LIVING TOPI CD CYCLOPEDIA UC-NRLF $B Efl7 77M LIBRARY OF THE University of California. GIFT OF^ THE FAMILY OF REV. DR. GEORGE MOOAR Class Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2007 with funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation http://www.archive.org/details/aldenslivingtopiOOalderich ALDEN'S LIVING TOPICS CYCLOPEDIA A RECORD OF RECENT EVENTS AND OF THE WORLD'S PROGRESS IN ALL DEPARTMENTS OF KNOWLEDGE. Copyright, 1896. hy JOHK B. ALDEN, PUBLISHER NEW YORK P\E-^ V. I ALDEN^S LIVING TOPICS MAGAZINE. Alden's Livii^g Topics Magaziis^e will record such items concerning current events and the progress of knowl- edge as one Avoiild naturally look for in a first-class cyclo- pedia were it up-to-date — which no cyclopedia is or possibly can be, because of its magnitude and cost; and yet the average reader inquires more concerning things of the past three years than concerning things of the j^receding three centuries. The special mission of Living Topics will be to supple- ment all high-class cyclopedias, by the adequate treatment of new topics, and by bringing the treatment of older topics up to the latest possible date, and so make itself indis23en- sable to every owner of any cyclopedia. Topics will be treated in alphabetical order, and as often as the alphabet is covered, a new series will begin and the same course be resumed. As the magnitude of the work cannot be closely esti- mated in advance the subscription price is fixed on the basis of 50 cents for 500 pages. ALDEN^S LIVING TOPICS CYCLOPEDIA. The bound volumes of Alden's Living Topics Maga- zine will be known as Alden's Living Topics Cyclo- pedia, an appendix at the end of each volume bringing important items preceding close to the date of issue. Volume one is now ready in cloth binding; price (ajan) 60 cents. Subscribers to Alden's Living Topics Magazine will be allowed, by the use of a Coupon to be printed in the Magazine, to deduct from the price of bound volumes not less than the full price they have paid for the same con- tents in magazine form; tlius the Magazine will really cost Cyclopedia purchasers 7iothing. ALDEN'S LIYING TOPICS CYCLOPEDIA. ABBAS II.- (Pasha), khedive of Egypt: b. July 14, 1874; confirmed in the succession Jan. 12, 1892, and formaliy invested April 14. After an inspection of the troops in Jan., 1894, he made disparaging remarks about the army; and the annual budget, published the same month, beY\^ailed the debt and heavy taxes, and proposed a decrease in the army of occupation and the dismissal of foreign officers. Under British remonstrance, however, he retracted, and Jan. 26, issued an order praising the native and British officers. April 14, 1894, Riaz Pasha resigned the prime ministry, his associates retiring with him, and Nubar Pasha succeeded. In June the khedive went to Constantinople, visiting the sultan June 25, and subse- quently visited several European countries. Dec. 2 he officially opened a steam tramway, constructed by the Suez Canal Company, between Ismaila and Port Said, ^ubar Pasha resigned the premiership Xov. 11, 1895, on ac- count of age, and Mustapha Eehmy Pasha, minister of war and marine, was expected to succeed him. ABBEY, Edwi:n" Austix, artist: b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1853. Perhaps his most important painting is the Search for the Holy Grail, a decorative treatment of the frieze of the large delivery-room in the new Boston Public Library, opened in 1895. In the same year he published The Comedies of AVilliam Shakespeare, with 131 draAvings, 4 vols., large 8vo. ABBOTT, Austin", lawver: b. in Boston, Mass., Dec. 18, 1831. In 1894 he comjpleted A Digest of New York Statutes and Eeports, of which he had been Joint editor with his brother Benj. Vaughan Abbott, till 1884, and editor by himself subsequently. He also published ]S"ew Cases selected chiefly from decisions of the courts of the state of New York (1894). ABBOTT, Charles Coxrad, m.d., naturalist: b. in Trenton, N". J., June 4, 1843. Among his latest works are Travels in a Tree-Top (1894); and The Birds About Us (1895). ABBOTT. [% ABBOTT, Edwakd, clergyman and author: b. in Farmington, Me., July 15, 1841. In 1895 he again be- came editor of the Literary Workl, Boston, which office he had filled years ago. ABBOTT, Lyma?^, d.d., editor of the Outlook, New York; and pastor of Plymouth Church, Brooklyn. He has published New Streams in Old Channels (selections from his writings, 1894); and, with C. H. Morse and Herbert Vaughan Abbott, has edited The Plymouth Hymnal for the Church, the Social Meeting, and the Home. ABBOTT, W. L., m.d., naturalist and explorer: b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1861. He has recently presented to the National Museum at Washington, D. C, a large col- lection of prepared skins, skeletons, and skulls of animals and birds from different regions of Africa and Asia. In June, 1895, he sent a large number from the Pamirs, in- cluding the skins of 228 birds and over 100 mammals, of which more than half have been hitherto unknown to sci- ence. With these were a number of stones on which are engraved prayers and charms. ABD-UL-HAMID, sultan of Turkey: b. Sept. 22, 1842; proclaimed sultan, in succession to his brother Murad V., Aug. 31, 1876. He is said to give industrious attention to the administration of the government. Outrages upon Armenians in 1894 and 1895 brought earnest remonstrance from England and the other Powers to which reform had been promised in the treaty of Berlin. After many de- nials and evasions the Porte ordered a commission of in- quiry in Nov., 1894; and in May, 1895, the Powers united in recommending a plan of reform. (See Aemenians.) The Porte rejected their recommendations; but, under ])ressure, in June a change was made in the ministry, and the reforms approved. New outrages led to an imperative note from the Powers to the Porte in Aug., 1895. Events were hastened by riots among the Armenians in Constan- tinople and elsewhere in Sept. and Oct., when many Armenians were massacred by Turkish mobs, the police not resisting but even joining in the outrages. In Oct., 1895, a Russian war-ship arrived at Constantinople from the Black Sea squadron, the other ships remaining near the mouth of the Bosphorus. The British Mediterranean squadron was held within easy reach of the Dardanelles. c] ABD VntlAHMAN ^AHN. The sultan was slow to assent to the demand of the Pow- ers, being said to fear assassination or overthrow by the young Turkish party, which demands reforms for Turkish communities as full as are granted to Armenians. Some outbreaks of Turks in Constantinople were bloodily sup- pressed in Oct., 1895. At length an irade was issued ap- proving the plan of reform, with some modifications. (See Turkey.) Early in Nov. the sultan requested of the British authorities protection against threatened local at- tacks. A great Moslem demonstration had been arranged for IS'ov. 1, but was countermanded in fear of the conse- quences, the sultan declaring that he intended to proclaim a constitution, but later cancelling this notice. Revolu- tionary placards were posted even at the Porte, and massa- cres are' reported in many places. Kiamil Pasha, the grand-vizier, was dismissed Nov. 5, and Nov. 7 a new ministry was announced with Eifat Pasha as grand-vizier. At the same time the Porte relieved the Ottoman Bank, in Constantinople, of its obligation to pay gold for notes, so relieving the financial stringency. At a banquet in Guild- hall, London, Nov. 9, Lord Salisbury delivered a speech which was understood as a distinct warning to the sultan that the disorders of Turkey must be reformed, and an as- surance that the European Powers would be united in en- forcing this demand. (See Turkey.) ABDURRAHMAN KHAN, ameer of Afghanistan: ac- knowledged ameer by the British gx)vernment in 1880. In Jan., 1894, he was ^appointed k.g.c.s.i. by Queen Victoria, and in July was invited to visit England. His subsidy of £120,000, received from England, was increased in 1894 to £180,000. Though sometimes thought in sym- path^^with Russia, his severe illness in Oct., 1894, caused great uneasiness in England. Under agreement with the Indian government, a commission was sent in 1894 to de- fine the boundaries on the frontiers of Klyber, Kurram, and Beluchistan. Some of these under Col. Turner had an encounter Nov. 3, with a large body of Waziri tribes- men, and lost 20 soldiers and 23 followers, the Waziri loss being about 250. ABELL, George William, publisher: b. Dec. 21, 1842; d. in Baltimore, Md., May 1, 1894. At the time of his death he had been many years connected with the man- agement of the Baltimore Sun. ABERDEEN. [d ABERDEEN, Johk Campbell, Earl of, sits in the House of Lords as Viscount Gordon; the governor-general of Canada: b. Aug. 3, 1847. The popularity of his adminis- tration was acknowledged by a welcome and reception given him and his countess by the mayor and corporation of Halifax, Aug. 1, 1894, when the city-hall was crowded with a brilliant assembly, and Lord Aberdeen made a felicitous address. In the summer of 1895 he went to Manitoba, and conferred with the governor of the province as to the public-school question. The conference some- what relieved the strain of the crisis. The difficulty how- ever was rather alleviated than removed, and in Nov., members of the cabinet were threatening resignation if the legislature of the Dominion should interfere with the Manitoba schools. (See Canada and Manitoba.) ABERDEEN UNIVERSITY, Aberdeen, Scotland: chancellor, the Duke of Richmond and Gordon; lord rector, the Marquis of Huntley; principal. Sir William Dugdale Geddes, ll.d. In conjunction with Glasgow University it sends J. A. 'Campbell, ll.d., as its repre- sentative to parliament. In the last term of 1894 there were 23 professors, and 695 students. The library con- tained more than 80,000 volumes. ABYSSINIA: a county of North Africa, a protectorate of Italy. In 1894, Menelek, king of Shoa and acknowl- edged practically as negus or emperor of Abyssinia since the death of John, formally repudiated the treaty with Italy made in 1889, on the ground that his consent had been obtained by fraud, and a control obtained over the country which he never intended to give. The Italians maintained control however in the city and district of Massowah, and held by force the protectorate, Menelek becoming simply a rebel leader in the more remote regions. Gen. Baratieri conducted a long, but on the whole vic- torious campaign against him till Oct., 1895, when Mene- lek was killed by lightning, and his death apparently brought the organized resistance to an end. It is said that the Abyssinian force numbers some 200,000, of Avhich one-third are armed with rifles, many of them breech- loaders, but it is not believed that they will effectually resist the Italians. ACADEMIE FRANCAISE, the French Academy, founded in 1635. In 1894 four members were elected to E] ACADEMY OF DESIGN. fill vacancies in the forty memberships, viz: Jose Maria de Hereclia, Feb. 22; Albert Sorel, May 31; Paul Charles Joseph Bourget, May 31; and Henri Hoiissaye, Dec. 6; and Jules Lemaitre was elected in March, 1895. ACADEMY OF DESIGN", NATIONAL: a society of artists, founded in New York in 1826. The new acade-- micians elected May 9, 1894, w^ere Francis C. Jones, J. Carroll Beckwith, and Alfred Kappes; associates: Harry W. Watrous, William H. Howe, Cecilia Beaux, B. West Clinedinst, Edmund C. Tarbell, and Henry 0. Walker. The council for 1894-95 consisted of President Thomas Waterman Wood, Vice-President Horace W. Robbins, Corresponding Secretary J. C. Mcoll, Recording Secretary George H. Smillie, Treasurer J. D. Smillie, Edwin H. Blashfield, H. Bolton Jones, Thomas Moran, James M. Hart, Olin L. Warner, and W^alter Shirlaw. The Thomas B. Clarke prize of $300 was awarded at the annual exhibit tion of 1894 to Harry W. AYatrous, and at the exhibition of 1895 to Henry 0. Walker. The Julius Hallgarten prizes of $300, $200, and $100 were awarded in 1894 to Edmund C. Tarbell,Edith Mitchell, and Mrs. J. F. Mur- phy; and in 1895 to George R. Basse, Jr., Charles C. Curran, and Francis Day. The Norman W. Dodge prize of $300 was awarded in 1894 to Clara T. McChesne}^, and in 1895 to Edith Mitchill Prellwitz. These prizes are not open to the academicians. The academy school for 1894-95 opened Oct. 1, 1894. The instructors were Edgar M. Ward, Charles Y. Turner, Francis C. Jones, J. D. Smillie, Olin L. Warner, Fred- erick Dielman, and Professor Thomas Eakins. There were between 200 and 300 students. The annual distribution of prizes was made May 11, 1894, the most important being the Havemeyer Travelling scholarship of $750 for study abroad under supervision of the academy, which was given to Harry M. Walcott, of Rutherford, N. J., who also received $100 from the Hall- garten school prize fund and the Suydam silver medal. In Sept., 1894, the academy building at the corner of '23d Street and od Avenue was bought by the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, the academy having however the use of ihe building for more than a year. The sale is said to have given the academy $610,000 for re-investment, ACTORS' FUND. [f ACTORS^ FUND OF THE UJ^ITED STATE8 OF AMEEICA, a beneficiary society of actors, incorporated in IS'ew York in 1882: President, A. M. Palmer; secre- tary, David Frohman; headquarters, 12 West 28th Street, NcAV York. The annual report, June 5, 1894, showed the assets to be $224,546.82, against $;cow,325.17 the year be- fore. The total recei^jts for the year were $38,923.63; ex- penditures, $43,201.18, of which $31,926.51 was paid for relief, funeral, physicians" expenses, medicines, etc., in different cities. The persons relieved from the beginning numbered 4,609, and the burials 736; money spent for such assistance $266,701.01. The 14th annual meeting was held in New York June 4, 1895. The treasurer's re- port showed a cash balance from the year before, $29,034.- 64; receipts for the year, $37,647.30; disbursements, $37,- 956.78; of which $29,079.54 were for relief, etc.; cash in- vested in bonds and mortgages, $180,000; total assets June 4, 1895, $224,162.44. The number of persons relieved during the year was 524. The fund receives from the city of New York of one-half the theatrical license moneys, amounting during the year to $11,650. ADAMS, Charles Fea^nTCIS, lawyer and railroad mana- ger :_ b. in Boston, May 27, 1835. In 1894 he published Antinomianism in the Colony of Massachusetts Ba}^ 1636-38; and in 1895 Charles Francis Adams, in the American Statesmen Series. ADAMS, Charles Kejs^dall, ll.d.; president of the University of Wisconsin: b. at Derb}^ Vt., Jan. 24, 1835. He was editor-in-chief of the revised Johnson's Universal Oyclopsedia, published in New York in 1893-95. He pub- lished in 1895 Democracy and Monarchy in France. ADAMS, Herbert Baxter, associate professor of his- tory in Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. : b. in Aniherst, Mass., April 16, 1850. He has published the Life and Writings of Jared Sparks, comprising Selections from his Journals and Correspondence (2 vols., Boston, 1894). He continues in 1895 to edit the series of contri- butions to American Educational History, published by the U. S. Bureau of Education. ADELBERT COLLEGE. See Wester?^ Reserve Uls^IVERSITY. APIBONDACKS^ u forest region of northern New G] ADRIAN GOLLMB. York. The report of the state engineer in 1894 showed that there are included in the state park owned by the state 550,000 acres, mostly in virgin forest. Common com- 23laint declaring that the law of 1893, which allowed the cutting of evergreen trees not less than 12 inches in diam- eter, was greatly abused, a' mass-meeting was held in Utica, N. Y., Feb. 7, 1894, which urged the repeal of that law, protested against the sale of any of these lands, and urged further legislation in protection of the forest and the w^ater supply dependent on it. ADRIAN COLLEGE, at Adrian, Mich.: Instructors at the close of 1894, 15; students, 250; number of graduates since organization, 350; vols, in library, 6,000; value of property, 1150,000. President, D. C. Thomas, a.m.,b.ph. AERIAL NAVIGATION. July 31, 1894, Mr. Hiram S. Maxim experimented w4th a flying-machine, the lifting- power of which was an aeroplane driven forward by a steam propellor. The machine with its engine w^eighed 8,000 pounds. It was lifted from the rails on which it ran, and so strongly as to break away from the upper rails meant to hold it down. It was brought to a stop by shutting off the steam, but not before it was broken and disabled. The power of the machine to rise in the air was however demonstrated. Aug. 10, Mr. Maxim read a paper describing this experiment before the mechanical section of the British Association at Oxford. He claimed that he had made the first machine that would lift itself, its motive power, its fuel and water, and its engineer. He believed that flying-machines, however perfected, could not be profitably used for transportation of passengers or freight because of the expense and inevitable danger; but that, like torpedoes, they would prove of most formidable use in w^ar. Professor Samuel P. Langley of the Smithsonian In- stitution, Washington, was present, and substantially con- firmed the claims and views of Mr. Maxim from his ex- periences in the same department of investigation. Col. George E. AYaring published in 1894 Aerial Navi- gation, translated from an essay in Dutch by J. G. W. Eijrije Van Salverda, formerly administrator of public works in the Netherlands, which expressed sanguine hopes of practical results from Prof. Langley^s experiments. AFGHANISTAN. See Abdurrahman^ Khai^. AFRICA. See Abyssinia, Egypt, Cape Colony, etc. AORIGULTURE. AaRICULTURE. The condition of the agricultural industry in the United States in the year ending Dec. 31, 1804, is set forth in the following tables. The productive areas were as follows: Corn, 62,582,269 acres, decrease from that of the previous year, 9,454,196 acres; wheat, 34,882,436 acres, increase, 253,018 acres; oats, 27,023,553 acres, decrease, 249,480 acres; rye, 1,944,780 acres, de- crease, 93,705 acres; barley, 3,170,602 acres, decrease, 49,- 769 acres; buckwheat, 789,232 acres, decrease, 26,382 acres; tobacco, 523,103 acres, decrease, 179,849 acres; pota- toes, 2,737,973 acres, increase, 132,787 acres; and hay^ 48,321,272 acres, decrease, 1,292,197. The cotton crop of 1895, as reported by the New Orleans Cotton Exchange, was as follows in round numbers: JSTorth Carolina, 465,000 bales; South Carolina, 800,000; Georgia, 1,300,000; Alabama, 1,000,000; Florida, 60,000; Missis- sippi, 1,200,000; Louisiana, 600,000; Arkansas, 850,000; Tennessee, 350,000; Texas, 3,155,000: and Indian Terri- tory, 121,000— total crop, 9,901,000 bales. The sugar crop of Louisiana for the season of 1894-5, was 355,384 short tons, the largest production for a single year in the history of the State. The crop was manufac- tured in 449 sugar-houses. Licenses were applied for by 534 producers, of whom 471 filed claims for bounty, rep- resenting 698,671,135 lbs. of sugar above 80 test, and 2,448,802 lbs. testing less than 80. The bounty on the sugar above 80 test aggregated $5,553,388. The rice crop of 1894, as reported by the U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, was as follows: North Carolina, 3,937,500 lbs.; South Carolina, 11,372,445; Georgia, 8,688,015; and Louisiana, 98,867,200— total, 122,865,160. The U. S. production is rapidly decreasing. This total was but a little more than half that of the preceding year, the decrease being due to harvest storms in the Carolinas and to a drought during the growing season in Louisiana. Planters are finding it more profitable to work in other crops. The subjoined tables show the production and value of the other principal crops in 1894: AGBWULTUBE-2. Quiuitity and value of the corn and wheat crops in the Tarious states for the year ending Dec. 31^ 1894: states, Etc. Maine New Hampshire. Vermont , Massachusetts. . . Rhode Island Connecticut New York New Jersey Pennsylvania Delaware Maryland Virginia North Carolina. . South Carolina.. Gteor^ia Florida Alabama Mississippi Louisiana Texas Arkansas Tennessee West Virginia Kentucky Ohio Michigan Indiana Illinois Wisconsin Minnesota Iowa Missouri Kansas Nebraska South Dakota North Dakota Montana Wyoming Colorado New Mexico Arizona Utah Nevada Idaho Washington Oregon Calif oi'nia Oklahoma Total 1,212,770,052 Corn. Bushels. 529,952 877,223 ,835,021 395,870 280,999 404,269 8.54,040 991,251 749,876 397,228 268,234 195,858 959,484 728,819 143,735 214,044 760,311 931,213 880,183 338,676 437,824 060,316 611,968 892,297 973,737 757,447 888,377 121,491 292,266 933,232 344,010 011,654 797,728 855.524 490,345 464,084 37,834 67,710 473,709 451,639 84.779 209,230 45,102 110,136 333,553 ,288,294 Value. Wheat. Bushels. $381,565 666.689! 1,266.1641 851.481 210,749 954,903 8,450,964 4.855.276 22,412,15 1,978,7.53 7,134,117 15,132,053 1.5,490.957 12,173,732 20,383,366 3,701,971 18,422,965 17,606.294 11,085,713 38,829,659 18,065,777 26,543,523 7,188,822 29,872,611 30,948,707 10,878,724 35,848.699 65,957.381 7,.331,520 8,141,290 36,604,805 46,404,662 17.973,023 6;927,763 685.559 204.188 31^024 44.012 1,508,982 338,729 84,779 121,353 26.610 75,994 186,790 734,328 94,950 46,54t) 164,984 6,297,400 1,779,069 18,848,700 1,331,499 7.313,201 6^995.249 3,475.735 807,845 1,627,413 417,274 40,670 6,893,150 1,416,2.54 5,897,788 4,816,478 11,005,963 48,444,471 20,232,058 43,644,064 33,312,370 9,366,176 37,752.453 10,737,400 23,353,920 35,315.259 8.754,900 15,934,255 33.635,900 1,111,735 99.607 2,144.009 691,668 187,000 2,359,544 112.260 1,566,775 9,108,420 10,441,071 30,376,705 2,315,234 $554,719,162 460,267,416 Value. S75,011 37,232 110,539 3,904,388 1,085,232 10,555,272 732,324 3,949,129 3,917,339 2,259,228 702,825 1,236,834 3.25.474 80,503 3,722,301 778,940 3,007,872 2,889,887 5.502,982 23,737,791 10,520,670 20,076,269 14,990,567 4,776,750 18,498,702 5,368,700 10.042,186 15,538,714 4,289,901 7,329,757 14,463,437 600,337 62,752 1,393,606 608,668 187,000 1,250,558 84,195 720,717 3,552,284 4,489,661 17,314,722 1,180,769 $225,902,025 AGRIGULTUBE—^. Quantity and value of the oats and rye crops in the Vrixioiis states for the year ending Dec. 31. 1894: • states, Etc. Oats. Rye. Bushels. Value. Bushels. Value. Maine New HaniKhJiirQ 4,294,231 895,276 3,719,674 497,193 112,950 606,352 30,320,758 3,085,575 20,226,740 427,823 2,015,923 5,400,504 5,754,034 4,077,696 7,537,270 643,926 i 4,910,347 1.849.094 785,272 20,013,119 5,990,097 6,511,133 2,884,724 10,312,806 29,143,237 24,429,574 35,809,040 109,050,302 57,870,014 50,860,073 96,556,672 25,440,944 25,705,975 19,747,400 5,992,972 14,114,697 2,686,139 506,981 1,258,457 345,415 87'8,097 1,066,989 3,197,838 6,454,805 2,058,784 $1,^,89,462 438,685 1,897,634 ■ 213,793 53,087 260.731 11,825,096 1,172,519 9,966,161 149.738 788,210 1,998,186 2,531,775 2,161,179 3,838,911 392,795 3,504,277 869,074 369,078 7;805,116 2,398,039 2,278,897 1,125,042 3,712,610 9,034,403 8,306,055 10,742,712 31,624,588 17,361,004 35,258.022 27,035,868 7,377,874 7,968,852 7,109,064 2,097,540 4,093,262 832,703 243,351 578,890 172,708 298,553 341.436 991,330 1,807,345 905,865 17,243 15,446 41,186 194,688 Si 3,967 11,4;30 Vermont. . , , . - Massachusetts,'. , 30,066 142,122 Rhode Islanc! . , Connecticut . , >iewYork New Jersey , Pennsylvania .... . , , , 207.664 3,610,299 1,120,478 4,262,616 134,982 1,949,561 616,268 2,387,065 401,382 393,307 478,917 19,754 131,911 188,650 Virginia 212,386 North Carolina South Carolina Georgia > 334,612 18,964 127,954 Florida Alabama 28,529 27,103 Lousiana Texas 59,020 21,089 153,383 118,448 457,341 1,098,549 1,492,154 1.013,018 2,213,419 4,311,618 1.232,123 1,301,706 272,842 868,781 479,131 29,47'5 31,395 44,265 16,012 90,496 ^Vest Virginia 67,515 269,831 Ohio 494.347 686,391 •ndiana Illinois . . . 425.488 951,770 " Visconsin Minnesota 1,853,995 529,813 598,785 Missouri 128,142 398,719 229.983 South Dakota 13,559 North Dakota ll,61to Vrnntana 62,946 41,544 Utah 68,286 38,W23 Idaho ^Vashington 33,437 101,393 387,763 18,725 57.T94 California 232,658 Total 662,036,928 $214,816,920 26,727,615 !513,395,47t AGRICULTURE -4:. Quantity and value of the barley and buckwheat crops in the various states for the year ending Dec. 31, 1894: states, Etc. Barley. Buckwheat. Bushels. Value. Bushels. Value. 373,90? 123,976 505,66C 39.516 11,100 $246,780 78,105 303,396 24,895 7,992 881, 26£ 61,106 274,10£ 46,74C $511,136 37 271 New Hampshire Vermont . ... 156,242 31,783 Rhode Island Connecticut 64,878 4,513,569 196,517 4,091,814 6,500 170,380 71,383 31,547 48,468 2,437,327 127 73€ 4,546,290 2,545,922 Pennsylvania 279,893 134,349 2,188,661 3,250 95,413 38,547 14,827 Virsrinia . . North Carolina Texas 38,388 36,184 21 113 Tftnnpc;UO yearly. ALMA COLLEGE, Alma, Mich.: Instructors at the close of 1894, 12; students, 148; graduates since organiza- tion, 13; value of property, $160,000. President, August F. Bruske, d.d. ALMA-TADEMA, Lawrence, r.a., artist: b. at Don- ryp, in the Netherlands, June 8, 1836. He published in 1895 a novel entitled Love's Martyr. ALPENA, city, cap. of Alpena co., Mich.; pop. (1890) 11,284 ; (1894) State census, 12,139. In 1895 it had a daily and 2 weekly newsj)apers. ALSACE-LORRAINE: a reichsland of the German Empire since 1871. The returns have shown a steady emigration from the province into France, and an immi- gration from Germany. Feb. 13, 1894, the German reichstag repealed the law conferring exceptional powers on the governor of Alsace-Lorraine, though repeal was oj)- posed by the Conservatives, Imperialists, and National Liberals. ALTGELD, Johx B., governor of Illinois: b. in Ger- many in 1847. In July, 1894, the riotous strikers in Chicago and vicinity counted upon the sympathy of Gov- ernor Altgeld, especially because of his pardon of the an- archists in 1893; and he protested July 5 and 6, 1894, against the sending of troops to Chicago by the president. But Mr. Cleveland, while answering his communications, was not moved by his protest. In Oct., 1895, he visited, with other state officials, the Southern Exposition at Atlanta, Ga. ALTON, city, Madison co.. 111.; pop. (1890) 10,294. In 1894 it had a debt of $60,500 and a total assessed val- uation of $1,707,475; total tax rate $40.40 per $1,000. Local transit is controlled by the Alton Railway and Illuminating Co., a corporation resulting from the con- m] altooNa. solidation of several others Aug., 1895. operating 9 m. of electric road^ connecting the city with Upper Alton, East Alton, and North Alton, beside an electric light and power plant. In 1895 there were 3 daily and 3 weekly periodicals. ALTOOXA, city, Blair co.. Pa.; pop. (1890) 30,337^ (1895) est. 35,000. '^1890 had an industrial investment of ^7,- 955,423, and an output valued at $10,486,019. The bonded ;lebt Jan. 1, 1895 was 1629,000, floating $10,000, sinking fund 115,029, net debt $623,971, and the assessed real estate valuation (personal property not assessed) $15,300,000 ; CO. tax rate $4 per $1,000, city rate $7, average school rate $6. The Altoona school district had (1895) a debt of^ $256,500, assessed valuation $14,503,287, and estimated pop. 39,000. Local transit is controlled by the x\ltoona & Logan Valley Electric Eailway Co., which in addition to its own plant owns a majority of the stock of the City Passenger railway. In 1895 it operated 22^ m. of its otvti track, extending to Bell wood and Hollidaysburg, and 24^1 m. of the City Passenger line. There are 4 daily, 5 weekly, and. 2 monthly periodicals. ALUMINUM. In Jan., 1894, the Carnegie works at Homestead, Pa., tried the experiment of rolling 6-inch beams of aluminum for government vessels. The metal was heated enough to char a pine board and then rolled. It broke however, and the experiment was j^ostponed. Early in 1894 Commander Montreuil of the French ex- pedition into Central Africa took with him a flat-bottomed ferry boat, constructed of aluminum. It weighed only 2,000 pounds, but had a capacity of 15 tons. The same year a second-class torpedo boat, built of aluminum with a mixture of 6 per cent copper, was constructed for the French government by Yarrow & Co. of England. The cost of the alloy was from 70 cents to $1.20 a pound, being about double the cost of steel for the same purpose. Aluminum was largely used in the upper plates of the Yacht Defender, built by the Herreshoif's at Bristol, E. L, much lightening the upper part of the hull. These plates were made in Pittsburgh, Pa., and were from 5-16 to 3-8 of an inch thick, the longest being 18 feet, and the widest 38 1-2 inches. The heaviest plate weighed 200 pounds, while a like plate of Tobin bronze would weigh 600^ and AMBUOSIUS. [Bd the entire saving in weight on the boat was about 5 tons. In Aug., 1895, the manufacture of ahiminum from baux- ite by electrolysis was tested at Niagara Falls by the use of the new dynajnos there. The electric current was carried through the pulverized oxide for twenty-four hours, and the separated metal accumulated at the carbon-lined bottoms of thQ pots, and was ladled out like lead heated to a red heat, but was whiter than silver on cooling. The capacity of these works was said to be about 5,000 pounds of pure aluminum a day, worth 50 cents a pound. During 1894-95 the metal has been used for military accoutre- ments and many kinds of domestic utensils. It has also been substituted for silver, as not tarnishing, in silver- gilding for sign-23ainting and book -binding. The U. S. Geological Survey reports the production of aluminum in 1894 to have been 550,000 pounds, valued at $316,255, as compared with 339,629 pounds, valued at 1266,903 in 1893; and 259,885 pounds, valued at $172,824, in 1892. AMBROSIUS, JoHAKNA, poet: b. in East Prussia. In 1894 Professor Schrattenthal, of Presburg, noticed her contributions to local newspapers, and toward the end of that year collected and published them in book form. Seven editions were sold before the end of Oct., 1895, and the Empress of Germany is said to have presented the author a cottage, and provision for her declining years. AMERICAN PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION. The Supreme Council held its annual session at Des Moines, lo., in May, 1894, with 300 delegates representing every state and territory in the Union, besides Canada, England, and Australia. May 5 the following officers were elected: W. J. H. Traynor of Detroit, presideiit; Adam Eawcett of Ohio, vice-president; Charles J. Beatty of Saginaw, Mich., secretary. In Sept., 1894, the headquarters of the society was transferred to Washington, D. C. AMERICAN UNIVERSITY, Washington, D. C. A site was secured early in 1894, and in May $150,000 was se- cured for the erection of the first building. The trustees reported that it would cost $5,000,000 to start the univer- sity, and $10,000,000 for its full equipment, of Avhich $475,000 were reported as raised, largely by personal solici- tation. They hoped to begin instruction in 1897. Presi- dent of the board of trustees. Bishop John F. Hurst, P.D.^LL.D. UNIVERSITY or Bi] AMES. AMES, Oliver, iron-manufacturer and ex-governor of Massachusetts: b. at Xortli Easton, Mass., Feb. 4, 1831; d. there Oct. 22, 1894. AMHERST COLLEGE, Amherst, Mass.: Instructors in 1895, 32; students, 435; graduates since organization, 3,552; vols, in library, 60,000; value of property, $2,500,- 000. President, Merrill E. Gates, ll.d.,l.h.d. May 24, 1894, Arthur J. Hopkins was appointed assist- ant professor in chemistry. The department of astronomy received $25,000 from the estate of Sidney Dillon. The graduates at commencement in 1895 numbered 80. F. W. Crook was appointed professor of political economy, and W. Stuart Symington professor of Romance languages. AMITY COLLEGE, College Springs, Iowa: Instruc- tors at the close of 1894, 12; students, 241; graduates since organization, 135; vols, in library, 2,500; value of property, 170,000. President, T. J. Kennedy. AMSTERDAM, city, Montgomery co., N. Y.; pop. (1890) 17,336. Its annual production of knit goods averages $15,000,000; linseed oil, $15,000,000; carpets, $6,000,000 ; brooms, 5,000,000 ; paper boxes, 3,000,000 ; paper, 2,000 tons ; and steel springs, 2,000. In 1894 it had a bonded debt of $684,000, and assessed valuations, real $7,464,211, personal $1,128,600— total, $8,592,811. In 1895 it had a trolley road with 7^ m. of track, and 2 daily and 2 weekly periodicals. ANARCHISTS. In Jan., 1894, the Mati7i, a Paris newspaper, published a list of eighteen more imjDortant and bloody outrages which had taken place within ten years, and the most of them within two years. It also published what it considered a complete list of anarchist papers pub- lished in Europe and America. Of these one was Dutch, 10 German, 11 French, 8 Italian, 9 Spanish, 2 Spanish and Italian, 2 Portuguese, 2 Tzechish, and 6 English, of which 2 were published in the United States. The same month the police in Rome found, among some papers seized, the rules of the Italian anarchist societies, which required that all new members swear solemnly, in the presence of their colleagues, to labor mentally and physic- ally to effect the triumph of the Social revolution, and meanwhile to obey blindly the orders of their superiors, even at the risk of life and without regard to their dearest ANAliCllISTS. [cj affections, and to recognize in advance the justice of punishing all who break their oath of secrecy. Vaillant, who threw a bomb with murderous effect upon the floor of the French Chamber of Deputies, Dec. 9, 1893, was convicted in Jan., 1894, and executed in Feb., though great efforts were made by his friends to induce President Carnot to grant a reprieve. Emile Henry was convicted April 29, 1894, of causing the bomb ex- plosions in Paris of Feb. 12, and was guillotined May 21. May 4, 1894, Guiseppe Fornaro and Francesco Polti vv^ere convicted of bomb-throwing in London, and were sen- tenced to imprisonment for tw^enty and ten years respec- tively. May 7, 1894, at a socialist meeting in Hyde Park, London, some speakers began violent utterances, but were interrupted and beaten by the crowd. May 21. 1894, six men, convicted of bomb-throwing and attempted assassination were executed at Barcelona, Spain. Presi- dent Carnot was assassinated, June 24, 1894, at Lyons, by an Italian anarchist, Sante Ironimo Caserio. June 28, an anarchist named Grranier, when about to be arrested in his lodging at Montpellier, Paris, for complicity in the murder of the president, committed suicide. The police of Paris and Marseilles belicA^ed that the assassination was in revenge for the execution of Vaillant and Henry, and that the conspirators met and assigned the deed by lot to Caserio. August 13, 1894, Enrico Lucchesi, after killing Guiseppi Bandi, an editor at Leghorn, Italy, confessed that he had been designated to it by five comrades. On the same day four Bohemians were sentenced at Jung- Bunzlau, Bohemia, to imprisonment for different terms for circulating an anarchist paper. March 4, 1895, a man named Qlivieri was arrested in Rome for threatening King- Humbert. He was said to be the same who in 1890 threw into the Emperor William^s carriage, during his visit in Home, a letter denouncing Germany and the house of Ilohenzollern. Exciting debates in the French Chamber of Deputies resulted in the passage, July 26, 1894, of an anti-anarchist bill by a vote of 268 to 163. Aug, 16, 1894, a bill was en- acted by the U. S'. Congress for the exclusion and depor- tation of alien anarchists. Jan. 7, 1895, Signer Celli, attorney-general of tlu^ province of Milan, Italy, who had been energetic in sup- CA] ANDERSON. pressing anarchists, was assassinated by one of them, who was subsequently captured. Feb. 28, Signer Crispi de- clared to the Italian Chamber of Deputies the govern- ment's reasons for proclaiming a state of siege in Sicily, anarchist leaders having resorted there in numbers, an- archistic meetings in Marseilles having incited Sicilian insurrection, and Guiseppe de Felice, a member of the Chamber, having been arrested. He showed documents incriminating de Felice in the encouragement of the revolu- tion, and on the strength of these the Chamber ordered his arraignment. ANDERSOIS", city, cap. of Madison co., Ind.; pop. (1890) 10,741; (1894) est. 20,615. The assessed valuation 1894 was $6,973,575, and total debt, March 1, 1895, $154,- 500. In 1895 it had a trolley road with 11 m. of track, and 3 daily and 3 weekly periodicals. ANDOVER THEOLOGICAL SEMLVARY, Andover, Mass.: Instructors at the close of 1894, 9; students, 89; graduates since organization, 2,014; vols, in library, 49,- 000. In 1895 inquiry was made before the officers of the seminary whether Professor AYilliam H. Ryder had not taught contrary to the creed of the seminary, but after careful investigation the charges were dismissed as un- founded. ANDREWS, E. Beis^jamin, d.d., ll.d., President of Brown University : b. at Hinsdale, N. H., Jan. 10, 1844. He published in 1894 a History of the United States, in 2 vols.; and An Honest Dollar, a Plea for Bimetallism. The same year he declined the office for co-president of Chicago University. AKGELL, G. T., president of The American Humane Education Society, the Massachusetts Society for the Pre- vention of Cruelty to Animals. In 1894 he published Autobiographical Sketches and Personal Recollections. ANN ARBOR, city, cap. of Washtenaw co., Mich.; pop. (1890) 9,431; (1894) state census, 11,069. In 1895 it had a trolley road, reorganized 1894, with 7 m. of track, and 17 i3eriodicals, of which 3 were daily, 6 weekly, and 6 monthly. ANNISTON, city, Calhoun cc, Ala.; pop. (1890), 9,998 ; (1895) est. 11,000. In 1894 it had assessed valua- ANSONIA. [CB tions, real $4,118,340, personal $1,162,674— total, $5,281,- 014 ; tax rate $14 per $1,000 ; and 1895 a total debt of $295,000, 2 large cotton mills, a trolley road with 8 m. of track, and a daily, a weekly, and a monthly jDcriodical. ANSONIA, co-extensive town and city, New Haven CO., Conn.; pop. (1890), 10,342. In 1894 it had a total debt of $348,451 ; assessed valuation $3,155,912 ; tax rate 22 mills per |il. The Stokes Memorial Librarv, presented to the town 1892 at a cost of $100,000 and with 30,000 volumes, was permanently closed Nov., 1894. In 1895 the town had a national bank (cap. $200,000, surplus $100,- 000), a savings bank (deiwsits $1,118,167, surplus $35,- 215), and a daily and a weekly newspaper. ANTHROPOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF GKEAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. President for 1894-95, Prof. A. Macalister, of Cambridge University ; Hon. Secre- tary, Cuthbert Peck ; Offices, 3 Hanover square, "VY. Lon- don. The Institute publishes a quarterly journal. ANTIOCH COLLEGE, Yellow Springs, 0.: Instruc- tors at close of. 1894, 12; students, 200; graduates since organization, 200; vols, in library, 7,000; value of proper- ty, $250,000. President, Rev. D. A. Long, d.d., ll.d. ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY, AMERICAN: Presi- dent, Stephen Salisbury ; Vice-presidents, George F. Hoar and Edward Everett Hale ; Council, Samuel A. Green, P. Emery Aldrich, Egbert C. Smyth, Samuel Swett Green, Edward L. Davis, Franklin B. Weeden ; Secretary for Domestic Correspondence, Rev. George F. Ellis, Boston ; and John D. Washburn, Worcester. The annual meetings are held at Worcester, Mass., in October. The American membership of the society is limited to 140. The semi- annual meeting was held in Boston, April 24, 1895. ANTWERP UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION: opened May 5, 1894, by the King and Queen of the Belgians, in the presence of 40,000 persons ; closed Oct. 2. There were exhibits from the Congo State, and, in the order named, from France, Germany, Great Britain, India, and the United States. The exhibit from Belgium was, of course, much the largest. The French exhibitors received 159 grand prizes, more than any other nation ; Great Britain and her colonies received 23 grand prizes and 331 awards of all classes ; the United States veceived 122 awards of Cc) ARBITRATION. various classes. There was a reproduction of Antwerp in the sixteenth century ; streets in Cairo and Constanti- nople ; and Oriental side-shows as in Chicago. ARBITRATION. What was known as the Missiones boundary question arose between Brazil and the Argentine Republic. It concerned the ow^iership of a strip of land between Iguassa and the Uruguay river, with an area of 11,823 sq. m., and population of about 7,000, forming the judicial division of the Brazilian state of Parana. The question was submitted for arbitration to President Cleve- land, Feb. 10, 1894 ; Dr. Zeballos, Argentine minister at Washington, representing his country, and Baron de Rio- Branco and Gen. de C astro- Cerquina representing Brazil. The president announced his decision in favor of Brazil, Feb. 6, 1895, and the Argentine Government acquiesced. The Paris house of Dreyfus claimed, in 1894, 20,000,000 francs which had been deposited by Chile in the Bank of England. The money had been realized from the sale of guano, and was deposited to cover money due to the credit- ors of Peru, among whom was the house of Dreyfus. The claim was submitted in 1894 for arbitration to the Swiss Federal Tribunal. Among the more important acts recently looking toward more general arbitration of international questions are the following: The House of Representatives July 27, 1894, ordered a favorable report on the Springer arbitration bill. The British Government during 1894 took decisive measures to prevent the fitting out at Glasgow or Newcastle of vessels of war for either China or Japan, strictly enforcing the foreign enlistment act. The French Chamber of Deputies July 8, 1895, adopted a motion suggesting that the govern- ment open negotiations as soon as possible with the United States for the conclusion of a permanent treaty of arbitration. The New York Chamber of Commerce Nov. 7, 1895, called attention to a recent article in The University Law Review which describes the growth of international arbitration, and urges the crystallizing into law of the practice of to-day general with the United States and common with other nations, and looking toward the establishment of a great international tribunal of abritration. AncB^OLOGT. [CD It appeared that since tlie year 1816 there have been 112 international arbitrations between different Euroi^ean nations, the United States, and the states of Central and South America, nearly all within the last fifty years, and the United States has arbitrated its claims 30 times, 7 times with Great Britain. AECHzEOLOGY. It is difficult to select from the great number of interesting archaeological discoveries of 1894 and 1895. Early in 1894 eight Roman coins were found by a Mashona native in Matabeleland, in the vicin- ity of the famous ruins of Zimbaye. Two of these have on the obverse a female head with the words Helena Augusta ; four have the figure of a man with the words Coustantius Gaes; and the reverse of one is thought to represent Romulus and Remus suckled by the wolf. M. de Morgan in 1894, discovered at Dashur, Egypt, a quantity of jewelry and some tombs adorned vv^ith admi- rable frescoes. The discovery of a stele bearing the car- touche of a high priest of Heliopolis, the oldest son of Suefron, fixes the date of these monuments in the beginning of the fourth, or end of the third dynasty. Early in February he found two undisturbed tombs, one of which contained a sarcophagus with the painted name Ita, the mummy being adorned with necklaces and bracelets, and having near her a bronze poniard with gold jewelled handle. The body was covered with beads of pearl, gold, carnelian, lapis-lazuli, and Egyptian emerald. The name on the sarcophagus in the second tomb is the Princess Khnounict, and this mummy v/as more splendidly jewelled, and with it were two gold crowns richly jewelled. The gold in these ornaments weighed 1,782 grms. These princesses were of the twelfth dynasty. M. Ed. Naville reported in Feb. and March, 1895, from Deir-el-bahari, the excavation of the middle platform near the Hathor shrine. Sculptures o± vultures and asps have been erased by enemies of the worship of Amon. One frag- ment shows Egyptians cutting large branches from a tree shown to be ebony. In a rock-hewn burial chamber three large wooden coffins were found, two having five wooden hawks carved upon them, and each having at the feet a wooden jackal. These bodies Avere a priest, his mother, and his aunt, of the Saitic epoch. ce] AttCHKR. Dr. Walclstein wrote from Athens, Greece, that the ex- cavation of the Heraion of Argos, has been carried on success- fully during the season of 1895, showing a beautiful stoa with walls of most perfect Greek masonry. AVithin are nine Doric pillars, all the bases in situ. There are inter- esting fragments of statues. The building shows the change from the Mycenj^an to the Argive supremacy. The heads are worked in a vigorous manner with execution not inferior to those of the Parthenon. They are most impor- tant remains of the fifth century B.C. At Eretria, Greece, Prof. B. B. Richardson, reported in June, 1895, the laying bare of a large building, in one room of which stood the tubs of the city laundry. Here was found among other fragments a fine archaistic head of Dionysos, bearded. The most important discovery of 1894 in Italy is that of the temple of Jupiter Anxur, at Terracina. This building is mentioned by Livy, A^irgil, and Servius. The arches of the substructure have long been known, but were attributed to the Goths. Accidental discovery of a wall and cornice led Signor Pio Capponi to investigation which seemed to identify it with the historic temple of Jupiter. Eemains of mosaic pavement confirmed this judgment ; and Signor Capponi was enabled to push the excavations till the entire plan of the temple, 33.50 m. by 19.70 m. was uncovered. A short distance to the east was found the cave of the oracle, and along the east side many votive objects, and an inscription showing that Venus had a sanctuary in the large temple. The trustees of the British Museum published in the fall of 1895 an Arabic MS., which contains in Coptic a treatise in 25 chapters on Christian Theology, and a special treatise on the cult relating to images of Christ and the saints by Theodorus, Bishop of Harran. Its date is 877, a.d. ARCHER, William, dramatic critic : b. at Perth, Scot- land, in 1856. He published in 1894 Hannele : a Dream Poem by Gerhart Hauptmann (translated): and edited the same year, with Robert W. Lowe, Dramatic Essa3'S of Leigh Hunt and William Hazlitt (2 vols.). ARCHITECTS, American Institute of : organized in 1857. President, Daniel H. Burnham ; vice-presidents, George B. Post and William S. Eames ; secretary, Alfred AROfIC EXPLOUATION. [cj- Stone, Providence, R. I. ; treasurer, S. A. Treat. The institutes has 23 chapters, 500 fellows, and 81 honorary members. Its object is to unite in fellowship the architects of this continent, and promote the cause of architecture. The 28th annual convention was held in New York in Nov., 1894, and the 29th convention in St. Louis, Mo., in Oct., 1895. AECTIC EXPLORATION. Lieut. Robert E. Peary, c.E.,IT. S. N.J sailed on his second Arctic exjDedition in 1893, taking with him his wife, and a party of scientific helpers, sending home his vessel, the Falcon, and going into camp on the west coast of Greenland. Here a daughter was born to him in Sept. Most of the winter of 1893-94 was devoted to preparations for inland sledge exploring. March 6, 1894, with 8 men, 12 sledges, and 92 dogs he set out for Independence Bay. Dr. Vincent was sent back in- capacitated by illness. March 19, their camp was pitched 5,500 feet above the sea. In a fierce storm some of the dogs were frozen solid. After covering one-fourth of the distance to Indepeiidence Bay, the loss of many dogs, and other hardships, compelled them to return. They had sur- veyed and mapped out 150 m. of coast-line hitherto un- known. The relief auxiliary expedition sailed from Brook- lyn, June 20, 1894, Mr. Henry S. Bryant, leader, and the party including Prof. Wm. Libbey of Princeton as geographer. Prof. T. C. Chamberlain of the University of Chicago as geologist, and Dr. Axel Ohlin of Sweden, zoologist. They opened communication with Peary Aug. 1, and reached Falcon Bay Aug. 20. Aug. 26 they re- turned, leaving only Lieut. Peary and two volunteers, Lee and Henson, to com23lete their explorations next season. A second relief party brought these back in Sept., 1895. Peary^s survey covers 1,000 miles, counting the indenta- tions, of the coast of Greenland. The direction of the coast, the bays indicated, and the islands, make a new map. Gen. A. W. Greely says that this survey carries explora- tion 200 m. above the German explorers of 1870, and has extended the knowledge of the coast northward two de- grees. Eleven islands are accurately marked which are not on previous charts. About 100 glaciers are accurately located where before only 10 were known aud these not accurately. The observations in meteorology, geology., cg] arctic exploration biology, and Eskimo etlmology have greatly advanced the cause of science. They did not get as far north as their predecessors; being within 16 m. of Independence Bay when the dogs utterly broke down, and they barely got back with their lives; but the real success of their expedi- tion in scientific results surpasses all recent attempts, wliile it has been gained at a minimum expense of money and without loss of life. F. G. Jackson sailed from England, in the steamer Windward, in Sept., 1894. They landed near Cape Flora, Franz Josef Land, Sept. 7, and erected log houses, roofed with canvas, the lodging house lined with felt, and sent back their vessel. March 10, 1895, Jackson and two others went north with 2 ponies and 2 sledges. They found the general elevation of the country 2,500 ft. above the sea, covered with ice, their way interrupted along the coast by high basaltic clifis. The temperature fell to — 45°. They reached 81^ 20' north latitude, and there left two boats for use later. They made a second journey in April-May, finding the temperature often — 50^. Their surveys great- ly altered the map of Franz Josef Land. The Windward took them supplies in the summer of 1895 and returned with their report in Oct., ex^oecting to go back in 1896. Jackson is assured that Franz Josef Land reaches to with- in 470 m. of the pole. He intends to explore more fully in 1896, and may probably not be heard from till 1897. Eobert Stein, of the U. S. Geological Survey, under an advisory committee including Gen. A. "W. Greely, Prof. T. 0. Mendenhall, and Commodore G. W. Melville, planned an expedition in 1894 to rescue the Swedish naturalists Bjorling and Kallstenius, and explore Ellsmere Land; but being unable to charter the vessel he needed, he abandoned tlie expedition in May. Walter AVellman sailed from Bergen, K'orway, April 24, 1894, on the steamer Ragnvald Jarl. They reached 81° north May 12, when sudden cold storms and ice blocked further progress. They surveyed the coast of JS'ortheast Land, adding four capes and one island to the map. July 1, Wellman and seven others started north over the ice with an aluminum boat. The boat showed great strength, but July 4 they had to turn back. They reached their party July 22, one of them having to be carried with Oi broken leg. Aug. 4 they sailed for Norway, ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. [ch Dr. F. A. Cook sailed from New York, June 30, 1894, on the steamer Miranda, accompanied by Professors W. H. Brewer of Yale, G. F. Wright of Oberlin, and B. 0. Jillson of Pittsburg as geologists; L. L. Dyke of Kansas University as zoologist; E. P. Lyon of Chicago as biologist; and others. They collided with un iceberg July 17, but July 29 sailed from St. Johns, N. F., for Greenland. Aug. 7 they reached Sukkertoppen, 63° 25' north. Sailing from here Aug. 9 they ran on a hidden rock, but floated of! and moored in a harbor. Deeming the vessel unsafe for further exploring, they hired the fishing schooner Rigel, and put the passengers on her and towed her back toward St. Johns Aug. 21. But Aug. 23 it was necessary to abandon the Miranda with the loss of baggage, instruments, and collections, so that the party came home with small re- sults of their work. ARGENTIiSrE EEPUBLIC, a federation of 14 states and 9 territories, on the e. coast of South America; pop. (1895) census estimate, 4,750,000; cap., Buenos Ayres. The budget for 1896 showed: Income, paper $49,560,000, gold |31,^048',000; expenses, paper 185,500,000, gold $20,- 492,000 — an increase over 1895 of 19,750,000 in paper and $5,468,000 in gold, a large part of which is for the army and navy. In Oct., 1895, the President asked Congress for authority to negotiate the conversion of all bonds of the foreign debt to one 4 per cent, bond, stating that all the national and provincial obligations might be covered with $370,000,000, leaving a gold reserve of $30,000,000. The governrnxcnt has negotiated a loan of $5,000,000 in London with which to establish a State bank, and Congress has passed a bill granting an annual subsidy of $100,000 to a steamship company, which agrees to make 18 trips annually between Buenos Ayres and New York. A cabinet crisis and a po2:)ular demonstration against the government were averted in Aug. by the resignation of the minister of war and navy and the reorganization of those departments. The Southern Railv/ay is to be extended from Bahia Blanca to Neuquen, which will open up some of the richest agri- cultural and grazing lands in the republic; and in connec- tion with this agreement the government is considering a proposition to grant free lands to all settlers in the Kio Negro valley. The modifications in the treaty made by the U, S. Senate were approved by the Argentine Senate Sept. ci] AitofM 24, and certain amendments proposed by the U. S. were postponed for further consideration. The boundary dis- pute with Chili has been settled amicably. In accordance with the Argentine convention. Chili agreed to the removal of the San Francisco landmark, allowing the boundary line to pass through the highest peaks of the Andes, and giving Argentina an additional 600 leagues of territory. The boundary delimitation in Tierra del Fuego has been ap- proved. As a result of the boundary settlement, an. effort has been made in both countries to secure a mutual agree- ment to cease buying materials of war. There are now 30 different railways in the republic, aggregating 8,556 m., of which 5 belong to the state and 10 are guaranteed by it. A comparatively new development is the trade in live cattle and sheep between the* republic and Europe. Between Jan. 1 and Aug. 22, 1895, the exportation of live cattle averaged 7,000 steers and 41,000 head of sheep per month, each month showing an increase over the j)receding one. Dur- ing 1895 the republic was free from serious disturbances, all public and private efforts tending to the development of its vast resources. ARGOIS". This probably new eiement owes its discovery to investigations of Prof. William Eamsay and Lord Eay- leigh. They found that nitrogen liberated from chemical compounds was lighter than atmospheric nitrogen. Their work led to the conclusion that there was an undiscovered element in the air. It is separated by acting on air with red-hot copper filings to separate the oxygen. The residual gas is dried and passed over white-hot magnesium filings. The magnesium combines with the nitrogen, producing a solid nitride and leaving argon as a gas. The argon amounts in volume to about 4 per cent, of the nitrogen. The argon is treated repeatedly by a substantial duplication of the above process, some days being required to dispose of all the nitrogen. Another method of 23reparation is to pass electric sparks, preferably from platinum terminals, through the nitrogen mixed with oxygen. This gradually burns up the nitrogen. Its oxide can be absorbed by caustic alkali, leaving argon as a gas. Argon has a characteristic spec- trum. Its specific gravity (IIz=:l) is between 19 and 21. It is about 2^ times as soluble in water as nitrogen. Its critical temperature ( — 121°C.) and boiling point ( — 187°C.) are lower than those of oxygen. Prof. Olszewski succeeded Argyll. [dj in solidifjdng it to white crystals melting at — 189. 6° C. It seems to be inculpable of combining with anything. It has been fonnd in cleveite and in a meteorite. There is still much doubt concerning its true status. ARGYLL, George Joh^^" Douglas Campbell, k.g., K.T., P.O. : 1st duke of, in the j^eerage of the United King- dom, 8th duke of, in the peerage of Scotland; b. in Ardin- caple Castle, Dumbartonshire, Scotland, 1823. In 1894 he published The Burdens of Belief, a volume of poems, and on July 30, 1895, was married, for the third time;, to his cousin, Ina Erskine McNeill, at Ripon. ARIZONA. ARIZONA, one of the territories of tlie United States of North America; organized Feb. 14, 1863; counties, 12; capital, Phenix. State Officers, 1895. — Gov. (appointed for 4 years, salary 12,600 per annum), Louis C. Hughes; sec, 0. M. Bruce; treas., P. J. Cole; auditor, C. P. Leitch; adj. -gen., Ed- ward Schwartz; atty.-gen., F. J. Heney; supt. of instruc- tion, F. J. Netherton; chief justice supreme court, Albert C. Baker; assoc. justices, John J. Hawkins, Owen T. Rouse, and James D. Bethune — all Democrats. Legislature, 1895. — Council 12 members; house 24; Rep. in council 6, house 17, joint ballot 23; Dem. in council 6; house 7, joint ballot 13; Rep. majority, house 10. Elections. — In the territorial elections for Congress, 1894, there was a total of 13,427 votes cast, of which the Rep. candidate received 5,648; the Dem. candidate, 4,473; and the Pop. candidate, 3,006; Rep. plurality, 875. Farm. ProfZ?^n ammunition and Winchester rifles and the Mannlicher rifle used in the Ger- man army. No bullet penetrated more than half an inch. ARMOUR INSTITUTE, Chicago, 111. ; founded in 1892. It included in 1895 (1) a scientific academy; (2) a technical college, with departments of mechanical engineering, elec- tricity and electrical engineering, chemistry and chemical engineering, architecture, and library science; and depart- ments of (3) domestic arts; (4) commerce; (5) music; and (6) kindergartens. There were in 1895 61 instructors; 11 lecturers; and about 900 students; graduates since organi- zation 50. The several scientific departments are com- pletely equipped, and there is a gymnasium, technical museum, and a valuable library of 15,000 volumes. The course of instruction occupies four years, and the degrees of B. S. and M. E. are conferred. The property is valued at $50,000. President, Rev. F. W. Gunsaulus, d.d. ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES. The army at the close of 1895 consists of 10 regiments of cavalry, 5 artillery and 25 infantry, and the Engineer Battalion, recruiting parties, ordnance department, hospital service, Indian scouts, those engaged in the U. S. Military Academy at West Point, and the signal and general service; in all 2,145 officers and 25,706 enlisted men. During 1894-95 the number of officers on detached duty has been reduced, by assignment to their commands as far as possible, the Secretary of War reporting in Nov., 1895, 35 officers now at Department Headquarters and 33 on recruiting service. Those assigned as military instructors of the National Guard of the States, however, have been increased from 92 to 128, and those acting as Indian agents from 5 to 19. For the coast defense there has been established and equipped a gun factory at Watervliet, N. Y., able to turn out yearly 35 guns of the types required. The government .has also, by contract, contributed toward the establishment of a private plant for gun manufacture which will meet any unusual demand. Only 3 of the 18 ports — New York, San Francisco and Boston — have, however, completed sys- tems of defense. It is estimated that the complete defense of the 18 ports will cost $82,000,000, and will take 10 years, eg] artists. The army is distributed in 8 departments^ eacli under its department commander. The ranking major-general, in command of the army, is Gen. Xelson A. Miles, promoted on the retirement of Gen. J. M. Scholield, Sept. 29, 1895. The duty of the army for the most part is in garrisoning the Q. S. forts in dilferent parts of the country, and in defending Western settlers from wild Indians and peace- able Indians from lawless whites. Feb. 11, 1895, Inspector-- General Breckenridge specially commended the courage and discipline shown by the army in connection with the labor troubles of 1894, particularly by the 15th Infantry, which was on duty at Chicago, 111. In Feb., 1895, Con- gress revived the grade of lieutenant-general for the benefit of Major-General John M. Schofield, who had com- manded the army since 1888. The report of the Secretary of War showed that in 1894 there were in the United States 900,000 men available for military service, of whom 112,190 were organized into regiments and brigades, and could be called out on demand. Of these ^ew York had the largest number, 12,073; Idaho the least, 232. AENOLD, SiE Edwik, k.c.l.e., c.s.i. : poet; b. Eoches- ter, England, June 10, 1832. In 1893 he published a dramatic work, Adzuma: or, the Japanese Wife, and The Book of Good Counsels from the Sanscrit of the Hitopa- desa; 1894, Wandering Words; and 1895, The Tenth Muse and Other Poems. AETISTS, SOCIETY OF AMEEICAN: founded in New York in 1877 and incorporated in 1882; object the" advancement of the Fine Arts; membership in Dec, 1895, 115, including nearly all the foi^most artists of America, President, Edwin Rowland Blashfield; vice-president, John LaFarge; secretary, Kenyon Cox; treasurer, Samuel Isham. The board of control consists of the officers named and Mr. Daniel C. French. The society holds an annual exhibition, at which, how- ever, its members have no privileges of exhibition beyond others, and no work of art is accepted except on its merits as judged by a jury of 30. At this exhibition each year is awarded the Webb prize, founded by Dr. W. Seward Webb in 1887, for best landscape by an American artist under 40 who has not previously taken the prize; awarded in 1894 to Charles H. Piatt, and in 1895 to Childe Hassam. Each ASHANTEE. [eh year also the society purchases for the Shaw Fund, founded in 1892 hy Samuel T. Shaw, Esq.', a figure composition in oil selected hy the jury. The fund is '$1,500 annually, and the picture becomes the property of Mr. Shaw. This prize was awarded in 1894 to Henry 0. Walker, and in 1895 to William M. Chase. Headquarters of the society, in the building of the American Fine Arts Society, Iso. 215 West Fifty-seventh Street, New York. ARTS. See F^e Arts. ASHANTEE, a kingdom in G-uinea, on the w. coast of Africa, between Liberia and Dahomey, since 1873 nomi- nally tributary to the British Clold Coast Colony; pop. est. 1,000,000-3,000,000; cap., Coomassie, or Kumassi. In Oct., 1895, the British government sent an ultimatum to the king, demanding that he place his country under British protection, Avith a resident commissioner, on the ground that he had violated his treaty obligations. The king rejected the ultimatum, saying that he preferred war, for which he was fully prepared, to accepting the British terms. A strong force of imperial and native troops was at once ordered to Coomassie to force the king to terms, and it was expected that this force would be able to advance by the middle of Dec. On Nov. 15 the king sent two mes- sengers to the gov. of the Gold Coast Colony at Accra, but the latter declined to receive them, regarding them as not qualified to treat with the British as representatives of the king. On the 19th, Lord Suffield and Mr. Sutherst, rep- . resenting the king in London, assured the colonial sec. that the king would accede to the British demands, and would pay the cost of preparing the expedition against him. It was agreed that if the king would indorse this pledge no troops would be dispatched. Such a settlement would give Great Britain absolute control of a territory of about 40,- 000 sq. m., rich in gold and agricultural lands. In Dec. following, it was reported that the people had deposed King Prempeh for submitting to the British, and that the war party had placed his mother on the throne. ASHEVILLE, cicy, health resort, cap. of Buncombe CO., N. C; pop. (1810) 10,23 3 ; (1895) est. 12,000. The bonded debt Nov., 1894, v/as 1786,500. In 1895 it had 8 hotels, 75 boarding-houses, a steam road to Craggy Moun- tain, 3 trolley roads with an aggregate of 20 m. of tracks and six periodicals. El] ASHLAND. ASHLAND, city, cap. of Ashland co., Wis.; pop. (1890) 9,956; (1895) est.'' 12,000. In 1893 it had a total tax assessment of $6,991,000, and tax rate UO per $1,000; 1894, a total debt of $383,000 ; 1895, a trolley road with 6 m. of track, and a monthly, 2 daily, and 5 weekly periodicals. ASTOR FEEE EEFEREKCE LIBRARY, :N"ew York: founded with a bequest of 1400,000 by John Jacob Astor in 1849. It continued to occupy in 1895 the building in Lafayette Place, which had grown three times as large as the original building, and contained about 270,000 volumes, which were free for reference, but could not be taken from the building. In March, 1895, the trustees agreed with the trustees of the Lenox Library and the Tilden Trust for the consolidation of the three bodies under the name of the New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations. The Lenox Library, founded by James Lenox in 1870, has its valuable building, capable of great enlargement, fronting on Fifth Avenue, Avith the entire block of land at the rear for additional buildings. It has 70,000 volumes, a large number of which are very rare and costly books, besides manuscripts and pamphlets of great value. It has also cash and securities amounting to $500,000. The Tilden fund amounts to $2,000,000, and the bequest in- cludes Mr. Tilden's private library of 80,000 volumes. The Astor Library has cash and securities amounting to $1,000,000; and the consolidated library will thus have at once 420,000 volumes, besides manuscripts and pamphlets, and an endowment of $3,500,000. It is intended to add to the features of the present libraries a great public circulating library, with branches in different parts of the city. The Astor Library will retain its character as a reference library for students and authors, but will be removed, probably to the place of the Lenox Library, though that is yet undecided. The present Astor Library building may be used as one of the branches. The report in Jan., 1895, showed that 8,294 volumes had been added to the library during 1894; the number of readers had been 78,901, an increase of 9,903 upon the preceding year; volumes drawn, 218,051, an increase of 7,675. ASTORIA, city, cap. of Clatsop co.. Or.; pop. (1890) Asmoj^oMT. tpj 6,184 ; (1895) est. 10,000. In 1893 it had an assessed valu- ation on a 50 per cent, assessment, of 12,856,692 ; and 1895, a total debt of '1416,050, a trolley road with 3 m. of track, and 2 daily and 4 weekly newspapers. ASTEONOMY. The development of dry-plate photog- raphy brought about a radical change in astronomical methods. The extreme sensitiveness of dry plates enabled them to be used to photograph the heavens, thus giving bases for new and most accurate measurements of position. Then the photography of the lines and bands of the spectra of celestial bodies enabled the displacements of the spec- trum due to motions of the bodies toward or away from the earth to be determined with an approximation to accuracy. The lines of the spectrum owe their position to the length of the waves of light producing them, the short waves producing the violet end of the spectrum and the long waves the red. The position of any part of the spectrum is a rigorous measure of the length of the wave producing it. If a distant sun moves toward us it shortens all the waves of light which emanate from it, as it were squeezing them together. If it moves away the reverse ensues. Hence a displacement of characteristic lines of the spectrum toward the violet is observed if the body moves toward the earth, and vice versa. The measure- ment of these minute displacements is vastly facilitated, or only made possible by modern methods, and the measure- ments have led to most remarkable results. Distant stars have by the spectroscope and photographic dry plate been resolved into double stars, and the periods of revolution of one about the other have thus been determined in hours. This has been done for stars which the best tele- scopes could not resolve into two bodies. To the sun the spectroscope has been applied with the result of the discovery of new lines appertaining to a hypothetical metal called helium. The sun's chromosphere is seen at total eclipses. Ordinarily the effulgence of the sun is such as to preclude any direct view of it. But by the spectroscope it can be studied at any time, and the great prominences of the chromos|)here have shown new lines in the spectrum which have been attributed to a new metal called, as above stated, helium. In sequence of this brilliant investigation Prof. Eamsay and Mr. Crookes have fa] astronomy. investigated a new gas produced from the mineral cleveite, which seems to show the lines of helium, and is possibly terrestrial helium. Prof. Kamsay claims also to have dis- covered helium in a meteorite. Saturn's rings have been investigated with some impor- tant results. Trouvelot in 1870-76, Crofthell in 1875-77, Meyer in 1881, and more recently Keeler, have studied the constitution of the rings, and the latter, using modern spectroscopic methods, has enunciated the theory that the rings are composed of innumerable small satellites revolv- ing about the planet. This theory is now accepted as true. Some minor planets or asteroids have been measured by Prof. Barnard as follows: Diameter of Ceres 485 miles, of Pallas 304 miles, of Vesta 243 miles, of Juno 118 miles. The spectroscope has given us the first real estimate of the diameter of a fixed star. Algol has an obscure com- panion, and their motions have been determined. The velocities being known, the diameters of Algol and its com- panion become calculable. The figure arrived at is: For Algol, 1,000,000 miles; for its companion, 800,000 miles. The orbital velocity of Algol is 25 miles a second; of its companion, 54 miles a second; distance from center to center, 3,200,000 miles; mass of Algol four-ninths and of its companion two-ninths that of the sun. Dr. Arthur Anwers has published the results of German heliometer observations of the sun's parallax. They give it a value of 8.896"+ 0.0216" corresponding to the greatly diminished distance from the earth of 91,000,000 miles. Mars has been the subject of very elaborate theorizing, certain parallel and reticulated markings on its surface suggesting a possibility of life on its surface. The so-called Schiaparelli canals of Mars were held by some to be partly or entirely of artificial construction. At the Lick Observa- tory Prof. Campbell has applied very powerful methods, and has found no atmosphere of Mars, a result in conflict with general belief. The canals were specially studied during 1894 and found to certainly exist. The discovery of new jilanets and comets goes on apace, twenty-three planets and five comets being added to the list in 1894 alone. Measurements of the newly discovered fifth satellite of Jupiter have been published by the Lick Observatory, giving it an eccentric orbit of llh. 56m. 22s., 0.618, ATCHISON. [FB The British Eoyal Astronomical Society, in Eebruary, 1894, presented its gold medal to S, W. Burnham, formerly of ' the Lick Observatory, for his work on double stars and other discoveries, and in February, 1895, honored in like manner Dr. Isaac Roberts for his photographs of sun clus- ters and nebulae published in 1894. The photometry of the light of the stars has been attacked by a selenium cell by Mr. AVilson of Danamora,AYestmeath, with close approximation in some cases to results obtained by visual methods. The principle employed was the etfect of light on selenium in modifying its electric properties. ATCHISON, city, cap. of Atchison co., Kan.; pop. (1890) 13,963; (1895) est. 17,000. In 1893 the total assessed valuation was $2,340,302 ; 1894, the bonded debt was $694,600, besides $154,786 internal improvement bonds and $65,000 board of education bonds, both payable by special provisions ; and 1895 the city had an electric rail- way, light and power company, operating 8|- m. of track, and 9 periodicals, of which 3 were daily and 4 weekly. ATHENS, AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT: established at Athens, Greece, in 1882. It is nominally a branch of the Archaeological Institute of America, but is conducted by an independent committee of representatives of American colleges, of which each college contributes $250 a year for its maintenance. In May, 1895, 22 colleges were represented as contributors. The revenue for the year 1894-95 was estimated as $8,000. The school occupies a site given by the Greek government, and its building, erected by private subscription, together with the lot, is valued at $46,000. There is an endowment of $50,000. The expenses for the year 1893-94 were $6,611.96. Volumes in library in Ma3^ 1895, 3,000. Students have the use of the library of the English school near by, a similar institution maintained by English universities and colleges. Prof. Thomas D. Seymour, of Yale, is President of the Board of Directors. The managing committee in Nov., 1895, reelected Dr. Charles AValdstein, of Cambridge University, professor of the history of art for the year 1896-97. Dr. Waldstein^s connection with Cambridge allows him to be present in Athens only part of the year. Prof. Rufus B. Richardson is director of the school, his appointment being for five years. Prof. T. D. Goodell, of Yale, was elected professor of the Greek language aud FC] ATLANTA. literature for 1894-95; Prof. B. J. Wheeler, of Cornell, for 1895-96; Prof. Herbert Weir Smith, of Bryn Mawr, for 1896-97, and Prof. Abraham Lincoln Puller, of Western Reserve, for 1897-98. The American Institute of Archseology in 1895 voted a fellowship of $600 for the scIk ol, and the managing com- mittee voted a second fellowship of $600 — $800, to be given in competitive examination to students and graduates of the cooperating colleges. The committee on publications was authorized in 1894 to make a collection of lantern slides to illustrate Greek art and scenery, to be kept in some central place and lent for exhibitions. Besides the study of known remains of Greek art and civilization, the school has been engaged, under the direction of Dr. Wald- stein and Prof. Richardson, in independent excavations at Argos and Eretria, with interesting and valuable results. The American School has been associated helpfully with the similar schools maintained in Athens by the French, Germans, English and Greeks, of wdiich it was reported in Sept., 1895, that the available funds were as follows: French, $15,000; German, $12,000; English, $10,000. ATLANTA, city, cap. of Fulton co. and of the State of Georgia; pop. (1890) 65,533; (1894) directory canvass, 108,644. In 1890 its manufacturing industries had a capital investment of $9,508,962, and an output valued at $13,074,037. The assessed valuations 1894 were: Real $42,897,780, personal $12,580,565— total, $55,478,345, and city tax rate $15 per $1,000; and the total bonded debt 1895 was $2,961,000, water debt $1,127,000. The city owns its waterworks, valued at $3,000,000, and other property valued at $2,573,650. There are 100 churches with seating capacity of 60,000; 17 banks with capital and surplus of over $4,000,000; clearing association of 10 city banks, which reported May 25, 1895, deposits $5,374,000, loans and discounts $5,580,643; public library of 20,000 volumes; 100 m. of electric railway; 6 cotton mills with 122,000 spindles; 6 colleges for colored students; 4 medical colleges; institute of technology; 14 grammar schools for white and 5 for colored pupils; 3 military schools; annual trade $150,000,000; and a quarterly, 3 daily, 18 weekly, 2 semi-monthly, and 19 monthly periodicals. The total death-rate 1894 was 16.38 per 1,000, that of the whites being 11.51. ATLANTA EXPOSITION. [fd ATLANTA EXPOSITION, Sept. 18-Dec. 31, 1895; officially, the Cotton States and International Exposition. The initial object of the second great exhibition held in the • ^^'^Gate City of the South" since the civil war was to show to the world every feature of the great development being made in the Southern States; but gradually the object broadened to a demonstration of what v\^as newest in the whole realm of invention, mechanics, science, industries, and arts. The exposition was installed in Piedmont Park, a tract of 189 acres, 2 m. from the center of the city, in preparing and beautifying which over $300,000 was ex- pended. The principal buildings, besides those erected by states and foreign governments, numbered 13, and included an administration building; auditorium; U. S. government building, containing exhibits of the army, navy, state, in- terior and agricultural departments, the geological survey, and the fish commission; and special buildings for exhibits of manufactures and liberal arts, machinery, agriculture, minerals and forestry, transportation, fine arts, electrical inventions, women's work, and illustrations of the advance- ment of the negro race. The total cost of buildings and outdoor attractions exceeded 12,000,000. Each of the Southern States displayed its distinctive industries and economic interests. Mexico, the Central American States, and several South American and European countries were well represented. No pecuniary aid was sought from the Federal Government, but Congress authorized the admis- sion of foreign exhibits free of 'duty and constituted the exposition plant a bonded warehouse for such articles, and the government officers labored zealously for the success of the enterprise. On the afternoon of Sept. 18, President Cleveland, in his summer home at Buzzard's Bay, pressed a golden but- ton, and instantly the ponderous machinery, 1,000 m. dis- tant, began to move, cannon roared, and 60,000 people cheered the opening of the exposition. The address of the day was delivered by Judge Emory Speer, of the U. S. Court at Macon; Mrs. Joseph Thompson, chairman of the AVoman's Board, followed; Booker T. Washington, a former slave, now president of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, spoke on behalf of the Negro Board; a dedicatory ode by Frank L. Stanton was read by Albert Ilowell; an address by Gov. Atkinson, of Georgia, was read by George m] ATLANTA UNIVEUSITT. Brown; Charles H. Collier, president of the exposition company, reviewed the work of organization, and then, telegraphing to President Cleveland that all was ready, the President opened the exposition by an electric spark. During the exposition a number of national congresses were held in Atlanta, and among the notable special events were '''Blue and Gray Day," Sept. 21; '-'Liberty Bell Day,'' Oct. 8; ''Bankers' Days,'" Oct. 16-17; " President's Day, " Oct. 23; "Pennsylvania Day," Nov. 14; "Massachusetts Day," Nov. 15; "Brooklyn Day," Kov. 23; "Manhattan Day," Nov. 25; "Atlanta, Savannah, Inman, and South Carolina Day," Nov. 28; "Wheelmen's Day," Nov. 30; "New Jersey Day," Dec. 4; "Maryland Day," Dec. 7, etc. ATLANTA UNIVERSITY, Atlanta, Ga.; opened 1869. It included in 1895 a theological class, college, college-pre- paratory, normal, sub-normal, and mechanical course; in- structors in 1895, 18; students, 217; graduates since organi- zation, 275; vols, in library, 8,000; annual expenses about 125,000; value of property, $250,000. President, Horace Bumstead, d.d. ATLANTIC CITY, citv, summer resort, Atlantic cc, N. J. ; pop. (1890) 13,055 ; (1895) state census, 18,329. In 1894 it had a bonded debt of $76,450 ; and 1895. assessed valuations, real $10,845,030, personal $1,284,569 — total, $12,129,599; total tax rate $19.60 per $1,000; 86 hotels with a capacity of 100 and upward, 180 others with total capacity of 10,000, and 100 boarding-houses with total capacity of 1,000 ; and 3 daily and 5 weekly news- papers. AUBUEN, city, cap. of Androscoggin co.. Me.; pop. (1890) 11,250. In 1894 the total assessed valuation was $5,990,341 ; total debt $514,462; sinking fund $74,900 ; tax rate $20 per $1,000. The city has purchased the v/ater works of the Auburn Aqueduct Co., valued at $350,000, and assumed payment of $58,700 of the com- pany's bonds. In 1895 it had 2 national banks (cap. $550,- 000), 2 savings banks (resources $1,909,116); loan and building assoc. (resources $169,854), 3 insurance cos. (as- sets $202,628), 2 trust cos. (cap. $179,900), and a monthly periodical. AUBURN, city, cap. of Cayuga co., N. Y.; pop. (1890), 25,858 ; (1895) est- 30,000. In 1894 the assessed valua- A m URN THEOLOGICAL smflNAR Y. [fs- tions were, real $9,323,055, personal t3, 283, 196— total, $12,606,251, and tax rate 124.12 per $1,000; 1895, the total bonded debt was $815,000, which included $300,000 balance of cost of the Auburn AVater Works Co^s. plant, purchased 1893, and $112,000 assumed bonds of the com- pany. In 1895 the city had 4 first-class hotels, a trolley road with 5^ m. of track, and 10 periodicals, of which 2 were daily and 5 weekly. AUBURN THEOLOaiOAL SEMINARY, Auburn, N. Y. : Instructors at the close of 1894, 9; students, 94; graduates since organization, 1,300; value of property, $600,000. President, Rev. Henry M. Booth, d.d. In Jan., 1894, the Welch Memorial Building was completed and dedicated. It contains six large lecture rooms, each with an adjoining room for the private study of the pro- fessor; and connected with it is the Willard Memorial Chapel, a recent gift by the daughters of Dr. Sylvester Willard, which was completed later in the year. AUGSBURG SEMINARY, Minneapolis, Minn.: In- structors at the close of 1894, 8; students, 120; graduates since organization, 276; vols, in library, 1,500. President, George Sverdrup. AUGUSTA, citv, cap. of Kennebec co., and of the State of Maine ; pop. (1890) 10,527. In 1893 the assessed valu- ation was $5,795,782 ; valuation for state taxation $7,669,246; tax rate 1894, $22 per $1,000; bonded debt, 1894, $269,000, floating $51,000— total, $320,- 000. In 1895 it had 3 national banks (cap. $450,000), 2 savings banks (resources $7,020,931), loan and building assec. (resources $229,617); a trust co. (cap. $50,000), a trolley road extending to Gardiner and operating 7 m. of track, and a daily, 5 weekly, 2 semi -monthly, and 13 monthly periodicals. AUGUSTA, city, cap. of Richmond co., Ga.; pop. (1890) 33,300; (1895) est. 45,000. In 1890 its manufacturing in- dustries had a capital investment of $7,770,688, of which $5,337,362 was in cotton mills, and an output valued at $9,244,850. In 1894 its assessed valuations were: Real $16,572,650, personal $5,830,948— total, $22,403,598; city tax rate $12.50 per $1,000, total rate $23.27; and in 1895 the total debt, all bonded, was $1,752,800, and city property included the Augusta canal, value $1,500,000, waterworks^ PG] Atr^tTSTANA COLLEGE. value 1600,000, and real estate, value $200,000. There are 52 churclies, evenly divided between white and colored people; 12 cotton mills in the city and suburbs with total capital of $7,170,000; 80 m. of streets; 23 m. of electric railway track; 8 banks with aggregate capital of $1,125,000; annual trade $65,000,000; 10 steam railways; 2 hospitals; public library; the Medical Dept. of the Univ. of Georgia; and 4 daily,"^ 5 Aveekly, and 2 monthly periodicals. The annual receipts of cotton average 200,000 bales, value $6,000,000-$8,000,000, and consumption by local mills 85,000 bales. AUGUSTAISTA COLLEGE, Rock Island, 111.: Instruc- tors at the close of 1894, 27; students, 509; graduates since organization, 171; vols, in library, 15,000; value of property, $180,000. President, 0. Olsson, d.d.,ph.d. AURORA, city, Kane CO., 111.; pop. (1890) 19,688; (1894) est. 25,000. In 1894 the total assessed valuation was $3,904,692 ; estimated real value $19,523,460 ; total city debt $188,000; township and school debt additional $55,000. Of the water bonds, $46,000 was pavable Feb. 1, 1895, another $46,000 will be due Feb. 1, 1900, and two other payments of $46,000 and $30,000, the last due Aug. 1, 1914, will extinguish this debt. In 1895 it had a trolley road with 16 m. of track and 2 m. of sidings, and 4 daily, 2 semi-weekly, and 4 weekly news- papers. AUSTIN, Alfred: poet; b. at Headinglv, England, May 10, 1835. In 1894 he published The Garden That I Love. AUSTIN", city, cap. of Travis co. and of the State of Texas; pop. (1890) 14,575. In 1894 the assessed valua- tions were, real $8,384,429, personal $2,640,939— total, $11,025,368 ; tax rate $19.23 per $1,000 ; and the bonded debt $1,525,000 ; sinking fund $57,065 ; net debt $1,467,- 935. After a litigation of several years over the 1890 issue of bonds for the construction of a dam across the Colorado river and the establishment of water and elec- tric lighting plants for the city, the State Supreme Court May 25, 1893, declared the city bonds legal obligations. The amount involved was $1,400,000, and a tax is now leviea for the payment of interest and the creation of a A trSTHALlA N- LAND-TITLE STSl^M. [pU sinking fund. In 1895 it had a trolley road with 13i m. of track, and 2 daily, 7 weekly, and 3 monthly periodicals. AUSTEALIAN LAND-TITLE AND TRANSFER SYSTEM: A system of public registration of land-titles and transfers, introduced in Australia by Sir Richard Torrens^ and from him known as the Torrens system. It h:i3 been in use in Manitoba, Canada, since 1885, and pre= vails in some localities in England and Germany. It was .idopted by the legislature of Illinois in 1895, conditionally upon its ratification in particular counties; and in Nov. , 1895, was adopted by popular vote of Cook County, including the city of Chicago, by a vote of 82,507 to 5,308. It provides for the public registration of titles and the public guaranty of their validity. Any one may register his title ujDon pay- ment of a moderate fee, and will receive a certificate, and the registrar is required to publish a weekly list of first registrations; and keep it posted in his office for six months; and enter the registration upon the tract index in his office. He must give to the owner a certificate of reg- istration; and this certificate, if not attacked successfully in the courts in the meantime, Avill after five years be con- clusive evidence of title. Tax titles will not be regis- tered till the holder has had undisputed possession of the tax-sale property for 10 years, and has paid taxes thereon 7 years. The certificates of title may be used as negotia- ble securities. Certificates are made out in duplicate, and numbered consecutively. One copy must remain in the registrar's office forever as record of title; the duplicate being given to the owner, whose name must be set forth with full particulars for identification. The certificate must show all mortgages, encumbrances, liens, and charges; and must be received in every court as conclusive evidence of the title of the property. Transfers are accomplished by deed, mortgage, or lease. On the death of the owner, lands so registered are treated as personal estate. Notices of judgments, etc., must be filed with the registrar before they become liens on the property. An indemnity fund is created by a tax of one-tenth of one per cent, on the value of the property certified for the first time, which is held to protect innocent persons who suffer loss under the opera- tion of the law. The fee for registration is 115, and this covers all expenses up to the granting of the certificate; and for each certificate and its registration the fee is $2.00. Fi] A USTB lA-H UNGAR Y. AUSTEIA-HUNGAEY: An empire of Europe; Em- peror Francis Joseph I., |)roclaimed emperor of Austria, Dec. 2, 1848, and King of Hungary, June 8, 1867. Early in 1894 a Farmers^ Congress held in Vienna adopted a series of resolutions expressing a popular de- mand for electoral reform; and the government brought out in the reichsrath, March 4, a program which proposed to add to the 353 deputies, elected by four groups, a fifth group composed of citizens who pay five florins annually in direct taxation, or workingm.en who are members of in- surance societies, thus largely extending the suifrage. These proposals, however, met with little favor, as quite in- adequate. Late in Nov. the ministry announced that the government refused to go beyond its fundamental principle that the electorate shall be divided into social strata. It would concede that the laboring classes should be em- powered through their corporations to send representatives to the chamber of deputies, but would take no steps to- ward universal sulfrage. Continued expressions of popu- lar discontent led the government to bring forward its measure in June, 1895, but'with no popular favor. A dem- onstration of workingmen was attempted in Vienna June 10, but was forbidden by the police. But some 10,000 gathered in the streets, and there was much disorder. The measure was as unpopuhir in the reichsrath, each of the existing parties feeling that they would lose some votes by its success. The labor leaders continued lo advocate universal suffrage with unfailing persistence. In Feb., 1894, the government introduced a civil- marriage bill in the Hungarian chamber. It v\^as earnestly opposed by the ultramontane party, but was taken up by a decisive vote of the chamber, and passed its second reading in April, but was rejected by the upper house. The ministry offered to resign, but consented to continue, and the lower house passed the bill again May 21. Prime Minister Wekerle now wished the emperor to create new peers enough to insure its passage through the upper house; but the emperor refused, and Wekerle and his colleagues resigned May 31. Count Khiin Hedervary in vain attempted to form a ministry, and Dr. Wekerle again took office, and June 22, under pressure from the emj^eror, the bill passed the upper house. It makes marriage and divorce civil functions, regulated by uniform law through- AUSTBIA-HUNOARY. ont Hungary. In Oct. bills were approved defining the re- lations of church and state, regulating civil marriages, re- quiring registration of births and deaths, and determining the status of children of mixed marriages, the clericals and conservatives opposing and the liberals carrying the meas- ures, which received the emperor's sanction Dec. 10, 1894. A bill declaring absolute freedom of vv^orship, and one for the official recognition of Judaism, were passed by the lower house, but defeated in the upper. Dec. 28, 1894, Dr. Wekerle again resigned, and Jan. 11, 1895, Baron Banffy, president of the chamber of deputies, and a liberal as pronounced as Wekerle, became Hungarian prime minister. He again offered the rejected bills, and March 22 they were carried through the upjoer house by the cast- ing vote of the president, though the clause recognizing persons of no religious belief was stricken out. In April the papal nuncio to Austria activ(3ly oj^posed the bills, and this act was publicly denounced by Baron Banffy, who an- nounced, May 1, that a protest had been sent to the pope. In fact his protest had been detained for consideration by the imperial minister of foreign affairs. Count Kalnoky, and May 2 it was announced in Vienna that Count Kalnoky did not sanction the attack on the nuncio, and at the same time Count Kalnoky resigned. The emperor re- fused to accept the resignation, and there were explana- tions; but the liberals insisted that Kalnoky should openly apologize to Banffy and should exact reparation from the Vatican. Kalnoky finally resigned, the nuncio was re- called, and May 14 the Hungarian upper house again re- fused to grant equal rights to those professing no religion, and May 16 they passed the bill removing the disabilities of Hebrews. In Nov., 1895, it was reported that the new civil-marriage law Avas considerably increasing the number of marriages, the peasants, who regard it as ungodly, hastening to marry before the new law goes into effect, while many who were unable to marry under the old re- strictions, because of religious differences, are hailing the new liberty. In Feb., 1894, there were 72 arrests in Prague of per- sons said to belong to the Omladina, a secret society which was thought to have inspired the murder of Rudolf Mrva. The trials closed Feb. 21 with the acquittal of two, but the QOnvictiou of the others of seditious conduct, an'^. th^ir Ga] a USTRIA-U JJNGAli T, sentence to terms of imprisonment varying from two to eight weeks. The death of tlie illustrious Hungarian patriot Kossuth, March 20, 1894, led to resolutions of respect and public honor in the Hungarian chamber of deputies, and his funeral was celebrated April 1 at Budapest with great re- spect and popular emotion. In Dec, 1894, the government secured from the Roths- child syndicate a loan of 76,000,000 florins ($36,000,000) in gold to complete the reform of the currency of the empire. In May, 1895, there v/ere riotous demonstrations in Vienna, ostensibly anti-Semitic, but in fact largely social- istic, as the anti-Semitic movement both in Austria and Germany is also an anti-capitalistic movement. It was connected with the popular discontent at the postj^one- ment of electoral reform. The municipal elections re- turned 64 anti-Semites, 62 liberals, and 12 independents. This gave the anti-Semites the right to the vice-presidency of the council, which carries with it the office of deputy- mayor. They chose Dr. Liiger, the anti-Semitic leader in the reichsrath. The mayor. Dr. Gruebl, declined to be as- sociated with Liiger, and resigned, w^hereupon the latter was elected burgomaster, but by a majority so narrow that he was unwilling to accept office. The masses, holding that he Avas hindered by Jewish machinations, broke out into riot, and May 29 a mob seized the city hall. Another vote for burgomaster gave no requisite majority. May 30 the government dissolved the Vienna council, ap- pointing an imperial commissary to govern the city, Avith the assistance of fifteen councillors — seven liberals, seven anti-Semites, and one neutral — Dr. Liiger being excluded from taking part in the administration. June 17, 1895, Prince von Windischgratz, who had been imperial prime minister since 1893, resigned. He was succeeded by Count Taafe, who in turn was succeeded in Nov., 1895, by Count Badeni. The new prime minister is said to possess the fullest confidence of the emperor, and is considered above the present narrow party strifes, and likely to have a successful ministry. AUTHORS^ ASSOCIATION, organized in New York, 1892, under the title of The Association of American Au- thors, now entitled The .American Authors' Guild (under AVTSORS. [Gfi which name it was incorporated 1895), has for its objects the jn'omotion of a professional spirit among authors, and a better understanding between authors and publishers by some practical means of securing accurate returns of sales; also, to advise authors as to the value of literary property and the different modes of publishing; to see that con- tracts are drawn so as to secure authors' rights; to settle disputes in these matters by arbitration or at law; to secure any reforms needed, as in copyright and postal rates; and in general to guard literary property and advance the in- terests of American authors and literature. All persons engaged in literary pursuits are eligible to membership. Surplus moneys from fees or bequests are to be held as a pension fund for necessitous members. The initiation fee is 15; the annual dues 13; life-membership $50. The first pres. was Col. Thomas W. Higginson; pres. for the year ending 1896, Oct. 9, Gen. James Grant Wilson. The membership has increased to about 300, including many noted writers. A movement is begun to establish State Guilds, and is to be tried in Massachusetts. A public reading, 1895, May, yielded over $400 toward the pension fund: The present secretary is Henry Hardwicke, 120 Broadway, New York. The seal of the guild is a hand holding up a pair of scales, with the motto Simm Cuique. AUTHORS^ BRITISH SOCIETY OF : an association organized 1883, for the same purposes as the later Amer. Authors' Guild, with over 800 members, and open to all persons. Its governing council of thirty is self-perpetua- tive. It has opened a spacious authors' club-room and pub- lishes a periodical. The Autlior. The most noted writers are among its members, and Lord Tennyson was its presi- dent until his death. AUTHORS' CLUB, a social club in New York, to which any one is said to be eligible for election who has written a book, but probably this requirement is elastic. It was founded in 1882, and meets fortnightly on Thurs- day evening for unceremonious conversation, with a colla- tion — at present in rooms at Seventh Ave. and Fifty-sixth St. Rossiter Johnson, J. D. Champlin, Editor L. S. Met- calf, and the late Prof. H. H. Boyesen, have been among the most active members, the total membership numbering about 170. Gc] A UTHORS. AUTHORS, FRENCH SOCIETY OF {Soclete dcs Gem de Lettres), a society organized 1837, especially for the protection of anthors in their rights. At first much opposed, it has grown to be a dominant power. Any man of letters is eligible. An electiye committee of 24 is in control. In the first 30 years $2-46,800 was collected, mostly from pirating publishers. Its pension fund proyides for aid in work, for tne sick, and for age. The society publishes a journal, the Clironique, and also a bulletin of items for editors of literary journals. AVALON COLLEGE, Trenton, Mo.: Instructors at the close of 1894, 11; students, 241; graduates since organiza- tion, 63; yols. in library, 5,000. President, F. A. Kum- ler, A.M. BABB, Washijs'GTOI^ Irving, jurist: b. near Burling- ton, la., 1844; entered the Iowa Wesleyan Uniyersity 1860, but left to join the Union army 1862; returned to the uniyersity 1864 and completed the course; studied law and was admitted to the bar 1868; settled in Mount Pleasant to l^ractice; was twice elected a district judge, and was the unsuccessful Dem. candidate for goyernor of Iowa 1895. BABIES' HOSPITAL, Xos. 657 and 659 Lexington Ayenue, New York; founded in 1887. The report at the end of 1894 showed that the hospital sheltered 43 children who were cared for by 18 nurses. A child to be receiyed must be under three years of age. The number receiyed since 1887 is 1,500, Avho haye receiyed an ayerage of 4 weeks' treatment. The buildings were completely renoyated and refitted in 1894. They are diyided into small wards, the largest con- taining 8 beds, and the smallest 6. Connected with the hospital. is a training school for nursery maids, from which 60 in all haye graduated, 22 haying graduated in 1895. The graduated nursery maids haye been trained to take entire care of a nursing or arti- ficially fed infant, and are much desired for domestic ser- vice, wdiere they show the practical worth of their training. The children are sent from the police stations, the day nurseries, and the Children's Aid Society. The applica- tions for admission during the year were twice as many as could be receiyed. The hospital receiyes 15,000 a year from the city, and BADEN. [GD during 1894 received 110,000 from private charity; its ex- penses equaled the income. A bed can be endowed in perpetuity for $5,000, during two lives for 1-1,000, and for one life for 13,000; and can be supported one year for 1250. Connected with the hospital is a seaside hospital at Sea- bright, N. J., comprising three cottages and grounds of three acres extent, in which 157 children, sent out from the Babies^ Hospital, were cared for during a month of the summer of 1895. The influence of the hospital has been felt in the city hospitals, which have been led to establish large and com- plete infant departments. Other cities have also followed their initiative, and similar charities have been established in Chicago, Buffalo, and San Francisco. BADEN, Grakd Duciiy of, one of the States of the German empire; pop. (1890) 1,657,867; cap., Carlsruhe; reigning grand duke, Friedrich I. The budget is voted for a period of two years; estimates for 1894-96, revenue 75,782,366 marks (118,036,203), expenditure 81,251,544 marks (119,337,867); deficiency to be made up from sur- plus of former years. The oidy public debt is that in- curred for railway construction, which amounted 18'94 to 327,505,755 marks (179,946,369). The revenue included the share of the duchy in the customs receipts of the em- pire, 12,078,942 marks (12,874,718), and the expenditures, the duchv's contribution to the empire, 14,103,394 marks ($3,356,607). BADENI, Count Casimir Felix, Austrian statesman: b. in Poland, Oct. 14, 1846; received a university educa- tion; entered the Austrian civil service; became district chief at Zolkiew 1871; was called to the ministry of the in- terior 1873; appointed governor of Galicia 1888; and ac- cepted the office of prime minister of Austria-Hungary, vSept. 15, 1895. He belongs to a noble family, is conserva- tive in politics, and has proven himself an able adminis- trator. BAGIRMI, a sultanate of Central Africa, between Lake Chad, the Lower Shari river, and the Sokoro hills west of Lake Fitri, inhabited by the Barmaghe Mohammedan negroes. By the Franco-German agreement of Feb. 1, ge] BAHIA. 1895, it was reserved, with all the region east of the Shari, to the French sphere of influence. BAHIA, one of the provinces of Brazil; also the cap. of the same and the second largest commercial city in the re- public; pop. province (1888) official estimate, 1,821,089; city (1892) est., 80,000. U. S. Consul McDaniel reported May 1, 1895, that general business showed a marked im- provement; that building operations were more active than ever; that an extensive coaling depot has been completed on land reclaimed from the sea; and that the manufacture of cotton goods has reached larger proportions than in any other city in Brazil. One stock company with cap. of II,- 600,000 is completing a large plant, facing the bayf another with the same cap. operates two large cotton factories and a boot and shoe factory; and a third with cap. of $880,000 has secured control of six factories, with an annual consumption of 2,228,600 lbs. of raw cotton. . BAILEY, James Montgomeky, author and humorist, known as ^' The Danbury News Man:^' b. in Albany, N. Y., Sept. 25, 1841; d. in Danbury, Conn., March 4, 1894. At the time of his death he was projorietor of the Dan- bury News which he founded in 1870, and in connection with which his reputation as a humorist was made. Ho was also a life member of the Connecticut Humane So- ciety, the Connecticut Historical Society, and the Fairfield County Historical Society, and of many other organiza- tions and fraternities, and president of the local Board of Trade. BAIKD, Hexry Martyis^, ph.d., d.d., ll.d., educatoi' and historian: b. in Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 17, 1832. In 1894 he contributed to the Methodist Review an important historical article on Refugee Churches in England; and in 1895 he published the Huguenots and the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (2 vols., 8vo), being the third in a series of works, of which the earlier were The Rise of the Huguenots in France, and The Huguenots and Henry of Navarre. BAKER, James, English journalist and author. Dur- ing 1894 he contributed to the London Times, Pall MaD Gazette, Morning Post, and Globe; and published Pictures from Bohemia with Pen and Pencil, with profuse illnstra- BAKER. [GF tions (reprinted in the United States); and A Forgotten Great Englishman. BAKER, LucTEN", lawyer: b. in Gorham, Fulton co., 0., 1847; graduated at Adrian College, Mich.; admitted to the bar of Monroe co., Mich., 1868; and has practiced since in Leavenivorth, Kan. He has been city atty. and State senator, and an unsuccessful candidate for county atty. and Congress, and was elected U. S. senator as a Rep., 1895. He is a brother of John H. Baker, U. S. district judge for the Indiana district, and has been con- spicuous in opposing Populism. BAKU, one of the provinces of Asiatic Russia, on the Caspian Sea; also the cap. and seaport of the same; pop. (1892) prov. 768,536; city 107,761. The province contains the most productive petroleum (locally, naphtha) oil wells in the world, the owners of which, aided by the government authorities, are now seeking to control the oil trade of Europe and Asia and to exclude the petroleum production of the U. S. In Oct., 1895, negotiations were pending be- tween Russia and Italy for a commercial treaty under which Italy would adopt a preferential tariff on Russian petroleum. To meet the competition of the U. S., the Russians are re- ducing expenses and figuring closely, and the railways are aiding them by low transj)ortation rates. Between Aug. 12 and Sept. 12, 1895, there were shipped from Baku by rail alone 11,386 cistern carloads of oil. Russian crude oil only yields 30 per cent, of refined oil, against 90 per cent, in the case of American. At Baku the oil is estimated and sold by weight, the unit being the pood, or 36,112 lbs. BALFOUR, Rt. Hok. Arthue James, p.c, ll.d., D.C.L., E.R.S., statesman and author: b. July 25, 1848. In 1894 he contributed to the International Journal of Ethics an article on Naturalism and Ethics; and in 1895 he pub- lished in London and New York The Foundations of Belief. BALFOUR, Gerald AVilliam, chief secretary for Ireland: b. Edinburgh, Scotland, 1853; brother of the Rt. Hon. Arthur J. Balfour, and nephew of the Marquis of Salisbury; educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cam- bridge; private secretary to liis brother when president of the Local Government Board 1885; M. P. for the central division of Leeds since 1885; married a daughter of the 1st Earl of Lytton 1887; and member of the Labor Commission AG] BALL. 1891. On the accession of the conservative ministry under the' Marquis of Salisbury, June 25, 1895, he was appointed chief secretary for Irehind, a post held by his brother 1887-91. BALL, Sir Robert Stawell, ll.d., f.r.s., astronomer: b. in Dublin, Ireland, July 1, 1840. He furnished to the Smithsonian Institute Reports in 1894 papers entitled: Atoms and Sunbeams, and Wanderings of the North Pole; and published in 1894 The Story of the Sun; and in 1895 An Atlas of Astronomy. BALLAISTTYN^E, Robert M., author: b. in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1825; d. in Rome, Italy, Feb. 8, 1894. BALLOT REFORM. In 1895, every State in the U. S., excepting Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, and South Carolina, had adopted some reformed plan of ballot- ing, based on the Australian system and modified to suit local conditions. The first States that adopted a reformed plan were Massachusetts, for the whole State, and Ken- tucky, for the city of Louisville, both in 1888. Subse- quent experience and legislation have led to a variety in the forms of the ballot, which in brief are: (1) in New York and New Jersey, there is a separate ballot for each party ticket, and pasters are allowed; (2) in all other States which have reformed their ballot system, there is a single ballot, usually called a ^'^ blanket^' ballot, because of its size, on which the voter indicates his choice — for a straight vote — by marking a cross in the circle at the head of the column containing the nominees of his party, and for a scattered or split vote, by making a cross in the space be- fore the desired name. Two forms of the single ballot are in use: (a) one, following the Australian plan, in which the titles of the offices are arranged alphabetically, the names of the candidates and of the party following; (b) one which groups all names and offices by parties. In the New York State election, in Nov., 1895, the single ballot had ten columns, one for each organization that had made regular nominations, and another column containing only the titles of the offices to be filled, with a space on the left to indicate the choice by making a cross, and a space be- neath the title of office, in which the voter could write the name of any person for whom he desired to vote, whose name was not printed in any of the party columns of the Baltic and nop.th sea caJ^al. [qh ballot. This ballot was the largest that has ever been used. Each of the ten columns was headed by a registered party emblem, the circle in which to indicate the choice for a straight vote, and the name of the party organization; and the parties making full nominations had nineteen names. For several days prior to the election each of the large parties had ^^ voting schools/^ in which voters were instructed in the manner of voting the ballot. All of the old time ^^ scratching ^^ of ballots is avoided in each variety of the reformed methods. A newer feature of ballot reform is the substitution for the ballot paper, which is folded and deposited by hand, of voting machines, which are contrivances that both re- cord the votes and count them, enabling inspectors to see at any moment how many votes have been cast and for whom. No machine has as yet (1895) come into general use, but several States have authorized their employment, and others have referred the question of their adoption to local option. Three varieties of the voting machine have been legally sanctioned, (1) the Myers, in which the single ballot is placed in a frame having a push-knob for each candidate, the voter indicating his choice by pushing the knob opposite his candidate's name, when the machine indicates the vote on a dial at the back of the frame, and locks the knobs of all other candidates for the same office (be- fore a second voter is ready, all knobs are unlocked); (2) the McTammany, which contains on its face a slot for each office, beneath which is a card bearing the names of the candidates for the office seen through the slot, the voter's choice being indicated by turning a wheel till the name of his candidate appears, when he pushes a knob which punctures the tally-sheet; and (3) the Rhines, in which the names are arranged as in the Myers by parties and offices, slip names are inserted in the push-buttons, and separate tally-sheets for each candidate with vertical serial numbers are placed beneath the face, the voter pushing a button which places a punch in such a position for each name that when the lid of the machine is closed the next number on each tally-sheet is punctured. BALTIC AND NOETH SEA CANAL, extending from Kiel, on Kiel Bay, at the southwest corner of the Baltic Sea, 61 m. southwesterly across Schleswig-Holstein Gi] nALTIMORE. to Brunsbuttel on the Elbe, near its debouchure into the North Sea. It is 200 ft. wide and 28 deep to give passage to the largest ships. It was constructed by an appropria- tion by the German Imperial Government amounting to 125,000,000, and by the Prussian Government of 112,500,- 000, and was officially opened Sept. 29, 1894. The work was, however, far from complete at that time, and the great naval celebration of the opening was not till June, 1895. June 19 the emperor and suite arrived at Hamburg, where, at a civic banquet, he declared that the great work was in the interests of peace, not war. June 20 the em- peror's yacht HohenzoUern entered the canal from the North Sea, and was followed through by twenty-three vessels of different nations. June 21 the emperor laid the keystone of the canal at Kiel, which will form the pedes- tal of a statue of the emperor William I., under whom the w^ork was begun. June 22 there were maneuvers of the German fleet in Kiel Bay. More than 80 warships of different nations took part in the celebration, of which there were from Germany 30, Sweden and Norway 11, Great Britain 11, Denmark 6, the United States 4, Austria- Hungary 4, Kussia 3, France 3, Spain 3, the Netherlands 2, Roumania 2, Portugal 1, and Turkey 1. An important feature of tlie canal is the bridges by which it is crossed. Four lines of railway pass over these, and two of them over fixed bridges so high that full-masted vessels may pass beneath with only the lowering of the royal mast, the height being 137 ft. 9 3-4 inches. These two bridges have an arched span of 511 ft., the longest in Germany. The other railways pass by swing bridges with the pivot in the canal bank. The registered tonnage of the traffic between the North Sea and the Baltic was estimated for 1895 at 18,521,212 tons, having increased about 50 per cent, since 1880. It is believed that the saving per ton for vessels taking the canal route will average 25 cents. The toll rates have been fixed so low as to pay but a small interest on the cost of con- struction. BALTIMORE, city, port of entry, co-extensive with Baltimore City co., Md.; pop. (1890) 434,439; (1895) est. 500,000. Mayor Latrobe reported Jan. 1, 1895, cash bal- ance Dec. 31, 1893, $572,381.54; receipts from all sources BALUGBISTAN. [ns 1804, 112,914,068.98— total, $13,486,450.52; expenditures 1894, $13,217,503.86— balance Dec. 31, 1894, $268,946.66. The debt Jan. 1, 1895, was $31,126,626 (including water debt $6,576,500); sinking funds and other assets $6,733,246; net debt $24,393,380. The assessed valuations for taxation Jan. 1, 1895, were: Eeal estate $244,775,740, personal $75,946,737— total, $320,722,477. There were 179 public schools, of which 165 were day schools, with 1,557 teachers and 59,808 enrolled pupils, and 69 night school teachers and 2,215 pupils, besides 30 special teachers for all the schools. The estimate for current expenses of the schools 1895 was $1,210,590. In the fiscal year ending June 30, 1895, the imports of merchandise aggregated in value $12,260,706, and the exports $61,938,877, an increase of $281,806 in imports, and a decrease of $16,483,252 in ex- ports. The clearances were 147 sailing vessels of 58,673 tons and 488 steam vessels of 918,503 tons, and the en- trances, 141 sailing vessels of 56,196 tons and 329 steam vessels of 577,439 tons. In 1895 there were 23 national banks (cap. $13,326,950), 6 state banks (cap. $1,123,500), 2 trust and deposit companies (cap. $1,500,000), a fidelity and trust company, and 19 private banking-houses. There were over 250 m. of cable and trolley railway lines, com- prising a rapid transit equipment representing an invest- ment of over $20,000,000. A tax on the gross receipts of the street railway companies, amounting 1895 to $250,000, furnishes the cost of maintaining the public park system, for which the city has a world-v/ide reputation, and of acquiring new tracts. An additional park of over 400 acres was acquired 1895, at a cost of $710,000, which will also be paid for from this tax. The new park is the old Clifton estate of Johns Hopkins, on which it is proposed to hold a great exposition 1897, the city appropriating $500,000 to permanently beautify the grounds and erect buildings that shall remain as park attractions. In 1895 Baltimore had 70 periodicals, of which 8 were daily, 1 semi-weekly, 32 weekly, 2 semi-monthly, 23 monthly, 1 semi-quarterly, and 3 quarterly. BALUCHISTAN, country in Southern Central Asia, bordering on Afghanistan, British India, and Persia; com- prising Independent Baluchistan, Quetta and the Bolan (administered by the British government), British Baluchis- HA] BAMBERG. tan^ and the territory of some Afghan and Baluch tribes on the border of India; pop. of Independent and British Bahichistan, about 500/JOO; seat of administration, Quetta; Khan, Mir Mahmoud. Since 1803, when Khudadad Khan, found guilty of having murdered his minister and other subjects, was permitted to abdicate in favor of his son, Mir Mahmoud, the region has been quite pacific. Serious trouble was threatened early in 1894; but the firmness of the new khan overcame it. He has given evidence of a desire to cultivate close relations with the British, and has oifered to equip and maintain at his own expense a military force which shall be at all times at the disposal of the British Indian government. The Bolan and Sind-Pishin railways are under the control of the British; surveys have been made recently for a railway from Karachi to the forti- fied city of Quetta, passing through Khelat, the largest city; and a submarine cable has been laid from Karachi to the Persian gulf, touching at Gwadar, whence a telegraph line has been extended to Quetta. In 1894 the imports at Lus Bela and Khelat aggregated 51,500 Rx (about 1113,300), and the exports 112,800 Rx (about 1248,160), the entire trade being with British India. BAMBERGr, city in Bavaria, Upper Franconia, Germany; noted for its manufactures of porcelain and jewelry; pop. (1890) 35,248. In the quarter ending June 30, 1895, the exports declared here for the U. S. aggregated in value 198,884.75, an increase of $47,247.48 over the total for the corresponding quarter 1894. The principal articles, in order of value, were baskets and basketware; china, glass, porcelain, stone and earthenware; wine, brandy, beer and liquors; and hops. BARLEY. See Agricultuke. BANCROFT, Hubert Howe, historian: b. ai Gran^ ville, 0., May 5, 1832. He published in 1894, separately in Spanish and English, Resources and Development of Mexico. BANGKOK, citv, cap. of the kingdom of Siam; pop. (1894) est. 000,000, chiefly Chinese. IJ. S. Minister Barrett I'cported July 8, 1895, that the city was one of many Oriental ports that would furnish ample cargoes for U. S. merchantmen should our shipping interests ever regain their former hold in that part of the world, and that the BANGOR. [HB British, Frencli and Germans were striving vigorously to control the Siamese carrying trade, all of which centres in Bangkok. During the calendar year 1894, 516 vessels entered the port, not one from the U. S. Great Britain had the majority, 371, and Germany was second with 62. The total tonnage was 414,583. Of the total value of cargoes brought into port by 412 vessels, $17,083,456, English vessels carried 114,787,742, or about 80 per cent. At present the foreign trade is principally with Singapore, Hong Kong, the British Shan States, and Yunnan. BANGOR, city, port of entry, cap. of Penobscot co.. Me.; pop. (1890) 19,103. During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1895, the imports of merchandise aggregated $1,043,634, and exports $1,104,246. The assessed valua- tions 1894 were: Keal $8,875,209, personal $4,165,494— total, $13,040,703; tax rate $21.50 per $1,000; total debt Jan. 1, 1895, $1,799,175 (including water debt $500,000 and floating $30,000); sinking fund $1,050,000; net debt $749,175. In 1895 there were 5 national banks (cap. $750,000), 2 savings banks (resources $4,863,405), a trust and banking company (cap. $165,500), a private bank, an electric street railway extending to Brewer with 8 m. of track, and 3 daily, 4 weekly and 5 monthly periodicals. BANGS, John Ken"drick, journalist and author: jmb- lished in 1894 Three Weeks in Politics, and The Water Ghost and Others; and in 1895 contributed to Harper's Magazine and other periodicals, and published The Idiot, Mr. Bonaparte of Corsica, and A House-Boat on the Styx. BANK OF ENGLAND. Established in 1694; has ordinary banking and issue departments, wholly separate but under the same management; amount of notes issued limited to value of metallic securities. On Jan. 2, 1895, the circulation rested on the follov/ing security: Gold and bullion, £30,849,895; government debt, £11,015,100; other securities, £5,784,000— total issues, £47,649,895 ($231,- 578,489). The banking department reported capital £14,- 553,000; surplus £3,192,427; deposits £44,797,537; other liabilities £143,967— total liabilities, £62,689,931 ($304,- 658,484). The assets comprised: Government securities £14,689,099; other securities £24,025,528; notes £21,731,- 120; coin £2,241,184— total, £62,686,921. The metallic reserve and securities of the issues department are not sub- HC] BANKING SYSTEMS. ject to the other liabilities of the bank. Notes may be issued on silver bullion to the extent of one-fifth of its metallic reserve. See Baxkixg Systems oe the World, United Kingdom. The government ov/es the Bank £11,015,100, on which it pays 2 3-4 per cent, interest till April 5, 1903. After that date it will pay 2 1-2 per cent., unless the Bank has given six-months notice declining to accept that rate; in which case the debt may be paid off without further notice, and until payment the interest will remain 2 3-4. At the half-yearly general court of the directors and company, March 15, 1894, it was announced that the chief cashier, Mr. May, had been guilty of grave irregularities, and had been obliged to resign. To meet all possible loss £250,000 had been set aside. At 'he half-yearly general court following, Sept. 13, it was announced that the net profits for the half year were £587,429, as against £635,- 904 for the previous half year; and a half-year's dividend of £4 per cent., interest and profits, was made, as against £4 10s. per cent, for the previous half year. The leading cause of the diminished profits was said to be due, not to any fresh losses, nor any necessity to increase the provision to cover losses, but to an unprecedented accumulation of the reserves in the hands of the Bank, and the very low value of money during the period. In March, 1894, the liabilities on the Baring liquida- tion amounted to £3,537,667, of which the debt due to the Bank of England was £3,450,000. During the subse- quent half-year the liabilities were reduced to £2,481,985, and the debt due the Bank to £2,409,000; and Xov. 21, 1894, the liquidation was finally closed, the remaining se- curities, valued at about £2,000,000 being transferred by the Bank to a syndicate which relieved the Bank of further responsibility. ' BANKING SYSTEMS, FOREIGN. In 1895 the U. S. comptroller of the currency, aided by the ambassadors, min- isters, and consuls of the U. S., undertook to gather infor- mation concerning foreign banking systems. Replies were received from 23 countries, those from 21 giving in detail the information desired. The following is a brief sum- mary of the foreign methods thus ascertained: Belgium, — Kinds: Banque Nationale, commercial and BANKING SYSTEMS. [hd co-operative banks, mortgage companies. All banks ex- cept Banqne Rationale may allow interest; no legal provi- sions governing deposits; no official approval of plan of, organization; branch banks permitted; license fee based on earnings required except from Banque Rationale, which is taxed on its circulation, limited to three times its coin re- serve and guaranteed by available assets. The State is not a shareholder in any bank. Annual statements required of some banks; monthly of others. Canada. — Kinds: Government and postal savings banksj commercial banks^ mortgage companies^ private bankers. A special act of parliament, joroof of contribution of capi- tal, and treasury bo^rd approval of organization required; management by directors; in nearly all cases double lia- bility imposed on shareholders for claims; no government examinations; monthly reports and special ones vdien called for; no reserve required; loans not allowed on bank stock, real estate, nor completed ships; branch banks per- mitted; government not a shareholder; in insolvency, bank notes are first lien on assets, Dominion and provincial claims second, depositors third; in general, banks issue circulating notes equal to paid-up capital, and accumulate a redemption fund; smallest denomination 15. Chile. — Kinds: Banks of issue and mortgage banks. Compliance with civil and commercial code applying to joint-stock companies, caj^ital stock partly paid, articles of association filed with public officers and published in newspapers, and approval of the president of the republic required; mortgage banks have managers appointed by president of republic; directors responsible for obligations contracted in their time; shareholders liable for amount of stock held; banks of issue report monthly to the minister of finance, others file reports annually; branch banks per- mitted; government not a shareholder; no taxes for bank- ing privileges; general insolvency laAvs applicable to alj banks; circulating notes cannot exceed 150 per cent, of stock, and are guaranteed by deposit of securities in the mint. China. — Kinds: No incorporated banks, foreign banks, private banks. Eeport of organization to local officials and their approval required; government not a shareholder; branch banks permitted; interest allowed on deposits; no taxes imposed for privileges; no report of condition re- fiEj NANKING srSTiiJMS. quired; all banks expected to aid the gaverument with loans and subsidies; circulation unrestricted; no provisions for redeeming bank notes; government money deposited in banks; banks guarantee customers' paper and issue letters of credit; a private bank in each province acts as a govern- ment treasury and receives taxes. Denmark. — Kinds: National Bank of Copenhagen, and private and savings bank^^. National Bank established by special act; capital provided by taxes on real estate, share- holders owning stock equal to their taxes; private banks required to notify public officers of formation and file by- laws; savings banks organize under a special act and by- laws must be sanctioned by the king; shareholders (ex- cepting savings banks) liable for amount of stock held; monthly and annual reports required of all; the National Bank must keep a cash reserve of 25 per cent, in coin of its circulation; deposits received and interest paid by all; the National Bank alone permitted to issue national bank notes, secured by metal reserve and other securities. Ecuador. — Kinds: Commercial banks and mortgage companies. Government officials determine when require- ments are complied vith; 40 per cent, of capital required for starting; shareholders liable for amount of stock held; branch banks permitted; government not a shareholder; tax imposed on circulation; matters of loans, securities, cash reserve, and surplus fund left to directors; government calls for reports on condition and makes examinations when advisable. France. — Kinds: Bank of France, commercial, provincial, and colonial banks. The Bank of France is chartered by the Chambers, has capital of 182,500,000 fr. ($36,500,000), is managed by a governor, 2 deputy governors, 15 coun- cilors, and 3 inspectors, and makes weekly, semi-annual, and annual reports; shareholders liable for amount of investment; loans restricted to 80 per cent, on government securities and 75 per cent, on others; legal reserve fund 10,000,000 fr. ($2,000,000) beside real estate for banking purposes; surplus fund provided for; deposits (smallest 500 fr.) payable at sight without interest at the bank or any branch; government not a shareholder; branch banks com- pulsory; banks taxed 4 per cent, on dividends and render special services; notes payable in coin and redeemed in BANKtMQ SYSTEMS. [^^' gold; circulation authorized to extent of 4,000,000,000 fr. (1800,000,000). Germany. — Kinds: Imperial Bank, commercial and cir- culation banks, and mortgage companies. The Imperial Bank is organized under a special statute, is governed by directors under the chancellor of the empire, and super- vised by five bank curators. The government shares the profits of this bank, which must not pay interest on more than its capital and reserve. Circulation banks organize under a special statute, commercial banks by making an entry in the commercial register, and mortgage banks under grants by the different States; certification of com- pliance with law made by the chancellor or federal council for banks of issue, the State governments for mortgage companies, and the commercial court for commercial banks; imperial law fixes the capital of banks of issue and bank btatutes thai" of other banks; banks of issue make weekly and annual reports, others annual; shareholders of all are liable to full-paid stock held; the Imperial Bank has no re.itrictions as to loans, others have; cash reserve of one-third of circulation required; branch banks permitted; no tax for granting bank charter; the States share in prof- its of banks of issue; insolvency governed by general bankruptcy law; redemption of notes secured by one-third cash or bullion and remainder by discounts payable in three months, with at least two solvent sureties. Ouatemala. — Kinds: Commercial banks and banks of circulation. All regulations for transaction of business must be filed and approved by the government; semi- annual reports required; government experts examine; subject of loans left to directors; cash reserve of two- thirds circulation required of some banks, none for others; accumulation of surplus fund optional with directors; in- terest generally allowed on time deposits; branch banks permitted; government not a shareholder; no tax for privileges; unlimited amount of notes of issue allowed, but sufficient funds must be held for their redemption. Haiti. — Kinds: National Bank of Haiti and private banks. Special statutes regulate organization and man- agement; government not a shareholder; deposits of Haitian currency and XJ. S. gold received Avithout in- terest; branch banks permitted; monthly reports; no tax for banking privileges; bank is fiscal agent of government; hg] banking systems. private bankers pay a foreigner's license; national bank only issues currency, redeemed in U. S. gold. Hawaii. — Kinds: Postal savings and private. A license fee and filing of list of shareholders required; savings banks only pay interest, 5 per cent. ; government not a shareholder; branch banks permitted; no bank notes issued; insolvent banks treated as other insolvents. Italy. — Kinds: Banks of issue only reported on; require- ments established by law; no officer's duty to determine compliance; capital must be currency or gold ingots held in bank; members of parliament cannot be bank managers; general supervision by ministry of agriculture, industry, and commerce, and the treasury department; extraordi- nary examinations made every two years; Bank of Italy can- not loan on its own shares; real estate mortgages taken only for doubtful debts and disposed of within three years; government not a shareholder; branch banks permitted; tax on circulation in excess of caj^ital; notes redeemed in currency; security for circulation currency or gold ingots equal to capital. Netlierlands. — Kinds: Bank of JS'etherlands and private banks; royal sanction and deed of foundation filed are re- quired to start; government not a shareholder, but shares in profits of the Bank of Netherlands, which alone issues circulation; branch banks permitted; weekly balances and annual reports required; no provision as to shareholders' liability. Paraguay. — Kinds: Government, commercial, and pri- vate. Formal application and filing of articles of associa- tion required; no general provisions regarding capital; some banks have government privileges by special arrangement; annual reports published and distributed among share- holders; no restrictions regarding deposits; interest paid generally; branch banks permitted; private banks pay an- nual license of about 8170 in gold; circulating notes re- deemed through the custom-house. Peru. — Kinds: Commercial banks and loan companies. Municipal officers determine compliance with law; govern- ment not a shareholder; branch banks permitted; share- holders liable for amount of investment; tax of 5 per cent, on net profits; interest allowed; monthly and semi-annual rejDorts. Porkigal. — Kinds: Bank of Portugal and commercial BANKING SYSTEMS. [hh banks. Consent of government necessary to start; capital must be fully paid in; shareholders liable for amount of investment; Bank of Portugal managed by a governor, 10 directors, and fiscal board of 7; reports weekly, other banks monthly; restricted interest allowed; government not a shareholder; branch banks permitted; insolvent banks ad- ministered by government commissioner; Bank of Portugal only issues circulation; no provision for redemption. Russia. — Kinds: Imperial Bank, commercial and dis- count banks, savings and co-operative banks, loan and mortgage companies. Banks are chartered on certificate of minister of finance on compliance with law; special re- quirements regarding capital for each bank; shareholders elect council of administration, and are liable for amount of investment; monthly reports to minister of finance and examinations by public officers; dejDosits limited by char- ters; interest payments optional; government not inter- ested in banks excepting the Imperial, a part of the treasury department; bran h banks permitted; net profits taxed 3-5 per cent.; Imperial Bank only issues circulation; notes legally redeemable in gold and silver, but this pro- vision is ignored. Sivitze7'land. — Kinds: State and private banks. Banks of issue must have at least 500,000 fr. ($100,000) in paid- up capital, and may receive deposits and pay interest; general government not a shareholder; but some cantons are; tax of one per cent, on average circulation; cantons may tax up to 6 per cent. ; banks may issue notes to double amount of capital on consent of Federal Council; the Federal treasury redeems notes of retired banks. Turkey. — Kinds: Imperial Ottoman Bank, private banks, and limited liability compaiiies. Imperial Bank under nominal supervision of imperial commissioner; im- perial firman required for limited liability companies, and government passes on organization proceedings; caj^ital, management and shareholders' liability fixed by the statutes of the bank; no reports required; no provisions for examining banks other than the Imperial; branch banks allowed; reserve determined by the statutes in each case; government not a shareholder; interest allowed; Imi^erial Bank only issues notes, for which it pays a tax, and must hold a reserve in cash of 33 per cent, of the value oX the notes. in] BANKS AND BANKING. United Kingdom. — Kinds: Bank of England (q. v.), joint-stocky postal savings^ and private banks. Regula- tions for organization in special statutes. On Jan. 2, 1895, there were 104 joint-stock banks in England and AVales, with £43,862,887 (1216,373,632) capital and 2,468 branches; 10 in Scotland, with 995 branches; 9 in Ireland, with 484 branches; and 32 in the colonies, with 1,733 branches. There y/ere 24 banks incorporated in England boing business in foreign countries. The joint-stock banks in the United Kingdom had a total capital and re- serve of £123,910,000 ($602,202,600) and total deposits of £647,391,000 ($3,146,320,260). Uruguay. — Kinds: Private banks (national bank now in- solvent). Banks file statutes declaring amount of capital and providing for management, passed on by government and attorney-general; branch banks permitted; banks of circulation taxed $2,000 per annum, others $1,000, and all banks $6.50 per annum on each $1,000 of declared capital; circulation restricted to double amount of capital '(limited 1895 to two banks); circulating notes redeemable in gold; government was shareholder in insolvent national bank; circulating notes of insolvent banks are preferred claims. Venezuela. — Kinds: Commercial banks, circulation banks, and mortgage companies. Banks pay license fee and file deed and rules; examinations by government in- spector; government not a shareholder; cash reserve of 25 per cent, of capital of circulation banks and mortgage companies required; interest usually allowed; branch banks permitted; quarterly reports; circulation must not exceed 50 per cent, of capital; notes "redeemed in currency by the banks; insolvent banks liquidated by the government. BANKS AND BANKING-. The annual report of the U. S. comptroller of the currency covers the year ending Oct. 31, 1895. On that day there were 3,715 national banks in operation, having a combined authorized capital of $664,136,915, held by 285,190 shareholders. The banks had circulating notes outstanding aggregating $213,887,- 630, of which $190,180,961 was secured by U. S. bonds, and $23,706,669 by lawful money deposited with the treas- urer of the U. S., and the gross increase in circulation in the year was $6,322,540. Of total resources of $3,423,629,- BANKS AND BANKING. [ij 343.63, loans and disconnts were credited with 12,059,408,- 402.27, and money of all kinds in hand $356,577,580.61. Liabilities were represented by individual deposits 11,701,- 653,521.28, surplus and undivided profits $336,888,350.86, and secured outstanding circulation 1182,481,610.50. Dur- ing the year 43 banks were organized, with aggregate capi- tal $4,890,000; the corporate existence of 71 banks with capital $10,262,000 was extended; 4 banks with capital $300,000 retired on expiration of their corporate existence; 51 banks with capital $6,093,100 went into voluntary liquidation; receivers were appointed for 36 banks; and $3,380,552.65 was paid to creditors of failed banks, against $5,124,577.94 in the previous year. On June 30, 1895, there were 5,066 banks incorporated under state authority and in active operation, of which 3,774 were banks of circulation, 1,017 mutual and stock banks for savings, and 242 loan and trust corporations. The state banks of circulation had a combined capital of $250,341,295; deposits $712,410,423; loans $697,688,068; bonds and stocks $91,988,696, and resources $1,147,545,818. The business of the year showed an increase in deposits of about $54,000,000, inloans $26,000,000, in bonds and stocks $7,000,000, and in resources $70,000,000. Of the savings banks 664 were mutual and 353 stock associations. Except- ing 10 banks in Ohio, Indiana, and Wisconsin, the mutual banks were confined to the Eastern and Middle States. The loans of the mutual banks ago-regated $823,036,954; bonds and stocks $801,044,935; deposits $1,597,343,160, and resources $1,756,740,953; and the totals of all savings banks were: Loans $1,035,597,142; bonds and stocks $841,807,699; deposits subject to check $33,760,775; sav- ings deposits $1,810,597,023; and resources $2,053,764,328. The business of the year showed the following increases: Loans $8,659,334; bonds and stocks $63,219,833; deposits $66,424,556; and resources $73,020,139. The average in- terest paid was a trifle less than 4 per cent., and the average amount due each depositor w^as $371.36. The loan and trust companies had capital $108,963,905; loans $433,508,516; bonds and stocks $177,086,555; deposits $546,652,657; and resources $807,063,041. The private banks reported com- bined capital $33,281,845; deposits $81,824,932; loans $85,489,066; bonds and stocks $7,276,159; and resources $130,617,342. U] BAPTISTS. The following table is a summary of all the banks above considered: Items. Loans U. S. bonds Other bonds, etc. . Capital Surplus and profit Deposits Resources National Banks $2,059,408,402 2:^,801,115 211,497,195 657.135,499 336.888,351 1,715,194,860 3,423,629,344 All Other Banks $2,252,282,792 165,185,702 952,973,407 422,052,618 370,397,003 3,185.245,810 4,138,990.529 Total. $4,311,691. 399,986. 1,164,470, 1,079,188, 707,285, 4,900.440. 7,562,619, The U. S. government actuary estimated the population on June 1, 1895, at 69,954,000. The total banking funds of the country aggregated 16,703,544,084, which would give a per capita rate of 195.83. BAPTISTS. The American_ Baptist Year Book for 1895 reports 27,091 ordained ministers; 37,910 churches, with 3,637,421 members, and church propertv valued at $80,285,034; 22,016 Sunday schools, with 152,^767 officers and teachers, and 1,500,834 pupils. The current expenses of the churches were $8,046,668; benevolent contributions $3,626,023. New churches organized during the year numbered 790; buildings dedicated 273, of which 122 re- port values aggregating $1,257^990. There were 7 theo- logical seminaries, with 67 instructors, and 937 pupils, and property valued at $3,514,103; 35 universities and colleges, with 722 instructors, 9,385 pupils, and property valued at $19,370,888; 27 seminaries for female education exclusive- ly, with 411 instructors, 3,433 pupils, and propert y valued at 13,780,049; 56 seminaries and academies, male and co- educating, with 397 instructors, 12,774 pupils, and proper- ty valued at $3,845,146; 34 institutions for colored race and Itidians, with 259 instructors, 4,808 pupils, and prop- erty valued at $1,417,438. There are 29 charitable insti- tutions in 18 states and territories, with property valued at $1,526,721. The American Baptist Publication Society reported the issue of 49 publications of which 737,000 copies had been printed; 18 periodicals for Sunday schools; sales and re- ceipts for merchandise and periodicals w^ere $497,807.48, in the different houses, of which that in Philadelphia was the BAPTISTS. [IB most important, the others standing in the following order of importance: Chicago, Boston, 8t. Lonis, New York, Atlanta, Dallas. The assets of the society after new ap- praisement amonnted to 1012,893, liabilities 120,831. The missionary dejiartment of the society reported receipts of 1127,649, of which $49,768 ^vas contribnted by chnrches, Sunday schools, and individuals; it had maintained tw^o chapel cars continuously at work in the West, and a third car was dedicated in May. The number of missionaries and workers w^as 116; days of service 26,116; miles traveled 512,548; books sold, 28,878, and given away, 1,786;- pages of tracts distributed, 566,744; sermons and addresses, 18,- 927; prayer meetings held 5,837; churches constituted 48; Sunday schools organized 285. The Bible dejoartment re- ceived 129,297 from various sources. The American Baptist Education Society received dur- ing the year from dilferent sources 153,366, and paid to different educational institutions, to aid in their endow- ment $48,017, and for other purposes over $5,000 more. The Baptist Young People's Union of America, organ- ized in 1891, issues a weekly religious paper. It held its annual convention in Baltimore, Md., July 18-21, 1895. The Free Baptist Churches were reported in 1*895 as hav- ing 1,323 ordained ministers; 1,550 church organizations, with 85,563 members, and church property valued at $2,- 662,120; benevolent contributions: Foreign missions $20,- 099, home missions 18,115, education $2,625, Woman's Mission Society $22,248. The total receipts of the Educa- tion Society for the year were $3,419, and the invested funds amounted to $8,665, with liabilities of $5,000. The denomination had 1 theological seminary, and 12 colleges and seminaries, with 1,234 students, of Avhom 69 were pre- paring for the ministry. There were maintained 32 mis- sionaries in India, who reported 818 members, and 51 bap- tisms during the year, a native Christian community of 1,522 persons, 2,714 pupils in Sunday schools, and 3,199 in day and other schools. Tlie Baptist Union for Great Britain and Ireland re- ported in 1895 33 associations and 4 colleges; chapels 3,- 793; churches, 2,871; chapel-seats, 1,264,017; members, 349,688; local preachers, 4,643; pastors in charge, 1,913; baptisms, 17,626; Sunday school teachers, 49,009; pupils, 506,094. or K Calif o?^^^ ic] BAB ASSOCIATION. BAE ASSOCIATION, Americans', organized in 1878, for the purpose of advancing the science of jurisprudence, promoting the administration of justice and uniformity of legislation throughout the Union, upholding the honor of the profession of the law, and encouraging cordial inter- course among the members of the Bar. Its membership in 1895 was about 1,200; annual meeting at Detroit, Mich., Aug. 28-30, 1895. President, James C. Carter, New York; a vice-president from each state; secretary, John Hinkley, 215 N. Charles St., Baltimore; treasurer, Francis Kawie, Philadelphia; executive committee the officers named and Thomas M. Cooley, Ann Arbor, Mich. ; George A. Mercer, Savannah; Alfred Hemenway, Boston; and Bradley Gr. Schley, Milwaukee. BARATIERI, Oreste, military officer: b. at Condino, Austrian Tyrol, Nov. 13, 1841. He was educated in Austria and at the University of Pavia; joined Garibaldi^s volun- teers and landed with the Thousand at Marsala 1859; dis- tinguished himself in that campaign and afterward entered the Italian army as captain; received the medal for military valor in the campaign of 1866; edited The Military Review; was promoted major 1876; and first went to Abyssinia as colonel 1886. There he organized an effective native army under Italian officers. For his successful administration he was commissioned a general and a23pointed governor of the province of Erythrea 1893. Since then he has been almost constantly engaged in warfare vfith the dervishes. In 1894 he captured Kassala, suppressed the treason of Ras Man- gaslia in a battle at Adi Sadi, defeated Batha Agos and Menelik, and placed Italy in complete control of Abyssinia. He was given a grand reception in Rome in July, 1895. In Dec. following, 14 Italian officers and 700 men were killed in a surprise by 25,000 natives, believed to have been an act of treachery on the part of Ras Makonnen, who had made overtures for peace; and at the time of writing Gen. Baratieri was concentrating his forces at Makalle, whither reinforcements from Italy were being hastened. See Abys- sij^ia; Italy. BARCELONA, one of the provinces of Spain, in Cata- lonia; also cap. and seaport of the same; first city in Spain in importance of manufactures and second in commercial interests; pop. (1887) province 899,264; city 272,481, In BARING ESTATE. [id the quarter ending June 30^ 1895, the exports declared here for the U. S. aggregated in value $282,789.11, the principal articles being, in order of value, corks, tartar, glycerine, licorice, skins, almonds, and wine. XJ. S. Consul Bowen reported June 12, 1895, that the industry of marble sawing was being rapidly developed; that the city was pro- ducing more than the local demand of bricks, common and painted tiles and floor mosaics; that fancy glass and stained windows, equal to the best from Italy and France, were being manufactured; and that looking-glasses were being made, but were inferior to those of the U. S. BARING ESTATE. The liquidation of this estate hav- ing continued about four years, was finally closed Nov. 21, 1894, when a syndicate was formed to which were trans- ferred by the Bank of England all the remaining securi- ties, valued at about £2,000,000, and which thereupon re- lieved the guarantors of all further responsibility. BAELOW, Jai^e, Irish author: she published in 1894 a story entitled Kerrigan's Quality, giving characteristic delineations of Irish character. She also contributed in 1894-95 several short stories and sketches to English magazines, and published in 1895 a volume of poems en- titled Bogland Studies, and another entitled Strangers at Lisconnel. BARMEN, town in Rhenish Prussia, Germany; princi- pal seat of ribbon manufacturing on the continent; pop. (1890) 116,248. In the quarter ending June 30, 1895, the exports declared here for the U. S. aggregated in value $1,644,302.97, an increase of $663,274.55 over the total for the corresponding, quarter 1894. The principal arti- cles, in order of value, were silk, silk goods, velvets, rib- bons, braids, etc. ($322,871.60); ironware, steel, cutlery,, etc. ($311,699.19); dyes, drugs, chemicals, etc. ($254,908.- 78); and hat bands and ribbons ($226,911.07). BARNARD COLLEGE, New York City: a college for women, organized in affiliation with Columbia College in 1889. Columbia College makes itself responsible for the instruction given in Barnard, and for its standards of edu- cation, the president of Columbia being authorized to per- mit at his discretion professors and otlior instructors of Columbia to teach at Barnard; and Columbia College giv- ing her degrees to Barnard students who meet the req^uire- IE] BABNABDO'S HOMES. ments, which are as nearly as possible identical with those of Columbia. The undergraduate curriculum is in effect identical with that of Columbia for three years, though there are some limitations in the senior and post-graduate studies. In 1895 there were 72 undergraduates and 22 graduate students. The post-graduate study includes 92 courses, and looks to the degrees of :m.a. and ph.d. In Jan., 1894, Miss Ella Weed, acting dean of the college, died, and May 11 following the trustees elected as dean Miss Emily James Smith, then a fellow of Chicago Uni- versity. In Jan., 1895, the New York City chapter of the Daughters of the Revolution resolved to endow a professor- ship of colonial and revolutionary history at Barnard, and until the endowment was completed to raise each year a sufficient sum to sustain a lecturship on that period. In 1894 1100,000 was given to the college for a building upon condition that it should be within 1,000 ft. of Columbia College. June 28, 1895, the college secured and partly paid for a site for building on the Avest side of the Boule- vard between 119th and 120th Sts., and in Dec, 1895, the treasurer reported that during the year ^250,000 had been raised for all purposes; but that for building, scholar- ships, and current expenses 1500,000 should be raised in the coming year. BARXARDO'S HOMES, a group of refuges for orphan and waif children, begun in 1866 by Dr. Barnardo, then a medical student in the London Hospital. They included in 1895 fifty-one distinct institutions, of which 36 are in London, 1 on the island of Jersey, 9 in the English coun- ties, 1 in Scotland, and 3 in Canada. One of the most typical is that in the village of Ilford, Essex, which in- cludes 52 detached cottages, and is solely devoted to the bringing up of girls on the family system. Boys also are reared in branch homes, or boarded out in rural districts under supervision. Industrial training is a feature in the homes, and at Stepney Causeway there are shops in which 14 different trades are taught to older boys. There is also an emigration agency connected with the homes, which sends each year about 500 selected inmates to Canada and other British colonies; there being two distributing homes in Ontario, and an industrial farm of 10,000 acres in Mani- toba, There were in the English homes in 1895 abo^.it BAUING-OOVLD. [if 5,000 boys and girls; more than 7,000 have been sent to the colonies since the work began, of whom 98 per cent, have proved successful; and in all more than 24,000 chil- dren of all ages have been cared for. Head Offices, 18 to 26 Stepney Causeway, London, E. BARING-GOULD, Sabi:he, clergyman and author: b. in Exeter, Eng., in 1834. In 1894 he published Book of Eairy Tales, Cheap Jack Zita, Deserts of Southern France (2 vols.), Kitty Aline, The Queen of Love, and Mrs. Cur- genven of Curgenven; and in 1895, Grettir the Outlaw, a Story of Iceland; and A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes. BARNATO (real name ISAACS), Berjs^akd, promoter of the great Kaffir boom: b. in London, England, of Hebrew parents. Of his age and early antecedents but little are known. It is said that his first occupation was that of an acrobat, contortionist, and sidewalk juggler, and that subsequently he was attached to a circus and spent some time on the dramatic stage. Since 1873, however, his record reads like a thrilling, old-time romance, full of remarkable deeds, leading to the possession of fabulous wealth and the conduct of financial operations far surpass- ing those of the memorable South Sea Bubble. He went to the Kimberley diamond mines. South Africa, in 1873; bought his first claim 1876; owned four claims and floated them into his first company 1881; bought the Stewart ground 1884; and practically owned two-thirds of the diamond mines 1885. Among his fortunate '^finds''' was Cecil J. Rhodes, the present (1895) premier of Cape Colony, with whom it is believed he established a partnership. In 1886 gold was discovered 300 m. n. of Kimberley, in the "VVitwatersrand district of the Transvaal, on the site of the city of Johannesburg. Barnato, by various schemes, secured possession of the greater part of the region, and began his career as a promoter of mining stocks 1890. A second boom was started 1892, and London, Paris and Berlin caught the fever in turn. By 1895, Johannesburg had developed into a city of 70,000 population, Avith all essential metropolitan advantages. The Burnato mining region had proved to be the richest in South Africa, the gold produc- tion 1894 giving the Transvaal third place on the list of gold countries. From 1887 till Jan, 1, 1895, these mines 1g] bare. yielded 10,110^000 tons of ore and 6,544,584 oz. of gold, Valued at $110,000,000, and the stock dividends paid aggregated $23,000,000. Another boom in Kaffirs, or shares in the various corporations that Barnato has pro- moted to work these mines, developed 1895, especially in London, and created more excitement than previous ones. Barnato took up his residence in London, was reported to be the richest man in the world and credited with being worth $100,000,000, lived like a Croesus, and was courted by adventurers and financiers alike. AVhen, during the summer, an attack was made on the Kaffir stocks, he threw many millions of dollars into the market, supporting the boom, and doubtless averting for a time an inevitable finan- cial crash. For this act he was given a grand banquet at the Mansion House by the Lord Mayor, who was severely rebuked for extending this exceptional honor. BARE, Amelia Edith, author: b. in XJlverton, Lanca- shire, Eng., March 29, 1831. In 1894 she published The Lone House, and The Beads of Tasmer; and in 1895 The Mate of the Easter Bell and Other Stories, a volume entitled Short Stories, and Bernicia; and has contributed to the Century Magazine for 1896 a serial on Life in the Hebrides. BARRIE, James Matthew, author: b. at Kerriemuir, Forfarshire, Scotland, May 9, 1860. July 9, 1894, he was married at Kerriemuir to Miss Mary Ansell, who had acted a part in his play, ^'^ Walker, London,"^ in 1892. The same year his play. The Professor's Love Story, was pro- duced in England and in the United States. He published in 1894 a story entitled Better Dead. He has contributed to Scribner's Magazine for 1896 a novel entitled Sentimental Tommy, said to have been written at Kerriemuir (''Thrums"), and like his earlier books with the Clyde and its scenery for the background. BARROWS, JoHX Hexry, d.d., clergvman: b. at Medina, Mich., July 11, 1847. He edited in''l894 the re- port of the World's Parliament of Religions, of which in 1893 he had been the principal organizer and promoter; and in 1895 he resigned the charge of the First Presby- terian Church, Chicago, in order to visit the principal universities in India, and there deliver, under the patron- age of the University of Chicago, a course of lectures O''" Christianity. His plan is first to spend ten months in theological and literary preparation at Gottingen, Germany; after which he hopes to strengthen the fonndations upon which Hinduism and Hindu social life may be recon- structed. BARRY, JoHK Wolfe, c.b., civil engineer: b. in Scot- land in 1830. His most distinguished work has been the new Tower Bridge in London, completed in 1894 at a cost of £30,000,000. He was associated as engineer in this work with Sir Horace Jones, who had charge of the architecture. The bridge was inaugurated with grand celebration by the Prince of AVales, June 30, 1894, on which occasion Mr. Barry was decorated with the order of the Bath. BARTHELEMY SAI^^T-HILAIRE, Jules, politician and author: b. in Paris, France, Aug. 19, 1805; died there Nov. 24, 1895. He worked with enthusiasm and youthful energy almost to the time of his death; being engaged in 1893-95 upon a biography of Cousin (3 vols., 1895), and in commenting upon the philosophy of Aristotle and perfect- ing his translation, which is considered the standard French translation of the works of that philosopher. BARTHOLDI, Frederic Auguste, sculptor: b. in Col- mar, Alsace, April 2, 1834. In 1895 he finished a bronze group representing Lafayette and Washington, which was unveiled in Paris, in the Rue Etats ITnis, I)ec. 1. It was formally accepted for the city by M. Bompard, vice-presi- dent of the municipal council, and an address was delivered by Mr. Morss, consul-general of tlie United States. BARTHOLDI CRECHE, RandalFs Island, East River, opposite 120th Street, New York, with which it is con- nected by ferry. It is intended to secure the benefits of fresh air for poor mothers and infants who cannot leave their city homes to stay over night at any more distant re- sorts. During the season of 1895, 11,767 mothers and children received the benefits of the Creche; finding a trained nurse and helpers in constant attendance, and be- ing provided with tea and pure milk, while cots and ham- mocks afforded, necessary rest, and the green fields and shade trees offered a pleasant resort. Free tickets were supplied to dispensaries, societies, churches, and individual subscribers for distribution. The cost of the charity in 1895 was $1,183.59; contributions received 1922.30. The sec- tl] BARTOL. retary and treasurer is Cliarles D. Kellogg, of the Charity Organization Society, 105 East 22cl Street, New York. BARTOL, Cyrus Augustus, d.d., clergyman and author: b. in Freeport, Me., Aj^ril 30, 1813. "^ He cele- brated his eighty-first birthday in 1894, showing full brightness and vigor of mind and body. BARTON, Clara, philanthropist: b. in Oxford, Mass., about 1830. In May, 1894, the mayor of Beaufort, S. C, the commandant of the U. S. naval station at Port Royal, and a number of prominent citizens of the region, united in addressing to her a public let- ter of thanks for her work, and that of the Red Cross Society, of which she was president, in the relief of many thousands of persons in the Sea Islands and their vicinity who suffered in Aug., 1893, from storms and tidal waves. In 1895 she resided in AVashington, D. C, her expenses, and those of the American Branch of the Red Cross Society, which is handsomely housed in a man- sion once the headquarters of Gen. Grant, being defrayed from her own private fortune. In Dec, 1895, she issued from the national headquarters the statement that the Red Cross Society of America, in answer to many and urgent appeals, would undertake to relieve the starving Armenians in Asia Minor; for which purpose funds, goods, grain and other material, might be donated to Miss Barton, who had determined to go in person to Armenia and control their disbursement. During 1895 a pamphlet history of her work in the society was published by Miss Laura*^ M. Doolittle. BASEL, UxiYERSiTY OF, Basel, Sv/itzerland; founded in 1459. It included in 1894 the faculties of theology, laAv, medicine, and ^^hilosophy; with 85 instructors, and 442 matriculated students, besides those not matriculated but attending lectures; vols, in library 160,000, and 4,000 valuable manuscripts. BASLE, Bx\SEL, or BALE, canton in Switzerland; also one of the most important cities in the confederation; pop. (1888) canton 135,690; city 73,749. In the quarter end- ing June 30, 1895, the exports declared here for the U. S. aggregated in value 8840,225.16, an increase of 1340,242.28 over the total for the corresponding quarter 1894. The principal articles, in order of value, were hides and skins BATES COLLEQF.. [aj.t ('S231,G64.57); watches and watch materials (-$214,297.66); silk and mixed ribbons; aniline colors — spun waste silk; dyestuffs and chemicals; cheese — and knit goods. BATES COLLEGE, Lewiston, Me.; organized in 18G4. Instructors at the close of 1895, ?; pupils, 218; graduates since organization, 538 men and 73 women; vols, in college library, 12,128; in society libraries, 1,600. There were in 1895 ten state scholarships, paying the tuition of 10 students nominated by the governor of the state, preferably from the children of those who have borne arms in defense of their country; and these were 35 other scholarships, of $1,000 each, which secured free tuition to their elected be- neficiaries. Students j^reparing for the ministry also re- ceived aid. Prizes amounting to $230 were awaided in 1895 to 13 students for excellence in general scholarship, declamation, English composition, and public debate. President George Colby Chase, D.D., ll.d. The college is in affiliation with the Latin School of Preparation at Lewiston, and with Cobb Divinity School {q.V.). BATO:Nr ROUGE, city, cap. of East Baton Rouge par- ish and of the State of La.: pop. (1890) 10,478; (1895) est. 12,500. In 1894 it had an assessed valuation of, real 11,600,000, personal 1400,000— total, 12,000,000, and on April 1, 1895, a total debt of $34,800, comprising a bal- ance of capitol loan $13,200, due Jan. 1, 1900, but subject to prior call, and a floating debt of $21,600. In 1895 it had a national bank (cap. $100,000), a state bank (cap. $50,000), and a savings bank (cap. $10,850), and 2 daily and 4 weekly newspapers. BATOUM, city and important seaport of Asiatic Russia, on the s.e. coast of the Black Sea: pop. (1891) 19,891. It is the maritime sliipping point for all the petroleum prod- ucts of the Baku oil region, as well as of the entire Caucasus field, and, though not engaged in refining oil, it has many flourishing branches of work dependent on the oil industry. In the quarter ending June 30, 1895, the exports declared here for the U. S. aggregated in value $189,248.28, a decrease of $172,979.23 from the total for the corresponding quarter 1894. The principal articles were manganese ore and licorice. See Baku. aja] battle creek. BATTLE CREEK, city, Calhoun co., Mich.; pop. (1890) 13,197; (1894) State census, 15,522. In 1894 it had a total debt of $129,000, of which $100,000 was the balance of debt on the new water system, supplied from Goguac lake. In 1895 there were a national bank (cap. 1150,000), a state bank (cap. $50,000), a savings bank (cap. $25,000), an active board of trade. Battle Creek Col- lege and large publishing plant (Seventh-day Adventists), medical and surgical sanitarium, Haskell Home for Or- phans, James White Memorial Home (two buildings), Nichols Memorial Hospital, high school and 7 ward schools, St. Philips parochial school, large engine and agricultural implement works, several flour mills, and 2 daily, 7 weekly, and 6 monthly periodicals. BAVARIA, a kingdom included in the German Empire since 1871: King, Otto Wilhelm Luitpold, b. April 27, 1848, but without rule because insane, the regent being his uncle. Prince Luitpold, b. March 12, 1821; appointed re- gent June 10, 1886. During the session of the Bavarian Diet, May 18, 1894, protests were heard against increased contributions of Bavaria to the empire. To these the minister of finance. Baron von Riedel replied that he would as far as possible protect the country against needless bur- dens, but they would not fail to contribute their share of what was necessary to uphold and defend the honor and security of the Fatherland. It was reported in a Berlin paper of the same date that the upper house of the Bava- rian Diet, after two secret sittings, had agreed to place the insane King Otto under guardianship, and to transfer the crown to the regent. Prince Luitpold, who is also the heir presumptive; and it was reported in Dec, 1895, that Prince Luitpold would be declared king, June 10, 1896, on the tenth anniversary of his regency. At the close of 1894 Bavaria had 3,710 miles of railway, of which 3,152 belonged to the state. BAYARD, Thomas Fkaxcis, ll.d., diplomatist: b. Wilmington, Del., Oct. 29, 1828; appointed the first U. S. ambassador to Great Britain, March 30, 1893. During his official residence in London, Mr. Bayard has been the re- cipient of marked honors and attentions, and been treated as the most intimate representative of President Cleveland. Sir Charles Tupper, the Lord High Commissioner at Lon- BAT ABB. [AJB don for the Dominion of Canada, pronounced liim to be one of the best representatives ever sent to England by the U. S., and a man of exceeding popularity in British official and social life. In Sept., 1895, a storm of indignation arose in British and American official circles over the pub- lication in London by Lord Sackville of a pamphlet, con- taining severe strictures on the people and public men of the IJ. S., and expressing surprise that Mr. Bayard should have been received as American ambassador by Great Britain, when, while secretary of state, he had wantonly insulted in person the British representative. Lord Sack- ville had been British minister to the U. S. 1881-89, and his recall had been asked by President Cleveland for the indiscretion of writing a political letter, which was pub- lished during the presidential campaign of 1888. Mr. Bayard took no notice of this attack on him, and the British press and public generally condemned Lord Sack- ville's pamphlet. Another attack was made on the am- bassador Dec. 10, 1895, when Representative Barrett, anew member of Congress from Mass., introduced a resolution in the House of Representatives calling for the impeachment of Ambassador Bayard for '^'high crimes and misdemean- ors,^^ because of words spoken in an address delivered by the ambassador before the Edinburgh Philosophical Insti- tution on Nov. 7, which were construed into an attack on the policy of protection. During the debate that ensued, the resolution was amended by striking out the words "^^by impeachment or otherwise," leaving it a call for inquiry into the facts alleged and a report on what should be done in the premises. A second amendment, also by Represen- tative Barrett, directed the committee to inquire likewise into the matter of another address, delivered at Boston, England, on Aug. 2. The resolution as amended and with the preamble withdrawn was adopted and referred to the Committee on Foreign Atfairs. Another resolution, by Representative McCall of Mass., requesting the president to communicate whether he had taken steps to ascertain if the alleged speeches had been made, and what steps, if any, he had taken to recall or censure the ambassador, was similarly referred. On Nov. 13, Mr. Bayard received the freedom of the city of Dundee, Scotland, and on Dec. 10, made the inaugural address at the opening of the Haus- halter water-color exhibition of Venetian scenes, in Lon- AJc] BA r CITY. don. As an evidence of tlie esteem in which Ambassadoi- Bayard is held officially^ it may be added that Lord Salis- bury, the British prime minister, sent him an advance copy of the official reply of Great Britain to the inqniry of the tj. S. government concerning the Anglo-Venezuelan disjDutes. BAY CITY, city, cap. of Bay City co., Mich.: pop. (1890) 27,839; (1894) State census, 30,039. On the op- posite shore of Saginaw river is AVest Bay City, which^ though corporately se23arate from Bay City, is so identical with it in commercial interests that the two places are locally considered as one, and spoken of as the Bay Cities. By the State census 1894 the cities have a combined pop. of 42,376. They are 4 m. up the river from Saginaw Bay, and are noted for their ship-building, lumbering, and salt- shipping interests. The last reports available of Bay City showed a total bonded debt of $435,000 (of which 1327,000 was water debt), sinking funds $20,000, net debt $415,000; assessed valuations 1894, $10,999,918. In 1895 there were 2 national banks (cap. $600,000), 2 state banks (cap. $250,- 000), a savings bank (cap. $50,000), and in the two places 2 daily and 6 weekly newspapers, and local transit was pro- vided by the Bay Cities Consolidated railway, which op- erated 23 m. of trolley track. BAYONNE, citv, Hudson co., N. J.; pop. (1890) 19,- 033; (1895) State census, 19,856. In 1894 it had a bonded debt of $1,560,000, payable 1895-1919, floating debt $66,- 349, sinking fund $70,865, net debt, $1,555,984. The assessed valuation 1894 aggregated $11,027,407, and 1895, $11,815,410— increase $788,003. In 1895 it had a trust company (cap. $50,000) and 4 weekly newspapers. The city is on the line of the great boulevard being constructed (1895) from the Kill von Kull, opposite Staten Island, to the n. boundary line of Hudson co., near Fort Lee. BAYREUTH: a city of Bavaria, the home of Wagner and the place of his musical festivals. The festival in July, 1894, attracted great numbers, and included the rep- resentation in the magnificent theater of Parsifal, Tann- hauser, and Lohengrin. The copyright of Parsifal, hitherto only heard at Bayreuth, had expired in 1893, but the Em- peror of Austria exercised his right to prolong it to the end of 1895. The widow of Wagner is said to have taken an active part in the management of the festival. BA2 'A^. [Ajb BAZIN, Kene, Fraxcots Nicolas Marie, publicist, novelist, and editor: b. at Angers, France, Dec. 26, 1855. He published in 1894 a novel entitled Humble Amour; and the same year his story Une Tache d'Encre, first issued in 1888, had a 10th edition and was crowned by the French Academy. BEARD, William Holbkook, painter and author: b. in Painesville, 0., April 13, 1825. In 1894 he published Action in Art, with illustrations from his own drawings. BEARDSLEY, Aubrey, artist: b. at Brighton, Eng- land, in 1873. He illustrated Oscar Wilde^s Salome in 1893-94; and early in 1894 became art editor of The Yel- low Book, drawing each cover, and many of the illustrations within. He also designed and drew a series of new and striking posters. He has also written and illustrated The Story of A^enus and Tannhiiuser (1895); and Under the Hill, a novel (1896). BEATRICE, city, cap. of Gage co., Neb.: pop. (1890) 13,036. It is a manufacturing city, and 1895 had 3 na- tional banks (cap. $250,000), a state bank (cap. $50,000), a private bank, a street railway with 7 1-2 m. of track, and 3 daily and 4 weekly newspapers. BEBEL, Ferdinand August, social-democratic author and leader in the German Reichstag: b. at Cologne, Ger- many, Feb. 22, 1840. In 1895 he acted as treasurer of his party, and for fear of seizure he carried the available funds to Zurich, Switzerland, being accompanied by other leading German socialists. He created great excitement in the Reichstag by a speech delivered Dec. 11, 1895, when he violently attacked the speeches of the emperor at the Sedan anniversary and at Breslau, referring to him as ^'a certain somebody. "" This phrase excited an uproar, and the president threatened him; but Bebel insisted that personal reference to the emperor was necessary in discuss- ing the question of Use-majeste, and that free and even violent discussion was the only safeguard against violent revolution. BEDFORD COLLEGE, London, Eng.: a college for women, modeled upon the plan of Kewnham and Girton; lecturers at the close of 1894, 19; students, 146. BEECHER, EdwarD;, b.b., clergyman and author, Aje] BEERBOllM-rREE. older brother of Henry Ward Beecher: b. at East Hampton, L. I., K. Y., Aiig/27, 1803; died in Brooklyn, :N. Y., July 28, 1895. BEERBOHM-TREE (last name assumed), Herbert, actor: b. in London, England, 1853; educated in England and Germany; became a clerk to his father in London 1870; joined an amateur dramatic society; made his first professional appearance at the Globe theater, London, 1878; leased the Comedy theater 1887; and has been manager of the Haymarket theater since 1888. He made his first visit to the U. S. 1895, appearing at Abbey's theater, Kew York, Jan. 28, in the Ballad-Monger and The Red Lamp. He is an actor of remarkable versatility, and is considered the best stage manager in England, as well as the best make-up man and character delineator. BEER. Returns made to the convention of the United States Brewers' Association, in Milwaukee, Wis., June 12, 13, 1895, show that there were manufactured in the United States during the fiscal 3'ear ending June 30, 1894, 33,334,- 783 barrels of beer containing l',033,378,218 gallons, on which an internal revenue tax Avas paid amounting to $31,414,788. This was a falling off from the year preced- ing, when 34,554,317 barrels were manufactured, and the tax amounted to $32,548,983. There was also reported the importation in 1894 of 2,910,540 gallons, valued at $1,510,- 767; and export of 351,025 dozens of bottles, valued at 1471,589, and 307,077 gallons in casks valued at $77,390. The exports were chiefly to Mexico, Central America, the Hawaiian Islands, Cuba, Colombia, Canada, Hayti, and San Domingo; amounts in the order named of the 32,784,- 599 barrels sold in the United States in 1894, the sales in the principal cities were as follows: ISTew York, 4,986,148 barrels; Chicago, 2,656,994 barrels; Milwaukee, 2,029,893 barrels; St. Louis, 1,974,038 barrels; Brooklyn, 1,824,972 barrels; Philadelphia, 1,758,090 barrels; Cincinnati, 1,- 200,719 barrels; Newark. 1,042,297 barrels; no other city reporting 1,000,000 barrels. The whole number of breweries in the world in 1894 was re- ported by Gambrinus, the general brewers' organ in Vienna, as 44,531, as compared Avith 45,318 in 1893; but the amount of beer produced Avas given at 207,361,258 hektoliters (176,686,400 barrels U. S.), as compared Avith 204,600,390 BEERS. [AJP hektoliters (174,344,100 barrels) in 1803. In Germany tlie number of breweries was greater in 1894 than in 1893, but the number was less in e\^rj other country, while on the other hand the product was generally increased. The principal beer-producing countries are given below, no country being named which did not report as many as 1,000 breweries in 1894. Germany had 22,833 breweries, and produced 55,499, 467 hektolitres (47,290,000 barrels U. S.) of beer; Great Britian and Ireland, v/ith 9,240 breweries produced 52,774,324 hektoliters (44,954,000 barrels U. S.); America, North and South, with 2,112 breweries, pro- duced 50,102,700 hektoliters (42,692,200 barrels); Austria- Hungary, with 1,775 breweries, produced 18,357,077 hek- toliters (15,812,000 barrels); Belgium, with 2,900 brew- eries, produced 9,571,746 hektoliters (8,157,700 barrels); France, with 2,611 breweries, produced 8,443,685 hektoli- ters (7,194,500 barrels); and Russia, with 1,161 breweries, produced 4,621,270 hektoliters (3,953,876 barrels). BEERS, Henry Augustix, author and professor of English in the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale Uni- versity: b. at Buffalo, N. Y., July 2, 1847. In 1894 he published From Chancer to Tennyson; and A Suburban Pastoral and Other Tales; and in 1895 The Ways of Yale. BEET SUGAR. It was estimated in Brussels, in re- view of the sngar beet crop of Europe for 1894, that the deficiency in France, Belgium, and the IS^etherlands would be 50,000 tons of raw^ sugar; while on the«other hand Ger- many, Austria-Hungary, and Russia would have a surplus of 600,000 tons. It was reported in 1894 that a beet-sugar factory was building at Verina, Gijon, S})ain, and the in- dustry was getting established in that country. The U. S. government maintained experimental stations as to the growth of beets and the manufacture of beet sugar during the years 1891-95, the most important of these being at Schuyler, Nebraska. There have been ten stations in Kansas, and ten others in Nebraska, California, and Louisiana. Tliere has been little practical success, though the results in information as to methods of cultiva- tion and manufacture may i)rove ultimately of value. The expenditure up to Aug. 2'3, 1895, had been about $500,000; and at that time the secretary of the department of agri- culture thought it best to close the stations and leave the ajg] BELFAST. production to private enterprise. The government property at the stations was sold at a great loss. BELFAST, city and seaport, Antrim co., Ireland: pop. (1891) 255,950. In the quarter ending June 30, 1895, the exports declared here for the IT. S. aggregated in value $2,034,228.43, an increase of $538,038.92 over the total of the corresponding quarter 1894. The principal articles were linens $1,520,525; cotton manufactures $182,861; hemp, flax, tow, etc., $143,775; unions $78,272; beer and ale $50,585; and thread $40,279. BELGIUM. Sept. 20, 1894, a royal decree was published, dissolving the senate and chamber of representatives, and fixing Oct. 14 for the first election under the new franchise law establishing compulsory manhood suffrage. The elector- ate was divided into three classes, the members of which have each one, or two, or three votes. All male citizens, 25 years old and over, who have resided one year in a district have one vote, but all married men and widowers who pay five francs or more personal tax have two votes, and those with a certain moderately high educational qualification have three : this latter class including all the priesthood, fully 10,000. Voting is compulsory. About one half have only one vote. The election of Oct. 14, 1894, was indecisive in several constituencies, and supplementary elections were held a week later. The returns showed 104 clericals, 29 socialists and radicals, and 19 liberals. By the animosity between socialists and liberals, the clericals had a strong effective majority. Parliament met Xov. 13,1894. The Flemish delegates took the oath in Flemish, the Yf alloon delegates, Avho are largely socialistic, and speak French, protesting. Thirteen anarchists were arrested, charged with com- plicity with the dynamite outrages at Lieges in April, 1894. After a j)rolonged trial five were acquitted Feb. 9, 1895, two were sentenced to penal servitude for life, and the rest were sentenced to various terms of imprisonment. Contrary to the spirit, if not to the letter of the new constitution, the government, in harmony with the large clerical majority, brought in a bill making religious in- struction compulsory in the public schools. There were only some 150 of these, more than half of them beiu;!: in Brus- BELKNAP. [ajh sels, the denominational schools having been fostered since 1884 by public subsidies, and many public schools having been closed. But tlie bill excited mnch popular opposition, July 23 and 29, 1895, radical and socialist demonstrations being made in Brussels and elsewhere, over 100,000 dele- gates coming to Brussels to protest. The bill, however, was 23assed, and approved by the king Sept. 17, 1895. The military force of Belgium in 1895 vv^as reported at a total peace strength of 93,C86; consisting of 64,900 infantry, 7,200 cavalry, 18,862 artillery, and 2,724 engineers and train; total war strength, 257,286. The population capa- ble of bearing arms, including those engaged in the general and local administration, railroads, necessary tillers of the soil, and others who would not be spared in the field except as a last resort, was 1,460,000. Feb. 2, 1895, a convention was signed between Belgium and France, defining the right of pre-emption with regard to the Congo Free State which France has claimed since 1894. This was said to assure to France access to the valley of the Nile. Jan. 4, 1895, it was announced that the government had decided to propose to the Chamber to annex the Congo Free State to Belgium. The King of Belgium has given an annual subsidy of 1200,000, the Congo State being regarded as his private possession, but has exhausted his fortune, and wishes to present his costly possession to the kingdom as a colony. The Belgians, however, were averse to holding such a colony, and de- clined the king^s oifer; but the Chamber voted a subsidy of 15,000,000 for constructing the Congo railroad, stij^ulat- ing that the Congo State shall not enter into any financial engagement without consent of the Belgian government until 1900, when Belgium will finally decide for or against adopting the Congo State as a dependency. (See Congo.) BELKNAP, George Eugene, naval officer: b. in Newport, N. H., Jan. 22, 1832; entered the U. S. navy Oct. 7, 1847; was promoted rear-admiral Feb. 12, 1889; and was retired Jan. 22, 1894. His naval career was re- markable for the length of active service. He was on sea service 24 years and 4 months, on shore or other duty 18 years and 2 months, and was unemployed only 4 years and 10 months. BELLAIRE, city, Belmont co., 0.: pop. (1890) 9,934. ajtJ BELLEVTLLR In 1895 it had a total debt of 1187,896, sinking fnnd $18,- 108, net debt i^l69,788, assessed valuation about 83,100,- 000, a national bank (cap. 1200,000) a savings bank (cap. 850,000), and 2 daily and 5 weekly newspapers. BELLEVILLE, city, cap. of St. Clair cc. 111.: pop. (1890) 15,361. In 1894 it had assessed valuations, real $1,619,229, personal $479,400— total, $2,098,629; and 1895 a total debt of $124,000, a national bank (cap. 1100,- 000), a savings bank (cap. $150,000), electric street rail- way, and 3 daily and 5 weekly newspapers. BELOIT COLLEGE, Beloit, Wis., founded in 1846. In 1895 the college was opened to women. It includes classical, philosophical, and scientific departments, and grants the degrees of B.A., Ph.B., and B.S. Instructors at the close of 1895, 24; students 158, of whom 34 are women. Associated with the college in an academy, the instructors of which are members of the college faculty, and which included, besides studies preparatory for col- lege, a business course of two years. Students in the academy, 440. The library contained in 1895 20,000 volumes. Thirteen money prizes were awarded during the year for excellence in different departments of study. President, Edward D. Eaton, d.d., ll.d. BEMIS, Edward AYebster, ph.d., economist: b. in Sprmgfield, Mass., April 7, 1860; graduated at Amherst College 1880; was a pioneer lecturer in the University Ex- tension System 1887-88; prof, of economics and history, Vanderbilt University, 1889-92; and associate prof, of economics, University of Chicago, 1892-95. His removal from the last post by President Harper, on the ground that the tendency of his teachings was injurious to the uni- versity, provoked severe criticism and correspondence, in the main favorable to Prof. Bemis. He j)ublished History of Cooi^eration in the United States (1888); Municipal Ownership of Gas (1891), Local Government for the South and Southwest (1893); Popular Election of L^nited States Senators (1893); and Relation of Labor Organiza- tions to the American Boy and to Trade Instruction (1894). In Oct., 1895, he was engaged as associate editor of The Bibliotheca Sacra to date from Jan. 1, 1896. BEN HUR, Tribe of, founded in 1894; supreme temple, Crawfordsville, Ind.; subordinate courts, 23; mem- BENSON. [aaJ bers, 923; supreme chief, Ira J. Chase, Indianapolis, IiuL; supreme scribe, F. L. Snyder, Crawfordsville, Ind. BENSON, Edward White, d.d,. Archbishop of Canter- bury, Primate of the Church of Enghmd: b. at Birming- ham, Eng., July 14, 1829. In 1894 he published a volume of sermons addressed to his diocese in his third visitation, under the title Fishers of Men. BENTZON, Marie Therese (Madame Blanc), author: b. at Seine-Port, France, Sept. 21, 1840. In 1895 she pub- lished The Condition of Women in the United States: a Traveler's Notes, translated by Abby Langdon Alger. BERG-EN, city, seaport, and cap. of province of Bergen, Norway; pop. (1891) 53,684. In the quarter ending March 31, 1895, the exports declared here for the U. S. aggregated in value 163,276.47, and in that ending June 30, 199,172.98, the last being an increase of 157,645.73 over the total for the corresponding quarter 1894. The principal articles were codliver oil, wood pulp, herrings, and skins. BERINa SEA QUESTION. In April, 1894, laws were enacted by both the United States and Great Britain to carry into effect the award of the Bering Sea arbitration of 1893, affixing penalties for illegal sealing, and authoriz- ing, with certain limitations, the search and seizure of sealers by the naval and revenue forces of the other nation. There still awaited adjudication the compensation due to seal- ers whose vessels had been illegally seized by U. S. cutters prior to the establishment of a close season in 1890. May 10, 1994, a new treaty regulating sealing in Russian waters was ratified at Washington. June 7, 1894, the British ambassador gave to the secretary of state a list of British claims amounting to 1542,169, proposing a commission to examine and pass upon them. August 21, 1894, the sec- retary replied that it might be best to pay a lump sum to Great Britain of $425,000; and this was promptly agreed to by the ambassador, and this was recommended to Con- gress by the presixlent; but was not approved by Congress, it being said that, many of the British claims were for con- structive or consequential damages, which had not been approved by the tribunal, and which the precedent of the Alabama award expressly disallowed; while it was also said that some of the vessels were not really owned by British AAA] BERKELEY TRMPLR subjects, but by Americans. Meanwhile the report of the navy department showed that the regulations were very ineiectual, the amount of illegal sealing great, and the ^vaste and destruction of seals threatened their entire exter- mination. Jan. 19, 1895, the regulations agreed upon by Great Britain and the United >States were proclaimed, but w^ere opposed by Canadaan sealers. January 30, 1895, an order from the British privy council, under agreement wath Eussia, prohibited the taking of seals by British vessels within a zone of ten marine miles from the Eussian coasts of Bering Sea, or within a thirty-mile zone around the Konnandorsky and Robbin Islands. Xovember 16, 1895, word was received in Washington that a British seal- ing schooner had been condemned by the British Court of Admiralty for violation of the regulations. November 22, 1895, an order of privy council reaffirmed the order of January 30. In 1895 Dr. Leonhard Stejneger of the Smithsonian Institution was detailed to investigate and report upon the condition of seal life about the Commander Islands, owned by Russia. He confirms the havoc reported, by which the annual catch of 50,000 has been reduced to 16,000; and says it is due to pelagic sealing, and is noted outside the Bering Sea territory. But he does not fear the extermination of the seals, because pelagic sealing requires so large an outlay that it Avill be abandoned as it becomes unprofitable. It was reported in December, 1895, that the terms of agreement for the settlement of claims between Great Britain and the United States were nearly perfected and would be laid before the senate in a few days. BERKELEY TEMPLE, an institutional church, reor- ganized from the Berkeley Street Congregational Church, Boston, Mass., in 1888; pastor, Rev. Charles A. Dickinson, D.D. In 1895 the church reported 1,020 members, 103 having been received during the year; 425 families; Sun- day-school members 645; benevolent contributions of the church $5,118, and of the Sunday-school $625; home ex- penses 118,000. Together with ordinai'y church Avork, including a Christian Endeavor Society and Brotherhood of Andrew and Philip, there was maintained a regular service in Armenian; a Young Men's Institute, with read- ing-room, gymnasium, lyceum, outing club, and various classes; a Boys' Brigade, with a class in Sloyd; temperance BimLW. [AAB guild, whicli took 800 pledges during the year; a reform work for intemperate and fallen women, and work for poor families; a Dorcastry^ reaching about 300 young women; an orphanage for 40 boys and a home for working girls at AVestminster^ Vt. BERLIN^ capital of the Kingdom of Prussia, and since 1871 of the German Empire. The great brewers of Berlin, being owners of the principal halls in which the socialists held meetings, refused in the summer of 1894 to rent them for that purpose; whereupon the socialists resolved to boy- cott the Berlin brewers and bought only beer imported from Bavaria and the south. The associated brewers of Berlin and its vicinity sent a circular letter to the southern brewers protesting against the importation of beer, which was seriously affecting the manufacture in Berlin; but these latter ignored the letter. On the other hand the socialists and social-democrats found the workingmen more and more ignoring the boycott. Nov. 21, 1894, being the birthday of his mother, the ex-Empress Erederick, the em- peror called tlie Reichstag to meet in the new building in Berlin. The builders protested that it could not be ready, and ultimately the opening session was not held till Dec. It then took place with great display of the rich and splen- did structure, and a congratulatory speech from the em- peror; but the enthusiasm of the occasion was marred by the refusal of the socialist deputies to rise and join in the cheers called for by the president. In the summer of 1895 an International Art Exhibition was held in Berlin. A large number of American artists took part in the exhibi- tion, and were much praised by the German critics. In Nov., 1895, was published the latest report of the city savings-bank. It shows on deposit 162,842,028 marks (840,710,507), being 11,566,766 marks (12,891,691) more than the year before. The payments into the bank during the year numbered 526,295, of which 178,960 were in sums from 1 to 21 marks, 162,212 in sums from 21 to 61 marks. The increase of depositors was from 484,363 in 1894 to 509,732 in 1895. ' Of these depositors 159,732 had a credit ranging from 1 to 61 marks, 88,527 from 61 to 151 marks, and 75,685 from 151 to 301 marks, showing that the depos- itors were mostly poor persons. There were 76 offices for receiving deposits in all parts of the city. The cash capi- AAc] BERLm. tal of the bank was 176,430,978 marks ($44,107,744), i. e. 13,588,950 marks ($3,397,237) in excess of the deposits. Of the profits 1,112,306 marks ($278,074) had been thus far expended for works of public utility. The new census of Prussia, completed in 1895, shows that the j^opulation of Berlin had increased only 36,288, or 2.2 per cent, for four and a half 3'ear3, being reported in Xov., 1895, as 1,757,898, although the population of the kingdom had increased more than 5 per cent., and the increase of Berlin between 1870 and 1890 had been over 50,000 a year. BERLIN, Un"IVERSITY of, Berlin, Germany; established in 1809. At the beginning of 1895 it had the four depart- ments of theology, with 531 students; jurisprudence, with 1,625; medicine, with 1,279; and philosophy, with 1,544; total of matriculated students, 4,979, besides 3,471 non- matriculated, of whom many were foreigners. ^ There were in all departments 372 professors and teachers. At the close of 1895 there were 5,368 unmatriculated students, of whom 3,778 were from Prussia, 814 from elsewhere in Germany, 219 from the United States, 198 from Eussia, 102 from Switzerland, 57 from Austria, 32 from Great Britain, 31 from Hungary, and 22 from France. The faculty of theology was Protestant. In 1894 the medical department received a bequest from Dr. Adolf Diisterhoff of 100,000 marks, the interest of which gives a sj)ecial prize twice a year to the most diligent worker. The librixry contained 300,000 vols. In N"ov., 1895, a students' club of a novel khid was opened in Berlin for the study and discussion of modern social questions. Its organiza- tion had been oj^posed by the late rector of the university. Dr. Pfieiderer, on the ground that students should not dis- cuss politics or risk contagion of socialistic principles; but Dr. AYagner, the present rector, gave it his approval. At its inauguration it was maintained that its idea was not political, but for the forwarding of ^^ university extension,^' and such work as that of Toynbee Hall in London. BERMUDA (also SOMERS'S) ISLANDS, group of 360 islands in the Atlantic Ocean, 580 m. e. of North Carolina, constituting a British colony with representative government; pop. (1893) 15,519. The last local statistics available (1895) were for 1893, and showed: Imports, £327,580 ($1,592,038); exports, £129,069 ($627,275); BERMUDEZ. [aad debt, £17,927 (187,125); estimated revenue 1894-5, £33,- 453 (1162,581); expenditure, £32,430 (1157,609); and customs receipts, £27,701 (1134,626). Nearly all the ex- port produce goes to the U. S. and. Canada, and the bulk of the food supplies are imported therefrom. The total tonnage of vessels entered and cleared 1893 was 354,043, nearly all British. In the year ending June 30, 1895, the commerce with the U. S. was: Imports, 1461,707; exports, $821,564 — total trade, 11,483,271, an increase in imports, decrease in exports, and increase in bulk of trade of Il09,- 800 over the previous fiscal year. BERMUDEZ, Remigio Morales, president of Peru: b. at Pica, Peru, Sept. 10, 1836; d. at Lima, March 31, 1894. BERNE, most populous canton of Switzerland; also city and cap. of the same; pop. canton (1894) 541,051; city (1893) 47,620. During the six months ending Ju]ie 30, 1895, the exports here declared for the U. S. aggre- gated in value 1392,638.99, an increase of $45,222.39 over the total of the corresponding period 1894. Tlie principal articles were: Cheese ($299,524.78); silk tissues ($35,528.- ij^)', and knit goods ($34,173.68). BERNE, University of, Berne, Switzerland: founded in 1832; organized on the model of the German universities; and having, at the close of 1894, the four faculties of theology, law, medicine, and philosophy; instructors 88; students matriculated, 564, besides the foreigners, of whom some were women, attending the lectures. BERNHARDT, Mme. Rosiis^e Sarah, actress: b. in Paris; France, Oct. 22, 1844. In 1894 she had a very suc- cessful season at Daly's theater, London, appearing in Sardou's new play, Gismonda. In 1895 she made a tour in Italy and Spain, having a cool reception in Italy, but at Madrid being supported in The Sphynx by Maria Guerrero, one of the most popular of Spanish actresses; and winning the most enthusiastic praises in La Tosca, Gismonda, and Magda. She again visited the U. S. in 1896. BERTHELOT, Pierre Eugene Marcelin, specialist in synthetic and tliermo-chemistry, and prof, of organic chemistry in the College de France; b. Paris, Oct. 25, 1827. His achievements in the line of chemical synthesis 1895 astonished not only the scientific world, but agricul- AAE] BBS A NT. turists, manufacturers, and other producers of staple arti- cles, for he demonstrated that sugar, tea, coffee, cocoa, to- bacco, and alzarin (the essential jjrinciple of the madder- root, used as the basis of dyes), and indigo, can be made by synthetic chemistry, equal in all respects to the culti- vated or manufactured articles, and at far less cost. He has published numerous scientific works, has been highly honored at home and abroad, and on Nov. 1, 1895, was appointed minister of foreign affairs in the cabinet of M. Bourgeois. BESANT, Mrs. Axxie, theosophist: b. in London, Eng., Oct. 1, 1847. After a long visit to India she re- turned to England in April, 1894, and took up her resi- dence at the Theosophical European Headquarters in Regent's Park, London. She contributed to periodicals and lectured on theosophy. BESAXT, Sir Walter, novelist and i^hilanthropist: b. at Portsmouth, England, in 1838. In 1894 he published, with James Payn, W. Clark Eussell, and others, a volume entitled My First Book, with an introduction by Jerome K. Jerome. In 1886 he was knighted by the queen; and pub- lished Westminster, with illustrations by William Patten and others; Beyond the Dreams of Avarice; and In Deacon's Orders; and, with others, The Poor in Great Cities. BEVERLY, city, incorporated (1894), Essex co., Mass.; pop. (1890) 10,821; (1895) state census, 11,802. In 1895 it had an assessed valuation of $13,824,300; net debt (in- cluding water debt 8150,000) 1661,165; tax rate 115.90 per 11,000; a national bank (cap. 1200,000); a savings bank (deposits 11,705,601); and a daily, 2 weekly, and 2 monthly periodicals. In the Nov. election, Charles H. Odell, the Rep. candidate for mayor, was elected, and the citizens again voted '^no license." BIBLE SOCIETY, American, organized in New York, in 1816. The seventy-ninth annual report, presented May 9, 1895, shows that the receipts during the year from church collections were 120,828.00, individual gifts 86,- 711.47, through auxiliary societies 831,993.86; total gifts 859,533.33; legacies 8159,916.32; interest on investments 826,261.56; rents 837,557.17; miscellaneous receipts 84,- 856.27; sales of books and purchase account 8238,699.61; BIBLE SOCIETY. [aaf total receipts $526,824.26, besides 112,131.57 received for permanent investment. The society holds in trust in- vested funds, only the income of which can be used for be- nevolent purposes, amounting March 31, 1895, to 1410,- 435.08; special funds amounting to 134,701.22, the income of which is applied by direction of the donors to certain specific uses; while certain otlier funds available for the benevolent work of the society amount to 1146,806.64. The society disbursed during the year $508,803.16, and its drafts for $18,447.40 were still outstanding. The appro- priations for the foreign work of 1894-05 were $176,665. Translations and revisions of parts of the Bible were se- cured in Kusaien, Bulgarian, Kurdish, Siamese, Korean, different dialects of Chinese, and the languages of Laos, and the Marshall Islands. The volumes of the Scriptures printed at the Bible House were 1,051,400; imported 6,376; printed abroad 762,628; purchased abroad 138,270; aggregate circulation abroad 735,221. The issues of the society since its organization have been 59,955,558 copies. During the year 101,196 copies of the Scriptures or parts of them were sent to foreign lands, or 12,859 more than in any previous year. Of these 92,475 went to Cuba and Latin America, and increased numbers were sent to Venezuela, Mexico, x\ustria, Japan, and China. The visitors of the society visited 516,798 families in the United States, of whom 119,244 were found without the Scriptures; and Bibles or Testaments were supplied to 34,299 destitute families, 19,983 individuals, and 609 Sunday schools. Jan., 1894, Judge Barrett in Supreme Court chambers ordered that the board of city tax commissioners remit such a proportion of the taxes levied on the Bible House, New York, as the 2:)ortion of the building used by the society for its own purposes bears to the entire building, as the society as an organization for improving the mental and moral con- dition of men and women is entitled to the exemption of the act of April 29, 1893. BIBLE SOCIETY, British anij Foueigx, organized in London, March 7, 1804. The annual report presented May 1, 1895, showed that the receipts for the year w^ere: From subscriptions, donation.^, collections, and legacies $688,879.91; from sales $467,764.52; from special funds $10,172; total $1,169,816.66. The society had issued from aagJ MDDEFORJ). the Bible House, London, 1,651,560 Bibles and portions of the Bible; and from depots in foreign countries 2,185,656; total issue for the year 3,837,222, an increase of 172,766 over the preceding year. The issues since 1804 had num- bered 143,396,230. The society had cooperated with other societies in translating and revising translations of the Bible; the work of 1894-95 including new translation or revision in 124 languages and dialects: the languages and dialects of translation since 1804 having numbered 344. A large force of colporteurs had been employed in many countries; and through them, by cooperation of missionaries, and of different established Christian churches and societies, they have secured during the year the circulation of the Bible in many countries: in France 167,763 copies; Belgium 34,468; Germany, among the Catholic and non-Germanic people, 64,359; Switzer- land 53,568; Austria-Hungarv 161,695; Italy 189,653; Spain 51,907; Portugal 11,664; Denmark 25,431; ]S"orth Russia 358,753; South Russia 168,555; Siberia over 60,000; Turkey and Greece 37,907; Algeria and Tunis 14,942; in Africa, by the Capetown agency, besides the work done by many missionaries, 32,120; Madagascar 13,067; Mauritius 2,751; Egypt 24,116; Svria and Palestine 2,502; Arabia and Abyssinia 3,508; Persia 8,511; India 203,122; China 288,- 756; Japan 113,939; Chile and Peru 6,012; Argentina 13,- 785; Brazil 19,743. The grants authorized during the year have amounted to 8111,783.76; total payments for the year $1,074,851.95. BIDDEFORD, citv, York co.. Me.; pop, (1890) 14,- 443. In 1895 it had"^ 2 national banks (cap. $250,000), 2 savings banks (deposits $2,350,384), a loan and building association (resources $61,633), a trolley railway extending to Old Orchard Beach, and 3 daily, 4 weekly, and 2 monthly periodicals. On March 22, 1895, a special freight train of 29 cars, all loaded with cotton-goods manufactured in the Biddeford mills and consigned to Shanghai, China, left the city on a direct run to Vancouver. This was the largest single shipment ever made from these mills. BIERSTADT, Albert, artist: b. Dusseldorf, Germany, 1830, Jan. 7, but since early youth living in this country, now in New York. His studio now contains several large paintings, such as the Landing of CoJum'bus, the landscape BIQELO \V. [AAii painted from studies made on the presumed spot; and he is at work on another San Salvador coast view, with magnifi- cent surf; also, on a canvas six feet by ten, from studies in 1895 of Mt. Engardine in the south-eastern Alps. BIGELOW, JoHi^, LL.D., author: b. in Mahlen, N. Y., Nov. 25, 1817. In his wdll Samuel J. Tilden appointed him his biographer and one of three trustees of the bulk of his estate, set apart for the establishment of a public library in New York City. Mr. Tilden died Aug. 4, 1886, the trust fund clause of his will was attacked by some of his heirs, and after a memorable litigation the contest was sustained by the Court of Appeals Oct. 27, 1891. A niece, Mrs. William B. Hazard, voluntarily relinquished to the trustees over 12,000,000 of her share of the estate, to aid in carrying out her uncle's wishes. On Feb. 22, 1895, a joint committee, representing the Tilden Trust Fund and the Astor and Lenox Libraries, agreed on a plan for the consolidation of those interests and the establishment of a great public library, to be known as the New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations. The agreement was ratified by the several interests, an act of incorporation was obtained from the legislature, and on May 27j Mr. Bigelow was elected president of the con- solidated board of trustees, and appointed cli airman of the executive committee and of the committee on library books. He published The Life of Samuel J. Tilden (2 vols.. New York, 1895). BIGrELOW, JoHJ^, Jr., military officer: b. in New York city; graduated at the U. S. Military Academy and com- missioned 2d lieutenant lOtli L^. S. cavalry, June 15, 1877; promoted 1st lieutenant, Sept. 24, 1883, and captain April 15, 1893; and appointed instructor of military science and tactics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Aug. 3, 1894. He has published numerous sketches of army life in the AYest, and The Principles of Strategy Illustrated Mainly from American Campaigns (2d ed., enlarged, Philadelphia, 1894). BIGELOW, PouLTNEY, author: b. in New York city, Sept. 10, 1855; second son of John Bigelow; graduated at Yale College and continued his studies in Germany, having for a classmate the present emperor; was admitted to the bar in New York city, but has applied himself to AAi] BIMETALLISM. authorship and travel; was for some time editor of Outing, a magazine of recreation. He made a canoe voj^age down the Danube, and 1892, was expelled from Russia while gathering material for a book on that country. In Dec, 1895, he was sent on a mission to Germany by the New York State Insurance Department. He has published The German Emperor (1889); The German Emperor and His Eastern Neighbors (1892); Paddles and Politics Down the Danube (1892); The Borderland of Czar and Kaiser; Notec from Both Sides of the Russian Frontier (1894); and many magazine articles. BIMETALLISM. The agitation for the adoption of a double monetary standard of value grows in i trength in foreign countries, which look to the U. S. for a practical initial movement; and a remedy for the evils complained of by bimetallists is still a matter of enactment by the nations interested. Several conferences, iiiternational and national, have been held since the memorable but fruitless one in Brussels, 1892, but without notable conclusions. In all, it has seemed essential that the U. S., Great Britain, France, and Germany should be united in the movement and unanimous in legislation. Each of these countries has a national league devoted to the propagation of bimetallic principles. An international conference was held in London, England, in May, 1894, in which the U. S. was represented by Brooks Adams, of Boston; but nothing be- yond the presentation and consideration of learned papers on the subject w^as accomplished. In Dec, 1895, a conference in Paris, France, comprising delegates from the bimetallic leagues of Great Britain, France, and Germany, merely agreed on the terms of its principal resolutions, which the British delegates were authorized to induce the American leagues to accept. More in the line of advancement was a resolution introduced into the U. S. Senate by Senator Chandler (N. H.), on Dec. 6, 1895, pro- viding for the unlimited coinage of gold and silver, in connection with other nations, at the ratio of 1 to 15-2^. Under the first section, any person may deposit in any TJ. S. mint gold or silver bullion not less in value than $50, and the same shall be coined, free of charge when the metal needs no refining, the gold into coins provided for by existing laws, and the silver into dollars nine-tenths BINGHAMTON, abj fine, the weight of the pure silver in each doHar to be 15-| times the '2'd-^^^ grains of the pure gold in the gold dollar, or ob^^^ grains, which, with 39yVo grains of alloy, will make the total weight of each silver dollar 399y^o- grains, instead of 412 1-2 grains, as nnder the existing law. The second section provides that payment for snch bullion shall be made to the depositor in coin or treasury notes; that the silver dollars coined under this law, as well as the regular gold coins and the treasury notes shall be a full legal tender for all public and private debts; and that existing silver dollars shall be retired aud recoined accord- ing to the new ratio. The third section provides that this law shall take effect when similar laws shall have been adopted by the governments of England, France, and Germany, and that when such laws have been passed by the governments named, the president shall make proclamation accordingly, and the law shall then take effect and be in force. Under the rules the resolution was referred to committee for consideration and report. Amerigax Bimetallic Party. At a conference of the leading bimetallists of the XT. S., at AVashington, D. C, Feb. 22, 1895, a new political organization was formed under the name of the American Bimetallic Party. The declaration of principles asserted unalterable opposition to the single gold standard and to the issue by the U. S. government of interest-bearing bonds in time of peace, and demanded the immediate restoration of the double standard, the unrestricted coinage of both gold and silver at a ratio of IG to 1 and on terms of exact equality, and the payment of the coin obligations of the government in gold or silver at the option of the government, not at that of the creditor. The conference, in the absence oi authority to make presidential nominations, suggested Joseph C. Sibley (Pa.), as a fitting candidate for the party^s nomination for president. Gen. A. J. Warner (address, Washington, D. C), president of the American Bimetallic League, is chairman of the executive committee of the new party. BINGHAMTON", city, cap. of Broome co., N. Y.; pop. (1890) 35,005; (1895) est. 43,000. In Feb., 1895, Mayor George E. Greene reported a total debt, all bonded, of $325,500, which incli^ded outstanding water debt $109,000; aba] JBJEKENBWAlJ. aggregate assessed valuations, 119,722,030; tax rate, 11.43 per $100; value of property owned by the city, over 1^2,000,- 000, of which the waterworks plant Avas estimated at $1,500,000; public school buildings, 16; public school en- rollment, 6,042; teachers, 142; value of public school property, $372,425; church organizations, 31; and electric street railway trackage, 30 m. There were 2 national banks (cap. 1400,000); 3 State banks (cap. 1300,000); a trust company (cap. 1400,000); a private bank, and 3 daily and 7 weekly newspapers. BIRKENHEAD, seaport town, Cheshire, England, on the Mersey river, opposite Liverpool; pop. (1891) 99,184; (1894) est. 105,627. It is noted for its bridge and ship- building plants, and, by an extensive system of docks and warehouses, its commercial interests have become identical with those of Liverpool. In the quarter ending June 30, 1895, the exports declared at Liverpool for the tj. S. aggre- gated in value 16,784,990, an increase of $1,792,871 over the total for the corresponding quarter 1894. Passengers and freight are transported from Liverpool to Birkenhead by lighters, steam ferryboats, and a tunnel. To render this transfer more expeditious, it is proposed to improve Liverpool harbor by constructing an outer landing-place, and to erect an immense arched suspension bridge over the Mersey between Liverpool and Birkenhead. By these im- provements passengers and freight may be taken directly from the Atlantic steamships to Birkenhead without using lighters or ferryboats. BIRMIK^GHAM, city, cap. of Jefferson co., Ala.; pop. (1890) 26,178; (1895) est. 35,000. The last reported as- sessed valuations (for 1893) were: Real, $20,000,000; per- sonal, $3,000,000— total, $23,000,000; city tax rate, $5 per $1,000. In 1895 the bonded debt was $1,610,000, an in- crease of $130,000 over that of 1894. There were 3 na- tional banks (cap. $950,000); 2 trust companies (cap. $600,000); a savings bank (cap. $150,000); 2 private banks, a cotton mill (cap. $100,000); 38 coke and 14 char- coal furnaces (nearly one-sixth of the whole number in the IT. S.); 2 of the largest and best equipped rolling mills in the South; 8 foundries and machine shops; 2 large coal and iron mining corporations; an electric railway operat- ing 58 m. of track and extending to Bessemer, Pratt City, BlUMlNGHAM. [abb Ensley, and East Lake; and 3 daily, 10 weekly, and 6 montlily periodicals. BIRMINGHAM, city, Warwick co., England; pop. (1891) 429,171. During the quarter ending June 30, 1895, the exports declared here for the U. S. aggregated in value $729,718.19, an increase of 1242,327.73 over the total of the corresponding quarter 1894. The principal articles were hardware, ($263,130); iron and steel and manufactures thereof (1114,086);' saddlery ($73,893); drugs, chemicals, and dyes ($57,906); cycles ($49,714); skins, hides, and furs ($48,363); china, glass, and earthen- ware ($33,453); and metals other than iron and steel ($17,054). BIRRELL, AuGUSTii^E, barrister and author: b. at Wavertree, near Liverpool, Eng., Jan. 16, 1850. Besides many contributions to periodicals, he published in 1894 Res Judicatse; and a volume of essays, under the title Men, Women and Books. BISHOP, Isabella Bird, author and traveler: b. in Yorkshire, England, about 1831; made her first trip abroad 1855, when she visited Prince Edward's Island and the XJ. S., and has since circumnavigated the globe three times. In recent years she has spent much time in Japan, and in 1894-5 made her third trip to Korea. She Avas in Seoul when the war broke out, 1894, and was the first person whose war correspondence reached London. She is a Eellow of the Royal Geographical Society, and is con- stantly sending it papers on her travels. Her publications include a work on the JJ. S. (1866); Unbeaten Tracks, Japan (1880); Among the Tibetans (1894); and Six Months Among the Palm Groves of the Sandwich Islands (1894). BISHOP, William Henry, author: b. in Hartford, Conn., Jan. 7, 1847. His recent publications are: A House-Hunter in Europe (1893); A Pound of Cure (1894); and The Garden of Eden, U. S. A. (1895). BISHOPS OP THE Church of-Eiv^gland: See. Apt'd Income. Canterbury— Edward White Benson (Abp) 1883 $75,000 Suffragan, G. R. Eden, Bishop of Dover. York— William Dalryraple Maclagan (Abp) 1891 $50,000 Suffragan, Dr. Crosthwaite, Bishop of Beverly. " Dr. Blunt, Bishop of Hull. London— Frederick Temple 1885 $50,000 ABc] Msmps. See. Apt'd Income. Suffragan, Dr. Earle, Bishop of Marlborough. " . Dr. Bilhng, Bishop of Bedford. " ' Dr. Willfinson, assistant bishop for British subjects in N. and C. Europe. Durham— Brooke Foss Westcott 1890 $40,000 Suffragan, Dr. Sandford, coadjutor bishop. Winchester— Anthony Wilson Thorold 1891 $32,500 Suffragan. Dr. Sumuer, Bishop of Guilford. Bangor- Daniel Lewis Lloyd 1890 S21,000 Bath and Wells- Arthur Charles Hewey 1869 $25,000 Suffragan, Dr. Marsden. Carlisle— John Wareing Bardsley 1891 $22,500 Suffragan, Dr. Ware, Bishop of Barrow in Furness. Chester-Francis John Jayne 1888 $21,000 Chichester— Dr. Durnford 1870 $21,000 Ely— Alwvne Spencer Compton 1886 $27,500 Exeter -Edward Henry Bickensteth 1885 $21 ,000 Gloucester and Bristol— Charles John ElUcott 1863 $25,000 Hereford— James Atlay 1868 $21,000 Litchfield-James Legge 1891 $21,000 Suffragan, Sir L. Stamer, Bishop of Shrewsbury. Lincoln-Edward King 1885 $22,500 Suffragan, Dr. TroUope, Bishop of Nottingham. Liverpool— John Charles Ryle 1880 $17,500 Suffragan, Dr. Royst^on. Llandaff— Richard Lewis 1883 $21,000 Manchester— James Moorhouse 1886 $21,000 Suffragan, Dr. C. Roberts. Newcastle— Ernest Roland Wilberforce 1882 $17,500 Norwich— Dr. Sheepshanks 1893 $22,500 Suffragan. Dr. Lloyd, Bishop of Thetford. Oxford— William Stubbs 1888 $25,000 Suffragan, Dr. Randall, Bishop of Reading. Peterborough— Mandell Creighton 1891 $22,500 Suffragan. Dr. Mitchinson, assistant bishop. ' ' Dr. Thicknesse, Bishop of Leicester. Ripon— William Boyd Carpenter 1884 $21,000 Suffragan, Dr. PuUeine, Bishop of Richmond. Rochester— Randall Thomas Davidson 1891 $15,500 Suffragan, Dr. Yeatman, Bishop of Southwark. St. Alban's— John Wogan Festing 1890 $22,500 St. Asaph— Alfred George Edwards 1889 $21,000 St. David's— Wilham Basil Jones 1874 $22,500 Suffragan, Dr. J. Lloyd, coadjutor bishop. Sahsbury— John Wordsworth 1885 $25,000 Soder and Mann— Dr. Stratton 1892 $10,000 Southwell— George Ridding 1884 $15,000 Suffragan, Dr. Were, coadjutor bishop. Truro— Dr. Gott - 1891 $1.5,000 Wakefield— Dr. Horo 1888 $15,000 Worcester— John James Stuart Perowne 1891 $25,000 Suffragan— Dr. Bowlby, Bishop of Coventry. BISHOPS OF THE Methodist Episcopal Church iin" THE Ui^riTED States: Residence. Elected. Thomas Bowman St. Louis. Mo 1872 Randolph S. Foster Boston, Mass 1872 Stephen M. Merrill Chicago, 111 .1872 Edward G. Andrews New York City 1872 Henry W. Warren Denver, Col 1880 Cyrus D. Foss Philadelphia, Pa 1880 John F. Hurst Washington, D. C 1880 William X. Ninde Topeka, Kan. 1884 John M. Walden Cincinnati, O 1884 Willard F. Mallalieu New Orleans, La 1884 Charles H. Fowler San Francisco, Cal 1884 BISmPS. lABD Residence. Eleci William Taylor — Miss. Bishop for Africa John H. Vincent Buffalo, N. Y James N. Fitzgerald Minneapolis, Minn Isaac W. Joyce Chattanooga, Tenn John P. Newman Omaha, Neb Daniel A. Goodsell Fort Worth, Texas James M. Thoburn Miss. Bishop for India ed. BISHOPS OF THE Methodist Episcopal Chukch, South: Residence. Elected. John C. Keener New Orleans, La. , ISrO Alpheus W. Wilson Baltimore, Md 1882 J. C. Granbery Ashland, Va 1882 R. K. Hargrove Nashville, Tenn 1882 W. W. Duncan Spartanburg. S. C 1886 E. R. Hendrix Kansas City, Mo , 1886 C. B. Galloway Jackson, Miss 1886 J. S. Key Fort Worth, Texas 1886 A. G. Haygood Los Angeles, Cal 1890 O, P. Fitzgerald San Francisco, Cal 1890 BISHOPS OF THE Protestant Episcopal Church i^ THE United States: See. Cons. Alabama— Richard Hooker Wilmer 1862 " Henry M. Jackson. Assistant 1891 Arizona and New Mexico— John Mills Kendrick 1889 Arkansas— Henry Niles Pierce (missionary) 1870 Calif ornia— William Ford Nichols 1890 Northern: John H. D. Wingfield 1874 " Los Angeles: Joseph H. Johnson 1896 Colorado — John Franklin Spaulding 1873 Connecticut— John William'^s 1851 Dakota, North— William D. Walker (missionary) 1882 South-William Hobart Hare 1873 Delaware— Leighton Coleman 1888 East Carolina— Alfred Augustine Watson 1884 Florida— Edwin Gardner Weed 1886 " South: William Crane Gray (missionary) 1892 Georgia— C. Kinloch Nelson 1892 Illinois— Chicago: William Edward McLaren 1875 " Quincy : Alexander Burgess 1878 *' Springfield: George Franklin Seymour 1878 " '' Charles R. Hale, Assistant 1892 Indiana— David Buel Knickerbacker 1883 Iowa— William Stevens Perry 1870 Kansas— Elisha Smith Thomas 1887 Kentucky— Thomas Underwood Dudley 1875 Louisiana— Davis Sessums 1891 Maine— Henry Adams Neely 1867 Maryland— William Paret 1885 •' Easton: William Forbes Adams. 1877 Massachusetts— William Lawrence .1893 Michigan— Thomas Frederick Davies 1889 " Western: George D. Gillespie 1875 Minnesota— Henry Benjamin Whipple 1869 Mahlon N. Gilbert, Assistant 1889 Mississippi— Hugh Miller Thompson 1875 Missouri— Daniel Sylvester Tuttle 1886 West: Edwaixl Robert Atwill 1886 Montana— Leigh R. Brewer (missionary) 1880 Nebraska— George Worthington 1885 Nevada and Utah— Abiel Leonard (missionary) 1888 New Hampshire— William Woodruff Niles 1878 abe] BISHOPS. See. Cons. New Jersey— John Scarborough 1875 " Newark: Thomas A. Starkey 1880 New York— Henrv Codman Potter 1883 " Central: Frederick D. Huntington 1869 " "Western: Arthur Cleveland Coxe 1865 " A-lbany : William Croswell Doane 1869 " Long Island: Abi-am N. Littlejohn 1869 North Carolina— J. B. Cheshire, Jr 1893 Ohio— William Andrew Leonard 1889 Southern: Boyd Vincent 1889 Oklahoma— Francis Key Brooke (missionary) 1893 Oregon— Benjamin Wistar Morris (missionary) 1868 Pennsylvania— Ozi William Whitaker 1869 Pittsburgh: Cortlandt Whitehead 1882 Central: M. A. De Wolfe Howe 1871 " "• N. S. Rulison, Assistant 1884 Rhode Island— Thomas March Clark 1854 South Carolina— William Bell White Howe 1871 •' Ellison Capers, Assistant 1893 Tennessee— Charles Todd Quintard 1865 " Thomas F. Gailor, Assistant 1893 Texas— Grcorge Herbert Kinsolving 1892 " Northern: Alex. C. Garrett (missionary) 1874 " Western: James S. Johnson (missionary) 1888 The Platte— Anson Rogers Graves 1890 Vermont- Arthur Cranshay Alliston Hall 1893 Virginia— Francis McNeece Whittle ■. 1868 " John B. Newton, Assistant 1893 Southern: Alfred M. Randolph 1883 West Virginia— George William Peterkin 1878 Wisconsin— Milwaukee: Isaac L. Nicholson 1891 Fond du Lac: Charles C. Grafton 1889 Washington, D. C— Henry Y. Satterlee 1896 Washington— William M. Barker 1893 Spokane: Lemuel H. Wells 1892 Wyoming and Idaho— Ethelbert Talbot (missionary) 1887 Alaska— Peter Trimble Rowe (missionary) 1895 Africa— Cape Palmas: S. D. Ferguson (missionary) 1885 China— Frederick R. Graves (missionary) 1893 Japan— John McKim (missionary) 1893 Charles C. Penick, late Bishop of Cape Palmas. Retired 1877 S. I. J. Schereschewsky, late Bishop of Shanghai, China. Retired 1877 Thomas Augustus Jagger, late Bishop of Southern Ohio. Retired 1875 Channing Moore Williams, late Bishop of China and Japan. Retired 1866 BISHOPS OF THE Reformed Episcopal Church: Residence. Charles Edward Cheney Chicago, 111. WiUiam R. Nicholson Philadelphia, Pa. Edward Cridge Victoria, B. C. Samuel Fallows Chicago, 111. P. F. Stevens Charleston, S. C. Jamec A. Latan6 Baltimore, Md. Edward Wilson Metuchen, N. J. Thomas W. Campbell Toronto, Ont. BISHOPS OF THE A. M. E. Ziox Church: Residence. James Walker Wood Fayetteville, N. C. Joseph P. Thompson Newburgh, N. Y. Thomas H. Lomax Charlotte, N. C. Cicero R. Harris Salisbmy, N. C. Isaac C. Clinton Lancaster, S. C. Alexander Walters Jersey City, N. J. C. Calvm Petty Newberne, N. C, BISHOPS. • [ABF BISHOPS OF THE KoMAK Oatholic Church ii^ the United States: APOSTOLIC DELEGATE. Cardinal Francis Satolli, Washington, D. C. ARCHBISHOPS. See. Cons. Baltimore, Maryland James Gibbons, Cardinal 1868 Boston, Massachusetts John J. Williams 1S66 Chicaj^o, Illinois Patrick A. Feehan 1865 Cincinnati, Ohio William H. Elder ;1857 Dubuque, Iowa John Hennessey 1866 Milwaukee, Wisconsin Frederick Katzer 1886 New Orleans, Louisiana Francis Janssens 1881 New York, New York M. A. Corrigan 1873 Portland, Oregon W. H. Gross 1873 Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Patrick J. Ryan . .\ 1872 St. Louis, Missouri John J. Kaiii 187'5 St. Paul, Minnesota John Ireland. 1875 San Francisco, California Patrick W. Riordan 1883 Santa Fe, New Mexico P. L. Chappelle '!l892 BISHOPS. Albany, New York Thomas M. Burke 1894 Alton, Illinois James Ryan 1888 Belleville, Illinois J. Janssen , 1888 Boise City, Idaho A. J. Glorieux 1885 Boston, Massachusetts John Brady (Auxiliary) 1 891 Brooklyn, New York C. E. McDonnell 1892 Buffalo. New York S. V. Ryan 1868 Burlington, Vermont J. S. Michaud 1893 Charleston, South Carohna H. P. Northrop 1882 Cleveland, Ohio I. F. Horstmann 1892 Columbus, Ohio J. A. Watterson 1880 Covington, Kentucky Edward J. Dunne 1893 Dallas, Texas T. F. Brennan 1891 Davenport. Iowa H. Cosgrove 1884 Denver, Colorado Vacant Detroit, Michigan John S. Foley 1888 Duluth, Minnesota James McGolddck 1889 Erie, Pennsylvania Tobias Mullen 1868 Fargo, North Dakota John Shanley 1889 Fort Wayne, Indiana I. Rademacher 1883 Galveston, Texas N. A. Gallagher 1882 Grand Rapids, Michigan H. J. Richter 1883 Green Bay, Wisconsin Sebastian Messmer 1892 Guthrie, Oklahoma Theodore Meerschaert 1891 Harrisburg, Pennsylvania Thomas P. McGovern 1888 Hartford, Connecticut M. Tierney 1894 Helena, Montana J. B. Brondel 1879 Indianapolis, Indiana S. F. Chatard 1878 Kansas City, Kansas L. M. Fink 1871 Kansas City, Missouri John J. Hogan 1868 La Crosse, Wisconsin James Schwebach 1892 Laredo, Texas P. Verdaguer 1890 Lincoln, Nebraska Thomas Bonacum 1887 Little Rock, Arkansas Edward Fitzgerald 1667 Los Angeles, California Francis Moi-a 1873 " " . , G. Montgomery, coadjutor 1894 Louisville, Kentucky William G. McCloskey 1H68 Manchester, New Hampshire D. M. Bradley 1884 Marquette, Michigan John Vertin 1879 Marysville, California Eugene CConnell 1887 Mobile, Alabama J. O'Sullivan 1885 Nashville, Tennessee Thomas S. Byrne 1894 Natchez. Mississippi Thomas Heslin 1889 Natchitoches, Louisiana Anthony Durier 1887 Nesqually, Washington ^gidius Junger , 1879 abg] B islet meeting. See. Cods. Newark, New Jersey W. M. Wigger 1881 New York, New York John M. Farley (Auxiliary) 1896 Ogdensburg, New York Henry Gabrielos 1892 Omaha, Nebraska Richard Scannell 1887 Peoria, Illinois J. T.. Spalding 1877 Pittsburgh. Pennsylvania R. Phelan 1885 Portland, Maine J- A. Healy 1875 Providence, Rhode Island M. Harkins 1887 Richmond, Virginia A. Van de Vy ver 1889 Rochester, New York B. J. McQuaid 1868 St. Augustine, Florida Tohn Moore 1877 St. Cloud, Minnesota Martin Marty 1895 St. Joseph, Missouri M. F. Burke 1893 Sacramento, California Vacant Salt Lake City, Utah Lawrence Scanlan 1887 San Antonio, Texas J. A. Forrest 1895 Savannah, Georgia Thomas A. Becker 1868 Scranton, Pennsylvania William O'Hara 1868 Sioux Falls, South Dakota Otto Zardetti 1894 Springfield. Massachusetts Thomas D. Beaven 1892 Syracuse, New York P. A. Ludden 1887 Trenton, New Jersey James A. McFaul 1894 Tucson, Arizona P. Bourgade 1887 Vancouver, Washington J. N. Lemmens 1888 Washington, D. C John J. Keane Wheeling, West Virginia P. J. Donahue 1894 Wichita, Kansas J.J. Hennessy 1888 Wilmington, Delaware Alfred A. Curtis 1887 Wilmington, North Carolina Leo Haid 1888 Winona, Minnesota Joseph B. Cotter 1889 BISLEY MEETING: The meeting of the National Rifle Association of England, transferred to Bisley from Wimbledon in 1890. For the meeting of 1894 certain changes were made in the third-class target, the 'bnU's-eye of 8 inches diameter being left unchanged, but the diame- ter of the inner circle being increased from 16 inches to 20, and the diameter of the ''magpie" from 24 to 32. The extreme weight of military breech-loaders was fixed at 10 pounds 4 ounces. The extreme limits of length were made from 48 inches to 52 instead of 48 to 55. The maximum caliber was made 315, and the maximum pull of trigger 6 pounds instead of 5. Prizes were won by Volun- teers over Regulars; Cambridge University over Oxford; Rugby over other schools; Corporal Apperby over other representatives of Public Schools: Private Brown of the Cameronians; Royal Navy over Army; Capt. G. C. Gibbs; Scotland taking the Elcho shield and also the national challenge trophy, winning for the seventh time over Eng- land and Ireland; and England over Canada, Jersey, and Guernsey. The Queen's Prize of £250 and gold medal was won by Private Rennie; and prize of £60 by Private McGibbon; £40 by Lieut. Clemence; £30 by Private Muirhead; and £20 by Lieut. Mitchell of Canada. S BISMARCK SCIIcmi A USEW. [abh BISMARCK-SCHO^^HAUSE^^ Pri^-ce Karl Otto Edward Leopold vox: created count Sept. 16, 1865; prince March, 1871; and Duke of Laiienburg in 1890. The prince recovering from serious ilhiess toward the close of 1893, there was much interest in his reported reconcilation with the emperor in Jan., 1894. In response to kind in- quiries from the emperor as to his health he visited the emperor in Berlin Jan. 26, and the emperor returned the visit Feb. 19. There was general public satisfaction ex- pressed in the journals, and the Bourse was favorably af- fected, though it was said the reconciliation had no politi- cal significance. His eightieth birthday opcurred April 1, 1895, and was the occasion of the widest celebration throughout the empire. March 23 a resolution w^as offered in the Reichstag delegating its president, Herr von Levetzow, to convey their congratulations to the prince, but this was opposed by the social-democrats, and defeated by a vote of 163 to 146, some 70 members being said to be absent. The socialist vote created intense excitement, and general condemnation. The members who had voted to congratulate him went in a body to his house March 25, carrying their congratulations in person; the emperor, who talked indignantly of dissolving the Reichstag, went with his congratulations the 27th; the Bundesrath voted congratu- lations, as did the city council of Berlin; and the president and vice-president of the Reichstag resigned, and new offi- cers were elected the 27th. The emperor seized the occa- sion to recover something of his waning popularity; and the great national services of the prince were the theme of the journals of every party except the social-demo- crats, and these kept a discreet silence. There Avere cele- brations with processions, public meetings, and banquets, in most of the German cities, and Hamburg was illumi- nated and had a procession of 4,000 students, who were going to Friederichsruhe with their congratulations. The visits of congratulation . continued through several days, and included civic delegations from forty cities. The town of Suhl, in Thuringia, famous for the manufacture of weapons, gave him honorary citizenship, its letter be- ing a plate of fine steel etched in silver, gold, and black with heraldic designs. The Magdeburgers collected $16,- 250 to erect a monument to him in their city. A great gathering was held at the national monument of Germania ABi] BISSELL. in the Niederwald, whither thousands traveled fr,om all the Ehineland, including representatives of 36 Ehenish cities. Joy fires were built on hill and mountain tops throughout Germany. But the center of enthusiasm was his home at Friedrichsrnhe, where he received many thousands of visitors, over 1,000 postal parcels, most of the presents being valuable works of industrial art, and over 200,000 congratulatory letters, including some from crowned heads. It is said that the numerous honorary orders and decorations which he has received at one time and another number fifty-one, and include every Prussian order that can legally be conferred upon him. The em- blems of the Golden Fleece and the Black Eagle must by law return at his death to their royal source, but his other orders will become the property of his heirs, and their monetary value is estimated at $25,000. BISSELL, WiLSOX Shaxxoj^, ll.d., lawyer: b. in Rome, N. Y., Dec. 31, 1847; was appointed post-master- general of the U. S., March, 1893; resigned to resume law pratice, Feb. 27, 1895 ; and was succeeded bv ex-Congressman William L. Wilson (W. Ya.). BIZERTE, most northern town in Africa; fortified seaport of Tunis; pop. about 8,000. In June, 1895, the French government completed its vast work of connecting Bizerte Lake with the Mediterranean Sea by a ship-canal, on which it had been engaged for three years, and constituted Bizerte a naval port, said to be second in imjoortance and advantages only to Toulon. The lake forms a sheltered basin as large as the city of Paris, and could contain at one time all the naval vessels of the world. The canal, through which the largest men-of-war can pass, is 4,920 ft. long, 393 ft. wide, and 30 ft. deep, and its entrance into the Mediterranean is protected on each side by jetties 3,280 it. long. BJOR^'SON, Bjorxstjerxe, novelist, dramatist, and poet: b. at Koikne, in Osterdalen, Xorway, Dec. 8, 1832. He published in 1894 a drama on Norwegian family and social life, which was translated into English by Osman Edwards, under the title, A Gauntlet; and in 1895 a Ger- man play in two acts, entitled Uber Unsere Kraft. BLACK, William, novelist: b. in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1841. In 1894 he published Highland Cousins; and in 1895-96 Briseis, serially in Harper^'s Magazine. BLACKBUMN UNIVBkstTT. [acI BLAOKBUEN UNIVERSITY, Carlinville, 111., Pres- byterian; for both sexes; organized in 1804; instructors in 1895, 9; students 150; graduates since organization 260; cost of tuition per annum 135.00; vols, in librar}^ 3,000; productive funds 150,000. BLACKIE, JoHX Stuart, educator and author: b. at Glasgow, Scotland, in 1809; died in Edinburgh, March 2, 1895. He was a frequent contributor to periodical litera- ture almost to the time of his death; and in 1895 published The Ideal of Humanity in the Old T'imes and the New. BLACKMORE, Richard Doddridge, novelist: b. at Langworth, Berkshire, Eng., in 1825. He published in 1894 Perlycross; and in 1895 Slain by the Doones. BLAIKIE, William Garde j^", d.d., clergyman and author: b. in England, about 1830. During 1894-95 he contributed to periodicals a number of important papers on biblical, religions, and social subjects; and published Heroes of Israel (1894); and Personal Life of Livingstone (1895). BLASHFIELD, Edwin^ Howland, painter: b. in New York, Dec. 15, 1848. In 1895 he was elected president of the Society of American Artists (q. v.). In the same year he was engaged in painting the large allegorical pictures, entitled The Human Understanding, and Knowledge of the Ages, in the decoration of the dome of the new Library of Congress, in Washington. BLIND, Education of the. In 1895 there were in the U. S. and Canada 35 public institutions for the blind, with 348 instructors, and 3,489 pupils; vols, in libraries, 77,045; value of scientific apparatus ^21,819; grounds and build- ings, $6,189,436. These institutions were in 26 states and provinces, and their teachers were associated voluntarily, for mutual discussion and assistance, in the American Association of Educators of the Blind, organized in 1868, and held their biennial meeting at Chautauqua, N.Y. in July, 1894, 26 institutions being represented. Books have been printed for the blind in three different forms of embossed characters, known as the Braille, line letter, and New York point systems. All of these have been used in the different schools. The New York point system, invented by Mr. W. B. AVait, superintendent of the New York Institution, has also been adapted to the printing of aca] BLTNl). music, and was most approved at the Association meeting, in 1894; and in tliat year the entire Bihle was printed in it by the American Bible Society. Mr. Wait also brought out in 1804 the kleidograph, an instrument of his. inven- tion^ by which the blind can readily write in embossed characters, and also the stereogrr.ph, by which they can emboss metal plates for printing in embossed characters. The iVmerican Printing House for the Blind, established by the State of Kentucky at Louisville, receives $10,000 a year, the interest on a fund established by the IT. S. Con- gress for the furnishing of books for the blind. This is supplemented by the Society for Providing Evangelical Literature for the Blind, established in Philadelphia, Pa.; and quite a catalogue of books, secular and religious, was reported in 1892 as available for reading by touch. The New York Institution, established in N"ew York city in 1836, is a typical school of its class. In 1895 it reported 23 instructors, and 235 pupils during the year, of whom 197 remained to the close. Besides ordinary common-school instruction it taught cane-seating, mattress making, sev/ing and knitting by hand and by machines, embroidery, crocheting, weaving cord laces, and other in- dustries. Physical training with light gymnastics was given to all, and special instructio}i was given in ordinary typew^riting, in which the blind are quite successful. Music, the one art within their reach, is taught with special care, and piano-tuning, for which they show special fitness, is taught as a profession. The treasurer's report issued in 1895 showed the year's receipts 8119,364.94, of which 149,617.44, was from legacies; expenditures $12-3,695.29, of which $56,998.60 was the investment of legacies, and 166,696.69 current ex- jjenses. One of the most important English institutions is the Royal Xormal College and Academy for the Blind, Upper Norwood, London, established in 1872. It is sustained by voluntary gifts, and in 1895 included preparatory grammar and high, and technical schools, and an academy of music w^hich taught the science and practice of music and piano- forte tuning, and trained teachers of music. It was reported in 1895 that from 80 to 90 per cent, of the graduates of the college, though almost all taken from the poorest classes, had become self-supporting, their earnings during the year aggregating about $100,000. BLOOMINGTON. [acb BLOOMINGTON, city, cap. of McLean co.. 111.; pop. (1890) 20,484. In 1894 the assessed valuations were: Real, 12,690,112; personal, $855,147— total, $3,545,259; city tax rate, $31.50 per $1,000: In 1895 the city owned the waterworks and electric light plants, and had a bonded debt $62,500, floating $40,000, total $102,500. There were 3 national banks (cap. $550,000), 2 state banks (cap. $200,000), a trolley railway operating 11 ni. of track, and 3 daily, 8 weekly, 3 monthh^, and 2 other periodicals. BLOUET, Paul (pen name Max O'Rell), author: b. in Brittany, France, March 2, 1848; educated chiefly at the Polytechnic School, Paris; entered the army as sub- lieutenant 1869; served through the Franco-Prussian war, becoming a prisoner at Sedan; fought against the Com- mune; and was wounded and pensioned. In 1873 he went to London as a newspaper correspondent; in 1876-84 was head French master of St. Paul's School; and in 1887, 1890 and 1895-6 made lecturing tours of the U. S. His best known works are John Bull and His Island (1883); Jonathan and His Continent (1889); A Frenchman in America (1891); and English Pharisees, French Crocodiles (1893). BLUEFIELDS, town, cap. of the former Mosquito Res- ervation, now the department of Zelaya, Nicaragua; pop. (1891) about 5,000. In the quarter ending June 30. 1895, the exports declared here for tlie U. S. aggregated in value $523,419, the principal items being bananas ($440,592), rubber ($57,872), and gold duf^t ($23,095). Since the rati- fication of the Clayton-Bulwor treaty between the U. S. and Great Britain 1850, both countries Jiave been at odds concerning the status of the Mosquito Indian Reservation on the east coast of Nicaragua, and till 1894 Great Britain maintained, a protectorate over the repion. In December, 1893, war broke out between Nicaragua and Honduras, and in January following, in consequence of the seizure by Honduranian troops of Cape Gracian a Dios in Nicaragua, 60 miles north of the Mosquito strip, the U. S. government sent the war vessel Kearsarge to Bluefields to protect Ameri- can interests. On February 12, Nicaragua took possession of Bluefields, and proclaimed martial laAV. This act led to a protest by Chief Clarence, the dispatch of British war vessels to the town, the landing of British marines, and the ACC] B'NAI B'RiTlL restoration of Clarence. Subseqnently, the Nicaraguan commissioner undertook to organize a provisional adminis- tration for the reservation, but failed. In July, 1894, the natives succeeded in a movement against Nicaragua, re- stored their government, and expelled the garrison at Bluefields; but in October the Nicaraguans regained pos- session. In the mean time, both the IJ. S. and Great Brit- ain increased their naval fleets in the harbor, and the Kic- araguan commissioner (August) placed Mr. Hatch, the British pro-consul, and sevei-al Englishmen and Americans under arrest. On November 20, a convention of Mosquito delegates agreed to submit to the authority and laws of Nicaragua, and changed the name of the reservation to the department of Zelaya, in hoiior of the president of Nicara- gua. For the insult to the British flag in the person of Sir. Hatch, Great Britain made a demand on Nicaragua for an idemnity of £15,000, on February 26, 1895, and left the question of personal damages to Mr. Hatch and other Englishmen for future arbitration. The ultimatum led to considerable diplomatic correspondence between the IJ. S. and Great Britain, the former insisting (April) that (1) it could not permit the ^seizure of any Nicaraguan terri- tory, (2) nor the cession of territory by Nicaragua to Great Britain, (3) n :>r the landing of a British naval or military force for either a permanent or temporary occupation of Nicaraguan territory. Nicaragua replied to the ultima- tum by a proposal to submit the entire question to arbitra- tion. This was declined by Great Britain; and in the absence of evidence that Nicaragua would yield to its terms. Great Britain notified that government that if the ultimatum was not complied with by a specified date, a naval force would be landed at Corinto, its principal port, and the receipts of the custom house would be at- tached for the idemnity. At the last moment the Nica- raguan government opened negotiations with Admiral Stephenson, the British naval commander, and on May 4, agreed to- pay the money in London within two weeks. On the following day, the British fleet evacuated the port of Corinto, and on May 16, the money was paid as agreed. The question of personal damages was still open in January, 1896. SeeNiCAKAGUA. B'NAIB'EITH, orBEi^^Ai Berith (sons of the covenant), a fraternal order, founded among the Israelites in the BOATING. [ACD United States in 1843. At the close of 1895 it reported 10 grand lodges; 389 subordinate lodges; 30,500 members; benefits paid during the fiscal year 1894-95^ $931,254; benefits paid since organization $38,607,000. President, Julius Bien, Kew York; Secretary, Solomon Sulzberger, New York. BOATING-. The principal event of 1895 was the sensa- tional and unsatisfactory contest for the America Cup, between Lord Dunraven's yacht, Valkyrie III., represent- ing the Royal Yacht Squadron of Great Britain, and the syndicate yacht, Defender, representing the New York Yacht Club, in New York bay. The terms of the new deed of gift of the cup were accepted after tedious prelim- inaries by the Royal Yacht Squadron, and a challenge was issued by Lord Diinraven in Jan. To defend the cup a syndicate was formed, consisting of E. D. Morgan, W. K. Vanderbilt, and C. 0. Iselin, and a new yacht was built by the Herreshofi's, containing many novel features. The first race was on Sept. 7, when the Defender secured the lead soon after the start, and steadily increased it, Avinning by 8 m. 49 s., corrected time. The popularity of the contest attracted a vast fleet of all kinds of vessels, and rendered the handling of the yachts extremely difficult. At the close of the first race Lord Dunraven intimated that unless more energetic measures were adopted to kee23 the course clear of pleasure yachts and excursion steamboats, he should decline a second race. On Se|)t. 10, while ma- noeuvering for position, the yachts came into collision, and the Valkyrie tore away a part of the Defender's cross-trees, rendering her topmast shrouds practically useless. The Defender kept on with the race, however, and finished the course 47 s., corrected time, behind the Valkyrie. Ap- peals were made to the regatta committee, which declared that the Valkyrie had fouled the Defender, and gave the race to the latter. On Sept. 12 both yachts appeared for the third contest, but, after crossing the line, the Valkyrie withdrew, and the Defender sailed the course alone. After his return to England, Lord Dunraven published a charge that tlie water "line of the Defender had been secretly lengtliened four inclies by the addition of extra ballast after slie had been officially measured. This charge led to an investigation by an influential committee in New Y^ork ace] boat I M. in Dec.^ before whom Lord Dunraven and his witnesses^ appeared, and at the time of writing it was believed that the committee would decide that the charge had not been proved. ^ A pleasanter international contest was that for the Sea- wanhaka-Corinthian trophy for half-raters, between the unbeaten English boat Spruce IV. and the American Ethelwynn, of the Seawanhaka-Corinthian Yacht Club, also at New York. The first race was started Sept. 22, but from lack of wind was postponed to the follow- ing day, when the Ethelwynn beat the Spruce lY. on a 12 m. course by 7 m. 41 s. On the 24th, the 5 hours al- lowed for covering the course elapsed when the yachts were within a m. from the finish, the Spruce lY. leading. This race was resailed 25th, when the Spruce lY. beat the Ethelwynn by 23 s. On calling the third race, the Ethel- wynn soon withdrew because of the heavy sea, and the race was given the Spruce IV. The fourth race, Sept. 27, was awarded the American yacht, a protest for overlapping made by the Spruce lY., not being sustained. The last race, Sept. 28, was won by the Ethelwynn easily, and the American yacht was awarded the trophy. Much interest was taken in the trial races between the Defender and the Vigilant, to decide which should race the Valkyrie III., in which the former won nine victories. The principal foreign 3'achting events were in the Medi- terranean, where the Britannia took everything til] the Ailsa appeared, when the former only gained second place in all but two races, and where the Dakotah won every race in which she sailed, holding the championship for her class ; and in England, where the Britannia beat the Ailsa in nearly every race, and the American yacht Niagara beat the Dakotah and all other boats in her class. In a total of 39 starts the Britannia won 32 firsts during the season. Rowing contests were far less interesting than usual. The Yale-Harvard race, June 28, was won by the Yale crew in 21 m. 30 s., a result anticipated from its admitted superiority. On July 24, ni the inter-collegiate race be- tween the crews of Columbia, Cornell, and Pennsylvania, Columbia beat Cornell, and Pennsylvania withdrew before reaching the finish. The Cornell crew, which went to Eng- land to take part in the Henley regatta, rowed in two races, the first with the Leanders, in which the latter claimed BOERK [ACS* that they did not hear the word to start, and remained pas- sive, while Cornell went over the conrse alone; and the second with the Trinity crew, in which the Americans broke down before the finish. BOERS: descendants of the Dutch colonists who settled at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652. Their lands were ceded by Holland to England in 1814, and later slavery was abolished without compensation to owners, and in 1836 the most of them migrated northward and founded the farm- ing republics of the Orange Free State and the South African Eepublic, or Transvaal. These had in 1895 respectively about 80,000 and 120,000 white inhabitants. They are bounded on the n. e. by Portuguese possessions near Delagoa Bay, the natural port of the region, but on all other sides by British colonies and dependencies. Great Britain recognized the independence of the Transvaal in 1852, but annexed it in 1877, again, after war, acknowl- edging its independence in internal administration in 1881, the queen, however, remaining suzerain in external relations. This suzerainty was much restricted in 1884; but the surrounding British territory forbids real in- dependence. In 1886 gold w\as discovered in the Witwatersrand, or the Kand, in the vicinity of Johannesberg near the Orange Free State border. These mines developed rapidlv, the yield in 1887 being 28,754 ounces, but in 1894 1,837,773; entire yield to the close of 1894 6,198,767 ounces; esti- mated yield of 1895 valued at $50,000,000; while further development is expected to bring a yield of $100,000,000 a year. Those attracted to the mines are mainly English, and know]i as Uitlaiulers, and are believed to be a majority of the inhabitants of the republic, Johannesberg having about 60,000, including the lawless elements of a mining town, but being a substantial and handsome city. The full constitutional franchise is limited to those residing in the republic since 1876 and veterans of the war of 1881; while those naturalized after two years^ residence can vote for members of the lower legislative house only. There are only 300 voters, it is said, in Johannesberg. The Uitlanders complain also of unjust taxation and the lack of schools and police protection. Besides formal petitions for reforms, in Dec, 1895, they organized a provisional acg] BOHEMIA. government iit Johannesberg, and sent a threatening ulti- matum to the capital, Pretoria. Pending the discussion of these, Dr. Jameson, administrator of the territory of the British South Africa Company, mustered an armed force of 700 near the western border of the Transvaal, and marched toward Johannesberg to cooperate with the Uitlanders. His movement was disowned and forbidden by the British authorities, but he cut the lines behind him, crossed the Transvaal border, Dec. 30, and expected to meet the revolt and give it success. The Uitlanders were intensely excited by his approach, but failed to second him; and the Boers met him with overAvhelming force, and, after killing and v/ounding a number of his men, took Jameson and the rest prisoners to Pretoria. The in- cident was given international interest by the Emperor of Germany, who telegraphed his congratulations to President Kriiger in terms offensive to England. The Boers have been accused of brutal cruelty to the native negroes, but others declare that in a w^ar with the English the negroes would side with the Boers. In their present difficulty President Kriiger has shown remarkable strength and moderation, and has promised the English government that Jameson shall be turned over to them, and to the Uitlanders that all possible consideration shall be given promptly to their demands. It seems hardly pos- sible, however, that the Boers should escape being over- whelmed by the great majority of the Uitlanders, or pre- serve their independence wdiile practically surrounded by British territory. See Orai^ge Free State, and South African Republic. BOHEMIA: a former kingdom, now the northernmost province of the Empire of Austria-Hungary, Cisleithanian division. There was much excitement in Prague during the trial of those accused of complicity with the Omladina conspiracy, and at its close, Feb. 21, 1894, the larger part of those accused were convicted, and were sentenced to various short terms of imprisonment. Most of the prison- ers were very young, and this fact was urged in lightening their sentences. ToAvard the close of the year there were disturbances in the forest of Dorrengrand about alleged apparitions of the Virgin Mary. Christine Ringel, a girl thought to be BOK. [ACH inspired, declared that the Virgin would publicly appear on Jan. 2, 1895, and tov\^ard that time multitudes of pil- grims came to see from Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia. The local authorities, to suppress the excitement, sum- moned Christine to Braunau, and as she refused to obey, arrested her; but the police were assaulted by the pilgrims, and driven from the forest. In May, 1895, tlie Austrian Ministry of Commerce took up the project of a canal to connect the Danube vvdth the Moldau and Elbe. This project had been entrusted in 1892 to a committee consisting of representatives of the provincial administrations of Lov/er Austria and Bohemia, and of chambers of commerce of principal towns, and cer- tain Austrian and German steamship companies. A technical sub-committee reported early in May, 1895, pro- posing that the canal start from the Danube near Vienna, join the Moldau at Budweis, in Bohemia, and from Budweis that the channel of the Moldau and Elbe be deepened to a minimum of 2.1 meters as far as Aussig, in Northern Bohemia. The full joint meeting of the earlier committee and the Austrian Ministry of Commerce approved these plans; and the Ministry authorized the technical pre- liminary work. The chief political agitation of 1895 was about the demand of the Young Czechs that Bohemia be elevated in the empire to a status equal to that of Hungary. The elections to the provincial Diet wore held in Nov., 1895, and resulted in the choice of 46 Young Czechs, 27 German Liberals, 2 German Nationalists, 2 Czech peasants, 1 Old Czech, and 1 Clerical. BOK, Edward W., editor of the Ladies' Home Journal, New Y^ork: b. about 1860. In 1894 he published The Young Man in Business; and a magazine article with the title, Why do not Y'oung Men Attend Church? which ex- cited very wide notice and criticism. In 1895 he published Successward: a Young Man^s Book for Young Men. BOLLES, Frank, educator: b. in Winchester, Mass., Oct. 31, 1856; d. in Cambridge, Mass., Jan. 10, 1894. He w^as graduated at the law department of Columbian Uni- versity in 1879, and of Harvard University in 1882; founded the Harvard Cooperative Association; won the Bowdoin prize at Harvard with an essay on International Aci] BOLOGNA. Arbitration; and became secretary of Harvard University. He was very helpful to students, especially those without friends or means, and was author of Land of the Lingering Snow; To the North of Bearcamp Water; A Brief State- ment of What Harvard University is. How it May be En- tered, and How its Degrees May be Obtained; From Blomidon to Smoky, and Other Papers; and A Genealogy of the Family of Anthony Dix. BOLOGrNA, University op Bologna, Italy; founded A. D. 1200; instructors in 1895, 62; students, 1,318; vols, in library, 140,000, besides 9,000 valuable manuscripts. BOLTON, Sarah Knowles, author: b. in Farming- ton, Conn., Sept. 15, 1841. Li 1894 she published Famous Leaders Among Men; and in 1895 Famous Leaders Among Women; and, with Charles Knowles Bolton, From Heart and Nature. BOMBAY, presidency of British India; also city, sea- port, and capital of the same; pop. (1891) presidency, in- cluding Sind and Aden, 18,901,123; city, 821,764. The city is the third most important commercial center in Asia, and is particularly noted for its manufactures of yarn and cotton cloth. In the half j^ear ending June 30, 1895, the exports declared here for the U. S. aggregated in value 854,034, the principal articles being mother-of- pearl shells ($12,891), curios ($8,062), jewelry ($6,354), and carpets (13,697). BONG-HI, RuGGiERO, author and statesman: b. in Naples, Italy, in 1828; d. at Torre del Greco, near Naples Oct. 22, 1895. He contributed to the Chautauquan in 1894 an important article on Italy^s Future, and to the Atheneum an article on Italian Literature. BONNE Y, Thomas George, d.s.c, ll.d., f.r.s., F.S.A., F.G.S., educator and author: b. at Eugelev, Eng., July 27, 1833. In 1894 he published The Story of Our Planet; and contributed to the Contem^^orary Review an article on Glaciers; and in 1895 he edited Abbeys and Churches of England and Wales; and a series of illustra- tions v/ith descriptive text entitled The Thames from the Source to the Sea; and with others. Historic Homes of the United Kingdom. BOOKS PUBLISHED. During 1894 there were re- ported by the Publisher's Weekly, New York, not includ- BOOKS PUBLISHED. [adj iiig government works and the minor cheap libraries, works of fiction, 573, theology and religion, 442, law, 440, edncation and language, 426, juvenile, 315, political and social science, 233, literary history, and miscellany, 208, history, 163, physical and mathematical science, 141, biog- raphy, 140, poeti-y and the drama, 133, fine-art and illus- trated books, 127, medicine and hygiene, 118, useful arts, 118, description and travel, 116, sports and amusements, 50, domestic and rural, 42, mental and moral philosophy, 42, humor and satire, 10: total new books, 3,837; new edi- tions, 647, total published, 4,484. There were 2,821 books by American writers manufactured in the U. S., 577 books by foreign authors made here, and 1,086 imported. The books and other printed matter exported from the U. S. during the 3^ear 1894 were valued at $2,449,712; as com- pared with 12,341,023 in 1893; of which $540,312 was ex- ported to British N. America, and 1753,174 to the United Kingdom. Imports of books, maps, engravings, etc., in year ending July 31, 1894, free of duty, 11,875,286 (1895, 11,750,810); dutiable, 1894, $1,584,182, 1895, $1,580,827; exports, 1894, $2,620,046, 1895, $2,316,217.^ British pub- lications during 1894, besides 1,185 new editions, wei'e as follows: Fiction, 1,315, educational, classical, and philolog- ical, 615, theological, biblical, and religious, 476, belles- lettres, essays, etc., 370, year-books and serials in volumes, 328, travel and geographical research, 282, juvenile, 269, history and biography, 256, poetry and the drama, 160, political and social economy and commerce, 141, law, 126, art, science, and illustrated works, 98, medicine, surgery, etc., 97, miscellaneous, including pamphlets, 767: total, new books, 5,300; new editions, 1,185; total published, 6,485, as compared with 6,382 in 1893. The St. Peters- burger Zeitung, says that in Russia 10,651 books were pub- lished in 1894, as against 10,242 in 1893; but the number of copies printed declined from 33,750,000 in 1893 to 32,- 250,000 in 1894. They were in the following languages: In Russian, 8,082, Polish, 894, Hebrew, 519, German, 315, Lettish, 219, Esthonian, 172, Armenian, 124, Georgian, 74, Turkish, 70, French, 61, and 121 in miscellaneous dia- lects. Their subjects were: Religion, 1,058, fiction, 719, educational, 695, reference, 644, medicine, 544, reports, 342, history and biography, 505, juvenile, 325, law, 278, agriculture, 262, drama, 245. .The firm of Ssytin of St. Ada! bOOTIi. Petersburg are the leading printers of Russia. The Droit crAutenr, of Berne, Switzerland, official organ of the States which have accepted the Berne Literary Convention, sum- marized in 1895 the publishing activity of fourteen prin- cipal countries of Europe, America, and Asia; and con- cludes that the United States published in 1894 about 20,000 periodicals, Germany, 10,546, France, 5,800, Great Britain, 4,300, Italy, 1,894, Austria-Hungary, 1,694, Spain, 1,136, and other countries each less than 1,000; total, 50,000^ Of books scientific and literary, Germany published in 1894 22,570, France, 13,097, Eussia, 10,242, Italy, 9,416, British East Indies, 7,658, Japan, 7,334, Great Britain, 6,484, United States, 5,134, and other coun- tries each less than 1,000, making a total of 84,000. The publications in the U. S. in 1895, are reported as follows: Fiction 876; law 526; theology :.nd religion 398; education and language 421; literary Iiistory, and miscel- laneous 400; juvenile 250; political and social science 265; poetry 175; physical and mathematical science 149; his- tory 161; biography 86; medicine and hygiene 151; travel and description 74; fine arts and illustrated books 103; useful arts 76; mental and moral science 44; domestic and rural 39; sports and amusements 21; humor and satire 28; total 4,243; imported bound or in sheets 1,226; total issued 5,469. The London Publishers' Circular reports the British publicatians of 1895 as follows: Fiction and juvenile 1,544; educational, classical, and philological 660; religious and theological 501; belles-lettres, etc. 400; history and biog- raphy 353; year-books and serials in volumes 311; voyages and travels 263; poetry and the drama 231; political econ- omy, sociology, trade, etc. 163; medicine and surgery 153; arts, sciences, and illustrated works 96; law 57; miscel- laneous 749; total new books 5,581; new editions 935; total published 6,516. The BiUiograpliie de la France reports 12,927 books issued in France in 1895; compared with 13,007 in 1894. See also Literatuke. BOOTH, Ballixgtox, second son of Gen. William Booth, and head of the Salvation Army in the United States: b. in England about 1845. In June, 1895, he re- ported that 138,040 open-air meetings had been held dur- SOOTH. [Ajyn ing tlie year, an increase over the year preceding of 17,000, with an aggregate attendance of 15,000,000; and 50 ad- ditional corps had been opened. Aug. 14, 1894, he laid the corner-stone of the national headquarters of the Salva- tion Army in New York city; and June 3, 1895, he dedi- cated it, at a total cost, with the land, of 1325,000, almost all of which had been contributed by members of the army. He resides at Montclair, N. J. In Jan. 1896, it was an- nounced that he would be recalled to England in the Spring. BOOTH, Charles, merchant and philanthropist: active head of the house of Alfred Booth & Co., Liverpool, Charles Booth, London, and Booth & Co., New York, South America, and Australia: b. in England about 1840. He published in 1894 a statistical work entitled The Aged Poor in England and Wales; and in 1895 issued Trades, being Vols. V. and VI. of his work entitled Life and Labor of the People in London. BOOTH, Rev. William, known as Gen. Booth, found- er of the Salvation Army: b. at Nottingham, Eng., April 10, 1829. In July, 1894, the fiftieth anniversary of his conversion, and the twenty-ninth of the founding of the Salvation Army, was celebrated at the Crystal Palace, London, by great numbers from all over the world. In Sept. following he came to America, and made a tour of inspection of the Army in Canada and the United States; attending in June, 1895, the dedication in New York of the headquarters just erected, and was everywhere greeted by immense gatherings. BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA: two provinces south of the Danube, between Servia and Austria, nominally be- longing to Turkey; but occupied and administered by Austria-Hungary since July 13, 1878, when they were en- trusted to her by the treaty of Berlin. The population is estimated at 1,500,000, of whom about 600,000 are Oriental Greeks, 500,000 Mohammedans, and 300,000 Roman Catholics. The Austrian army of occupation in 1895 numbered 28,648, besides 12 battalions of native infantry, each of 4 companies, with a total of 4,515. There were 500 miles of railway, and 1,780 miles of telephone. The Sanjak of Novi-Bazae, though occupied by Austrian troops, is administered civilly by Turkey. The country is peaceful and orderly under the present administration. In 1894 the Servian and Panslavist party spoke against ap- prehended annexation to Austria-Hungary, but leading- statesmen urged that when the time should come annexa- tion would fulfill happily and prosperously the better economic, social, and political movements of the province. BOSTON", city, port of entry, cap. of Suffolk co., and of the State of Mass.; pop. (1891) 448,477; (1895) State census, 494,205, increase in 10 years, 103,812. During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1895, the imports of merchandise aggregated in value $66,889,118, increase over previous year $16,579,787; and the exports, 185,519,159, increase, $1,546,699; imports of gold and silver coiu and bullion $6,469; exports, $13,200; total foreign trade, $152,427,946. The entrances from foreign ports at the custom-house were 1,208 sailing vessels of 261,986 tons and 906 steam vessels of 1,495,971 tons; clearances, 1,172 sailing vessels of 220,672 tons and 782 steam vessels of 1,211,699 tons — total vessels, 4,068; total tonnage, 3,190,- 328. During the calendar year 1894, the arrivals in the coastwise trade numbered 8,419 vessels. A new steamship line has been established between Boston and Swansea, England, and additional vessels have been added to the Leyland, Cunard, and Warren lines. The city ranks second in the volume of its foreign trade, and first in the amount of wool handled. The total sales of wool, 1894, amounted to 156,503,500 lbs. Of the total imports of this staple, 43,655,944 lbs., or 36 per cent., were received at this port, and of the imports of the finer wools, used in cloth manufacturing, Boston received 21,826,649 lbs., or 67 per cent. As a meat-packing center, Boston ranks second only to Cliicago. In 1894, the number of hogs slaughtered here equaled two-fifths of the total that passed through the great slaughter-houses of Chicago dur- ing the year ending March 1, 1894, and exceeded the out- put of Kansas City, Kan., and Omaha, Neb., by 170,000 and 720,000 respectively. On Feb. 1, 1895, Boston had a city debt proper of $37,- 890,691, a Cochituate water debt of $17,761,274, and a county debt of $3,682,000, making a total bonded debt of $59,333,965. The various sinking funds held $22,202,541, reducing the debt to $37,131,424 net. The revenue of the BOSTON. [adi) city and county for 1895 was estimated at 110,914,814, and the amount required for interest and tlie sinking- funds, $3,098,229, total amount available for city and county appropriations, $14,013,043. County expenses were estimated at 1734,750. The borrowing capacity of the city, 1895, was 12,337,074, under the legislative act limiting the municipal debt, and bonds to the amount of 11,729,650 were authorized, of which $1,000,000 was for park purposes. Outside of the debt limit, and authorized by special acts of the legislature, there were outstanding bonds aggregating $2,950,500, of which $1,800,000 was for additional water supply, and $1,000,000 for laying out and constructing highways. The assessed valuations 1894 were: Real property, $723,728,750; personal, $204,363,- 706; total, $928,092,456; and the tax rate was $12.80 per $1,000. The parks of the city have already cost about $12,000,000, and the Metropolitan Park Commission is au- thorized to take 6,000 acres of land in "Greater Boston ^^ for park purposes, and to expend $2,300,000 in their im- provement. Under the ''Board of Survey Act^^ (1891- 94), there have been laid out Blue Hill, Columbus, and Huntington Avenues, an extension of Commonwealth Ave- nue, and various other streets, and new sewers have been constructed and projected, at an estimated cost of $1,278,- 405 for land damages, and $1,710,227 for construction of streets and sewers — total, $3,058,632, for which the amount available Dec. 31, 1894-Dec. 31, 1895, was $1,- 921,357, or $1,137,275 less than the estimate. In 1894 the city had 41,198 children of school-age; 10 high schools, 613 grammar schools; 21 evening schools, and 1,492 teachers, and expended for public school pur- poses $2,290,967. The school committee reported that the accommodations provided by the city for the education of its youth had not kept pace with the growth of the city; that there was immediately needed for the j^urchase of sites and erection of new school-buildings $2,357,000, and for the sanitary improvement of old buildings $100,- 000; and that upward of 2,000 children were attending school daily in improperly located and badly ventilated rooms that the city rented to provide for the overflow of pupils. The report of the U. S. comptroller of the currency, for Dec. 3, 1894, showed that Boston had 55 national banks in operation on Oct. 3, previous, with an ade] boston. aggregate capital of $52,350,000, loans and discounts of $154,872,471, amount of coin and coin certificates $11,- 059,178, U. S. bonds held to secure circulation $8,180,- 000, excess of bonds beyond amount required 85,430,000, and aggregate exchanges at the clearing-house $4,095, 997,- 060. In March, 1895, a sub-committee, appointed to consider the question of a metropolitan water supply, reported a bill providing for the appointment of a metropolitan y/ater board, who shall construct, maintain, and operate a sys- tem of waterworks substantially in accordance with the plans and recommendations of the State Board of Health as contained in their report to the legislature of 1895. The estimated cost of the work is $20,000,000; the new system will supply Boston, Cambridge, Chelsea, Eyerett, Walden, Medford, iS'ewton, Quincy, Someryille, Waltham, Wo- burn, Arlington, Hyde Park, Lexington, Melrose, Milton, Revere, Saugus, Stoneham, Wakefield, Watertown, AVin- chester, and Winthrop; and will utilize the entire present plant of Boston. Under authority of an act of the legislature, a rapid transit subway commission has been appointed and a metro- politan elevated railway corporation chartered. The engineering surveys were completed early in 1895, and provide for both surface and sub-surface railways. For the latter, the level of station platforms will be 17 ft. below the surface of the street. The route adopted is: From the junction of Shawmut Ave. and Tremont St., under Tremont St. to Boyleston St., under the Tremont St. mall of the Common to Park St.; thence to Scollay Sq. and to the Union Station in Causeway St. There will be a branch along Boyleston St. to a point in the Public Garden, opposite Church St. Two tracks will be constructed, ex- cepting on the section in Tremont St. , between Boyleston and Park Sts., which will contain four tracks. The com- missioners expect to be able to handle 4,800 passengers an hour on the completed subway. During the summer of J 895 the new Public Library building was formally occupied, the books being removed from the old to the new building under a city approj^riation of $12,000. In the municipal elections on l)ec. 10, Josiali Quincy, Dem. candidate for mayor, was elected by a i)lu- rality of 4,500, and his party secured full control of all the BOSTON UNIVERSITY. [ad< city departments. The vote on the question of license Avas 42,752 in favor and 26,266 in opposition, a majority for license of 15,486. BOSTON UNIVERSITY,, Boston, Mass. : chartered in 1869; Methodist Episcopal; for both sexes. It consists of a group of colleges with distinct faculties and admintra- tions; including in 1895 a college of liberal arts, affiliated with the New England Conservatory of Music, Boston, and the Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst; profes- sional schools of theology, law, and medicine; and a school of arts and sciences, for graduates only, conferring the degrees of m.a., ph.d., d.c.l., m.l., and s.t.d. ; instructors in 1895, 115; graduate students in the college of liberal arts, 46; undergraduates 307, college of agriculture 172, school of theology 150, law 339, medicine 170, arts and sciences 125; total 1,252; graduates in 1895,209; graduates since organization 3,015; vols, in libraries 35,000. No honorary degrees are conferred. President, Rev. W. F. Warren, s.t.d., ll.d. BOTTA, ViN^CEN^zo, author and professor of languages in the University of the City of New York: b. in a hamlet near Farin, Piedmont, Italy, Nov. 11, 1818; died in New York, Oct., 1894. By his will his library was left to the university. BOUNDARY LINES. Territorial expansion by con- quest and treaty has led to the establishment of many new boundary lines and to spirited contentions concerning the areas inclosed by them. With a few exceptions the recti- fication of disputed lines has become a matter for friendly arbitration, and the manner of settling the exceptional cases had iiot been determined Jan. 1, 1896. In the U. S. several interstate contentions have been in process of adjustment for several years; but nothing has been de- termined within two years, nor have new questions of this character arisen. Internationally, however, important boundary changes have been made, and on the above date many disputes were pending, some of wdiich were causing no small fear of serious consequences. The most notable of these are here summarized: Afglianidan. — Under an agreement between the Ameer and Sir Mortimer Durand, a British commissioner was en- gaged in defining the Afghan boundary on the Kliyber, ADCx] BO UNDARY LINES. Kurram^ and Baluchistan frontiers, for the better protec- tion of the British sphere of influence against Russian ag- gression. AlasTca. — The boundary line between the U. S. pos- sessions here and those of Great Britain was fixed by treaties between the U. S. and Great Britain and between Russia and Great Britain. Under an international agree- ment, the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey and the Canadian boundary commissioner have been at work for more than a year in re-surveying the line defined in the treaties. On Kov. 1, 1895, all the essential points for a delimitation of the boundary had been* marked, and all that remained to be done was for the U. S. and Great Britain to determine how the clause in the treaty relating to the line *'^ten marine leagues from the shore ^^ was to be construed, and that was a subject for diplomatic negotia- tion. The discovery of very valuable gold mines and a marked development of mining during 1895, led to an un- official claim on the part of the Canadians to a tract of some 30,000 sq. m. of the territory supposed to belong to the XJ. S. under the treaties, which, significantly, contained about all the mining region of value. This claim created much excitement and prompted highly sensational rumors. The point at issue was the s.e. boundary. Canada, through Great Britain, contended that the true line was much further to the w. ; that it should be established along what is locally known as Behm canal; and that what is known as the Portland canal is really that charted and called Behm canal in the Russo-British treaty of 18.25. The U. S. held that the Portland and Behm canals were entirely distinct and widely separated, and that the former was the true line as laid down by Russia at the time the U. S. purchased Alaska {q.v.). Argentine RepuMic. — The disputes which have threat- ened war between the republic and Bolivia and Chile were partially settled 1895 through the efforts of a mixed bound- ary commission. Argentina gained 600 leagues of territory in El Gran Chaco, formerly supposed to belong to Bolivia, and Chile agreed to the removal of the landnuirk, San Francisco de Limache, as demanded by Argentina, and to allow the boundary line to pass through the highest peaks of the Andes. A new boundary delimitation in Terra del Fuego was approved by Argentina in Oct., 1895. BO UNDAR Y LINES. [adh Bolivia. — A treaty with Chile, conditioned on the sur- render by the latter of the provinces of Tacna and Arica^ was laid before an extra session of Congress in Nov., 1895. President Baptista threatened to resign if the treaty was rejected, and the Cliileans were firm in resisting the con- dition imposed. In her contention with Peru, Bolivia re- fused to accept the President of Colombia as arbitrator and the President of Brazil was mutually chosen instead. Brazil. — The atrocities in the Amapa and Carsevenne districts, on the frontier of French Guiana, began to sub- side toward the close of 1895, owing to an agreement be- tween the Brazilian and French governments to submit to the arbitration of the King of Norway and Sweden the long-standing dispute as to the ownership of a wide stretch of territory between tlieir possessions, and to hold the place under dual control pending a decision. Causes of friction were removed by the French government, which appointed a more conservative Governor of Guiana, and by the Bra- zilian, which undertook to Suppress and punish any act of warfare by Cabral or any other chief in the disputed territory. Central America. — Another attempt in the summer of 1895 to establish a federal union of the Central American Eepublics, was frustrated by the refusal of the Presidents of Guatemala and Costa Pica to attend the conference at Amapala, to which each of the five presidents was invited. The principal objection to the proposed union was a de- mand by Costa Rica for a rectification of the boundary lines between the republics, a demand politically distasteful to each of her neighbors. A long-pending dispute between Guatemala and Mexico, growing out of the. expulsion by the former of citizens of the latter from territory claimed by both governments, was settled in 1895 by a treaty, in which Guatemala renounced all claims to the territor}', and the question of damages was referred for arbitration to the U. S. minister to Mexico, whose award was expected early in 1896. Gliina. — In the summer of 1895, France negotiated a treaty with China by which tiie n. boundary of the French possessions in Indo-China was com2)leted and China ceded to France a large territory in the Slum State of Kiang- Ilung, which is the buffer state between Siam and China and Tonquin and Burmah. The n. and w. boundaries of ADi] BO UNDA R Y LI NFS. Tonquin between Mong-kai and Lao-kai were definitely fixed 1887; the line between Tonquin and Kwang-se was delimited 1894; and the new treaty relates to the line from Sao-Kai to the Mekong river. By her treaty with Siam, France virtually gained the territory extending vaguely n. to Yun-nan and w. to the Mekong river, and including a large part of. the region which Great Britain desired to have recognized as a permanent buffer state. In Sept., 1895, trouble arose between the governments of China, France, and Great Britain, over the cession of additional territory by China to France. Great Britain claimed that China had no right to make it, and jorepared to occupy that portion of the territory which she asserted was a part of Burmah and therefore a British possession, and France refused to surrender it. China seems to have solved the difficulty, for in December, following, she ceded to Great Britain four States on the Burmo-Chinese frontier, having a combined area eight times greater than that of the French cession, and giving British trade direct access to Southwest China. As a result of her war with Japan, China lost the island of Formosa and the extensive Liao- Tung peninsula; but in November, by paying an additional indemnity and agreeing not to cede the territory to any other nation, she recovered the latter. ColomMa, U. S. of. — Relations between Colombia, Ecua- dor, and Peru, became seriously strained 1895, over their boundary claims; but in November the three governments agreed to ask the queen regent of Spain to act as arbitrator in delimitating the lines. Xeivfoundland. — What is known as ^^ the French shore question " again assumed a critical phase in the sum- mer of 1895. The French government claims the exclu- sive right of fishing (including lobster-fishing and caiming) on the shore of Newfoundland from Cape Ray, at the s. w. corner of the island, to the most northerly point, and thence s. to Cape St. John, a distance of about 700 m., and also the right to prevent the islanders from any occu- pation of the land for any purpose, to the extent of half a m. from shore. The British government, on the other hand, claims that the French rights are concurrent only with those of British fishermen, and that it is bound only to prevent its subjects from interfering with French fisher- men. In 1887, a French naval officer closed a large lob- BO UN BAR Y L INES. [aej ster-canning plant, erected on the half-mile strip, and the British naval commander issued a warning against resum- ing the work. A new controversy arose 1895, when the French naval commander refused to permit the construc- tion of a railroad on the shore strip, to connect the interior with the sea. The strip is constantly guarded by British and French war vessels, and it was hoped that the last pro- hibition would lead to an early diplomatic settlement of the question wdiich had been an open one for 180 years. Nicaragua. — See Bluefields. United States. — In 1893 a joint Mexican and U. S. commission re-established the boundary line between the two countries and began setting up boundary monu- ments. Subsequently a dispute arose concerning the use of the water of the Kio Grande, and both governments agreed to have the river resurveyed and the water boundary determined by a joint commission. The work was in prog- ress 1895, but because of delays a treaty was ratified Dec. 21, by which the time for completing the survey was ex- tended to Dec. 24, 1896. Venezuela. — The dispute between Venezuela and Great Britain over the boundary line between British Gui- ana is one of long standing; but it reached its most acute stage in Dec, 1895, when President Cleveland ap2)lied to it the principles of the Monroe doctrine, after Great Brit- ain had claimed ownership of a large part of Venezuelan territory, containing valuable gold mines. Great Britain claims that the limits of her colony extend s. to the source of the Essequibo river, in the Acarai mountains, trending thence nearly due e. to the headwaters of the Corentyn, and that the w. boundary from s. to n. coincides with the Takutu and Cotinga, as far as Roraima; thence proceeds n. e. to the Imataca range, and onward to the mouth of the Amacuro. Venezuela claims all the territory w. of the Essequibo right up to the source of the river. The U. S. became a party to the dispute by the act of Congress di- recting the President to urge Great Britain to submit to arbitration the question whether Venezuela was entitled to the territory between the Essequibo and the Orinoco. In his annual message to Congress, Dec. 3, 1895, President Cleveland called attention to the boundary controversy and the representations made by the U. S. Government to that of Great Britain with a view of securing the submission of aea] bourgeois. the dispute to arbitration. On the 17th he sent a special message to Congress, accompanied by the answer of the British Government to the representations mentioiied, and a recommendation that Congress anthorize the appointment of a commission to determine the divisional line between Venezuela and British Guiana. The message created in- tense excitement throughout Europe and America. Both houses of Congress passed a commission bill unanimously and indulged in much talk of war. Under the bill the president announced, Jan..l, 1896, that he would aj^point the following commissioners: David J. Brewer (q.v.), As- sociate Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court; Richard H. Alvey (q.v.). Chief Justice of the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia; Andrew D. White (q.v.), ex-U. S. Minister to Knssia; Frederick R. Coudert (q.v.); and Daniel C. Gilman (q.v). President of Johns Hoj^kins Uni- versity. Subsequently the commission organized and chose Justice Brewer its president. BOURGEOIS, Leo2s^ Victor Auguste, prime minister of France: b. in Paris, May 21, 1851. On the fall of the Ribot ministry in Oct., 1895, M. Bourgeois, a Radical, who had been a member of the Tirard and De Freycinet minis- tries, and distinguished for his efforts to elevate education and the universities, formed a new ministry, which has been called Conservative-Radical; himself becoming minis- ter of the interior and president of the council. Nov. 4, 1895, he declared that his policy, with various financial measures, including an income tax, would include a thor- ough investigation of the Southern railway scandals. In Dec. he sanctioned a grant of 20,000 francs from the Paris municipality to the Carmaux strikers. BOURGET, Paul, novelist and critic: b. at Amiens, France, Sept. 2, 1852. In 1894, A Saint, translated by Katherine P. Wormeley, and Steeple Chase, were pub- lished in the United States; and in 1895 Outre Mer, Impressions of America. May 31, 1895, he was elected a member of the French Academy. BOWDOIX COLLEGE, Brunswick, Me.: Congrega- tional: incorporated in 1894. The Medical School of Maine is under the same board of trustees and overseers; instructors in 1895-6, 30; students, 362, of whom 120 were in the medical school; graduates since organization, BOWERS. [aeb 4,410; vols, in library, 50,000; medical library, 4,000. TJie income of $65,000 is given yearly in scholarships to about 50 students of merit and slender means. President, Wm. De Witt Hyde, d.d. BOWERS, Elizabeth Crocker, actress: b. in Stam- ford, Conn., March 12, 1830; d. in W^ashington, D. C, Nov. 6, 1895. * She was the daughter of a Protestant Epis- copal clergyman, and a sister of Mrs. F. B. Conway, the actress; made her first appearance on the stage when 10 years old as Amanthis in A Child of Nature, in New York city; was married to David P. Bowers, the actor, March 4, 1847, and, after his death 1857, to J. C. McCullom; and remained on the stage till within a few months of her death. After a success in The Hunchback in London 1861, she was pronounced the best American actress who had visited England since Charlotte Cushman. BOYCOTTING, Laws against. Li 1895 there were laws in terms prohibiting boycotting in Illinois and Wis- consin; Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Missouri, Montana, North Dakota, Virginia, and Wiscon- sin had laws explicitly prohibiting blacklisting; Alabama, Connecticut, Georgia, Indiana, Maine, Michigan, Minne- sota, Missouri, Montana, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Texas, and Vermont had laws which may be fairly con- strued as prohibiting boycotting; and Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Dakota, Texas, and Vermont had laws which may be fairly construed as prohibiting blacklisting. In New York it is a misdemeanor for any employer to exact as a condition of employment an agreement, either written or verbal, that the employe shall not be a member of any labor organization. BOYESEN, Hjalmar Hjorth, author, and professor of Germanic languages and literature in Columbia College, N. Y. : b. at Frederiksviirn, Norway, Sept. 23, 1848; d. in New York, Oct. 4, 1895. He published in 1894 A Com- mentary on tlie Writings of Henrik Ibsen, Literary and Social Silhouettes, and Norseland Tales. APPENDIX. ABBOT, Charles Coj^ead: published A Colonial Wooing (1895). ABD-UL-HAMID: Later Germany objected to any attempt" to coerce Turkey, and in Jan., 1896, a friendly understanding, if not an alliance, was reported between Turkey and Eussia, by which, in case of war the Darda- nelles would be closed to the warships of all nations. ABYSSINIA: The Italian garrison at Makalle was com- pelled to evacuate that post on Jan. 2d, 1896, and on the 27th the government was notified that the Abyssinians would consent to peace only on the abandonment of all terri- tory held by Italy and the renunciation of the protectorate. ACADEMIE FEANQAISE: Jacques Anatole Thibault France, critic and author, Avas elected a member, succeed- ing Ferdinand de Lesseps, Jan. 23, 1896. ACADEMY OF DESIGN, National: The seventy- first annual exhibition was announced for March 30-May 16, 1896, when 3 prizes of $300 each, 1 of $200, and 1 of $100 will be awarded. ADAMS, William Taylok (pen name Oliver Optic), author: b. in Medway, Mass., July 30, 1822. He pub- lished in 1895, Across India: or. Live Boys in the Far East; A Lieutenant at Eighteen; and In the Saddle. AGASSIZ, Alexander, naturalist: b. in Neuchatel, Switzerland, Dec. 17, 1835; was appointed an officer of the Legion of Honor of France, Jan. 1, 1896. ALASKA: Gen. W. W. Duffield, supt. of the IJ. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, appeared before the House Appropriations Committee on Jan. 22, 1896, and explained the operations of the U. S. and Canadian surveying par- ties in locating the meridian near Mt. St. Elias, Forty Mile creek, Yukon river, and Porcupine river, these being the principal points on the 141st meridian, between the two countries. A resolution appropriating 175,000 to mark the boundary line between Alaska and British North America was pending in the House. ALDRICH, Thomas Bailey: published Later Lyrics (1895). APPENDIX. [AED ALLEN, Charles Grant Blairfindie: published The British Barbarians (1895). ALLISON, William Boyd, lav/yer: b. in Perry, 0., March 2, 1829; was elected U. S. senator from Iowa as a Eepublican in 1872, 1878, 1884, 1890, and 1896. In his last election (Jan. 21) he received all the Rep. votes — 42, and Judge W. I. Babb {q. v.) all the Dem. votea — 6, in the state senate, and 74 votes out of 94 in the House. On the organization of the senate in December, 1895, he was appointed chairman of the committee on appropriations and a member of that in finance. The same month his friends began a movement to secure for him the Eep. nomination for president. ALVEY, Richard Henry, jurist: b. in St. Mary's CO., Md., in 1826; was twice elected chief judge of the fourth circuit of Md; became chief justice of the Court of Appeals; appointed chief justice of the Federal Court of Appeals in the District of Columbia in 1893; and a mem- ber of the Venezuela Commission Jan. 1, 1896. ANGELL, James Burrill, educator: b. in Scituate, R. I., Jan. 7, 1829; became president of the University of Vermont in 1866 and of the University of Michigan in 1871; U. S. minister to China to negotiate a commercial treaty in 1880; and was appointed by the president one of the commissioners on the part of the U. S. to confer with Canadian commissioners concerning the feasibility of building such canals as shall enable vessels engaged, in ocean commerce to pass to and fro between the great lakes and the Atlantic ocean, under an act of Congress approved March 2, 1895. The Canadian Commissioners were an- nounced on Feb. 1, 1 896. ANTHONY, Susan Brownell, reformer: b. in South Adams, Mass., Feb. 15, 1820; made an argument before the House Judiciary Committee in advocacy of Avoman sujfrage on Jan. 28, 1896, that being the fourteenth com- mittee of Congress before whom she had appeared. ARBITRATION: In Dec, 1895, the International Arbitration Society at London adopted resolutions that, while regretting the attitude taken by President Cleve- land, they hoped the difficulty would yet be settled by arbitration. Jan. 14, 1890, the International Arbitration League declared that the Venezuela difficulty was "'a aee] appendix. trumpet call" to English speakers both sides of the Atlan- tic in favor of arbitration. Jan. 27i 1896, a memorial, signed by some of the most eminent Englishmen, was published in several London papers urging a treaty by which all disputes between Great Britain and th.e United States shall Ir referred to a permanent tribunal repre- senting both nations. See also Boundary Lixes. ARCHITECTS, American Institute of: President, George B. Post; vice-presidents, Henry Van Brunt and William C. Smith. The thirtieth convention will be held in Nashville, Tenn., in Oct., 1896. ARMENIANS: The representatives of the U. S. in Constantinople reported Jan. 11, 1896, that in the provinces of Diarbekir and Harpoot 176 towns and villages, containing 8,050 Armenian houses, had been burned. The Armenians in those places numbered 92,000, and of these 15,845 were killed. About the same time the French ambassador estimated the entire number of Armenians massacred at 50,000. Jan. 22, 1896, the U. S. senate adopted resolutions urging the European Concert to enforce the treaty of Berlin; and promising all support to the president in defending the rights of American citizens in Armenia. Large sums of money were sent for the relief of those made destitute by the outrages. American missionaries in Armenia distributed this relief; and in Jan., 1896, the work of distribution was undertaken by the Red Cross Society and their president. Miss Clara Barton {ci-v^. ARMY OE THE UNITED STATES: Nine million men available for military service. ASHANTEE: the terms submitted by the British to King Prempeh were accepted in full, and the British expedition occupied Coomassie without opposition on Jan. 17, 1896. ASTRUP, EivuD, Arctic explorer: b. in Christiania, Norway, in 1865; found dead in the Lille Elvedel Valley, Norway, Jan. 21, 1896. He accompanied Peary's North Greenland expedition of 1891 ; returned from that region in 1894; lectured in the United States in 1895; and was engaged for the Swedish Antarctic expedition of 1896. AUSTIN, Alfred: appointed poet laureate, Dec. 31, 1895; published Jameson's Ride (1896). APPENDIX. [AEP AUSTRIA-HUNGARY: In the half-year ending June 30, 1895, the exports dedared for the U. S. aggregated in vahie 1^3,045,205.32, an increase of 11,221,703.89 over the total for the corresponding period 1894. It was an- nounced, Jan. 17, 1896, that Count Badeni would submit to the Reichsrath on its re-assembling a plan for elective reform, adding 72 to the 353 deputies now elected by uni- versal suffrage. BANCROFT, Hubert Howe: offered to sell his great library on Pacific coast history, valued at $500,000, to the New York Public Library for 1300,000, Jan. 17,1890. BARCELONA: In the quarter ending Sept. 30, 1895, the exports declared here for the U. S. aggregated in value 1124,961.22, principally gl3^cerine. BARMEN: In the quarter ending Sept. 30, 1895, the exports declared here for the U. S. aggregated in value 11,746,444.82, principally hardware and cutlery (1496,070). BARTON, Clara: The Turkish Government declined to permit the American Red Cross Association to carry on its relief work in Armenia, but consented Jan. 24, 1896, to allow individual Americans to distribute relief in Asia Minor. Miss Barton sailed from New York for Constan- tinople on Jan. 22. BASLE-: In the quarter ending Sept. 30, 1895, the exports declared here for the U. S. aggregated in value 1544,283, principally ribbons ($259,458). BATOUM: In the quarter ending Sept. 30, 1895, the exports declared here for the U. S. aggregated in value $115,389, principally licorice root. BAYARD, Thomas FRA:f^cis: President Cleveland sent a message to Congress on Jan. 20, 1896, transmitting a report by the secretary of state in the matter of Mr. Bayard's public utterances, and stating that no action had been taken excepting such as was indicated in the report. The report was principally the correspondence betAveen the secretary of state and the ambassador, in which the latter declared that his speeches w^ere merely expressions of personal views. The message and report were referred to the Committee on Foreign Alfairs, which reported Feb. 1, a resolution of sensure. BEERS, Henry Augustin: published in 1895, Initial Studies in American Letters. AEG] APPENDIX. BELFAST: In the quarter ending Sept. 30, 1895, the exports declared here for the U. S. aggregated in value |;i,359,700,44, principally linens (ll,8?8,946.49). BELGIUM: In the half-year ending June 30, 1895, the exports delared for the U. S. aggregated in value $5,930,379.45, an increase of $2,577,605.08 over the total for the corresponding period 1894; and in the quarter ending Sept. 30, 1895, the declared exports were valued at $4,145,332.81. BERGEX: In the quarter ending Sept. 30, 1895, the exports declared here for the U. S. aggregated in value $235,682.13, principally fish and cod-liver oil. BERLIN: In the quarter ending Sept. 30, 1 895, the ex- ports declared here for the U. S. aggregated in value $1,857,308.70, principally ready-made clothing ($386,519). BERNE: In the quarter ending Sept. 30, 1895, the ex- ports declared here for the U. S. aggregated in value $215,007.94, principally cheese. BIGELOW, PouLTXEY. In 1895-96 he published serially in Harper's Magazine a history of The German Struggle for Liberty. BILLINGS, JoHiT Shaw, surgeon: b. in Switzerland CO., Ind., April 12, 1838; was placed on the retired list of the U. S. army with the retired pay of a colonel and was appointed professor of hyciene in the University of Penn- sylvania in 1895, and was chosen supt. -in-chief of the consolidated New York Public Library (Lenox, Astor, Tilden) in January, 1896. BIRMINGHAM (England): In the quarter ending Sept. 30, 1895, the exports declared here for the U. S. aggregated in value $598,196.70, principally steel tubes ($132,139.38). BLUEFIELDS: In the quarter ending Sept. 30,1895, the exports declared here for the U. S. aggregated in value $223,148.34, principally bananas. BOATING: The proceedings of the committee ap- pointed to investigate the charges by Lord Dunraven were prematurely published on Jan. 20, 1896, and officially on Feb. 1, and showed that the allegations were not sustained. BOOTH, Ballixgtox: On Jan. 20, 1896, he and his APPENDIX. [AEii wife issued an official announcement of their retirement from the direction of the Salvation Army in the United States. BRAZIL: In the quarter ending Sept. 30, 1895, the ex- ports declared at five ports for the U. S. aggregated in value 11,261,915.46. BREMEN: In the quarter ending Sept. 30, 1895, the exports declared here for the U. S. aggregated in value $635,549.48, principally rice and rice flour ($357,514). BRESLAU: In the quarter ending Sept. 30, 1895, the exports declared here for the U. S. aggregated in value 1592,041.28, principally linen goods and porcelain. BRITISH COLUMBIA: In the quarter ending Sept. 30, 1895, the exports declared at the ports of Nanaimo, Vancouver, and Victoria, for the U. S. aggregated in value $986,753.08. BRITISH EMPIRE: In the quarter ending Sept. 30, 1895, the ex|)orts declared for the U. S. at the princi- pal ports of the United Kingdom aggregated in value $13,680,070.84. BROWN, Arthur, lawyer: b. in Michigan; has been for many years one of the most prominent mining attor- neys in Utah and a successful criminal practitioner; is a strong opponent of Mormonism and a free-silver man; was elected one of the two Rej). U. S. senators from the new State of Utah, on Jan. 20, 1896, and drew the short term and was sworn in on the 27th. YB 23846 /IBS V, f