Ex Libris 
 C. K. OGDEN 
 
 
 
 US;

 
 LESSONS IN GREEK; 
 
 A FAMILIAR INTRODUCTION 
 
 TO THE 
 
 GREEK LANGUAGE, 
 
 AS A LIVING TONGUE. 
 
 BY THEODORE D WIGHT, JR; 
 
 SPRINGFIELD: 
 PUBLISHED BT G. AND C. MERRIAM. 
 
 1833.
 
 Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1833, by 
 o. t c. M ERR i AM, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court 
 of Massachusetts. 
 

 
 PREFACE. 
 
 THIS book is designed for the instruction of the young in 
 the Greek as a spoken and written, that is, a living language. 
 
 The author regards this as a highly important branch of 
 education, and would have it taught before the Latin, as 
 well as the French, Spanish, and Italian, all which owe to it 
 their origin. This noble, venerable, highly cultivated, and 
 useful language he would wish to see much more extensively 
 and thoroughly understood than it ever has been in this 
 country, that the best heathen writers may be familiarly read 
 in the original, and still more the New Testament, with that 
 translation of the Old, which was so often quoted by the apos- 
 tles and the Savior. Having, however, had an acquaintance 
 with the old plan of studying and teaching Greek, he sees 
 no possibility of the desired end being accomplished until a 
 fundamental change be made in the method. Sufficient evi- 
 dence that the knowledge of Greek is at a very low ebb in 
 the United States, is found in a recent declaration of Profes- 
 sor Stuart, in which he represents the time devoted to it as 
 so nearly wasted, that even graduates at Andover generally 
 carry away with them hardly any useful knowledge of so im- 
 portant a tongue. 
 
 1C91SSG 
 
 - *
 
 IV PREFACE. 
 
 The ancient Greek grammars appear to have been designed 
 for text books for the occasional reference of instructors. But 
 although our grammars at the present day are formed on the 
 same general plan, teachers in England and the United States 
 have often persisted in driving their pupils through the whole 
 book, before they have allowed them to regard the language 
 in the only proper light : that is, as a thing for practical use. 
 When language is otherwise presented, than as a convenient 
 vehicle for thought, it is misrepresented ; and when treated 
 as something else in instruction, it can never be well ac- 
 quired. Common grammars, so far from being adapted to 
 the capacities of children, are formed on a plan which a ma- 
 ture mind finds it exceedingly difficult as well as uninterest- 
 ing to pursue ; and although an instructor may acknowledge 
 no other mode of teaching a language but that common in our 
 institutions, he never submits to study in that manner if he 
 can avoid it, but seeks the aid of the living voice and ear, 
 and chooses to apply the new words at once to objects around 
 him, and feelings in his own breast. In this manner the 
 memory is no less exercised, and it is employed in a more 
 natural and rational manner, while other powers of the 
 mind are also brought into action at the same time ; if the 
 plan be such as should be adopted, other branches of knowl- 
 edge, and the training of the affections, may be connected 
 with the study of language to a considerable extent. 
 
 Different men of eminence have recommended the adoption 
 of a system of instruction allied to that commonly practised 
 with mother tongues, among whom may be mentioned Mr. 
 Locke, President Dwight, and Professor Stuart of Andover ; 
 and some of our recent editions of Greek grammars have 
 made some progress towards a change in this respect. But 
 while we see such results in all ages and countries, in the 
 progress of language among children, who pursue the method 
 of nature, there can be no doubt that our ground work should
 
 PREFACE. V 
 
 if possible be laid on the same principles. An attempt is 
 therefore made in this work to lead those beginning the study 
 of a most important tongue, in a way \vhich cannot be well 
 pursued without the prospect of advantage. The lessons 
 are designed to guide the teacher as well as the student : for 
 although some such course of varied questions was probably 
 pursued by teachers in ancient times, and is supposed by the 
 grammars to grow out of the principles they contain, it re- 
 quires a familiarity with the language which is rarely to be 
 found among us. Some of our best teachers of modern lan- 
 guages now pursue a somewhat similar plan in their classes. 
 
 It will be seen that various principles are used in the course 
 of these Lessons, such as some of Jacotoi's, Fellenberg's, 
 Hamilton's, &c. all which may be more properly compre- 
 hended under the natural or maternal system. It may seem 
 to some persons, that the adaptation of Greek stanzas to 
 moderr times is an improper familiarity with that venerable 
 tongue: but its excellencies and beauties are of such a na- 
 ture, that they are only enhanced by intimate acquaintance. 
 
 The mind easily and naturally deduces general principles 
 from isolated cases, and improves by the practice : opportuni- 
 ties are therefore afforded in this work for the exercise of this 
 propensity. It often makes great exertions also, and accom- 
 plishes much while it is laboring to attain an ulterior object, 
 and not discouraged by being set at an acknowledged task. 
 On this account the forms of letters are first held up to view, 
 but the pupil will probably learn their names without much 
 sensible exertion. Exceptions from general rules form the 
 most unpleasant and yet not the most important part of 
 grammar ; and therefore many of the secondary rules, em- 
 bracing only exceptions have been omitted in these intro- 
 ductory Lessons. As the mind of the pnpil is the great ma- 
 chine by which the difficulties of the language are to be over- 
 come, opportunities are here offered for its employment, in 
 1*
 
 VI PREFACE. 
 
 the encouraging task of self instruction in retirement as well 
 as in the regular hours of study ; and this part of the plan, 
 as well as others, may be greatly varied according to cir- 
 cumstances. 
 
 On these principles the author has great reason to rely, 
 though he apprehends that he may not have done them full 
 justice in their application. 
 
 We have no uniform system of pronunciation for the 
 Greek, and none which can be right if the principles of Eras- 
 mus are just : for in professing to follow his plan we give 
 several letters the sounds of the English instead of the Ger- 
 man language. The pronunciation of the modern Greeks is 
 harmonious, easy, and useful in tracing etymology in Greek 
 as well as other languages, while its acquisition introduces us 
 at once to a spoken tongue. It has been therefore adopted 
 in this work, though the plan of study may be pursued with 
 advantage if it be discarded. The Greek, it will be observed, 
 is here treated as one language, containing several dialects, 
 among which the Modern receives the greatest attention, be- 
 cause practically useful in introducing us to the general fea- 
 tures of the whole tongue. 
 
 The teacher or pupil need only to be referred to the supe- 
 rior advantages enjoyed by every Greek of the present day, 
 in the study of the language of his ancestors, to be con- 
 vinced that a familiar acquaintance with their mother tongue 
 is highly important, whether its affinity to the ancient be 
 near or distant. 
 
 The following remarks, the author wishes it to be under- 
 stood, are made rather for the gratification of the curiosity 
 of those who have never examined the Modern Greek language, 
 than to gain any opinions in favor of his own ; as he wishes 
 to urge the adoption of the principles of instruction in these 
 Lessons chiefly on the ground that they are highly expedi- 
 ent. He regards the Modern and Ancient tongues of Greece
 
 PREFACE. Vll 
 
 as no more unlike than the English of Chaucer from that of 
 our present writers, and much less so than many of the in- 
 telligible dialects of England, France, Italy, &c. from those 
 of there respective courts, or those of the ignorant and the 
 refined of our own country. The great question, however, 
 still is ; Is the plan proposed expedient ? 
 
 F, which is called in Greek the digamma or double gam- 
 ma, (as it has the form of two .Ts,) was introduced into An- 
 cient Greek at an early period, and at first expressed sounds 
 which were subsequently represented by the letters (?, y, S, 
 &> n , V> Xi as well as v, ot } ov. It was differently used in 
 some of the dialects. The ^Eolians, for instance, are said to 
 have placed it between two vowels to improve the sound, al- 
 ways after and e, and sometimes before some consonants. 
 The various uses of the digamma must have produced a con- 
 fusion to the eye, even where none existed to the ear. On 
 this principle many differences in the ancient dialects will 
 appear only as differences in spelling, and not in sound. 
 
 The modern Greeks give the same sound of long English 
 e to 17, *, v, (when a vowel,) <H, si, TJI, or 77, and vi. 
 
 The following facts, from ancient sources, seem to indi- 
 cate that this accords with the ancient pronunciation. 
 
 It may first be remarked, that the word diphthong, Sitp- 
 <9oyyo?, (two sounds,) is said to have been applied to the let- 
 ter e, (and not to any joined vowels,) because originally it 
 was sounded in two ways in different situations. One of 
 these sounds was that of a in mate, and the other that of e 
 long, which was represented in writing by the addition of , 
 which had that sound. It seems, therefore, that et and t 
 were sounded alike by the ancients. E derived its name 
 of eyuAov from thus losing one of its sounds. 6oyyo$ is 
 defined as originally meaning a letter of the alphabet. 
 
 The old grammarians divide what are now called the diph- 
 thongs, (that is the joined vowels,) into three sorts': ai and
 
 Vlll PREFACE. 
 
 ou; e and 01 ; and av and ev ; of which the last sort only 
 are said to have successive sounds. "(This is the fact in 
 Modem Greek, as they are pronounced av or a/", and ev or 
 
 flfrj 
 
 A, i, and v are doubtful, and equal, so that when any two 
 
 of them are joined one cannot give sound to the diphthong. 
 As it must have some sound, therefore, it is argued, it must 
 preserve both, or assume a new one. Y, however, is a conso- 
 nant when it follows a vowel, and cannot lose its sound by 
 crasis. At accordingly has a new sound, (that is different 
 from that of or ,) being pronounced like e. But v, being 
 a consonant when it follows a vowel, cannot lose its sound 
 by the rule called crasis, and therefore is to be pronounced ; 
 and v preserving its sound, a or t should do the same when 
 joined with it ; and we accordingly find av and FV pro- 
 nounced of or av, ef or ev. 
 
 E and o are short vowels ; and when joined with a doubt- 
 ful one, lose their sound, the diphthong taking the sound of 
 the doubtful vowel alone ; and so when a doubtful is joined 
 with a long vowel, only the long is sounded : as w* or and 
 ?* or i? are sounded w and ?, both in nouns and verbs. 
 
 An ancient writer speaking of $a as having a double sound. 
 that is, one different at the end from that at, the beginning, 
 says, that the sound of is quite different, for the same 
 sound is heard throughout. " The sounds of ou and ft," he 
 adds, " are of a similar description : simple, not compound, 
 and unchanged." The authority here referred to, Sextus 
 Empiricus, is quoted by Meinas as directly opposed to the 
 principles of pronunciation assumed by Erasmus. 
 
 The rules of poetry require, it would seem, that the sounds 
 of diphthongs be simple, to make dactyls and spondees, as 
 in this verse of Homer: 
 
 Etn* ay^M'Ici) TToiv\aiv' ' OSv\atv JUF 
 1 2 I 3 4
 
 PREFACE. IX 
 
 According to Erasmus' rules of pronunciation, the first four 
 feet would have four syllables each, and could not be dac- 
 tyls, and the last foot also could not be a spondee. 
 
 Again, compare this verse with another of Homer's, in 
 which are vowels long by nature or by position in the place 
 of diphthongs. 
 
 a I b c I d e \ f 
 
 Here e in the foot marked a corresponds with et in that 
 marked 1 ; and if one has a simple sound, the other, it would 
 seem, cannot have a double one. The same may be said of 
 w in 2 and ot in b, and of x<xiuv and of e$Q(av. If at is 
 sounded as by Erasmus, #'(' must have three syllables, 
 while eggo)* cannot have more than two. A line is never 
 overloaded with syllables by Homer except the sense requires 
 it ; and then a supernumerary is expected to be elided in 
 reading. 
 
 Meinas remarks, that although there are said to be six vow- 
 els and diphthongs to which the modern Greeks give the 
 sound of e long, it is to be remembered that they merit rath- 
 er to be regarded as one and the same thing written in diffe- 
 rent ancient dialects. Each dialect had an * peculiar to it- 
 self. The ancient Thessalians wrote it ot, the Boeotians si, 
 the Dorians 17, the lonians u in many words, and the JE(j- 
 lians i>. But as no grammar is considered complete which 
 does not comprehend all, they erroneously pass as distinct *s. 
 
 Before Erasmus the Modern Greek pronunciation pre- 
 vailed in Europe, as is proved by the grammar of Scote, pub- 
 lished iu London in 1604, and that of Clenardus, published 
 in Frankfort in 1590.* 
 
 * The Author here copies the names of the Greek letters from 
 an edition of Clenardus' Grammar in his possession, published in 
 Hanover in 1604. The power of the letters is of course that of the
 
 X PREFACE. 
 
 One ancient writer says, that t was so pronounced as to 
 make the sound come through the teeth, the mouth being a 
 little open, but without any movement of the lips. He says 
 again, that e was pronounced with the mouth open ; but o 
 better disposes the aperture. 
 
 Aristophanes says that dnsxe^ay was by some gramma- 
 rians written dnexiZav and Eustatius makes remarks which 
 show that ei and t were sounded alike. He also says in 
 speaking of book B of the Iliad, v. 93, that was formerly 
 written e, " which had the same sound." The ancient 
 lonians contracted is into t; as noheg into nolis, fegov into 
 fqov ; while the Attics made it et. Now the lonians analyze 
 si> into ee t as guA.ee for qotiet, which shows that they used ee 
 for e. In many ancient inscriptions, * is substituted for e. 
 A scholiast says (noxefov must not be written with i. How 
 could there have been any necessity for saying this, unless 
 the sound of et and had been the same ? 
 
 In numerous Greek names, and other words, the Romans 
 represented si by /: as IVeilog, Nilus : ie/tfw, libo, &c. &c. 
 and Aulus Gellius says they usually wrote the terminations 
 of the plural nouns in s*, but afterwards omitted the e. The 
 /Eolians wrote Is'yt/u, ta'pj, leyiai. 
 
 The circumflex accent in a diphthong is places over the 
 vowel whose sound is retained : as ATJTOI, IJeQixlei. The 
 rules for placing the accents would require, if the sounds of 
 ot and ei are separated, the grave accent should be used, as 
 these vowels are short. An ancient writer remarks, that the 
 
 German, giving a the sound it has in father, t that of a in mate, i in 
 unique, &c. 
 
 Alpha, a ; vita, v ; gamma, g : delta, d ; epsilon, e ; zita, z ; 
 ita, i ; thita, th ; iota, i ; cappa, k c ; lambda, 1 ; my, m ; ny, n ; 
 xi, x ; omicron, o parvum ; pi, p ; rho, r ; sigma, s ; tau, t ; ypsilon, 
 y ; phi, ph ; chi, ch ; psi, ps ; omega, o magnum.
 
 PREFACE. XI 
 
 circumflex accent was used in nloior, because the ^Eolians, 
 dividing vowels o, t, said nlo'fov. 
 
 These few extracts are made from Meinas as examples of 
 the numerous arguments with which he contends for the an- 
 tiquity of the Modern Greek pronunciation, and rather for 
 the gratification of common readers than the establishment of 
 the point : for the author repeats, that he considers the expe- 
 diency of its adoption in our schools as sufficient ground for 
 proposing it, even to such as may suppose it differs as widely 
 from the pronunciation of ancient days as our own. As has 
 been before remarked, some light on the affinity of the 
 ancient and modern Greek may be found in the following 
 pages
 
 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 FIRST LESSON. 
 
 [Let these words be written on the black board, or on a slate or pa- 
 per, before the class assemble, and placed where all may see them 
 distinctly from their seats.] 
 
 / write a letter. 
 
 [The following questions may be put to the whole class : but it is 
 generally better to put questions to one scholar at a time, sometimes in 
 order as they sit or stand, and sometimes selecting them without re- 
 gard to order, to keep them attentive.] 
 
 How many Greek words are here? How many letters 
 are in the first ? Write the first letter. This capital or 
 large epsilon is like what English letter ? Epsilon sounds 
 like e in met, or a in mate. Now write the second letter. 
 Gamma,* you see, is made long : the pen being carried 
 down below the line, and brought up again. That is the 
 Greek g. Now write omega. Gamma, omega spell go. 
 What is the *whole word ? Speak it. Erase it. Write the 
 first letter. What is it ? How does it sound ? Write the 
 
 * Speak gamma as if spelt gammah; and omega, as if spelt 6me"gah. 
 
 2
 
 10 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 second. What is it ? How does it sound ? The third. 
 What is it ? How does it sound ? Put the little mark before or 
 over epsilon, which is the soft breathing, and shows that the 
 ancient Greeks used to sound it as if h came before it. Mark 
 the long accent over omega. That shows that you are to speak 
 it more strongly than the rest of the word : ego, not ego : e 
 must be sounded like e in met, or a in mote ; and e like c in me. 
 
 Now erase it, and write the word again. "What is the first 
 letter 1 Second ? Third ? What must you put over the 
 first ? Why ? What over the third ? Why ? Erase and 
 write it again. 
 
 How many letters are in the second word ? What is the 
 first ? What is it like ? What does it sound like ? Write 
 the second. Ro, as you see, goes below the line, but does 
 not come up to it again. Write alpha. That is the Greek 
 a, and sounds like a in father. Spell this first syllable after 
 me : gamma, ro, alpha gra, [pronounced grah.~\ Erase it. 
 Write it again. What is the first letter ? Second 1 Third ? 
 Write the fourth, phe. What is the last ? What does phe, 
 omega spell ? Put the sharp accent over alpha. That 
 shows that it is sounded more strongly than any other part 
 of the word, as a is in father. It is spoken grapho, not grapho. 
 
 Erase the two words. Write the first. The second. 
 Erase them again. What is the last letter in the first word ? 
 The second ? The first ? What is the third letter in the 
 second word? The fifth ? The fourth ? Second? First? 
 Erase them. Write the second word : the first before it. 
 What accents are to be placed over them ? Where ? Why ? 
 What breathing ? Where ? Why ? 
 
 How many letters are in the third word ? Write the first.
 
 FIRST LESSON. 11 
 
 It is a small epsilon. What does epsilon sound like ? What 
 is over it ? Why ? Write the second letter. The third. 
 Spell this syllable after me: epsilon, pe, iota epi. Erase 
 and write it again. Write the next syllable: sigma, taf, orni- 
 kron sto. Write it again. Write the seventh letter, lam- 
 da. The eighth, eta. The ninth, ne len. Erase and 
 write it again, and put the dull accent over eta. This shows 
 that eta is spoken more strongly than any other part of the 
 word. What mark is over epsilon ? Why 1 Erase the 
 whole word. Speak it. What is the first letter ? Second ? 
 &c. &c. Erase it. What is the last letter ? The fifth ? &c. 
 Where is the soft breathing to be placed ? Which accent is 
 used ? Where is it put ? Why 1 Erase the word. Write 
 all the three words. Speak them. What do these mean ? 
 
 [Make every scholar speak the sentence many times, with the proper 
 accents, until all are familiar with them. Make all write them over 
 and over again, and spell them, naming all the letters, till they know 
 them by heart.] 
 
 What letters are used more than once in these three words ? 
 What are used only once ? Let each write down in a line 
 all the different letters, with the names and sounds against 
 them : thus, 
 
 E e epsilon like e in met. 
 
 Y gamma g 
 
 w omega o 
 
 and so go on with the other letters. 
 
 [The Greeks have a written hand, as different from the printed text 
 as ours is. It is easy and useful to learn it and use it.] 
 
 O-/e'ya, or omega, means great or long o. O-fuxgdv, or
 
 12 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 omikron, means small o. JE-y/t'Aov, or epsilon, means sharp 
 or small e. Write /"eya, (itxydv, and ytt-ov. What letters 
 are hero which were not given before ? Write them under 
 the others, with their names and sounds against them. /" is 
 called me, and sounds like m. x is called kappa, and sounds 
 like k. V is called pse, and sounds like ps. How many 
 letters have you now in all 1 There are in Greek only 24 
 letters. In English there are 26. 
 
 Who can put together any of these words so as to make 
 sense ? [si sounds like e in me.] 
 
 is. man. good, friend. wise. 
 
 yi'kdv&QWTCog, yikbaoyoq, r\v, 6, ot>Vo 
 philanthropist, philosopher. was. the. this. 
 
 he. runs, speaks. walks. horse. 
 
 [Those who can make sentences of these words should write, spell, 
 speak, and translate them over and over; and the other scholars after 
 them. When one has written or spoken, inquire of others whether it 
 is right, &c.] 
 
 What letters are there in these words which you have not 
 had before ? Set them down, u is called vydov, (epse- 
 lon,) and sounds like e in me, or like v orf.
 
 FIRST LESSON. 
 
 13 
 
 The 24 
 
 Greek letters when 
 
 placed in order are : 
 
 Letters. 
 
 Names. 
 
 Sound like 
 
 A a 
 
 alpha 
 
 a in father 
 
 B /S 
 
 beta or veta 
 
 v " vain 
 
 r y 
 
 gamma 
 
 g before a, , o 
 
 
 
 J " 17, , t, *, 01 
 
 A d 
 
 delta 
 
 th in this 
 
 E e 
 
 epsilon 
 
 e " met 
 
 Z 
 
 zeta 
 
 z " zinc 
 
 H y 
 
 eta 
 
 e " me 
 
 & & 
 
 theta 
 
 th thin 
 
 I i 
 
 iota 
 
 e " me 
 
 K K 
 
 kappa 
 
 K A^ing 
 
 A I 
 
 lamda 
 
 1 " let 
 
 M p 
 
 me 
 
 m " man 
 
 N v 
 
 ne 
 
 n " no 
 
 z 
 
 xe 
 
 x " six 
 
 O 
 
 omikron 
 
 o " not or no 
 
 n * 
 
 pe 
 
 p " put 
 
 
 
 after u, and v like b 
 
 
 f' * 
 
 
 P 9 
 
 ro 
 
 r w rope 
 
 2 o q 
 
 sigma 
 
 S " 50 
 
 T T 
 
 taf 
 
 t ^o 
 
 Y v 
 
 eipsilon 
 
 e " me 
 
 
 
 after a, e, 77, t, like y or v 
 
 (p y 
 
 phe 
 
 ph" p/iysic 
 
 X y 
 
 hhe 
 
 hh" o/t, /tow 
 
 5P" w 
 
 pse 
 
 ps w gipsey 
 
 Ll CD 
 
 omega 
 
 o " no 
 
 
 2* 

 
 14 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 What are the two first letters called ? Speak them toge- 
 ther. What English word do they sound like ? Alphabet 
 means what, we mean when we speak of a, b, c. There are 
 many words from the Greek in our language, which mean 
 nothing more than some very common English words. 
 
 [Having removed the alphabet, the teacher, if he have time, may say 
 Write omikron. Give its sound. Delta. Its sound. Pse. Its 
 sound. &c. &c.] 
 
 [Or the teacher may give the scholars these words, written by him 
 or themselves, to take home and commit to memory, write, and speak.] 
 
 Sound e as in me ; e as in met, or like a in mate ; d like th 
 in this; oo as in boot ; o as in no ; and oi as e in me. 
 
 Kctki} rjjU^a, JovKoq aog, 
 
 kale hemera doolos sos 
 
 Good day. Thy servant. 
 
 (servant thy} 
 
 Hag e%Te ; Ti xh'tare ; 
 
 poz ehhete te thelete 
 
 How do you do ? What will you ? 
 
 (How have you ?} ( What do you want ?} 
 
 g TOV oxov juoi>. 
 Come into the house of me, (my house.} 
 
 Hov eicfiv 6 natriQ Y.O.I r\ \VY\T;r$ /nov ; 
 poo esen ho pater ke he meter moo 
 Where are the father and the mother of me? 
 
 (my father and mother.} 
 
 Eig rriv nohv. 
 ees ten bolin 
 In the city.
 
 EAETE1A, 
 
 tit TOV Aip<5 Bupuvu. 
 
 m 
 
 Toil! Xa/inpot>; 6/ivouj rlj; vt - xtjf o - - 
 
 =ff 
 
 -- T-r 
 
 F i>-* 
 
 b 
 
 ^-^ 
 
 
 pciui/ 4 jrrpardj, 
 
 
 KoJ rd rpf - noiov 0a - d - rou <r/cXf - pou. 
 
 3. 
 
 "HXSc v' ifinvtvarj u>f aXXos Tt>praTof, 
 Efs K&dt or^Oof noX^fiwv opfufif, 
 H\rlv, (f>cu, b BdfSos tXirdraf /larai'ws, 
 'loot) pcm <j alwviov ciwnf/v. 
 
 'Uf itv&pov Kttrai irr' oVf 
 Tqv tcopu^^v novaiKOV llapvaaaov, 
 Nuv rpo najwv <f>8ti(>ovaa rb ica'XXof 
 n>>oq ri Iffit^ev avf/Kou a<j>oSpov. 
 
 5. 
 
 'EXXas .' ay rd <r<5/<a ij AyXXfa 
 No ^/p* r/{ pvijita nru narpiK&v, 
 E/nf Mouffoiy, w ^iijrtp yXura, 
 E7vai rticvov uov vlis TWV Mouawv. 
 
 6. 
 
 Kara^povuv ipwruv rot's Bpfjvoos 
 i^v dxoiiuy r^v fuivflv, 
 w ^puuv rod; xiyjtfvouf, 
 oy ?^ij ipwwy t/f T^V j^t.
 
 FIRST LESSON. 15 
 
 Eig fr\v i\o%r\v. Ei$ rov ol'xov. 
 
 " " exohhen " ton ekon 
 
 " " country. " the house. 
 
 [If the teacher will instruct the pupils to sing these beautiful verses, 
 or give them copies and encourage them to learn them when absent from 
 school, it will tend to increase their interest and progress in the lan- 
 guage.] 
 
 Verses on the Death of a Friend of Greece. 
 (Tune, Banks of the Dee, or Hail to the Chief.) 
 
 (Pronounce e as in me ; e like e in met, or a in mate ; d 
 like th in this ; th as in th'm ; a as in father.) 
 
 'O cfiJ.o; rjWs nt-r^v fid).t; rdv eldof' 
 ho phelos elth2 plen moles ton edon 
 
 The friend came ; but hardly him they saw : 
 
 2xdmovv xlaiovreg rdv tdcpov avTov 
 ekaptoon kleondes ton daphon avtoo 
 
 They dig; weeping; the grave of him: 
 ( Weeping- they dig his grave :) 
 
 'Idov TO telos ev86(av flnl&mv, 
 edoo to telos findoxon filpidon 
 
 Behold the end of glorious hopes, 
 
 Kal TO -cqorraiov &avaTOV axlygov. 
 ke to tropeon thanatoo skleroo 
 
 And the trophy of death cruel, (cruel death.) 
 
 'fLq SevdQOv xshat on' exofffiet, 
 
 hos dendron kete 1 hop Skozme m6galos 
 
 As a tree lies where it beautified greatly 
 
 ten korephen moozekoo Parnassoo 
 
 The top of musical Parnassus.
 
 16 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 Nvv ngo nodtiv qdeigovaa r<J xa'/Uoj, 
 lien pro podon phthcroosa to kallos 
 
 Abu? under feet corrupted the beauty, 
 
 JJvor] id e^Qiifjev dvEfiov (HpoSgov. 
 pnoe to firripsgn angmoo sphodroo 
 
 The breath it tore of a wind too strong: 
 (The breath of too strong 1 a wind tore it.) 
 
 SECOND LESSON. 
 
 What is " I write a letter," in Greek ? Spell the first 
 word. The second. Third. What is the last letter in the 
 third word ? The fourth ? Third ? Fifth ? &c. What 
 accents are used ? Where ? Why ? How many letters are 
 there in Greek 1 What is the meaning of alphabet ? How 
 many Greek words do you know? Speak, spell, write 
 them, (or some of them.) The next How many do you 
 know ? &c. Who can make a new Greek sentence ? Write, 
 spell it. 
 
 Is grapho the name of any thing? Is epistolen ? What 
 sort of thing ? What does grapho mean ? What does it 
 show ? 
 
 RULE I. A noun is the name of a thing. 
 RULE II. A verb shows that something is for 
 is done. 
 
 Among the Greek words given at the close of the first les- 
 son, which is the first noun ? Why ? The second 1 &c. 
 Which is the first verb ? Why ? The second ? &c.
 
 SECOND LESSON. 17 
 
 oj xaArjV 
 
 Which word here do you not know ? Is it like either of 
 the other words in this sentence, in any respect ? In what re- 
 spect ? Spell it. Pronounce it. What accent is here ? What 
 does that show ? The third word means good. What then 
 do the four Greek words mean ? It often happens in Greek 
 that words which belong together end alike. What ends 
 like xa^Tp? What like syoi ? Is xaLpanoun? Why 
 do you think so? What is a noun? Is xctfop a verb? 
 What is a verb ? Which rule speaks of a noun ? Which of 
 a verb ? W T hat is the rule ? Does xcdr[v mean to be, or to 
 do any thing ? What does it show ? What difference does 
 it make in the meaning of the sentence, if you take it away ? 
 What if you add it ? 
 
 'Eyw yQaya) fiMgr]V 
 
 Which word here do you not know ? Spell it. Speak it. 
 Where is the accent ? Which accent is it ? W T hat does that 
 show ? Have you seen a word nearly like it before ? What 
 does mikron mean in omikron ? Mikren means the same here. 
 It is changed from mikron to make it end like epistolen. 
 Read the four words. What do they mean ? Is the third 
 word a noun ? Why ? A verb ? Why ? What does it 
 show ? What difference does it make in the meaning if it is 
 taken away ? What if it is added ? 
 
 Spell the third word. Speak it. Where is the accent ? 
 Which accent ? What does it show ? What does mega
 
 18 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 mean in omega ? Megalen means the same here, and ends 
 like epistolen, to show that it belongs to it. Read the four 
 words. What do they mean ? What difference does it make 
 to take away the third word ? Is it a noun ? Why ? A 
 verb ? Why ? 
 
 Kalen, mikren, and megalen show something about episto- 
 len, when they are used with it, which you would not know 
 without them. One shows that it is good, another that it ia 
 small, the other that it is large. And they would mean the 
 same, if they were used with other nouns ending in yv- 
 These words are words of quality, and are called Adjectives. 
 They belong to nouns, and generally end like them. What 
 is an adjective ? What does it show 1 What does it belong 
 to ? How does it generally end ? 
 
 RULE III. An adjective shows some quality 
 of a thing, and generally ends like the name of 
 that thing : as, y^ayco iiwqr\v 
 
 Write these Greek words. What does the first mean? 
 The second? &c. Erase them. Write the verb. The 
 noun. The adjective. What is a noun ? A verb ? An 
 adjective? How does an adjective generally end ? 
 
 These words are from Paul and Virginia : 
 
 JlQUTa ovbiiata %iia&ov 
 prota onomata emathon 
 
 onomazeen 
 
 The first names they learnt 
 
 to call (were) 
 
 dde'kyog y.al adekyri. 
 
 
 adelphos ke adelphe 
 
 
 brother " sister. 

 
 SECOND LESSON. 
 
 19 
 
 Read these Greek words. Spell them. What do they 
 mean ? How does n sound ? How does 9 1 &c. &c. [Let 
 all read these words till they become familiar with them-] 
 Which are nouns ? What adjective is there ? What verb ? 
 [Those words, or the following, the scholars may take home 
 on slates or paper, lo copy and study in their absence, if they 
 have time and inclination for it.] 
 
 From the Life of Robert Raikea, the founder of Sunday Schools 
 printed at Malta, in 1831. 
 
 Etc, 
 es 
 
 In 
 
 naidia 
 pedea 
 
 T 
 
 r 
 
 ta keriaka shholea ta pleseon 
 
 the Lord's-day schools the neighboring 
 
 vr\v 
 ten 
 
 senelthoon 
 
 kereoo 
 
 children come together (on) the Lord's 
 
 hemeran 
 
 day, 
 
 deo 
 two 
 
 (OQCC$ 
 horas 
 
 nqw 
 proe 
 
 xea 
 
 ke 
 
 hours morning and 
 
 espera 
 evening. 
 
 What is the first adjective here?- What does it mean? 
 What does it end like ? What noun does it belong to ? 
 What do the adjective and noun together mean 1 What does 
 it show concerning 
 
 'O 
 
 ho 
 
 JTavlog 
 Pavlos 
 
 Paul 
 
 xa 
 
 k< 
 
 he 
 
 Bigyivia 
 
 Vergenea 
 
 u 
 
 ol'/, 
 
 ook 
 
 tl%av 
 
 ehhan 
 
 ovre 
 
 oote 
 
 neither 
 
 oroloyea 
 watch. 
 
 OVTS 
 
 oote 
 
 nor 
 
 senopses 
 
 not * had 
 
 ovre %QO- 
 
 oote hhro- 
 
 nor chro-
 
 20 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 xa 
 
 noloyeka hestoreka phelosopheka vevle# ! 
 
 nologica], historical " philosophical books. 
 
 Repeat the Greek after me again. Spell the first word. 
 Second, &c. Which is the first adjective here ? The se- 
 cond, &c. Which does this or that belong to ? End like? 
 What is an adjective ? What rule speaks of them ? What 
 do adjectives generally end like ? What Greek word is there 
 above, which is like an English one? Does it mean the 
 same? There are several words here which English words 
 are made or derived from, and there are many others in 
 Greek. Long Greek words are generally made by com- 
 pounding, or joining together, two or three shorter ones ; and 
 are then sometimes changed into English words. What 
 word means hourl Aeya means to speak. Which of the 
 words given above may be made of these two ? Xqovog 
 means time. This put with teyw makes the foundation of 
 one of the other long words. What two words may be found 
 in <JP doaocpixd ? What should it mean? Bi6Uov means 
 book. What English word may have been made from that? 
 
 Kal tildov ovgavov viaiVQV xai yr\v 
 edon ooranon kenon " yen 
 
 " / saw heaven new " earth 
 
 6 ydq TC^TOC, ovqavog %ai if] 
 ho gar protos " " he 
 
 the for first " the 
 
 parelthe 
 were passed away.
 
 LESSONS IN GREEK. 21 
 
 Which is the first noun here? Write, spell, speak, trans- 
 late it. What is the first adjective ? What does it end like ? 
 What do adjectives belong to ? What do they generally end 
 like? What is an adjective? Which rule speaks of them? 
 What rule speaks of a verb ? What does it say of a verb ? 
 What is the first verb here ? &c. &c. 
 
 THIRD LESSON. 
 
 How many Greek nouns do you know? Write one. 
 Spell it. Another. Spell it. [The next scholar may be 
 called on to say if this is correct, or to write another.] What 
 verbs do you know ? Write one. Spell it, &c. &c. What 
 adjectives do you know ? Write one, &c. &c. What is a 
 noun? An adjective? A verb? What kind of word, [or 
 part of speech,] must be used when a noun is used ? When 
 a verb is used, what? When an adjective is used, what? 
 Then when you find a noun, what other kind of word may 
 you look for ? What when you find a verb ? An adjective ? 
 Can you write a Greek sentence ? What does it mean ? Can 
 you speak one ? &c. 
 
 Now I will teach you another word. 
 
 'Eyo5 yqayw irtiGTohriv nqoc, tov yi'kov pov. 
 " " " to the friend of me. 
 
 What words here do you know ? Read them. Spell them. 
 Which do you not know ? Spell the first. Pronounce it. 
 What does it mean ? Is it a noun ? Why ? A Verb ? 
 3
 
 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 Why ? An adjective ? Why ? What is the use of it ? 
 What other word does it most belong to ? It is a preposi- 
 tion, and shows some relation between the letter and the 
 friend. The word neql might be placed instead of nqos. It 
 means about or concerning. Would that be a noun ? A 
 verb ? An adjective ? Why ? That would show some re- 
 lation between the letter and the friend. 
 
 RULE IV. A preposition shows a relation be- 
 tween persons or things. 
 
 Some show that one is above or below, near or far, in or 
 out of the other, &c. 
 
 Kal 'Avaviaq fi'k&tv elq try oixiav. 
 And " came into the house. 
 
 "Hnovoa dno noMav nsgi avrov. 
 I have heard from many of him. 
 Kal r\k&t.v 6 'Irjoovq elq <ua<; xoijuaQ. 
 And " Jesus into the villages. 
 
 Which of the words above are prepositions ? How do 
 you know it? 
 
 Prepositions are often placed before a verb and joined to 
 it: as, eiafi^dsv, he came in; xona6aii>(ij, I go down; 
 , he came out ; awxadito/usv, we sit tog-ether; avfi- 
 ofiev, we sound tog-ether, or harmonize. 
 Prepositions are never changed like nouns, verbs, and ad- 
 jectives. There are many prepositions, such as : 
 
 ig, v, avv, 
 
 in or into, in, with, with, without, through,
 
 THIRD LESSON. *O 
 
 dvTt, nagd, dnb, exore, Inl, 
 against, from or by, from, out of, upon, 
 
 xavd. 
 
 according to, &c. 
 
 Look at the seven Greek words at the beginning of this 
 lesson. Do you know what kind of word the fifth is 1 ? You 
 see the meaning written under. Is it a noun, verb, adjective 
 or preposition ? Why not the first ? &c. What word does 
 it end like ? What word does it seem, from its meaning,to be- 
 long to ? Tdv is an article a definite article, like the in 
 English. It is generally changed at the end like the noun 
 to which it belongs. 
 
 RULE V. The article points out a thing. 
 
 Write these words in Greek : I write the letter. Put 
 down the first word. The second. The third. What 
 means the ? What kind of word is -idv ? Is the article in 
 Greek ever changed ? In what part ? What does it gene- 
 rally end like ? To make iov end like eVtaro^y, how must 
 it be changed ? Put articles before these nouns, ending like 
 them: ydov, cpil(3, <pilov ; ygdyrj, (a written thing, that is, 
 a letter,) YQ a( P 1 i^> YQ a( Ffl} YQ a( f 1 l v ) ^vfiyij, (/afce,) A.i^uj'TJg, 
 ivfivr] , Ivfiv^v dvexdorov, dvexdoTov. In these and many 
 other words the article ends like the noun. In many others 
 it does not. You will be told, by and by, that the article o, 
 JQV, TO?, &c, generally shows that the noun it belongs to 
 means a male animal ; that ij, t-^s, &c. generally belongs 
 to females; and rd, zoiJ, &c. generally belongs to things 
 without life,
 
 24 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 " well. 
 
 Is the second word here the name of a thing? Does it 
 show that any thing is done? Is it an adjective? Preposi- 
 tion ? &c. &c. What is its use ? 
 
 much. 
 
 Is the second word here a noun ? &c. What difference 
 does it make in the meaning of y^a'qpw ? 
 These words are called Adverbs. 
 
 RULE VI. Adverbs are generally added to 
 verbs, though sometimes to adjectives or other 
 adverbs, to show manner, time, distance, direction, 
 degree, &c. &c. 
 
 Here are some of the most common adverbs : KQUTOV, 
 first ; ea%aTO)>, last j xotieDs, well ; TroW, much ; o^'/uepoy, 
 to-day; #0e?, yesterday; UVQIOV, tomorrow; n&s, how; 
 offer, as much; no a ov, how much; roaov, so much; ore, 
 O'TTOTS, ifvixot, when; TTOTS, nqvixa ; when? tore, iqvixa, 
 then ; 6'der, onodsv, whence ; nodev; whence ? rode*, thence ; 
 noadxig ; how often? xoadxig, so often- 
 
 Which words are adverbs here ? 
 
 KvQog xccXcog xca avd(>ela}$ inmQivaro- 
 
 Cyrus " " manfully answered. 
 
 MaxQo&EV ivo^jnoev try Biqyiviav ^O'VT^V. 
 From afar 1 thought " " alone.
 
 THIRD LESSOJf. 35 
 
 Td (fv^a oafovovrai, ndvvoTe ano 
 
 " leaves are blown always " the 
 
 winds. 
 
 Why is - an adverb ? What is an adverb ? What is its 
 use ? What word is - added to, or which does it qualify 1 
 The meaning of which word is in any manner changed by 
 leaving it out ? Make a short sentence with an adverb in it. 
 Write it. Spell it. Speak it. Make another. Write it, &c. How 
 is ndvTQTs pronounced ? When is i sounded like d ? What 
 does it come after here ? Why is i sounded like d after v ? 
 Is it easier to say pandote than pantote ? Is there an adverb 
 in the two Greek verses at the end of the first lesson? 
 Which ? What does the first belong to ? What is the se- 
 cond? What is its use? What does it qualify ? 
 
 Are there any adverbs in the Greek verses at the end of the 
 first lesson? Which ? What does the first qualify? What does 
 qualify mean ? What difference would there be in the meaning 
 of the word it qualifies, if the adverb were taken away ? 
 
 Jioyfrrjt; nqoc, rov dnovra KCMOV uvai 
 " to him who said bad it is 
 
 TO ^tv, oil TO ?v, sinev, a Ma TO 
 to live, not " " said he, but " 
 
 badly 
 
 What is the first English word to be added here, in the 
 translation ? The second ? &c. Which word is an adverb ? 
 Why ? Which is another ? Which rule speaks of adverbs? 
 
 What does it say ? 
 3*
 
 26 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 FOURTH LESSON. 
 
 x<u 
 " " with ink and paper. 
 
 Spell these words. Speak them. Write them. What does 
 the sentence mean ? What is the use of the fourth word ? 
 Is it a noun ? Why ? A verb ? Why ? &c. 
 
 1 wish to write to read. 
 
 Read these words. Write them. What do they all mean ? 
 What is the use of xal here? Take it away, and what dif- 
 ference does it make in the sense 1 
 
 idelv rbv naxiqa xai rrjv (uiyteQa [iov. 
 " to see " father " " mother " 
 
 Write these Greek words, and the English words, with 
 those which have been omitted. What does the sentence 
 mean ? What is the use of xal 1 
 
 6)Xw idelv rov nareQa r] rr\v ^T^a pov. 
 
 U (I it it Qf it U U 
 
 What are the English words which are omitted here ? 
 What does the sentence mean ? What is the use of ^ ? It 
 shows some connection between other words : xal does the 
 same ; and so do such words as, si, if; <Je, but ; eneid^ 
 since; yd Q, for; &c. These words join together other 
 words or sentences, and are called joiners or conjunctions.
 
 FOURTH LESSON. 27 
 
 RULE VII. Conjunctions join words or sen- 
 tences. 
 
 Which are conjunctions here? 
 
 JJaida de pot, kvoare (fi\r\v. 
 Child " to me give up dear. 
 
 These words from Homer would be placed thus in English 
 Bui give up to me^my dear child. 
 
 Kal owf.t^o&r^oav 6 ovqavo^ nai <f\ 
 
 " were finished together the heaven " the 
 
 yi] xi nag 6 xoopog avtwv. 
 earth " all the beauty of them. 
 
 How many conjunctions are here ? Which are they ? 
 What is the use of the first ? Second 1 &c. What is a 
 conjunction? What are some of the most common con- 
 junctions? Write one. Another. What does the first 
 mean ? The second ? &c. 
 
 But little has yet been said about this word. Is it a noun ? 
 What does it mean ? Is / the name of any body ? Does / 
 mean the same person when you use it and when some other 
 one does 1 Is it then the name of any thing or any body ? 
 What is its use ? Why do you use it ? If I did not use it, 
 what word might I place instead of it ? Do I not use it in- 
 stead of my name ?
 
 29 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 Sv y(>a<jpi, Avvog 
 
 Thou writest, or you write. He writes. 
 
 Write these. Speak them. Is <n) a noun ? A verb 1 
 What is nurds'! What is the use of oti 1 Of avid? ? Do 
 they stand for some other words ? When one man uses 
 avros of another, what does he mean ? What else might 
 he say with the same meaning ? These words and some 
 others are called Pronouns. Pro, in Latin, means for. 
 They are for nouns. 
 
 RULE VIII. A pronoun is used for a noun. 
 
 'H Biqyivia jtwretfTQeye rr^v 
 " u turned away the head 
 
 Iva fir\ avTr\v id ft 
 of her, (her head) that not her should see 
 6 Havkoq daxqvovaav. 
 Paul weeping. 
 
 [that Paul should not see her weeping.] 
 OuTog iGtiv nsQi ov lyw tinov. ' Oniaw 
 " is (he) of whom " spake. After 
 pov EQ%ETCU dv^y og efiiiQoa&sv pov r\v. 
 me cometh a man " before ** was. 
 
 JTayca [contracted from xat e'y*] ^ x fi$iv avtov. 
 And I not knew him. 
 
 (St. John, i. 30, 31.) 
 
 What is a pronoun ? What is the first pronoun here ? 
 What noun is it used instead of ? What noun might be used
 
 FOURTH LESSON. 29 
 
 in the place of it ? Why is the pronoun here used, and not 
 the noun ? What is the next pronoun ? What does it mean ? 
 Spell it. Write it. What is the third pronoun ? The next 
 scholar Is that a pronoun or not ? Why ? What is the 
 last? &c. 
 
 How many kinds of words have you now been taught ? 
 What kind was the first ? Second ? Third ? &c. What is a 
 noun ? A verb ? &c. What was the last kind of words you 
 have been learning ? What is their use? What is the first 
 word here ? 
 
 o/i, 1 rejoice* 
 
 Is it a noun ? Verb 1 &c. What is its use ? This word is 
 in almost every language, and is used to show some feeling 
 of pain or pleasure fear or hope. There are other words 
 of the same kind: as, idov, lo ! qpev, alas ! oval, woe ! 
 
 They are thrown in among other words, to show feelings 
 which we cannot exactly describe in an instant. They are 
 called Interjections. 
 
 RULE IX. An Interjection shows some feeling 
 of the speaker or writer. 
 
 Which words are interjections here ? 
 
 Behold ! 1 dreamed.
 
 30 
 
 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 FIFTH LESSON. 
 
 Nouns, Adjectives, Article. 
 
 How many parts of speech have you learned in Greek ? 
 Mention them. The noun, verb, adjective, &c. Tell them 
 all. There are only eight in the language. What kinds of 
 words are changed at the end ? What are not ? "Verbs are 
 sometimes changed both at the beginning and at the end. 
 The changes made in articles, nouns, and adjectives are often 
 very convenient to a learner of Greek, because they show 
 which words belong together. They also save the trouble 
 of using many other words. Do we change nouns at the 
 end in English ? How ? For what purpose ? When we 
 want to speak of a man, how can we do it without using the 
 words the and of? What word must we change ? How 1 
 When we want to speak of more than one man, how can we 
 do it in one word ? What must we change ? How ? How 
 can we speak of the thoughts of men without using the 
 words the and of ? What must we change ? How ? Is it 
 useful to have such a change as this ? In Greek there are 
 more changes, and very useful ones, in nouns, adjectives, and 
 the article. Are all these words changed in English ? Which 
 are ? Which are not ? [There is only a definite article in 
 Greek. This, in English, is not changed : it is always the. 
 The English indefinite article a is only changed into an, and 
 then to make it sound better, when it comes before a vowel.] 
 I will show you how some Greek words are changed.
 
 TIFTH LESSON. 31 
 
 Write -fy the. 
 
 of the. 
 to the. 
 the. 
 
 Now write the Greek word for letter (ant,(no^) opposite 
 these, and change it at the end like them. What would you 
 write after if 1 'H eniarol.^ means what ? What should 
 be written after TTJ?? What does irjs enunotfg mean? 
 What after rrf ? What does TT? ema-iolr} mean ? [The lit- 
 tle mark under n here is an iota, and was once written after 
 it thus : trji sniaTo).Tji.~\ What should you write after T^V ? 
 What does T>]V sniarol^v mean 1 Ka^ means good. Write 
 this with the changes, so as to make in Greek, a good letter, 
 of a good letter, &c. 
 
 When we speak in English of more than one letter, what 
 do we say ? In Greek, nouns ending in ??, generally end in 
 at in the plural number : as imarolal. Now put the adjec- 
 tive and the article before it, with the same ending. Of let- 
 ters is GiTi<JTol(bv. Place the adjective and article here also. 
 To letters is sniaro^aig. Write the adjective and article. 
 The fourth case or accusative is emaro^ds- Write the ad- 
 jective and article. What is the article in the third case, sin- 
 gular number, (the dative ?) What is the noun in the second 
 or genitive case, plural ? What is the adjective in the first 
 or nominative case, plural ? &c. &c. 
 
 K<a[*T] means a village- Write this in the second or geni- 
 tive case. Put the article with it. Write it in the other 
 cases, with the article, and in the plural- Mefdlr) means 
 great. Write this in all the cases. Seir^v^ means moon,
 
 32 LESSONS IN CREEK. 
 
 and ityr/i*) high or lofty. Write these with the article in all 
 the cases. 
 
 (Remember to pronounce a as in father, e as in me, e like 
 c in let or a in late, 6 as in alone, and d like th in this ; 
 and lay the accent right.) 
 
 Kal ovveveltofycfav 6 ovqavog xai <f\ 
 
 ' senetelesthesan ho ooranos he 
 
 " were finished together the heaven 'and the 
 yr\ y.al nag 6 xoo>|uog air&v. 
 
 ye " pas ho kosmos avion. 
 
 earth, " all the beauty of them. 
 
 Kal avvvutfoaev 6 Oeoq tv ffi 'n^Q^ 
 
 " " " Theos en " hemera 
 
 j9nd finished together God in " day 
 
 Trj XT?] TCI tqya avtov, a inoirfif, 
 " hekte ta erga avtoo ha epeese 
 in the sixth the works of him, which he made ; 
 
 xai xaTtnavas ty ^f^tQa rfi e,gd6[iri dno 
 " katepavse " " evdome apo 
 
 " rested " " " seventh from 
 
 Tc5v eqytov avtov wv 
 pandon ton ergon " hon tk 
 
 all the works " which " 
 
 Which is the fifth noun here ? Has it an article belonging 
 to it ? In what case is it ? How do you know TJ/ is in the 
 dative ? Was it ever written differently ? How ? Why do 
 you think it was afterwards written as it is now ? (It is 
 more convenient.) What article has ij^ieqa with it ? What 
 does TIJ tfftsQa mean ? What does rf/ne^a. mean alone ? &c-
 
 TIFTH LESSON. 33 
 
 Do the articles always end like their nouns ? How is the ar- 
 ticle when it is put with a feminine noun ? (a noun meaning 
 a female.) With a masculine noun ? (meaning a male.) 
 With a neuter noun ? (a noun meaning a thing without life.) 
 
 Examples for all the Declensions. 
 [Fifth Chapter of St. Matthew.] 
 
 1st v. 'Id<bv di foi/g ofoovq, dveSt] 
 
 Seeing but " multitudes he went up 
 i TO oQoq xi xaQiaavToq avrov, 
 " " mountain ; " having set down he, 
 nQoofi^&ov avr& oi fiaArjTai avrov. 
 came to " " disciples of him (his.) 
 
 2d. v. Kai dvoi^ag TO oro/^a irot), 
 " having opened " mouth " 
 
 he taught " saying: 
 
 3d. v. Maxaqioi oi ntwxoi -rqi 
 
 Blessed " poor " spirit; 
 
 on avt&v Ictfiv r\ fiaoifaia ToJv ovqav&v. 
 
 for " " " kingdom " heavens. 
 
 Which is the first noun here ? Of what declension is it ? 
 Why ? How is it changed in the first case ? Second ? &c. 
 What is the second ? &c. &c. Which is the first article ? 
 What does it belong to ? &c. &c.
 
 34 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 There is one more change sometimes made in the ending 
 of nouns, verbs, adjectives, articles, and pronouns, to show 
 that two persons or things are spoken of, and no more. 
 When words are changed for this purpose, they are said to 
 be Dual, or in the dual number, because dvu means two. 
 
 "Avdgtanog, a man; avd^wnia, two men; 6 xaios avdqta- 
 *ro, the. good man; (6 xaAeo atvdguTtu, the two good men. 
 Ovrot didajrjaav eqiaavTBg, they differed striving ; TOV'TW 
 diaaT-^rrjv egiaavreot, they two differed striving. 
 
 Duals are not used in the Greek Bible nor in the modern 
 dialect. 
 
 What does the dual number show ? Why is it called the 
 dual number ? How is a word changed to show that two 
 things and no more are spoken of? Is it used in all Greek 
 books? In which not ? Is it used in all dialects ? In which 
 not? 
 
 SIXTH LESSON. 
 
 Nouns. ^ 
 
 lathe word eniatol.^v ever changed? In what part? 
 How? _Why ? Does eniarolrlv mean the same as s'ntato- 
 lijs or smaToldsl What does the second mean? The 
 third ? Write all the changes made in this word in the fifth 
 Lesson, in order : the cases of the singular number on the 
 left hand, and those of the plural on the right. Write the 
 names of the cases still further to the left. Write singular 
 over eniaTolrl, and plural
 
 SIXTH LESSON. 35 
 
 There is one case or change in each number which I have 
 not mentioned, which has an in interjection before it, and is 
 called the Vocative, or calling case. 
 
 What is the Greek word for a man ? What for of a man ? 
 to a man ? a man ? (accusative case ;) o man ? Write these 
 and the cases in the plural. How does the ending of sauna- 
 h}v differ from that of uvdyoiTtog 1 How do the second 
 cases differ ? Third ? Fourth ? &c. Plural, first ? Second ? 
 &c. The accusative singular ends in v, the accusative plural 
 in s, the genitive plural in wv, and the dative in s. 
 
 There is one more noun which you should know in all the 
 cases. Write 
 
 Singular. Plural. 
 
 Nominative, 6 natr^ oi 
 
 Genitive, tov nax&qoq rwv 
 
 Dative, roi natQl rotg 
 
 Accusative, TOV TtaTeqa rovq 
 
 Vocative, to navey o 
 
 The genitive here is different from that of the other nouns 
 you have declined, in having one more syllable than the nom- 
 inative. 
 
 [These three nouns the pupils must be made to write and pronounce 
 in all the cases repeatedly until they know them well.] 
 
 There are many hundreds of nouns and adjectives in 
 Greek, but almost every one is changed like one of these ; 
 as are also the pronouns. Some few are not changed at all. 
 
 Nouns and adjectives ending in , ?, ?, and rjg, and the 
 article rj, are declined, or changed, like STMO-TO^ : that is,
 
 36 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 they have v m the fourth plural, tav in the second, ai$ in the 
 third, s in the fourth. 
 
 Those ending in o? and ov, and the articles o; and ov, are 
 changed like dvOQwnot;. 
 
 Those ending in , *, v, w, v, Q, $, , or y are changed 
 like Trarijp. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 'H vv'E, tfv ydr] neqi TJ]V 
 e neex een eedee peri teen tetarteen 
 Night was now about the fourth 
 
 oran e seleenee elampse teen pethiatha, 
 hour, the moon lighted the plain, 
 
 y.ai TO n%.r}Qoq tov fia()a()ixoi> OTQaTEi/natoq 
 kay to pleethos too varvarikoo strateumatos 
 
 and the fulness of the barbarian army : 
 
 What kind of word is if 1 What do you think it to be ? 
 What does it mean ? What do you change it into to say of 
 the? to the? and in speaking of many things how? What 
 nouns are changed like this? Is / used with a noun that 
 means a man, a horse, or any other male creature ? What 
 is ? Tell its changes. What nouns are changed so ? Or 
 with a noun meaning a stone, water, or other lifeless things ? 
 What is ? Tell its changes. What nouns are changed like 
 this? 
 
 How is vi5 changed ; or to what declension does it belong, 
 the first, second, or third? Does it end in 17, , af, or ys ? 
 Does it end in oc or ov ? Does it end like any of the words
 
 SIXTH LESSON. 37 
 
 of the third declension ? How do they end ? How does 
 vol end ? What is the end of nouns of the second declen- 
 sion, in the second or genitive case ? Has the genitive case 
 just as many syllables as the nominative? Which has more ? 
 How many more ? How can you make a new syllable end- 
 ing in os for n| ? If you put os to nux (neex) it would 
 make a hard word: w6s. The Greek language is soft ; 
 and when a word would sound harshly if regularly changed 
 they generally put in some smoother letters : so here, they 
 do not say vv } night, >>v|d?, of night} but yi)|, wxtds. 
 We do so in English sometimes, to make a pleasant sound, 
 or, as the Greeks say, euqpwyj?, (euphony.) 
 ^ yv, the night ; 
 TJS wxr6g, of the night. 
 
 Wiite the third or dative case ; the fourth ; the fifth. The 
 first, plural ; the second ; &c. 
 
 Is rldri a verb ? What then ? What is nsgl ? What is 
 TJJJ- ? What does it belong to? What does it show ? [That 
 there is a noim in the feminine gender, singular number, 
 and accusative case.] Tezaprip what does this belong to ? 
 What kind of word is it ? "Jlqav what is that? What 
 case ? What declension ? Why ? Give all the cases. 
 
 What does if show ? [That there is a feminine noun, in 
 the nominative plural, to which it belongs. By seeing the 
 article if you would know that there is to be some one thing 
 spoken, and no more ; and that the name of that thing is 
 feminine, and in what declension? Why the first or third?] 
 Give the cases of aelijvij. What is the moons in Greet? 
 What is of the moons ? What is to the moons ? What is o 
 moon ? 
 
 4*
 
 38 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 is Ttedia in the first case, and TrsSiddog in the 
 second. What declension does it belong to ? How do you 
 know? Give all the cases. What is TOV ? What might we 
 know from seeing TOV ? What kind of word must come af- 
 ter it? In what case? Why ? Declension ? Why? 
 Why might it not be in the first declension ? What sort of 
 work is fiaqSaQMoti 1 What does it belong to ? What would 
 you know of any other word to come, by seeing this? Might 
 this word and TOI) belong to the same nouns, or not? The 
 first case of the next word is o-TQUTevfiaros : what declension 
 does it belong to ? Why ? Why not the first ? Why not 
 the second ? 
 
 Now write down alone the first noun, vi>|. Tell me all 
 you know about it. [Any of the former questions may be 
 repeated.] What is the next ? What do you know of this? 
 The third ? &c. &c. 
 
 What nouns are in the verses to "a Friend of Greece"? 
 In what declension is the first ? second ? &c. 
 
 SEVENTH LESSON. 
 
 What is a verb ? What does every verb mean 1 There 
 in only one verb in Greek which shows that any thing is, or 
 has been, or will be ; but there are many which show thai 
 any thing is done, or has been done, or will be done, &c. Is 
 it so in English ? If you want to say, this book is in my 
 hand, what verb will you use ? [Is is part of the verb to 6e, 
 that is, to be is changed into is in one of its changes.] If
 
 SEVENTH LESSON. 39 
 
 you want to say that this book was on the table, must you 
 use the verb to be in another change? If you want to say 
 that this book will be in my hand again, do you use the verb 
 to be in another change? But if you want to say this book 
 contains easy lessons, must you use the verb to be ? If you 
 want to say it shows how to read, write, and speak Greek, 
 do you use the verb to be ? In saying that the sun rises, or 
 the wind blows, or the rain descended, must you use the verb 
 to be? 
 
 So it is in Greek : there is but one verb which shows that 
 any thing is, which is, etvai, to be ; but there are many 
 which show that something is done. What Greek verb do 
 you know which shows that something is done ? There are 
 several in the former lessons. 
 
 What is y^a'qpw? Is it a verb? Why? What does it 
 mean ? If I wish to say, I am making words on paper with 
 a pen, I say / write. What do I say when I want to men- 
 tion that he is doing it ? Why should I not say he write 1 
 What does it show when s is put on, or added, to the end of 
 write 1 If I want to say that you are doing the same, do I 
 make any change in the word ? In former times thou was 
 used in the singular instead of you. Was any change then 
 made in the word write ? What change? They used to 
 say : I write, thou what ? he what ? Do these changes 
 in the verb help you to understand better what is meant? 
 They do often. In Greek they change the verbs at the end 
 for the same reason, though not in the same way. They say : 
 
 or gyw y^ayto, 1 write ; 
 
 or oi y(3a<j>ig, thou writest ; 
 
 or av-rog y^aepet, he writes.
 
 40 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 Do we make any change in the verb when we say we 
 write ? ye or you write ? they write ? In Greek they 
 change the verb in the plural : as, 
 
 or r^fieig y^acpo/z-ev, we write ; 
 or v^iuq ^aye-re, you write ; 
 
 or avroi yQayovoi, they write. 
 
 The Greeks often leave off the pronouns. If we did 
 should we understand what was said ? Take the pronoun 
 from we write, and from they or you write, and what diffe- 
 rence is there between them ? Take off the pronoun from 
 the third person singular of the Greek verb, and from the 
 second and third persons plural, and what difference is there? 
 As there is a difference the Greeks know what pronoun 
 should be there, or what is understood, and what is meant; 
 and this is often a great convenience. 
 
 Read the first person of the Greek verb. What does it 
 mean? The second. Third. First, plural, &c. What do 
 they mean ? Erase them. Write the second. What does 
 it mean ? Write the second. Gamma, rho, alpha, &c. 
 What does it mean ? &c. &c. 
 
 Write a'xov'w, / hear. What kind of word is this ? The 
 Greek word ovg means ear. This verb is made from it. 
 What do you think it should mean ? Write the word ear. 
 Put h before it. What does that mean ? Write ovj. Put 
 dx before it, and change $ into w, to make it end like a verb, 
 and what does it make? 'Axovw means I hear. What did 
 you do to ygdcpta to make it mean Ihou hearest? Do the 
 same to a'xoi/w. What does that make ? Write it. What
 
 SEVENTH LESSON. 41 
 
 did you do to y^ot'cpw to make it mean he writes ? Do the 
 same to dxovco. Write it. &c. &c. 
 
 Noog means mind. Put w in the place of og. What does 
 that make 1 What kind of words generally end in <u ? This 
 is a verb : what may it mean, as it is made of voogl It 
 means to use the mind that is, think I think. Change 
 it as you did ypa'qpw and dxovio. Erase them. Write them 
 again. Erase them. Say them by heart. First, ygdqxa 
 sis, &c. Second, dxovca eig, &c. Third, avow sf$, 
 &c. Write them again. 
 
 "Ovofia means name. Join to it w and it makes a verb. 
 What ought that verb to mean 1 It is a very useful one, 
 like many others made in the same way. ' Ovo/Mtt,(a, I name, 
 or / call. Change it so as to mean thou callest ; he 
 calls j &c. 
 
 Blencn) means / look. Change it so as to mean thou lookest, 
 he looks, &c. "Eld a means / come. Change it like the oth- 
 ers. Put e?s before el6o>. This is another verb. What 
 does it mean ? What sort of word is it ? Put ? before 
 f&dw. They make a verb: what ought it to mean? It 
 means / come into. Change this like the other verbs. Put 
 e? before eWat. What does e mean ? What is it ? What 
 does e%eW<>) mean ? Put itsql before sWta. What does 
 negl mean ? What is it? What does nEQisWw mean? HB- 
 gisWca is spelt TTape'Aflw, to make it an easier word. Change 
 it like y^a'qpw. 
 
 Eai v(a means I go. What does V mean ? [w^.j What 
 does dvaSuivw mean? Change it like y^a'qow. Xazw mean* 
 down or below. What does xaTaSaivw mean.
 
 
 LESSONS I.\ GREEK. 
 
 EIGHTH LESSON. 
 
 Times or Tenses. 
 
 Which word here do you know ? Speak it. What does 
 it mean? What kind of word is it? In what case? Is 
 the other word like one we have had before in any respect ? 
 How many letters are like it ? Are those letters placed in 
 the same manner? What letters are different ? Which has 
 been changed? changed to what? Would you expect to 
 find that ygdyw means any thing like y^a'qpw? Exactly 
 Ihe same? What does y^a'qow mean? rgdyjca means I will 
 write. How do you change ypa'qow, to make it mean thou 
 writest ? r^dy/a is changed in the same way as y^a'qow with 
 all the pronouns. What pronoun means he? What means 
 he writes ? Set them down, and we, you, they write, with 
 the Greek words. 
 
 Write y^a'^w with the same changes, and put against them 
 these words I will write, thou wilt write, he will write, 
 you will write, we will write, they will write. Erase them. 
 What does ypa'y/w mean ? What word is it made from? 
 How ? Is it changed ? How ? Why ? What is the Greek 
 for they will write ? Put it down. Also, he will write, Ihou 
 wilt write, &c. Most other verbs in Greek are changed as 
 this is. Blctmca means to hurt. How would you change 
 
 
 
 this to say they hurt ? we hurt ? &c. How can ^moi be 
 changed to mean / will hurt 7 What new letter was put into 
 to make it mean / will write? What one was left
 
 EIGHTH LESSON. 43 
 
 out? Is there a (p in fildmto 1 You have been told that 
 Greek is a soft language, and that care is taken to make no 
 rough sounds. V has the sounds of two other letters. 
 Which are they ? If y were put in the place of T, it would 
 make @kdir\f>(u. Would this be a soft and pleasant sound? 
 The Greeks to make it softer, say {Mayo. Speak one first, 
 then the other, and see which is most easy to speak and most 
 agreeable to hear. 
 
 What letters are there in Greek which are made up of other 
 letters ? What two sounds make up that of y> ? What make 
 the sound of ? [A person might at first think that & or $ 
 has a compound sound, because we mark the sounds of both 
 in English by two tetters, th. But these are simple sounds. 
 The sounds of x and <p are also simple.] //, (?, and <p are 
 nearly alike, and all made by the lips ; and when either of 
 them has a after it, it makes y. K, y, and x are made in 
 the throat, and nearly alike. When or is placed after them it 
 makes . 
 
 means I hear. What should mean / will hear ? 
 What change is made ? Aiyw means / say. What should 
 mean I will say 7 What change is to be made here? Why 
 should it not be iey aw ? Would that be as easy to speak or 
 pleasanter to hear 1 Aa).ea) or Aaioi means I speak. Would 
 Idlaa) be a soft word ? To make it soft the Greeks put in 
 17, thus XoA,7j'aw, / will speak. Write these verbs, with 
 their meanings, and the future time or tense of each. 
 
 , / produce ; /cu^co, / rejoice ; yvlaTTO) or 
 , I keep ; ydyu), I eat ; (pGavw, 1 antici-
 
 44 LES30N8 IN GREEK. 
 
 pate; xaXt'to or xaXw, I call; xoi>w, / hear ; 
 ), / see. 
 
 In some verbs the future tense is made by putting a before 
 cu. Which of these words will sound well with a before w ? 
 in some verbs, by changing the letter before 01 into a, |, or 
 V ; some by leaving out a letter ; and there are other ways, 
 which may be learnt by and by. What will dxovow be 
 changed to with CTV, (thou) 1 with OVTO'S, (he) 1 &c. How 
 must tpvldZoj be changed to go with v'ftstgl What will it 
 then mean? tf>i>ta'w with av'roi? What will it mean ? 
 
 l7tioro^.r\v. 
 " have written " 
 
 Spell these words. Speak them. Write them. What 
 does the sentence mean ? Is the second word like any you 
 have had before ? How is it different from ypa'qow ? How 
 is fQdqxa to be changed at the end to make it yeyQaya ? 
 How at the beginning? TUTTTW means / strike. What 
 means / will strike! Change this as ygdyo) was changed to 
 make /e'y? '?'"- D n t P ut 7 e before it, but make a redupli- 
 cation : that is, take the first letter, (which here is T, and 
 place it before e ; then change the end of the verb as you 
 changed ygdyw. What will it be ? Write it. 
 
 What is reduplication ? What is the future tense of TQS- 
 qxa ? What will the reduplication be here to make the per- 
 fect ? How must the word be changed at the end ? Write 
 it. Spell it. What does it mean ? Write the future and 
 perfect of y^aqDW ; ^sn<a ) to see ; TUTTTW, to sfrike ; iQsqxu, 
 to support j (Sia'TTTco, to injure. Spell them, and place the 
 accents.
 
 EIGHTH LESSON'. 45 
 
 Verbs which begin with , e, rj } i, t>, <w, (the vowels,) or 
 with two of them, (a dipthong,) have no reduplication, but 
 generally change the vowel or diphthong. 
 
 Singular, rtyqaya, 1 have written 
 
 thou hast written ; 
 he has written ; 
 
 Plural. yeyQCKfafitv, we have written ; 
 
 ye have written ; 
 they have written. 
 
 Make all these changes in the verbs above mentioned. 
 Erase and write them again. Write these sentences in 
 Greek : " I shall write a lelter. He has injured a friend. 
 They have seen a horse. We shall write to-morrow." 
 
 '^xov'w, 1 hear, in the perfect is yxovxa ay<, / lead, 
 ijxa ; oixodoftBM, I build, (pxodoftTjxa ; dfstdsi'C,^}, I blame, 
 
 TOVTO ngdZw. W T rite this, what does the first word mean? 
 The second ? What does the second come from ? [nda- 
 au or TT^a'rrw, for there are some words in which T is some- 
 times used and sometimes CT.] What would nguacrw be in 
 the perfect? Write this: o ycyP"? 10 ) yY(><*cpa. What 
 does it mean? &c. ".//yysAoe i.sid}.rjxev aviw. 
 means, / speak ; and iaiw, I will speak. What is 
 formed from ? How ? 
 
 Some writers say that the Greek verbs had at first only 
 
 one, two, or three letters each. These, it is supposed, were 
 
 changed by augment, reduplications, and terminations, to 
 
 show time, numbers, persons, &c. It is supposed also that 
 
 5
 
 46 
 
 LESSONS IN CHEEK. 
 
 other letters put to the first, made new verbs. Sometimes 
 prepositions and other words are added to them, to change 
 their meaning in different ways. 
 
 When you know the present, future, and perfect of a verb, 
 you can generally easily find out all the other changes, be- 
 cause they grow out of them. 
 
 What tenses is it important first to know ? Why ? What 
 is the future formed from ? How ? What the perfect ? 
 How? 
 
 r^dqxa has y/ in the future in the place of g> ; ivmw has 
 y in the place of m Uyw has in the place of y ; &c. 
 The sound of a is generally the sign of the first future tense. 
 Is the sound of a in y? What other sound beside? Is the 
 sound of a in ? What other beside? 
 
 Tvmoi has go in the perfect in the place of TTT, and the re- 
 duplication. What has TU'TTTW in the perfect ? In place of 
 what ? IJlrldo) has x in the place of 6 and the reduplication. 
 What has it ? The perfect generally hs a rough sound at 
 the end before a. What Greek letter has the roughest sound ? 
 What other rough sounds are there ? X and x are generally 
 used in the perfect. 1 is often used, which is TT with the 
 rough sound. 
 
 NINTH LESSON. 
 
 Some of the Greek letters are made with the teeth ; some 
 with the tongue ; some with the palate, or in the throat.
 
 NINTH LESSON. 47 
 
 Teeth Letters. Tong-ue Letters. Throat Letters. 
 
 smooth, T 7i x 
 
 middle, d /? y 
 
 rough, # 9 # 
 
 The teeth letters are something like each other, and some- 
 times one is put for the other in changing verbs, nouns, &c. 
 to make a better sound. So it is with the tongue letters and 
 the throat letters. A, ft, v, g, and er are called liquids, be- 
 cause their sounds run easy, like water. Z, |, and y> are 
 called double letters, because each has the sound of two oth- 
 ers. A, e, rj, i, o, v, and (a are vowels, because they have 
 sounds by themselves. Two vowels together make a diph- 
 thong. 
 
 How many teeth letters are there ? Write them. How 
 many tongue letters ? &c. Is one of the teeth letters ever 
 put for another? When? W T hy? (So of others.) How 
 many liquids are there? Why so called? Write them. 
 How many double letters ? Why so called ? Write them. 
 (So of vowels.) What other letters are there in the Alphabet ? 
 
 The perfect tense ends in , with a rough letter or a throat 
 letter before it. What are the rough letters ? What are 
 the throat letters? Adlta means I speak, and ieAct^xw, / 
 have spoken. 
 
 TvTtTin) means I strike. What does rvyi mean? What 
 means / have struck ? (that is, the perfect tense.) Write 
 them. 
 
 We say in English other things about striking : such as, 
 I did strike, I may strike, I might strike, I might have struck, 
 &c. And in Greek they have other tenses which grow out 
 of these.
 
 48 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 What is Reduplication or Doubling ? One tense, called 
 the First Aorist, is made from Ti5y/w, by changing w into , 
 and putting e before it. If a verb begins with a short vowel, 
 that vowel is changed for a long one. rgdqxa is tygaiftu in 
 the first aorist ; axdnria, (/ dig-,) Zaxoufja, I dug- ;) eadiw, 
 (I eat,) riffdioa. This change in the beginning of a verb is 
 called the Increase or Augment. What is Increase or Aug- 
 ment? What is Reduplication ? 
 
 Write this : 
 
 A Greek Tree partly grown. 
 
 TUTTO 
 
 A C T I V | E | V | O I C E 
 
 eiVTlOV TVlfJb) 
 fTVTtTOV 
 
 I I 
 
 TV -mot 
 I 
 
 TVTt 
 
 What is the root of this tree ? The trunk ? The first 
 branch ? What grows from that ? 
 
 The first three letters of -ivmta are called the root, be- 
 cause all these changes or tenses grow out of it like the 
 branches from a tree. You will see that the most important 
 tenses begin with large letters. Under TC'TTTW write present 
 and / strike. Under Irvmov write imperfect and / was 
 striking- or struck. Under ivtfjia and Tervya write the 
 names of their tenses and what they mean.
 
 NINTH LESSON. 49 
 
 Under eivmov write 2d Aorist, I struck. 
 
 Under eivy>a write 1st Jlorist, I struck. 
 
 Under iwnti write %d Future, I shall strike. 
 
 Under BTSTV^EIV write Pluperfect, I had struck. 
 
 All these have regular changes to show numbers and per- 
 sons. Te'ruqoa, Timaj, ereTvcpeiy, and BTBTVTIIV, are not very 
 often used. How is ervmov formed from TD'TTTW ? What 
 tense is it in ? What does it mean ? What is sTvif/a formed 
 from ? How ? Meaning ? Tense ? &c. &c. Erase these 
 words. Write them again. Erase. Write the 1st aorist in 
 its place. What does it mean ? Write the pluperfect in its 
 place ? What is it formed from ? How ? What does it 
 mean ? &c. &c. Erase the words and lines. Write the 
 words and draw the lines again. &c. &c. 
 
 Erase all. Write 790 qpw. Write all the tenses of it in 
 
 their places, to form a tree. What is the tense ? What 
 
 is it from? &c. Erase. Write ia'iw and its tenses, &c. 
 
 Write these Greek and English words. 
 
 'H (oga Ti)g e^odov '<paae, 
 " " " departure appeared. . 
 
 Write the meaning of the first word. Second. Third. 
 What verb is here? In what tense? What number? What 
 person ? What noun belongs to it ? By what rule? '- 
 ddov is of the feminine gender, though it ends in og in the 
 first case. It is an exception to the nouns in 05, which are 
 generally masculine. T^g is the article belonging to it. 
 What English Word comes from odos ? 
 
 5*
 
 50 
 
 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 Write this: 
 Ai ywalxeq 
 " women put on manly dress. 
 
 What verb is here ? In what tense ? number ? per- 
 son ? It will help you in finding the tenses, &c. of verbs to 
 have before you the terminations or endings. The dual 
 number is given here, which shows that two persons or 
 things are speaking or spoken of. 
 
 Singular. Dual. Plural 
 
 Persons. | 1. 2. 3. | 1. 2. 3. 
 
 1. 2. 3. 
 
 Pres. & 1 Fu. 
 
 01 
 
 sis 
 
 14 
 
 
 E10V 
 
 eiov 
 
 OflSV 
 
 6TS 
 
 Ol/CTt 
 
 2 Future, 
 
 CO 
 
 etg 
 
 El 
 
 ti> 
 
 SlTOV 
 
 elrov 
 
 ovftev 
 
 SITS 
 
 OUCTt 
 
 Imp. &2Ao. 
 
 ov 
 
 e? 
 
 F 
 
 C 
 
 BTOV 
 
 srrjv 
 
 OflBV 
 
 ere 
 
 OV 
 
 Perfect, 
 
 a 
 
 as 
 
 B 
 
 a 
 
 arov 
 
 arov 
 
 afiiev 
 
 UTS 
 
 HI! 1 
 
 Pluperfect, 
 
 SIV 
 
 { 
 
 ei 
 
 t 
 
 enov 
 
 eirrjy 
 
 Bifiev 
 
 SIT 6 
 
 eiauv 
 
 1 Aorist, 
 
 a 
 
 as 
 
 i 
 
 
 O.TOV 
 
 dTTJV 
 
 aftev 
 
 UTB 
 
 av 
 
 Why is the first person dual wanting? Is the dual num- 
 ber used in the Old Testament 1 In the New Testament ? 
 By all the ancient Greek writers? By the modern 
 Greeks? What is ypa'qtiw in all the persons, &c. of the per- 
 fect? First aorist? Second future? What is Xfct'tfw in the 
 pluperfect ? Write {ttamu in the persons of the imperfect. 
 What is (pairo), (appear;} in the first aorist? Write in the 
 Greek " The hour of departure appeared.', Baivw means 
 to go. What would be the increase or augment? Redu- 
 plication or doubling ?
 
 TENTH LESSON- 51 
 
 TENTH LESSON. 
 
 You might make some use of verbs from what has been 
 taught, but there are a few more things to be known. I have 
 not yet told you how to say in Greek, I may write, if he 
 strikes, we may go, I was called, he has been seen, 
 &c. &c. We say a great many such things in English by 
 using the helping verbs in different forms or moods : as, will, 
 shall, be, can, must, may, &c. but in Greek they generally 
 change the verb at the end, now and then using the increase 
 or doubling. I, thou, he may strike is TVTTKS-IJS-I]) &c. 
 strike thou, ivms ; I might strike, Tvitroifii ; to strike, iin- 
 TBIV ; striking, TVKTWV. This last is partly an adjective, be- 
 ing changed like one in numbers, genders, and cases, and is 
 called Participle. 
 
 The changes first mentioned, (except the participle,) are 
 called Modes or Moods. Beside this some changes show 
 whether a thing is done by a person (or thing) or to him, or 
 by himself to himself. "Ervya, I struck ; BTVfpdrjv, I was 
 struck ; and eTvydfirjv, I was struck by myself, or I struck 
 myself, are said to be in different voices : the Active, Passive, 
 and Middle. 
 
 RULE X. There are three voices : Active, 
 Passive, and Middle, each of which has modes, 
 participles, tenses, numbers, and persons. 
 
 The Greek tree on page 48 shows the tenses in the active
 
 52 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 voice and first mood.* This shows the tree when it has 
 grown into the Passive and Middle voices. " Some people 
 think the fruit looks hard, but it is not." It is true thatTv?r- 
 TW has not all the changes that are set down in books, for 
 some verbs are not used in particular tenses, &c. ; and be- 
 sides the changes which are often used are but few, and soon 
 learnt. The children in Greece learnt all the tenses they 
 wanted to use as easily as you have learnt to say, " I may 
 write, I can speak, he will be spoken to," &c. &c. And 
 the Greek children now use many of these changes correctly, 
 as their language is much like that of their ancestors. 
 
 * Indicative mood. There are five moods; 1. Indicative, 2. Impera- 
 tive, 3. Optative, 4. Subjunctive, and 5. Infinitive. 
 
 - 
 
 3rf!
 
 TENTH LESSON. 
 
 53 
 
 e 
 9 
 o 
 
 >~ 
 
 *0 
 
 I 
 
 Gr 
 
 a 
 
 o> 
 
 ri 
 
 w 3 
 -<o 3. 
 
 H 
 
 to - 
 
 * 00 
 
 X 
 
 i 
 
 -p 1 NN 
 
 1 ' O 
 
 a 
 
 h 
 
 .5. 
 
 
 
 ' ' 3 > 
 
 a. ?" 
 
 s 
 
 , "g 8- 
 
 
 ^|,- g-jj 
 
 
 s ' ^ _h_ 
 
 
 i i i 5 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 : H ^s 
 
 
 i B. H ' 
 
 ^ 3- ' O 
 
 
 "2 ^ ** ^ 
 
 % 
 
 e J - i ^ a, 
 
 R- 
 
 , H " O 
 
 * r\ K. * ~ 
 
 Ql- 
 
 n 
 1, 
 
 Which is the root of this tree? What are the changes 
 made in it for ? What is the first branch on the right ? In 
 what voice is ivmoftai 1 How is -ivrnw changed to make 
 it? What is the second branch ? What grows on it? &c.
 
 54 
 
 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 
 3 a 
 
 a 
 
 * "^ 
 
 
 
 *& 8 
 
 S to 
 
 10 
 
 <O < "<o 8 
 
 (U ^ 
 
 R- 8 
 
 5 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S 
 
 s 
 
 o 
 
 > 
 
 .04 
 
 1 -3 
 
 8 
 
 
 "S3 33 
 
 3 ui 
 
 -3 3 
 
 
 a 
 
 o 
 
 
 S 
 
 3 
 
 & 
 
 
 
 57* 0^ v^ C^ 
 
 *U Ak i*' A} 
 
 i? *s 
 
 ^1 ^ 
 
 h 
 
 ^ Wx \X \ < 
 
 Wx w 
 
 v< Q^ 
 
 2 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 I 
 
 r^ 
 C 
 
 o .ti 
 
 D 
 
 si I II 
 
 Q -g 08 
 
 ^J- ao x oi 
 
 S!" S" 
 
 J *" 
 
 O Ov 
 O 
 
 ^ 
 
 k 
 
 h B" 
 
 5-2- 
 
 i 8 
 O jj 
 
 n) -*^ 
 -*k CG 
 
 
 
 
 </} C 
 
 o 
 
 
 
 Q} 'S 
 
 S A 
 
 :, o 
 
 <d 
 
 S ho 
 
 : w co o 
 
 o b 
 
 R- 8 
 
 M CB 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 .2 2 
 
 o i . 
 
 a. N CN CO 
 
 rjJ iO. 
 
 CD t^ 
 
 o " 
 
 3 f^ ^H ^H 
 
 IC I-H 
 
 
 o-2 
 
 /^^^N/^-^^N 
 
 S^S^~V~+S^> 
 
 
 **^ 
 
 ri 
 
 
 
 oT P 
 
 > , 
 
 * ^ 
 
 Ml 
 
 C . 
 
 ,9 
 
 8 R- * 
 
 R 
 
 o o 
 
 
 ^-i 3 o 55 eg 55 
 'U 
 
 51 a. a R- 
 
 o o . a. 
 
 ft- 8 
 
 P-CO 
 
 ^ I-H c4 CO rf iO 
 
 CD i^ X O5 
 
 O ~ 
 
 o * 
 
 
 
 *" 
 
 
 
 Q) QJ 
 
 <U QJ 
 
 
 o 
 
 S S 
 
 ^ ^ 
 
 
 bo 
 
 8 ss 
 
 ss 
 
 
 ^3 
 
 V 
 
 u ^j *3 
 
 5J nj aj m o o3 
 O > > > > > 
 
 C O- ^5 c? o5 
 '/./'." - f ' f 
 
 > ^i 
 w *o 
 
 
 
 O O V O CJ 
 
 & CO cc cC 
 
 
 * 
 
 <j <) <J *$ <j 
 
 PH &H P-( CU 
 
 -. 
 
 TJ 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 C 
 
 ** -2 
 
 g -2 
 
 
 O 
 
 H 
 
 -*s 
 
 W fa J 
 00 ^ 
 
 ^ 4^ .. ^_! % 09 
 
 v /a W 
 
 .2 
 1- 
 
 ^ tf\ 
 
 
 3 cu J3 
 
 M di CH M m
 
 TENTH LESSON. 
 
 55 
 
 to 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 ** "Jll^il 
 
 
 
 b 
 
 
 S-i ' * 
 
 or* * ^ ^ c < ^> * 
 
 q> " ' Co O O b S 55 
 G- 
 
 
 
 
 
 C^ CO ^* iO CO t** 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Ccl^S5^b2S| 
 ooatoas-oa3 
 
 
 8o 
 
 t- K 8 <S 
 
 ~ - - ~ 
 
 ~ o o o 
 
 2 2 
 S 5 * 
 
 a o a 3 
 
 a 
 
 M 
 
 to to to 
 
 CO to !.^ 
 
 <o * <S 
 
 3 
 
 SSaSa&osg- 
 
 CO to t> ^ 
 
 a o a R- 
 
 ^ 
 
 "Illllllll 
 
 ^^ ^^ a a 
 
 Jj. St. to to 
 
 O O S. 3. 
 
 a a a 
 
 a o a ~3 
 
 
 .-^^...Sk". 
 !k *_r*oR" ; * 
 
 ^os-o^R-s-cgo 
 
 ^ ?>, 
 
 S- 
 
 b b o R- 
 
 ^ S^ *k 
 
 b -^ o b 
 -B a R- 
 
 ^J 
 
 
 
 ^ * 
 
 CS 
 - 
 
 N2g2?g2lsg 
 
 to<oa<oaR-oaR- 
 
 o o 
 b b <= o 
 
 3 3 R- 
 
 
 H 
 
 till 
 
 % * * ^ 
 
 a o a ~3 
 
 3 
 
 * (O to CQ to to R* O a R- 
 
 BO* 
 
 H H 3 O 
 
 to CQ f H 
 
 _ o o 
 
 - ~ - 
 
 H S, S 
 
 
 ,O rft^ f *Oit*^ r ^ ft Oi 
 
 *StoaSaft-o8Rt 
 
 a a o 
 R-. o b b 
 
 2 2 
 3 o a B-. 
 
 G 
 
 ^ , 4 i * 3-3-. 
 
 3o8toaR-oa3 
 
 ^ 
 
 :-.---. 
 
 =L 54. 8 R- 
 
 o -o 5. 5. 
 
 a. * * * 
 R- ft- a 
 R- * * ^ 
 2L-3- 2- |- 
 
 -a o a 3 
 
 Nos . .^
 
 56 
 
 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 (Third 
 
 Meaning of the 
 
 ACTIVE 
 
 TENSES. MOODS. 
 
 Present. 
 
 Indicative. 
 I strike 
 
 Imperative, 
 strike or do 
 strike 
 
 Optative, 
 may I strike or 
 I wish to strike 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 I did strike or 
 was striking 
 
 (The 
 
 other moods 
 
 1st and 2d 
 Future. 
 
 I shall or will 
 strike 
 
 
 might I strike 
 hereafter ! 
 
 1 & 2 Aorist. 
 
 I struck 
 
 strike 
 
 might I strike 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 I have struck 
 
 have struck 
 
 may I have 
 struck 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 I had struck 
 
 (The other moods 
 
 PASSIVE 
 
 Present. 
 
 I am struck 
 
 be struck 
 
 might or may 
 I be struck 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 I was struck 
 
 (The 
 
 other moods 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 I have been 
 struck 
 
 have been 
 struck 
 
 may I have 
 been struck 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 I had been 
 struck 
 
 (The 
 
 other moods 
 
 1st & 2d 
 Futures. 
 
 I shall b'e 
 struck 
 
 
 may I be struck 
 hereafter ! 
 
 1st & 2d 
 Aorists. 
 
 I was struck 
 
 be struck 
 
 might I be 
 struck ! 
 
 Paulo post 
 Future. 
 
 I shall have 
 been struck 
 
 ' 
 
 may I have 
 been struck
 
 TENTH LESSON- 
 
 57 
 
 Table.) 
 
 Moods and Tenses. 
 
 VOICE. 
 
 MOODS. 
 
 Subjunctive. 
 
 that I may strike 
 
 are wanting.) 
 
 that I might strike 
 
 that I may have 
 struck 
 
 are wanting.) 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 to strike 
 
 to be ready to 
 strike 
 
 to have struck 
 
 to have struck 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 striking 
 
 being about to 
 strike 
 
 having struck 
 having struck 
 
 VOICE. 
 
 that I may be 
 struck 
 
 are wanting.) 
 
 that I may have 
 been struck 
 
 are wanting.) 
 
 that I might be 
 struck 
 
 to be struck 
 
 to have been 
 struck 
 
 to have been 
 struck 
 
 to be about to have 
 been struck 
 
 being struck 
 
 having been struck 
 
 being about to be 
 struck 
 
 having been struck 
 
 about to have been 
 struck
 
 58 LESSONS IN GRfcEK. 
 
 Write down the first Table. The second. The third. 
 
 What does the first Table show? Second Table ? Third 
 Table? What would "(qdyot make in the subjunctive, plu- 
 perfect, third petson, singular? Look at the first Table, 
 find that tense and mood. What is the figure against it? 
 Find it in the second Table. Find the third person. What 
 is the ending ? What does the pluperfect subjunctive mean .' 
 Look at the third Table and find it. What is it? What 
 will it mean in the third person ? Write the word and its 
 meaning. What is the second person plural of the first 
 aorist, subjunctive passive of ygdtput 1 What can you do 
 first to find it ? then what ? What is the meaning ? \\n\\ 
 can you find it? Try also some of these verbs in diffm nt 
 changes- 
 
 Present. First Future. Perfect. 
 
 tatw, (pour) Xif fl 
 
 ta'yto, (say) A 
 
 j, (build) Tt'w 
 
 ijte, (fiii) 
 
 >, (cut) 
 
 [The teacher may make a pupil write all the moods, ienses. number**, 
 persons, and participles of afty of these verbs, with the significations, 
 under the dictation or with the assistance of the class. Or they may 
 make Greek trees of these verbs, or take the words home to make ta- 
 bles and trees, at their leisure.] 
 
 - 
 It is not so difficult as you might think to learn all the 
 
 changes of nouns, adjectives, verbs, &c. The children in 
 Greece learn many of them very well, and use them in speak-
 
 TENTH LESSON. 59 
 
 ing. The following is taken from a little book made to 
 teach Greek children English. 
 
 Do you study Grammar to-day ? 
 2nov8deig a v y^et^Martx/jV 
 
 Not I, but the others study it. 
 "0/t fi)' 1 ''? "^' ' " ^ ^ * 11 } v o 
 Do you study grammar to-day ? 
 .2?7r0va'0t( av jQaupaTixf[ 
 
 No : I write it. 
 
 * O%i, TTJV a' y T t y a' <p w. 
 
 Do you study grammar to-day ? 
 27TOvdd eig av ( Q a p'fi a T i x ij 
 
 No, I study mathematics. 
 
 " 0%i anovSd to* nad^fiaiixr^v. 
 
 Do you study grammar to-day ? 
 SnovSd^eig ovyqafificrtixriv a ^ ft e Q o v ; 
 
 No, but I shall tomorrow. 
 
 "0%i" a'iict -frekia r^V anovSa^e iv, (or TTJ 
 
 It V Q t O V. 
 
 What verbs are here ? What voices, moods, tenses, num- 
 bers, and persons ? What is the passive voice, indicative 
 present, first person singular, of a-novdd tw ? From what is 
 it formed? How? What is the first future? From what 
 formed? The meaning ? The perfect ? How formed ? &c. 
 What noun or pronoun belongs to the first verb? What is 
 the rule? What word shows what is studied, in the first 
 Greek line? What shows it in the sixth Greek line? In 
 what case is ypo/t4//rtx7j v 1 fHtdijftartxy* ? These are not put 
 in the nominative case, because they do not show the person 
 or thing, which does something, but the thing that is done.
 
 60 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 RULE XI. A verb that means to do any thing 
 generally has one or two nouns or pronouns in the 
 genitive, dative, or accusative case, which shows 
 what is done, or to, or by, or with whom, or which 
 it is done : as, yqayw eTTtaTo^v, / write a letter ; 
 yqdyco ejnoToA.Tji> xaXdjUoi, 1 write a letter with a 
 pen. 
 
 Write down these words: dnoygatpoi, I icrile from ; eni- 
 yga'quw, / write upon ; vnoyQaqxa, I write under ; dviiygd- 
 <pm, I write against. What are these words made of? 
 They are called compound verbs, being made of prepositions 
 and verbs, and have the meaning of the verb and the prepo- 
 sitions. They have the changes of fQdqxa ; but the doub- 
 ling and increase is put between the preposition and the 
 verb : as, dnoygdcpw, ccTroyeypctqoa,' otjrs'ypaqpa, eireyQacpov, 
 &c. There are many such verbs, and some of them have 
 the doubling and increase at the beginning. Sometimes the 
 noun after a compound verb is governed by the preposition, 
 or is in the case which the preposition governs when alone. 
 
 Sometimes nouns, adverbs, and other words are joined to 
 verbs in this manner. 
 
 Some nouns are formed from verbs. 
 
 Some verbs are formed from nouns.
 
 ELEVENTH LESSON- 61 
 
 ELEVENTH LESSON. 
 J^erbs in M I. 
 
 Verbs which end in pi are changed differently from 
 , &c. There are three sorts of them. 
 
 First Sort. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 Present. Indie. <<m/ ( iu, rj?, rjai- Imper. iaiadi ; Opta. 
 
 v ; Subj. t'crrw ; Infill. iaToivan Part. {(nag. 
 Imperfect. Indie, i'trn/v. 
 
 2d Aorist. Indie, tatrjv Imper, or^^t ; Opta. aiairjv ; 
 Subj. trrto; Infin. <mj>at : Part. aidg. 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 Present. Indie, i'arafiai, Imper. t'crraro ; Opta. i 
 Subj. iffiwftai ; Infin. i'aTaaOai Part, i 
 Imperfect. Indie. i 
 
 MIDDLE VOICE. 
 
 (Pres. and Imper. are the same as in the Passive.) 
 2<i Aorist. Indie, eaidfir/v Imper. cria'ao; Opta. 
 Subj. ffrc5|Uat ; Infin. oidadai; Part, 
 
 ( Tidijfit, is a verb in /u* of the second sort ; and 
 one of the //tird *or-i. 
 
 fi 1 *^*, / aw, and e7^t, /^-o, are irregular, and their changes 
 are not alike. They will be best learnt by use.) 
 
 Irregular Verbs. 
 
 Many verbs in Greek are not changed according to the 
 rules. Some have not all the moods and tenses ; some hare 
 6*
 
 02 LESSONS IN-GRKKK. 
 
 one or more of their tenses formed from a different verb ; 
 some are^bsed only in one or two voices ; and then they oft- 
 en give one voice the meaning of another. 
 
 More Rules." 
 
 RULE XII. Two nouns meaning the same per- 
 son or thing, must be in the same case. 
 
 RULE XIII. When two nouns come together 
 which mean different things, one must be in the 
 genitive. 
 
 RULE XIV. An adjective in the neuter gender 
 without a noun, is used as a noun. 
 
 RULE XV. Adjectives which show feelings, 
 value, difference, power, and some other things, 
 have a noun in the genitive. 
 
 RULE XVI. Adjectives showing profit, like- 
 ness, or the contrary, or having to or for after 
 them in English, have a noun in the dative. 
 
 RULE XVII. Verbs of sense, feelings, giving, 
 taking, differing, plenty, want, ruling, and some 
 others, have a noun in the genitive. 
 
 RULE XVIII. A noun which shows to whom 
 or what something mentioned by the verb is done, 
 is in the dative.
 
 ELEVENTH LESSON. 63 
 
 RULE XIX. Some verbs have nouns in the 
 accusative and dative, some in the accusative and 
 genitive, and some two in the accusative. 
 
 RULE XX. Verbs which have two cases in the 
 active voice, have the lattter one only in the 
 passive. 
 
 RULE XXL The infinitive mood is often used 
 as a noun. 
 
 RULE XXII. Participles govern nouns like 
 
 their verbs, and are often used as nouns. 
 
 * 
 
 RULE XXI II. A noun and a participle are in 
 the genitive when there is nothing else to fix the 
 case. 
 
 4$ 
 
 RULE XXIV. Adverbs and prepositions gov- 
 ern nouns in the genitive, dative, or accusative. 
 
 Dialects. 
 
 It is not to be supposed that every person who ever spoke 
 Greek used all the words exactly right, or that all have 
 spoken and written it in the very same manner. Persons 
 living at a distance from each other, though they may use 
 one language, often speak it somewhat differently. In an- 
 cient times the people of Attica spoke Greek differently from 
 those of Breolia, Doris, and Ionia : yet they could all under- 
 stand each other. Some of them used words which others
 
 64 LESSONS IN GREEK- 
 
 did not, some sounded letters in a particular manner, and 
 some spelt words differently from others. Yet they all spoke 
 Greek. The people now living in Greece do not use all the 
 words that were formerly used, nor do they change them all 
 in the same manner ; but they use the same letters, and prob- 
 ably give them nearly the same sounds. They do not use 
 all the words which are found in Homer ; but it is said that 
 all the words they use are found in Homer ; and they all un- 
 derstand each othei with ease. 
 
 Different ways of speaking the same language are called 
 Dialects. The Dialects in Greek are the Attic, Ionic, Doric. 
 Bo30tic, Hellenistic, and Modern. 
 
 In the old Attic dialect are written the works of Thncy- 
 dides and the Tragic Poets ; in the Middle Attic, Aristo- 
 phanes. Lysias, and Plato; in the New Attic, JSsdHnes, De- 
 mosthenes Isocrates, Menander, and Xenophon. 
 
 In the Old Doric, Epicbdermas and Sophronius^ in the 
 New Doric, Bion, Moschus, Callimachtis, Pindar, and Theo- 
 critus. 
 
 ' - '-'- 
 
 In the Ionic.. Anachreon, Arrian, Herodotus, JJippocrates, 
 
 and Pythagoras. 
 
 In the JEolic, Alcaeus, Sappho, &c. 
 
 Different dialects are found in the Greek Scriptures, and 
 among others the Hebraistic, or Jewish. 
 
 In the Modern Dialect are the writings of Korae, and ma- 
 ny other books, newspapers, &c. It is spoken by the inhabi- 
 tants of Greece, with so little difference of words and sounds 
 lhat they all understand each other perfectly wll. 
 
 The dual uumber is not used in the Scriptures, the ancient
 
 ELEVENTH LESSON. 65 
 
 Christian writers, (called the Fathers,) nor in the Modern 
 Dialect. In the Modern the dative case is also rare. 
 
 Questions on the Dialects* 
 
 What is a Dialect ? Are there any in the English lan- 
 guage 1 What are the causes of them ? How many in 
 Greek ? Is any spoken now ? JtVhat is it called ? By whom 
 spoken ? Can they all understand each other ? Are diffe- 
 rent letters used ? Are the accents regarded ? Are all the 
 words in Homer used in Greece now ? Are'there any words 
 in the Modern Dialects found in Homer? Is the dual num- 
 ber used in all ancient books? In which not? Is it in the 
 
 Modern Dialect ? 
 
 4k 
 What writings are there in the Modern Dialects? 
 
 What other Dialects are there? Why were they so named ? 
 
 Greek Patriotic Song- 
 Tune Knight Errant. ^ 
 (To show the Verbs, Tensca, &c.) . 
 
 Haidia tov ' 
 ' xal 
 
 ' TO aAlo try 
 
 Kal dei^Te TWV 
 To yevoq om ^fj. 
 
 Kal ddetyoi '
 
 66 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 TO 
 
 Tovqxog dg /Lir) yavrj 
 Kal av 6|U.co 
 
 'Nd 
 "2 r 
 
 ''Ac, 
 
 Write these verses, and learn to sing them. 
 
 ta, noun, nom. plural, neuter gender ; from n 
 as in Matt. ii. 2. - Heb. xi. 23. a son, or male child. 
 
 What sort of noun, or declension, ends in or ? What must 
 naidia mean ? What js TOW ? What number, case and gen- 
 der? What does it belong to? 'HQafaeovg, Genitive of 
 
 s, (Hercules,) the supposed heathen god of war. 
 , a contract verb from o'p/ua'w, 7 rush violently. 
 What kind of verbs end in w, ew, and ow ? Why are they 
 called corilract verbs ? 'Oftftoita, OQ^M, -asig, -a?, -act, -a, 
 &c. What voice, mood, tense, number, and person is dgpdje 
 in? What must it mean? What noun belongs to it? 
 What rule ? What is xal ?What words does it join ? Snu- 
 did, swords, (modern) noun, neuter accus. plural, from and- 
 0, which is derived from and (a, to draw. (Mark, xiv. 47, 
 used for drawing a sword.) 
 
 Kqanei-ie, contract verb, from xpotrew. to hold firmly, 
 (Matt. ix. 25. -Prov. xvi. 32. &c.) derived from XQOLTOS, 
 strength -- AT and /e' stand for fisid, prep. with. Xi 'QI. 
 noun, (mod.) accus. sing., from x e ^Q, hand, (common gender 
 in modern Greek, fern, in ancient.) "^ilo, adjec. accus. 
 sing., from d'Hoj, other. T^y,- What is it? What num-
 
 ELEVENTH LESSON. 67 
 
 her, gender, and case? #wr*', noun, neuter, accus. sing, 
 from <JDW?, light or a torch. What is it governed by 1 ttga- 
 What rule ? 
 
 , contract verb, from o'^juew, I stand or take my 
 station. In what voice, mood, tense, number, and person is 
 it ? What does it mean ? rewaiug, adverb, boldly. What 
 does it belong to or qualify ? To find what, ask, what is to 
 be boldly done 1 The answer is : take your station boldly. 
 //ga'/jer' is shortened for d^a^ere, because the next word 
 begins with a vowel. It is an irregular verb, from T^e'^w, I 
 run, which has dedgdpyxa in the perfect. What voice, 
 mood 1 &c. What does it mean ? " OAtu. adjec., from 6'Ao?, 
 all or the whole. (Both these Eng. words are perhaps de- 
 rived from it.) What number, gender, and case? " Olog is 
 more used in the modern than the ancient dialect, and ndg, 
 all, is not so often used. Ma'c.v, adverb, together, modern. 
 The origin of this is probably ancient, but I have not traced 
 it- Jsi&re (for <Jeter8, shortened in poetry, as many 
 words are in Engli.-h,) from 8f ixvvw or deixvvfu. It is con- 
 nected with all the other verbs in the first stanza, by xul. 
 What is the rule? What is i&v ? 'EMrlvuv, noun, masc. 
 from"EM.?]V) a Greek. It is derived from "E'i.luc, Greece. 
 rsros, noun, neuter, nom. sing., means nation: governs 
 'EM.IJVMV. (Rule /) " Ort, conjunction, means that. ZTJ, 
 contract verb, from 'w, <5. In what voice, mood? &c. 
 What mood comes with a conjunction ? (Rgle ?) 
 
 'YS^ninai, Sne^uaiat, 'Wagiavoi are nouns from 'Ydqtt. 
 Snetflb, and 'F^a'^a, the three islands which furnished the 
 ships for the fleet in the late war with the Turks. 'S is
 
 68 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 shortened from etg, preposition. Mdg in the modern dia- 
 lect is used for tfidg or ^//riv, our; and sometimes for ^/"f 3 
 vs. TOVQXOS, Turk, is necessarily a modern word, as there 
 were no Turks in ancient times. 'Ag is often used in the 
 modern with the imperative mood, being abbreviated from 
 a <peg, let. (Pa'nf is from tpaivta, J appear. ToA^?} <n? , 
 contract verb, from roi/m'w, I dare. './Va, shortened from 
 i'vec, that. In the modern, with the subjunctive mood, it 
 forms the common infinitive. -In the ancient 'iva. and the 
 subjunctive were used in this manner: ' Nd *<*lff<u<rdjf, 
 lo be possessed of it. Bnflt], the depths. Oa^daarj? from 
 or &uhxoou i the sea. Kuiunovjiadi], from KUJU- 
 ai, I am sunk, compounded of xoroi and 
 v r hich is from ndvrog, the sea. (Matt, xviii. 6.) 
 
 TWELFTH LESSON. 
 
 Jiakoyog v] 2 v v o [A i ). la. 
 Dialogos e Senomelea. 
 
 Dialogue or Conversation. 
 
 (Partly from Madam Macrea Grammar.) 
 
 Evqioxovtcu xaka nado%fZa dq TOV 
 
 evreskonde kala pandohhea es ton 
 
 Are (there) found good inns on the 
 
 dromon 
 road? 
 
 xai xaXa xeri xaxcc. 
 ke " " kaka 
 
 There are found both good and bad.
 
 TWELFTH LESSON. 69 
 
 faeifaqa 
 
 elevthera helleneka, angleka 
 
 Greek, English, 
 
 galleka 
 
 French ? 
 
 Notes. Sound a as in father, o as in no, e as in me, I as 
 met or as a in mate, y as in yes, d like th in Mis, and nd as 
 in and. 
 
 z/ta'Aoyos is a compound noun, formed of the preposition 
 Sla and the noun Ao'yog, a word or speech. It is of the sec- 
 ond sort of nouns, or in the second declension, first or nom- 
 inative case, singular number, ends in og, is masculine. 
 "H is a conjunction, and connects the two words. Swopt- 
 Ua is a noun composed of the preposition ovv and the noun 
 dftiliot, speech^ and means speaking" with. It is in the first 
 declension, feminine, sing. nom. and connected with didlo- 
 yos by *} (Rule ?) 
 
 Evgio-xovrai. What kind of word is this? What does it 
 end like? It is a verb. Look at the second Table. It is in 
 the passive, indie, pres., third person plural. What must it 
 be in the first person singular of that tense ? EvQiaxoficu, 
 What must that mean ? / am found. What is the active ? 
 Evgiaxw. Meaning ? I find. Kald is an adjective, from 
 xaXd?, -ijj-d*'. Give the changes, (that is, decline it in all 
 the cases, genders, and numbers.) It is in the nom. plural, 
 neuter, and agrees with or belongs to, navSoxsia. (Rule? 
 ffavdoxsia is a noun, second decl. neuter, nom. plural, 
 and belongs to, (or is nom. to,) ev^ioxovtat. (Rule?) 
 Els is a preposition which has a noun after it in the fourth 
 or accusative case. To v is the article. In what case? Give 
 the changes, (or decline it.) C 0, ;, TO; TOV, r^g, TOV ; &c. 
 It is in the accusative. What gender ? masculine. dgofiov 
 is a noun, second decl. masc. ace., governed by els. (Rule ?) 
 7
 
 70 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 IToOa yiikia tlvai an' id& eo> 
 How many miles are (there) from here to 
 
 TlQfbfOV OMOV 
 
 house ? 
 
 ' O dgopoq uvcci xcdog ; 
 road " " 
 
 "EA.a dco, apeoytceTg, idov ra 
 
 Some tt driver, " " mon- 
 
 aoi>. 
 
 ju-e 
 
 " </IOM /ias 6ro'^ very 
 
 OK 
 " " 7 have paid " 
 
 ^6-re jits Va xa^oV Innov. 
 Give " a " A.orse. 
 
 Notes. Mttia is one of the words in the modern dialect 
 derived from other languages, nesessary to express ideas. 
 The English word mile is from the Latin millia passuum, a 
 thousand paces, and pttia may perhaps be derived from mile. 
 
 Elvan is used .for the third person sing, and plural, indie. 
 active, of elfil, I am, instead of the infinitive, as in the an- 
 cient. The ignorant sometimes use be in the same manner 
 in English : " he be, they be." 
 
 'ES& is changed from the ancient word e&'cJe, here. 
 
 "Ela is sometimes used for SWe in the modern. 
 
 '.^ywyta'Tff, modern. 
 
 IToUoc is often used in the modern for oW. 'EnlrJQiu- 
 **, lit aorist, active, from nljjQoa), -w, a contract verb, tojttl.
 
 TWELFTH LESSON. 71 
 
 linnovq noUkd 
 
 I know " " 
 
 TOVTOQ 'imtdc, dtv /. TiTtofs. 
 
 This " not is worth anything. 
 
 * E%w (*eydhr}V dtyav. 
 
 1 have great thirst. 
 
 bread? 
 
 oXtyov. 
 Bring " a little. 
 
 TOVTO TO VZQOV tlvai x/Lov; 
 " " water " 
 
 Elvcct- VEQOV 7trjyr]<; TJ noTapov 
 " " of a spring " of a river ? 
 
 I wanted a cup of milk. 
 
 fruits 
 okiyov 
 
 " " " with butter. 
 
 To sysQov. 
 It 1 have brought. 
 
 Notes. />a>t(>, hence probably the English word know. 
 /lev (otftfev) for ou or ovx. Ovdsms, &c. are ancient. 
 NBQOV is the mod. word for water, instead of vdtaq. Words 
 derived from vdatg are in frequent use. TVe^ov may be de-
 
 72 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 rived from veto, to flow. N is left off from the end of 
 before a vowel, as it is from other nouns, verbs, &c. generally. 
 Woifii or \fj(afiiov is the most common modern word for 
 bread, but Sgrov, the ancient word is also used. Wwfiiov is 
 used four times in St. John, 13th chap. 26th, 27th, and 30th 
 verses. It is derived from y/w/utw, to feed, ancient, and that 
 from ywfiog and y/ot'w. 1'wfii has the sharp accent because 
 it ends a sentence. The dull accent is generally changed to 
 the sharp in such cases. 
 
 d () 6 /no v. 
 Different Questions on the Road. 
 
 TTove (pevyu 6 <ca%vdQ6[ioq ; 
 When departs (flies) " post ? (swift runner ? 
 
 Elg Hoiag rifMQaq ^rat (dv/toQet 
 " which " comes (arrives) 
 
 v / 
 
 O 
 K 
 
 " " no [not one] newspaper ? 
 
 Notes, didyogol, adjective, nom. plu., derived from oia 
 and qpe'pw. > jE'wTjo'etg, noun, nom. plu., derived from eptu- 
 rdw, e^wT<5, I ask. Jgopog, noun, nom. sing., derived from 
 Tpe^cu, / run ; perf. dudQctfirjxa. Td%v has s omitted from 
 the end, to make a better sound : otherwise it would make 
 -laxvadgofios. K<f'[j.ftiav y from xai, (the * being put under 
 a,) and /u?J and piuv^ and not one. EyrmsgiSct) noun, fern, 
 from 6tpTjp,egls, which is formed from em and ^fiega^ daily.
 
 TWELFTH LESSON. 73 
 
 s/m// /lave a wios* beautiful light of the 
 
 moon, \moonlight.~\ 
 Oeko) Va 
 
 1 will walk, or 7 imA. to walk, or 
 
 / may walk. 
 
 Notes. 6d e'xwpBv, shortened from tfe'Aeu/iej' i'va 
 We desire that we may have. KadaQtoTotro, purest or very 
 pure, adjective, xada^Tarog, -tj, -ov. It belongs to (jpe'yyof. 
 (Rule ?) Derived from xadagds, ->/', ~dv, pure, and xa^a^w- 
 -i), -ov, purer. Kadagdg is from xadagl^a or xa- 
 , I purify. (John i. 7, and many other places in the 
 Scriptures.) Kadaigu may be from xaid and aigta, I take 
 away. <Psyyog, brightness, nom. neut. accus. sing. (Matt. 
 xxiv. 29.) 0syyct(>i, is a modern word from g>eyyoj, and 
 means moonlight. 
 
 QB\O), I will or I wish, verb. It is sometimes used in an- 
 i lent Greek as a helping verb, and very often in modern, as 
 it is here, with 'vd, (that is, Va f ) after it. In speaking fast 
 the Greeks sometimes say, instead of &eloi 'vd nsdsvaw, &e' 
 'vot nsSevaw, and &d nsdevva) as we say " I will walk, or 
 I '11 walk." They say also, 8ev &e' 'vd, or dsv &d' nsdsv- 
 00) ; as we say, " I won't walk." These are shortenings or 
 abridgements. The proper way to write them is: #e'Aw or 
 dsv &&(>) i'va Ttsdevaa ; or perhaps Sev should be written 
 ovSev, (nothing.) 
 
 7*
 
 74 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 TO. tidy TOVTWV 
 1 know " appearances of these 
 
 things. 
 
 ^vvyevfiaTiGfopev orjpeQov tig 
 Let us dine together to-day 
 
 " " 
 
 four hours [o'clock.] 
 
 Uqoo Revere xaAectytfiVovg ; [xata'w, 1 call.] 
 Do you expect invited [friends ?] 
 Ka6l(Jvte Y.VQIOI. [Kvgiai, y/Xot.J 
 
 Sit down gentlemen, [Ladies, friends.] 
 
 Give me a few vegetables. 
 
 Notes. "EgevQw, modern, a verb, active, indie, pres. 1st 
 person, sing. Derived from ', /rom, and evga, 1 find : 
 that is, / find out, or I know. rivbxrxco, I know, is also 
 much used in modern. Eidy, noun, neut. accus. plu. from 
 sldos edg. These and many other words are derived from 
 eWw, I see: such as, idea, sight or figure, (Matt, xxviii. 
 23 ; Gen. v. 3 ; Plutarch in Pericles,) el'dwlov, idol ; (1 Cor. 
 Tiii. 4, &c.) elSo^arqitt, the service of idols or idolatry ; 
 drteidp), Hook from; ETtsldm, J look in; TtQoeidu, f fore- 
 tee ; aweidw, I see together or consider ; &c. &c- 
 
 IIgay{id?<av, neuter noun, gen- plural, from n^dyna, 
 which is derived from n^dixta or nqdaaa, I do. Whence 
 also is TTQaypureiu, business, &c. 
 
 , I taste or eat ; yevjuar^w, I dine.
 
 THIRTEENTH LESSON. 
 
 75 
 
 3 Ayanatt V cfe Koyw dno to 
 Do you like that w 1 should cut from " 
 
 indvo) ij nato) H,QO$ TOV yjwpiov ; 
 
 above or below part " bread? 
 [Do you like the upper or the under crust ?] 
 
 It appears very nice, [worthy of remark.'] 
 
 Tovto slvai did tr\v Kvgiav. McMQr\v, 
 " for Miss Macre, 
 
 tr\v &vya r UQav oov. 
 " daughter your. 
 
 THIRTEENTH LESSON. 
 
 The Story of Joseph. 
 
 (Genesis, ch. xxxvii.) 
 
 V. 1. Iwffrjcp Se dsxa xai emd BT&V -^v, 
 
 Joseph, and ten " seven years was, feeding 
 rd Jtqofianai TOV rtarydg avrov fisrd TQV adelfpav atirov, 
 " sheep " father his " " brothers " 
 
 wv vsog (istd t(av vi&v BaMag } xal /aerd TJHv vi(5v 
 being young " " sons of Ballas " " " " 
 ZeAqoa^ T&V yvvaw&v TOV Ttaigog avrov. 
 Zilpah " wives " " " 
 
 3. '/xu ds Tjya'nra tdv 'Jwa^qo nagd ndvjag tovf 
 Jacob " loved ' " above all "
 
 76 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 vtofg avrov, on vlog y/'^wj ^f avrw, ertoirjae i>rej 
 " " " " of age " to him, he made " 
 
 a coat of different colors. 
 
 4. 'l86vTeg 8e ol ddelcpoi avrov, 6'rt avrov o c TTTJ^ 
 
 Seeing " " " " that " " " 
 
 (filsl ex TtdfTWV idv vi<5v auzou, efiiarjaev aviov, teal ovx 
 loves " " " " " hated <( " not 
 
 jj dvvavTO XaXeTy avru ovdev eigr)vixdv. 
 could speak " anything peaceable. 
 
 12- 'ErtOQevdrjaav ds of ddslgiol UVTOV fioaxslv id 
 
 Went " " " " to feed " 
 
 n^oSata iov naiads avT&v eis Sixep. 
 <( " " " " Sichem. 
 
 13- Kai eljtsv 'Jtrga^A, nqog J I<aar^<f, ovj(l of <lSi"i.^m 
 
 " " to " not " " 
 
 aov aotfiotivovait' si$ Si^en; dsvqo, dnoarei^ca ae TTQOS 
 
 " feed " " come I will send " " 
 
 avTOVS} fine 8s avTW, idov ey<a. 
 
 " " " " behold" (See Bible, Gen. 37. 14.) 
 
 14- elite de aurw '/(TgaTjA, TtOQSvdslg idg, si eytalvov- 
 oiv of dSsicpoi o~ov, xal id TtgoSara, xai dvdyysd6v /uoi, 
 xal dneaTGilsv avrdv ex rrjg xoikddog ti\q XsGqthv, xai 
 ^ldet> elg Sixsft. 
 
 15. xal BV'QSV avvdv avdgtanog n^uvta^isvov ev TW Tit- 
 di<o r^gti>rrj(TB 8e avrdv 6 avOgtanog, Keytav- ri tyrstg ; 
 
 16. 6ds 6We, TOTJS ddslyovg fiov ^i?T<5, dndyysdov ftot 
 aov fioaxovaiv. 
 
 17- fixe ds auTW d Svdqotrtog dn^xctaiv e't>TSv6ei>, 
 ydg avr&v Isyovuav, noqsvddifisv sic
 
 THIRTEENTH LESSON. 77 
 
 xal STtogsvdr] '/(wcrij<p xatomads t&v a'JeAqocSv acrou, xal 
 svgev avTOvg sv 4(dasl[t. 
 
 18- ngosidov ds avrov fiuxgoOsv ago tov eyyetaai ca- 
 TOV ngog avtov'g, xal eTtovr/gevovTO dnoxTSivai uvtov. 
 
 19- sine de sxaaioq Ttgog idv rfdelcpov avrof i8ov 
 evvrcviaffirls exeivog SQ^fSTai. 
 
 20. vvv ovv dsvrs, drtoxTeivcoftsv aurov, xai (ti 
 aviov elg sva i&v faixxwv, xal egovpev d'rjgiov 
 xaieyayev avrov xal otyOfteda, ii saxai rd evvnvia 
 
 21. 'Axovaai; Se Pov6r f v e^eiiaro avrov ex tG>v 
 xal elnsv ov natd^oifisv eig ijjv^v. 
 
 (Gospel of St. John, I. 1927, 3540.) 
 
 V. 19. Kal aim? earlv if {laoivoiu TOV 'Iwdvvov, ore 
 dneaTeduv ot'Iovdaiot si; 'IsQoaohvftcav isgstg xal XsviJtag, 
 I'va SQcaTticrcacriv aurdv ov Tig el 
 
 20- Kal (jfAohoyTjcrs, xal ovx r^qv^aaxo xal tifiohoyi]- 
 ffsv, on ovx eiftl e^ci d Xgicnog. 
 
 21- Kal -^gdirjaav aviov tl ovv; 'Hilag e cro ; Kal 
 leysf ovx slfii- d ngocflirjs el o~v ; Kal dnsxgidrj ov. 
 
 22- Einov ovv au'rcJ Tig e* ; i'va dnoxgtaiv d&pev toig 
 TiE/iifjaow yftdg ; ii leysig nsgl aeavTOv ; 
 
 23- *Eq>r) syto qxavTJ fio&vrog sv -ITJ eg^fji^- evOvvars 
 TrjV ddov Kvgiov xadwg sirtev 'ffaa'iag Q ngo(f\trje. 
 
 24. Kal of d7teo~Tal[4Bvoi' ) rjcrav ex T&V tpagiaaicav. 
 25- Kal r\gv>Tr)aav avrdv ) xal einov arrcii' ii ovv @an- 
 ri^sig, el av ovx el 6 Xgiaxog, OUTS 'HMag, ours 6 Ttgo-
 
 78 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 26- 'ArtsxqiQr) . avioig 6 ^ladvvyg, Ae'y oiv eyu 
 
 ev vdaif [iBaog SB vfi&v B'aTrjxsv, ov vfisig ocx oidars 
 
 27- Avrog GO-TIV o' on iff to fiov BQxdftsvog, Sg efingoadBv 
 fiov yeyovsv ov ey^ ov ' x e 'V** <*u>s i'va Ivata OVTOV TOX 
 
 TOV 
 
 35. Tff GJtavqiov ndkiv eforvixGi 6 'lotdvvrjg, ttai ex 
 iGiv naBijT&v avTOf dvo. 
 
 36- Kal BfiB^B^iag TW ' Irjaov neQtxarovvTi, l-Byst, I'deg 
 
 (f dflVQS TOV 060V. 
 
 37- Kal i[xovaav OI'TOB oi dvo ^adrjial IctlovvTog, xal 
 ^xo^ovdrjaav TO> 'Irjaov. 
 
 38- SrgoKfsls SB 6 '/^CTOU?, xal &6aadfisvos avrovs 
 
 39. Ti ^BTBfiB ; Oi Sff slitov avria e Pa66l, o Ae' 
 e^iirjVBvofievov, diddaxaks, nov fiBvsis ; 
 
 40. AsfBt avTOig eyxBade xai I'dsrs. ^HWov xal 
 rtov [iGVBi,- xal nutf CCVTW epsivav TJ\V ^[IB 
 
 ioQa t\v (og dBxdrrj. 
 
 (Acts, xxii. 111.) 
 
 V. 1. *Avdgss ddslgxal, xal aT^?, dxovaarB fiov TT[? 
 og vfidg vvv dnoboyiag. 
 
 2. ^Axo^aavTBg SB ort rrf 'E6gaiSi dials XTU nqoaBtp&vBi 
 avioig, jLidMov nagiaxov -f^avxiav xal qujcriv- 
 
 3. 'jEy<o /uey elm *' J Jp *Iovdaio$, yeyGvvrjfjiBvoi; BV Tag- 
 on T^g Kiiixiag dvaTBdgafiftBvog de BV rjf no^Bt ravtr) 
 nctQK Tovg nodag Pa^aXirji, nBitai,8BV(j.Bvog xard dxgiSeiav 
 rov jtaT<J<pov vopov, ^laiT^g tirtdgxov iov QBOV, xadug 
 
 ears
 
 THIRTEENTH LESSON. 79 
 
 4- l Og ravTijv TIJV odov sdiw^a cf^gt fravdrov, Seafievutv 
 xai Ttagadidovg qtvlaxdg &vd(iag TB xai ywaixag, 
 
 5- 'fig xai 6 dqxiegsvg (lagrvgEi pot, xai nay -id ngea- 
 Svrsgiov- nag' &v xai STttaioidg de^dfisvog ngog Tovg 
 ddeifpovg, slg 4a(iaaxdv enoqsvoftijv, a(ov xai rovg exsi- 
 ae ovtag, dsdsfisvovg Big 'IsQovaalrjft, tva rifKogydoviv. 
 
 6- 'Eyeve-io ds pot noQevofisvu xai eyyi^ovii Tif ^/o- 
 [ia<TX(5 rtBgi fiearjfj.6^iav, el;ai<pvT]g sx tov OVQUVOV negi- 
 aoTa't//at qiwg ixavov nsqi B/J,B~ 
 
 7. "Ensffd ts slg id edaqtog, xai T\xovaa qxavrig ieyov- 
 aijg fiot- Saovl, 2aovl, ii fie di<Lxei$; 
 
 8. 'Eya 8e dTtexqidrjv. Tig e, Kvgie ; Elns IB agog 
 pe- *Ey(h elfii 'Irjaovg <f Na^uqaiog, ov av duaxsig. 
 
 9. O* 8s avv Bfiol ovTBg id [isv tp&g ededcravro, xai 
 e/*(po6ot e'yBvoy-ro, TT}V ds qxavr^v ovx -rlxovaav rov ia/Lovy- 
 TO'S [toi. 
 
 10. Elnov ds- Ti no^am, Kvqts ; 'O de Kvyiog nqog 
 // 'Avaaidg nogevov eig ^fafiaaxoy xdxei aoi iaX^^'ae- 
 Tat negl itdvTWV &v iBraxxai ooi Ttoirjaai. 
 
 11. 'Jig de ovx evB6is7tov, dud rijg do^rjg tov qxarog 
 exeivovy xeiQaywYOVftBvog vnd r<5v ovvovtuv fioi, ^Qov 
 eig dapaaxov. 
 
 (Acts, xxvii. 37 44 ; xxviii. 1 6.) 
 37. 'Hfjisv ds BV TO nloia at naiaat i^iv^al, diaxoatai 
 
 38. KoQEodsvisg SB iQOtprig, Bxovxfi^ov td nloi'ov, BX- 
 at.i6 t uei'ot, tov aftov slg Tt\v &d).aaaav. 
 
 39. "Ore ds ifftsqa e-fsvsfo, TTJF yijV ov* ert
 
 80 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 Se nva xarsvoovv CXOVTU aiyiukdv, Big ov e'6ov- 
 levaavro, el Svvaivro, e|waat id nloTov. 
 
 40. Kal tdg dyxvqug ne yield vreg etoiv els TT]V &d\aa- 
 oav, a'fia dvevTeg ids ^svxTrjgiag rQv TTqSaMwv xal end- 
 gavieg idv dgrepova rp nveovor), xantx ov e 'S ' l ^ v a '- 
 
 41. nsoiTteoovres 8e els TOTTOV dtBdlaaaov, 
 rrit> vaiif xai if fiev itQUQa sqeiaaaa epsivsv 
 
 ij de nyvfiva eivero vno rrfs (Hag TUV xvfidrtaf. 
 
 42. T(5v de aTQaTi(ar&t> (9ovi^ syeveto i'va rovg dea/uu- 
 rag dnoxrsivwat, fi^Tig 6xxolvfj6t'jaas dict(pvy<H. 
 
 43. 'O SB exarovTctgxog, fiovlofiEvog diaa&aai vov IJav- 
 JLOV, exd&vaev aviovg rov ^ov^rl/^Ktog, exe'ifc'ae re tovg 
 Svvapsvovg xolv/j6av^ tfnoiJQiyavTag rtQOTOvg enl rrjy y^y 
 
 44. Kai -rovg ioinovg, ovg fiev snl aaviatv, oiig de enl 
 nvwv i&v duo rov irhoiov xai ooTWg sysvero ndvTug dia- 
 i, snl TJJV y^v. 
 
 1. Kal diaa(a6evTg, rote eneyvtaauv or* Mfiirrj ij vr[- 
 aog xaistTut. 
 
 2. Ot de fidqSaQOi -naQEtxov ov TTJV Tv%ovaav tpiiar- 
 dQwniav -^{iiv- dvdifjavteg ydq nvgdv nqoaeldGovTO ndv- 
 rag rfpag, Sid rdv VBTOV rov eqceaTtora, xai Sid TO yvxog. 
 
 3. SvaxQBifiavTog Se rov Ilavlov (pgvydvtov nkrjdog, xai 
 ertidsvTog enl ir[v nvgdv, exiSra ex r^g &6o(4tjg e^eidot- 
 aa xadijifis t^g x ei QS aurou. 
 
 4. '-fig SB elSov of fidgSaqoi xgs[idn6vov TO &TJQIOV ex 
 
 dg avTov, Uleyov ngoe aMifious 1 Udvitus
 
 THIRTEENTH LESSON. 81 
 
 6 o.vdQ(onog ovrog ov dtaabidevia ex TJ; d-alaaarj; 
 TJ dixT) "Cfiv ovx etaaev. 
 
 5. '0 ftev ovv, dnoTH>d!;as rd &T}(>iov els TO nvQ, tnn- 
 6ev ovdev xaxof 
 
 6. Of 8s ngoaedoxtav onurov fieiJ.eiv ni[ingaadai, i ij xu- 
 tanimsiv a<pvca VBXQOV enl noiv de avr&v 
 
 TUV, xal &e(t)QovvTQ)v /utjdev dronov el; UVTOV 
 ti.eyo>> &eov otvrov elvcti. 
 
 Letter from Mr. Alexander Negris, 
 Author of the Modern Greek Grammar. 
 
 K v q i f , EiSov id oaa nsgl sfiov x6eg Sfqdi 
 
 Sir, I have seen what concerning me yesterday " 
 el; rtjv s(pT]UFQi(iu, xal TtqoatpEftwv idg vj(d(>i(niag fiou, 
 
 " " newspaper " bringing " thanks " 
 t-uuCtdvM Tijy elevdegiav Vet adg nag ax ale aw 'vd -nqofr- 
 
 \ take " liberty " " request " 
 
 6iar]Te xal 'vd xdftsre fig TOTTOV tov Vet svvor^arj^ TO 
 
 " " " make " " of it ct make known ' : 
 
 xoivor, or* 1} fvf xctdofiilovfiGvri ' E^ij v ixij ^/tdkexTog f- 
 
 news " " " spoken " " 
 
 vat avT$ fie TT\V Uulatar, xal ort i\ diag>ogd elvat 16- 
 is the same " " old, " " " difference " 
 aov [ttxqd, warf rfftnoget nfqiaaoTfgov Vd &e(aqT)Ori b> 
 l( small " may rather " appear " 
 
 8ta<pO(>d vq>ov$ nagd y ').v>o fftjg, [*ia, Isyaa, xal j avrr; 
 a different dialect than " one, I say, " " " 
 (?ta'lfXTOC, SiaigovfifVT] elg dvot, nalatdv xal vsav, r t 
 divided new one 
 
 per ncytexet Tovg ovyyqatpets, if de vvv sis XW~ 
 indeed embraces writers the (other) " " " use 
 8
 
 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 air vnQX ei * T"? *<** xao/uiovperi] ie^crat, xai TjV 
 
 belongs which " spoken is called, " " 
 
 onoiav Sid 'vd ) r>>ta Q^V r 'S xaioif, ngensi 'yd e- 
 which that may know any one well he ought " 
 vat SfjinsiQOS T^5 naiuids, ijrt eivai 77 fidais. 
 t: skilled " " " " " " 
 
 1 E evl idj'ttj, n<t).aid xai vea 'E^r^vixr^ ^/ta'iexTOf tlvui 
 tc cc (i u (( <( it 
 
 ftiot xai if avTfj, if [iev TiQdg XQ^cnv, ij de nqd; rd evrostv 
 " " t( " " " " " " " " "understand 
 TOVJ Ttcciaiovs 
 
 Zr^Tfav avyyvtitftev dia TJJ*' evox^ijOiv ij'v Sifioitn acts 
 Asking pardon .for " trouble which " 
 
 be sure 
 
 ort eifii xaj tao[icti 6 log aog 
 
 1838, rif 8'; ' 
 Neov 'Yog*. 
 
 6 I $ TO* K s v u S a . 
 
 norotft&v TOV Koffftov, e.ivut, 6 xa- 
 el$ ir,v '^e^tx^jv. TOVTOV 
 TOV noraftov olvc T vdara, elf trjv dtdSaaiv TWV diro T^? 
 'EQi.- Etg JT)V h/jvyv ' Ovjdgio, xgijpri*oviai exni.ii- 
 ; exaid*' 7rfT7Jxora TTO^WV, xata 
 
 T?
 
 THIHTEENTH LESSON- 83 
 
 g uxtjvrjg. Iloiafiog fiadvTtnog, xul ogfttjrixoTa- 
 rog did TOV dnoiov geovaiv TU v8ma, o'Aiyj a^sdoy Trjg'^4gx- 
 roiug ' jJttsgixrjg, ngog rov '^4r^avTit(6t> 'JlxBavov^ vd XUTU- 
 ximr\ fiBTd n oliov rd%ovg did //? oeigug fiqaxfov^ oi'it- 
 vsg vytavovTat> wj refjfog, ano TO sV, xul a no TO a 
 fiegog Tf}S xoiryg TOV ^CV'/'TO? TOV. 'O nora/uog 
 dviineqto) fivut, a^edov TQIU Tc'ra^ra erog [liMiov 
 xul 01 figdzoi, elg TO (nevuiegov TOV ^ue'oog, eJvcu 
 xoaiwv nevTr^xovta nv^^emv tfyylot. 'H dievOvvaig 
 8et> fifui Evdsiut) dM.d xa/Lmvi.r} ) dfioia fie nerotlov a 
 Big TQOTIOV wore d xaTctodxTqg, og Tig fJ.OQ(pwverai, XT 
 TO a^na TOV ipnodiov, xkodoyvoi^wv 7iaoio~Tdt>6i TO <f>oi- 
 xutdeaTaTOV -freafia Tijg (pvffEcag. 
 
 KOIT' avTd 8s TO' [isaov TOV xvxhoTsgovg TBi%ovg TWV 
 /nid fiixgd rfjaog, xaTutpgovovoa Tr}v @iav TOV 
 Qou- Trooo'a'Het fiidv Trjg dxQtooeiav, xaTd T^V xogv- 
 tpT]v T^g dnoiag^ diaigsi TO gevfia elg dvo fisgij, ctAX' evdt- 
 VOVTUI Ttdliiv n OOTOU dxofii, vd xaxafTr^aovv elg TOV ndiov 
 'H ^OTJ TOV'TOU TOU exnlijxTixov xotTotgdxTOv, dxovsTai sis 
 dnoffTrjfia fiMiwv sixoai, xal ij o'gfiil T&V vddTiav, xmd 
 TO pegog Trjg mwasfag T&V sivai dxuTavorjTog. To ntiai- 
 f.itjint T&V vSdTwt'. yevvd ftidv d i t/A^>', rJTig vifJQVSTai o~zsdov 
 f'atg eig TO VE<pij, xal a%rjtioni11.ei TegnvoTaTov ovgaviov TO- 
 loi', OTavir^v ngoaBd^ovaiv at axrivEg TOV 'Hiiov. * Euv 
 xa'vslg EiaBWrj, elg TO fisaov TavTijg Trfg drfiidog, rj eav 
 (f.vo-&t> 6 avfj,og } TI}V (fEgsi xai' sndvw TOV , 
 <. >.jyu A.7iTa Toaouioj', &g vd rlds^s ^unTiaO^v Eig TO 
 
 XaTot Toy 2Emft6giov, xui ' OxiwftSgiov ftrjva, TQOOV 
 ftf/diij noaoTijg
 
 84 LESSONS IN GREKK. 
 
 TO Trpwij I'noxdroi irjs nuaaeug TOU vdarog WCTTC nj 
 fc : 7. TOU qppoupto'u ii\g .ZVtaya'paj (pQovtjdv, Tos'aiet d 
 
 iaf, "^4(jxTmy, xai 
 
 xannors, roe dnoiu xdvovrai, BV cJ doxifid^ovcrt vd 
 nsgdvoj, TIJS mwatutg tov vdotTog. ' Ano 
 pavOdvofisv dit xai avdqbfnoi sxd 
 rut rdy avio 
 
 Td xaict II a v ). o v xai Biqyiviav, P. 114. 
 
 * oMyov d veog ovgog, 05 TI$ d8ia(f>OQOv<rev dn* oio 
 rot toy xocrfiov, to? a ^otxoyeyJff, ^s TtctQexdleae vd IQV 
 TO dvayivtoaxsiv xai ypa'^Et*', 5to? yo; ij/mooif >-d 
 T^" dvTanoxqiaiv fte TTJV $i(fi,via.v. ^Hde^ae /J.srd 
 vot didaxOj) yewj'paqpta*', 5tot Va'TtoxT^o'^ iSeav iov 
 onov efieMev avrij y'apot'^7/, xai faiogiav, did vd 
 TO ^^ T7? xotfiuvias, el; TJ\V o'notav E[ieM.s vd 
 77017. Zlagofiolfat elxev Bxitaudevdrj TJJ*' j'cwpytXTj*', xai 
 TTjV -is%vT)v vd svTgenit,rj fie ^a'ptv Td Trls'oi' 
 tdoupog, and i^v diddsaiv tov eptuTOff. ^tff TCCS 
 xai Ta'f oxonovfiBvaq dnoiavuei; TOU -fregftov TOU'TOU xai 
 dvrjavxov fiddovg ^peworou^ev dva^Kft,66lo)s 01 d'vdqfOTiot 
 -idg Tteptaaorepaj smarilftas xai TC^vaf, xai O'TIO TO; 5 aie- 
 
 auiou xai dnotv^ias s^Bvv^dr] T| guloo-oqpt'a, rJ 
 j diddaxsi, va Trap^^opou'/ue^a 5*' 6'i.a. OVTU$ 
 (rvvdeaaffa ndvra id ovta did TOU e'pa/TO? TOV xa- 
 <n^<aiov oqyavov r&v dvdqoinivtotv xowoivi&v, xai 
 TCOV ypsreQuv r^dov&v xai ftaOijaeoiv. 
 'O natilos Sev svoaTi/uevdrj noMai ir[v anovSrjv T^f 
 airi I'd Tieptypa'a)^ TTJV (pvaiv sxdvrov
 
 THIRTEENTH LESSON. 86 
 
 TOTIOU, ftdg naqaarevBi, ftdvov rag Ttokinxdg UVTOV 
 oeig. ' Jt t'aTO^t'a, xal judhiaja ^ vecarsga, Ssv rdv agsae 
 TiFQKJaoreqov ' 81011 dsv evgioxsv eig aorr^v fl /uif yevi- 
 xdg xal TiEgiodixdg <Juortt, T(av O'TIO/WV dsv tGfans rdg 
 Hiring nolsfiovg ^w^J? koyov xai Zfaglg axonov, axevoi- 
 (>iag vxorEivdg, tdvrj ^w^Jg ^a^axr^^a xal rfye/uovuf %o>- 
 (tlg cpdavdQwniav. ' Engorpovae de an' avtr[V rug (IV&KJ- 
 rogiag, 01 dnoiat (fgot'ri^ovat negiaoorsgav did rd vvfi- 
 (ffgovru xal rd tpgovil/uara' r<5v dvOgtinotv, rov tdei^fuv 
 st'iore xaraardasig 6/uolo; [ts riji> B 
 
 From Paul and Virginia, P. 102. 
 
 ^Eldovarjg 8e rrjg wgag rov deinvov, Ixdd^auv si; rjjV 
 TigaTre'^cty, xal exaarog rdtv avvdeinvwv, ragarrofievog and 
 nddr] Sidqioga, Hfpuyev dMyov, xal dev (ajaiirjae navrdna- 
 au\ ' II BiQytvia earjx(h6rj TT^COTI/, xal rjlds vd xadi\oi] 
 onov r&ga aiexopev. '0 Uavlog uxoiovdrjae per' dlfyor, 
 xul exddrjcrs nitjatov avr^g. *s4[t<p6regot ejisivav ixavov 
 xitiQOf eig axoav aiwn-^v. 'H vv% rjro fiia and rdg iafi- 
 7TQ<j)iarag sxsivag fiera^v r (5v rgomxwv^ r&v dnoifav ouotf 
 xul 6 Tikeov entrrjdeiog twy^a'qpo? ddvvarei vd 7tagaar->laij 
 rd xdllog. 'H ae^frj eyuivsro ev fieaw rov aregev>/ua- 
 TO?, nsQtxvxloifievi] pe naQansraafja veytiv, rd tinoia die- 
 kvovio fiudfiTjSdv and rdg dxrivctg uvrrjg. Td cptog avrrjg 
 ftifxvvero dvenaiad^roig tig rd ogrj rrjg ^Tj'aou, r&v drroi- 
 MV at xoQvq>al dnekafinov ngdaivsv dgyvgotpevvag. Of 
 dveftot exgarovaav rtfv nvo^v avrtir. Eig rd ddarj, ilg 
 rd fiddog r&v xoikdduiv, 6/5 tr^v xoqvqn}v r(av 
 lenrul qxoval, ylvxvraru yidvgiofiuru 
 
 8*
 
 86 LESSONS IN CREEK. 
 
 T d-nota TEqndueva dnd 16 qpeyyo? TTJ? vvxitig xai 
 j'uAij*'?;*' TOU degas, e%a8E\>ovTO slg rdg qpwtaoff 
 "Eug xai ai3i<2 TO? (utfgna s6ofi6ovaav vno TO 
 Ot dore^eg axrivo6o).oSaav et$ tov ovqavov, xai if &d- 
 iaaaa dvTavotxkovffe tdg TQeftovaag avrtav elxdvotf. 'J-f 
 HiQywici eneaiQsye TOUJ dqtdakpovs avrfs ei$ TO % n 
 xai ^ocptodq otlrijs dqi'C.ovTa, TOP o'noiov rd SQvdgd 
 j(j)V dhtewf dei*x(t)()ictv and idv aiftakdv, xai idev eli; 
 T^y sl'ffoSov TOV kifisvog <p&s xai trxtaV tavra de tjaay 
 TO (pavdqiov xai r6 axdcpog rov xnqa6iov a^rij;, TO dn- 
 oiov, ttoipov vd exnievarj elg T\V Evqumt/p, e'nQoaftevev 
 fig TTJV ayxvquv TO jeiog Tfjg fot^vrjg. 'H Btgyivia e'ra. 
 dnd javTtjv ii\v &E(a()eav, xai fierearQeifte Ttjy xe- 
 ~ifjg, did vd fiij TT\V idy o' Uavkog duxqvovaav. 
 
 Notes to assist the Learner. "Xf/t** I come, elevao- 
 at, r^vda, irregular verb. Rule, A participle and a noun, 
 &c. Ka6ita, I sit. Toads' ^i/, table, from rpej, three, 
 and .Ttov g, foot. Jeinvta, J sup. Ta^a'aaw or ra^a'rTW, / 
 am disturbed or feel distress. Uddog, suffering, noun 
 neuter, derived from ndcrxot, 1 suffer. Jidqiogog, different, 
 adjective, derived from 8ia and qne'pw. otjrw, / eat. 
 '0/7ti.eo), / speak. navrdnaaiv, not at all, adverb. 
 Styotto, lam silent. Ttoga, now, mod. from Tf &QU or tov- 
 TT] TTJ <agn. ' lard (a or Taitjui, I stand. 'y/xoiov'ft*, 7 fol- 
 Imc. JH-Tjaiov, near. '^JftcpdiEgot, both, derived from dft- 
 <p(a,both. Mevw, I remain. "Jxayo?, sufficient. 
 
 "Axqog, extreme- -TWs, night. Adftnqog, bright. 
 AfcTa|u', between. ' EniTijdeiog, sltilfull. Z wyg a <pog, pain- 
 ter. (From a'w, I live, and y^a'^w, I write.) ^tf*a/, / 
 can. A, not, when put before a word. ^^ff j moon. 
 Msffos, middle. SreQeotua, firmament, from areyede, solid.
 
 THIRTEENTH LESSON. 87 
 
 Kvxlog, circle; xvxlooi, I encircle ; TtsQtxvxloa), lencir-- 
 cle about. IJaQaTrerao-fia, parapet, curtain. JVsq>os, 
 cloud. Aialvofiat, 1 melt away. BaOpydov, by degrees. 
 
 , ray. "Ogog, noun neut. mountain. 
 , island. AdftTto), I shine, (whence lamp.) Uyd- 
 aivog, green. (Revelation, xxi. 20. xyvaonQaaos.) * ' AQ- 
 g, silver. "Avepos, wind. K^areo), I hold strongly, 
 j, breath. 4daog, a wood, modern, neut. BdOog, 
 depth, neiit. Kolidg, valley, neut. (KoiUa TOV 
 Matt. xii. 40.) xogvcp-i], top, summit. 
 
 BQ<X%OS, rock, modern.- 'Axovw, I hear. 
 small, light. 0<anl, voice. rlvxvg, sweet. (Hence per- 
 haps, liquorice.) Wrfvyicrfiog, murmur, noun. (2 Cor. xii. 
 20.) ffTrjvd, animals, noun, plural, no sing. ; derived from 
 
 mc'to) TsQito)) I take pleasure. 
 
 Pa1.T}vt), tranquility, from yeia'w, I laugh. 'Aeg,air. 
 Xaideva, I caress. (l>ulea, nest, modern ; (puled;, hole, 
 ancient. Zcavyiov, a very small animal or animalcula, 
 modern, from t,<aov, animal. Xogrog, grass. 
 
 'Aar^o, star. 'AxTivo6ol6, I throw up lightning, from 
 dxriv, lightning, and (9a'iXco, I throw. OVQUVOS, heaven. 
 
 'AvTavaxl.6, I reflect, modern. TQSftw, I tremble. 
 Elxtijv, image. T^eqcw, / turn. ' Qtpda^pog, eye. Ula- 
 rv;, wide. Zoqxadog, dark. 
 
 ' Ogi^uv, horizon. 'Egvdgog, red. (Red Sea, Exodus.) 
 
 JIvQ,fire. 'Ahiev?, fisherman. ^/(a^w^ew, / divide 
 or distinguish. Alyialo;, shore. "Etaodog, entrance, the 
 way in. ("ESodog is the way out or departure.) Ai(*r}v, 
 harbor. 2xid, shadow. <t>avd(>tov, light house, modern ; 
 from (pavsQoai, which is from vpaivco, I appear. 2xd<pog f 
 boat, neut. ; from axdnrta, I dig, whence perhaps skiff, 
 meaning a canoe. KaydStov, ship, modern. " 
 ready. Ills a, I sail. 'Evgwirjv, Europe. 
 
 I wait for. *Ayxvqa, anchor. (Acts, xxvii. 29 and 30 ;
 
 88 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 Heb. vi. 19.) Derived from '-/xiUo?, sea weed- and pt' 
 / flow. Oeoi^eu, viaion. Kstfu^v, head. ^/uxpvw, 
 weep. 
 
 Td x a i d JJ a TO A o v xai Biqfiviuv, P. 147. 
 
 r e Q (a v. To xdHiarov dn' 6'ia id fliSkiu, TO 
 Old Man. " best of all " books " 
 oiroiov diddanei TCOCVTOV adr^ra, dfdnrjv, (pii.at>6()0)niuv 
 which leaches " c< love " 
 
 xai ofiovoiav, rd Evayye'k.iov, isyw, SXQTJ [tariffs noUovg /a- 
 " " " Gospel " " " 
 
 vag nQOffaOK; Big i&v -Evqwriutiiv tag 
 
 H It (( ( (( l( 
 
 xoivai xai fiegixai iv^avviui ^ivovjui dxo^irj it; 
 
 " " tyrranies exist now " the name 
 
 OVTOV enl TJJJ yf?.' //oto; tnena vd ekniffr/ on &i).fi 
 of it " " earth ! " then " hope <; " 
 wqpf breast tovs dt'Oyionov; tie fitSkiov ; 
 
 favor " " " " 
 
 ' Efdvfi^ffov dnoia e'aiadi] rj TV%rj T(3*" tpif.oo6<fon' t buoi 
 rovg sdida^av jyv aoffiav. 'O ' OftrjQog d aroliaa: avrr t v 
 fie &QaiOTdiovg an^oug, s'^rovafv e).(T]ij.o<Jvvr l v enl wj> 
 rov. 'O Sotxgdirjc, og xai ps id rjOr] xai fie rovg Aoj'ot'., 
 iov sSwxe yXuxurara [iadijfiaTii avirjs tig Tovg ^.^dTjvitiovf, 
 fcpaqfiaxsvOr} dtxacrTixws dn' avrnvg. ' O vtpivovg fiadr^ ' 
 rou nidruiv naQfSodrj Sov'kfiav xurd m>o(JTayr\v TOU 
 rajevovTog avidv rjyf/udvog, xai TIQO UVTW o' nvOayoqag, 6~ 
 fig TJTO (fildvdgwnog xai nqog avid rd w, xaTSxdrj L<3> 
 and tovg KQUiwvidTag. TVAe'yw; ret 
 
 tffOaouv tig
 
 THIRTEENTH LESSON. 
 
 uevufis aagxaafiovg xu axuuucnu xaxf^axirj^oviatfis av- 
 T(o, dioit B% avi(av dyanu vd id yvw^t^i/ ^ dvdg&ntvog d 
 
 5e f^Bia^v i&v noM&v if 
 
 f*sx(><> rovSs xadctgd nai d^toivvrog^ altiov eivai on oi 
 avid etyaav x (U Q tcr ^ 1 ' 01 ' a 7id TW' avyx(>o vf > )t ' a v- 
 T&JV TTJ*' xot'w'taj' xadtis riva a'yai^uara Bx6aMoi>Tai dxe- 
 qaia dnd TOUJ a'y^ovs T^S ' EMddos xai TTJ? 'IraMag, dtdit 
 
 sis iov xokrtov trjg 
 kvavav iG>t> 
 
 Virginia's Letter, P. 116. 
 
 Tekog TtdvT<av ekaSs, did Ttvo$ xagaSiov 
 J' 'Ivdicti> 
 
 xai Tfodeivordji] 
 floiid ygdpfiaia a' eyqaifja fiexQi TOvde, 
 
 dev i'),u6u dnoxgKHv, t/w itliiuv 'va <po6ov[4ai 
 a' Bvsxsiqiadijtfav. *Exw slnidag ^J/ffTOiepaf ns^l 
 lov naQOVTog, 81611 ensvoqaa iivdg nqocfv^d^Biq, fie ids 
 o'noios -&sl(a as <paveg6fBi ei$ id s^s id xai' eps, xai 
 aov. 
 
 The Peloponnesus. 
 
 *H Usl-onovvrjaog soixvld Ban cpvM.a nt.aidvov TO O~XTJ- 
 /*, to~T] de axedov n xaid firjxog xai xaid n^diog. "Exovat 
 ds irjg Xs^govi\ao\> laviijg, TO fiev GanBQiov fieyog '//iefo* 
 xai .Msffffij jaot, xlv^ofievoi TW Sixsitxw TrsAa'j'e* e|^s de 
 d TTJV '7/Xe*av sail TO i&v ^ A%ai&v edvog, ngog 
 
 , xai 10 Koqivdtaxai xo'ijrw naqaietvov isfavia
 
 90 
 
 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 slg TTJV Sixvuiviav. 'EvTBvdev 6s 2ixv<av xui K6(fiv6os 
 iexQi TOO lodfiov. M?id 8e vr\t> Meaar/viav 1} 
 rj, xui ?J '^oystot, ,ue/0 roil ladfiov OVT^. Mtar/ 
 de e'ffiiv ^ ' ' A(j%u.iu., naoiv STUxetftevij, xui yenvKdcra rots 
 
 floiid fief dy xai aii i'doi Tig aV ev ' 
 
 xu ttxov- 
 
 ffai d'av/Mxros a|ta, pdiiaia 3e TU ev ' Ol.vfj.nUt . 
 nokiS T:r\v eiTHpdvEiav io^ev si; UQXTJS fiev did TO na 
 TOV 'Okvfiniov 4id<; exeivov d' sxlei<p6evTOs, ovdev 
 auvefieivev rf do$a TOV legoU, xal rip av^yaiv, offr/f 
 eio6e did ir^v nav^vQiv xui TOV ofywva TOV ' 
 
 d(i>o~eiv 
 
 From Xenophon. 
 
 0e6iTO(t7tos*AdT)vaios elite. ^Jl PaivVe, vvv, 
 G>S 0v oqng, iftfiiv ovdev aliovs'ffTiv dyuOov el //jj o-nia xui 
 [isv ovv e^ovTff, olofisda av xal TTJ d 
 
 ' av TUVTU, xui T&V aw^ua'rwv 
 Mr} otiv oiov, rd pora rfftiv dyudd 'ovia TO(JIIV 
 dlld avv TOVTOIS xai neqi T&V vfiBTSQUv dyad&v 
 '^xovaag &B Totvia o' <&alvvos Byelotoe, xui 
 [lev eoixas, 0) veaviaxs, xui keyeig 
 1061 (ISVTOI dvorjTog wr, el oi'ei aV, T-^V 
 dqeT^v neQiyevsadat Tfjs (9cr*A.sw^ 8vrd[i6tg. 
 de vivas Scpaaav ksysiv vnofiaiuxi^ofiet'ovg, a>? 
 xai KVQO niOToi B'j'SVOVTO, xai (?crtie* y" av noMoiJ dStoi 
 , ei @ovl.oiio cpiiog yeveadat- xui el'is dVo TI 
 
 6t7i6 
 ovx 
 
 TOVTW xu 
 
 osv, el f^dr] dnoxexQtfiet'oi titr.
 
 THIRTEENTH LESSON. 91 
 
 From Xenophon. 
 
 fiev dr} w^ero, xal 01 avv cevrw. Of de nnod 
 iov r^xov, ffgoxlrig xal Xsiglaotfog (Msv<ov de oi>- 
 TOV tfievB naqd ^^4Qtala)-^ ovioi d' tkeyov, or* noHovs 
 cpuirj *j4Qiciiog elvai Uegaag, eavrov fisfaiovg, ovg ovx av dv- 
 CIVTOV fiaaikEvovjos a'Ai' el fiovleadB avvamsvai, 
 eSrj xelevet ii[g vvxrog- el de ^ujj, avidg TtQta'i dnis- 
 vui (frjoiv. 'O 8e Kieagxos. f txev '^AX' ovrta XQI\ 
 TTOieif, edr [*ev rjxwfiev, tianeg A yers el de fir}, n^dr- 
 TSTB Snotov av Tt r\fjitv oieade ftdiiara avfttpsqeiv. 'Q T 
 de Trotrj'ffot, ovde Tovroig sine. 
 
 Merd de taiiia, f t dij ifkiov dvvorros, ffvyxaisaag 
 Trj^nvs xul Xo/ayoiiff, tke%e roidde 'Efiol^ a 
 Bvo) tevoct 67ii @u(ri).ea, ovx eyiyvBTO rd fegd. Kai 
 agn ovx eyiyveio. 'fig ya^ ej'to fvv nvvddvofiai^ 
 ev fjeaai T^MWV xal fiaadefog 6 Tiygrjq nojajtog sari vavai- 
 noQog, ov ovx av dvvaiusda uvev nkoitav diaCrffai' nkola, 
 d' rfftftg ovx e%o(iv. Ov ftev drj avTOv ye fieveiv oiov re- 
 TU yct^ eTitTTj^eta ovx Eauv t^eiv levat ds rtand 
 KVQOV qpt'Aouj, ndvv xaid r^/aip rd !egd ijy. 
 
 c /2Je ovv yoi\ note if dniovretg demveiv, on Tig 
 drretddv de aij t urfv^ TO XBQUTI, (o,- dvaneveadui, avaxevd- 
 Z,ea6e BTisiddv de TO devTeQOf, dvarideads eni id vno- 
 tyyiu stii de tcJ xot'iw, {'ntade TtJ ijyovftevca, rd (tev 
 VTto^u'ytu txovreg ftQog rov norafjov, T A de onla t^ta. 
 TUVTU dxovaarieg o{ arpanyyoi xai oi Ao^ayoi 
 xui snoiof OUTW.
 
 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 COMMON GREEK WORDS. 
 
 [A. means adjective, Ad. adverb, C. conjunction, N. noun, P. pronoun, 
 Par. participle, V. verb : m. masculine, f. feminine, n. neuter, con. con- 
 tract.] 
 
 V. 
 
 "Ayadog, A. good. 
 'Ayadonoieu -w, TJ'CTW, ^xct, 
 
 con. V. do good. 
 'Ayandto, -u, TJ'CTW, tjxa, V. 
 
 love. 
 
 'Aydnij, N. f. love. 
 'AyurtTjrog, -T], ov, par. beloved. 
 "Ayyelog, -ov } angel, messen- 
 
 ger. 
 
 'A YS IT], -??, f. a flock. 
 "Ayiog, -a, ov, holy. 
 "Ayxvgot, -ag, {. anchor. 
 'Ayogd, -dg, f- a market. 
 'Ayogd^ot, -dad), ^yoQaxa 
 
 buy. 
 
 "Aygog, -ov, m. afield. 
 "Aygvnvog, -ov, A. sleepless. 
 "Ay (a, a|w, qx a > gi lead, El- 
 
 od yw, 6 ? |a'yoi, dytavla, and 
 
 many otherverbsand nouns 
 
 are derived from this. 
 
 g, sister. 
 s, -ou, brother. 
 * Ad eotg, A. fearless. 
 'Adtxsia, -fc, ?jao, T/xot 
 
 unjustly. 
 
 *ASwia, -ag, f. injustice. 
 'Adixog, -T], ov, unjust. 
 *A8vvaTog, impossible. 
 
 do 
 
 "Adia, tiao), ifxa, sing. 
 'Act, ad. always. 
 
 , m. air. 
 , -ov, deathless, 
 wv, f. the city of 
 Athens in Greece. 
 "Aiyvmog, f Egypt. 
 Alfia, -arog, N. blood. 
 
 , ttp<3, rfgxa, take away. 
 , -a, ov, base. 
 , -ijg, f. shame, 
 -vvt, yxa, shame. 
 
 AtTsoi, -, ij'ffw, Tjxa, ask. 
 
 Alndofiai'j -tofioti, don/nut, a- 
 /*, blame- 
 
 Aiiov, 6vog, N- m- age, eter- 
 nity. 
 
 Aluviog, -a, ov, eternal- 
 
 \4xd6aQTog, -ov, unclean. 
 
 "Axovu), -oo), xa, hear. 
 
 'AxQig, -idog, f. locust. 
 
 "Axgov, -ov, m. top, summit- 
 
 "Alag, -aiog, N. salt- 
 
 'Ai-ysoi, -c5, Tj'ffw, TJXU, to be 
 distressed. 
 
 "Alyog, -eog, m. distress, pain. 
 
 ^Alsxrgvtav, -ovog, N. a fowl- 
 
 'Alr/dsia, -ag, f. truth.
 
 COMMON GREEK WORDS. 
 
 93 
 
 Baoifaia 
 
 r^g, eg, true. 
 'Alrjdtvog, -rj, of, true. 
 
 ad. truly. 
 
 vg, -eog, m. fisherman. 
 P. gen. plural only, 
 of one another. 
 
 , -ij, o, P. other. 
 
 -ov, belonging to 
 another. 
 
 ALofog, -ov, m. (mod.) horse. 
 Aig, dlog, f. salt, sea. 
 'AftUQTTitia, -UTOS, 1). sin, 
 
 fault. 
 
 ' Apaqiia, -ag, f. sin- 
 'A/uvog, -ov, m. lamb- 
 * AfMie).og, -ov. f. vine- 
 'Afineiw*, uvog, m. vineyard- 
 "A/uw/uog, -ov, blameless. 
 "Av, C. if. 
 
 Avd, prep, with, through, vp, 
 &c- It is put before many 
 verbs to form new ones- 
 (See the verbs.) 
 ' Avayxaiog, -a, ov, necessary- 
 og, -, of, mqniy. 
 , -ov, m- wind- 
 ijQ, -eqog or 8(>6;, m. man. 
 ' Avdog, -eog, n.Jlower. 
 * Atdqunog, -ov, man- 
 'Afri, pr. for, against, instead. 
 
 Used with many verbs. 
 "Al-iog, -a, of, worthy. 
 'Ano, P. from- It loses o be- 
 fore a vowel, and is used 
 with many verbs. 
 "Am(a,uyj(a, ijqpa, kindle. 
 , ad. whether, really, 
 g, -ov, m- silver- 
 -ov, n- money. 
 9 
 
 . -oo), xa, please. 
 l, yg, f. virtue- 
 
 ,^a(u,r)xa, count. 
 'Agio-idea, -<5, TJCTW, qxa, dine- 
 
 , -ij, ov, best. 
 , -atog, n. chariot. 
 Modern, weapon. 
 'AQO'U, w-,o'ffw, rixa, plovgh. 
 'Agnd^o), -out, xa, seize. 
 "AQTI, ad- now. 
 "Agrog, -ov, m. bread. 
 '4Qri> -ns> f- power, begin- 
 
 ning. 
 
 ' AQxofiat, -%o[Jiai, begin. 
 "AO.XOI, -|<w, if 9/0, govern, 
 
 begin. 
 
 * AQX^V, -ovrog, m. ruler. 
 'Aoe6rjg, -eg, tog, impious. 
 "AodevEitt, -ug, {. sickness, 
 
 weakness. 
 
 'Aodevset) -<3, j'aw, ijxa, to 
 be sick. 
 
 , -eg, eog, weak, sick. 
 nrj, -rjg, f. lightning. 
 -egog, m. star. 
 g, -eg, eog, safe. 
 g, -ij, ov, Grecian. 
 
 B. 
 
 Badvg, -eta, v, deep. 
 BdMw, ftuiti, ^/Ljjcraj 
 
 xn, throw. (Hence Latin, 
 pello, and English, expel, 
 impel, &c.) 
 
 -aw, ixa, baptize- 
 , -ov, barbarous. 
 , -ov, m. barbarian. 
 Bagvg, -eta, v, heavy. 
 Baadeia, -ag, f. kingdom*.
 
 LESSON8 IN CKKKK. 
 
 Baadevg, eog, m. king-. 
 Baadevw, -ata, euxu, reign- 
 Baadixog, -17, or, kingly. 
 Bdoig, -ewg, f. basis. 
 Re6uK)g,-a, ov,firm. 
 Bekjtarog, -t), ov, best. 
 Bia, -as, f. strength. 
 Bi6l.iov, -ov, n. book. 
 Biog, -ov, m. life. 
 Bioat, -u, coaw, otxa, /j're. 
 Bidnroi, -tftw, tpa, hurt. 
 
 , f. council, will. 
 li<>ri.oiitti, -ijaofjctt, ijfiui, to 
 
 be willing. 
 Bovs, POOS, m- f- or n. oar, 
 
 cow. 
 
 BQuSsbic, slowly. 
 B got %v 5, -ufa, v, short. 
 , ov, m. a wan. 
 in, -ctTOg, \\. Joctd. 
 
 r 
 
 J'dq, .C.ybr. 
 
 lQ, -SQO?, yog, belly 
 w, -ta, (70),ax, laugh. 
 
 , ad- boldly. 
 J'et'ea,-ds, (.generation. 
 revog, -cog, a kind, race. 
 , -ov, old, old man. 
 og, -ov, m. farmer. 
 S i f- earth, ground. 
 , avrog, m- giant. 
 i, or yifvofiui, itaofiui, 
 i, to be born, to happen- 
 
 eyt-wxa, 
 
 f. tongue. 
 , -rig, knowledge- 
 
 I'votqi^ot, -aw, txu, muke 
 
 known. 
 
 />t3ag, -e<s, f. knowledge. 
 rovevs, -e^tg, in. parent. 
 yo'vog, -ov, m. offspring. 
 fgdfjfitt, -cnog, n. letter, 
 
 something written. 
 rp afi/aa i evg, -eug, m. writer. 
 /'oce'qpoi, -i//w, <pa, write. 
 I'viivog, -ij, dy, naked. 
 r\>vr ( , uixog, I. woman. 
 
 , -ov, n- teor. 
 -vaoj, t'xa, -weep. 
 ^fs, C. 6?<f, and. 
 4ei, V. (without changes,) it 
 
 ought, it must. 
 Jriyua, -aTog, n. example- 
 ^ffiHvvfu, deil;iit, dtoei^u, 
 
 show. 
 
 /fedog, -7j, or, coward hi. 
 Jetrog, -r t , ov, frightful. 
 dttnvov, ov, n- supper. 
 .. ten. 
 
 , -TJ, ov, tenth. 
 iv, ad. not mod- From oiJ- 
 8sr. 
 
 , -ov, n. tree. 
 g, -u, of, right (hand.) 
 , -ov, m. master. 
 , -rj, o**, second- 
 , -o,ua, -deynui, take- 
 \, ad. but, truly. 
 
 , -ov, m. people- 
 id, prep, through, by, of- 
 Added to many verbs. 
 , -Tjg, f. testament- 
 , -on, a, twohundred.
 
 COMMON GREEK WORDS- 
 
 95 
 
 JlCtTl 
 
 i, ad. why ? 
 
 g, -ou, m. teacher. 
 $ca, u/u, teach. 
 
 ediaxU) give. 
 iog, -u, Of, just. 
 C. therefore. 
 t; C. because. 
 'j), -r5,7Jffw, ifjtjxu, thirst. 
 ut^ta, -#, drive off. 
 
 think, seem. 
 
 udcj, -aw, axa, /-y. 
 ;, -ov, m. deceit. 
 
 -77, {.glory. 
 'w, -aw, xu, glorify. 
 vkeia, -g, f. service. 
 ;, -ov, m. servant. 
 
 , oro;, ra. dragon, 
 snake. 
 S, vog, f. oa/c- 
 
 aj, rjcroftai, to be able, 
 can. 
 vafiis, -soig, f. power. 
 
 ;, -?|, d*', possible. 
 Jvoi, or 8vta ) two. 
 
 f, -ov, difficult. 
 xUj twelve- 
 d^ -dq, f. (/? 
 xi/ujoi', -ou, n. ffift* 
 
 E 
 
 Mi", C. if. 
 
 'Eaviov, -^?, oo, P. of him, 
 
 her, or itee//". 
 5 KSSoudSa, week. 
 ' E6fit,<a, -aw, xa, co/e near. 
 fioz, -i), of, seventh. 
 e^w, x, raise. 
 j^-u;, f. temperance. 
 
 -eg, temperate. 
 'fiyeo, 6/^oiT or /uoiJ, /, o/" wte- 
 "EOfog, -fog, n. nation. 
 El, C. i/", though. 
 El [it], C. if not, unleis. 
 EiSo), ft'ao,a, ocJa, know. 
 Eixout, twenty. 
 Elxtiv, 6f og, f. image. 
 El,ui, tffouui, be. 
 Elorivr,, -7/s, f. peace* 
 Elg, prep. i, info, <o. Joined 
 
 with many verbs. 
 ./?;;. fiia, bv, one- 
 'Ex, prep.yrom, out of. Joined 
 
 with many verbs. 
 "Exaaiog, -jy, ov, each. 
 'ExEf, ad. here. 
 'Exetvog, -i). ov, he, she, it. 
 'Exxlijaiut, -ag, f. church. 
 'ExTog, -ij, ov, sixth. 
 ' Ehdziaioc, least- 
 "Eleog, -ov, m. pity. 
 'Elsvdeoia, -a;, f. freedom, 
 
 liberty. 
 
 -a, ov, free. 
 ' Ekzvdeoooi, -(5, (ocrw, wx, to 
 
 set. free. 
 
 'Eixvet) -o~a>, draw- 
 'EU.d$, -dSo;, f, Greece. 
 "Eii.r]f, -rjfog, m. Greek. 
 
 vtog, -ov, m. Greek 
 sea, Hellespont. 
 
 ig, idog, f. hope. 
 uavTou, -fjg ov, P. of my- 
 self. 
 Eu6og<5, -Tj'ffw, mod. be able, 
 
 can. 
 
 Euog, -T], ov. P. my, mine. 
 g, -ou, ra- merchant.
 
 96 
 
 LE33ON9 IN GREEK. 
 
 'Ef, prep, in, -with, by. Joined 
 
 to many verbs. 
 'EvavTiov, ad. before. 
 >Et>aviios, -ov, opposite. 
 *Ev8o!;o;, -ov, glorious. 
 "Evdvfta, -UTOS, clothing". 
 'EvSvvoi, -vffu, (or ei'Ju'w, 
 
 -j/o-w,) creep into. 
 " Evsxa, or evexsv, or eiVfixct, 
 
 ad. because of. 
 'Ewe a, ad. nine 
 
 , ad. then. 
 
 7j, -*]<;, f. command. 
 ' Evuniov, ad. before. 
 '/?, prep- from, out of. Comes 
 before a vowel for ex ; used 
 before many verbs. 
 ' En' or eni, prep- upon. 
 ' Ertatveo),-(a, T^OE, exa, praise- 
 "Enaivos, -ov, m. praise. 
 'Eneidrj, ad. strece, i/. 
 'Enior STT', prep. upon. 
 rl, -7ji, f. letter. 
 eifjofiai, go with. 
 , e7r, say. 
 
 aaaat 
 
 *'a, -a;, f. labor, job. 
 ?, -ou, m. laborer, 
 Eqyov, -ou, n- work. 
 "EQXOfiai, slsvo-o/xai, T\lvda 
 
 come. 
 
 E(>ond(a, -u, rjo-oi, rjxa, ask. 
 
 'E?, for e?, prep, t'nto, ?'n, <o 
 
 'East?, mod- P- fortif*ei$you 
 
 'Eadiat, or i'adca, -iata, *xa 
 
 eaf. 
 
 -a?, f. evening. 
 , -17, o*, /af. 
 
 iu, -as, ( society. 
 Modern. 
 
 Etaioos, -ov } m. friend. 
 Eieqo;, -a, ov } another- 
 En, ad. ye. 
 
 o), -aw, x, yef, 
 
 s, ov, ready. 
 Etos, eo?, n. year. 
 Evdaifiovia, -a?, f. happiness. 
 
 , -of, happy. 
 Evdoxeui, -(3, TJ'CTW, J?xa, 
 
 u^Off, ad- noon. 
 
 EvOvs, -eta, v, strait, right- 
 Evoio~x(, -TJCTW, ?xa, find. 
 nQ&TiT), -rjq, f. Europe- 
 vveSeia, -as, f. piety. 
 Evcre6r]~, -ES, pious. 
 Evivxla, -as, f. good fortune. 
 Ev<pooo-vfjj, -TJS, f. pleasure. 
 'EV for BTti, before a vowel. 
 E%dqd, -as, f. enmity. 
 EzO(>os, -#', ov, hostile. 
 EX<, eiw or ff/'jo'w, 
 
 have. 
 "Etag, ad. until. 
 
 z 
 
 Z<i(0, -u, ifaw, /tue. 
 ZecpvQOS, -ov, zephyr. 
 Zrjuia, as, f. /oss. 
 
 Zo4)7, -17?, f. life. 
 Zvyos, -ov, m- yoke. 
 Zwov, -ov, n. animal. 
 
 H 
 
 'H, article, the.
 
 COMMON GREEK WORDS. 
 
 "Jf, C. than. 
 
 ' HyEiuav, -oVoj, gone nor. 
 
 'Hdsiag, ad. gladly. 
 
 "7/017. ad. note. 
 
 ' Hdovtj, -TJ?, f. pleasure. 
 
 "Hxca, rj^io, to be present, 
 
 come. 
 
 * Hitog, -ov, m- sun. 
 'fffiegu, -a;, f. day. 
 ffxia, -oog, ovg, f. echo. 
 
 
 
 0a, or &sva, mod. for -5-f'iw 
 
 i'va, d'sieig i'va, &c. 
 Qa'iaaaa, or 9'ukaiia, or 5"A- 
 aaa??, -r/g } f. sea. 
 Qdvaiog, -ov, m- death. 
 0drrT(D, -j//w, cpa, bury. 
 
 i, -aw, xa, wonder. 
 i/, oV, wonderful. 
 
 t) -aouu^ (ten, see. 
 , -ov, n- theatre. 
 Qciog, -a, of, divine. 
 Qelrjfia t -arcs, wt'W, irsA. 
 feJsiw, -Tjaw, xa, wish, desire. 
 Oeva, mod. abbre. sometimes 
 
 written for #'iw, >a. 
 0eo'g, -ov, m- Gorf- 
 
 ev tu, -aw, xa, cure, 
 uos, -ow, m- harvest. 
 g, -ov, m- Aeaf. 
 
 -aw, xa, hunt, 
 ioy, -ov, N. let'/cl beast, 
 vgoz, -ov, m- treasure, 
 og, -/,-o>' ) mortal. 
 Solia, hat- 
 0Qi, rpt'/o;, f. Aair. 
 e^d^oc, -ou, m. throne. 
 Qvoa, -a?, f. door. 
 
 9* 
 
 Idioog, -ov, m. physician. 
 "I8e, ad- behold. 
 
 , -a, ov', own. 
 '/oov, ad- behold! 
 'Isgevg, -e'w;, in- priest. 
 
 iv, ov, n. temple, 
 'legog, -d, ov, sacred. 
 
 -ov. n. garment. 
 " Iva, C. /ia, so ?Aaf, (often 
 
 written Vrf in modern ) 
 : 'lnnvg, -fiag, m. horseman. 
 ' Innoz, -ov, in- f. & n. horse. 
 ''Iffo;, -r), ov, equal. 
 '/adw, -w, wow, equalize- 
 
 ;Ut, anjaw, e'axaxa, place- 
 
 -d, ov, strong-. 
 )g, -vos, f. strength. 
 jw, -aw, ^a, oe a6/e, can. 
 "Jaw;, ad. equally, perhaps. 
 ' Ixdvg,*vog, m.Jish. 
 'loidvvqg, -ov, m- John. 
 * Io)v<I g, -ov, m- Jonas. 
 
 K 
 
 Kad' or xara, prep- by, for. 
 Kaddneo, ad. as. 
 Kadagdg, -d, 6f, pure. 
 Kad lag, or xarot to?, ad. a>. 
 -Kai, C. anrf, aiso. 
 KuiQog, -ov, time. 
 Kaxia, -ag, wickedness. 
 Kaxov, -ov, n. etJiV. 
 
 Jta/Le'w, -w, ^<rw, xexi^xa, 
 
 caW. 
 
 KalUiov, -ov, better. 
 Kalog, -if, d*, good, beautiful. 
 w. do, make, modern.
 
 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 -ov, ov, n- ship, 
 modern. 
 
 Kaqdia, -at;, f. heart. 
 Kaqw&s, -of, m. fruit. 
 Kurd, prep, against. 
 , ad. below. 
 
 -so;, m- gain. 
 rl, -fjs, f. head. 
 
 vxos, m. crier. 
 KTJTOS, -sag, oug, n. whale. 
 , -ov, m- danger. 
 , -e5, rjffo), tjxa, shake. 
 KldSos, -ov, m. branch. 
 s, -ov, m- thief. 
 
 , -ov, m. heir. 
 Klivoa, -v&, xa, bend. 
 a, -ag, f. belly. 
 
 oz, -ov, m- partaker. 
 Koxxos, -ov, m. berry, kernel. 
 Kolitos, -ov, m- bason, gulf. 
 KoTfro), -t/J(o, q>a, cut. 
 K6(ia};, -axos, m. crow, raven. 
 
 K< >?'?, -75, f- girl. 
 KoQvyil, -Tj?, f. top. 
 Koo-ftos, -ov, m. world. 
 K.Qoi66aTos, -ov, m. bed. 
 
 ), -co, r/trw, 17x0, govern. 
 j, -TJS, ( cry, noise. 
 ivo), -vu, xa, judge. 
 iai?, -ews, {-judgement. 
 IJS, -ov, m. judge. 
 
 aftpa, conceal. 
 Kielfco, XT8v<L, exraxa, kill. 
 ta, -UTOS, n. wave. 
 
 s, -ov, m- master. 
 Kv<av, xvvds, m. f. & n. dog. 
 
 A 
 
 , ad. secretly. 
 
 Mavia 
 
 Aaiew, -ca, ijo-ca, yxa, speak. 
 AuuSdvo), lijyjoftai,, Islqqta. 
 
 take. 
 
 Adfinat, -yea, cpu, shine. 
 Ados, -ov, m. people. 
 , -|w, xa, say. 
 
 , <pa, leave. 
 Aetav, -ofios, m- lion. 
 Ayo-iiis, -oo, m. robber. 
 Aido;, -ov, m. stone. 
 Aifir\v, -ffo;, m. harbor. 
 Aififtj, -r/?, f. lake. 
 Aiu6^, -ow, m. famine. 
 
 , -ov, m- speech, reason, 
 word. 
 
 g, -ov, m. pestilence. 
 Aoinog, -r\, ov, remaining. 
 AOVOJ, -ffw, xa, tcas/i. 
 , -ov, m. wolf. 
 , -r}ff(a, t]xa. grace. 
 Avrttj, -ye, {.grief. 
 , -as, { harp. 
 
 , -or, m. light, lamp. 
 Avca, -i'-ao>, vxa,setfrec. loote. 
 
 M 
 
 o};, {. instruction. 
 j?, -ou, m. scholar, 
 learner. 
 
 Maxaqi^ot, -aw, xa, think 
 happy. 
 
 S) -a, ov, happy. 
 -a, o**, long- 
 , ad. chiefly, very 
 much. In mod. yes. 
 
 , ai. rather. 
 Mavddvta, fla^1|aof^a^, unn 
 
 dnxa, learn. 
 Mavia, -as, ( madneit
 
 COMMON GREEK WORDS. 
 
 99 
 
 Maqia 
 
 -ag, f. Mary. 
 MO.QIVQ, -og, rn. f. & n. wit- 
 ness. 
 MaQTCQBo), -<5, TJffw, ?xa, bear 
 
 witness. 
 
 MaQTvgia, -ag, f. testimony. 
 Mag, P. us. Often used in 
 
 mod. for rfftdg- 
 M^X 7 }-! -*}$, f- battle, fight. 
 Maxo(J.ui, rloouat, TJ pat, fight- 
 Me fa, ad. greatly. 
 Meyag, -di-rj, a, great. 
 Me.yedog, -eog, n- greatness, 
 "it */?) f- drunkenness. 
 
 -ov, greater. 
 g, -aiva, A. black. 
 Msli, -nog, n honey. 
 Meitaaot, or -ma, orjg, or TJ^J, 
 
 f. bee. 
 
 MtlJlui, -TjffM, will do, shall do. 
 Tfir, ad. really, indeed. 
 'to, -c3, xa, remain, 
 tig, -iSog, f. part. 
 
 -eog, n. portion. 
 Meaog, -TJ, ov, midst- 
 
 for fie id, prep, with, af- 
 ter. Joined to many verbs. 
 
 t, ad until. 
 
 'if, C. or particle, not, or, &c. 
 Mrjde, C. nor, neither. 
 
 sig, -f*iu, sv, compound of 
 7 and sfg, no one, none- 
 en, ad. no* yet. 
 -vog, m- month- 
 >, -sQog or yog, mother 
 o'g, d, ov, small- 
 
 'O 
 
 , -175, f. memory. 
 Mvr)fj.ovv(a,-eva(a, remember. 
 Movtj } -ys, {. dwelling, man- 
 sion. 
 
 Movov, ad. solely, only. 
 Mofog, -TJ, o*', alone. 
 Mvdog, -ov, m- fable, speech, 
 word. 
 
 iot, -at, a, 10,000. 
 ia, -a, af, f. folly. 
 
 N 
 
 ]Va6g, -ov, m- temple. 
 Navyia, -as, f. shipwreck. 
 NaiJs, vaog, ( ship. 
 JVeavlag, -ov, m- young man. 
 s, -a, 6v, dead, 
 -a, ov, new, young, 
 slr], -rjg, {. cloud. 
 IVfjaog, -ov, f. island. 
 Nixd a>, -w, 'jo'co, rjxa, conquer- 
 Nimw, -yo), <pa, wash. 
 
 , -o3, ijo-ca, ?xa, think, 
 w, -aw, xa, esteem, 
 think. 
 
 JVofiog, -ov, m- law. 
 JVoog, vovg, voov, vov, m 
 minrf. 
 
 , -ov, f. disease. 
 , -rjg, f. ort'de. 
 , ad- now. 
 o'l, -xrds, f. nio-Af. 
 
 g, -ov, m. reward. 
 , -ottos, n. tomb. 
 
 AeVos, -7, ov, foreign. 
 Sevog, -ov, m- a foreigner. 
 
 O 
 
 'O, j, irf, Article, *Ae.
 
 100 
 
 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 "Od* 
 
 'Ode, ij'^, roSe, this. (' 0, ' 
 
 f, rd joined to <Je.) 
 ' O86;, -flu, f. way, road. 
 'Odovg, -ovrog, m- tooth. 
 Olxeo), -co, yaw, wx^xa, in- 
 
 habit, dwell. 
 Otxia, -?, f. house. 
 Oixiov, -ov, n. dwelling, 
 
 small house. 
 Olxog, -ov, m. house. 
 Otvog, -ov, m- wine. 
 Oiofiav or oifioti, otTJao/iot, 
 
 Squat, think, believe. 
 'Oxrta, eight. 
 ' OJUyos, -17, ot>,few, little. 
 "Oio;, -?;, or, whole, all. 
 ' OuiMa } -a$, f. conversation. 
 "Ouotog, -a, or, hTre. 
 
 , -ctTos, n. name. 
 g, ad. really, truly. 
 
 , ad. behind. 
 " On\ov,-ov, a. arms, armour. 
 "Onov, ad. where. 
 "Onojg, ad- so </ia/. 
 ' Oodo), -to, a'ff 01, axo, see. 
 5 Ooyj, -??, f. wrath, anger. 
 ' Ooyt'^w, o-a>, xa, enrage^pro- 
 
 voke, be angry. 
 
 s, ad. rightly, straitly. 
 is, -tOo$, m. f. & n. Wrrf, 
 
 "Opo?, -cos, n. mountain. 
 " Og, r], 6, P. tw/io, which, what. 
 r}, -ijs, f. smell., odor. 
 
 o*', -ou, n- house, 
 modern. _ 
 
 ' OO-TSOV, -ovv } ov, n. frone. 
 "Oort?, ^frts, ort, P. whoever. 
 "Orai', ad. wAen. 
 "Oi, ad. when. 
 
 Iluqa ^01 
 
 Oj, ad- where, whither. 
 Ov for oi}x, ad- no, not. 
 Ov8a[i&Si ad. ftof a/ a//, fcy 
 
 no means. 
 
 dei;, (ou'x and ft?. ."', *",) 
 
 no one. 
 
 'x, ad. no, no^. 
 Tio), ad. o yef. 
 Ouoavo?, -ou, m. heaven. 
 Out', oure, C. no/-, neither. 
 Ovrog, avT), TOVTO, P. ?/u', 
 
 Ovitu or ouro>j, ad. o, 
 1 OqE>0i/*6s, -oiJ, rn. eye- 
 'Oz^og, -ov, m. multitude. 
 
 n 
 
 77i>(9o;, -eo;, one, n. suffering. 
 rtaideia, -ag, f. instruction, 
 
 education. 
 Iluidev cu,-ao>,x, instruct, ed- 
 
 ucate- 
 
 FTuidiov, -ov, n. chil>!. 
 fluig, nuiSoZj m. f. & n. child- 
 /Jtfiuidi, -a, d>, o/(/. 
 UufproTf, ad. always. 
 ndtrirog, -ov, m-grandfather. 
 /7up' for nuQd, prep, of, from. 
 
 by, than. Put before many 
 
 verbs. 
 //Iff, Ttdaa, ndv, all, every 
 
 one. 
 
 77(jtr>jo, -F^OS, 005, m- father. 
 TlaiQig, -iSog, f. country. 
 lleSiov, -ov, n. plain. 
 IJsiOoi, -oo), 7Te7io0a, per- 
 
 S, f. hunger. 
 '^u, -aw, xa, tempt.
 
 COMMON GREEK WORD8. 
 
 101 
 
 lleiqata 
 
 ITeiQ r ji(a, -<u, a'aoj, tj'trw, xa, 
 
 try, tempt. 
 
 Tle'Aayo?, -eog, n. sea. 
 nepnai,-ya, qpa, send. 
 flEftjg, -rjtos, m. f. & n. a 
 
 poor person or laborer. 
 nevia, -a?, f. poverty. 
 IIevie,five. 
 
 riai, -w, daw, rjau, pass. 
 *, prep, about, with. 
 
 os, -jj, oj, winged; (as 
 a noun, bird.) 
 
 ' -rjs, {.fountain, well. 
 
 TJoa, -as, f- 60^-. 
 nivta, 7i(aaca, nsnwxa, drink. 
 ninTU, Trito'aw, nsm(axa,fall. 
 /Itffrevw, aw, xa, believe. 
 titans, -etas, f. faith. 
 ITiaros, -ij, oV, faithful. 
 JTiarog, -eo?, m. breadth. 
 IJiarvs, -eta, v, wide. 
 TJAet'wv, -oy, ovo?, more. 
 Uksvs, -a, 6v,full. 
 IJlrjdog, -eog, ovg, fulness. 
 /7i>}', ad. 6wf, except. 
 
 (axct,fill. 
 Illoioy, -ou, n- 
 
 -a, ov, 
 
 *^w, -aw, xa, enrich. 
 , -ov, m. wealth. 
 , -OTOS, n. spirit. 
 , ad- whence. 
 IJoiefa, -fa, j'aw, nenoirjxa, 
 
 do, make. 
 IIo i fiij v, -svog, ra. shepherd. 
 
 war. 
 Hdieuog, -ov, m. war, fight. 
 
 , -eus, ( city, state. 
 c, -ow, m. citizens. 
 
 , ad. often- 
 
 , ad. 77iz*cA. Put before 
 many adjectives. 
 TJolu^atfjjj, -jyfj eos, very 
 
 learned. 
 
 floivg, iij, v, much, many. 
 IJovyQos, -a, ov, wicked, 
 novas, m. labor. 
 n6vros,-ov, m. sea. 
 , -ao>, sink. 
 
 evaouai, cvftni. 
 go. 
 
 TZoaoj, -tj, ov, how much ? 
 noraffos, -ov, m- river. 
 ^o^s, ad. once, in future. 
 TJou, ad. where. 
 
 , Ttodo;, m. joot. 
 y.Ma, -aro?, n. thing. 
 ft?, -ewff, f. acf. 
 
 , or -TTW, |w, /a, do. 
 -etas, m- am&aa- 
 sarfor. 
 
 , v, old. 
 
 -OT>, m. old man. 
 77oo, prep, before. Put be- 
 fore many verbs, nouns, &c. 
 , -ov, n. ship. 
 
 -duau, dsSiaxa, 
 betray. 
 
 n^o;, prep, to, toward. Joined 
 with many verbs & nouns. 
 TZodffxaiooj, -ov, temporary, 
 n^oao), ad. before. 
 TZooqpjj'rj;?, -ou, m. prophet. 
 77otJ, ad. morning: 
 nowiov, ad.Jirst, at first. 
 77p(5rof, -17, ov, first.
 
 102 
 
 LESSONS IN CRF.EK. 
 
 ;, -rj, 6v, winged. 
 -77, d*, poor. 
 ?, f. door. 
 
 fat, persuade. 
 
 ig, -idog, f. pyramid. 
 , -go?, n. fire. 
 /Jeois'w, -di, TyCToo, J?xa, se/J. 
 /7a~f, ad. 
 
 'Pa'(J*o?, -a, or, 
 'Pevfia, -io, n. current. 
 'Pijfia, -arog, i\. word. 
 'Pq'rwo, -0005, m- orator. 
 'JP*a, -iy. f. roof. 
 
 j??, f. Rome- 
 
 s 
 
 a'o, CTaoxd?, {.flesh. 
 2dg, mod. P. for vftag, you. 
 
 2avTov. or ) ,,. 
 
 '. > of thyself. 
 
 2BHVTOV. S 
 
 2ei<it, -aw, xa, shake- 
 2-q/ueioV) -ou, n- sign. 
 2rj[i(>ov, ad. to-day. (Mod. 
 sometimes, aTJ^eotc.) 
 
 -ou, m. iron, 
 t, -ew?, n. mustard. 
 'i/w, -ffoi, xa, offend. 
 2xiivr[, rjq^ (. tent. 
 
 >s, -ou, m. slave, mod. 
 
 >?, -ij, di-, dorA 1 . 
 2xoifia, -a?, f. darkness. 
 2xori^(a, -CTW, xa, darken. 
 2xoTog,-eos,ovs J m- darkness. 
 2oog, -TJ, dy, sq/e. 
 -2*0?, -^', dy, thine. 
 Zvqpia. -ag, f. -wisdom- 
 
 oWj tanafixu. snw. 
 2novSd'Ctu, -aw, x, hasten, 
 endeavor. Modern, study. 
 2rav()og, -ov t in. cross. 
 
 , -c3, oiaw, ajx, cru- 
 
 ieq>avog, -ou, m- 
 2r6fia t -aroj, n. mouth. 
 
 Toz. n. ) 
 
 r /' > army. 
 
 ta, -?, f. ^ 
 
 , -ou, m. soldier. 
 -oJ, army. 
 , -qpw, (pa, turn. 
 -Tu', p. fftoM, aou, o/ i/tee- 
 ^"uyyej'?/'?, -?, a relation. 
 
 prep- wj'^A. Put before 
 many verbs, nouns, &c. of- 
 ten changing v for some 
 other letter. 
 
 orw, -TTW, $w, H//- 
 , -aw, xa, scree- 
 , -aroj, n- 6orfy. 
 , -ou, or ffdo?, -ov, sq/e- 
 j'o, -ifoo?, m- Savior. 
 2(aTtjgiu, -;, f. salvation- 
 vT), -T;?, f. wisdom- 
 
 T 7 
 
 , f. order. 
 , or -TTW, fw, 
 trouble. 
 
 Tavgog, -ou, m- 6t//. 
 T(p7j, ij?, f. burial. 
 Tuzvvca, -c3, yxa, hasten. 
 Tefyo?, -eoc, n- 7a//. 
 Texvov, -ou, n. c/7c/.
 
 COMMON GREEK WORDS. 
 
 103 
 
 Teiftoo), -<3. o)aia, wxa,Jinish. 
 Feievrafov, ad. finally. 
 
 , -a, cab), EXU, 
 Teios, -cog, n. end. 
 
 T/jj;, article, f/ie ; and mod. 
 
 P. for auTijv, Aer. 
 Terr*?, -tyog, m. grasshopper, 
 locust, cricket. 
 
 -?5, <""<> trade. 
 -di, ^CTOJ, j;xa, /reep. 
 -^ij'atu, jsdetxa, put. 
 Tifidw, -(5, ij'trw, j^xa, honor. 
 Tt^UTj, -j^;, f. honor. 
 Tifttog, -a, ov, honorable. 
 Tie, ri, v ho? what? 
 Ti, tl, some one. 
 ToiovTog, TOiavTT), TOJOVTO. 
 such. 
 
 Toi%og, -ov or 
 -.* 
 
 Tet X o?, -ov, 
 
 Tor, article, the ; and so 
 
 times mod. abbreviation 
 
 uvrnv, him- 
 TuZevto, -at'if shoot with a 
 
 bow. 
 
 T6og, -ou, m- bow. 
 Tonog, -ov, m. place. 
 TOCTOUTO;, -avriy, ouro, 
 
 great. 
 
 Tore, ad. Merc. 
 Tou';, sometimes used by 
 
 mod. for avtovg, them. 
 Tqeig, three. 
 
 -Etftta, tpa, turn. 
 
 in. wall. 
 
 so 
 
 ra, thirty. 
 
 -ov, n. monument. 
 , -j;?, {.food. 
 , -T), ov, third. 
 , -ifs, f. luxury. 
 
 ea/, gnaw. 
 
 Tvnog, -ov, m. mark, type. 
 TvnTta, -yea, (fa, strike 
 Tvquwig, i8og, f. tyrranny. 
 TvQavvog, -ov, m. tyrant. 
 Tvfpiog, -ij, o'y, blind. 
 T^X 7 !, -y?, f. fortune, mit- 
 
 fortune. 
 
 ' Yysta, -ag, f. health. 
 'Yygog, -a, ov, wet. 
 'Ydgevoi, -aw, bring water- 
 "Yduo, vduTo;, n. water. 
 Ytog, -ov, m. son. 
 "Y"A7, -jj?, f. wood, material. 
 'Yfteiego;, -a, oy, your. 
 'Yne Q, prep, for, through. Put 
 
 before many verbs, &c. 
 c F7rj;5>iJj?, -ov, m. servant. 
 "Ynvog, -ov, m. sleep. 
 * Yno , prep. 6y. from. Put be- 
 
 fore many verbs, &c. 
 'Yn6dijfia. -roc, n. sAoe. 
 
 (From B7jo and tfe'w.) 
 ' YTIOXQIIIJ;, -ov, m. hypocrite. 
 'Yipr/log, -f, or, high- 
 "Yifiog, -f w?, n. height. 
 
 , (2d Aorist,) ea/. 
 (PatVa, q>dvw % necpayxa, ap- 
 pear.
 
 104 
 
 LESSONS IN GREEK. 
 
 J>vfoc5j, ad. openly, clearly. l 
 Pa'ojuctxov, -ov, n. medicine. 
 #<fow, -oiffu, svi^vo^a, carry, 
 bring 
 
 flee, put to flight- 
 4>Ti/ui, oprjCTG*, say. 
 4>deig(o, -eow, xa, lay waste. 
 , -ov, m. sound. 
 
 4>66vog, -ov, m- envy, blame. 
 . -<a, Tjffw, axn, love. 
 
 :, -tj, ov, dear, loved, 
 g, -ov, m. friend. 
 ,61, -oyog, f. flame. 
 
 t, frighten. 
 <t>66og, -ov, m. fear. 
 
 I). -&, 7JO"CW, ^ 
 
 carry- 
 
 iov, -ov, n- burthen, 
 
 fright 
 
 tify. 
 
 xa, speak, nay. 
 , -ITU, |w, ^o, ybr- 
 
 -OTO;, n. opinion^ 
 
 , -a, ov, wise- 
 ?> {-fight. 
 -775, f. watch, prison. 
 , -TTOJ, 5w, xa 
 
 xsx<x(>X a , rejoice. 
 j, -TJ, dv, cruel. 
 Xaixdf, -ov, m. brass, copper. 
 XuQd,-as, f- joy. 
 A'oxT?jo, -^05, ni- charac- 
 
 ter, mark. 
 
 Xdqig, -*TO?, f. grace, thanks. 
 Xeiq, -05, f hand. 
 Qa, -a 5, f.widow. 
 
 Xde$, ad. yesterday. 
 XOQEVW, -CTW, dance. 
 
 , n. thing, money. 
 s, -T], ov, vseful- 
 , -tj, o'v, g-ooc/, useful. 
 S, -of, m. Christ, an- 
 ointed. 
 
 Xqovog, -ov, m. time. 
 XQVO-SO?, -ovg, eu, -if, tor. 
 ovv, golden. 
 
 , -a?, f. coast, country. 
 t';, ad- -without. 
 
 at 
 
 iig, -eg, false, deceitful. 
 Vsvdog, -eos, n. lie. 
 , -ou, m blame. 
 f- 
 
 S, f, nature. 
 <fi'oj or <pvui, -a ta, xa, pro- 
 duce, grow. 
 
 :, f. voice. 
 
 n. 
 
 orc/i. 
 
 wTet^o'c, -'j, ov, clear, 
 bright. 
 
 S2 
 
 "Jl, ad- o^. 
 
 ^ /^J^, ad. so, Acre. Mod. 
 , -erf, f. hour. 
 
 'Jig, ad. ^ 
 "/>?, C. > as. 
 c flaney, ad. ) 
 
 '/2<pelew,-w, jaw, i)*a, aid. 
 need.
 
 ERRATA. 
 [The reader is requested to mark thtie corrections in the book.] 
 
 Page 
 
 . Line. 
 
 for 
 
 read 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 times 
 
 tnnes. 
 
 12 
 
 2 from bottom 
 
 I 
 
 e 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 delta 
 
 delta. 
 
 " 
 
 7 
 
 epsilon 
 
 epsilon. 
 
 " 
 
 5 from bottom 
 
 eipsilon 
 
 epsilon. 
 
 48 
 
 15 
 
 TVtpia 
 
 Tii/'u. 
 
 68 
 
 9 from bottom 
 
 jra<5oya 
 
 sav^xtia 
 
 74 
 
 
 Kadiaert 
 
 KaBiaare. 
 
 75 
 
 6 
 
 Qalverei 
 
 Qalverai. 
 
 
 
 4 from bottom 
 
 ZtA0af>' 
 
 Ze\<t>df. 
 
 76 
 
 7 
 
 iftiarjatv 
 
 ifuariaav. 
 
 
 10 from bottom 
 
 Vg 
 
 M. 
 
 78 
 
 verse 39 
 
 $crtZre 
 
 fylTtlrt. 
 
 
 verse 1 
 
 *Avipjj <f6e\<p<j 
 
 it 'A^pS aScXfol. 
 
 82 
 
 4 from bottom 
 
 'Em. Eif 
 
 'Epi, J. 
 
 83 
 
 Here are several errors in the 
 
 accents : 01 and should he 
 
 
 accented on <. 
 
 
 
 84 
 
 8 
 
 caAv 
 
 Kara. 
 
 85 
 
 5 
 
 OKOVbv 
 
 cr^oirdv. 
 
 
 10 
 
 . T* 
 
 rod. 
 
 86 
 
 10 
 
 Kapafiiov 
 
 Kooafiiov. 
 
 
 20 
 
 TtdoKia 
 
 vdayta. 
 
 89 
 
 9 from bottom 
 
 bnoioS 
 
 trolaf.
 
 00 085 228
 
 *m