J^m^ CONKLIN^S |jl,ai MODERN BEING A DESCRIPTION OF THE ANCIENT PUEBLO PEOPLE, AND THEIR DWELLINGS. ALONG THE LINE OF THE ATCHISON TOPEKA & SANTA F^ RAILROAD, AND THE SOUTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD OF ARIZONA, TO *" CALIFORNIA. i ^ ?) Digitized by the Internet Arciiive in 2007 witin funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation littp://www.arcliive.org/details/conklinsmodernniOOconkricli CONKLIN'S MODERN NINEVEH AND BABYLON. BEING A DESCRIPTION OF THE ANCIENT PUEBLO PEOPLE, AND THEIR DWELLINGS. » ALONG THE LINE OP THE ATCHISON, TOPEKA & SANTA FE RAILROAD AND THE SOUTHERN PACIFIC RAILROAD of ARIZONA, I CALIFORNIA. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1883, by E. Conklin, in the Office of Librarian of Congress at Washington. THE PUEBLO INDIAN. ONE of the greatest labors of the historical and eth- nological department of our government, is the study of the origination and relative position of the so-called In- dians of New Mexico and Arizona known as the Pueblos. So different are they from what we generally understand by the word ** Indian " the question comes up, are they Indian ? They have never been known as a people to lift a hand against the whites, and evidence a strong in- clination to all pursuits of industry. They are Indians only so far as all native inhabitants of a country are Indians. The Pueblo Indians are, unquestionably, descendants of the Aztecs, of whom, after the so-called anihilation of that people by Cortez in ifeo^ perhaps naught but a -^f single man and woman may have escaped to some hole in the rocks or mountains and there, by the cunning and interesting repetition of history, the beautiful story of Adam and the Garden of Eden told over again. One must doubt however, that these people had the nice big red apple Eve had, by the poor specimen of that fruit which that section of country produces. Perhaps it was a pinon in this case, as this nut is the national fruit there. It permeates every crack and corner of every Pueblo's residence, and the little Indian girls will in- terest you by coming upon the train when it reaches Isletta, and vending their dried and shrivelled up a{)ples, and their sweet Pinons. A prolific year of the pinon indicates pestilence, and makes them a "forbidden fruit" in those seasons. The girls come in their native cos- tumes, and sing out in their musical voices their ''Cart Pinons.^' In these girls one can see a Pocahontas, and find many an American who, like Wm. Penn, fell a wil- ling captive to their simple charms. It is estimated there are about one hundred Anglo-Saxon whites mar- ried, legally and in the solemnization of all religious sects, to Pueblo Indian girls in New Mexico; raising families, and thus raising the standard of civilization in the Pueblo of their adopted parentage. No one going to California by the Southern or " Sun- set" route, should fail to visit some of the native Pueblo towns and their people. One of the most formidable and accessible of these is La Gruna. Leaving the main line of the Santa Fe Road at Albuquerque, you go out on the Atlantic & Pacific Railroad only sixty miles. The train runs around the foot of the hill on which the town is built. The hill might be called a small moun- tain or plateau. La Guna interpreted means ^*The Water. ^' This is evidently given because a stream cir- cuits the mount, on its course to the valley below; and water, in that section of country is most thoroughly appreciated by those there. Here the ancient building of Egypt and their people, Nubian in character, may be seen carrying water in jars upon their heads, like the descendants of Rebecca of Bible fame. As one ap- proaches this ancient cluster, and if he has ever traveled the Holy Land, the exclamation "Joppa from the North,*' or " Babylon " is apt to escape his lips, and he seemSi to have discovered remnants of Bible History in our own land. ■ I THE ZT7NI AND MOQUI—THE MODEL AMERICAN INDIAN— THEIR VILLAGES — MODES OF LIFE — MORALS — REBECCA AT THE WELL— GAMES AND PASTIMES— A SACRED RITE— SHREWD- NESS— HOSPITALITY. ALTHOUGH not existing wholly in Arizona, the proximity of the Zuni and Moqui villages and its people, the Territory together with its associate inter- ests, prevent us from passing this wonderful people unnoticed. The old tribe of the Zuni inhabit a region extend- ing on both sides of the line between Arizona and New Mexico. They are destined to prove, or, perhaps are the most interesting of all our aborigines, probably on account of our ignorance of them. The habitation of these people comprise seven cities — three of which aie known as the Moqui villages, and are in Arizona. The main Pueblo or village is situated in the fertile and picturesque Zuni valley. The first and leading feature in a visit to this people is their village, or the system under which they exist as a community. The whole tribe of the Zuni, which in 76, numbered about three thousand people, live in one settlement. Their houses are not detached as in ordinary cities, but are a system of houses massed to- gether in one grand structure, in the following manner. An elevated section of country which overlooks the surrounding lowlands and valleys, is selected. A position on this elevation, where portions of it gives a slope of perhaps 45° or more, is also chosen. Up this incline, the houses, or the sections of the one grand house, are built — the one over-lapping the pre- vious one to about a quarter or a third of its area. The one in the Zuni valley is six stories high, com- mencing at the first house, or at the bottom of the hill, you approach by a ladder, to the top of that house, and there you find the entrance (or the front door) of that house, in the place where the skylight of an Amer- ican house is situated. From the roof of this house you approach the same way, by the ladder, the top of the succeeding house, or section of the great house, and proceed to enter it as you did the previous one. So this system is carried on throughout this communal condition of life. The size of the whole may be com- preli ended when we say it covers twelve acres. The second leading feature is the type of some of the sub- jects. A few have nearly white hair, resembling gen- erally what is termed an English tow-head. It is only occasionally you will see one ; and whether these are a A NAVAJO INDIA:t{ BOY, phenomena in the one race, or a remnant of another, is as yet, a query to the ethnologist. Also, specimens will be found exhibiting pink or blue eyes. Both of these classes are however, rare. In the absence of any method of chronicling events being found among them, they afford ample scope for the culture of the histo- rian. Where they came from is as anxious an inquiry of the ethnologist as the question " Where are they destined to go to?" is with the psychologist or re- ligionist. It is supposed that the style of dwellings is the result of necessary protection of by-gone times. Whether Cortes and his allies ; whether more subse- quently, the treacherous Mexican desperado of which at no distant day this country, was infested, perhaps either of these could best tell us, or whether the un- merciful persecutions of a more formidable tribe of In- dians, is a question perhaps the ancestors of the war- like Apache of Arizona could answer. I am of the opinion it was some condition of the lattei'. All the region of country included within the limits of New Mexico and Arizona already traveled over or explored, biings to the surface new evidences of persecution, annihilation or submission. One body of ruins covering an area of many acres on the east side of the Colorado, between Yuma (Ari- zona City) and Ehrenberg, exhibit one of these inter- esting sections, where nothing lemains to trace the origin, duration or occupation. Whether it was an extensive camp of permanent miners who were mur- dered by Indians, or ransacked or annihilated by out- laws, is likely to remain a secret In the absence of positive knowledge we are apt to concede it to the rapacity of the more fierce and warlike Apachds. Although void of any system of chronicling events, like all the Indians of our West, the Zuni are in all other respects far superior, from the Anglo-Saxon stand-point of civilization. They are thrifty and' fru- gal. Their lands extend for a distance of ten miles east and west of the boundary line between Arizona and New Mexico, and seem to have been chosen with good discretion as they embody some of the finest agricultural lands on this region. For the distance of upwards of a hundred miles south of the Zuni vil- lage there is an arroya embracing a series of small valleys, watered by mountain streams and a system of natural springs which, could the device of man cause to share their lot with the otherwise fertile soil of the so-called deserts of the western part of the State, would cause that emblematic desert rose to assume all its brilliancy. The little valley of the Zuni is about I six miles wide at the longitude of the Zuni village, and runs jnst here, almost due east and west. The Zuni village is located on the north side of the Zuni river, which runs directly through the centre of the f valley. The valley is dotted here and there with mesas, on one of which tlie Zuni villages are built; and from the elevation of which, ranging from twenty- five to a hundred feet, a most charming view may be obtained for three miles each way across the valley. It reminds one somewhat of the cheerful views in many of the upland valleys of Mexico. Yalleys, hills and dales, nooks, rocks, and the like, present here that necessary diversity that pleases the sight, and which characterizes the Territory of Arizona as the traveler goes eastward. The crops of these people are raised without irriga- tion. Their principal products are com, wheat, barley, pumpkins, melons, beans, and most of the vegetables ; and in importance and quantity range in about the or- der given — corn being the largest crop. Over the mesas and in the beautiful valleys may be seen hand- somely arranged garden spots equal in neatness and attractiveness to those of the Teutons. Peach oi*- chards varying from a quarter of an acre down. Eed pepper, garlic and the smaller vegetables are raised in gardens of various dimensions, and the gardens are symbols of symmetrical neatness and cleanness. They are attended and cultivated by the women and chil- dren. Although in this respect, they would seem to resemble the Indians in custom ; but from the fact that the men give their energies and time to the field products, they would seem to be a medium be- tween the aborigines and anglo-saxon element. They reminded me in this respect very much of the German. The gardens do better with some little irrigation, and the women and children do this by carrying water in vessels resembling the Mexican olla, placed on their heads. The ollas are of all sizes, and hold anywhere from one quart to ten gallons. The wells are of an original plan. They have no windlass or a means of a "drop." The ground is first dug until water is reached. An incline is then dug down to the bottom of the welL from a point sufficiently distant from the mouth of the well, to give it an angle loi easy walking, digging out all the earth, and leaving a complete road- way to the bottom of the well or spiing ?X the lower end of the hill. One of these wells I saw, measured forty feet deep and twelve square and had an incline approach of one hundred feet. It is an odd and pleas- ing sight to watch these " Kebeccas " trotting down to the well with their vessels on their head, and from their neat appearance and docile manners one has a profound respect and an exalted opinion of Indian life, after having come f rorh the land of the greasy " Dig- ger " or the rapacious Apache. In their gardens one will scarcely find a weed. In the morning the men may be seen going in files to their fields — that is, provided you " turn out " at five // in the morning. The division of work and rest for the day is very similar to the most semi-tropical countries. They go to the fields at early dawn, return to break- fast at ten o'clock (having taken a small morsel of something before going out, the same as they do in the West Indies). They do no work again until about three in the afternoon, avoiding the broiling sun, then they return to the field at that time and work until sun-down. The country being a pastoral one to a very large ex- tent, much stock is raised. The principal oi which is sheep. On one occasion in 1872, one of the Caziques made his daughter a present of three thousand head of sheep. Goats, cattle, horses, mules, burros, (a species of the jackass) hogs, chickens etc., form no small part of their possessions. These people are very domestic. The men do not gamble nor become as a rule, intoxicated ; a condition that has become almost identical with the most of American Indians. The chastity of the women is proverbial, and the morality of the men is beyond reproach. In the Zuni villages, women are as fair as alabaster, and as pure as virgin marble. Even to this very day it can- not but be gleaned, by an association with them, that any one who would tamper with their sacred virtue would meet with the fate of the famous guide, Ester- van, who suffered death for having secretly made love to their women. Their pastimes consist in music and dancing, and games, the chief of which is that known among them as paleto. It is curious to see them exert themselves at this game. It is the national game. One might sit for some time and watch them, and then have a longing to join them in their skip, hop and a jump. It is performed after this fashion : — A line of men and boys are formed, in their bare feet. Any number may join in the game. The head one takes a stick (the Paleto) between his big and second toe. With this he starts ofif, giving two hops and a jump, at each jump, allowing his right foot to touch the ground, giving him a powerful spring. All the rest are now following close behind. Their course is round a common circle. If the paleto man drops his stick, the next, without stopping, picks it up with his toes, placing it in the same position as the other be- tween his big toe and the next. If he misses, he drops out of the line while the next Indian behind tries his luck. If he picks it up he continues on until he drops it and then be drops behind to the rear, as the one who previously had done. And so thej'- keep up, he only dropping out of the line who fails to pick up the stick when the leader has dropped it. Thus it keeps up until all but one has failed to pick up the u pakto when dropped, and he is claimed the victor. This is witnessed by a large gathering of the women, who, clap or shout at any great alacrity of the per- formers, and the last one is hailed as a sort of King o' the day; has a wreath placed upon his head, and is the recipient of lionors, and of presents occasionally. This game is performed on a larger scale on fetes or holidays, and is a source of great merriment Many a maiden will watch her lover with the most selfish anxiety for his success, and many such lovers will " lose the paleto" from the simple fact that the maiden is watching him. On fete days these games or per- formances generally end in grand processions. They have many fete days in which many historical events are Commemorated On the evenings of these days a sort of religious feast or entertainment is usually held. It is performed with great pomp and reverence. A performance which was enacted with grand ceremony attracted our attention. Some animal, usually a quadruped of some kind, this time a rabbit, was placed on the ground with his head towaid the east. In its fore-paws, which are stretched out before him, is placed an ear of corn. Before this, the spirit man takes his position with a bowl of meal and with lan- guage and gestures the stranger does -not understand' consecrates this meal This being done, the animal and the ear of com are sprinkled thoroughly with it, and a solemn exercise of prayer and consecration is gone through with. After this the animal is allowed to remain one day, and then taken up and eaten as a consecrated feast of thanksgiving for an abundant har- vest. On these occasions no Mexican is allowed to enter their domain and see their processions. The men and women alike, pet, idolize — fairly "worship" their children. Their abodes are superior — in fact, cannot be compared with what we under- stand as Indian huts. In style and material they re- semble Mexican buildings except their houses are built as we have described, en masse, communial — one and each supporting the other. The principal room where the members of the tribes receive friendly visitors, are on an average nine feet high, with seats running around the structure generally covered, with some unshorn skin of an animal such as a goat, sheep, wild cat, etc., making it preferable to a hard board for the sitter. The floors are of stone, and the rooms are as a general thing, neatly whitewashed ; which is more than we can say of the average Mexican resi- dences met with in Arizona. They are clean and neat always. One singular thing exists. No vermin are to be found in the whole town ; neither rats, mice, roaches nor bed-bugs. A species of head lice is the only thing in that line, that ruffles their temper or destroys the equilibrium of their nerves. They are MI-SIIONG-I-NI-VI.-A VILLAGE OF THE MOQUIS IN NORTH-EASTERN PART OF ARIZONA. keen in trade — never getting excited or in a hurry, and " drive a bargain " witli all the shrewdness of a Chatham Streeter. With an anglo-saxon training, these people, I should judge, would become one of the greatest policy people in the world. The spirit is innate in them ; for, until the break of friendship be- tween you and them is made flagrant, no outward manifestation is made of any slight antipathy that may exist between you upon slight provocations, that could be detected by an outside observer. The same hospi- tality, provided you are admitted within their limits at all, is extended to all : another evidence where the brain power has control of, and keeps the sentiments and impetuosities at bay. Let your visit be at any hour of the day oi' night they welcome you v<^llh this spirit. If in the night even, the same invitation for you to partake of lefreshments, or to drink some of their beverages, is extended. THE MOQUI AND ZUNI CONTINUED— THEIR DRESS— MANXTPAC- TURES— GOVERNMENT — THE SEVEN CITIES OF CIBOLA — THE THE ARK AGAIN— A PRESENT FROM PRESIDENT LINCOLN— THAT PERSISTENT MISSION— MAJOR POWELL'S DESCRIPTION. THE dress is of a cotton tunic, with a loose girdle, extending to the knees. In cold weather a blan- ket, made more generally by the Moqui tribes, is worn. Some of these blankets are of the richest de- signs, and will last a life time. They are mottled with all colors and devices, and resemble, and would make very fashionable and serviceable lap-robes as used in American metropolitan life. Some travelers have been known to pay as high as one hundred dollars for one of these blankets, and it is estimated that to some of them a whole life time has been devoted. Col. K. J. Hinton has one of these blankets or shawls for which I think he said he paid forty dollars, but for which he would not take one hundred dollars cash. It puzzled the whole party to decide how the different colors were blended. The thread seemed to be *a tightly o twisted or '•'- water-twisted " one, of fine wool — a thread which among our modern manufacturers, is considered of the greatest durahility. Remembering the primi- tive modes possessed by the Indians, it is a marvel how they can produce such perfection. The women wear an outer garment falling from the neck to the ankle, girded at the waist, with tassels hanging from the girdle to the feet. "Woolen leggins and high moc- casins of different designs ornament their feet. The arms of the women are generally allowed to go bare, (except in such cooler days or parts of the year when they wear the wrapper or blanket spoken of above) exhibiting an arm and hand that many a so-called belle would be proud of, except that the hand will show the effects of a little closer intercourse with the material things of the world — dish-cloths and slop- pails — for instance. When they conceal those arms under the wrapper, however, it seems to be with as much grace as the best of 'em. Their hair is black and thick like the ordinary Indian, but they wear it with more taste, and something after the fashion of the Chinese women. Their government is more after the civilized code than Indian. It consists of a governor ; and what might correspond to our Lieut. Governor. An Alcalde (or Mayor)." Three Tenientes (or Police commissioners) wlio are responsible for the good behavior of the peo- ple, and twelve Caziques (or councilmen). The head Cazique serves during life, and is called the Wakamano. The Governor also serves for life. The others are all elected yearly. The war chief during peace conducts the different kinds of hunts. All orders — for the governnrient and control of the tribes are given by the Governor in person from the top of the central house to his Caziques, and the orders are then distributed in the different locations or different sections of the grand house by them. They walk over the different places crying at the top of their voices, the order as given by the Governor — the story of the town cryers of old resuscitated. In times of threatened raids from the Apaches or Navajoes, or impending dangers of war, they will not only congregate en masse in, and around their aerial city, but will drive up all their stock on the mesa, and once there they can bid defiance to an armed foe much greater in numbers than their own. It is supposed that these are the seven cities of Cibola which Coronado, with an armed force of Spaniards went, in 1540, from Mexico to conquer. It will be remembered how the in- habitants, although with primitive utensils of war, and with vastly inferior numbers, conquered the Spaniards. This was done by rolling huge boulders from the height, hurling missiles, arrows etc., at and down upon their foes, as they would endeavor to ascend the mesa. '• These people too, have their tradition of the flood. They say they have lived in these mountains and among these valleys ever since the world was de- stioyed by a great flood. Their ancestors got into a floating log which happened to b6 floating along. This log in the course of due time, and as the waters "soaked into the earth," landed on a high peak of the San Francisco Mountains. Shortly after their num- bers increased rapidly, and the Apaches attacked them, killing the most of their tribe, and the remainder jour- neyed north to where they now live. Since this time, with their natural fortresses of defence, to be found in the mesa, togethei- with their watchfulness, they have defended themselves against all odds. The old Gover- nor — Governor Pino by name, can be often seen walk- ing through his little city with the air and spirit of a truly modest guardian. On special or state occasions, the Governor carries a gold-headed cane which was given him by President Lincoln. "In the centre of the town stand the remains of the old Catholic mission. It has not been used for wor- ship for over one hundred years. How old the mis- sion is, I am not possessed of sufQicient facts to say. Some records date back as far as 1782, — some older records being obliterated. Two old bells which re- main still in the belfry are stamped 1689 and 1751. THE ANTIQUITY OP THESE INDIANS— ARIZONA'S VICISSITUDES- CONQUERED AT LAST— AMERICA'S DARK AGES— A COSTLY BONFIRE— PRESCOTT — HUMBOLDT — BANCROFT — TO THE LAND OF ANCIENT LORE BY RAIL ! IT is a well-known fact that the antiquity of these people is one of the many subjects connected with Arizona that is ; and has been ever since the time of the Spanish conquest, taxing the investigation of man. As Governor Safford once said : " There is probably no portion of our domain where such a variety of Indians live, speaking so many different dialects, as in Arizona." And we might add of so many different customs and natural cliaracteristics. In regard to the Ziinis and Moquis it is now asked, "Are they Aztec, Toltec, or what? " The nearest we have got to it yet is that they are " whatever " they may be. They may be the descendants of the remnants of some par- ticular tribe, or the remnants of a score of tribes that suffered the incursions of the sixteenth cen tury, consequent upon the invasion and conquest by Cortez. What a revolution was there! What a turn- A3Sr i-NCIENI WAtt DANCE JF THE APACHES. z' ing upside down of institutions of a civilized, culti- vated and refined people, who are now forgotten and almost obliterated bj tlie lapse ot time. A people, perhaps, scientific in the extreme, and whose institu- tions in many respects equalled, if not excelled, some of those of our own civilization. With the opening up of Arizona, the reward to us may be commensu- rate with our difficulty and delay of getting a practi- cal admission to her. More obstacles, and perhaps oftener, have been thrown in the way to retard the opening up of Arizona than perhaps any other por- tion of our country. In addition to the most formid- able and desperate tribes of Indians that ever com- bated the approach of civilization, the position of Arizona, subjects us to the incursions of the treacher- ous Mexican banditti, who are as ready and willing to profit by any misfortune or weakness of his neighbor as the most ruthless Indian. Its position too, sub- jected it to a great drawback in 1861 and '63 by our civil war ; and at a time when she was again budding with success. Some men, like communities are often found in their egotism, congratulating themselves on the ad- vance — the progression they are making, having an infallible belief that progression, is a magnate taking no back tracks, and meeting with no diversions ; that we never lose, but always gain. That we did not lose anything in the destruction of the Alexandrian library, or that if we did it was chaff compared to what we gained immediately after, or by the very destruc- tion itself. Or that by the dark ages, although admit, ting they were irksome and disagreeable in themselves- nothing was lost. Others there are who claim to see a complete revolution in all things ; w^ho claim a com- prehensive distinction between progress and change ; who rather glory in finding that which was lost, claim- ing nothing new under the sun, and who concede that the dark ages are the great Machiavels of time who cunningly and stealthily crowd themselves in to baffle the philosopher in his course, and who simply cover up — hide, things for a limited period, for our employ- ment and amusement in finding again. From 1520 to 1530, then was the " dark age " of the North American Continent. Enough was covered up during those ten years to take all the science, work, and philosophy of centuries to unearth. This we know. But we do not know but that there is much that will never be discovered, nor even dreamed of. The most of these belong or are connected, in some way with the people of whom we have barely made mention, and of whom if volumes were written, which has already been done, one could scarcely do more. To what extent these facts exist may be made clearer ej by reference to the historian, Prescott. Prescott says : Book VI, Chap. 8 : " Yet the Aztecs must have been in possession of a much larger treasure, if it were only the wreck of that recovered from the Spaniards on the night of the mem- orable flight from Mexico. Some of the spoils may have been sent away from the capital ; some spent in preparations for defence, and more of it buried in the enrth, or sunk in the waters of the lake. Their menaces were not without meaning. They had, at least, the satisfaction of disappointing the avarice of their ene- mies. " Cortez had no further occasion for the presence of his Indian allies. * ^ * * * * They carried off a liberal share of the spoils, of which they had plundered the dwellings — not of a kind to excite the cupidity of the Spaniards — and returned in triumph, (short-sighted triumph !) at the success of their expedition, and the downfall of the Aztec dynasty." The memorable night alluded to above was that which is the present patron saint day of Mexico, — the day of St. Hypolito — and was selected and handed down as such from the circumstances connected with it Prescott also says, in speaking of the great quanti- ties of the fine arts that is known to have existed among the Aztecs at the time of the Spanish con- quest : — " The first archbishop of Mexico collected these paintings from every quaiter, especially from Tez- euco, the most cultivated capital in Anahuac, and the great depository of the national archives. He then caused them to be piled up in a 'mountain heap,' as it is called by the Spanish writers themselves, in the mar- ket place of Tiateloco, and reduced them all to ashes." Humboldt said : — " The Mexicans (Aztecs) were in possession of annals that went back to eight and a half centuries beyond the epoch of the arrival of Cortez in the country of Anahuac." Bancroft tells us also, that the Aztecs retained many traditions and systems of the Toltecs " whose written annals they also preserved." He also says that at the time of the arrival of the Spaniards, there were great quantities of manuscript treasured up in the country. A recent coj-respondence to the Philadelphia Weekly Press^ says: — "At the time of the conquest of Mexico, Cortez found in Mexico a people millions in number, according to his account, enjoying a high order of civ- ilization. Their government was a confederated em- pire of many states, a rather highly organized system implying large political knowledge and practical states- manship. Their religion was one of peace and love, if their temples filled with fl.owers and birds and fountains, and their daily life and conversation and THE THREE INDIAN GIRLS :-AN.TI-NAlNTS, PU-LU-SU AND WI-CHUTS. the many virtues transmitted to their descendants to- day — if these works are any evidence of their faith. They had wealth of gold and silver, and artistic work- ers in their precious metals. They had fine houses and great public works, temples, aqueducts, roadways. They had a calendar measuring the solar year more accurately than ours, and requiring readjustment not every four years, but only once in half a century. They had full records of their own civilization and history, but they were richer yet in the possession of ample and authentic records of the races before them.'^ All these annals and paintings met the same fate. All things in short connected with this people that fire would destroy, was obliterated from the face of the earth. It eclipsed the decline and fall of the Roman empire, and the worst features of history repeated themselves in the new world. Science has heretofore been confined to the ancient recesses of the old world. But only a short space of time will elapse when the steam car alone will lead us to a new field of labor in this channel ; curiosity and pleasure will follow closely in the wake of ambition's stronger impulse ; and Arizona, New Mexico, and our southwest generally will resound with notes of the choicest ancient lore. The tide of pre-historic study, will be suddenly transferred to our very doors, and the flash of our ignited torch cast a lurid glare on even a pre- Adamite existence. WHO 18 UNACQUAINTED WITH THE GEOGRAPHY OF THIS COUNTRY, WILL 8 BY EXAMINING THIS MAP, THAT THE •^^o,. ■^ Wnrtk i ngton ^Catnp\pouglft». ot^»»"". '4 ^"^>\l.,0 ^5^^«° Cwtr.V. \0' V'Sv^i iPlatle CUy CansasCV. ov^"^^ ^V'RLINGTOS ^^ ^QMlMfJ-friM I ^«'*. ^'^M, '■rf