THE LIFE OF \ THOMAS ARNOLD, D D. THE LIFE OF THOMAS ARNOLD, D.D. BY EMMA JANE WORBOISE AUTHOR OF "CAMPION COURT," "LOTTIE LONSDALE," "IHB LILL1XGSTONES," ETC. STRAHAN & CO., PUBLISHERS 56 LUDGATE HILL, LONDON 1870 [Third Edition] " Be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life.' REV. ii. 10. " His spirit with a bound Left its encumbering clay : His tent at sunrise, on the ground A darkened ruin lay. " Soldier of Christ, well done ! Rest from thy loved employ : The battle fought ; the victory won; Enter thy Master's joy." G- PREFACE, IN presenting to the public this brief sketch of the character and career of so remarkable and truly great a man as Dr. Arnold, I feel that no apology is required j for next to our own individual, and too often dearly bought experience, the records of one who has already fought the good fight, and won the victory on the battle-field of human life, must needs be of the highest value, and most significant import. Lengthened prefatory remarks are likewise superfluous. It were presumptuous as well as unnecessary to criticise sentiments, to account for actions, to eulogise or to deprecate details of character, that will be far better appreciated by their natural development, as they arise in due order through the course of the biography itself. The life of Dr. Arnold, if it be not most unworthily written, ought to speak for itself, to proclaim its own inherent value, and to convey without note or comment that instruction which, in itself, it is so wonderfully adapted to afford. To Canon Stanley I beg to express my great obligation, and my sincere gratitude, for his kindness and condescen- sion, in allowing me so freely to avail myself of the letters and journals, already published in his own invaluable memoir of Dr. Arnold, to which, otherwise, I could have had very limited or no access. 429 VI PREFACE. To his full and extended Biography my imperfect attempt is just what the mere etching is to the highly finished por- trait, glowing with colours laid on by the master's hand. Still, there are thousands, whose means, whose time, and whose opportunities, will not permit them to avail them- selves of the treasures of the larger memoir, and for such the present volume is expressly written ; and I cannot but hope that in many cases my little book may prove, not only the substitute for, but the pioneer of, Canon Stanley's more weighty and more extensive work; for I flatter myself that among my readers there will be those who, stimulated by the perusal of what is written herein, may desire to know more of the subject of this Memoir. To the Author of "Tom Brown's School-days," I also take this opportunity of rendering my acknowledgments. His very graphic and most delightful book has frequently furnished me with material, and aided by its truthful sketches my own imperfect reminiscences of Rugby and its school. And at the same time I would express my thanks to all those Rugbaeans who have kindly aided me, in this my responsible, but truly delightful labour of love. In conclusion, I will only say, that if, by the perusal of this little book, few, or only one of its readers should, by the blessing of God, be led to consider the bright example, whose lustre was all derived from the Master whom he so loved to serve and to follow, and to imbibe somewhat of the spirit that counted all things but loss for the excellency of the knowledge of Christ Jesus his Lord, great will be my reward. E. J, W. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. PAGE SCHOOL-DAYS AND COLLEGE-DAYS 1 CHAPTEE II. LALEHAM 19 CHAPTER III. OPENING PROSPECTS 42 CHAPTER IY. RUGBY 57 CHAPTER V. THE HEAD MASTER 97 CHAPTER VI. TOIL AND TRAVEL . . , 87 CHAPTER VII. POLITICS AND LITERATURE 112 CHAPTER VIII. CHURCH REFORM 130 VIU CONTENTS. CHAPTER IX. PAGE ISOLATION 150 CHAPTER X. THE HAMPDEN CONTROVERSY 172 CHAPTER XI. THE LONDON UNIVERSITY 193 CHAPTER XII. CALMER DAYS 207 CHAPTER XIII. OUTRE-MER 224 CHAPTER XIV. THE REGIUS PROFESSORSHIP 242 CHAPTER XV. LAST DAYS . > . . 258 THE LIFE THOMAS ARNOLD, D.D. CHAPTER I. SCHOOL-DAYS AND COLLEGE-DAYS. FROM time to time, on the wide arena of Life's stormy battle-field, there arise, and have arisen in all ages, '/ great and noble natures, who, not content with passing through the melee as quietly and creditably and safely as may be consistent with mere reputation, seek to prove themselves " good men and true ; " to quit themselves "like heroes in the strife" that rages so fiercely around us from the cradle to the grave ; to fight bravely, unshrinkingly, and unselfishly, as real soldiers of the Heavenly King, for the interests, and for the extension, of Christ's Church militant here upon fcarth. Fame keeps ever proudly, and as she ought to keep, the memory of those, who, true to altar, throne, and hearth, have freely poured forth their life-blood for the dear sake of liberty and Fatherland ; and she keeps too, quite as proudly, but far less righteously, the records of the conquerors of earth, who, sword in hand, mowed 2 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. down opposing armies ; and sweeping the land like angels of destruction, bowed nation after nation to the yoke, so building up for themselves a name enduring as history itself. And if this be so, shall not they who wage a grander warfare they who, at the cost of scorn and slander and misapprehension, have sought to make purer and better and widei the Church of Christ; they who have opposed, often single-handed, Satan, the world, and their alien armies of bigotry, shallowness, and ancient prejudice ; shall not they too have their meed, and shall not the glory of their names rouse others from their slothful rest and their supine neutrality, to work while it is called to-day, lest the night, in which no man can work, come suddenly upon them ? Surely the time spent in the delineation and contem- plation of such characters is most profitably bestowed. To trace the history of such men, to watch their gradual advances to the highest truths, their progress of mind, their development of pure and lofty principles, the cir- cumstances of their lot, their course of training, their discipline, and their mode of action, is to learn deeper and more abiding lessons than were ever conned from the pages of the essayist, the philosopher, or the theologian. The impartial life of a good, great man, is the visible manifestation and application of those central truths, * which sermons and lectures are intended to convey. Principles and ideas thus exemplified, and woven in, as it were, into the familiar sayings and doings and think- ings of common every-day life, acquire a depth of mean- ing, a power, and a reality, which may be perceived and appreciated by all ; so that the force of comparison, the involuntary glance of introspection, and the obvious SCHOOL-DAYS AND COLLEGE-DAYS 3 and frequent application which must ensue from the consideration of such a life, cannot fail to awaken some idle slumberer, some sentimental dreamer, who has never yet found, or sought, or cared to find his appointed task in the world's great field of labour ; to rekindle the dying fires of some once warm and fervent spirit, who has grown cold and careless in the Master's service ; or to cheer the drooping soul of some who are worn and weary, and discouraged at the very com- mencement of life's long troublous campaign. Such a life is the one now before us ; a life almost devoid of startling incidents, or thrilling romance : a sunny, serene life, yet not cloudless or untouched by adverse breezes ; crowned with many of God's richest and choicest blessings, yet crossed ever and anon by the sense of weakness and pain and care and mutability ; made up, in an exterior point of view, of very ordinary materials, but rendered grand and beautiful by the workings of the holy, steadfast, loving spirit within. It was on the 13th of June, 1795, that a seventh child, and youngest son, was born to William and Martha Arnold, then resident at West Cowes, in the Isle of Wight. The Arnold family were not aborigines of the soil ; they had been settled on the Medina Estuary for two generations only, and came originally from the neighbourhood of Lowestoft, in Suffolk. This child received in baptism the name of Thomas, and became in process of time the Dr. Arnold of Rugby celebrity. His father died suddenly of spasm in the heart, March 3rd, 1801. His mother lived to see her only surviving son the Head Master of Rugby School ; B2 4 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. settled in that position, and pledged to that great work, for which he was remarkably qualified, and in which it was permitted him to accomplish so much good, not merely for the passing generation, but for all Time ; nay, under the blessing of Almighty God, FOE ALL ETERNITY ! His maternal aunt, Miss Delaneld, took charge of his childish studies ; but at eight years of age he quitted home for Warminster School, in Wiltshire, then under the management of Dr. Griffiths. Here he read Dr. Priestley's Lectures on History, which he quoted from memory full thirty-eight years afterwards, when filling the chair of Regius Professor of Modern History in the University of Oxford. Here, too, he formed his first boyish friendship. Among the many who in later years he delighted to call his friends, among those to whom his strong and loving heart beat with a true, unutterable attachment, the memory of George Evelyn always retained its sweetness and its interest; although in 1806 they were parted, never again to meet on earth. Indeed, Arnold lost sight of Evelyn : for the currents of their lives diverged so widely that he heard nothing of him till 1829, when he was requested to write his epitaph. In a letter of remarkable simplicity, and deep feeling, addressed to the widow of this, his earliest and long- lost friend, he says: " Since the year 1806, I have never seen him ; but the impression of his character has remained strongly marked on my memory ever since, for I never knew so bright a promise in any other boy ; I never knew any spirit at that age, so pure and generous, and so free from the ordinary mean- nesses, coarsenesses, and littlenesses of boyhood." SCHOOL-DAYS AND COLLEGE-DAYS. 5 So early, and so abidingly, did Arnold appreciate purity and nobility of character. In 1807 he left Warminster for Winchester College, where he remained till his sixteenth year, and, in common with nearly all those who have studied under the time-honoured walls of that renowned seat of learn- ing, he imbibed and always retained a strong Wyke- hamist spirit. Though I have not at my disposal any records of his four years' residence in this old city of regal and Saxon antiquity, it needs but very slight force of imagination to picture him, a shy, retiring boy, moving quietly and gravely through the classic halls of "William of Wykeham : to see him, treading from day to day, as he MUST have done, those well- remembered haunts of college, cathedral, city, or upland-down; now pacing in meditative sort the cloisters and quadrangles of his own special locality ; now sitting in the beautiful chapel, at morning or evening prayers, in the solemn light of the grand eastern window, with its quaint genealogical tree, and old Jesse the Bethlehemite recumbent at its roots ; now rambling along the green flowery banks of the Itchin, or gazing reverently at the gray towers of St. Cross, or taking with his schoolfellows his pre- scribed " constitutional " up the chalky steeps of fir- crowned St. Catherine's Hill. His young footsteps must have trodden the long, lofty aisles of the glorious cathedral ; he must have passed by the ancient black marble font, and the deserted chapels of the nave, and he must have looked often on the gorgeous effigy of Beaufort, the nameless, unhonoured grave of the ' l Red King," the legendary tomb of St. S within, and the antique chest where moulder, or are said to moulder, the dust of kings and queens of Saxon and Danish dynasties. 6 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. Certainly, on a mind and taste like his, the architec- tural beauties, the shadows of ages almost dreamlike in their far-remoteness, and the rich historic associations of Winchester, could not have failed to create a vivid and a permanent impression. Meanwhile, his school- days were marked by a peculiar stiffness and reticence, which, however, entirely wore away during his subse- quent residence at Oxford. He held tenaciously to his opinions, " and," says one of his friends and com- panions, " was utterly immovable by force or fraud, when he had made up his mind, whether right or wrong." So it is that strong, firm, uncompromising minds frequently develop themselves in early youth : where there is steadfast Christian principle, and earnest seek- ing after truth, mere obstinate persistence gradually merges into a settled conscientious adherence to that which the heart and understanding acknowledge as the right and governing principle, whether it be spiritual, moral, or intellectual. He was very fond of ballad poetry. Whilst yet a schoolboy he composed a play, sundry poems, and an imitation of Scott's "Mannion," which he called " Simon de Montfort." Partly on this account, and partly to distinguish him from another boy of the same name, he received the cognomen of "Poet Arnold." He was famous, too, for his repetition of certain spirited ballads with which he delighted his Winchester school- fellows, who were not so literary as himself. One very early specimen of his juvenile talent has been pre- served, a tragedy, written in his seventh year; its subject, "Percy, Earl of Northumberland." This pre- cocious composition is not, however, remarkable for anything beyond correct orthography, good English, sc SCHOOL-DAYS AND COLLEGE-DAYS. 7 and general regularity of construction merits, by the way, which the productions of maturer genius do not invariably exhibit. Of a far more striking character were his attainments in history and geography. The germs of that ardour and delight in historic research and delineation, which gave to his subsequent labours the aspect of recrea- tion, rather than of toil, were discernible at a very early period. He remembered receiving from his father, a copy of Smollett's History of England, when only three years of age, as a reward for the exactness with which he repeated all the little tales and anecdotes relating to the successive reigns ; or rather to the pictures appended to, and illustrative of, each reign in the aforesaid his<- tory ; and when a boy at Winchester, he breaks out into a very tornado of indignation against the bombast and careless inaccuracy of the Latin writers. We meet with the following philippic in one of his letters, written at the age of fourteen: "I verily believe that half, at least, of the Roman History is, if not totally false, at least scandalously exaggerated. How far different are the modest, unaffected, and impartial narratives of Herodotus, Thucydides, and Xenophon." And now, having briefly considered the localities, the actual pursuits, and the tendencies of Arnold's boy- hood, let us turn aside, and take a cursory glance at the character of the times in which his childhood and youth passed away. They were right stirring days : wars, and rumours of wars, were afloat month after month, and year after year. The recollections of the atrocities of the French Revolution were still fresh in the memories of all Europe : the massacres of La Vendee, and the noyades of Nantes, yet thrilled the hearts of 8 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. those, who, trembling and aghast, had recoiled from the first recital of the horrors of revolutionary fury. Sir Arthur Wellesley was winning his first laurels at Assaye and Argaum ; Nelson was sweeping with his victorious fleet the waters of the Mediterranean : the name of Eonaparte stirred up everywhere wrath and terror and despair; thrones were tottering, dynasties crumbling away, and governments shifting and changing like the chance combinations of the kaleidoscope. Poor Sir John Moore was taking his rest in his warrior's grave, beneath the walls of Corunna. Marengo, Tra- falgar, and Austerlitz were " household words" then; and a little later, Talavera, Salamanca, and Yittoria, with other names no less famous and inspiring, were the daily theme when men met for business, for wor- ship, and for social intercourse. It was the old " war- time, " as it came to be called long afterwards, when peace had once more waved her olive-branch over the carnage-weary, exhausted nations the war-time, when every man knew that he might be called to leave hearth and home, to do righteous battle for king and faith and fatherland ; when the spirit of patriotism was rampant in the breasts of those who, but a few years later, were infuriated with the policy of their own rulers, and quite ready to fan the smouldering fires of anarchy and dis- content, that, once expanded into flame, must have spread far and wide over the land, in the form of an unscrupulous and impolitic revolution. Such were the times in which Arnold learned from his affectionate preceptress the first elements of know- ledge ; in which he played, no doubt, like other children of that day, at sieges, and battles, and maritime engage- ments; in which he studied at "Warminster, and at Winchester ; in which he saw, as things of course, men- SCHOOL-DAYS AND COLLEGE-DAYS. 9 of- war riding gallantly out of harbour, or coming back with the flag of victory hoisted high, and the great cannon booming along the rocky shores of the Isle of Wight ; as the proud vessels swept over the blue waters of the Channel, to bring back the conquerors, the wounded and the dying, to their native soil. His earliest associations were of the sea, of soldiers, and of sailors; and, as he says himself, "he was fami- liar from a child with boats and ships, and the flags of half Europe;" which, he goes on to remark, gave him "an instinctive acquaintance with geography," and taught him much also of the nature of nautical craft and nautical technicalities, which boys who are born and bred in the inland counties generally fail to acquire. He counted both the sea and mountains as " great points in education;" an acqi;aintance with the latter, he was inclined to believe almost indispensable for the development of certain powers, and certain influences ; and in after life, we find Kim marvelling greatly at the ignorance of some Rugby boys, who at seventeen or eighteen were deficient in common geographical and maritime information, and which he attributes to two causes to their never having seen the sea, and to their never having been in London : ' l and it is sur- prising," he says in a letter dated 1829, "how the first of these disadvantages interferes with their understand- ing much of the ancient poetry ; while the other keeps the range of their ideas in an exceedingly narrow compass." He felt as strongly as any man the deep and wide interpretation which a sound mind gives to the momen- tous word EDUCATION. He knew, none better, that there are schools which are not institutions school- masters who are not living, speaking men books whose 10 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. mysterious leaves never issued from mortal press, whose teaching is fresh and pure from the Mighty Master of the Universe ! In 1811, in his sixteenth year, he was elected, " against several very respectable candidates," a scholar of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. "He came to UP," says Mr. Justice Coleridge, "in Lent term, a mere boy in appearance, as well as in age ; but we saw in a very short time that he was quite equal to take his part in the discussions of the common-room; and he was, I rather think, admitted by Mr. Cooke at once into his senior class." Corpus Christi is a college small in numbers, and without architectural pretensions ; but among its emi- nent men occur the names of Jewell, Hooker, Coleridge, Professor Euckland, and others remarkable for ability and worth ! And now Corpus, with a mournful pride, may add to the list of her dearest and most illustrious sons, the revered name of " Arnold of Rugby." In 1815 he was elected Fellow of Oriel College, and in the same year, and in 1817, he took the Chancellor's prize for the two University Essays, Latin and English ! How deeply, how entirely he loved Oxford ; with what fondness he ever recurred to his old haunts, and his old habits there, those who knew him best and longest can bear faithful witness. How often in his letters, in his common converse, he expatiated again and again on the beauties of Bagley Wood, and Shot over Hill ! Amid the level and monotonous scenery of Rugby, his heart yearned for certain well-known nooks, special pretty fields, and wild streams in the country round Oxford ; and even on the banks of his own beloved Rotha, with F airfield in full view, and old Loughrigg close at hand, his affections clung to that oft-quoted Eagley Wood, SCHOOL-DAYS AND COLLEGE-DAYS. 11 and to the many familiar beauties in the neighbourhood of the University. And when the great heresy of Newmanism arose, and spread throughout Oxford, he beheld with bitterest sorrow, and most vehement indignation, the develop- ment of principles which he held to be utterly subversive to the cause of truth, and most mischievous and fatal in their influences on the National Church of his country. Newmanism (or, as it afterwards came to be called, Puseyism and Tractarianism) would have called forth his conscientious protest, wherever it might have arisen ; but that its pernicious seeds should first take root and flourish in his own beloved and honoured Oxford, added the climax to his grief, and excited his most indignant denunciations. And it was the dream of his early manhood, and the cherished hope of maturer years, that in the decline of life he might be permitted to hold office there, and, amid old scenes and old associa- tions, plan and carry out his long-pondered schemes of usefulness for his l ' ancient and magnificent Univer- sity ;" and there, in comparative retirement, alternating with his mountain home in the North, enjoy that repose which a life of arduous effort and advancing age would surely demand. His fellow- student and beloved friend, Mr. Justice Coleridge, in his valuable contribution to Canon Stan- ley's " Life of Dr. Arnold," tells us that he was always ready to take part in the discussions of the common- room ; that he was fond of conversation on serious matters, and vehement in argument; fearless too in advancing his opinions, which even then seem con- siderably to have startled his contemporaries. " But," continues the same authority, "he was ingenuous and candid, and though the fearlessness with which, so 12 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. young as lie was, he advanced his opinions, might have seemed to betoken presumption, yet the good temper with which he bore retort or rebuke relieved him from that imputation; he was bold and warm, because, so far as his knowledge went, he saw very clearly, and he was an ardent lover of truth ; but I never saw in him, even then, a grain of vanity or conceit." From the same impartial and authentic source we learn that, during his curriculum, he greatly preferred the philosophers and historians to the poets of antiquity ; his passion was for Aristotle and Thucydides. For the former he seemed to entertain a personal affection ; his tone was deeply tinctured with the ideas, the expres- sions, and the maxims of the " dear old Stagirite;" and though much inclined, when he was selecting his son's University, to choose Cambridge, he could not make up his m*nd to send him where he would lose Aristotle, and accordingly decided, on Oxford. Almost equal in his regard was Thucydides ; he used him as a constant text-book, and knew thoroughly the contents of every individual chapter : and next in order came Herodotus, whom in after years he continued to enjoy with even more than youthful relish. Indeed, he was to the last true to his favourite authors, as he was faithful to his early friends. Aristotle and Thucydides never lost their place in his affections ; but as he grew older he learned to estimate at their real value those grand productions of the ancient poets, which, at this early period, he rather unduly overlooked. In his correspondence of the year 1833, he writes thus: " You will be amused when I tell you that I am becoming more and more a convert to the advantages of Greek and Latin verse;" which he had once re- garded as " one of the most contemptible prettinesses SCHOOL-DAYS AND COLLEGE-DAYS. 13 of the understanding." But even after he had become a convert to the utility of verse exercises, he always felt his deficiency in their composition or correction, whilst he was remarkable for the. force, vigour, and simplicity of his Latin prose. The Greek tragedians he thought, on the whole, overrated, though he constantly read portions with the keenest relish ; the second-rate Latin poets he seldom used ; Tibullus and Propertius, with a few others never. And speaking of these, in the last year of his life, he says, t ( Of all useless reading, surely the reading of indifferent poets is MOST useless." But to return to his Oxford life. In 1812 he com- peted for the Latin verse prize, but without success : in common with other under-graduates of his college, he sometimes wrote English verse ; and some poems of his, written about this time, are said to be " neat and pointed in expression, and just in thought, but not remarkable for fancy or imagination." Some years afterwards he told Mr. Justice Coleridge that he con- tinued the poetical effusions "on principle," because he thought it a useful and humanising exercise. But though himself no poet, he was far from insensible to poetic beauty. The first edition of Wordsworth's poems were introduced in the circle to which Arnold belonged ; and, though the voice of criticism was then loud against them, he and his fellow- students were not slow to receive an abiding impression of their truth and excellence, and to become earnest disciples of the poet's school of philosophy. Afterwards, as we shall see, Arnold and Wordsworth became intimate friends; their families were united in the closest friendship : politics, philosophy, and literature were discussed between them in their almost 14 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. daily walks, and their hearty enjoyment of each other's society was by no means marred, because on some points they could only agree to differ. There is the steep shady lane, leading up to Eydal Mount, unaltered since the days when the poet and his friend walked beneath the overshadowing trees, and listened to the musical ripple of the Botha ; or to the deeper murmur of the " Forces" in Eydal Park! There are the solemn mountains, rising peak after peak into the silent sky calm and grand and solitary ! There are the old stone walls, so beautifully mantled with the subdued tints of dark mosses, tender lichens, and deli- cate ferns ! There is the little chapel where Arnold worshipped and sometimes preached ! All is unchanged, for change visits but seldom the lovely vale of the Eotha ; all is bright and glowing in the long sweet summer-day : but Wordsworth lies in his grassy grave, in the quiet churchyard at Grasmere, and Arnold sleeps till the morning of the Eesurrection in the chancel of his own Eugby Chapel ! It must have been a pleasant circle, that knot of young men at Corpus, so familiar with each other, so frank, so cordial, and so unceremonious in their com- mon and most genial intercourse. Poetry, history, philosophy, logic, and all the political and ecclesiastical questions of the day, were in turn mooted and debated as occasion arose. Ever and anon came the exciting news of Wellington's victories ; and then the storming of Badajoz, the daring deeds of Salamanca and Yittoria, and the fierce guerilla conflicts in the wild passes of the Pyrennees, with every detail of march, counter- march, advance, and retreat, disposition of troops, and commissariat blunders, were discussed with all the vehemence of youth and patriotism, in . the common SCHOOL-DAYS AND COLLEGE-DAYS. 15 room, or in the smaller circle of a private breakfast- party, or a pedestrian expedition to Shotover or Bagley "Wood. In those days religious controversy occupied but little ground among the young Oxonians ; and we are told, by one whose opinion is unquestionable, that the regular theological studies of the University were " deplorably low!" Still, there were in the different colleges some earnest and serious minds, and among them Arnold, who were diligent readers of Barrow, Hooker, and Taylor. He was naturally of an inquisitive turn of mind, anxiously and distressingly so one of those in whom the organ of casuality is very largely developed. His conscientiousness was extreme ; and in a person of weaker judgment, and of less vigorous understanding, might have resulted in mere irresolution and morbid restlessness. Previous to his ordination, he was harassed by doubts on certain points of the Articles doubts that were by no means the ignoble offspring of a carping, cavilling spirit ; but the almost inevitable sequence of a strong and active tendency to intellectual inquiry, in a mind, powerful indeed, but not yet matured or sobered by actual contact and conflict with the practical realities of life. He had other doubts, besides, that for a time deeply overshadowed his path ; but these are better considered in tracing the sources of that full and perfect faith, which gladdened his heart from manhood to the grave, and belong more especially to a forthcoming chapter. We do not hear or read of any juvenile indiscretions in Arnold's University days ; the buoyancy of his healthy frame and youthful spirit seem to have expended themselves in wholesome physical exercise, 16 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. such as walking, bathing, and the like. And his walks were not mere strolls, but what he graphically called " skirmishes across the country;" pedestrian steeple- chases in fact when the road was deserted, and fences, ditches, and the common impediments of all such eccentric deviations from the beaten track not avoided, but sought out and triumphantly surmounted. The Attic Society, a small circle of debaters, had been formed in Oxford, and Arnold was among the earliest members ; but he is spoken of as an embar- rassed speaker ; and perhaps, considering his early years eighteen or nineteen at the utmost it was quite as well that he should be so. Certainly in this day, when excess of assurance is rather too prevalent among the members of the rising generation, we are in no wise disposed to regard with censure the over- modesty and bashfulness of their predecessors. At Oriel he found a coterie, whose names are now high in the horizon of the ecclesiastical and literary world. Copleston, Davidson, Whately, Keble, Haw- kins, and Hampden, were some of those with whom he there became acquainted. With Dr. Hawkins, and Dr. Whately, late Archbishop of Dublin, he formed a strong and life-long friendship ; and with regard to Keble, he never ceased to deplore the suspension of intercourse, which thorough difference of opinion, on points which both held to be essential, had caused between them. His feelings towards his friend were always of the most affectionate character, and he con- stantly hoped for the renewal of that intimacy, which disagreement on points so vital had unhappily inter- rupted. Had Dr. Arnold lived a few weeks longer, the two so long separated, and yet so sincerely attached, would have met in the peaceful seclusion cf Arnold's SCHOOL-DAYS AND COLLEGE-DAYS. 17 "Westmoreland home ; but the time of meeting arrived, and one of the twain had passed into that higher region, where all the difficulties of finite nature are resolved in the clear light of the Eternal Truth ; where the clouds and shadows of mortality melt away for ever in the clear, calm radiance of the City that needs no candle, nor light of the sun or of the moon where they know, even as they are known. I will close this chapter with an extract from the letter of Mr. Justice Coleridge, already quoted, and published in full in Stanley's invaluable and compre- hensive work : " At the commencement a boy and at the close retaining, not ungracefully, much of boyish spirits, frolic and sim- plicity : in mind vigorous, active, and clear-sighted, indus- trious, and daily accumulating and assimilating treasures of knowledge ; not averse to poetry, but delighting rather in dialectics, philosophy, and history ; with less of imagination than reasoning power ; in argument bold almost to presump- tion, and vehement ; in temper easily roused to indignation yet more easily appeased, and entirely free from bitterness : fired, indeed, by what he deemed ungenerous or unjust to others, rather than by any sense of personal wrong; some- what too little deferential to authority ; yet without any real inconsistency, loving what was good and great in antiquity, the more ardently and reverently because it was ancient ; a casual or unkind observer might have pronounced him some- what too pugnacious in conversation, and too positive. I have given, I believe, the true explanation : scarcely any- thing would have pained him more than to be convinced that he had been guilty of want of modesty, or of deference where it was justly due ; no one thought these virtues of more sacred obligations. In heart if I can speak with confidence of any of the friends of my youth, I can of his that it was devout and pure, simple and sincere, affectionate and faithful Arnold's friendship has been one of c 18 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. the many blessings of my life. I cherish the memory of it with mournful gratitude, and I cannot but dwell with lingering fondness on the scene, and the period which first brought us together. Within the peaceful walls of Corpus I made friends, of whom all are spared me but Arnold he has fallen asleep; but the bond there formed, which the lapse of years and our differing walks in life did not unloosen, and which strong opposition of opinions only rendered more intimate, though interrupted in time, I feel not to be broken may I venture without unreasonable solemnity to express the firm trust, that it will endure for ever in eternity." LALEHAM. 19 CHAPTEE II. LALEHAM. FOR four years Arnold remained at Oxford, taking private pupils, and reading both, deeply and widely in the University Libraries. During this period he ac- quired an immense amount of information, and to his latest days spoke gratefully of the advantages he had enjoyed, and sought always to recommend them to others. The number of MSS. which remain as inte- resting relics of this early stage of his manhood, show how careful a reader he was. " Yet," says Canon Stanley, " they are remarkable rather as proofs of industry than of power; and the style of his compo- sitions, both at this time and for years later, is cramped by a stiffness and formality, alien alike to the homeli- ness of his first published works, and the vigour of his later ones." And this may heip to encourage those who, toiling up the steep ascents of learning and literature, feel so often, and with so keen a pain, the roughness, the weakness, or the dulness of their most careful and strenuous attempts at .composition. It is a trite, but apt saying, that " Eome was not built in a day." Neither was Dr. Arnold at one-and-twenty the clear- sighted, keen-judging, polished historian and critic of Eugby celebrity. But, be it remembered, he was INDUSTRIOUS : and 20 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. though mere industry may exist where there is but small power power of itself is of little avail, and is certain to rust away, where the more ordinary home- spun commodity of industry is non-resident. The finest machinery, unworked and unoiled, soon becomes incom- parably less valuable than the commoner workmanship, which day by day does its appointed task, and is kept in proper order. Arnold was not content with his first-class honours, his fellowship, and his already acquired store of erudi- tion ; he worked on earnestly and indefatigably, seeking Knowledge not only in her peculiar and accustomed haunts, but all along the dirty wayside of common, every-day life, and seizing and appropriating also the merest trifles and the slightest hints, that would have been unregarded by a mind less bent on improvement, and less earnestly anxious for self-culture. His plan, which he subsequently recommended in his Lectures, was to acquaint himself thoroughly with some one given period say, for instance, the fifteenth cen- tury gathering information of all kinds, from all sources, and from the history of divers countries, syn- chronising as he proceeded and as he accumulated the facts, and taking for this fifteenth century Philip de Comines as a text-book. The first volume which he took out of the Oriel Library, after his election, was Eymer's Ecedera. In his MSS. from 1815 to 1818 are recorded his thoughts on Thucydides, Livy, and Gibbon, and his views of St. Paul's Epistles, and Chrysostom's Homilies ; and in these early expressions of feeling may be traced, more or less in embryo, the startling opinions and sound judgments of his riper years. And when time for study was necessarily limited, we are told he had LALEHAM. 21 c< a remarkable facility for turning to account spare fragments of time" a very valuable facility, be it remarked, and one that from its rich, results inclines one to believe that, "Take care of the minutes, and the hours will take care of themselves," may be as sage an aphorism as the old proverbial axiom about the pence and the pounds. From the precious stores of his youth, he was wont, in his later days, to draw materials for his great works ; and the years spent at Oxford, between taking his degree and settling at Laleham, he used to call his " golden time." Undoubtedly he enjoyed great advan- tages ; but they were by no means peculiar to himself. His experience differs from the majority of men, chiefly in this that while they, for the most part, neglect, or only partially avail themselves of their privileges, he made the very most of, and treasured with the utmost care, all the opportunities which the course of Provi- dence placed at his disposal. His standard always rose before him, and " Excelsior " was ever in his mind. In the midst of his arduous labours at Rugby, he lamented often the impossibility of finding leisure for personal study ; and in October, 1835, he writes : " Meanwhile I write nothing, and read barely enough to keep my mind in the state of a running stream, which I think it ought to be, if it would form or feed other minds ; for it is ill drinking out of a pond whose stock of water is merely the remains of the long-past rains of the winter and spring, evaporating and diminishing with every successive day of draught." And this very striking simile seems to have been constantly present to his imagination ; for nearly four years later we find the recurrence of the same idea, in a 22 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. letter to one of his former pupils, who was engaged in the work of tuition : " You need not think that your own reading will now have no object, because you are engaged with young boys. Every improvement of your own powers and knowledge tells immediately upon them, and indeed I hold that a man is only fit to teach so long as he is himself learning daily. If the mind once become stagnant, it can give no fresh draught to another mind: it is drinking out of a pond, instead of from a spring. And whatever you read tends generally to your own increase of , power, and will be felt by you in a hundred ways hereafter." On the 20th of December, 1818, he was ordained deacon at Oxford. Difficulties, as we have already remarked, presented themselves to his mind, and he feared to put down by main force as he was strongly advised to do these distressing objections, lest he should thereby violate his conscience for the sake of worldly interest ; for in his case, to doubt was to jeopardise his dearest plans, and to shadow his most deeply cherished aspirations. Gradually, as his judg- ment strengthened, and as his mind was pervaded by a healthier tone, these scruples disappeared, and after the year 1820 returned no more. He settled at Laleham, near Staines, with his mother, his sister Susannah, and the affectionate preceptress of his early childhood, Miss Delafield, who had first tilled the promising soil, that was one day to bring forth the choicest fruits a hundredfold. Por a short time, in conjunction with his brother-in-law, Mr. Buckland, and afterwards independently by himself, he received seven or eight young men as private pupils in prepara- tion for the Universities. He began by making himself generally useful: even then, " Whatever thy hand LALEHAM. 23 findeth to do, do it with thy might," seems to have been, practically at least, his maxim. He did not relish the idea of attending the Sunday-school ; but, very shortly after taking up his abode at Laleham, he tells his friend, the Eev. John Tucker, that he has it entirely in his own hands, and so attend it he " must and will ! " He soon began to visit the poor, and to assist Mr. Hearn, the curate of the place, in the work- house, as well as in the parish church ; and we find him excusing himself on the score of letter-writing, because lately he had had the additional work of a sermon to compose every week. While his heart still yearned after " dear old Oxford," and his beloved haunts of " Eagley Wood, and the pretty field, and the wild stream that flows between Bulling- ton and Cowley Marsh," he became insensibly more and more attached to Laleham and its pleasant localities. He always seemed to attach importance to the character of the scenery by which he was surrounded ; yet, while he displayed the keenest appreciation of the truly beautiful and romantic, and while he invariably looked upon a landscape with the eye of a painter, and the soul of a poet, he had the sound sense to make the best of his rural advantages, whatever they might be. At the close of the letter already quoted, where he expresses a hankering after his Oxford haunts, he writes thus : "Well! I must endeavour to get some associations to combine with Laleham and its neighbourhood; but at present all is harsh and ruffled, like woods in a high wind j only I am beginning to love my own little study, where I have a sofa full of books as of old, and the two verse-books lying about on it, and a volume of Herodotus, and where I sit up and read and write till twelve or one o'clock." In order to describe fully his feelings towards his 24 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. new home, and his new work, in this the first year of his residence, it may be as well to transcribe part of a letter, dated November 29th, 1829, and addressed to his intimate friend, J. T. Coleridge, afterwards Mr. Justice Coleridge : " . . . . Buckland is naturally fonder of the school, and is inclined to give it the greatest part of his attention; and I, from my Oxford habits, as naturally like the other part of the business best ; and thus I have extended my time of reading with our four pupils in the morning before break- fast, from one hour to two. Not that I dislike being in the school-room, but quite the contrary : still, however, I have not the experience in the sort of work, nor the perfect familiarity with my grammar, requisite to make a good master, and I cannot teach Homer as well as my friends Herodotus and Livy, whom I am now reading, I suppose, for the fiftieth time. . . . November 30. I was interrupted last night in the middle of my letter, and as the evening is my only time for such occupations, it cannot now go till to-morrow. You shall derive this benefit, however, from the interruption, that I will trouble you with no more details about the trade ; a subject which I find growing upon me daily, from the retired life we are leading, and from my being so engrossed by it. There are some very pleasant families settled in this place besides ourselves ; they have been very civil to us, and in the holidays I dare say we shall see much of them ; but at present I do not feel I have sufficient time to make an acquaintance, and cannot readily submit to the needful sacrifice of formal visits, which must be the prelude to a more familiar knowledge of any one. As it is, my garden claims a good portion of my spare time in the middle of the day, when I am not engaged at home, or taking a walk; there is always something to interest me e,ven in the very sight of the weeds and litter, for then I think how much improved the place will be when they are removed ; and it is very delightful to watch the progress of LALEHAM. 2o any work of this sort, and observe the gradual change from disorder and neglect, to neatness and finish. In the course of the autumn I have done much planting and altering, but these labours are over now, and I have only to hope for a mild winter as far as the shrubs are concerned, that they may not all be dead when the spring conies. Of the country around us, especially on the Surrey side, I have explored much : but not nearly so much as I could wish. It is very beautiful, and some of the scenes at the junction of the heath- country with the rich valley of the Thames are very striking. Or, if I do not venture so far from home, I have always a resource at hand, in the bank of the river up to Staines ; which, though it be perfectly flat, has yet a great charm from its entire loneliness, there being not a house anywhere near it ; and the river here has none of that stir of boats and barges upon it, which makes it in many places as public as the high road. . . . Don Juan has been with me some weeks, but I am determined not to read it ; for I was so annoyed by some specimens that I saw in glancing over the leaves that I will not worry myself with any more of it." A few weeks previous to this date, he had received the offer of a Mastership at Winchester, which he declined without any hesitation. He did not think himself qualified for the situation, neither did he believe it would be to him otherwise than disagreeable. Moreover, lie was perfectly contented with Laleham and its prospects, and quite inclined to regard it as his settled and permanent home for life. On the llth of August, 1820, he married Mary, youngest daughter of the Eev. John Penrose, rector of Pledborough, in Nottingham, and sister of one of his earliest school and college friends, Trevenen Penrose. He soon began to feel himself bound to Laleham by many ties ; the next eight years of his life were spent here in peace and great retirement ; the routine of his 26 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. course being varied only by the short tours with which he recreated himself during his vacations. Here, also, were born six of his children. Four others were added to his family at Rugby ; but one of these died in 1832, when only a few days old. About this time (1820) the perplexities and intellectual doubts, from which he had suffered so much, and which he described as the " severest of earthly trials," passed away for ever. Whatever may have been his spiritual state previous to this era, it is certain that from that time forward he was devoted, heart and soul, to the service of his Master and Saviour, Jesus Christ. Whatever may have been the belief that he conscientiously adopted, he was willing and ready to present himself " a living sacrifice acceptable unto God." , There were henceforth no dead truths in his soul ; his faith in the Lord Jesus became a living, animated faith ; penetrating into the commonest actions of his life ; influencing all his opinions and thoughts and feelings ; colouring and modelling his whole being, and inscribing upon the meanest of his possessions and em- ployments, " Holiness unto the Lord" But with him nothing was poor, or mean, or common ; baser metal in his hands was transmuted into pure gold; worthless pebbles became priceless gems, and the merest dross was changed into precious treasure ; because all that he said, or felt, or did, bore reference to the Christian life and conversation. A sincere desire to glorify God purifies and brightens the most ordinary actions of daily existence. Even as a subtle tincture dropped into a large vessel full of water impregnates the whole mass of fluid, so the silent working of the life that is hid with Christ in God consecrates and LALEHAM. 27 beautifies the coarsest and most stereotyped events that rise up as mere matters of course in the beaten track of our diurnal paths. j Most eminently was it so with him, and most earnestly did he strive to impress upon the young minds over whom it pleased God to give him so great and so abiding an influence, that One was their Master, even Christ, and that to HIM must be yielded the joyful obedience of the heart, in the smallest as well as in the most momentous matters. There is. one point, which, deserves above all others to be specially noted in this brief mention of his religious belief and experience, inasmuch as it is the key to his whole character the i)asis of all that excel- lence and moral grandeur which so eminently distin- guished him among his contemporaries and this one point is his fervent, intense affection towards our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. In the family, in the school, in the pulpit, in the rough hustling and clashing of the outer world, this was always his stronghold, his foun- dation stone, and his never-failing source of strength and patience and wisdom. With him, Christ was all, and in all all joy, all love, all knowledge, and all truth, and in all events and actions of his ordinary life, as well as in all the hopes and the fears, the struggles and the triumphs, of his spiritual life. It was his delight to speak of Him whom he so earnestly loved ; to remember that Jesus, exalted far above all principalities and powers, sat at the right hand of God the Father, in glory everlasting, yet wear- ing, nevertheless, the human lineaments, that faded from the aching gaze of the disciples, who saw their Lord taken up out of their sight to recall the promise, that in like manner He shall come again, and to treasure 28 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD, up the precious assurance that Christ, our High Priest and our Forerunner, ever liveth to make intercession for all who come unto the Father by Him. He loved to dwell on the earthly life of his beloved Master, to retrace its events, to draw attention to its purity and its moral loveliness, to contemplate the great work for which He was made flesh, and for which He sojourned among fallen men, and for which He lived and suffered, and died and rose again. In one of his sermons he says : "Where can we find a name so holy as that we may surrender our whole souls to it, before which obedience, reverence without measure, intense humility, most unreserved adoration, may all be duly rendered ? One name there is, and One alone one alone in Heaven and earth ; not truth, not justice, not benevolence, not Christ's mother, not his holiest servants, not his blessed sacraments, nor his very mystical body of the Church, but Himself only who died for us, and rose again, Jesus Christ both God and man." And in another sermon, from Eph. vi. 13, he says : " This is their privilege who have learnt in sincerity to know the Lord Jesus Christ, and the power of His death, and the glory of His resurrection. There is our corner-stone, which never can be shaken, that fact better proved than any other record in history that He, whose words and whose life displayed the wisdom of God, and the goodness of God, overcame death to display the power of God also; that goodness and wisdom, through the power of God, are too mighty to be lost for ever in the grave. When dwelling on His words, who spake as never man spake, when looking on His actions who went about doing good, when our spirits are moved in complete union with His Spirit, and we feel that it is good for us to be with Him in life or in Death, that with Him we would venture our every hope and submit LALEHAM. 29 to His guidance our every affection and desire ; then it is that we can enter somewhat into the joy of those words, worthy indeed to be proclaimed by an angel's voice, which tells us that the Lord is risen. From the darkness of that grave, in which all else on earth is lost to our view, He is risen and ascended to the eternal light beyond it. And then we turn with thankfulness and joy unutterable to our own promised share in His triumph j that He is gone to prepare a place for us; that He will come again and receive us unto Himself ; that where He is, there may we be also." And these and many similar passages were not mere expositions of an orthodox faith ; they were not bare truths preached to others from the pulpit, and given by the theological scholar to the world at large ; but they were the very breathings of his soul, the escapement of some of those thoughts and feelings which, were the true centre of his inner life, and which, as the epistle of Christ Himself, were legibly inscribed on his walk and conversation before all men. The sermons above quoted were, however, not preached in his Laleham days ; and perhaps at this period of his life his religious character was not so fully developed as afterwards, when mind and body had alike attained their utmost force and energy ; but the principles were all there, and not as mere seeds, but as plants, vigorous and thriving, striking their roots deeply and widely into his whole nature, and bearing already fruit meet for the granary of the Kingdom. They were calm quiet years those nine years of peaceful life on the banks of the Thames ; a season of sweet repose, in which his intellectual powers grew to their full maturity. Unheeded, and comparatively unknown, the mighty mind, in its happy seclusion, was increasing in stature, and growing in strength and in 30 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. wisdom. The judgment was gradually ripening, and the appreciation of men and of things was becoming keener and juster as the uneventful months rolled on. He knew it not, but surely and silently he was making ready for the arduous toils to which God, in His providence, was about to call him ; all unwittingly he was arming himself for the warfare in which he was ere long to engage ; and not only his spiritual, but his moral and intellectual forces, were gathering nerve and muscle and sinew. And this quiet time was given by God, that the soul might grow in grace, and the intel- lect in strength ; that the moral faculties might receive due development, and that, from the inexhaustible treasury of truth and knowledge, precious stores might be appropriated, and made richer and stronger in the new soil into which they were transplanted. It was a time in which the, sap was rising, and the buds were bursting, on the vigorous stock from which they sprang : the beautiful blossoms were expanding day by day ; by-and-by the ripe fruit would hang heavily on the laden branches. And this should teach us to rest contented, if, aspiring to stand foremost in the ranks of those who fight the great battle of Life, we find orselves borne away from the charge and the melee, and forced to sit passively in the shade, and in the stillness, hearing only the faint and indistinct echoes of the warfare that is raging far, far away. " There is a time for every pur- pose, and for every work." God in His infinite wisdom meetens the spirits of those to whom He will entrust great things, in many various ways : and very often He seems to give them a position and a training which human sagacity would pronounce to be in no way preparative fqr the arena wherein they are shortly to LALEHAM. 31 appear, and fight, and struggle, and conquer before the eyes of a dogmatical and censorious world. But, " He doeth all things well." God sees not as man sees ; the finite cannot comprehend the mind of the Infinite ; human reason, however deep and sound, must lay aside its logic here, and with the simplicity of a child receive into its innermost recesses the belief that God's training is the only training that is worth anything, and so in quietness and confidence wax strong exceedingly. In after years, amid wider usefulness, but much painful misapprehension, he looked back almost with regret on that sweet and pleasant page of his life which was closed to open no more. Fondly he remembered to the last his happy Laleham days, and often he revisited it ; for not only was he bound to it by reason of the memory of his own domestic joys, and of the deep tranquillity of those nine years of peace ; but it was endeared to him as the sacred ground where his dead were laid to rest ; where he came from the busy turmoil of maturer life, to gaze on the quiet graves of child and mother, and sister and aunt ! At Laleham, as at Rugby, his deep-rooted sense of the responsibility he incurred in guiding and guarding those committed to his charge, weighed heavily on his mind ; and so strong were his conscientious scruples on the score of companionship, that he would decline additional pupils, while any remained under his care whom he did not feel quite justified in removing, and whose influence he yet dreaded, as prejudicial to others. In 1821 a friend applied to him for advice in a diificult case of dealing with an unsatisfactory pupil ; and in the letter of reply the following remark occurs : " I would be as patient as I possibly could with irresolu- tion, unsteadiness, and fits of idleness j but if a pupil has 32 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. set his mind to do nothing, but considers all the work as so much fudge, which he will evade if he can, I have made up my resolution that I will send him away without scruple: lor, not to speak of the heartless trouble that such an animal would give to myself, he is a living principle of mischief in the house, being ready at all times to pervert his companions; and this determination I have expressed publicly, and if I know myself I will act upon it, and I advise you most heartily to do the same." And writing to a parent, he says : " I regret in your son a carelessness which does not allow him to think seriously of what he is living for, and to do what is right, not merely as a matter of regularity, but because it is a duty. I trust you will not think that I am meaning anything more than my words convey, or that what I am regretting in your son is not to be found in nineteen out of every twenty young men of his age ; but I conceive that you would wish me to form my desire of what your son should be, not according to the common standard, but according to the highest to be satisfied with no less in him, than I should have been anxious to find in a son of my own. He is capable of doing a great deal ; and I have not seen anything in him which has called for reproof since he has been with me. I am only desirous that he should work more heartily just, in short, as he would work if he took an interest of himself in his own improvement. On this of course all distinction in Oxford must depend: but much more than distinction depends on it; for the difference between a useful education, and one which does not affect the future life, rests mainly on the greater or less activity which it has communicated to the pupil's mind ; whether he has learned to think or to act, and to gain knowledge by himself, or whether he has merely followed passively so long as there was some one to lead him." It was the testimony of one * who was his pupil at * Rev. B. Price. LALEHAM. 33 Laleham, and afterwards assistant master at Rugby, that " Every pupil was made to feel there was a work for him to do that his happiness as well as his duty lay in doing that work well. Hence an indescribable zest was commu- nicated to a young man's feeling about life ; a strange joy came over him on discovering that he had the means of being useful, and thus of being happy ; and a deep respect and ardent attachment sprung up towards him who had taught him thus to value life and his own self, and his work and mission in the world. All this was founded on the breadth and comprehensiveness of Arnold's character, as well as its striking truth and reality j on the unfeigned regard he had for work of all kinds, and the sense he had of its value, both for the complex aggregate of society and the growth and perfection of the individual. Thus pupils of the most different natures were keenly stimulated, none felt that he was left out, or that because he was not endowed with large powers of mind, there was no sphere open to him in the honourable pursuits of usefulness. This wonderful power of making his pupils respect themselves, and of awakening in them a consciousness of the duties that God had assigned to them personally, and of the consequent reward each should have of his labours, was one of Arnold's most characteristic features as a trainer of youth ; he possessed it eminently at Rugby ; but, if I may trust my own vivid recollections, he had it quite as remarkably at Laleham. His hold over all his pupils I know perfectly astonished me. It was not so much an enthusiastic admira- tion for his genius, or learning, or eloquence, which stirred within them j it was a sympathetic thrill, caught from a spirit that was earnestly at work in the world, whose work was healtby, sustained, and constantly carried forward in the fear of God a work that was founded on a deep sense of its duty and its value ; and was coupled with such a true humility, such an unaffected simplicity, that others could not help being invigorated by the same feeling, and with the 34 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. belief that they too in their measure could go and do like- wise. " In the details of daily business, the quantity of time that he devoted to his pupils was very remarkable. Lessons began at seven, and, with the interval of breakfast, lasted till nearly three ; then he would walk with his pupils, and dine at half-past five. At seven he usually had some lesson on hand ; and it was only when we were all gathered up in the drawing-room after tea, amidst young men on all sides of him, that he would commence work for himself, in writing his sermons or Roman history." Between 1821 and 1827 he contributed articles on Roman History to the Encyclopaedia Metropolitan . They commenced with the times of the Gracchi, and terminated with a striking and spirited sketch of the reign of M. Ulpius Trajanus Crinitus. In 1825, he first became acquainted with Mebuhr's History of Rome ; and, for the sake of studying it, learned the German language. His researches in this direction seemed to have disclosed to him a new world of fact, thought, and reasoning, and he declared after his first perusal of Mebuhr's volumes, that it was a work of such extraordinary ability and learning, that it opened wide before his eyes the extent of his own ignorance. He immediately resolved to defer his pro- jected History, till he had thoroughly investigated and reconsidered the whole subject. At first he found difficulty in receiving the whole of Mebuhr's conclusions ; but, as time passed on, first one and then another apparent discrepancy disappeared, and he came at last to the determination, " never to diifer from him with- out a full consciousness of the probability that further inquiry might prove him to be right." Speaking of his early study of Mebuhr's writings, he says: "It , LALEHAM. 35 has abundantly overpaid the labour of learning a new language ; " a speech that makes one think of the man who learned Portuguese, purely for the sake of reading the Lusiad of Camoens in the original ! And it may not be amiss in this place to reckon up the different languages which, like a very Lavengro, he delighted to acquire. Latin and Greek were mere matters of course ; French could not fail to come in due course ; German was studied, first for the sake of Mebuhr, afterwards for its own merits, and he always placed it in the very highest rank of modern languages. "I forget," he wrote to a former pupil, in 1835, " whether you learnt any German here ; but I think it would be well worth your while to learn it without loss of time. Every additional language gained is like an additional power, KONE MOEE SO THAIST GERMAN ! " In the winter of 1834 or 35 we find him studying Hebrew, with a learned Israelite for his preceptor i.e., learned in Rabbinical writings ; for the erudition of the Jewish tutor went so far and no farther. In the autumn of 1836 he requests his friend, the Archbishop of Dublin, to procure for him and send him "a good Erse Grammar." Two or three years later he did his best to find a Proven9al Grammar, but was unsuc- cessful, being told there was no such thing in existence. Borrow' s Lavengro, it will be remembered, on one or more occasions, found himself in a similar position : he too desired to study curious languages, which the science of the grammarian had so far eschewed, and he bethought himself of procuring a Bible in the desired tongue ; and by collating it with an English version he managed to obtain a considerable insight into the unclassified language. A few months later, he was making inquiry about the D 2 36 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. language of the Principality; in his last years he endeavoured to acquire a knowledge of the Sanscrit and Sclavonic ; and a very few weeks before his death he was busily occupied with the specialities of a Basque Grammar. "We have omitted both Spanish and Italian in this somewhat original catalogue of strange tongues ; but that he was unfamiliar with neither, his ultramon- tane expeditions and his literary references abundantly declare. Very early in his married life he introduced Mrs. Arnold to the beauties of his well-beloved Herodotus, reading it to her in the evening, and translating as he proceeded. This was not, however, his first rendering of his favourite to feminine ears ; for in his youth he had delighted to sit by the couch of his invalid sister, Susannah, and construe for her especial benefit and his own unmistakable enjoyment, book after book of the history. Long afterwards, in the precious retirement of his north country home, he used to amuse his children with reading to them his favourite stories from Herodotus the very same stories into which he had entered with so much delight in his own juvenile days, and which continued to afford him no small amount of gratification to the latest years of his life. Various political questions began now to be mooted in his mind, and from time to time he touched upon them in his correspondence. To the Eev. John Tucker he thus expressed himself on the subject of slavery : " Laleham, February 22, 1824. " The West India question is thorny; but I suppose the Government may entrench upon individual property for a great national benefit, giving a fair compen- sation to the parties, just as is done in every Canal Bill. Nay, I cannot see why the rights of the planters are more LALEHAM. 37 sacred than those of the old despotic kings and feudal aristocracies, who were made to part with many good things which they had inherited from their ancestors, because the original tenure was founded on wrong 5 and so is all slavery, all West Indian slavery at least, most certainly." In 1 825 he visited Italy. The vale of the Arno disap- pointed him, and Florence itself he considered miserably inferior to Oxford. In a letter, written after his return, he tells the Eev. Mr. Tucker that " the vale of Florence looks quite poor and dull in comparison of our rich valleys, from the total want of timber ; and in Florence itself there is not a tree ; in short, I never was so dis- appointed in any place in my life. My favourite towns were Genoa, Milan, and Verona. The situation of the latter, just at the foot of the Alps, and almost encircled, like Durham, by a full and rapid river, the Adige, waa very delightful." His love of flowers was gratified in the neighbour- hood of the Apennines ; the scarlet blossoms of the pomegranate, profusely wreathing the hedges, and the wild broom of the mountains, he remembered and re- verted to, when once more restored to his peaceful Laleham home. And during this tour lie first made acquaintance with Lake Como, and its indescribably beautiful scenery. In his journal, dated July 25th, 1825, occurs the following entry : " On the cliff" above the Lake of Como. We are on a mule- track that goes from Como along the eastern shore of the lake, and as the mountains go sheer down into the water, the mule-track is obliged to be cut out of their summits and their feet. They are covered with wood, all chestnut from top to bottom, except where patches have been found level enough for houses to stand on, and vines to grow ; but just where we are it is quite lonely ; and I look up to the blue skv, and down to the blue lake the one just above me 38 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. and the other just below me, and see both through the thick branches of the chestnuts. Seventeen or eighteen vessels, with their white sails, are enlivening the lake, and about half a mile on my right j the rock is too steep for anything to grow on it, and goes down a bare cliff. A little beyond I see some terraces and vines, and bright white houses, and farther still, there is a little low point running out into the lake, which just affords room for a village, close on the water's edge, and a white church tower rising in the midst of it. The opposite shore is just the same, villages and mountains, trees and vines, all one perfect loveliness. I have found plenty of the red cyclamen, whose perfume is exquisite. " On the edge of the Lake of Como. We have made our way down to the water's edge to bathe, and are now sitting on a stone to cool. No words can describe the beauty of all the scenery : we stopped at a walk, at a spot where a stream descended in a deep green dell from the mountains, with a succession of falls ; the dell so deep that the sun could not reach the water, which lay every now and then resting in deep rocky pools, so beautifully clear that nothing but strong prudence prevented us from bathing in them ; the banks of the dell, all turf and magnificent chestnuts, varied with rocks, and the broad lake, bright in the sunshine, stretched out before us." In the following year (1826) lie -visited Scotland during the summer vacation, and was forcibly struck with the cheapness of education in that part of the kingdom ; but, though convinced that the advantages of the Edin- burgh system were very considerable, and in many respects worthy of adoption, or of blending with our own educational institutions, he yet held stoutly to his opinion that " in the most favourable cases there was no comparison between what Oxford and Cambridge could do for a man, and what he could gain in Edinburgh." He had begun by this time to wish for reformation LALEHAM. 39 in ecclesiastical affairs. That which, he was to do, and that which he so earnestly desired to do, seemed already stirring within him ; and as glimpses of the truth, and convictions of the urgent need of the Church, and of our social and political institutions, rose hefore him, the strong and ardent wish to serve effectually those who required faithful, fearless, disinterested service, was gradually developed and strengthened, till it clothed itself in written language. In the same year (1826) he writes : " I hope to be allowed before I die to accomplish some- thing on Education, and also with regard to the Church^ the last indeed even more than the other, were not the task, humanly speaking, so hopeless. But the more I think of the matter, and the more I read of the Scriptures them- selves, of the history of the Church, the more intense is my wonder at the language of admiration with which some men speak of the Church of England, which certainly retains the foundation sure, as all other Christian societies do, except the Unitarians, but has overlaid it with a very sufficient quantity of hay and stubble, which I devoutly hope to see one day burnt in the fire. I know that other churches have their faults also ; but what have I to do with them ? It is idle to speculate in attend repuUica ; but to reform one's own is a business which nearly concerns us." Now it must not be supposed, from these and from many similar opinions, that he was a bad or a half- hearted Churchman. On the contrary, he loved and clung to the Establishment, in which he had been nur- tured, and which he preferred to all other sections of the universal church. He had no leaning to dissent ; and while he respected and contended for the due acknowledgment of the rights and claims of noncon- formity, he formed an estimate of dissenters in general 40 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. which, at first sight, seems rather unfair. After finding fault with the illiberality of the Church party in 1835, he goes on to say: "I grant that the dissenters arc, politically speaking, nearly as had, and as narrow- minded ; hut then they have more excuse in "belonging generally to a lower class in society, and not having been taught Aristotle and Thucydides." Eut what might sound invidious, if not positively unjust, in 1859, came tolerably near the truth in 1835. Most certainly, twenty-four years ago, dissenters did NOT generally receive or appreciate the liberal education which, in common with their brethren of the Establishment, they now value and enjoy ; neither had nonconformity pene- trated the higher ranks as it has latterly done. Dr. Arnold, had he lived to this day, would undoubtedly have formed a very different estimate of dissent and dis- senters, but he would never have joined their ranks. Had it pleased God to spare him to old age, he would have gone down to the grave a faithful, loving son of the Church he loved so deeply, and for whose honour and welfare his highest aspirations and his saddest mis- givings were ever excited. The Church of England has had no truer, stouter champion ; it is much to be feared she will never see his like again ! I cannot close this chapter better than by presenting an extract from a letter which Dr. Arnold wrote to Mr. Blackstone in 1827 : "I have long had in my mind a work on Christian politics, on the application of the gospel to the state of man as a citizen, in which the whole question of a religious establishment, and of the education proper for Christian members of a Christian commonwealth, would naturally find a place. It would embrace also an historical sketch of the pretended conversion of the kingdoms of the world to LALEHAM. 41 the kingdom of Christ in the fourth and fifth centuries, which I look upon as one of the greatest tours d'addresse that Satan ever played, except his invention of Popery. I mean that by inducing kings and nations to conform nomi- nally to Christianity, and thus to get into their hands the direction of Christian society, he has in a great measure succeeded in keeping out the peculiar principles of that society from any extended sphere of operation, and in ensuring the ascendency of his own. One real conversion there seems to have been, that of the Anglo-Saxons, but that he soon succeeded in corrupting ; and at the Norman conquest we had little, I suppose, to lose even from the more direct introduction of Popery and worldly religion which came in with the Conqueror." 42 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. CHAPTEE III. OPENING PROSPECTS. IN the spring of 1827 we again find Dr. Arnold a traveller on the Continent, proceeding through Prance to visit, for the first time, the mistress of the ancient world. In his journal he finds just fault with the French hlacksmiths, and declares "they all do their work so ill, that they generally never fail to find some- thing left for them by their predecessors' clumsiness;" and when fairly in the provinces, and quite removed from the influence of the court, he remarks on the total absence of gentlemen, and of all persons of the education and feelings of gentlemen. The following paragraph was written at Joigny, April 6th, 1827: " I am afraid that the bulk of the people are sadly igno- rant and unprincipled, and then liberty and equality are but evils. A little less aristocracy in our country, and a little more here, would seem a desirable improvement. There seem great elements of good amongst the people here great courtesy and kindness, with all their cheating and unrea- sonableness. ]\J ay He, who only can, turn the hearts of this people, and of all other people, to the knowledge and love of Himself in His Son, in whom there is neither English- man nor Frenchman, any more than Jew or Greek; but Christ is all and in all ! And may He keep alive in me the spirit of charity, to judge favourably and feel kindly towards ,those amongst whom I am travelling ; inasmuch as Christ . OPENING PKOSPECTS. 43 died for them as well as for us, and they, toe, call them- selves after His name." It were needless, in a volume of such humble preten- sions as the present, to enter into any description of scenes and places visited during this and subsequent tours. It would even be superfluous to make copious extracts from the already published " Travelling Jour- nals" of Dr. Arnold ; for, though the whole is highly graphic, and most beautifully touched with the peculiar colouring minds like his give to the simplest account of mere geographical feature, to common cause and effect, and to the mere aspect of the ruins of a buried empire, the bare information is substantially the same with that so abundantly communicated by our best and most reliable tourists. Here and there, however, entries occur, so entirely significant of the writer's character and sentiments, as to render their transcription a matter of real necessity, if we would aim at giving anything like a correct portrait of this remarkable and truly great man. By the borders of the Ciminian Lake, by Bonciglione and Monterossi, and over the desolate Campagna, he travelled on, with the blue Mediterranean streaking the distant horizon, the Alban hills looming afar off, and finally Eome itself! The journal of that day closes thus : " It began now to get dark, and, as there is hardly any twilight, it was dark soon after we left La Storta, the last post before you enter Rome. The air blew fresh and cool, and we had a pleasant drive over the remaining part of the Campagna, till we descended into the valley of the Tiber, and crossed it by the Milvian Bridge. About two miles farther on we reached the walls of Rome, and entered by the Porta del Popolo." 44 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. At Eome he formed that friendship with Chevalier Bunsen, which time and further intercourse tended only to strengthen and confirm, and which remained unbroken and unchanged, till one of the twain was called away from the heat and burden of the day, to enter into the rest that remaineth for the people of God. Chevalier Bunsen was one of the very few, perhaps the only one, who entirely understood, and, without reserve, sympa- thised in all Arnold's feelings ; who comprehended his scruples, shared his hopes and fears, and longed with an equal intensity for reform in those quarters, where the honour and welfare of Christianity was most con- cerned. When exposed on all sides to misconstruction and misconception ; when grave charges and ridiculous slanders were freely propagated by those who were forced to rouse themselves from their long undisturbed slumbers, to stand up for the defence of venerable evils, time-honoured abuses, and ignorances and negligences that were alike pleasant and profitable ; when the friends of youth grew cold, and he was left to fight the great battle of Christian reform nearly single-handed, he could always turn to Bunsen, sure of finding himself under- stood, appreciated, and encouraged to proceed. His estimate of the Chevalier is best given in his own words. Writing to him in 1835, he says : " I think you can hardly tell how I prize such true sympathy of heart and mind as I am sure to find in your letters j because I hope and believe that it is not so rare to you as to me I find in you that exact combination of tastes which I have in myself for philological, historical, and philosophical pursuits, centring in moral and spiritual truths Oh ! how heartily do I sympathise in your feelings as to the union of philological, historical, and philosophical research, all to minister to divine truth j and OPENING PROSPECTS. 45 how gladly would I devote my time and powers to such pursuits, did I not feel as much another thing in your letter that we should abide in that calling which God has set before us. And it is delightful, if at any time I may hope to send out into the world any young man willing and trained to do Christ's work, rich in the combined and indivisible love of truth and of goodness. And in a letter to the Rev. J". Hearn, dated Novem- ber 23rd, 1838 more than eleven years after their first intercourse at Borne lie speaks thus of his beloved and time-tried friend : " I could not express my sense of ^nat Bunsen is, without seeming to be exaggerating ; but I think if you could hear and see him, even for one half-hour, you would understand my feeling towards him. He is a man in whom God's graces and gifts are more united than in any other person whom I ever saw. I have seen men as holy, as amiable, as able ; but I never knew one who was all three in so extra- ordinary a degree ; and combined with a knowledge of things, new and old, sacred and profane, so rich, so accurate, so profound, that I never knew it equalled or approached by any man." In company with the Chevalier, then Prussian minister at the Court of Rome, and the successor of Niebuhr, Dr. Arnold made his first inspection of the Eternal City. From the house of his friend he looked down upon the Eorum, with the lofty pillars of its forsaken temples ; the Palatine Mount covered with the gray ruins of the glorious palace, u where the Caesars dwelt ; " the Aventine, with its white houses and leafy gardens; the Colosseum that grand relic of an antiqne world, where once the dying gladiator heard the shouts of the pitiless multitude, and where Christian blood was poured forth, for the faith, once delivered unto 46 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. the saints ; on the wide lonely Campagna ; the richly wooded Alban hills, where, on the Pincian Mount, Claude once lived and painted ; and on Frascati and Alhano, then glittering in the rich sunlight of an Italian evening. A few extracts from the journal are here subjoined ; they hear rather on the thoughts and feelings excited by surrounding objects than on the mere delineation of the scene itself, and are therefore too important to be omitted. "We passed on to the Arch of Titus. Amongst the reliefs there is the figure of a man bearing the golden candlestick from the temple at Jerusalem, as one of the spoils of the triumph. Yet He who abandoned his visible and local temple to the hands of the heathen, for the sins of His nominal worshippers, has taken to Him His great power, and has gotten Him glory by destroying the idols of Rome as He had done the idols of Babylon ; and the golden candlestick burns and shall burn with an everlasting light, while the enemies of His holy name, Babylon, Rome, or the carcase of sin in every land, which the eagles of His wrath will surely find out, perish for ever from before Him. Such was my first day in Rome ; and if I were to leave it to- morrow, I should think that one day was well worth the journey." After visiting some of the churches of Rome : " I care very little for the sight of their churches, and nothing at all for the recollection of them. St. John at the Lateran is, I think, the finest ; and the form of the Greek cross at St. Maria degli Angeli is much better for these buildings than that of the Latin. But precious marbles, and precious stones, and gilding, and rich colouring, are to me like the kaleidoscope, and no more ; and these churches are almost as inferior to ours, in my judgment, as their worship is to ours. I saw these two lines painted on the wall in the street to-day, near an image of the Virgin : OPENING PROSPECTS. 47 * Chi vuole in morte aver Gesu per Padre, Onori in vita la sua Santa Mad re.'* I declare I do not know what name of abhorrence can be too strong for a religion which, holding the very bread of life in its hands, -thus feeds the people with poison. I say the bread of life; for in some things the indestructible virtue of Christ's gospel breaks through all their pollutions of it; and I have seen frequent placards also but printed papers and not painted on the walls, and therefore perhaps the work of some good individual. ' Iddio ci vede.' ' Eternita.'* This is a sort of seed scattered by the wayside which certainly would not have been found in heathen Rome I fear that our countrymen, and especially our married countrymen, who live long abroad, are not in the best moral state, however much they may do in science and literature ; which comes back to my old opinion, that such pursuits will not do for a man's main business, and that they must be used in subordination to a clearly perceived Christian end, and looked upon as of most subordinate value, or else they become as fatal as absolute idleness. In fact, the house is spiritually empty, so long as the pearl of great price is not there ; although it may be hung with all the decorations of earthly knowledge." "May, 1827. " I feel at leaving Rome very differently from what I ever felt at leaving any other place not more endeared than this is by personal ties, and when I last see the dome of St. Peter's, I shall seem to be parting from more than a mere townful of curiosities, where the eye has been amused and the intellect gratified. I never thought to have felt thus tenderly towards Rome ; but the inexpressible solem- nity and beauty of her ruined condition has quite bewitched me ; and to the latest hour of my life I shall remember the Forum, the surrounding hills, and the magnificent Colosseum." * " Who wishes in death to have Jesus for a Father, Let him honour in life his holy Mother, t God sees us. Eternity 48 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. He returned by way of Parma and Placentia, and along the great plain of Lombardy to Como. The Po, he averred, was uncivil, and first of all broke down the bridge of Placentia, and obliged them to go round by Pavia, and then made such a flood that there was no landing at the usual place, and so entailed upon them a further voyage of nearly a mile up the river. He spent a morning in the library at Parma, collating Thucy- dides ; and he noted particularly the beauty of the fire-flies, which displayed themselves just before enter- ing Placentia. Como was revisited, and its lovely scenes once more retraced, and with increased pleasure. Again he sat under the shadow of the chestnut trees, looking down on the pellucid water, the white fairy-like sails, the village of Como on its tiny peninsula, and the snowy houses, with their terraces and their vines, nestling on the woody shore. Speaking of this second visit to the Lake of Como, he writes : " May 19^, 1827. How strange to be sitting twice within two years in the same place, on the shores of an Italian lake, and to be twice describing the self-same scenery. But now I feel to be taking a final leave of it, and to be viewing the inexpressible beauty of these lakes for the last time. And I am fully satisfied ; for their images will remain for ever in my memory, and one has something else to do in life than to be for ever running about after objects to delight the eye or the intellect. ' This I say, brethren, the time is short, and how much is to be done in that time ! ' May God who has given me so much enjoyment, give me grace to be duly active and zealous in His service ; that I may make this relaxation really useful, and hallow it as His gift, through Jesus Christ. May I not be idle, or selfish, or vainly romantic; but sober, watchful, diligent, and full of love to my brethren." OPENING PROSPECTS. 49 In August, 1827, Dr. Wooll resigned the head- mastership of Eugby School, and, strongly urged by those whose opinions he highly valued, Dr. Arnold came to the resolution of offering himself as a candidate for the vacant post. Rather late in the day he entered on the contest, and the canvass was already so far advanced as to leave but small hopes of success. His testimonials were few, but emphatic ; and it was predicted by Dr. Hawkins, now Provost of Oriel, " that if Mr. Arnold were elected to the head-master- ship of Rugby, he would change the face of education all through the public schools of England." And abundantly has his prediction been fulfilled. This letter produced a strong impression on the trustees, who to their credit be it spoken had re- solved that merit alone should determine their choice ; and the other testimonials expressed so much confidence in his qualifications, and peculiar suitability for the situation, that he was elected to it in December of the same year. After thanking Dr. Hawkins for the interest he had exerted on his behalf, he goes on to say : " I confess that I should very much object to undertake a charge in which I was not invested with pretty full discre- tion. According to my notions of what large schools are, founded on all I know, and all I have ever heard of them, expulsion should be practised much oftener than it is. Now I know that trustees in general are averse to this plan, because it has a tendency to lessen the numbers of the school, and they regard quantity more than quality. In fact, my opinions on this point might perhaps generally be con- sidered as disqualifying me for the situation of master of a great school ; yet I could not consent to tolerate much that I know is tolerated generally, and therefore I should not like to enter on an office which I could not discharge E 50 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. according to my own views of what is right. I do not believe, myself, that my system would be in fact a cruel or a harsh one, and I believe that, with much care on the part of the masters, it would be seldom necessary to proceed to the ratio ultima ; only I would have it clearly understood, that I would most unscrupulously resort to it, at whatever inconvenience, when there was a perseverance in any habit inconsistent with a boy's duties." In a letter written to the Eev. George Cornish, while the result was yet doubtful, he says : "If I do get it, I feel as if I could set to work very heartily; and, with God's blessing, I should like to try whether my notions of Christian education are really imprac- ticable whether our system of public schools has not in it some noble elements, which, under the blessing of the Spirit of all holiness and wisdom, might produce fruit even to life eternal. When I think about it thus, I really long to take rod in hand ; but when I think of the perfect vileness which I must daily contemplate, the certainty that this can at best be only partially remedied ; and the greater form and pub- licity of the life which we should there lead, when I could no more bathe daily in the clear Thames, nor wear old coats and Russia duck trowsers, nor hang on a gallows, nor climb a pole, I. grieve to think of the possibility of a change; but as there are about thirty candidates, and I only applied very late, I think I need not disquiet myself." To another valuable friend, the Eev. J. Tucker, he writes in answer to congratulations on his election : " For the labour I care nothing, if God gives me health and strength as He has for the last eight years. But whether I shall be able to mkae the school what I wish to make it I do not mean wholly or perfectly, but in some degree that is, an instrument of God's glory, and of the everlasting good of those who come to it that indeed is an awful anxiety." OPENING PROSPECTS. 51 In January, 1828, he and Mrs. Arnold visited Rugby, and received on the whole favourable impressions ; yet at the same time foreseeing many difficulties in general management, before affairs could be satisfactorily brought into train, and his own ideas carried into action. Before standing for Rugby, he had offered himself as a candidate for the historical professorship of the London University, indulging, as he avers, " in various dreams of attaching himself to that institution, and trying as far as possible to influence it." But in Rugby he felt there was a fairer field, and greater advan- tages, and he contemplated with ever-increasing hope and satisfaction the great work to which he was called. Yet it cost him " a severe pang " to leave Laleham ; he had accustomed himself to think of it as a home for life, and nine years' residence had endeared to him many persons and places and things, from which he was about to sever himself, to a great extent, it might be entirely and for ever ; for so uncertain are the issues of mortal life, that no man, leaving old haunts, and bidding farewell to familiar scenes and faces, can assure himself of returning thither in the time to come. He looked with tender regret on his secluded garden, with its " Campus Martins," where he had joined in the sports of his pupils, with all the light-heartedness and joyousness of boyhood itself; on the silvery Thames, in whose clear waves he had delighted to bathe daily ; and on the very trees which grew thick and wild near the home where it pleased God to give him, as he him- self says, a life " of as unruffled happiness as could ever be experienced by man." In the April of this year (1828) he took his degree of B.D. ; and in the following June, on Trinity Sunday, he received priest's orders from Dr. Howley, then E2 52 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. Bishop of London. Subsequently, in November of the same year, he took his D.D. degree. Before the calm life of Laleham was exchanged for the turmoil and responsibilities of Bugby, another little one was added to Dr. Arnold's already numerous family. On the 7th of April, 1828, his sixth child and fourth son was born. Of the approaching migration he speaks thus : " Without any affectation I believe that John Keble is right, and that it is good for us to leave Laleham, because I feel that we are getting to regard it as too much of a home. I cannot tell you how we both love it, and its perfect peace seems at times an appalling contrast to the publicity of Rugby. I am sure that nothing could stifle this regret, were it not for my full consciousness that I have nothing to do with rest here, but with labour ; and then I can and do look forward to the labour with nothing but satisfaction, if my health and faculties be still spared to me." Immediately after taking full orders, he set out on a tour through Bhine-land, willing no doubt to brace his mind by the tonic of travelling, ere the time came for the final wrench of leaving Laleham, and the conse- quent transplantation of duties and interests into an unexplored and untried soil. In his journal he describes how, descending from the long stretches of table-land which lie between Aix and Cologne, the valley of the Bhine lay before him, with the city of Cologne and all its towers, the Bhine itself, the Seven Mountains, and a boundless sweep of country beyond the river, bursting full and suddenly on the view : " To be sure," he writes, " it was a striking contrast to the first view of the valiev of the Tiber from the mountain OPENING PROSPECTS. 53 of Viterbo ; but the Rhine in mighty recollections will vie with anything; and this spot was particularly striking. Cologne was Agrippa's colony, inhabited by Germans brought from beyond the river to live as the subjects of Borne ; the river itself was the frontier of the empire the limit as it were of two worlds, that of Roman laws and customs, and that of German. Far before us lay the land of our Saxon and Teutonic forefathers the land uncorrupted by Roman or any other mixture ; the birthplace of the most moral races of men that the world has yet seen ; of the soundest laws, the least violent passions, and the fairest domestic and civil virtues. I thought of that memorable defeat of Varus and his three legions, which for ever confined the Romans to the western side of the Rhine, and preserved the Teutonic nation the regenerating element in modern Europe safe and free ! " Another extract, dated July, 1828 : " There is something almost affecting in the striking analogy of rivers to the course of human life, and my fondness for them makes me notice it more in them than in any other objects in which it may exist equally. The Elbe rises in plains, it flows through plains for some way, then for many miles it runs through the beautiful scenery which we have been visiting, and then it is plain again for all the rest of its course. Even yet, dearest, and we have reached our middle course in the ordinary run of life : how much more favoured have we been than this river; for hitherto we have gone on through nothing but a fair country ; yet so far like the Elbe, that the middle has been the loveliest. And what, if our course is henceforth to run through plains as dreary as those of the Elbe, for we now are widely separated, and I may never be allowed to return to you. Then the river may be one comfort ; for we are passing on as it passes, and we are going to the bosom of that Being who sent us forth, even as the rivers return to the sea, the general fountain of all waters. Thus much is natural religion not surely to be despised or neglected, 54 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. though we have more given us than anything which the analogy of nature can parallel. For He who trod the sea, and whose path is in the deep waters, has visited us with so many manifestations of his grace, and is our God by such other high titles, greater than that of creation, that to him who puts out the arm of faith and brings the mercies that are round him home to his own particular use, how full of overflowing comfort must the world be, even when its plains are the dreariest and loneliest ! Well may every one of Christ r s disciples repeat to Him the prayer made by his first twelve, ' Lord, increase our faith ! ' and well may he wonder, as the Scripture applies such a term to God, that our faith is so little. Be it strengthened in us, dearest wife, and in our children, that we may be all one, now and evermore, in Christ Jesus." Meanwhile preparations were already commencing at Laleham for the approaching transference of the family possessions to their 'new habitat at Eugby, and the head of the household had no sooner returned from his brief German tour than he found himself involved, for the first time, in all the mysterious confusion of a regular " flitting," when he, in bis own proper person, "j^as expected to be the presiding genius. He writes : "We are all in the midst of confusion; the books all packed, and half the furniture ; and on Tuesday, if God will, we shall leave this dear place, this nine years' home of such exceeding happiness. But it boots not to look back- wards. Forwards, forwards, forwards, should be one's motto ! " To another friend he says : " We do not move till Tuesday, when we go, fourteen souls, to Oxford, having taken the whole coach ; and on Wednesday we hope to reach Rugby, having in like manner secured the whole Leicester coach from Oxford to Rugby. Our goods and chattels, under convoy of our gardener, are at this time somewhere on the Grand Junction Canal, and OPENING PROSPECTS. 5~) will reach Bugby, I hope, this evening. The poor house here is sadly desolate; all the carpets up, half the furnituie gone, and signs of removal everywhere visible. And so ends the first act of my life, since I arrived at manhood. The Rugby prospect I contemplate with a very strong interest : the work I am not afraid of, if I can get my proper exercise ; but I want absolute play like a boy, and neither riding nor walking will make up for my leaping- pole and gallows, and bathing when the youths used to go out with me, and I felt completely for the time a boy as they were I believe I am going to publish a volume of sermons. You will think me crazed, perhaps ; but I have two reasons for it, and chiefly the repeated exhortations of several individuals for the last two or three years ; but these would not alone have urged me to it, did I not wish to state for my own sake what my opinions really are, on points where I know they have been grievously misrepre- sented. Whilst I lived here in Laleham my opinions mattered to nobody ; but I know that, while I was a candi- date for Rugby, it was said in Oxford that I did not preach the gospel, nor even touch upon the great doctrines of Christianity in my sermons ; and if this same impression be prevalent now, it will be mischievous to the school in a high degree. Now, if what I really do preach be to another man's notions not the gospel, I cannot help it, and must be con- tent to abide by the consequences of his opinion ; but I do not want to be misunderstood, and accused of omitting things which I do not omit." One more extract we make of this portion of his correspondence ; for his own words form the most appropriate comment on the close of what may be termed his private life, and the commencement of a new and very important era. "Rugby, August 16, 1828. " If I can do my work as I ought to do it, we shall have every reason to be thankful for the change, I must not, it is true, think of dear old Laleham, and of all that 56 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. we have left there, or the perfect peace of our eight years of wedded life passed there together To me, altogether, Laleham was so like a place of premature rest, that I believe I ought to be sincerely thankful that I am called to a scene of harder and more anxious labour The boys come back next Saturday week. So here begins the second act of our lives. May God bless it to us, and make it help forward the great end of all ! " KUGBY- 57 CHAPTER IY. BTTGBY. BEFORE entering on a detailed account of Dr. Arnold's life and labours at Rugby, it may not be counted as a digression if in this place I give a slight sketch of the town, of the public school, and of its neighbourhood ; for there will be many readers who, knowing nothing of this part of Warwickshire, cannot fail to find unin- telligible, or at least obscure, frequent allusions to the history and constitution of Eugby School, and to the character of the surrounding country. The town lies on the summit of a tract of table-land, rising from the southern banks of the Avon, which flows at the distance of about a mile. In Domesday Book it is called Eocheberie, and afterwards, down to the reign of Elizabeth, Eokeby. Nothing is known of its previous history to the time of Edward the Confessor ; but antiquarians assign to it a still remoter origin. Little remains, however, in support of their assertions, beyond the existence of certain tumuli in the immediate vicinity of the town, and the vestiges of earthworks formerly apparent, but now no longer discernible. The descent of the manor may be traced from the Conquest, and there was formerly a small castle at Eugby, which stood about a mile and a half to the north of the church, and some traces of the earthworks may yet be perceived. It is probable that this castle consisted only of a single 58 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. square tower, and there is little doubt but that it was one of those small fortresses hastily erected in the tur- bulent reign of Stephen, and demolished under the rulr of his successor, the first Plantagenet. At the present time, and for the last century or two, the town owed, and still continues to owe, its chief importance to its public school. It has no manufac- tures, few historical associations, and in its general fea- tures resembles most other respectable country towns, particularly those in the midland counties ; but Bugby in the half-year, and Bugby during the vacations, are as remote from each other as the West End in the height of the season, and the same aristocratic locality in the months of September and October. The life of Rugby is its school. Its population is increased by persons who are desirous of obtaining for their children the superior educational advantages to be derived from a residence in the town and its neighbourhood. The demands created by this influx of inhabitants, by the requirements of the masters and their families, and, last but not least, by the extravagancies of the boys themselves, cause a very brisk and steady trade ; so that were Eugby School to cease from the face of Warwickshire, Bugby town would be under the necessity of emigrating or of finding itself compelled to encounter the unpleasant inquisitions of the " Bankrupts' Court." Within two miles of Bugby there is a hamlet called Brownsover ; it is in the parish of Clifton, and in the hundred of Knightlow, and stands on high ground near the confluence of the Avon and the Swift. Here, in the early part of the sixteenth century, was born Law- rence Sheriff, the man to whom Bugby owes most of her importance, and all her celebrity. Good Master Sheriff became, in process of time, a RUGBY. 59 citizen and merchant of London, and he prospered and increased his substance; but he remembered, always with partiality and affection, the home of his childhood and early youth, and at last afforded substantial proof of his kindly recollections of the little insignificant market town, eighty -three miles away from the busy metropolis, where he so successfully plied his commerce, and appreciated to the full all the glory and pageantry of the virgin queen, and her obsequious court. In a deed, bearing date July 22nd, 1569, ix. of Eliza- beth, certain premises are conveyed on trust to trustees, that after the death of the said Lawrence Sheriff the profits therefrom accruing may be expended on the building of a school-house, and near thereto, four con- venient distinct lodgings for four poor men to lodge in, and to be called the almshouses of Lawrence Sheriff. In addition to this endowment of property in the parish of Clifton, there was a subsequent bequeathal of about eight acres of land in Conduit Close, now forming a part of Lamb's Conduit Street, and its vicinity ; and though for many years the income arising from these estates was inconsiderable, not exceeding even in 1780 a rental of 116 per annum, the metropolitan portion of the property had so increased in value during the last half century, that the revenues of the school founded by the good merchant for the children of Eugby and Erown- sover and its neighbourhood have been augmented to upwards of 5,000 per annum. The school is under the superintendence of twelve trustees, who appoint the Head Master with a fixed salary of 113 6s. 8^., a house, and some land, and an annual payment for every boy on the foundation of 16 5s., from which latter sum he pays 6 6s. to the assistant classical masters ; 2 2s. to the masters of modern languages, and 1 Us. 6d. 60 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. to the mathematical masters. The assistants also receive from the trustees permanent salaries. Three exhibitioners are elected annually by the trus- tees, on the report of the university examiners. These exhibitions are worth 60 a year, and may be held for seven years at any college in either university, provided the exhibitioner continues to reside at college for that length of time, for they are vacated immediately by non-residence. One scholar is also elected every year by the masters themselves, upon their own examina- tion. This scholarship is limited to boys under fourteen and a half at the time of their election, and is of the value of 25 per annum, tenable for six years if the scholar remain so long at Eugby. But these scholar- ships are not to be considered in the same light as the exhibitions ; they arise only from the subscriptions of individuals, and are not a permanent part of the school- foundation. - Any person who has resided for the space of two years at Eugby, or at any place in the county of "War- wick within ten miles of it, or in the adjacent counties of Leicester and Northampton to the distance of five miles from it, is entitled to send his sons to receive their education at the school without payment. But if a parent lives out of the town of Eugby, his son must lodge at one of the regular school boarding-houses, and the expenses of his board are the same as those incurred by a boy not on the foundation. Boys who have this right to the advantages of the institution are called foundationers, and their number is not limited. The number of boys not on the foundation is restricted to 260. The boys are arranged in nine, or practically in ten classes, succeeding each other in the following order, beginning at the lowest : First form, second form, RUGBY. 61 third form, lower remove, fourth form, upper remove, lower fifth, fifth and sixth forms. The general school-hours are, or at least were in Dr.. Arnold's time, as follows : Monday. First lesson, seven to eight. Second lesson, quarter-past nine to eleven. Third and fourth lessons, quarter-past two to five. Tuesday. First and second lessons as on Monday, eleven to one composition. Half holiday. Wednesday. As on Monday. Thursday. As on Tuesday. Friday. As on Monday. Saturday. As on Tuesday and Thursday, except that there is no composition from eleven to one. There are, however, various other lessons at additional hours, for different classes, which it is not necessary to specify. The school stood originally opposite the parish church , it was removed to the south side of the town between 1740 and 1750. In 1777 the average number of pupils was computed to be about 70. Under the master- ship of the Rev. Thomas James, D.D., appointed 1779, the school increased in repute; the number of scholars amounted to 260. Dr. Inglis succeeded Dr. James, and in 1807 the Eev. John Wooll, D.D., Arnold's immediate predecessor, was elected to the vacant office. Under his rule, in 1808-9, the schools and the head-master's house were rebuilt in their present collegiate style, and the number of boys in- creased to 380, though great fluctuations subsequently took place. The chapel, the schools, the school-house, and the . head-master's residence, with its round towers and tur- \ rets, form a splendid range of buildings in the Tudor style of architecture. The principal entrance is a square 62 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. gateway tower with octagonal turrets at the angles, through a richly groined archway, above which is a beautiful oriel window, looking upon the spacious quadrangle, of which two sides are cloistered. The school-rooms are lofty, and the " great school," in which all the boys, whether of the school-house, the boarding- houses, or the town, assemble every morning at seven o'clock for prayers, is of large dimensions and stately elevation. At one end is an organ ; at the other, high above the heads of masters and pupils, the names of all those young men who have distinguished them- selves by attaining the rank of exhibitioners. I forget when the list commences; but when I saw it in August, 1858, it was carried up to the preceding year. Here, also, the, annual speeches are made, and the prizes distributed, and here, as in all the other schools, the solid oaken tables are deeply carved with the names of successive generations of pupils. The wonder is how the tables are preserved from utter demolition ; they seem to endure almost as much, though not such violent, hacking as a butcher's block ; for every boy is licensed to write his name when he has been one year in the school, and to cut it when he has been a scholar for eighteen months ; and, judging from appearances, every boy with true English propensity takes advantage of the regulation, and carves his name accordingly. Then there is the great dining-hall, where the boarders in the school-house take all their meals save and except the privileged " Sixth," who are required only to dine in public where evening prayers are always read. There are also small studies, VERT small apartments, about 6 feet by 4 feet, where the school- house boys keep their own particular property, and RUGBY. 63 where they are supposed to retire for the undisturbed preparation of the next day's lessons. The passages upon which these studies open are long, low, and slightly arched ; and at the end of each is a fire-place, which is intended to convey warnith to the whole range of cells. The dormitories are spacious and lofty, and on the whole have a comfortable appearance. The ground attached to the school, with its "big side" and " little side," and its incomparable cricket- ground, sacred to " the eleven," is very extensive. Enormous elm-trees shadow the wide expanse of the school-field, which the author of "Tom Erown's School-days " has rendered classical soil. Any one who has ever read that most delightful and spirited narrative, cannot fail to regard with reverential ad- miration the spot where such goals have been kicked at football, where such heroes have played their part, and where combats rivalling the encounters of Trojan and Grecian worthies have taken place and have been recorded in the annals of fame. All honour to the elm-shaded school-field of Rugby ! It holds its own, no less than the grey battlemented pile, that looks down with such stately pride on the well-trodden greensward ! It is a Campus Martius that has done, and will do, as good service to the physical frames of the rising generation, as real downright study and toil on the hallowed fields of literature and science has done for their mental constitution. And who will say that the first result has not largely conduced to the accomplishment of the second ? Of course there are exceptions to every rule ; but in a general way the boy who plays most heartily at cricket, football, and hare and hounds, and fights manfully in a righteous cause, is the one most likely to enter heart and soul into his 64 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. destined work, and to take his stand upon the great arena of Life with courage and vigour and earnestness. One thing more is still to he noted hefore we proceed to dismiss the school-huildings altogether ; and this is, the "Arnold Lihrary," over the writing-school, adjoin- ing the old tower-library, built as a fitting memorial of him whose loved and honoured name has conferred on Rugby its fullest and most abiding lustre. This is, of course, a recent erection, and must not form a part of the picture which the reader will draw for him- self of* the scene where Dr. Arnold lived so long, where he laboured so patiently and so successfully, and where, when his great work was done, he passed away so peacefully, lying down to rest beneath the shadow of those walls that had so often echoed to the deep thrill- ing tones of a voice hushed for ever on earth. It now remains only to give some description of the chapel. It was built in 1820, and is in the later pointed style of architecture; it is strengthened with ornamented buttresses, and the east and west ends are decorated with crocketed pinnacles. On the apex of the gable is a cross, and the interior is fitted up like the choir of a cathedral. Within the last few years small transepts have been added. All the windows, save one, are of painted glass, said to be for the most part in the Renaissance style. The great eastern window represents " The "Wise Men's Offering," which Dr. Arnold regarded as a subject 4 ' strikingly appropriate to a place of education: " it was the first painted window in the chapel, and was brought by himself from the Continent from Ger- many, if I recollect aright. Pour, if not five windows, were supplied with stained glass before his decease, entirely at his instigation, and in great part at his RUGBY. 65 expense. Two more have since been added ; one of which is his own memorial window, and will be noticed hereafter ; the other is the Crimean window, put up in memory of those Eugbseans who fell in the Eussian war, their names being inscribed on a brass plate in the wall beneath. There is a monument of white marble, by Chantrey, near the communion table, representing Dr. James sitting with a volume in his hand, and several folios at his feet. There is also, on the opposite side, a monument to the memory of Dr. Wooll. All mention of that of Dr. Arnold is reserved for the clos- ing chapter of the book. This digression and it must be acknowledged that such it is will not, it is hoped, prove unacceptable to the general reader, who may never have visited Eugby, still less have imbibed the spirit of the place ; and those who know school, and hall, and field, and chapel, far better than the writer of this brief description, will perhaps pardon all inaccuracies the result of derived information, and of a very brief visit to the place, which to them is almost sacred ground. One more remark before we proceed to the further consideration of Dr. Arnold's life and character. The state of public schools had reached a climax which rendered them more a crying evil than a benefit to the nation. The unchristian character of that which con- stituted the education of the upper classes of English society had become a great scandal ; and religious men in vain denounced the inutility and mischievous ten- dency of the whole system. Canon Stanley, in his " Life of Arnold," justly remarks : " A complete reformation or a complete destruction of the whole system, seemed to many persons sooner or later to be inevitable." In this as in all other difficult crises, the 66 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. first step was the most impracticable. Who would come forward, and, for the sake of the public good, incur the whole weight of odium, slander, and miscon- struction, which is sure to be cast on the most prudent and disinterested reformer ? A great work was to be done ; educational Christendom called loudly for a champion, and he must needs be the Bayard of the nineteenth century ; a chevalier, ' ' sans peur et sans reproche ! " At this juncture Arnold came forth from his peaceful Laleham retirement, and entered upon the awful responsibilities, and the difficult duties of the Head Master of Rugby School. THE HEAD MASTER. 67 CHAPTER V. THE HEAD MASTER. IT is almost unnecessary to declare that Dr. Arnold, at the very outset of his Rugby career, encountered mani- fold and almost insurmountable difficulties. Opposition, either covert or manifest, met him wherever he endea- voured to check prevalent abuses, or to institute salutary reforms. There was the natural clinging to ancient errors and standing evils ; there was the usual amount of obstinate tenacity in upholding moral delinquencies that had been winked at, and allowed, till they had become as it were stereotyped ; and above all there was the moral obtuseness, that is almost universal with those who have indulged in sloth, sensuality, or un- checked sin of any nature, for a prolonged space of time. In entering upon his office Dr. Arnold found that all these obstacles to reform were to be combated single-handed ; but he had looked for toil and up-hill work, and for labour that at first sight seemed well- nigh akin to that of the Danaides, and he was not dis- couraged. He was not the man to make one gigantic effort, and then lose heart, because to all appearances he had been as one beating the air ; and it was not his way to rise up with spasmodic energy, and under the influence of that impulsive ardour, which belongs alike to the weakest and to the most powerful minds, make a p 2 68 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. sudden attack upon the enemy's citadel, and, failing immediate success, retire dispirited from the field ! Missionaries tell us, and our own good sense confirms it, that it is sorry work attacking idolatry, and con- vincing its adherents of their error, if no better god be given them than the wooden and clay deities which they have learned to despise ; and it is equally futile applying the lever to moral and social abuses, without presenting, in place of the demolished structure, something fresh and sound and vigorous, which may occupy, and in time beautify, the vacant space. In the one case, infidelity supervenes, or else the dethroned idols regain a surer footing than before. In the other, the evil is only shifted, not exterminated, and, like a snowball, gathers strength and magnitude by motion ; so that in the end the last state of that society is worse than the first. Dr. Arnold was too wise to set to work with battering- rams and twelve-pounders, and too honest to have re- course to sappers and miners. He made no proclamation of war ; he issued no edicts, whose terror might force the enemy to a temporary and servile submission ; but he entered upon his work as one armed with lawful and indisputable authority, as one who will never succumb and never temporise, and who yet comes to his post with a heart beating high with love and hope, and trust and generous forbearance. He began at the beginning a mode of action which seems so natural as to be well-nigh unavoidable ; but which, in reality, is only too unfrequently pursued. For the first time we see coming into full and visible action the grand and pure principle, which, from the very commencement of his Laleham life, influenced more and more strongly his least as well as his most important proceedings. He felt and declared that the THE HEAD MASTER. 69 Christian was not merely to live what is commonly called a religious life ; but that his whole course was to be religion itself! and his startling idea at Rugby was the Christianising of the whole mass. ISTot that he was so sanguine as to suppose it would ever be pos- sible, in so large and varied and variable a community, to make every individual boy an earnest, consistent Christian ; but he hoped, by raising the highest possible standard, to reach a much greater altitude than is generally sought for or attained in similar circum- stances, and in the general course of things. His great hope lay in making the school a place of really Christian education ; and yet he did not attempt any decided increase of theological instruction ; and it was not his wont to enter much into what is generally termed religious conversation ; and his desire was to see the boys doing BY themselves, that which many would have simply endeavoured to do FOE them. " Is this a Christian school ? " was his indignant question, upon one occasion, when much bad feeling had been displayed among the pupils " I cannot remain here, if all is to be carried on by restraint and force ; if I am to be here as gaoler, I will resign my onice at once." At another time, when a rebellious spirit had been roused through several unavoidable expulsions, he stood up in the great school, and said, in that " deep, ringing, searching voice of his," " It is not necessary that this should be a school of three hundred, or one hundred, or of fifty boys ; but it is necessary that it should be a school of Christian gentlemen ! " He invariably addressed the collected school as a fellow-worker, rather than as the Head Master. He made the experiment then a novel one of treating the boys as gentlemen and rational beings; and, by 70 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. showing them respect himself, he taught them gradually to respect themselves and each other. So long as a boy's veracity remained unimpeached, he placed abso- lute confidence in his assertions, and never allowed any- thing like repetition of affirmation or denial : " If you say so, that is quite enough of COTJESE I believe your WORD," would be the quick rejoinder, when any one attempted to adduce proof, or to make an emphatic asseveration. Hence there arose a strong feeling in the school, when his influence and his example began to make itself felt, that "it was a shame to tell Arnold a lie, he always believed one." But, on the other hand, if falsehood were discovered, he punished it with severity ; and in the higher forms, if it were persisted in, with expulsion. Flogging he was strongly averse to, reserving it for grave moral offences, such as lying, drinking, or indomitable idle- ness ; but he did not think that corporeal punishment was calculated to degrade boys below the level of their proper humanity. His own words best express his meaning. In a " Letter on the Discipline of Public Schools," written in 1835, and published in the " Quarterly Journal of Education," he says " At an age when it is almost impossible to find a true, manly sense of the degradation of guilt or faults, where is the wisdom of encouraging a fantastic sense of the degrada- tion of personal correction ? There is an essential inferiority in a boy as compared with a man, which makes an assump- tion of equality on his part at once ridiculous and wrong ; and where there is no equality, the exercise of superiority cannot in itself be an insult or a degradation. The 'beau- ideal of school discipline with regard to young boys would appear to be this that whilst corporeal punishment was retained on principle, as fitly answering to and marking the naturally inferior state of boyhood, morally and intellec- THE HEAD MASTER. 71 tually, and therefore as conveying no peculiar degradation to persons in such a state, we should cherish and encourage to the utmost all attempts made by the several boys as individuals to escape from the natural punishment of their age, by rising above its naturally low tone of principle. While we told them that, as being boys, they were not degraded by being punished as boys, we should tell them also, that in proportion as we saw them trying to anti- cipate their age morally, so we should delight to anticipate it also in our treatment of them personally that every approach to the steadiness of principle shown in manhood should be considered as giving a claim to the respectability of manhood that we should be delighted to forget the inferiority of their age, as they laboured to lessen their moral and intellectual inferiority. This would be a discipline truly generous and wise in one word, truly Christian making an increase of dignity the certain consequence of increased virtuous effort, but giving no countenance to that barbarian pride which claims the treatment of a freeman and an equal, while it cherishes all carelessness, the folly, and the low and selfish principle of a slave." " There has been no flogging yet," he writes to a friend, just one month after he had entered upon his new office. "I chastise at first by very gentle impo- sitions, which are raised for a repetition of offences: flogging will only be my ratio ultima, and talking I shall try to the utmost. I believe that boys may be governed a great deal by gentle methods and kindness, and appealing to their better feelings But of course deeds must second words when needful, or words will soon be laughed at." It was his custom to note in common reading, and to request his scholars to do the same, anything that was manifestly at variance with the spirit of Christianity, either in the relation itself, or in the judgment ex- pressed by the writer. When speaking of the crimes 72 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. of Csesar, or of Bonaparte, his face would darken with indignation, and, says Canon Stanley, " a dead pause followed, as if the acts had just been committed in his very presence." And on the other side, when instances of piety, of genuine nobility, or of real heroism, came under his notice, an almost involuntary expression of reverence or approbation would burst from his lips, as though he instinctively discerned and acknowledged the element of Christianity. In the Sixth Form he held two lectures on the Old or New Testament during the week, and at the same time he gave instruction in the history of the early Church, or on the English Eeformation ; but it was very rarely that he introduced controversial subjects, or referred to the existing parties of the day. His mode of conducting scriptural lessons was reve- rent and earnest ; thus distinguishing the sacred writings from all mere human compositions : and it was always his aim to dispel the vagueness with which boys in general apprehend scriptural truths ; to bring home to them Christ's truths ; to bring home to them Christ's words and example, and at the same time to lead them to form their own opinions, and take nothing on trust from himself. One who was his pupil at Rugby, says on this sub- ject, "He seemed to have the freshest views of our Lord's life and death that I ever knew a man to pos- sess. His rich mind filled up the naked outline of the Gospel history. It was to him the most interesting FACT that has ever happened ; as real, as EXCITING (if I may use the expression), as any recent event in modern history of which the actual effects are visible." And another pupil remarks, ' l that it was impossible to listen to his comments on the inspired writings, and THE HEAD MASTER, 73 not feel an absolute conviction that from the "Word of God he sought to find his own rule of life, and his authority in all things temporal and spiritual." During the administration of previous head masters, preaching in the chapel had not been considered an essential part of their duty, and during the first half- year of his residence at Rugby he only delivered, on the Sunday, short addresses to the pupils of his own house. Eut shortly afterwards he began to preach frequently, and when, in the autumn of 1831, the chaplaincy became vacant, he wrote to the trustees, applying for the situation, on the ground that he as head master was the real and proper instructor of the boys, and that no one else could feel the same interest in them, or, from his situation, speak to them with so much influence. At the same time he declined the usual salary, considering himself already paid for his services. His offer was accepted ; and from that time to the close of his life he preached almost every Sunday in the school half-year. There are hundreds now living who recall, with mingled emotions of delight and sad- ness, that scene of his labours, which he so loved to occupy ; where Sunday after Sunday, says one who loved and knew him well,* " He stood there witnessing and pleading for his Lord the King of righteousness and love and glory ; with whose spirit he was filled, and in whose power he spoke What was it that held these three hundred boys, dragging them out of themselves, willing or unwilling ? True, there were always boys scattered up and down the school, who in heart and head were worthy to hear, and able to carry away, the deepest and wisest words there spoken. But these were a minority always, generally a very small one. What * " Tom Brown's School-days," p. 167. 74 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. was it that held us, the rost of the three hundred reckless, childish boys, who feared the Doctor with all our hearts, and very little else in heaven or earth ; who thought more of our sets in the school than of the Church of Christ, and put the traditions of Rugby, and the public opinion of boys in our daily life, above the laws of God ? We could not enter into half that we heard j we had not the knowledge of our own hearts, or the knowledge of one another, and little enough of the faith, hope, and love needed to that end. But we listened, as all boys in their better moods will listen (ay, and men too, for the matter of that) to a man who we FELT to be, with all his heart and soul and strength, striving against whatever was mean, and unmanly, and unrighteous in our little world. It was not the cold clear voice of one giving advice and warning from serene heights to those who were struggling and sinning below ; but the warning living voice of one who was fighting for us, and by our sides, and calling on us to help him and ourselves, and one another. And so wearily, and little lay little, but surely and steadily on the whole, was brought home to the young boy, for the first time, the meaning of his life j that it was no fool's or sluggard's paradise into which he had wandered by chance, but a battle-field ordained from of old, where there are no spec- tators, but the youngest must take his side, and the stakes are life and death. And he who roused this consciousness in them, showed them at the same time, by every word he spoke in the pulpit, and by his whole daily life, how that battle was to be fought, and stood there before them, their fellow- soldier and the captain of their band. The true sort of captain, too, for a boy's army one who had no mis- givings, and gave no uncertain word of command, and, let who would yield or make truce, would fight the fight out. Other sides of his character might take hold of and influence boys here and there ; but it was his thorough- ness and undaunted courage which, more than anything else, won his way to the hearts of the great mass of those on whom he left his mark, and made them believe first in him, and then in his Master." THE HEAD MASTER. 75 And another of his pupils delights to recall the sim- plicity and dignity of his manner of performing the services of the Church ; how the Psalms, the Lessons, and the Gospel and Epistle of the day, were read, or rather repeated, with a beauty and a force that gave to his hearers fresh ideas of their meaning, and a new appreciation of their solemn import ; to remember how he joined, as it were intuitively, in the musical parts of the service; for he was unmusical by nature. And how his whole countenance would light up at his favourite clause of the Te Deum, " which he loved so dearly:" " When Thou hadst overcome the sharpness of death, Thou didst open the kingdom of heaven to all believers." The festivals of the Established Church were held by him to be seasons of great importance, as affording opportunities of urging upon his hearers the special truths which those services are intended to convey. Advent was marked by an increased solemnity of tone and manner : the progress of human life, of the Chris- tian Church, of the world itself, and the second coming of the Lord Jesus Christ, were naturally the themes oil which he would dilate with unusual earnestness at that season. Easter-day was marked by a joyous and almost exulting strain in his sermons, for he regarded it as the birthday of Christ's religion, the uprising of the Sun of Righteousness from that darksome grave, nevermore to set on this world of sin and sorrow and death. But on Whit Sunday his tone was sad and subdued, for that day he counted as the birthday of the Christian Church, whose errors and inertness he so bitterly de- plored. " Easter Day," he said, "we keep as the birthday of a living Friend : Whit Sunday we keep as the birthday of a dead Friend." 76 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. In a sermon preached on Trinity Sunday, he said " So as the natural year, divided, according to the order of the Church, bears within it the shadow of that great Christian year of salvation, whose length is from Christ's resurrection to his coming to judgment, this day fitly cor- responds with the beginning of the natural period of the history of the Church; that period in which we are still living. The particular festivals are over: the birth of our Lord, his circumcision, his temptation, his death, his resur- rection, his ascension, the descent of the Holy Ghost, and all the mercies that God has shown us in our creation, our redemption, and in our sanctification, which were meant to be celebrated together in the great festival of Trinity Sun- day all these are now over, so far as this year is concerned; and from this present day, when the summer is not yet in his prime, on to the season of complete winter, the even tenor of the regular Sunday service is never interrupted. The Sundays are only marked by their distance from the last great festival of Trinity Sunday ; in themselves they have no special mark or name. How like to that unmarked period of the Christian Church unmarked, I mean, by any particular revelation which has run on for so many cen- turies, and of which none can tell how far it is yet removed from the season of Christ's great advent." And on All Saints' Day he delighted to revert to the memory of those who through faith and patience have inherited the promises, and entered into rest. It was not his general custom to speak to the boys individually on the subject of the Lord's Supper, lest they should be induced to come out of deference or affection for himself ; but he dwelt much in his sermons on the duty and the privileges of coming to the Holy Communion, and he was always ready to converse pri- vately with those whose hearts were stirred to join with Christ's Church militant here upon earth, in partaking THE HEAD MASTER. 77 of this most blessed and touching ordinance ; and those who from time to time spoke with him alone, on this and other momentous subjects, whether on the occasion of Confirmation, or by reason of their own spiritual anxieties, will never forget the gentleness, the clearness, and the tenderness with which he entered into their doubts, their fears, their hopes, or their struggling convictions. He soon became familiar with every boy's face ; and his keen eye and wonderful insight soon made him more or less acquainted with every boy's character and peculiarities. His pupils were sometimes fairly startled by remarks which betrayed how much he knew of their own opinions, and how well he was acquainted with their regular way of proceeding. Of course, he sometimes made mistakes ; but, as a general rule, he discerned at a very early period of intercourse the bias of a boy's mind, and his inclinations to good or evil, reading their characters as if by a species of intuition, and in some cases pronouncing judgment, which the future rarely failed to confirm. With the boarders in the school-house he was naturally more intimate than with the others, whom he saw only during the hours of study. There were generally from sixty to seventy boys in his own house that is, the school-house, which communicates with the master's private residence, and, though under one roof, is for the most part separate and entire. He did not interfere much with the management of the house in general, and he vested in the Praeposters powers which some persons were inclined to condemn as altogether excessive and undesirable ; but this authority, which was committed to the Sixth Form, he held to be a most powerful engine of moral good and indispensable discipline, and 78 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. while he was a strenuous supporter of their just rule ; he never failed to declare his severest displeasure against any who made an improper use of the powers and privileges accorded to them ; and he always endeavoured to impress upon them the high responsi- bilities incurred by their position and influence, and to create in them a strong interest in the place and in the welfare of those around them, by speaking to them and of them as fellow- workers with himself, and sharers of his hopes and fears and difficulties. Occasionally, during the first half-years of his master- ship, and regularly at the commencement and close of every half-year afterwards, he made short addresses to the Sixth Form, on their own duties, and on the general state of the school. At one of these seasons, after remarking on the work of the class, he concluded by saying : " Speaking to you as to young men who can enter into what I say, I wish you to feel that you have another duty to perform, holding the situation that you do in the school. Of the importance of this I wish you all to feel sensible, and of the enormous influence you possess in ways in which we cannot, for good or for evil, on all below you : and I wish you to see fully how many and great are the opportu- nities offered to you here of doing good good, too, of lasting benefit to yourselves as well as to others ; there is no place where you will find better opportunities for some time to come, and you will then have reason to look back to your life here with pleasure The state of the school is a subject of congratulation to us all, but only so far as to encourage us to increased exertions; and I am sure we ought all to feel it a subject of most sincere thankfulness to God ; but we must not stop here ; we must exert ourselves with earnest prayer to God for its continuance. And what I have often said before, I repeat now - 9 what we must look THE HEAD MASTER. 79 for here is : first, religious and moral principles ; secondly, gentlemanly conduct ; thirdly, intellectual ability." Nothing depressed him so much as to find the Sixth failing him, either in a personal point of view, or as regarded others; and he once told them that they should feel like officers in the army or navy, whose want of moral courage would indeed be thought cowardice. He concluded one of his addresses by saying, " When I have confidence in the Sixth, there is no post in England which I would exchange for this ; but if they do not support me I must go." Expulsion, which he intended to be regarded as a severe punishment and lasting disgrace, was always pronounced publicly and with all due state; but he only resorted to it in cases of gross and confirmed misconduct, and it was seldom inflicted. But fre- quently, when he thought that a boy's further con- tinuance in the school was injurious to himself or mis- chievous with regard to his companions, he would request his removal ; and he was careful to draw a broad line of distinction between this kind of dismission and regular open expulsion ; in his latter years indeed, he generally deferred such cases till ,the regular breaking up for the vacations, in order that such removals might remain unnoticed. To carry out this system, however, required some- thing more than the mere qualifications of an ordinary head master. It needed strength of character, large discrimination, unremitting watchfulness, prudence, fearlessness, and firmness and gentleness combined ; and these characteristics Dr. Arnold united in a very extraordinary degree. After a while it came to be acknowledged that his plan was a good and a successful one. If some objectionable pupils were removed, boys 80 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. of better promise took their places ; and parents who wished for their children the peculiar advantages, and yet dreaded the contamination of a public school, were gradually convinced that they might confide their sons to the care of one who was determined at all risk, and at every loss, to keep clear and pure, so far as in him lay, the moral atmosphere of the place over which he presided. And HIS idea of a healthy moral atmo- sphere, be it remembered, was very different from that which is . commonly entertained by many good and learned men, not equally gifted with his deep insight and broad views of the requisite foundation of true manliness of character. His idea embraced more than the mere absence of flagrant vice, and obvious coarse brutality ; he would chase away from the precincts of the institution, idleness, meanness, tyranny, and syste- matic disobedience, and he strove earnestly and prayer- fully, by precept and example, to imbue the young people under his rule with a strong principle of acting rightly for conscience' sake ; in a word, to lead them to speak, act, and feel as became Christian gentlemen and English youth. He writes in 1837 : "Of all the painful things connected with my employ- ment, nothing is equal to the grief of seeing a boy come to school innocent and promising, and tracing the corruption of his character from the influence of the temptations around him, in the very place which ought to have strengthened and improved it. But in most cases those who come with a character of positive good are benefited ; it is the neutral and indecisive characters which are apt to be decided for evil for schools, as they would be in fact by any other temptation." And again : " Our work here would be ab- solutely unendurable if we did not bear in mind that we should look forward as well as backward if we did not THE HEAD MASTER. 81 remember that the victory of fallen man lies not in inno- cence, but in tried virtue. I hold fast to the great truth, that ' blessed is he who overcometh !' " With regard to the assistant masters he delighted, and appeared to study in every way to increase their im- portance and responsibility. It pleased him when boys were sent to Rugby, not on account of his own reputa- tion, but for the sake rather of one of his colleagues. Pew changes transpired, and little business was transacted, in which he did not consult them; and every three weeks he and they met and held a kind of committee upon the state of the school, and each was free to speak as he chose, and to propose any resolution not at variance with the fundamental laws of admini- stration. It not unfrequently happened that he him- self was opposed and outvoted. It was his great joy to recognise in them capabilities of a superior order, and in matters where he believed their experience exceeded his own, he was always anxious to defer to their opinion ; and, on the other hand, he sought with ever- increasing delight, to inspire them with his own broad, deep, lofty views of education and of life itself, and year by year the bond between him and his assistants strengthened and became closer ; while they regarded him at once as their friend, their brother, their father, and their head. "When seeking a master he wrote thus : " What I want is a man who is a Christian gentleman, an active man, and one who has common sense, and under- stands boys. I do not so much care about scholarship, as he will have immediately under him the lowest forms in the schools ; but yet, on second thoughts, I do care about it very much, because his pupils may be in the highest forms; and besides, I think that even the elements are best taught by a man who has a thorough knowledge of the matter. G 82 LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. However, if one must give way, I prefer activity of mind and interest in his work to high scholarship ; for the one may be acquired far more easily than the other. I should wish it also to be understood that the new master may be called upon to take boarders in his own house, it being my intention for the future to require this of all masters, as I see occasion, that so in time the boarding-houses may die a natural death." We now come to consider the intellectual system pursued by Dr. Arnold, and to give some outline of his general plan of instruction. He maintained at his first coming to Rugby, and always afterwards, that classical Indies " should form the basis of intellectual teaching." He once said, " The study of languages seems to me as if it was given for the very purpose of forming the human mind in youth; and the Greek and Latin lan- guages, in themselves so perfect, and at the same time freed from the insuperable difficulty which must attend any attempt to teach, boys philology through, the medium of their own language, seem the very instruments by which this is to be eifected." He insisted strongly on original compositions, and attached great importance to the cultivation of a clear, expressive, vigorous style. For the themes of his scholars ne uniformly chose those subjects which he believed would oblige them to study and to think for themselves. He thought it good for a boy to be thrown on his own intellectual resources. He did not think highly of the thousand-and-one schemes which of late years have been concocted for the express purpose of making a railroad to the Temple of Know- ledge ; and yet he was always ready with his aid and guidance when help was really required, and knew how to give the right amount of information at the right moment. It was his principle to awaken, if pos- THE HEAD MASTER. 83 sible, the intellect of each, individual boy. He never gave lengthy explanations ; and when he questioned, he managed always to elicit such answers as would render apparent to themselves the exact point at which real definite knowlege became mere conjecture. He by ne means held that it was necessary for children to understand all they learn. " It is a great mistake," he said on one occasion, " to think that they (young boys) should understand all they learn ; for God has ordained that in youth the memory should act vigorously, inde- pendent of the understanding, whereas a man cannot usually recollect a thing unless he understands it." When mistakes were made, it was not his wont to correct at once ; but, by judicious questioning, or by giving the key to some information to be sought out and appropriated by themselves, he conduced to the desired result. Among the many subjects for prose exercises, the following may be mentioned : "The difference between advantages and merits ; Conversation between Thomas Aquinas, James Watt, and Sir Walter Scott ; History of the time of Isaiah's prophecy ; Description of Oxford, such as Herodotus would write were he to return to life (Greek) ; Of true miracles ; The good and evil which resulted from the Seven Years' War ; John xvi. 22." For verse exercises : " The Land's End ; The mar- tyrdom of Polycarp ; The seven sleepers ; JS~e plus ultra ; Sophonisba ; Gray's Hymn to Adversity ; Prometheus unbound; Domus ultima." These are, of course, but the merest sprinkling from the many subjects which might be enumerated, and they are chosen almost at random from a short list appended to Canon Stanley's Life of Dr. Arnold. In translations he was strict iif requiring the exact G 2 H |. LIFE OF DR. ARNOLD. rendering of the original, and he was swiftfo defect on UK- instant, any weakness or exaggeration of flion ; insisting, too, not only on more idiomatic English, hut, on n. style confurmahle to the period or to tho mib- ject of 1,1 10 writer. Herodotus, ho thought, should bo jviidnvd ill the style and l;i n.v.HMge of tho chroniclers ; Thncydides in Unit of Itacon or Hooker; while Demos- thenes, Cicero, Ccodar, and Tacitus, require a. modern style the perfection of the Kn^Iisb hm<;naj;e, as we* now speak and writo it. In Ininslntin^ Homer, he mpiired liis ]>upi!s to employ chiefly S;txon words, :ind the oldest ;md simplenl of those of French origin ; and for tho tragedians, Saxon :dso, hut mixed with words of foreign origin. lie pm- Bpssod himself remarkable powers of extempore trans- lation, and ho never considered u IOHHOII thon.n ;-,lil\ executed, unless tho .author and the ago wore twin | ml el y repi-( -sen led, us well as tho language. And as ye; us rolled on, :ind the Mime inillior;; r:mm again Wid :i;',:iin under his notice, they always brought with them n- !ie\\ed inleivst, mid enjoyment,. The pnhlir. nnd pri\:de orations of Demosthenes, his wcll-bclovcd Thucydides nnd Aristotle, and his old friend Herodotus, were :d \vays welcomed \vilh ;in ever i m re;i;;ing sense of |)le;c;n re :md ;i|])reci:ition. In his later years a new world opened before him in tho works of Philo ; ,-ind in lS,'. r > be tells Mr. Justice Coleridge how they are reading Plato's " Plnedon," which ho supposes "must bo nearly the perfection of human hmi;nai;o." He encouraged miscellaneous reading, :md l<> letv.l tho tastes of those who were disposed to pursue g60lo- gicalor other sciences. 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