Ex Libris
C. K. OGDEN
US;
LESSONS IN GREEK;
A FAMILIAR INTRODUCTION
TO THE
GREEK LANGUAGE,
AS A LIVING TONGUE.
BY THEODORE D WIGHT, JR;
SPRINGFIELD:
PUBLISHED BT G. AND C. MERRIAM.
1833.
Entered according to act of Congress, in the year 1833, by
o. t c. M ERR i AM, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court
of Massachusetts.
PREFACE.
THIS book is designed for the instruction of the young in
the Greek as a spoken and written, that is, a living language.
The author regards this as a highly important branch of
education, and would have it taught before the Latin, as
well as the French, Spanish, and Italian, all which owe to it
their origin. This noble, venerable, highly cultivated, and
useful language he would wish to see much more extensively
and thoroughly understood than it ever has been in this
country, that the best heathen writers may be familiarly read
in the original, and still more the New Testament, with that
translation of the Old, which was so often quoted by the apos-
tles and the Savior. Having, however, had an acquaintance
with the old plan of studying and teaching Greek, he sees
no possibility of the desired end being accomplished until a
fundamental change be made in the method. Sufficient evi-
dence that the knowledge of Greek is at a very low ebb in
the United States, is found in a recent declaration of Profes-
sor Stuart, in which he represents the time devoted to it as
so nearly wasted, that even graduates at Andover generally
carry away with them hardly any useful knowledge of so im-
portant a tongue.
1C91SSG
- *
IV PREFACE.
The ancient Greek grammars appear to have been designed
for text books for the occasional reference of instructors. But
although our grammars at the present day are formed on the
same general plan, teachers in England and the United States
have often persisted in driving their pupils through the whole
book, before they have allowed them to regard the language
in the only proper light : that is, as a thing for practical use.
When language is otherwise presented, than as a convenient
vehicle for thought, it is misrepresented ; and when treated
as something else in instruction, it can never be well ac-
quired. Common grammars, so far from being adapted to
the capacities of children, are formed on a plan which a ma-
ture mind finds it exceedingly difficult as well as uninterest-
ing to pursue ; and although an instructor may acknowledge
no other mode of teaching a language but that common in our
institutions, he never submits to study in that manner if he
can avoid it, but seeks the aid of the living voice and ear,
and chooses to apply the new words at once to objects around
him, and feelings in his own breast. In this manner the
memory is no less exercised, and it is employed in a more
natural and rational manner, while other powers of the
mind are also brought into action at the same time ; if the
plan be such as should be adopted, other branches of knowl-
edge, and the training of the affections, may be connected
with the study of language to a considerable extent.
Different men of eminence have recommended the adoption
of a system of instruction allied to that commonly practised
with mother tongues, among whom may be mentioned Mr.
Locke, President Dwight, and Professor Stuart of Andover ;
and some of our recent editions of Greek grammars have
made some progress towards a change in this respect. But
while we see such results in all ages and countries, in the
progress of language among children, who pursue the method
of nature, there can be no doubt that our ground work should
PREFACE. V
if possible be laid on the same principles. An attempt is
therefore made in this work to lead those beginning the study
of a most important tongue, in a way \vhich cannot be well
pursued without the prospect of advantage. The lessons
are designed to guide the teacher as well as the student : for
although some such course of varied questions was probably
pursued by teachers in ancient times, and is supposed by the
grammars to grow out of the principles they contain, it re-
quires a familiarity with the language which is rarely to be
found among us. Some of our best teachers of modern lan-
guages now pursue a somewhat similar plan in their classes.
It will be seen that various principles are used in the course
of these Lessons, such as some of Jacotoi's, Fellenberg's,
Hamilton's, &c. all which may be more properly compre-
hended under the natural or maternal system. It may seem
to some persons, that the adaptation of Greek stanzas to
moderr times is an improper familiarity with that venerable
tongue: but its excellencies and beauties are of such a na-
ture, that they are only enhanced by intimate acquaintance.
The mind easily and naturally deduces general principles
from isolated cases, and improves by the practice : opportuni-
ties are therefore afforded in this work for the exercise of this
propensity. It often makes great exertions also, and accom-
plishes much while it is laboring to attain an ulterior object,
and not discouraged by being set at an acknowledged task.
On this account the forms of letters are first held up to view,
but the pupil will probably learn their names without much
sensible exertion. Exceptions from general rules form the
most unpleasant and yet not the most important part of
grammar ; and therefore many of the secondary rules, em-
bracing only exceptions have been omitted in these intro-
ductory Lessons. As the mind of the pnpil is the great ma-
chine by which the difficulties of the language are to be over-
come, opportunities are here offered for its employment, in
1*
VI PREFACE.
the encouraging task of self instruction in retirement as well
as in the regular hours of study ; and this part of the plan,
as well as others, may be greatly varied according to cir-
cumstances.
On these principles the author has great reason to rely,
though he apprehends that he may not have done them full
justice in their application.
We have no uniform system of pronunciation for the
Greek, and none which can be right if the principles of Eras-
mus are just : for in professing to follow his plan we give
several letters the sounds of the English instead of the Ger-
man language. The pronunciation of the modern Greeks is
harmonious, easy, and useful in tracing etymology in Greek
as well as other languages, while its acquisition introduces us
at once to a spoken tongue. It has been therefore adopted
in this work, though the plan of study may be pursued with
advantage if it be discarded. The Greek, it will be observed,
is here treated as one language, containing several dialects,
among which the Modern receives the greatest attention, be-
cause practically useful in introducing us to the general fea-
tures of the whole tongue.
The teacher or pupil need only to be referred to the supe-
rior advantages enjoyed by every Greek of the present day,
in the study of the language of his ancestors, to be con-
vinced that a familiar acquaintance with their mother tongue
is highly important, whether its affinity to the ancient be
near or distant.
The following remarks, the author wishes it to be under-
stood, are made rather for the gratification of the curiosity
of those who have never examined the Modern Greek language,
than to gain any opinions in favor of his own ; as he wishes
to urge the adoption of the principles of instruction in these
Lessons chiefly on the ground that they are highly expedi-
ent. He regards the Modern and Ancient tongues of Greece
PREFACE. Vll
as no more unlike than the English of Chaucer from that of
our present writers, and much less so than many of the in-
telligible dialects of England, France, Italy, &c. from those
of there respective courts, or those of the ignorant and the
refined of our own country. The great question, however,
still is ; Is the plan proposed expedient ?
F, which is called in Greek the digamma or double gam-
ma, (as it has the form of two .Ts,) was introduced into An-
cient Greek at an early period, and at first expressed sounds
which were subsequently represented by the letters (?, y, S,
&> n , V> Xi as well as v, ot } ov. It was differently used in
some of the dialects. The ^Eolians, for instance, are said to
have placed it between two vowels to improve the sound, al-
ways after and e, and sometimes before some consonants.
The various uses of the digamma must have produced a con-
fusion to the eye, even where none existed to the ear. On
this principle many differences in the ancient dialects will
appear only as differences in spelling, and not in sound.
The modern Greeks give the same sound of long English
e to 17, *, v, (when a vowel,) <H, si, TJI, or 77, and vi.
The following facts, from ancient sources, seem to indi-
cate that this accords with the ancient pronunciation.
It may first be remarked, that the word diphthong, Sitp-
<9oyyo?, (two sounds,) is said to have been applied to the let-
ter e, (and not to any joined vowels,) because originally it
was sounded in two ways in different situations. One of
these sounds was that of a in mate, and the other that of e
long, which was represented in writing by the addition of ,
which had that sound. It seems, therefore, that et and t
were sounded alike by the ancients. E derived its name
of eyuAov from thus losing one of its sounds. 6oyyo$ is
defined as originally meaning a letter of the alphabet.
The old grammarians divide what are now called the diph-
thongs, (that is the joined vowels,) into three sorts': ai and
Vlll PREFACE.
ou; e and 01 ; and av and ev ; of which the last sort only
are said to have successive sounds. "(This is the fact in
Modem Greek, as they are pronounced av or a/", and ev or
flfrj
A, i, and v are doubtful, and equal, so that when any two
of them are joined one cannot give sound to the diphthong.
As it must have some sound, therefore, it is argued, it must
preserve both, or assume a new one. Y, however, is a conso-
nant when it follows a vowel, and cannot lose its sound by
crasis. At accordingly has a new sound, (that is different
from that of or ,) being pronounced like e. But v, being
a consonant when it follows a vowel, cannot lose its sound
by the rule called crasis, and therefore is to be pronounced ;
and v preserving its sound, a or t should do the same when
joined with it ; and we accordingly find av and FV pro-
nounced of or av, ef or ev.
E and o are short vowels ; and when joined with a doubt-
ful one, lose their sound, the diphthong taking the sound of
the doubtful vowel alone ; and so when a doubtful is joined
with a long vowel, only the long is sounded : as w* or and
?* or i? are sounded w and ?, both in nouns and verbs.
An ancient writer speaking of $a as having a double sound.
that is, one different at the end from that at, the beginning,
says, that the sound of is quite different, for the same
sound is heard throughout. " The sounds of ou and ft," he
adds, " are of a similar description : simple, not compound,
and unchanged." The authority here referred to, Sextus
Empiricus, is quoted by Meinas as directly opposed to the
principles of pronunciation assumed by Erasmus.
The rules of poetry require, it would seem, that the sounds
of diphthongs be simple, to make dactyls and spondees, as
in this verse of Homer:
Etn* ay^M'Ici) TToiv\aiv' ' OSv\atv JUF
1 2 I 3 4
PREFACE. IX
According to Erasmus' rules of pronunciation, the first four
feet would have four syllables each, and could not be dac-
tyls, and the last foot also could not be a spondee.
Again, compare this verse with another of Homer's, in
which are vowels long by nature or by position in the place
of diphthongs.
a I b c I d e \ f
Here e in the foot marked a corresponds with et in that
marked 1 ; and if one has a simple sound, the other, it would
seem, cannot have a double one. The same may be said of
w in 2 and ot in b, and of x<xiuv and of e$Q(av. If at is
sounded as by Erasmus, #'(' must have three syllables,
while eggo)* cannot have more than two. A line is never
overloaded with syllables by Homer except the sense requires
it ; and then a supernumerary is expected to be elided in
reading.
Meinas remarks, that although there are said to be six vow-
els and diphthongs to which the modern Greeks give the
sound of e long, it is to be remembered that they merit rath-
er to be regarded as one and the same thing written in diffe-
rent ancient dialects. Each dialect had an * peculiar to it-
self. The ancient Thessalians wrote it ot, the Boeotians si,
the Dorians 17, the lonians u in many words, and the JE(j-
lians i>. But as no grammar is considered complete which
does not comprehend all, they erroneously pass as distinct *s.
Before Erasmus the Modern Greek pronunciation pre-
vailed in Europe, as is proved by the grammar of Scote, pub-
lished iu London in 1604, and that of Clenardus, published
in Frankfort in 1590.*
* The Author here copies the names of the Greek letters from
an edition of Clenardus' Grammar in his possession, published in
Hanover in 1604. The power of the letters is of course that of the
X PREFACE.
One ancient writer says, that t was so pronounced as to
make the sound come through the teeth, the mouth being a
little open, but without any movement of the lips. He says
again, that e was pronounced with the mouth open ; but o
better disposes the aperture.
Aristophanes says that dnsxe^ay was by some gramma-
rians written dnexiZav and Eustatius makes remarks which
show that ei and t were sounded alike. He also says in
speaking of book B of the Iliad, v. 93, that was formerly
written e, " which had the same sound." The ancient
lonians contracted is into t; as noheg into nolis, fegov into
fqov ; while the Attics made it et. Now the lonians analyze
si> into ee t as guA.ee for qotiet, which shows that they used ee
for e. In many ancient inscriptions, * is substituted for e.
A scholiast says (noxefov must not be written with i. How
could there have been any necessity for saying this, unless
the sound of et and had been the same ?
In numerous Greek names, and other words, the Romans
represented si by /: as IVeilog, Nilus : ie/tfw, libo, &c. &c.
and Aulus Gellius says they usually wrote the terminations
of the plural nouns in s*, but afterwards omitted the e. The
/Eolians wrote Is'yt/u, ta'pj, leyiai.
The circumflex accent in a diphthong is places over the
vowel whose sound is retained : as ATJTOI, IJeQixlei. The
rules for placing the accents would require, if the sounds of
ot and ei are separated, the grave accent should be used, as
these vowels are short. An ancient writer remarks, that the
German, giving a the sound it has in father, t that of a in mate, i in
unique, &c.
Alpha, a ; vita, v ; gamma, g : delta, d ; epsilon, e ; zita, z ;
ita, i ; thita, th ; iota, i ; cappa, k c ; lambda, 1 ; my, m ; ny, n ;
xi, x ; omicron, o parvum ; pi, p ; rho, r ; sigma, s ; tau, t ; ypsilon,
y ; phi, ph ; chi, ch ; psi, ps ; omega, o magnum.
PREFACE. XI
circumflex accent was used in nloior, because the ^Eolians,
dividing vowels o, t, said nlo'fov.
These few extracts are made from Meinas as examples of
the numerous arguments with which he contends for the an-
tiquity of the Modern Greek pronunciation, and rather for
the gratification of common readers than the establishment of
the point : for the author repeats, that he considers the expe-
diency of its adoption in our schools as sufficient ground for
proposing it, even to such as may suppose it differs as widely
from the pronunciation of ancient days as our own. As has
been before remarked, some light on the affinity of the
ancient and modern Greek may be found in the following
pages
LESSONS IN GREEK.
FIRST LESSON.
[Let these words be written on the black board, or on a slate or pa-
per, before the class assemble, and placed where all may see them
distinctly from their seats.]
/ write a letter.
[The following questions may be put to the whole class : but it is
generally better to put questions to one scholar at a time, sometimes in
order as they sit or stand, and sometimes selecting them without re-
gard to order, to keep them attentive.]
How many Greek words are here? How many letters
are in the first ? Write the first letter. This capital or
large epsilon is like what English letter ? Epsilon sounds
like e in met, or a in mate. Now write the second letter.
Gamma,* you see, is made long : the pen being carried
down below the line, and brought up again. That is the
Greek g. Now write omega. Gamma, omega spell go.
What is the *whole word ? Speak it. Erase it. Write the
first letter. What is it ? How does it sound ? Write the
* Speak gamma as if spelt gammah; and omega, as if spelt 6me"gah.
2
10 LESSONS IN GREEK.
second. What is it ? How does it sound ? The third.
What is it ? How does it sound ? Put the little mark before or
over epsilon, which is the soft breathing, and shows that the
ancient Greeks used to sound it as if h came before it. Mark
the long accent over omega. That shows that you are to speak
it more strongly than the rest of the word : ego, not ego : e
must be sounded like e in met, or a in mote ; and e like c in me.
Now erase it, and write the word again. "What is the first
letter 1 Second ? Third ? What must you put over the
first ? Why ? What over the third ? Why ? Erase and
write it again.
How many letters are in the second word ? What is the
first ? What is it like ? What does it sound like ? Write
the second. Ro, as you see, goes below the line, but does
not come up to it again. Write alpha. That is the Greek
a, and sounds like a in father. Spell this first syllable after
me : gamma, ro, alpha gra, [pronounced grah.~\ Erase it.
Write it again. What is the first letter ? Second 1 Third ?
Write the fourth, phe. What is the last ? What does phe,
omega spell ? Put the sharp accent over alpha. That
shows that it is sounded more strongly than any other part
of the word, as a is in father. It is spoken grapho, not grapho.
Erase the two words. Write the first. The second.
Erase them again. What is the last letter in the first word ?
The second ? The first ? What is the third letter in the
second word? The fifth ? The fourth ? Second? First?
Erase them. Write the second word : the first before it.
What accents are to be placed over them ? Where ? Why ?
What breathing ? Where ? Why ?
How many letters are in the third word ? Write the first.
FIRST LESSON. 11
It is a small epsilon. What does epsilon sound like ? What
is over it ? Why ? Write the second letter. The third.
Spell this syllable after me: epsilon, pe, iota epi. Erase
and write it again. Write the next syllable: sigma, taf, orni-
kron sto. Write it again. Write the seventh letter, lam-
da. The eighth, eta. The ninth, ne len. Erase and
write it again, and put the dull accent over eta. This shows
that eta is spoken more strongly than any other part of the
word. What mark is over epsilon ? Why 1 Erase the
whole word. Speak it. What is the first letter ? Second ?
&c. &c. Erase it. What is the last letter ? The fifth ? &c.
Where is the soft breathing to be placed ? Which accent is
used ? Where is it put ? Why 1 Erase the word. Write
all the three words. Speak them. What do these mean ?
[Make every scholar speak the sentence many times, with the proper
accents, until all are familiar with them. Make all write them over
and over again, and spell them, naming all the letters, till they know
them by heart.]
What letters are used more than once in these three words ?
What are used only once ? Let each write down in a line
all the different letters, with the names and sounds against
them : thus,
E e epsilon like e in met.
Y gamma g
w omega o
and so go on with the other letters.
[The Greeks have a written hand, as different from the printed text
as ours is. It is easy and useful to learn it and use it.]
O-/e'ya, or omega, means great or long o. O-fuxgdv, or
12 LESSONS IN GREEK.
omikron, means small o. JE-y/t'Aov, or epsilon, means sharp
or small e. Write /"eya, (itxydv, and ytt-ov. What letters
are hero which were not given before ? Write them under
the others, with their names and sounds against them. /" is
called me, and sounds like m. x is called kappa, and sounds
like k. V is called pse, and sounds like ps. How many
letters have you now in all 1 There are in Greek only 24
letters. In English there are 26.
Who can put together any of these words so as to make
sense ? [si sounds like e in me.]
is. man. good, friend. wise.
yi'kdv&QWTCog, yikbaoyoq, r\v, 6, ot>Vo
philanthropist, philosopher. was. the. this.
he. runs, speaks. walks. horse.
[Those who can make sentences of these words should write, spell,
speak, and translate them over and over; and the other scholars after
them. When one has written or spoken, inquire of others whether it
is right, &c.]
What letters are there in these words which you have not
had before ? Set them down, u is called vydov, (epse-
lon,) and sounds like e in me, or like v orf.
FIRST LESSON.
13
The 24
Greek letters when
placed in order are :
Letters.
Names.
Sound like
A a
alpha
a in father
B /S
beta or veta
v " vain
r y
gamma
g before a, , o
J " 17, , t, *, 01
A d
delta
th in this
E e
epsilon
e " met
Z
zeta
z " zinc
H y
eta
e " me
& &
theta
th thin
I i
iota
e " me
K K
kappa
K A^ing
A I
lamda
1 " let
M p
me
m " man
N v
ne
n " no
z
xe
x " six
O
omikron
o " not or no
n *
pe
p " put
after u, and v like b
f' *
P 9
ro
r w rope
2 o q
sigma
S " 50
T T
taf
t ^o
Y v
eipsilon
e " me
after a, e, 77, t, like y or v
(p y
phe
ph" p/iysic
X y
hhe
hh" o/t, /tow
5P" w
pse
ps w gipsey
Ll CD
omega
o " no
2*
14 LESSONS IN GREEK.
What are the two first letters called ? Speak them toge-
ther. What English word do they sound like ? Alphabet
means what, we mean when we speak of a, b, c. There are
many words from the Greek in our language, which mean
nothing more than some very common English words.
[Having removed the alphabet, the teacher, if he have time, may say
Write omikron. Give its sound. Delta. Its sound. Pse. Its
sound. &c. &c.]
[Or the teacher may give the scholars these words, written by him
or themselves, to take home and commit to memory, write, and speak.]
Sound e as in me ; e as in met, or like a in mate ; d like th
in this; oo as in boot ; o as in no ; and oi as e in me.
Kctki} rjjU^a, JovKoq aog,
kale hemera doolos sos
Good day. Thy servant.
(servant thy}
Hag e%Te ; Ti xh'tare ;
poz ehhete te thelete
How do you do ? What will you ?
(How have you ?} ( What do you want ?}
g TOV oxov juoi>.
Come into the house of me, (my house.}
Hov eicfiv 6 natriQ Y.O.I r\ \VY\T;r$ /nov ;
poo esen ho pater ke he meter moo
Where are the father and the mother of me?
(my father and mother.}
Eig rriv nohv.
ees ten bolin
In the city.
EAETE1A,
tit TOV Aip<5 Bupuvu.
m
Toil! Xa/inpot>; 6/ivouj rlj; vt - xtjf o - -
=ff
-- T-r
F i>-*
b
^-^
pciui/ 4 jrrpardj,
KoJ rd rpf - noiov 0a - d - rou <r/cXf - pou.
3.
"HXSc v' ifinvtvarj u>f aXXos Tt>praTof,
Efs K&dt or^Oof noX^fiwv opfufif,
H\rlv, (f>cu, b BdfSos tXirdraf /larai'ws,
'loot) pcm <j alwviov ciwnf/v.
'Uf itv&pov Kttrai irr' oVf
Tqv tcopu^^v novaiKOV llapvaaaov,
Nuv rpo najwv <f>8ti(>ovaa rb ica'XXof
n>>oq ri Iffit^ev avf/Kou a<j>oSpov.
5.
'EXXas .' ay rd <r<5/<a ij AyXXfa
No ^/p* r/{ pvijita nru narpiK&v,
E/nf Mouffoiy, w ^iijrtp yXura,
E7vai rticvov uov vlis TWV Mouawv.
6.
Kara^povuv ipwruv rot's Bpfjvoos
i^v dxoiiuy r^v fuivflv,
w ^puuv rod; xiyjtfvouf,
oy ?^ij ipwwy t/f T^V j^t.
FIRST LESSON. 15
Eig fr\v i\o%r\v. Ei$ rov ol'xov.
" " exohhen " ton ekon
" " country. " the house.
[If the teacher will instruct the pupils to sing these beautiful verses,
or give them copies and encourage them to learn them when absent from
school, it will tend to increase their interest and progress in the lan-
guage.]
Verses on the Death of a Friend of Greece.
(Tune, Banks of the Dee, or Hail to the Chief.)
(Pronounce e as in me ; e like e in met, or a in mate ; d
like th in this ; th as in th'm ; a as in father.)
'O cfiJ.o; rjWs nt-r^v fid).t; rdv eldof'
ho phelos elth2 plen moles ton edon
The friend came ; but hardly him they saw :
2xdmovv xlaiovreg rdv tdcpov avTov
ekaptoon kleondes ton daphon avtoo
They dig; weeping; the grave of him:
( Weeping- they dig his grave :)
'Idov TO telos ev86(av flnl&mv,
edoo to telos findoxon filpidon
Behold the end of glorious hopes,
Kal TO -cqorraiov &avaTOV axlygov.
ke to tropeon thanatoo skleroo
And the trophy of death cruel, (cruel death.)
'fLq SevdQOv xshat on' exofffiet,
hos dendron kete 1 hop Skozme m6galos
As a tree lies where it beautified greatly
ten korephen moozekoo Parnassoo
The top of musical Parnassus.
16 LESSONS IN GREEK.
Nvv ngo nodtiv qdeigovaa r<J xa'/Uoj,
lien pro podon phthcroosa to kallos
Abu? under feet corrupted the beauty,
JJvor] id e^Qiifjev dvEfiov (HpoSgov.
pnoe to firripsgn angmoo sphodroo
The breath it tore of a wind too strong:
(The breath of too strong 1 a wind tore it.)
SECOND LESSON.
What is " I write a letter," in Greek ? Spell the first
word. The second. Third. What is the last letter in the
third word ? The fourth ? Third ? Fifth ? &c. What
accents are used ? Where ? Why ? How many letters are
there in Greek 1 What is the meaning of alphabet ? How
many Greek words do you know? Speak, spell, write
them, (or some of them.) The next How many do you
know ? &c. Who can make a new Greek sentence ? Write,
spell it.
Is grapho the name of any thing? Is epistolen ? What
sort of thing ? What does grapho mean ? What does it
show ?
RULE I. A noun is the name of a thing.
RULE II. A verb shows that something is for
is done.
Among the Greek words given at the close of the first les-
son, which is the first noun ? Why ? The second 1 &c.
Which is the first verb ? Why ? The second ? &c.
SECOND LESSON. 17
oj xaArjV
Which word here do you not know ? Is it like either of
the other words in this sentence, in any respect ? In what re-
spect ? Spell it. Pronounce it. What accent is here ? What
does that show ? The third word means good. What then
do the four Greek words mean ? It often happens in Greek
that words which belong together end alike. What ends
like xa^Tp? What like syoi ? Is xaLpanoun? Why
do you think so? What is a noun? Is xctfop a verb?
What is a verb ? Which rule speaks of a noun ? Which of
a verb ? W T hat is the rule ? Does xcdr[v mean to be, or to
do any thing ? What does it show ? What difference does
it make in the meaning of the sentence, if you take it away ?
What if you add it ?
'Eyw yQaya) fiMgr]V
Which word here do you not know ? Spell it. Speak it.
Where is the accent ? Which accent is it ? W T hat does that
show ? Have you seen a word nearly like it before ? What
does mikron mean in omikron ? Mikren means the same here.
It is changed from mikron to make it end like epistolen.
Read the four words. What do they mean ? Is the third
word a noun ? Why ? A verb ? Why ? What does it
show ? What difference does it make in the meaning if it is
taken away ? What if it is added ?
Spell the third word. Speak it. Where is the accent ?
Which accent ? What does it show ? What does mega
18 LESSONS IN GREEK.
mean in omega ? Megalen means the same here, and ends
like epistolen, to show that it belongs to it. Read the four
words. What do they mean ? What difference does it make
to take away the third word ? Is it a noun ? Why ? A
verb ? Why ?
Kalen, mikren, and megalen show something about episto-
len, when they are used with it, which you would not know
without them. One shows that it is good, another that it ia
small, the other that it is large. And they would mean the
same, if they were used with other nouns ending in yv-
These words are words of quality, and are called Adjectives.
They belong to nouns, and generally end like them. What
is an adjective ? What does it show 1 What does it belong
to ? How does it generally end ?
RULE III. An adjective shows some quality
of a thing, and generally ends like the name of
that thing : as, y^ayco iiwqr\v
Write these Greek words. What does the first mean?
The second? &c. Erase them. Write the verb. The
noun. The adjective. What is a noun ? A verb ? An
adjective? How does an adjective generally end ?
These words are from Paul and Virginia :
JlQUTa ovbiiata %iia&ov
prota onomata emathon
onomazeen
The first names they learnt
to call (were)
dde'kyog y.al adekyri.
adelphos ke adelphe
brother " sister.
SECOND LESSON.
19
Read these Greek words. Spell them. What do they
mean ? How does n sound ? How does 9 1 &c. &c. [Let
all read these words till they become familiar with them-]
Which are nouns ? What adjective is there ? What verb ?
[Those words, or the following, the scholars may take home
on slates or paper, lo copy and study in their absence, if they
have time and inclination for it.]
From the Life of Robert Raikea, the founder of Sunday Schools
printed at Malta, in 1831.
Etc,
es
In
naidia
pedea
T
r
ta keriaka shholea ta pleseon
the Lord's-day schools the neighboring
vr\v
ten
senelthoon
kereoo
children come together (on) the Lord's
hemeran
day,
deo
two
(OQCC$
horas
nqw
proe
xea
ke
hours morning and
espera
evening.
What is the first adjective here?- What does it mean?
What does it end like ? What noun does it belong to ?
What do the adjective and noun together mean 1 What does
it show concerning
'O
ho
JTavlog
Pavlos
Paul
xa
k<
he
Bigyivia
Vergenea
u
ol'/,
ook
tl%av
ehhan
ovre
oote
neither
oroloyea
watch.
OVTS
oote
nor
senopses
not * had
ovre %QO-
oote hhro-
nor chro-
20 LESSONS IN GREEK.
xa
noloyeka hestoreka phelosopheka vevle# !
nologica], historical " philosophical books.
Repeat the Greek after me again. Spell the first word.
Second, &c. Which is the first adjective here ? The se-
cond, &c. Which does this or that belong to ? End like?
What is an adjective ? What rule speaks of them ? What
do adjectives generally end like ? What Greek word is there
above, which is like an English one? Does it mean the
same? There are several words here which English words
are made or derived from, and there are many others in
Greek. Long Greek words are generally made by com-
pounding, or joining together, two or three shorter ones ; and
are then sometimes changed into English words. What
word means hourl Aeya means to speak. Which of the
words given above may be made of these two ? Xqovog
means time. This put with teyw makes the foundation of
one of the other long words. What two words may be found
in <JP doaocpixd ? What should it mean? Bi6Uov means
book. What English word may have been made from that?
Kal tildov ovgavov viaiVQV xai yr\v
edon ooranon kenon " yen
" / saw heaven new " earth
6 ydq TC^TOC, ovqavog %ai if]
ho gar protos " " he
the for first " the
parelthe
were passed away.
LESSONS IN GREEK. 21
Which is the first noun here? Write, spell, speak, trans-
late it. What is the first adjective ? What does it end like ?
What do adjectives belong to ? What do they generally end
like? What is an adjective? Which rule speaks of them?
What rule speaks of a verb ? What does it say of a verb ?
What is the first verb here ? &c. &c.
THIRD LESSON.
How many Greek nouns do you know? Write one.
Spell it. Another. Spell it. [The next scholar may be
called on to say if this is correct, or to write another.] What
verbs do you know ? Write one. Spell it, &c. &c. What
adjectives do you know ? Write one, &c. &c. What is a
noun? An adjective? A verb? What kind of word, [or
part of speech,] must be used when a noun is used ? When
a verb is used, what? When an adjective is used, what?
Then when you find a noun, what other kind of word may
you look for ? What when you find a verb ? An adjective ?
Can you write a Greek sentence ? What does it mean ? Can
you speak one ? &c.
Now I will teach you another word.
'Eyo5 yqayw irtiGTohriv nqoc, tov yi'kov pov.
" " " to the friend of me.
What words here do you know ? Read them. Spell them.
Which do you not know ? Spell the first. Pronounce it.
What does it mean ? Is it a noun ? Why ? A Verb ?
3
LESSONS IN GREEK.
Why ? An adjective ? Why ? What is the use of it ?
What other word does it most belong to ? It is a preposi-
tion, and shows some relation between the letter and the
friend. The word neql might be placed instead of nqos. It
means about or concerning. Would that be a noun ? A
verb ? An adjective ? Why ? That would show some re-
lation between the letter and the friend.
RULE IV. A preposition shows a relation be-
tween persons or things.
Some show that one is above or below, near or far, in or
out of the other, &c.
Kal 'Avaviaq fi'k&tv elq try oixiav.
And " came into the house.
"Hnovoa dno noMav nsgi avrov.
I have heard from many of him.
Kal r\k&t.v 6 'Irjoovq elq <ua<; xoijuaQ.
And " Jesus into the villages.
Which of the words above are prepositions ? How do
you know it?
Prepositions are often placed before a verb and joined to
it: as, eiafi^dsv, he came in; xona6aii>(ij, I go down;
, he came out ; awxadito/usv, we sit tog-ether; avfi-
ofiev, we sound tog-ether, or harmonize.
Prepositions are never changed like nouns, verbs, and ad-
jectives. There are many prepositions, such as :
ig, v, avv,
in or into, in, with, with, without, through,
THIRD LESSON. *O
dvTt, nagd, dnb, exore, Inl,
against, from or by, from, out of, upon,
xavd.
according to, &c.
Look at the seven Greek words at the beginning of this
lesson. Do you know what kind of word the fifth is 1 ? You
see the meaning written under. Is it a noun, verb, adjective
or preposition ? Why not the first ? &c. What word does
it end like ? What word does it seem, from its meaning,to be-
long to ? Tdv is an article a definite article, like the in
English. It is generally changed at the end like the noun
to which it belongs.
RULE V. The article points out a thing.
Write these words in Greek : I write the letter. Put
down the first word. The second. The third. What
means the ? What kind of word is -idv ? Is the article in
Greek ever changed ? In what part ? What does it gene-
rally end like ? To make iov end like eVtaro^y, how must
it be changed ? Put articles before these nouns, ending like
them: ydov, cpil(3, <pilov ; ygdyrj, (a written thing, that is,
a letter,) YQ a( P 1 i^> YQ a( Ffl} YQ a( f 1 l v ) ^vfiyij, (/afce,) A.i^uj'TJg,
ivfivr] , Ivfiv^v dvexdorov, dvexdoTov. In these and many
other words the article ends like the noun. In many others
it does not. You will be told, by and by, that the article o,
JQV, TO?, &c, generally shows that the noun it belongs to
means a male animal ; that ij, t-^s, &c. generally belongs
to females; and rd, zoiJ, &c. generally belongs to things
without life,
24 LESSONS IN GREEK.
" well.
Is the second word here the name of a thing? Does it
show that any thing is done? Is it an adjective? Preposi-
tion ? &c. &c. What is its use ?
much.
Is the second word here a noun ? &c. What difference
does it make in the meaning of y^a'qpw ?
These words are called Adverbs.
RULE VI. Adverbs are generally added to
verbs, though sometimes to adjectives or other
adverbs, to show manner, time, distance, direction,
degree, &c. &c.
Here are some of the most common adverbs : KQUTOV,
first ; ea%aTO)>, last j xotieDs, well ; TroW, much ; o^'/uepoy,
to-day; #0e?, yesterday; UVQIOV, tomorrow; n&s, how;
offer, as much; no a ov, how much; roaov, so much; ore,
O'TTOTS, ifvixot, when; TTOTS, nqvixa ; when? tore, iqvixa,
then ; 6'der, onodsv, whence ; nodev; whence ? rode*, thence ;
noadxig ; how often? xoadxig, so often-
Which words are adverbs here ?
KvQog xccXcog xca avd(>ela}$ inmQivaro-
Cyrus " " manfully answered.
MaxQo&EV ivo^jnoev try Biqyiviav ^O'VT^V.
From afar 1 thought " " alone.
THIRD LESSOJf. 35
Td (fv^a oafovovrai, ndvvoTe ano
" leaves are blown always " the
winds.
Why is - an adverb ? What is an adverb ? What is its
use ? What word is - added to, or which does it qualify 1
The meaning of which word is in any manner changed by
leaving it out ? Make a short sentence with an adverb in it.
Write it. Spell it. Speak it. Make another. Write it, &c. How
is ndvTQTs pronounced ? When is i sounded like d ? What
does it come after here ? Why is i sounded like d after v ?
Is it easier to say pandote than pantote ? Is there an adverb
in the two Greek verses at the end of the first lesson?
Which ? What does the first belong to ? What is the se-
cond? What is its use? What does it qualify ?
Are there any adverbs in the Greek verses at the end of the
first lesson? Which ? What does the first qualify? What does
qualify mean ? What difference would there be in the meaning
of the word it qualifies, if the adverb were taken away ?
Jioyfrrjt; nqoc, rov dnovra KCMOV uvai
" to him who said bad it is
TO ^tv, oil TO ?v, sinev, a Ma TO
to live, not " " said he, but "
badly
What is the first English word to be added here, in the
translation ? The second ? &c. Which word is an adverb ?
Why ? Which is another ? Which rule speaks of adverbs?
What does it say ?
3*
26 LESSONS IN GREEK.
FOURTH LESSON.
x<u
" " with ink and paper.
Spell these words. Speak them. Write them. What does
the sentence mean ? What is the use of the fourth word ?
Is it a noun ? Why ? A verb ? Why ? &c.
1 wish to write to read.
Read these words. Write them. What do they all mean ?
What is the use of xal here? Take it away, and what dif-
ference does it make in the sense 1
idelv rbv naxiqa xai rrjv (uiyteQa [iov.
" to see " father " " mother "
Write these Greek words, and the English words, with
those which have been omitted. What does the sentence
mean ? What is the use of xal 1
6)Xw idelv rov nareQa r] rr\v ^T^a pov.
U (I it it Qf it U U
What are the English words which are omitted here ?
What does the sentence mean ? What is the use of ^ ? It
shows some connection between other words : xal does the
same ; and so do such words as, si, if; <Je, but ; eneid^
since; yd Q, for; &c. These words join together other
words or sentences, and are called joiners or conjunctions.
FOURTH LESSON. 27
RULE VII. Conjunctions join words or sen-
tences.
Which are conjunctions here?
JJaida de pot, kvoare (fi\r\v.
Child " to me give up dear.
These words from Homer would be placed thus in English
Bui give up to me^my dear child.
Kal owf.t^o&r^oav 6 ovqavo^ nai <f\
" were finished together the heaven " the
yi] xi nag 6 xoopog avtwv.
earth " all the beauty of them.
How many conjunctions are here ? Which are they ?
What is the use of the first ? Second 1 &c. What is a
conjunction? What are some of the most common con-
junctions? Write one. Another. What does the first
mean ? The second ? &c.
But little has yet been said about this word. Is it a noun ?
What does it mean ? Is / the name of any body ? Does /
mean the same person when you use it and when some other
one does 1 Is it then the name of any thing or any body ?
What is its use ? Why do you use it ? If I did not use it,
what word might I place instead of it ? Do I not use it in-
stead of my name ?
29 LESSONS IN GREEK.
Sv y(>a<jpi, Avvog
Thou writest, or you write. He writes.
Write these. Speak them. Is <n) a noun ? A verb 1
What is nurds'! What is the use of oti 1 Of avid? ? Do
they stand for some other words ? When one man uses
avros of another, what does he mean ? What else might
he say with the same meaning ? These words and some
others are called Pronouns. Pro, in Latin, means for.
They are for nouns.
RULE VIII. A pronoun is used for a noun.
'H Biqyivia jtwretfTQeye rr^v
" u turned away the head
Iva fir\ avTr\v id ft
of her, (her head) that not her should see
6 Havkoq daxqvovaav.
Paul weeping.
[that Paul should not see her weeping.]
OuTog iGtiv nsQi ov lyw tinov. ' Oniaw
" is (he) of whom " spake. After
pov EQ%ETCU dv^y og efiiiQoa&sv pov r\v.
me cometh a man " before ** was.
JTayca [contracted from xat e'y*] ^ x fi$iv avtov.
And I not knew him.
(St. John, i. 30, 31.)
What is a pronoun ? What is the first pronoun here ?
What noun is it used instead of ? What noun might be used
FOURTH LESSON. 29
in the place of it ? Why is the pronoun here used, and not
the noun ? What is the next pronoun ? What does it mean ?
Spell it. Write it. What is the third pronoun ? The next
scholar Is that a pronoun or not ? Why ? What is the
last? &c.
How many kinds of words have you now been taught ?
What kind was the first ? Second ? Third ? &c. What is a
noun ? A verb ? &c. What was the last kind of words you
have been learning ? What is their use? What is the first
word here ?
o/i, 1 rejoice*
Is it a noun ? Verb 1 &c. What is its use ? This word is
in almost every language, and is used to show some feeling
of pain or pleasure fear or hope. There are other words
of the same kind: as, idov, lo ! qpev, alas ! oval, woe !
They are thrown in among other words, to show feelings
which we cannot exactly describe in an instant. They are
called Interjections.
RULE IX. An Interjection shows some feeling
of the speaker or writer.
Which words are interjections here ?
Behold ! 1 dreamed.
30
LESSONS IN GREEK.
FIFTH LESSON.
Nouns, Adjectives, Article.
How many parts of speech have you learned in Greek ?
Mention them. The noun, verb, adjective, &c. Tell them
all. There are only eight in the language. What kinds of
words are changed at the end ? What are not ? "Verbs are
sometimes changed both at the beginning and at the end.
The changes made in articles, nouns, and adjectives are often
very convenient to a learner of Greek, because they show
which words belong together. They also save the trouble
of using many other words. Do we change nouns at the
end in English ? How ? For what purpose ? When we
want to speak of a man, how can we do it without using the
words the and of? What word must we change ? How 1
When we want to speak of more than one man, how can we
do it in one word ? What must we change ? How ? How
can we speak of the thoughts of men without using the
words the and of ? What must we change ? How ? Is it
useful to have such a change as this ? In Greek there are
more changes, and very useful ones, in nouns, adjectives, and
the article. Are all these words changed in English ? Which
are ? Which are not ? [There is only a definite article in
Greek. This, in English, is not changed : it is always the.
The English indefinite article a is only changed into an, and
then to make it sound better, when it comes before a vowel.]
I will show you how some Greek words are changed.
TIFTH LESSON. 31
Write -fy the.
of the.
to the.
the.
Now write the Greek word for letter (ant,(no^) opposite
these, and change it at the end like them. What would you
write after if 1 'H eniarol.^ means what ? What should
be written after TTJ?? What does irjs enunotfg mean?
What after rrf ? What does TT? ema-iolr} mean ? [The lit-
tle mark under n here is an iota, and was once written after
it thus : trji sniaTo).Tji.~\ What should you write after T^V ?
What does T>]V sniarol^v mean 1 Ka^ means good. Write
this with the changes, so as to make in Greek, a good letter,
of a good letter, &c.
When we speak in English of more than one letter, what
do we say ? In Greek, nouns ending in ??, generally end in
at in the plural number : as imarolal. Now put the adjec-
tive and the article before it, with the same ending. Of let-
ters is GiTi<JTol(bv. Place the adjective and article here also.
To letters is sniaro^aig. Write the adjective and article.
The fourth case or accusative is emaro^ds- Write the ad-
jective and article. What is the article in the third case, sin-
gular number, (the dative ?) What is the noun in the second
or genitive case, plural ? What is the adjective in the first
or nominative case, plural ? &c. &c.
K<a[*T] means a village- Write this in the second or geni-
tive case. Put the article with it. Write it in the other
cases, with the article, and in the plural- Mefdlr) means
great. Write this in all the cases. Seir^v^ means moon,
32 LESSONS IN CREEK.
and ityr/i*) high or lofty. Write these with the article in all
the cases.
(Remember to pronounce a as in father, e as in me, e like
c in let or a in late, 6 as in alone, and d like th in this ;
and lay the accent right.)
Kal ovveveltofycfav 6 ovqavog xai <f\
' senetelesthesan ho ooranos he
" were finished together the heaven 'and the
yr\ y.al nag 6 xoo>|uog air&v.
ye " pas ho kosmos avion.
earth, " all the beauty of them.
Kal avvvutfoaev 6 Oeoq tv ffi 'n^Q^
" " " Theos en " hemera
j9nd finished together God in " day
Trj XT?] TCI tqya avtov, a inoirfif,
" hekte ta erga avtoo ha epeese
in the sixth the works of him, which he made ;
xai xaTtnavas ty ^f^tQa rfi e,gd6[iri dno
" katepavse " " evdome apo
" rested " " " seventh from
Tc5v eqytov avtov wv
pandon ton ergon " hon tk
all the works " which "
Which is the fifth noun here ? Has it an article belonging
to it ? In what case is it ? How do you know TJ/ is in the
dative ? Was it ever written differently ? How ? Why do
you think it was afterwards written as it is now ? (It is
more convenient.) What article has ij^ieqa with it ? What
does TIJ tfftsQa mean ? What does rf/ne^a. mean alone ? &c-
TIFTH LESSON. 33
Do the articles always end like their nouns ? How is the ar-
ticle when it is put with a feminine noun ? (a noun meaning
a female.) With a masculine noun ? (meaning a male.)
With a neuter noun ? (a noun meaning a thing without life.)
Examples for all the Declensions.
[Fifth Chapter of St. Matthew.]
1st v. 'Id<bv di foi/g ofoovq, dveSt]
Seeing but " multitudes he went up
i TO oQoq xi xaQiaavToq avrov,
" " mountain ; " having set down he,
nQoofi^&ov avr& oi fiaArjTai avrov.
came to " " disciples of him (his.)
2d. v. Kai dvoi^ag TO oro/^a irot),
" having opened " mouth "
he taught " saying:
3d. v. Maxaqioi oi ntwxoi -rqi
Blessed " poor " spirit;
on avt&v Ictfiv r\ fiaoifaia ToJv ovqav&v.
for " " " kingdom " heavens.
Which is the first noun here ? Of what declension is it ?
Why ? How is it changed in the first case ? Second ? &c.
What is the second ? &c. &c. Which is the first article ?
What does it belong to ? &c. &c.
34 LESSONS IN GREEK.
There is one more change sometimes made in the ending
of nouns, verbs, adjectives, articles, and pronouns, to show
that two persons or things are spoken of, and no more.
When words are changed for this purpose, they are said to
be Dual, or in the dual number, because dvu means two.
"Avdgtanog, a man; avd^wnia, two men; 6 xaios avdqta-
*ro, the. good man; (6 xaAeo atvdguTtu, the two good men.
Ovrot didajrjaav eqiaavTBg, they differed striving ; TOV'TW
diaaT-^rrjv egiaavreot, they two differed striving.
Duals are not used in the Greek Bible nor in the modern
dialect.
What does the dual number show ? Why is it called the
dual number ? How is a word changed to show that two
things and no more are spoken of? Is it used in all Greek
books? In which not ? Is it used in all dialects ? In which
not?
SIXTH LESSON.
Nouns. ^
lathe word eniatol.^v ever changed? In what part?
How? _Why ? Does eniarolrlv mean the same as s'ntato-
lijs or smaToldsl What does the second mean? The
third ? Write all the changes made in this word in the fifth
Lesson, in order : the cases of the singular number on the
left hand, and those of the plural on the right. Write the
names of the cases still further to the left. Write singular
over eniaTolrl, and plural
SIXTH LESSON. 35
There is one case or change in each number which I have
not mentioned, which has an in interjection before it, and is
called the Vocative, or calling case.
What is the Greek word for a man ? What for of a man ?
to a man ? a man ? (accusative case ;) o man ? Write these
and the cases in the plural. How does the ending of sauna-
h}v differ from that of uvdyoiTtog 1 How do the second
cases differ ? Third ? Fourth ? &c. Plural, first ? Second ?
&c. The accusative singular ends in v, the accusative plural
in s, the genitive plural in wv, and the dative in s.
There is one more noun which you should know in all the
cases. Write
Singular. Plural.
Nominative, 6 natr^ oi
Genitive, tov nax&qoq rwv
Dative, roi natQl rotg
Accusative, TOV TtaTeqa rovq
Vocative, to navey o
The genitive here is different from that of the other nouns
you have declined, in having one more syllable than the nom-
inative.
[These three nouns the pupils must be made to write and pronounce
in all the cases repeatedly until they know them well.]
There are many hundreds of nouns and adjectives in
Greek, but almost every one is changed like one of these ;
as are also the pronouns. Some few are not changed at all.
Nouns and adjectives ending in , ?, ?, and rjg, and the
article rj, are declined, or changed, like STMO-TO^ : that is,
36 LESSONS IN GREEK.
they have v m the fourth plural, tav in the second, ai$ in the
third, s in the fourth.
Those ending in o? and ov, and the articles o; and ov, are
changed like dvOQwnot;.
Those ending in , *, v, w, v, Q, $, , or y are changed
like Trarijp.
Examples.
'H vv'E, tfv ydr] neqi TJ]V
e neex een eedee peri teen tetarteen
Night was now about the fourth
oran e seleenee elampse teen pethiatha,
hour, the moon lighted the plain,
y.ai TO n%.r}Qoq tov fia()a()ixoi> OTQaTEi/natoq
kay to pleethos too varvarikoo strateumatos
and the fulness of the barbarian army :
What kind of word is if 1 What do you think it to be ?
What does it mean ? What do you change it into to say of
the? to the? and in speaking of many things how? What
nouns are changed like this? Is / used with a noun that
means a man, a horse, or any other male creature ? What
is ? Tell its changes. What nouns are changed so ? Or
with a noun meaning a stone, water, or other lifeless things ?
What is ? Tell its changes. What nouns are changed like
this?
How is vi5 changed ; or to what declension does it belong,
the first, second, or third? Does it end in 17, , af, or ys ?
Does it end in oc or ov ? Does it end like any of the words
SIXTH LESSON. 37
of the third declension ? How do they end ? How does
vol end ? What is the end of nouns of the second declen-
sion, in the second or genitive case ? Has the genitive case
just as many syllables as the nominative? Which has more ?
How many more ? How can you make a new syllable end-
ing in os for n| ? If you put os to nux (neex) it would
make a hard word: w6s. The Greek language is soft ;
and when a word would sound harshly if regularly changed
they generally put in some smoother letters : so here, they
do not say vv } night, >>v|d?, of night} but yi)|, wxtds.
We do so in English sometimes, to make a pleasant sound,
or, as the Greeks say, euqpwyj?, (euphony.)
^ yv, the night ;
TJS wxr6g, of the night.
Wiite the third or dative case ; the fourth ; the fifth. The
first, plural ; the second ; &c.
Is rldri a verb ? What then ? What is nsgl ? What is
TJJJ- ? What does it belong to? What does it show ? [That
there is a noim in the feminine gender, singular number,
and accusative case.] Tezaprip what does this belong to ?
What kind of word is it ? "Jlqav what is that? What
case ? What declension ? Why ? Give all the cases.
What does if show ? [That there is a feminine noun, in
the nominative plural, to which it belongs. By seeing the
article if you would know that there is to be some one thing
spoken, and no more ; and that the name of that thing is
feminine, and in what declension? Why the first or third?]
Give the cases of aelijvij. What is the moons in Greet?
What is of the moons ? What is to the moons ? What is o
moon ?
4*
38 LESSONS IN GREEK.
is Ttedia in the first case, and TrsSiddog in the
second. What declension does it belong to ? How do you
know? Give all the cases. What is TOV ? What might we
know from seeing TOV ? What kind of word must come af-
ter it? In what case? Why ? Declension ? Why?
Why might it not be in the first declension ? What sort of
work is fiaqSaQMoti 1 What does it belong to ? What would
you know of any other word to come, by seeing this? Might
this word and TOI) belong to the same nouns, or not? The
first case of the next word is o-TQUTevfiaros : what declension
does it belong to ? Why ? Why not the first ? Why not
the second ?
Now write down alone the first noun, vi>|. Tell me all
you know about it. [Any of the former questions may be
repeated.] What is the next ? What do you know of this?
The third ? &c. &c.
What nouns are in the verses to "a Friend of Greece"?
In what declension is the first ? second ? &c.
SEVENTH LESSON.
What is a verb ? What does every verb mean 1 There
in only one verb in Greek which shows that any thing is, or
has been, or will be ; but there are many which show thai
any thing is done, or has been done, or will be done, &c. Is
it so in English ? If you want to say, this book is in my
hand, what verb will you use ? [Is is part of the verb to 6e,
that is, to be is changed into is in one of its changes.] If
SEVENTH LESSON. 39
you want to say that this book was on the table, must you
use the verb to be in another change? If you want to say
that this book will be in my hand again, do you use the verb
to be in another change? But if you want to say this book
contains easy lessons, must you use the verb to be ? If you
want to say it shows how to read, write, and speak Greek,
do you use the verb to be ? In saying that the sun rises, or
the wind blows, or the rain descended, must you use the verb
to be?
So it is in Greek : there is but one verb which shows that
any thing is, which is, etvai, to be ; but there are many
which show that something is done. What Greek verb do
you know which shows that something is done ? There are
several in the former lessons.
What is y^a'qpw? Is it a verb? Why? What does it
mean ? If I wish to say, I am making words on paper with
a pen, I say / write. What do I say when I want to men-
tion that he is doing it ? Why should I not say he write 1
What does it show when s is put on, or added, to the end of
write 1 If I want to say that you are doing the same, do I
make any change in the word ? In former times thou was
used in the singular instead of you. Was any change then
made in the word write ? What change? They used to
say : I write, thou what ? he what ? Do these changes
in the verb help you to understand better what is meant?
They do often. In Greek they change the verbs at the end
for the same reason, though not in the same way. They say :
or gyw y^ayto, 1 write ;
or oi y(3a<j>ig, thou writest ;
or av-rog y^aepet, he writes.
40 LESSONS IN GREEK.
Do we make any change in the verb when we say we
write ? ye or you write ? they write ? In Greek they
change the verb in the plural : as,
or r^fieig y^acpo/z-ev, we write ;
or v^iuq ^aye-re, you write ;
or avroi yQayovoi, they write.
The Greeks often leave off the pronouns. If we did
should we understand what was said ? Take the pronoun
from we write, and from they or you write, and what diffe-
rence is there between them ? Take off the pronoun from
the third person singular of the Greek verb, and from the
second and third persons plural, and what difference is there?
As there is a difference the Greeks know what pronoun
should be there, or what is understood, and what is meant;
and this is often a great convenience.
Read the first person of the Greek verb. What does it
mean? The second. Third. First, plural, &c. What do
they mean ? Erase them. Write the second. What does
it mean ? Write the second. Gamma, rho, alpha, &c.
What does it mean ? &c. &c.
Write a'xov'w, / hear. What kind of word is this ? The
Greek word ovg means ear. This verb is made from it.
What do you think it should mean ? Write the word ear.
Put h before it. What does that mean ? Write ovj. Put
dx before it, and change $ into w, to make it end like a verb,
and what does it make? 'Axovw means I hear. What did
you do to ygdcpta to make it mean Ihou hearest? Do the
same to a'xoi/w. What does that make ? Write it. What
SEVENTH LESSON. 41
did you do to y^ot'cpw to make it mean he writes ? Do the
same to dxovco. Write it. &c. &c.
Noog means mind. Put w in the place of og. What does
that make 1 What kind of words generally end in <u ? This
is a verb : what may it mean, as it is made of voogl It
means to use the mind that is, think I think. Change
it as you did ypa'qpw and dxovio. Erase them. Write them
again. Erase them. Say them by heart. First, ygdqxa
sis, &c. Second, dxovca eig, &c. Third, avow sf$,
&c. Write them again.
"Ovofia means name. Join to it w and it makes a verb.
What ought that verb to mean 1 It is a very useful one,
like many others made in the same way. ' Ovo/Mtt,(a, I name,
or / call. Change it so as to mean thou callest ; he
calls j &c.
Blencn) means / look. Change it so as to mean thou lookest,
he looks, &c. "Eld a means / come. Change it like the oth-
ers. Put e?s before el6o>. This is another verb. What
does it mean ? What sort of word is it ? Put ? before
f&dw. They make a verb: what ought it to mean? It
means / come into. Change this like the other verbs. Put
e? before eWat. What does e mean ? What is it ? What
does e%eW<>) mean ? Put itsql before sWta. What does
negl mean ? What is it? What does nEQisWw mean? HB-
gisWca is spelt TTape'Aflw, to make it an easier word. Change
it like y^a'qpw.
Eai v(a means I go. What does V mean ? [w^.j What
does dvaSuivw mean? Change it like y^a'qow. Xazw mean*
down or below. What does xaTaSaivw mean.
LESSONS I.\ GREEK.
EIGHTH LESSON.
Times or Tenses.
Which word here do you know ? Speak it. What does
it mean? What kind of word is it? In what case? Is
the other word like one we have had before in any respect ?
How many letters are like it ? Are those letters placed in
the same manner? What letters are different ? Which has
been changed? changed to what? Would you expect to
find that ygdyw means any thing like y^a'qpw? Exactly
Ihe same? What does y^a'qow mean? rgdyjca means I will
write. How do you change ypa'qow, to make it mean thou
writest ? r^dy/a is changed in the same way as y^a'qow with
all the pronouns. What pronoun means he? What means
he writes ? Set them down, and we, you, they write, with
the Greek words.
Write y^a'^w with the same changes, and put against them
these words I will write, thou wilt write, he will write,
you will write, we will write, they will write. Erase them.
What does ypa'y/w mean ? What word is it made from?
How ? Is it changed ? How ? Why ? What is the Greek
for they will write ? Put it down. Also, he will write, Ihou
wilt write, &c. Most other verbs in Greek are changed as
this is. Blctmca means to hurt. How would you change
this to say they hurt ? we hurt ? &c. How can ^moi be
changed to mean / will hurt 7 What new letter was put into
to make it mean / will write? What one was left
EIGHTH LESSON. 43
out? Is there a (p in fildmto 1 You have been told that
Greek is a soft language, and that care is taken to make no
rough sounds. V has the sounds of two other letters.
Which are they ? If y were put in the place of T, it would
make @kdir\f>(u. Would this be a soft and pleasant sound?
The Greeks to make it softer, say {Mayo. Speak one first,
then the other, and see which is most easy to speak and most
agreeable to hear.
What letters are there in Greek which are made up of other
letters ? What two sounds make up that of y> ? What make
the sound of ? [A person might at first think that & or $
has a compound sound, because we mark the sounds of both
in English by two tetters, th. But these are simple sounds.
The sounds of x and <p are also simple.] //, (?, and <p are
nearly alike, and all made by the lips ; and when either of
them has a after it, it makes y. K, y, and x are made in
the throat, and nearly alike. When or is placed after them it
makes .
means I hear. What should mean / will hear ?
What change is made ? Aiyw means / say. What should
mean I will say 7 What change is to be made here? Why
should it not be iey aw ? Would that be as easy to speak or
pleasanter to hear 1 Aa).ea) or Aaioi means I speak. Would
Idlaa) be a soft word ? To make it soft the Greeks put in
17, thus XoA,7j'aw, / will speak. Write these verbs, with
their meanings, and the future time or tense of each.
, / produce ; /cu^co, / rejoice ; yvlaTTO) or
, I keep ; ydyu), I eat ; (pGavw, 1 antici-
44 LES30N8 IN GREEK.
pate; xaXt'to or xaXw, I call; xoi>w, / hear ;
), / see.
In some verbs the future tense is made by putting a before
cu. Which of these words will sound well with a before w ?
in some verbs, by changing the letter before 01 into a, |, or
V ; some by leaving out a letter ; and there are other ways,
which may be learnt by and by. What will dxovow be
changed to with CTV, (thou) 1 with OVTO'S, (he) 1 &c. How
must tpvldZoj be changed to go with v'ftstgl What will it
then mean? tf>i>ta'w with av'roi? What will it mean ?
l7tioro^.r\v.
" have written "
Spell these words. Speak them. Write them. What
does the sentence mean ? Is the second word like any you
have had before ? How is it different from ypa'qow ? How
is fQdqxa to be changed at the end to make it yeyQaya ?
How at the beginning? TUTTTW means / strike. What
means / will strike! Change this as ygdyo) was changed to
make /e'y? '?'"- D n t P ut 7 e before it, but make a redupli-
cation : that is, take the first letter, (which here is T, and
place it before e ; then change the end of the verb as you
changed ygdyw. What will it be ? Write it.
What is reduplication ? What is the future tense of TQS-
qxa ? What will the reduplication be here to make the per-
fect ? How must the word be changed at the end ? Write
it. Spell it. What does it mean ? Write the future and
perfect of y^aqDW ; ^sn<a ) to see ; TUTTTW, to sfrike ; iQsqxu,
to support j (Sia'TTTco, to injure. Spell them, and place the
accents.
EIGHTH LESSON'. 45
Verbs which begin with , e, rj } i, t>, <w, (the vowels,) or
with two of them, (a dipthong,) have no reduplication, but
generally change the vowel or diphthong.
Singular, rtyqaya, 1 have written
thou hast written ;
he has written ;
Plural. yeyQCKfafitv, we have written ;
ye have written ;
they have written.
Make all these changes in the verbs above mentioned.
Erase and write them again. Write these sentences in
Greek : " I shall write a lelter. He has injured a friend.
They have seen a horse. We shall write to-morrow."
'^xov'w, 1 hear, in the perfect is yxovxa ay<, / lead,
ijxa ; oixodoftBM, I build, (pxodoftTjxa ; dfstdsi'C,^}, I blame,
TOVTO ngdZw. W T rite this, what does the first word mean?
The second ? What does the second come from ? [nda-
au or TT^a'rrw, for there are some words in which T is some-
times used and sometimes CT.] What would nguacrw be in
the perfect? Write this: o ycyP"? 10 ) yY(><*cpa. What
does it mean? &c. ".//yysAoe i.sid}.rjxev aviw.
means, / speak ; and iaiw, I will speak. What is
formed from ? How ?
Some writers say that the Greek verbs had at first only
one, two, or three letters each. These, it is supposed, were
changed by augment, reduplications, and terminations, to
show time, numbers, persons, &c. It is supposed also that
5
46
LESSONS IN CHEEK.
other letters put to the first, made new verbs. Sometimes
prepositions and other words are added to them, to change
their meaning in different ways.
When you know the present, future, and perfect of a verb,
you can generally easily find out all the other changes, be-
cause they grow out of them.
What tenses is it important first to know ? Why ? What
is the future formed from ? How ? What the perfect ?
How?
r^dqxa has y/ in the future in the place of g> ; ivmw has
y in the place of m Uyw has in the place of y ; &c.
The sound of a is generally the sign of the first future tense.
Is the sound of a in y? What other sound beside? Is the
sound of a in ? What other beside?
Tvmoi has go in the perfect in the place of TTT, and the re-
duplication. What has TU'TTTW in the perfect ? In place of
what ? IJlrldo) has x in the place of 6 and the reduplication.
What has it ? The perfect generally hs a rough sound at
the end before a. What Greek letter has the roughest sound ?
What other rough sounds are there ? X and x are generally
used in the perfect. 1 is often used, which is TT with the
rough sound.
NINTH LESSON.
Some of the Greek letters are made with the teeth ; some
with the tongue ; some with the palate, or in the throat.
NINTH LESSON. 47
Teeth Letters. Tong-ue Letters. Throat Letters.
smooth, T 7i x
middle, d /? y
rough, # 9 #
The teeth letters are something like each other, and some-
times one is put for the other in changing verbs, nouns, &c.
to make a better sound. So it is with the tongue letters and
the throat letters. A, ft, v, g, and er are called liquids, be-
cause their sounds run easy, like water. Z, |, and y> are
called double letters, because each has the sound of two oth-
ers. A, e, rj, i, o, v, and (a are vowels, because they have
sounds by themselves. Two vowels together make a diph-
thong.
How many teeth letters are there ? Write them. How
many tongue letters ? &c. Is one of the teeth letters ever
put for another? When? W T hy? (So of others.) How
many liquids are there? Why so called? Write them.
How many double letters ? Why so called ? Write them.
(So of vowels.) What other letters are there in the Alphabet ?
The perfect tense ends in , with a rough letter or a throat
letter before it. What are the rough letters ? What are
the throat letters? Adlta means I speak, and ieAct^xw, /
have spoken.
TvTtTin) means I strike. What does rvyi mean? What
means / have struck ? (that is, the perfect tense.) Write
them.
We say in English other things about striking : such as,
I did strike, I may strike, I might strike, I might have struck,
&c. And in Greek they have other tenses which grow out
of these.
48 LESSONS IN GREEK.
What is Reduplication or Doubling ? One tense, called
the First Aorist, is made from Ti5y/w, by changing w into ,
and putting e before it. If a verb begins with a short vowel,
that vowel is changed for a long one. rgdqxa is tygaiftu in
the first aorist ; axdnria, (/ dig-,) Zaxoufja, I dug- ;) eadiw,
(I eat,) riffdioa. This change in the beginning of a verb is
called the Increase or Augment. What is Increase or Aug-
ment? What is Reduplication ?
Write this :
A Greek Tree partly grown.
TUTTO
A C T I V | E | V | O I C E
eiVTlOV TVlfJb)
fTVTtTOV
I I
TV -mot
I
TVTt
What is the root of this tree ? The trunk ? The first
branch ? What grows from that ?
The first three letters of -ivmta are called the root, be-
cause all these changes or tenses grow out of it like the
branches from a tree. You will see that the most important
tenses begin with large letters. Under TC'TTTW write present
and / strike. Under Irvmov write imperfect and / was
striking- or struck. Under ivtfjia and Tervya write the
names of their tenses and what they mean.
NINTH LESSON. 49
Under eivmov write 2d Aorist, I struck.
Under eivy>a write 1st Jlorist, I struck.
Under iwnti write %d Future, I shall strike.
Under BTSTV^EIV write Pluperfect, I had struck.
All these have regular changes to show numbers and per-
sons. Te'ruqoa, Timaj, ereTvcpeiy, and BTBTVTIIV, are not very
often used. How is ervmov formed from TD'TTTW ? What
tense is it in ? What does it mean ? What is sTvif/a formed
from ? How ? Meaning ? Tense ? &c. &c. Erase these
words. Write them again. Erase. Write the 1st aorist in
its place. What does it mean ? Write the pluperfect in its
place ? What is it formed from ? How ? What does it
mean ? &c. &c. Erase the words and lines. Write the
words and draw the lines again. &c. &c.
Erase all. Write 790 qpw. Write all the tenses of it in
their places, to form a tree. What is the tense ? What
is it from? &c. Erase. Write ia'iw and its tenses, &c.
Write these Greek and English words.
'H (oga Ti)g e^odov '<paae,
" " " departure appeared. .
Write the meaning of the first word. Second. Third.
What verb is here? In what tense? What number? What
person ? What noun belongs to it ? By what rule? '-
ddov is of the feminine gender, though it ends in og in the
first case. It is an exception to the nouns in 05, which are
generally masculine. T^g is the article belonging to it.
What English Word comes from odos ?
5*
50
LESSONS IN GREEK.
Write this:
Ai ywalxeq
" women put on manly dress.
What verb is here ? In what tense ? number ? per-
son ? It will help you in finding the tenses, &c. of verbs to
have before you the terminations or endings. The dual
number is given here, which shows that two persons or
things are speaking or spoken of.
Singular. Dual. Plural
Persons. | 1. 2. 3. | 1. 2. 3.
1. 2. 3.
Pres. & 1 Fu.
01
sis
14
E10V
eiov
OflSV
6TS
Ol/CTt
2 Future,
CO
etg
El
ti>
SlTOV
elrov
ovftev
SITS
OUCTt
Imp. &2Ao.
ov
e?
F
C
BTOV
srrjv
OflBV
ere
OV
Perfect,
a
as
B
a
arov
arov
afiiev
UTS
HI! 1
Pluperfect,
SIV
{
ei
t
enov
eirrjy
Bifiev
SIT 6
eiauv
1 Aorist,
a
as
i
O.TOV
dTTJV
aftev
UTB
av
Why is the first person dual wanting? Is the dual num-
ber used in the Old Testament 1 In the New Testament ?
By all the ancient Greek writers? By the modern
Greeks? What is ypa'qtiw in all the persons, &c. of the per-
fect? First aorist? Second future? What is Xfct'tfw in the
pluperfect ? Write {ttamu in the persons of the imperfect.
What is (pairo), (appear;} in the first aorist? Write in the
Greek " The hour of departure appeared.', Baivw means
to go. What would be the increase or augment? Redu-
plication or doubling ?
TENTH LESSON- 51
TENTH LESSON.
You might make some use of verbs from what has been
taught, but there are a few more things to be known. I have
not yet told you how to say in Greek, I may write, if he
strikes, we may go, I was called, he has been seen,
&c. &c. We say a great many such things in English by
using the helping verbs in different forms or moods : as, will,
shall, be, can, must, may, &c. but in Greek they generally
change the verb at the end, now and then using the increase
or doubling. I, thou, he may strike is TVTTKS-IJS-I]) &c.
strike thou, ivms ; I might strike, Tvitroifii ; to strike, iin-
TBIV ; striking, TVKTWV. This last is partly an adjective, be-
ing changed like one in numbers, genders, and cases, and is
called Participle.
The changes first mentioned, (except the participle,) are
called Modes or Moods. Beside this some changes show
whether a thing is done by a person (or thing) or to him, or
by himself to himself. "Ervya, I struck ; BTVfpdrjv, I was
struck ; and eTvydfirjv, I was struck by myself, or I struck
myself, are said to be in different voices : the Active, Passive,
and Middle.
RULE X. There are three voices : Active,
Passive, and Middle, each of which has modes,
participles, tenses, numbers, and persons.
The Greek tree on page 48 shows the tenses in the active
52 LESSONS IN GREEK.
voice and first mood.* This shows the tree when it has
grown into the Passive and Middle voices. " Some people
think the fruit looks hard, but it is not." It is true thatTv?r-
TW has not all the changes that are set down in books, for
some verbs are not used in particular tenses, &c. ; and be-
sides the changes which are often used are but few, and soon
learnt. The children in Greece learnt all the tenses they
wanted to use as easily as you have learnt to say, " I may
write, I can speak, he will be spoken to," &c. &c. And
the Greek children now use many of these changes correctly,
as their language is much like that of their ancestors.
* Indicative mood. There are five moods; 1. Indicative, 2. Impera-
tive, 3. Optative, 4. Subjunctive, and 5. Infinitive.
-
3rf!
TENTH LESSON.
53
e
9
o
>~
*0
I
Gr
a
o>
ri
w 3
-<o 3.
H
to -
* 00
X
i
-p 1 NN
1 ' O
a
h
.5.
' ' 3 >
a. ?"
s
, "g 8-
^|,- g-jj
s ' ^ _h_
i i i 5
^
: H ^s
i B. H '
^ 3- ' O
"2 ^ ** ^
%
e J - i ^ a,
R-
, H " O
* r\ K. * ~
Ql-
n
1,
Which is the root of this tree? What are the changes
made in it for ? What is the first branch on the right ? In
what voice is ivmoftai 1 How is -ivrnw changed to make
it? What is the second branch ? What grows on it? &c.
54
LESSONS IN GREEK.
3 a
a
* "^
*& 8
S to
10
<O < "<o 8
(U ^
R- 8
5
O
S
s
o
>
.04
1 -3
8
"S3 33
3 ui
-3 3
a
o
S
3
&
57* 0^ v^ C^
*U Ak i*' A}
i? *s
^1 ^
h
^ Wx \X \ <
Wx w
v< Q^
2
a
V
I
r^
C
o .ti
D
si I II
Q -g 08
^J- ao x oi
S!" S"
J *"
O Ov
O
^
k
h B"
5-2-
i 8
O jj
n) -*^
-*k CG
</} C
o
Q} 'S
S A
:, o
<d
S ho
: w co o
o b
R- 8
M CB
I
.2 2
o i .
a. N CN CO
rjJ iO.
CD t^
o "
3 f^ ^H ^H
IC I-H
o-2
/^^^N/^-^^N
S^S^~V~+S^>
**^
ri
oT P
> ,
* ^
Ml
C .
,9
8 R- *
R
o o
^-i 3 o 55 eg 55
'U
51 a. a R-
o o . a.
ft- 8
P-CO
^ I-H c4 CO rf iO
CD i^ X O5
O ~
o *
*"
Q) QJ
<U QJ
o
S S
^ ^
bo
8 ss
ss
^3
V
u ^j *3
5J nj aj m o o3
O > > > > >
C O- ^5 c? o5
'/./'." - f ' f
> ^i
w *o
O O V O CJ
& CO cc cC
*
<j <) <J *$ <j
PH &H P-( CU
-.
TJ
.
C
** -2
g -2
O
H
-*s
W fa J
00 ^
^ 4^ .. ^_! % 09
v /a W
.2
1-
^ tf\
3 cu J3
M di CH M m
TENTH LESSON.
55
to
c
3
** "Jll^il
b
S-i ' *
or* * ^ ^ c < ^> *
q> " ' Co O O b S 55
G-
C^ CO ^* iO CO t**
Ccl^S5^b2S|
ooatoas-oa3
8o
t- K 8 <S
~ - - ~
~ o o o
2 2
S 5 *
a o a 3
a
M
to to to
CO to !.^
<o * <S
3
SSaSa&osg-
CO to t> ^
a o a R-
^
"Illllllll
^^ ^^ a a
Jj. St. to to
O O S. 3.
a a a
a o a ~3
.-^^...Sk".
!k *_r*oR" ; *
^os-o^R-s-cgo
^ ?>,
S-
b b o R-
^ S^ *k
b -^ o b
-B a R-
^J
^ *
CS
-
N2g2?g2lsg
to<oa<oaR-oaR-
o o
b b <= o
3 3 R-
H
till
% * * ^
a o a ~3
3
* (O to CQ to to R* O a R-
BO*
H H 3 O
to CQ f H
_ o o
- ~ -
H S, S
,O rft^ f *Oit*^ r ^ ft Oi
*StoaSaft-o8Rt
a a o
R-. o b b
2 2
3 o a B-.
G
^ , 4 i * 3-3-.
3o8toaR-oa3
^
:-.---.
=L 54. 8 R-
o -o 5. 5.
a. * * *
R- ft- a
R- * * ^
2L-3- 2- |-
-a o a 3
Nos . .^
56
LESSONS IN GREEK.
(Third
Meaning of the
ACTIVE
TENSES. MOODS.
Present.
Indicative.
I strike
Imperative,
strike or do
strike
Optative,
may I strike or
I wish to strike
Imperfect.
I did strike or
was striking
(The
other moods
1st and 2d
Future.
I shall or will
strike
might I strike
hereafter !
1 & 2 Aorist.
I struck
strike
might I strike
Perfect.
I have struck
have struck
may I have
struck
Pluperfect.
I had struck
(The other moods
PASSIVE
Present.
I am struck
be struck
might or may
I be struck
Imperfect.
I was struck
(The
other moods
Perfect.
I have been
struck
have been
struck
may I have
been struck
Pluperfect.
I had been
struck
(The
other moods
1st & 2d
Futures.
I shall b'e
struck
may I be struck
hereafter !
1st & 2d
Aorists.
I was struck
be struck
might I be
struck !
Paulo post
Future.
I shall have
been struck
'
may I have
been struck
TENTH LESSON-
57
Table.)
Moods and Tenses.
VOICE.
MOODS.
Subjunctive.
that I may strike
are wanting.)
that I might strike
that I may have
struck
are wanting.)
Infinitive.
to strike
to be ready to
strike
to have struck
to have struck
PARTICIPLES.
striking
being about to
strike
having struck
having struck
VOICE.
that I may be
struck
are wanting.)
that I may have
been struck
are wanting.)
that I might be
struck
to be struck
to have been
struck
to have been
struck
to be about to have
been struck
being struck
having been struck
being about to be
struck
having been struck
about to have been
struck
58 LESSONS IN GRfcEK.
Write down the first Table. The second. The third.
What does the first Table show? Second Table ? Third
Table? What would "(qdyot make in the subjunctive, plu-
perfect, third petson, singular? Look at the first Table,
find that tense and mood. What is the figure against it?
Find it in the second Table. Find the third person. What
is the ending ? What does the pluperfect subjunctive mean .'
Look at the third Table and find it. What is it? What
will it mean in the third person ? Write the word and its
meaning. What is the second person plural of the first
aorist, subjunctive passive of ygdtput 1 What can you do
first to find it ? then what ? What is the meaning ? \\n\\
can you find it? Try also some of these verbs in diffm nt
changes-
Present. First Future. Perfect.
tatw, (pour) Xif fl
ta'yto, (say) A
j, (build) Tt'w
ijte, (fiii)
>, (cut)
[The teacher may make a pupil write all the moods, ienses. number**,
persons, and participles of afty of these verbs, with the significations,
under the dictation or with the assistance of the class. Or they may
make Greek trees of these verbs, or take the words home to make ta-
bles and trees, at their leisure.]
-
It is not so difficult as you might think to learn all the
changes of nouns, adjectives, verbs, &c. The children in
Greece learn many of them very well, and use them in speak-
TENTH LESSON. 59
ing. The following is taken from a little book made to
teach Greek children English.
Do you study Grammar to-day ?
2nov8deig a v y^et^Martx/jV
Not I, but the others study it.
"0/t fi)' 1 ''? "^' ' " ^ ^ * 11 } v o
Do you study grammar to-day ?
.2?7r0va'0t( av jQaupaTixf[
No : I write it.
* O%i, TTJV a' y T t y a' <p w.
Do you study grammar to-day ?
27TOvdd eig av ( Q a p'fi a T i x ij
No, I study mathematics.
" 0%i anovSd to* nad^fiaiixr^v.
Do you study grammar to-day ?
SnovSd^eig ovyqafificrtixriv a ^ ft e Q o v ;
No, but I shall tomorrow.
"0%i" a'iict -frekia r^V anovSa^e iv, (or TTJ
It V Q t O V.
What verbs are here ? What voices, moods, tenses, num-
bers, and persons ? What is the passive voice, indicative
present, first person singular, of a-novdd tw ? From what is
it formed? How? What is the first future? From what
formed? The meaning ? The perfect ? How formed ? &c.
What noun or pronoun belongs to the first verb? What is
the rule? What word shows what is studied, in the first
Greek line? What shows it in the sixth Greek line? In
what case is ypo/t4//rtx7j v 1 fHtdijftartxy* ? These are not put
in the nominative case, because they do not show the person
or thing, which does something, but the thing that is done.
60 LESSONS IN GREEK.
RULE XI. A verb that means to do any thing
generally has one or two nouns or pronouns in the
genitive, dative, or accusative case, which shows
what is done, or to, or by, or with whom, or which
it is done : as, yqayw eTTtaTo^v, / write a letter ;
yqdyco ejnoToA.Tji> xaXdjUoi, 1 write a letter with a
pen.
Write down these words: dnoygatpoi, I icrile from ; eni-
yga'quw, / write upon ; vnoyQaqxa, I write under ; dviiygd-
<pm, I write against. What are these words made of?
They are called compound verbs, being made of prepositions
and verbs, and have the meaning of the verb and the prepo-
sitions. They have the changes of fQdqxa ; but the doub-
ling and increase is put between the preposition and the
verb : as, dnoygdcpw, ccTroyeypctqoa,' otjrs'ypaqpa, eireyQacpov,
&c. There are many such verbs, and some of them have
the doubling and increase at the beginning. Sometimes the
noun after a compound verb is governed by the preposition,
or is in the case which the preposition governs when alone.
Sometimes nouns, adverbs, and other words are joined to
verbs in this manner.
Some nouns are formed from verbs.
Some verbs are formed from nouns.
ELEVENTH LESSON- 61
ELEVENTH LESSON.
J^erbs in M I.
Verbs which end in pi are changed differently from
, &c. There are three sorts of them.
First Sort.
ACTIVE VOICE.
Present. Indie. <<m/ ( iu, rj?, rjai- Imper. iaiadi ; Opta.
v ; Subj. t'crrw ; Infill. iaToivan Part. {(nag.
Imperfect. Indie, i'trn/v.
2d Aorist. Indie, tatrjv Imper, or^^t ; Opta. aiairjv ;
Subj. trrto; Infin. <mj>at : Part. aidg.
PASSIVE VOICE.
Present. Indie, i'arafiai, Imper. t'crraro ; Opta. i
Subj. iffiwftai ; Infin. i'aTaaOai Part, i
Imperfect. Indie. i
MIDDLE VOICE.
(Pres. and Imper. are the same as in the Passive.)
2<i Aorist. Indie, eaidfir/v Imper. cria'ao; Opta.
Subj. ffrc5|Uat ; Infin. oidadai; Part,
( Tidijfit, is a verb in /u* of the second sort ; and
one of the //tird *or-i.
fi 1 *^*, / aw, and e7^t, /^-o, are irregular, and their changes
are not alike. They will be best learnt by use.)
Irregular Verbs.
Many verbs in Greek are not changed according to the
rules. Some have not all the moods and tenses ; some hare
6*
02 LESSONS IN-GRKKK.
one or more of their tenses formed from a different verb ;
some are^bsed only in one or two voices ; and then they oft-
en give one voice the meaning of another.
More Rules."
RULE XII. Two nouns meaning the same per-
son or thing, must be in the same case.
RULE XIII. When two nouns come together
which mean different things, one must be in the
genitive.
RULE XIV. An adjective in the neuter gender
without a noun, is used as a noun.
RULE XV. Adjectives which show feelings,
value, difference, power, and some other things,
have a noun in the genitive.
RULE XVI. Adjectives showing profit, like-
ness, or the contrary, or having to or for after
them in English, have a noun in the dative.
RULE XVII. Verbs of sense, feelings, giving,
taking, differing, plenty, want, ruling, and some
others, have a noun in the genitive.
RULE XVIII. A noun which shows to whom
or what something mentioned by the verb is done,
is in the dative.
ELEVENTH LESSON. 63
RULE XIX. Some verbs have nouns in the
accusative and dative, some in the accusative and
genitive, and some two in the accusative.
RULE XX. Verbs which have two cases in the
active voice, have the lattter one only in the
passive.
RULE XXL The infinitive mood is often used
as a noun.
RULE XXII. Participles govern nouns like
their verbs, and are often used as nouns.
*
RULE XXI II. A noun and a participle are in
the genitive when there is nothing else to fix the
case.
4$
RULE XXIV. Adverbs and prepositions gov-
ern nouns in the genitive, dative, or accusative.
Dialects.
It is not to be supposed that every person who ever spoke
Greek used all the words exactly right, or that all have
spoken and written it in the very same manner. Persons
living at a distance from each other, though they may use
one language, often speak it somewhat differently. In an-
cient times the people of Attica spoke Greek differently from
those of Breolia, Doris, and Ionia : yet they could all under-
stand each other. Some of them used words which others
64 LESSONS IN GREEK-
did not, some sounded letters in a particular manner, and
some spelt words differently from others. Yet they all spoke
Greek. The people now living in Greece do not use all the
words that were formerly used, nor do they change them all
in the same manner ; but they use the same letters, and prob-
ably give them nearly the same sounds. They do not use
all the words which are found in Homer ; but it is said that
all the words they use are found in Homer ; and they all un-
derstand each othei with ease.
Different ways of speaking the same language are called
Dialects. The Dialects in Greek are the Attic, Ionic, Doric.
Bo30tic, Hellenistic, and Modern.
In the old Attic dialect are written the works of Thncy-
dides and the Tragic Poets ; in the Middle Attic, Aristo-
phanes. Lysias, and Plato; in the New Attic, JSsdHnes, De-
mosthenes Isocrates, Menander, and Xenophon.
In the Old Doric, Epicbdermas and Sophronius^ in the
New Doric, Bion, Moschus, Callimachtis, Pindar, and Theo-
critus.
' - '-'-
In the Ionic.. Anachreon, Arrian, Herodotus, JJippocrates,
and Pythagoras.
In the JEolic, Alcaeus, Sappho, &c.
Different dialects are found in the Greek Scriptures, and
among others the Hebraistic, or Jewish.
In the Modern Dialect are the writings of Korae, and ma-
ny other books, newspapers, &c. It is spoken by the inhabi-
tants of Greece, with so little difference of words and sounds
lhat they all understand each other perfectly wll.
The dual uumber is not used in the Scriptures, the ancient
ELEVENTH LESSON. 65
Christian writers, (called the Fathers,) nor in the Modern
Dialect. In the Modern the dative case is also rare.
Questions on the Dialects*
What is a Dialect ? Are there any in the English lan-
guage 1 What are the causes of them ? How many in
Greek ? Is any spoken now ? JtVhat is it called ? By whom
spoken ? Can they all understand each other ? Are diffe-
rent letters used ? Are the accents regarded ? Are all the
words in Homer used in Greece now ? Are'there any words
in the Modern Dialects found in Homer? Is the dual num-
ber used in all ancient books? In which not? Is it in the
Modern Dialect ?
4k
What writings are there in the Modern Dialects?
What other Dialects are there? Why were they so named ?
Greek Patriotic Song-
Tune Knight Errant. ^
(To show the Verbs, Tensca, &c.) .
Haidia tov '
' xal
' TO aAlo try
Kal dei^Te TWV
To yevoq om ^fj.
Kal ddetyoi '
66 LESSONS IN GREEK.
TO
Tovqxog dg /Lir) yavrj
Kal av 6|U.co
'Nd
"2 r
''Ac,
Write these verses, and learn to sing them.
ta, noun, nom. plural, neuter gender ; from n
as in Matt. ii. 2. - Heb. xi. 23. a son, or male child.
What sort of noun, or declension, ends in or ? What must
naidia mean ? What js TOW ? What number, case and gen-
der? What does it belong to? 'HQafaeovg, Genitive of
s, (Hercules,) the supposed heathen god of war.
, a contract verb from o'p/ua'w, 7 rush violently.
What kind of verbs end in w, ew, and ow ? Why are they
called corilract verbs ? 'Oftftoita, OQ^M, -asig, -a?, -act, -a,
&c. What voice, mood, tense, number, and person is dgpdje
in? What must it mean? What noun belongs to it?
What rule ? What is xal ?What words does it join ? Snu-
did, swords, (modern) noun, neuter accus. plural, from and-
0, which is derived from and (a, to draw. (Mark, xiv. 47,
used for drawing a sword.)
Kqanei-ie, contract verb, from xpotrew. to hold firmly,
(Matt. ix. 25. -Prov. xvi. 32. &c.) derived from XQOLTOS,
strength -- AT and /e' stand for fisid, prep. with. Xi 'QI.
noun, (mod.) accus. sing., from x e ^Q, hand, (common gender
in modern Greek, fern, in ancient.) "^ilo, adjec. accus.
sing., from d'Hoj, other. T^y,- What is it? What num-
ELEVENTH LESSON. 67
her, gender, and case? #wr*', noun, neuter, accus. sing,
from <JDW?, light or a torch. What is it governed by 1 ttga-
What rule ?
, contract verb, from o'^juew, I stand or take my
station. In what voice, mood, tense, number, and person is
it ? What does it mean ? rewaiug, adverb, boldly. What
does it belong to or qualify ? To find what, ask, what is to
be boldly done 1 The answer is : take your station boldly.
//ga'/jer' is shortened for d^a^ere, because the next word
begins with a vowel. It is an irregular verb, from T^e'^w, I
run, which has dedgdpyxa in the perfect. What voice,
mood 1 &c. What does it mean ? " OAtu. adjec., from 6'Ao?,
all or the whole. (Both these Eng. words are perhaps de-
rived from it.) What number, gender, and case? " Olog is
more used in the modern than the ancient dialect, and ndg,
all, is not so often used. Ma'c.v, adverb, together, modern.
The origin of this is probably ancient, but I have not traced
it- Jsi&re (for <Jeter8, shortened in poetry, as many
words are in Engli.-h,) from 8f ixvvw or deixvvfu. It is con-
nected with all the other verbs in the first stanza, by xul.
What is the rule? What is i&v ? 'EMrlvuv, noun, masc.
from"EM.?]V) a Greek. It is derived from "E'i.luc, Greece.
rsros, noun, neuter, nom. sing., means nation: governs
'EM.IJVMV. (Rule /) " Ort, conjunction, means that. ZTJ,
contract verb, from 'w, <5. In what voice, mood? &c.
What mood comes with a conjunction ? (Rgle ?)
'YS^ninai, Sne^uaiat, 'Wagiavoi are nouns from 'Ydqtt.
Snetflb, and 'F^a'^a, the three islands which furnished the
ships for the fleet in the late war with the Turks. 'S is
68 LESSONS IN GREEK.
shortened from etg, preposition. Mdg in the modern dia-
lect is used for tfidg or ^//riv, our; and sometimes for ^/"f 3
vs. TOVQXOS, Turk, is necessarily a modern word, as there
were no Turks in ancient times. 'Ag is often used in the
modern with the imperative mood, being abbreviated from
a <peg, let. (Pa'nf is from tpaivta, J appear. ToA^?} <n? ,
contract verb, from roi/m'w, I dare. './Va, shortened from
i'vec, that. In the modern, with the subjunctive mood, it
forms the common infinitive. -In the ancient 'iva. and the
subjunctive were used in this manner: ' Nd *<*lff<u<rdjf,
lo be possessed of it. Bnflt], the depths. Oa^daarj? from
or &uhxoou i the sea. Kuiunovjiadi], from KUJU-
ai, I am sunk, compounded of xoroi and
v r hich is from ndvrog, the sea. (Matt, xviii. 6.)
TWELFTH LESSON.
Jiakoyog v] 2 v v o [A i ). la.
Dialogos e Senomelea.
Dialogue or Conversation.
(Partly from Madam Macrea Grammar.)
Evqioxovtcu xaka nado%fZa dq TOV
evreskonde kala pandohhea es ton
Are (there) found good inns on the
dromon
road?
xai xaXa xeri xaxcc.
ke " " kaka
There are found both good and bad.
TWELFTH LESSON. 69
faeifaqa
elevthera helleneka, angleka
Greek, English,
galleka
French ?
Notes. Sound a as in father, o as in no, e as in me, I as
met or as a in mate, y as in yes, d like th in Mis, and nd as
in and.
z/ta'Aoyos is a compound noun, formed of the preposition
Sla and the noun Ao'yog, a word or speech. It is of the sec-
ond sort of nouns, or in the second declension, first or nom-
inative case, singular number, ends in og, is masculine.
"H is a conjunction, and connects the two words. Swopt-
Ua is a noun composed of the preposition ovv and the noun
dftiliot, speech^ and means speaking" with. It is in the first
declension, feminine, sing. nom. and connected with didlo-
yos by *} (Rule ?)
Evgio-xovrai. What kind of word is this? What does it
end like? It is a verb. Look at the second Table. It is in
the passive, indie, pres., third person plural. What must it
be in the first person singular of that tense ? EvQiaxoficu,
What must that mean ? / am found. What is the active ?
Evgiaxw. Meaning ? I find. Kald is an adjective, from
xaXd?, -ijj-d*'. Give the changes, (that is, decline it in all
the cases, genders, and numbers.) It is in the nom. plural,
neuter, and agrees with or belongs to, navSoxsia. (Rule?
ffavdoxsia is a noun, second decl. neuter, nom. plural,
and belongs to, (or is nom. to,) ev^ioxovtat. (Rule?)
Els is a preposition which has a noun after it in the fourth
or accusative case. To v is the article. In what case? Give
the changes, (or decline it.) C 0, ;, TO; TOV, r^g, TOV ; &c.
It is in the accusative. What gender ? masculine. dgofiov
is a noun, second decl. masc. ace., governed by els. (Rule ?)
7
70 LESSONS IN GREEK.
IToOa yiikia tlvai an' id& eo>
How many miles are (there) from here to
TlQfbfOV OMOV
house ?
' O dgopoq uvcci xcdog ;
road " "
"EA.a dco, apeoytceTg, idov ra
Some tt driver, " " mon-
aoi>.
ju-e
" </IOM /ias 6ro'^ very
OK
" " 7 have paid "
^6-re jits Va xa^oV Innov.
Give " a " A.orse.
Notes. Mttia is one of the words in the modern dialect
derived from other languages, nesessary to express ideas.
The English word mile is from the Latin millia passuum, a
thousand paces, and pttia may perhaps be derived from mile.
Elvan is used .for the third person sing, and plural, indie.
active, of elfil, I am, instead of the infinitive, as in the an-
cient. The ignorant sometimes use be in the same manner
in English : " he be, they be."
'ES& is changed from the ancient word e&'cJe, here.
"Ela is sometimes used for SWe in the modern.
'.^ywyta'Tff, modern.
IToUoc is often used in the modern for oW. 'EnlrJQiu-
**, lit aorist, active, from nljjQoa), -w, a contract verb, tojttl.
TWELFTH LESSON. 71
linnovq noUkd
I know " "
TOVTOQ 'imtdc, dtv /. TiTtofs.
This " not is worth anything.
* E%w (*eydhr}V dtyav.
1 have great thirst.
bread?
oXtyov.
Bring " a little.
TOVTO TO VZQOV tlvai x/Lov;
" " water "
Elvcct- VEQOV 7trjyr]<; TJ noTapov
" " of a spring " of a river ?
I wanted a cup of milk.
fruits
okiyov
" " " with butter.
To sysQov.
It 1 have brought.
Notes. />a>t(>, hence probably the English word know.
/lev (otftfev) for ou or ovx. Ovdsms, &c. are ancient.
NBQOV is the mod. word for water, instead of vdtaq. Words
derived from vdatg are in frequent use. TVe^ov may be de-
72 LESSONS IN GREEK.
rived from veto, to flow. N is left off from the end of
before a vowel, as it is from other nouns, verbs, &c. generally.
Woifii or \fj(afiiov is the most common modern word for
bread, but Sgrov, the ancient word is also used. Wwfiiov is
used four times in St. John, 13th chap. 26th, 27th, and 30th
verses. It is derived from y/w/utw, to feed, ancient, and that
from ywfiog and y/ot'w. 1'wfii has the sharp accent because
it ends a sentence. The dull accent is generally changed to
the sharp in such cases.
d () 6 /no v.
Different Questions on the Road.
TTove (pevyu 6 <ca%vdQ6[ioq ;
When departs (flies) " post ? (swift runner ?
Elg Hoiag rifMQaq ^rat (dv/toQet
" which " comes (arrives)
v /
O
K
" " no [not one] newspaper ?
Notes, didyogol, adjective, nom. plu., derived from oia
and qpe'pw. > jE'wTjo'etg, noun, nom. plu., derived from eptu-
rdw, e^wT<5, I ask. Jgopog, noun, nom. sing., derived from
Tpe^cu, / run ; perf. dudQctfirjxa. Td%v has s omitted from
the end, to make a better sound : otherwise it would make
-laxvadgofios. K<f'[j.ftiav y from xai, (the * being put under
a,) and /u?J and piuv^ and not one. EyrmsgiSct) noun, fern,
from 6tpTjp,egls, which is formed from em and ^fiega^ daily.
TWELFTH LESSON. 73
s/m// /lave a wios* beautiful light of the
moon, \moonlight.~\
Oeko) Va
1 will walk, or 7 imA. to walk, or
/ may walk.
Notes. 6d e'xwpBv, shortened from tfe'Aeu/iej' i'va
We desire that we may have. KadaQtoTotro, purest or very
pure, adjective, xada^Tarog, -tj, -ov. It belongs to (jpe'yyof.
(Rule ?) Derived from xadagds, ->/', ~dv, pure, and xa^a^w-
-i), -ov, purer. Kadagdg is from xadagl^a or xa-
, I purify. (John i. 7, and many other places in the
Scriptures.) Kadaigu may be from xaid and aigta, I take
away. <Psyyog, brightness, nom. neut. accus. sing. (Matt.
xxiv. 29.) 0syyct(>i, is a modern word from g>eyyoj, and
means moonlight.
QB\O), I will or I wish, verb. It is sometimes used in an-
i lent Greek as a helping verb, and very often in modern, as
it is here, with 'vd, (that is, Va f ) after it. In speaking fast
the Greeks sometimes say, instead of &eloi 'vd nsdsvaw, &e'
'vot nsSevaw, and &d nsdevva) as we say " I will walk, or
I '11 walk." They say also, 8ev &e' 'vd, or dsv &d' nsdsv-
00) ; as we say, " I won't walk." These are shortenings or
abridgements. The proper way to write them is: #e'Aw or
dsv &&(>) i'va Ttsdevaa ; or perhaps Sev should be written
ovSev, (nothing.)
7*
74 LESSONS IN GREEK.
TO. tidy TOVTWV
1 know " appearances of these
things.
^vvyevfiaTiGfopev orjpeQov tig
Let us dine together to-day
" "
four hours [o'clock.]
Uqoo Revere xaAectytfiVovg ; [xata'w, 1 call.]
Do you expect invited [friends ?]
Ka6l(Jvte Y.VQIOI. [Kvgiai, y/Xot.J
Sit down gentlemen, [Ladies, friends.]
Give me a few vegetables.
Notes. "EgevQw, modern, a verb, active, indie, pres. 1st
person, sing. Derived from ', /rom, and evga, 1 find :
that is, / find out, or I know. rivbxrxco, I know, is also
much used in modern. Eidy, noun, neut. accus. plu. from
sldos edg. These and many other words are derived from
eWw, I see: such as, idea, sight or figure, (Matt, xxviii.
23 ; Gen. v. 3 ; Plutarch in Pericles,) el'dwlov, idol ; (1 Cor.
Tiii. 4, &c.) elSo^arqitt, the service of idols or idolatry ;
drteidp), Hook from; ETtsldm, J look in; TtQoeidu, f fore-
tee ; aweidw, I see together or consider ; &c. &c-
IIgay{id?<av, neuter noun, gen- plural, from n^dyna,
which is derived from n^dixta or nqdaaa, I do. Whence
also is TTQaypureiu, business, &c.
, I taste or eat ; yevjuar^w, I dine.
THIRTEENTH LESSON.
75
3 Ayanatt V cfe Koyw dno to
Do you like that w 1 should cut from "
indvo) ij nato) H,QO$ TOV yjwpiov ;
above or below part " bread?
[Do you like the upper or the under crust ?]
It appears very nice, [worthy of remark.']
Tovto slvai did tr\v Kvgiav. McMQr\v,
" for Miss Macre,
tr\v &vya r UQav oov.
" daughter your.
THIRTEENTH LESSON.
The Story of Joseph.
(Genesis, ch. xxxvii.)
V. 1. Iwffrjcp Se dsxa xai emd BT&V -^v,
Joseph, and ten " seven years was, feeding
rd Jtqofianai TOV rtarydg avrov fisrd TQV adelfpav atirov,
" sheep " father his " " brothers "
wv vsog (istd t(av vi&v BaMag } xal /aerd TJHv vi(5v
being young " " sons of Ballas " " " "
ZeAqoa^ T&V yvvaw&v TOV Ttaigog avrov.
Zilpah " wives " " "
3. '/xu ds Tjya'nra tdv 'Jwa^qo nagd ndvjag tovf
Jacob " loved ' " above all "
76 LESSONS IN GREEK.
vtofg avrov, on vlog y/'^wj ^f avrw, ertoirjae i>rej
" " " " of age " to him, he made "
a coat of different colors.
4. 'l86vTeg 8e ol ddelcpoi avrov, 6'rt avrov o c TTTJ^
Seeing " " " " that " " "
(filsl ex TtdfTWV idv vi<5v auzou, efiiarjaev aviov, teal ovx
loves " " " " " hated <( " not
jj dvvavTO XaXeTy avru ovdev eigr)vixdv.
could speak " anything peaceable.
12- 'ErtOQevdrjaav ds of ddslgiol UVTOV fioaxslv id
Went " " " " to feed "
n^oSata iov naiads avT&v eis Sixep.
<( " " " " Sichem.
13- Kai eljtsv 'Jtrga^A, nqog J I<aar^<f, ovj(l of <lSi"i.^m
" " to " not " "
aov aotfiotivovait' si$ Si^en; dsvqo, dnoarei^ca ae TTQOS
" feed " " come I will send " "
avTOVS} fine 8s avTW, idov ey<a.
" " " " behold" (See Bible, Gen. 37. 14.)
14- elite de aurw '/(TgaTjA, TtOQSvdslg idg, si eytalvov-
oiv of dSsicpoi o~ov, xal id TtgoSara, xai dvdyysd6v /uoi,
xal dneaTGilsv avrdv ex rrjg xoikddog ti\q XsGqthv, xai
^ldet> elg Sixsft.
15. xal BV'QSV avvdv avdgtanog n^uvta^isvov ev TW Tit-
di<o r^gti>rrj(TB 8e avrdv 6 avOgtanog, Keytav- ri tyrstg ;
16. 6ds 6We, TOTJS ddslyovg fiov ^i?T<5, dndyysdov ftot
aov fioaxovaiv.
17- fixe ds auTW d Svdqotrtog dn^xctaiv e't>TSv6ei>,
ydg avr&v Isyovuav, noqsvddifisv sic
THIRTEENTH LESSON. 77
xal STtogsvdr] '/(wcrij<p xatomads t&v a'JeAqocSv acrou, xal
svgev avTOvg sv 4(dasl[t.
18- ngosidov ds avrov fiuxgoOsv ago tov eyyetaai ca-
TOV ngog avtov'g, xal eTtovr/gevovTO dnoxTSivai uvtov.
19- sine de sxaaioq Ttgog idv rfdelcpov avrof i8ov
evvrcviaffirls exeivog SQ^fSTai.
20. vvv ovv dsvrs, drtoxTeivcoftsv aurov, xai (ti
aviov elg sva i&v faixxwv, xal egovpev d'rjgiov
xaieyayev avrov xal otyOfteda, ii saxai rd evvnvia
21. 'Axovaai; Se Pov6r f v e^eiiaro avrov ex tG>v
xal elnsv ov natd^oifisv eig ijjv^v.
(Gospel of St. John, I. 1927, 3540.)
V. 19. Kal aim? earlv if {laoivoiu TOV 'Iwdvvov, ore
dneaTeduv ot'Iovdaiot si; 'IsQoaohvftcav isgstg xal XsviJtag,
I'va SQcaTticrcacriv aurdv ov Tig el
20- Kal (jfAohoyTjcrs, xal ovx r^qv^aaxo xal tifiohoyi]-
ffsv, on ovx eiftl e^ci d Xgicnog.
21- Kal -^gdirjaav aviov tl ovv; 'Hilag e cro ; Kal
leysf ovx slfii- d ngocflirjs el o~v ; Kal dnsxgidrj ov.
22- Einov ovv au'rcJ Tig e* ; i'va dnoxgtaiv d&pev toig
TiE/iifjaow yftdg ; ii leysig nsgl aeavTOv ;
23- *Eq>r) syto qxavTJ fio&vrog sv -ITJ eg^fji^- evOvvars
TrjV ddov Kvgiov xadwg sirtev 'ffaa'iag Q ngo(f\trje.
24. Kal of d7teo~Tal[4Bvoi' ) rjcrav ex T&V tpagiaaicav.
25- Kal r\gv>Tr)aav avrdv ) xal einov arrcii' ii ovv @an-
ri^sig, el av ovx el 6 Xgiaxog, OUTS 'HMag, ours 6 Ttgo-
78 LESSONS IN GREEK.
26- 'ArtsxqiQr) . avioig 6 ^ladvvyg, Ae'y oiv eyu
ev vdaif [iBaog SB vfi&v B'aTrjxsv, ov vfisig ocx oidars
27- Avrog GO-TIV o' on iff to fiov BQxdftsvog, Sg efingoadBv
fiov yeyovsv ov ey^ ov ' x e 'V** <*u>s i'va Ivata OVTOV TOX
TOV
35. Tff GJtavqiov ndkiv eforvixGi 6 'lotdvvrjg, ttai ex
iGiv naBijT&v avTOf dvo.
36- Kal BfiB^B^iag TW ' Irjaov neQtxarovvTi, l-Byst, I'deg
(f dflVQS TOV 060V.
37- Kal i[xovaav OI'TOB oi dvo ^adrjial IctlovvTog, xal
^xo^ovdrjaav TO> 'Irjaov.
38- SrgoKfsls SB 6 '/^CTOU?, xal &6aadfisvos avrovs
39. Ti ^BTBfiB ; Oi Sff slitov avria e Pa66l, o Ae'
e^iirjVBvofievov, diddaxaks, nov fiBvsis ;
40. AsfBt avTOig eyxBade xai I'dsrs. ^HWov xal
rtov [iGVBi,- xal nutf CCVTW epsivav TJ\V ^[IB
ioQa t\v (og dBxdrrj.
(Acts, xxii. 111.)
V. 1. *Avdgss ddslgxal, xal aT^?, dxovaarB fiov TT[?
og vfidg vvv dnoboyiag.
2. ^Axo^aavTBg SB ort rrf 'E6gaiSi dials XTU nqoaBtp&vBi
avioig, jLidMov nagiaxov -f^avxiav xal qujcriv-
3. 'jEy<o /uey elm *' J Jp *Iovdaio$, yeyGvvrjfjiBvoi; BV Tag-
on T^g Kiiixiag dvaTBdgafiftBvog de BV rjf no^Bt ravtr)
nctQK Tovg nodag Pa^aXirji, nBitai,8BV(j.Bvog xard dxgiSeiav
rov jtaT<J<pov vopov, ^laiT^g tirtdgxov iov QBOV, xadug
ears
THIRTEENTH LESSON. 79
4- l Og ravTijv TIJV odov sdiw^a cf^gt fravdrov, Seafievutv
xai Ttagadidovg qtvlaxdg &vd(iag TB xai ywaixag,
5- 'fig xai 6 dqxiegsvg (lagrvgEi pot, xai nay -id ngea-
Svrsgiov- nag' &v xai STttaioidg de^dfisvog ngog Tovg
ddeifpovg, slg 4a(iaaxdv enoqsvoftijv, a(ov xai rovg exsi-
ae ovtag, dsdsfisvovg Big 'IsQovaalrjft, tva rifKogydoviv.
6- 'Eyeve-io ds pot noQevofisvu xai eyyi^ovii Tif ^/o-
[ia<TX(5 rtBgi fiearjfj.6^iav, el;ai<pvT]g sx tov OVQUVOV negi-
aoTa't//at qiwg ixavov nsqi B/J,B~
7. "Ensffd ts slg id edaqtog, xai T\xovaa qxavrig ieyov-
aijg fiot- Saovl, 2aovl, ii fie di<Lxei$;
8. 'Eya 8e dTtexqidrjv. Tig e, Kvgie ; Elns IB agog
pe- *Ey(h elfii 'Irjaovg <f Na^uqaiog, ov av duaxsig.
9. O* 8s avv Bfiol ovTBg id [isv tp&g ededcravro, xai
e/*(po6ot e'yBvoy-ro, TT}V ds qxavr^v ovx -rlxovaav rov ia/Lovy-
TO'S [toi.
10. Elnov ds- Ti no^am, Kvqts ; 'O de Kvyiog nqog
// 'Avaaidg nogevov eig ^fafiaaxoy xdxei aoi iaX^^'ae-
Tat negl itdvTWV &v iBraxxai ooi Ttoirjaai.
11. 'Jig de ovx evB6is7tov, dud rijg do^rjg tov qxarog
exeivovy xeiQaywYOVftBvog vnd r<5v ovvovtuv fioi, ^Qov
eig dapaaxov.
(Acts, xxvii. 37 44 ; xxviii. 1 6.)
37. 'Hfjisv ds BV TO nloia at naiaat i^iv^al, diaxoatai
38. KoQEodsvisg SB iQOtprig, Bxovxfi^ov td nloi'ov, BX-
at.i6 t uei'ot, tov aftov slg Tt\v &d).aaaav.
39. "Ore ds ifftsqa e-fsvsfo, TTJF yijV ov* ert
80 LESSONS IN GREEK.
Se nva xarsvoovv CXOVTU aiyiukdv, Big ov e'6ov-
levaavro, el Svvaivro, e|waat id nloTov.
40. Kal tdg dyxvqug ne yield vreg etoiv els TT]V &d\aa-
oav, a'fia dvevTeg ids ^svxTrjgiag rQv TTqSaMwv xal end-
gavieg idv dgrepova rp nveovor), xantx ov e 'S ' l ^ v a '-
41. nsoiTteoovres 8e els TOTTOV dtBdlaaaov,
rrit> vaiif xai if fiev itQUQa sqeiaaaa epsivsv
ij de nyvfiva eivero vno rrfs (Hag TUV xvfidrtaf.
42. T(5v de aTQaTi(ar&t> (9ovi^ syeveto i'va rovg dea/uu-
rag dnoxrsivwat, fi^Tig 6xxolvfj6t'jaas dict(pvy<H.
43. 'O SB exarovTctgxog, fiovlofiEvog diaa&aai vov IJav-
JLOV, exd&vaev aviovg rov ^ov^rl/^Ktog, exe'ifc'ae re tovg
Svvapsvovg xolv/j6av^ tfnoiJQiyavTag rtQOTOvg enl rrjy y^y
44. Kai -rovg ioinovg, ovg fiev snl aaviatv, oiig de enl
nvwv i&v duo rov irhoiov xai ooTWg sysvero ndvTug dia-
i, snl TJJV y^v.
1. Kal diaa(a6evTg, rote eneyvtaauv or* Mfiirrj ij vr[-
aog xaistTut.
2. Ot de fidqSaQOi -naQEtxov ov TTJV Tv%ovaav tpiiar-
dQwniav -^{iiv- dvdifjavteg ydq nvgdv nqoaeldGovTO ndv-
rag rfpag, Sid rdv VBTOV rov eqceaTtora, xai Sid TO yvxog.
3. SvaxQBifiavTog Se rov Ilavlov (pgvydvtov nkrjdog, xai
ertidsvTog enl ir[v nvgdv, exiSra ex r^g &6o(4tjg e^eidot-
aa xadijifis t^g x ei QS aurou.
4. '-fig SB elSov of fidgSaqoi xgs[idn6vov TO &TJQIOV ex
dg avTov, Uleyov ngoe aMifious 1 Udvitus
THIRTEENTH LESSON. 81
6 o.vdQ(onog ovrog ov dtaabidevia ex TJ; d-alaaarj;
TJ dixT) "Cfiv ovx etaaev.
5. '0 ftev ovv, dnoTH>d!;as rd &T}(>iov els TO nvQ, tnn-
6ev ovdev xaxof
6. Of 8s ngoaedoxtav onurov fieiJ.eiv ni[ingaadai, i ij xu-
tanimsiv a<pvca VBXQOV enl noiv de avr&v
TUV, xal &e(t)QovvTQ)v /utjdev dronov el; UVTOV
ti.eyo>> &eov otvrov elvcti.
Letter from Mr. Alexander Negris,
Author of the Modern Greek Grammar.
K v q i f , EiSov id oaa nsgl sfiov x6eg Sfqdi
Sir, I have seen what concerning me yesterday "
el; rtjv s(pT]UFQi(iu, xal TtqoatpEftwv idg vj(d(>i(niag fiou,
" " newspaper " bringing " thanks "
t-uuCtdvM Tijy elevdegiav Vet adg nag ax ale aw 'vd -nqofr-
\ take " liberty " " request "
6iar]Te xal 'vd xdftsre fig TOTTOV tov Vet svvor^arj^ TO
" " " make " " of it ct make known ' :
xoivor, or* 1} fvf xctdofiilovfiGvri ' E^ij v ixij ^/tdkexTog f-
news " " " spoken " "
vat avT$ fie TT\V Uulatar, xal ort i\ diag>ogd elvat 16-
is the same " " old, " " " difference "
aov [ttxqd, warf rfftnoget nfqiaaoTfgov Vd &e(aqT)Ori b>
l( small " may rather " appear "
8ta<pO(>d vq>ov$ nagd y ').v>o fftjg, [*ia, Isyaa, xal j avrr;
a different dialect than " one, I say, " " "
(?ta'lfXTOC, SiaigovfifVT] elg dvot, nalatdv xal vsav, r t
divided new one
per ncytexet Tovg ovyyqatpets, if de vvv sis XW~
indeed embraces writers the (other) " " " use
8
LESSONS IN GREEK.
air vnQX ei * T"? *<** xao/uiovperi] ie^crat, xai TjV
belongs which " spoken is called, " "
onoiav Sid 'vd ) r>>ta Q^V r 'S xaioif, ngensi 'yd e-
which that may know any one well he ought "
vat SfjinsiQOS T^5 naiuids, ijrt eivai 77 fidais.
t: skilled " " " " " "
1 E evl idj'ttj, n<t).aid xai vea 'E^r^vixr^ ^/ta'iexTOf tlvui
tc cc (i u (( <( it
ftiot xai if avTfj, if [iev TiQdg XQ^cnv, ij de nqd; rd evrostv
" " t( " " " " " " " " "understand
TOVJ Ttcciaiovs
Zr^Tfav avyyvtitftev dia TJJ*' evox^ijOiv ij'v Sifioitn acts
Asking pardon .for " trouble which "
be sure
ort eifii xaj tao[icti 6 log aog
1838, rif 8'; '
Neov 'Yog*.
6 I $ TO* K s v u S a .
norotft&v TOV Koffftov, e.ivut, 6 xa-
el$ ir,v '^e^tx^jv. TOVTOV
TOV noraftov olvc T vdara, elf trjv dtdSaaiv TWV diro T^?
'EQi.- Etg JT)V h/jvyv ' Ovjdgio, xgijpri*oviai exni.ii-
; exaid*' 7rfT7Jxora TTO^WV, xata
T?
THIHTEENTH LESSON- 83
g uxtjvrjg. Iloiafiog fiadvTtnog, xul ogfttjrixoTa-
rog did TOV dnoiov geovaiv TU v8ma, o'Aiyj a^sdoy Trjg'^4gx-
roiug ' jJttsgixrjg, ngog rov '^4r^avTit(6t> 'JlxBavov^ vd XUTU-
ximr\ fiBTd n oliov rd%ovg did //? oeigug fiqaxfov^ oi'it-
vsg vytavovTat> wj refjfog, ano TO sV, xul a no TO a
fiegog Tf}S xoiryg TOV ^CV'/'TO? TOV. 'O nora/uog
dviineqto) fivut, a^edov TQIU Tc'ra^ra erog [liMiov
xul 01 figdzoi, elg TO (nevuiegov TOV ^ue'oog, eJvcu
xoaiwv nevTr^xovta nv^^emv tfyylot. 'H dievOvvaig
8et> fifui Evdsiut) dM.d xa/Lmvi.r} ) dfioia fie nerotlov a
Big TQOTIOV wore d xaTctodxTqg, og Tig fJ.OQ(pwverai, XT
TO a^na TOV ipnodiov, xkodoyvoi^wv 7iaoio~Tdt>6i TO <f>oi-
xutdeaTaTOV -freafia Tijg (pvffEcag.
KOIT' avTd 8s TO' [isaov TOV xvxhoTsgovg TBi%ovg TWV
/nid fiixgd rfjaog, xaTutpgovovoa Tr}v @iav TOV
Qou- Trooo'a'Het fiidv Trjg dxQtooeiav, xaTd T^V xogv-
tpT]v T^g dnoiag^ diaigsi TO gevfia elg dvo fisgij, ctAX' evdt-
VOVTUI Ttdliiv n OOTOU dxofii, vd xaxafTr^aovv elg TOV ndiov
'H ^OTJ TOV'TOU TOU exnlijxTixov xotTotgdxTOv, dxovsTai sis
dnoffTrjfia fiMiwv sixoai, xal ij o'gfiil T&V vddTiav, xmd
TO pegog Trjg mwasfag T&V sivai dxuTavorjTog. To ntiai-
f.itjint T&V vSdTwt'. yevvd ftidv d i t/A^>', rJTig vifJQVSTai o~zsdov
f'atg eig TO VE<pij, xal a%rjtioni11.ei TegnvoTaTov ovgaviov TO-
loi', OTavir^v ngoaBd^ovaiv at axrivEg TOV 'Hiiov. * Euv
xa'vslg EiaBWrj, elg TO fisaov TavTijg Trfg drfiidog, rj eav
(f.vo-&t> 6 avfj,og } TI}V (fEgsi xai' sndvw TOV ,
<. >.jyu A.7iTa Toaouioj', &g vd rlds^s ^unTiaO^v Eig TO
XaTot Toy 2Emft6giov, xui ' OxiwftSgiov ftrjva, TQOOV
ftf/diij noaoTijg
84 LESSONS IN GREKK.
TO Trpwij I'noxdroi irjs nuaaeug TOU vdarog WCTTC nj
fc : 7. TOU qppoupto'u ii\g .ZVtaya'paj (pQovtjdv, Tos'aiet d
iaf, "^4(jxTmy, xai
xannors, roe dnoiu xdvovrai, BV cJ doxifid^ovcrt vd
nsgdvoj, TIJS mwatutg tov vdotTog. ' Ano
pavOdvofisv dit xai avdqbfnoi sxd
rut rdy avio
Td xaict II a v ). o v xai Biqyiviav, P. 114.
* oMyov d veog ovgog, 05 TI$ d8ia(f>OQOv<rev dn* oio
rot toy xocrfiov, to? a ^otxoyeyJff, ^s TtctQexdleae vd IQV
TO dvayivtoaxsiv xai ypa'^Et*', 5to? yo; ij/mooif >-d
T^" dvTanoxqiaiv fte TTJV $i(fi,via.v. ^Hde^ae /J.srd
vot didaxOj) yewj'paqpta*', 5tot Va'TtoxT^o'^ iSeav iov
onov efieMev avrij y'apot'^7/, xai faiogiav, did vd
TO ^^ T7? xotfiuvias, el; TJ\V o'notav E[ieM.s vd
77017. Zlagofiolfat elxev Bxitaudevdrj TJJ*' j'cwpytXTj*', xai
TTjV -is%vT)v vd svTgenit,rj fie ^a'ptv Td Trls'oi'
tdoupog, and i^v diddsaiv tov eptuTOff. ^tff TCCS
xai Ta'f oxonovfiBvaq dnoiavuei; TOU -fregftov TOU'TOU xai
dvrjavxov fiddovg ^peworou^ev dva^Kft,66lo)s 01 d'vdqfOTiot
-idg Tteptaaorepaj smarilftas xai TC^vaf, xai O'TIO TO; 5 aie-
auiou xai dnotv^ias s^Bvv^dr] T| guloo-oqpt'a, rJ
j diddaxsi, va Trap^^opou'/ue^a 5*' 6'i.a. OVTU$
(rvvdeaaffa ndvra id ovta did TOU e'pa/TO? TOV xa-
<n^<aiov oqyavov r&v dvdqoinivtotv xowoivi&v, xai
TCOV ypsreQuv r^dov&v xai ftaOijaeoiv.
'O natilos Sev svoaTi/uevdrj noMai ir[v anovSrjv T^f
airi I'd Tieptypa'a)^ TTJV (pvaiv sxdvrov
THIRTEENTH LESSON. 86
TOTIOU, ftdg naqaarevBi, ftdvov rag Ttokinxdg UVTOV
oeig. ' Jt t'aTO^t'a, xal judhiaja ^ vecarsga, Ssv rdv agsae
TiFQKJaoreqov ' 81011 dsv evgioxsv eig aorr^v fl /uif yevi-
xdg xal TiEgiodixdg <Juortt, T(av O'TIO/WV dsv tGfans rdg
Hiring nolsfiovg ^w^J? koyov xai Zfaglg axonov, axevoi-
(>iag vxorEivdg, tdvrj ^w^Jg ^a^axr^^a xal rfye/uovuf %o>-
(tlg cpdavdQwniav. ' Engorpovae de an' avtr[V rug (IV&KJ-
rogiag, 01 dnoiat (fgot'ri^ovat negiaoorsgav did rd vvfi-
(ffgovru xal rd tpgovil/uara' r<5v dvOgtinotv, rov tdei^fuv
st'iore xaraardasig 6/uolo; [ts riji> B
From Paul and Virginia, P. 102.
^Eldovarjg 8e rrjg wgag rov deinvov, Ixdd^auv si; rjjV
TigaTre'^cty, xal exaarog rdtv avvdeinvwv, ragarrofievog and
nddr] Sidqioga, Hfpuyev dMyov, xal dev (ajaiirjae navrdna-
au\ ' II BiQytvia earjx(h6rj TT^COTI/, xal rjlds vd xadi\oi]
onov r&ga aiexopev. '0 Uavlog uxoiovdrjae per' dlfyor,
xul exddrjcrs nitjatov avr^g. *s4[t<p6regot ejisivav ixavov
xitiQOf eig axoav aiwn-^v. 'H vv% rjro fiia and rdg iafi-
7TQ<j)iarag sxsivag fiera^v r (5v rgomxwv^ r&v dnoifav ouotf
xul 6 Tikeov entrrjdeiog twy^a'qpo? ddvvarei vd 7tagaar->laij
rd xdllog. 'H ae^frj eyuivsro ev fieaw rov aregev>/ua-
TO?, nsQtxvxloifievi] pe naQansraafja veytiv, rd tinoia die-
kvovio fiudfiTjSdv and rdg dxrivctg uvrrjg. Td cptog avrrjg
ftifxvvero dvenaiad^roig tig rd ogrj rrjg ^Tj'aou, r&v drroi-
MV at xoQvq>al dnekafinov ngdaivsv dgyvgotpevvag. Of
dveftot exgarovaav rtfv nvo^v avrtir. Eig rd ddarj, ilg
rd fiddog r&v xoikdduiv, 6/5 tr^v xoqvqn}v r(av
lenrul qxoval, ylvxvraru yidvgiofiuru
8*
86 LESSONS IN CREEK.
T d-nota TEqndueva dnd 16 qpeyyo? TTJ? vvxitig xai
j'uAij*'?;*' TOU degas, e%a8E\>ovTO slg rdg qpwtaoff
"Eug xai ai3i<2 TO? (utfgna s6ofi6ovaav vno TO
Ot dore^eg axrivo6o).oSaav et$ tov ovqavov, xai if &d-
iaaaa dvTavotxkovffe tdg TQeftovaag avrtav elxdvotf. 'J-f
HiQywici eneaiQsye TOUJ dqtdakpovs avrfs ei$ TO % n
xai ^ocptodq otlrijs dqi'C.ovTa, TOP o'noiov rd SQvdgd
j(j)V dhtewf dei*x(t)()ictv and idv aiftakdv, xai idev eli;
T^y sl'ffoSov TOV kifisvog <p&s xai trxtaV tavra de tjaay
TO (pavdqiov xai r6 axdcpog rov xnqa6iov a^rij;, TO dn-
oiov, ttoipov vd exnievarj elg T\V Evqumt/p, e'nQoaftevev
fig TTJV ayxvquv TO jeiog Tfjg fot^vrjg. 'H Btgyivia e'ra.
dnd javTtjv ii\v &E(a()eav, xai fierearQeifte Ttjy xe-
~ifjg, did vd fiij TT\V idy o' Uavkog duxqvovaav.
Notes to assist the Learner. "Xf/t** I come, elevao-
at, r^vda, irregular verb. Rule, A participle and a noun,
&c. Ka6ita, I sit. Toads' ^i/, table, from rpej, three,
and .Ttov g, foot. Jeinvta, J sup. Ta^a'aaw or ra^a'rTW, /
am disturbed or feel distress. Uddog, suffering, noun
neuter, derived from ndcrxot, 1 suffer. Jidqiogog, different,
adjective, derived from 8ia and qne'pw. otjrw, / eat.
'0/7ti.eo), / speak. navrdnaaiv, not at all, adverb.
Styotto, lam silent. Ttoga, now, mod. from Tf &QU or tov-
TT] TTJ <agn. ' lard (a or Taitjui, I stand. 'y/xoiov'ft*, 7 fol-
Imc. JH-Tjaiov, near. '^JftcpdiEgot, both, derived from dft-
<p(a,both. Mevw, I remain. "Jxayo?, sufficient.
"Axqog, extreme- -TWs, night. Adftnqog, bright.
AfcTa|u', between. ' EniTijdeiog, sltilfull. Z wyg a <pog, pain-
ter. (From a'w, I live, and y^a'^w, I write.) ^tf*a/, /
can. A, not, when put before a word. ^^ff j moon.
Msffos, middle. SreQeotua, firmament, from areyede, solid.
THIRTEENTH LESSON. 87
Kvxlog, circle; xvxlooi, I encircle ; TtsQtxvxloa), lencir--
cle about. IJaQaTrerao-fia, parapet, curtain. JVsq>os,
cloud. Aialvofiat, 1 melt away. BaOpydov, by degrees.
, ray. "Ogog, noun neut. mountain.
, island. AdftTto), I shine, (whence lamp.) Uyd-
aivog, green. (Revelation, xxi. 20. xyvaonQaaos.) * ' AQ-
g, silver. "Avepos, wind. K^areo), I hold strongly,
j, breath. 4daog, a wood, modern, neut. BdOog,
depth, neiit. Kolidg, valley, neut. (KoiUa TOV
Matt. xii. 40.) xogvcp-i], top, summit.
BQ<X%OS, rock, modern.- 'Axovw, I hear.
small, light. 0<anl, voice. rlvxvg, sweet. (Hence per-
haps, liquorice.) Wrfvyicrfiog, murmur, noun. (2 Cor. xii.
20.) ffTrjvd, animals, noun, plural, no sing. ; derived from
mc'to) TsQito)) I take pleasure.
Pa1.T}vt), tranquility, from yeia'w, I laugh. 'Aeg,air.
Xaideva, I caress. (l>ulea, nest, modern ; (puled;, hole,
ancient. Zcavyiov, a very small animal or animalcula,
modern, from t,<aov, animal. Xogrog, grass.
'Aar^o, star. 'AxTivo6ol6, I throw up lightning, from
dxriv, lightning, and (9a'iXco, I throw. OVQUVOS, heaven.
'AvTavaxl.6, I reflect, modern. TQSftw, I tremble.
Elxtijv, image. T^eqcw, / turn. ' Qtpda^pog, eye. Ula-
rv;, wide. Zoqxadog, dark.
' Ogi^uv, horizon. 'Egvdgog, red. (Red Sea, Exodus.)
JIvQ,fire. 'Ahiev?, fisherman. ^/(a^w^ew, / divide
or distinguish. Alyialo;, shore. "Etaodog, entrance, the
way in. ("ESodog is the way out or departure.) Ai(*r}v,
harbor. 2xid, shadow. <t>avd(>tov, light house, modern ;
from (pavsQoai, which is from vpaivco, I appear. 2xd<pog f
boat, neut. ; from axdnrta, I dig, whence perhaps skiff,
meaning a canoe. KaydStov, ship, modern. "
ready. Ills a, I sail. 'Evgwirjv, Europe.
I wait for. *Ayxvqa, anchor. (Acts, xxvii. 29 and 30 ;
88 LESSONS IN GREEK.
Heb. vi. 19.) Derived from '-/xiUo?, sea weed- and pt'
/ flow. Oeoi^eu, viaion. Kstfu^v, head. ^/uxpvw,
weep.
Td x a i d JJ a TO A o v xai Biqfiviuv, P. 147.
r e Q (a v. To xdHiarov dn' 6'ia id fliSkiu, TO
Old Man. " best of all " books "
oiroiov diddanei TCOCVTOV adr^ra, dfdnrjv, (pii.at>6()0)niuv
which leaches " c< love "
xai ofiovoiav, rd Evayye'k.iov, isyw, SXQTJ [tariffs noUovg /a-
" " " Gospel " " "
vag nQOffaOK; Big i&v -Evqwriutiiv tag
H It (( ( (( l(
xoivai xai fiegixai iv^avviui ^ivovjui dxo^irj it;
" " tyrranies exist now " the name
OVTOV enl TJJJ yf?.' //oto; tnena vd ekniffr/ on &i).fi
of it " " earth ! " then " hope <; "
wqpf breast tovs dt'Oyionov; tie fitSkiov ;
favor " " " "
' Efdvfi^ffov dnoia e'aiadi] rj TV%rj T(3*" tpif.oo6<fon' t buoi
rovg sdida^av jyv aoffiav. 'O ' OftrjQog d aroliaa: avrr t v
fie &QaiOTdiovg an^oug, s'^rovafv e).(T]ij.o<Jvvr l v enl wj>
rov. 'O Sotxgdirjc, og xai ps id rjOr] xai fie rovg Aoj'ot'.,
iov sSwxe yXuxurara [iadijfiaTii avirjs tig Tovg ^.^dTjvitiovf,
fcpaqfiaxsvOr} dtxacrTixws dn' avrnvg. ' O vtpivovg fiadr^ '
rou nidruiv naQfSodrj Sov'kfiav xurd m>o(JTayr\v TOU
rajevovTog avidv rjyf/udvog, xai TIQO UVTW o' nvOayoqag, 6~
fig TJTO (fildvdgwnog xai nqog avid rd w, xaTSxdrj L<3>
and tovg KQUiwvidTag. TVAe'yw; ret
tffOaouv tig
THIRTEENTH LESSON.
uevufis aagxaafiovg xu axuuucnu xaxf^axirj^oviatfis av-
T(o, dioit B% avi(av dyanu vd id yvw^t^i/ ^ dvdg&ntvog d
5e f^Bia^v i&v noM&v if
f*sx(><> rovSs xadctgd nai d^toivvrog^ altiov eivai on oi
avid etyaav x (U Q tcr ^ 1 ' 01 ' a 7id TW' avyx(>o vf > )t ' a v-
T&JV TTJ*' xot'w'taj' xadtis riva a'yai^uara Bx6aMoi>Tai dxe-
qaia dnd TOUJ a'y^ovs T^S ' EMddos xai TTJ? 'IraMag, dtdit
sis iov xokrtov trjg
kvavav iG>t>
Virginia's Letter, P. 116.
Tekog TtdvT<av ekaSs, did Ttvo$ xagaSiov
J' 'Ivdicti>
xai Tfodeivordji]
floiid ygdpfiaia a' eyqaifja fiexQi TOvde,
dev i'),u6u dnoxgKHv, t/w itliiuv 'va <po6ov[4ai
a' Bvsxsiqiadijtfav. *Exw slnidag ^J/ffTOiepaf ns^l
lov naQOVTog, 81611 ensvoqaa iivdg nqocfv^d^Biq, fie ids
o'noios -&sl(a as <paveg6fBi ei$ id s^s id xai' eps, xai
aov.
The Peloponnesus.
*H Usl-onovvrjaog soixvld Ban cpvM.a nt.aidvov TO O~XTJ-
/*, to~T] de axedov n xaid firjxog xai xaid n^diog. "Exovat
ds irjg Xs^govi\ao\> laviijg, TO fiev GanBQiov fieyog '//iefo*
xai .Msffffij jaot, xlv^ofievoi TW Sixsitxw TrsAa'j'e* e|^s de
d TTJV '7/Xe*av sail TO i&v ^ A%ai&v edvog, ngog
, xai 10 Koqivdtaxai xo'ijrw naqaietvov isfavia
90
LESSONS IN GREEK.
slg TTJV Sixvuiviav. 'EvTBvdev 6s 2ixv<av xui K6(fiv6os
iexQi TOO lodfiov. M?id 8e vr\t> Meaar/viav 1}
rj, xui ?J '^oystot, ,ue/0 roil ladfiov OVT^. Mtar/
de e'ffiiv ^ ' ' A(j%u.iu., naoiv STUxetftevij, xui yenvKdcra rots
floiid fief dy xai aii i'doi Tig aV ev '
xu ttxov-
ffai d'av/Mxros a|ta, pdiiaia 3e TU ev ' Ol.vfj.nUt .
nokiS T:r\v eiTHpdvEiav io^ev si; UQXTJS fiev did TO na
TOV 'Okvfiniov 4id<; exeivov d' sxlei<p6evTOs, ovdev
auvefieivev rf do$a TOV legoU, xal rip av^yaiv, offr/f
eio6e did ir^v nav^vQiv xui TOV ofywva TOV '
d(i>o~eiv
From Xenophon.
0e6iTO(t7tos*AdT)vaios elite. ^Jl PaivVe, vvv,
G>S 0v oqng, iftfiiv ovdev aliovs'ffTiv dyuOov el //jj o-nia xui
[isv ovv e^ovTff, olofisda av xal TTJ d
' av TUVTU, xui T&V aw^ua'rwv
Mr} otiv oiov, rd pora rfftiv dyudd 'ovia TO(JIIV
dlld avv TOVTOIS xai neqi T&V vfiBTSQUv dyad&v
'^xovaag &B Totvia o' <&alvvos Byelotoe, xui
[lev eoixas, 0) veaviaxs, xui keyeig
1061 (ISVTOI dvorjTog wr, el oi'ei aV, T-^V
dqeT^v neQiyevsadat Tfjs (9cr*A.sw^ 8vrd[i6tg.
de vivas Scpaaav ksysiv vnofiaiuxi^ofiet'ovg, a>?
xai KVQO niOToi B'j'SVOVTO, xai (?crtie* y" av noMoiJ dStoi
, ei @ovl.oiio cpiiog yeveadat- xui el'is dVo TI
6t7i6
ovx
TOVTW xu
osv, el f^dr] dnoxexQtfiet'oi titr.
THIRTEENTH LESSON. 91
From Xenophon.
fiev dr} w^ero, xal 01 avv cevrw. Of de nnod
iov r^xov, ffgoxlrig xal Xsiglaotfog (Msv<ov de oi>-
TOV tfievB naqd ^^4Qtala)-^ ovioi d' tkeyov, or* noHovs
cpuirj *j4Qiciiog elvai Uegaag, eavrov fisfaiovg, ovg ovx av dv-
CIVTOV fiaaikEvovjos a'Ai' el fiovleadB avvamsvai,
eSrj xelevet ii[g vvxrog- el de ^ujj, avidg TtQta'i dnis-
vui (frjoiv. 'O 8e Kieagxos. f txev '^AX' ovrta XQI\
TTOieif, edr [*ev rjxwfiev, tianeg A yers el de fir}, n^dr-
TSTB Snotov av Tt r\fjitv oieade ftdiiara avfttpsqeiv. 'Q T
de Trotrj'ffot, ovde Tovroig sine.
Merd de taiiia, f t dij ifkiov dvvorros, ffvyxaisaag
Trj^nvs xul Xo/ayoiiff, tke%e roidde 'Efiol^ a
Bvo) tevoct 67ii @u(ri).ea, ovx eyiyvBTO rd fegd. Kai
agn ovx eyiyveio. 'fig ya^ ej'to fvv nvvddvofiai^
ev fjeaai T^MWV xal fiaadefog 6 Tiygrjq nojajtog sari vavai-
noQog, ov ovx av dvvaiusda uvev nkoitav diaCrffai' nkola,
d' rfftftg ovx e%o(iv. Ov ftev drj avTOv ye fieveiv oiov re-
TU yct^ eTitTTj^eta ovx Eauv t^eiv levat ds rtand
KVQOV qpt'Aouj, ndvv xaid r^/aip rd !egd ijy.
c /2Je ovv yoi\ note if dniovretg demveiv, on Tig
drretddv de aij t urfv^ TO XBQUTI, (o,- dvaneveadui, avaxevd-
Z,ea6e BTisiddv de TO devTeQOf, dvarideads eni id vno-
tyyiu stii de tcJ xot'iw, {'ntade TtJ ijyovftevca, rd (tev
VTto^u'ytu txovreg ftQog rov norafjov, T A de onla t^ta.
TUVTU dxovaarieg o{ arpanyyoi xai oi Ao^ayoi
xui snoiof OUTW.
LESSONS IN GREEK.
COMMON GREEK WORDS.
[A. means adjective, Ad. adverb, C. conjunction, N. noun, P. pronoun,
Par. participle, V. verb : m. masculine, f. feminine, n. neuter, con. con-
tract.]
V.
"Ayadog, A. good.
'Ayadonoieu -w, TJ'CTW, ^xct,
con. V. do good.
'Ayandto, -u, TJ'CTW, tjxa, V.
love.
'Aydnij, N. f. love.
'AyurtTjrog, -T], ov, par. beloved.
"Ayyelog, -ov } angel, messen-
ger.
'A YS IT], -??, f. a flock.
"Ayiog, -a, ov, holy.
"Ayxvgot, -ag, {. anchor.
'Ayogd, -dg, f- a market.
'Ayogd^ot, -dad), ^yoQaxa
buy.
"Aygog, -ov, m. afield.
"Aygvnvog, -ov, A. sleepless.
"Ay (a, a|w, qx a > gi lead, El-
od yw, 6 ? |a'yoi, dytavla, and
many otherverbsand nouns
are derived from this.
g, sister.
s, -ou, brother.
* Ad eotg, A. fearless.
'Adtxsia, -fc, ?jao, T/xot
unjustly.
*ASwia, -ag, f. injustice.
'Adixog, -T], ov, unjust.
*A8vvaTog, impossible.
do
"Adia, tiao), ifxa, sing.
'Act, ad. always.
, m. air.
, -ov, deathless,
wv, f. the city of
Athens in Greece.
"Aiyvmog, f Egypt.
Alfia, -arog, N. blood.
, ttp<3, rfgxa, take away.
, -a, ov, base.
, -ijg, f. shame,
-vvt, yxa, shame.
AtTsoi, -, ij'ffw, Tjxa, ask.
Alndofiai'j -tofioti, don/nut, a-
/*, blame-
Aiiov, 6vog, N- m- age, eter-
nity.
Aluviog, -a, ov, eternal-
\4xd6aQTog, -ov, unclean.
"Axovu), -oo), xa, hear.
'AxQig, -idog, f. locust.
"Axgov, -ov, m. top, summit-
"Alag, -aiog, N. salt-
'Ai-ysoi, -c5, Tj'ffw, TJXU, to be
distressed.
"Alyog, -eog, m. distress, pain.
^Alsxrgvtav, -ovog, N. a fowl-
'Alr/dsia, -ag, f. truth.
COMMON GREEK WORDS.
93
Baoifaia
r^g, eg, true.
'Alrjdtvog, -rj, of, true.
ad. truly.
vg, -eog, m. fisherman.
P. gen. plural only,
of one another.
, -ij, o, P. other.
-ov, belonging to
another.
ALofog, -ov, m. (mod.) horse.
Aig, dlog, f. salt, sea.
'AftUQTTitia, -UTOS, 1). sin,
fault.
' Apaqiia, -ag, f. sin-
'A/uvog, -ov, m. lamb-
* AfMie).og, -ov. f. vine-
'Afineiw*, uvog, m. vineyard-
"A/uw/uog, -ov, blameless.
"Av, C. if.
Avd, prep, with, through, vp,
&c- It is put before many
verbs to form new ones-
(See the verbs.)
' Avayxaiog, -a, ov, necessary-
og, -, of, mqniy.
, -ov, m- wind-
ijQ, -eqog or 8(>6;, m. man.
' Avdog, -eog, n.Jlower.
* Atdqunog, -ov, man-
'Afri, pr. for, against, instead.
Used with many verbs.
"Al-iog, -a, of, worthy.
'Ano, P. from- It loses o be-
fore a vowel, and is used
with many verbs.
"Am(a,uyj(a, ijqpa, kindle.
, ad. whether, really,
g, -ov, m- silver-
-ov, n- money.
9
. -oo), xa, please.
l, yg, f. virtue-
,^a(u,r)xa, count.
'Agio-idea, -<5, TJCTW, qxa, dine-
, -ij, ov, best.
, -atog, n. chariot.
Modern, weapon.
'AQO'U, w-,o'ffw, rixa, plovgh.
'Agnd^o), -out, xa, seize.
"AQTI, ad- now.
"Agrog, -ov, m. bread.
'4Qri> -ns> f- power, begin-
ning.
' AQxofiat, -%o[Jiai, begin.
"AO.XOI, -|<w, if 9/0, govern,
begin.
* AQX^V, -ovrog, m. ruler.
'Aoe6rjg, -eg, tog, impious.
"AodevEitt, -ug, {. sickness,
weakness.
'Aodevset) -<3, j'aw, ijxa, to
be sick.
, -eg, eog, weak, sick.
nrj, -rjg, f. lightning.
-egog, m. star.
g, -eg, eog, safe.
g, -ij, ov, Grecian.
B.
Badvg, -eta, v, deep.
BdMw, ftuiti, ^/Ljjcraj
xn, throw. (Hence Latin,
pello, and English, expel,
impel, &c.)
-aw, ixa, baptize-
, -ov, barbarous.
, -ov, m. barbarian.
Bagvg, -eta, v, heavy.
Baadeia, -ag, f. kingdom*.
LESSON8 IN CKKKK.
Baadevg, eog, m. king-.
Baadevw, -ata, euxu, reign-
Baadixog, -17, or, kingly.
Bdoig, -ewg, f. basis.
Re6uK)g,-a, ov,firm.
Bekjtarog, -t), ov, best.
Bia, -as, f. strength.
Bi6l.iov, -ov, n. book.
Biog, -ov, m. life.
Bioat, -u, coaw, otxa, /j're.
Bidnroi, -tftw, tpa, hurt.
, f. council, will.
li<>ri.oiitti, -ijaofjctt, ijfiui, to
be willing.
Bovs, POOS, m- f- or n. oar,
cow.
BQuSsbic, slowly.
B got %v 5, -ufa, v, short.
, ov, m. a wan.
in, -ctTOg, \\. Joctd.
r
J'dq, .C.ybr.
lQ, -SQO?, yog, belly
w, -ta, (70),ax, laugh.
, ad- boldly.
J'et'ea,-ds, (.generation.
revog, -cog, a kind, race.
, -ov, old, old man.
og, -ov, m. farmer.
S i f- earth, ground.
, avrog, m- giant.
i, or yifvofiui, itaofiui,
i, to be born, to happen-
eyt-wxa,
f. tongue.
, -rig, knowledge-
I'votqi^ot, -aw, txu, muke
known.
/>t3ag, -e<s, f. knowledge.
rovevs, -e^tg, in. parent.
yo'vog, -ov, m. offspring.
fgdfjfitt, -cnog, n. letter,
something written.
rp afi/aa i evg, -eug, m. writer.
/'oce'qpoi, -i//w, <pa, write.
I'viivog, -ij, dy, naked.
r\>vr ( , uixog, I. woman.
, -ov, n- teor.
-vaoj, t'xa, -weep.
^fs, C. 6?<f, and.
4ei, V. (without changes,) it
ought, it must.
Jriyua, -aTog, n. example-
^ffiHvvfu, deil;iit, dtoei^u,
show.
/fedog, -7j, or, coward hi.
Jetrog, -r t , ov, frightful.
dttnvov, ov, n- supper.
.. ten.
, -TJ, ov, tenth.
iv, ad. not mod- From oiJ-
8sr.
, -ov, n. tree.
g, -u, of, right (hand.)
, -ov, m. master.
, -rj, o**, second-
, -o,ua, -deynui, take-
\, ad. but, truly.
, -ov, m. people-
id, prep, through, by, of-
Added to many verbs.
, -Tjg, f. testament-
, -on, a, twohundred.
COMMON GREEK WORDS-
95
JlCtTl
i, ad. why ?
g, -ou, m. teacher.
$ca, u/u, teach.
ediaxU) give.
iog, -u, Of, just.
C. therefore.
t; C. because.
'j), -r5,7Jffw, ifjtjxu, thirst.
ut^ta, -#, drive off.
think, seem.
udcj, -aw, axa, /-y.
;, -ov, m. deceit.
-77, {.glory.
'w, -aw, xu, glorify.
vkeia, -g, f. service.
;, -ov, m. servant.
, oro;, ra. dragon,
snake.
S, vog, f. oa/c-
aj, rjcroftai, to be able,
can.
vafiis, -soig, f. power.
;, -?|, d*', possible.
Jvoi, or 8vta ) two.
f, -ov, difficult.
xUj twelve-
d^ -dq, f. (/?
xi/ujoi', -ou, n. ffift*
E
Mi", C. if.
'Eaviov, -^?, oo, P. of him,
her, or itee//".
5 KSSoudSa, week.
' E6fit,<a, -aw, xa, co/e near.
fioz, -i), of, seventh.
e^w, x, raise.
j^-u;, f. temperance.
-eg, temperate.
'fiyeo, 6/^oiT or /uoiJ, /, o/" wte-
"EOfog, -fog, n. nation.
El, C. i/", though.
El [it], C. if not, unleis.
EiSo), ft'ao,a, ocJa, know.
Eixout, twenty.
Elxtiv, 6f og, f. image.
El,ui, tffouui, be.
Elorivr,, -7/s, f. peace*
Elg, prep. i, info, <o. Joined
with many verbs.
./?;;. fiia, bv, one-
'Ex, prep.yrom, out of. Joined
with many verbs.
"Exaaiog, -jy, ov, each.
'ExEf, ad. here.
'Exetvog, -i). ov, he, she, it.
'Exxlijaiut, -ag, f. church.
'ExTog, -ij, ov, sixth.
' Ehdziaioc, least-
"Eleog, -ov, m. pity.
'Elsvdeoia, -a;, f. freedom,
liberty.
-a, ov, free.
' Ekzvdeoooi, -(5, (ocrw, wx, to
set. free.
'Eixvet) -o~a>, draw-
'EU.d$, -dSo;, f, Greece.
"Eii.r]f, -rjfog, m. Greek.
vtog, -ov, m. Greek
sea, Hellespont.
ig, idog, f. hope.
uavTou, -fjg ov, P. of my-
self.
Eu6og<5, -Tj'ffw, mod. be able,
can.
Euog, -T], ov. P. my, mine.
g, -ou, ra- merchant.
96
LE33ON9 IN GREEK.
'Ef, prep, in, -with, by. Joined
to many verbs.
'EvavTiov, ad. before.
>Et>aviios, -ov, opposite.
*Ev8o!;o;, -ov, glorious.
"Evdvfta, -UTOS, clothing".
'EvSvvoi, -vffu, (or ei'Ju'w,
-j/o-w,) creep into.
" Evsxa, or evexsv, or eiVfixct,
ad. because of.
'Ewe a, ad. nine
, ad. then.
7j, -*]<;, f. command.
' Evuniov, ad. before.
'/?, prep- from, out of. Comes
before a vowel for ex ; used
before many verbs.
' En' or eni, prep- upon.
' Ertatveo),-(a, T^OE, exa, praise-
"Enaivos, -ov, m. praise.
'Eneidrj, ad. strece, i/.
'Enior STT', prep. upon.
rl, -7ji, f. letter.
eifjofiai, go with.
, e7r, say.
aaaat
*'a, -a;, f. labor, job.
?, -ou, m. laborer,
Eqyov, -ou, n- work.
"EQXOfiai, slsvo-o/xai, T\lvda
come.
E(>ond(a, -u, rjo-oi, rjxa, ask.
'E?, for e?, prep, t'nto, ?'n, <o
'East?, mod- P- fortif*ei$you
'Eadiat, or i'adca, -iata, *xa
eaf.
-a?, f. evening.
, -17, o*, /af.
iu, -as, ( society.
Modern.
Etaioos, -ov } m. friend.
Eieqo;, -a, ov } another-
En, ad. ye.
o), -aw, x, yef,
s, ov, ready.
Etos, eo?, n. year.
Evdaifiovia, -a?, f. happiness.
, -of, happy.
Evdoxeui, -(3, TJ'CTW, J?xa,
u^Off, ad- noon.
EvOvs, -eta, v, strait, right-
Evoio~x(, -TJCTW, ?xa, find.
nQ&TiT), -rjq, f. Europe-
vveSeia, -as, f. piety.
Evcre6r]~, -ES, pious.
Evivxla, -as, f. good fortune.
Ev<pooo-vfjj, -TJS, f. pleasure.
'EV for BTti, before a vowel.
E%dqd, -as, f. enmity.
EzO(>os, -#', ov, hostile.
EX<, eiw or ff/'jo'w,
have.
"Etag, ad. until.
z
Z<i(0, -u, ifaw, /tue.
ZecpvQOS, -ov, zephyr.
Zrjuia, as, f. /oss.
Zo4)7, -17?, f. life.
Zvyos, -ov, m- yoke.
Zwov, -ov, n. animal.
H
'H, article, the.
COMMON GREEK WORDS.
"Jf, C. than.
' HyEiuav, -oVoj, gone nor.
'Hdsiag, ad. gladly.
"7/017. ad. note.
' Hdovtj, -TJ?, f. pleasure.
"Hxca, rj^io, to be present,
come.
* Hitog, -ov, m- sun.
'fffiegu, -a;, f. day.
ffxia, -oog, ovg, f. echo.
0a, or &sva, mod. for -5-f'iw
i'va, d'sieig i'va, &c.
Qa'iaaaa, or 9'ukaiia, or 5"A-
aaa??, -r/g } f. sea.
Qdvaiog, -ov, m- death.
0drrT(D, -j//w, cpa, bury.
i, -aw, xa, wonder.
i/, oV, wonderful.
t) -aouu^ (ten, see.
, -ov, n- theatre.
Qciog, -a, of, divine.
Qelrjfia t -arcs, wt'W, irsA.
feJsiw, -Tjaw, xa, wish, desire.
Oeva, mod. abbre. sometimes
written for #'iw, >a.
0eo'g, -ov, m- Gorf-
ev tu, -aw, xa, cure,
uos, -ow, m- harvest.
g, -ov, m- Aeaf.
-aw, xa, hunt,
ioy, -ov, N. let'/cl beast,
vgoz, -ov, m- treasure,
og, -/,-o>' ) mortal.
Solia, hat-
0Qi, rpt'/o;, f. Aair.
e^d^oc, -ou, m. throne.
Qvoa, -a?, f. door.
9*
Idioog, -ov, m. physician.
"I8e, ad- behold.
, -a, ov', own.
'/oov, ad- behold!
'Isgevg, -e'w;, in- priest.
iv, ov, n. temple,
'legog, -d, ov, sacred.
-ov. n. garment.
" Iva, C. /ia, so ?Aaf, (often
written Vrf in modern )
: 'lnnvg, -fiag, m. horseman.
' Innoz, -ov, in- f. & n. horse.
''Iffo;, -r), ov, equal.
'/adw, -w, wow, equalize-
;Ut, anjaw, e'axaxa, place-
-d, ov, strong-.
)g, -vos, f. strength.
jw, -aw, ^a, oe a6/e, can.
"Jaw;, ad. equally, perhaps.
' Ixdvg,*vog, m.Jish.
'loidvvqg, -ov, m- John.
* Io)v<I g, -ov, m- Jonas.
K
Kad' or xara, prep- by, for.
Kaddneo, ad. as.
Kadagdg, -d, 6f, pure.
Kad lag, or xarot to?, ad. a>.
-Kai, C. anrf, aiso.
KuiQog, -ov, time.
Kaxia, -ag, wickedness.
Kaxov, -ov, n. etJiV.
Jta/Le'w, -w, ^<rw, xexi^xa,
caW.
KalUiov, -ov, better.
Kalog, -if, d*, good, beautiful.
w. do, make, modern.
LESSONS IN GREEK.
-ov, ov, n- ship,
modern.
Kaqdia, -at;, f. heart.
Kaqw&s, -of, m. fruit.
Kurd, prep, against.
, ad. below.
-so;, m- gain.
rl, -fjs, f. head.
vxos, m. crier.
KTJTOS, -sag, oug, n. whale.
, -ov, m- danger.
, -e5, rjffo), tjxa, shake.
KldSos, -ov, m. branch.
s, -ov, m- thief.
, -ov, m. heir.
Klivoa, -v&, xa, bend.
a, -ag, f. belly.
oz, -ov, m- partaker.
Koxxos, -ov, m. berry, kernel.
Kolitos, -ov, m- bason, gulf.
KoTfro), -t/J(o, q>a, cut.
K6(ia};, -axos, m. crow, raven.
K< >?'?, -75, f- girl.
KoQvyil, -Tj?, f. top.
Koo-ftos, -ov, m. world.
K.Qoi66aTos, -ov, m. bed.
), -co, r/trw, 17x0, govern.
j, -TJS, ( cry, noise.
ivo), -vu, xa, judge.
iai?, -ews, {-judgement.
IJS, -ov, m. judge.
aftpa, conceal.
Kielfco, XT8v<L, exraxa, kill.
ta, -UTOS, n. wave.
s, -ov, m- master.
Kv<av, xvvds, m. f. & n. dog.
A
, ad. secretly.
Mavia
Aaiew, -ca, ijo-ca, yxa, speak.
AuuSdvo), lijyjoftai,, Islqqta.
take.
Adfinat, -yea, cpu, shine.
Ados, -ov, m. people.
, -|w, xa, say.
, <pa, leave.
Aetav, -ofios, m- lion.
Ayo-iiis, -oo, m. robber.
Aido;, -ov, m. stone.
Aifir\v, -ffo;, m. harbor.
Aififtj, -r/?, f. lake.
Aiu6^, -ow, m. famine.
, -ov, m- speech, reason,
word.
g, -ov, m. pestilence.
Aoinog, -r\, ov, remaining.
AOVOJ, -ffw, xa, tcas/i.
, -ov, m. wolf.
, -r}ff(a, t]xa. grace.
Avrttj, -ye, {.grief.
, -as, { harp.
, -or, m. light, lamp.
Avca, -i'-ao>, vxa,setfrec. loote.
M
o};, {. instruction.
j?, -ou, m. scholar,
learner.
Maxaqi^ot, -aw, xa, think
happy.
S) -a, ov, happy.
-a, o**, long-
, ad. chiefly, very
much. In mod. yes.
, ai. rather.
Mavddvta, fla^1|aof^a^, unn
dnxa, learn.
Mavia, -as, ( madneit
COMMON GREEK WORDS.
99
Maqia
-ag, f. Mary.
MO.QIVQ, -og, rn. f. & n. wit-
ness.
MaQTCQBo), -<5, TJffw, ?xa, bear
witness.
MaQTvgia, -ag, f. testimony.
Mag, P. us. Often used in
mod. for rfftdg-
M^X 7 }-! -*}$, f- battle, fight.
Maxo(J.ui, rloouat, TJ pat, fight-
Me fa, ad. greatly.
Meyag, -di-rj, a, great.
Me.yedog, -eog, n- greatness,
"it */?) f- drunkenness.
-ov, greater.
g, -aiva, A. black.
Msli, -nog, n honey.
Meitaaot, or -ma, orjg, or TJ^J,
f. bee.
MtlJlui, -TjffM, will do, shall do.
Tfir, ad. really, indeed.
'to, -c3, xa, remain,
tig, -iSog, f. part.
-eog, n. portion.
Meaog, -TJ, ov, midst-
for fie id, prep, with, af-
ter. Joined to many verbs.
t, ad until.
'if, C. or particle, not, or, &c.
Mrjde, C. nor, neither.
sig, -f*iu, sv, compound of
7 and sfg, no one, none-
en, ad. no* yet.
-vog, m- month-
>, -sQog or yog, mother
o'g, d, ov, small-
'O
, -175, f. memory.
Mvr)fj.ovv(a,-eva(a, remember.
Movtj } -ys, {. dwelling, man-
sion.
Movov, ad. solely, only.
Mofog, -TJ, o*', alone.
Mvdog, -ov, m- fable, speech,
word.
iot, -at, a, 10,000.
ia, -a, af, f. folly.
N
]Va6g, -ov, m- temple.
Navyia, -as, f. shipwreck.
NaiJs, vaog, ( ship.
JVeavlag, -ov, m- young man.
s, -a, 6v, dead,
-a, ov, new, young,
slr], -rjg, {. cloud.
IVfjaog, -ov, f. island.
Nixd a>, -w, 'jo'co, rjxa, conquer-
Nimw, -yo), <pa, wash.
, -o3, ijo-ca, ?xa, think,
w, -aw, xa, esteem,
think.
JVofiog, -ov, m- law.
JVoog, vovg, voov, vov, m
minrf.
, -ov, f. disease.
, -rjg, f. ort'de.
, ad- now.
o'l, -xrds, f. nio-Af.
g, -ov, m. reward.
, -ottos, n. tomb.
AeVos, -7, ov, foreign.
Sevog, -ov, m- a foreigner.
O
'O, j, irf, Article, *Ae.
100
LESSONS IN GREEK.
"Od*
'Ode, ij'^, roSe, this. (' 0, '
f, rd joined to <Je.)
' O86;, -flu, f. way, road.
'Odovg, -ovrog, m- tooth.
Olxeo), -co, yaw, wx^xa, in-
habit, dwell.
Otxia, -?, f. house.
Oixiov, -ov, n. dwelling,
small house.
Olxog, -ov, m. house.
Otvog, -ov, m- wine.
Oiofiav or oifioti, otTJao/iot,
Squat, think, believe.
'Oxrta, eight.
' OJUyos, -17, ot>,few, little.
"Oio;, -?;, or, whole, all.
' OuiMa } -a$, f. conversation.
"Ouotog, -a, or, hTre.
, -ctTos, n. name.
g, ad. really, truly.
, ad. behind.
" On\ov,-ov, a. arms, armour.
"Onov, ad. where.
"Onojg, ad- so </ia/.
' Oodo), -to, a'ff 01, axo, see.
5 Ooyj, -??, f. wrath, anger.
' Ooyt'^w, o-a>, xa, enrage^pro-
voke, be angry.
s, ad. rightly, straitly.
is, -tOo$, m. f. & n. Wrrf,
"Opo?, -cos, n. mountain.
" Og, r], 6, P. tw/io, which, what.
r}, -ijs, f. smell., odor.
o*', -ou, n- house,
modern. _
' OO-TSOV, -ovv } ov, n. frone.
"Oort?, ^frts, ort, P. whoever.
"Orai', ad. wAen.
"Oi, ad. when.
Iluqa ^01
Oj, ad- where, whither.
Ov for oi}x, ad- no, not.
Ov8a[i&Si ad. ftof a/ a//, fcy
no means.
dei;, (ou'x and ft?. ."', *",)
no one.
'x, ad. no, no^.
Tio), ad. o yef.
Ouoavo?, -ou, m. heaven.
Out', oure, C. no/-, neither.
Ovrog, avT), TOVTO, P. ?/u',
Ovitu or ouro>j, ad. o,
1 OqE>0i/*6s, -oiJ, rn. eye-
'Oz^og, -ov, m. multitude.
n
77i>(9o;, -eo;, one, n. suffering.
rtaideia, -ag, f. instruction,
education.
Iluidev cu,-ao>,x, instruct, ed-
ucate-
FTuidiov, -ov, n. chil>!.
fluig, nuiSoZj m. f. & n. child-
/Jtfiuidi, -a, d>, o/(/.
UufproTf, ad. always.
ndtrirog, -ov, m-grandfather.
/7up' for nuQd, prep, of, from.
by, than. Put before many
verbs.
//Iff, Ttdaa, ndv, all, every
one.
77(jtr>jo, -F^OS, 005, m- father.
TlaiQig, -iSog, f. country.
lleSiov, -ov, n. plain.
IJsiOoi, -oo), 7Te7io0a, per-
S, f. hunger.
'^u, -aw, xa, tempt.
COMMON GREEK WORD8.
101
lleiqata
ITeiQ r ji(a, -<u, a'aoj, tj'trw, xa,
try, tempt.
Tle'Aayo?, -eog, n. sea.
nepnai,-ya, qpa, send.
flEftjg, -rjtos, m. f. & n. a
poor person or laborer.
nevia, -a?, f. poverty.
IIevie,five.
riai, -w, daw, rjau, pass.
*, prep, about, with.
os, -jj, oj, winged; (as
a noun, bird.)
' -rjs, {.fountain, well.
TJoa, -as, f- 60^-.
nivta, 7i(aaca, nsnwxa, drink.
ninTU, Trito'aw, nsm(axa,fall.
/Itffrevw, aw, xa, believe.
titans, -etas, f. faith.
ITiaros, -ij, oV, faithful.
JTiarog, -eo?, m. breadth.
IJiarvs, -eta, v, wide.
TJAet'wv, -oy, ovo?, more.
Uksvs, -a, 6v,full.
IJlrjdog, -eog, ovg, fulness.
/7i>}', ad. 6wf, except.
(axct,fill.
Illoioy, -ou, n-
-a, ov,
*^w, -aw, xa, enrich.
, -ov, m. wealth.
, -OTOS, n. spirit.
, ad- whence.
IJoiefa, -fa, j'aw, nenoirjxa,
do, make.
IIo i fiij v, -svog, ra. shepherd.
war.
Hdieuog, -ov, m. war, fight.
, -eus, ( city, state.
c, -ow, m. citizens.
, ad. often-
, ad. 77iz*cA. Put before
many adjectives.
TJolu^atfjjj, -jyfj eos, very
learned.
floivg, iij, v, much, many.
IJovyQos, -a, ov, wicked,
novas, m. labor.
n6vros,-ov, m. sea.
, -ao>, sink.
evaouai, cvftni.
go.
TZoaoj, -tj, ov, how much ?
noraffos, -ov, m- river.
^o^s, ad. once, in future.
TJou, ad. where.
, Ttodo;, m. joot.
y.Ma, -aro?, n. thing.
ft?, -ewff, f. acf.
, or -TTW, |w, /a, do.
-etas, m- am&aa-
sarfor.
, v, old.
-OT>, m. old man.
77oo, prep, before. Put be-
fore many verbs, nouns, &c.
, -ov, n. ship.
-duau, dsSiaxa,
betray.
n^o;, prep, to, toward. Joined
with many verbs & nouns.
TZodffxaiooj, -ov, temporary,
n^oao), ad. before.
TZooqpjj'rj;?, -ou, m. prophet.
77otJ, ad. morning:
nowiov, ad.Jirst, at first.
77p(5rof, -17, ov, first.
102
LESSONS IN CRF.EK.
;, -rj, 6v, winged.
-77, d*, poor.
?, f. door.
fat, persuade.
ig, -idog, f. pyramid.
, -go?, n. fire.
/Jeois'w, -di, TyCToo, J?xa, se/J.
/7a~f, ad.
'Pa'(J*o?, -a, or,
'Pevfia, -io, n. current.
'Pijfia, -arog, i\. word.
'Pq'rwo, -0005, m- orator.
'JP*a, -iy. f. roof.
j??, f. Rome-
s
a'o, CTaoxd?, {.flesh.
2dg, mod. P. for vftag, you.
2avTov. or ) ,,.
'. > of thyself.
2BHVTOV. S
2ei<it, -aw, xa, shake-
2-q/ueioV) -ou, n- sign.
2rj[i(>ov, ad. to-day. (Mod.
sometimes, aTJ^eotc.)
-ou, m. iron,
t, -ew?, n. mustard.
'i/w, -ffoi, xa, offend.
2xiivr[, rjq^ (. tent.
>s, -ou, m. slave, mod.
>?, -ij, di-, dorA 1 .
2xoifia, -a?, f. darkness.
2xori^(a, -CTW, xa, darken.
2xoTog,-eos,ovs J m- darkness.
2oog, -TJ, dy, sq/e.
-2*0?, -^', dy, thine.
Zvqpia. -ag, f. -wisdom-
oWj tanafixu. snw.
2novSd'Ctu, -aw, x, hasten,
endeavor. Modern, study.
2rav()og, -ov t in. cross.
, -c3, oiaw, ajx, cru-
ieq>avog, -ou, m-
2r6fia t -aroj, n. mouth.
Toz. n. )
r /' > army.
ta, -?, f. ^
, -ou, m. soldier.
-oJ, army.
, -qpw, (pa, turn.
-Tu', p. fftoM, aou, o/ i/tee-
^"uyyej'?/'?, -?, a relation.
prep- wj'^A. Put before
many verbs, nouns, &c. of-
ten changing v for some
other letter.
orw, -TTW, $w, H//-
, -aw, xa, scree-
, -aroj, n- 6orfy.
, -ou, or ffdo?, -ov, sq/e-
j'o, -ifoo?, m- Savior.
2(aTtjgiu, -;, f. salvation-
vT), -T;?, f. wisdom-
T 7
, f. order.
, or -TTW, fw,
trouble.
Tavgog, -ou, m- 6t//.
T(p7j, ij?, f. burial.
Tuzvvca, -c3, yxa, hasten.
Tefyo?, -eoc, n- 7a//.
Texvov, -ou, n. c/7c/.
COMMON GREEK WORDS.
103
Teiftoo), -<3. o)aia, wxa,Jinish.
Feievrafov, ad. finally.
, -a, cab), EXU,
Teios, -cog, n. end.
T/jj;, article, f/ie ; and mod.
P. for auTijv, Aer.
Terr*?, -tyog, m. grasshopper,
locust, cricket.
-?5, <""<> trade.
-di, ^CTOJ, j;xa, /reep.
-^ij'atu, jsdetxa, put.
Tifidw, -(5, ij'trw, j^xa, honor.
Tt^UTj, -j^;, f. honor.
Tifttog, -a, ov, honorable.
Tie, ri, v ho? what?
Ti, tl, some one.
ToiovTog, TOiavTT), TOJOVTO.
such.
Toi%og, -ov or
-.*
Tet X o?, -ov,
Tor, article, the ; and so
times mod. abbreviation
uvrnv, him-
TuZevto, -at'if shoot with a
bow.
T6og, -ou, m- bow.
Tonog, -ov, m. place.
TOCTOUTO;, -avriy, ouro,
great.
Tore, ad. Merc.
Tou';, sometimes used by
mod. for avtovg, them.
Tqeig, three.
-Etftta, tpa, turn.
in. wall.
so
ra, thirty.
-ov, n. monument.
, -j;?, {.food.
, -T), ov, third.
, -ifs, f. luxury.
ea/, gnaw.
Tvnog, -ov, m. mark, type.
TvnTta, -yea, (fa, strike
Tvquwig, i8og, f. tyrranny.
TvQavvog, -ov, m. tyrant.
Tvfpiog, -ij, o'y, blind.
T^X 7 !, -y?, f. fortune, mit-
fortune.
' Yysta, -ag, f. health.
'Yygog, -a, ov, wet.
'Ydgevoi, -aw, bring water-
"Yduo, vduTo;, n. water.
Ytog, -ov, m. son.
"Y"A7, -jj?, f. wood, material.
'Yfteiego;, -a, oy, your.
'Yne Q, prep, for, through. Put
before many verbs, &c.
c F7rj;5>iJj?, -ov, m. servant.
"Ynvog, -ov, m. sleep.
* Yno , prep. 6y. from. Put be-
fore many verbs, &c.
'Yn6dijfia. -roc, n. sAoe.
(From B7jo and tfe'w.)
' YTIOXQIIIJ;, -ov, m. hypocrite.
'Yipr/log, -f, or, high-
"Yifiog, -f w?, n. height.
, (2d Aorist,) ea/.
(PatVa, q>dvw % necpayxa, ap-
pear.
104
LESSONS IN GREEK.
J>vfoc5j, ad. openly, clearly. l
Pa'ojuctxov, -ov, n. medicine.
#<fow, -oiffu, svi^vo^a, carry,
bring
flee, put to flight-
4>Ti/ui, oprjCTG*, say.
4>deig(o, -eow, xa, lay waste.
, -ov, m. sound.
4>66vog, -ov, m- envy, blame.
. -<a, Tjffw, axn, love.
:, -tj, ov, dear, loved,
g, -ov, m. friend.
,61, -oyog, f. flame.
t, frighten.
<t>66og, -ov, m. fear.
I). -&, 7JO"CW, ^
carry-
iov, -ov, n- burthen,
fright
tify.
xa, speak, nay.
, -ITU, |w, ^o, ybr-
-OTO;, n. opinion^
, -a, ov, wise-
?> {-fight.
-775, f. watch, prison.
, -TTOJ, 5w, xa
xsx<x(>X a , rejoice.
j, -TJ, dv, cruel.
Xaixdf, -ov, m. brass, copper.
XuQd,-as, f- joy.
A'oxT?jo, -^05, ni- charac-
ter, mark.
Xdqig, -*TO?, f. grace, thanks.
Xeiq, -05, f hand.
Qa, -a 5, f.widow.
Xde$, ad. yesterday.
XOQEVW, -CTW, dance.
, n. thing, money.
s, -T], ov, vseful-
, -tj, o'v, g-ooc/, useful.
S, -of, m. Christ, an-
ointed.
Xqovog, -ov, m. time.
XQVO-SO?, -ovg, eu, -if, tor.
ovv, golden.
, -a?, f. coast, country.
t';, ad- -without.
at
iig, -eg, false, deceitful.
Vsvdog, -eos, n. lie.
, -ou, m blame.
f-
S, f, nature.
<fi'oj or <pvui, -a ta, xa, pro-
duce, grow.
:, f. voice.
n.
orc/i.
wTet^o'c, -'j, ov, clear,
bright.
S2
"Jl, ad- o^.
^ /^J^, ad. so, Acre. Mod.
, -erf, f. hour.
'Jig, ad. ^
"/>?, C. > as.
c flaney, ad. )
'/2<pelew,-w, jaw, i)*a, aid.
need.
ERRATA.
[The reader is requested to mark thtie corrections in the book.]
Page
. Line.
for
read
5
17
times
tnnes.
12
2 from bottom
I
e
13
6
delta
delta.
"
7
epsilon
epsilon.
"
5 from bottom
eipsilon
epsilon.
48
15
TVtpia
Tii/'u.
68
9 from bottom
jra<5oya
sav^xtia
74
Kadiaert
KaBiaare.
75
6
Qalverei
Qalverai.
4 from bottom
ZtA0af>'
Ze\<t>df.
76
7
iftiarjatv
ifuariaav.
10 from bottom
Vg
M.
78
verse 39
$crtZre
fylTtlrt.
verse 1
*Avipjj <f6e\<p<j
it 'A^pS aScXfol.
82
4 from bottom
'Em. Eif
'Epi, J.
83
Here are several errors in the
accents : 01 and should he
accented on <.
84
8
caAv
Kara.
85
5
OKOVbv
cr^oirdv.
10
. T*
rod.
86
10
Kapafiiov
Kooafiiov.
20
TtdoKia
vdayta.
89
9 from bottom
bnoioS
trolaf.
00 085 228
*m