Before Messrs. Hall left Salem, their printing office was 
 burnt out by the great fire of October, 1774, which destroyed a 
 meeting house, custom house, eight dwellings, fourteen stores, 
 and several barns and out buildings.* The office was subse- 
 quently located in the brick building recently incorporated into 
 Dr. Fisk's brick block near the depot. 
 
 2. The Salem Gazette and Newbury and Newbury- 
 PORT Advertiser. Before Mr. Hall left town another news- 
 paper was commenced, Julyl, 1774, with the foregoing elabo- 
 rate title. It was published by Ezekiel Russell, from Boston, 
 an unsuccessful printer, who had been an unsuccessful auction- 
 eer also. His antecedents were those of a tory. In 1771 he 
 had published in Boston a small paper called "The Censor," 
 which was in the interest of the loyal party, and soon expired. 
 He had also been known in 1773 as the printer of a handbill 
 entitled " The Tradesmen's Protest against the proceedings of 
 the Merchants relative to the new Importation of Tea." This 
 handbill excited so much feeling among the patriotic merchants 
 and tradesmen, that at a large town meeting in Eaneuil Hall the 
 printer and the authors of it were pronounced as " detestable," 
 and the protest itself as "false, scandalous and base." Mr. Rus- 
 sell's office in Salem Avas "in Ruck street, near the State Housef" 
 — somewhere on Washington street, near the depot, we presume. 
 The headline ofthe paper announced that it was "A Weekly, Po- 
 litical, Commercial and Entertaining Paper — Influenced neither 
 by Court or Country." But the country decided that it was in- 
 fluenced by the Court. The editor was suspected of a bias in 
 favor of the British, probably on account of his previous course 
 in Boston, and the paper accordingly terminated in a few 
 months an unpopular career. 
 
 *Thc meeting house destroyed was Rev. Dr. Whitaker's, which stood 
 on King street, where Dr. Treadwell's building now is. The Custom 
 House was just above. flSce Note on page 4. 
 
10 
 
 3. The American Gazette, or the ConstuutioiVal 
 Journal. This was the title of another paper by Mr. Russell, 
 the author of the previous one ; and like that it failed to com- 
 mand public confidence and support. It was published during 
 the Revolution, commencing June 19, 1776, and closing in a 
 few weeks. It was nominally published by John Rogers, at 
 Mr. Russell's office ; but as Rogers was merely Russell's 
 journeyman, and owned neither press nor types, the latter was 
 doubtless the true proprietor. The printing office at this time 
 was near the upper end of Main street. The paper was pub- 
 lished weekly, on Tuesday, at 8s. a year. The device at the 
 head of the paper, coarsely cut in wood, was that of an open 
 journal, supported by two figures, one, that of fame with her 
 trumpet, and the other, an Indian with his bows and arrows. 
 Beneath the volume was a ship under sail. 
 
 Some time after the suspension of this paper, Mr. Russell 
 removed to Danvers, and printed for a few years near the Bell 
 Tavern, and then returned to Boston. There he continued the 
 printing business, in a small way, until his death in 1796, at 
 the age of 52. 
 
 Mr. Russell seems to have experienced through life a con- 
 stant succession of the reverses of fortune. Besides the fruit- 
 less effijrts we have mentioned, he had been a publisher of the 
 Portsmouth Mercury, in company with Thomas Furber, and 
 that paper continued but three years. It is said that Mr. Rus- 
 sell's wife was the "better half" of his family, assisting as a 
 practical printer in his office, composing popular ballads for 
 publication, and assuming the business upon his death. 
 
 4. The Salem Gazette and General Advertiser. 
 For nearly five years during the Revolution there was no paper 
 in Salem. But in 1780, Mrs. Mary Crouch, widow of a prin- 
 ter in Charleston, S. C, removed hither with her press and 
 types, and Dec. 6, 1780, issued a prospectus, in the name of 
 ''Mary Crouch and company," for the publication of "the 
 Salem Gazette and General Advertiser." For this purpose 
 they announced ' ' an elegant assortment of type and printing 
 materials," and stated their purpose to relate such matters as 
 should refer " to the safety and welfare of the United States, 
 to the Liberties and Independence of which the Salem Gazette 
 will be ever sacredly devoted." The first number of the paper 
 was dated Jan'y 2, 1781. It was of the crow^n size, issued 
 weekly at 50 cts. a quarter. The paper was more miscella- 
 neous than its predecessors had been. It commenced the 
 
11 
 
 publication of stories, tales, and other entertaining articles. 
 
 Mrs. Crouch exhibited spirit and enterprize, but was unable 
 to succeed with the paper, which lasted only nine months, clos- 
 ing Oct. 11 of the same year. She assigned as reasons for the 
 stoppage, "the want of sufficient assistance, and the impossibility 
 of obtaining house room for herself and family to reside near 
 her business." Her printing office was at the corner of Derby 
 and Hardy sts. Mrs. Couch afterwards removed to Providence, 
 her native place. 
 
 5. The Salem Gazette. In just a week after the close 
 of INIrs. Crouch's paper, Samuel Hall again entered upon a 
 career as publisher in Salem. He had returned from Boston, 
 and probably bought Mrs. Crouch's materials. He commenced 
 a new paper entitled " The Salem Gazette,'' the first number 
 of which was dated Oct. 18, 1781. It was of the size and 
 general character of his previous paper. He continued the pub- 
 lication of this series of Gazettes for a little more than four 
 years, enlarging the sheet in the third volume, and bringing it 
 to a close in this town, Nov. 22, 1785. At that time he removed 
 the paper to Boston. 
 
 In finally terminating his connection with Salem, Mr. Hall 
 stated that he did so only under the pressure of stern necessity. 
 His business had been materially injured by a Tax upon Ad- 
 vertisements, which had been imposed by the Legislature the 
 previous summer. This tax, in conjunction with the decline of 
 trade, had operated so disastrously as to deprive him of nearly 
 three-quarters of the income of his paper from that source, and 
 on this account he accepted the advice of friends, who re- 
 commended his removal to Boston. The contracted circulation 
 of the paper, and the great expense attending its publication in 
 Salem, he said, rendered a burdensome tax upon his advertising 
 columns insupportable. The expense of procuring intelligence 
 from Boston alone, by special messenger, Avas so great, that to 
 defray it he would gladly have given more than half the profits 
 of all the newspapers circulated in this town. 
 
 The tax on advertisements, of which Mr. Hall complained so 
 bitterly, was voted by the legislature, July 2, 1785, and had 
 elicited an outcry of indignation from nearly all the papers in 
 the states. It was imposed to aid in liquidating the war debt 
 incurred during the Revolution. It required the payment of 
 six pence on each advertisement of 12 lines or less, and one 
 shilling on those of 20 or less, and so on in proportion. This 
 act was denounced in severe terms as an infringement of the 
 
12 
 
 liberty of the press, as the " Bostonian Stamp x\ct," &c. 
 When the law went into operation, Mr. Hall spoke of it in the 
 Gazette as follows : 
 
 •' No printer can now advertise, even in his own paper, any books or 
 pieces of picly or devotion, not excepting the Holy Bible, without pay- 
 ing a heavy tax for it. How this accords with His Excellency's late 
 ' Proclamation for the encouragement of Pie/y, Virtue, Education, and 
 Manners,' let the framers of the act determine.; Were it not for the tax 
 upon advertising good hooks, the Printer hereof would inform the Pub- 
 lic, that he has just published 'Extracts from Dr. Priestley's Catechism' 
 which he sells at five coppers single, and two shillings the dozen." 
 
 In leaving, Mr. Hall said he should always retain the most 
 grateful recollection of favors received in this place, and should 
 "always endeavor to promote the interests and reputation of 
 the town of Salem." 
 
 The removal to Boston was executed with characteristic 
 promptness, so that not a single issue of the paper was omitted, 
 the next number, under the new name of " The Massachusetts 
 Gazette," appearing as a continuation on the regular day. Nov. 
 28. Mr. Hall made arrangements to supply his Salem subscrib- 
 ers as usual, by a carrier. He subsequently sold the Gazette 
 to other parties. He afterwards printed a paper for a short 
 time in the French language, entitled " Courier de Boston," — 
 the first paper in that language in New England. In 1789 he 
 opened a book store in Cornhill, which he sold in 1805 to Lin- 
 coln and Edmands, of which firm Gould and Lincoln are the 
 present successors. 
 
 Mr. Hall, as Ave have stated, was born in Medford, Nov. 2, 
 1740, of Jonathan Hall and Anna Fowle. He died Oct. 80, 
 1807, aged 67 years. He was an industrious, accurate, and 
 enterprising printer, a judicious editor, and excellent man. 
 His life was one of active usefulness and of remarkable suc- 
 cess. Besides his newspaper publications, he was the printer 
 and publisher of many works, of various degrees of importance, 
 some of them of considerable value. The list of his publica- 
 tions during his residence in Salem, and subsequently in Bos- 
 ton, would reflect great credit upon him as a man of business 
 enterprise. In his papers he advocated liberal opinions with 
 firmness and discretion, and always commanded the confidence 
 and respect of the best men in the community. '' The coun- 
 try," says Mr. Buckingham, " had no firmer friend, in the 
 gloomiest period of its history, as well as in the days of its 
 young and increasing prosperity, than Samuel Hall." 
 
13 
 
 G. The Salem Chrontcle and Essex Advertiser. The 
 short interim succeeding JNIr. Hall's second series, was followed, 
 March 30, 1780, by the commencement of a weekly paper, 
 with the foregoing title, by George Roulstonc. It continued 
 less than a year, and possessed no special interest. It was 
 printed on Paved St., on a crown sheet, at 9 shillings. 
 
 7. The Salem Gazette. The present Salem Gazette 
 was commenced Oct. 14, 1786, when John Dabney and Thomas 
 C. Gushing issued the first number of " The Salem Mercury," 
 which in 1790, Jan. 5, assumed the name of " The Salem 
 Gazette," and has so continued ever since. Mr. Gushing was a 
 native of Hingham. He had served his apprenticeship with 
 Mr, Hall, and had afterwards, in 1785, been connected with 
 John W. Allen, in the publication of the American Recor- 
 der and Charlestown Advertiser, in Cliarlcstown. He was 22 
 years of age when he came to Salem, and from his intercourse 
 with so excellent a master as Mr. Hall, had doubtless been 
 strengthened in the liberal principles and correct habits Avhich 
 he brought to his new undertaking. 
 
 The Mercury was printed weekly, on Tuesday, on a demy 
 sheet, four columns to a page, and chiefly on long primer type. 
 The price was 9 shillings a year. The contents of the paper 
 gave evidence of care in the selection, and the original commu- 
 nications were from competent writers. Party lines had not 
 been drawn at that early period, and the political character of 
 the paper was simply that of an ardent advocate of the new 
 federal constitution, the adoption of which, in our own state, and 
 in other states, successively, was recorded in terms of exulta- 
 tion. 
 
 Mr. Dabney withdrew from the paper at the close of the 
 third volume, Oct. 6, 1789, and opened a book-store, leaving 
 Mr. Gushing sole proprietor of the business. He continued 
 thus until Oct. 14, 1794, a period of five years, and then 
 transferred the publication to Wm. Garlton, his partner in the 
 Bible and Heart Book-store.* In making the change Mr. 
 
 _ * The Bible and Heart book-store was in the lower story of the build- 
 ing occupied by the printing ofl5ce, the same which is now kept by D. B. 
 Brooks and Brother. There were formerly wooden figures of a bible 
 and a heart suspended over the door, which during the last war were 
 torn down in the night, by some mischievous persons, and thrown into 
 the harbor. It was upon the occasion of a list of privateers, in our 
 harbor, being published in the Gazette by the foreman of the office. 
 
14 
 
 Oushing acknowledged, "with sensibility, the benefits he had re- 
 ceived,'"' during the time that he had been sole editor, and re- 
 marked, that "notwithstanding the disadvantages, under which 
 it had been published, he relinquished it with an increase, double 
 to what it possessed when he received it." He observed also 
 that '-many thought it expedient that it should be made a 
 semi-weekly paper." 
 
 Mr. Carlton announced his intention to continue the Gazette, 
 as it had been, " impartial, independent, and uninfluenced, but 
 by the public good — neither devoting it to the cause of unfeeling 
 Aristocracy, or employing it in kindling the vindictive rage of 
 Democracy, or lighting the destructive torch of Anarchy." Mr. 
 Carlton conducted the Gazette nearly three years, receiving 
 the assistance of Rev. Dr. Bentley, who lived in the same family 
 with him, opposite Union street, and was ever his efficient 
 friend. In 1796, June 3, he undertook the experiment of is- 
 suing the paper twice a Aveek, on Tuesday and Friday, intro- 
 ducing the change with the graceful remark, that •' to a town 
 whose pojuilation exceeds 8000 souls, we could not pay so poor 
 a compliment as to continue a weekly Gazette." 
 
 The traces of Dr. Bentley's pen were abundant in the col- 
 umns at this time. His series of " summaries," afterwards so 
 famous in the Register, had been commenced here, for the pur- 
 pose of transmitting to his friend Prof. Ebeling, of Hamburg, 
 in a convenient form, materials for a history and geography of 
 the U. S. which he Avas then preparing. These summaries, to- 
 gether Avith Mr. Carlton's exchange papers, Avere regularly sent 
 to the Professor, who in return forAvarded German books to Dr. 
 Bentley, and thus a fair exchange Avas established, Avhich never 
 involved the least money transaction. The ncAvspapers and 
 other materials thus provided by Dr. Bentley, were afterAvards, in 
 1818, purchased, in connection Avith Prof. Ebeling's library, by 
 Israel Thorndike, of Boston, and presented to HarA'ard College. 
 
 In 1797, July 24, the business connection betAveen Gushing 
 and Carlton ceased, the Gazette was resumed by the former, 
 and Carlton and Dr. Bentley Avithdrew. It is presumed that 
 political diiferences, arising out of the increase of party feeling, 
 led to the dissolution of the partnership, though no reason Avas 
 publicly given. The Gazette thenceforth ceased to be neutral, 
 and espoused in a bold and decided manner, the interests and 
 the fortunes of the Federal party. Mr. Gushing continued as 
 publisher a quarter of a century, ably sustaining the cause of 
 his party during the fiery trials of that period. 
 
15 
 
 The excited and virulent political feeling at various times 
 between 1802 and 1815, embracing the events connected 
 ■svith the last war with Great Britain, was fully exhibited in 
 the columns of the Gazette. Although Mr. Gushing was him- 
 self of a mild and peaceable disposition, he allowed a pretty 
 free use of his columns by writers who did not emulate his own 
 virtues. The republican party were assailed in violent and of- 
 ten extremely personal language. Sarcasm, ridicule, and 
 severe denunciation were freely employed. Nor was the Reg- 
 ister at all backward in returning the assault in a similar tone 
 and spirit. This mode of warfare led on several occasions to 
 serious personal difficulties. 
 
 In the fall of 1802 a violent contest arose between the 
 Federal and Republican parties, concerning the election of a 
 member of Congress from this district. The result was favorable 
 to the republicans. When it was over, in November, the 
 editors of the Register and Gazette were called upon to answer 
 for the tone of their papers, the former by a libel suit, and the 
 latter by threats of personal violence. Mr. Gushing was visit- 
 ed at his house by Capts. Richard and Benj. Growninshield and 
 Mr. Joseph Story, and taken into a private room, where he was 
 charged Avith malicious publications, of a purely personal and 
 offensive character, against the complainants and their friends, 
 designed to injure them in the estimation of the community. 
 After detailing their grievances at some length, Gapt. Benj, 
 Growninshield threatened to shoot Mr. Gushing if he continued 
 to publish such things as they had complained of Mr, Gushing 
 replied that it had been his endeavor to keep his paper free 
 from undue personalities, though he considered public charac- 
 ters and public conduct as proper subjects of animadversion ; 
 and as for the future he should give no pledges, but should be 
 governed by his regard for decency, and endeavor to give no 
 just cause of offence. The conversation became so loud and 
 boisterous that it alarmed the females of Mr. Gushing's family, 
 who called a number of persons into an adjoining apartment, 
 as listeners ; and thus the whole affair became a matter of public 
 notoriety. The excitement which ensued was so great that Mr. 
 Gushing was obliged to publish a full account of the interview. 
 
 Party politics continued to rage for several years afterwards 
 with a degree of violence which we hope may never again 
 be experienced. 
 
 One of the most amusing circumstances connected with this 
 period was that of the Pictorial Gerrymander, The democra- 
 3 
 
16 
 
 tic legislature of 1811 12 had so carved and cut up the tcwns 
 of Essex County as to favor the election of a democratic member 
 of congress from Essex South. The district thus formed -was 
 very strange in its outlines, running from Salem all around the 
 line of back towns, Lynn, Andover, Haverhill, &c., and ending 
 at Salisbury. This curious arrangement struck the eye of Gil- 
 bert Stuart, the celebrated Painter, as presenting the outlines of 
 a natural monster, and he accordingly took his pencil, and by 
 affixing claws to the lower extremities at Salem and Marble- 
 head, wings to the back at Andover, and a 'horrid beak' at Salis- 
 bury, produced the figure of a creature which he said would do 
 for a Salamander. But Major Ben. Russell suggested that it 
 might more properly be called a "Gerrymander,"' in allusion 
 to the democratic Governor of the state. It ever after receiv- 
 this title. An engraving of the monster was inserted in the Ga- 
 zette and other papers, and printed upon handbills, as an election- 
 eering document. InlSlo, Avhen the democrats were defeated, 
 the federalists were in high glee over the "Gerrymander" 
 which had been so useful to them, and on the morning after the 
 election in April, a figure of the skeleton of the deceasedmon- 
 ster appeared in the Gazette, with the appropriate epitaph, 
 " Hatched 1812— killed 1813." This device was executed by 
 Mr. Appleton, the jocose partner of Mr. Gushing in his book- 
 store, who cast a block of type-metal and engraved the figure 
 during the night previous to its publication. There was subse- 
 quently published a picture of the non-descript in its coffin, and 
 a fac- simile of the grave stone, together with an amusing pro- 
 gramme of mock ceremonials at its funeral. 
 
 Mr. Gushing relinquished the publication of the Gazette 
 Dec. 81, 1822, on account of infirm health, and in retiring 
 from a post he had so long occupied, bade adieu to his friends 
 in a graceful note. He died Sept. 28, 1824, aged 60. As an 
 editor and publisher, as well as a member of the firm of Gushing 
 and Appleton, he had secured a host of friends, who remenibered 
 him as " the amiable and gifted Gushing." His qualities of 
 mind and heart were such as commanded the respect and esteem 
 of all who knew him. He was steadfast and conscientious in 
 his political opinions, a person of thorough integrity in his 
 business aflairs, gentle and pleasing in his manners. He is 
 described as having had strong powers of mind, warmth of 
 fancy, various and extensive knowledge, and a familiar acquain- 
 tance with the best of English literature, which gave attraction 
 and fascination to his conversation. 
 
17 
 
 Among the writers for the Gazette during Mr. Cushing's 
 connection with it, was the late Benj. Merrill, who was a con- 
 stant and voluminous contributor to its columns, and whose 
 writings contributed largely to its success and influence upon 
 the public mind. 
 
 The next publishers of the paper were Caleb Gushing, a son 
 of Thos. C.,* and Ferdinand Andrews, who commenced at the 
 begining of 1823. Mr. Gushing withdrew at the end of six 
 months, and Mr. Andrews continued sole publisher until April 
 1, 1825, when he sold half of the establishment to Caleb 
 Foote. Mr. Foote had served his apprenticeship with Mr. T. 
 G. Gushing, who had himself been an apprentice of Mr. Hall, 
 and thus was established a personal connection between the origi- 
 nal Essex Gazette and the Salem Gazette of to-day. In 182G, 
 Oct. 1, the other half of the Gazette was purchased by Wm. 
 Brown, of Mr. Andrews, who removed to Lancaster and es- 
 tablished a paper in that town. He afterwards returned to 
 Salem, to publish the Landmark, and is now a proprietor of the 
 Boston Daily Evening Traveller. 
 
 In 1833, Jan. 1, Mr. Foote became sole proprietor of the 
 Gazette and has so continued ever since. He was assisted for 
 some time by John B. Ghisholm, and subsequently, for several 
 years, by Wm. Brown. In 1854, Jan. 1, N. A. Horton be- 
 came assistant publisher and editor and so remains at the pres- 
 ent time. 
 
 From Jan. 1, 1847, until Oct. 3, 1851, the Gazette was is- 
 sued tri-weekly, on Tuesday, Friday, and Saturday. At the 
 latter date the Saturday edition was discontinued in favor of 
 an enlarged semi- weekly. Since the modern division of par- 
 ties, the Gazette has been a zealous and efficient advocate of the 
 views of the whig party. During the campaign of 1855 it 
 occupied a neutral position. 
 
 The printing office previous to 1792 was somewhere near its 
 present location, and for two years subsequent to that time in 
 Stearns's Building. It was afterwards removed to the present 
 neighborhood; then to No. 8 Paved street. f From 1825 to 
 1827, it occupied the rooms now improved by the Register of- 
 
 * Mr. Gushing brought up two other sons as printers, one of whom, 
 John D., is now publisher of the Berkshire Courier, an excellent paper, 
 printed in Great Barrington. 
 
 1 1n the chamber of the building occupied by John Perley's shoe store. 
 
18 
 
 ticc. It was removed thence to Columbian Hall, Stearns s 
 Building; and finally, Jan. 11, 1831, to its present quarters. 
 
 8; The Salem Register. This paper was commenced 
 during the first year of the present century, May 12, 1800, 
 when the first number was issued with the title of " The Im- 
 jmrtial Register." It was published on Monday and Thurs- 
 day, by William Carlton, avIio had withdrawn from the 
 Gazette, and dissolved his partnership in the book business with 
 Thos. C. Gushing, several years before, as we have already 
 stated. The Register started in opposition to the Federal party, 
 and during the violent political struggles which ensued, was an 
 (ible supporter of the Republican cause. It selected for its 
 motto the following lines : 
 
 " All partiea here may plead an honest, favorite cause, 
 Whoever reasons best on Katurc's, Wisdom's Laws, 
 Proclaims eternal Tvuth— gains Heaven's and Men's applause." 
 
 Dr. Bentley aided Mr. Carlton in his new publication, as he 
 had previously done in the Gazette, and his famous Summaries 
 and variety of miscellaneous and local articles, soon gave the 
 paper a decided character. In a few months, Aug. 7, the title 
 was enlarged to "The Sulem Impartial Register." This was 
 continued until Jan. 4, 1802, when the word " Impartial" was 
 dropped, leaving " The Salem Register." At the same time 
 the original motto gave place to the well known verse which is 
 still printed in the paper, and which was written impromptu by 
 the late Judge Story, who is said to have scribbled it in pencil 
 on the side of a printer's case : 
 
 " Here shall the Press the People's Rights maintain, 
 Unavred by Influence, and unbribed by Gain; 
 Here Patriot Truth lier glorious precej^ts draw, 
 Pledged to Pieligion, Liberty, and Law." 
 
 During the autumn of this year (1802) the editor, Mr. 
 Carlton, was convicted of a libel on Timothy Pickering, and 
 suffered imprisonment therefor. This occurred just after the 
 election of a member of Congress for this district, when Jacob 
 Crowninshield, the democratic candidate, was chosen over Mr. 
 Pickering, who was the federal candidate. The Register had 
 asserted that " Robert Listen, the British Ambassador, distri- 
 buted five hundred thousand (JoHars amongst the partizans of 
 the English nation in America," and intimated that Mr. Pick- 
 ering might have partaken of " these secret largesses," " some 
 
19 
 
 little token, some small gratuity, for all his zealous eftbrts 
 against liberty and her sons, for all his attachment to the in- 
 terests of England,'' at the same time indulging in contemptu- 
 ous flings towards the distinguished ex-Secretary of State. To 
 answer for this article Mr. Carlton was indicted by the grand 
 jury, and tried before the Supreme Court, at Ipswich, in 
 April, 1803. He was convicted, and sentenced to pay a fine 
 of $100, and the costs of prosecution; to be imprisoned in the 
 county jail two months ; and to give bonds Avith two sureties in 
 $400 each, to keep the peace for two years. This unfortunate 
 affair is simply illustrative of the acerbity of party feeling at 
 that time. 
 
 In a little more than two years after this imprisonment, Mr. 
 Carlton died, July 24, 1805, aged 34. He had sufiered from 
 fever during his imprisonment, as stated by Dr. Bentley, and 
 continued feeble until the day before his decease, when he was 
 suddenly seized by violent fever and derangement, which ter- 
 minated his life in twenty-four hours. Mr. Carlton was a 
 native of Salem, and descended from two of the ancient families 
 of the country. His constant friend said of him : — " He 
 always possessed great cheerfulness of temper and great 
 benevolence of mind. He was distinguished by his perseverance, 
 integrity, and uprightness. To his generous zeal the public 
 were indebted for the early information which the Register gave 
 of the most interesting occurrences. To a tender mother he 
 was faithful, and to his family aftectionate. The friends of his 
 youth enjoyed the warmth of his gratitude. His professions 
 and friendships were sincere. He was an able editor and 
 an honest man."' 
 
 Previous to the death of Mr. Carlton, the printing office was 
 removed (Jan. 3, 1803,) from its original location in the house 
 on Essex st., next below the Franklin building, to a room over 
 the post office, where Bowker's building now stands. At the 
 same time a new head-piece was mounted, a figure of liberty, 
 with the motto, " where liberty is there is my country." 
 
 After the death of Mr. Carlton, the Register was published 
 for his widow, Elizabeth, until the 26th of August ensuing, 
 when she died also. It was then continued "for the proprie- 
 tors," — Dr. Bentley and Warwick Palfray jr., contributing to 
 its columns for nearly two years. In August, 1806, an adver- 
 teement appeared, stating that "The Salem Register having 
 been supported in its editorial department by the voluntary as- 
 sistance of its friends since the decease of the late editor, Mr. 
 
20 
 
 Carlton, tlic proprietors arc desirous of obtaining an editor to 
 conduct the same in future.'' No new arrangement was com- 
 menced however until July 23, 180T, when a '-new series," 
 entitled " The Essex Register," was commenced by Haven 
 Pool and Warwick Pal fray jr., assisted by S- Cleveland Blydon. 
 At this time the famous motto-verse was dropped, and the 
 following sentence adopted as a substitute : — ' ' Let the greatest 
 good of the greatest number be the pole-star of your public and 
 private deliberations." [Ramsay]. Mr. Blydon' s name re- 
 mained in the paper only about six months, when, Jan. 6, 
 1808, it was withdrawn. The publication days were then 
 changed to Wednesday and Saturday, " for various reasons, 
 some of a public and some of a private nature." The favorite 
 motto was again resumed. 
 
 On June 28, 1811, Mr. Pool, the eldest proprietor, although 
 only 39, suddenly died, after a short illness, leaving Mr. 
 Palfray the sole editor and publisher for the next twenty-three 
 years. Mr. Pool was described in an obituary notice as "an 
 affectionate husband, kind parent, and dutiful son. He was of 
 a cheerful disposition, constant and ardent in his friendships, 
 and excessively fond in his domestic attachments." He is re- 
 membered as a genial and gay companion. 
 
 At the beginning of the year 1814 Mr. Palfray removed the 
 printing office to the building on Essex street, opposite Union 
 street, now a carpenter's shop ; and again in 1820 it Avas re- 
 moved to the second building above, now a painter's shop, and 
 next to the original location. So that it occupied successively 
 three of the buildings next below Franklin Place. In 1828, 
 April 28, it was transferred to Stearns's Building, and in 1832, 
 Oct. 5, it Avas finally removed to Central Building, where it 
 now remains. 
 
 In 1823, Feb. 1, the old publication days, Monday and 
 Thursday, were resumed. In 1835, Jan. 1, John Chapman, 
 who had entered the office as an apprentice in 1807, was ad- 
 mitted as partner in the business. 
 
 The death of Mr. Palfray, who had been identified with the 
 Register as Mr. Cushing had been with the Gazette, occurred 
 August 23, ] 838, at the age of 51. He was a native of Salem, 
 a descendant of Peter Palfray, one of the first settlers of this 
 place — having arrived here several years before Gov. Endicott. 
 Mr. Palfray served his time as a printer with Mr. Carlton, 
 whose office he entered in 1801. He assumed a share in the' 
 .charge of the Register while yet a minor, and his tact and good 
 
21 
 
 jmlgment, thenceforth exerted, largely increased the circula- 
 tion of the paper, and gave it popularity and influence. He 
 was the sole conductor during the times of the embargo and 
 the Avar with England, when political feeling ran very high, 
 and was much embittered by personal hostilities. "Yet, notwith- 
 standing all the excitements of those periods," said his eulogist, 
 the late Jos. E. Sprague, " Mr. Palfray gave as little just 
 cause of oiFence as any man living could. Possessed of most 
 generous and honorable feelings, he never willingly gave just 
 cause of offence to a political opponent. Personal allusions 
 were always painful to him — and at those periods of deadly 
 feud, when he Avas placed at the editorial desk, it was his great- 
 est pleasure to take from the papers' handed him for publication 
 the poisoned arrows : and when he could not, consistently with 
 political duty, wholly remove personal allusions, to soften them 
 to the utmost limit." * * * " With but slight advantages of 
 education there were but few who were more useful to society. 
 His heart was the abode of pure thoughts — his life the exem- 
 plar of good principles. The tongue of calumny, in the times 
 of bitterest political animosities, never breathed a syllable 
 against the spotless purity of his life and character." 
 
 Though Mr. Palfray never sought office, he held several pub- 
 lic trusts. He was a member of the city government at the 
 time of his death, and vice president of the Mechanic Associa- 
 tion. He had served with usefulness in both branches of the 
 legislature. 
 
 After the death of Mr. Palfray, the paper was continued 
 by the surviving partner, Mr. Chapman, — the family of 
 the former retaining an interest in the publication. On Jan. 
 1st, 1839, Charles W. Palfray, a son of the former proprietor, 
 and a graduate of Harvard University, assumed the place 
 vacated by his father. In 1841, Jan. 1, the earlier name of 
 '• The Saiem Register" was again adopted. 
 
 The Register during the more than half century of its exis- 
 tence has received the contributions of able pens. Dr. Bentley, 
 and the late Sheriff Sprague, were voluminous and influential 
 writers in its columns for a great many years. Judge Story, 
 during his residence in Salem, was a frequent contributor. So 
 was Andrew Dunlap for many years previous to 1825. The 
 Summaries of Dr. Bentley have become famous. These con- 
 cise and curious medleys were furnished regularly for a quarter 
 of a century. They often extended to a column and a half of 
 close matter, and sometimes to several columns. They were 
 
22i 
 
 continued until the very close of liis life, the last Summary ap- 
 pearing in the Register published on the very day of his death, 
 the last day of the year 1819, These contributions from Dr. 
 Bentley's industrious pen were thus constantly furnished "with- 
 out ever a dollar being received by him as compensation. He 
 labored without the expectation or desire of reward. 
 
 The Register, as well as the Gazette, after the dissolution of 
 the old parties, joined the ranks of the modern whig party, and 
 gave it cordial and valuable aid. During the last canvass for 
 Go\ernor, it favored the election of Rockwell, the republican 
 candidate. 
 
 9. The Weekly Visitant. In 1806, daring the rage of 
 party politics, a periodical was commenced, by Haven Pool, of 
 a purely literary character, though not of great pretensions. 
 It was an octavo, entitled '■ The Weekly Visitant," published 
 on Saturday evening " directly west of the Tower of Dr. 
 Prince's Church." Price $2 per year. It seems to have 
 been designed to afford its patrons more agreeable reading than 
 was furnished in the political papers, an idea Avhich was ex- 
 pressed in the couplet adopted as a motto : 
 
 " Ours are the plans of fair deliglitful peace, 
 Un warped by party rage, to live like brothers." 
 
 10. The Friend. The Visitant had a successor, the 
 next year, in "The Friend," started by Mr, Pool, in connec- 
 tion with Stephen C. Blyth, as editor, Jan. 3, 1807. It was 
 published weekly, on Saturday evening, of the common news- 
 paper form, at $2 per year. It was announced as a " new and 
 neutral paper," and was therefore spoken of as "a scheme 
 novel in its design;" nevertheless it was hoped that by avoiding 
 insipidity it might be made interesting. Like its predecessor, 
 this paper indicated a desire for peace in the community by se- 
 lecting a peaceful motto, from Ecclesiasticus: " Sweet language 
 will multiply friends ; and a fair speaking tongue will increase 
 kind greetings." The Friend lasted about six months, until 
 July 18, and was then merged in the Register, with which the 
 publisher and editor also formed a connection. Mr. Blyth had 
 changed his name to Blydon, during the year, by consent of 
 the General Court. He was a native of Salem, and taught 
 school here. He afterwards removed to Canada, and is believed 
 to have died there. 
 
 Humorous Publicatioxs. In 1807 and 
 
1808, Mr. John S. Appleton, of the firm of Gushing and Apple- 
 ton, -who was known as a ready wit, got out two or tlircc small 
 humorous publications, which had a temporary run as periodi- 
 cals. One of these was " The Fool. By Thomas Brainless, 
 Esq., L. L. D., Jester to his Majesty the Public. A new and 
 useless paper, of no particular form or size, issued at irregular 
 intervals ; and the price to be left at the generosity of the pub- 
 lic." This was issued in 1807. Then there was " the Barber's 
 Shop, kept by Sir David Razor," published by Cushing and 
 Appleton. in 1808, and printed by Joshua Cushing, a brother 
 of Thomas C. Cushing. Another of these ephemeral sheets, 
 the Punches of those days, Avas " Salmagundi," from the same 
 source. In all of these the rcpviblican party was the object of 
 ridicule and satire. 
 
 14. The Gospel Visitant. This was the title of a 
 quarterly octavo magazine, commenced in Salem, in 1811, to 
 espouse the doctrines of Universalism. It is interesting from 
 the circumstance that it was the first regular periodical issued 
 by that denomination in this country. There had been pre- 
 viously an occasional publication in Boston, entitled ' ' The 
 Berean," — containing the proceedings of an association, — 
 eight numbers of which were printed, at irregular intervals, 
 without regard to time ; but the Visitant was the first regular 
 periodical. It was started at the suggestion of a Conference 
 of Universalist Ministers, assembled at Gloucester in January 
 of that year. The conductors were Thomas Jones of Glouces- 
 ter, Hosea Ballou of Portsmouth, Abner Kneeland of Charles- 
 town, and Edward Turner of Salem, all prominent clergymen 
 of that communion, settled over societies in the places named. 
 The contents of the mamzine were chiefly sermons, essays, and 
 briefer articles upon religious and doctrinal points. The price 
 was 25 cents a number. The numbers for June and Septem- 
 ber were printed at the Register office ; that for December, by 
 Ward and Coburn, on North street ; and that for March, 1812, 
 was published in Charlestown. The 2nd volume did not appear 
 until 1817, when it was printed by Warwick Palfray, jr. It 
 was now edited by Hosea Ballou and Edward Turner. At the 
 commencement of vol. 3, April, 1818, the publication was re- 
 moved to Haverhill, and assumed by P. N. Green. 
 
 15. The Salem Observee. The first number of " The 
 Observer" was published January 2, 1823, by William and 
 Stephen B. Ives— the former an apprentice of Mr. Cushing, of 
 the Gazette. It was of the royal size, and issued weekly on 
 
 4 
 
Monday evening, from the Washington Hall building, No. 2,. 
 Court street. Price $2. The paper was designed to be a liter- 
 ary and miscellaneous sheet, eschewing party politics, — a char- 
 acter Avhich it has maintained until the present time. It was 
 edited by Benj. Lynde Oliver, Esq., during the first year. 
 After the fifth number, the time of publication was changed to 
 Saturday evening, which arrangement continued for twenty-two 
 numbers, and then Saturday morning became the time of pub- 
 lication, and so continues now. At the commencement of vol. 
 2, 1824, the title was changed to "Salem Observer," and at 
 the same time Joseph G. Waters, Esq. became editor, as suc- 
 cessor to Mr. Oliver. At the conclusion of the year, Mr. Waters 
 withdrew from the responsibility of the paper, but continued to 
 be a contributor for several years afterwards. In 1825, Jan. 
 15, the name was enlarged to " Salem Literary and Commer- 
 cial Observer," and this was borne until January 3, 1829, when 
 the title " Salem Observer" was resumed. 
 
 The printing oiSce was removed, Nov. 25, 1826, from its 
 original location, to "Messrs. P. & A. Chase's new brick building 
 in Washington street." There it remained until 1832, Feb. 4, 
 when it was again removed to its present quarters in Stearns's 
 building. In 1837, Jan. 7, Mr. George W. Pease, who had 
 served his apprenticeship in the ofiice, was admitted to the 
 partnership, and in 1839, Jan. 5, Mr. Stephen B. Ives with- 
 drew, leaving the firm of Ives and Pease. 
 
 The Observer has from the begining ' ' pursued the even tenor 
 of its way," as a well-established family newspaper, experienc- 
 ing fewer changes of fortune than some papers we have men- 
 tioned, and therefore affording fewer incidents " to make a note 
 of." At the termination of Mr. Waters's editorship, Solomon 
 S. Whipple became a regular contributor to its columns, and 
 afterwards Wilson Elagg, Eev. E. M. Stone, Edwin Jocelyn, 
 Stephen B. Ives, jr., and the writer of the present notice. 
 
 16. Salem Courier. In 1828, September 17, Charles 
 Amburger Andrew began a weekly paper, the "Salem Courier," 
 which Avas published on Wednesday, at $3, from an office in 
 the East India Marine Hall building. It proclaimed itself 
 "strictly independent," a supporter of Adams's administration, 
 an opponent of the tariff, etc. It became however a theological 
 rather than a political paper, and was a zealous antagonist of 
 the doctrines of Calvinism. Its editor was a pleasant and 
 humorous writer, and had able correspondents. But the paper 
 was continued for only one year. Mr. Andrews was a member 
 
of the bar, and served as a representative of the city in tlie 
 legislature. He died June IT, 1848. 
 
 17. The Hive, This was a small weekly publication for 
 children, commenced on Saturday, Sept. 21, 1828, by W. and 
 S. B. Ives. After the fifth number it was issued on Wednes- 
 day. It continued for two years. The first volume was 
 16 mo., and the second an 8vo. It was one of the earliest of 
 papers intended exclusively for children, which are now so 
 numerous and excellent. 
 
 18. Ladies' Miscellany. A small weekly folio, with 
 this title, was commenced Jan. 6, 1829, — a specimen number 
 having been issued on the 7th of November preceding. It was 
 "printed at the Register office," by John Chapman, on Tues- 
 day, at $1 per year. It was designed "to furnish a supply 
 of amusing, instructive, and unexceptionable reading to the 
 Ladies' of Salem and vicinity." At the close of the volume 
 the issue was suspended, for want of support, but April 7, 
 1830, a second volume was commenced, on Wednesday, in con- 
 sideration of " a considerable accession to the list of subscribers." 
 At the close of this volume the publication ceased. 
 
 19. Essex County Mercury. The publication of a dim- 
 inutive weekly paper by the proprietors of the Gazette, was 
 commenced in 1831, June 8, under the name of " Salem Mer- 
 cury." It has since been much enlarged, and is now entitled 
 "Essex County Mercury, Danvers, Beverly, and Marblehead 
 Courier." It is made up mainly from the columns of the 
 Gazette. — Price $1.50. 
 
 20. Salem Advertiser. The first organ of the modern 
 democratic party in Salem, was " The Commercial Advertiser," 
 commenced April 4, 1882, by Edward Palfray and James R. 
 Cook. It was started as a semi-weekly, on Wednesday and 
 Saturday. The office was in Central building, over the 
 Savings Bank. It was an ardent advocate of the election of 
 Gen. Jackson to the Presidency, and throughout its existence 
 of seventeen years continued to uphold the views of the demo- 
 cratic party. After the first year the additional title of "Essex 
 County Journal" was adopted ; and it was published as a week- 
 ly, on Wednesday, until July 8, 1887, when Palfray and Cook 
 sold out to Charles W. Woodbury, who issued it as a semi- 
 weekly again, under the name of " The Salem Advertiser." 
 Thus it was continued, until February 1849, when it was a 
 weekly once more until its final close, August 1, 1849. 
 From October 16, 1841, until September 11, 1844, the title 
 
•20 
 
 wa:j '' Sale 111 Advcrtisor lUid Argus;" after wliicli the word 
 Argus was ouiittcJ. 
 
 ISo many persons were connected with the Advertiser, at 
 various times, as editors and publishers, that we must mention 
 them briefly. During the proprictorsliip of Mr. Woodbury, 
 JMr. Wm. B. Pike served as editor for about six weeks from 
 Oct. 17, 1838. Mr. Henry Bkmey served two terms as pro- 
 prietor, first, from March 11, 1840, until Oct. 16, 1841 ; and 
 again from June 21, 1843, until Sept. 11, 1844. Benj. 
 Kingsbury, jr. Esq., now of Portland, was editor during the 
 political campaign of 1840. Edward Palfray took a second turn 
 of two years, between Mr. Blaney's two periods. H. C. Hobart, 
 Esq., and F. C. Crowninshield, were the editors during the 
 campaign of 1844. Mr. Hobart afterwards went to Wisconsin, 
 and became Speaker of the Assembly. Mr. Crowninshield en- 
 listed for the Mexican war, and was lieutenant of a company, 
 Messrs. Varney, Parsons & Co. were the next publishers, from 
 1844, Nov. 20, to 1845, Dec. 31, and were succeeded by 
 Messrs. Perley and Parsons, Mr. Varney having gone to the 
 war as a corporal. The final publisher was Mr. Eben N. 
 Walton, who began Feb. 15, 1847, and continued to the end. 
 Mr. Woodbury, an earlier editor, and once Postmaster here, 
 was the third one who went to the war. He was drowned on 
 his way back. Before he came to Salem he published the 
 Gloucester Democrat. Edward Palfray, the projector of the 
 paper, and the person who was longest editor of it, died at the 
 Worcester Hospital, in 1840, April 14, aged 41. He was a 
 spirited and forcible writer, a zealous democrat and a kind 
 hearted man. 
 
 21. Saturday Evening Bulletin. This was the title 
 of a small neutral paper, published weekly, by Palfray & Cook, 
 at the Advertiser office. Price !^1. It continued for one year, 
 from May 18, 1833, when it was relinquished in favor of a 
 political journal. It was edited by Nicholas Devereux, Esq. 
 
 22. Tub Constitutionalist. This was the political 
 journal which followed the Bulletin. Its publishers were the 
 same. It was a small weekly. It sustained Marcus Morton 
 for Governor, and Joseph S. Cabot for congress. The duration 
 of this paper Avas from June 28, 1834 until the close of the 
 year— a little more than six months. 
 
 23. The Landmark.. In 1834, Aug. 20, a semi-weekly 
 paper, entitled ^' The Landmark," of goodly size and elegant 
 typography, sent out its first number from a new printing 
 
27 
 
 oiHcc, corner of Essex and Liberty streets. It was printed on 
 Wednesday and Saturday, by Ferdinand Andrews, iormerly of 
 the Gazette, and was edited by Rev. Dudley Phelps. It was a 
 religious sheet, of the orthodox persuasion, and favorable to the 
 temperance and anti-slavery movements. It was tlic occasion, 
 by reason of an article upon the former subject in its columns, 
 of a great excitement in this community, Avhich will be long 
 remembered. Mr. Phelps Avithdrew from the paper before the 
 close of the first volume, and Mr. Andrews was the editor until 
 the suspension of tlic publication, Nov. 2, 183G, in a little more 
 than two years from the outset. 
 
 24. The Lighthouse. During the time of the Landmark, 
 a small weekly paper, entitled "The Lighthouse," was printed 
 at the Gazette office, and " edited by an Association of Gentle- 
 men," the design of which was " to represent the sentiments 
 ami espouse the interests of Liberal Christianity." It was re- 
 cognized as an antagonist of the Landmark, and was continued 
 from June 11 until Oct. 31, of the year 1835. The first nine 
 numbers were issued on Monday ; the remainder on Saturday. 
 
 25. Essex County Democrat. This was the title of a 
 paper removed hither from Gloucester in the fall of 1838, to 
 sustain Joseph S. Cabot, and the interests of the Cabot section 
 of the democratic party, in distinction from those of the 
 Rantoul section. It was edited and published by Joseph Dun- 
 ham Friend. The first number was issued Nov. 2, of that 
 year. After continuing for a time as a semi-weekly, on 
 Tuesday and Friday, it l^came a weekly. It expired in about 
 three months. 
 
 26. The Harrisonian. During the exciting political 
 contest of 1840, a small campaign paper, entitled " The Har- 
 risonian," containing speeches and documents, was published 
 by the editor of the Gazette. It was commenced on Saturday, 
 Feb. 22, and continued weekly until the election, lending its 
 aid to the whig nominees. 
 
 27. The Whig. This also was a campaign paper, a few 
 numbers of which were published in 1840 at the Register office 
 to promote the election of Gen. Harrison to the presidency. — 
 Such campaign sheets as the Whig and Harrisonian were 
 numerous during the memorable contest of that year, and 
 exerted a large influence in favor of the election of Harrison 
 and Tyler. They were published at very low rates, and freely 
 purchased by political clubs for gratuitous distribution. 
 
 28. Genius of Christianity. This was the title of a 
 
small semi-monthly sheet, printed at the Observer office, for 
 the Rev. A. G. Comings, for two years from Jan. 1, 1841. — 
 It was a religious paper, as its title indicates. Mr. Comings 
 was a preacher of the Campbellite faith, and had a society in a 
 room on Washington street opposite the Court House. 
 
 29. The Christian Teacher. This was substantially 
 the same publication as the " Genius of Christianity,"' contain- 
 ing, as it did, the same matter as that sheet, thrown into a 
 quarto form, once a month, for circulation through the mail. 
 It was issued during the year 1842. The printers and editor 
 were of course the same. 
 
 30. "The Locomotive, an Independent Journal." In 
 April, 1842, William H. Perley commenced a weekly paper in 
 Lynn, entitled " The Locomotive," which was removed to 
 Central building, Salem, Dec. 17, 1842, and published here on 
 Saturday, until July 8, 1843 — about six months. A few 
 numbers in February were published semi-weekly, on a dimin- 
 utive sheet. From May 13, it was published by Perley and 
 Whittier. It was humorous and miscellaneous in its character. 
 
 31. Essex County Washingtonian. This paper Avas 
 printed in Lynn, by Christopher Robinson, and was published 
 in Lynn and Salem, on Thursday, during a portion of the year 
 1842. Its connection with Salem was brief and merely nom- 
 inal. It was one of the earliest of the numerous temperance 
 periodicals which sprang up at the time of the Washingtonian, 
 or moral suasion, movement. The editor at one time was the 
 Rev. David H. Barlow, of Lynn. 
 
 32. Salem Washingtonian. This paper, like the pre- 
 ceding one, had only a nominal connection wutli our city. It Avas 
 printed in Boston, by J. B. Hall, published by Theodore Ab- 
 bott, and edited by Charles W. Denison. Its Salem office was 
 in Washington" Hall, (then permanently occupied by a temper- 
 ance society) whence it Avas circulated on Saturday, for a short 
 time, in 1843, commencing July 8. It soon afterAvards assum- 
 ed the title " Ncav England Washingtonian," and ay as published 
 in Boston under that name for several years. 
 
 33. Independent Democrat. A division existed in the 
 democratic party in 1843, which led to the establishment of a 
 weekly paper here to sustain David Pingree as a candidate for 
 Congress against Robert Rantoul, jr. It Avas entitled "In- 
 dependent Democrat;" Avas commenced March G, and continued 
 for a fcAV Aveeks only. Wm. H. Perley was the printer. 
 
 34. The Voice of the People, In 1843, May 7. Syl- 
 
29 
 
 vanus BroAvn, \vho%Yas then in Sulcm Jail for disturbing a reli- 
 gious meeting, published at the Locomotive office, three numbers 
 of a small sheet with the foregoing designation, begining May 
 7, 1843. 
 
 35. Voice Around the Jail. In 1843, Henry Ciapp jr. 
 issued a small transient publication with the foregoing title, 
 from W. H. Perley's printing office. Mr. Clapp was editor of 
 the Lynn Pioneer, and was then an occupant of Salem Jail 
 under a sentence for libel. His " Voice" in this printed form 
 was in favor of radical reform. 
 
 36. The Evangelist. For the second time the publica- 
 tion of a Universalist periodical was begun in Salem, Aug. 12, 
 1843. It was a small weekly, Avith the foregoing title, issued 
 on Saturday, from Samuel T. Damon's office, in Manning's 
 Building. The editors were L. S. Everett, J. M. Austin, and 
 S. C. Bulkeley, the first settled over the Universalist society in 
 Salem, and the others Pastors in Danvers. The Evangelist 
 was sustained only six months. 
 
 37. Essex County Reformer. This was the third 
 temperance paper published here as an aid to the Washingtonian, 
 or moral suasion, movement. It was issued Aveekly, on Satur- 
 day, upon a small sheet, from the office of S. T. Damon. T. G. 
 Chipman was the editor. It lasted three months from Sept. 2, 
 1843. 
 
 38. The Temperance Offering. The Rev. N. Hervey, 
 who preached to a Free Church in Washington Hall, commen- 
 ced, Feb. 1845, a monthly 12mo. periodical, with the title 
 named above. During that year it was printed at the Gazette 
 office. The second and last vol., for 1846, was printed in Bos- 
 ton, of octavo size, and with the additional title of "Youth's 
 Cascade." The volumes have since been issued in book form. 
 
 39. Salem Oracle. In 1848, two numbers of a small 
 advertising sheet, called the " The Oracle," were published for 
 the months of January and February, by Henry Blaney. Four 
 more numbers, enlarged, for the four months following, were 
 printed at the Gazette office, for Jos. L. Wallis, editor. 
 
 40. Essex County Times. This paper was a demo- 
 cratic weekly, published in the fall of 1848, by E. K. Averill. 
 It began in Marblehead, where ten numbers were issued, and 
 ended its brief period here with three numbers more. It was 
 issued irregularly. The principal writer for its columns was 
 E. K. Averill, jr., who was better known as a writer of " yel- 
 low covered literature " for Gleason's Publishing House in 
 Boston. 
 
30 
 
 41. The Free World. This was a spirited canipaifru 
 paper, published during the presidential contest in 1848. It 
 commenced Aug. 15, and continued on Friday until Nov. 10. 
 The editor Avas Geo. F. Chever, Esq. It was printed at the 
 Observer Office. 
 
 42. Salem Daily Chronicle. The first attempt to 
 establish a daily paper in Salem, was made by Henry Blaney, 
 ■who, in 1848, March 1, began the " Salem Daily Chronicle!" 
 It was printed in Bowker's building, and published every 
 afternoon at one cent per copy. It took no part in politics. — 
 But the patronage was not sufficient to sustain it, and the pub- 
 lication ceased with the 70th number, issued on the 22d of May 
 of the same year. 
 
 43. The Asteroid. In August, 1848, Wm. H. Hutchin- 
 son, a job printer, commenced a small monthly sheet for the 
 entertainment of the young people in our public scliools, etc., 
 entitled as above. It was continued here for several months, 
 and was then removed to Boston. 
 
 44. E:ssEx County Freeman. The Free Soil movement 
 in 1848-49 led to the establishment of several new papers in 
 different parts of the Commonwealth. One of these was The 
 Essex County Freeman, the first number of which was issued 
 by Gilbert L. Streeter and William Porter, Aug. 1, 1849. It 
 was designed to aid the political anti-slavery movement, and in 
 pursuance of this purpose sustained the nominations of the 
 Free Soil party, and subsequently those of the coalition of the 
 free soil and democratic parties. It was published semi-weekly, 
 on Wednesday and Saturday, at |3 per year, from an office "in 
 Hale's building. In 1850, Nov. 25, Mr. Streeter withdrew his 
 interest in the paper, but remained as editor. The publication 
 ■was continued by Mr Porter until 1852, Feb. 11, when he 
 •withdrew, and the publication was assumed by " Benjamin W. 
 Lander for the Proprietors.'^ At the same time Geo. F. 
 Chever, Esq., associated himself with the former editor as 
 joint conductors of the paper. In the beginning of the next 
 year the establishment was purchased by Rev. J. E. Pomfret, 
 the former editors continuing their services in that department 
 for several months. Mr. Pomfret was the publisher of the 
 paper for one year, after which Edwin Lawrence, of the Lynn 
 Bay State, became the proprietor. He issued it weekly until 
 June 14, 1854, when the publication ceased, after a term of 
 five years. 
 
 45. Beverly Citizen. Although the Beverly Citizen 
 
31 
 
 seems not to be entitled to a place among Salem papers, wo 
 place it in the list, because it was printed here, and for a time 
 partly owned here. It was commenced in 1851, and issued 
 weekly, on Saturday, by xindrew F. Wales, a periodical 
 dealer in Beverly. At first printed in Boston, it was after- 
 wards, beginning June 28, 1851, printed at the Salem Observer 
 office. In March. 1853, J. E. Pomfret took an interest in it, 
 and it was printed at the Freeman office, until its stoppage in 
 1851. The editor at one time was Rev. Mr. Washburn, of 
 Beverly, deceased, and subsequently Mr. Wilson Flagg, of the 
 same place. 
 
 40. The National Democrat. On Saturday, May 24, 
 1851, Mr. James Coffin issued a specimen number of "The 
 National Democrat," but the patronage offered did not warrant 
 a continuance of the paper. It was designed to oppose the 
 coalition of the free soil and democratic parties. 
 
 47. The Union Democrat. The next movement for an 
 anti-coalition democratic paper was more successful. The 
 Union Democrat lasted over ten months. It was commenced 
 by Samuel Fabyan, a printer from Boston, July 31, 1852, and 
 closed Oct. 6, when it was removed to Boston. The office was 
 in Bowker's building. It was published on Wednesday and 
 Saturday. 
 
 48. Massachusetts Freeman. This was the title of a 
 weekly free soil paper, published for a short time by J. E. 
 Pomfret, commencing June 8, 1853. It was made up from 
 the columns of the Essex Co. Freeman. Mr. Pomfret, previous 
 to his commencement in Salem, had published several papers, 
 the last of which was the Amesbury A'illager. He was a minis- 
 ter of the Universalist persuasion, and is now settled in Hav- 
 erhill. 
 
 49. The People's Advocate. This paper was begun 
 in Marblehead, in November 184T, by Rev. Robinson Breare, 
 a Universalist minister, and bore the title of " The Marblehead 
 Mercury." In 1848, it became the property of James Coffin 
 and Daniel R. Beckford. In 1849 it was entitled " The 
 People's Advocate and Marblehead Mercury," and in August 
 of that year Mr. Coffin became sole proprietor. In Oct. 1853, 
 it abandoned its neutral position in favor of the advocacy of the 
 views of the democratic party. In October, 1854, the printing 
 office was moved to Salem, and the title of the paper was 
 abreviated to " The People's Advocate." It is now published 
 weekly, on Saturday, at No. 8, Derby Square. 
 
 5 
 
32 
 
 50. Salem Daily Journal. The second attempt to 
 establish a daily penny paper in Salem, was made by Edwin 
 Lawrence, in 1854, He published the first number of the 
 " Salem Daily Journal" on the 24th of July, of that year. 
 It was published in the afternoon, as the Chronicle had been in 
 1848. The experiment Avas not successful, and the publication 
 was abandoned November 24, 1855, after a trial of over a year. 
 The Journal w^as at first neutral, afterwards favorable to the 
 Native American party, and in the fall of 1855 approved the 
 Republican nominations. Mr. Lawrence, previous to his re- 
 moval to Salem, had published the Newburyport L'nion, Lynn 
 Bay State, and Essex County Freeman. 
 
 The notice of the Daily Journal, the fiftieth of the list, con- 
 cludes our brief account of the periodicals of Salem. The 
 reader has doubtless observed that but few of these many en- 
 terprises have been permanently successful. Most of the jour-^ 
 nals which we have named, died in early infancy: only three of 
 the whole number have survived a generation. The multipli- 
 cation of newspapers during this period has been exceedingly 
 rapid, and yet where one has succeeded perhaps fifty have fiiilcd. 
 Often commenced merely as business speculations, rather than 
 to meet the wants of the community, they have not been sus- 
 tained by the public, because not needed. 
 
 When Mr. Hall issued his proposals for the publication _ of a 
 "Weekly Publick Paper" in this place, such a vehicle of infor- 
 mation was greatly desired. Newspapers were few in number 
 and confined to the large seaboard towns. They were looked 
 for and read in the country with the deepest interest. The ap- 
 pearance of the weekly sheet was an event of importance to 
 people of all classes. Now they abound everywhere. Almost 
 every considerable village in the country can boast its local 
 print. Then, the expense attending the publication of a ncAvspaper 
 was very great. Paper was scarce and costly, and other materials 
 obtainable only by importation from the mother country. The 
 style of the papers, in respect to typographical appearance, 
 was quite inferior. The old Essex Gazette is a curiosity of the 
 printer's art, although it was in all respects a superior paper 
 for those days. 
 
 During the past fifty years the art of type-making has ad- 
 
vanced rapidly, and wonderful improvements have been made in 
 presses and other contrivances and materials employed in the 
 printing business. The art of icood-ciitting, has been, we 
 might almost say, discovered, since the days when grotesque 
 devices, clumsily executed, figured so extensively at the head 
 of the little colonial journals. The rude wood-cuts which then 
 Avere supposed to adorn the public sheets are curious and amus- 
 ing exhibitions of the infancy of this delicate art, now so use- 
 ful in elegant and cheap illustrations. If any one is interested 
 to see the first difficult beginnings of the engraver's skill, he 
 may find many singular specimens in Thomas's History of 
 Printing — a valuable and rare work, now out of print. A few 
 instances are also given in Mr. Buckingham's interesting 
 Reminiscences of the newspaper press, — to which work as 
 well as to the former one, we are indebted for some of the 
 statements in this account. A comparison of the uncouth 
 adornments of the papers of the Revolutionary period, with 
 the exquisite wood engravings of Harper's Magazine, affords a 
 contrast nearly as great as that exhibited by the toilsome oper- 
 ations of an old hand-press beside the wonderful rapidity of the 
 lightning cylinder machines of the present day. 
 
 The ancient newspapers were of small dimensions, printed 
 on large types, with clumsy presses, and upon coarse paper. 
 Such were the early prints of Salem. They were less various 
 in their contents than those of our time, and were made up 
 without much order or method. They were less full and 
 minute in respect to local and general information. But little 
 effort was made to gather the countless fragments of news 
 which now distend the columns of the public journal. In all 
 these respects there has been a great improvement in the public 
 prints. But in regard to honest industry and enterprise, public 
 spirit, boldness and freedom of expression, patriotic and noble 
 endeavor, we do not know that any superiority can be claimed 
 for the modern journals. In these particulars the publishers 
 of ante-Revolutionary times were generally worthy of the high- 
 est praise. 
 
 After the reading of his communication, it was 
 Voted, That the thanks of the Essex Institute be presented 
 to Mr. Streeter, for his valuable and interesting series of 
 remarks, which so pleasantly occupied the evening's session. 
 
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